,hymnological ,studies by ,,matthew ,n4 ,,lundquist ,a4,m41 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,,wartburg ,,publishing ,,house ,chicago ,,preface ,this humble little work is the outcome of personal interest and some lecture work in the field of ,hymnology4 ,i trust that this little volume will be of some value1 especially to fellow ,lutheran organists and choir directors4 ,for further study the student is referred to ,john ,julian's great 8,dictionary of ,hymnology0 and ,benson's 8,the ,english ,hymn10 as well as works by ,duffield1 ,breed1 ,ninde1 and others4 ,every organist and choir director ought to read 8,the ,hymn as ,literature0 by ,jeremiah ,bascom ,reeves4 ,,matthew ,n4 ,,lundquist ,january1 #aibf ,wartburg ,college ,clinton1 ,iowa ,,contents ,i4 ,,the ,,hymnody ,,of ,,the ,,lutheran ,,church #a ,religious ,character 7,biblical and ,congregational7 #a ,poetical ,quality 7,lyrical ,beauty7 #h ,,ii4 ,,the ,,lutheran ,,hymn ,,book #ae ,arrangements of ,hymns in the ,hymnal #ae ,dogmatic ,method of ,arrangement #ae ,liturgical ,method of ,arrangement #ae ,,general ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,church ,,hymns #ai ,,iii4 ,,early ,,christian ,,hymnody #ai ,early ,greek ,hymns #bj ,early ,latin ,hymns #bb ,,iv4 ,,mediaeval ,,christian ,,hymnody #bg ,mediaeval ,latin ,hymns #bh ,mediaeval ,german ,hymns #cb ,mediaeval ,scandinavian ,hymnody #cd ,the ,sequences #ce ,st4 ,gall #cf ,v4 ,,lutheran ,,hymnology #ci ,martin ,luther #da ,german ,lutheran ,hymnody #dd ,scandinavian ,lutheran ,hymnody #ej ,american ,lutheran ,hymnody #ed ,conclusion #fa ,,addenda ,reformed ,church ,song #fi ,a ,list of ,hymnists #ga ,,section ,i ,,the ,,hymnody ,,of ,,the ,,lutheran ,,church ,the hymnody of the ,lutheran ,church is the body of sacred songs sung by the ,church4 ,these songs may be studied in their twofold aspect2 as to their religious and as to their poetical character2 they are church hymns and also sacred poems4 7,the ,lutheran church hymns have been called psalms4 ,according to old linguistic usage1 psalm is the same thing as sacred or religious song1 not song in general4 ,in secular ,greek the word psalm does not mean song1 but it refers more particularly to the ability or technique in playing upon stringed instruments--the ,greek word 8psalmos0 means to play a stringed instrument4 ,by psalm we mean a sacred song or lyric1 as of the ,old ,testament ,book of ,psalms2 a hymn47 ,,the ,,religious ,,character ,with respect to the religious character of the ,lutheran church hymns1 it must be quite clear that if these hymns have grown up out of the soil of the ,church1 if they are expressions of the spirit of the ,church1 then they ought to reflect quite faithfully the nature and peculiarities of the ,church4 ,the ,church1 the ,communion of ,saints1 where the ,gospel is preached in its purity and where the ,sacraments are administered according to the teachings of the ,gospel1 may be considered partly with regard to the unique religious life-content1 which is communicated to the faithful through the ,word and the ,sacraments and which not only unites them to ,christ1 the ,head of the ,church1 but also unites them with one another2 partly with regard to her nature as a congregation1 a communion or community in external form with characteristic expressions and order of life4 ,the same twofold point of view arises in our study of the church hymns4 ,the religious character of the church hymn may1 therefore1 be determined partly from the point of view of religious life1 having its source and standard in ,holy ,writ1 and partly from the point of view of the church communion or the congregation1 of whose common life the church hymn is an expression and reflection1 and whose common purpose it seeks to promote4 ,the religious character of the church hymn thus centers in the fact that both as to content and form it must be ,biblical and congregational4 #a4 ,the ,biblical character of the church hymn3 ,first of all1 the church hymn must be thoroughly ,biblical4 ,it cannot move only in the realm of general religious truth1 not only sing the praise of certain abstract ideas about ,god's being1 about the immortality of the soul1 about virtue1 etc4 ,not even such subjects as ,god's attributes1 the providence of ,god1 ,creation1 8man's physical and spiritual attributes1 reason1 will1 conscience1 nature and purpose10 have any place in the hymns of the ,church1 when these subjects are treated in an abstract way1 isolated from ,god's revelation through ,jesus ,christ and detached from human life4 ,the subject of the church hymn1 provided it possesses sound religious character1 is1 briefly stated1 ,christ for us and ,christ in us2 on the one hand the objective saving grace through ,jesus ,christ1 and on the other hand the subjective appropriation of faith1 with love and submission and devotion to ,god4 ,the sphere of the church hymn will not thereby be restricted to an incessant reiteration of the name of ,jesus1 his wounds and blood1 his love1 etc4 ,the church hymn sings the praise of ,god's entire means of salvation3 ,god's thoughts and works of love through ,christ for humanity2 ,his sure and saving institutions of grace upon earth2 the work of the ,holy ,spirit in the hearts of men unto repentance1 faith and sanctification2 the benefits1 struggles and victories of ,his kingdom of grace2 the glory of the heavenly bridegroom2 death and judgment2 the world to come and eternal life4 ,all these subjects become the object of the hymns of the ,church4 ,the faithful express through the church hymn their ardent desire for these things2 they meditate upon these things1 they rejoice in their possession1 they describe them and they extol them2 they adore1 thank1 and laud their ,saviour1 and they give themselves up to ,god4 ,since the content of positive ,christian faith1 or ,god's revelation of salvation through ,jesus ,christ1 is the principal subject of the church hymn1 it is clear that the church hymn must be in perfect harmony with the ,word of ,god1 the ,bible1 the very source of the revelation of salvation4 ,but this does not mean that the ,church should use exclusively the hymns of the ,bible1 as1 for example1 the ,psalms of ,david4 ,it is perfectly well to use other hymns1 provided they are permeated by the ,holy ,spirit and constitute a vital reproduction of ,biblical truths1 grown up out of the soul-experiences of the ,church in perfect harmony with ,holy ,writ4 ,then the liturgical principles of truth and freedom will come into proper use in congregational hymn singing4 ,with this character of religious truth in the objective sense1 or the conformity of the church hymn to ,holy ,writ1 goes also the matter of religious truth in the subjective or psychological sense4 ,this means that the religious experience1 expressed in the church hymn1 is not merely a product of human imagination1 more or less foreign to those who gather their spiritual life and their soul experiences from the fountain of ,holy ,writ under the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit1 but it is far more an experience gained from the reality of true spiritual life1 and thoroughly accordant therewith1 something to which1 therefore1 every true ,christian can easily agree4 ,finally1 the ,biblical character of the true church hymn reveals itself also in the style of language1 which follows very closely ,biblical expression1 idiom and form4 ,the language of the church hymn harmonizes very well with that type of religious language which has attained a deep appreciation among ,christians2 the language of the popular old religious books of the ,church2 ,biblical language4 ,this old hymnic language possesses very decidedly a character of immortality1 depending upon the character of the content1 whose linguistic garb it is1 and with which it has become so closely united4 ,as the content is rooted in eternity and fundamentally consists of ,god's incorruptible thoughts and works1 so the hymnic language1 which is the vessel for these realities of the eternal world1 in a way also attains a character of eternity4 ,the history of the church hymns also shows very clearly that whenever this peculiar character of hymnic language has been disregarded1 whenever there have been vigorous attempts at modernization of the good old church hymns1 when new and modern hymns have been sought1 to satisfy some modern aesthetic or aristocratic need1 then the true church hymn has suffered very greatly and lost much of its original soundness and genuineness4 ,indeed1 the hymn writer1 like any other poet1 is influenced more or less by his age2 his hymns may show more or less the influence of the peculiar turn of mind1 the stage of development and the demands of the age in which he lives2 personal ability as a poet and personal life experiences may be distinctly reflected in his hymns4 ,but it should also be true1 that if the poet is a sincere student and lover of the ,bible and delights in singing its praises1 then his hymns ought to possess ,biblical tone and content1 since there is a very close union between content and form in every human religious product4 ,a church hymn possessing ,biblical tone and language ought to be understood and appreciated by the present age4 ,biblical language is antique but it will never be antiquated2 it is old but eternally new and youthful4 ,in all ages and in all churches the thoroughly ,biblical church hymn holds the prize for youthful health and beauty4 #b4 ,the congregational character of the church hymn3 ,in the second place1 the church hymn should be suitable for use in the congregation1 it should possess a congregational character4 ,this quality of the church hymn implies1 of course1 that it must not contain anything which is at variance with the confession or the doctrines of the ,church4 ,the ,lutheran ,church may use hymns that have been written by non-,lutheran hymn writers1 provided these hymns contain nothing offensive to sound ,lutheran doctrine4 ,so ,lutheran hymnals may contain hymns taken from the ,reformed ,churches1 and ,reformed church hymnals may contain many ,lutheran hymns4 ,the congregational element in the ,lutheran church hymn further means that it must be free from all unsound and unjustifiable subjectivity4 ,the church hymn is the work of a poet who is vitally united with the religious organism--he is a member of the ,church--and from this consciousness of perfect communion his hymns emerge4 ,writes ,dr4 ,martin ,luther3 8,church hymns are so called1 because the ,church has accepted them and uses them as if produced by the ,church and as her own hymns4 ,we do not say3 thus sings ,ambrose1 ,gregory the ,great1 ,prudentius1 ,sedulius2 but we say3 thus sings the ,christian ,church4 ,it is the songs of the ,church that ,ambrose1 ,prudentius and others sing with the ,church and the ,church with them2 when they are dead and gone1 the ,church remains1 and continues to sing their songs40 ,personal poetic gifts and temporal conditions and circumstances influence the church hymns4 ,the true church hymn does not lack individuality2 but it is free from individualism4 ,the experiences which the church hymn expresses1 the soul states which it describes1 should not be of an extreme1 a singular or an abnormal character1 but they should be normal and common to the ,church4 ,not that the church hymn must restrict itself to what every member1 in whatsoever condition of spiritual life1 would readily subscribe to4 ,such a requirement would be unreasonable1 because the participants in divine worship have reached different stages of spiritual development2 in fact1 this would restrict the subject matter of the church hymn to only certain general facts and abstract ideas4 ,but it must be required of every church hymn that it express only such religious experiences as are in the main common to the whole communion of the faithful1 only such soul states and spiritual stages of development as are essentially experienced by every true ,christian4 ,if the requirement of community in the church hymnody permits dealing with special situations and experiences in the realm of spiritual life1 then it ought to follow that this character of community will not be violated if the content of the church hymn bears upon certain external conditions and circumstances in which the entire congregation never can find itself at any one time4 ,since there are liturgical acts which directly affect only certain individuals in the congregation1 not the congregation as a whole1 there may be church hymns for certain individuals and special occasions4 ,there are church hymns for marriage1 confirmation1 ordination1 etc4 ,it is also perfectly well to have church hymns for the aged1 for the sick1 for the dying1 for prisoners1 in time of war1 etc4 ,since the church members should be kindly and lovingly interested in each other1 the congregation may well give expression to certain sympathetic feelings in the church hymns4 ,but such conditions and circumstances in the life of an individual as are quite exceptional and of special interest only to him1 not to the congregation as such1 are unsuitable as subjects for church hymns1 since they may quite easily form a disturbing digression from that character of community which should distinguish the church hymns as such4 ,hymns 8for a father or a mother at ,new ,year1 for a poor young man1 for a young lady1 for a blind man10 and the like1 really have no place in the hymnal4 ,the congregational character of the church hymn also finds expression in the language and style of presentation4 ,this must be plain and clear1 so that the hymn may be easily understood and appreciated by all who possess a reasonable religious training1 young or old4 ,the mode of expression is original1 naive1 true-hearted and graphic4 ,the true church hymn avoids startling phrases1 prettiness1 and mere rhetoric4 ,,the ,,poetical ,,quality ,the other point of view from which the church hymn may be considered is the poetical2 the church hymn is a song thus a product of poetical art4 ,before attempting to analyze the poetical quality of the church hymn1 it may be well to consider what kinds of poetry are used in the hymnody of the ,church4 ,the three main kinds of poetry are the epic1 the drama1 and the lyric4 ,epic and drama are not extensively used in the ,lutheran ,church4 ,works exist which show that the graphic and plastic style of epic poetry has been employed in the ,christian ,church when stories from sacred history were paraphrased in metrical form4 ,the ,gospel lessons have often been read or chanted in metrical form1 as hymns4 ,this poetical work may be classified as didactic hymnody with an epic touch4 ,the epic1 strictly speaking1 requires an imaginative adornment of the historical material to be treated1 and this cannot very well be applied to ,biblical history without a certain amount of injury4 ,besides1 it would be difficult to excel the beauty of the ,biblical presentation1 with its pre-eminent epic vividness and simplicity4 ,the mediaeval ,church employed the dramatic form in the mysteries and miracles1 religious plays1 which were used especially at great festival occasions to present to the laity in a dramatic and effective way the historical facts pertaining to the festival4 ,more closely related to the ,christian cultus was the ,passion play1 performed by the clergy in the churches during ,lent4 ,the ,passion play1 and a number of dramatic-liturgical ceremonies1 especially at ,christmas and ,easter1 were quite freely employed in the early ,lutheran ,church4 ,but this dramatic activity did not remain permanently in the ,lutheran ,church4 ,perhaps the ,church felt that the dramatic reproduction of ,biblical history did not harmonize very well with that element of personal truth which must exist throughout the cultus and which may suffer injury as the dramatic illusion becomes greater4 ,while epic and dramatic poetry have little or no place in the ,evangelical ,lutheran cultus1 and so can not very well be employed in the hymnody of the ,church1 the third kind of poetry1 the lyric1 is very extensively used4 ,a noteworthy characteristic of lyrical poetry is that the object of the song is most closely united with the singing subject2 they are as one2 the object lives within the subject and is the real content of the subject4 ,if the cultus is a meeting between ,god and the ,church1 in which ,god imparts his gifts to the congregation and the latter faithfully receives1 enjoys1 and acknowledges the divine gifts of grace2 a meeting1 in other words1 in which the divine objects join the worshipping subject1 in which the latter is permeated by the former1 then it seems only very natural that religious lyrical poetry should here find its proper use2 when the worshipping congregation gives expression to its life of faith and love through sacred song1 through the hymns of the ,church1 these hymns are lyrical poetry4 ,although the fusion of the object and the subject is a characteristic feature of all religious lyrics1 it is to be noted that these two elements1 the objective and the subjective1 are never present in equal degree in the church hymns1 but that the one or the other element predominates1 wherefore it becomes necessary to classify the church hymns into the relatively objective hymns and the relatively subjective hymns4 ,to the former class belong the hymn proper and the didactic or doctrinal hymns2 the latter class1 the lyrical hymns in a narrower sense1 consists of what may be called hymns of experience and sacrifice4 ,the hymn proper sings the praises of ,god's majesty and highness1 ,god's glorious works and attributes1 not as something wholly outside of the subject1 yet something which is looked up to with worshipful joy and admiration4 8,a mighty ,fortress is our ,god0 is a good example of this class of church hymns4 ,the didactic or doctrinal hymn presents for quiet and instructive contemplation either certain facts from sacred history or certain parts of the ,lutheran doctrine4 ,examples of this kind are 8,nun freut euch1 lieben ,christen g'mein0 and 8,es ist das ,heil uns kommen her40 ,in these relatively objective hymns1 true church hymns1 the objective element is more or less permeated by the life1 emotion1 and sympathy of the subject4 ,in the hymn proper the subject sings its own joy and its jubilation in the great ,god and ,his glorious works4 ,the didactic or doctrinal hymn is not merely rhymed history or rhymed dogmatics1 but in it the divine events and truths are celebrated as treasures of faith1 sources of spiritual life2 by means of it the congregation embraces1 acknowledges and utters its confident ,yea and ,amen to the divine revelation of salvation4 ,the relatively subjective church hymns1 the lyrical church hymns in a restricted sense1 may be characterized as hymns of experience1 because they describe and express religious life in its inner experience1 emotions1 conditions and manifestations1 or because they include meditations which a ,christian engages in because of his inner and outer condition2 to this class of church hymns belong also the so-called hymns of sacrifice1 which are more directly an expression of individual devotion to ,jesus ,christ4 ,since the chiefly subjective hymns1 because of their nature1 are subject to the danger of losing themselves in the individual and the incidental1 it is very important that they be supported and permeated by a sound religious philosophy4 ,god's revelation of salvation1 especially ,jesus ,christ1 who in ,his person and work is at once the vital cause1 the life1 and the living standard of all the various phenomena and forms in the world of divine grace and truth1 must form the background which everywhere gleams forth in the hymnody of the ,church1 the sun that gives light and warmth to the content1 the perfect law which restricts the description and keeps the subjectivity within proper bounds4 ,since the church hymn is lyrical poetry1 it should be beautiful4 ,but the beauty of the church hymn consists in what8 ,it must be emphasized that this beauty is not something applied to the church hymn from without1 but this beauty grows up naturally and spontaneously out of the subject which is to be celebrated in song4 ,this beauty is nothing else than the faithful reflection1 the telling concrete revelation of its inner harmony1 nobility and sublimity4 ,the communion of the congregation with ,god through ,jesus ,christ1 which seeks concrete expression in the church hymn1 is in itself the highest1 the most noble1 and the most harmonious of all the realities of human life4 ,when this divine communion seeks expression in the church hymn1 then the poetical art to be employed must be such as will adequately express and convey the emotions and experiences peculiar to this communion4 ,the inner harmony of the matter should reveal itself in the poetical form of presentation as outer harmony1 as beauty4 ,the entire tone of the church hymn will then become1 by an inner necessity1 graceful1 elevated1 sublime4 ,it is to be noted that this hymnic beauty is modified according to the specific character of the hymn4 ,in the church hymn proper1 like 8,ein' feste ,burg10 this hymnic beauty is more elevated1 majestic1 sublime4 ,in the didactic or doctrinal hymn1 it is characterized by the purity1 positiveness1 and sonorousness of the faithful testimony of truth4 ,in the lyrical church hymn in a restricted sense1 it is more colored by subjective qualities such as fervor1 sincerity1 and affection4 ,the lyrical beauty of the church hymn is free from ostentation2 it is distinguished by simplicity and naturalness4 ,this simplicity of expression is a poetical as well as a congregational requirement4 ,also1 the entire presentation of the subject must bear the impress of spontaneity1 of freshness4 ,the church hymn should not present abstract ideas1 reflective thought1 conceptions1 and definitions2 but1 instead1 it should present to the eyes of the heart living pictures1 concrete realities2 just as the ,biblical presentation1 which the church hymn must follow1 and ,christianity itself1 which the church hymn must reflect1 pre-eminently possess this character of concrete and vital reality4 ,the beauty of the church hymn implies further that its line of thought and disposition be clear and well arranged1 that each stanza express a complete thought1 and that there be not too many stanzas--the church hymn must not be too long4 ,the phraseology1 syntax and metrical form must be free from such defects as mar and desecrate the sublime content of the hymn or make it offensive1 unclear1 or even incomprehensible to the congregation4 ,this does not mean to commend that vandalism whereby modernists have sought to remove from the old church hymns every obsolete word and construction as well as everything which seemed to be at variance with the rules of secular poetry--a process whereby many excellent old church hymns have been deprived of their original power and simplicity4 ,most certainly1 revision and purification of the outer form of the old church hymns is sometimes necessary1 in order to make them popularly intelligible and usable4 ,but such revision and purification should be undertaken only by ,christians of poetic mind and sound authority4 ,,section ,,ii ,,the ,,lutheran ,,hymn ,,book ,,or ,,the ,,arrangement ,,of ,,the ,,hymns ,,in ,,the ,,hymnal ,two different hymnological methods of disposition have arisen historically within the ,church1 namely1 the dogmatic or the dogmatic-ethical method1 and the liturgical method4 ,the former method came into existence in the eighteenth century4 ,by this method the hymns in the hymnal are arranged according to the usual order of dogmatics4 ,for an illustration of this method of arranging the hymns1 look into almost any good hymnal of the ,reformed ,church2 ,the ,methodist ,hymnal1 for example4 ,the liturgical method is the original1 the standard1 and the correct method of disposition4 ,in support of this assertion1 it may be well to observe that since the ,lutheran hymnal is a liturgical book1 a book intended for the needs of the worshipping congregation1 the succession of the hymns as well as their content and character should reflect the spirit of the ,church1 as it finds immediate expression in the cultus and its various acts1 and as it seeks indirectly to exert a hallowing influence on social life in larger or smaller circles4 ,it may be well to take a general view of the main factors or stages of this liturgical work of the ,church1 so as to see more clearly what subjects may be considered in the hymn book and in what order the various subjects or rubrics may follow each other4 ,the reason and the vital basis for the existence of the ,church is ,god's revelation of salvation through ,jesus ,christ1 i4 e41 the incarnation and the work of redemption of the ,son of ,god and the sending of the ,holy ,spirit2 and these divine works of salvation are the great objectives of the three great church festivals1 ,christmas1 ,easter1 and ,pentecost1 around which the cycles and days of the church year are grouped4 ,the ,church is the result of this revelation4 ,therefore our attention turns towards the ,church1 her nature1 her establishment1 and her extension in this world through missionary activity2 further1 toward her inner growth1 by which she gives expression to her religious and harmonious life as a communion in solemn divine worship1 and through her sacred acts and order consecrates human life unto a vessel for divine life4 ,but this self-edification is brought about in the ,church only through the ,holy ,spirit who dwells and lives within the ,church and in and through the ,church and her institutions of grace produces in the hearts of the redeemed personal conversion1 sanctification1 and salvation4 ,thus the ,church grows both outwardly and inwardly and proceeds towards her eternal perfection4 ,but the ,church has to do not only with purely spiritual conditions1 things divine and eternal4 ,by her life she seeks to permeate1 sanctify1 and glorify all conditions1 even the temporal4 ,the ,church seeks to penetrate1 in a highly beneficial way1 the civic community1 to ennoble its affairs and impart support and exhortation both to the governing and the governed1 in times of prosperity and in times of trouble4 ,the ,church is deeply interested in her educational institutions1 these nurseries of time and eternity2 the ,christian school is not only a creation of the ,church1 but it needs the whole-hearted support of the ,church4 ,the ,church is also deeply interested in the welfare of domestic life--she seeks to make the home a happy ,christian home4 ,the ,church also desires to support and accompany the individual member throughout his course of life1 especially in its more difficult stages1 so that this temporal life may lead to eternal life4 ,if these are the most important factors in ecclesiastical-liturgical activity1 and if the church hymnal is to be in perfect harmony with the life of the ,church1 then the hymns in the hymnal may be arranged as follows3 #a4 ,festival ,hymns1 arranged according to the festivals1 cycles and holy-days of the church year--,advent1 ,christmas1 ,new ,year1 ,epiphany1 etc4 #b4 ,hymns about the ,church and ecclesiastical acts3 the ,word1 the ,church1 ,missions1 ecclesiastical acts 7worship1 ,holy ,baptism1 ,holy ,communion1 confirmation1 ordination and installation1 dedication of churches1 etc41 also marriage and burial74 #c4 ,hymns about the ,christian life3 repentance1 faith1 justification and state of grace1 sanctification 7the fruits of regeneration1 prayer1 cross and consolation71 the completion 7the resurrection1 judgment1 eternity74 #d4 ,hymns for certain people1 times and circumstances3 the ,christian community 7fatherland1 the authorities and the subjects1 judges and those suing for justice1 temporal necessities1 war and peace1 plagues and calamities1 etc471 the ,christian school or ,christian education1 the ,christian home 7husband and wife1 parents and children1 master and servant1 morning and evening hymns1 etc471 conditions in the life of an individual 7health1 sickness1 death1 etc474 ,,general ,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,church ,,hymns ,,section ,,iii ,,early ,,christian ,,hymnody ,to ,about #fjj ,a4 ,d4 ,the ,christians of the first century sang hymns1 both in private and in public worship4 ,the writings of the ,new ,testament testify to this fact1 as for example #a ,cor41 chapter #ad1 also the well known places ,eph4 #e3ai and ,col4 #c3af4 ,to begin with the ,christians sang the hymns of the ,old ,testament1 especially the ,psalms of ,david4 ,among early ,christian songs1 we note the following3 the ,gloria in excelsis ,deo 7the angelic hymn71 the ,gloria ,patri1 the ,ter ,sanctus 7,isaiah #f3c71 the ,hallelujah1 the ,benedicite1 the ,nunc ,dimittis 7,luke #b3bi71 the ,magnificat 7,luke #a3df71 the ,benedictus 7,luke #a3fh71 and the ,te ,deum ,laudamus4 ,from ,paul's references to sacred song in his epistles we learn that the early ,christians possessed hymns of their own composition1 besides the ,bible songs4 ,but we know very little about these very early hymns of the ,apostolic ,age2 we know of no great hymn writer of that age4 ,one of the earliest hymn writers that we know of is ,clement of ,alexandria1 who lived about #bjj ,a4 ,d4 ,to him is attributed the ,greek hymn1 8,shepherd of tender youth10 which has been regarded as the first ,christian hymn4 ,it is found in most of our standard ,american hymnals--number #bhb in ,common ,service ,book4 ,in #ahdf this hymn was freely translated into ,english by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,henry ,martyn ,dexter1 editor of ,the ,congregationalist1 ,boston4 ,,early ,,greek ,,hymns ,looking at the ,christian ancestry of our church hymnody1 in a narrower way1 it may be said that its history goes back to the hymn writing of christianized ,greece--#aejj years back--#aejj years of ,christian hymn writing and hymn singing4 ,the church hymnody of the different countries varies1 of course1 in time and duration4 ,a ,german1 for example1 finds about seven hundred years of ,german hymn writing in his hymn book4 ,we have inherited and appropriated this common legacy4 ,in ,syria there arose in the second century several prolific hymn writers4 ,they were ,gnostics1 who sought to propagate their heretical teachings through sacred song4 ,bardesanes and his son ,harmonius were the leaders of this ,gnostic hymnody in the ,syriac ,church4 ,this heretical hymnody was the negative cause of the great hymn writing of ,ephrem ,syrus1 who was born at ,nisibis in ,northern ,mesopotamia1 #cjg ,a4 ,d41 and died at ,edessa1 #cgc4 ,he is regarded as the foremost representative of the orthodox hymnody of the old ,syriac ,church4 ,in order to counteract the dangerous influences of ,gnosticism1 ,ephrem ,syrus produced a large number of fine hymns1 which became very popular throughout the ,eastern ,church4 ,thus a new era in ,christian hymnody was introduced4 ,see pages #fc-fh in 8,the ,hymn as ,literature10 by ,j4 ,b4 ,reeves4 ,like the ,gnostics of ,syria in the second century1 so also the ,arians of ,constantinople in the fourth century sought to propagate their heretical doctrines through sacred song4 ,again great champions of orthodoxy arose1 men like ,ephrem ,syrus1 who produced fine hymns1 mainly in defense of the doctrines of the ,trinity and ,christ's divine nature4 ,among early well known ,greek hymn writers we note the following3 ,gregory of ,nazianzus 7died #chi71 ,anatolius 7seventh or eighth century71 ,st4 ,andrew of ,jerusalem 7#ffj-gcb71 ,st4 ,cosmas1 the ,melodist 7died about #gfj71 ,st4 ,john of ,damascus 7died about #ghj71 ,st4 ,stephen of ,st4 ,sabas 7died #gid71 and ,st4 ,joseph the ,hymnographer 7died about #hdj74 ,as examples of their hymns we have 8,o ,thou the ,one supreme o'er all0 by ,gregory1 8,the day is past and over0 by ,anatolius1 8,the day of resurrection0 by ,st4 ,john of ,damascus1 and 8,art thou weary1 art thou languid0 by ,st4 ,stephen4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,mason ,neale 7#ahah-ahff7 of ,east ,grimstead1 ,england1 has produced many excellent translations of the old ,greek hymns1 which are found in nearly all modern hymnals4 ,in the ,eastern ,church1 as early as the third century1 the custom of singing had become so general as to be recognized as one of the ,church's predominating features4 ,in the ,eastern ,church1 at ,antioch1 antiphonal congregational hymn singing had its origin1 and from thence spread in all directions in the fourth century4 ,an interesting fact comes to light in connection with the use the ,eastern ,church made of its hymns4 ,theodoret1 in his historical writings1 tells us that 8while ,chrysostom 7#cdg-djg7 was bishop of ,constantinople1 at the opening of the fifth century1 the orthodox ,christians were in the habit of assembling themselves in the public squares1 then marching in midnight processions1 through the city1 singing sacred songs1 in order to combat those who were enemies of ,christ's divinity40 ,this is a testimony concerning the anti-,arian hymnody4 ,the early hymnody of the ,eastern ,church possesses a great deal of poetic beauty and fine rhetorical style4 ,but many of these old ,greek hymns indulge in a certain amount of tedious broadness and dogmatic prosiness4 ,they are often vague and fantastic4 ,fine language seems often to be of greater importance than spiritual content4 ,in the ,eastern ,church sacred song never received the development and the place in the life and the cultus of the congregation as in the ,western ,church4 ,during the last half of the third century the ,eastern ,church advocated the use of the ,psalms of ,david only in divine service4 ,it must also be borne in mind that attempts were made in the ,eastern ,church about the middle of the fourth century to suppress congregational singing4 ,the character of the hymns that were produced in the ,eastern ,church1 their bombastic and often turgid style1 their complicated rhythmical structure1 and their unpractical ,christianity1 prevented them from becoming a property of the common people4 ,,early ,,latin ,,hymns ,early sacred song in the ,western ,church is characterized by noble simplicity and clearness in form1 as well as by a more practical ,christianity2 fine qualities which go to make the old ,latin hymns more accessible and serviceable to us than the old ,greek hymns4 ,the fourth century witnessed a remarkable activity in ,latin hymnody4 ,the ,western ,church was far more active in the hymnological field than the ,eastern ,church4 ,one of the founders of ,latin hymnody was ,st4 ,hilary1 the good bishop of ,poitiers1 great scholar1 and great defender of the ,christian faith4 ,during his exile 7#cef-cfj7 in ,phrygia1 ,st4 ,hilary came in touch with ,arian hymn singing4 ,when he was permitted to return to ,gaul1 he brought with him a great enthusiasm for hymn singing4 ,he edited the first hymn book of the ,western ,church1 and introduced singing of orthodox hymns among his people4 ,he died in #cfh ,a4 ,d4 ,but the great author and leader of ,latin hymnody is1 undoubtedly1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 the admirable and amiable bishop of ,milan4 ,he was born in #cdj and died on ,good ,friday1 #cig4 ,st4 ,ambrose has been called the father of ,latin church song1 because of his great work in hymnody and church music4 ,the first stanza of one of his beautiful hymns is here quoted4 ,o ,jesus1 ,lord of heavenly grace1 ,thou ,brightness of ,thy ,father's face1 ,thou ,fountain of eternal light1 ,whose beams disperse the shades of night4 ,prudentius 7,aurelius ,prudentius ,clemens7 is a prominent ,latin hymn writer of this period4 ,he was born in ,spain1 #cdh ,a4 ,d4 ,prudentius has been called 8the first great ,christian poet40 ,with him the ,latin1 the language of a stern and hard people1 is1 as it were1 tempered by faith4 ,he1 like most of the early ,latin hymnists1 sings the praises of the faith1 hope and love of the ,christian ,church4 ,the subjective1 with its 8,i10 8me0 and 8mine10 so characteristic of modern hymnody1 had no place in the hymns of ,prudentius4 ,he received high honors from the ,roman emperor1 but in old age he preferred to devote himself quietly to religious literary work4 ,he died about #daj ,a4 ,d4 ,we quote the first stanza of a beautiful ,christmas hymn1 ,corde natus ex ,parentis1 from ,prudentius1 the translation by ,neale4 ,of the ,father's love begotten1 ,ere the worlds began to be1 ,he is ,alpha and ,omega1 ,he the source1 the ending ,he1 ,of the things that are1 that have been1 ,and that future years shall see1 ,evermore and evermore4 ,st4 ,patrick 7fifth century71 called the ,apostle of ,ireland1 wrote several hymns for his people4 ,coelius ,sedulius1 of the fifth century1 wrote several great ,latin hymns1 among which we refer to one that has been sung quite extensively1 namely1 ,a solis ortus cardine--,from lands that see the sun arise4 ,gregory the ,great 7#ede-fjd7 and ,venantius ,fortunatus 7#ecj-fji7 mark a period of transition in the hymn singing of the ,western ,church4 ,it was at this time1 about #fjj ,a4 ,d41 that the ,ambrosian church song was superseded by the ,gregorian4 ,here it was that congregational song in the ,western ,church was abandoned and that part of public worship given over to the priests and the monks4 ,the only part the congregation took was in a few responses4 ,gregory the ,great was a man of unusual ability4 ,he was pope from #eij until his death in #fjd4 ,he was a zealous missionary to ,britain1 great as a champion against the heretics1 and great as a preacher1 but his best service to the ,church is undoubtedly his liturgical and musical contribution4 ,he strove to make public worship worthy of ,him to whom it was rendered4 ,it must be borne in mind that good congregational singing was something which presented great and perplexing problems in those days4 ,the ,gregorian chants1 still in use1 after a lapse of more than a dozen centuries1 show the ,gregorian style and indicate how ,gregory changed the melodious and flowing hymns of ,st4 ,ambrose into the more severe and solemn style of the new period4 ,but we have several hymns from ,gregory's pen which indicate that he was not without the ,ambrosian spirit4 ,take1 for example1 his beautiful hymn1 ,o ,christ1 our ,king1 ,creator1 ,lord1 ,saviour of all who trust ,thy word1 ,to them who seek ,thee ever near1 ,now to our praises bend ,thine ear4 ,venantius ,fortunatus1 the troubadour1 holds a very important place in early ,latin hymnody4 ,he wrote one of the greatest hymns of the ,western ,church1 namely1 ,vexilla ,regis--,the royal banners forward go1 the ,cross shines forth in mystic glow4 ,we quote the first stanza of another great hymn by ,fortunatus1 a grand ,easter hymn4 ,welcome1 happy morning6 age to age shall say2 ,hell today is vanquished2 heaven is won today4 ,lo6 the ,dead is living1 ,god for evermore6 ,him their true ,creator1 all ,his works adore4 ,welcome1 happy morning6 age to age shall say4 ,simplicity1 depth1 fervor1 divine sentiment1 full-hearted confession1 are some of the outstanding characteristics of the early ,latin hymns4 ,they are1 on the whole1 ,scriptural1 pure1 and devotional4 ,the key-note in these venerable old hymns consists of the main points of ,christianity1 the protection and care of the ,father1 the redemption of ,christ1 the sanctification of the ,holy ,spirit1 strains of thanksgiving and praise1 invocation of ,god's support against the devil1 the flesh and the world4 ,,section ,,iv ,,mediaeval ,,christian ,,hymnody ,a4 ,d4 #fjj-aebj ,when the ,western ,church passed into the mediaeval era of its history1 about #fjj ,a4 ,d41 we find church song in a new and different situation4 ,during the ancient era of the ,christian ,church1 it may be said that church song was1 for the most part1 a song of the people of ,god1 a congregational song4 ,attempts had been made before this time1 it is true1 to suppress congregational song1 but they had proven more or less unsuccessful4 ,during the ,middle ,ages1 however1 the ,church was successful in definitely transferring church song from the people to the clergy and a well trained clerical choir4 ,latin was the liturgical language of the entire ,western ,church1 wherefore the mediaeval church hymns were written in that language4 ,the ,carolingian age1 productive in so many respects1 also produced a number of very beautiful hymns1 resembling the best productions of the ,ambrosian era of hymnody4 ,charlemagne was not only a zealous promoter but also a practiser of sacred poesy4 ,in the ninth century ,notker ,balbulus of ,st4 ,gall monastery produced hymns called ,sequences1 which differed in their metrical structure from the older hymns4 ,these ,sequences had three or six lines in each verse1 while the verses of the older hymns had four lines each4 ,in a subsequent chapter we shall speak more fully of the ,sequences and their remarkable birthplace4 ,passing over into the mediaeval ,church1 we find that our church hymnody had three different sources in the time before the ,reformation4 ,one source was the ,latin church hymnody4 ,the second source consisted of the ,german songs1 called ,leisen4 ,the third source was the religious folk-song of the common people4 ,,mediaeval ,,latin ,,hymns ,during the second half of the ,middle ,ages1 beginning with the eleventh century1 a number of great hymn writers arose4 ,king ,robert of ,france1 who died #ajca ,a4 ,d41 probably wrote one of the greatest hymns of the ,latin ,church1 namely1 ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,duffield claims that this great ,sequence was written by ,hermannus ,contractus1 the crippled monk of ,reichenau1 in the eleventh century4 ,bernard of ,cluny and ,bernard of ,clairvaux are two ,latin hymn writers who hold a very important place in ,christian hymnody4 ,from ,bernard of ,cluny 7twelfth century7 comes the well known hymn1 8,jerusalem the golden1 with milk and honey blest40 ,this hymn comes from his famous and only poem ,laus ,patriae ,celestis which consists of some three thousand lines of dactylic hexameter4 ,we quote the first stanza of another well known hymn that comes from the same poem4 ,brief life is here our portion2 ,brief sorrow1 short-lived care2 ,the life that knows no ending1 ,the tearless life1 is there4 ,oh1 happy retribution6 ,short toil1 eternal rest2 ,for mortals1 and for sinners1 ,a mansion with the blest4 ,from ,st4 ,bernard of ,clairvaux we have such great hymns as 8,light of the anxious heart10 8,wide open are ,thy hands10 8,o ,jesus1 ,king most wonderful10 8,jesus1 the very thought of ,thee10 8,jesus1 ,thou ,joy of loving hearts10 and 8,o ,sacred ,head1 now wounded40 ,st4 ,bernard was born in ,fountaines1 ,burgundy1 #ajia4 ,history speaks of him as highly imaginative1 great champion of the faith1 great orator1 great teacher1 founder and abbot of the ,cistercian monastery at ,clairvaux1 and leader in mediaeval mysticism4 ,he died in #aaec4 ,luther called him 8the best monk that ever lived40 ,hymns from the two ,bernards can be found in any standard modern hymn book and they are worth careful study4 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor 7twelfth century7 is another important ,latin hymnist4 ,he was choirmaster at the great ,st4 ,victor monastery at ,paris4 ,trench speaks of him as 8the foremost among the sacred ,latin poets of the ,middle ,ages40 ,thomas of ,celano1 whose birthplace is unknown1 was one of the first members of the ,franciscan order4 ,in #abba he went to ,germany and remained there for nine years2 then he returned to ,italy1 where he died in #abee4 ,thomas of ,celano wrote the greatest hymn of the ,latin ,church--,dies ,irae4 ,there are nineteen verses to this great ,sequence1 of which we quote the first two4 ,the translation is by ,wm4 ,j4 ,irons4 ,day of wrath1 that ,day of mourning1 ,see fulfilled the prophet's warning1 ,heaven and earth in ashes burning4 ,o what fear man's bosom rendeth1 ,when from heaven the ,judge descendeth1 ,on whose sentence all dependeth4 ,thomas ,aquinas was born in a ,neapolitan castle1 ,italy1 about #abbe4 ,he was a ,dominican and the strongest of the scholastics1 theological professor at several universities1 ,doctor of ,theology from ,paris1 also called ,doctor ,angelicus4 ,he was a prolific writer2 his ,summa ,theologiae is a great dogmatic work4 ,he died in a prominent monastery at ,naples in #abgd4 ,thomas ,aquinas produced a number of excellent hymns4 ,his 8,lauda1 ,sion1 salvatorem0 is generally regarded as one of the greatest hymns of ,latin hymnody4 ,it can be found in almost any standard hymnal1 beginning 8,sion1 to thy ,saviour singing40 ,jacoponus 7died #acjf7 wrote one of the greatest hymns of the ,roman ,church1 namely1 ,stabat ,mater ,dolorosa4 ,this hymn is found in many ,protestant hymnals1 beginning 8,at the ,cross her station keeping40 ,thomas a ,kempis 7#achj-adga7 of ,holland and ,john ,huss 7#acfi-adae7 of ,bohemia1 made valuable contributions to mediaeval hymnody4 ,these ,latin hymn writers have produced hymns which are characterized by deep ardor1 great love of ,christ1 and soul-stirring earnestness4 ,the ,latin church hymnody is very wealthy indeed2 more than #bj1jjj ,latin church hymns have been discovered4 ,of these ,latin hymns we have appropriated a large number of beautiful festival church hymns4 ,their form is very plain4 ,without any comment the festival subject is presented in a very plain and simple statement of the event in question4 ,the singer loses himself in his subject2 there is nothing here of self-assertion4 ,note such hymns as 8,a great and mighty wonder10 8,all praise to ,thee1 ,eternal ,lord10 8,the strife is o'er1 the battle done10 8,christ1 the ,lord1 is ris'n today10 8,jesus ,christ is risen today1 ,alleluia10 etc4 ,mightily through the ages sound the hymns of penance and judgment2 perhaps too strong at times4 ,note that mighty and most powerful hymn1 ,dies irae1 dies illa4 ,but the mediaeval hymnody is not without the evangelical spirit2 this is clearly seen in our hymn books1 especially in the ,communion hymns4 ,in spite of magic and abuse1 it was nevertheless in the ,holy ,communion that the true ,christian of the ,middle ,ages came closest to ,christ4 ,note two mediaeval ,communion hymns3 ,lord ,jesus ,christ6 ,to ,thee we pray1 ,from us ,god's wrath ,thou turn'st away1 ,thine agony and bitter death ,redeem us from eternal wrath4 ,this hymn comes from ,john ,huss and was translated by ,martin ,luther4 ,the other ,communion hymn is 8,jesu dulcis memoria10 probably by ,st4 ,bernard of ,clairvaux3 ,jesus1 the very thought of ,thee ,with sweetness fills the breast2 ,but sweeter far ,thy face to see1 ,and in ,thy presence rest4 ,it is a very difficult task to translate these old ,latin hymns2 much is lost by the translation4 ,it is not an easy matter to construct a bridge between the great glow of ,st4 ,bernard's mysticism and the powerful1 yet cold faith of the seventeenth century4 ,if 8,jesu dulcis memoria0 was not written by ,st4 ,bernard1 it must have been written by one of his devout pupils4 ,we are here at the very fountain-head of ,christian poetry1 so closely related to the ,song of ,solomon1 i4 e41 it presents the relation of the faithful to ,christ--the love of the bride to the bridegroom4 ,from this circle came the great hymn 8,o ,sacred ,head1 now wounded10 translated and perfected by ,paul ,gerhardt4 ,no wonder that the schools and cathedrals clung so tenaciously to the old ,latin hymnody4 ,it exerted great influence4 ,too bad1 indeed1 that we have permitted this ,latin song to become extinct4 ,perhaps our taste in things religious would not have declined so low1 and religious song would not have come to be despised so generally1 had our good leaders realized that there are better things than ,american jazz4 ,,mediaeval ,,german ,,hymns ,along with this ,latin-clerical church song there existed in the ,germanic mediaeval ,church a religious popular poetry or congregational song4 ,under the hierarchic autocracy of the ,gregorian song it had gone so far that the active participation of the congregation in public worship was reduced to a joining only in the response ,kyrie ,eleison 7,lord have mercy upon us71 repeated one hundred or more times at any one church service4 ,but in the sad tones of this ,kyrie ,eleison1 this cry for compassion from a people spiritually oppressed and enslaved1 there emerged in the ,germanic mediaeval ,church the first attempts at congregational song in the vernacular4 ,at the close of the ninth century they began to supply the tune of the mechanically repeated ,kyrie ,eleison with religious verses in the language of the people4 ,every verse of these songs ended with the refrain ,kyrie ,eleison4 ,thus arose the first ,german church hymns called ,kirleison or ,leisen1 as they had grown out of and ended with the ,kyrie ,eleison4 ,in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries1 when significant religious awakenings and the ,crusades 7#ajif-abgc7 stirred up great enthusiasm among the people1 these ,german hymns took on new life and gained great favor among the people4 ,these religious songs of the people were used more and more freely both in public worship and at other religious and secular festive occasions4 ,some of these mediaeval ,german hymns or ,leisen are3 ,also heilig ist der ,tag2 ,mitten wir im ,leben sind2 ,christ ist erstanden2 ,nun bitten wir den heiligen ,geist4 ,one of the best of these ,leisen is1 ,christ ist erstanden ,von der ,marter ,banden1 ,des sollen wir alle froh sein1 ,christ will unser ,trost sein1 ,kyrie ,eleison4 ,but even though the people sang these hymns in the church services1 such singing was merely tolerated and had no set place4 ,these ,german hymns of the people were different from the ,latin hymns of the cloisters4 ,they possess a more simple1 popular and hearty key-note1 though their form may be poor and their style rugged4 ,but these hymns1 with their singable tunes1 were greatly loved by the people1 and so they lived and thrived in the hearts of the common people during the deplorable times and conditions of the mediaeval ,church4 ,the secular ,minnesingers 7thirteenth century7 and the ,meistersingers 7fourteenth century7 exerted considerable influence upon ,german hymnody1 especially with respect to poetic form and music4 ,in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the 8,brethren of the ,common ,life0 7,netherlands7 and the significant religious movements associated with ,john ,wycliffe and ,john ,huss gave to hymnody in the vernacular a powerful revival and a purer evangelical content4 ,desirable ,latin hymns were translated and new hymns in the vernacular were written4 ,the ,germans and the ,bohemians possessed1 before #aejj1 about five hundred church hymns in the vernacular4 ,in the fifteenth century the ,bohemians sang these hymns in the regular church services4 ,,mediaeval ,,scandinavian ,,hymnody ,because of the close connection which existed in mediaeval times between ,germanic countries and peoples1--a natural outcome of their racial affinity1--it was quite natural that the movements of mediaeval hymnody in ,germany would become known among the people of the ,north4 ,the ,swedish mediaeval ,church possessed a hymnody both in ,latin and in ,swedish4 ,only a very few of the ,swedish mediaeval religious songs remain to-day4 ,these popular religious songs1 like secular folk songs and ballads1 were transmitted not in writing but as a living tradition on the lips of the people from generation to generation4 ,thus only very few of these old ,swedish religious songs have survived the century of the ,reformation4 ,by way of example we may note the old mediaeval song1 8,the blessed day which we behold0--this is found in all ,swedish ,lutheran hymn books4 ,it existed in the fourteenth century4 ,in its present form it has been greatly improved by the greatest of ,swedish hymnologists1 ,j4 ,o4 ,wallin4 ,ericus ,olai is the only known ,swedish hymn writer of mediaeval times4 ,one of his hymns1 8,the ,rich ,man10 a metrical paraphrase of the ,gospel lesson which deals with the rich man and ,lazarus1 ,olaus ,petri1 the great ,swedish reformer1 included in the first ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book4 ,it was also included in the ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book of #afie4 ,an interesting and valuable testimony concerning the fact that also in the ,swedish mediaeval ,church the people were allowed to sing in public worship1 is found in the answer that ,king ,gustavus ,i gave to the complaint of the ,dalecarlians1 in #aebg4 ,among other things1 the king says that 8it is an old custom in our country1 in our churches1 to sing in ,swedish and praise ,god1 and it is well that this is done in our own language1 which we understand1 and not in ,latin1 which we do not understand40 ,,the ,,sequences ,the ,sequences were religious liturgical songs1 which developed from the florid vocalizations upon the last syllable of the ,hallelujah4 ,at first only a melody or tune with words1 but later on it became an art form both in music and in sacred poetry4 ,musically often of finer quality than the hymn4 ,the ,sequences usually consisted of two verses1 three lines to each verse1 with the same melody for each of the two verses4 ,the form seems to have originated at the convent of ,st4 ,gall in ,switzerland1 about #hge ,a4 ,d4 ,during the later part of the mediaeval era the ,sequences became very popular1 and the number of ,sequences that were sung in the ,catholic ,church reached nearly one thousand4 ,the church music decisions of the ,council of ,trent 7#aede-aefc7 operated very strongly against the ,sequences1 and so they practically disappeared about #aegj4 ,only five ,sequences were retained1 namely1 ,victime paschali laudes1 ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus1 ,lauda ,sion salvatorem1 ,stabat ,mater dolorosa1 and ,dies ,irae4 ,,st4 ,,gall ,we close our study of mediaeval hymnody with a story about ,st4 ,gall4 ,st4 ,gall is a very remarkable old monastery4 ,men of quite different minds and dispositions got along very amicably under the ,benedictine rule at ,st4 ,gall4 ,among its one hundred monks there were in the ninth century four monks whose names were well known throughout the ,western ,church1 namely1 the learned ,ratpert1 the enthusiastic ,notker1 the highly gifted and greatly admired artist ,tutilo1 and the unrivalled hand-printer of books1 ,sintram1 whose very beautiful handwriting was greatly admired throughout ,europe4 ,ratpert1 a stern educator1 never sparing the rod1 and not deeply interested in his devotional exercises--a great scholar4 ,notker ,balbulus 7stammerer71 the saint-like1 ascetic tune-writer and plant specialist1 who had strange visions and lived in another world--a dreamer4 ,then there was also the ingenious1 humorous ,tutilo4 ,these three monks were as different as three highly gifted persons could be1 and yet they were always as one soul4 ,ratpert respected ,tutilo's fine scholarship2 at night they were often found with ,notker ,balbulus in the writing-room1 comparing and improving the works that ,sintram was about to copy4 ,notker who wrote many fine hymn tunes1 wanted them sung by ,tutilo who was a good singer and clever performer upon several musical instruments4 ,tutilo wrote several excellent hymn tunes1 and he also produced several noble hymns of which the most popular are ,hodie cantandus1 ,viri ,galilei1 and ,gaudete et cantate4 ,notker's genuine affection for ,tutilo was not disturbed by ,tutilo's good-natured submission to unreasonable monastic regulations1 which ,notker regarded as symbolically significant4 ,the ,benedictine regulations were meant for the monasteries of southern ,italy1 and did not suit the convent of ,st4 ,gall very well4 ,a midday nap was one of the ,benedictine regulations1 and so the monks of ,st4 ,gall had to retire and sleep two or three hours at midday every day4 ,the ,benedictine rule prescribed a diet of fish1 fruit and vegetables--the usual diet of southern ,italy4 ,but fish and fruit were difficult to secure at ,st4 ,gall2 meat1 which was plentiful1 was forbidden4 ,and so the diet of ,st4 ,gall consisted mainly of pulse and pap4 ,notker who was the guardian of the discipline of the monastery1 never had an occasion to bring up any reproach against ,tutilo4 ,tutilo observed the midday nap1 and flavoured with merriment the monotonous diet which maintained his splendid mortal clay4 ,,section ,v ,,lutheran ,,hymnology #aebj-- ,the ,reformation of the sixteenth century put life into congregational hymn singing4 ,before this time it had been heard only in strains1 broken1 timid1 and vague4 ,the ,reformation endowed congregational hymn singing with a sonorousness and power1 as never before in the history of the ,church4 ,one of the main principles of the ,reformation was that all ,christians1 as a spiritual priesthood 7,rev4 #a3f and #a ,pet4 #b3e71 are privileged and obliged to approach ,god and bring ,him their offering1 without human mediators and deputies1 only because of the merits of ,christ1 the one true mediator2 and this not only individually in private life but also in public worship4 ,the ,reformation brought into play all serviceable forces and means to promote and make possible the realization of this principle in the cultus4 ,the reformers sought to make the liturgy intelligible and accessible to the common people--for the ,latin they substituted the language of the people1 and the congregation was given an opportunity to take an active part in public worship4 ,it was perfectly natural that church song could not remain in its mediaeval form1 an exclusive privilege of the clergy1 but be transferred to the people4 ,and so popular church hymns were produced4 ,luther became the leader also in this great work4 ,what kind of hymns he wanted1 is quite clearly seen in one of his letters to the electoral court chaplain1 ,spalatin1 whom he called upon to assist in this hymnological work3 8,i am willing to make ,german psalms for the people1 after the example of the prophets and the ancient fathers2 that is1 spiritual hymns whereby the ,word of ,god1 through singing1 may conserve itself among the people40 ,later on in the same letter1 he makes the following suggestion3 8,i desire1 however1 that new-fangled words1 and courtly expressions1 be omitted1 in order that the language may be the simplest and most familiar to the people1 and yet1 at the same time1 pure1 and well suited to the clear sense of the psalm40 ,such church hymns1 thoroughly ,biblical and at the same time popular1 the great reformer wanted for the people4 ,and ,luther produced several church hymns1 which have never been surpassed and rarely equaled4 ,he translated and versified ,davidic ,psalms2 he translated and revised old ,latin hymns2 he revised several old religious folk songs2 and he wrote several original hymns4 ,he was not alone in this hymnological work2 many able assistants came forward4 ,thus the great ,lutheran hymnody began4#a ,the outstanding merit of these church hymns is that they proclaim and extol ,god's great works of love1 in words and strains that burst forth from the very soul of the people--immediately they became the property of the people4 ,as silent and yet as most eloquent witnesses of evangelical truth1 these hymns made their way even to distant lands and awakened the languishing hearts of the people to new life1 to joy and praise4 ,the annals of the ,reformation are rich in the most remarkable testimonies concerning these things1 how the ,lutheran hymns powerfully conquered the love of the people and how the people heartily sang them in the churches and in the homes1 in weal and woe4 ,and this great legacy from the ,reformation era1 the ,lutheran ,church has preserved1 used well1 and richly increased4 ,the church hymn is the special glory of the ,lutheran ,church4 ,no church communion can be compared to the ,lutheran ,church in this respect4 ,not without reason has the ,lutheran ,church been called the singing church4 ,,martin ,,luther ,when we think of the ,lutheran hymnody from the historical point of view1 we must dwell1 if but briefly1 on its classical formation in the motherland of the ,lutheran ,church1 ,germany4 ,something permanent and peculiarly typical is present in the hymnody of the ,reformation days4 ,with respect to ,luther himself1 his best hymns are our most precious possession4 8,ein' feste ,burg0 is known the world over4 ,christians everywhere are familiar with it4 ,at first ,luther did not seem to be aware of his poetical gifts4 ,it was not until in ,july1 #aebc1 when two ,belgian martyrs of the ,lutheran ,church had been burnt at the stake1 that ,luther's first poetical product came into existence--in the folk song style4 ,this song1 8,ein neues ,lied wir heben an10 spread very rapidly throughout ,germany4 ,soon thereafter came two hymns1 one about penance1 and one about faith3 8,out of the depths ,i cry to ,thee0 and 8,dear ,christians one and all rejoice40 ,they were supplied with tunes and spread very rapidly throughout the land4 #aebd was the hymn-year of the ,reformation4 #bd of ,luther's #cg hymns appeared in various publications4 8,ein' feste ,burg0 seems to belong to the year #aebg4 ,luther's musical assistants were ,conrad ,rupf and ,johann ,walther4 ,it is said that while these two musicians sat at the table1 busy with the writing of the music1 ,luther walked about the large room and tried the tunes1 singing them1 or playing them on his flute4 ,when we stop to consider what was then formed and created1 we see clearly that this is a historical situation of epoch-making significance4 ,luther at the church door in ,wittenberg1 ,luther at ,worms1 at ,wartburg1 in his home2 so also ,luther with his musical friends1 creating or remodelling poetry and music for the new ,church--a central figure in the history of the ,church4 ,to characterize ,luther's hymns is no easy task1 because of their richness4 ,luther's soul possessed an enormous span of faith and spiritual life4 ,it experienced the mediaeval thunder-tones of judgment as well as the brightness of the ,gospel4 ,compare1 for example1 the two hymns1 8,though in midst of life we be0 and 8,dear ,christians one and all rejoice40 ,compare the following stanza from 8,ein feste ,burg10 ,the ,word they still shall let remain1 ,nor any thanks have for it2 ,he's by our side upon the plain ,with ,his good gifts and ,spirit4 ,take they then our life1 ,goods1 fame1 child1 and wife1 ,when their worst is done1 ,they yet have nothing won3 ,the ,kingdom ours remaineth4 with one of the stanzas from 8,vom ,himmel hoch da komm ich her01 ,ah1 dearest ,jesus1 ,holy ,child1 ,make ,thee a bed1 soft1 undefiled1 ,here in my poor heart's inmost shrine1 ,that ,i may evermore be ,thine4 ,it is obvious that in 8,dear ,christians one and all rejoice0--,nun freut euch1 lieben ,christen g'mein--we have the outline of ,luther's entire experience of faith1 from the moment he felt himself condemned by ,god till he could triumph in songs of praise4 ,this hymn forms a very clear parallel to his exposition of the ,second ,article4 ,most of ,luther's hymns ought to be found in our ,english ,lutheran hymn books4 ,they are noble church hymns--all ,lutherans should know them4 ,the ,church ,militant is one of ,luther's chief subjects4 ,note his great heroic hymn 8,ein feste ,burg40 ,note also one of his last hymns3 ,erhalt uns1 ,herr1 bei deinem ,wort ,und steure deiner ,feinde ,mord1 7,original3 und steur des ,pabsts und ,tuerken ,mord74 ,die ,jesum ,christum1 deinen ,sohn1 ,stuerzen wollen von deinem ,thron4 ,lord1 keep us steadfast in ,thy ,word2 ,curb those who fain by craft or sword ,would wrest the kingdom from ,thy ,son1 ,and set at naught all ,he hath done4 ,powerful and courageous ,lutheran hymns6 ,ach ,gott1 vom ,himmel sieh darein--,look down1 ,o ,lord1 from heaven behold--seems to be as valid against the disintegrating subjectivism and super-culture of our time as against the age in which it was born1 which dissolved ,god's kingdom and divine will at pleasure and put uncontrolled human will in their place4 ,whether this refers to clericalism and papism or modern culture and mass dominion1 makes little or no difference2 the result in both cases is destruction4 ,nearly all of ,luther's hymns close with words of praise--note this consciousness of communion with ,christ4 ,take for example the last stanza of 8,christ lag in ,todesbanden03 ,then let us feast this ,easter day ,on the true ,bread of heaven2 ,the ,word of grace hath purged away ,the old and wicked leaven3 ,christ alone our souls will feed2 ,he is our meat and drink indeed2 ,faith lives upon no other6 ,alleluia6 ,we recommend a careful study of 8,luther's ,hymns0 by ,james ,f4 ,lambert4 ,,german ,,hymnody ,the history of ,german hymnody after #aejj may be divided into five periods3 #a7 the foundation period1 including the time of the ,reformation and down to the close of the sixteenth century2 #b7 the period of prosperity1 from about #afjj to about #agjj2 #c7 the period of subjectivism1 embracing the time from #agjj to #agej2 #d7 the period of decline1 from #agej to about #ahbj2 #e7 a time of renovation and general development1 from about #ahbj to about #aijj4 ,to present a clear1 yet reasonably complete1 survey of the history of the church hymn in ,germany during the century of the ,reformation1 is not an easy task4 ,the period is rich in victories and reverses4 ,it embraces not only the first victories of the new ,church but also the ,counter-,reformation with its regaining of lost ground4 ,it includes the sad story of the internal struggles of the early ,lutheran ,church1 which resulted in dissension and weakness1 bitterness and discouragement4 ,all this is reflected in the hymnody of the ,church4 ,the sixteenth century produced many great hymnists1 to whom we are greatly indebted4 ,luther's hymns alone would form a valuable little hymn book4 ,but it would be still more valuable1 if we included in it the best ,lutheran church hymns of the entire century4 ,a hymn book containing all the great ,lutheran church hymns of the sixteenth century--a remarkable ,lutheran hymn book4 ,the ,reformation hymnody possesses a preponderatingly objective character4 ,definite and true evangelical faith is its keynote4 ,christ's redemption and the sinner's justification by faith are the outstanding expressions in this hymnody4 ,the human and the individual1 the subjective1 receives a secondary place4 ,in fact there is hardly any indication in this hymnody of a proper coalescence of the subjective and the objective4 ,a great many of the hymns are translations of old ,greek and ,latin hymns4 ,but the thoughts are hearty1 vigorous1 powerful1 and serious4 ,the outward form is simple1 even faulty at times4 ,yet it is the song of earnest and sincere ,christians4 ,the foremost hymnist of this period is1 of course1 ,martin ,luther4 ,other great hymnists of this period are ,justus ,jonas1 ,paul ,eber1 ,paul ,speratus1 ,nikolaus ,decius1 ,lazarus ,spengler1 ,nikolaus ,hermann1 ,barthol4 ,ringwaldt1 and ,nikolaus ,selnecker4 ,michael ,weiss of ,bohemia belongs to this period1 because he produced a number of excellent ,german translations of church hymns which had been in use among the followers of ,john ,huss4 ,the second period of ,german hymnody1 the seventeenth century1 may be regarded as one of great prosperity4 ,in it the objective and the subjective seem to attain a fine balance4 ,the church hymn now comes more directly from the soul of the communion of the faithful4 ,in form and expression there is healthy progress4 ,a very fine type of lyrical poetry develops4 ,during the first years of this period we note such excellent hymnists as ,l4 ,helmbold1 ,martin ,schalling1 ,valerius ,herberger1 and ,philipp ,nicolai4 ,among hymn writers during the hard times of the ,thirty ,years ,war1 who produced excellent hymns of consolation1 powerful hymns1 we note especially ,john ,heermann1 ,paul ,fleming1 ,j4 ,m4 ,meyfart1 ,martin ,rinkart1 ,john ,rist1 and ,simon ,dach4 ,the objective-subjective hymnody of the seventeenth century1 in its purest and noblest form1 is to be found in the hymns of ,paul ,gerhardt1 writer of more than one hundred hymns1 in which the ardor and fervor of ,christian subjectivity attained a most happy union with the firm evangelical faith and the noble popular elements of the ,reformation period4 ,he is one of the greatest ,german hymn writers1 if not the greatest4 ,with him we note ,georg ,neumark1 ,j4 ,franck1 and ,m4 ,schirmer4 ,the third period1 from the end of the seventeenth century to about #agej1 may be called the age of subjective hymnody4 ,to this period belong such great hymn writers as ,johann ,scheffler 7,angelus ,silesius7 and ,countess ,ludemilia ,elisabeth of ,schwartzburg-,rudolstadt4 ,both of these hymn writers are quite strongly inclined towards sound ,mysticism4 ,at the opening of the eighteenth century1 ,pietism brought about a great awakening in hymn writing4 ,several of the followers of ,spener and ,francke produced a large number of devotional hymns which are full of sound and sincere piety in simple and noble form4 ,to this group of hymn writers belong ,samuel ,rodigast1 ,gottfried ,arnold1 ,johann ,freylinghausen1 ,herrnschmidt1 ,richter1 ,countess ,emilie ,juliane of ,schwartzburg1 ,j4 ,j4 ,rambach1 and ,woltersdorf4 ,in this connection we must also mention ,gerhard ,tersteegen1 a preacher without a church1 and a leader among 8awakened souls40 ,the followers of ,j4 ,a4 ,bengel1 or the so-called ,bible ,theologians1 produced a number of fine devotional hymns4 ,leading hymn writers in this group are ,johann ,mentzer and ,phillip ,friedrich ,hiller4 ,count ,zinzendorf1 the great leader among the ,herrnhuters1 or ,moravian ,brethren1 wrote a number of excellent hymns4 ,besides these hymnological fruits of ,pietism1 the orthodox tendency did not remain unproductive4 ,pietism exerted considerable influence upon the orthodox hymnody4 ,to this group of orthodox hymn writers belong ,erdmann ,neumeister1 ,benjamin ,schmolck1 and ,salomo ,franck4 ,towards the middle of the eighteenth century a dull and degraded ,pietism began to react upon sacred poetry4 ,a sound and vigorous tone was superseded by the subjective and lyrical effusions of the individual4 ,the hymns began to treat more and more of personal feelings and soul experiences1 of events and situations in private life4 ,a number of poor hymn books appeared4 ,public taste for the right kind of church song was spoiled4 ,this paved the way for a hymnological revolution1 brought about mainly by ,rationalism1 during the last half of the eighteenth century4 ,the fourth period1 the era of decline1 includes the last half of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth4 ,this is the time of the destructive influences of ,neologism or ,rationalism in ,germany4 ,german hymnody suffered4 ,rationalism is a denial of positive ,christian life1 and lacks sympathy for the primitive1 the simple1 and the popular4 ,it cannot attend to the needs of the common people4 ,it possesses a character of superficial and heartless intellectualism4 ,reason was made the highest authority in all religious matters4 ,genuine hymn writing could not grow up in a soil which was destitute both of poetry and of true ,christianity4 ,the dominion of rationalism in ,german hymnody began about the middle of the eighteenth century with a revision of the old church hymns in accordance with the new ideas of the age1 an age of enlightenment and illumination4 ,to begin with this hymnological revision was mainly in the interest of form4 ,severity1 irregularity and archaism in expression and style1 in rhyme and meter1 etc41 had to be eliminated from the church hymns4 ,up-to-date language had to be used4 ,the revision of form was soon followed by a revision of content4 ,old ideas in the hymns had to be removed4 ,the church hymns had to be in harmony with the new ethical ideas of the age4 ,a great work in hymnological vandalism was in progress4 ,it was not sufficient to merely improve the old hymns4 ,most of the grand old church hymns were dropped and new ones produced--new hymns which were in perfect harmony with the new ideas of the age4 ,the new hymn book was to be a kind of textbook in moral philosophy4 ,the new hymn book should instruct the people in many useful things4 ,hymns were written on such subjects as profitable economy1 extravagance1 superstition1 scepticism1 quiet and peaceful life1 contentedness1 integrity1 the right use of pleasure1 commerce1 agriculture1 vaccination1 sleep1 etc4 ,the direction was not heavenward so much as worldward4 ,the leading hymnological revisor or editor was ,friedrich ,gottlieb ,klopstock 7#agbd-ahjc74 ,he also wrote a few original hymns4 ,one of the best hymn writers of this hymnological era was ,christian ,fuerchtegott ,gellert 7#agae-agfi74 ,he wrote a number of excellent hymns4 ,johann ,casper ,lavater 7#agda-ahja7 was perhaps the greatest hymn writer of this period4 ,the fifth period of ,german hymnody1 an era of renovation1 from about #ahbe to about #aiaj1 is known not so much for original hymn writing as for its general return to the best of old ,german hymnody4 ,the neological hymn books of the preceding period were condemned and rejected4 ,new hymn books were published1 which contained the best church hymns of all times4 ,outstanding hymnological compilers and editors are ,dr4 ,hermann ,adalbert ,daniel1 ,dr4 ,carl ,eduard ,philipp ,wackernagel1 and ,stip4 ,albert ,knapp and ,dr4 ,carl ,johann ,spitta are important ,german hymnists of this period4 ,important ,english translators are ,miss ,catherine ,winkworth1 ,miss ,frances ,elizabeth ,cox1 ,miss ,jane ,borthwick and her sister--,mrs4 ,findlater1 ,rev4 ,richard ,massie1 and ,rev4 ,a4 ,tozar ,russell4 ,,scandinavian ,,lutheran ,,hymnody ,the ,reformation era1 the sixteenth century4--,the hymnody of the ,scandinavian ,church during this period was1 for the most part1 an echo of that of the ,german mother ,church4 ,among important hymnists of this period we note ,hans ,taussen1 ,hans ,tomissn1 ,cl4 ,tndebinder and ,nils ,jespersen of the ,danish ,church4 ,in the ,swedish ,church we note especially the two brothers1 ,olaus and ,laurentius ,petri1 the two great ,swedish reformers1 students under ,dr4 ,martin ,luther at the ,university of ,wittenberg4 ,the first ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book was issued by ,olaus ,petri1 #aebf1 called 8,swedish ,songs0 7about ten hymns74 ,revised and enlarged editions of this hymn book appeared in #aecj and #aecf4 ,in this first ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book we find hymns by the ,swedish poet ,olaf ,swensson1 who distinguished himself as a zealous polemic against the ,roman ,catholic ,church and 8,antichrist0 7the pope74 ,in #aefg appeared another ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book1 containing #ii hymns1 which has been called 8the hymn book of ,laurentius ,petri10 because it contained many translations and several original hymns by him4 ,a revised and enlarged edition of this hymn book appeared in #aegb4 ,in this hymnal appeared the popular and beautiful ,swedish ,lutheran hymn1 8,a sinful man1 who lay in trance of sin1 he heard a voice from heaven3 ,awake1 awake1 list to the ,word that comfort gives40 ,it has been claimed by several authorities that this hymn is the foremost hymn in the ,swedish literature of the sixteenth century1 and also one of the greatest of ,swedish ,lutheran hymns4 ,it is probably the work of ,laurentius ,petri ,gothus4 ,scandinavian ,lutheran hymnody may be divided into five hymnological periods1 similar to the five periods of ,german ,lutheran hymnody4 ,the hymnological periods of ,german and ,scandinavian hymnody are parallel4 ,the second period1 the seventeenth century4--,the seventeenth century is said to be the days of glory in the history of ,scandinavian ,lutheran hymnody--its foremost period4 ,while the ,danish hymnists ,hans ,sthen1 ,a4 ,arreboe1 and especially ,t4 ,kingo wrote their hymns1 the hymnody of the ,swedish ,church developed somewhat independently1 with ,swedish fervor and virility in connection with ,biblical and practical simplicity in the best sense4 ,the advance of this period on the ,reformation era was much greater in the ,swedish ,church than in the ,german ,church4 ,it is also to be noted that the highest point in ,swedish ,lutheran hymn writing was reached in the later part of the seventeenth century1 somewhat later than in ,germany4 ,important ,swedish hymnists of this period are ,samuel ,columbus1 ,erik ,lindskld1 ,petrus ,brask1 ,gustaf ,ollon1 ,israel ,kolmodin1 ,jacob ,boethius1 ,jakob ,arrhenius1 and especially the two bishops1 ,haquin ,spegel and ,jesper ,swedberg4 ,the ,swedish ,lutheran hymnal of #afie was a masterwork4 ,the third period1 from #agjj to #agej4--,the ,scandinavian ,church was not subject to the hymnological fluctuations that the ,german ,church experienced in this period1 because the excellent ,swedish hymnal of #afie remained throughout the #ahth century as the only official and popular hymn book4 ,efforts were made to produce new hymnals4 ,about #agfe appeared an orthodox hymnal1 8sound in doctrine and unpoetical0--called the ,celsic hymnal1 because ,o4 ,celsius had a great deal to do with its compilation4 ,pietistic and ,moravianistic hymnals appeared4 ,as an example of the ,pietistic hymnals we note 8,the ,songs of ,moses and the ,lamb10 by ,lybecker1 #agag4 8,the ,songs of ,zion0 was a ,moravianistic product1 published about #agde4 ,the ,danes and the ,norwegians were fortunate in having as their foremost hymnist the great ,h4 ,a4 ,brorson1 a most noble ,pietistic hymn writer4 ,the fourth period4--,this period includes the last half of the eighteenth century and the first fifteen years of the nineteenth4 ,the neological spirit did not get into the church life of ,sweden as thoroughly as in ,germany4 ,this fortunate condition is plainly seen in the hymnody of the ,swedish ,church4 ,the hymnal that was published in #agic1 the year of the #bjjth anniversary of the important ,church ,council at ,upsala 7#aeic71 contained very few new hymns1 and the old hymns retained were only slightly revised4 ,but this hymnal was not accepted by the ,swedish ,church4 ,about twenty years later1 in #ahad1 appeared a new project in the matter of a revised and improved hymnal1 the result of neological efforts to produce new church hymns4 ,many very able hymnists united in this great hymnological project1 to show what genius and good taste can accomplish4 ,it was a great work1 but1 on the whole1 unsuccessful--too fine1 perhaps4 ,the fifth period1 the nineteenth century4--,the hymnological situation in ,sweden in the nineteenth century was somewhat similar to that in ,germany4 ,but it is hardly a question of returning to the old1 because neological activities were not able to deprive the ,swedish ,church of her old hymnody4 ,efforts to give to the ,church a large number of the best of the old church hymns 7,greek1 ,latin1 ,german and ,scandinavian71 carefully edited1 and some new ,swedish church hymns1 resulted in the important ,swedish ,hymnal of #ahai4 ,it has remained to this day 7#aibe7 the official and popular ,hymnal of the ,swedish ,church4 ,it is the ,swedish hymn book of the ,augustana ,synod4 ,with respect to the old church hymns in the hymnal1 it may be said that much was gained by this work of revision4 ,most of the new hymns are excellent4 ,a few of the hymns betray neological influences4 ,on the whole1 however1 the ,hymnal of #ahai is a very fine ,lutheran hymn book4 ,it contains #ejj hymns4 ,revision is undoubtedly needed1 and such work has been going on for some time4 ,among ,swedish hymn writers who contributed to the ,hymnal of #ahai we note especially ,bishop ,j4 ,o4 ,wallin 7died #ahci7 and ,bishop ,f4 ,m4 ,franzen 7died #ahdg74 ,wallin produced #abh original hymns and revised or translated very many old and new hymns4 ,the ,hymnal of #ahai has often been called ,wallin's ,hymnal4 ,most of his hymns are immortal masterpieces4 ,franzen produced #bb original hymns4 ,as a hymnist ,franzen possessed less rhetorical elevation and force than ,wallin1 but he is fully equal to ,wallin not only in the ,biblical-evangelical quality of the content but also in the lyrical heartiness of the tone as well as in the transparency and simplicity of the language4 ,other important ,swedish hymn writers of this period are ,samuel ,j4 ,hedborn 7died #ahdi7 and ,erik ,gustaf ,geijer 7died #ahdg74 ,johan ,henrik ,thomander and ,per ,wieselgren are the editors of the ,swedish ,hymnal 7#ahai7 that is used in the ,swedish ,lutheran ,augustana ,synod1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,in the ,danish ,church the well known ,n4 ,f4 ,s4 ,grundtvig 7died #ahgb7 has rendered great service as a reviser of old church hymns and writer of several excellent original hymns4 ,the ,norwegian ,lutheran hymn book by ,rev4 ,m4 ,b4 ,landstad 7died #ahha7 is a very important hymnological work4 ,it is a popular hymnal in the ,norwegian ,church4 ,an important ,swedish hymn book was published in ,finland in #ahhj1 which contained many excellent old church hymns from ,swedish and ,german sources1 but also several new hymns by such well known ,finnish scholars as ,johan ,ludvig ,runeberg 7died #ahgg71 ,zacharias ,topelius 7died #ahih71 and others4 ,bishop ,j4 ,o4 ,wallin brought about a very high hymnic standard in the ,swedish ,church--perhaps the highest hymnic standard in the entire ,lutheran world4 ,when we examine what ,grundtvig and ,landstad gave the ,danish and ,norwegian churches1 we find a great deal of the folk song element in that hymnody--not an unwholesome attribute4 ,wallin's work belongs rather to the sphere of the solemn and sublime church hymn4 ,the hymnody of the ,swedish ,lutheran ,church is among the finest in the whole field of ,lutheran hymnology1 a church hymnody born in the days of the ,reformation1 four hundred years ago4 ,,american ,,lutheran ,,hymnody ,the early ,lutherans in ,america came from lands where church song had attained high position and where a large number of noble church hymns had been produced4 ,the early ,german ,lutherans sang from a great variety of hymn books which they had brought with them from the homeland4 ,dr4 ,henry ,eyster ,jacobs makes the following statement in 8,a ,history of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church in the ,united ,states03 8,muhlenberg had complained greatly of the variety of hymn books in use in the congregations1 and generally within the same congregation4 ,of these1 the ,marburg hymn book gained precedence1 and an ,american edition was published by ,christopher ,saur1 ,germantown1 in #agfb40 ,this hymn book contained over six hundred hymns4 ,about the same thing may be said of the earlier ,lutheran immigrants1 the ,dutch and the ,swedes4 ,about #afge the ,swedes appealed to the ,king of ,sweden for #ab ,bibles1 #ajj hymn books1 etc4 ,in #afif a ship carrying missionaries and a large supply of books left ,sweden for ,america4 ,the work of organizing the early ,lutheran ,church in ,america fell to ,rev4 ,dr4 ,henry ,melchior ,muhlenberg1 often called the ,patriarch of the ,american ,lutheran ,church4 ,he came to ,philadelphia in #agdb4 ,the first ,evangelical ,lutheran ,synod in ,america was organized by ,muhlenberg at ,philadelphia in #agdh4 ,this body is known as the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,ministerium of ,pennsylvania and ,adjacent ,states4 ,in #aghb this synod resolved to have a new hymn book printed for the united congregations4 ,a hymn book committee was appointed and given the following instructions3 8,as far as possible to follow the arrangement of the ,halle hymn book1 and not to omit any of the old standard hymns1 especially of ,luther and ,paul ,gerhardt40 ,this ,german hymn book appeared in #aghf1 having been prepared by ,muhlenberg1 ,kunze1 and ,helmuth4 ,poor health prevented ,muhlenberg from taking a more active part in the compilation of this hymn book4 ,while it was used extensively1 it seems that the book did not fully meet the wishes of the synod4 ,apparently the active editors1 especially ,dr4 ,helmuth1 had not been successful in the selection and revision of the hymns4 ,the inter-denominational 7,lutheran and ,reformed7 hymn book of #ahag1 the 8,gemeinschaftliches ,gesangbuch10 was an inferior hymnological work4 ,it was meant to take the place of the ,pennsylvania hymn book of #aghf4 ,in #ahdi the ,ministerium of ,pennsylvania published a new hymn book1 prepared chiefly by ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,demme4 ,the ,synods of ,new ,york and ,west ,pennsylvania co-operated in this issue4 ,although popular1 this ,pennsylvania hymn book did not measure up to that of #aghf4 ,about the middle of the nineteenth century1 several ,german ,lutheran hymn books were published by different synods4 ,the ,kirchenbuch of the ,general ,council1 published in #ahgg1 is a hymnological work of high merit4 ,the first ,english ,lutheran hymn book used in ,america was the 8,psalmodia ,germanica0 of #agbe1 #agcb1 and #agef4 ,it came to ,america from ,london1 ,england4 ,it contained #abb hymns1 several by ,luther and ,paul ,gerhardt4 ,in #agie ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,kunze of ,new ,york published 8,a ,hymn and ,prayer ,book1 for the use of such ,lutheran ,churches as use the ,english language40 ,its #bdj hymns were gathered from ,german ,lutheran1 ,moravian1 ,english and ,american sources4 ,in #agig ,rev4 ,george ,strebeck issued 8,a ,collection of ,evangelical ,hymns1 made from ,different ,authors and ,collections1 for the ,english ,lutheran ,church in ,new ,york40 ,this was a rather un-,lutheran hymn book4 ,rev4 ,strebeck and his ,new ,york congregation went over to the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,in #ahjf ,rev4 ,ralph ,williston published 8,a ,choice ,selection of ,evangelical ,hymns from ,various ,authors1 for the ,use of the ,english ,lutheran ,church in ,new ,york40 ,while this hymn book met with popularity within the ,new ,york ,ministerium1 it was not a ,lutheran hymn book4 ,most of its hymns were taken from ,watts and ,charles ,wesley4 ,rev4 ,williston and his ,new ,york congregation also went over to the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,in #ahae appeared 8,a ,collection of ,hymns and a ,liturgy for the ,use of ,evangelical ,lutheran ,churches40 ,published by order of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,synod of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the editors were ,drs4 ,quitman and ,wackerhagen4 ,this book contained #ebj carefully selected hymns4 ,a number of ,english hymn books were published before #ahej1 but they were found more or less unsatisfactory4 ,some of them were quite un-,lutheran4 ,in #ahfc the ,ministerium of ,pennsylvania decided to issue a new ,english hymn book4 ,a hymn book committee was appointed1 which did very thorough work4 ,this resulted in the publication of the ,church ,book by the ,general ,council in #ahfh4 ,this is undoubtedly one of the best ,english ,lutheran hymn books of the ,american ,lutheran ,church4 ,it has been highly praised by prominent hymnologists of ,europe1 and it has remained a very popular ,english hymn book throughout the ,american ,lutheran ,church for over fifty years4 ,it has passed through several editions4 ,rev4 ,justus ,falckner 7#afgb-agbc7 wrote what may be called the first ,american ,lutheran hymn4 ,he is said to be the first ,german ,lutheran pastor in ,america and was ordained by the ,swedish ,lutheran pastors in ,gloria ,dei ,church at ,wicaco in #agjc4 ,this was the first ,lutheran ordination in ,america4 ,we quote here the first two stanzas of ,rev4 ,justus ,falckner's beautiful hymn4 ,the hymn was originally written in ,german--8,auf1 ihr ,christen1 ,christi ,glieder40 ,rise1 ye children of salvation1 ,all who cleave to ,christ the ,head6 ,wake1 arise1 ,o mighty nation1 ,ere the foe on ,zion tread3 ,he draws nigh1 and would defy ,all the hosts of ,god ,most ,high4 ,saints and heroes1 long before us1 ,firmly on this ground have stood2 ,see their banner waving o'er us1 ,conquerors through the ,saviour's ,blood6 ,ground we hold1 whereon of old ,fought the faithful and the bold4 ,the ,american ,lutheran ,church cannot as yet point to an ,american ,lutheran hymnist like ,paul ,gerhardt or ,john ,olof ,wallin4 ,the ,english ,lutheran hymn books in ,america contain translations of ,german1 ,scandinavian1 old ,greek1 and old ,latin hymns1 also a large number of carefully selected ,english 7,reformed7 hymns4 ,the matter of translating great ,german and ,scandinavian ,lutheran hymns into ,english is a very difficult task4 ,but there are ,lutherans in ,america who write hymns worthy of more general acceptance4 ,they would find it if it were1 first of all1 accorded to them by their fellow-,lutherans of other synods4 ,so long as the hymn writers of another synod are largely ignored in ,american ,lutheran synodical hymnals1 it is not to be expected that what they write will find its way into the hymnals of other denominations4 ,among the most successful translators and hymn writers within the ,american ,lutheran ,church the following may be mentioned3 ,rev4 ,h4 ,brueckner1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,matthias ,loy1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,charles ,poterfield ,krauth1 ,rev4 ,john ,casper ,mattes1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,alfred ,ramsey1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,charles ,william ,schaeffer1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,augustus ,seiss1 ,mrs4 ,harriett ,reynolds ,spaeth1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,l4 ,schuette1 ,miss ,anna ,hoppe1 and ,rev4 ,dr4 ,paul ,e4 ,kretzmann4 ,miss ,catherine ,winkworth1 ,anglican1 has produced a large number of excellent translations of ,german ,lutheran hymns4 ,several excellent ,english ,lutheran hymn books have been published within the ,american ,lutheran ,church4 ,perhaps the foremost work is the ,common ,service ,book1 authorized by the ,general ,synod1 the ,general ,council1 and the ,united ,synod in the ,south4 ,the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,hymnal1 published by order of the ,first ,english ,district of the ,joint ,synod of ,ohio and ,other ,states1 is a worthy ,american ,lutheran hymn book4 ,the ,wartburg ,hymnal1 edited by ,professor ,o4 ,hardwig and published by ,wartburg ,publishing ,house1 is noteworthy4 ,the ,scandinavian ,lutherans have also published commendable hymn books4 ,the new ,hymnal of the ,augustana ,synod 7#aibe7 is excellent4 ,hymn book committees are at work on the compilation of better and more serviceable ,english ,lutheran hymnals4 ,the history of hymnody in the ,american ,lutheran ,church is in many respects discouraging4 ,a prominent ,american ,lutheran theologian recently made the following statement3 8,few of our ministers have ever had an appreciation of the treasures of ,lutheran church song0 ,the training of the clergy in hymnology and church music is not what it ought to be4 ,the education of the church organist and choir director is woefully deficient4 ,more serious study in liturgics1 hymnology and church music is needed4 ,yet some very good work has been done by ,american ,lutheran hymnists1 hymnologists and church musicians4 ,the ,memoirs of the ,lutheran ,liturgical ,association contain much valuable information concerning ,american ,lutheran church song2 so also the ,essays on ,church ,music1 volumes which contain papers read at ,lutheran church music conventions held chiefly in ,pennsylvania4 ,other sources of information are3 8,the ,english ,hymn0 by ,dr4 ,louis ,f4 ,benson1 pages #daj-dbj and #efj-efc4 8,the ,lutheran ,cyclopedia0 by ,jacobs and ,haas1 pages #bce-bch and #if-ig4 8,a ,history of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church in the ,united ,states0 by ,henry ,eyster ,jacobs1 the references to hymn books and hymns4 ,history of the ,liturgical ,development of the ,ministerium of ,pennsylvania1 vol4 ,,xvii1 page #ic1 ,lutheran ,church ,review4 ,the ,common ,service ,book and ,hymnal1 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 page #bhi1 ,lutheran ,church ,review4 ,,conclusion ,how old is ,lutheran church song8 ,four hundred years--the historical age of the most vigorous production in the realm of sacred song4 ,we must not forget that one thousand popular evangelical ,lutheran church hymns are a selection from perhaps one hundred thousand church hymns4 ,what a great vital power6 ,is there any reason to believe that this vitality is about to cease8 ,is ,lutheran hymn writing a thing of the past8 ,the power to create is not yet extinct4 ,the hymnody of the ,church is steadily conquering new ground4 ,in the ,episcopal ,church the church hymn has taken on greater and greater significance4 ,wherever evangelical missionary work is gaining ground1 the church hymns find favor4 ,so long as the ,lutheran ,church lives1 ,lutheran church song will flourish4 ,even from the literary point of view1 this ,lutheran hymnic vitality ought to be appreciated4 ,is it not strange that poets whose work will be forgotten after a few decades1 are treated at length in our histories of literature1 while this body of song1 which has stood the test of centuries1 scarcely receives mention8 ,yet our ,lutheran church hymn has perhaps very few literary competitors4 ,as a representation of life1 does it not fitly take its place beside the many legends that have delighted the children of old ,india1 or ,homer's ,iliad and ,odyssey1 or the metrical romances of the ,middle ,ages1 or ,dante's ,divine ,comedy1 or a great ,shakespearean drama1 or the songs of the ,israelites8 ,but it is not because the ,lutheran church hymn is great poetry that it lives4 ,it is because of the life of the ,church1 the life of souls1 the life of the ,christian faith1 that the church hymn lives4 ,from this it draws its life and becomes an ever fresh source of spiritual life4 ,looking at the church hymn from this point of view1 looking at the content of the church hymn1 the outlook widens and goes far beyond the time of four hundred years4 ,if the history of our evangelical church hymn has reference more particularly to the historical evolution of the content and the making of the form1 then this history embraces several thousand years of the religious development of our race4 ,this holds good also from the literary point of view4 ,it is obvious that our popular ,lutheran church hymns contain material from all classical ages revealed by history1 from the first literary days of old ,israel down to the present time1 and this very often in the most intimate fusion4 ,take for example one of ,f4 ,m4 ,franzen's greatest hymns1 the first stanza of which follows3 ,prepare the way1 ,o ,zion6 ,ye awful deeps1 rise high1 ,sink low1 ye towering mountains2 ,the ,lord is drawing nigh3 ,the righteous ,king of glory1 ,foretold in sacred story4 ,oh1 blest is ,he that came ,in ,god the ,father's ,name6 ,how much there is in that stanza6 ,and it is only the first stanza of a truly great ,lutheran church hymn4 ,in all this1 which may seem quite commonplace1 there really is something truly wonderful2 an old1 old story about the life of faith and its expression in song and worship--an exceedingly beautiful testimony about the fulness of ,god's work in the history of spiritual life on earth4 ,our hymnological annotations must draw to a close4 ,they may be regarded as observations and reflections during the study of a great subject3 ,our ,lutheran church song4 ,perhaps they will be of some value to those who have much to do with ,lutheran hymn singing as well as to those who teach and instruct our young people in this branch of our ecclesiastical inheritance4 ,much must be done before we can really claim that the ,american ,lutheran ,church has fully taken over this rich legacy4 ,a church hymn sung by a ,lutheran congregation as it should be sung--that may at first thought seem to be a very simple and insignificant matter4 ,but taken in its historical and religious connections1 the matter is far from simple or insignificant4 ,and taken as a problem--it is not easily solved4 ,its relations to the facts and conditions of spiritual life extend far and wide4 ,hymnological study gives us an idea of these things4 ,our ,lutheran hymnody is four hundred years old--many of our best ,lutheran hymns are four hundred years old--four hundred years1 think of it1 full of ups and downs1 ecclesiastically and politically--four hundred years of sacred song through all kinds of significant life experiences4 ,four hundred years--turn to mediaeval and modern history4 ,looking at the history of the church hymn1 we may lay down as a fundamental principle that the church hymn cannot live without connection with the life that has passed through the ages1 from the prophets of old1 ,christ1 the ,reformation1 and down to the present4 ,only in this connection does the church hymn possess a positive significance or the significance of a life-promoting factor4 ,the correctness of this principle may be confirmed from actual experience4 ,in the history of languishing and dying church song1 we can read about languishing and dying ,christian nations--nations in deplorable condition both ecclesiastically and nationally--nations of emigration1 non-patriotism1 and of little or no sense of duty--nations of imported religious thinking and poorly translated songs4 ,the question has often been raised3 ,does the ,american ,lutheran ,church really sing8 ,yes and ,no--for the most part ,no4 ,most of our ,american ,lutheran country congregations do not sing4 ,how about the city churches8 ,a sad affair6 ,in most cases the situation is far from ideal4 ,a church hymn1 a ,lutheran church hymn1 cannot be sung properly by those who forget ,god1 ,bible1 history1 etc41 in order to practise a little general culture and enjoy a little tasty personal aesthetics4 ,if a noble ,lutheran church hymn is sung1 it is usually sung by the choir1 perhaps as a concert number1 disconnected from its vital connection4 ,and detached from its connection1 the noble ,lutheran church hymn becomes1 like everything else that has vital significance1 nothing4 ,that which does not really hang together1 becomes patchwork1 bandages1 finery1 rags--we may praise it enthusiastically4 ,very much like ,american culture--sorry to say4 ,uniting1 cementing1 productive ,,life is lacking4 ,many ,american ,lutheran churches do not sing ,lutheran church hymns at all4 ,how deplorable6 ,we often attend ,lutheran church services where not a single ,lutheran church hymn or ,lutheran chorale is sung4 ,here is a serious flaw in ,american ,lutheran education and leadership4 ,how about the hymn singing in our ,american ,lutheran ,sunday schools8 ,would it not be well to sing at least one ,lutheran church hymn each ,sunday8 ,or shall we permit ,lutheran hymnody to die8 ,is great ,lutheran hymnody a thing of the past8 ,but what is the most serious thing that our ,american ,lutheran congregational hymn singing lacks8 ,one thing--,,life4 ,that is our great problem--life in our church song--new life--,,life4 ,with this go all the difficulties of the problem of life4 ,since it is the business of the ,church to sing the church hymn1 the question becomes very complicated4 ,so many factors must co-operate in this matter1 if we are to get anywhere--to sing a ,lutheran church hymn as it should be sung4 ,our ,american ,lutheran colleges and theological seminaries will have to undertake more serious educational work in the important field of hymnology and church music4 ,a strong summer school of ,lutheran church music1 liturgics and hymnology would be very valuable4 ,take the familiar situation3 ,the great festival hymn of the ,reformation is sung4 ,we have before us altar1 pulpit1 pipe organ2 we have before us minister1 organist1 choir1 congregation4 ,the ideal of the problem is a harmonious co-operation between all if we are to have ,,vital worship and ,,vital song4 ,the good pastor of a large ,lutheran church in ,connecticut thanked his organist and choirmaster in a very hearty way after a fine ,sunday morning service4 ,the good organist and choirmaster answered3 8,well1 who cannot play and sing when the pastor preaches such soul-stirring sermons and conducts the liturgy so beautifully80 ,and the good pastor replied3 8,well1 who cannot preach and conduct the liturgy when the organist and choirmaster does such excellent work80 ,that is real co-operation--they helped each other in a beautiful way4 ,they co-operated in the selection of hymns and choir music--every ,tuesday or ,wednesday evening that pastor and organist were together in conference concerning the song of the church4 ,that is work very much worth while for the ,church service4 ,in our thousands of ,lutheran churches throughout the ,united ,states of ,america1 the ,american ,lutheran ,church is to be built up and built together into ,,one great ,church1 into ,,one people that really sings--a people of ,god4 ,but when here devoutly soareth ,high the temple-anthem sweet1 ,grief grows calm1 no plaint outpoureth-- ,hearts with holy rapture beat3 ,free from earthly clouds the soul ,presses toward a higher goal1 ,takes from hope the comfort given1 ,speaks e'en now the tongue of heaven4 ,o my soul1 thy wing ascending1 ,yet on ,salem's mount shall rest2 ,there where cherub-harps are blending ,with the singing of the blest2 ,let thy note of praise and prayer ,to thy ,god precede thee there1 ,while e'en yet a care-worn mortal1 ,still without thy ,father's portal4 ,let us1 ,christians1 here that wander1 ,as our fathers in their day1 ,piously together ponder1 ,gladly sing and meekly pray2 ,be the children's voices raised ,to the ,god their fathers praised4 ,let ,thy bounty failing never ,be on us and all forever4 7,from ,j4 ,o4 ,wallin7 ,,addenda ,,reformed ,,church ,,song ,the founders of the so-called ,reformed ,church1 ,ulrich ,zwingli and ,john ,calvin1 sought to restore apostolic simplicity in the matter of public worship4 ,all images and ornaments were removed from the ,reformed churches4 ,the altars were changed to plain tables4 ,musical instruments were not allowed in the churches4 ,zwingli made the sermon the chief part of the church service4 ,the ,latin chants and songs were abolished1 and their places were seldom filled with congregational singing in the vernacular4 ,with regard to church service1 ,calvin had on the whole the same views as ,zwingli4 ,he introduced1 however1 congregational singing1 using translated and versified portions of the ,psalms of ,david4 ,thus the ,reformed ,church turned to ,biblical ,psalmody4 ,early versifiers of ,davidic ,psalms were ,clement ,marot 7#adie-aedd71 ,theodore ,beza 7#aeai-afje71 and ,ambrosius ,lobwasser 7#aeae-aehe74 ,joachim ,neander 7#afej-afhj71 ,gerhard ,tersteegen 7#afig-agfi71 and ,lavater 7died #ahja7 are important ,reformed hymnists4 ,the ,genevan ,psalter1 by ,marot and ,beza1 a successful and influential hymnological work1 appeared about the middle of the sixteenth century4 ,ambrosius ,lobwasser produced a ,german edition of the ,genevan ,psalter in #aegc1 which became very popular and exerted considerable influence4 ,english ,psalmody presents such important names as ,miles ,coverdale 7#adhg-aefi71 ,george ,buchanan 7#aejf-aehb71 ,thomas ,sternhold 7sixteenth century71 ,john ,hopkins1 ,nahum ,tate1 ,nicholas ,brady1 and ,isaac ,watts4 ,in ,scotch ,psalmody the ,royal ,psalter and the celebrated ,rous' ,version are significant hymnological works4 ,the ,bay ,psalmist or the ,new ,england ,version was ,america's first hymn book4 ,for further study of ,reformed church song we recommend 8,the ,hymn as ,literature10 by ,j4 ,b4 ,reeves1 also ,benson's 8,the ,english ,hymn40 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,hymn ,,writers 7,mainly ,lutheran7 ,adam of ,st4 ,victor 7died #aagg71 ,latin hymnist4 ,adlerbeth1 ,g4 ,g41 state secretary1 b4 #agea1 d4 #ahah1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,afzelius1 ,a4 ,a41 court chaplain1 b4 #aghe1 d4 #ahga1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,agricola1 ,johann1 court chaplain1 b4 #adib1 d4 #aeff1 ,german hymnist4 ,ahnfelt1 ,o41 bishop in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahed1 d4 #aiaj4 ,ahnfelt1 ,p4 ,g41 pastor in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahjc1 d4 #ahfc4 ,albert1 ,heinrich1 b4 #afjd1 d4 #afea1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,albinus1 ,rev4 ,johann ,georg1 b4 #afbd1 d4 #afgi1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,albrecht 7,,iv7 ,jr41 d4 #aeeg1 ,german hymnist4 ,alin1 ,s41 rural dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #aheb4 ,altenburg1 ,rev4 ,johann ,michael1 b4 #aehd1 d4 #afdj1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,ambrose1 ,aurelius1 ,bishop of ,milan1 b4 #cdj1 d4 #cig1 ,latin hymnist4 ,amnelius1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,p41 b4 #afch1 d4 #afib1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,anatolius1 cir4 ,,viii century1 ,greek hymnist4 ,andrew of ,crete1 ,archbishop1 b4 #ffj1 d4 #gcb1 ,greek hymnist4 ,arndt1 ,ernst ,moritz1 professor1 b4 #agfi1 d4 #ahfj1 ,german hymnist4 ,arrhenius1 ,rev4 ,jacob1 ,upsala ,university professor1 b4 #afdb1 d4 #agbe1 great ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,augustine1 ,aurelius1 great ,bishop of ,hippo1 b4 #ced1 d4 #dcj4 ,ausius1 ,hakan1 d4 #afec1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,bahnmaier1 ,rev4 ,jonathan ,friederich1 b4 #aggd1 d4 #ahda1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,becker1 ,cornelius1 pastor in ,leipzig1 b4 #aefa1 d4 #afjd4 ,bede1 the ,venerable1 b4 #fgc1 d4 #gce1 ,latin hymnist4 ,bellman1 ,carl ,michael1 ,swedish poet1 b4 #agdj1 d4 #agie4 ,bengel1 ,j4 ,a41 consistorial counselor in ,stuttgart1 ,bible ,theologian1 b4 #afhg1 d4 #ageb4 ,bergstedt1 ,c4 ,f41 ,swedish author1 b4 #ahag1 d4 #aijc4 ,bernard of ,clairvaux1 b4 #ajia1 d4 #aaec1 ,latin hymnist4 ,bernard of ,cluny1 b4 cir4 #aade1 ,latin hymnist4 ,beza1 ,theodore1 b4 #aeai1 ,burgundy1 professor at ,lausanne1 preacher at ,geneva1 ,french ,switzerland1 d4 #afje4 ,blix1 ,e41 professor1 ,norwegian ,church1 b4 #ahcf1 d4 #aijb4 ,boethius1 ,rev4 ,jacob1 ,swedish ,church1 b4 #afdg1 d4 #agah4 ,boethius1 ,s4 ,j41 professor1 ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahej4 ,begatsky1 ,karl ,heinrich von1 b4 #afij1 ,silesia1 ,lutheran ,pietist1 d4 #aggd4 ,borthwick1 ,miss ,jane ,laurie1 b4 #ahac1 d4 #ahig1 important ,english translator of ,german hymns4 ,brag1 ,karl ,j41 pastor and dean at ,gothenburg1 ,swedish ,church1 b4 #agce1 d4 #agha4 ,brask1 ,peter1 b4 #afda1 d4 #afia1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,brorson1 ,hans ,adolf1 bishop in ,danish ,church1 b4 #afid1 d4 #agfd1 important ,danish hymnist4 ,buermeyer1 ,ferdinand ,frederick1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4 ,d41 b4 #ahdf1 ,new ,york1 ,lutheran4 ,canitz1 ,friedrich ,rudolph ,ludwig1 ,freiherr von1 b4 #afed1 d4 #afii1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,carlberg1 ,birger1 pastor in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #afda1 d4 #afhc4 ,cassel1 ,karl ,gustaf1 state official1 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahff1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,cavallin1 ,s41 rural dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahbj1 d4 #ahhf4 ,choraeus1 ,michael1 professor1 b4 #aggd1 d4 #ahjf1 ,swedish-,finnish hymnist4 ,claudius1 ,matthias1 b4 #agdj1 d4 #ahae1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,clausnitzer1 ,rev4 ,tobias1 ,m4 ,a41 b4 #afai1 d4 #afhd1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,clement of ,alexandria 7,titus ,flavius ,clemens71 b4 cir4 #agj1 d4 cir4 #bbj1 ,greek hymnist4 ,columbus1 ,samuel1 b4 #afdb1 d4 #afgi1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,cornelius1 ,c4 ,a41 bishop in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahbh1 d4 #ahic4 ,cox1 ,miss ,frances ,elizabeth1 b4 #ahab1 d4 #ahig1 ,english translator of ,german hymns4 ,cruciger1 ,elizabeth1 died #aeeh1 ,german hymnist4 ,dach1 ,simon1 professor1 b4 #afje1 d4 #afei1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,dachstein1 ,wolfgang1 organist at ,st4 ,thomas ,church1 ,strassburg1 left monastic life #aebd1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,dahl1 ,kristoffer1 ,upsala ,university professor1 b4 #ageh1 d4 #ahji4 v4 ,dalin1 ,olof1 ,swedish poet and historian1 b4 #agjh1 d4 #agfc4 ,dalius1 ,sven1 b4 #afjd1 d4 #afic1 ,swedish hymn writer4 ,decius1 ,nikolaus1 b4 ,bavaria1 d4 #aebi1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,denicke1 ,david1 b4 #afjc1 d4 #afhj1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,dilluer1 ,j41 dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #aghe1 d4 #ahfb1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnologist4 ,diterich1 ,j4 ,s41 pastor in ,berlin1 ,germany1 b4 #agba1 d4 #agig4 ,dueben1 ,j4 von1 b4 #afga1 d4 #agcj1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,eber1 ,rev4 ,paul1 b4 #aeaa1 d4 #aefi1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,ekdahl1 ,f4 ,n41 rural dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahec4 ,evers1 ,edvard1 court chaplain1 b4 #ahec1 ,swedish hymnologist4 ,fant1 ,erik ,m41 ,upsala ,university professor1 b4 #aged1 d4 #ahag4 ,findlater1 ,mrs4 ,sarah 7,borthwick71 b4 #ahbc1 d4 #aijg1 ,english translator of ,german hymns4 ,fleming1 ,paul1 physician1 b4 #afji1 d4 #afdj1 ,german hymnist4 ,fortunatus1 ,venantius1 bishop of ,poitiers1 b4 #ecj1 d4 #fji1 ,latin hymnist4 ,franck1 ,johann1 burgomaster1 b4 #afah1 d4 #afgg1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,franck1 ,salomo1 b4 #afei1 d4 #agbe1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,franzen1 ,frans ,michael1 bishop1 b4 #aggb1 d4 #ahdg1 great ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,freylinghausen1 ,johann1 b4 #afgj1 d4 #agci1 ,german hymnist4 ,frimann1 ,claus1 pastor1 b4 #agdf1 d4 #ahbi1 ,norwegian hymnist4 ,funcke1 ,rev4 ,friedrich1 b4 #afdb1 d4 #afii1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gardie1 ,magnus ,gabriel de la1 chancellor1 count1 etc41 b4 #afbb1 d4 #afhh1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,geijer1 ,erik ,gustaf1 ,upsala ,university professor1 great ,swedish poet1 historian1 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahdg1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gellert1 ,rev4 ,christian ,f41 professor1 ,leipzig1 b4 #agae1 d4 #agfi4 ,gerdes 7,gerdessen71 ,johann1 pastor of ,german ,church1 ,stockholm1 ,sweden1 b4 #afbd1 d4 #afgc4 ,gerhardt1 ,paul1 b4 #afjg1 d4 #afgf1 great ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gezelius1 ,j41 bishop in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #afdg1 d4 #agah4 ,gesenius1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,justus1 court chaplain1 court preacher1 b4 #afja1 d4 #afgc1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gotter1 ,ludwig ,andreas1 b4 #affa1 d4 #agce1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gramann1 ,johann1 pastor1 b4 #adhg1 d4 #aeda1 early ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gregory the ,great1 b4 #edj1 d4 #fjd1 important early ,latin hymnist4 ,gripenhjelm1 ,edmund1 ,upsala ,university professor1 senator1 etc41 b4 #afbb1 d4 #afge1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,grundtvig1 ,rev4 ,n4 ,f4 ,s41 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahgb1 great ,danish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,gnther1 ,cyriacus1 b4 #afdi1 d4 #agjd1 ,german hymnist4 ,gustavus ,adolphus1 one of ,sweden's greatest kings1 great conquering hero of oppressed ,protestantism1 b4 #aeid1 fell in the battle of ,ltzen1 ,november #f1 #afcb4 ,gyllenborg1 ,gustaf ,fredrik1 count1 ,secretary of ,state1 great ,swedish poet1 b4 #agca1 d4 #ahjh4 ,hardenberg1 ,freiherr von1 b4 #aggb1 d4 #ahja1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,harsdrffer1 ,georg ,philipp1 councillor1 b4 #afjg1 d4 #afeh1 ,german hymnist4 ,hauge1 ,a41 dean in ,norwegian ,church1 b4 #ahae1 d4 #ahib1 important ,norwegian hymnist and hymnologist4 ,hedborn1 ,samuel ,j41 court chaplain1 pastor1 great ,swedish poet1 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahdi1 great ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,heermann1 ,johann1 pastor1 b4 #aehe1 d4 #afdg1 great ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,held1 ,heinrich1 d4 #afee1 lawyer1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,helmbold1 ,ludwig1 superintendent1 b4 #aecb1 d4 #aeih1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,herberger1 ,valerius1 pastor1 b4 #aefb1 d4 #afbg1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,hermann1 ,nicolaus1 schoolmaster1 cantor and organist1 d4 #aefa1 important ,german-,bohemian hymnist4 ,herzog1 ,joh4 ,friedrich1 ,,ll4,d41 ,dresden1 b4 #afdg1 d4 #afii1 ,german hymnist4 ,hey1 ,rev4 ,johann ,wilhelm1 b4 #aghi1 d4 #ahed1 ,german ,lutheran ,pietist4 ,heyd1 ,sebaldus1 rector at ,nrnberg1 b4 #adih1 d4 #aefa4 ,hilarius 7,hilary71 famous ,bishop of ,poitiers1 d4 #cfh1 first ,latin hymnist4 ,hiller1 ,philipp1 pastor1 b4 #afii1 d4 #agfi1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,hjerten1 ,j41 pastor1 b4 #agha1 d4 #ahce1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,homberg1 ,ernst ,christoph1 lawyer1 b4 #afje1 d4 #afha1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,hoppe1 ,miss ,anna1 of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,synod of ,wisconsin1 ,american ,lutheran hymnist4 ,hubert1 ,konrad1 deacon1 ,strassburg1 b4 #aejg1 d4 #aegg1 ,german hymnist4 ,huss1 ,johann1 b4 #acfi at ,hussinecz1 ,bohemia1 precursor of the ,reformation1 follower of ,john ,wycliffe1 pastor in ,prague1 rector of ,university of ,prague1 excommunicated by the ,pope as an arch-heretic1 burned at the stake during the ,catholic ,church ,council at ,constance1 ,july1 #adae4 ,ingemann1 ,bernhardt ,severin1 poet1 professor1 b4 #aghi1 d4 #ahfb1 great ,danish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,jacobs1 ,henry ,eyster1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,s4,t4,d41 b4 #ahdd1 ,pennsylvania1 dean ,philadelphia ,theological ,seminary1 ,lutheran ,theologian and ,author4 ,jacoponus 7,jacopone da ,todi71 ,franciscan monk1 d4 #acjf1 ,latin hymnist4 ,johannis ,gothus1 ,peter1 pastor1 b4 #aecf1 d4 #afaf1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,john of ,damascus1 d4 #ghj1 great ,greek hymnist4 ,jonae ,gestritius1 ,laurentius1 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d4 #aedf1 the father of the evangelical hymn4 ,lybecker1 ,g41 d4 #agaf1 ,swedish ,pietistic hymnist4 ,marci1 ,rev4 ,georg1 court chaplain1 b4 #aedj1 d4 #afac1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,marot1 ,clement1 first ,reformed versifier of ,davidic ,psalms1 ,geneva1 ,french ,switzerland1 b4 about #adie1 d4 about #aedd4 ,martini1 ,rev4 ,olaus1 bishop1 b4 #aeeg1 d4 #afji1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,massie1 ,richard1 pastor1 b4 #ahjj1 d4 #ahhg1 ,anglican1 important ,english translator of ,german hymns4 ,mattes1 ,rev4 ,john ,casper1 ,m4 ,a41 b4 #ahgf1 ,pennsylvania1 ,lutheran4 ,melanchthon1 ,philip1 ,wittenberg ,university professor1 ,praeceptor ,germaniae1 ,luther's important assistant1 b4 #adig1 d4 #aefj4 ,mentzer1 ,rev4 ,johann1 b4 #afeh1 d4 #agcd1 ,german hymnist4 ,meuslin1 ,rev4 ,wolfgang1 theological professor1 b4 #adig1 d4 #aefc1 ,german hymnist4 ,meyfart1 ,rev4 ,johann ,matthaeus1 ,erfurt ,university professor1 b4 #aeij1 d4 #afdb1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,mortensn ,tndebinder1 ,claus1 pastor1 b4 about #aejj1 d4 about #aegg1 important early ,danish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,muraeus1 ,rev4 ,stefan ,larsson1 court chaplain1 b4 about #afjj1 d4 #afge1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,mnter1 ,rev4 ,balthasar1 b4 #agce1 d4 #agic1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,neander1 ,rev4 ,christ4 ,friedrich1 b4 #agbc1 d4 #ahjb1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,neander1 ,joachim1 b4 #afej1 d4 #afhj1 important ,german ,reformed pietistic hymnist4 ,neale1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,mason1 hymnologist and liturgiologist1 b4 #ahah1 d4 #ahff1 important ,english translator of ,greek and ,latin hymns4 ,nelson1 ,rev4 ,augustus1 ,augustana ,synod1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 b4 #ahfc4 ,neumark1 ,georg1 poet1 b4 #afba1 d4 #afha1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,neumeister1 ,rev4 ,erdmann1 court preacher1 etc41 b4 #afga1 d4 #agef1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,nicolai1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,philipp1 b4 #aeef1 d4 #afjh1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,nibelius1 ,rev4 ,simon1 b4 #agdg1 d4 #ahbj1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,niemeyer1 ,aug4 ,herman1 university chancellor1 b4 #aged1 d4 #ahbh1 ,german hymnist4 ,norenius1 ,rev4 ,ericus ,laurentii1 b4 #afce1 d4 #afif1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,notker ,balbulus1 ,benedictine monk1 warden at ,st4 ,gall1 d4 #iab1 important writer of ,sequences4 ,nygren1 ,rev4 ,carl1 b4 #agbf1 d4 #aghi1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,nystrm1 ,per ,olof1 government official1 b4 #agfd1 d4 #ahcj1 ,swedish ,lutheran ,hymnist4 ,nilsson1 ,rev4 ,paul1 court preacher1 b4 #ahff1 important ,swedish hymnologist4 ,ohl1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jeremiah ,franklin1 b4 #ahej1 ,pennsylvania1 ,lutheran4 ,olai1 ,ericus1 ,upsala ,university professor1 d4 #adhf1 important ,swedish hymnist4 ,olearius1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,johann1 general superintendent ,halle and ,weissenfels1 b4 #afaa1 d4 #afhd1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,ollon1 ,gustaf1 b4 #afdf1 d4 #agjc1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,opitz1 ,martin1 historian1 b4 #aeig1 d4 #afci1 important ,german hymnist4 ,pappus1 ,joh41 professor of theology1 ,strassburg1 b4 #aedi1 d4 #afaj4 ,petri1 ,laurentius1 b4 #adii1 d4 #aegc1 ,upsala ,university professor and rector1 first ,lutheran archbishop of ,sweden1 pupil and follower of ,dr4 ,martin ,luther1 editor of one of earliest ,swedish ,lutheran hymn books1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,petri1 ,olaus1 b4 #adic1 d4 #aeeb1 pastor1 great champion of ,lutheranism in ,sweden1 pupil and follower of ,dr4 ,martin ,luther1 editor of first ,swedish ,lutheran hymn book1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,poliander 7,gramann or ,graumann71 ,rev4 ,joh41 b4 #adhg1 d4 #aeda1 ,german hymnist4 ,prudentius1 ,aurelius ,clemens1 bishop1 b4 #cdh1 d4 #dac1 great early ,latin hymnist4 ,qwirsfeld1 ,joh41 archdeacon1 b4 #afdb1 d4 #afhf1 ,german hymnist4 ,rambach1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,johann ,jakob1 professor of theology1 b4 #afic1 d4 #agce1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,ramsey1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,alfred1 b4 #ahfj1 ,pennsylvania1 professor1 ,lutheran ,theological ,seminary1 ,chicago4 ,reed1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,luther ,d41 b4 #ahgc1 ,pennsylvania1 professor1 ,lutheran ,theological ,seminary1 ,philadelphia4 ,richter1 ,christian ,friedr41 physician1 b4 #afgf1 d4 #agaa1 ,german hymnist4 ,ringwaldt1 ,rev4 ,bartholomew1 b4 #aecj1 d4 #aeih1 ,german hymnist4 ,rinkart1 ,martin1 cantor1 archdeacon1 b4 #aehf1 d4 #afdi1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,rist1 ,rev4 ,johann1 b4 #afjg1 d4 #affg1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,rodigast1 ,rev4 ,samuel1 ,m4,a41 rector1 b4 #afdi1 d4 #agjh1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,rothe1 ,rev4 ,johann ,andreas1 ,m4,a41 b4 #afhh1 d4 #ageh1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,rudbeck1 ,olof1 ,upsala ,university professor1 b4 #affj1 d4 #agdj1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,rudbeckius1 ,rev4 ,petrus ,johannes1 ,upsala ,university professor1 b4 #aegh1 d4 #afbi1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,runeberg1 ,c4 ,l41 professor1 b4 #ahjd1 d4 #ahgg1 great ,finnish hymnist4 ,rutilius1 ,martin1 archdeacon1 b4 #aeej1 d4 #afah1 ,german hymnist4 ,sandzen1 ,j4 ,p41 rural dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ahcj1 d4 #aijd4 ,schaeffer1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,charles ,william1 b4 #ahac1 d4 #ahih1 professor ,lutheran ,theological ,seminary1 ,philadelphia4 ,schalling1 ,rev4 ,martin1 b4 #aecb1 d4 #afjh1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,schartau1 ,henric1 rural dean in ,swedish ,church1 b4 #ageg1 d4 #ahbe4 ,scheffler 7,angelus ,silesius71 ,johann1 physician1 ,lutheran1 later ,franciscan1 b4 #afbd1 d4 #afgg1 ,german hymnist4 ,schenk1 ,rev4 ,hartmann1 b4 #afcd1 d4 #afii1 ,german hymnist4 ,schenk1 ,rev4 ,heinrich ,theobald1 b4 #afef1 d4 #agbg1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,schenkendorf1 ,max von1 government official1 b4 #aghc1 d4 #ahag1 ,german hymnist4 ,schirmer1 ,rev4 ,michael1 ,m4,a41 b4 #afjf1 d4 #afgf1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,schlegel1 ,joh4 ,adolf1 professor1 b4 #agba1 d4 #agic1 ,german hymnist4 ,schmedeman1 ,johan1 government official1 b4 #afec1 d4 #agac1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,schmolck1 ,rev4 ,benjamin1 b4 #afgb1 d4 #agcg1 important ,german hymnist4 ,schtz1 ,johann ,jakob1 lawyer1 b4 #afdj1 d4 #afij1 ,german hymnist4 ,scriver1 ,christian1 court chaplain1 b4 #afbi1 d4 #afic1 ,german hymnist4 ,seiss1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,augustus1 b4 #ahbc1 d4 #aijd1 ,american ,lutheran hymnist4 ,selnecker1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,nikolaus1 superintendent1 b4 #aecj1 d4 #aeib1 early ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,skarstedt1 ,c4 ,w41 professor1 b4 #ahae1 d4 #aijh1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,sonden1 ,per ,adolf1 pastor1 author1 b4 #agib1 d4 #ahcg1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,spegel1 ,haquin1 court chaplain1 archbishop1 poet1 b4 #afde1 d4 #agad1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,spengler1 ,lazarus1 close friend of ,luther1 b4 #adgi1 d4 #aecd1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,speratus1 ,paul1 bishop1 b4 #adhd1 d4 #aeea1 early ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,spitta1 ,rev4 ,karl ,johann ,philipp1 b4 #ahja1 d4 #ahei1 important ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,springer1 ,lars1 #agth century1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,stegmann1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,josua1 b4 #aehh1 d4 #afcb1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,stenbck1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,j41 b4 #ahaa1 d4 #ahgj1 important ,finnish hymnist4 ,stenhammar1 ,rev4 ,mathias1 b4 #agff1 d4 #aheb1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,sthen1 ,hans ,chr41 pastor1 b4 #aedj1 d4 #afaj1 ,danish hymnist4 ,stolpe1 ,rev4 ,georg1 b4 #agge1 d4 #aheb1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,sturm1 ,rev4 ,christoph ,christian1 b4 #agdj1 d4 #aghf1 ,german hymnist4 ,swedberg1 ,jesper1 bishop1 b4 #afec1 d4 #agce1 father of ,emanuel ,swedenborg1 great ,swedish hymnist4 ,synesius of ,cyrene1 bishop of ,ptolemais1 b4 cir4 #cie1 d4 #dcj1 early ,greek hymnist4 ,tegner1 ,e41 bishop1 great ,swedish scholar1 b4 #aghb1 d4 #ahdf4 ,tersteegen1 ,gerhard1 b4 #afig1 d4 #agfi1 important ,german ,reformed hymnist4 ,thomander1 ,johan ,henrik1 bishop1 b4 #agih1 d4 #ahfe1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnologist4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 confessor and the ,angelical ,doctor1 ,dominican1 b4 cir4 #abbe1 d4 #abgd1 ,latin hymnist4 ,thomas of ,celano1 #acth century1 ,franciscan1 important ,latin hymnist4 ,tollstadius1 ,erik1 great preacher1 b4 #afic1 d4 #agei1 ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,topelius1 ,z41 great ,finnish scholar1 b4 #ahah1 d4 #ahih1 important ,finnish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,vischer 7,fischer71 ,rev4 ,christoph1 d4 #afjj1 ,german ,lutheran4 ,wallin1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,johan ,olof1 archbishop1 b4 #aggi1 d4 #ahci1 greatest ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist and hymnologist4 ,walther1 ,johann1 choirmaster and cantor1 ,torgau1 ,luther's musical assistant1 b4 #adif1 d4 #aegj1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,weigel1 ,rev4 ,joh4 ,adam ,valent41 b4 #agdj1 d4 #ahjf1 ,german hymnist4 ,weisse1 ,rev4 ,michael1 monk1 later ,bohemian ,brethren's ,unity1 b4 cir4 #adhj1 d4 #aecd4 ,weissel1 ,rev4 ,georg1 b4 #aeij1 d4 #afce1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,wieselgren1 ,per1 cathedral dean1 ,gothenburg1 b4 #ahjj1 d4 #ahgg1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist and hymnologist4 ,wilhelm ,,ii1 b4 #aeih1 d4 #affb1 ,german ,lutheran hymnist4 ,winkworth1 ,miss ,catherine1 b4 #ahbi1 d4 #ahgh1 great ,english translator of ,german hymns4 ,wirsen1 ,c4 ,d41 b4 #ahdb1 d4 #aiab1 important ,swedish hymnist4 ,wiwallius1 ,lars1 b4 #afje1 d4 #affi1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,woltersdorf1 ,rev4 ,ernst ,gottlieb1 b4 #agbe1 d4 #agfa1 ,german hymnist4 ,wultejus1 ,rev4 ,johan1 court chaplain1 b4 #afci1 d4 #agjj1 ,swedish hymnist4 ,zinzendorf1 ,count1 ,moravian1 b4 #agjj1 d4 #agfj4 ,astrm1 ,rev4 ,johan1 b4 #agfg1 d4 #ahdd1 important ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 dmann1 ,samuel1 pastor1 professor of theology1 author1 b4 #agej1 d4 #ahbi1 great ,swedish ,lutheran hymnist4 ,,footnotes #a,the first ,lutheran hymn book was 8,etlich ,christliche ,lieder0 of #aebd4 ,this little hymn book may have been published without ,luther's assistance4 ,perhaps the most important hymn book1 containing a number of ,luther's hymns1 was 8,geistliches ,gesangbuechlein0 of #aebd4 8,enchiridion oder ein ,handbuechlein0 appeared in #aebd4 ,other important hymn books appeared in #aebf1 #aeca1 and #aece4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,preserved copyright notice from the printed book1 although this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typographical errors4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4