,,secrets ,,( ,,e>? ,,& ,,sea ,illu/ration3 ,,dimetrodon ,,gigas1 ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,liz>d1 ,,sev5 ,,feet ,,long ,,secrets ,,( ,,e>? ,,& ,,sea ,,by ,,sir ,,ray ,,lanke/] ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibj ,,preface ,! pres5t volume is1 l its pr$ecessors1 ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air 7,s]ies ,i & ,s]ies ,,ii7 & ,div]sions ( a ,naturali/--ma9ly a revision & repr9t-) consid]able additions-( articles publi%$ 9 daily or weekly j\rnals4 ,! fir/ *apt] appe>$ orig9ally 9 ,! ,field4 ,! ,*apt]s ,,vi1 ,,xx1 ,,xxi1 & ,,xxii 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 "u ! title ,ab\t a ,numb] ( ,?+s4 ,! re/ are "s ( ! articles :i*1 z ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air1 ,i contribut$1 dur+ sev5 ye>s1 to ! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,t1 to me v happy1 conjunction 01 l s _m o!r happy ?+s1 necess>ily int]rupt$ by ! ,great ,w>4 ,"o result ( t t]rible cataclysm is t n a few ?\ghtful writ]s h be5 l$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( :at !y call ,progress1 mean+ by t ^w ! developm5t ( mank9d f a less to a m complete atta9m5t ( moral & physical well-be+4 ,! "q rais$ is obscur$ by ! arbitr>y use ( ! ^w progress1 s9ce by x any movem5t f po9t to po9t-:e!r advantage\s & desirable or ! rev]se-is describ$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! famili> titles giv5 by ,bunyan to 8 book ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress & by ,hog>? to 8 pictures ,! ,rake's ,progress4 ,^? :o to-day despair ( man's future limit _! outlook on ! pa/ to ! conv5tional hi/ory ( "s ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! only solid gr\nd ^u :i* we c base ! supposition t mank9d has mov$ f a less to a m complete atta9m5t ( moral & physical well-be+ & w cont9ue to d s1 exi/s 9 ! asc]ta9$ facts ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( liv+ ?+s on ?is ,e>?1 & ( man s9ce 8 e>lie/ em]g5ce f among ! man-l apes made kn[n to u by 8 /one-implem5ts & fossiliz$ bones4 ,t !re has be5 a developm5t f l[]1 simpl] /ructure to high]1 m complex1 m effici5t /ructure is demon/rable1 & s is ! proposition t !re has be5 9 ! human race a cont9u\s developm5t 9 ! direction ( increas$ adaptation to ! conditions ( social life & an increas$ control by man ( ^? natural ag5cies :i* he c ei!r fav\r :5 conducive to 8 prosp]ity1 or on ! o!r h& c arre/ :5 inimical to x4 ,! cont9u\s weak5+ ( selfi%ness & ! cont9u\s /r5g!n+ ( sympa?y 7to adopt ! words ( ! ,am]ican philosoph]1 ,fiske7 are1 9 spite ( num]\s lapses & outbur/s ( savag]y1 pat5t features ( ! long hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,we h no reason to d\bt _! cont9uation1 :il/ at ! same "t we mu/ be prep>$ = & accept1 )\t despond+1 ! ups & ! d[ns1 ! disa/]s z well z ! triumphs1 :i* inevitably *>act]ize ! natural process ( evolution4 ,"o ?+1 above all o!rs1 we z consci\s1 reason+ be+s c d :i* mu/ t5d to ! fur!r developm5t & security ( human well-be+3 we c asc]ta9 ev] m & m ( ! tru?1 or 9 o!r words1 t :i* is4 ,we c discov] ! actual conditions ( natural law1 "u :i* we exi/ & promote ! k ( t tru? among our fell[s4 ,to d t :i* is "r1 we mu/ "k t :i* is true4 ,to act rightly1 we mu/ "k truly4 ,we possess1 a va/ h]itage ( k h&$ on to u 9 tradition & 9 writ+s f our fa!r-man 9 ! pa/4 ,b !re are yet imm5se fields ( k to be explor$ & yet a great] task to be accompli%$ 9 spread+ ! k :i* we possess1 & 9 p]suad+ all m5 t x is _! "r & _! duty to acquire x & to enjoy ! p[] & ! pleasure :i* x gives4 ,all mu/ also help1 directly or indirectly1 9 ! mak+ ( new k4 ,:il/ mank9d is /ill s backw>d 9 k & ! wor%ip ( wisdom1 x is idle to indulge 9 despair ( ! future4 ,a *ief way to increas$ welf>e is /ill op5 & untrodd54 ,^! are big speculations & problems ) :i* to preface a small book4 ,b ,i am cont5t to (f] ! small book z a contribution1 h[ev] re/rict$1 to ! spread ( a desire = fur!r k ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* x tells-a possible incitem5t to s]i\s /udy ( "s "o or o!r among !m4 ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/] ,june #bnd1 #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,_w #a ,,ii4 ,,portraits ,,( ,,mammo?s ,,by ,,m5 ,,:o ,,saw ,,!m #bf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,m5 #ce ,,iv4 ,,vesuvius ,,9 ,,eruption #ee ,v4 ,,blue ,,wat] #gd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,bigge/ ,,bea/ #hd ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,a ,,species8 #ib ,,viii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,species #ajj ,,ix4 ,,species ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ #ajh ,x4 ,,"s ,,specific ,,*>act]s #aah ,,xi4 ,,hybrids #aca ,,xii4 ,,! ,,cross-,,bre$+ ,,( ,,races #aci ,,xiii4 ,,:eel ,,animalcules #aeg ,,xiv4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,:eel ,,animalcules #afe ,,xv4 ,,susp5d$ ,,animation #agc ,,xvi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,susp5d$ ,,animation #ahb ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,swa/ika #aia ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika #bjj ,,xix4 ,,! ,,tomoye ,,& ,,! ,,swa/ika #bji ,,xx4 ,,coal #bag ,,xxi4 ,,bor+ ,,= ,,oil #bbc ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lime-,,juice ,,& ,,scurvy #bbi ,,index #bci ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,frontispiece ,?is plate %[s ! re/oration ( ! ext9ct liz>d1 ,dimetrodon gigas 7,cope71 lately made by ,mr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,gilmore ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 by ^: k9d p]mission x is "h reproduc$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 vol4 #ef1 #aiai4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! /udy ( a v f9e skeleton & "s hundr$ bones ( alli$ species1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,/]nb]g f ! ,p]mian =mation expos$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,seym\r1 ,texas1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,x is select$ = illu/ration "h because its mo/ /rik+ feature-! high dorsal f9-l cre/ along ! middle ( ! back =m$ by ! elongation ( ! neural sp9es ( ! v]tebr-is a puzzle to ! consci5ti\s ,d>w9ian4 ,pr(essor ,case says ( x3 ,! elongate sp9es 7 useless1 s f> z ,i c imag9e1 & ,i h be5 puzzl+ ov] !m = sev]al ye>s4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( !m z useful ei!r = def5ce or concealm5t1 or 9 any o!r way ?an z a great burd5 to ! creatures 7t]re/rial non-aquatic animals7 t bore !m4 ,!y mu/ h be5 a nuisance 9 gett+ ?r\gh ! vegetation1 & a great dra9 ^u ! creature's vitality1 bo? to develop !m & keep !m 9 repair4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to pp4 #abg1 #abh1 :]e a brief discussion ( su* exub]ant gr[?s w be f\nd4 ,! excessive gr[? ( ! m$ian f9s 9 ! fi% ,pt]aclis alli$ to ! ,dolph9 :i* displays *ang+ floods ( surface col\r z x dies-& 9 ! ,au/ralian ,bl5ny call$ ,patcus-bo? figur$ on p4 #acj-%\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ! /range cre/ ( ! grotesque ,dimetrodon4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,dimetrodon ,frontispiece ,,figs4 ,,page #a1 #b4 ,,engrav$ ,,cyl9d] ,,( ,,r$-,,de]',s ,,antl]1 ,,f ,,! ,,azilian 7,,elapho-,,t>&ian7 ,,horizon ,,( ,,! ,,cav]n ,,( ,,lortet #a #c4 ,a4 ,,p]=at$ ,,h>poon ,,( ,,! ,,azilian ,,or ,,r$-,,de] ,,p]iod4 ,b4 ,,& ,c4 ,,imp]=ate ,,h>poons ,,or ,,lance ,,heads #c #d4 ,,roll$ ,,impression ,,or ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,! ,,lortet ,,antl] #ab #e4 ,,re/oration 7,,or ,,completion7 ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,! ,,lortet ,,antl] #ac #f4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,a ,,r\ghly-,,pa9t$ ,,vase ,,( ,,! ,,dipylon ,,age 7,,circa #hjj ,b4,c47 ,,f ,,tiryns #bc #g4 ,,engrav+ ,,( ,a ,,mammo? ,,drawn ,,^u ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,mammo? ,,ivory #bf #h4 ,,outl9e ,,engrav+s ,,( ,,mammo?s ,,on ,,! ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,cav]n ,,kn[n ,,z ,,! ,,font ,,de ,,gaume1 ,,ne> ,,eyzies 7,,dordogne7 #cb #i4 ,,simil> ,,engrav+s ,,f ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,cave ,,( ,,comb>elles #cb #aj4 ,a1 ,,simil> ,,engrav+ ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,comb>elles4 ,b1 ,,mammo? ,,enclos$ ,,by ,,plank-,,l ,,/ructure-,,suppos$ ,,to ,,be ,,ei!r ,a ,,cage ,,or ,a ,,trap #cc #aa4 ,,horse 7,,wall ,,engrav+71 ,,cave ,,( ,,m>s\las1 ,,haute ,,g>onne #dc #ab4 ,,horse 7,,wall ,,engrav+7 ,,outl9e ,,9 ,,black1 ,,cave ,,( ,,niaux 7,,ari,,ge7 #dc #ac4 ,,horses3 ,a1 ,,wall ,,engrav+ 7,,cave ,,( ,,hornos ,,de ,,la ,p,,na74 ,b1 ,,wall ,,engrav+ ,,f ,,cav]n ,,( ,,comb>elles4 ,c1 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,re9de] ,,antl] 7,,mas ,d',,azil7 #dc #ad4 ,,draw+ 7,,( ,,! ,,actual ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al7 ,,( ,a ,,flat ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,%\ld]-,,bone ,,( ,a ,,horse',s ,,head1 ,,%[+ ,,twi/$ ,,rope-,,bridle ,,& ,,trapp+s #de #ae4 ,,draw+ 7,,( ,,! ,,actual ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al7 ,,( ,a ,,fully ,,r\nd$ ,,c>v+ ,,9 ,,re9de]',s ,,antl] ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,neigh+ ,,horse #de #af4 ,,re9de] 7,,engrav+ ,,on ,,s*i/7 #df #ag4 ,,rh9oc]os ,,9 ,,r$ ,,outl9e #df #ah4 ,,bison ,,f ,,! ,,ro( ,,( ,,! ,,cav]n ,,( ,,altamira #dh #ai4 ,,bison3 ,,wall ,,engrav+s #dh #bj4 ,,be>3 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,/alagmite1 ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,teyjat ,,ne> ,,eyzies #dh #ba4 ,,be>3 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,/one1 ,,massol 7,,ari,,ge7 #dh #bb4 ,,wolf3 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,comb>elles #dh #bc4 ,,wall ,,engrav+ ,,( ,a ,,cave ,,lion 7,,comb>elles7 #dh #bd4 ,,goose3 ,,small ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,re9de] ,,antl] #di #be4 ,,female ,,figure ,,c>v$ ,,9 ,,oolitic ,,lime/one ,,f ,,will5dorf1 ,,ne> ,,krems1 ,,l[] ,,au/ria 7#aijh7 #ej #bf4 ,,draw+ 7,,( ,,! ,,actual ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al7 ,,( ,,an ,,ivory ,,c>v+ 7,,fully ,,r\nd$7 ,,( ,a ,,female ,,head #ea #bg4 ,,seat$ ,,figure ,,( ,a ,,woman ,,hold+ ,a ,,bov9e ,,horn ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,h& #ea #bh4 ,,male ,,figure ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,draw+ ,a ,,b[ ,,or ,,?r[+ ,a ,,spe> #ea #bi4 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,mammo? ,,ivory ,,c>v$ ,,) ,,spirals ,,& ,,scrolls ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,arudy 7,,hautes ,,pyr,n,,es7 #ed #cj4 ,,vesuvius ,,z ,,x ,,appe>$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,eruption ,,( ,,augu/ #bd1 ,a4,d4 #gi #eg #ca4 ,,five ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,=m ,,( ,,vesuvius 7,,f ,,phillips' ,,vesuvius1 #ahfi7 #fa #cb4 ,,! ,,upp]-,,arm ,,bone ,,or ,,hum]us ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,reptile 7,,gigantosaurus7 ,,( ,,t5dagoroo #hh ,,! ,,gigantic ,,reptile ,,diplodocus ,,on ,,l& #ia #cc4 ,,! ,,rudim5t>y ,,gill-,,plume ,,( ,a ,,crayfi% ,,f ,,t ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body-,,wall ,,to ,,:i* ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pair ,,( ,,jaw-,,legs 7,,maxillip$es7 ,,is ,,articulat$ #abb ,,/rangely-,,%ap$ ,,fi%es #acj #cd4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,rotif] ,,vulg>is-,,! ,,common ,,:eel ,,animalcule-,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,tw5ty ,,times ,,z ,,long ,,z ,,! ,,creature ,,itself #aeh #ce4 ,,! ,,rotif] ,,p$alion ,,mirum-,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,side1 ,,magnifi$ #ahj ,,diamet]s #afa #cf4 ,,! ,,rotif] ,,p$alion ,,mirum-,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,v5tral ,,surface #afa #cg4 ,,! ,,rotif] ,,noteus ,,quadricornis-,,to ,,%[ ,,its ,,curi\s ,,f\r-,,horn$ ,,c>apace #afc ,,! ,,l>val ,,or ,,"y ,,=m ,,( ,,cru/acea ,,kn[n ,,z ,,! ,,nauplius #afd #cg 7bis74 ,,?ree ,,tube-,,build+ ,,:eel ,,animacules #afi ,,"y ,,/ages ,,( ,,gr[? ,,or ,,velig] ,,l>v ,,( ,,m>9e ,,snails #aha #ch4 ,,! ,,swa/ika ,,9 ,,its ,,simple/ ,,rectangul> ,,=m #aia #ci4 ,,?ree ,,simple ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika #aib #dj4 ,,footpr9t ,,( ,,! ,,buddha #aib #da4 ,,vase ,,f ,,cyprus 7,,myk5,,an ,,age1 ,,circa #abjj ,b4,c472 ,,pa9t$ ,,) ,,lotus1 ,,bird ,,& ,,f\r ,,swa/ikas #aid #db4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,m>k$ ,,) ,,swa/ikas #aid #dc4 ,,ornam5t ,,f ,,an ,,ar*aic 7,,pre-,,hell5ic7 ,b,,otian ,,vase1 ,,%[+ ,,sev]al ,,swa/ikas1 ,,greek ,,crosses ,,& ,,two ,,s]p5ts #aie #dc 7bis74 ,,swa/ikas ,,9 ,,bronze ,,rep\ss #aie #dd4 ,,silv]-,,plat$ ,,bronze ,,horse ,,ge> ,,f ,,sc&9avia1 ,,%[+ ,,two ,,swa/ikas1 ,,& ,,bel[ ,a ,,complex ,,elaboration ,,( ,a ,,swa/ika #aie #de4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,urn ,,f ,,%ropham1 ,,norfolk1 ,,ornam5t$ ,,by ,,tw5ty ,,small ,,h&-,,made ,,swa/ikas ,,/amp$ ,,into ,,! ,,clay #aie #df4 ,,piece ,,( ,a ,,c]emonial ,,bead-,,work$ ,,g>t]1 ,,%[+ ,,/> ,,& ,,two ,,swa/ikas #aig #dg4 ,a ,,/one ,,slab ,,f ,,! ,,anci5t ,,city ,,( ,,mayapan 7,,yucatan1 ,,c5tral ,,am]ica71 ,,on ,,:i* 7,,"r ,,side7 ,a ,,curvil9e> ,,swa/ika ,,is ,,c>v$ #aih #dh4 ,,diagram ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika ,,f ,a ,,greek ,,cross ,,enclos$ ,,by ,a ,,circle #aii #di4 ,,! ,,greek ,,key ,,patt]n ,,9 ,a ,,rectangul>1 ,,& ,b ,,curvil9e> ,,or ,,curr5t ,,=m #bjb #ej4 ,,diagrams ,,( ,,! ,,triskelion #bjc #ea4 ,,f\r ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,simplification ,,( ,a ,,decorative ,,design-,,! ,,alligator #bje #eb4 ,,simplification 7,,grammatiz+7 ,,( ,,decorative ,,design #bjf #ec4 ,,sp9dle-,,:orl ,,f ,,troy 7,,f\r? ,,city71 ,,) ,,?ree ,,swa/ikas #bjf #ed4 ,,! ,,tomoye-,,! ,,japanese ,,badge ,,( ,,triumph #bji #ee4 ,,symbols ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5t ,,*9ese ,,philosoph] ,,*u-,,hsi #bji #ef4 ,,diagrams ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,possible ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika ,,f ,,! ,,inscription ,,( ,,two ,s-,,l ,,l9es 7,,or ,,ogees7 ,,)9 ,a ,,circle ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,divide ,,! ,,circle ,,into ,,f\r ,,b5t ,,cones #bji #eg4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,cone ,,) ,a ,,sev5-,,arm$ ,,sun-,,l ,,figure #baa #eh4 ,,scallop$ ,,%ell ,,disk1 ,,f ,a ,,m\nd ,,ne> ,,na%ville1 ,,t5nessee1 ,,%[+ ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tre ,a ,,tetraskelion ,,) ,,f\r ,,curv$ ,,arms #baa #ei4 ,,an ,,alt>-,,/one ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,age #bac #fj4 ,,diagrams ,,( ,,arbeli #bad ,,secrets ,,( ,,e>? ,,& ,,sea ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,9 ,figs4 #a & #b on ! next page a cyl9drical piece ( ! antl] ( a r$ de] is repres5t$ ( half ! natural size4 ,on x are c>v$ by 9-sunk l9es c]ta9 repres5tations ( animals4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,lortet1 ne> ,l\rdes1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,hautes ,pyrnes1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 toge!r ) _m o!r rema9s ( prehi/oric man4 ,?is cav]n 0 excavat$ & all its cont5ts ( human orig9 c>efully pres]v$ by ,m4 ,ed\>d ,piette 9 #ahgc & ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,draw+s ( ?is & o!r rem>kable c>v$ pieces ( bone & antl]1 _m 9 ! =m ( h>poon heads1 & ( small *ipp$ fl9t implem5ts1 all f\nd 9 ?is cave1 7 publi%$ by him4#a ,he excavat$ also sev]al o!r cav]ns ) great c>e1 & 8 collections 7 bequea!d by him on 8 dea? to ! great ,museum ( ,national ,ar*ology at ,/4 ,g]ma91 ne> ,p>is1 :]e ,i h _h ! advantage ( /udy+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,figs4 #a ,,& #b4-;,engrav$ cyl9d] ( r$-de]'s antl]1 f ! ,azilian 7,elapho-,t>&ian7 horizon ( ! cav]n ( ,lortet4 ,drawn ( a little m ?an half ! actual size ( ! specim54 ,! age assign$ to ?is c>v+ is t call$ by ,piette ,elapho-,t>&ian4 ,at ?is p]iod ! re9de] 7,t>&us71 :i* previ\sly ab\nd$1 is giv+ place to ! r$ de] 7,elaphus74 ,! lay] 9 :i* ?is c>v+ 0 f\nd belongs to ! late/ ( ! ,paloli?ic cave deposits1 & 0 foll[$ by a w>m] p]iod1 9 :i* ! r$ de] & ! mod]n fauna entirely replac$ ! old fauna ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! deposits 9 ,pyr5ean caves ( ! ,elapho-,t>&ian age are *>act]iz$ by an abundance ( l>ge flat h>poons s]rat$ on bo? sides4 ,9 ?is late/ horizon ( ! ,re9de] p]iod ! art ( engrav+ 9 outl9e on bone & /one _h atta9$ ! highe/ pit* ( excell5ce :i* x rea*$ 9 ! prehi/oric race ( ,s\?-,we/ ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4-;,a4 ,p]=at$ h>poon ( ! ,azilian or ,r$-,de] p]iod1 made f antl] ( r$ de]1 f\nd 9 quantity 9 ! upp] lay]s ( deposit 9 ! cav]n ( ! ,mas d',azil 7,arrige74 ,b & ,c4 ,imp]=ate h>poons or lance heads made f re9de] antl] ( ! ,magdal5ian p]iod 7,re9de] epo*74 ,b f ,bruniquel ,cave 7,t>n-et-,g>onne74 ,c f a cav]n 9 ! ,hautes ,pyrnes4 ,same size z ! objects4 ,a v natural t5d5cy among ^? :o he> f "t to "t some?+ ( :at is be+ discov]$ ab\t primitive man is to confuse all ! p]iods & races ( prehi/oric man toge!r1 & s picture to !mselves "o ideal primitive man4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+ does ?is1 al?\gh x w\ld be no fur!r f a true conception 7 he to bl5d 8 anci5t ,britons1 8 ,ph5icians1 8 ,romans1 8 ,saxons1 8 ,normans1 & a few ,h9doos into "o imag9>y man & repres5t him z tak+ a col\r$ photograph ( ! ,druids ( ,/oneh5ge on a piece ( ,egyptian papyrus4 ,"h is ,mr4 ,kipl+'s vision ( primitive man3 ,once on a glitt]+ icefield1 ages & ages ago1 ,ung1 a mak] ( pictures1 fa%ion$ an image ( sn[4 ,lat] he pictur$ an auro*s1 lat] he pictur$ a be>- ,pictur$ ! sabre-too? tig] dragg+ a man to 8 lair- ,pictur$ ! m\nta9\s mammo?1 hairy1 abhorr5t1 alone- ,out ( ! love t he bore !m1 scrib+ !m cle>ly on bone1 ,/raight on ! glitt]+ icefield1 by ! caves ( ! lo/ ,dordogne1 ,ung1 a mak] ( pictures1 fell to 8 scrib+ on bone4 ,! fact is t sev]al prehi/oric races h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! imm5sely long p]iod-am\nt+ to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s-dur+ :i* man exi/$ be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,! lo/ or prehi/oric ,dordogne 0 l ! pres5t hi/oric ,dordogne 9 reg>d to ! fact t _m races & dyna/ies successively held possession ( x & left _! "w 9 its soil & caves4 ,pass+ back ?r\gh ! hi/oric age ( iron & ! sub-hi/oric age ( bronze1 we come to a "t1 ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 !re 7 no m5 9 ! we/ ( ,europe :o made use ( metals at all1 al?\gh1 = a ?\s& or two ye>s e>li]1 m5 7 us+ bronze & copp] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,european races imm$iately be=e ! fir/ use ( metals made beautiful implem5ts ( /one 7*iefly fl9t71 & f9i%$ !m by gr9d+ & poli%+ !m4 ,^! m5 are spok5 ( z ,neoli?ic m51 or m5 ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,!y _h h]ds & cultivat$ crops1 & !y built aft] a fa%ion r\gh h\ses 9 wood & tombs & temples ) great slabs ( /one4 ,!y made pott]y & wov5 clo?4 ,! animals & plants ( ,europe 7 ! same 9 ^? late prehi/oric times z !y are to-day4 ,! ,lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l& belong to ?is epo* & yield u _! rema9s z evid5ce4 ,! m5 _h v ne>ly ! same set ( dome/icat$ animals z we h to-day1 b !y _h no skill 9 c>v+ outl9es ( animals4 ,_! only decorative "w consi/$ ( p>allel l9es1 /raight or 9 zigzags or 9 circles1 grav5 on ! great /one slabs :i* !y erect$4 ,we c trace !m back to "s sev5 ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c4 & !n comes a huge gap-we d n "k h[ _m ?\s& ye>s-9 our evid5ce z to :at 0 go+ on 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,we f9d conv9c+ pro( t be=e ?is int]val ! climate 0 mu* cold] ?an x is to-day1 & t ! l& surface ( ,europe 0 9 _m respects v diff]5t f :at x became lat]4 ,brita9 0 cont9u\s ) ! ,cont95t4 ,!re 7 9 t remote p]iod human tribes spread ov] ! less frigid valleys ( ,europe4 ,!y _h no fields1 no h]ds2 !y f$ on ! roa/$ fle% ( ! animals !y *as$ & on ! fi% !y spe>$1 & on wild fruits & roots4 ,!y dwelt *iefly1 if n :olly1 9 caves1 probably also 9 sk9 t5ts1 b !y did n build ei!r 9 wood or 9 /one4 ,! age :i* we ?us rea* is call$ ! ,paloli?ic1 or anci5t ,/one age1 because m5 made use ( /one1 :i* !y *ipp$ into %ape1 b1 unlike ! ,neoli?ic p1 nev] poli%$ x4 ,we f9d enorm\s numb]s ( ^! r\gh or ,paloli?ic /one implem5ts bo? 9 caves & 9 ! gravels deposit$ 9 ! anci5t b$s ( riv]s4 ,!y are s abundant z to prove ! exi/5ce ( a v consid]able human population 9 ! remote ages :5 !y 7 fa%ion$ & us$4 ,! *anges :i* h tak5 place & ! "t involv$ s9ce "s ( ^! ,paloli?ic implem5ts 7 made & us$ may be guess$ at 7b _c be def9itely calculat$7 f ! fact t ! b$s ( ! riv]s :i* =m$ ! gravel t]races 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 ,engl& 71 9 _m cases1 f "o to six hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! pres5t riv]s4 ,! l& surface has ris5 & ! riv]s h simultane\sly excavat$ deep & wide valleys leav+ t]races ( gravel high up on _! sides4 ,^! %[ :]e ! riv]s once fl[$4 ,! va/ness ( ! excavation ( ! valley f ! level ( ! old riv] b$ #fjj ft4 up on ! slop+ hill-side to its pres5t l[-ly+ b$ 9 ! floor ( ! valley-gives u "s measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ 9 ! process4 ,no "o c tell1 at pres5t1 ! limit 9 ! pa/ ( ,paloli?ic man4 ,! p]iod ( "t ov] :i* 8 exi/5ce ext5d$1 z indicat$ by ! trimm$ fl9ts und\bt$ly made by human workman%ip1 is a matt] ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe races came & w5t1 succe$$ "o ano!r & disappe>$1 ei!r migrat+ or absorb$ or m r>ely de/roy$ by ! lat] invad]s4 ,naturally en\gh1 9 ! lat] deposits ( riv]s & 9 ! high] lay]s ( e>? & lime/one cake :i* fill _m caves to ! dep? ( #cj or #dj ft4 we f9d ! rema9s ( man's workman%ip m abundantly ?an 9 ! old] deposits4 ,we c broadly di/+ui% 9 ! ,paloli?ic epo* ?ree 7p]haps f\r7 p]iods1 sep>at$ by ! occurr5ce ( great ext5sions ( ! nor!rn or arctic ice cap ( su* a volume z to cov] ,nor? ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! simultane\s ext5sion ( ! glaci]s ( ! m\nta9s ( ,europe4 ,?is p]iod ( ! alt]nat+ ext5sion & retreat ( ! great nor!rn glaci]s is kn[n z ! ,glacial p]iod1 or ,ice ,age4 ,! late/ ,paloli?ic m5 are subsequ5t to x-t is1 po/-,glacial4 ,we c di/+ui% sev]al successive ages ( ^! po/-,glacial ,paloli?ic m51 altoge!r di/9ct f & ant]ior to ! ,neoli?ic m54 ,9 ! e>li] ( ^! ages _m ( ! great animals ( ! ,glacial p]iod-n[ ext9ct or )drawn to o!r regions-/ill surviv$ 9 ,europe4 ,! mammo? surviv$1 b 0 fa/ dy+ out 9 ! s\? & c5tre ( ,france1 & we f9d its outl9e scrat*$ on ivory & on bone by ! e>ly po/-,glacial m54 ,! lion /ill surviv$ 9 ,europe1 also ! hy5a1 ! be> & ! rh9oc]os4 ,! re9de] seems to h be5 especially abundant1 & to h be5 associat$ ) ! m5 ( ?is p]iod4 ,! horse 0 v abundant1 & 0 l>gely eat5 by ! e>li] po/-,glacial p4 ,f ! fir/ ^! m5 %[ extraord9>y arti/ic skill1 & h left 9 _! caves _m c>v+s on ivory1 bone & /one4 ,9 ! olde/ deposits ( ! po/-,glacial age ! c>v+s are complete all-r\nd sculptures ( small size or c>v+s 9 l[ relief1 all ( r\gh primitive workman%ip4 ,l>g] life-size sculptures 9 rock are also f\nd4 ,9 lat] deposits we f9d bett] sculpture & also engrav+ on flat pieces ( bone & ivory1 & also on /one4 ,?is art p]si/$1 & atta9$ its greate/ p]fection 9 ! late/ deposits ( all 9 :i* ! "w ( ,paloli?ic man is f\nd4 ,! re9de] p]si/$ ?r\gh ?is po/-,glacial p]iod 7h5ce (t5 call$ ! re9de] p]iod7 until ! gradual increase ( temp]ature & *ange ( h]bage & =e/ l$ to its migration nor?w>ds & to ! relative abundance ( ! r$ de]4 ,x is to ?is late/ p]iod-! ,elapho-,t>&ian ( ,piette-t ! engrav$ antl] figur$ "h 7,figs4 #a & #b7 belongs4 ,at an e>li] /age ( ! po/-,glacial p]iod m5 hunt$ ! bison & o!r l>ge game 9 ! nor? ( ,spa9 & made col\r$ draw+s ( !m on ! ro(s & walls ( _! caves1 draw+s :i* h be5 copi$ & pres]v$3 :il/ ! mammo?1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! cave lion & be> /ill inhabit$ s\? c5tral ,france & are pictur$ on ! walls ( caves 9 t region-z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,lat] we lose all trace ( ,paloli?ic man & 8 wond]ful arti/ic skill4 ,he seems ei!r to h migrat$ or to h be5 absorb$ 9 ! immigrant ,neoli?ic race-a race s+ul>ly devoid ( any t5d5cy to arti/ic sculpture or engrav+4 ,! skeletons & skulls ( ! m5 ( ! ,re9de] p]iod1 or po/-,glacial ,paloli?ic m51 h be5 discov]$ "h & !re4 ,!y indicate a f9e1 tall p ) well-%ap$ skulls & jaws1 comp>able to ! nobl] mod]n races4 ,x is conv5i5t to call !m ,cromagn>ds1 s9ce good skulls ( ! race h be5 describ$ f ,cromagnon1 9 ,france4 ,!re is evid5ce 7f skulls7 t ano!r race 7! negroid s call$ ,aurignacians7 prec$$ & coexi/$ to "s ext5t 9 ,we/]n ,europe ) !m1 b we h1 at pres5t1 no evid5ce z to :5ce or h[ ! ,neoli?ic race or ! ,cromagn>d race or any ( _! pr$ecessors came ^u ! sc5e6 ,:5 we g f>!r back & rea* ! actual ,glacial p]iod we f9d a v diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,! m5 :o !n exi/$ 9 ! cav]ns are call$ ! ,ne&] m54 ,!y 7 a %ort1 b&y-legg$1 long-arm$1 l[-br[$ p1 great work]s ( fl9ts4 ,!y _h ! use ( fire1 & cont5d$ ) hy5as & be>s & lions = ! occupation ( _! cav]ns4 ,9 _! day-! day ( ,european glaciation-! mammo? 0 9 full occupation ( ! p9e =e/s on ! edge ( ! glaci]s4 ,b ! ,ne&] m5 made no sculptures1 or c>v+1 or engrav+s4 ,! gap betwe5 !m & ! ,cromagnon m5 is mu* great] ?an t betwe5 an ,au/ralian black fell[ & an av]age ,engli%man2 inde$1 ! diff]5ce is prop]ly express$ by reg>d+ ! ,ne&] man z a di/9ct species-,homo ne&]?al5sis4 ,pass+ aga9 f>!r back ov] an imm5se p]iod ( "t1 we f9d ,europe w>m aga92 ! glaci]s h 7= a "t7 gone or retreat$ f> up ! m\nta9s b are f\nd 9 ext5sion aga9 at a /ill e>li] date4 ,an int]-,glacial set ( animals is n[ f\nd liv+ 9 a comp>atively w>m climate 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,ano!r elephant 7,elephas antiquus7 is !re 7n ! mammo?71 & ano!r rh9oc]os 7n ! woolly rh9oc]os ( ! lat] ,glacial p]iod72 ! hippopotamus fl\ri%$ !n 9 ,europe & swam 9 ! ,?ames & ,sev]n1 & !re too1 at la/ is ! sabre-too!d tig]1 :i* did n exi/ at all at a lat] p]iod6 ,n[ 0 ! "t :5 a man1 if he c\ld1 might h scrib$ ! image ( a sabre-too!d tig] on a piece ( bone1 b1 s f> z we "k1 he did n & c\ld n4 ,?is 0 ages be=e o!r succe$+ m5 walk$ on glitt]+ ice fields1 & !y1 9 turn1 7 ages e>li] ?an ! arti/ic ,cromagn>ds ( ! ,re9de] p]iod4 ,! pres5ce ( m5 9 ! w>m int]-,glacial times 9 ,europe is prov$ by ! association ( r\gh b undisput$ fl9t implem5ts ) ! int]-,glacial animals & by ! discov]y ( a mo/ int]e/+ human jaw 7*9less1 l t ( ! ,ne&] m57 9 :at is held to be a pr-,glacial deposit at ,heidelb]g4 ,we h v little k ( ,glacial & pr-,glacial man except well *>act]iz$ fl9t implem5ts & two skeletons1 "s deta*$ limb bones1 f\r or five jaws1 & z _m skulls4#b ,b ( po/-,glacial ,paloli?ic man we "k ! skeletons ( ! ,cromagn>d race1 _! sepulture1 _! decorative necklaces1 & _! bone & ivory c>v+s & engrav+s1 & ! col\r$ rock pa9t+s & o!r "w ( e>li] races 7! ,aurignacians1 & o!rs7 belong+ to successive epo*s or eras1 :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 caves 9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,belgium1 & ,au/ria4 ,x 0 long aft] !m t ! ,neoli?ic p appe>$4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks w h made x cle> t ! engrav$ antl] "h figur$ 0 c>v$ by a man :o 0 n really at all primitive1 al?\gh he liv$ probably betwe5 tw5ty & fifty ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x w also h be5 made cle> t hundr$s ( su* engrav+s1 m or less fragm5t>y1 are kn[n4 ,"s are v skilful works ( art1 o!rs ( a mu* inf]ior quality4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 %[ an a/oni%+ famili>ity ) ! animal drawn & a sur5ess ( draw+ :i* is n surpass$ by ! "w ( mod]n arti/s 7see ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,! int]e/ ( ! p>ticul> engrav$ antl] :i* ,i am describ+ is t x is ! only c>v+ ( its age z yet discov]$ :i* is m ?an a draw+ or sculpture ( a s+le animal4 ,x is a picture 9 ! s5se ( be+ a composition4 ,x is n1 x is true1 pa9t$-x is engrav$2 b be+ a composition x is entitl$ to be call$ ! e>lie/ picture 9 ! _w4 ,let me describe x a little m fully ) ! help ( ! illu/rations4 ,! engrav+ has be5 made on a long cyl9drical piece ( ! r$ de]'s antl]4 ,x c h>dly be consid]$ z decorative1 s9ce ! figures ( ! animals d n %[ z su* on ! cyl9drical surface 7,figs4 #a & #b74 ,pieces ( antl]1 bone1 & ivory c>v$ ) spiral scrolls & circles :i* are really decorative & effective z decoration are f\nd 9 ^! caves 7,fig4 #bi74 ,b (t5 su* pieces z ! pres5t are met )4 ,x has be5 discov]$ by ,fr5* ar*ologi/s t ! true int5t ( su* engrav+s may be r5d]$ evid5t by roll+ ! cyl9d] on a pla/ic sub/ance 7s(t wax or simil> mat]ial71 :5 ! draw+ is pr9t$ (f or develop$ z x is t]m$4 ,a great numb] ( su* l9e engrav+s h be5 ?us pr9t$ (f or develop$1 & pla/] ca/s made f ! flat impressions are pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 ! engrav$ l9es be+ r5d]$ obvi\s by lett+ !m fill ) pr9t+ ink4 ,!y (t5 give u 9 ?is way a pr9t$ draw+ ( rem>kable accuracy & arti/ic quality4 ,! roll$-(f pr9t ( our specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! cyl9d] has be5 damag$ by "t1 b ! pr9t %[s1 m or less completely1 a vigor\s outl9e draw+ ( ?ree r$ de]1 ) six salmon-l fi% plac$ 9 a decorative way above !m & betwe5 _! legs4 ,two loz5ge-%ap$ outl9es 7above ! l>g] /ag7 are held by good au?orities to be ! signature ( ! arti/4 ,! gr\p ( de] is repres5t$ 9 movem5t4 ,! l>ge/ /ag is on ! "r2 8 h9dqu>t]s are brok5 away by injury to ! cyl9d]4 ,he is comm5c+ to advance1 & turns 8 head backw>ds to see :at is ! ?+ :i* has al>m$ him & 8 companions2 at ! same "t 8 m\? is op51 & he is bl[+4 ,! second /ag is a y\ng] & small] animal1 & is retreat+ m rapidly4 ,! cyl9d] is damag$ s t1 al?\gh all ! f\r legs ( ?is second /ag are pres]v$1 ! head & neck are gone1 ?\gh ! po9ts ( ! antl]s are pres]v$4 ,! same damage has remov$ all b ! h9d legs ( ! /ill y\ng] animal :o heads ! gr\p4 ,! beauty ( ! draw+ ( ^! h9d legs & ! extraord9>y impression ( graceful1 rapid movem5t giv5 by _! hang+ pose1 side by side1 is n surpass$1 ev5 if x be equall$1 by ! "w ( any mod]n draughtsman4 ,x is cle> t ! y\nge/ & smalle/ memb] ( ! gr\p is1 z is natural1 ! mo/ timid1 & t he has sprung (f ) a sudd5 b\nd on ! occurr5ce ( ! al>m f ! re>1 :i* is sett+ ! :ole gr\p into motion ) increas+ velocity z we pass f "r to left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4-,roll$ impression or developm5t ( ! engrav+ on ! ,lortet antl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4-,re/oration 7or completion7 ( ! engrav+ on ! ,lortet antl]1 z n[ 7#aiai7 sugge/$ by ! writ] 7,e4 ,r4 ,l474 ,! pr9t$-(f1 or unroll$1 or develop$ picture giv5 9 ,fig4 #c is an exact reproduction ( a copy ( ! ca/ made & pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,national ,antiquities at ,/4 ,g]ma91 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 ! di/+ui%$ ar*ologi/ :o is ! director ( t museum4 ,x is reproduc$ "h1 a little l>g] ?an half ! size ( ! orig9al1 z are ! repres5tations ( ! c>v$ cyl9d] itself 7,figs4 #a & #b74 ,9 ,fig4 #d we h my attempt to re/ore ! damag$ portions ( ! design & to pres5t x z x 0 :5 ! ,paloli?ic man complet$ x "s #bj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,i w return to ! "q ( ! correctness ( ?is re/oration1 b be=e do+ s ,i wi% to m5tion "s extremely int]e/+ po9ts z to ! probable use ( ! cyl9d] ( /ag's antl] & ! purpose ( ! c>v+ ar\nd its axis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is & a few o!r ( ! pieces ( c>v+ ( ! po/-,glacial p]iod 7 c]ta9ly ! "w ( highly gift$ & practis$ arti/s4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is "w is f> sup]ior bo? 9 conception & execution to ! m or less clev]1 (t5 grotesque1 c>v+s & pa9t+s made by mod]n savages or simple pa/oral folk4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! ,cromagn>ds1 or m5 ( ! po/-,glacial or ,re9de] p]iod ( ,we/ ,europe1 diff]$ f mod]n races 9 be+ univ]sally gift$ ) arti/ic capacity4 ,?is engrav+ ( ?ree /ags is almo/ c]ta9ly ! "w ( a man :o belong$ to a family or guild ( picture-mak]s :o _h cultivat$ su* "w = c5turies & h&$ x on f ma/] to appr5tice4 ,?is design is probably "o :i* _h be5 p]fect$ by _m succe$+ obs]v]s & draughtsm54 ,its sur5ess ( l9e & vivacity ( movem5t are n ! outcome ( ! sudd5 inspiration ( an untutor$ savage1 b are ! result ( ! gr[?1 cultivation1 & developm5t ( arti/ic p]ception & ! p[] ( arti/ic execution 9 successive g5]ations4 ,x seems 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 if n impossible1 t s excell5t a draw+ z ?is %\ld h be5 cut on ! cyl9drical piece ( antl] by an engrav] :o nev] saw ! flat or roll$-(f impress ( 8 design4 ,"o is driv5 to ! conclusion t he mu/1 z he work$ on ! bone1 h tak5 an impress ( ! gr[+ picture f "t to "t1 us+ probably animal fat & *>coal z an ink & pr9t+ on to a piece ( prep>$ sk9 or on to a bir*-b>k clo?4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld he h made 8 engrav+ s truly t :51 ages aft]w>ds1 we pr9t x (f ! cyl9d]1 we are a/oni%$ & delight$ by its p]fection ( design & execution8 ,if ?is be once admitt$-namely1 t ! arti/ te/$ & *eck$ 8 "w by pr9t+ x (f z he proce$$ ) x-we ga9 :at appe>s to me to be ! probable solution ( ! "q :i* has be5 l>gely debat$1 ,= :at 7 ^! c>v$ cyl9d]s or rods us$8 ,^? :i* are simple cyl9drical rods1 su* z ! pres5t "o1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f o!rs :i* h "o or m circul> holes bor$ 9 !m & o!rs :i* are curi\sly b5t at an angle4 ,su* specim5s are (t5 c>v$ ) small unimportant ornam5t1 n requir+ developm5t or pr9t+4 ,!y z well z ! pres5t class h be5 spok5 ( z w&s ( au?ority & sceptres2 "s are consid]$ to be arr[ /raight5]s2 o!rs h be5 suppos$ to be div9+ rods or rods ( wit*craft2 :il/ "o ( ^? discov]$ by ,m4 ,piette 7o!rs simil> to x are kn[n7 has be5 reg>d$ z a lance ?r[] or propulsor 7su* z mod]n primitive races use71 hav+ a not* at "o end ^u :i* ! lance to be ?r[n is made to re/4 ,! late/ sugge/ion z to ^! not*-&-hook-be>+ rods1 is t !y are l>ge cro*et hooks us$ 9 mak+ nets4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t "s ( ^! c>v$ rods 7 us$ z fa/5]s ( ! sk9s us$ z clo?+4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! elaborately c>v$ cyl9d] :i* we are consid]+ & o!rs be>+ simil> c>v+s1 :i* only %[ up :5 a pr9t+ ( !m is tak51 7 us$ by ! m5 :o made !m = ?is v same pr9t+ z an end 9 itself4 ,! picture c\ld be ?us impress$ on sk9s1 bir* b>k1 & o!r mat]ial4 ,?is race 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! use ( pa9t =m$ by mix+ grease ) *>coal 7to produce black71 r$ o*re 7to produce r$71 yell[ o*re 7to produce yell[71 & "s prep>ation ( lime/one or *alk 7to produce :ite74 ,col\r$ pictures repres5t+ animals ( ! *ase1 col\r$ ) r$1 yell[1 :ite1 & black & outl9$ by engrav+1 h be5 discov]$ on ! rock walls ( ! caves us$ by !m4 ,su* pictures are f\nd ( relatively e>ly z well z ( late date )9 ! po/-,glacial ,paloli?ic p]iod 7see ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,! rock picture ( a s+le animal is usually f two to five feet long4 ,p :o c\ld make ^? col\r$ designs & :o c\ld draw & compose s admirably z ! au?or ( ! ,?ree ,r$ ,de] w\ld h desir$ to roll (f & to possess pr9t+s ( _! fav\rite repres5tations ( animal life1 :il/ we mu/ admit t _! skill & +5uity 0 assur$ly equal to ! task ( s pr9t+ !m4 ,if ?is c>v+ ( ! ,?ree ,r$ ,de] 7 nev] pr9t$ x c\ld n h be5 execut$ 9 ! fir/ place1 nor se5 & admir$ :5 complet$4 ,if ev5 only half a doz5 or a doz5 impressions 7 tak5 f x = ornam5t+ ! sk9s or o!r mat]ial us$ by a *ief1 or a wiz>d1 or a woman1 its production becomes intelligible4 ,x is true t !re is no?+ kn[n z to ! use ( su* pr9t+ f a cyl9d] among exi/+ primitive p1 b x is kn[n 9 v e>ly times 7#dejj ,b4,c471 s9ce cyl9drical seals 7 us$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,elaborately groov$ blocks us$ = pr9t+ on clo? are kn[n f ,fiji & ,samoa1 & ! m]e practice ( pr9t+ on to a flat surface is common en\gh among savage races 9 reg>d to ! human h&1 impressions or pr9ts ( :i* obta9$ by ! use ( a greasy pigm5t are f\nd ^u rocks or /ones4 ,sometimes pr9ts ( ! h& or f+]s are tak5 9 clay4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t ! prim>y purpose ( savage & primitive mank9d 9 mak+ images or engrav+s ( animals is t ( influ5c+ ! animals by wit*craft or magic1 z has be5 urg$ by ,re9a*4 ,f su* magic-work+ draw+s ! art ( savages has gradually develop$ j z religi\s figures & designs h be5 ! initial motive ( hi/oric ,european art4 ,x seems 9 any case fairly c]ta9 t ! arti/ :o engrav$ our picture ( ! ?ree de] on to ! /ag's antl] mu/ h work$ f & copi$ a complet$ flat draw+1 & probably pr9t$ x 9 "s way on to ! prep>$ antl] be=e engrav+ its l9es !reon & also *eck$ ! "w1 z he proce$$1 by successive trial pr9t+s or pro(s on to a flat surface4 ,x is possible ?\gh x does n seem v probable1 t ! draw+ 0 ?us committ$ to p]petual invisibility on a cyl9drical rod-= ! purpose ( ex]cis+ magic ) t rod4 ,x seems to me t ! ,cromagn>d own] ( ! rod w\ld h wi%$ to see :at ! picture really look$ l1 & s w\ld h on "s occasion & m ?an once h pr9t$ x (f or z we say unroll$ x4 ,leav+ t "q aside ,i h a few words to say z to ! pres5t attempt$ completion ( ! picture4 ,my difficulty has be5 9 realiz+ ! sugge/ion ( a free1 graceful b\nd+ action giv5 by ! pair ( small h9d legs :i* =m all t rema9s ( ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree de]4 ,i h tri$ v>i\s poses ( ! calf indicat$ by ^! legs-buck+ & jump+1 & ) =e legs closely b5t to ! horizontal or 9 a m op5 position4 ,! fact is !re is v little 9 exi/+ draw+s or photographs :i* c help u to a decision ( ! problem1 ,h[ did ! prehi/oric arti/ complete t exquisite little pair ( hang+ legs8 ,! problem is m obscure ev5 ?an t ( ! pose ( ! arms ( ! ,v5us ( ,melos4 ,"o feels sure t ! man :o made ?is c>v+ 0 an arti/ :o mu/ keep a c]ta9 rhy?m & fl[ 9 ! action & =m ( ! ?ree successive animals1 & x is cle> t he 0 a wond]ful obs]v] ( ! phases ( ! limbs 9 movem5t4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a presumptu\s ?+ to attempt on su* a basis to recall ! ?\ght ( a man :o di$ tw5ty ?\s& ye>s ago1 b ,i set out to d s ) ! belief t !re is a necess>y figure det]m9$ by ^? h9d legs4 ,"s ye>s ago1 z a /ep t[>ds a solution ( ! problem1 ,i publi%$ a re/oration or completion ( ?is picture 9 ! ,field 7,may #ac?1 #aiaa71 & ask$ = criticisms & sugge/ions f ! read]s ( t j\rnal4 ,i _h no difficulty z to ! completion ( ! bigge/ /ag by draw+ 9 8 haun*es & h9d-legs1 b ! completion ( ! head & antl]s ( ! small] /ag-& /ill m ! call+ into be+ ( ! entire calf z an inf]5ce f 8 or h] susp5d$ h9d-feet & ho(s alone-7 n easy tasks4 ,i consult$ _m au?orities & "s in/antane\s photographs1 b ,i 0 n satisfi$ ) ! pose ,i f9ally sugge/$ = ! calf nor ) ! po9ts assign$ by my draughtsman to ! antl]s ( ! small] /ag4 ,"s int]e/+ sugge/ions 7 made 9 reply to my appeal by read]s ( ! ,field4 ,^? :i* seem$ to me ( conclusive weight & value 7 (f]$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,w9ans1 :o comb9es ! qualifications ( a great obs]v] ( big game ) ^? ( a great arti/4 ,9 ! re/oration n[ giv5 9 ,fig4 #e ,i h pr(it$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ,w9ans' criticism & h be5 especially glad to make use ( ! spirit$ sket* made by him = my b5efit1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,field ( #aiaa1 ( a r$-de] calf :5 hopp+ along ) all ! feet toge!r1 a movem5t kn[n z buck-jump+4 ,( c\rse1 writes ,mr4 ,w9ans1 ?is is q diff]5t to ! bronco-pony's action :5 try+ to get rid ( a rid]4 ,9 ! case ( ?is k9d %e does n come d[n ) a j>-b z %e l&s b5ds h] knees & hocks simultane\sly & !n /raight5s !m1 also simultane\sly1 b\nd+ 9 ! air ) b5t back1 tail curl$ tight on back1 head ?r[n back1 & e>s =w>d2 %e nev] puts h] =e-legs1 ei!r knee or fetlock1 beyond h] %\ld] 9 ?is action4 ,^! words ( ,mr4 ,w9ans & 8 outl9e sket* ( ! buck-jump+ calf precisely realize :at ! little hang+ legs ( ! rubb$-out calf _h be51 z x 71 urg+ my tir$ bra9 to recall & visualize4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,mr4 ,w9ans' sket* gives ! completion ( ! picture z drawn by ! arti/ ( ! ,lortet cav]n1 & satisfies ! dem& made by ! gracefully susp5d$ limbs %[n 9 ! incompletely pres]v$ orig9al4 ,& s ,i h us$ x 9 my f9al re/oration "h giv5 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! foll[+ lett] by ,mr4 ,w9ans1 giv+ valuable comm5ts on ! ,lortet picture1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,field1 & w assi/ o!rs 9 appreciat+ its significance3 x enabl$ me to get ! middle /ag's antl]s correctly drawn4 ,i h omitt$ a few l9es ref]r+ to defects 9 ! orig9al re/oration-n[ correct$4 ,,sir1-,z ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] asks = criticism ( ?is wond]ful draw+ ( ?ree de]1 p]haps ! foll[+ may be ( int]e/4 ,i h kn[n de] all my life1 & liv$ among/ !m ! la/ twelve ye>s4 ,i agree t ! picture is wond]ful-bett] ?an any?+ ,l&se] or ,rosa ,bonheur drew1 because ^! latt] 7 only arti/s3 "o c see by _! pictures 7full ( faults z to attitudes & actions7 t !y knew no?+ ( de]4 ,= in/ance1 ,l&se]'s /ags 7 mu* too big 9 ! body & _! heads too small1 & ev5 ! %ape ( _! horns 0 conv5tional4444 ,! ,lor!t draw+s enable "o to "k all details ab\t ! ?ree de] 7look+ at ! orig9al mutilat$ 'developm5t'74 ,fir/1 ! de] h 'got ! w9d' ( an enemy1 h come a long way1 & are mov+ leisurely1 ! big /ag1 z usual1 br++ up ! re> & tak+ a la/ look r\nd be=e ! h]d goes out ( sight4 ,! second is ! y\ng] /ag :o g5]ally accompanies ! big /ag & acts z 8 s5t9el :5 he is sleep+1 a /ag too small to give ! big /ag any jeal\sy z to 8 h9ds4 ,! ?ird is und\bt$ly a calf 7,r$ de] are '/ags1' 'h9ds1' & 'calves1' n 'does' & 'fawns'2 ! latt] t]ms apply to ,fall[ de] & ,roe-de]74 ,! de] are typical ,r$ de]1 n ,wapiti1 except t ! only tail %[+ 7t ( ! middle de]7 is ! %ort ,wapiti tail1 n ! long] tail ( ! ,r$ de]1 & ! e>s are %ort] ?an ^? ( any exi/+ species ( de]4 ,! horns ( ! big /ag are ^? ( typical p>k ,r$ de]1 exactly l ! ,w>nham ,p>k big /ag3 br[1 bay1 & tray1 ) a bun* on top1 & ! horns are %ort & /raight = _! ?ickness4 ,n[ z to ! %ort tail4 ,i am try+1 by cross+ ! ,wapiti1 ,r$ de]1 & ,altai to get back to ! orig9al de] be=e ! v>i\s species got sep>at$1 & my '?ree-cross' de] %[ ^! v *>act]i/ics1 z foll[s3 ,r$ de] or ,w>nham horns1 %ort ,wapiti tail1 & ! r ,roman nose :i* ?is 'developm5t' pr9t %[s4 ,! only diff]5ce is ! %ort e>s4 ,is x n possible t1 z ! arti/ is able to draw ! horns 9 p]spective & %[ ! anatomy & proportions s well1 t ! e>s are meant to be drawn =e-%ort5$8 ,! /ag's m\? is op5 because he is big & fat & is bl[+ 7n ro>+ or bell[+74 ,if x 0 ! rutt+ season1 :5 /ags ro>1 ! /ag w\ld be tuck$ up 9 ! belly & h a tuft ( hair hang+ "u ! middle ( x4 ,he & ! /ag 9 front are mov+ 9 ! real action 7n ! conv5tional action ,rosa ,bonheur & ,l&se] drew1 b :at ! anci5t ,egyptians drew sometimes7 ( a sl[1 easy cant]4444 ,n[ z to ! middle /ag's horns4 ,i %\ld give him1 be>+ 9 m9d he is ! small s5try /ag1 br[1 tray1 & ?ree on top-a t5-po9t]1 ! ?9 po9ts %[+ 9 ! orig9al draw+ indicat+ t he _h ?9 horns-9 fact1 a ?ree-ye> old4 ,9 a ,scot* =e/ a t5-po9t] is a comp>atively old /ag1 b at ,w>nham & my place1 :]e ! fe$+ is good 7& 9 my case !re is h& fe$+ all ! ye> r\nd71 a spike /ag gets six po9ts & c almo/ be a royal ! next ye>4 ,all ?is %[s t ! de] at ! "t ?is draw+ 0 made mu/ h _h v good fe$+ & come to maturity quickly1 l mod]n p>k de]4 ,! big /ag w\ld nev] h all[$ a t5-po9t] 9 8 h]d if ! latt] _h be5 an old /ag4 ,z to ! action ( ! lead+ h9d4 ,i ?9k %e is a h9d-calf by h] legs1 & is jump+ ) all f\r legs toge!r1 ! way "y de] d :5 play+1 &1 be+ "y1 is pay+ no att5tion to ! dang] beh9d1 b is full ( life1 l a horse play+ ab\t :5 he is fre%4 ,"o (t5 sees ! calves ( a h]d play+ l ?is if ! h]d is mov+ along /eadily4444 ,f ! position ( ! h9d legs ( ! little calf ,i judge t %e is jump+ ) all f\r legs toge!r 7! jump f :i* ! expression 'buck jump+' comes72 h] tail w\ld be curl$ up tight ov] h] back l a pug dog c>ries x1 only )\t ! curl1 & h] e>s prick$ =w>d4 ,! piece ( horn brok5 (f w\ld %[ ! re/ ( ! h9ds & calves1 l$ by an old 'yeld' 7i4e41 b>r57 h9d1 :o w\ld be lead+ ! h]d up w9d ) h] nose & e>s =w>d to 'get ! w9d' ( any dang] ahead4 ,! day is a hot "o 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 %[n by ! big /ag bl[+ & 8 be+ ) ! h9ds1 in/ead ( ) o!r /ags by !mselves1 & by 8 n hav+ 'run' yet1 ?\gh 8 horns are cle> ( velvet4 ,he is mo/ likely ! /ag on ^: horn ?is is engrav$4 ,! l5g? ( ! de]'s feet %[s t !y live on gr\nd :i* is s(t & n _m /ones ab\t to we> d[n _! toes4 ,maybe ! fi% indicate t ! de] are cross+ a %all[ =d1 & ! salmon are gett+ fright5$ & jump+4 ,! "r-h&-mo/ fi% is j 9 ! attitude ( a hook$ salmon try+ to leap cle> ( ! fly4444 ,! picture 0 mo/ likely fir/ drawn on "s flat flexible surface1 sk9 or b>k1 9 a /icky m$ium1 & !n transf]r$ to ! horn by roll+ x r\nd ! horn & !n rubb+ x4 ,?is w\ld give a transf]1 :i* w\ld guide ! subsequ5t engrav+1 o!rwise x w\ld be v difficult to engrave direct on ! horn1 & mi/akes c\ld n easily be correct$4 ,,walt] ,,w9ans ,,surr5d5 ,,p>k1 ,,pluckley1 ,,k5t ,) reg>d to ! six fi%es 9 ! picture ( ,! ,?ree ,r$ ,de]1 ,i ?9k t !re c be little d\bt t !y are put 9 9 ! same _s ( exub]ance :i* induc$ e>ly ,italian ma/]s to introduce a *]ub :]ev] a space = him c\ld be f\nd4 ,! fi% repres5t$ are ! same 9 ea* case1 & are und5iably salmonids4 ,presumably !y are drawn on a l>g] scale ?an ! de]4 ,_! m>k+s & ! =m ( ! head are des]v+ ( "s criticism & comm5t by ^? :o are famili> ) fi% z se5 by ! fi%]man4 ,probably ! arti/'s fri5ds at ,l\rdes captur$ fi% 9 ^? days by spe>+ !m ) s]rat$ bone-head$ fi% spe>s or h>poons 7,fig4 #c74 ,no fi% hooks ( bone h be5 f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,lortet or 9 o!rs ( l age1 al?\gh ne$les & :i/les ( bone & o!r useful little in/rum5ts1 z well z s]rat$ spe> heads & h>poons h be5 obta9$ 9 sev]al ( !m4 ,! tool us$ by ! prehi/oric man 9 engrav+ ! cyl9d] ( /ag's antl] 0 und\bt$ly a suitable *ipp$-out piece ( fl9t-a fl9t grav+ tool1 9 fact a bur91 su* z are abundant 9 ^! caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4-;,fragm5t ( a r\ghly-pa9t$ vase ( ! ,dipylon age 7circa #hjj ,b4,c47 f ,tiryns1 figur$ by ,s*liemann & cit$ by ,hrnes 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pictorial ,art 9 ,europe4 ,comp>e ! fi% betwe5 ! horse's legs ) ! fi% 9 ! ,lortet picture ( ! ,?ree ,de]2 also note ! loz5ge-%ap$ designs 7simil> to ! pair above ! big /ag 9 ! ,lortet picture7 ne> ! fi% & ne> ! man's head 7d72 &1 fur!r1 ! swa/ika 7s74 ,att5tion has be5 drawn by ,hrnes 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pictorial ,art 9 ,europe to ! resemblance ( ! ,lortet picture to a fragm5t ( a r\ghly pa9t$ vase ( ! ,dipylon age 7circa #hjj ,b4,c47 f\nd at ,tiryns & figur$ by ,s*liemann 9 8 acc\nt ( excavations made at t anci5t ,myk5an =tress ( ! ,peloponese4 ,! fragm5t 7,fig4 #f7 %[s v r\ghly drawn figures ( a man & ( a horse4 ,betwe5 ! =e & h9d legs ( ! horse a l>ge elaborately ornate fi% is repres5t$1 rem9d+ u ( ! fi%es betwe5 ! de]'s legs 9 ! ,lortet picture4 ,two o!r simil> fragm5ts ( pott]y1 %[+ a fi% 9 ?is position1 are record$ by ,s*liemann4 ,! draw+ is conv5tional & c>eless4 ,x is ( a debas$ decorative "*1 & is v f> remov$ f ! c>eful nature-true "w ( ! ,lortet cave-man4 ,x is n possible to trace by any kn[n l9e ( transmission a connection betwe5 ! engrav+ execut$ #bj1jjj ye>s ago 9 ! caves ( ! ,pyrnes & ! figures rapidly knock$ (f 9 black pa9t on ! ,tiryns vase "s #ag1jjj ye>s lat] by ! local deal]s 9 *eap pott]y4 ,yet we _c avoid ! sugge/ion t !re is "s connection betwe5 ! two designs4 ,= ! ,tiryns pa9t+ %[s n only ! curi\s upright fi% betwe5 ! horse's legs1 b also diamond-%ap$ figures-"o m>k$ d 9 ,fig4 #f1 ano!r ne> ! fi%'s tail1 & ano!r betwe5 ! man's feet-closely resembl+ ! pair ( diamond-%ap$ figures engrav$ above ! neck ( ! big /ag 9 ! ,lortet picture 7see ,figs4 #d & #e74 ,z we d n "k :at ^! diamond-%ap$ figures or loz5ges are int5d$ to signify 9 ei!r case1 we d n get1 at pres5t1 beyond ! bald fact ( _! co9cid5ce4 ,! ,tiryns pa9t+ also %[s 7at s 9 ,fig4 #f7 a swa/ika 7see ,*apt] ,,xvii71 & bel[ ! man's arm a c>elessly drawn bit ( ! anci5t wave-fret or key-patt]n4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! tradition ( an anci5t design-ev5 dat+ s f> back 9 orig9 z _m ?\s&s ( ye>s-may be pres]v$ 9 ! use made 9 ! ,tiryns decoration ( ! fi% & ! diamond-%ap$ loz5ges1 ?\gh associat$ ) ! swa/ika & ! bit ( wave-fret :i* are probably ( lat] orig9 & are n kn[n 9 ! decorative "w ( ! cave-m54 ,! ,myk5an decorative assimilation ( geese to ! %ip's b>nacle ex]cis$ its influ5ce ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s & l$ to ! m$ival belief 9 ! hat*+ ( "y geese f b>nacles atta*$ to float+ timb]1 & ev5 f ! buds ( trees 7see my ,div]sions ( a ,naturali/3 ,me?u51 #aiae74 ,nev]!less x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! connection ( ! ,lortet engrav+ & ! vase-pa9t+ ( ,tiryns is probable or m ?an a v remote possibility4 ,! gap 9 "t is too va/1 & our pres5t ignorance ( :at took place 9 t int]val too complete1 to w>rant u 9 reg>d+ ! resemblance z m ?an a co9cid5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,l',age du ,r5ne1 a po/hum\s "w1 ) "o hundr$ col\r$ qu>to plates ( objects 9 ! ,piette collection1 is publi%$ by ,masson1 ( ,p>is1 & gives ! complete li/ ( ,piette's num]\s e>li] pap]s1 issu$ z 8 excavations proce$$4 #b ,sev5 ye>s ago ! ape-l l[] jaw & ?ick wall$ bra9-case call$ ,eoan?ropus 7 discov]$ 9 a sp>se gravel ne> ,lewes 9 ,sussex4 ,x is probably ( old] date ?an ei!r ! ,ne&] m5 or ! ,heidelb]g m54 ,see on ?is subject ! *apt]s on ,! ,miss+ ,l9k 9 my ,div]sions ( a ,naturali/ 7#aiae7 & ^? on ,! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,m5 & ,! ,cave-m5's ,skulls 9 ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air4 ,fir/ ,s]ies 7#aiaj74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,portraits ,,( ,,mammo?s ,,by ,,m5 ,,:o ,,saw ,,!m ,"s fifty-five ye>s ago pieces ( re9de]'s antl] 7 discov]$ 9 ! cave kn[n z ,la ,madele9e 9 ! ,dordogne 7a dep>tm5t ( ,france "s eighty miles ea/ ( ,bordeaux71 ^u :i* 7 engrav$ ! outl9es ( v>i\s animals su* z re9de] & horses4 ,!y & ! bone spe>-heads & ne$les1 & ! fl9t knives f\nd ) !m1 7 ! fir/ revelation to lat] man ( ! exi/5ce ( ! prehi/oric cave-m54 ,among ! c>v+s 0 a piece ( ivory :i* excit$ ! pr(\nde/ int]e/4 ,p>tly hidd5 by a confus$ mass ( scrat*es x %[$ ! well-drawn outl9e ( ! great ext9ct elephant1 ?us scrat*$ or engrav$ on a bit ( its own tusk 7,fig4 #g74 ,! engrav+ 0 b>ely #e 94 long1 & has be5 reproduc$ 9 _m books4 ,! specim5 is n[ 9 ,p>is1 & 0 = long ! only kn[n repres5tation ( ! ,mammo? by ! anci5t m5 :o liv$ ) x 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4-;,engrav+ ( a mammo? drawn ^u a piece ( mammo?'s ivory1 f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,la ,madele9e 9 ! ,dordogne1 9 #ahfd4 ,! specim5 is 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,p>is4 ,! engrav+ is "h repres5t$ ( ! actual size4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 our k ( ! works ( art execut$ by ^! anci5t m5 has increas$ to an extraord9>y ext5t1 *iefly ow+ to ! en]gy & skill ( ! ,fr5* explor]s ( ! cav]ns 9 ! s\? c5tral region ( t c\ntry4 ,z long ago z #ahgi a little girl1 ! daught] ( ,seor ,sautuolo-a pr\d woman %e %\ld be if alive to-day-:5 visit+ ! cav]n ( ,altamira1 ne> ,sant&]1 9 ! nor? ( ,spa91 ) h] fa!r1 drew 8 att5tion to a numb] ( pictures ( animals1 pa9t$ on ! rocky vault or ro( ( ! cave4 ,at fir/ no "o believ$ t ^! pictures 7 m ?an a few hundr$ ye>s old1 :il/ "s held !m to be mod]n & made ) fraudul5t purpose4 ,9 #ahhg ,piette1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* inve/igator ( ! rema9s ( human "w 9 ! cav]ns ( ! ,fr5* ,pyrnes 7^: great illu/rat$ book ( c>v$ & engrav$ portions ( re9de] antl]1 ivory1 & /ones discov]$ by 8 excavations1 is a classic71 decl>$ t 9 8 op9ion ! pictures ( ! ,altamira cave 7 ( ! same age z ! bone & ivory c>v+s ( ! ,madele9e cave-t is to say1 dat$ f :at prehi/orians call ! lat] ,paloli?ic age1 an age :5 ! mammo?1 ! bison1 ! cave lion1 & ! re9de] /ill exi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 & :5 ! ,briti% ,isles 7 n yet sep>at$ by sea f ! ,cont95t4 ,! age indicat$ is probably f #be1jjj to #ej1jjj ye>s ago4 ,/ill1 ! op9ion prevail$ t ! wall-draw+s & ro(-draw+ ( ! ,altamira cave 7 ei!r m$ival or mod]n until ! ,fr5* explor]s discov]$ wall-pa9t+s 9 "s ( ! caves ( ! ,dordogne4 ,!n !y proce$$ to a c>eful inve/igation ( ! ,altamira cave1 & discov]$ conclusive evid5ce ( ! great age ( ! pa9t+s by ! removal ( "s ( ! undi/urb$ deposit 9 ! cave1 9 :i* 7 f\nd fl9t implem5ts & small engrav+s on bone1 prov+ ! deposit to be ( ! late ,paloli?ic age4 ,:5 ?is deposit 0 remov$1 pictures ( animals1 p>tly engrav$ & p>tly complet$ 9 col\r 7black1 r$1 yell[1 & :ite71 7 f\nd on ! wall ( ! cave previ\sly cov]$ up by ! deposit4 ,m4 ,c>tailhac1 :o _h be5 a lead+ oppon5t ( ! view t ! ,altamira wall-pictures 7 v anci5t1 n[ r5\nc$ 8 =m] position & became an en?usia/ic inve/igator & expon5t ( ^! pictures4 ,m4 ,breuil1 :o _h discov]$ wall-pictures1 includ+ ^? ( ! mammo?1 9 ,fr5* caves1 & _h be5 met by disbelief & ev5 suspicion1 n[ receiv$ due recognition1 & jo9$ ,c>tailhac 9 prep>+ a complete acc\nt ( ! wall & ro( pictures ( ! ,altamira cave4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco1 :o _h c>ri$ out1 ) ! aid ( ,fr5* exp]ts1 an inve/igation ( ! caves on 8 prop]ty at ,m5tone1 on ! ,m$it]ranean ,rivi]a1 und]took ! exp5se ( produc+ a spl5did volume1 giv+ col\r$ reproductions ( ! ,altamira pictures4 ,to him ! _w is indebt$1 n only = mo/ important discov]ies ( human skeletons & objects ( human workman%ip 9 ! caves ( ,m5tone 7!re are no wall-pictures !re71 b = ! publication 9 illu/rat$ =m ( ! ,m5tone discov]ies & ( ^? obta9$ 9 ! ,altamira cave4 ,he has n re/$ at ?is /age ( accompli%m5t1 b has produc$ at 8 own exp5se l>ge volumes by ,,mm4 ,breuil1 ,capitan1 & ,peyrony1 illu/rat+ & describ+ ! discov]ies made by !m ( wall-pa9t+s & engrav+s ( animals 9 ! cave kn[n z ! ,font de ,gaume1 9 ! ,dordogne4 ,! ,pr9ce has also publi%$ a volume1 by ,,mm4 ,breuil1 de ,rio1 & ,si]ra1 reproduc+ ! draw+s f\nd 9 a :ole s]ies ( caves & rock-%elt]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,spani% p59sula1 :]e ! rock-pa9t+ race seems to h p]si/$ to a some:at lat] p]iod & to h pa9t$1 m frequ5tly1 pictures ( human be+s z well z ( animals4 ,^!1 :il/ less arti/ic & tru?ful ?an ^? ( ! ,nor? ,spani% & ,s\? ,fr5* area1 yet h surpass+ int]e/1 s9ce !y h special simil>ity to anci5t rock-pa9t+s f\nd 9 ,nor? ,africa & to ! rock-pa9t+s ( ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,monaco has f9ally e/abli%$ ! great /udy 9 :i* he has play$ s valuable a "p by f\nd+ 9 ,p>is an ,in/itute ( ,human ,palontology2 t is1 ( ! /udy ( prehi/oric man1 :i* he has end[$ ) a magnific5t build+1 compris+ laboratories & resid5ces = pr(essors1 toge!r ) funds to pay = its ma9t5ance & ! prop] publication ( results4 ,?is he has done 9 addition to f\nd+ entirely at 8 own exp5se a simil>ly complete ,in/itute = ! /udy ( oceanography-! /udy ( ! liv+ cont5ts & hi/ory ( ! great seas4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are 7) ! exception ( ,fig4 #g7 copies1 greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 ( fai?ful repres5tations ( ! great hairy elephant or mammo? :i* /ill surviv$ 9 s\!rn ,france 9 ! days :5 ! caves 7 occupi$ & decorat$ by m54 ,i am indebt$ to ! valuable little book ,rep]toire de l',art ,quat]maire1 by ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 = ^! outl9es c>efully drawn by him f v>i\s l>ge illu/rations by ! use ( a trac+ & r$uc+ in/rum5t4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,i h giv5 examples f ! same s\rce ( simil> draw+s ( o!r animals4 ,!re are five k9ds ( arti/ic "w ( ,paloli?ic age f\nd 9 ! cav]ns ( ,france & ,spa92 namely 7#a7 small solid c>v+s 7complete all r\nd7 9 bone1 ivory1 or /one2 7#b7 small engrav+s 9 sunk outl9e on simil> mat]ial1 r>ely ) relief ( ! outl9$ figure2 7#c7 l>ge /one /atues1 #b ft4 to #f ft4 across1 9 high relief1 ) complete modell+ ( ! visible surface2 7#d7 rock engrav+s & pa9t+s on ! walls & ro(s ( cav]ns or rock %elt]s1 (t5 p>tly outl9$ by engrav+ & scrap+ ( ! surface1 & !n complet$ 9 black or r$ pa9t or 9 sev]al col\rs 7black1 r$1 yell[1 :ite72 !y are ( l>ge size1 f #b to #e ft4 9 cross measurem5t2 7#e7 models 9 clay1 "o side only %[n1 ! o!r re/+ on rock2 a few incomplete clay models ( ?is nature repres5t+ ! bison ( ab\t #b ft4 9 l5g?1 h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 "o ( ! ,fr5* cav]ns1 & are ! only examples ( modell+ 9 clay by ! ,paloli?ic m5 yet discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4-,outl9e engrav+s ( mammo?s on ! wall ( ! cav]n kn[n z ! ,font de ,gaume1 ne> ,eyzies 7,dordogne74 ,ea* figure is ab\t #b ft4 long4 ,our figures ( ! mammo? are 7except+ ,fig4 #g7 all ( ! f\r? class-namely1 rock-pa9t+s 9 "o col\r 7black or r$7 p>tly engrav$ & scrap$4 ,! orig9als are f #a ft4 to #b ft4 long4 ,! mammo?s giv5 9 ,fig4 #h are c>efully copi$ f engrav+s discov]$1 reproduc$1 & describ$ by ,m4 ,breuil & 8 fell[-work]s4 ,!y are on ! walls ( ! cav]n kn[n z ! ,font de ,gaume1 9 ! commune ( ,tayac 9 ! ,dordogne4 ,^? copi$ 9 ,fig4 #i & ,fig4 #aj1 ,a1 7 discov]$ on ! walls ( ! cave ( ,les ,comb>elles 9 ! same di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4-,simil> engrav+s f ! neighb\r+ cave ( ,comb>elles4 ,! l[] figure is an enl>gem5t ( ! small] ( ! two above x4 ,fig4 #aj1 ,b1 is f a cave at ,b]nifal1 ne> les ,eyzies1 9 ! ,dordogne1 & %[s a mammo? enclos$ 9 a triangul> design1 :i* is believ$ to repres5t a trap1 or else a cage4 ,su* triangul> figures ) upright & also b5t supports are f\nd 9 v>i\s degrees ( elaboration on bo? small & l>ge engrav+s ( ?is p]iod1 & are g5]ally accept$ z repres5t+ huts or enclosures support$ by wood5 poles4 ,!y are call$ tecti=ms by ! ,fr5* explor]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4-;,a1 simil> engrav+ f ! cave ( ,comb>elles4 ,b1 ,mammo? enclos$ by plank-l /ructure-suppos$ to be ei!r a cage or a trap4 7,call$ tecti=m /ructures1 & (t5 se5 9 ^! wall engrav+s47 ,f ! cave ( ,b]nifal1 five miles f ,eyzies4 ,! bones & tee? ( ! mammo? are v common 9 ! riv] gravels & clays ( ,we/]n ,europe & ,engl&1 & a complete skull1 ) its tusks1 dug up at ,il=d1 9 ! ea/ ( ,london1 is 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,froz5 c>casses ( ?is animal are f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 & two %[+ mu* ( ! sk9 & hair are 9 ! museum ( ,petrograd4 ,!re is no tradition or k ( ! mammo? among liv+ races ( m54 ,! natives ( ,sib]ia1 :o h f "t immemorial done a l>ge trade 9 ! ivory1 reg>d ! tusks z horns1 & h /ories ab\t ! gho/s ( ! mammo?1 b no tradition ( x z a liv+ bea/4 ,! mammo? 0 clos] to ! ,indian elephant ( to-day ?an to ! ,african "o4 ,x _h1 z ^! draw+s %[1 a pelt ( long hair4 ,indian elephants f upl& regions (t5 h a good deal ( hair all ov] ! body3 & ! newborn "y ( bo? ! ,indian & ,african elephant has a complete coat ( hair4 ,! draw+s "h reproduc$ are n only ( ?rill+ int]e/ because !y are ! "w ( remotely anci5t m5 :o liv$ ) & obs]v$ mammo?s 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 b also because !y %[ an extraord9>y skill 9 sket*+-9 giv+ ! ess5tial l9es ( ! creature portray$ & 9 reproduc+ ! arti/'s impression4 ,^! arti/s 7 impressioni/s-! e>lie/ & mo/ s9c]e-)\t self-consci\sness or o!r purpose ?an t ( mak+ l9e & col\r truly regi/] & indicate _! vivid impressions4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 7z 9 o!r works ( art %[+ true arti/ic gift7 actual error 9 draw+ 7= in/ance1 9 ! size & %ape ( ! eye & ! plac+ ( ! two tusks on ! same side ( ! trunk-possibly due to ! unf9i%$ /ate ( ! draw+7 sometimes accompanies ! mo/ p5etrat+ obs]vation & skilful del9eation ( ! *>act]i/ic =m & pose ( ! animal4 ,probably mammo?s 7 gett+ r>e 9 ! s\? ( ,france :5 ^! draw+s 7 made1 & 7 n s famili> 9 all _! details to ! arti/ z 7 bison1 horse1 & de]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,m5 ,! works ( art produc$ by ! cave-m5 are1 z we h already se51 ( five k9ds or classes-7#a7 ,all-r\nd small /atuettes1 or high-relief c>v+s1 9 ivory1 bone1 or /one 7examples ( :i* are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ad1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh ( ! pres5t *apt]72 7#b7 small engrav+s on bits ( ivory1 de]'s antl]1 bone1 or /one 7examples are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 #bj1 & #bd72 7#c7 l>ge /atues1 hewn 9 rock1 & left 9 place2 7#d7 draw+s ( l>ge size-two to five feet 9 diamet] 7p>tly engrav$ & p>tly col\r$7 on ! rocky walls & vaults ( lime/one cav]ns 7%[n 9 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 z well z 9 ! figures ( mammo?s 9 ! la/ *apt]72 7#e7 models 7high relief7 work$ 9 clay4 ,i give reproductions 9 ! pres5t *apt] ( sev]al samples ( ?is art1 %[+ h[ skilfully ^! m5 ( #ej1jjj ye>s ago c\ld portray a v>iety ( animals4 ,:o 7 ^! m51 & :y did !y make ^! rem>kable c>v+s & draw+s8 ,fir/1 z to _! age4 ,we n[ "k ( a long succession ( human inhabitants ( ?is "p ( ! _w1 namely1 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! e>lie/ rea* back to an antiquity nev] dream$ ( fifty ye>s ago4 ,we _c fix ) any c]ta9ty ! numb] ( ?\s&s1 or hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ( ye>s :i* is repres5t$ by ?is succession1 b we c place ! diff]5t p]iods 9 ord]1 "o lat] ?an ! o!r1 ea* di/+ui%$ *iefly by ! "* ( ! workman%ip belong+ to x1 ?\gh 9 a few in/ances we h also ! actual limb-bones1 skulls1 & jaw-bones ( ! m5 !mselves1 :i* diff] 9 diff]5t p]iods4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ^! prehi/oric successive p]iods ( humanity d n repres5t ! /eps ( gr[? & *ange ( "o s+le race belong+ to ?is "p ( ! _w1 b t successive races h arriv$ on ! sc5e ( ,we/]n ,europe f o!r p>ts1 & x is usually v difficult ev5 to guess :]e !y came f & :]e !y w5t to6 ,x is conv5i5t to divide ! human epo*1 ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce man def9itely took %ape z man-*>act]iz$ by 8 l>ge bra91 small tee?1 upright c>riage1 & l>ge opposable ?umb & /ill l>g] & m peculi> non-opposable great toe-into ! hi/oric & ! prehi/oric sections4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! _w 7,europe7 ! fir/ use ( metals 7fir/ ( all copp]1 !n bronze1 & !n iron71 z ! mat]ial = ! fabrication ( implem5ts & tools ( all k9ds1 occurs j on ! l9e betwe5 ! hi/oric & ! prehi/oric sections2 t is to say1 betwe5 ^? times ( :i* we "k some?+ by tradition & writ+1 & ^? e>li] times ( :i* we h no record & no tradition1 b conc]n+ :i* we h to make out :at we c by se>*+ ! refuse heaps & ru9s ( man's dwell+-places & c>efully collect+ su* ( 8 works z h n utt]ly p]i%$1 :il/ not+ :i* lie deep] 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* above & :i* bel[ ! o!rs4 ,practically ! m5 ( ! prehi/oric ages 9 ,europe _h n ! use ( metals 7?\gh our quasi-hi/orical records g back to a less remote "t 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe ?an !y d 9 ,greece1 ,assyria1 & ,egypt74 ,! prehi/oric peoples are spok5 ( z ! m5 ( ! ,/one ,age1 because !y us$ /one1 *iefly fl9t1 z _m savage races d to-day1 z ! mat]ial f :i* !y fabricat$ by means ( deftly /ruck bl[s all sorts ( implem5ts4 ,und\bt$ly !y also1 by aid ( /one knives1 saws & planes1 made weapons & o!r implem5ts ( wood & ( ! horns1 bones1 & tee? ( animals4 ,b ^! latt] sub/ances are p]i%able1 & h only be5 pres]v$ f decay "u special circum/ances1 su* z _! inclusion 9 ! deposits on ! floors ( cav]ns4 ,! ,/one ,age is itself readily & obvi\sly divisible into two p]iods4 ,! latt] is a comp>atively v %ort & rec5t p]iod1 :5 great skill 9 *ipp+ fl9ts & o!r /ones 0 atta9$1 & ! implem5ts s %ap$ 7 (t5 rubb$ on l>ge /ones ( v h>d mat]ial 7silice\s grit71 s z to poli% _! surfaces4 ,?is is ! ,neoli?ic1 or lat] ,/one1 p]iod1 & ext5ds back 9 ,europe c]ta9ly to #gjjj ,b4,c41 & probably a few ?\s& ye>s fur!r4 ,pass+ fur!r back ?an ?is1 we leave :at are call$ rec5t deposits1 & come to ^? associat$ ) great *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,we ent] ^u geological "t1 & va/ly *ang$ climatic & geographical conditions4 ,we are 9 ! old] ,/one p]iod1 call$ ! ,paloli?ic p]iod4 ,x is n really comp>able to ! ,neoli?ic1 s9ce x comprises _m successive ages ( man1 &1 al?\gh call$ ! ,paloli?ic or anci5t ,/one p]iod1 has no unity1 b1 :il/ readily divisible into sev]al sub-p]iods or epo*s ( comp>atively late date1 /ret*es back into imm5se geologic antiquity indicat$ by fl9t implem5ts ( special & div]se types1 :i* are f\nd 9 def9itely asc]ta9$ geologic horizons4 ,! ,plei/oc5e /rata-! late/ ( ! geologi/s' li/-are ! riv] gravels ( exi/+ riv] valleys1 ! deposits 9 _m caves1 & ! s&s & clays pil$ up by ice action dur+ ! repeat$ glacial ext5sions or epo*s ( glaciation :i* alt]nat$ ) mild] climate = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ov] nor? & middle ,europe4 ,x is id5tical ) ! ,paloli?ic p]iod1 :i*1 h[ev]1 probably ext5ds beyond x into ! ,plioc5e & ev5 fur!r back4 ,9 ! lat] deposits ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 :i* necess>ily h be5 less frequ5tly di/urb$ & re-deposit$ ?an ! old] ones1 we f9d m num]\s rema9s ( man's h&work1 & 9 less di/urb$ ord] ( succession1 ?an 9 ! old] deposits4 ,lately we h obta9$ 9 ,ea/ ,anglia beautifully-work$ fl9t implem5ts-! ro/ro-c>9ate1 or eagle's beaks-f bel[ %elly m>9e deposits-! ,r$ ,crag ( ,suffolk & ! ,norwi* ,crag-! olde/ b$s ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,!y 7 made by m5 :o liv$ 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 & c>ry ! anci5t ,/one p]iod ( man back to a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an 0 admitt$ n9e ye>s ago4 ,! ,plei/oc5e s]ies or sy/em ( /rata-also call$ ! ,quat]n>y to m>k its di/9ction f ! und]ly+ long s]ies ( ,t]ti>y /rata-does n comprise ! actual surface-deposits 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ,neoli?ic man are f\nd4 ,x is usual1 ?\gh p]haps n altoge!r logical1 to sep>ate ^! z ,rec5t & to beg9 ! long enum]ation ( geologic /rata aft] a c]ta9 int]val :5 ! relative levels ( l& & sea & ! dep? ( riv]-valleys 7 n precisely :at !y are to-day1 & ! human inhabitants ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 hunt]s us+ r\gh unpoli%$ fl9t implem5ts-9 fact1 :5 ! ,paloli?ic p]iod ( human culture _h n giv5 place to ! ,neoli?ic1 :i* 0 aft] "s t5 ?\s& ye>s itself to be sup]s$$ by ! age ( metals4 ,prehi/orians1 ! /ud5ts ( prehi/oric man-divide ! ,plei/oc5e s]ies ( deposits ) a view to a sy/ematic conception ( ! successive *anges ( man & 8 surr\nd+s dur+ ! p]iod occupi$ by _! deposition1 into an upp]1 a middle & a l[] gr\p-& fur!r h di/+ui%$ c]ta9 successive horizons 9 ^! gr\ps-*>act]iz$ by ! rema9s ( man & animals :i* !y conta94 ,!y are exhibit$ 9 ! tabul> /atem5t "h giv5 9 ! asc]ta9$ ord] ( _! succession1 & are repres5t$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,brita9 z well z 9 ,france4 ,,horizons ,,or ,,epo*s ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,or ,,quat]n>y ,,sy/em ,a4 ,,upp] ,,plei/oc5e 7po/-glacial2 also call$ epo* ( ! ,re9de]74 #a4 ,! ,azilian3 7,elapho-,t>&ian ( ,piette7 ne>e/ to ! ,neoli?ic section ( ! ,rec5t ,p]iod & m or less transitional to t p]iod2 nam$ aft] ! cav]n ( ! ,mas d',azil 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,arige4 ,! ,re9de] _h l>gely giv5 place to ! great ,r$ ,de] 7,c]vus elephus74 #b4 ,! ,magdel5ian3 nam$ aft] ! cave ( ,la ,madele9e 9 ! ,dordogne4 #c4 ,! ,solutrian3 aft] ,solutr ne> ,macon4 #d4 ,! ,aurignacian3 aft] ! grotto ( ,aurignac 9 ! ,haute ,g>onne4 ,b4 ,,middle ,,plei/oc5e 7p]iod ( ! la/ great ext5sion ( glaci]s74 #a4 ,! ,m\/i]ian3 s nam$ aft] ! cave ( ,le ,m\/i] 9 ,dordogne2 ! epo* ( ! ,ne&] m54 ,also call$ ! epo* ( ! ,mammo?1 :il/ ! upp] ,plei/oc5e is call$ ! epo* ( ! ,re9de]1 ?\gh ! ,mammo? /ill surviv$ !n 9 r$uc$ numb]s4 ,c4 ,,l[] ,,plei/oc5e 7int]-glacial & e>ly glacial1 also call$ p]iod ( ! ,hippopotamus & ( ,elephas antiquus & ,rh9oc]os ,m]ckii74 #a4 ,! ,*ellian3 nam$ aft] ,*elles on ! upp] ,se9e1 riv] gravels & s&s e>li] ?an ! ,m\/i]ian4 ,l>ge tongue-%ap$ fl9t implem5ts1 flak$ on bo? surfaces-! lat] & bett]-f9i%$ class$ z ,a*eulan1 aft] ,/4 ,a*eul1 ne> ,ami5s4 #b1 #c1 #d 444 v>i\s fluviatile & lacu/r9e gravels1 s&s & clays divisible into sep>ate successive horizons1 z well z m>9e deposits1 "s ( glacial orig9-includ+ ! mid-glacial gravel1 ! b\ld] clays & %elly ,r$ ,crag & ,norwi* ,crag 7b n ! und]ly+ ,corall9e ,crag1 :i* mu/ be class$ ) ! ,plioc5e74 ,! relations ( ! m>9e deposits to ! old] riv]-gravels & fre%-wat] deposits1 & to ! e>li] p]iods ( glacial ext5sion indicat$ by ! glacial mora9es ( c5tral ,europe1 h n be51 z yet1 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,! am\nt ( ! s$im5t>y deposits ( ! e>?'s cru/ belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e or ,quat]n>y ,p]iod-ab\t #bej feet 9 ?ickness-is exce$+ly small1 & repres5ts a surpris+ly %ort space ( "t z comp>$ ) t indicat$ by ! va/ ?ickness ( und]ly+ deposits4 ,x has nev]!less be5 possible to /udy & classify ! horizons ( ?is late/ v %ort p]iod m9utely because ! deposits are easily excavat$1 & hav+ be5 m rec5tly laid d[n h n suff]$ s mu* subsequ5t break+ up & de/ruction z h ! old] /rata2 & fur!r1 because !y emb$ at c]ta9 levels & 9 fav\rable situations an abundance ( well-pres]v$ bones & tee? ( animals & ! implem5ts & c>v+s 9 /one & bone made by man4 ,x is wor? :ile to look at ?is matt] a little m exactly4 ,! total ?ickness ( s$im5t>y deposits-t is1 deposit laid d[n by ! action ( wat] on ! e>?'s surface1 & n[ e/imat$ by ! measurem5t ( /rata ly+ "o ov] ! o!r 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe-tilt$ & expos$ to view s t we c trace out _! ord] ( sup]-position-is ab\t #acj1jjj feet4 ,! l[] half ( ?is huge deposit conta9s no fossiliz$ rema9s ( ! liv+ ?+s :i* 7 pres5t 9 ! wat]s :i* laid x d[n2 !y 7 s(t1 probably %ell-less & boneless1 & s no fossiliz$ trace ( !m is pres]v$4 ,?us we divide ! s$im5t>y cru/ into #fe1jjj feet ( ar*aic non-fossilif]\s deposit1 & an ov]ly+ #fe1jjj feet ( fossil-conta9+ deposits4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s ( liv+ ?+s kn[n are n v diff]5t f m>9e creatures ( to-day2 !y are ! /range %rimp-l ,trilobites & ! ,l+ula-%ells f\nd 9 ! l[] ,cambrian rocks ( ,wales4 ,ov] !m lie #fe1jjj feet ( s$im5t>y deposit team+ ) fossils-! petrifi$ rema9s ( animals & plants4 ,! ,trilobites & ! ,l+ulas mu/ h _h a long s]ies ( ance/ors lead+ up to !m f ! simple/ beg9n+s ( life-= !y are highly organiz$ creatures4 ,b no trace ( ^? ance/ors is pres]v$ 9 ! #fe1jjj feet ( s$im5t>y rock und]ly+ ! e>lie/ fossils4 ,?is great basal mass ( non-fossilif]\s deposit is call$ ! ,ar*an s]ies4 ,! #fe1jjj feet ( deposit above x are divid$ by geologi/s into ?ree v unequal s]ies4 ,! fir/ & l[e/ is ! ,prim>y or ,palozoic s]ies1 occupy+ ! enorm\s ?ickness ( #eb1jjj feet2 above ^! we h ! ,second>y or ,mesozoic s]ies ( #aj1jjj feet1 & la/ly1 br++ u to rec5t "t1 we h ! ,t]ti>y or ,ca9ozoic ( only #cjjj feet4 ,^! ?ree s]ies am\nt 9 all to #fe1jjj feet4 ,! ,palozoic s]ies is m ?an five times z ?ick z ! ,mesozoic1 & ^! two tak5 toge!r are tw5ty times ! ?ickness ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,ea* s]ies is divid$ by geologi/s into a s]ies ( sy/ems1 di/+ui%$ by ! fossils !y conta91 :i*1 on ! :ole1 indicate animals ( a high] degree ( evolution z we asc5d ! s]ies4 ,! ,palozoic s]ies include ! va/ ?icknesses ( ! ,cambrian1 ! ,ordovician1 ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian sy/ems4 ,! fir/ trilobite is f\nd 9 ! l[e/ ,cambrian rocks1 & ! la/ or mo/ rec5t exi/$ 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod-aft] #ej1jjj feet ( rock _h be5 deposit$4 ,none are kn[n ( lat] age4 ,! fir/ fossil rema9s ( a v]tebrate are f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! ,silurian-9 b$s 7t is to say1 /ratifi$ rocks7 :i* are j half-way 9 position s f> z ! measurable ?ickness ( ! deposits are conc]n$1 betwe5 ! e>lie/ ,cambrian fossils & ! s$im5ts ( ! pres5t day4 ,to put x ano!r way1 #cd1jjj feet ( fossilif]\s rock prec$e ! /ratum 7upp] ,silurian7 9 :i* ! e>lie/ rema9s ( v]tebrates are f\nd4 ,^! fir/ v]tebrates to appe> 7o!rs s(t & de/ructible prec$$ !m7 are fi%es-a gr\p :i*1 ap>t f ?is fact1 are %[n by _! /ructure to pres5t ! ance/ral =m ( all ! v]tebrate classes4 ,9 lat] ,palozoic b$s we f9d ! rema9s ( f\r-legg$ creatures l our liv+ newts & salam&]s4 ,! ,second>y or ,mesozoic s]ies is divid$ into ! ,triassic1 ,jurassic & ,cretace\s sy/ems4 ,x ends ) ! famili> *alk deposit ( ?is "p ( ! _w1 & is (t5 call$ ! age ( ,reptiles1 because l>ge reptiles ab\nd$ 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! ,t]ti>y or ,ca9ozoic s]ies are divid$ into ! ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e sy/ems4 ,! huge reptiles disappe> & _! place is tak5 by an endless v>iety ( w>m-blood$1 hairy animals-! ,mammals-small at fir/1 b 9 lat] b$s (t5 ( great size4 ,z we pass upw>ds f ! ,eoc5e we c trace ! ance/ry ( our liv+ ,mammals su* z ! horse1 rh9oc]os1 pig & elephant 9 successive =ms4 ,complete skeletons are pres]v$ 9 ! rocks & %[ a gradual transition f ! m primitive ,eoc5e k9ds-?r\gh ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e modifications-until 9 ! ,plei/oc5e /rata _m ( ! species n[ inhabit+ ! e>?'s surface are f\nd4 ,a numb] ( horizons1 *>act]iz$ by ! special mammalian & o!r animal rema9s pres]v$ 9 !m1 are di/+ui%$ by geologi/s 9 ea* ( ! sy/ems ( s&s1 clays & h>d] b$s kn[n z ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e1 ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e4 ,at la/ we arrive at ! late/ or mo/ rec5t #bej feet ( deposit1 consi/+ ( s&1 clay & gravel4 ,?is is call$ ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is only a v small fraction 7_/?7 ( ! ?ickness ( ! :ole fossil-be>+ s$im5t>y cru/ ( ! e>?-ab\t ! proportion ( ! ?ickness ( a common pav+-/one to ! :ole height ( ,%akespe>e's cliff at ,dov]4 ,?is ,plei/oc5e or po/-glacial ,t]ti>y-(t5 n[ call$ ,quat]n>y-has be5 s c>efully exam9$ t we divide x z %[n on page #ci into upp]1 middle & l[]1 & ea* ( ^! divisions into successive horizons 7only a few feet ?ick7 *>act]iz$ by ! rema9s ( diff]5t species ( animals & (t5 by ! diff]+ implem5ts & c>v+s z well z ! bones ( successive races ( m54 ,:5 we are conc]n$ ) writt5 hi/ory1 anci5t ,egypt seems to be ( va/ & almo/ appall+ antiquity2 on ! o!r h&1 if we /udy ! cave-m51 anci5t ,egypt becomes relatively mod]n1 & ! fir/ cold p]iod & ext5sion ( glaci]s1 :i* #ejj1jjj ye>s ago m>k$ ! passage f ,plioc5e to ,plei/oc5e1 becomes our famili> example ( some?+ belong+ to ! remote pa/-beyond or bel[ :i* we r>ely let our ?\ghts w&]4 ,t is a natural result ( conc5tration on a special /udy4 ,b x has _h ! curi\s result1 9 _m cases1 ( mak+ /ud5ts ( anci5t man unwill+ to admit ! discov]y ( evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( man at an e>li] date ?an t :i* belongs to ! deposits & rema9s to :i* _! life-long /udies h be5 conf9$ & ^u :i* _! ?\ght is conc5trat$4 ,! la/ #ejj1jjj ye>s ( ! e>?'s vicissitudes1 :i* result$ 9 ! #bej feet ( ,plei/oc5e deposit & ! m>vell\s treasures ( e>ly humanity emb$d$ 9 !m1 =m b a trivial po/script to ! great geological record :i* prec$es x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4-;,horse 7wall engrav+71 cave ( ,m>s\las1 ,haute ,g>onne4 ,! draw+ sugge/s ! ,s\!rn less heavy bre$ z comp>$ ) ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4-;,horse 7wall engrav+7 outl9$ 9 black1 cave ( ,niaux 7,arige74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4-;,horses3 ,a1 wall engrav+ 7cave ( ,hornos de la ,pna74 ,b1 wall engrav+ f cav]n ( ,comb>elles4 ,c1 engrav$ on re9de] antl] 7,mas d',azil74 ,note ! halt] 9 ,a & 9 ,c2 also note ! heavy head & face ( ,b l t ( ,prejalvski's horse4 ,no e/imate c be made ( ! "t repres5t$ by ! #fe1jjj feet ( fossilif]\s /rata kn[n to u & ! same ?ickness ( non-fossilif]\s deposit :i* prec$es !m4 ,!re are no facts kn[n ^u :i* a calculation ( ! relat$ lapse ( "t c be bas$4 ,b mo/ geologi/s w\ld agree t :il/ we h good gr\nd = assign+ half a million ye>s to ! =mation ( ! ,plei/oc5e /rata1 x is n an unreasonable supposition t ! p]iod requir$ = ! =mation ( ! fossilif]\s rocks :i* prec$e !m 9 "t1 is n less & probably m ?an five hundr$ million ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4-;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( a flat c>v+ 9 %\ld]-bone ( a horse's head1 %[+ twi/$ rope-bridle & trapp+s4 a appe>s to repres5t a flat ornam5t$ b& ( wood or sk9 connect+ ! muzzl+ rope b ) o!r pieces c & d4 ,?is specim5 is f ! cave ( ,/4 ,mi*el d',arudy1 & is ( ! ,re9de] p]iod4 ,?is1 & o!rs l x are 9 ! same museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4-;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( a fully r\nd$ c>v+ 9 re9de]'s antl] ( ! head ( a neigh+ horse4 ,! head resembles t ( ! ,mongolian horse4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic ( ! cave-m5's c>v+s yet discov]$4 ,x is ( ! ,paloli?ic age 7e>ly ,re9de] p]iod71 probably n less ?an #ej1jjj ye>s old4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,mas d',azil1 ,arige1 ,france1 & is n[ 9 ! museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,! pictures & c>v+s ) :i* we are = ! mom5t conc]n$ all belong to ! lat] ,plei/oc5e or ,re9de] epo*4 ,none h be5 f\nd 9 ! middle & e>li] ,plei/oc5e1 ?\gh f9ely-*ipp$ fl9ts ( sev]al successive types are f\nd 9 ^? e>li] b$s4 ,s t x is cle> t _m successive ages ( man _h elaps$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe be=e ^! pictures-imm5sely anci5t z !y are-7 execut$4 ,! m5 :o made ^! works ( art _h ages ( humanity1 tradition1 & culture 7( a k9d7 beh9d !m4 ,yet !y 7 !mselves t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s e>li] ?an ! anci5t ,egyptians6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4-,re9de] engrav+ on s*i/1 small size 7cav]n ( ,laug]ie basse74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4-,rh9oc]os 9 r$ outl9e 7#b feet long71 drawn on ! wall ( ! cav]n ( ,font de ,gaume4 ,our illu/rations %[ a v>iety ( draw+s & c>v+s4 ,x appe>s probable t ! primitive int5tion ( anci5t man 9 depict+ animals 0 to "w magic on ^? :i* he hunt$4 ,?is is ! case at ! pres5t day among _m savage races4 ,! draw+s ( bisons 9 ,fig4 #ai are f ! walls ( ! cav]n ( ,font de ,gaume1 9 ! ,dordogne1 & are ab\t #e ft4 long1 p>tly engrav$ & scrap$1 p>tly outl9$ 9 black1 & col\r$4 ,! body is (t5 col\r$ 9 r$1 :ite & black1 s z to give a true repres5tation ( ! masses ( hair & surface cont\rs4 ,a specially well pres]v$ pa9t+ ( ?is k9d-f ! cav]n ( ,altamira-is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 :]e ! col\rs ( ! orig9al-black1 r$1 & br[n1 & :ite are indicat$ by ! v>i$ %ad+4 ,^! draw+s1 l ^? ( ! mammo?s figur$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are f\nd 9 ! recesses ( cav]ns :]e no daylight rea*es !m1 & mu/ h be5 execut$ & view$ by aid ( tor* or lamp-light4 ,!y probably 7 exhibit$ z "p ( a c]emony connect$ ) wit*craft & magic4 ,^!1 l ! mammo?s & all ! specim5s figur$ "h1 7 execut$ 9 ! ,re9de]1 or lat] ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,! exact horizon ( ea* is1 z a rule1 well asc]ta9$1 b !re is unc]ta9ty z to :e!r "s specim5s %\ld be attribut$ to ! ,aurignacian or to ! ,magdal5ian horizon-& z to :e!r "w by m5 ( ! ,magdal5ian race is n 9 "s cases associat$ 9 ! cave deposits ) t by ! e>li] negroid ,aurignacians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4-;,bison f ! ro( ( ! cav]n ( ,altamira3 engrav$1 & also pa9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs 7#e feet long74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4-;,bison3 wall engrav+s 7#e feet long7 fill$ 9 ) col\r 7,font de ,gaume74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4-;,be>3 engrav$ on /alagmite1 f ! cave ( ,teyjat ne> ,eyzies4 7,small size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4-;,be>1 engrav$ on /one1 ,massol 7,arige74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4-,wolf1 engrav$ on wall ( ! cave ( ,comb>elles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4-,wall engrav+ ( a ,cave ,lion 7,comb>elles74 ,! horses %[n are f v>i\s caves4 ,fig4 #ab is drawn 9 black on ! wall ( a cave at ,niaux 7,arige71 & ,fig4 #aa is a simil> draw+ f a cave 9 ! ,haute ,g>onne4 ,bo? are rem>kable = ! exact repres5tation ( natural poses ( ! horse4 ,figs4 #ac1 ,a & ,b1 are also f ! walls ( caves4 ,! latt] is rem>kable = ! l>ge head1 %ort mane1 & ?ick muzzle1 :i* closely correspond ) ! same p>ts 9 ! exi/+ wild horse ( ! ,gobi des]t 9 ,t>t>y 7to be se5 alive 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 ,london74 ,! horse drawn 9 ,fig4 #aa seems to belong to a di/9ct race1 sugge/+ ! ,s\!rn ,arab horse r ?an ! heavi] & m clumsy horse ( ! ,gobi des]t4 ,fig4 #ac1 ,c1 is engrav$ ( ! size "h giv51 on a piece ( re9de]'s antl]4 ,x is rem>kable = ! halt]-l r+ ar\nd ! muzzle4 ,a simil> cord or rope is se5 9 ,fig4 #ab & 9 ,fig4 #ac1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4-;,goose3 small engrav+ on re9de] antl] 7,g\rdan74 ,! mo/ rem>kable horses' heads obta9$ are ^? drawn 7( ! actual size ( ! c>v+s7 9 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,fig4 #ad is f ! cave ( ,/4 ,mi*ael d',arudy1 engrav$ on a flat piece ( %\ld]-bone4 ,x %[s :at c only be int]pret$ z "s k9d ( halt]1 made app>5tly ( twi/$ rope 7b1 c1 d71 dispos$ ab\t ! animal's head1 :il/ a broad1 flat piece ornam5t$ ) angul> m>ks is atta*$ at ! regions m>k$ a4 ,?is & o!r draw+s simil> to ,fig4 #ac1 ,c 7( :i* !re are _m71 g f> to prove t ^! e>ly m5 _h ma/]$ ! horse & put a k9d ( bridle on 8 head4 ,fig4 #ae is a solid all-r\nd c>v+ 9 re9de]'s antl] f ! cave ( ,mas d',azil1 ,arige 7,france74 ,! orig9al is ( ?is size1 & is suppos$ to be "o ( ! olde/ & yet is ! mo/ arti/ic yet discov]$1 & wor?y to comp>e ) ! horses ( ! ,p>!non4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj we h a wond]ful outl9e ( a be> engrav$ on a piece ( /one1 f ! cave ( ,teyjat1 9 ! ,dordogne2 ,fig4 #bb1 ! head ( a wolf on ! wall ( ! cave ( ,comb>elles1 ,dordogne2 ,fig4 #bc1 lion 7mane-less71 engrav$ on ! wall ( ! same cave2 ,fig4 #ba1 small be>1 engrav$ on a pebble2 ,fig4 #bd1 a duck engrav$ on a piece ( re9de]'s antl] 7,g\rdan1 ,haute ,g>onne72 ,fig4 #ag1 ! squ>e-m\!d1 two-horn$ rh9oc]os1 drawn 9 r$ 7o*re7 outl9e on ! wall ( ! cav]n ( ! ,font de ,gaume4 ,?is draw+ is #b ft4 long4 ,9 successful *>act]ization ! be> 7,fig4 #bj71 ! wolf 7,fig4 #bb71 & ! fel9e 7,fig4 #bc7 f> surpass any ( ! attempts at animal draw+ made by mod]n savages1 su* z ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,cali=nian ,indians1 & ,au/ralian black fell[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4-;,female figure c>v$ 9 oolitic lime/one f ,will5dorf ne> ,krems1 ,l[] ,au/ria 7#aijh74 ,half ! size 7l9e>7 ( ! orig9al4 ,fig4 #bg is an outl9e sket* ( a rock-c>v$ /atue1 #ah 94 high1 prov$ by ! k9d ( fl9t implem5ts f\nd ) x to be ( ,aurignacian age4 ,x 0 discov]$ on a rubble-cov]$ face ( a rock-cliff at ,laussel1 9 ! ,dordogne1 by ,m4 ,lalanne4 ,! woman holds a bov9e horn 9 h] "r h&4 ,! face is oblit]at$ by wea!r+4 ,f\r o!r human /atues 7 f\nd 9 ! same place1 "o a male1 mu* brok51 b obvi\sly /&+ 9 ! position tak5 by 7,fig4 #bh7 a man ?r[+ a spe> or draw+ a b[4#c ,ne> ^! 7 f\nd a frieze ( life-siz$ horses c>v$ 9 high relief on ! rock4 ,^! are ! only /atues ( any size1 execut$ by ! ,re9de] m51 yet discov]$4 ,! repres5tations ( m5 are r>e among ^! e>lie/ works ( art1 & less successfully c>ri$ out ?an ^? ( animals4 ,b sev]al small /atuettes ( wom5 9 bone1 ivory1 & /one ( ! e>ly ,aurignacian horizon are kn[n4 ,!y sugge/1 by _! =m ( body1 aff9ity ) ! ,bu%m5 race ( to-day 7,fig4 #be74 ,! all-r\nd c>v+ ( a female head 7,fig4 #bf7 also sugge/s ,e?iopian aff9ities 9 ! dress+ ( ! hair4 ,"s reg>d ?is hair-l head-dress z a cap4 ,"h & !re badly execut$ outl9e engrav+s ( m51 "s app>5tly we>+ masks1 h be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4-;,draw+ 7( ! actual size ( ! orig9al7 ( an ivory c>v+ 7fully r\nd$7 ( a female head4 ,! specim5 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,brassemp\y1 9 ! ,l&es4 ,x is ( ! e>lie/ ,re9de] p]iod1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! hair or cap is rem>kable4 ,! fact t ! ,re9de] m5 7 skilful 9 devis+ decorative design-n repres5t+ actual natural objects-is %[n by ! c>v+ drawn 9 ,fig4 #bi & 9 _m o!rs l x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4-,seat$ figure ( a woman hold+ a bov9e horn 9 ! "r h&2 high relief c>v$ on a lime/one rock2 ab\t #ah in*es high4 ,discov]$ at ,laussel 7,dordogne7 9 a rock-%elt] 9 #aiaa1 by ,m4 ,lalanne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4-,male figure repres5t$ 9 ! act ( draw+ a b[ or ?r[+ a spe>4 ,c>v$ on lime/one rock2 ab\t #af in*es high4 ,discov]$ by ,m4 ,lalanne ) t drawn 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! lat] horizons ( ! ,re9de] p]iod or ,upp] ,plei/oc5e yield "s beautiful outl9e engrav+s ( r$ de] & re9de] 7,fig4 #af7 on antl]-bone1 z well z ( o!r animals4 ,"o celebrat$ c>v+ ,i h describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book4 ,x is n[ reg>d$ z probable t :il/ ! art ( ! ,aurignacians p]si/$ & develop$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france & ,nor?-,we/ ( ,spa9 until & dur+ ! "t ( ! ,magdal5ian horizon1 yet a di/9ct race1 ) a diff]5t /yle ( art1 spread ?r\gh ,s\?-,ea/ ,spa9 & also f ,italy into t region1 & affect$ injuri\sly ! naturali/ic ,aurignacian art1 & sup]s$$ x 9 ,azilian & ,neoli?ic times4 ,we f9d late draw+s 7,azilian age87 9 "s ( ! ea/ ,spani% caves ( a v mu* simplifi$ "*1 small human figures arm$ ) b[ & arr[1 & o!rs r$uc$ to geometric or m]e symbolic l9es d]iv$ f human & animal =m 7see ,fig4 #eb1 p4 #bjf74 ,! late/ /udies ( ,breuil on ?is subject t5d to ?r[ light by aid ( ^! simplifi$ in>ti/ic & symbolic draw+s on ! migrations ( v e>ly races 9 ! s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,europe1 & to connect !m p]haps ) ,nor? ,african contempor>y races4 ,! subject is z difficult z x is fasc9at+4 ,^? :o wi% to get to ! orig9al s\rces ( in=mation %\ld consult ! la/ t5 ye>s' issues ( ! invaluable ,fr5* p]iodical call$ ,l',an?ropologie1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,m>cel9 ,b\le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4-;,a piece ( mammo? ivory c>v$ ) spirals & scrolls f ! cave ( ,arudy 7,hautes ,pyrnes74 ,same size z ! object4 ,,footnote3 #c ,m4 ,re9a* relates 7,rep]toire de l',art ,quat]maire7 t two ( ^! /atues 7 9 #aiab delib]ately /ol5 by ! ,g]man ,v]worn pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,bonn1 :o repaid ! hospitality ( ,m4 ,lalanne by brib+ 8 workman & secretly c>ry+ (f ^! valuable specim5s to ,g]many1 :]e 7x is /at$7 !y 7 sold to ! museum ( ,b]l9 = a l>ge sum4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,vesuvius ,,9 ,,eruption ,at int]vals ( t5 to tw5ty ye>s ! be/-kn[n volcano 9 ! _w-,vesuvius1 on ! ,bay ( ,naples-has 9 ! la/ two c5turies bur/ into eruption1 & ! probability ( ! recurr5ce ( ?is viol5t /ate ( activity1 at no di/ant date1 r5d] "s acc\nt ( my own acqua9tance ) t great & wond]ful ?+ seasonable4 ,we inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ( ,europe h little p]sonal exp]i5ce ( e>?quakes1 & /ill less ( volcanoes1 = !re is n 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s ev5 an ext9ct volcanic cone to rem9d u ( ! t]rible =ces held d[n b5ea? our feet by ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,9 regions z ne> z ! ,auv]gne ( ,c5tral ,france & ! ,eiffel1 close to ! junction ( ! ,moselle ) ! ,rh9e1 !re are complete volcanic crat]s ^: fi]y orig9 is recogniz$ ev5 by ! local peasantry4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ by ^! optimi/ folk z ! products ( anci5t fires long s9ce burnt out4 ,! natives h z little appreh5sion ( a r5ew$ activity ( _! volcanoes z we h ( ! outbur/ ( molt5 lava & deva/at+ cl\ds ( a%es & poison\s vap\r f ! top ( ,primrose ,hill4 ,nev]!less1 ! hot spr+s & gas issu+ f fissures 9 ! ,auv]gne %[ t ! subt]ranean fires are n yet clos$ d[n1 & may at any day bur/ aga9 into viol5t activity4 ,su* also 0 ! happy indiff]5ce ) :i* f "t immemorial ! ,greek coloni/s & o!r e>li] & lat] inhabitants ( ! ri* & beautiful %ores ( ! ,neapolitan bay be=e ! fateful ye> ,a4,d4 #gi1 _h reg>d$ ! l[ crat]-topp$ m\nta9 call$ ,vesuvius or ,vesbius1 z well z ! great circul> =e/-gr[n or lake-hold+ cups ne> ,cum & ! ,cape ,mis5um1 at ! nor!rn end ( ! bay-kn[n to-day z ! ,solfat>a1 ,a/roni1 ,monti ,grillo1 ,b>b>o1 & ,cigliano-& ! lakes ,lucr9o1 ,av]no1 & ,agnano4 ,^! toge!r ) ! ,monte ,nuovo-:i* sudd5ly rose f ! sea ne> ,bai 9 #aech & z sudd5ly disappe>$-con/itute ! ,phlegran fields4 ,vesuvius 0 l(ti] ?an any "o ( ! ,phlegran crat]s1 & ! g5tle slope by :i* x rose f ! sea level to a height ( ne>ly #cgjj ft4 _h1 z n[1 a circumf]5ce ( t5 miles4 ,x did n t]m9ate 9 a cone1 z 9 lat] ages1 b 9 a depress$1 circul>1 =e/-cov]$ area measur+ a mile across1 :i* 0 ! anci5t crat]4 ,a draw+ %[+ ! %ape ( ! m\nta9 at ?is p]iod is ! "w ( ! late ,pr(4 ,phillips ( ,ox=d 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! soil =m$ ar\nd & ^u ! anci5t lava-/reams ( ,vesuvius appe>s to h be5 always especially f]tile1 s t fl\ri%+ t[ns & villages occupi$ its slopes1 & ! ports ( ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi 7 ! seats ( a busy & long-e/abli%$ population4 ,! exi/5ce ( active volcanoes at no great di/ance f ,vesuvius 01 h[ev]1 well kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! great ,sicilian m\nta91 ,etna-m ?an #aj1jjj ft4 9 height1 ris+ f a base ( n9ety miles 9 circumf]5ce-& ! ,lip>i ,isl&s1 su* z ,/romboli & ,volcano1 7 = _m c5turies 9 int]mitt5t activity be=e ! fir/ record$ eruption ( ,vesuvius-t ( ,a4,d4 #gi-;& great eruptions are record$ z hav+ occurr$ 9 ! m\nta9 mass ( ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 close to ! ,bay ( ,naples1 9 ! fif?1 ?ird1 & fir/ c5turies ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4-,vesuvius z x appe>$ be=e ! eruption ( ,augu/ #bd1 ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,f a sket* by ,pr(4 ,phillips1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,nev]!less1 ! outbur/ ( ,vesuvius 9 ,a4,d4 #gi & its re-entrance into a /ate ( activity came ^u ! un=tunate population ar\nd x z an absolutely unexpect$ ?+4 ,at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s-probably sev]al ?\s& ye>s-_h pass$ s9ce ,vesuvius _h become ext9ct4 ,all tradition ( its prehi/oric activity _h disappe>$1 ?\gh ! le>n$ ,greek travell] ,/rabo _h po9t$ out ! indications x pres5t$ ( hav+ be5 once a seat ( consum+ fire4 ,f ,a4,d4 #fc !re 7 dur+ sixte5 ye>s frequ5t e>?quakes 9 its neighb\rhood1 :i*1 z we "k by records & inscriptions1 caus$ s]i\s damage to ! t[ns ar\nd x1 & !n sudd5ly1 on ! night ( ,aug4 #bd1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 va/ explosions bur/ f its summit4 ,a huge black cl\d ( f9e du/ & c9d]s1 la/+ = ?ree days1 spread f x = tw5ty miles ar\nd1 /reams ( boil+ mud p\r$ d[n its sides1 & 9 a few h\rs cov]$ ! city ( ,h]culaneum1 :il/ a d5se %[] ( hot volcanic du/ completely buri$ ! gay little seaside resort kn[n z ,pompeii4 ,_m ?\s& p]sons p]i%$1 *ok$ by ! vap\rs or ov]:elm$ by ! hot c9d]s or engulf$ 9 ! boil+ mud4 ,! great naturali/ ,pl9y 0 9 comm& ( ! fleet at ,cape ,mis5um1 & w5t by %ip across ! bay to r5d] assi/ance to ! inhabitants ( ! t[ns at ! foot ( ,vesuvius4 ,pl9y's nephew wrote two lett]s to ! hi/orian ,tacitus1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ^! ev5ts & ( ! rem>kable c\rage & coolness ( 8 uncle1 :o1 aft] sleep+ ! night at ,/abi1 0 suffocat$ by ! sulphur\s vap\rs z he advanc$ into ! op5 c\ntry ne> ! volcano4 ,! fri5ds :o 7 ) him left him to 8 fate & made _! escape4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y _h prud5tly rema9$1 out ( dang]1 ) 8 "m at ,mis5um4 ,! alt]nat+ p]iods ( activity & ( re/ exhibit$ by volcanoes seem to u caprici\s1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day are n suffici5tly well und]/ood to enable u to disc]n any ord] or regul>ity 9 _! succession4 ,vesuvius is a ?\s& c5turies old1 & we h only kn[n x = ?irty4 ,we _c expect to get ! "t-table ( its activities on s brief an acqua9tance4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ,vesuvius1 hav+1 aft] immemorial sil5ce1 spasmodically bur/ into eruption & spread deva/ation ar\nd x1 resum$ its slumb] = _m ye>s4 ,!re is no m5tion ( its activity = #acj ye>s aft] ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,!n x gr[l$ & s5t =? /eam & c9d]-du/ to an ext5t suffici5t to attract att5tion aga92 its ef=ts 7 !reaft] record$ once or s 9 a c5tury1 ?\gh little1 if any1 h>m 0 done by x4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aaci !re 0 a great ?r[+-up ( du/ & /ones1 ) /eam1 :i* reflect$ ! light ( molt5 lava )9 ! crat]1 & look$ l flames4 ,& !n = close on #ejj ye>s !re 0 little1 if any1 sign ( activity4 ,! eruptions betwe5 t ( ,a4,d4 #gi & t ( ,a4,d4 #aaci _h be5 ejections ( /eam & c9d]s1 unaccompani$ by any fl[ or /ream ( lava4 ,!n sudd5ly ! :ole bus9ess %ut up = #ejj ye>s1 & aft] t-also q sudd5ly-9 #afca1 a really big eruption took place1 exce$+ 9 volume ! cata/rophe ( ,pl9y's date4 ,n only 7 columns ( du/ & vap\r eject$ to a height ( _m miles1 b sev]al /reams ( :ite-hot lava ov]fl[$ ! edge ( ! crat] & rea*$ ! seacoa/1 de/roy+ t[ns & villages on ! way4 ,"s ( ^! lava-/reams 7 five miles broad1 & c be /udi$ at ! pres5t day4 ,z _m z #ah1jjj p]sons 7 kill$4 ,!re 7 ?ree m eruptions 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & f t date !re set 9 a p]iod ( f> m frequ5t outbur/s1 :i* h cont9u$ to our own times4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 tw5ty-?ree di/9ct eruptions1 la/+ ea* f a few h\rs to two or ?ree days1 & ( v>y+ degrees ( viol5ce-a va/ /eam-jet =c+ up c9d]s & /ones f ! crat] into ! air1 usually accompani$ by ! outfl[ ( lava1 f cracks 9 sides ( ! crat]1 9 great] or less quantity4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 tw5ty-five di/9ct eruptions1 ! mo/ =midable ( :i* 7 ^? ( #ahbb1 #ahcd1 & #ahgb4 ,all ( ! eruptions ( ,vesuvius 9 ! la/ #bhj ye>s h be5 c>efully describ$1 & mo/ ( !m record$ 9 col\r$ pictures 7a fav\rite indu/ry ( ! ,neapolitans71 %[+ ! appe>ance ( ! active volcano bo? by day & night & its *ange ( %ape 9 successive ye>s4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ! ,briti% ,ambassador at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7( ^: great folio volumes ,i am ! =tunate possessor71 l>gely occupi$ himself 9 ! /udy & description ( ,vesuvius1 & publi%$ illu/rations ( ! k9d m5tion$ above1 %[+ ! appe>ance ( ! m\nta9 at v>i\s epo*s4 ,s9ce 8 day !re has be5 no lack ( descriptions ( e succe$+ eruption1 & n[ we h ! records ( photography4 ,! crat] or bas9 =m$ by a volcano />ts ) ! op5+ ( a fissure 9 ! e>?'s surface communicat+ by a pipe-l passage ) v deeply-seat$ molt5 matt] & /eam4 ,:e!r ! molt5 matt] ?us naturally tapp$ is only a local1 ?\gh va/1 accumulation1 or is univ]sally di/ribut$ at a giv5 dep? bel[ ! e>?'s cru/1 & at h[ _m miles f ! surface1 is n kn[n4 ,x seems to be c]ta9 t ! great pressure ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? 7f five to tw5ty-five miles ?ick7 mu/ prev5t ! heat$ matt] bel[ x f becom+ ei!r liquid or gase\s1 :e!r ! heat ( t mass be due to ! crack+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ! friction ( ! mov+ surfaces z ! cru/ cools & %r9ks1 or is to be acc\nt$ = by ! orig9al high temp]ature ( ! entire mass ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,x is only :5 ! gigantic pressure is reliev$ by ! crack+ or fissur+ ( ! clos$ case call$ ! cru/ ( ! e>? t ! enclos$ deep-ly+ matt] ( imm5sely high temp]ature liquefies1 or ev5 vaporizes1 & ru%es into ! up-lead+ fissure4 ,/eam & gas ?us set free drive ev]y?+ be=e !m1 c>ry+ solid masses along ) !m1 te>+1 r5d+1 %ak+ ! f\ndations ( ! hills1 & issu+ 9 t]rific jets f ! e>?'s surface1 z ?r\gh a safety valve1 into ! a/oni%$ _w above4 ,(t5 9 a few h\rs !y *oke _! own pa? by ! de/ruction !y produce & ! fall+ 9 ( ! walls ( _! briefly-op5$ *annels4 ,!n !re is a lull ( h\rs1 days1 or ev5 c5turies1 & aft] t aga91 a movem5t ( ! cru/1 a giv+ ( ! blockage ( ! deep1 v]tical pipe1 & a r5ew$ ru% & jet ( exp&+ gas & liquefy+ rock4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( ?is process & its relations to ! /ructure & prop]ties ( ! out] cru/ & inn] mass ( ! globe is /ill a matt] ( discussion1 !ory & v]ification2 b :atev] conclusions geologi/s may rea* on ^! matt]s1 ! ma9 fact ( importance is t /eam & gases issue f ^! fissures ) enorm\s velocity & pressure1 & t a v5t ( ?is k9d1 once e/abli%$1 cont9ues1 z a rule1 to s]ve int]mitt5tly = c5turies1 &1 inde$1 = va/ p]iods to :i* we c assign no def9ite limits4 ,! solid matt] eject$ becomes pil$ up ar\nd ! v5t z a m\nd1 its outl9e tak+ ! graceful cat5>y curves ( re/ & adju/m5t to :i* are due ! great beauty ( volcanic cones4 ,! apex ( ! cone is bl[n away at int]vals by ! viol5t bla/s issu+ f ! v5t1 & ?us we h =m$ ! crat]1 v>y+ 9 ! area enclos$ by its m>g9 & 9 ! dep? & appe>ance ( ! cup s produc$4 ,at a rate dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( solid matt] eject$ by ! crat]1 ! m\nd w gr[ 9 ! c\rse ( "t to be a m\nta91 & (t5 second>y crat]s or tempor>y op5+s1 connect$ at "s dep? ) ! ma9 passage lead+ to ! c5tral v5t1 w =m on ! sides ( ! m\nd or m\nta94 ,sometimes ! old crat] w cease to gr[ 9 consequ5ce ( ! block+ ( its c5tral v5t & ! =mation ( "o or m subsidi>y v5ts1 ! activity ( :i* may bla/ away or smo!r ! cup-l edge ( ! fir/ crat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4-;,five successive /ages 9 ! *ange ( =m ( ,vesuvius 7aft] ,phillips' ,vesuvius1 ,ox=d1 #ahfi74 ,9 ! olde/ 7l[e/ figure7 we see ! m\nta9 ) its /ill e>li] outl9e complet$ by ! cone drawn 9 dott$ l9e4 ,)9 ! p]iod ( hi/oric record t cone _h n be5 se54 ,! m\nta9 _h1 s f> z m5 knew1 always be5 truncat$ z %[n "h & 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! next figure above %[s ! fur!r l[]+ ( ! m\nta9 by ! fir/ eruption on record-t :i* de/roy$ ,pompeii 9 ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,! comm5c+ =mation ( a new a%-cone is indicat$ by a dott$ l9e4 ,9 ! ?ree upp] figures we trace ! gradual gr[? ( ! new cone f #afca to #ahfh4 ,9 #ahgb ! top ( ! new a%-cone 0 bl[n away1 & ! m\nta9 rev]t$ to ! %ape ( #ahbb4 ,n[ 7#aibj7 ! cone has accumulat$ once m & is high] ?an x 0 9 #ahfh4 ,su* a hi/ory has be5 t ( ,vesuvius %[n 9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,9 geologic ages-p]haps "s ?\s&s ( c5turies ago-,vesuvius 0 probably a p]fect cone 7its outl9e is %[n at ! bottom ( p4 #fb7 "s #gjjj ft4 high1 ris+ by a *>act]i/ically accel]at$ upgr[? f a circle ( t5 miles or m 9 diamet] to its delicate c5tral peak1 holl[$ out at ! summit by a small crat] a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds across4 ,its eruptions at t "t 7 nei!r excessive nor viol5t4 ,!n came a p]iod ( greatly increas$ en]gy-! /eam-jet blew ) su* viol5ce t x %att]$ & disp]s$ ! cone1 l[]+ ! m\nta9 to #cgjj ft4 9 height1 truncat+ x & leav+ a proportionately wid5$ crat] ( a mile & a half 9 diamet]4 ,& !n ! m\nta9 repos$ = long c5turies4 ,we d n "k h[ long ?is p]iod ( ext9ction 01 = we d n "k :5 x began1 b we "k t ?is 0 ! /ate ( ! m\nta9 :5 9 ,a4,d4 #gi x once m bur/ into life4 ,9 rec5t ye>s-t is1 s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury ,a4,d41 a curi\s *ange took place 9 ! m\nta93 ! v5t or orifice ( ! conduct+ *annel by :i* eruptive matt]s 7 br\ght to ! surface ceas$ to be 9 ! c5tre ( ! wide brok5-d[n crat] ( ,pl9y's "t1 & a v5t 0 =m$ a few hundr$ y>ds to ! s\? ( ! c5tre ( ! old crat]1 ne>] to ! s\? side ( ! old crat]'s wall4 ,f ?is a%es or c9d]s issu$1 & 7 pil$ up to =m a new cone1 :i* soon add$ #fjj ft4 to ! height ( ! m\nta9 & cov]$ 9 ! s\!rn half ( ! old crat]'s lip1 :il/ leav+ ! nor!rn half or semicircle free4 ,?is latt] uncov]$ "p 0 call$ by ! ,italians ,monte ,somma1 & ! new cone l[ d[n 9 ! s\!rn side ( :i* ! re/ ( ! old crat]-lip c\ld be trac$1 0 h5ce=? spok5 ( z ! a%-cone & sometimes mislead+ly z ! true ,vesuvius4 ,cle>ly x 0 n ! true ,vesuvius s9ce x 0 a new gr[?4 ,! orig9al old ,vesuvius 0 cr[n$ by a crat] =m$ by ! cliffs ( ,monte ,somma & _! cont9uation r\nd to ! s\? side1 n[ m or less completely conceal$ by ! new a%-cone4 ,9 ! c\rse ( v>i\s eruptions dur+ ! la/ two c5turies ! new a%-cone ?us =m$ 0 bl[n away m or less completely1 & gradually grew up aga94 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 a p]man5t feature ( ! m\nta91 ?\gh a good deal cut d[n 9 #ahbb1 & lat] grew s high z to give a total elevation f ! sea-level ( #dcjj ft4 ,! crat] at ! top ( ! a%-cone has v>i$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury 9 wid? & dep?1 accord+ to its build+ up or bl[+ away by ! c5tral /eam jet4 ,9 #ahbb x is report$ to h be5 funnel-l & #bjjj ft4 deep1 tap]+ d[nw>ds to ! n>r[ fissures :i* are ! actual v5t4 ,at o!r times x has be5 l>gely fill$ by dbris1 & only #bjj ft4 deep4 ,molt5 lava has (t5 issu$ f fissures 9 ! sides ( ! a%-cone1 & ev5 l[] d[n on ! sides ( ! m\nta91 & a v small second>y crat] has sometimes appe>$ on ! side ( ! a%-cone #ajj ft4 or #bjj ft4 f ! t]m9al crat] :i* f9i%es (f ! cone4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! m\nta9 :5 ,i fir/ saw x 9 ! autumn ( #ahga4 ,six mon?s lat] ,i witness$ ! mo/ viol5t eruption ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,vesuvius kept up a cont9u\s ro> l t ( a railway eng9e lett+ (f /eam :5 at re/ 9 a cov]$ /ation only a ?\s&fold bigg]4 ,its vibrations %ook ) a deep musical note1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! h\se n9e miles di/ant 9 ,naples 9 :i* ,i 0 /ay+4 ,my w9d[s comm&$ a view ( ! m\nta91 & :5 ! noise ceas$ & ! huge /eam-cl\d cle>$ away1 ,i saw a diff]5t ,vesuvius1 ! high] "p ( ! a%-cone 0 gone1 & a huge gap 9 x _h be5 =m$ by ! bl[+ away ( its nor!rn side4 ,9 ,octob] #ahga1 :5 ,i jo9$ my fri5d ,anton ,dohrn at ,naples 9 ord] to /udy ! m>9e creatures ( ! beautiful bay1 ,vesuvius 0 9 ! pr\d possession ( a spl5did cone1 complet+ its graceful outl9e4 ,a little /eam-cl\d hung ab\t "o side ( ! cone dur+ ! day1 & z night came on ,vesuvius us$1 z we said1 to light 8 cig>4 ,9 fact1 a v small quantity ( molt5 lava 0 at t "t fl[+ f ! side ( ! a%-cone1 ab\t #ajj ft4 f its summit1 & ?is gave a mo/ picturesque effect z we wat*$ x f our balcony high up on ,pausilippo1 :5 ! sun set4 ,x 0 a fri5dly sort ( beacon1 f> away on ! comm&+ m\nta9's top1 :i* 0 answ]$ by ! light+ up ( a ?\s& lamps along ! coa/1 & by innum]able flam+ faggots 9 ! fi%]m5's boats mov+ across ! bay1 draw+ to _! light /range fi%es1 to be impal$ by ! long trid5ts ( ! skilful spe>m54 ,t little beacon light on ,vesuvius increas$ 9 volume 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree weeks1 & 0 supplem5t$ by o!r flam+ /reams & by %[]s ( r$-hot /ones f ! crat]4 ,?is small eruption 0 ! precursor by six mon?s ( ! great eruption ( ! end ( ,april #ahgb1 & ,i sp5t a night on ,vesuvius dur+ its progress1 & look$ into ! crat] f :i* ! gl[+ masses ( rock 7 be+ bel*$ =?4 ,n long be=e ,i w5t1 9 #ahga1 to ,naples ,i _h sp5t "s weeks 9 visit+ ! ext9ct volcanoes ( ! ,auv]gne & ( ! ,eiffel1 & ,i 0 eag] to exam9e ! /ill liv+ ,vesuvius4 ,9 ! fir/ week ( ,octob] ,i made an excursion to ! crat] ( ,vesuvius 9 company ) ! son ( a ,russian admiral1 ^: "n1 ,pop(f1 0 "u ! circum/ances unpleasantly sugge/ive4 ,we exam9$ "s black slaglike masses ( old lava-/reams1 & /ruggl$ up ! loose s&y a%-cone 7!re 0 no funicul> 9 ^? days71 & prodd$ ) our /icks ! few y>ds ( molt5 lava :i* em]g$ f ! side ( ! cone ab\t #ajj ft4 f ! summit4 ,on ,nov4 #a my fri5d ,anton ,dohrn 7:o 0 !n negotiat+ ) ! ,naples ,municipality = a site 9 ! ,villa ,nazionale on :i* to erect ! great ,zoological ,/ation & ,aqu>ium1 n[ s well kn[n7 0 ) me & "s ,neapolitan acqua9tances look+ at ,vesuvius across ! bay f ,pausilippo1 :]e we _h e/abli%$ ourselves1 :5 we notic$ t a long l9e ( /eam 0 ris+ f ! l[] "p ( ! a%-cone & t puffs ( /eam 7 issu+ at int]vals f ! crat]4 ,dio mio6 ,dio di ,dio6 cri$ ! ,neapolitans 9 t]ror1 & express$ _! int5tion ( leav+ ,naples )\t an h\r's delay4 ,z night fell a new gl[+ l9e ( fire appe>$ f> d[n ne> ! base ( ! a%-cone1 :il/ :at look$ 9 ! di/ance l sp>ks f a furnace1 b 7 really r$-hot /ones-ea* z big z a ,glad/one bag-7 ?r[n e two or ?ree m9utes f ! crat]4 ,we hir$ a c>riage1 drove to ,res9a 7built above buri$ ,h]culaneum71 & walk$ up t[>ds ! ,obs]vatory 9 ord] to sp5d ! night on ! burn+ m\nta94 ,we f\nd t two :ite-hot /reams1 ea* ab\t tw5ty y>ds broad at ! free end1 7 issu+ f ! base ( ! cone4 ,! gl[+ /ones ?r[n up by ! crat] 7 n[ sep>ately visible2 a l\d ro> accompani$ ea* spasmodic ejection4 ,! night 0 v cle>1 & a :ite firmly-cut cl\d1 due to ! /eam eject$ by ! crat]1 hung above x4 ,at int]vals we he>d a mild] detonation-t ( ?und] :i* accompani$ ! lightn+ :i* play$ 9 ! cl\d1 giv+ x a gre5i% illum9ation by contra/ ) ! r$ flame col\r reflect$ on to x by r$-hot mat]ial )9 ! crat]4 ,! flames attribut$ to volcanoes are g5]ally ( ?is nature1 b actual flames d sometimes occur 9 volcanic eruptions by ! ignition ( combu/ible gases4 ,! puffs ( /eam f ! crat] 7 sep>at$ by int]vals ( ab\t ?ree m9utes4 ,:5 an eruption becomes viol5t !y succe$ "o ano!r at ! rate ( _m 9 a second1 & ! =ce ( ! /eam jet is gigantic1 driv+ a column ( transp>5t sup]-heat$ /eam ) su* vig\r t z x cools into ! condition ( cl\d an appe>ance l t ( a gigantic p9e-tree sev5 miles high 79 ! case ( ,vesuvius7 is produc$4 ,we made our way to ! advanc+ end ( "o ( ! lava-/reams 7l ! sn\t ( a glaci]71 :i* 0 #bj ft4 high1 & mov$ =w>ds b sl[ly1 9 successive j]ks4 ,two hundr$ y>ds f>!r up1 :]e x issu$ f ! s&y a%es1 ! lava 0 :ite-hot & runn+ l wat]1 b x 0 n 9 v great quantity & rapidly cool$ on ! surface & became /icky4 ,a cool$ sk9 ( slag 0 =m$ 9 ?is way1 :i* arre/$ ! advanc+ /ream ( lava4 ,at int]vals ( a few m9utes ?is cool$ cru/ 0 brok5 into innum]able cl9k]s by ! pressure ( ! /ream1 & !re 0 a noise l ! sma%+ ( a gigantic /ore ( crock]y w>e z ! pieces or cl9k]s fell ov] "o ano!r d[n ! ne>ly v]tical sn\t ( ! lava-/ream1 :il/ ! r$-hot molt5 mat]ial bur/ =w>d = a few feet1 b imm$iately became aga9 cru/$ ov] & /opp$ 9 its progress4 ,we wat*$ ! com+ toge!r & fusion ( ! two /reams & ! ov]:elm+ & burn+ up ( sev]al trees by ! /eadily1 ?\gh sl[ly1 advanc+ riv] ( fire4 ,!n we climb$ up ! a%-cone1 gett+ ne>] & ne>] to ! rim ( ! crat]1 f :i* %[]s ( gl[+ /ones 7 be+ %ot4 ,! deep ro> ( ! m\nta9 at ea* ef=t 0 e*o$ f ! cliffs ( ! anci5t "m-crat]1 ,monte ,somma1 & ! gr\nd %ook "u our feet z does a %ip at sea :5 /ruck by a wave4 ,! night 0 v /ill 9 ! int]vals4 ,! moon 0 %9+1 & a weird melan*oly ritornelle sung by peasants f> (f 9 "s village bel[ u came to our e>s ) /range di/9ctness4 ,x might h be5 ! *orus ( ! imprison$ giants ( ,vulcan's =ge z !y blew ! sp>ks ) _! bell[s & %ook ! m\nta9s ) ! heavy bl[s ( _! hamm]s4 ,z we asc5d$ ! upp] "p ( ! cone ! r$-hot /ones 7 fall+ to our left1 & we det]m9$ to risk a rapid climb to ! edge ( ! crat] on ! "r or s\!rn side1 & to look into x4 ,we did s1 & z we pe]$ into ! great /eam+ pit a t]rific ro>1 accompani$ by a %udd]+ ( ! :ole m\nta91 bur/ f x4 ,hundr$s ( r$-hot /ones rose 9 ! air to a height ( #djj ft41 & fell1 happily 9 accordance ) our expectation1 to our left4 ,we ran quickly d[n ! s&y side ( ! cone to a safe position1 ab\t #cjj ft4 bel[ ! crat]'s lip1 & hav+ lit our pipes f "o ( ! r$-hot bombs1 re/$ = a :ile at a safe di/ance & wait$ = ! sunrise4 ,a va/ horizontal lay] ( cl\d _h n[ =m$ bel[ u1 & ,vesuvius & ! hills ar\nd ,naples appe>$ z isl&s em]g+ f a sea4 ,! brilliant sunlight 0 reassur+ aft] ?is night ( /range exp]i5ces4 ,! fields & lanes 7 des]t$ 9 ! e>ly morn+ z we desc5d$ to ! sea-level4 ,on our way we met a procession ( weird figures clad 9 long :ite robes1 envelop+ ! head closely b leav+ ap]tures = ! eyes4 ,!y 7 a p>ty ( ! lay-bro!rs ( ! ,mis]icordia c>ry+ a dead man to 8 grave4 ,!n we f\nd our c>riage1 & drove quickly back to ,naples & sleep6 ,9 ! foll[+ ,m>* ,i act$ z guide to my fri5d ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 exp$itions up ,vesuvius1 n[ quiesc5t1 & to ! ,solfat>a4 ,!n sudd5ly1 9 ,april1 ! great eruption ( #ahgb bur/ ^u u4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! outbreak "s imprud5t visitors 7 kill$ by /eam & gas eject$ by ! lava-/ream4 ,by ! next day ! viol5ce ( ! eruption 0 too great = any "o to v5ture ne> x4 ,! crat] s5t =? no int]mitt5t puffs z 9 ! prec$+ ,novemb]1 b a cont9u\sly ?robb+ jet :i* produc$ a cl\d five miles high1 l an enorm\s caulifl[] 9 %ape1 susp5d$ above ! m\nta9 & mak+ x look by comp>ison l a mole-hill4 ,%[]s ( f9e a%es1 z 9 ! days ( ,pompeii1 fell ?ickly ar\nd1 accumulat+ to ! dep? ( an in* 9 a few h\rs ev5 at my h\se 9 ,pausilippo1 n9e miles di/ant across ! bay4 ,i 0 recov]+ at ! "t f an attack ( typhoid fev]1 & lay 9 b$1 li/5+ to ! deep humm+ s\nd & wond]+ at ! d>kness until my doctor came & told me ( ! eruption4 ,i 0 able to get up & see f ! w9d[ ! great caulifl[]-l cl\d & ! vacant place :]e ! a%-cone 01 b :5ce x _h h[ be5 scatt]$ into ! sky4 7,x has be5 gradually re-=m$ by lat] eruptions1 ( :i* ! la/ ( any size 0 9 #aijf47 ,i c\ld also see /eam ris+ l smoke f a long l9e rea*+ six miles d[n ! m\nta9 into ! flat c\ntry bel[4 ,x 0 ! great lava-/ream :i* _h de/roy$ two prosp]\s villages 9 its c\rse4 ,aft] t5 days ,i 0 able to get ab\t1 & drove ov] to "o ( ^! villages & along its ma9 /reet1 :i* 0 closely block$ at ! end by :at look$ l a railway embankm5t "s #dj ft4 high4 ,?is 0 ! side ( ! great lava-/ream n[ cool$ & h>d5$ on ! surface4 ,x _h %>ply cut ! h\ses1 on ea* side ( ! /reet1 9 half )\t sett+ !m on fire1 s t ! v>i\s rooms 7 expos$ 9 section-pictures hang+ on ! walls1 & ev5 *airs & o!r furniture rema9+ 9 place on ! unbrok5 portion ( ! floor4 ,! villag]s _h provid$ ladd]s by :i* ,i asc5d$ ! /eep side ( ! embankm5t-l mass at ! end ( ! /reet1 & !re a wond]ful sight reveal$ itself4 ,"o look$ out on a great riv] sev5 miles long1 n>r[ :]e x />t$ f ! brok5-d[n crat]1 b wid5+ to ?ree miles :]e ,i /ood1 & wid] /ill f>!r on z x desc5d$4 ,?is riv]1 ) all its waves & ripples1 0 turn$ to /one1 & greatly resembl$ a ,swiss glaci] 9 appe>ance4 ,a foot bel[ ! surface x 0 /ill r$-hot1 & a /ick pu%$ into a crevice caught fire4 ,x 0 n safe to v5ture f> on to ! pie-cru/ surface4 ,a c\ple ( miles away ! campanile ( ! *ur* ( a village call$ ,massa di ,somma /ood out1 lean+ l t ( ,pisa1 f ! petrifi$ mass1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! village 0 ov]:elm$ & cov]$ 9 by ! great /ream4 ,! curi\s resemblance ( ! lava-/ream to a glaci] arose f ! fact t x 0 almo/ completely cov]$ by a :ite sn[-l p[d]4 ,?is sn[-l p[d]1 :i* (t5 appe>s on fre%ly-run lava1 is salt-common sea salt & o!r m9]al salts dissolv$ 9 ! wat] eject$ z /eam mix$ ) ! lava4 ,! /eam cond5ses1 z ! lava cools1 into wat] & evaporates sl[ly1 leav+ ! salt z cry/als4 ,(t5 ^! are n :ite1 b conta9 iron salt1 mix$ ) ! :ite sodium1 potassium1 & ammonium *lorides1 :i* gives !m a yell[ or orange col\r4 ,salts col\r$ 9 ?is way h ! appe>ance ( sulphur1 & are (t5 mi/ak5 = x4 ,! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius :5 ,i revisit$ x 9 #ahge 0 ?us col\r$ yell[1 & ,i h a wat]-col\r sket* ( ! sc5e made by a fri5d :o came ) me = ! purpose4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?\gh small quantities ( ! *ok+ gas call$ sulphur\s acid are among ! vap\rs giv5 (f by ,vesuvius1 !re is no deposit ( sulphur !re4 ,"s l>ge volcanoes 79 ,mexico & ,japan7 h made deposits ( sulphur1 :i* are dug = comm]cial purposes2 b ! sulphur ( ,sicily is n1 & has n be51 ?r[n out or volatiliz$ by ,etna4 ,x occurs 9 r\gh masses & 9 spl5did cry/als 9 a t]ti>y calc>e\s m>9e deposit1 & its deposition 0 probably due to a *emical decomposition ( con/itu5ts ( ! sea wat] br\ght ab\t by m9ute plants1 kn[n z sulphur bact]ia4 ,:e!r ! neighb\r+ great volcano _h any %>e 9 ! process seems to be d\btful4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t sea-wat] makes its way 9 l>ge quantity ?r\gh fissures connect$ ) volcanic *annels1 & is "o ( ! ag5ts ( ! explosions caus$ by ! subt]ranean molt5 matt]4 ,gase\s wat]1 hydro*loric acid1 c>bonic acid1 hydr(luoric acid1 & ev5 pure hydrog5 & oxyg5 & argon are among ! gases eject$ by volcanoes4 ,! molt5 matt] =c$ up f ! b[els ( ! e>? & p\r$ out by volcanoes is made up ( v>i\s *emical sub/ances1 diff]+ 9 diff]5t localities1 & ev5 9 diff]5t eruptions ( ! same volcano4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( silicates ( iron1 lime1 magnesium1 alum9ium1 & ! alkali metals1 ) possible admixture ( ne>ly e o!r elem5t4 ,"s volcanoes eject pit* or bitum54 ,:5 ! molt5 matt] cools1 int]e/+ cry/als ( v>i\s species 7i4e41 ( v>i\s *emical composition7 usually =m 9 ! deep] "p ( ! mass4 ,! lavas ( ,vesuvius frequ5tly conta9 beautiful opaque-:ite twelve-sid$ cry/als ( a silice\s m9]al call$ leucite4 ,i h collect$ 9 ! lava ( ,ni$]m5dig1 on ! ,rh9e1 specim5s emb$d+ bright blue transp>5t cry/als 7a m9]al call$ ,haynite7 scatt]$ 9 ! grey por\s rock4 ,! lava-/reams1 & ev5 ! roots1 ( ext9ct volcanoes :i* are ( great geologic age1 sometimes become expos$ by ! *ange ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ext5sive %eets ( volcanic rock ( v>i\s k9ds are ?us laid b>e4 ,basalt is "o ( ^! rocks1 & x n unfrequ5tly pres5ts itself z a mass ( p]p5dicul> six-sid$ columns1 ea* column #aj ft4 or m high1 & (t5 a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,! ,giant's ,causeway1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 & ! ,pave des ,gants1 9 ! ,ard*e ( ,s\!rn ,france1 are examples bo? ( :i* ,i h visit$4 ,x is n easy to expla9 h[ ! molt5 basalt has come to take ?is column> /ructure on cool+4 ,x has no?+ to d ) cry/allization1 b is simil> to ! column> =mation %[n by comm]cial />* & occasionally by tabul> fl9t4 ,a !oretical explanation ( its =mation has be5 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 bro!r ( ! late ,"l ,kelv94 ,! v>ieties ( volcanoes & _! products make up a long /ory-too long to be told "h4 ,!re are f #cjj to #djj active crat]s 9 ,exi/5ce to-day-mo/ly n isolat$1 b gr\p$ along c]ta9 great l9es1 z1 = in/ance1 along ! ,&ean *a91 or 9 m irregul> tracks4 ,if we add to ! li/ crat]s no long] active1 b /ill recognizable1 we mu/ multiply x by t54 ,vesuvius is ! only active volcano on ! ma9l& ( ,europe-,hecla1 ,etna1 ,/romboli1 ,volcano1 & ! volcanoes ( ! ,santor9 gr\p are on isl&s4 ,! bigge/ volcanoes are 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 ,java1 & ,japan4 ,volcanoes & ! relat$ e>?quakes h be5 mo/ c>efully /udi$ ) a view to ! safety ( ! population 9 ,japan4 ,! graceful & well-belov$ volcano1 ,fujiyama1 is m ?an #ab1jjj ft4 high1 b1 unlike o!rs 9 ^? isl&s1 x has be5 quiesc5t n[ = j #bjj ye>s4 ,! mo/ viol5t volcanic eruptions ( rec5t times1 ) ! l>ge/ output ( solid matt]1 are ^? ( ! ,s\frire ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 #ahab1 ( ! ,mont ,pele ( ,m>t9ique 9 #aijb1 & ( ,krakatoa 9 #ahhc4 ,a s+le mod]ate eruption ( ! great volcano ,mauna ,loa1 9 ,hawaii1 ne>ly #ad1jjj feet high1 ?r[s out a great] quantity ( solid matt] ?an ,vesuvius has eject$ 9 all ! ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii4 ,_m hundr$ millions ( tons ( solid matt] 7 eject$ by ,mont ,pele 9 #aijb1 :5 also a peculi> heavy cl\d desc5d$ f ! m\nta91 hot & acrid1 *>g$ ) inc&esc5t s&1 & roll+ along l a liquid r ?an a vap\r4 ,x burnt up ! t[n ( ,/4 ,pi]re & its inhabitants & ! %ipp+ 9 ! h>b\r4 ,9 ! eruption ( ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 #ahab ?ree million tons ( a%es 7 project$ on to ! ,bahamas ,isl&s1 #ajj miles di/ant1 besides a l>g] quantity :i* fell else:]e4 ,! great explosion at ,krakatoa1 la/+ two days1 blew an isl& ( #adjj ft4 high1 into ! air4 ,a good deal ( x 0 project$ z excessively f9e ne$lelike p>ticles ( pumice ) su* =ce z to c>ry x up ?irty miles into ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e x 0 c>ri$ by air curr5ts all ov] ! _w1 caus+ ! r$ sunsets ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! sky ov] ,batavia1 #ajj miles di/ant1 0 d>k5$ at midday s completely t lamps _h to be us$-z ,i he>d f my bro!r :o 0 !re at ! "t4 ,! explosions 7 he>d 9 ,mauritius1 #cjjj miles away4 ,a sea wave #ej ft4 high 0 set go+ by ! subm>9e di/urbance1 & rea*+ ,java & neighb\r+ isl&s inundat$ ! l& & de/roy$ #cf1jjj p]sons4 ,?is wave travell$ 9 r$uc$ size ov] a va/ tract ( ! ocean1 & 0 obs]v$ & record$ at ,cape ,horn1 #ghjj miles di/ant f its seat ( orig94 ,,*apt] ,v ,,blue ,,wat] ,mo/ p "k & admire ! spl5did expanse ( blue col\r (f]$ by ! cle> sea wat] on _m p>ts ( our coa/s1 & by t ( lakes at home & abroad4 ,i f9d t !re is /ill a sort ( a fix$ det]m9ation n to believe t ?is col\r is due 7z x is7 to ! actual blue col\r ( pure wat]4 ,pure1 transp>5t wat] is blue4 ,^? :o ?9k !y "k bett] w po9t to a glass ( pure wat]1 hold x up to ! light1 & affirm t x is col\rless4 ,b ?is app>5t col\rlessness is due to ! small bread? ( wat] 9 ! glass ?r\gh :i* ! light passes4 ,x is def9itely asc]ta9$ t if wat] z pure & z free f ei!r dissolv$ or susp5d$ matt] z x is possible to make x 7by di/illation & ! use ( vessels n act$ ^u by wat]7 be made to fill an opaque tube #ae ft4 long1 clos$ at ea* end by a transp>5t plate1 & !n a beam ( light be made to trav]se ! l5g? ( ! tube1 s t ! eye receives ! light aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ?is l5g? ( #ae ft4 ( wat]1 ! col\r ( ! light is a /rong blue4 ,wat] is blue 9 virtue ( its own molecul> "*1 j z sulphate ( copp] is4 ,liquid oxyg51 prep>$ by ! use ( int5se cold1 is also transp>5t blue1 & ! peculi> cond5s$ =m ( oxyg5 kn[n z ozone is1 :5 liquefi$1 ( a d>k] or /rong] blue ?an oxyg54 ,at "o "t 7"s ?irty ye>s ago7 !re 0 /ill "s d\bt z to :e!r wat] 0 self-col\r$ blue1 or :e!r its blue col\r 0 due to ! action on light ( excessively m9ute solid :ite p>ticles ( *alk susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,su* f9e susp5d$ p>ticles 9 "s cases act on ! light :i* falls on to !m s z to reflect ! blue rays4 ,?is occurs 9 c]ta9 natural objects :i* h a blue col\r4 ,b ^! c be di/+ui%$ f transp>5t self-col\r$ blue sub/ances by ! fact t :il/ ! light reflect$ f _! surface is blue1 ! light :i* is made to trav]se !m 7:5 !y are held up to ! light s t !y come betwe5 "o's eye & ! sun's rays7 is br[n4 ,?is is ! case ) v hot smoke1 & c be well se5 :5 a cig> is smok$ 9 ! sunlight4 ,! smoke :i* comes (f f ! light$ end ( ! cig> is v hot1 & its p>ticles are m m9ute ?an ^? ( cool] smoke4 ,! hot smoke %[s a bright blue col\r :5 ! sunlight falls on x & is reflect$1 b :5 y look ?r\gh ! smoke-cl\d at a surface reflect+ ! sunlight1 ! cl\d has a r$di%-br[n t9t4 ,z ! smoke cools its p>ticles adh]e to "o ano!r & =m l>g] p>ticles1 & ! light reflect$ f ! cl\d is no long] blue b grey1 & ev5 :ite4 ,?us ! smoke :i* ! smok] keeps = half a m9ute 9 8 m\? is cool$ & cond5s$1 & reflects :ite light-is1 9 fact1 a :ite cl\d-:5 he puffs x out1 & contra/s /rongly ) ! blue cl\d com+ (f f ! burn+ tobacco at ! light$ end ( ! cig>4 ,! blue col\r ( ! sky is held by _m physici/s 7?\gh o!r views h be5 ( late advanc$7 to be due to ! same action on ! "p ( ! v f9e/ p>ticles ( wat]y vap\r1 :i* are diffus$ ?r\gh va/ regions ( our atmosph]e above ! cond5s$ :ite-look+ cl\ds consi/+ ( l>g] float+ p>ticles ( wat]4 ,vap\rs are giv5 (f by _m liquids1 & ev5 by "s solids1 v>y+ 9 _! production accord+ to ! heat appli$ 9 diff]5t cases4 ,!y are gases1 & q transp>5t & invisible at ! prop] temp]ature1 l ! atmosph]ic air4 ,?us wat] is always giv+ (f wat]-vap\r1 :i* is q invisible4 ,:5 wat] is heat$ to ! boil+ po9t x is rapidly conv]t$ into transp>5t invisible vap\r4 ,/eam1 z ?is vap\r is call$1 is invisible1 & we all habitually make a mislead+ use ( ! ^w /eam :5 we apply x bo? to ?is & to ! slightly cool$ & cond5s$ cl\d :i* we c see issu+ f ! sp\t ( a kettle or f a railway eng9e4 ,x seems t ! fault lies ) ! sci5tific writ]s1 :o h appli$ ! ^w /eam to ! invisible wat] vap\r or gas be=e x has cond5s$ to =m a cl\d4 ,! old ,engli% ^w /eam c]ta9ly means a visible cl\dy emanation1 & n a transp>5t invisible gas4 ,a cl\d is n a vap\r1 b is produc$ by ! com+ toge!r or cond5sation ( ! m9ute invisible p>ticles ( a vap\r to =m l>g] p>ticles1 :i* float & hang toge!r1 & reflect ! light1 & ?us are visible4 ,by ! exam9ation ( o!r vap\rs or gases ?an t :i* is gase\s wat]1 namely1 ! vap\rs ( bodies l *lor(orm & e!r1 x has be5 %[n t cl\d =ms 9 a vap\r n m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ! cool+ ( ! vap\r1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce 9 ! air 7or 9 ! tube 9 :i* ! vap\r is enclos$ = obs]vation7 ( v f9e float+ du/ p>ticles4 ,!y act z c5tres ( attraction & cond5sation = ! vap\r p>ticles4 ,:5 !re are no du/ p>ticles pres5t cl\ds d n =m readily 9 cool+ vap\rs1 or only at l[] temp]atures1 & 9 l>g] mass4 ,tyndall made "s beautiful exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 obta9+ cl\ds ( great t5uity 9 vap\rs enclos$ 9 tubes1 :i* reflect$ ! mo/ vivid blue t9ts :5 illum9at$ by ! electric arc-lamp4 ,lat] ,aitk51 ( ,ed9burgh1 %[$ t ! fog :i* =ms 9 smoke-ridd5 t[ns is due to ! cond5sation ( previ\sly invisible wat]y vap\r z cl\d ar\nd ! solid float+ p>ticles ( c>bon ( ! smoke4 ,aitk5 fur!r us$ ?is prop]ty ( solid float+ p>ticles1 namely1 t !y cause ! =mation ( fog & cl\d 9 vap\rs-to te/ ! "q z to :e!r ! excessively m9ute odorif]\s p>ticles :i* affect our noses z smell are di/9ct solid float+ p>ticles z (t5 suppos$1 or are ( ! nature ( gas & vap\r4 ,he admitt$ /rong p]fumes su* z musk into tubes conta9+ wat]y vap\r1 at su* a temp]ature t ! vap\r 0 9 a critical /ate-j ready to cond5se & precipitate z cl\d4 ,if he _h admitt$ f9e solid p>ticles su* z a m9ute :iff ( smoke1 or "s du/y air-! cl\d w\ld h =m$4 ,b ! admission ( ! p]fume _h no su* effect ,!re=e1 he conclud$ t ! odorif]\s emanations us$ by him are n di/9ct p>ticles l ^? ( smoke or du/1 b are gase\s4 ,! beautiful blue t9t ( ! semi-transp>5t :ite ( a boil$ plov]'s egg is due to a f9e-p>ticl$ cl\d disp]s$ 9 ! cle> album54 ,london milk us$ to be sky-blue = a simil> reason1 be=e ! rec5t legislation aga9/ ! adult]ation ( food4 ,! blue eyes ( our fair-hair$ race & ( "y foxes are n due to any pigm5t-t is to say1 a sep>able self-col\r$ sub/ance-b to a f9e cl\d float+ 9 a transp>5t m$ium :i* reflects blue rays ( light z blue smoke does4 ,! iris ( ! eye c & (t5 does develop a pigm5t1 b x is a br[n "o4 ,:5 pres5t 9 small quantity x produces a gre5-col\r$ iris1 ! pale yell[-br[n be+ add$ to ! blue cl\d-caus$ col\r+4 ,:5 pres5t 9 l>g] quantity ! same pigm5t gives u br[n & s-call$ black eyes4 ,! blue col\rs 9 birds' fea!rs & insects' w+s are produc$ )\t blue pigm5t by special effects ( reflection1 & :]e gre5 is ! col\r x is (t5 due to ! addition ( a small quantity ( yell[ pigm5t to :at w\ld o!rwise look blue3 ?\gh "s cat]pill>s & gras%opp]s h a real gre5 pigm5t 9 _! sk94 ,fl[]s1 on ! o!r h&1 h true soluble blue pigm5ts1 & gre5 ones too1 notably t call$ leaf-gre5 or *lorophyll4 ,! little gre5 tree frog has no blue or gre5 pigm5t 9 its sk92 only a yell[ pigm5t4 ,sometimes r>e specim5s are f\nd 9 :i* ! yell[ pigm5t is abs5t altoge!r1 & !n ! little frog is turquoise-blue 9 col\r4 ,b !re is no blue pigm5t 9 ! sk92 only a f9ely-cl\d$ transluc5t film ov]ly+ a dead-black deep lay] ( ! sk91 & ! result is t ! frog is ( a wond]ful pure blue4 ,sometimes ! common] l>ge edible frog is f\nd ) a simil> abs5ce ( yell[ pigm5t 7,i f\nd "s 9 a g>d5 ne> ,g5eva six ye>s ago71 & !n all ! p>ts ( its sk9 :i* usually are gre5 %[ z brilliant blue4 ,x is at fir/ difficult to believe t su* f9e1 smoo?ly-spread turquoise blue z t ( ! blue frog is due m]ely to a reflection effect1 & t !re is no blue pigm5t pres5t :i* w\ld %[ z blue if light 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh x1 or c\ld be sep>at$ & dissolv$ 9 "s m$ium4 ,yet ?is is und\bt$ly ! case4 ,! ne>e/ exp]im5tal production ( su* a blue surface )\t blue pigm5t is obta9$ by fir/ v>ni%+ a black bo>d1 & :5 ! v>ni% is ne>ly dry pass+ a sponge wett$ ) wat] ov] x4 ,"s ( ! v>ni% is precipitat$ f its solution 9 ! _s 7or x may be turp5t9e7 z a f9e cl\d1 & until ! wat] has evaporat$ x looks l blue pa9t1 z ! poet ,goe! f\nd :5 clean+ a picture4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k m precisely ! precautions to be tak5 9 ord] to get ! blue col\r 9 ?is way 9 fulle/ degree4 ,x appe>s t :5 light is reflect$ f a cl\d ( f9e col\rless p>ticles s z to give a pr$om9ant blue col\r1 ! light s reflect$ is affect$ 9 t special way :i* physici/s describe z be+ pol>iz$4 ,x is possible by ! use ( c]ta9 app>atus 7! pol>iscope7 to di/+ui% pol>iz$ f non-pol>iz$ light1 s t x %\ld be possible to decide 7or at any rate to ga9 evid5ce7 :e!r blue wat]-a %eet ( blue wat]-owes its col\r to f9e p>ticles susp5d$ 9 x or to ! self-col\r ( ! wat]4 ,an admirable case = mak+ ?is simple exp]im5t is pres5t$ by ! great tanks-"s #bj ft4 cube-:i* are us$ by ! wat] companies :i* draw _! wat] supply f ! *alk1 = ! purpose ( precipitat+ ! dissolv$ *alk-,cl>k+ ! wat]1 z x is call$1 aft] ! inv5tor ( ! process-& s gett+ rid ( its excessive h>dness4 ,su* tanks are to be se5 by ! side ( ! railway ne> ,cat]ham4 ,! wat] 9 ^! tanks is ( su* a brilliant turquoise blue t _m p suppose t copp] has be5 add$ to ! wat] to free x f microbes6 ,su*1 at any rate1 0 ! conviction express$ by a fri5d 9 conv]sation ) me only a few weeks ago4 ,! wat] 9 ^! tanks1 :5 se5 f ! railway1 looks l a magnific5t blue dye1 & a v important po9t = ^? 7n a few7 :o believe t ! blue col\r ( seas & lakes is due to ! reflection ( ! blue col\r ( ! sky ov]head is t ! wat] 9 ! tanks looks j z blue :5 ! sky is ov]ca/ ) cl\d z :5 !re is blue sky4 ,! blue col\r ( wat] has1 z a rule1 no?+ to d ) ! reflection ( ! sky1 ?\gh x is ! fact t a %all[ film ( wat] may at a c]ta9 angle reflect ! sky to our eyes1 j z a mirror may4 ,! effect is q unlike t due to light pass+ ?r\gh deep wat] :5 reflect$ f bel[ x4 ,if we exam9e ! tanks 9 "q we f9d t !y h be5 fill$ ) wat] pump$ f ! *alk1 & t !n lime has be5 add$ to ! wat] 9 ord] to comb9e ) ! c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 x & =m *alk or c>bonate ( lime-:i* is insoluble 9 pure wat] & falls z an excessively f9e :ite p[d] to ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,b ! important fact is t wat] hav+ c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 x c dissolve c>bonate ( lime or *alk to a c]ta9 am\nt3 & ?is wat] pump$ f ! *alk1 hav+ c>bonic acid naturally dissolv$ 9 x1 has consequ5tly also dissolv$ a quantity ( *alk4 ,x is ?is :i* gives ! *alk-spr+ wat] ! objectionable quality ( h>dness4 ,:5 lime is add$ to ! *alk-spr+ wat] z pump$ into ! tanks1 ! c>bonic acid 9 x is tak5 up by ! lime1 & ! *alk previ\sly dissolv$ by ! c>bonic-acid-hold+ wat] is1 s to speak1 undissolv$1 & ?r[n d[n z a v f9e :ite p[d]1 toge!r ) ! *alk newly =m$ by ! union ( ! lime & ! c>bonic acid4 ,^! l>ge tanks are us$ to all[ ! f9e p[d] ( *alk to settle d[n & leave ! wat] cle>4 ,! brilliantly :ite *alk s$im5t accumulates n only on ! floor ( ! tank1 b on its sides4 ,any light :i* falls on ! tank is refract$ & reflect$ f side to floor & f floor to side1 & ev5tually em]ges f ! tank1 a great deal ( x hav+ trav]s$ ! #bj ft4 bread? & dep? _m times4 ,mo/ ( its r$1 yell[1 & gre5 rays are qu5*$ by ! _m feet ( blue wat] ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 & x issues z pr$om9antly blue4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! f9e reflect+ surface furni%$ by ! :ite-wa%$ or *alk-coat$ floor & sides & ! great purity ( ! :ite reflect+ mat]ial-no yell[ or br[n matt] be+ pres5t to give a gre5i% t+e to ! result ,i rememb] be+ tak5 to see ,cl>k's process 9 use1 & ! spl5did blue col\r ( ! wat] 9 ! s(t5+ tanks at ,plum/ead1 :5 ! process 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,nor? ,k5t ,wat] ,company1 sixty-f\r ye>s ago4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 /ill a possible "q z to :e!r ! f9e float+ p>ticles ( precipitat+ *alk act 9 any way z a cl\d-9 %ort1 z ! blue cl\ds ( smoke1 egg-:ite1 milk1 & v>ni%4 ,!re is no evid5ce t !y d1 b no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ev] tak5 ! tr\ble to settle ! "q4 ,x c\ld be done by exam9+ ! blue light f ! tanks ) a pol>iscope1 & also by s9k+ a black t>paul9 into ! tank to cov] ! :ite floor & hang+ o!rs at ! sides4 ,!n if ! blue col\r 7 due to light reflect$ f ! :ite floor & sides trav]s+ repeat$ly ! cle> self-col\r$ blue wat]1 ! blue col\r %\ld no long] be visible1 = ! reflect+ surfaces w\ld be cov]$ by ! black t>paul9 & little light s5t up ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,b if x 7 due to a cl\d ( greate/ delicacy 9 ! wat]-l f9e smoke reflect+ ! blue light r ?an ! o!r rays-!n ! col\r %\ld be z int5se or m int5se :5 ! black backgr\nd is introduc$4 ,i am surpris$ t "s inquir]1 y\ng] & m active ?an ,i am1 does n put ! matt] to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,on ! :ole1 practically all ! facts :i* we "k ab\t blue wat] are consi/5t ) ! blue self-col\r ( wat]1 & n ) t ( a blue cl\d 9 ! wat]4 ,n[ t we h porcela9 ba?s ( ! pure/ :ite & ( l>ge size1 "o may (t5 see ! /rong blue col\r ( wat] ( great purity 9 ! ba?1 especially :]e waves or ripples s5d to our eyes ^? rays ( light :i* h tak5 a m or less horizontal c\rse f side to side ( ! ba?1 & h ?us be5 ?r\gh a l>ge ?ickness ( ! pale-col\r$ fluid4 ,great masses ( cle> ice1 su* z "o may /udy 9 glaci]s1 are blue2 ! crevasses :i* transmit light :i* has pass$ ?r\gh a consid]able ?ickness ( ice 7z1 = in/ance1 9 an ice cave71 are deep blue2 !re is no "q ( a reflection f susp5d$ p>ticles4 ,! gre5 col\r :i* "s glaci]s %[ at a little di/ance is due to ! yell[ ru/-iron oxide-bl[n on to ! surface ( ! ice & dissolv$4 ,_m glaci]s or p>ts ( glaci]s are q free f x1 & ( a spl5did indigo blue 9 _! deep] fissures4 ,s1 too1 z to ! sea & lakes4 ,! ,blue ,grotto or ,cav]n ( ! isl& ( ,capri1 ne> ,naples1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,all ! light :i* ent]s x comes ?r\gh ! sea-wat] & is blue4 ,i 0 tak5 to x 9 a boat r[$ by two m54 ,z ! boat ent]s ! l[ m\? ( ! cav]n y h to b5d d[n to avoid knock+ y\r head aga9/ ! rock4 ,!n y f9d y\rself float+ 9 a va/ & l(ty *amb] ! :ite rocky floor ( :i* is "s tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! cle> wat]4 ,no light ent]s ! cav]n by ! l[ "p ( ! entrance above wat]4 ,bel[ ! surface x wid5s & ! /rong ,s\!rn sun %9es ?r\gh ! cle> wat] & its light is reflect$ up into ! cave f ! bottom4 ,x is blue1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! cave above z well z bel[ ! wat] is suffus$ ) a blue gl[-a truly wond]ful & fasc9at+ spectacle4 ,9 ord] to get ! be/ effect y mu/ *oose an h\r :5 ! sun is 9 a fav\rable position4 ,:]e !re is a :ite bottom at a dep? ( fifty or a hundr$ feet1 ! sea has a f9e ultra-m>9e col\r1 s long z x is cle>4 ,x is (t5 made gre5 by yell[-col\r$ impurities1 ei!r f9e iron-/a9$ s$im5t or by m9ute liv+ ?+s 9 ! wat]4 ,! col\r ( ! wat] ( ei!r sea or lakes1 :5 x is cle> & ov]ly+ great dep?s 7#bjj fa?oms & m71 t5ds to be d>k indigo ow+ to ! defici5cy ( reflect$ light4 ,b !re are en\gh :ite p>ticles z a rule to s5d "s ( ! light1 :i* p5etrates ! wat]1 upw>ds aga94 ,ev5 ! great ocean has a d>k purpli%-blue col\r1 b nev] ! bright blue ( cle> wat] 9 %all[ seas ) light-col\r$ or :ite bottom4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful exhibitions ( ! col\r ( cle> wat] 9 v>i\s ?icknesses :i* ,i "k1 is at ! entrance ( ! ,rhone into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,! ?ick pale-col\r$ br[ni%-:ite s$im5t ( ! riv] %oots out = a qu>t] ( a mile or m into ! d>k blue wat]s ( ! deep lake1 & on a bright sunny day z x subsides reflects ! light upw>ds f diff]5t dep?s ?r\gh ! cle> wat]4 ,:]e x has sunk b little ! col\r is gre51 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! yell[ mud4 ,f>!r on x is ultra-m>9e blue1 & !n1 :]e x has sunk deep]1 we get full indigo t9ts4 ,! movem5t ( ! wat] & its *urn+ up by ! /eam]s' paddles add to ! v>iety ( effects1 s9ce ! foam ( air-bubbles subm]g$ ?r[s up ! light ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,x is n possible to d\bt z "o wat*es ! admixture ( ! riv] & ! lake1 & ! eddies & hang+ walls ( s$im5t1 t "o is float+ ov] a va/ dep? ( magnific5t blue self-col\r$ fluid :i* is trav]s$ by ! sunlight 9 ways & degrees v>y+ accord+ to its dep? & ! volume ( ! pale mud ( ! 9-ru%+ ,rhone & ! abundance ( f9e air-bubbles *urn$ into ! wat] by ! paddle-:eels ( ! /eam]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,bigge/ ,,bea/ ,!re is a preval5t notion1 enc\rag$ by ! fanciful exagg]ations ( newspap] gossips1 t ! animals ( pa/ ages1 ^: bones are f "t to "t dug out ( rocks & s& qu>ries1 7 _m ( !m mu* bigg] ?an any at pres5t exi/+1 & t we are liv+ 9 an age ( deg5]acy4 ,x is true t ! mammo? & ! ma/odon 7 enorm\s creatures1 b !y 7 n bigg] ?an _! liv+ repres5tatives1 ! great elephants ( ,africa & ,india4 ,! ,african elephant (t5 /&s #aa ft4 high at ! %\ld]1 & occasionally atta9s #ab ft4 ,"s eighty ye>s ago ,dr4 ,gideon ,mantell became celebrat$ by 8 discov]y ( ! bones ( huge reptiles-f> bigg] ?an any exi/+ crocodile or liz>d-ne>ly z big z elephants1 9 ! ,weald5 rocks ( ,tilgate ,=e/ 9 ,sussex4 ,he & ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 di/+ui%$ sev]al k9ds-! ,iguanodon1 ! ,megalosaurus1 ! ,hylosaurus1 & o!rs4 ,models ( ^! creatures z !y appe>$ :5 clo!d 9 fle% & hide 7 c>efully made1 & plac$ picturesquely among ! ponds & isl&s ( ! g>d5s ( ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham :5 x 0 fir/ op5$ to an en*ant$ public 9 ! fifties4 ,z a small boy ,i1 at t "t1 fell "u _! spell4 ,! pass+ ye>s h br\ght to u m complete k ( ^! /range bea/s-n[ class$ z ! ,d9osauria-& new k9ds & complete skeletons ( ^? already kn[n h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,belgium4 ,! leg bones & v]tebr ( "o ( ! bigge/ 7 f\nd ne> ,ox=d1 & are 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum2 x receiv$ ! "n ,cetiosaurus4 ,only a few ye>s ago a v complete skeleton ( a creature closely alli$ to ,cetiosaurus 0 ) great lab\r & skill dug out ( ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4,a41 by ,dr4 ,holl&1 at ! *>ges ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie4 ,x 0 kn[n z ,diplodocus 7ref]r+ to c]ta9 bones 9 its tail71 & a wond]ful ca/ ( ! completely recon/ruct$ skeleton 0 pres5t$ to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,london1 :5 ,i 0 ,director1 by ,mr4 ,c>negie4 ,! skeleton is #hd ft4 long2 b we mu/ n be mis-l$ z to ! animal's actual bulk by ?is measurem5t1 = ! tail is #df ft4 long & :ip-l1 :il/ ! neck is #bc ft4 long & c>ries a small head n bigg] ?an t ( a c>t-horse4 ,! jaws 7 provid$ ) small peg-l tee?1 %[+ t ! bea/ f$ on s(t vegetable matt]4 ,! body1 ap>t f neck & tail1 0 really only a little bigg] ?an t ( a l>ge elephant1 & ! limb-bones long] 9 ! proportion ( ab\t six to five4 ,ano!r reptile v simil> to ^! & also f\nd 9 ! mesozoic rocks ( ! ,u4,s4 ,am]ica is ,brontosaurus4 ,! fact is t1 if we wi% to make an intellig5t comp>ison ( ! sizes ( diff]5t animals1 we h c>efully to asc]ta9 n m]ely ! l5g? measurem5ts1 b ! proportions ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 & ! actual bulk & probable weight ( ! bea/s "u consid]ation4 ,also 7& ?is is a v important & decisive matt]7 we mu/ "k :e!r ! bea/s 7 t]re/rial 9 habit1 walk+ ) _! bodies rais$ high on _! legs1 or :e!r !y 7 aquatic & swam 9 ! lakes or seas1 _! bodies buoy$ up & support$ by ! wat]4 ,by f> ! bigge/ animals ( :i* we h any k are ! v>i\s k9ds ( :ales /ill fl\ri%+ 9 ! sea4 ,a me*anical limit is set to ! size ( l&-walk+ animals1 & t limit has be5 rea*$ by ! elephant ,fle% & blood1 & we may add bone1 _c c>ry on dry l& a great] bulk ?an 84 ,he is always 9 dang] ( s9k+ by 8 own weight into s(t e>? & bog4 ,8 legs h to be mu* ?ick] 9 proportion ?an ^? ( small] animals-made ( ! same mat]ial-or !y w\ld b5d & snap4 ,8 feet h to be padd$ ) huge discs ( fat & fibre to ease ! local pressure1 & 8 legs are kept /raight n b5t at ! jo9ts1 :5 he /&s 7a fact to :i* ,%akespe>e makes ,ulysses ref]71 s t ! va/ weight ( 8 body %all be support$ by ! /iff column =m$ by ! upp] & l[] half ( ! limb-bones kept upright 9 "o /raight l9e4 ,a well-gr[n elephant weighs five tons4 ,comp>e 8 weight & %ape ) t ( a big :ale-bone :ale6 ,no ext9ct animal kn[n approa*es ! exi/+ :ale 9 bulk & weight4 ,he is #hj to #ij ft4 long1 & has no neck nor any l5g? ( tail4 ,8 outl9e is egg-l1 n>r[] at ! h9d] end4 ,he weighs #bjj tons-=ty times z mu* z a big elephant-& is p]fectly support$ )\t any /ra9 on 8 /ructure by ! wat] 9 :i* he floats4 ,!re is no su* limit to 8 possible size z !re is 9 ! case ( l&-walk+ animals4 ,b x seems probable t he too is limit$ 9 size by me*anical conditions ( ano!r k9d4 ,probably he _c exce$ "s #ij ft4 9 l5g? & #bjj tons ( bulk on acc\nt ( ! relatively great increase ( proportionate size & p[] 9 ! he>t requir$ 9 ord] to propel ! blood ?r\gh su* a va/ mass ( liv+ tissue & keep him go+ z a w>m-blood$ mammal4 ,! orig9al patt]n-! small dog-l ance/or ( ! :ale-_c be indef9itely exp&$ z an effici5t work+ ma*9e1 ?\gh its limit ( gr[? is n det]m9$ by ! same me*anical causes z ^? :i* limit ! bulk ( ! t]re/rial quadrup$4 ,^! consid]ations make x cle> t we %\ld comp>e z to bigness t]re/rial animals ) o!r t]re/rial animals1 & aquatic animals ) aquatic ones4 ,x seems probable t ,diplodocus 0 an aquatic reptile1 & nev] rais$ himself on to 8 f\r legs on dry l& z ! ,c>negie skeleton at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum is do+4 ,8 legs & feet are q unfitt$ to support 8 weight on a l& surface2 on l& he w\ld h re/$ on 8 belly1 z a crocodile does1 ) mu* b5t legs on ea* side4 ,b subm]g$ 9 #bj ft4 dep? ( wat]1 he c\ld h trott$ along1 half-float+1 ) 8 feet t\*+ ! bottom & 8 head rais$ on its long neck to ! surface1 sl[ly suck+ ! float+ vegetation into 8 mod]ate-siz$ m\?4 7,see draw+ on p4 #ia47 ,diplodocus & ,cetiosaurus h huge ?igh-bones & upp]-arm bones-respectively #e ft4 #i 94 & #c ft4 #b 94 9 l5g?-until lately ! bigge/ kn[n limb-bones1 al?\gh ! l[] jaw-bone ( a ,"r ,:ale gr[s to be #ah ft4 9 l5g?4 ,b a ?igh-bone 7femur7 ( a reptile simil> to ,diplodocus has be5 f\nd 9 ,wyom+1 #f ft4 #b 94 9 l5g?4 ,?is reptile 0 nam$ ,atlantosaurus1 & a ca/ ( ! huge bone-! bigge/ kn[n :5 x 0 plac$ !re-/&s 9 our museum gall]y4 ,h[ev]1 its glory has dep>t$1 = we n[ "k ?an ?is bigge/ bone1 a bigg] /ill4 ,! bones ( sev]al individuals ( a huge reptile simil> to ,diplodocus1 b actually twice z big 9 l9e> dim5sions1 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,fraas at ,t5dagoroo1 fifty miles f ! coa/ 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 & br\ght safely to ,b]l9 9 #aiab1 ?\gh !y h n yet be5 m\nt$ z a complete specim54 ,!y 7 ly+ 9 a s&y deposit ( ! same geologic age z our ,sussex ,weald54 ,a special exp$ition ( #ejj negroes 0 s5t-n by ! ,gov]nm5t1 b by ! ,b]l9 ,society ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,natural ,hi/ory 7we ne$ su* a society 9 ,engl&71 at a co/ ( #aj1jjj1 to fet* ! bones4 ,!y 7 ( _m individuals1 & _h to be skilfully dug out & pack$4 ,dr4 ,fraas calls ?is bigge/ ( all quadrup$s ,gigantosaurus4 ,a ca/ ( ! hum]us1 or upp]-arm bone1 is n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,x is ov] #g ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! femur1 or ?igh-bone1 0 /ill bigg]-x 0 ov] #aj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,alas = ! glory ( ,atlantosaurus6 ,?is enorm\s creature 01 ( c\rse1 l ,diplodocus1 aquatic4 ,its bulk 0 mu* less ?an t ( a big :ale1 b ext9ct aquatic reptiles may yet be f\nd ( great] size4 ,i*?yosaurus1 ! ext9ct :ale-l reptile1 does n exce$ #cj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,our engrav+ 7,fig4 #cb7 %[s ! relative size ( ! hum]us ( man1 ! elephant1#d & ! ,gigantosaurus4 ,h[ puny is t human arm-bone6 ,& yet4446 ,:5 /ret*$ on ! %ore1 re/+ on ! belly1 ! body ( ! great liz>d ( ,t5dagoroo bulk$ l a breakwat] #ab ft4 high1 & 8 tail l a huge s]p5t ext5d$ #hj ft4 beyond x2 :il/ 8 head & neck rea*$ #dj ft4 along ! mud 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4-,! upp]-arm bone or hum]us ( ! great reptile 7,gigantosaurus7 ( ,t5dagoroo-comp>$ ) t ( man & ( an ,indian elephant4 ,an important limitation to great size 9 an animal is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 (t5 impos$ by ! nature ( ! animal's food4 ,t5 individuals ea* weigh+ a hundr$weight w m easily pick up & swall[ ! am\nt ( food requir$ to n\ri% t5 hundr$weight ( ! species ?an w "o individual responsible = ! :ole bulk1 provid$ t ! food is scatt]$ & n ready to ! m\? 9 unlimit$ quantity4 ,a creature :i* has unlimit$ =e/ or grass or seawe$ z its food w be at no disadvantage ow+ to its size4 ,b a c>nivor or a fi%-eat] or "o dep5d+ on special fruits & roots n (f]$ to him by nature 9 mass has to se>* =1 & sometimes to hunt1 or at any rate to compete ) o!rs1 = ! scatt]$ & elusive bits ( food4 ,s x is t we f9d t ! fruit-eat+ apes are n v big1 & t t]re/rial c>nivors are small1 ?\gh p[]ful & swift1 z comp>$ ) cattle1 de]1 & veget>ian bea/s4 ,t5 c>nivors weigh+ ea* t5 /one w ) _! t5 m\?s pick up m prey ?an "o c>nivor weigh+ a hundr$ /one & hav+ only "o m\?4 ,ev5 ! c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs su* z ,megalosaurus & ,tyrannosaurus 7 mu* small] ?an ! veget>ian ,iguanodon1 ,diplodocus1 ,brontosaurus & ,tric]atops on :i* 7or on ! l ( :i*7 !y prey$-j z a tig] is small] ?an a buffalo1 & a wolf small] ?an a horse4 ,x is ow+ to causes ( ?is nature t ! life ( "s animals1 & consequ5tly _! gr[?1 is limit$ 9 duration4 ,occasionally ! common lob/] lives to a great age1 & gr[s to be m ?an #b ft4 long4 ,b he is doom$ by 8 size2 ! small] lob/]s g quickly ar\nd & get all ! food 7c>rion ( ! sea71 & ! big fell[ has to />ve4 ,! :ale-bone :ales1 x is true1 take animal food2 b x occurs 9 ! =m ( m9ute sea-slugs & %rimps1 :i* fill ! surface wat]s 9 c\ntless millions ov] hundr$s ( miles ( ocean4 ,h5ce ! :ales ( ?is k9d h only to swim along ) _! m\?s op5 ?r\gh an unlimit$ supply ( lusci\s food4 ,! size ( t]re/rial animals is also1 x appe>s1 def9itely relat$ to ! natural wat]-supply4 ,!re are v few small quadrup$s 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,on acc\nt ( frequ5t dr\ght1 ! mammals h (t5 to run a hundr$ miles or m 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,only animals z big z ! l>g] antelopes & ! zebra c cov] ! gr\nd4 ,! small] k9ds die 7& h1 9 fact1 di$ out 9 pa/ ages7 9 ^! regions ( sudd5 dr\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,! gigantic reptile ,diplodocus on l&4 ,,footnote3 #d ,! elephant1 ! ?igh-bone ( :i*1 measur+ ne>ly #c ft4 9 l5g?1 is drawn 9 ,fig4 #cb1 is a l>ge ,indian "o4 ,?is species is exce$$ 9 size by ! ,african4 ,see ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air1 ,second s]ies1 p4 #abc4-,! l>ge/ elephant ! bones ( :i* are kn[n is ! ,elephas antiquus ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 bigg] ?an ei!r ( ! liv+ species & bigg] ?an ! mammo?1 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! arm-bone 7hum]us7 ( "o ( ?is species 7,elephas antiquus7 lately dug up ne> ,*a?am & n[ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 is #d ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,a ,,species8 ,^? :o take an int]e/ 9 natural hi/ory mu/ f9d x necess>y to "k :at ! naturali/ means by a species ( animal or plant4 ,:at does he mean :5 he says3 ,?is is n ! same species z t1 or ,?is is a species closely alli$ to ?is o!r species1 or ,?is is a new species8 ,:at are ! species conc]n+ ! orig9 ( :i* ,d>w9 prop\nd$ 8 great !ory8 ,!re is really no ,engli% ^w :i* c be exactly us$ 9 place ( ! ^w species4 ,i (t5 h to use ! ^w :5 writ+ ab\t plants or animals1 & %\ld l once = all to say :at is meant by x4 ,"o might suppose t a k9d is ! same ?+ z a species4 ,& s x (t5 is2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! ^w k9d we (t5 mean a gr\p includ+ sev]al species4 ,= in/ance1 we say ! cat-k9d or ! daisy-k9d1 mean+ ! cat-l animals or ! daisy-l plants4 ,! expression ! cat-k9d includes ! common cat & ! wild cat1 & ev5 leop>ds1 lions1 & tig]s1 ea* ( :i* is a species ( cat4 ,& by ! daisy-k9d we und]/& a gr\p includ+ sev]al species ( daisies1 su* z ! common daisy1 ! ox-eye daisy1 ! camomile daisy1 ! mi*aelmas daisy1 & o!rs4 ,h5ce we _c translate species simply by ! ^w k9d4 ,k9d is ! same ^w z k9-a little m ?an k9 & less ?an k9d1 runs ,hamlet's bitt] pun4 ,k9d means a gr\p held toge!r by k9%ip1 & x may be a l>g] or a small] gr\p held toge!r by a close k9%ip or by a m di/ant "o4 ,sort1 aga91 w n s]ve our purpose z an ,engli% translation ( species4 ,=1 al?\gh a sort implies a c]ta9 selection & simil>ity ( ! ?+s includ$ 9 ! sort1 ! am\nt ( simil>ity impli$ may be v great or x may be indef9itely vague & remote4 ,h5ce naturali/s h to /ick to ! ^w species1 & to use x ) a cle> def9ition ( :at !y mean by x4 ,suppose we get toge!r a l>ge unsort$ collection-_m hundr$ specim5s or individuals-( ! common butt]flies ( ,engl&4 ,!n1 if we look !m ov]1 we %all f9d t we c pick out & arrange ! specim5s into def9ite gr\ps1 accord+ to _! col\r-patt]n4 ,we f9d t ! k9ds :i* we readily di/+ui% are call$ 9 ,engli% ! swall[-tails1 ! :ites1 ! sulphurs1 ! cl\d$ yell[s1 ! tortoise-%ells1 ! peacocks1 ! r$ admirals1 ! pa9t$ ladies1 ! gatekeep]s1 ! mead[ br[ns1 ! hea?s1 ! copp]s1 & ! blues4 ,!re might be o!rs 9 su* a collection1 b t is en\gh = our purpose4 ,on exam9+ ! specim5s closely1 we f9d t ! col\r-m>k+s & v5ation or network by :i* ! w+s are m>k$ & ! %ape ( ! w+s1 body1 & legs ( all ! specim5s ( ! swall[-tails are almo/ exactly alike1 & unlike ^? ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,we %all f9d if we h a doz5 or two specim5s t !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! patt]n1 size1 & col\r ( w+ ( "s ( ! swall[-tails1 divid+ !m into two gr\ps1 :i* we soon asc]ta9 to be ! males & females2 b ?is is s small a diff]5ce t we may ignore x4 ,! swall[-tail is obvi\sly & at once di/+ui%$ f any ( ! o!r butt]flies 9 ! collection by its col\r-patt]n & %ape4 ,s also ) ! o!rs1 !re w be _m specim5s 9 ea* case agree+ 9 col\r & patt]n1 & recognizable & di/+ui%able f ! re/ by ! col\r-patt]n & by ! v5ation or n]vures ( ! w+s4 ,if we collect butt]flies aga9 9 o!r ye>s & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 we f9d ! same set ( %apes & patt]ns exactly1 correspond+ to :at we h le>nt to call swall[-tails1 :ites1 sulphurs1 cl\d$ yell[s1 tortoise-%ells1 etc4 ,!re are1 we ?us le>n1 sev]al di/9ct1 un*ang+ k9ds ( butt]fly1 :i* are common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & appe> e ye>4 ,simil>ly we may g into a mead[ 9 spr+1 & ga!r a numb] ( fl[]s1 & a naturali/ w r\ghly arrange our b\quet into k9ds2 !re w be ! butt]cups1 ! daisies1 ! clov]s1 ! dead nettles1 ! poppies1 ! roses1 ! or*ids1 etc4 ,if1 n[1 we look m c>efully at our collection ( butt]flies1 sort$ out r\ghly into k9ds or species1 we %all f9d t ! :ites1 al?\gh hold+ toge!r by a close simil>ity 9 hav+ m]ely :ite w+s edg$ & spott$ ) black1 yet diff] among/ !mselves1 s t we di/+ui% a l>g] k9d1 ! l>ge g>d5-:ite1 & a small]1 common] k9d1 ! small] g>d5-:ite1 & we di/+ui% also ! gre5-ve9$ :ite1 & possibly ! r>e ,ba? :ite1 ea* ( !m diff]+ a little 9 _! spots z well z _! size4 ,^! diff]5t sorts ( :ites c1 once our att5tion is drawn to ! matt]1 be readily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 & con/antly are f\nd 9 our collections4 ,we ?us arrive at ! conclusion t1 ?\gh ! :ites are mu* alike1 & are a k9d di/9ct f ! o!r k9ds ( butt]flies1 yet ! :ites !mselves c be divid$ into & arrang$ z sev]al k9ds di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,9 fact1 we discov] 7& an illu/rat$ book on butt]flies confirms u 9 ! conclusion7 t !re are sev]al ultimate k9ds ( :ites :i* _c be fur!r sep>at$ into gr\ps4 ,^! are :at are call$ species4 ,! :ites are !re=e n a s+le species1 z are our ,briti% swall[-tails1 b a gr\p ( species1 closely relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,we f9d ! same ?+ to be true ) reg>d to ! blues4 ,?\gh !y are mu* alike1 agree+ 9 a v>iety ( details ( spott+ & col\r1 yet we c di/+ui% ! *alk-hill blue1 ! common blue1 ! azure-blue1 ! ,adonis blue1 & o!rs1 z di/9ct species ( blues4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 we c>efully exam9e our ,engli% specim5s ( tortoise-%ells1 we f9d t !re are two di/9ct species-! great] & ! small]-diff]+ n only 9 size1 b 9 patt]n2 & :5 we comp>e ) ^! ! pa9t$ lady & ! peacock & ! r$ admiral1 we f9d t !re is a c]ta9 agreem5t ( w+-patt]n 7v5ation & outl9e7 & details ( %ape among !m all1 al?\gh _! t9ts & ! %ape ( ! spots & b&s ( col\r diff]4 ,^! diff]5t species hold toge!r j z ! :ites d & j z ! blues d4 ,naturali/s h met ! ne$ = express+ ?is simil>ity ( a numb] ( di/9ct species to "o ano!r by introduc+ ! t]m g5us = su* a gr\p4 ,9 fact we arrange sev]al species into a g5us4 ,! g5us is a k9d1 b a m compreh5sive k9d1 ?an is a species4 ,! species is an assemblage ( individuals closely alike to "o ano!r2 ! g5us is a gr\p ( species :i* are m l to "o ano!r ?an any ( !m are to o!r species4 ,naturali/s give to e g5us a "n1 & also a "n to ea* species 9 ! g5us4 ,s9ce we naturali/s want to "k :at butt]flies or o!r species ( animals & plants are f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries1 & to be sure t we all 7:atev] our native language may be7 mean ! same ?+ by a "n1 ,lat9 names are giv5 to ! g5]a & ! species1 & are necess>ily us$ :5 "o wi%es to be sure t "o is und]/ood4 ,! greate/ tr\ble is tak5 to make c]ta9 t ! "n us$ is appli$ only to ! orig9al species & ! orig9al g5us to :i* x 0 appli$1 = only s c "o be sure t a writ] 9 ,am]ica or "o 9 ,italy or ,france means ! same ?+ by a "n z we d "h 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is r5d]$ possible & is actually br\ght ab\t by ! prep>ation ( catalogues 9 :i* ! species are describ$ & figur$1 especially ) reg>d to obvi\s po9ts ( detail :i* are con/ant1 & are call$ specific *>act]s4 ,^! are *os5 = special description1 n haphaz>d1 b ) a view to _! be+ recogniz$ ) c]ta9ty by ^? :o /udy o!r specim5s4 ,ano!r extremely important proce$+ 9 connection ) ?is purpose ( uni=m nam+1 :i* involves va/ lab\r & exp5se1 is ! ma9t5ance ( great collections ( pres]v$ animals & plants by ! ,/ate 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,9 ^! collections ei!r ! orig9al specim5s to :i* names 7 giv5 by recogniz$ describ]s 7call$ type-specim5s or ! type7 are pres]v$1 or else specim5s :i* h be5 comp>$ ) ^? orig9al describ$ specim5s1 & au?oritatively asc]ta9$ to be ! same z ! type4 ,! ma9t5ance ( accuracy & agreem5t 9 reg>d to ! names ( all ! species ( plants & animals is a big task4 ,x is n[ c>ri$ out by int]national c\ncils1 9 :i* ! skill$ naturali/s ( ! _w are repres5t$4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples h be5 agre$ ^u z to ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! priority ( "o "n ov] o!rs :i* h be5 employ$ = "o & ! same species by naturali/s ( diff]5t c\ntries & at diff]5t times1 & a g5]al agreem5t z to :at names are to be us$ has be5 arriv$ at4 ,x is a matt] :i* has involv$ a great deal ( unc]ta9ty & dispute1 & /ill causes difficulty4 ,by ! ex]cise ( good s5se1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an urg5t desire really to und]/& "o ano!r1 !re is n[ e ye> an increas+ uni=mity & agreem5t among naturali/s ab\t ! exact "n to be appli$ to e species ( liv+ ?+4 ,return+ to our collections ( butt]flies & mead[ fl[]s1 we may take ! names ( "s ( ! species & g5]a z an example ( ! sy/em ( nam+ 9 use by sci5tific naturali/s4 ,! common swall[-tail is assign$ to ! g5us ,papilio4 ,its specific "n is ,ma*aon1 giv5 to x by ,l9nu1 h5ce x is spok5 ( z ,papilio ,ma*aon4 ,x is f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 ,c5tral ,europe 7(t5 se5 9 ,switz]l&7 !re is also ano!r species ( swall[-tail1 :i* only occurs z a r>e accid5t 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is ! pale swall[-tail1 diff]+1 n only by its pal] col\r b by def9ite spots & m>k+s ( ! w+s1 f ! ,engli% species4 ,its species "n1 or specific "n1 is ,podalirius1 & s x is kn[n z ,papilio ,podalirius4 ,species ( ,papilio are f\nd all ov] ! _w2 m ?an #ejj are kn[n4 ,our two commone/ :ites belong to ! g5us ,pi]is-!y are call$ respectively ,pi]is brassic 7! l>g]7 & ,pi]is rap 7! small]74 ,! gre5-ve9$ :ite is ,pi]is napi4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree is call$ aft] ! plant1 cabbage1 rape1 or turnip1 on :i* its cat]pill> fe$s4 ,! r>e ,ba? :ite is ,pi]is daplidice4 ,its cat]pill> fe$s on mignonette4 ,!re are doz5s ( species 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w alli$ to our :ites1 :i* naturali/s h c>efully di/+ui%$ & *>act]iz$ by _! m>ks4 ,sev]al ( our mo/ beautiful species ( ,engli% butt]flies :i* are mu* alike h be5 enroll$ 9 "o g5us-! g5us ,vanessa4 ,?is g5us includes ! great tortoise-%ell1 call$ ,vanessa poly*loros2 ! small] tortoise-%ell1 ,vanessa urtic2 ! peacock1 ,vanessa ,io2 ! pa9t$ lady1 ,vanessa c>dui2 ! r$ admiral1 ,vanessa ,atalanta2 & ! comma butt]fly1 ,vanessa ,c-album4 ,!re are o!r ,european1 ,asiatic1 & ,am]ican species ( ,vanessa4 ,9 ! same way we f9d ) our mead[ plants t :at we at fir/ ?\ght 0 a s+le k9d1 ! butt]cup really be>s a "n applicable to a g5us 9 :i* are sev]al common species4 ,! g5us is call$ ,ranunculus1 & !re are sev]al common ,engli% species ) yell[ fl[]s1 b di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by def9ite *>act]s4 ,!y are ,ranunculus acris1 ,ranunculus flammula1 ,ranunculus bulbosus1 ,ranunculus arv5sis1 ,ranunculus fic>ia 7! less] cel&9e74 ,& !n !re is ! :ite-fl[]$ ,ranunculus aquatilis-a common pond plant4 ,clov]1 aga91 is by no means ! "n = a s+le species4 ,! clov]s =m ! g5us ,trifolium1 & 9 any ,engli% mead[ we may come across ! :ite clov]1 ,trifolium rep5s2 ! r$ clov]1 ,trifolium prat5se2 ! hop clov]1 ,trifolium agr>ium3 ! /rawb]ry clov]1 ,trifolium fragif]um2 ! h>esfoot clov]1 ,trifolium arv5se4 ,s x is ) ! plants :i* at fir/ sight we di/+ui% m]ely z daisies4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct g5]a ( daisies-,a/]1 ,bellis1 ,*rysan!mum 7ox-eye71 ,an!mis 7camomile71 & o!rs1 ) sev]al di/9ct species 9 ea* g5us4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! read] t ! m]e notion ( k9ds does n c>ry ! same mean+ z species1 b t !re are a numb] ( regul>ly occurr+ def9ite =ms ( bo? animals & plants :i* c be arrang$ 9 gr\ps consi/+ only ( individuals :i* are v ne>ly id5tical ) "o ano!r4 ,a gr\p ( liv+ ?+s ( ?is degree ( lik5ess is call$ a species1 & receives a "n4 ,a less degree ( lik5ess holds toge!r a numb] ( species to =m :at we call a g5us1 & ! "n ( ! g5us is cit$ toge!r ) ! "n ( ! species :5 we wi% to speak ( ! species ) cle>ness & c]ta9ty4 ,?is sy/em ( d\ble names we owe to ! great ,sw$i% naturali/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,l9nu4 ,he propos$ also t ! relation%ips ( liv+ ?+s to "o ano!r %\ld be fur!r express$ by gr\p+ l g5]a into families1 !n l families into ord]s1 & l ord]s into classes4 ,& s9ce 8 day we g fur!r & gr\p classes into phyla or great /ems ( ! animal p$igree4 ,9 ?is way a complete hi]>*y or sy/em ( less & m compreh5sive gr\ps has be5 e/abli%$1 & is ! means by :i* we indicate ! natural gr\ps ( ! family-trees ( plants & ( animals1 :at1 9 fact1 is call$ ! classification ( ea* ( ^! great s]ies ( liv+ ?+s4 ,l9nu comp>$ 8 sy/em ( gr\ps to ! subdivisions ( two armies4 ,?us1 ! "o army repres5ts ! :ole animal s]ies1 ! o!r ! :ole vegetable s]ies4 ,an army is divid$ into 7#a7 legions1 ^! into 7#b7 divisions1 divisions into 7#c7 regim5ts1 regim5ts into 7#d7 battalions1 & battalions consi/ ( 7#e7 companies1 consi/+ ( individual soldi]s4 ,accord+ to ,l9nu1 we may comp>e ! legions to classes1 :i* are divid$ into ord]s1 comp>able to divisions2 ^! into families1 comp>able to regim5ts2 ^! into g5]a1 comp>able to battalions2 & ^! into species1 comp>able to companies1 or ultimate gr\ps ( individual units or soldi]s4 ,j z ! legions1 divisions1 regim5ts1 battalions & companies ( an army h ea* _! own "n or at any rate a di/9ctive num]al assign$ to !m 9 ord] t !y may be cit$ & direct$1 s are names giv5 to ea* class1 ord]1 family1 g5us & species ( ! classification or enum]ation ( ! k9ds ( animals & plants4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 are ! names ( ! great] & small] gr\ps 9 :i* our common :ite f9ds itself enroll$4 ,class-,insects4 ,ord]-,lepidopt]a4 ,family-,pi]id4 ,g5us-,pi]is4 ,species-brassic4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m ,,ab\t ,,species ,i wrote 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! recognition ( t degree ( lik5ess or k9%ip 9 animals & plants :i* we po9t to by ! ^w species1 & ( ! gr\p+ ( sev]al simil> species to =m a g5us1 & ( sev]al g5]a to =m a family1 ( families to =m ord]s1 & ( ord]s to =m classes-& ( ! giv+ ( names to all ^! gr\ps4 ,:il/ ! mak+ ( ?is or t lot ( species into a di/9ct g5us1 & giv+ x a new "n is a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce = ! indication ( m or less important agreem5ts & div]g5ces1 & is to a l>ge ext5t arbitr>y or an expression ( op9ion-x has always be5 recogniz$ among naturali/s t ! gr\p call$ a species is n a m]e conv5tion1 b has a real natural limitation4 ,x is true t ! actual ?+s :i* we see 9 /udy+ natural hi/ory are s _m units or individuals4 ,b ! possibility ( arrang+ ^! by patt]n1 col\r & %ape into ultimate companies ( :i* all ! units are alike & diff] f all ! units ( ano!r company1 has be5 reg>d$ z a natural fact ( prim>y importance & n a m]e conv5tion or conv5i5ce4 ,! conception ( ! naturalness ( a species dep5ds really ^u a fur!r qualification ( great importance z to :at we naturali/s und]/& by x4 ,we f9d by re>+ plants f se$ & by caus+ animals to bre$ "u actual obs]vation t ! individuals ( a species pair ) "o ano!r1 & n ) individuals ( o!r species1 & fur!r1 t ! "y :i* !y produce are l ! p>5ts-%[ !mselves1 9 fact1 to be ( ! same species4 ,! species cont9ually ye> aft] ye> reproduces itself ) little v>iation1 ?\gh "s v>iation does occur4 ,! faculty ( pair+ only )9 ! gr\p1 ( nev] naturally bre$+ ) memb]s ( o!r gr\ps1 has accord+ly be5 adopt$ z a te/ ( species4 ,hybrids betwe5 two species d n occur1 except 9 v r>e cases1 9 ! /ate ( nature4 ,x is n always ! case t ! memb]s ( two species _c possibly pair toge!r1 b x is ! fact t !y d n d s4 ,man sometimes br+s ab\t su* cross+ or hybridization1 & x is a curi\s fact t ! hybrids are (t5 inf]tile or give rise only to weakly (fspr+1 :i* c\ld n survive 9 ! natural /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 :5 ! two hybridiz$ species happ5 to come f regions ( ! _w remote f "o ano!r1 ! result+ hybrids e/abli% a vigor\s race4 ,!re are real ob/acles 7( :i* ,i w say m bel[7 9 natural conditions to hybrid-bre$+ betwe5 any two species :i* occur naturally 9 ! same t]ritory4 ,?us ! idea ( a species is exp&$ s z to be n m]ely a gr\p ( individuals ( con/ant lik5ess 9 =m & *>act]i/ics1 b we add to t def9ition a liv+ or con/itutional quality express$ by ! words1 :i* produce f]tile (fspr+ by pair+ ) "o ano!r1 b d n pair ) ! memb]s ( o!r species4 ,?is enables u to di/+ui% ! conception ( a species f t ( a v>iety or a race4 ,we f9d occasionally peculi>ly-m>k$ examples ( a species ( plant or animal1 or ev5 local races ( peculi> =m2 b we d n reg>d !m z di/9ct species if we f9d t !y bre$ z a rule ) ! ord9>y memb]s ( ! species4 ,! decisive te/ is ! bre$+4 ,if ! v>iety is f\nd n to bre$ ) ! regul> species1 b to keep ap>t & bre$ only ) o!r individuals l itself1 !n we say1 ,?is is no m]e v>iety6 ,x is a di/9ct species6 ,un=tunately we h va/ s]ies ( animals1 insects1 & o!rs1 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 collect$ & pres]v$ 9 our museums1 ( :i* we "k only ! dead pres]v$ specim5s4 ,s t we _c be sure 9 d\btful cases :e!r a s]ies ( =ms diff]+ a little f ! ord9>y memb]s ( a species indicate di/9ct species1 z def9$ & te/$ by bre$+4 ,we h 9 su* a case to note ! diff]5ce1 & record x ei!r z a v>iety or z a species by a guess at ! probabilities "o way or ! o!r4 ,naturali/s really int5d by ! ^w species to designate a =m repres5t$ by num]\s l individuals1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t natural conditions ( ! region !y inhabit1 h atta9$ a c]ta9 /ability ( di/9ctive =m & "* 7n )\t "s v>iability )9 def9ite limits7 & con/itute a m or less widely di/ribut$ population1 ! memb]s ( :i* int]-bre$ b d n produce (fspr+ ) o!r alli$ species4 ,a good case by :i* to exhibit fur!r our conception ( a species is t af=d$ by ! species :i* are unit$ 9 ! g5us ,equus-! horse-g5us4 ,!re are liv+ at ! pres5t day sev]al wild k9ds ( ,equus-namely1 ! wild horse1 or ,t>pan1 ( ! ,gobi des]t ( ,mongolia1 call$ aft] ! ,russian explor] ,przewalski2 two k9ds ( ,asiatic wild ass1 call$ ! ,kiang & ! ,oneg>2 ! ,african wild ass1 & two or ?ree k9ds ( zebra4 ,!re are1 besides1 _m k9ds ( dome/icat$ horses1 rang+ f ! ,%etl& pony to ! ,flemi% dray horse1 & f ! ,%ire horse to ! ,arab4 ,!n !re are _m k9ds ( fossil ext9ct horses kn[n1 "s ( :i* cle>ly mu/ be plac$ 9 ! g5us ,equus ) ! liv+ k9ds2 o!rs :i* h to be sep>at$ into special g5]a 7,hippidium1 ,onohippidium1 etc474 ,n[1 z to ! liv+ =ms or =m-k9ds ( ! g5us ,equus-:i* are we to reg>d z true species1 & :i* are only v>ieties & races ( l[] significance ?an species8 ,! answ] is cle> en\gh 9 reg>d to sev]al ( !m4 ,! wild ,mongolian horse & all ! dome/icat$ horses are v>ieties1 races1 or bre$s ( "o species1 judg$ n only by su* m>ks z ! possession ( callosities on bo? ! h9d & ! =e legs1 b also by ! te/ ( bre$+4 ,!y bre$ toge!r & produce p]si/+ races4 ,b ! asses & ! zebras1 ?\gh !y w =m mules ) ! horse1 d n 9 a /ate ( nature freely bre$ ) x4 ,:5 an ass or zebra is mat$ by man ) ! horse x w produce hybrids1 call$ ,mules1 b w n 9 a /ate ( nature e/abli% a hybrid race4 ,! asses & ! zebras are di/9ct f ! horse1 n only 9 m>k+s & c]ta9 details ( %ape & hair1 b 9 ! fact t !y _c be fus$ into "o race ) him4 ,!re are no suffici5t exp]im5ts on ! alo(ness ( zebras & asses f "o ano!r 9 reg>d to bre$+1 al?\gh x seems t !y _c e/abli% a mix$ race1 & are1 !re=e1 di/9ct species judg$ by t te/ z well z by _! =m & m>k+4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! s-call$ species ( wild ass-! ,asiatic & ! ,african-w\ld prove to produce f]tile or inf]tile mules if int]cross$1 nor has ! te/ be5 appli$ to ! v diff]5tly-m>k$ local races ( ! ,african zebras-,grevy's zebra1 ,bur*ell's zebra1 & ! m\nta9 zebra4 ,x is likely en\gh t ! ?ree or m species di/+ui%$ among zebras on acc\nt ( _! be+ diff]5tly /rip$1 & exi/+ 9 diff]5t localities1 w\ld be f\nd to bre$ freely toge!r1 & prove !mselves ?us to be entitl$ to be reg>d$ z local v>ieties or races1 b n z fully-sep>at$ true species4 ,?us "o sees h[ difficult x is to h k ( ! bre$+ te/1 ev5 9 reg>d to l>ge animals4 ,x is obvi\s t ! difficulty ( obta9+ x 9 reg>d to ! ?\s&s ( k9ds ( m9ute creatures is mu* great]4 ,yet :5 !y say1 ,?is is a di/9ct species1 naturali/s d mean t x is n only m>k$ (f f o!r animals or plants mo/ l to x by a c]ta9 %ape1 col\r1 or o!r quality or qualities1 b t x bre$s ap>t ) its own k9d & does n naturally hybridize ) ^? o!r =ms mo/ l to x4 ,al?\gh ! k9d ( naturali/ call$ a sy/emati/ :o makes x 8 bus9ess to accurately describe & record & di/+ui% f "o ano!r all ! exi/+ species ( "s "o gr\p-say1 ( antelopes1 ( mice1 ( fl[]+ plants1 ( fi%es1 or ( fleas-has only a k 9 a few in/ances ( ! bre$+ ( ! organisms :i* he describes z di/9ct species1 he yet does "k1 9 reg>d to "s "o or m ( 8 species 9 mo/ gr\ps1 ! facts ( pair+ & reproduction1 & :at are ! limits ( v>iation 9 ! m>k+s & o!r *>act]i/ics ( at lea/ "o or two species def9itely submitt$ to ! bre$+ te/1 t is to say1 asc]ta9$ to be true physiological species1 kept ap>t by deep-seat$ *emical diff]5ces 9 _! blood & tissues4 ,h5ce x is legitimate = him1 by c>eful balanc+ & consid]ation ( all ! facts1 to det]m9e-n absolutely1 b by analogy-! value to be assign$ 7:e!r z indicat+ true species or m]ely v>ieties capable ( pair+ ) ! ma9 /ock7 to po9ts ( diff]5ce among ! specim5s ( a dead collection br\ght f "s di/ant l& or f "s position 9 :i* x w\ld be impossible to make obs]vations ) reg>d to pair+ & bre$+ true4 ,"s #djj species ( fleas h be5 describ$1 & we are c]ta9 z to ! value ( ! *>act]s reli$ on to di/+ui% ^? species1 ow+ to :at we "k ( ! bre$+ ( "s common species ( fleas4 ,! flea ( ! dome/ic f[l1 t ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 t f ! h\se-m>t91 & t f ! s&-m>t9-us$ to be consid]$ z "o species until !y 7 c>efully exam9$ tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 reality ea* ( !m has its own peculi> m>ks1 & !y d n mix ) "o ano!r4 ,! ne/s ( ! s&-m>t9 yield only "o species ( flea1 namely t peculi> to ! s&-m>t94 ,! h5-h\se1 ! dove-cote1 & ! ne/s ( ! h\se-m>t9 yield ea* _! flea maggots1 :i* c be re>$ & become 9 ea* case a di/9ct species ) def9ite recognizable *>act]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! flea ( ! rabbit gives an opportunity ( /udy+ ! limits ( v>iation 9 a good species4 ,rabbit w>r5s sw>m ) ! rabbit flea1 & (t5 a great numb] are f\nd on "o rabbit1 ! individual fleas v>y+-diff]+ f "o ano!r to a slight ext5t4 ,! sy/emati/ ?us gets to "k :at organs are v>iable )9 ! limits ( an und\bt$ physiological species ( flea1 & :at are comp>atively con/ant-s t he c =m a reasonable op9ion ab\t ! claim ( o!r specim5s :i* he may receive )\t full hi/ory ( _! habits1 to be reg>d$ z true di/9ct species4 ,! fact t mo/ important *emical diff]5ces ( ! blood & dige/ive juices (t5 accompany ! small ext]nal diff]5ces :i* enable u to di/+ui% "o species ( animal or plant f ano!r1 makes x obvi\s t ! k ( species is a v valuable & necess>y ?+4 ,"o species ( flea1 ! ,pulex ,*eopis1 habitually c>ries ! plague bacillus f animals to man1 & is a cause ( dea?2 o!r species1 extremely l x 9 appe>ance1 b di/+ui%able by a tra9$ obs]v]1 d n c>ry ! plague bacillus1 b if !y swall[ x1 de/roy x by dige/ion4 ,"o species ( gnat1 ! common grey gnat1 dige/s & de/roys mal>ia g]ms :5 x sucks !m up ) blood2 9 an alli$ species1 ! spot-w+$ gnat or ,anopheles1 ! *emical juices ( ! gut all[ ! g]m to live 9 x & multiply1 & s to be c>ri$ to m5 by ! gnat's bite4 ,s ) _m o!r flies & p>asites ! recognition ( ! dang]\s species is ( vital importance1 & t recognition (t5 dep5ds on m9ute features ( =m & col\r n at once obvi\s to an ord9>y obs]v]4 ,b ?is recognition ( di/9ct species is1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! /udy ( ,nature1 only a prelim9>y to ! "q1 ,h[ did ^! species come ab\t8 ,h[ is x t !re are s _m species1 "s v l "o ano!r1 =m+ g5]a1 & ^! g5]a gr\p$ into relat$ families1 ^! into l>g] gr\ps1 & s on1 l ! bran*es ( a family tree8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions giv5 by ,l9nu 03 ,!re are j s _m species z ! ,inf9ite ,be+ creat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & !y h cont9u$ to propagate !mselves un*ang$ ev] s9ce4 ,! answ] :i* we give to-day is t ! appe>ance ( a huge family tree :i* our classification ( animals takes is due to ! simple fact t x really is nei!r m nor less ?an a family tree or p$igree-! tree ( life1 ( :i* ! gre5 leaves & buds are ! exi/+ species4 ,fur!r1 we hold t ! exi/+ species ( a g5us h come into exi/5ce by natural bir? f "o ance/ral species1 its (fspr+ hav+ slightly v>i$ 7we are all famili> ) ?is individual v>iation 9 our own species1 9 dogs1 cats1 trees1 & %rubs71 & t ! v>ieties h w&]$ ap>t & become cont9u\sly emphasiz$ & select$ = survival by _! fitness or suitability to ! *ang$ conditions ar\nd ea* ( !m4 ,mean:ile a natural de/ruction1 or failure ( int]m$iate =ms to survive1 has gone on4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,species ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ ,a s]ies ( important conceptions are impli$ 9 ! ^w species1 z us$ by naturali/s4 ,"s ( ^! we h not$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re is fir/1 z a />t+-po9t1 ! conception t a species is a numb] or company ( individuals1 all closely & cle>ly alike 7?\gh pres5t+ "s m9or individual v>iations71 & capable ( %>p sep>ation by c]ta9 *>act]s f o!r simil> gr\ps or companies4 ,!n foll[s ! addition 7#b7 t ! species is con/ant if ! conditions ( life are n *ang$1 or b little *ang$1 & t ye> aft] ye> x reproduces itself )\t *ange4 ,x has a c]ta9 /ability 7b n p]man5t immutability7 great] 9 "s species ?an 9 o!rs4 ,next we f9d 7#c7 t ! species con/itutes a gr\p ( individuals :i* h desc5d$ by natural bre$+ f common p>5ts1 n diff]+ greatly f ! pres5t individuals4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 "o /ock4 ,!n 7#d7 t ! species is a gr\p1 ! individuals ( :i* pair ) "o ano!r 9 bre$+1 b d n pair ) ! individuals ( ano!r species1 & t ?is is due to v>i\s peculi> & inh]5t *emical1 physiological & 79 high] animals7 psy*ological *>act]i/ics ( ! species4 ,we h n[ fur!r to note t species h _! special geographical c5tres ( orig9 f :i* mo/ spread only a small di/ance1 :il/ o!rs h a wond]ful p[] ( disp]sal1 & h become cosmopolitan4 ,moreov]1 we f9d t "s species are num]ically v abundant1 o!rs v r>e2 t r>e & abundant species h (t5 invad$ ea* o!r's t]ritory1 & exi/ side by side4 ,:il/ we (t5 f9d a numb] ( species1 fifty or m1 s mu* alike t we unite !m 9 a s+le g5us 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! cats1 lions1 tig]s1 leop>ds1 :i* =m ! g5us ,felis1 & ! hundr$ or m species ( ! h$ge brambles or blackb]ries1 :i* =m ! g5us ,rubus71 !re are _m species :i* to-day h1 z x 71 lo/ all _! relatives & /& alone1 ! solit>y species 9 a well-m>k$ g5us1 or h p]haps only "o o!r liv+ co-species4 ,& sometimes 7curi\sly en\gh7 t "o co-species is an inhabitant ( a region v remote f t inhabit$ by ! o!r4 ,?us ! two liv+ mammals call$ tapirs 7g5us ,tapirus7 inhabit1 ! "o ! ,malay region1 & ! o!r ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t tapirs =m]ly exi/$ all ov] ! l&-surfaces ( ,nor? ,europe1 ,nor? ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* connect ^! widely-sep>ate spots4 ,we f9d ! bones & tee? ( ! ext9ct tapirs emb$d$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! connect+ regions4 ,once we h ga9$ ! fundam5tal conceptions z to :at is meant by a species1 we are able intellig5tly to consid] innum]able facts ( ! mo/ div]se k9d z to _! peculi> /ructure & col\rs1 _! numb]1 localities1 _! int]action & dep5d5ce on o!r liv+ ?+s1 _! modifications = special modes ( life1 _! isolation or _! ubiquity4 ,we c discuss _! g5etic relations to "o ano!r1 & to ext9ct fossil species1 :i* h all be5 to a v l>ge ext5t acc\nt$ = or expla9$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( species by ! natural selection ( fav\r$ races 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b !re is always m to be made out-difficulties to be remov$1 new in/ances to be /udi$4 ,! classification ( ! g5]a ( plants & animals1 ) _! includ$ species into l>g] gr\ps1 helps u to /ate & to rememb] _! actual build & /ructure1 & to survey1 z x 71 ! liv+ _w1 f ! animalcule to ! man1 or f ! microbe to ! magnolia tree4 ,e "o int]e/$ 9 natural hi/ory %\ld c>ry 9 8 m9d z complete a s*eme ( ! classification ( animals & plants z possible4 ,! old] naturali/s held t species 7 sudd5ly creat$ z !y exi/1 & h propagat$ _! l ev] s9ce4 ,d>w9 has taught u t ! pres5t species h develop$ by a sl[ process ( trans=mation f prec$+ species1 & ^! f o!r pr$ecessors1 & s on to ! remote/ geologic ages & ! dawn ( life4 ,! ag5ts at "w h be5 v>iation-t is to say1 ! response to ! nev]-ceas+ v>iation ( ! surr\nd+ _w or environm5t-& ! survival 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ! fitte/ v>ieties s produc$4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ or extraord9>y 9 ! exi/5ce ( v>iation4 ,! conditions ( life & gr[? are nev] absolutely id5tical 9 two individuals1 & ! wond] is n t species v>y1 b t !y v>y s little4 ,! liv+ sub/ance ( animals & plants is an extremely complex *emical sub/ance1 ev] decompos+ & ev] be+ r5ew$4 ,x is ! mo/ labile z x is by f> ! mo/ elaborately built-up *emical body :i* *emi/s h ev] v5tur$ to imag9e4 ,x diff]s1 *emically1 n only 9 e species b 9 e individual & is incessantly act$ ^u-influ5c$ z we may say-by ! ev]-*ang+ physical & *emical conditions ar\nd x4 ,at ! same "t x has1 subject to ! p]man5ce ( ess5tial conditions1 a def9ite /ability & limitation to its *ange or v>iation 9 response to v>iations ( its environm5t4 ,t "p ( ! liv+ sub/ance :i* 9 all b ! l[e/ plants & animals is set aside dur+ gr[? to =m ! eggs & sp]ms by :i* !y multiply or reproduce !mselves1 is call$ ! g]m-plasm1 & is peculi>ly s5sitive to v>iations 9 7t is a *ange 97 ! environm5t ( ! plant or animal4 ,new conditions ( life 7locality & climate7-unusual food or reproductive activity-act (t5 9 a p[]ful way ^u ! g]m-plasm & cause x to v>y-t is to say1 !y alt] "s ( its qualities1 ?\gh n necess>ily di/urb+ 9 any way ! g5]al liv+ sub/ance ( ! organism s f> z to produce any important *ange p]ceptible to ! human eye4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! "y produc$ aft] su* di/urbance ( ! g]m-plasm are f\nd to diff] m f _! p>5ts ?an 9 cases :]e no su* di/urbance has be5 set up by ! natural nev]-ceas+ v>iation ( ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,?is fact is well kn[n to horticulturi/s & bre$]s1 & is made use ( by !m4 ,:5 a g>d5] wi%es to obta9 v>iations ( a plant f :i* to select & e/abli% a new bre$1 he delib]ately sets to "w to di/urb-to %ake up1 to act ^u 9 a t5tative1 exp]im5tal way-! g]m-plasm ( "o or m p>5t plants by *ange ( soil1 climate1 food & (t5 by cross-f]tiliz+ !m ) ano!r bre$ or v>iety4 ,9 ?is way he to "s ext5t breaks ! con/itutional /ability ( ! g]m-plasm ( ! plant & obta9s abundant v>iations 9 ! (fspr+4 ,^! are n precisely =ese51 & %[ !mselves 9 all p>ts ( ! new g5]ation4 ,b "s ( !m are :at ! g>d5] wants1 & are select$ by him = ret5tion1 re>+ & bre$+4 ,! response ( ! g]m-plasm ( organisms to ! /imulus ( new environm5tal conditions has be5 comp>$ to t ( ! well-kn[n patt]n-produc+ toy-! kaleidoscope4 ,! bits ( glass1 beads & silk :i* y see 9 a kaleidoscope1 =m+ by reflection 9 its mirrors a beautiful & def9ite patt]n1 are *ang$ by a simple vibration caus$ by tapp+ ! in/rum5t into a v diff]5t patt]n1 ! col\r$ fragm5ts be+ displac$ & re>rang$4 ,! app>5t *ange or v>iation is v great ?\gh produc$ by slight me*anical di/urbance1 & ! new patt]n is altoge!r )\t any special significance-! =tuit\s outcome ( a small displacem5t ( ! con/itu5t col\r$ fragm5ts4 ,we c imag9e t simil>ly slight di/urbances ( ! organic molecules ( ! g]m-plasm may produce consid]able & important v>iations 9 x & ! new gr[? to :i* x gives rise3 &1 fur!r1 t ^! v>iations may prove to be ei!r 7#a7 injuri\s1 or 7#b7 ( life-sav+ value1 or (t5 en\gh 7#c7 ( no consequ5ce :atev] al?\gh bulk+ l>gely 9 our human eyes & !reby mislead+ our judgm5t ( !m4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! same sequ5ce ( ev5ts occurs 9 nature ap>t f man's int]f]5ce4 ,*anges occur 9 ! e>?'s surface1 or ! organism is transport$ by curr5ts ( wat] or air into new conditions4 ,! g]m-plasm is di/urb$1 %ak5 or %ock$ by ^? new conditions1 & a v>iation1 9 sev]al /ructures & qualities ( ! (fspr+ subsequ5tly produc$1 foll[s4 ,!n also foll[s ! selection ( "o ( ! new v>ieties by survival ( ! fitt] to ! new conditions into :i* ! organism has be5 transport$ or h develop$ 9 ! region :]e x 0 previ\sly e/abli%$4 ,?is process ( g]m-v>iation is obvi\sly z necess>y & con/ant a feature ( ! liv+ organism z is ! v>iation 9 ! cont\r ( l& & sea & 9 ! ext5t ( ! pol> ice-cap-a necess>y feature ( ! physical conditions ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,b x is ! fa%ion ) a c]ta9 s*ool ( writ]s n[adays to decl>e t v>iation 9 organisms is a my/]y unsolv$4 ,ano!r v common & almo/ univ]sal error is to ov]look ! fact t v>iation is con/itutional & affects :ole sy/ems ( organs & _! deeply relat$ p>ts1 & is n1 z x is s frequ5tly & errone\sly assum$ to be1 a m]e local affair ( pat*es & scraps visible on ?is or t "p ( ! surface ( an animal or plant4 ,^! sup]ficial m>ks1 readily se5 & not$ by ! collector1 are r>ely ( any life-sav+ importance3 !y are b ! outw>d & visible signs ( deep-ly+ physiological or con/itutional *ange or v>iation4 ,! v>y+ organism has1 l ,hamlet1 t )9 :i* passe? %[ & ! sup]ficial v>iations 7l 8 inky cloak & o!r cu/om>y features ( m\rn+7 are b ! trapp+s & ! suits ( a deep-ly+ *ange4 ,v>iation is n an inexplicable my/]y1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 are v>ieties suffici5tly dealt ) & _! nature appreciat$ :5 "o or two surface peculi>ities are enum]at$ by :i* ! collector c recognize !m4 ,a deep] /udy ( ! v>y+ organism is bo? possible & ne$$4 ,if ! gradual =mation ( new species f ance/ral species is a true acc\nt ( ! matt]1 we mu/ expect to f9d1 at any rate "h & !re1 if n frequ5tly1 traces ( ! process-= in/ance1 gradations1 or s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms1 connect+ new1 well-e/abli%$ species ) ! ance/ral =m or ) "o ano!r4 ,we d f9d su* gradations-sometimes m1 sometimes less1 completely p]si/+ ov] a wide tract ( c\ntry1 or discov]able 9 ! fossilif]\s deposits conta9+ ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we look at ! butt]flies ( a mu* l>g] region ?an our little isl&-namely1 at ^? ( a great cont95t l ,africa or ,s\? ,am]ica-we f9d t !re are species :i* %[ gradations4 ,?us at a s]ies ( po9ts1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 sep>at$ by "s hundr$s ( miles f ea* o!r1 we f9d a correspond+ s]ies ( butt]flies :i* are app>5tly closely simil> species ( "o g5us1 diff]+ by a few spots ( col\r1 or d>k] & light] t9t1 mu* z our ,l>ge ,:ite1 ,g>d5 ,:ite1 & ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite diff]4 ,b :5 ! butt]flies are caught :i* occur at po9ts int]m$iate betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ,b & ,c1 ,c & ,d1 we f9d int]m$iate v>ieties1 &1 9 fact1 if we get a v l>ge numb] f int]m$iate regions1 we c1 9 "s in/ances1 arrange !m 9 l9e s t !y con/itute a graduat$ s]ies ( =ms1 ea* be+ sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! "o be=e or ! "o beh9d x1 yet diff]+ cle>ly f "o a doz5 places away4 ,9 su* cases !re is (t5 evid5ce to %[ t ! v>iety f\nd at ,a bre$s ) t f\nd at ,b1 t ( ,b ) t ( ,c1 ( ,c ) ,d1 s t !y =m an int]-bre$+ gr\p1 ?\gh p]haps ! v>ieties at ,d w n pair ) ^? at ,a1 or ev5 ) ^? at ,b4 ,!n sometimes we f9d 9 su* a s]ies1 o!rwise complete1 a gap4 ,let u suppose x is betwe5 ! butt]flies ( ,b & ,c4 ,we f9d ! s]ies ( gradations ne>ly complete1 b "s natural condition-su* z ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 or ! sl[ elevation ( a m\nta9 range1 or ! climatic de/ruction ( ! necess>y food-plant-has wip$ out a few =ms some:]e betwe5 ^? ( ,b & ,c4 ,!y no long] exi/4 ,! s]ies is no long] connect$ by int]-bre$+ =ms2 ^? occurr+ f ,a to ,b & "s di/ance beyond are "o species v>y+ 9 ! direction ( ! s]ies ,c to ,d1 b abruptly brok5 (f f ! latt]4 ,! s]ies ,c to ,d is also a species ) graduat$ v>ieties1 b di/9ct2 x is cut (f f ! lot once 9 cont9uity ) x by ! de/ruction ( ! int]m$iate =ms inhabit+ an int]m$iate area4 ,?us ! "o species becomes two1 & ^! may aga9 break up1 &1 hav+ become ?us disconnect$ & /abiliz$1 !y may spread ov] "o ano!r's t]ritory-fly side by side & yet rema9 di/9ct =ms :i* d n pair toge!r-al?\gh orig9ally !y 7 v>ieties spread+ f a common c5tre1 :]e ! ance/ral species liv$ & multipli$4 ,o!r simil> gradational s]ies ( an int]e/+ "* h be5 notic$ 9 ! case ( fre%-wat] fossil snail-%ells4 ,9 ! lay]s ( clay & m>l expos$ by digg+ a railway cutt+ or a pit we may f9d t ! successive lay]s repres5t a cont9u\s deposit ( #ajj1jjj ye>s or m1 & we f9d sometimes t a =m ( snail-%ell 7n a species liv+ to-day7 occurs 9 ! l[e/ /ratum v diff]5t f t occurr+ 9 ! highe/ /ratum-! l[e/ be+ %ort & sph]ical1 ! highe/ elongat$ & ( diff]+ texture4 ,9 ! int]m$iate lay]s1 ea* #f or #ab ins4 ?ick & occupy+ p]haps altoge!r #cj ft4 ( v]tical ?ickness1 we f9d a graduat$ s]ies ( snail-%ells lead+ almo/ imp]ceptibly f ! olde/ l[e/ =m to ! late/ upp]mo/ =m4 ,su* cases are kn[n4 ,b x is an exceptional ?+ to f9d ^! graduat$ s]ies ei!r spread ov] an area ( ! e>?'s surface1 or foll[+ "o ano!r 9 successive /rata4 ,:5 !y came into exi/5ce !y 7 rapidly sup]s$$ & de/roy$ z a rule1 & h left only "o or two widely-sep>at$ examples ( ! int]m$iate =ms4 ,?is we %\ld naturally expect by analogy f :at we "k ( ! successive traces ( human manufactures 9 ! deposits on ! site ( "s ( ! great cities ( ! anci5t _w :i* h be5 c>efully excavat$ lay] by lay]4 ,b /ill we h ! important fact t "h & !re su* gradational s]ies h be5 f\nd1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ a few isolat$ int]m$iate =ms 7:i* (t5 occur connect+ two greatly-diff]+ species7 z survivors ( a =m] complete graduat$ s]ies ( int]m$iate =ms1 :i* came into exi/5ce by sl[ modification ( an ance/ral /ock1 & may1 :5 ! /ock 0 widely spread ov] a cont95tal area1 n m]ely h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 "t1 b actually coexi/$ 9 neighb\r+ regions4 ,!re are _m rem>kable facts be>+ ^u ! orig9 ( species1 ! description ( :i* fills volumes writt5 by su* m5 z ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,p\lton1 & o!rs1 & become int]e/+ to e "o :o has ga9$ a correct notion ( :at naturali/s mean by a species4 ,i w cite "o 9 ord] to illu/rate ?is4 ,! bird :i* we call ! r$ gr\se1 or n[adays simply gr\se 7! old ,scot* "n = x 0 muir-f[l71 is "o ( tw5ty-f\r birds 7among ! #djj species ( birds :i* live 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s71 includ+ sev]al k9ds ( titm\se1 ! goldf9*1 bullf9*1 song-?ru%1 /one*at1 jay1 dipp]1 & o!rs :i* are v closely simil> to species ( birds liv+ 9 ,cont95tal ,europe1 yet %[ "s def9ite & con/ant m>ks1 su* z small diff]5ces 9 ! col\r ( a gr\p ( fea!rs1 enabl+ u to di/+ui% ! ,briti% f ! ,cont95tal =ms4 ,are ^! tw5ty-f\r ,briti% =ms to be reg>d$ z di/9ct species8 ,! r$ gr\se is plac$ 9 a g5us call$ ,lagopus1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 ,scotl& ! r$ gr\se1 :i* is di/+ui%$ z ,lagopus ,scoticus1 is accompani$ by a r>] species ( ,lagopus1 :i* lives 9 high1 b>e regions4 ,?is is ! bird call$ by ! ,celtic "n pt>migan2 x diff]s 9 sev]al po9ts f ! r$ gr\se1 & acquires :ite plumage 9 ! w9t]1 :i* ! latt] bird does n2 x is call$ ,lagopus mutus4 ,n[ 9 ,norway we f9d also two species ( gr\se or ,lagopus1 call$ ryp 7pron\nc$ reep]7 by ! ,norwegians4 ,"o is ! same bird 9 e respect z ! ,scot* pt>migan1 & is kn[n z ! m\nta9 ryp4 ,! o!r is v close to our r$ gr\se1 & is call$ ! common or bu% ryp1 & by ,engli% naturali/s ! will[ gr\se1 & by orni?ologi/s ,lagopus salicetus4 ,x agrees 9 habits1 voice1 eggs1 & anatomical detail ) our r$ gr\se1 b ! back ( ! cock-bird ( ! r$ gr\se & ! :ole plumage ( ! h5-bird h a d>k] col\r4 ,moreov]1 ! will[ gr\se1 l ! pt>migan or m\nta9 ryp1 turns :ite-acquires a :ite plumage-9 ! w9t] :i* ! r$ gr\se does n4 ,are ! r$ gr\se & ! will[ gr\se to be reg>d$ z di/9ct species8 ,our ,briti% r$ gr\se lives on hea!r-gr[n moors2 ! will[ gr\se pref]s ! %rubby gr[?s ( b]ry-be>+ plants int]sp]s$ ) will[s1 :5ce its "n4 ,_! food diff]s accord+ly4 ,=m]ly ! r$ gr\se liv$ on ! moors ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 & :5 9 ,plei/oc5e times ,engl& 0 a "p ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe ! will[ gr\se & ! r$ gr\se 7 "o undivid$ species inhabit+ all ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe4 ,x is probable1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t w\ld be almo/ impossible to c>ry out1 t 7 ! eggs ( a numb] ( will[ gr\se n[ br\ght to ,scotl& & hat*$ on ! moors1 !y w\ld t5d to keep ap>t f ! native r$ gr\se1 & n int]-bre$ ) !m1 9 :i* case we %\ld say t ! ,scot* =m is a species on ! make1 or1 ev51 a complet$ & di/9ct species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible t ! two =ms w\ld freely pair ) ano!r1 & t ! col\r & w9t] coat ( ! "o 7probably t ( ! ,scot* =m if ! exp]im5t 7 tri$ 9 ,scotl&7 w\ld pr$om9ate1 & aft] "s g5]ations no trace ( ! o!r /ra9 w\ld be obs]vable4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,"s ,,specific ,,*>act]s ,an int]e/+ case1 %[+ t qualities :i* are life-pres]v+ "u c]ta9 sev]e conditions exi/ 9 "s v>ieties ( a species & n 9 o!rs1 0 record$ "s eight ye>s ago4 ,aft] a v sev]e blizz>d #acf common sp>r[s 7 f\nd b5umb$ on ! gr\nd by ,pr(essor ,bumpus at ,provid5ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 7 br\ght into a w>m room & laid on ! floor4 ,aft] a %ort "t sev5ty-two reviv$ & sixty-f\r p]i%$4 ,!y 7 comp>$ to see if ! survivors 7 di/+ui%$ by any measurable "* f ^? :i* di$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! survivors 7 small] birds 7! sexes & "y birds be+ sep>ately comp>$7 ?an ^? :i* di$1 & 7 light] 9 weight by "o-tw5ty-fif? ?an ! latt]4 ,also1 ! birds :i* surviv$ _h a decid$ly long] brea/bone ?an ^? :i* di$4 ,simil>ly1 ! late ,pr(essor ,weldon f\nd t 9 ! "y ( ! common %ore-crab1 tak5 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,plym\? h>b\r1 ^? ) a little peculi>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! front ( ! %ell surviv$ :5 ^? )\t ?is peculi>ity di$4 ,_m ?\s&s 7 collect$ & measur$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! survivors 9 su* cases is ! cause ( _! survival4 ,su* m>ks z ! bread? ( ! front "p ( ! crab's %ell & ! l5g? ( a bird's brea/bone v probably are b ! outw>d & visible signs ( an inw>d & 7physiological7 grace4 ,! m>ks1 little peculi>ities ( col\r & proportionate size1 or "s peculi> knob or horn1 by :i* ! /ud5t ( species di/+ui%es "o con/ant =m f ano!r1 c r>ely1 if ev]1 be %[n to h 9 !mselves an active value 9 aid+ or sav+ ! life ( ! species ( plant or animal4 ,! m>k or "* is an accompanim5t ( a *emical1 nutritional1 physiological condition1 & is 9 itself ( no acc\nt4 ,x is :at is call$ a correlat$ "*4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! black col\r ( ! sk9 ( pigs :i* 9 ,virg9ia1 ,u4,s41 are f\nd1 z /at$ by ,d>w91 n to be poison$ by a m>% plant 7! pa9t-root1 ,la*nan!s t9ctoria71 :il/ all o!r col\r$ & col\rless pigs are4 ,! pigs :i* are n black develop a disease ( _! ho(s :i* rot & fall (f1 caus+ _! dea? :5 !y eat ?is special plant ! pa9t-root4 ,! col\r does n save ! pig-x _c correctly be call$ ! cause ( ! pig's survival-b is an accompanim5t ( ! physiological quality :i* enables ! pig to resi/ ! poison\s h]b4 ,s1 too1 ) :ite-spott$ animals4 ,!y are kn[n to bre$]s z be+ liable to diseases f :i* o!rs are free4 ,fantail pigeons h extra v]tebr 9 _! tails1 & p\t] pigeons h _! v]tebr increas$ 9 numb] & size4 ,b ! v]tebr 7 nev] ?\ght ( & select$ by ! bre$]s4 ,!y only want$ a fanlike set ( tail fea!rs 9 ! "o case1 & a long] body 9 ! o!r4 ,"s v>ieties ( fea!r+ ma9ta9$ by pigeon bre$]s lead to ! gr[? ( abundant fea!rs on ! legs 7z 9 ,co*9-,*9a f[ls71 & x is f\nd t ^! fea!r-legg$ pigeons always h ! two out] toes connect$ by a web ( sk94 ,if x 7 a /abiliz$ wild =m we %\ld sep>ate x z a species on acc\nt ( its webb$ toes1 yet ! real selection & survival 9 ! h&s ( ! bre$] _h no?+ to d ) ! toes or _! web1 b 0 simply caus$ by ^! pigeons hav+ fea!rs ( survival or selection value 9 8 judgm5t4 ,male :ite cats ) blue eyes are deaf4 ,if deafness 7 ev] an advantage 7a difficult ?+ to imag9e71 y w\ld get a species ( cat ) :ite hair & blue eyes1 & be l$ to di/+ui% ! species by ^? *>act]s1 n by ! real cause ( survival1 namely1 deafness4 ,n en\gh is yet kn[n ( ?is curi\s & v important subject ( correlation1 b its be>+ on ! significance ( specific *>act]s is suffici5tly indicat$ by :at ,i h said4 ,an int]e/+ gr\p ( species1 ?ree ( :i* are to be pur*as$ alive ?r\gh ,london fi%mong]s1 are ! ,european crayfi%es1 n to be confus$ ) ! rock-lob/] or ,lang\/e 7,pal9urus71 sometimes call$ crawfi% 9 ,london1 nor ) ! ,dubl9 prawn 7,nephrops74 ,! little riv] crayfi%es are l small lob/]s1 & 7 plac$ by old] naturali/s 9 "o g5us ) ! lob/]s4 ,n[ we keep ! ,european species ( crayfi%es z ! g5us ,a/acus1 & ! common lob/] & ! ,am]ican lob/] h be5 put 7by ,h4 ,milne-,edw>ds7 into a sep>ate g5us 7,hom>us74 ,y c buy 9 ,london ! crevisses pattes r\ges ( ,fr5* & ,g]man riv]s1 :i* is call$ ,a/acus fluviatilis1 & diff]s f t ( ! ,?ames & o!r ,engli% & ,european riv]s 7:i* y c also buy7 call$ ,a4 pallipes 7pattes blan*es ( ! ,fr5*71 by ! bright orange-r$ tips ( its legs1 & by hav+ ! side tee? ( ! horn or beak at ! front ( ! head l>g] & m di/9ct4 ,! ,engli% crayfi% gr[s to be ne>ly z l>ge z ! pattes r\ges 9 ! ,avon at ,salisbury1 ?\gh x has ne>ly disappe>$ ab\t ,ox=d4 ,y c also sometimes buy 9 ,london ! big1 long-claw$ ,a/acus leptodactylus ( ,ea/ ,europe4 ,!re are two or ?ree o!r species1 nam$ & di/+ui%$1 :i* d n come into ! ,london m>ket4 ,crayfi%es1 lob/]s & ! l h gr\ps ( plume-l gills 7correspond+ 9 ! mo/ anci5t =ms to ! numb] ( ! legs & jaw-legs7 ov]hung & hidd5 by ! sides ( ! great %ield or head ( ! animal4 ,! common lob/]s & crayfi%es reta9 mo/ ( ^! 9 full size & activity1 b h lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( geologic ages ! orig9al complete numb]4 ,^! plume-l gills-ea* half an in* or s 9 l5g?-are atta*$1 "s to ! bases ( ! legs & "s to ! sides ( ! body above ! legs4 ,9 ! ance/ral =m !re 7 ?irty-two plumes on ea* side1 tw5ty-f\r atta*$ to ! bases ( ! legs1 & eight plac$ ea* at "s di/ance above ! connection ( "o ( ! eight legs ) ! side ( ! body4 ,x is ^? on ! side ( ! body :i* h suff]$ mo/ dim9ution 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( mod]n crayfi%es 7& lob/]s7 f ! ance/ral =m provid$ ) ! full equipm5t ( ?irty-two gill-plumes on ea* side4 ,9 fact1 only "o well-gr[n gill-plume1 out ( ! eight :i* %\ld exi/ on ea* side ( ! body-wall1 is to be f\nd-& t is ! "o plac$ above ! ins]tion ( ! h9d]mo/ or eigh? ( ! eight legs 7eight :5 we reckon ! ?ree jaw-legs z legs z well z ! five walk+-legs74 ,9 front ( ?is ! side or wall ( ! body is b>e ( gill-plumes ?\gh !y are pres5t 9 full size on ! basal "p ( mo/ ( ! legs4 ,nev]!less1 :5 "o exam9es c>efully ) a l5s ! b>e side ( ! body ov]hung by ! head-%ield or c>apace1 "o f9ds 9 a specim5 ( ! common ,engli% pale-foot$ crayfi% a v m9ute gill-plume high above ! articulation ( ! sev5? leg & ano!r above ! articulation ( ! six? leg4 ,!y are small dw9dl$ ?+s1 z ?\gh on ! way to ext9ction1 & are ! m]e ve/iges ( :at 7 once well-gr[n gill-plumes1 & /ill are s 9 ! rock lob/] & "s prawns4 ,9 ! r$-foot$ crayfi% ( ! ,cont95t 7,a/acus fluviatilis7 yet ano!r m9ute ve/ige ( a gill-plume is f\nd1 f>!r 9 front1 on ! body-wall above ! fif? leg on ea* side ( ! animal4 ,?is furni%es a def9ite m>k or "* by :i* we c di/+ui% ! r$-foot$ crayfi% f ! common ,engli% pale-foot$ "o4 ,b ^! ?ree rudim5t>y gill-plumes 9 ! r$-foot species1 & two 9 ! pale-foot species are all t until lately 7 record$4 ,! region ( ! body-wall above ! f\r?1 ?ird1 second1 & fir/ ( ! legs 0 decl>$ to be devoid ev5 ( a ve/ige ( ! bran*ial plumes :i* 7 !re 9 ance/ral =ms1 & h be5 reta9$ m or less 9 "s exceptional prawn-l creatures alli$ to ! crayfi%4 ,zoologi/s take a special int]e/ 9 ! crayfi% because x is f\nd to be a mo/ conv5i5t type = ! purpose ( tea*+ ! pr9ciples ( zoology to "y /ud5ts1 & ) t end 9 view 0 made ! subject ( a v beautiful little book by ! great tea*] ,huxley4 ,! conclusions above /at$ 9 reg>d to ! gills are set =? 9 t book ) admirable illu/rative draw+s1 & ! /rik+ fact ( ! dw9dl+ & suppression ( ! v>i\s gill-plumes is cle>ly expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4-,! rudim5t>y gill-plume ( a crayfi% f t "p ( ! body-wall to :i* ! fir/ pair ( jaw-legs 7maxillip$es7 is articulat$4 ,f\nd 9 ! r$-foot$ crayfi% 7,a/acus fluviatilis7 b 9 no o!r species ( ,a/acus4 ,x is "o-fifte5? ( an in* long4 ,drawn by ,miss ,m>g]y ,moseley 9 #aijd4 7,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 vol4 #bf 7#aijd-e747 ,& n[ we come to an int]e/+ discov]y 9 ?is matt] ( ! gill-plumes ( crayfi%es4 ,"s fifte5 ye>s ago ! daught] ( my fri5d & colleague-,pr(essor ,moseley-0 a memb] ( ! class ( ,elem5t>y ,biology at ,ox=d4 ,%e _h to exam9e & id5tify ^! & o!r po9ts 9 ! /ructure ( ! crayfi%4 ,! class 0 suppli$ ) specim5s ( ! ,fr5* r$-foot$ crayfi% ,a/acus fluviatilis1 z x is m readily obta9$ f fi%mong]s ?an our own pale-foot or ,a/acus pallipes4 ,%e f\nd 9 h] specim5 f> =w>d on ea* side ( ! head a v m9ute gill f> away f ! o!rs & previ\sly unkn[n4 ,! demon/rator 9 *>ge ( ! class refus$ ev5 to look at h] discov]y4 ,s %e confirm$ x by exam9+ ?ree o!r specim5s-made draw+s ( ! t9y bran*$ gill 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc7 & _! position1 & s5t !m to me 9 ,london4 ,x 0 at once cle> t %e _h discov]$ 9 ?is mu* /udi$ little animal a v int]e/+ pair ( gills 7"r & left7-unkn[n to ,huxley & ! re/ ( ! zoological _w4 ,%e proce$$ to exam9e specim5s ( ,a4 fluviatilis f v>i\s riv]s ( ,g]many & ,france & always f\nd ! new gill-plume4 ,%e also %[$ 7,i suppli$ h] ) specim5s at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum7 t x 01 on ! o!r h&1 abs5t f ,a4 leptodactylus1 ,a4 pallipes1 & all ! =eign species 7"s f ,asia7 :i* are kn[n1 & %e publi%$ an illu/rat$ acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce4 ,?is t9y gill-plume is plac$ v f> =w>d on ea* side ( ! body1 ! f>!/ po9t =w>d at :i* any gill-plume is f\nd 9 any k9d ( prawn1 %rimp or lob/]1 namely 9 ! region :]e ! fir/ pair ( jaw-legs is atta*$1 s t !re are ?ree empty spaces betwe5 x & ! rudim5t>y gill ov] ! fif? pair ( legs1 already kn[n 9 ! r$-foot$ crayfi%4 ,x is only two millimetres long-ab\t "o-fifte5? ( an in*6 ,b its pres5ce s]ves v di/9ctly to sep>ate ! r$-foot$ crayfi%1 ,a/acus fluviatilis ( ,fr5* & ,g]man riv]s1 ?us discov]$ to h f\r pairs ( rudim5t>y gill-plumes1 f ! ,a/acus leptodactylus ( ! ,danube bas9 & ,ea/ ,europe1 :i* has only ?ree pairs1 & /ill m to emphasize ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & our ,briti% species1 ! :ite-foot or ,a/acus pallipes1 :i* has only two6 ,?is little hi/ory is notewor?y1 fir/ly1 because x %[s t a "y /ud5t may1 to use an appropriate t]m1 wipe ! eye ( an exp]t obs]v] & rightly v5]at$ tea*] 7:o w\ld h delight$ 9 ! little discov]y _h he be5 alive71 z well z ! eyes ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( /ud5ts & tea*]s 7includ+ myself7 :o h /udi$ ! r$-foot crayfi% ye> aft] ye>1 & miss$ ! little gill4 ,x is also int]e/+ z %[+ u a good sample ( a specific m>k or "* :i* has no survival value2 t is1 c\ld n advantage ! crayfi% 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! fact is1 t ?is "o p>ticul> v m9ute =w>d pair ( gill-plumes is l ! o!r rudim5t>y gills-a survival 9 a r$uc$ condition ( a pair ( gill-plumes :i* 7 well-gr[n1 useful plumes a]at+ ! blood1 9 ! prawn-l ance/ors ( all crayfi%es1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 & prawns1 & is1 ow+ to circum/ances ( nutrition & gr[? :i* we "k no?+ ab\t b c vaguely imag9e1 reta9$ by ! r$-foot species ( crayfi%1 b lo/ by all o!r crayfi%es1 lob/]s1 common prawns & %rimps1 &1 9 fact1 only reta9$ besides by a v few out-(-!-way k9ds ( m>9e prawns4 ,t is ! sort ( ?+ :i* frequ5tly has to s]ve z a specific "* or m>k1 di/+ui%+ "o species f ano!r4 ,a m ample discussion ( ! orig9 ( species is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,b ,i may say t until rec5tly ! conception t e organ1 "p & feature ( a plant & animal mu/ be expla9$1 & c only be expla9$1 z be+ ( life-sav+ value to its possessor1 & accord+ly select$ & pres]v$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 0 held by _m ,d>w9ians 9 too uncompromis+ a _s4 ,?is conception 01 really f ! fir/1 qualifi$ by ! admission t ! life-sav+ value & consequ5t pres]vation ( a /ructure mu/ und\bt$ly 9 "s cases h be5 9 op]ation 9 ance/ors ( ! exi/+ species1 & is no long] op]ative 9 _! desc5dants al?\gh !y inh]it ! /ructure :i* has n[ become useless4 ,moreov]1 ! op]ation ( ^? subtle laws ( nutrition & ( =m :i* are spok5 ( z ! correlation ( p>ts 9 gr[? & 9 v>iation 7m5tion$ on p4 #aai7 0 po9t$ out by ,d>w9 himself z probably acc\nt+ = _m rem>kable gr[?s1 /ructures & col\r-m>ks :i* we _c imag9e to be n[1 or ev] to h be5 9 pa/ ance/ry1 ( a life-sav+ value4 ,nev]!less1 ! old teleology1 accord+ to :i*1 9 pre-,d>w9ian days1 x 0 held t e "p & feature ( an animal or plant has be5 specially creat$ to fulfil a def9ite pre-orda9$ function or useful purpose1 /ill influ5c$ ! m9ds ( _m naturali/s4 ,natural selection & survival ( ! fitte/ 7 reconcil$ ) ! old teleological s*eme1 & x 0 held t we mu/ z good ,d>w9ians acc\nt = e /ructure & di/9ctive feature 9 e animal & plant z due to its life-sav+ value4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s t]m1 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 conduc$ to ! diffusion ( ?is extreme view3 ,d>w9's equival5t t]m1 ! pres]vation ( fav\r$ races1 did n raise ! "q ( great] or less fitness4 ,! extreme view is n[1 h[ev]1 giv+ place to ! recognition ( ! fact t ! actual t5d5cies to v>iation-accumulat$ 9 ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! v>i\s /ocks or l9es ( desc5t & h&$ on dur+ an imm5se succession ( ages ( *ange by h]$it>y transmission-c\nts = m 9 ! production ( new species & /range1 div]g5t1 ev5 grotesque =ms ( bo? animals & plants ?an _h be5 suppos$4 ,und\bt$ly selection or survival ( ! fitte/ ma9ly acc\nts = ! col\r+ & adaptive %ap+ ( liv+ ?+s1 & s = ^? sev]al great types ( modell+ :i* arre/ ! eye & h excit$ ! int]e/ ( inquisitive man4 ,b !re seems to be no ju/ification = ! assumption t 9 all cases a v>iation-t is to say1 an increase or a dim9ution ( ! volume ( "s exi/+ /ructure 9 proportion to o!r coexi/+ /ructures 9 ! body ( a liv+ plant or animal-mu/ be ei!r fav\rable1 t is1 conducive to survival1 or injuri\s1 t is1 t5d+ to ! defeat & de/ruction ( its possessors or _! race4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! fact t !re are va/ areas & conditions relat$ to c\ntless myriads ( liv+ creatures 9 :i* v>iations ( ^? creatures ( l>ge & impos+ k9d & degree are nei!r advantage\s nor disadvantage\s1 b matt]s ( absolute indiff]5ce1 t is to say1 )\t any effect ^u ! pres]vation or survival ( _! race or /ock4 ,nature is f> m tol]ant ?an "s ( u 7 incl9$ to assume4 ,9 c]ta9 re/rict$ conditions ( competition & 9 reg>d to "s special /ructures & compon5ts :i* are (t5 s m9ute & obscure z to be n yet detect$ by t rec5t arrival1 ! inve/igat+ biologi/-?\gh sometimes1 =tunately = him1 l>ge en\gh to jump to 8 eyes-x is und5iable t !re mu/ be a survival or fav\r+ ( individuals pres5t+ a v>iation 9 increase1 or x may be decreas$1 ( ?is or t special feature ( its make-up or /ructural compon5ts4 ,b x is a m correct /atem5t ( ! case to say t natural selection or survival pres]ves n ! fitte/1 b ! lea/ fit possible "u ! circum/ances-namely1 all ^? :i*1 h[ev] great _! divagations & ecc5tricities ( v>iation 9 o!r respects1 yet at ! same "t atta9 to a m9imum /&>d ( qualification 9 ^? /ructures 7or inn] *emical qualities7 ess5tial = success 9 ! competition = safety1 food & mat+ det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> conditions 9 :i* ! competition is tak+ place4 ,consequ5tly =ms :i* are mean+less s f> z /&>ds ( utility or life-sav+ are conc]n$1 & are rightly describ$ z grotesque1 mon/r\s1 gigantic or dw>f$-excessive 7z comp>$ ) m famili> k9ds7 9 hyp]trophy or atrophy ( _! col\r+ & clo?+1 or ( out-gr[?s su* z leaves ( plants & limbs1 jaws or o!r regions ( ! body ( animals-are f\nd exi/+ 9 v>i\s degrees ( ecc5tricity 9 e class ( bo? plants & animals4 ,among animals su* tol]at$ exub]ances ( non-significant gr[? are m /rik+ ?an 9 plants4 ,! gr\p ( fi%es seems to be especially privileg$ 9 ?is way4 ,!y are freely v>iable 9 ! position ( ! f9s1 ! suppression or exagg]ation ( !m1 z well z ( ! scales on ! surface ( ! body 7e4g4 lea!r c>p & mirror c>p74 ,take1 = example1 ! mack]el & ! salmon z /&>ds ( utilit>ian adaptation ( ! body to an active life 9 sea or riv]1 & !n comp>e ) !irs ! a/\nd+ proportions ( ! sun-fi% 7,or?agoriscus7 l a *]ub all head & no body1 or ! almo/ incr$ible ,pt]aclis-) its little body fram$ immovably betwe5 a huge dorsal & a huge v5tral f9 7see figures on p4 #acj74 ,! f9-l cre/ ( enorm\s size on ! back ( ! great ext9ct liz>d ,dimetrodon ( ! ,p]mian age support$ by long bony sp9es is a simil>ly excessive & useless outgr[?4 7,?is a/oni%+ creature is %[n 9 our ,frontispiece47 ,su* exub]ant products may be ascrib$ to an unre/ra9$ mom5tum ( gr[? :i* once set go+ by =tuit\s v>iation has be5 tol]at$ b n fav\r$ by natural selection4 ,or 7z suppos$ by "s7 _! excessive developm5t may be due to ! p]si/5ce ( "s nutritional condition :i* at fir/ result$ 9 a mod]ate gr[? ( ! f9-l cre/s 9 "q z a s]viceable /ructure1 b has p]si/$ & increas$ long aft] ! f9 or cre/ has atta9$ a suffici5t size-simply because its increase ?\gh ( no life-sav+ value-yet 0 n h>mful & s did n br+ its own] "u ! guillot9e ( natural selection4 ,su* disproportionate exub]ance ( gr[? due to innate v>iability1 tol]at$ b n specially fav\r$ by natural selection1 w acc\nt = _m /range & grotesque =ms ( liv+ ?+s4 ,f "t to "t 9 ! long process ( *ange1 su* exub]ances may sudd5ly become ( s]vice & be1 s to speak1 tak5 9 h& by natural selection1 or !y may become dang]\s & lead to ! ext]m9ation ( ! /ock 9 :i* !y h be5 previ\sly tol]at$4 ,be=e my read] turns-z ,i hope he or %e w d-to "s h&book ( zoology 9 :i* ! g5ealogical tree or classification ( ! species ( animals & ( plants is treat$ at l5g?1 ,i w endeav\r to give "s e/imate ( ! imm5se numb]s ( species :i* exi/4 ,z to m]e individuals1 x is impossible to =m any e/imate1 b :5 we reckon up ! team+ population ( a mead[ or =e/ 9 ,engl&1 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( plants1 includ+ ! smalle/ mosses & grasses1 z well z ! l>g] fl[]s1 %rubs1 & trees1 ! /ill great] numb] ( insects1 spid]s1 snails1 & l>g] animals & birds1 fe$+ on & hid+ among !m1 & :5 we rememb] t 9 ! ev]-w>m tropical regions ( ! e>? life is t5 or tw5ty times m exub]ant ?an ) u1-!n ! imm5sity ( ! liv+ population ( ! l& & wat] ( ! globe becomes z difficult to realize z are ! figures 9 :i* ! a/ronom] tells ( ! numb] & di/ances ( ! />s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s idea ( ! numb] ( di/9ct species ( animals & plants :i* h up to ?is date be5 recogniz$ & describ$ by naturali/s z at pres5t exi/+1 may be =m$ by a /atem5t ( ^? :i* h be5 describ$ 9 "s ( ! m famili> gr\ps4 ,ab\t #aj1jjj species ( mammals h be5 describ$2 ab\t #ad1jjj ( birds2 #gjjj ( reptiles2 #ae1jjj ( fi%es2 #ejj1jjj ( six-legg$ insects2 #ad1jjj ( cru/acea 7%rimps1 lob/]s1 crabs72 #fb1jjj ( molluscs 7snails1 mussels1 etc472 #ae1jjj ( />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s2 #ejjj ( corals & polyps2 #cjjj ( sponges2 & #fjjj ( microscopic protozoa4 ,9 all ab\t #hjj1jjj species ( animals h be5 record$1 & probably z _m m rema9 yet to be recogniz$ & describ$4 ,! total numb] ( describ$ species ( plants has nev] be5 e/imat$1 b "s idea ( x may be =m$ f ! fact t #ahfj species ( fl[]+ plants alone h be5 di/+ui%$ 9 ,brita91 #ag1jjj 9 ,briti% ,india1 & #bb1jjj 9 ,brazil1 n to m5tion ^? ( ,africa & ,au/ralia6 ,^! figures d n include ! va/ numb]s ( fl[]less plants1 ! f]ns1 mosses1 sea-we$s1 mu%rooms1 m\lds1 li*5s1 & microscopic plants4 ,& !n we h to add to ^! enum]ations ( liv+ species ! ext9ct species ( successive geological ages1 ! rema9s ( :i* are suffici5tly well pres]v$ to admit ( id5tification4 ,^? :i* are kn[n are only a few ?\s&s 9 numb]1 & a m]e fragm5t ( ! va/ s]ies ( species :i* h exi/$ 9 successive pa/ ages ( ! e>?4 ,!y are a few samples ( ! pr$ecessors ( ! exi/+ species1 & "s ( !m 7 ! actual ance/ors ( ^? exi/+ to-day4 ,! l>g] numb] ( !m h left no direct issue1 b repres5t side bran*es ( ! tree ( life :i* h di$ out ages ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/rangely-,,%ap$ ,,fi%es4-#a4 ,! ,c(f]-fi% 7,o/racion72 #b4 ,pt]aclis1 an oceanic fi% alli$ to ! s-call$ ,dolph9s2 #c4 ,! ,sun-fi% 7,or?agoriscus72 #d4 ,an ,au/ralian ,bl5ny ,patcus4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,hybrids ,! subject treat$ 9 ?is & ! next *apt] is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ to mank9d1 & is surr\nd$ by extraord9>y prejudice1 s5tim5t1 & ignorance4 ,x is "o ^u :i* really tru/wor?y in=mation is to a v l>ge ext5t abs5t-& difficult to obta94 ,i _c pr(ess to supply ?is defici5cy1 b ,i c put ! matt] be=e ! read]4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals & ( plants d n bre$ promiscu\sly ) "o ano!r4 ,! individuals ( a species only bre$ ) o!r individuals ( t species4 ,!y d n ev51 z a habit1 bre$ ) ! individuals ( an alli$ species4 ,s ne>ly univ]sal is ?is rule t x 0 = a long "t held by naturali/s to be an absolute def9ition ( a species1 t x is a gr\p ( individuals capable ( produc+ f]tile "y by bre$+ ) "o ano!r & incapable ( produc+ f]tile "y by mat+ ) individuals ( ano!r su* gr\p1 :i* 71 !re=e1 held to con/itute a di/9ct species4 ,! practical importance ( ?is def9ition 0 t x c\ld1 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances among animals1 & /ill m among/ plants1 be made use ( z a te/ & decid$ by exp]im5t4 ,x is a curi\s fact t popul> belief among/ c\ntry-folk & ^? :o h opportunities ( com+ to a conclusion on s simple & direct a "q has nev] accept$ ?is law ( ! limitation ( species 9 bre$+ z m ?an a g5]al rule to :i* x has always be5 suppos$ t frequ5t exceptions occur4 ,i m5tion ?is n 9 ord] to add t !re is always "s basis ( tru? 9 ^! popul> beliefs1 b on ! contr>y to po9t out t popul> beliefs on su* matt]s are v frequ5tly altoge!r errone\s1 & ?\gh _! orig9 c sometimes be expla9$1 x is r>e to f9d t !y are due1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 to true obs]vation & inf]5ce4 ,:]e ! subject "u consid]ation has ! obscurity & /rong fasc9ation = ! natural man :i* all t relates to ! processes ( life1 gr[?1 & reproduction possess1 we f9d t traditional fancies ( ! mo/ unw>rantable k9d are curr5t1 & hold _! gr\nd ) t5acity ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,"s #bej ye>s ago1 & e>li]-9 fact1 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( t def9ite epo* ( ! ,new ,philosophy m>k$ by ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london-any que]-look+ animal br\ght f remote l&s1 & any mis%ap5 mon/rosity born ( cattle1 %eep1 dogs1 or m51 0 expla9$1 & confid5tly reg>d$ z a hybrid1 ! result ( a cross or irregul> c\pl+ ( two di/9ct species ( animals to :i* ! mon/] pres5t$ "s fanciful resemblance4 ,:ole books 7 devot$ to ! description & pictur+ ( su* suppos$ examples ( mis-begott5 prog5y4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* extraord9>y hybrids is /ill common among s-call$ well-educat$ p4 ,i h ) difficulty avoid$ caus+ annoyance & (f5ce to a fri5d1 a celebrat$ pa9t]1 by refus+ to admit t a de=m$ cat1 ( :i* he gave me an acc\nt1 0 a hybrid betwe5 a cat & a rabbit4 ,a v em95t p]son :om ,i 0 conduct+ "s ye>s ago r\nd ! gall]ies ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 decl>$1 z we /ood 9 front ( ! specim5 ( ! ,okapi ( ! ,congo ,=e/1 t x 0 cle>ly a hybrid betwe5 ! giraffe & ! zebra4 ,he insi/$ t x 0 obvi\s t su* 0 its explanation1 & po9t$ to its /rip$ haun*es & legs1 & its clov5 ho(s & giraffe-l head4 ,i fail$ to *ange 8 op9ion4 ,x is ! fact-asc]ta9$ by c>eful obs]vation ( natural occurr5ces & by exp]im5t-t1 9 spite ( ! almo/ absolute law or g5]al tru? to ! effect t ! memb]s ( a species 7:e!r ( plant or animal7 only produce f]tile (fspr+ by mat+ ) memb]s ( t same species1 yet !re are r>e in/ances kn[n 9 :i* individuals ( two di/9ct b alli$ species h mat$ & produc$ f]tile (fspr+4 ,! cases 9 :i* su* unions h result$ 9 ! production ( (fspr+1 b 9 :i* ! (fspr+ s produc$ prove to be inf]tile-t is1 incapable ( produc+ (fspr+ 9 _! turn-are mu* m num]\s4 ,an important di/9ction has also to be made betwe5 cases ( ei!r f]tile or inf]tile hybrid-production :i* occur spontane\sly 9 nature1 & ^? 9 :i* man by sep>at+ ! p>5t animals or plants f _! natural conditions ( life1 or by br++ ab\t impregnation 7z 9 poll9at+ "o fl[] ) ! poll5-du/ ( ano!r7 succe$s 9 obta9+ a cross or hybrid1 :e!r f]tile or inf]tile1 n kn[n to occur 9 wild 7t is1 n humanly controll$7 nature4 ,! r>e/ case w\ld be t ( ! production ( f]tile hybrids 9 uncontroll$ natural conditions4 ,su* possibly occur 9 ! case ( "s fi%es 9 :i* ! f]tilization ( ! eggs takes place 9 wat]1 ! f]tiliz+ microscopic sp]ms pass+ f ! males l du/ into ! wat] & ?us rea*+ ! eggs laid by ! females4 ,occasionally hybrids are ?us produc$ betwe5 "s common fre%-wat] fi%es-species ( ! same g5us-& betwe5 species ( flat-fi%1 su* z ! turbot & ! brill1 ?\gh x is difficult to be sure t ! r>e hybrids s produc$ are f]tile ev5 if !y atta9 to maturity4 ,! same is true z to c]ta9 small fl[]+ plants hav+ di/9ct regions ( natural di/ribution & occurr5ce4 ,at ! conf9es ( ! regions prop] to two su* alli$ species1 insects pass+ f "o to ! o!r d sometimes effect a reciprocal f]tilization ( ! two species1 & a natural hybrid is ! result4 ,"h1 aga91 x is difficult to foll[ ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! hybrids1 b x is believ$ t 9 "s in/ances !y are f]tile1 & t ! hybrid race is only gradually m]g$ by subsequ5t cross+ into "o or o!r ( ! p>5t species4 ,n a s+le in/ance is on record ( ! production ( a natural hybrid 7t is to say1 "o produc$ 9 natural conditions )\t man's int]f]5ce71 :e!r f]tile or inf]tile1 betwe5 two species ( ! l>g] animals 7su* z betwe5 horse & ass or zebra & ass1 or betwe5 lion & tig] or any ( ! species ( cats1 or betwe5 species ( be>s7 or birds 7su* z pheasants ( v>i\s species1 includ+ ! jungle cock1 ! wild orig9al ( our dome/ic f[l1 or betwe5 v>i\s species ( ducks1 v>i\s species ( geese1 or betwe5 v>i\s species ( ! gr\se-birds74 ,nev]!less1 9 conditions br\ght ab\t by man-t is to say1 conf9em5t 9 cages or paddocks1 or at any rate removal f _! native climate & home-all ! gr\ps ( species j cit$ commonly & frequ5tly produce hybrids int] se1 t is1 "o or m species ( ! horse gr\p ?us int]-bre$ ) "o ano!r1 s w c]ta9 species ( cats1 c]ta9 species ( be>s1 _m species ( pheasants1 also ( ducks1 ( geese1 & ( gr\se4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! hybrids s produc$ are inf]tile2 !y w n mate ) a simil> hybrid1 & ev5 :5 mat$ ) "o ( ! p>5t species r>ely produce (fspr+1 ?\gh !y sometimes d s4 ,! be/ cases ( ! production ( f]tile hybrids are betwe5 species ( fl[]+ plants br\ght to ?is c\ntry f widely sep>at$ regions4 ,! surpris+ & in/ructive result has be5 obta9$ t a cross betwe5 two alli$ species 7t is1 ( "o & ! same g5us7 :i* w fail altoge!r or come to no?+ z inf]tile hybrids-if ! two species cross$ are f ! same or contigu\s regions-yet w yield readily vigor\s f]tile hybrid (fspr+ :5 ! two species 7always1 ( c\rse1 ( "o & ! same g5us7 h _! native homes 9 widely sep>ate p>ts ( ! _w-z1 = in/ance1 ! ,indian ,himalaya range & ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&ean range4 ,?is has be5 f\nd 9 cross+ species ( rhodod5drons1 ( or*ids1 & ( _m o!r plants ) :i* horticulturi/s occupy !mselves = comm]cial purposes4 ,x is 9 "s ways ! rev]se ( :at "o might expect4 ,x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t alli$ species f ! same climate & geographical region w\ld h m aff9ity & be m readily hybridiz$ ?an species f widely remote & physically diff]+ regions4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case1 _m ?riv+ hybrid /ocks :i* duly f]tilize & set _! se$ are n[ 9 cultivation1 hav+ be5 produc$ by ! union ( p>5t species f ! opposite ends ( ! e>?4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is case ?r[s "s light on ! significance ( ! non-occurr5ce ( natural hybrids & ( ! v rem>kable & curi\s fact t hybrids are s usually /]ile4 ,:5 we come to ?9k ( x1 ! natural prelim9>y assumption %\ld be 7z is t ( unsophi/icat$ humanity7 t any animal or plant might1 s f> z possibilities g1 bre$ ) any o!r2 & ! que/ions to be answ]$ are3 7#a7 ,:at advantage to a species is x n to be able to hybridize ) o!r species1 & 7#b7 h[-t is to say1 by :at /ructure or by :at subtle *emical diff]5ces or o!r features 9 _! make-up & habit-are !y prev5t$ f s hybridiz+8 ,!n we come on fur!r to ! "q1 ,:y %\ld a hybrid1 once produc$1 fail to be> heal?y eggs or sp]ms accord+ to its sex1 al?\gh x gr[s up to full size & is to all appe>ances mature8 ,& :y %\ld hybrids betwe5 p>5ts ( orig9 locally remote f "o ano!r n %[ ?is failure1 b behave l ord9>y heal?y organisms8 ,9 ! full solution ( ^! inquiries we %\ld get v ne> to "s ( ! mo/ important secrets ( ! liv+ body :i* h /ill to be se>*$ out4 ,b a reply to ^! que/ions :i* is probably 9 l>ge measure true1 & s]ves to help u 9 ! fur!r collection & exam9ation ( facts1 is z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! production & ma9t5ance ( species ( plants & ( animals by survival ( fav\rable v>iations 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 7,d>w9 & ,wallace's !ory ( ! orig9 ( species7 requires ! ma9t5ance ( ! purity ( ! fav\rable /ock :i* survives 9 ! /ruggle4 ,if x 7 cont9ually liable to hybridization by o!r species x w\ld nev] e/abli% its own di/9ctive features4 ,x w\ld det]iorate by dep>t+ f ^? *>act]i/ics :i* h be5 naturally select$ & h r5d]$ x a successful species4 ,?us ! bre$]1 :5 he has select$ a /ock = propagation :i* approa*es ! /&>d at :i* he is aim+1 keeps x ap>t1 & does n all[ x to be cross$ by o!r /ock4 ,"o ( ! qualities naturally select$ 9 ! wild is ! p[] ( resi/ance to f]tilization by neighb\r+ species4 ,?is p[] ( resi/ance or immunity to f]tilization by o!r species may be atta9$ by sev]al diff]5t me?ods4 ,among/ ^! are 7#a7 a diff]5ce 9 ! season ( bre$+ or sexual rip5+2 7#b7 ! production ( secretions 7:e!r by plant or by animal7 :i* poison or p>alyse ! f]tiliz+ sp]ms ( alli$ & locally associat$ species1 b are h>mless to ^? ( ! secret+ species2 7#c7 ! me*anical diff]5ces ( size1 etc41 :i* prev5t ! f]tiliz+ mat]ial ( a /range species f ga9+ access to ! egg-cells2 7#d7 psy*ical activities 7antipa?ies7 9 ! case ( animals or m]e attraction & repulsion by odorif]\s sub/ances1 :i* s]ve to repel a /range species1 b are attractive to individuals ( ! same species2 7#e7 f9ally1 a *emical & physiological incompatibility betwe5 ! sp]ms ( "o species & ! g]ms ( ano!r 7z di/9ct f ! attraction or repulsion ( ! entire liv+ individual71 :i*1 ev5 :5 all o!r difficulties are abs5t or h be5 ov]come1 may be1 & frequ5tly is1 pres5t1 s t ! sp]matozoon _c p5etrate ! egg-cell ev5 :5 re/+ ^u x1 b may be p>alys$ or repell$1 & 9 any case is n guid$ & drawn into ! ap]ture ( ! egg-cov]+1 call$ ! micropyle1 or little entry1 s z to fuse ) & f]tilize ! egg4 ,! op]ation ( ^! h9drances to hybrid f]tilization & bre$+ h be5 asc]ta9$ 9 sev]al diff]5t in/ances4 ,x is n always possible1 & c]ta9ly n easy to asc]ta91 :i* is at "w 9 any & e case4 ,b we c well conceive t "o or o!r ( ^! ag5cies h be5 develop$ & acc5tuat$ by survival ( ! fitte/1 s z to protect a species aga9/ f]tilization by a neighb\r+ species1 & ?us to enable x to ma9ta9 its own bundle ( *>act]i/ics free f ! swamp+ effects ( mixture 7t is1 hybridization7 ) ano!r species4 ,x is also ?us intelligible t an alli$ species f a di/ant l& aga9/ :i* our native species & its clos] ance/ry-/ruggl+ = purity ( race-h _h no occasion or opportunity to develop a repell+ protection-w h no su* difficulty 9 effect+ ! f]tilization ( ! native species z h ^? adjac5t species aga9/ ^: intrusions ! latt] is specifically m\ld$ & select$ by long g5]ations ( sev]e natural selection4 ,! failure ( hybrids g5]ally to rip5 _! ova & sp]m s z to reproduce !mselves is a subject ^u :i*1 consid]+ its enorm\s importance & significance1 s+ul>ly little has be5 done 9 ! way ( inve/igation4 ,fifty ye>s ago x 0 usually taught t ! mule1 betwe5 ! horse & ! ass1 s l>gely produc$ "u human sup]9t5d5ce = transport s]vice1 0 unable to bre$ ow+ to "s de=mity 9 ! reproductive passages4 ,ev5 n[ no adequate /udy ( ! subject has be5 made1 b x appe>s t :il/ a female mule c be1 & sometimes is1 successfully mat$ to a horse or an ass1 giv+ bir? to a foal1 ! male mule does n produce fully-=m$ sp]matozoa4 ,:at precisely is ! nature ( ?is failure1 :at ! ultimate microscopic condition ( ! sp]m cells 9 inf]tile male mules1 or 9 any o!r inf]tile male hybrids1 has n yet be5 prop]ly work$ out by mod]n cytological me?ods4 ,x w\ld be a matt] ( va/ int]e/ to det]m9e :at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! sp]m-cells ( a f]tile & ( an inf]tile male hybrid4 ,at pres5t1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?is has n be5 done4 ,s f> :at ,i h writt5 applies to hybridization-! int]-bre$+ ( di/9ct species4 ,a simil> b by no means id5tical subject is t ( ! int]-bre$+ ( di/9ct races or v>ieties ( "o species1 & ! production ( mongrels4 ,mongrels are to races :at hybrids are to species4 ,to ?is bran* ( ! subject belongs ! /udy ( ! effects ( int]m>riage betwe5 di/9ct races ( m54 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,cross-,,bre$+ ,,( ,,races ,we h se5 t !re is no simple rule z to ! mat+ ( individuals ( a species ) individuals ( ano!r closely alli$ b di/9ct species4 ,su* mat+ v r>ely comes ab\t 9 natural conditions1 b man by 8 int]f]5ce sometimes succe$s 9 procur+ hybrids betwe5 alli$ species4 ,hybrids betwe5 species belong+ to gr\ps s diff]5t z to be di/+ui%$ by zoologi/s z di/9ct families or ord]s are q unkn[n "u any circum/ances4 ,su* remot5ess ( natural "* & /ructure z is indicat$ by ! two great divisions ( ho($ mammals-! ev5-to$ 7includ+ %eep1 cattle1 de]1 antelopes1 giraffes1 pigs & camels71 & ! odd-to$ 7includ+ tapirs1 rh9oc]oses1 horses1 asses & zebras7 is an absolute b> to int]-bre$+4 ,s1 too1 ! c>nivora 7cats1 dogs1 be>s & seals1 & small] k9ds7 are s remote 9 _! nature f ! rabbits1 h>es & rats-call$ ! rod5ts-t no mat+ betwe5 memb]s ( ! "o & ! o!r ( ^! gr\ps has ev] be5 obs]v$1 ei!r 9 nature or "u artificial conditions4 ,ev5 :5 individuals ( closely alli$ species mate ) "o ano!r x is a v r>e occurr5ce t ! hybrids s produc$ rip5 _! ova & sp]ms s z to be capable ( c>ry+ on ! hybrid race1 ?\gh sometimes !y d rip5 !m & bre$4 ,! great naturali/ ,alfr$ ,wallace1 9 8 mo/ valuable & readable book call$ ,d>w9ism1 express$ ! op9ion t ! app>5t failure ( hybrid races to p]petuate !mselves by bre$+ 0 to a l>ge ext5t due to ! small numb] ( individuals us$ 9 exp]im5ts on ?is matt]1 & ! 9-&-9 bre$+ :i* 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,"o ( ! great g5]alizations e/abli%$ by ,d>w9 is t 9-&-9 bre$+ is1 z a rule1 resi/$ 9 all animals & plants1 & leads :5 x occurs to a dy+-out ( ! inbr$ race by result+ feebl5ess & inf]tility4 ,a l>ge "p ( ,d>w9's "w consi/$ 9 demon/rat+ ! devices exi/+ 9 ! natural /ructure & qualities ( plants & animals = secur+ cross-f]tilization among individuals ( ! same species b ( diff]5t /ock4 ,bo? extremes seem to be b>r$ 9 nature-namely1 ! int]-bre$+ ( /ocks s div]se 9 /ructure & quality z to be :at we call di/9ct species1 & aga9 ! int]-bre$+ ( individuals ( ! same imm$iate p>5tage or ne> c\s9%ip4 ,:at seems to be fav\r$ by ! natural /ructure & qualities ( ! plant or ! animal is t x %all only bre$ )9 a c]ta9 gr\p-! species-& %all )9 t gr\p avoid con/ant self-f]tilization or f]tilization by ne> c\s9s4 ,?us we f9d num]\s cases 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! same fl[] has bo? poll5 & ovules1 & might f]tilize itself1 ! visits ( insects 7specially made use ( by me*anisms 9 ! fl[]7 c>ry ! poll5 ( "o fl[] to ! ovules ( ano!r & to fl[]s on sep>ate plants gr[+ at a di/ance4 ,x is necess>y to note t !re are1 nev]!less1 self-f]tiliz+ fl[]s1 & also self-f]tiliz+ l[] animals1 ! special conditions ( :i* require & h receiv$ c>eful exam9ation & consid]ation1 ^u :i* ,i _c n[ ent]4 ,9 relation to ! "q ( ! possibility ( e/abli%+ hybrids betwe5 v>i\s species exp]im5tally1 ,i mu/ 7be=e go+ on to ! cognate "q ( mongrels7 tell ( an int]e/+ sugge/ion made to me by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,alphonse ,milne-,edw>ds n long be=e he di$1 & nev] publi%$ by him4 ,he 0 director ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is1 :]e !re is a m5ag]ie ( liv+ bea/s z well z a botanic g>d5 & great museum collections & laboratories4 ,he held x to be probable1 z _m physiologi/s w\ld agree1 t ! f]tilization ( ! egg ( "o species by ! sp]m ( ano!r1 ev5 a remotely relat$ "o1 is ultimately prev5t$ by a *emical incompatibility-*emical 9 ! s5se t ! highly complex molecul> con/itution ( su* bodies z ! anti-tox9s & s]ums ) :i* physiologi/s are beg9n+ to deal is *emical-& t all ! o!r & second>y ob/acles to f]tilization c be ov]come or evad$ 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5t4 ,he propos$ to inject "o species by s]ums extract$ f ! o!r1 9 su* a way z seem$ mo/ likely to br+ ! *emical /ate ( _! reproductive elem5ts into h>mony1 t is to say1 into a condition 9 :i* !y %\ld n be actively antagoni/ic b admit ( fusion & union4 ,he propos$1 by ! ex*ange ( liv+ or highly organiz$ fluids 7by means ( injection or transfusion7 betwe5 a male & female ( sep>ate species1 to assimilate ! *emical con/itution ( "o to t ( ! o!r1 & ?us possibly s to affect _! reproductive elem5ts t ! "o c\ld tol]ate & f]tilize ! o!r4 ,! sugge/ion is n unreasonable1 b w\ld require a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! possibility ( produc+ su* assimilation1 ev5 to a small ext5t & 9 respect ( less complex processes ?an ^? ultimately aim$ at1 w\ld h to be1 fir/ ( all1 e/abli%$4 ,my fri5d did n live to comm5ce ?is inve/igation1 b x is possible t "s day we may see ! ob/acle to ! union ( ovum & sp]m ( species1 :i* are to "s ext5t alli$1 remov$ 9 ?is way by transfusion or injection ( important fluids f ! "o into ! o!r4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! v>i\s & div]g+ obs]vations ab\t ! f]tilization ( ! ova ( "o species by sp]ms ( ano!r species1 t !re is su* a ?+ z p>!nog5esis1 or virg9-bir?4 ,9 "s ( ! insects & l[] =ms ( animals ! egg-cell habitually & regul>ly develops & gives rise to a new individual )\t be+ f]tiliz$ at all4 ,& 9 o!r cases by special treatm5t1 su* z rubb+ ) a bru%1 or 9 ! case ( m>9e animals by addition ( c]ta9 salts to ! wat] 9 :i* ! eggs are float+-or1 aga91 9 ! case ( ! eggs ( ! common frog by g5tly scrat*+ !m ) a ne$le-! eggs :i* usually & regul>ly require to be p5etrat$ by & fus$ ) a sp]matozoon or sp]m-filam5t be=e !y w develop1 proce$ to develop into complete new individuals )\t ! action ^u !m ( any sp]matozoon4 ,9 su* m>9e animals z ! sea-ur*9s or sea-eggs x has be5 f\nd t ! eggs deposit$ 9 pure sea-wat]1 ?\gh !y w\ld die & decompose if left !re alone1 c be made to develop & proce$ on _! gr[? by ! addition to ! sea-wat] ( ! sp]m filam5ts ( a />-fi% 7! fea!r /> or comatula74 ,! sp]matozoa or sp]m-filam5ts d n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case fuse ) ! egg-cells4 ,!y me*anically pi]ce ! egg-coat1 b contribute no sub/ance to ! embryo into :i* ! egg develops4 ,!y h m]ely s]v$1 l ! scrat* ( a ne$le on ! frog's egg & ! bru%+ ( insects' eggs1 to />t ! egg on its gr[?1 to /imulate x & set *anges go+4 ,x appe>s ?us t ! f]tiliz+ sp]m-filam5ts ( organisms g5]ally h two sep>ate & v important influ5ces ^u ! egg-cells ) :i* !y fuse4 ,! "o is to /imulate ! egg & />t ! *anges ( embryonic gr[?2 ! o!r is to contribute "s liv+ mat]ial f ! male p>5t to ! new individual aris+ f ! gr[? & %ap+ ( ! egg-cell4 ,! fir/ influ5ce c be ex]cis$ )\t ! second1 z is se5 9 ! case ( ! eggs ( "s sea-ur*9s /imulat$ to gr[? by ! sp]matozoa ( "s />-fi%es4 ,x happ5s t ^! m>9e animals are conv5i5t = /udy & exp]im5t because _! eggs are small & transp>5t & t !y & ! sp]matozoa are freely pass$ into ! sea-wat] at ! bre$+ season1 9 :i* ! f]tilization ( ! eggs takes place4 ,:5 ^! facts are consid]$ we h to admit t 9 ! mat+ ( two species :i* w n regul>ly & naturally bre$ toge!r1 !re may be a limit$ action ( ! sp]matic elem5t :i* may /imulate ! egg to developm5t )\t contribut+ by fusion 9 ! regul> way to ! actual sub/ance ( ! "y s produc$1 or only contribut+ an am\nt insuffici5t to produce a full & normal developm5t ( ! hybrid "y4 ,su* cases n improbably sometimes occur 9 high] animals1 ?\gh !y h n be51 z yet1 %[n to exi/ except 9 ! exp]im5ts ) sea-ur*9s' eggs & fea!r-/>'s sp]m4 ,9 all animals & plants1 b especially 9 dome/icat$ & cultivat$ /ocks or /ra9s1 v>ieties arise :i*1 by natural or artificial sep>ation1 bre$ ap>t1 & give rise to :at are call$ races4 ,su* races 9 natural conditions may become species4 ,species are races or gr\ps ( individuals1 :i*1 by long e/rangem5t 7n necess>ily local isolation7 f ! p>5t /ock & by adaptation to special conditions ( life1 h become m or less /able-t is1 p]man5t & un*ang+ 9 ! conditions to :i* !y h become adapt$4 ,!y acquire by "o device or ano!r ! habit ( n bre$+ ) ! /ock f :i* !y orig9ally div]g$-a repugnance :i* may be ov]come by human contrivance or by natural accid5t1 b is1 nev]!less1 an effective & real quality4 ,di/9ct =ms1 :i* h n arriv$ at ! /ability & sep>ation *>act]i/ic ( species1 are spok5 ( z races1 or v>ieties4 ,x is v g5]ally ! case t ! races ( "o species c int]-bre$ freely ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! orig9al /ock1 :5 x /ill exi/s4 ,comp>atively little is kn[n z to ! behavi\r ( wild or naturally-produc$ races4 ,practically all our views on ! subject ( races & _! int]-bre$+ are d]iv$ f our obs]vation ( ! imm5se numb] & range ( races & bre$s produc$ by man-z f>m]1 fanci]1 & horticulturi/4 ,x has be5 g5]ally receiv$ z a rule1 t ! v>i\s races produc$ 9 ! f>m or g>d5 by bre$+ f a species1 w int]-bre$ freely1 & produce (fspr+ :i* are f]tile4 ,a special & important s]ies ( races1 9 :i* human purpose & volunt>y selection necess>ily h a lead+ "p1 are ! races ( man4 ,! (fspr+ ( p>5ts ( two diff]5t races is call$ a mongrel1 :il/ ! t]m hybrid has be5 ( late limit$1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 to ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts ( two diff]5t species4 ,mongrels1 x has be5 g5]ally held1 are f]tile-(t5 m f]tile ?an pure-br$ individuals ^: p>5ts are bo? ( ! same race1 :il/ hybrids are contra/$ ) !m1 9 be+ inf]tile4 ,we h se5 t inf]tility is n an absolute rule 9 ! case ( hybrids1 & x appe>s t !re is also a s\rce ( error 9 ! obs]vations :i* lead to ! notion t mongrels are always f]tile4 ,! fact is t obs]vations on ?is matt] h ne>ly always be5 made ) dome/icat$ animals & plants :i* are1 ( c\rse1 select$ & br$ by man on acc\nt ( _! f]tility1 & ?us are exceptionally *>act]iz$ by f]tility1 :i* is transmitt$ 9 an exceptional degree to ! races or v>ieties :i* are exp]im5tally int]-br$1 &1 consequ5tly1 may be expect$ to produce f]tile mongrels4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace insi/$ ^u ?is fact1 & po9t$ out t 9 a few cases col\r v>ieties ( a giv5 species ( plant h be5 f\nd to be incapable ( int]-bre$+1 or only produce v few mongrels4 ,?is has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( two dissimil>ly-col\r$ v>ieties ( mulle94 ,also ! r$ & ! blue pimp]nel 7! poor man's wea!r-glass1 ,anagallis71 :i* are class$ by botani/s z two v>ieties ( "o species1 h be5 f\nd aft] repeat$ trials to be def9itely incapable ( int]-bre$+4 ,wallace insi/s 9 reg>d to cross+1 t "s degree ( diff]5ce fav\rs f]tility1 b a little m t5ds to inf]tility4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! f]tility ( bo? plants & animals is v easily upset4 ,*ang$ conditions ( life-su* z dome/ication-may lead 7we d n "k :y7 to complete or ne>ly complete inf]tility2 &1 aga91 *ange ( air1 or ( locality1 has an extraord9>y & n-z-yet-expla9$ effect on f]tility4 ,oh1 ! little m & h[ mu* x is6 ,& ! little less1 & :at worlds away6 ,inf]tile horses s5t f _! native home to a diff]5t climate 7z1 = in/ance1 f ,scotl& to ,newm>ket7 become f]tile4 ,a judici\s cross+ ( v>ieties or races ?reat5$ ) inf]tility w (t5 lead to increas$ vig\r & f]tility 9 ! new g5]ation1 j z *ange ( locality w produce su* a result4 ,physiological processes :i* are n obvi\s & _c be exactly e/imat$ or measur$ are !n1 we mu/ conclude1 l>gely connect$ ) ! "q ( /]ility & f]tility4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has collect$ facts :i* g f> to prove t col\r 7z 9 ! case ( ! black pigs ( ,virg9ia1 :i* ,i cit$ 9 ,*apt] ,x471 in/ead ( be+ a trifl+ & unimportant "*1 z 0 suppos$ by ! old] naturali/s1 is really "o ( great significance1 (t5 correlat$ ) important con/itutional diff]5ces4 ,x is po9t$ out by ,alfr$ ,wallace t 9 all ! record$ cases 9 :i* a decid$ inf]tility occurs betwe5 v>ieties 7or races7 ( ! same species ( plants 7su* z ^? j cit$71 ^? v>ieties are di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce ( col\r4 ,he gives reasons = ?9k+ t ! correlation ( col\r ) inf]tility :i* has be5 detect$ 9 sev]al cases 9 plants may also ext5d to animals 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! con/ant pref]5ce ( animals-ev5 m]e v>ieties ( dog1 %eep1 horses1 & pigeons-= _! l1 has be5 well e/abli%$ by obs]vation4 ,col\r is "o ( ! readie/ appeals to ! eye 9 guid+ animals 9 su* selection & association1 & is connect$ ) deep-seat$ con/itutional qualities4 ,birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r is a popul> /atem5t confirm$ by ! c>eful obs]vation ( naturali/s4 ,?us we arrive at "s indication ( features :i* may det]m9e ! int]-bre$+1 or ! ab/5tion f int]-bre$+1 ( div]se races sprung f "o orig9al /ock4 ,! col\r b> is n m]ely ! inv5tion ( human prejudice1 b already exi/s 9 wild plants & animals4 ,we n[ come to ! que/ions1 ! ass]tions1 ! beliefs1 & ! acts conc]n+ ! int]-bre$+ ( human races1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i h be5 prep>+ ! way4 ,! dog-fanci] has g5]ally a great contempt = mongrels4 ,bre$]s g5]ally dislike accid5tal crosses1 because !y int]f]e ) ! purpose :i* ! bre$] has 9 view ( produc+ animals or plants ( a quality1 =m1 & "* :i* he has det]m9$ on be=e-h&4 ,?is int]f]5ce ) 8 purpose seems to be ! explanation ( beliefs & /atem5ts1 to ! prejudice ( mongrels4 ,really1 z is well kn[n to great bre$]s & horticulturi/s1 a det]m9$ & selective cross+ ( bre$s is ! v f\ndation ( ! bre$]'s art1 & !re is no reason to suppose t a mongrel is necess>ily1 or ev5 probably1 inf]ior 9 vig\r or 9 qualities :i* are advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle = life 9 natural-t is to say1 l>g]-conditions ( an animal's or plant's life2 n ^? limit$ conditions = :i* ! bre$] int5ds 8 products4 ,inde$1 ! v opposite is ! case4 ,9 nature1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 %[$1 !re are innum]able contrivances to ensure ! cross-bre$+ ( alli$ b di/9ct /ra9s4 ,dog-own]s :o are n exclusively b5t ^u possess+ a dog :i* %[s 9 a p]fect way ! po9ts ( a bre$ fav\r$ by ! fa%ion ( ! mom5t1 or fitt+ x = "s special employm5t1 "k v well t a mongrel may (t5 exhibit f9] qualities ( intellig5ce1 or endurance1 ?an ^? exhibit$ by a dog ( pure-br$ race4 ,& ! v races :i* are spok5 ( to-day z pure-br$1 or ?or\ghbr$1 h 7z is well kn[n7 be5 produc$ z mongrels-t is to say1 by cross+ or mat+ individuals ( previ\sly-exi/+ di/9ct & pure bre$s4 ,! hi/ory ( _m su* mongrel bre$s1 n[ spok5 ( z ?or\ghbr$1 is well kn[n4 ,! ,engli% racehorse 0 gradually produc$ by ! mongreliz+1 or cross-bre$+1 ( sev]al bre$s or races-! ,engli% w>horse1 ! ,arab1 ! ,b>b4 ,a v f9e mongrel /ock hav+ at la/ be5 obta9$1 x 0 f\nd1 or1 at any rate1 0 consid]$ to be demon/rat$1 t no fur!r improvem5t 7= ! purposes aim$ at1 namely1 flat-rac+7 c\ld be effect$ by introduc+ ! blood ( o!r /ock4 ,! (fspr+ ( ! mongrels ,h]od1 ,mat*em1 & ,eclipse accord+ly became e/abli%$ z ! ,engli% racehorse1 & !nce=w>d 0 mat$ only )9 its own race or /ock1 & 0 kept pure or ?or\ghbr$4 ,ano!r well-kn[n mongrel bre$ :i* is n[ kept pure1 or ne>ly s1 is t ( ! ,/4 ,b]n>d's dog1 a bl5d ( ,newf\ndl&1 ,bloodh\nd1 & ,engli% ,ma/iff4 ,(t5 ! ^w mongrel is limit$ 9 its use to signify an undesir$ or undesirable result ( ! cross-bre$+ ( individuals ( e/abli%$ races4 ,b ?is is n q fair to mongrels 9 g5]al1 s9ce1 z we h se51 ! "n really ref]s only to ! fact !y are crosses betwe5 two bre$s4 ,:5 !y happ5 to suit "s artificial & arbitr>y requirem5t !y are fav\r$1 & made ! />t+-po9t ( a new bre$1 & kept pure 9 _! own l9e2 b :5 !y d n fit "s caprici\s dem& ( ! bre$] !y are sne]$ at & condemn$1 al?\gh !y may be f9e & capable animals4 ,no d\bt "s mongrels betwe5 races diff]+ greatly f "o ano!r1 or hav+ "s peculi> mixture ( incompatible qualities ! exact nature ( :i* we h n asc]ta9$1 are want+ 9 vig\r1 & _c be readily e/abli%$ z a new bre$4 ,9 nature ! success ( ! mongrel dep5ds on :e!r or n its mixture ( qualities makes x fitt] ?an o!rs to ! actual conditions ( its life1 & able to survive 9 ! competition = food & place4 ,9 man's bre$+ op]ations ) v>ieties ( dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 ! survival ( ! mongrel dep5ds ^u its fitt+ "s arbitr>y /&>d appli$ by man1 :o de/roys ^? :i* d n suit 8 fancy1 & selects = survival & cont9u$ bre$+ ^? :i* d4 ,:at is call$ misceg5ation1 or ! int]-bre$+ ( human races1 mu/ be look$ at f bo? ^! po9ts ( view4 ,we require to "k h[ f>1 if at all1 ! mix$ or mongrel (fspr+ ( a human race ,a ) a human race ,b is really inf]ior to ei!r ( ! orig9al /ocks ,a & ,b1 judg$ by g5]al capacity & life-pres]v+ qualities 9 ! v>i$ conditions ( ! great area ( ! habitable globe4 ,& h[ f> an arbitr>y or fanciful /&>d is set up by human races1 simil> to t set up by ! fanci] or cultivator ( bre$s ( dome/ic animals4 ,! matt] is complicat$ by ! fact t :at we loosely speak ( z races ( man are ( v v>i\s degrees ( consangu9ity or ne>ness to "o ano!r 9 blood1 t is1 9 /ock or 9 ultimate ance/ry4 ,x is also complicat$ by ! fact t we _c place any reliance ^u ! antipa?ies or pref]5ces %[n by ! g5]al s5tim5t ( a race 9 ?is 7or o!r matt]s7 z necess>ily indicat+ :at is b5eficial = humanity 9 g5]al or = ! imm$iate future ( any section ( x4 ,nor h we any assurance t :at is call$ sexual selection-! pref]5ce or ta/e 9 ! matt] ( *oos+ a mate-is among human be+s necess>ily any?+ ( great] importance-s f> z ! prosp]ity ( a race or ( humanity 9 g5]al is conc]n$-?an a m]e caprice or a mean+less p]si/5ce ( ! human m9d 9 fav\r+ a *oice :i* is habitual & traditional4 ,i h ref]r$ to ?is po9t aga9 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 reg>d to m>riage betwe5 individuals ( diff]5t ,european nationalities1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( unwill+ness exi/s on ! "p ( bo? m5 & wom5 :i* _c be ascrib$ to any deep-seat$ inborn antipa?y1 b is due to a mi/ru/ ( ! unkn[n =eign]1 :i* v readily disappe>s on acqua9tance1 or may arise f dislike ( ! laws & cu/oms ( a =eign p4 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 ,sc&9avians1 ,g]mans1 ,russians1 ,greeks1 ,italians & ,spani>ds h no deep-root$ prejudices on ! subject1 & readily int]m>ry :5 circum/ances br+ !m into association4 ,?\gh ! ,jews by _! pres5t traditional practice are oppos$ to m>riage ) ^? n ( _! fai?1 !re is no effective av]sion ( a racial k9d to su* unions1 & 9 e>ly times !y h be5 v frequ5t4 ,dur+ ! captivity 9 ,babylon & aga9 aft] ! disp]sal by ! ,romans1 ! orig9al ,jewi% race 0 practically swamp$ by mixture ) cognate ,ori5tal races :o adopt$ ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,s f> f !re be+ inborn prejudice aga9/ int]m>riage ( ! peoples above cit$1 x is v g5]ally admitt$ t su* misceg5ation leads frequ5tly to ! f\ndation ( families ( f9e quality4 ,! bl5d is successful1 z may be se5 9 ! numb] ( prom95t ,engli%m5 :o h ,hugu5ot1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 or ,jewi% blood 9 _! ve9s4 ,b :5 we come to ! int]m>riage ( memb]s ( ! :ite race ( ,europe ) memb]s ( ei!r ! negroid 7black7 race or ( ! yell[ & r$ mongoloid race1 a mu* great] & m deeply-root$ av]sion is f\nd1 & ?is is ext5d$ ev5 to memb]s ( ! ,caucasian race :o1 possibly by prehi/oric mixture ) negro-l races1 are v d>k-sk9n$1 z is ! case ) ! ,aryan population 9 ,india & ,polynesia4 ,x is a v difficult matt]2 9 fact1 x seems to me n possible 9 our pres5t k ( ! facts1 to decide :e!r !re is a natural inborn or cong5ital dis9cl9ation to ! m>riage ( ! :ite race1 especially ( ! ,anglo-,saxon bran* ( x1 ) col\r$ p1 or :e!r ! :ole attitude 7z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k7 is "o ( pride ( race1 an attitude :i* c be def5d$ on ! highe/ gr\nds1 ?\gh x may lead to errone\s beliefs z to ! imm$iate evil results ( su* unions1 & to an unreasonable & cruel treatm5t bo? ( ! individuals s int]m>ry+ & ( _! (fspr+4 ,!re is little or no evid5ce ( objection to mix$ unions on ! "p ( ! col\r$ p ) :ites1 no evid5ce ( physical dislike to ! :ite man or :ite woman1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ready acquiesc5ce4 ,a curi\s av]sion to m>riages ) :ites on ! "p bo? ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ( negroes is1 h[ev]1 record$ f "t to "t 9 ! (ficial reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,two beliefs ab\t su* unions are m or less preval5t among :ite m5 9 ! regions :]e !y n infrequ5tly occur4 ,nei!r ( ^! beliefs is support$ by any?+ l conclusive evid5ce4 ,! "o is t su* unions lead to ! production ( relatively inf]tile (fspr+2 ! mix$ bre$ or /ock is said to die out aft] a few 7"s sev5 or eight7 g5]ations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! fact t ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is occurs sugge/ t x is n due to a natural & necess>y inf]tility4 ,! o!r ass]tion is t ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts-"o ( :ite race & ! o!r ( black1 yell[ or br[n-t5d by "s /range fatality to inh]it ! bad qualities ( bo? races & ! good qualities ( nei!r4 ,?is is a case to :i* mu/ be appli$ ! say+1 ,give a dog a bad "n & hang him4 ,! :ite man 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,new ,zeal& desires ! increase & prosp]ity ( 8 own race4 ,l ! fanci] set on ! production ( c]ta9 bre$s ( dome/icat$ animals1 he has no tol]ation = a mongrel4 ,9 s f> z x is true t misceg5ation 7m>riage ( :ite & col\r$ race7 produces a /ock :i* rapidly dies out-?is is due to ! adv]se conditions1 ! opposition & ho/ility to :i* ! mix$ race is expos$ by ! attitude ( ! dom9ant :ite race4 ,to ! same cause is due ! developm5t ( ignoble & possibly dang]\s *>act]i/ics 9 ! un=tunate (fspr+ ( ^! m>riages m frequ5tly ?an 9 ^? :o f9d _! natural place & heal?y up-br++ ei!r 9 ! :ite or ! col\r$ sections ( ! community4 ,! half-bre$ is 9 "s c\ntries inexorably reject$ by ! race ( 8 or h] :ite p>5t & =c$ to take up an equivocal association ) ! col\r$ race4 ,t "s1 at any rate1 ( ! evils attribut$ to misceg5ation are due to ! baneful influ5ce ( pride ( race is evid5t f ! fact t ! ,portuguese 7) ! exception ( a small ari/ocratic class7 h n s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( e/abli%$ association ) ! ,moori% & o!r ,nor? ,african races1 %[n t pride ( race & av]sion to mixture ) d>k-sk9n$ races :i* is s /rong a feature 9 ! ,anglo-,saxons1 _! successors & rivals z coloni/s4 ,! long-/&+ admixture ( black blood 9 ! ,portuguese population be=e ! colonization ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 has l$ to a tol]ation on ! "p ( ! ,portuguese coloni/s ( misceg5ation1 bo? ) ,indians & ! lib]at$ desc5dants ( import$ negro slaves4 ,! consequ5ce is t 9 ,brazil !re is no condemnation ( black blood2 *ildr5 ( mix$ p>5tage & ( col\r$ race att5d ! same s*ools z ^? ( ,european blood1 & freely associate ) !m4 ,!re is no notion t t portion ( ! population :i* is ( mix$ negro1 ,indian1 & :ite blood is less vigor\s or f]tile ?an ! unmix$1 nor t vice & feebl5ess are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! =m]1 :il/ virtue & capacity belong to ! latt]4 ,! det]m9$ ho/ility ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,briti% ,india to misceg5ation is 9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be expla9$ by ! peculi> relation ( a l>ge slave population 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to a pure :ite slave-own+ race3 :il/ 9 ,india we h a h&ful ( :ite m5 tempor>ily /ation$ z rul]s ( millions ( natives1 b nev] accept+ ,india z _! home4 ,! attitude ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & also to ! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal&1 has nev] be5 s extreme 9 ! matt] ( misceg5ation z x has be5 to negroid p & to ! v diff]5t ?\gh d>k-sk9n$ p ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 support ( t op9ion may be cit$ ! fact t "s ( ! fir/ families ( ,virg9ia are pr\d ( _! desc5t f ,pocahontes1 ! ,algonkian ,pr9cess :o m>ri$ ! ,engli%man ,rolfe4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& !re are _m families ( mix$ ,anglo-,saxon & ,maori blood4 ,?\gh !y are n o/raciz$1 z are ! half-bre$s ( negro blood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is a firm t5d5cy to relegate ! half-bre$s 9 ,new ,zeal& to ! ,maori section ( ! population1 :i* x mu/ be rememb]$ includes "s ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ prosp]\s l&[n]s 9 ! colony4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r !re is 9 ?is matt] a great] pride ( race among ,anglo-,saxons ?an among o!r ,nor!rn ,european peoples4 ,nei!r ! ,fr5* nor ! ,g]mans h e/abli%$ great colonies l ! ,engli%1 nor und]tak5 ! adm9i/ration ( a huge ,ea/]n ,empire1 & h1 !re=e1 n %[n :at attitude !y w\ld adopt "u su* circum/ances4 ,! tol]ance & easy-go+ humanit>ianism ( ! ,fr5* 9 relation to misceg5ation 9 _! dep5d5cies 9 pa/ times has nev] _h ! significance or practical importance :i* x w\ld h possess$ 9 ! ,engli% ,colonies & 9 ! great ,indian ,empire4 ,!re is1 on acc\nt ( ! sporadic & exceptional occurr5ce ( mod]n in/ances1 no in=mation ( any value z to ! results ( mixture ( o!r races ( man4 ,9 e>ly times & among m primitive or less civiliz$ peoples !re appe>s to h be51 :5 immigration or conque/ gave ! opportunity1 no ob/acle to a free int]mixture ( an incom+ race ) ! natives ( an invad$ t]ritory4 ,! pride ( race has1 nev]!less1 ?r\gh\t hi/oric "t be5 a frequ5t factor 9 ! adju/m5t ( populations ( div]se races1 & ?\gh col\r has be5 a frequ5t te/ or symbol ( ! sup]ior & exclusive race1 x has n be5 ! only *>act]i/ic exalt$ to su* importance4 ,su* pride ( race has frequ5tly exclud$ ! memb]s ( a closely alli$ b conqu]$ racial gr\p f int]m>riage ) ! conqu]ors1 & has only disappe>$ aft] c5turies ( p]si/5ce4 ,! t]m blue blood is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,x is ! sa+ d'azure ( ! ,go?ic invad]s1 ! conqu]ors ( ! ,ib]ian & ,moori% p ( ,spa94 ,x ref]s n to any blu5ess ( ! blood itself1 su* z di/+ui%es ve9\s f art]ial blood1 b to ! blue col\r ( ! ve9s z se5 ?r\gh ! col\rless sk9 ( a nor!rn race 7! ,go?s71 z comp>$ ) ! invisibility ( ! ve9s :5 ! sk9 is r5d]$ m or less opaque by a br[n pigm5t1 z 9 ! ,moors & ! sw>?y ,ib]ians4 ,among ! p ( ,we/]n ,europe m>riage has assum$ m & m a "* :i* is almo/ unkn[n 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,:atev] ! future may be 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 !re is no d\bt possible t ! place giv5 to wom5 9 ,we/]n ,europe by ! ideals ( *ivalry & ! practice ( ! nor!rn race 7:i* has s l>gely displac$ ! traditions ( ! ,roman ,empire7 has e/abli%$ a relation ( ! sexes 9 :i* m>riage & consequ5t p>5tage h ceas$ to be reg>d$ z a m]e regul>ization ( animal desire & appetite4 ,! accept$1 b n always consci\sly recogniz$1 view ( m>riage 9 ,we/]n ,europe is t ! union s sanction$ & ! families !reby produc$ %\ld be ! result n ( ! m]e physical necessity ( irresponsible victims ( an impulse common to all animals1 b ! outcome ( ! delib]ate *oice ( man & woman attract$ to "o ano!r by sympa?y1 und]/&+ & reciprocal admiration1 bas$ ^u k ( "*1 m5tal gifts & aspirations1 z well z ^u bodily *>m4 ,a r>ely-express$ b none ! less deeply-seat$ conviction exi/s t f su* unions *ildr5 ( ! f9e/ nature1 nurtur$ 9 circum/ances mo/ likely to make !m wor?y memb]s ( ! community1 w be born & re>$4 ,x is ?is conviction :i* leads to1 or at any rate endorses1 ! exclusiv5ess :i* is describ$ z pride ( race4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon man & equally ! ,anglo-,saxon woman 7z well z ! alli$ races ( neighb\r+ nationalities7 recognize a responsibility1 a race duty1 result+ f accumulat$ tradition1 ! heirloom ( long ages ( family life1 :i* causes ! man to be a%am$ (1 & ! woman to %r9k ) in/9ctive horror f1 union ) an individual ( a remote race ) :om !re c be no real sympa?y1 no intimate und]/&+4 ,t seems to me to be ! explanation & ! ju/ification ( ! col\r b>4 ,9 relation to ! probable effectiv5ess ( sexual selection among unciviliz$ peoples 9 fav\r+ & ma9ta9+ a p>ticul> type or =m ( features1 hair1 etc41 *>act]i/ic ( ! race1 indep5d5tly ( ! life-pres]v+ value ( su* qualities1 ,i may m5tion1 be=e quitt+ ?is difficult b /rangely fasc9at+ subject1 a fact obs]v$ by a travell] 9 ,africa1 & relat$ to me by him4 ,o!r simil> facts are on record4 ,among ! negroes employ$ z port]s by my fri5d1 "s ?irty 9 numb]1 0 "o :o _h a n>r[ aquil9e nose & ?9 lips4 ,he 0 z black & z woolly-hair$ z any ( !m1 b w\ld if ( fair complexion h be5 reg>d$ by ,europeans z a v h&some1 f9e-featur$ man4 ,su* cases are n uncommon 9 p>ts ( ,africa1 :]e probably an unrecogniz$ mixture ) ,arab or ,hamite blood has occurr$4 ,my fri5d expect$ ?is man to be a fav\rite1 on acc\nt ( :at to him appe>$ to be good looks1 ) ! girls ( ! villages at :i* he camp$ dur+ a ?ree mon?s' j\rney4 ,at e su* village1 z !y j\rney$ on1 ! travell]s 7 receiv$ ) joy & good nature4 ,! negro port]s 7 ft$ & made mu* ( by ! "y wom54 ,b "o alone 0 unpopul> & reg>d$ ) ridicule & dislike4 ,?is 0 ! h&some negro ) ! f9e1 well-modell$ nose & beautiful ,european lips4 ,! black beauties turn$ _! backs on him1 9 spite ( 8 amiable "* & k9dly ov]tures4 ,!y inv>iably & by op5 confession pref]r$ ! m5 ) ! ?icke/ lips1 ! broade/ noses1 & ! mo/ ?or\ghly 7z we %\ld say7 degrad$ progna?\s appe>ance & disgu/+ expression4 ,h5ce no d\bt ! "y negresses 7 likely to p]petuate 9 _! (fspr+ ! features :i* are *>act]i/ic ( _! race1 & h5ce x is probable t m]e caprici\s sexual selection ( individuals mo/ completely con=m+ to a pref]r$ type-irrespective ( ! value ( ! features pref]r$-may h great effect 9 bo? ! selection & ! ma9t5ance ( ! peculi>ities ( ! type4 ,d>k sk9 may ?us h be5 select$1 until x became actually black2 a slight curl+ ( ! hair1 until x became woolly2 ?icki% lips & broadi% nose1 until !y became excessive 9 ?ickness & bread?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,:eel ,,animalcules ,two hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,dut* naturali/ ,leuw5hoek1 :o made _m discov]ies ) ! highly magnify+ l5ses :i* he himself gr\nd & m\nt$1 wrote to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london t he _h discov]$ sev]al animalcula t protrude two :eels out ( ! =ep>t ( _! body z !y swim1 or g on ! sides ( ! glass j> 9 :i* !y are liv+4 ,he says t ! two :eels are ?ick set ) tee? z ! :eel ( a wat*1 & he s5t to ! society = publication draw+s ( ^! wond]ful little creatures4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! ,:eel ,animalcules4 ,s9ce !n !y h be5 /udi$ by _m microscopi/s1 especially by ,ehr5b]g1 :o figur$ _m 9 8 great book on animalcules 9 #ahch4 ,f\rte5 ye>s lat] ! delightful ,engli% naturali/1 ,p4 ,h4 ,gosse1 :o /udi$ & illu/rat$ ! sea-anemones s ably-&1 by 8 example & *>m+ descriptions1 made ! keep+ ( ^! beautiful ?+s 9 m>9e aqu>ia a fav\rite occupation among p ( leisure1 bless$ ) a curiosity conc]n+ ! ?+s ( nature-publi%$ "s microscopical /udies on ,:eel ,animalcules1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t 8 life to make !m a special subject ( 8 inve/igation4 ,! microscope 0 greatly improv$-9 fact1 rea*$ its pres5t /ate ( p]fection-dur+ ,mr4 ,gosse's lifetime1 & a wond]ful am\nt 0 add$ to our k n only z to ! v>i\s k9ds ( :eel animalcules 7:i* n[ numb] n less ?an #ijj species71 b also ) reg>d to ! m9ute/ details ( _! /ructure1 _! gr[? f ! egg1 & _! habits4 ,ano!r ,engli% lov] ( ^! m9ute creatures1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,hudson1 ( ,clifton 7,bri/ol71 began 8 obs]vations a few ye>s lat]1 & also discov]$ _m wond]ful k9ds4 ,x 0 my good =tune to br+ ^! two devotees ( ! ,rotif]a1 or ,:eel ,animalcules1 toge!r1 & to induce !m to write a conjo9t "w on _! fav\rites-aft]1 z !y say 9 _! preface1 !y _h ea* cont9u$ _! /udies almo/ daily = ?irty ye>s1 & _h made innum]able draw+s f liv+ specim5s1 :i* are reproduc$ 9 ! _m hundr$ 7mo/ly col\r$7 figures engrav$ 9 ! ?irty-f\r qu>to plates ( _! monum5tal book4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 a ye> aft] ,mr4 ,gosse's dea? at ! age ( #gh4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gosse1 ! di/+ui%$ man ( lett]s1 is ! son ( ! naturali/2 ! microscope1 ! aqu>ium1 & ! rock-pools ( ! sea%ore 7 ! famili> delights ( 8 boyhood1 z ( m9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd ,i h sket*$ ! common ,rotif] or :eel animalcule4 ,x is ab\t ! "o-=tie? ( an in* long4 ,! two specim5s drawn 9 ,figs4 #cd1 ,a & ,b1 are se5 to be cl++ by ! =k$ tail-end ( ! body to a piece ( we$ 7drawn 9 dott$ l9es74 ,! body is /ret*$ 9 ^! specim5s to its full l5g?4 ,x c be %ort5$ by a telescop+ or pull+ 9 ( ei!r end1 s z to make ! animal a m]e oval p>ticle4 ,! f\r n>r[] jo9ts or segm5ts at ! tail-end c be pull$ 9 l ! segm5ts ( a telescope1 :il/ ! two :eels & adjac5t p>ts c be drawn d[n into ! body z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ,c1 :]e ! two :eels 7,w7 are se5 %[+ ?r\gh ! sk9 by transp>5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4-;,diagram ( ,rotif] vulg>is-! common :eel animalcule-"o hundr$ & tw5ty times z long z ! creature itself4 ,a1 front view4 ,b1 side view4 ,c1 head %[+ eyes ,s1 & retract$ :eel app>atus ,w4 ,! lett]s 9 ,a & ,b h ! foll[+ signification3 ,m1 m\?4 ,w1 :eel or ciliat$ disc4 ,s1 eye spots on head4 ,t1 spur or t5tacle4 ,g1 gizz>d4 ,/1 /oma*4 ,int1 inte/9es4 ,v1 v5t3 ap]ture ( inte/9e4 ,! common rotif] c walk l a loop+ cat]pill> or a lee*-fix+ itself by its tail1 !n /ret*+ out ! head & fix+ t1 :il/ lett+ g ! tail & br++ x up by telescop+ x1 ne> to ! head region4 ,! tail is =k$1 & 9 ! side view 7,fig4 #cd1 ,b7 x is se5 to h a s(t bran*$ process1 :i* helps x to cl+4 ,! lett] ,v 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ,a1 po9ts to ! v5t or op5+ ( ! gut at ! =k ( ! tail4 ,! m\?1 m>k$ ,m1 is se5 betwe5 ! two :eels4 ,! two :eels are really two discs1 ! edges ( :i* are beset by co>se cilia1 or vibrat+ hairs ( protoplasm4#e ,^! cilia la% & /raight5 aga9 "o aft] ! o!r1 s t ! optical illusion is produc$ ( ! too!d edge ( ! disc be+ 9 movem5t l a :eel4 ,!y may be focus$ ) ! microscope s t ! gr\ps or bun*es ( !m look l /iff1 motionless tee?1 al?\gh !y are really1 all ! "t1 la%+ & beat+ 9 regul> rhy?m4 ,:5 ! animal is fix$ by its tail1 ! la%+ ( ! cilia on ! :eels causes curr5ts 9 ! wat] :i* set ) great /r5g? to ! m\? & br+ float+ food p>ticles to x4 ,x is ?us t ! ,rotif] fe$s4 ,:5 ! tail is n grasp+ a support1 ! movem5t ( ! cilia on ! :eels causes ! animal to swim =w>d ?r\gh ! wat]1 s t x has two modes ( locomotion-! lee*-l crawl+ me?od & ! free swimm+ me?od4 ,! v>i\s int]nal organs ( a ,rotif] are readily se5 ?r\gh its transp>5t sk9 7,fig4 #cd1 ,a74 ,x has a n]v\s sy/em1 _m b&s ( contractile muscles & a pair ( little tubul> kidneys or nephridia1 besides reproductive g]ms 7! eggs74 ,i h "h sket*$ only ! dige/ive canal4 ,! m\? leads ?r\gh a gullet to a v curi\s organ call$ ! gizz>d1 m>k$ ,g4 ,all ! :eel animalcules h ?is gizz>d1 b its tee?1 %[n z two oval bodies 9 ! draw+1 diff] a great deal 9 %ape & complexity 9 ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,:il/ ! ,rotif] is fe$+ by br++ curr5ts ( wat] to its m\?1 ! two halves ( ! gizz>d are kept 9 rapid movem5t by muscles1 caus+ !m to rub aga9/ "o ano!r & to gr9d up ! food p>ticles :i* rea* !m ?r\gh ! gullet4 ,! gizz>d 7,g7 is foll[$ by ! dige/ive /oma* 7,/71 & t by ! inte/9e 7,int71 :i* op5s at ! v5t 7,v74 ,! side 7or ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile7 view ( a simil> specim5 7,fig4 #cd1 ,b7 %[s only ! surface ( ! little animal1 & is int5d$ to %[ especially ! sn\t-l head-lobe 7,s71 ) its two eye-spots1 :i* are r$ 9 col\r4 ,/&+ out backw>ds f ?is is a f+]-l process 7,t71 :i* is call$ ! spur1 or t5tacle4 ,x has hairs at its tip1 & is a s5sory organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4-,! ,rotif] ,p$alion mirum-se5 f ! "r side1 magnifi$ #ahj diamet]s4 w4a41 :eel app>atus or ciliat$ m>g9 ( ! cephalic disc4 r4e41 "r side eye-spot4 m41 m\?4 p41 tactile process4 d4l41 m$ian dorsal limb 7z x is se5 9 pr(ile1 only ?ree ( ! fr+$ hairs at its extremity are se574 v4l41 ! great v5tral limb 7only five ( its fan ( eight fr+$ hairs are se574 l4l4#a1 dorso-lat]al1 & l4l4#b1 v5tro-lat]al limbs ( ! "r side3 !y %[ ! complete fans ( eight fr+$ hairs4 x41 ! pair ( po/]ior processes tipp$ ) vibratile cilia1 bett] se5 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4-,! ,rotif] ,p$alion mirum-se5 f ! v5tral surface4 ,lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! complete fan ( eight fr+$ hairs t]m9at+ ! great v5tral limb are se51 & ! ?ree sp9e-l processes on ea* side ( x4 ,! fr+$ hairs ( ! two v5tro-lat]al limbs1 l4l4#b1 are omitt$2 !y are fully %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 & are ! same 9 numb] & disposition z ^? =m+ ! fan ( ! great v5tral limb4 ,comp>e ^! hairs ) ^? ( ! ,nauplius ,cru/acean l>va drawn z a tail-piece to ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,9 "s :eel animalcules !re is a pair ( ^! spurs1 & ! v rem>kable :eel animalcule drawn 9 ,figs4 #ce & #cf has six l>ge processes :i*1 ?\gh mu* bigg]1 appe> to be ( ! same nature4 ,( ^! f\r are se5 9 ,fig4 #ce1 namely1 d4l41 ! dorsal limb1 v4l41 ! great v5tral limb1 & l4l4#a & l4l4#b1 ! two lat]al limbs ( ! "r side1 all ( !m c>ry+ fanlike gr\ps ( fr+$ hairs4 ,!y are mov$ by v p[]ful muscles1 & /rike ! wat] ) en]getic /rokes1 s z to cause ! little own] to d>t ?r\gh x4 ,?is jump+ or d>t+ :eel animalcule is call$ ,p$alion1 & 0 discov]$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,hudson4 ,x is s a/oni%+ & wond]ful a little bea/1 t :5 ,dr4 ,hudson s5t me "s alive 9 a tube by po/ 9 #ahgb1 soon aft] he _h discov]$ x1 ,i c\ld n believe my eyes1 & ?\ght ,i mu/ be dream+4 ,x is v l ! "y =m ( ,cru/aceans kn[n z a ,nauplius 7see tail-piece to ! pres5t *apt]7 9 hav+ 7:at no o!r :eel animalcule has7 great holl[ pair$ limbs mov$ by /riat$ muscul> fibre1 c>ry+ fr+$ hairs only kn[n be=e 9 ,cru/aceans 7crabs1 %rimps & wat] fleas71 & /rik+ ! wat] viol5tly j z d ^? ( ! ,nauplius4 ,& yet all ! :ile x has on its head a pair ( l>ge ciliat$ :eels :i* s]ve x j z d ^? ( ! common ,rotif]4 ,no ,cru/acean1 "y or old1 has ?is :eel-app>atus nor any vibratile cilia on ! surface ( its body4 ,p$alion possesses an a/\nd+ bl5d ( *>act]s4 ,fig4 #ce %[s1 besides ! paddles or legs 7( :i* two on ! o!r side ( ! animal are n se571 ! broad & l>ge :eel-app>atus ,w 7)9 :i* ! "r eye-spot r4e4 is se571 & a little lobe 7p7 call$ ! *9 ly+ j bel[ ! m\? 7m74 ,! big leg 7v4l47 & ! pair on ea* side 7l4l4#a & l4l4#b71 ( :i* t on ! "r side only is se51 end 9 beautiful fr+$ hairs1 :i* are only se5 else:]e 9 ! ,cru/acea 7wat]-fleas & o!rs74 ,^? on ! lat]al limbs & ! great v5tral limb 7,fig4 #cf7 are set 9 two gr\ps ( f\r on ea* side ( ! free end ( ! limb1 :il/ ^? on ! dorsal leg 7d4l47 are app>5tly n s num]\s4 ,i h correct$ ! draw+s1 ,figs4 #ce & #cf1 by ref]5ce to actual specim5s k9dly giv5 to me by ,mr4 ,r\sselet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4-,! ,rotif] ,noteus quadricornis-to %[ its curi\s f\r-horn$ c>apace-f :i* ! :eel app>atus1 wa1 em]ges 9 front1 & ! tail1 t1 beh9d2 some:at z ! head & tail ( a tortoise em]ge f its protective box or c>apace4 ,! ridges on ! horney cov]+ ( ! ,rotif] recall ! horney plates ( ! tortoises & turtles4 ,! #ejj diff]5t species ( ,:eel ,animalcules or ,rotif]a diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! exact %ape ( ! :eel-app>atus1 9 ! jo9t+ ( ! body & its g5]al %ape1 & 9 ! developm5t1 9 "s1 ( a h>d sk9 or %ell l a turtle's or tortoise's %ell 7,fig4 #cg7 ov] t broade/ region ( ! body 9 :i* 9 our ,fig4 #cd1 ,a1 ! /oma* m>k$ ,/ is plac$4 ,!y diff] also 9 ! %ape ( ! gizz>d's tee?1 9 ! pres5ce ( paddles or legs 79 ,p$alion alone71 & 9 ! pres5ce 9 "s ( long] or %ort] project+ movable rods or bri/les 9 pairs or 9 bun*es4 ,_m build = !mselves tubul> habitations ( jelly or ( h>d cem5t$ p>ticles4 ,!y are all m9ute 7f ! _/ to ! _/ 94 9 l5g?74 ,!y are divid$ into five pr9cipal gr\ps1 :i* are 7#a7 ! crawl]s1 l ! common ,rotif] 7,fig4 #cd71 :i* c crawl l a lee* & also swim freely by aid ( _! :eel-app>atus2 7#b7 ! nak$ free swimm]s1 :i* d n crawl1 b move only by swimm+2 7#c7 ! turtle-%ell$ free swimm]s 7,fig4 #cg7 l ! la/1 b provid$ ) /rong1 (t5 facet$1 angul>1 & spike-be>+ %ells or buckl]s1 f :i* head & :eel-app>atus project 9 front & n>r[ tail beh9d2 7#d7 ! root$ or fix$ =ms 7,figs4 #cg bis72 ^! nev] swim :5 full gr[n1 b ea* =ms & inhabits a protective tube or case2 7#e7 ! skipp+ or d>t+ =ms4 ,( ^! !re is only ! ,p$alion mirum 7,figs4 #ce & #cf71 :i* is q unlike all ! o!r :eel animalcules 9 hav+ limbs l ^? ( ! m9ute wat]-fleas 7,nauplius1 ,cyclops7 :i* /rike ! wat] & are fr+$ ) fea!r-l hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,! l>val or "y =m ( ,cru/acea kn[n z ! ,nauplius4 ,?is is ! ,nauplius ( a k9d ( ,prawn4 ,! ?ree pairs ( bran*$ limbs are well se54 ,mu* magnifi$4 ,,footnote3 #e ,= "s acc\nt ( cilia1 see ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cc1 #dj & ! accompany+ text4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,m ,,ab\t ,,:eel ,,animalcules ,microscopic z ! :eel animalcules are !y yet h be5 wat*$ & exam9$ by _! admir]s to z great a po9t ( intimacy z t rea*$ by ! devotees ( insects or ( birds4 ,a rem>kable fact ab\t !m is t 9 ab\t #acj diff]5t species 7out ( ! #ejj kn[n7 x has be5 f\nd t ! males are dim9utive creatures1 ab\t "o-t5? ! size ( ! females1 & devoid ( dige/ive canal2 9 fact1 little m ?an m9ute swimm+ sacs full ( sp]matozoa4 ,9 "o gr\p1 t ( ! crawl+ ,rotif]s1 to :i* ! common :eel animalcule1 figur$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 belongs1 no male at all has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,!y are all females4 ,!y are precisely ^? :eel animalcules :i* are kn[n to microscopi/s = _! p[] ( surviv+ 7l ! little wat]-be>s or t>digrades & "s o!r m9ute animalcules7 ! desiccation1 or dry+-up ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 liv+1 swimm+1 & crawl+ 7see ,*apt]s ,,xv4 & ,,xvi474 ,& x is q probable t ?is p[] ( resi/ance to ! adv]se conditions ( *ang+ seasons has1 9 ! crawl+ ,rotif]s1 tak5 ! place ( ! production ( eggs f]tiliz$ by a male4 ,=1 z 9 ! case ( ! cru/acean wat]-fleas 7& ( ! t]re/rial plant-lice1 or aphides & gall-flies71 x is f\nd t ! female ,rotif]s or :eel animalcules1 :i* hat* f f]tiliz$ eggs1 are !mselves p>!nog5etic1 & lay eggs :i* develop )\t f]tilization by males-t is to say1 are impat]nate4 ,9 ! case ( ! wat]-fleas ^! are call$ summ] eggs1 & aft] "o or m g5]ations ( su* fa!rless females a proportion ( males are produc$ :i* f]tilize ! females hat*$ at ! same p]iod4 ,! eggs s f]tiliz$ acquire a ?ick %ell & are call$ w9t] eggs4 ,!y rema9 dormant = "s mon?s & resi/ ! injuri\s influ5ces ( w9t] cold1 or1 x may be1 ( dry+ up & conv]sion ( ! pond-mud into du/1 b hat* out :5 w>m] & wett] conditions return4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is j :at ! adult crawl+ k9d ( ,rotif] c d 9 ! full-gr[n /ate by draw+ up h] body into ! %ape ( a ball & exud+ a jelly-l or horny coat4 ,s t %e has no ne$ ( w9t] eggs1 & ! :ole process ( =m+ !m & ( males to impregnate !m has dropp$ out ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is special k9d ( resi/ant ,rotif]s4 ,! m9ute insignificant males & ! ev5tual disappe>ance ( males altoge!r 9 "s races is a subject :i* may well occupy ! att5tion ( our human suffragettes4 ,t ! males are m9ute creatures1 less ?an ! ?\s&? "p ( ! size ( ! females1 is a fact also asc]ta9$ 9 ! case ( "s curi\s m>9e worms 7call$ ,bonellia & ,ham+ia74 ,! only o!r in/ance ( su* degradation ( ! male sex is 9 "s ( ! b>nacles 7discov]$ by ,d>w971 9 :i* ! big individuals are ( d\ble sex 7h]maphrodite74 ,adh]+ to ! %ells ( ^! are f\nd m9ute dot-l supplem5tal males4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ^! are in/ances :]e ! inf]iority ( ! male is an obvi\s measurable fact4 ,9 ! mammals1 ! gr\p ( v]tebrate animals to :i* man belongs1 ! male possesses measurably great] activity & size ?an does ! female1 & is provid$ ) m p[]ful natural weapons1 su* z tee? & horns4 ,he entirely dom9ates & controls ! female1 or a :ole company ( females1 & 9 no case is !re equality ( ! sexes1 or any approa* to x1 /ill less inf]iority ( ! male4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a "q :e!r by tak+ ?\ght ?is natural inf]iority ( ! mammalian female c be *ang$4 ,! survival ( ,rotif]s1 especially ( a p9k-col\r$ species 7call$ ,philod9a roseola71 aft] long dry+ or desiccation1 has be5 exp]im5tally /udi$4 ,x is f\nd t if ! wat] 9 :i* "s are swimm+ is plac$ 9 a wat*-glass & all[$ to dry up rapidly ! ,rotif]s are kill$1 none reappe> :5 aft] a few h\rs fre% wat] is p\r$ into ! wat*-glass4 ,b if a few gra9s ( s& or p>ticles ( moss are pres5t f ! fir/ 9 ! wat] ! f9al dry+ up takes place m sl[ly & ! ,rotif]s f9d _! way betwe5 ! %elt]+ fragm5ts1 :]e ! wat] rema9s long en\gh to give !m "t to =m a little gelat9\s case1 ea* = itself4 ,:5 ?us encas$ !y survive1 motionless1 = mon?s4 ,! exp]im5t has (t5 be5 made1 & is n 9 d\bt4 ,accord+ to tru/wor?y /atem5ts1 ,philod9a c ?us survive ev5 = s long z five ye>s4 ,! processes ( life are arre/$1 b ! dry+ has n proce$$ to ! ext5t :i* is call$ *emical dry+ or dehydration4 ,! t9y ,rotif]s are /ill ( s(t consi/5ce3 ! protoplasm is n *emically de/roy$4 ,:5 "o is wat*$ ) ! microscope z wat] is all[$ to fl[ r\nd x aft] sev]al mon?s ( du/-l aridity1 x is se5 to em]ge f its protective case & at once to comm5ce swimm+ & se>*+ = food by means ( ! curr5ts direct$ t[>ds its m\? by its s-call$ :eel-app>atus4 ,i may j say t 9 ! case ( ! slime-m\ld call$ fl[]s ( tan ! protoplasm dries to ! consi/5cy ( h>d wax1 & ,i h kept x = ye>s 9 t /ate & !n reviv$ x by moi/ure into full activity & gr[?4 ,i us$ also at "o "t to keep 9 my laboratory a supply ( ! dri$ yell[ li*5 f apple-trees1 9 :i* "o c\ld always rely ^u f9d+ ! animalcules call$ ,macrobiotus or wat]-be>s ready to be reviv$ f a desiccat$ condition1 aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s pass$ 9 t condition4 ,_m ( ! ,rotif]s c>ry _! eggs :5 ripe extrud$ f ! body 9 two bun*es or clu/]s1 z is ! habit also ( ! little microscopic %rimps kn[n z ,cyclops4 ,!re is a :ole gr\p ( ,rotif]s :i* fix !mselves by ! tail1 :5 full gr[n1 to "s solid support4 ,ea* !n =ms a protective tube or case ar\nd itself1 f ! m\? ( :i* x puts =? its :eel-app>atus & into :i* x c retire = protection4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful ( ! :eel animalcules belong to ?is gr\p ( fix$ or s$5t>y ,rotif]s4 ,! cr[n animalcule 7,/ephanoc]os7 is "o ( ^!1 hav+ :at are discs edg$ ) vibrat+ hairs 9 ! common ,rotif]-"h drawn out into a circlet ( tap]+ lobes l ! po9ts ( a coronet 7,fig4 #cg 7bis71 ,b74 ,ano!r is ! floscule 7,floscul>ia71 9 :i* ! :eel-app>atus has ! =m ( five knobs arrang$ on a p5tagonal disc ar\nd ! m\? 7,a 9 same figure74 ,ea* knob has a bundle ( excessively f9e1 long1 /iff1 motionless hairs spread+ out f x ready to entangle food p>ticles :i* may drift into contact ) !m4 ,i us$ to f9d ! /ems ( ! fre%-wat] polyp 7,cordylophora7 ( ,victoria ,dock a sure s\rce ( supply ( ^! f9e little creatures4 ,:5 se5 "u ! microscope z brightly illum9at$ glassy florets on a black gr\nd 7by :at is call$ d>k gr\nd illum9ation7 _! /range delicacy & beauty _c be surpass$4 ,a r>e species ( floscule 7:i* ,i h nev] se57 has extra-long & f9e filam5ts1 ea* ( :i* %[s a f9e /ream+ curr5t 9 its sub/ance1 & is1 9 fact1 a nak$ filam5t ( liv+ protoplasm l "o ( ! ray-l filam5ts ( ! sun-animalcules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg 7bis74-,?ree tube-build+ :eel animalcules4 ,a1 ,floscul>ia campanulata4 ,b1 ,/ephanoc]os ,ei*hornii4 ,c1 ,melic]ta r+5s4 ,! mo/ curi\s ( ! tube-build+ ,rotif]s are ^? :i* =m _! tubes ( little1 equal-siz$ pellets ( solid matt]-z x 71 bricks-:i* !y fir/ =m by compact+ f9e p>ticles 9 a special pit on ! head & !n build !m up & cem5t !m toge!r 9 r[s to =m ! tube1 add+ r[ aft] r[ z ! animal itself increases 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #cg 7bis71 ,c74 ,^! are kn[n z ,melic]ta2 &1 ?\gh "s k9ds use any m9ute p>ticles to make _! bricks1 "o k9d is frequ5t :i* uses its own excrem5t = ?is purpose4 ,by fe$+ ! little creatures fir/ ) food col\r$ ) c>m9e & !n ) blue-/a9$ mat]ial1 "o c obta9 alt]nate r[s ( p9k & blue pellets1 c>efully manufactur$ & laid 9 position to build up ! gr[+ l5g? ( tube4 ,melic]ta has c]ta9ly an extraord9>y & economical way ( dispos+ ( t refuse :i* we l>g] creatures c>efully remove f our habitations & %\ld be v unwill+ to employ z build+ mat]ial4 ,! individuals ( "o r>e & int]e/+ k9d ( ! tube-build]s1 aft] swimm+ freely 9 ! y\nge/ /age1 settle d[n toge!r & =m _! gelat9\s transp>5t tubes side by side1 to ! numb] ( fifty or m1 9 su* a way z to produce a p]fect sph]e1 a tw5tie? ( an in* or m 9 diamet]1 built up ( fus$ jelly-l tubes radiat+ f a common c5tre4 ,! inhabitant ( ea* tube is q sep>ate f & indep5d5t ( 8 neighb\rs1 b !y all protrude _! vibrat+ :eel-app>atus simultane\sly1 & cause ! glass-l ball to rotate & travel ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i f\nd ?is beautiful little ?+ 9 a small moss-pool 7n m ?an #c ft4 wide71 high up ! slop+-side ( ! nor?-we/ section ( ,hamp/ead hea?1 above ! ,leg ( ,mutton ,pond4 ,! well-meant c>e ( ! public gu>dians ( ! hea? has n[ dra9$ ?is region1 & my little moss-pools & ! bog1 9 :i* grew ! ,dros]a1 or ,sun-dew1 & ! ,bog-bean & su* plants1 h gone = ev]4 ,b we mu/ console ourselves ) ! fact t ! same progressive expansion ( ! great city has giv5 u electric railways1 tubes1 & tramways by :i* we c g f>!r afield ?an ,hamp/ead 9 a few m9utes1 & /ill f9d moss-pools & ! undi/urb$ glories ( anci5t swamps & bog-l&4 ,_m ( ! ,rotif]s h a pair ( ruby-r$ eyes1 & 9 "s ( !m !re is a m9ute cry/all9e l5s ov]ly+ ! r$ s5sitive spot1 :i* receives ! fibres ( ! optic n]ve com+ f ! bra9-"o on ea* side4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t s m9ute a creature-(t5 only ! "o-fiftie? ( an in* long :5 full gr[n-%\ld h a n]v\s sy/em & special organs ( t\* 7s5sory hairs7 z well z eyes1 & on ! o!r h& muscles runn+ f "o atta*m5t to ano!r & call$ into activity by n]ves connect$ ) ?is same c5tral bra94 ,! pair ( bran*$ tubes1 :i* end int]nally 9 flick]+ flame-cells & op5 ext]nally f> back at ! v5t1 are kidneys4 ,simil> tubes call$ nephridia or little kidneys are f\nd 9 _m ( ! small] animals2 ! e>?worm has a pair 9 ea* r+ ( its body4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! :eel animalcules are relat$ 9 p$igree to ! primitive ance/ors ( ! m>9e segm5t$ or annulate worms1 :i* also gave rise to ! r+$ leg-be>+ jaw-foot$ creatures ) h>d sk91 call$ ,cru/acea1 ,ara*nids & ,insects 7! ,ar?ropods74 ,! :eel-app>atus or cilia-fr+$ discs ( ! ,rotif] is se5 9 ! "y /ages ( _m m>9e worms1 & also 9 ! "y ( m>9e snails1 kn[n z ! velig]-velum or sail be+ ! "n giv5 to ! :eel-app>atus ( ! "y snails 7see ! draw+ on p4 #aha74 ,!re are v m9ute m>9e annulate or segm5t$ worms 7,d9ophilus & o!rs71 :i* come ne> to ! ,rotif]s 9 _m features1 :il/ ! r+$ or segm5t$ "* ( ! body is obvi\s 9 ! common :eel animalcule4 ,! ,rotif]s are s small t !y are built up ( v few cells or nucleat$ units ( protoplasm4 ,_m ( !m are ( small] size ?an "s ( ! big infusorian animalcules1 :i* consi/ ( a s+le cell4 ,! ,rotif]s are probably a dw9dl$ pygmy race desc5d$ f ance/ors ( t5 or a hundr$ times _! l9e> measurem5t4 ,x is an important fact t 9 ! possession ( a too!d gizz>d1 9 ! h>d body-case or cuirass ( "s k9ds1 & 9 ,p$alion's rapidly-mov+ legs or paddles1 fr+$ ) plumose hairs & mov$ by t peculi> v>iety ( muscul> tissue :i* is call$ /rip$ muscul> tissue1 ! :eel animalcules give evid5ce ( relation%ip to ! ,cru/acea-t is to say1 x appe>s to be probable t !y 7 d]iv$ f ! common ance/or ( m>9e worms & ,cru/acea be=e ^? two l9es ( desc5t _h div]g$4 ,rotif]a or :eel animalcules are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 9 ! tropics1 ! temp]ate zones1 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic1 & _m species h a _w-wide di/ribution4 ,!y occur 9 fre% wat]s & 9 ! sea1 9 great lakes1 9 gutt]s :i* dry up1 9 pools 9 ! pol> regions & on high m\nta9s :i* are solid ice = ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,a few are p>asitic1 "s liv+ on ! legs ( m9ute ,cru/acea4 ,"o :i* ,i discov]$ 9 #ahfh 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s lives 9 cr[ds on ! sk9 ( a rem>kable sea-worm 7,synapta71 :i* burr[s 9 ! s&1 expos$ at l[ tide4 ,x holds on 7z ,i f\nd & figur$7 by a true suck]1 :i* replaces ! =k$ tail ( o!r common] ,rotif]s4 ,x 0 nam$ ,discopus by ,zel9ka1 :o se>*$ = x 9 consequ5ce ( my description1 & gave a v detail$ acc\nt ( x4 ,o!rs are p>asitic inside e>?worms1 & "o is f\nd inside ! globe animalcule ,volvox6 ,ano!r causes ! gr[? ( w>ts or galls 9 a curi\s k9d ( ,alga call$ ,vau*]ia4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,susp5d$ ,,animation ,our lead+ newspap]s1 ) r>e exceptions1 nev] report ! discov]ies ann\nc$ at our sci5tific societies4 ,b !y (t5 seek to a/oni% _! read]s ) silly /ories ( mon/]s said to h be5 se5 9 tropical =e/s1 gho/ly manife/ations & su* rubbi% transmitt$ to !m at a high price by crafty newsmong]s1 & d mu* h>m to !mselves & to ! public !reby4 ,on ! o!r h&1 =eign newspap]s d occasionally report ! proce$+s ( _! local ,academies-& !n our own correspond5t telegraphs to ,london ) a fl\ri%1 a confus$ report ( :at he has read & ignorantly imag9es to be a />tl+ discov]y because he kn[s no?+ :atev] ( ! subject4 ,?us %ortly be=e ! rec5t w>-! confirmation by a ,fr5* exp]im5t] ( ! fact1 long s9ce demon/rat$1 t ! se$s ( plants c survive exposure to v l[ temp]ature1 0 ann\nc$ ) ridicul\s emphasis by "o ( ^! fat boys ( j\rnalism p\r pat] le b\rgeois4 ,a temp]ature v ne> to t ( ! total abs5ce ( t molecul> movem5t or vibration :i* we call heat1 c n[ be atta9$ by ! use ( liquid hydrog51 :i* enables u1 by its evaporation1 to come )9 a few degrees 7actually ?ree67 ( t condition kn[n z ! absolute z]o4 ,we divide into "o hundr$ equal /eps or degrees ! column ( liquid 7m]cury1 _s1 or o!r liquid7 ( a !rmomet] z x exp&s f ! %runk5 bulk :i* x occupies :5 plac$ 9 freez+ wat] to ! full l5g? :i* x atta9s :5 ! wat] is heat$ to boil+ po9t4 ,?is is call$ ! c5tigrade scale1 or scale ( a hundr$ degrees4 ,b1 z we "k by ! records ( travell]s 9 ! ,arctic regions & by ! exp]im5ts made 9 laboratories1 !re are degrees ( coldness or dim9ution ( heat :i* are mu* bel[ t ( freez+ wat]1 & c be measur$ by ! fur!r %r9k+ ( ! column ( liquid 9 ! !rmomet]1 s t we record degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade1 ea* ( ! same l5g? z ^? above x & correspond+ to ! same quantum ( decrease or increm5t ( heat4 ,z we pass f ! temp]ature at :i* wat] is solid to t mu* l[] or dim9i%$ /ate ( hotness at :i* m]cury becomes solid1 ! %r9k+ column ( ! !rmomet] 79 :i* a liquid is us$ n r5d]$ solid by ?is am\nt ( cool+7 falls ?r\gh #ci degrees ( ! c5tigrade size1 s t we say t m]cury freezes at m9us #ci or at #ci degrees bel[ z]o ( ! c5tigrade scale4 ,! conclusion has n[ be5 rea*$ t ! absolute z]o or cessation ( all heat 9 a body is repres5t$ by a fall ( no less ?an #bgc degrees bel[ z]o on ! c5tigrade scale4 ,hydrog5 gas becomes a liquid at #beb degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade1 & a solid at #bfd degrees4 ,if we />t our c\nt+ ( ^? degrees or increm5ts ( heat1 ( :i* !re are #ajj betwe5 ! freez+ & boil+ po9ts ( wat]1 at ! absolute z]o or condition ( total abs5ce ( heat1 we mu/ say t hydrog5 melts-t is1 passes f ! solid to ! liquid /ate-at #aa degrees 7absolute71 & boils at ab\t #bj degrees 7absolute71 :il/ wat] does n melt until #bgc degrees 7absolute7 ( temp]ature are rea*$1 & boils at #cgc degrees above ! absolute z]o4 ,x is ! fact t1 f ! ye> #ahfj onw>d1 num]\s obs]v]s h exp]im5t$ on ! influ5ce ( v l[ temp]atures ^u se$s1 & h uni=mly %[n t ! p[] ( g]m9ation & heal?y gr[? ( ! se$s is n de/roy$ by exposure to v l[ temp]atures4 ,! celebrat$ ,swiss botani/1 ,de ,c&olle1 publi%$ ! fir/ c>eful obs]vations on ?is subject 9 conjunction ) ,ra\l ,pictet1 :o _h devis$ an app>atus = produc+ exce$+ly l[ temp]atures4 ,pictet 9 #ahic expos$ v>i\s bact]ia & also se$s to a temp]ature ( ne>ly #bjj degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade )\t injury to !m4 ,!y resum$ _! life :5 gradually re/or$ to ! normal temp]ature4 ,pictet conclud$ t s9ce all *emical action ( ! k9d :i* goes on 9 liv+ ?+s requires a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature = its occurr5ce1 & t ?is is demon/rably consid]ably high] ?an m9us #ajj degrees c5tigrade1 we mu/ suppose t all *emical action 9 liv+ ?+s 7z 9 ne>ly all o!r bodies7 is annihilat$ at #ajj degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade4 ,accord+ly he ma9ta9$ t :at we call life1 or liv+1 is a manife/ation ( *emical =ces simil> to ^? %[n 9 o!r natural bodies1 & liable to int]ruption & resumption by ! op]ation ( unfav\rable or fav\rable conditions z are o!r *emical processes4 ,9 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,horace ,br[n & ,mr4 ,f4 ,escombe publi%$1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* !y expos$ se$s ( twelve plants belong+ to widely diff]5t natural ord]s to a temp]ature v>y+ f #ahc degrees to #aib degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade = a p]iod ( #aaj consecutive h\rs 7ab\t f\r days & a half74 ,z a result ! g]m9ative p[]s ( ! se$s %[$ no appreciable diff]5ce f t ( se$ n subject$ to cold1 & !y produc$ heal?y plants4 ,! l[ temp]ature 0 obta9$ by ! use ( liquid air 9 a vacuum-jacket$ flask 7l ! well-kn[n !rmos flasks71 into :i* ! se$s 7 introduc$ 9 ?9 glass tubes4 ,pr(essor ,m',k5drick _h previ\sly %[n t ! putresc5ce ( meat1 blood & milk by bact]ia infe/+ !m 0 tempor>ily arre/$1 b n p]man5tly s1 by expos+ ^? sub/ances = "o h\r to a temp]ature ( #ahb degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade4 ,x appe>$ t ! putrefactive bact]ia pres5t 9 ^? sub/ances 7 n de/roy$ by t degree ( cold1 b return$ to a /ate ( activity :5 ! normal temp]ature 0 re/or$4 ,pr(essor ,m',k5drick also %[$ t se$s w\ld g]m9ate aft] exposure to l treatm5t4 ,all ?is is anci5t hi/ory1 tw5ty ye>s & m 9 ! pa/4 ,! exp]im5ts ( a ,fr5* obs]v]1 m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] z fooli%ly trumpet$ 9 a ,london pap]1 7 ( s]vice z confirm+ ! ext5sive & c>eful "w ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is only :5 our old well-bottl$ discov]ies h1 h[ev] t>dily1 be5 br\ght be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces & s5t back to u by ! ,p>is correspond5ts ( news ag5cies z />tl+ novelties & amaz+ discov]ies 7tw5ty ye>s old71 t any attempt is made to m5tion !m 9 ! ,london daily ,press4 ,& !n !y are ann\nc$ )\t any ref]5ce to _! true hi/ory4 ,?is habit ( cull+ /ale morsels ( in=mation f ! proce$+s ( =eign academies po9ts to ! fact t !re is incompet5ce bo? 9 ! purveyor & publi%] ( su* scraps4 ,if our newspap] editors mu/ publi% scraps ab\t sci5tific novelties1 !y %\ld employ educat$ assi/ants to see t !y d n make !mselves ridicul\s4 ,! scraps :i* come r\nd to our newspap]s f ,p>is are usually plagi>iz$ f a ,fr5* newspap] by "s "o :o has a v imp]fect k ( ! subject to :i* !y ref]1 & adds 8 own blund]s to ^? ( ! orig9al report]4 ,! action ( extreme cold 9 arre/+ life 9 su* m9ute organisms z plant se$s & bact]ia )\t de/roy+ ! possibility ( ! resumption ( ^? *emical & physical *anges :5 w>m? is re/or$1 is dep5d5t on ! fact t ^? *emical *anges c only proce$ 9 & by ! aid ( liquid wat]4 ,:5 ?or\ghly froz5 ! *emical con/itu5ts ( m9ute organisms & se$s-:i* until froz5 7 liv+ & und]go+ cont9u\s1 ?\gh p]haps sl[1 *ange-become solid1 & c no long] act on "o ano!r or be act$ on by surr\nd+ *emical bodies equally r$uc$ 9 temp]ature4 ,!y may be comp>$ to ! solid dry con/itu5ts ( a ,seidlitz p[d]-"o an acid1 ! o!r a c>bonate4 ,s long z !y are dry !y rema9-:5 mix$ & %ak5 toge!r-in]t1 )\t action on "o ano!r4 ,ev5 if "o is dissolv$ 9 wat] & !n froz5 solid & mix$ 9 a p[d]$ /ate ) ! o!r at an equally l[ temp]ature ! mixture rema9s dry & in]t4 ,no?+ happ5s s long z ! l[ temp]ature is ma9ta9$4 ,b if we raise ! temp]ature above ! freez+-po9t-s z to liquefy ! solution-*emical action w imm$iately ensue4 ,) mu* fizz+ & escape ( gas ! two *emicals w unite4 ,! effect ( cold on liv+ matt] is ( ?is nature4 ,x is a real susp5sion ( ! *anges :i* 7-h[ev] sl[ly & quietly-go+ on be=e complete solidification ( ! protoplasm by freez+4 ,a froz5 se$ & froz5 bact]ia are 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation4 ,x is n ! fact t absolutely all *emical union & *ange :atsoev] is prev5t$-t is to say1 arre/$ or susp5d$-by extreme cold1 al?\gh ! union ) oxyg5 & o!r su* *anges ( ! ess5tial mat]ial ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* we call protoplasm1 & mo/ o!r *emical *anges are ?us arre/$ or susp5d$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ exception is t ( ! mo/ active ( all elem5ts1 ! gas fluor9e1 :i* becomes a liquid at #baj degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade1 & 9 t condition attacks turp5t9e if br\ght into contact ) x at ! same l[ temp]ature ) explosive =ce4 ,ev5 solid fluor9e comb9es ) liquid hydrog5 ) viol5t explosion4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t elem5ts or *emical comp\nds br\ght into ! solid 7n m]ely liquid7 condition by extreme cold _c act *emically ^u o!r bodies 9 ! same solid condition1 ev5 :5 !y w\ld at normal temp]atures s act ) ! greate/ read9ess1 because !y are !n ei!r liquid or gase\s4 ,! conception ( an arre/ ( ! *anges 9 organisms1 :i* we call life1 foll[$ by _! resumption aft] a great] or less int]val ( susp5se1 0 long ago sugge/$ & discuss$ be=e we _h k ( ! action ( l[ temp]atures4 ,! w9t]-sleep ( "s animals & ! comatose condition sometimes exhibit$ by human be+s _h l$ to ! notion ( susp5d$ animation4 ,b a c>eful /udy ( hyb]nat+ animals & ( human in/ances ( prolong$ coma satisfi$ physiologi/s ne>ly #ajj ye>s ago t ! processes ( life-! beat+ ( ! he>t & ! respiration-7 n actually & absolutely susp5d$ 9 ^! cases1 b r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! *emical processes connect$ ) life 7 /ill v sl[ly c>ri$ on4 ,aga91 a great deal ( int]e/ & discussion 0 excit$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ! dry+ up ( delicate yet complex aquatic animalcules1 su* z ! ,rotif]s 7! :eel animalcules describ$ 9 our la/ *apt]7 & ,t>digrades 7be> animalcules71 & ! fact t aft] _! pres]vation z m]e du/ = _m mon?s dri$ on a glass-slip !y c\ld be reviv$ & made to return to life by wett+ !m ) a m9ute drop ( wat]1 :il/ ! :ole process ( revival 0 wat*$ "u ! microscope4 ,lett]s 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,times 9 ! fifties by ! ,rev4 ,"l ,sydney ,godolph9 ,osborn1 describ+ 8 obs]vations & exp]im5ts on ^! animalcules4 ,! yell[ slime-fungus call$ fl[]s ( tan1 aft] creep+ z a nak$ network ( protoplasm ov] ! sp5t tan1 ?r[n out f tan-pits1 w 9 dry wea!r ga!r itself into little knobs1 ea* ( :i* is z h>d & brittle z a piece ( seal+-wax4 ,yet 7z ,i h repeat$ly exp]i5c$ 9 us+ mat]ial giv5 to me by ! great botani/1 de ,b>y7 a fragm5t ( "o ( ^! h>d pieces1 if c>efully gu>d$ 9 a dry pill-box = two or ?ree ye>s1 w :5 plac$ on a film ( wat] at summ]-heat gradually absorb moi/ure & exp& itself into ?reads ( creep+1 fl[+ protoplasm1 n\ri% itself1 & gr[ & reproduce4 ,x 0 =m]ly sugge/$ 9 reg>d to ^! cases ( resuscitation aft] dry+1 z also 9 ! case ( se$s :i* g]m9ate aft] be+ kept 9 a dry condition = _m ye>s1 t really !y 7 n ?or\ghly dri$1 b 7 suffici5tly moi/ to all[ ( v sl[ oxidation & gas ex*ange1 :i* x 0 said 0 s small 9 am\nt z to escape obs]vation4 ,!re 0 a plausible comp>ison ( ! condition ( ^! dri$ organisms to t ( hyb]nat+ mammals1 desiccat$ snails1 & comatose m54 ,x 0 held t "h1 too1 ! life-processes 7 n absolutely arre/$1 b r$uc$ to an imp]ceptible m9imum4 ,?is view ( ! matt] 0 connect$1 no d\bt1 ) a traditional assumption t life 0 an entity-an anima animans-:i* ent]$ a liv+ body1 kept x cont9ually go+ or liv+1 & if driv5 out f x c\ld n return4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] seems to h be5 7p]haps unconsci\sly7 affect$ by ?is traditional view1 s9ce he def9$ life z ! cont9u\s-t is ! important ^w-adaptation ( int]nal to ext]nal relations4 ,?is def9ition prejudic$ ! view ( "s di/+ui%$ physiologi/s on ! "q ( susp5d$ animation1 & ,i rememb] a v w>m d9n]-table discussion ) ,mi*ael ,fo/] & o!r fri5ds1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 ,i put =w>d ! view t s long z ! intimate /ructure-9 fact1 ! *emical /ructure-( ! protoplasm ( a liv+ ?+ is n de/roy$1 x does n die ?\gh all *emical *ange 9 x may be arre/$4 ,i comp>$ ! dri$ se$ & dri$ animalcule-z ,i w\ld n[ comp>e ! froz5 se$ & ! froz5 bact]ia-to a well w\nd wat* :i* is /opp$ by ! intrusion ( a ne$le betwe5 ! spokes ( its balance :eel1 or1 bett]1 by ! cool+ on ! :eel ( a t9y drop ( s(t wax s z to clog x4 ,! works ( ! wat* are r5d]$ absolutely motionless1 b x is n dead4 ,z soon z ! ne$le is remov$ or ! t9y speck ( wax melt$ by a g5tle w>m? x resumes its movem5t4 ,x is1 z we say1 alive aga94 ,s1 too1 ! froz5 or dri$ organism is absolutely motionless4 ,no *emical movem5ts c g on 9 x4 ,!y are /opp$ by ! solidity set up by freez+1 or 9 ! case ( simple desiccation1 by ! abs5ce ( ! moi/ure necess>y = br++ ! *emical molecules into contact4 ,if protect$ f de/ructive ag5ts1 ! me*anism rema9s p]fect = j s _m ye>s or c5turies z t protection la/s4 ,:5ev] ! froz5 organism ?aws or ! dri$ organism becomes wet1 ! life-processes are resum$1 ! se$ g]m9ates1 ! bact]ia gr[ & multiply4 ,?us we see :at are "s ( ! po9ts ( int]e/ & importance rais$ by ! old exp]im5ts ( ,pictet1 ,m',k5drick1 & ,horace ,br[n1 ! results ( :i* 7 ! same z ^? ann\nc$ z ,p>isian novelties4 ,i h yet to say a few words z to ! reason :y we _c produce susp5d$ animation 9 high] organisms or 9 man by ! application to !m ( extreme cold4 ,fur!r1 ! influ5ce ( extreme cold on ! possible passage1 ?r\gh space1 ( liv+ g]ms f o!r worlds to ?is e>?-a possibility sugge/$ by ! late ,"l ,kelv9-requires "s consid]ation 9 connection ) ! /rik+ exp]im5ts ) phosphoresc5t bact]ia describ$ t5 ye>s ago by ,sir ,james ,dew>4 ,illu/ration3 ,"y /ages ( gr[? or ,velig] l>v ( m>9e snails1 %[+ ! ciliat$ b& or velum :i* is id5tical ) ! :eel app>atus ( ! ,rotif]s or ,:eel animalcules4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,m ,,ab\t ,,susp5d$ ,,animation ,i gave "s acc\nt 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! exp]im5ts made )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 :i* h %[n t1 9 c]ta9 v simple organisms & 9 se$s1 all *emical *ange c be /opp$ by ! application to !m ( me?ods ( freez+4 ,! cont9u\s *anges :i* g on 9 ^! liv+ ?+s "u ord9>y circum/ances are arre/$ by ! solidification ( :at 0 m or less moi/ mat]ial4 ,wat] 9 ! liquid /ate1 ?\gh x may be 9 extremely m9ute quantity1 is necess>y = ! *emical comb9ations & decompositions :i* g on 9 liv+ ?+s4 ,h5ce n only ! solidification ( all moi/ure1 9 or hav+ access to ! liv+ bodies exp]im5t$ on1 arre/s ^? *emical comb9ations & decompositions1 b v ?or\gh dry+ also has ?is result4 ,yet ei!r on ?aw+ ! froz5 liquid or supply+ moi/ure to ! dri$ up organism1 ! previ\sly cont9u\s *emical & physical *anges are resum$ z ?\gh no arre/ or susp5sion ( !m _h occurr$4 ,no limit is kn[n to ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ?is arre/ may be cont9u$1 & yet a resumption ( liv+ *anges occur :5 ! cause ( arre/-namely1 ei!r solidification by cold or else dryness-is remov$4 ,! app>atus-! exact /ructure & ! exact *emical mat]ials-( ! se$s or ! bact]ia rema9s un9jur$ & un*ang$ by ei!r freez+ or dry+ c>efully appli$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to gu>antee t no accid5t1 no un=ese5 *ange 9 ! surr\nd+s1 %all take place & de/roy 9 "o way or ano!r ! exp]im5t4 ,b ! arre/ ( all *ange1 su* z goes on 9 life1 has be51 9 _m exp]im5ts1 ma9ta9$ "u c>eful sup]vision & protection = sev]al mon?s1 & yet life has be5 resum$ :5 ! cause arre/+ *emical *ange has be5 remov$4 ,! presumption1 !n1 is 9 fav\r ( ! possibility ( ! arre/ be+ ma9ta9$ = an unlimit$ p]iod1 & yet at any "t be+ resum$ :5 ! arre/+ cause 7cold or dryness7 is remov$4 ,be=e :at we may call ! susp5sory action ( v l[ temp]atures _h become g5]ally kn[n1 ! "q occurr$ z to :e!r se$s kept 9 a dry condition = sev]al mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 & yet capable ( g]m9ation :5 plac$ 9 moi/ e>?1 are dur+ _! dry condition und]go+ any *emical *anges4 ,! matt] pres5t$ itself 9 ?is way4 ,! dry se$s c g]m9ate :5 s[n1 !re=e !y are n dead1 b liv+4 ,accord+ to v>i\s physiologi/s & philosoph]s 7e4g41 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]71 life is a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal to ext]nal relations4 ,burdon ,s&]son1 ! ,ox=d pr(essor ( ,physiology1 decl>$ t life is a /ate ( ceaseless *ange4 ,if ?is is a correct conception1 & if by liv+ we mean1 z ! great ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y tells u1 manife/+ ! prop]ty call$ life1 !n ! se$s :i*1 ?\gh dry1 are /ill liv+ or alive or end[$ ) life1 %\ld yield "s evid5ce ( ! ceaseless *ange 7by :i* is meant *emical *ange7 ( :i*1 z ?+s n dead b liv+1 !y are suppos$ to be ! seat4 ,! late ,dr4 ,george ,romanes publi%$ 9 #ahic "s exp]im5ts on ?is matt]4 ,we "k t free oxyg5 is v g5]ally 7?\gh n univ]sally7 necess>y = ! cont9ual *emical *anges :i* ! m9ute/ z well z ! l>ge/ plants & animals c>ry on4 ,romanes enclos$ a quantity ( dry se$s 9 glass tubes1 f :i* he pump$ out all gas z completely z possible-t is to say1 all except "o-million? ( ! orig9al volume4 ,he also expell$ all oxyg5 by replac+ x by o!r gases4 ,z a result ( ?is treatm5t1 cont9u$ = z mu* z fifte5 mon?s1 he f\nd t nei!r a high vacuum nor subsequ5t exposure = twelve mon?s 9 sep>ate in/ances to oxyg5 or to hydrog51 or nitrog51 or c>bon monoxide1 or c>bon dioxide1 or hydrog5 sulphide1 or ! vap\r ( e!r or ( *lor(orm1 _h any effect on ! subsequ5t g]m9ative p[] ( ! se$s employ$4 ,^! exp]im5ts prov$ t any?+ l respiration by ord9>y gase\s ex*ange ) ! atmosph]e 0 n go+ on 9 ! se$s1 & t if !y are ! seat ( ceaseless *ange because n dead1 ! *anges mu/ be *emical int]actions ( "s k9d or o!r )9 _! protoplasm4 ,! keep+ ( se$s & also ( bact]ia = days & ev5 mon?s-at temp]atures z l[ z #ajj degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade-& _! subsequ5t resumption ( life1 has remov$ ! possibility 7n exclud$ by ,romanes7 ( ! occurr5ce ( *emical int]actions )9 ! sub/ance ( ^! organisms pres]v$ dur+ long p]iods ( "t1 & yet n ceas+ to be :at is ord9>ily call$ alive1 or end[$ ) life4 ,x is "t t we %\ld def9itely ab&on ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s & ,burdon ,s&]son's def9itions or v]bal *>act]izations ( life4 ,! ^w life is commonly & prop]ly us$ to designate ! condition ( a liv+ ?+ or a ?+ :i* is alive4 ,a ?+ :i* has lo/ life-t is1 :i* 0 liv+1 b is s no m1 & _c be re/or$ to life or resuscitat$-is1 9 correct ,engli%1 said to h di$1 or to be dead4 ,! motionless1 un*ang+ froz5 se$ or bact]ium1 :i* resumes its liv+ activities :5 c>efully ?aw$1 has n di$4 ,! m]e fact t x c be resuscitat$ ju/ifies ! application to x1 accord+ to correct ,engli% usage1 ( ! ^w alive-x is /ill alive4 ,x is n possible to alt] ! significance ( ! words life1 liv+ & alive1 s z to reta9 ! def9itions ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,burdon ,s&]son z correct4 ,!y are incorrect4 ,life is n cont9u\s or ceaseless *ange4 ,x is a prop]ty ( ! m active sub/ance ( plants & animals :i* has special /ructure & def9ite *emical con/itu5ts4 ,! prop]ty is1 no d\bt1 usually manife/$ "u normal conditions ( temp]ature1 light1 moi/ure1 pressure1 *emical & electrical surr\nd+s 9 a cont9u\s s]ies ( *anges1 bo? *emical & physical4 ,b at exceptionally l[ temp]ature1 & 9 o!r arre/+ circum/ances ^! *anges c1 9 a few exceptional organisms1 be absolutely /opp$1 ?\gh ! organism 9 :i* ! *anges cease is un9jur$ z a me*anism4 ,x /ill possesses ! prop]ty ( life-is /ill alive al?\gh motionless & un*ang+4 ,its life is 9 susp5se1 z is t ( a clock ) arre/$ p5dulum4 ,! unju/ifi$ conception ( life1 or liv+1 or be+ alive1 & n dead1 z necess>ily a /ate ( incessant *emical & o!r *ange1 is b\nd up ) ! old fancy t life is n to be consid]$ z a /ate or motion ( a special & complex /ructure call$ protoplasm1 b is a ?+1 a _s or an ess5ce1 :i* takes possession ( organic bodies & makes !m live4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 if *emi/s c\ld build up ! *emical mat]ials :i* con/itute protoplasm1 ! protoplasm s made by !m w\ld n live4 ,x w\ld 7he /at$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,birm+ham 9 #aiab7 h to receive a *>ge or infusion1 z x 71 ( ?is ?+ sugge/$ by ! ^w life4 ,x _c live itself 7accord+ to ! suppositions ( ,sir ,oliv]71 b s]ves z ! vehicle1 ! receptacle1 = ?is suppos$ intangible entity life4 ,9 ! same imag9ative ve91 our gr&fa!rs us$ to say t heat 0 due to ! entity or fairy caloric :i* c\ld be entic$ into or driv5 f mat]ial bodies1 mak+ !m hot by its pres5ce & cold by its great] or less exclusion4 ,! susp5d$ animation ( froz5 g]ms & _! return to life :5 w>m$ c\ld ?us be repres5t$ z an affection or aff9ity betwe5 ! fairy ,vitalis & ! fairy ,caloric1 ! =m] flee+ f ! body & wait+ ne> :5 ! latt] des]ts 8 place1 b return+ to happy union ) ,caloric :5 he aga91 h[ev] feebly1 p]vades once m ! vehicle provid$ = ,vitalis4 ,su* imag9>y ess5ces are n ( any assi/ance to u 9 arriv+ at a k ( ! facts1 & s f> f help+ u to a compreh5sion ( ! ultimate nature ( ?+s 7:i* we h no reason to suppose t x is possible = u to atta97 _! introduction t5ds to ! sub/itution ( imag9>y causes & unv]ifi$ assumptions = ! c>efully-te/$ & demon/rat$ conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,9 #ahga ,"l ,kelv91 :5 presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 sugge/$ t ! orig9 ( life z we "k x may h be5 extra-t]re/rial1 & due to ! moss-gr[n fragm5ts f ! ru9s ( ano!r _w1 :i* rea*$ ! e>? z meteorites4 ,x 0 object$ to ?is t ! extreme cold-v ne> to ! absolute z]o-:i* prevails 9 int]/ell> space w\ld be fatal to all g]ms ( life c>ri$ by su* meteoric /ones4 ,b tw5ty ye>s lat] ,sir ,james ,dew> %[$ t ?is objection did n hold1 s9ce at any rate "s =ms ( life-c]ta9 bact]ia-c\ld survive an exposure ( sev]al days to a temp]ature approa*+ ! absolute z]o4 ,lat] ,sir ,james made "s v /rik+ exp]im5ts by expos+ cultivations ( phosphoresc5t bact]ia to ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 7#beb degrees bel[ z]o c5tigrade74 ,^! bact]ia may be obta9$ by selective cultivation f sea-wat] tak5 on ! coa/1 9 :i* a few are always scatt]$4 ,a ri* gr[? ( ^! bact]ia 9 gelat9e bro? gives (f a brilliant gre5i% light :5 %ak5 ) atmosph]ic air or o!rwise expos$ to oxyg54 ,! light is s int5se t a glass flask hold+ a p9t ( ! cultivation gives (f suffici5t light to enable "o to read 9 an o!rwise d>k room4 ,! emission ( light is dep5d5t on ! *emical activity ( ! liv+ bact]ia 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg5 !y cease to be lum9\s4 ,z soon z !y are kill$ ! light ceases4 ,:5 !y are froz5 solid ! light ceases1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg5 gas4 ,:5 a film consi/+ ( su* a culture is froz5 solid x w rema9 inactive if ! l[ temp]ature be ma9ta9$ = mon?s1 ?\gh expos$ to free oxyg5 gas1 & !n1 z soon z x is liquefi$ by a g5tle rise 9 temp]ature1 ! active *anges recomm5ce1 & ! phosphoresc5t light beams =?4 ,sir ,james ,dew> expos$ su* films to ! l[ temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 = 7s f> z ,i rememb]7 six mon?s1 & obta9$ f !m at once ! evid5ce ( _! liv+ *emical activity1 namely1 _! phosphoresc5ce1 z soon z !y 7 ?aw$4 ,9 ! froz5 /ate1 at a temp]ature ( m9us #bej degrees c5tigrade1 no?+1 x appe>$1 c\ld injure ^! phosphoresc5t bact]ia4 ,no *emical c get at !m at t temp]ature1 ! mo/ bit+ acid1 ! mo/ cau/ic alkali _c t\* !m :51 l !m1 x is 9 a h>d1 solid condition4 ,p[d]+ ! film by me*anical pressure has no effect on ! bact]ia4 ,!y are too small to be cru%$ by any mill4 ,su* g]ms w\ld1 x seem$1 surely be able to travel ?r\gh int]/ell> space1 z sugge/$ by ,kelv94 ,!n x occurr$ to ,sir ,james t light-! /rangely active ultra-violet rays ( light-might be able to dis9tegrate & de/roy ! bact]ia1 ev5 :5 froz5 solid at ! l[e/ temp]ature4 ,he expos$ 8 froz5 cultures to /rong light1 exclud+ any heat-giv+ rays1 & f\nd t ! bact]ia no long] recov]$ :5 subsequ5tly ! culture 0 ?aw$4 ,light1 c]ta9 rays ( light1 c1 x ?us appe>s1 p5etrate & cause de/ructive vibrations 9 *emical bodies protect$ f all o!r dis9tegrat+ ag5cies by ! solidity conf]r$ by extreme cold4 ,i am n able to say1 at ! mom5t1 h[ f> ?is important matt] has be5 pursu$ by fur!r exp]im5t1 nor :e!r :at are call$ ! *emically active rays ( light & o!r rays su* z ! ,rntg5 rays c effect *emical *ange 9 o!r bodies 7besides liv+ g]ms71 ^u :i* !y act at normal temp]atures1 b 9 reg>d to :i* !y might be expect$ to be inop]ative :5 ! bodies 9 "q are br\ght into ! peculi> /ate ( inactivity produc$ by extreme cold4 ,s9ce light is f> m int5se outside our atmosph]e ?an )9 x1 x seem$1 at fir/1 t ! demon/ration ( its de/ructive action on froz5 g]ms puts an end to ,kelv9's !ory ( a meteoric orig9 ( life4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t m9ute liv+ g]ms c\ld conceivably be protect$ f ! access ( light by be+ emb$d$ 9 ev5 v small opaque p>ticles ( meteoric clay4 ,s ,"l ,kelv9's sugge/ion z to ! travell+ ( life on meteoric du/ _c be set aside z involv+ ! supposition ( ! p]si/5ce ( life 9 conditions kn[n to be de/ructive ( x4 ,! great int]e/ 9 =m] times 9 relation to susp5d$ animation has naturally be5 9 relation to ! occurr5ce ( ?is condition 9 man & ! possibility ( produc+ x 9 man by ?is or t treatm5t4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev]1 at ! pres5t day1 t dea?-l trances1 :e!r occurr+ naturally or aft] ! adm9i/ration ( drugs1 9 ! case ( man & ( high] animals1 are n due to t complete susp5sion ( liv+ *anges :i* we c produce1 z ,i h "h relat$1 9 c]ta9 l[] =ms ( life4 ,^! dea?-l trances are m]ely cases ( r$uction ( ! liv+ *anges to a v l[ degree4#f ,! bodies ( all b ! simple/ animals & plants are too l>ge & too complex to survive ! bur/+ & disruptive action ( extreme cold1 due to ! unequal di/ribution ( wat] )9 !m & its irresi/ible expansion :5 froz54 ,_! liv+ me*anism is brok51 me*anically de/roy$ by ?is expansion4 ,we _c hope to apply cold to man s z to produce susp5d$ animation4 ,x is true t exp]im5ts are on record 9 :i* fi% & ev5 frogs h surviv$ enclosure )9 a solid mass ( ice by ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 liv+4 ,b c>eful exp]im5ts are want+ :i* w\ld demon/rate t ^! animals 7 actually froz5 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & t ei!r fi% or o!r cold-blood$ animals c survive a ?or\gh solidification by freez+ ( _! entire sub/ance4 ,su* survival _c be pron\nc$ to be impossible1 b x has n be5 demon/rat$ 9 any cold-blood$ animal-ev5 %ell-fi% or worm or polyp-let alone a w>m-blood$ mammal4 ,x appe>s t1 ap>t f disruptive effects1 ! protoplasm ( ev5 v m9ute & simple organisms1 su* z ! ,protozoa1 does n 9 all k9ds1 ev5 if 9 any1 survive exposure to great cold4 ,! tol]ation ( great cold & return to liv+ activity aft] ?or\gh freez+ is1 x appe>s1 a special quality atta9$ by ! liv+ mat]ial ( vegetable se$s & by _m k9ds ( bact]ia4 ,a simil> special tol]ation ( high temp]atures1 a good deal %ort ( ! boil+ po9t1 b high en\gh to kill mo/ plants & animals1 is kn[n to *>act]ize c]ta9 bact]ia & alli$ ,s*izophyta f\nd 9 hot spr+s4 ,x is a matt] ( common k t _m animals & plants are kill$ by a temp]ature 7:e!r too high or too l[ = !m7 :i* all[s o!rs to fl\ri% & may be necess>y = _! life4 ,m9ute organisms 7flagellate monads7 h be5 cultivat$ exp]im5tally 9 a n\ri%+ liquid1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 rais$ daily by "o or two degrees until ! liquid 0 s hot t ! same species ( organism 0 at once kill$ by x :5 abruptly transf]r$ to x f liquid at ord9>y summ] temp]ature4 ,! true susp5d$ animation ( _m vegetable se$s & ( _m k9ds ( bact]ia "u ! influ5ce ( cold is n an exhibition ( a g5]al prop]ty ( liv+ ?+s1 b is due to a special quality ( resi/ance gradually atta9$ by natural selection ( v>iations a little m tol]ant ( cold or ( dr\ght ?an are ! majority4 ,x is ( life-sav+ value & a cause ( survival to ! species ( plants & bact]ia conc]n$4 ,no d\bt !re is ne$ ( fur!r exp]im5t on ! subject ( ! kill+ or de/ructive effect ex]t$ by diff]5t degrees ( dim9ution ( temp]ature ^u ! protoplasm ( all k9ds ( organisms1 & ) ! k s obta9$ we %all be able to frame a conception ( ! actual me*anical & *emical peculi>ities ( ! protoplasm ( ^? bact]ia & ( ^? vegetable se$s :i* c be expos$ to ! extreme ( cold = _m mon?s or = an indef9ite p]iod & yet subsequ5tly recov] or live aga94 ,probably 9 ord] to survive freez+1 protoplasm mu/ be1 n absolutely dry1 b free f all b a m9imum ( moi/ure4 ,,footnote3 #f ,see ! *apt] on ,sleep1 9 my ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air1 ,me?u51 #aiji4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,swa/ika ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4-,! swa/ika 9 its simple/ rectangul> =m4 ,x may turn to ! "r1 z "h1 or to ! left1 a less usual ?+1 b )\t significance4 ,a good _m p h nev] he>d ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,x is an emblem or device su* z is ! ,cross or ! ,cresc5t4 ,"h x is 7,fig4 #ch7 9 its mo/ simple & mo/ common =m4 ,9 ,india x is 9 common use at ! pres5t day1 & has be5 s = ages4 ,x is ! emblem ( good luck4 ,! "n ,swa/ika1 by :i* x is widely kn[n1 is a ,sanskrit ^w mean+ good luck4 ,! ^w is compos$ ( ,su1 ! equival5t ( ! ,greek eu1 signify+ well or good1 & a/i 7l ! ,greek e/o71 signify+ be+1 :il/ ka is a suffix complet+ ! ^w z a sub/antive4 ,! sign or emblem call$ ,swa/ika mu/ h exi/$ & be5 l>gely us$ 9 decoration ( temples1 images1 swords1 bann]s1 ut5sils1 & p]sonal tr9kets ( all sorts long be=e ?is "n 0 giv5 to x4 ,x has a "n 9 _m widely sep>ate languages4 ,x is (t5 ref]r$ to by ,engli% writ]s z ! fylfot1 ! gammadion1 & ! crux ansata1 also z ! croix gamme4 ,x is (t5 f\nd m r\ghly drawn 7on pott]y or clo?7 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,(t5 ! arms ( ! cross are b5t rigidly at "r angles z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 b !y are (t5 only curv$ z se5 9 ,fig4 #ci1 ,c1 or curl$ spirally z 9 ,b1 :5 x is call$ an ogee4 ,! arms ( ! ,swa/ika are sometimes b5t to ! "r z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 & sometimes to ! left z 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,?is diff]5ce does n appe> to h any symbolic significance1 b to dep5d on ! fancy ( ! arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4-,?ree simple v>ieties ( ! swa/ika4 ,a1 ! normal rectangul>4 ,b1 ! ogee v>iety 7) spiral extremities74 ,c1 ! curvil9e> or curr5t v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4-;,footpr9t ( ! ,buddha1 f an anci5t ,indian c>v+1 %[+ sev]al swa/ikas4 7,f]gusson & ,s*liemann47 ,9 ,figs4 #dj to #de a few examples are %[n ( ! ,swa/ika f v>i\s places & ages4 ,x 0 9 use 9 ,japan 9 anci5t times1 & is /ill common !re & 9 ,korea4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e x is call$ wan1 x 0 at "o "t us$1 :5 enclos$ 9 a circle1 z a "* or pictograph to signify ! sun4 ,x has be5 employ$ 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial to m>k sacr$ or specially hon\r$ works ( art1 build+s1 porcela91 pictures1 robes1 & is sometimes tattoo$ on ! h&s1 arms1 or brea/4 ,9 ,india x is widely us$ 9 decoration by bo? ,buddhi/s & ,brahm9s2 *ildr5 h x pa9t$ on _! %av5 heads1 & x is introduc$ 9 v>i\s c]emonies4 ,! gigantic c>v$ footpr9ts ( ,buddha f an ,indian temple drawn 9 ,fig4 #dj %[ sev]al ,swa/ikas on ! soles ( ! feet & on ! toes4 ,9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ & 9 ,europe ! ,swa/ika is no long] 9 use3 x is n1 9 fact1 popul>ly kn[n4 ,b 9 anci5t & v remote times x 0 9 con/ant use 9 ^! regions1 especially by ! ,myk5an p & ^? :o came "u _! influ5ce1 & also by ! p ( ! ,bronze ,age-be=e ! use ( iron 9 ,europe4 ,fig4 #da %[s a vase ( ,myk5an age 7ab\t #abjj ye>s ,b4,c47 f ,cyprus ornam5t$ ) ,swa/ikas4 ,hundr$s ( t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orls l ,fig4 #db 7 f\nd by ,s*liemann 9 excavat+ ,hiss>lik & ! site ( anci5t ,troy1 & "s ( !m date f #cjjj ,b4,c4 9 lay]s ( diff]5t ages4 ,! vase on :i* is pa9t$ ! ornam5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc is f ,botia1 & belongs to ! same e>ly p]iod-! ,myk5an or gan be=e t ( ! ,hell5es4 ,x /ill survives 9 ! pott]y ( ! ,dipylon p]iod 7circa #hjj ,b4,c471 z is se5 9 ! fragm5t drawn 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! lat] ,greeks ( ! great classical p]iod 7,hell5es7 did n use ! ,swa/ika4 ,nor has x be5 f\nd on ! works ( art ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 nor 9 ! rema9s ( ,babylonia1 ,assyria or ,p]sia4 ,x1 9 fact1 seems to h belong$ especially to t anci5t ,m9oan civilization1 ! rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ,crete & ! o!r ,greek isl&s4 ,! same culture & ! same race is reveal$ to u by ! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann at ,myk5 & o!r spots 9 ,greece1 & at ,hiss>lik1 ! seat ( anci5t ,troy4 ,! ,myk5an art seems n to h be5 transmitt$ to ! po/-,hom]ic ,greeks1 nor to ,egypt1 nor to ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,! ,swa/ika seems1 l ! fly+ gallop ( ,myk5an art1 to h travell$ 9 v anci5t times by a nor?-ea/]n r\te to ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! latt]1 ) illu/rations1 9 ,sci5ce f an ,easy ,*air1 ,second s]ies4 ,l ! repres5tation ( ! gallop+ horse1 ) bo? =e & h9d legs /ret*$ & ! ho(s ( ! h9d legs turn$ upw>ds1 ! ,swa/ika is f\nd 9 ! rem>kable metal "w 7,fig4 #dc bis7 discov]$ 9 ! necropolis ( ,koban1 9 ! ,caucasus1 dat+ f #ejj ,b4,c4 ,! ,swa/ika & ! fly+ gallop probably travell$ toge!r across ,asia to ,*9a & ! ,f> ,ea/1 & s ev5tually to ,india on ! "o h& & ,japan on ! o!r-! ,swa/ika ?us escap+ altoge!r1 z does ! pose ( ! fly+ gallop1 ! ,ne> ,ea/ & lat] ,greece4 ,?is is a v rem>kable & int]e/+ association4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4-,vase f ,cyprus 7,myk5an ,age1 circa #abjj ,b4,c472 pa9t$ ) lotus1 bird & f\r swa/ikas 7,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york ,city74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4-,t]ra-cotta sp9dle-:orl m>k$ ) swa/ikas4 ,troy1 #d? city 7,s*liemann74 ,! ,myk5ans & _! isl& relatives obta9$ ! ,swa/ika ei!r f ! anci5t ,bronze-age p ( ,europe or else gave x to !m1 s9ce x is v ne>ly z common z a decoration or symbol on ! bronze swords1 spe>-heads1 %ields1 & o!r metal "w ( ^! prehi/oric p ( ! middle & nor? ( ,europe 7also occurr+ 9 ! pott]y ( ! ,swiss ,lake dwell+s71 z x is 9 ! isl&s & adjac5t l&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,swa/ika is also f\nd abundantly on ! e>ly "w ( ! ,etruscans1 b disappe>$ f g5]al use 9 ,italy1 z x did f ! re/ ( ,europe1 be=e hi/oric times1 al?\gh occasionally us$ 7z 9 ! decoration ( ! walls ( a h\se at ,pompeii74 ,all ov] ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 ,france1 & ,brita9 x is f\nd 7,fig4 #dd7 on objects ( ! ,bronze p]iod-sometimes on /one z well z on bronze ut5sils1 ornam5ts1 & weapons4 ,a few objects ( ,anglo-,saxon age are ornam5t$ ) x-especially rem>kable is a piece ( pott]y ( t age f ,norfolk 7,fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4-,ornam5t f an ar*aic 7pre-,hell5ic7 ,botian vase1 %[+ sev]al swa/ikas1 ,greek crosses & two s]p5ts 7f ,goodye>74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 7bis74-,swa/ika 9 bronze rep\ss1 f ! necropolis ( ,koban1 ,caucasus 7aft] ,*antre ,le ,caucase71 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4-,silv]-plat$ bronze horse-ge> f ,sc&9avia1 %[+ two swa/ikas1 & bel[ a complex elaboration ( a swa/ika4 7,bronze ,age1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4-;,anglo-,saxon urn f ,%ropham1 ,norfolk1 ornam5t$ by tw5ty small h&-made swa/ikas /amp$ into ! clay4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,swa/ika w\ld be rem>kable en\gh if x end$ "h ) ! disappe>ance ( its use 9 ,europe 9 prehi/oric times & its cont9u$ use 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ,india4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s fact ab\t x is t we f9d x z a v common & fav\rite decoration & device among ! native tribes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & exceptionally 9 ,brazil4 ,x is f\nd 9 use among ! ,indians ( ,kansas & o!r tribes-z a device 9 pott]y1 9 bead-"w 7,fig4 #df71 pat*-"w1 quill-embroid]y1 & o!r decorative fabrics4 ,! ,indians call$ ,sacs1 ,kickapoos1 & ,pottawottamies1 :o wor%ip ! sun 7:i* is associat$ ) ! ,swa/ika 9 ,*9a71 call x by a native "n signify+ ! luck4 ,x is also f\nd z a decorative design 9 ! mo/ anci5t rema9s ( man 9 ,am]ica1 dat+ 7s f> z c be guess$7 f a ?\s& ye>s or m be=e ,columbus 7,fig4 #dg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4-,piece ( a c]emonial bead-work$ g>t]1 %[+ /> & two swa/ikas made by ! ,sac ,indians1 ,cook ,c\nty1 ,kansas4 7,mod]n47 ,x is g5]ally held t ! ,swa/ika mu/ h be5 introduc$ into ,am]ica 9 prehi/oric times by e>ly r$sk9 immigrants f ,asia4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :e!r ?is introduction 0 be=e or aft] ! wor%ip ( ,buddha 9 ,asia4 ,x is only among/ ,buddhi/s t ! ,swa/ika has a religi\s or sacr$ "*4 ,else:]e x seems to h be5 a m>k or sign c>ry+ good luck4 ,a repres5tation ( a sitt+ human figure incis$ on %ell has be5 f\nd 9 a prehi/oric burial-m\nd 9 ,t5nessee1 :i* has rem>kable resemblance to ! ,asiatic /atues ( ! ,buddha4 ,%ell ornam5ts h also be5 f\nd "h decorat$ ) %>ply-cut ,swa/ikas1 & 9 a m\nd 9 ,ohio ?9 plates ( copp] 7 f\nd cut into simple ,swa/ika %apes l t ( ,fig4 #ch1 f\r in*es across4 ,mod]n ,mexican ,indians make broo*es ( gold & turquoise 9 ! =m ( ! ,swa/ika1 & x is a fav\rite device among ! ,indians ( neighb\r+ t]ritory4 ,swa/ikas occur z decorations or lucky m>ks on ! small t]ra-cotta fig-leaf1 :i* 0 worn by ! wom5 ( "s ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,brazil1 & h also be5 f\nd on native pott]y f ! ,p>aguay ,riv]4 ,"s /ud5ts ( ?is subject h held ! op9ion t ! ,swa/ika has be5 inv5t$ indep5d5tly at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is a fairly simple device1 x is true2 b ! view :i* is accept$ at pres5t is t x has spread f "o c5tre-probably ,european 9 ! late ,/one p]iod-?r\gh ! ,myk5ans1 across ,asia1 & s ) e>ly immigrants across ! ,pacific into ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4-;,a /one slab f ! anci5t city ( ,mayapan 7,yucatan1 ,c5tral ,am]ica71 on :i* 7"r side7 a curvil9e> swa/ika is c>v$4 7,f ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #ahha47 ,ap>t f ?is problem1 !re is an int]e/+ "q z to h[ ! device probably took its orig94 ,! ,swa/ika is sometimes call$ ! gammadion1 because x may be reg>d$ z f\r individuals ( ! ,greek lett] gamma 7:i* has ?is %ape ,greek3 ,g7 jo9$ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! old ,engli% "n = x1 dat+ f ,anglo-,saxon times1 0 fylfot-an old ,norse ^w ( d\btful mean+1 :i* has no curr5cy at ! pres5t day4 ,a me?od ( mak+ ! ,swa/ika by pil+ up s& or gra9 on a flat surface1 actually 9 use at ! pres5t "t 9 ,india1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! arti/ makes fir/ ( all a circle ) a cross drawn )9 x 7,a74 ,!n ! circle is rubb$ out or cut away at f\r correspond+ po9ts :]e ! arms ( ! cross t\* ! circle1 & s we get ,b4 ,!n by ! /raight5+ ( ! curv$ pieces we get ! correct rectangul> ,swa/ika1 ,c4 ,x is n probable t ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! ,swa/ika 0 orig9ally devis$1 ?\gh x is n possible to arrive at any c]ta9ty on ! subject4 ,9 ^! matt]s conc]n+ ! orig9 ( simple ornam5tal patt]ns1 designs1 & symbols1 we always h to deal ) c]ta9 natural oppos+ t5d5cies on ! "p ( ! arti/-draughtsman or design]1 "o or o!r ( :i* may be v>i\sly call$ into prom95ce by ! s(tness or h>dness or o!r quality ( ! mat]ial he has to use1 or by ! individual fancy = elaboration or = simplification :i* exi/s 9 him4 ,i w call f\r ( ^! t5d5cies :i* conc]n u 9 reg>d to ! ,swa/ika3 #a1 ! rectil9e> z oppos$ to #b1 ! curvil9e>1 & #c1 ! grammatiz+ z oppos$ to #d1 ! naturaliz+ t5d5cy1 & w %[ :at be>+ !y may h on ! orig9 ( ! device kn[n z ! ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4-;,diagram to %[ ! d]ivation ( ! swa/ika f a ,greek cross enclos$ by a circle4 ,9 ,india ! swa/ika is actually modell$ 9 ?is way-9 native c]emonies ) rice-gra9 spread on ! gr\nd4 ,! successive figures drawn above are produc$ by mov+ ! rice ) ! h&4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,swa/ika ,! ,swa/ika is1 we h se51 a v e>ly device or symbol 9 use among anci5t races 9 ,europe1 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,?\gh x has be5 f\nd on an +ot ( metal 9 ,a%anti x 0 ( late =eign introduction !re1 & is n kn[n 9 ,africa1 nor 9 ,polynesia & ,au/ralia1 nor among ! ,eskimos4 ,h[ did x z a m]e matt] ( %ape & patt]n come into exi/5ce8 ,"o might suppose t su* comb9ations ( l9es z ! simple cross & ?is modifi$ cross1 ) ! arms b5t ea* half-way along its l5g? to =m a "r angle1 w\ld be v natural ?+s = a primitive man-or a *ild-to make :5 try+ to produce "s ornam5tal effect by trac+ simple rectil9e> & symmetrical figures4 ,no d\bt su* a play+ ) l9es is a common phase or /age ( ! human se>* = decorative design4 ,x leads by gradual /eps to v complex l9e-decoration 9 e>ly pott]y & wov5 "w1 :i* is sometimes call$ geometrical design4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! fact1 & a v int]e/+ "o1 t ! t5d5cy to make geometrical design is n s pron\nc$ 9 ! v e>lie/ examples ( human draw+ & ornam5t kn[n to u1 z is ! t5d5cy to copy natural objects4 ,& ?is w\ld appe> to be especially ! case :]e ! draw+ is to be a symbol or significant badge4 ,9 ! e>lie/ art-"w kn[n to u-t ( ! cave-m5 ( ! late ,plei/oc5e p]iod 9 ,we/]n ,europe 7see ,*aps4 ,i41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii47-! arti/s 7 busy ) attempts 7(t5 wond]fully successful ones7 to pres5t ! outl9es ( famili> animals 7& sometimes plants7 by incis$ c>v+ on bone or pa9t+ on ! rock walls ( caves-prec$$1 x is true1 by a p]iod 9 :i* all-r\nd sculpture 9 bone or /one or modell+ 9 clay 0 ! me?od employ$4 ,! ext5sive use ( l9es-conc5tric or p>allel1 l ^? on ! f+]-tips-z decoration ( /one "w is n kn[n until ! lat] or ,neoli?ic p]iod4#g ,on "o at lea/ ( ! incis$ bone draw+s ( ! ,paloli?ic cave-m5 two little diamond-%ap$ loz5ges are engrav$4 ,!y are se5 9 ! cave-m5's draw+ ( a /ag figur$ on pp4 #ab1 #ac ( ?is book4 ,^! loz5ges are suppos$ to be ! signature ( ! arti/1 &1 if s1 are n only ! fir/ examples ( a geometrical rectil9e> figure z ornam5t1 b ! e>lie/ examples kn[n ( ! use ( a badge or symbol z a means ( id5tification4 ,:5 we comp>e ! simpl] decorative designs made use ( by ! less cultivat$ races ( m51 we f9d t !re are c]ta9 di/9ct & oppos$ t5d5cies ! pr$om9ance ( :i* is ( importance 9 help+ u to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! design4 ,! t5d5cy to make /raight l9es & rectil9e> angles1 :i* we may call ! rectil9e> habit1 is f\nd 9 "w execut$ on h>d /one by a grav+ tool1 & 9 "w :]e squ>e-cut /ones are set toge!r or flat pieces ( wood or /raw are int]lac$1 & 9 co>s] k9ds ( weav+1 bead-"w1 & basketwork4 ,! opposite t5d5cy is f\nd 9 "w execut$ ) a bru% & fluid pa9t on pott]y or clo?1 or ev5 ) a grav] on s(t clay or bone4 ,! contra/ is well %[n 9 ! two r5d]+s ( "o & ! same patt]n1 %[n 9 ,a & ,b ( ,fig4 #di4 ,a is ! rectil9e> angul> decorative design :i* is kn[n z ! ,greek key patt]n1 :il/ ! scroll bel[ x is ! curvil9e> treatm5t ( ! same subject4 ,! fir/ takes its rectil9e> "* f a /ructure built up ( h>d blocklike pieces2 ! o!r is ! fl[+1 easily mov+ l9e ( a bru% lay+ on pa9t1 or ( a /yle mov+ ov] clay or s(t wax4 ,! contra/ is ! same z t ( ! capital lett]s ( ! ,roman alphabet1 z us$ 9 pr9t1 ) _! equival5ts 9 copp]-plate1 cursive h&writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4-,! ,greek ,key patt]n 9 ,a rectangul>1 & ,b curvil9e> or curr5t =m4 ,ano!r pair ( t5d5cies oppos$ to ea* o!r :i* h mu* significance 9 ! explanation ( decorative design is ! t5d5cy to conv]t ! simple l9es ( an orig9al design into a draw+ repres5t+ "s animal or plant %ape4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ *apt] ,i di/+ui%$ ?is z ! naturaliz+ t5d5cy1 contra/+ x ) ! grammatiz+ or simplify+ t5d5cy4 ,a good example ( x is se5 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,9 ,a ( t figure we see a circle divid$ into ?ree cones by curv$ l9es2 ?is is a kn[n design4 ,x is call$ a triskelion 7mean+ a ?ree-legg$ figure71 or is m correctly t]m$ a ?ree-bran*$ scroll4 ,! curves are conv]t$ into angles & /raight l9es 9 ,b1 & !n ! /iff rectil9e> triskelion is subsequ5tly develop$ into ?ree human legs1 z %[n 9 ,c1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,x is naturaliz$4 ,7 ! *ange to proce$ 9 ! o!r way f ! ?ree human legs to ! simple l9es1 we %\ld h an example ( ! oppos$ t5d5cy1 namely1 t ( conv]t+ draw+s ( natural objects-by a deg5]ative or r$uc+ process-to ! simple/ l9es repres5tative ( !m4 ,?is t5d5cy1 :i* we call grammatiz+ 7f gramma1 ! ,greek = a l9e71 is f> common] 9 e>ly art ?an ! naturaliz+ t5d5cy :i* sets 9 :5 ! arti/ is exub]ant1 self-confid5t1 & imag9ative4 ,we see a naturaliz+ t5d5cy 9 ! flamboyant & arabesque decorative "w ( ! r5asc5ce1 b x is also f\nd among ! happy ,m9oan1 or gan1 isl& folk :o decorat$ great pots & bas9s 9 ,cyprus & ,crete ) =ms sugge/$ by birds1 sea-creatures1 & climb+ plants1 & wor%ipp$ ! great "m ,nature z ,aphrodite1 ! sea-born goddess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4-;,diagrams ( ! triskelion or figure =m$ by ! division ( a circle into ?ree equal b5t cones z 9 ,a4 ,b is ! rectangul> =m d]iv$ f x4 ,c is a naturaliz$ =m d]iv$ f x1 namely1 ! ?ree conjo9$ legs us$ z ! badge ( ,sicily & ( ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,! triangul> isl& ( ,sicily 7call$ also ,tr9acria7 _h 9 anci5t times 7ev5 z f> back z #cjj ,b4,c47 ! conjo9$ ?ree legs 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 ,c7 z its badge or armorial emblem4 ,an anci5t ,greek vase f\nd at ,girg5ti has ?is badge pa9t$ on x4 ,anci5t ,lycia _h a triskelion =m$ by ?ree conjo9$ cocks' heads /amp$ on its co9s4 ,?\gh x has no direct connection ) ! ,swa/ika1 ! introduction ( ! ?ree legs z ! armorial emblem ( ! ,isle ( ,man is wor? relat+1 z x is n kn[n to mo/ ( ^? :o are famili> ) ! device1 ) its motto1 ,quocunque jec]is /abit on ! copp] p5ce m9t$ = t isl& up to z late a date z #ahfd1 & curr5t 9 ,great ,brita94 ,k+ ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl& expell$ ! ,norse ,vik+s f ! ,isle ( ,man 9 ,a4,d4 #abff1 & sub/itut$ = _! armorial emblem 9 ! isl&1 :i* 0 a %ip "u full sail1 ! ?ree legs ( ,sicily4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,sicily1 m>ri$ ,isabella1 ! daught] ( ,h5ry ,,iii ( ,engl&4 ,alex&] ,,iii ( ,scotl& m>ri$ ,m>g>et1 ano!r daught] ( ,h5ry1 & ,h5ry's son1 ,edmund ! ,hun*back1 became ,k+ ( ,sicily1 9 succession to 8 bro!r-9-law ,fr$]ick4 ,alex&] ( ,scotl& 0 ?us bro!r-9-law bo? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii & ( ,edmund1 successive k+s ( ,sicily4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he 0 l$1 :5 he add$ ! ,isle ( ,man to 8 k+dom1 to replace ! =m] ,norse emblem ( ! isl& by ! picturesque & /rik+ device ( t o!r isl&-,sicily-) :i* he _h s close a family connection4 ,! t5d5cy = draw+s ( m5 & animals :5 us$ z decorative designs to deg5]ate1 9 ! c\rse ( "t & repetition1 into m & m simple l9es1 to become m & m grammatiz$ & simplifi$1 till at la/ _! orig9 is h>dly recognizable1 is bo? a v rem>kable & a v usual ?+4 ,! process ( deg5]ation1 /ep by /ep1 c (t5 be trac$1 & curi\s remnants ( important p>ts ( ! orig9al draw+ are f\nd surviv+ 9 ! f9al simplifi$ design4 ,! paddles & o!r c>v+s ( "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s %[ v curi\s deg5]ations ( ?is k9d4 ,a c>v$ human head ) op5 m\? becomes by repeat$ copy+ & simplification a m]e cresc5t or hook1 :i* is ! va/ly enl>g$ m\? ( ! orig9al face4 ,x alone survives1 & is ( enorm\s size1 :5 all o!r features & detail h be5 ab&on$4 ,9 "s c>v+s ( a face ! tongue is %[n project+ z an indication ( defiance4 ,9 c\rse ( simplification 9 successive reproductions ! face becomes a m]e curv$ surface ) a l>ge po9t$ piece /&+ out f x2 x is ! tongue4 ,t "o significant ?+-sugge/+ defiance-alone p]si/s4 ,! /udy ( ?is process 9 human art cov]s a v wide field1 includ+ all races & all times4 ,an excell5t example is t giv5 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,x %[s ! /ep by /ep grammatiz+ ( a fav\rite decorative draw+-t ( an alligator1 z pa9t$ by ! ,*iriqui ,indians ( ,panama on pott]y4 ,we />t 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ,a1 ) an alligator1 already consid]ably s*ematiz$ or conv5tionaliz$4 ,! ,indians c\ld d bett] ?an t1 b x s]v$ = pott]y decoration4 ,! figures ,b1 ,c1 ,d %[ ?ree /ages ( fur!r grammatiz+ ( ! design 7f diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface ( a pot7 till1 9 ,d1 we get ! alligator r$uc$ to a yoke-l l9e & a dot6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4-;,f\r /ages 9 ! simplification ( a decorative design-! ,alligator-z pa9t$ on pott]y by ! ,*iriqui ,indians4 7,holmes47 ,famili> mod]n examples ( ?is r$uction ( an animal figure to "o or two l9es1 ) my/]i\s-look+ bran*es 7repres5t+ limbs or horns71 are se5 9 ! scatt]$ devices on ! ,turkey c>pets s l>gely us$ at ! pres5t day4 ,a comp>ison ( v>i\s examples ( su* c>pets ( diff]5t age & locality reveals ! true nature ( ^! que]-look+ patt]ns z repres5tations ( animals6 ,ano!r famili> in/ance ( ! grammatiz+ ( an animal =m is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 ,d1 :i* is ! common symbol 9 mod]n ,european art = a fly+ bird4 ,fig4 #eb %[s1 h[ev]1 "s m important simplifications ( animal =m4 ,! s]ies m>k$ ,e are a few examples f hundr$s pa9t$ on ! walls ( caves 9 ,cantabria 7,spa97 by prehi/oric m54 ,!y />t ) a cle>ly recognizable figure ( a man-_m su*1 an in* or two high1 occur on "s p>ts ( ! cave-walls-& !n we h all sorts ( simplifications & deviations f ! m naturali/ic initial design1 z %[n by ! re/ ( ! s]ies1 end+ 9 a ,t-a primitive symbol (t5 arriv$ at by savage decorative arti/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w by r$uc+ & grammatiz+ ! human figure4 ,! lett]s ( _m alphabets h be5 simplifi$ 9 ?is way f orig9al picture-l signs or pictographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4-,simplification 7grammatiz+7 ( decorative design4 ,a1 a /ork walk+4 ,b1 a /ag4 ,c1 a /ork ) w+s spread = fly+-result+ :5 fully grammatiz$ 9 a curvil9e> swa/ika4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 f sp9dle-:orls f\nd at ,hiss>lik4 ,d1 conv5tional repres5tation ( ?ree fly+ birds4 ,e1 grammatiz$ human figure f ! walls ( cav]ns 9 ,cantabria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4-,sp9dle-:orl f ,troy 7f\r? city71 ) ?ree swa/ikas-two resembl+ /yliz$ /orks 7see ,fig4 #eb1 ,c74 7,s*liemann47 ,! draw+s lett]$ ,a1 ,b & ,c 9 ,fig4 #eb repres5t accurately figures scrat*$ on ! clay sp9dle-:orls 7be=e bak+71 s abundant 9 ! rema9s ( ! anci5t cities on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik 7,troy71 f\nd by ,s*liemann 7see ,figs4 #db & #ec74 ,^! heavy1 bun-l sp9dle-:orls h reta9$ _! use & %ape s9ce ,neoli?ic times 7!y are f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s7 to ! pres5t day4 ,simil> :orls 7 made ( mod]n porcela91 v>i\sly decorat$1 9 ,france 9 ! la/ c5tury & sold to ! peasants = giv+ weight & rotatory /ability to ! sp9dle us$ 9 sp9n+1 & are /ill us$ :]ev] ! sp9dle survives1 z among ! ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,a grammatiz$ pr(ile repres5tation ( a /ork 7,fig4 #eb1 ,a7 is "o ( ! designs on ^! ,hiss>lik sp9dle-:orls1 & s is ! l9e> repres5tation ( a /ag 7,fig4 #eb1 ,b74 ,& n[ we come back to ! ,swa/ika4 ,! f\r figures 9 a r[1 m>k$ ,c 9 ,fig4 #eb1 are a few ( ! repres5tations ( fly+ /orks on ^! same sp9dle-:orls2 "o s m>k$ is drawn 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,!y are ( v>i\s degrees ( simplification1 & ! la/ b "o on ! "r h& side is id5tical ) a ,swa/ika6 ,x mu/ be c>efully rememb]$ t ^! clay sp9dle-:orls f ,hiss>lik are v commonly inscrib$ ) und\bt$ well-%ap$ ,swa/ikas1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! ,swa/ika is q a common & usual decorative lucky badge 9 ! h\sehold art ( t locality & age4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ,m4 ,solomon ,re9a*1 ( ,p>is1 has sugge/$ t ! ,swa/ika may h orig9at$ ?us-by ! /yliz+ or grammatiz+ ( a fav\rite & sacr$ bird-! /ork4 ,once ?us sugge/$ & drawn 9 ! simple ,swa/ika %ape ! emblem 7x w\ld be suppos$7 became fix$1 & made z rectil9e> & simple z possible4 ,!nce=w>d x 0 accept$ z an emblem ( good luck1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w ( ,europe1 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,?is !ory has a plausible aspect1 b ,i und]/& f ,m4 ,re9a* t he no long] atta*es importance to x4 ,i d n "k :at !ory1 if any1 ( ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika n[ comm5ds itself to him1 nor :e!r he ?9ks x has orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 sev]al times & places1 or holds t x has "o common orig94 ,i am incl9$ to fav\r ! !ory t ! ,swa/ika has be5 />t$ by ! copy+ ( ! =m ( a natural object on ! "p ( a primitive race ( m51 & t ?is =m has l5t itself to ! inv5tion ( o!r badges & symbols besides t kn[n z ! ,swa/ika4 ,i w expla9 ?is 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnote3 #g ,b spiral & leaf-l decorative designs engrav$ on bone 7see ,fig4 #bi1 p4 #ed7 are f\nd 9 caves associat$ ) o!r c>v+s made by cave-m5 ( ! ,re9de] or late ,paloli?ic p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,tomoye ,,& ,,! ,,swa/ika ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4-,! ,tomoye-! ,japanese badge ( triumph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4-,symbols ( ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se us$ by ! anci5t ,*9ese philosoph] ,*u-,hsi4 ,a1 ,! orig9al void4 ,b1 ,! great monad4 ,c1 ,! monad divides into two1 male & female4 ,d1 ,! halves 9 rotatory movem5t1 sugge/$ by ! ,s-l b5d+ ( ! divid+ l9e or diamet] ( ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4-;,diagrams to %[ ! possible d]ivation ( ! swa/ika f ! inscription ( two ,s-l l9es 7or ogees7 )9 a circle s z to divide ! circle into f\r b5t cones4 ,b & ,c are ogee & rectangul> swa/ikas easily produc$ by modification ( ! encircl$ figure4 ,fig4 #ed repres5ts a rem>kable design :i* is a sort ( national emblem1 a univ]sally accept$ badge ( triumph & hon\r 9 ,japan1 & is call$ ,tomoye-mean+ triumph4 ,! black & :ite portions are 9 t c\ntry pa9t$ respectively r$ & yell[4 ,x is simply a circle divid$ into two equal cone-l figures by ! inscription )9 x ( a d\bly-curv$ l9e l ! lett] ,s4 ,:]e & h[ did ! ,japanese get ?is badge8 ,:o inv5t$ x1 or f :at natural object is x copi$8 ,a modifi$ ,tomoye ) ! cones dislocat$ is us$ z ! national flag ( ,korea4 ,a s+le "o ( ^! curi\s1 tap]+1 "o-sid$ cones is closely simil> to ! cone-l figures sometimes call$ p9es :i* "o sees on ,indian %awls4 ,! orig9 ( ^! is sometimes said to be a copy+ ( "s fruit or vegetable gr[?1 b is really n asc]ta9$-& is possibly half ( a ,tomoye6 ,a great circul> alt>-/one has be5 f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #e ft4 across1 divid$ by a deep ,s-%ap$ groove into two equal "o-sid$ cones 7,fig4 #ei7 l ! ,tomoye4 ,! figure =m$ by an ,s )9 a circle is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,*9ese philosoph] ,*u-,hsi4 ,he gives a s]ies ( symbols repres5t+ 7accord+ to him7 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 & are expla9$ z foll[s4 ,! empty circle ,a repres5ts ! orig9al void-! b\nd>y l9e is conv5tional4 ,aft] untold ons ! great monad appe>$4 ,x is repres5t$ by ,b4 ,!n we get ! division ( ! great monad 7n[ call$ ,tai-,i7 into two1 %[n 9 ,c ( our ,fig4 #ee-s+ul>ly recall+ ! division ( ! nucleat$ cell or protoplasmic unit ( animal & vegetable /ructure4 ,! two halves1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case repres5t ! fem99e call$ ,y9 & ! mascul9e call$ ,yang4 ,! la/ draw+1 ,d ( ,fig4 #ee1 %[s ! ,y9 & ! ,yang 9 rotatory motion4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! ,s-l b5d+ ( ! diamet]1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( a figure l ! ,tomoye4 ,by ?is motion ! visible univ]se is suppos$-by ! philosoph] ,*u-,hsi-to be produc$4 ,! figure m>k$ ,d is describ$ z a cosmological symbol4 ,x does n help u to ! orig9 ( ! figure %[+ ! division ( ! circle z 9 ! ,tomoye1 = x dates only f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury ( our era4 ,if we suppose ! circle divid$1 z 9 ! ,tomoye1 to be a v anci5t badge or device1 dat+ f prehi/oric man1 !n x is probably d]iv$ f a natural object4 ,& ?is object 0 probably a gr\nd-d[n transv]se section across a :elk-%ell1 = if "o makes su* a section j above ! m\? ( ! %ell at "r angles to its l5g?1 "o gets two adjac5t *amb]s ( ! spirally-coil$ %ell sep>at$ by an ,s-l p>tition1 ! result+ figure giv5 by ! slice across ! %ell be+ t ( ! tomoye1 ) its pair$1 "o-sid$1 cone-l con/itu5ts4 ,%ells are among/ ! *ief ornam5ts us$ by prehi/oric & mod]n savage man4 ,l>ge ones are gr\nd d[n to make armlets4 ,! p]ception ( ! spiral z a decorative l9e is almo/ c]ta9ly due to ! h&l+ & gr9d+-d[n ( snail %ells1 &1 inde$1 we f9d spirals & rev]s$ spiral scrolls engrav$ on bone by ! ,plei/oc5e cave-m5 7see ,fig4 #bi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4-,t]ra-cotta cone ) a sev5-arm$ sun-l figure engrav+ on x4 ,troy4 7,s*liemann47 ,! gan p ( ! ,greek isl&s 7( :om ! ,myk5ans are a "p7 copi$ a v>iety ( =ms ( m>9e animals 9 _! decorations ( pott]y1 &1 9 fact1 natural %apes 7 ! basis ( _! decorative art4 ,!y simplifi$ & grammatiz$ _! m nature-true designs into badges & symbols4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4-,scallop$ ,%ell ,disk1 f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 %[+ 9 ! c5tre a tetraskelion ) f\r curv$ arms1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 made ( poli%$ %ell4 7,peabody ,museum47 ,we f9d 9 e>ly "w discov]$ 9 ! anci5t m\nds ( ,nor? ,am]ica decorative circles 7,fig4 #eh7 9 :i* two ,s-l l9es at "r angles to "o ano!r are inscrib$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 & we f9d also t ^! curv$ rays may be prolong$ z a m>vell\s envelop+ spiral coil or helix-especially 9 ! pa9t+ ( pott]y4 ,:5 ! curv$ rays are _m 9 numb]1 z 9 ,fig4 #eg1 ! design has be5 int]pret$ by "s ar*ologi/s z symboliz+ ! sun1 & x is important to rememb] t ! ,swa/ika itself 0 us$ 9 ,*9a z ! pictograph ( ! sun4 ,a s+le curv$ ,s-l l9e has be5 f\nd cut on a great circul> slab1 an anci5t alt>-/one 7,fig4 #ei7 9 ,honduras 7,copan7-s z to divide ! circle z is done 9 ! ,japanese ,tomoye4 ,x is obvi\s t ! exact geometric "* ( ! ,s-l division is ( great significance 9 ^! designs & requires c>eful /udy & explanation4 ,i h briefly discuss$ ?is matt] at ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,9 ! common ogee ,swa/ika1 ,fig4 #ef1 ,b1 ! m or less elaborately helicoid arms are m]ely c>eless fl\ri%es ( ! pa9t]'s bru%4 ,! simple f\r-ray$ figure1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 ,a1 is (t5 spok5 ( z a tetraskelion1 or f\r-legg$ scroll1 & is associat$ ) ! ?ree-legg$ figure or triskelion :i* ,i wrote ( 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,if ! curvil9e> tetraskelion be angul>iz$-t is to say1 rectangles sub/itut$ = semicircles1 we get ! correct fully develop$ ,swa/ika1 ,fig4 #ef1 ,c4 ,& if1 ab&on+ ! circle1 ! draughtsman rapidly drew ) a bru% or on s(t clay l9es l an ,s cross+ "o ano!r at "r angles1 he produc$ :at is common en\gh :]ev] ! m =mal rectangul> ,swa/ika is f\nd1 namely1 ! curvil9e> or ogee ,swa/ika1 ,fig4 #ef1 ,b4 ,x is n possible ) our pres5t k to p5etrate into ! remote pa/ & really asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! %ape or device call$ a ,swa/ika4 ,b x is1 ,i ?9k1 q likely t 9 manipulat+ ! tomoye symbol 7:e!r copi$ f a section ( %ell or orig9at+ by m indep5d5t inv5tion & try+ ( l9es & curves & circles71 v e>ly man duplicat$ ! symmetrical ,s by :i* he _h divid$ a circle & produc$ ! tetraskelion se5 9 ,fig4 #ef1 ,a4 ,! conv]sion ( ?is into ! rectangul> ,swa/ika & into v>ieties ( ! ogee & m5&] 7:i* ,i h n f\nd space to describe7 w\ld be an easy & natural sequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4-;,an alt>-/one ( prehi/oric age4 ,! circul> surface is cut into by a tr\gh ( ,s-%ape1 :i* divides x s z to resemble ! ,japanese ,tomoye4 ,f ,copan1 ,honduras4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i h no conviction t ?is is ! real orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika1 & await fur!r evid5ce4 ,! fly+-/ork !ory1 :i* 0 put =w>d by ,re9a*1 is v attractive4 ,birds z badges & totems are frequ5t among primitive mank9d1 & c]ta9 species are (t5 reg>d$ z sacr$ & br++ good luck4 ,! /ork is "o ( ^!4 ,if ! arti/s :o m>k$ ! v anci5t clay-pott]y ( ,hiss>lik ) ! ,swa/ika & also ) outl9es ( ! fly+ /ork1 /rongly resembl+ a ,swa/ika1 did n d]ive ! ,swa/ika f ! /ork1 b _h receiv$ x f "s indep5d5t s\rce1 !n x is probable t !y purposely drew ! fly+ /ork1 s z to make x resemble z mu* z possible a ,swa/ika4 ,:5 we take acc\nt ( ! app>5tly arbitr>y passage ( human decorative design f ! naturali/ic to ! l9e>1 & f ! l9e> to ! naturali/ic2 f ! curvil9e> to ! rectil9e>1 & f rectil9e> to curvil9e>2 :5 we also reflect t "s races & populations ( m5 h be5 prone to seek = ! =ms ( _! decoration 9 ! natural =ms ( plants & animals1 :il/ o!rs h made use ( m]e me*anical patt]ns ( p>allel or int]lac+ l9es1 we mu/ conclude t by ! appeal to "o or o!r ( ^! v>i\s t5d5cies x is easy to inv5t a l>ge v>iety ( m or less plausible !ories z to ! orig9 ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] c only be decid$1 if ev]1 by m direct & conclusive evid5ce ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,nev]!less1 x is a legitimate & fasc9at+ ?+ to speculate on ! orig9 ( ?is wond]ful _w-p]vad+ emblem com+ to u f ! mi/s ( prehi/oric ages1 & to endeav\r to arrive1 if possible1 at possible po9ts ( contact betwe5 x & o!r devices & symbols1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be ( equally obscure bir?4#h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,! accurate division ( a circle into two equal comma-%ap$ areas ( ! special %ape pres5t$ by ! ,tomoye ( ! ,japanese 7,fig4 #ed7 & ! rotat+ ,great ,monad ( ,*9ese cosmogony 7,fig4 #ee71 is effect$ by describ+ )9 a giv5 circle two circles ea* hav+ its diamet] equal to a radius ( ! enclos+ circle4 ,! two inscrib$ circles t\* "o ano!r at ! c5tre ( ! latt]1 b d n ov]lap4 ,! area ( ! enclos+ circle is ?us divid$ into f\r areas1 a1 b1 c & d 7see ,fig4 #fj1 ,a74 ,! areas a1 b are ! two inscrib$ circles4 ,ea* ( ! residual areas c1 d is call$ 7z ,sir ,?os4 ,hea?1 ,f4,r4,s41 k9dly in=ms me7 an arbelus by anci5t ,greek geometricians-a "n us$ = a r\nd$ knife us$ by %oemak]s4 ,! comma-%ap$ b5t cone or p9e is =m$ by ! fusion ( "o ( ! two small circles ) "o ( ! adjac5t arbeli 7,fig4 #fj1 ,b74 ,! figure s =m$ :i* to-day is loosely spok5 ( z a b5t cone1 a p9e1 or a comma1 has nev]1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 receiv$ a "n 9 geometry1 nor 9 ! language ( decorative design or patt]n-mak+4 ,nor has ! ,s-l l9e made by ! two semicircles sep>at+ ! contigu\s p9es or commas receiv$ any designation ?\gh vaguely indicat$ by ! ^w ogee4 ,! comma-l areas might conv5i5tly be call$ /reptocones1 & _! ,s-l b\nd>y a hemicyclic sigmoid4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 by draw+ a second hemicyclic sigmoid ( ! same dim5sions at "r angles to ! fir/1 ! circle is divid$ into f\r small] /reptocones4 ,by us+ sigmoids or half-sigmoids ( a curvature ( a diff]5t ord] f t ( ! hemicyclic "o1 b ( a precisely def9$ nature1 ! circle may be divid$ into ?ree1 six1 eight or m equal /reptocones ( graceful proportions1 "s ( :i* h be5 us$ ei!r 9 s]ies z bord]s 9 metal "w 7= circul> di%es & goblets7 or z deta*$ or gr\p$ elem5ts 9 patt]n-designs 7/one-"w trac]y1 embroid]y1 wov5 & pr9t$ fabrics74 ,ap>t f ?is developm5t ( ! /reptocone z an important feature 9 decorative "w1 x is n )\t int]e/ 9 connection ) ! probable importance & significance ( ! ,japanese d\ble /reptocone1 z we may call ! ,tomoye1 to note "s ( its geometrical features4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,fig4 #fj1 x is obvi\s t ea* ( ! pair$ /reptocones is equal 9 area to half ! enclos+ circle1 also t ea* ( ! two inscrib$ circles 7a1 b7 has an area ( "o-f\r? ( t ( ! enclos+ circle-& t ea* arbelus 7c1 d7 has also an area "o-f\r? t ( ! enclos+ circle & is equal 9 area to ea* ( ! inscrib$ circles 7a1 b74 ,ea* ( ! two con/itu5t /reptocones is made up ( a complete circle capp$ by an arbelus equal 9 area to x 7namely1 "o-qu>t] ( t ( ! big circle74 ,x is obvi\s t ! area ( ! arbelus =m$ 9 a semicircle by two enclos$ semicircles :i* are contigu\s & ( equal base z 9 ,fig4 #fj1 is equal to t ( a circle ! diamet] ( :i* is ! v]tical l9e drawn f ! apex ( ! arbelus to ! arc ( ! semicircle 7,fig #fj74 ,?is is true :e!r ! enclos$ contigu\s semicircles h *ords ( equal or unequal l5g? 7,fig4 #fj74 ,?is fact 0 kn[n to ! ,greek geometricians1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,?os4 ,hea?4 ,,footnote3 #h ,i am indebt$ = ! figures 7n ! diagrams7 illu/rat+ ,*apt]s ,,xvii41 ,,xviii41 ,,xix4 to ! report by ,mr4 ,?omas ,wilson on ! ,swa/ika-9 ! ,smi?sonian ,reports1 #ahid4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ?is subject w f9d a va/ /ore ( in=mation 9 t report4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,coal ,coal is s mu* a matt] ( c\rse 9 our daily life t mo/ p are only n[1 :5 its supply is becom+ prec>i\s1 anxi\s to "k some?+ ( its nature & hi/ory4 ,by ! ^w coal1 or coles1 our ance/ors und]/ood :at we n[ di/+ui% z *>coal1 prep>$ f wood by ! *>coal-burn]1 or *>bonni]1 z ! ,fr5* call him4 ,:at we n[ call coal 0 kn[n to !m z sea-coal1 &1 lat]1 z black or /one cole1 to di/+ui% x f br[n coal1 kn[n n[adays z lignite1 ?\gh ! "n /one coal is locally appli$ 9 ,engl& to t v h>d k9d ( black coal also call$ an?racite1 ( :i* jet is only an extremely h>d & d5se v>iety f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ! oolitic /rata ( ,:itby1 ,spa91 & o!r localities4 ,x is on record t 9 ! ye> #acjf a citiz5 ( ,london 0 tri$1 condemn$1 & execut$ = burn+ sea-coal4 ,?is sev]e treatm5t 0 held to be ju/ifi$ by ! poison\s & o!rwise injuri\s nature ( ! smoke produc$ by fires ( sea-coal4 ,i h n met ) any records ( ! e>lie/ digg+ = & trade 9 sea-coal1 b presumably x 0 obta9$ ne> ! coa/ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & br\ght to ,london by %ip-h5ce its "n4 ,! coal-trade ( ,newca/le began 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b1 ow+ to an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i =bidd+ ! use ( sea-coal 9 ,london1 did n become important until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x came v gradually into use1 & we f9d t ,evelyn 7! di>i/7 9 #affa not$ ! )]+ & bad condition ( rose-bu%es & o!r plants 9 ,london g>d5s1 :i* he attribut$ to ! pe/il5tial action ( ! smoke giv5 (f by ! newly introduc$ sea-coal :i* 0 increas+ly us$ z fuel 9 ,london h\ses4 ,! sea-coal 0 n yet l>gely1 if at all1 us$ 9 ! production ( iron2 & ,evelyn z a =e/-own] & lov] ( trees1 has mu* to say ab\t ! necessity = att5tion to ! cultivation ( our =e/s 9 connection ) ! iron indu/ry :i* !n fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,weald ( ,sussex2 *>coal procur$ by ! sl[ burn+ or roa/+ ( wood be+ ! fuel us$ 9 ! smelt+ furnaces1 :il/ ! ore 0 ! orange-br[n weald5 s&4 ,x 0 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury t :at we n[ call simply coal came rapidly into use-n only = dome/ic heat+1 b = furnaces ( all k9ds employ$ 9 indu/rial ent]prise1 &1 at a lat] date1 = ! e>li] & lat] =ms ( /eam-eng9es4 ,! smoke ( ! new coal 0 ev]y:]e reg>d$ z a t]rible nuisance1 & a s\rce ( injury to bo? animal & vegetable life4 ,! poison\s action ( coal-smoke is n due to ! f9ely divid$ black p>ticles ( c>bon ( :i* x l>gely consi/s1 b to ! sulphuric acid d]iv$ f ! small quantities ( sulphur pres5t 9 coal4 ,x is calculat$ t m ?an sixte5 million tons ( coal are annually us$ 9 ,london alone = heat+ purposes1 & t #dhj1jjj tons ( black c>bon p[d] are dis*>g$ ov] ,london by its *imneys e ye>1 toge!r ) v ne>ly ! same weight ( poison\s sulphuric acid6 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is sea-coal or coal ( our mod]n life8 ,we all "k its black1 gli/5+ appe>ance1 & m or less friable "*4 ,its nature & orig9 are be/ convey$ by ! /atem5t t x is v anci5t peat1 compress$ & naturally *ang$ by *emical action & reta9+ little or no trace ( its orig9al /ructure4 ,peat1 z we "k x f ! l[ l& ( ,engli% & ,fr5* riv] valleys & ! bogs ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 is =m$ by ! annual gr[? & dea? ( mosses ( sev]al k9ds & ( o!r accompany+ vegetation4 ,x reta9s ! woody =ms ( ! vegetable gr[?s :i* con/itute x1 & !y are (t5 b loosely adh]5t to "o ano!r4 ,peat may be m]ely a gr[? ( ! pa/ five ye>s1 b is sometimes _m ?\s& ye>s old4 ,old] ?an peat1 & m cak$ & compress$1 is lignite1 or br[n coal1 :i* occurs on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 also 9 ,s\? ,devon & else:]e1 9 geological /rata new] ?an ^? :i* yield our black coal4 ,!n we h ! mo/ important class ( black coals :i* are kn[n z bitum9\s coals1 because !y s(t5 :5 heat$ & =m hydroc>bons ( bo? viscid & gase\s nature4 ,!y are us$ = dome/ic purposes1 & :]ev] flame is desir$4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 ! lumps ( coal famili> 9 our scuttles4 ,! bitum9\s coal ) ! greate/ am\nt ( hydrog5 9 x is ! cannel or c&le coal1 s call$ f its bright flame :5 burn+4 ,?is k9d is especially valuable = gas-mak+1 & ( small] value z fuel4 ,! t]m an?racite is res]v$ = a h>d1 /one-l coal :i* is v ne>ly pure c>bon 7n9ety p] c5t74 ,?is class ( coal burns ) a v small am\nt ( flame1 gives int5se heat1 & no smoke4 ,x is us$ 9 dry+ malt & hops4 ,l all woody matt]1 t f :i* peat is =m$ consi/s ( a comb9ation ( ! elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 & ^! rema9 9 some:at *ang$ *emical union 9 ! br[n coal1 bitum9\s coal1 & an?racite4 ,! c>bon & a v>y+ & small proportion ( ! orig9al hydrog5 ( ! woody peat1 are ! important elem5ts 9 coal2 & we may well ask h[ !y come to be produc$ z a black or d>k br[n mass f dead vegetable gr[?s :i* are (t5 blea*$ & col\rless4 ,x is true t vegetable refuse does n necess>ily black5 :5 left to itself4 ,we "k t by roa/+ or *>r+ wood 7or animals' fle% or bone7 we c drive (f ! elem5ts oxyg5 & hydrog5 & nitrog5 7if !re71 & obta9 a black mass ( c>bon 7s-call$ *>coal74 ,t blackness is ! actual true t9t ( c>bon4 ,! dead we$s & leaves at ! bottom ( a /agnant pond break d[n & =m a pit*-black mud4 ,!y w\ld n1 & d n1 g black if expos$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e2 b at ! bottom ( a /agnant pond or 9 a refuse heap !y are exclud$ f ! air1 & a microbe-a bact]ium :i* has be5 c>efully /udi$1 & is ( a k9d :i* c only fl\ri% 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg5-attacks ! dead we$s1 produc+ by *ange ( _! sub/ance m>%-gas & black c>bon1 ! black mud emitt+ bubbles ( gas :i* "o may /ir up ) a pole 9 su* a pond4 ,?is *emical attack by anarobic bact]ia goes on 9 ! deep] lay]s ( all m>%es & /agnant pools1 remote f ! oxyg5 ( ! air2 & x is fairly c]ta9 t ! black coal :i* we f9d 9 /rata ( great geological age 0 s produc$ by ! action ( special k9ds ( bact]ia ^u peat-l masses ( vegetable refuse4 ,inde$1 by /udy+ microscopic sections ( coal1 num]\s =ms ( bact]ia h be5 recogniz$ :i* might be capable ( effect+ su* *emical *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rememb] t x is n possible to conclude by =m alone z to :at subtle *emical "w a bact]ium or bacillus or micro-coccus may be1 or may h be51 c>ry+ on4 ,! peat-l deposits :i* became c>boniz$ & s =m$ ! coal 7 probably masses ( alg1 mosses & s(t aquatic plants1 :i* 7 br\ght d[n & accumulat$ 9 swampy1 =e/-cov]$ gr\nd ab\t ! m\?s ( riv]s1 ! deposit be+ cov]$ 9 ow+ to rapid oscillations ( level by b$s ( s& or clay1 foll[$ by new gr[? & deposit4 ,our ,briti% coal & a good deal ( =eign coal is f\nd 9 c]ta9 /ratifi$ rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ kn[n z ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em1 ab\t #ab1jjj ft4 ?ick1 consi/+ *iefly ( v d5se lime/one4 ,! seams1 or /ratifi$ b$s ( coal1 occur 9 s&y rock kn[n z ! ,coal ,measures1 & v>y 9 ?ickness f a m]e film to #dj ft4 ,above ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em are lat] deposits1 "s #ad1jjj ft4 9 ?ickness-! ,p]mian1 ,triassic1 ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,bel[ !m we f9d /ratifi$ deposits conta9+ fossiliz$ rema9s ( plants & animals1 to a dep? ( ano!r #dj1jjj ft43 !y are ! ,devonian1 ,silurian1 & ,cambrian sy/ems or s]ies ( /rata4 ,coal ( a workable nature is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w 9 ! b$s or /rata ( lat] age ?an our ,coal ,measures-namely1 ^? ( ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y age4 ,coal is s valuable & us$ 9 su* va/ quantities by mod]n man t1 ?\gh procur$ at fir/ f b$s ly+ at or ne> ! surface1 x has be5 f\nd remun]ative to m9e f> into ! dep?s ( ! e>?'s surface1 :]e its exi/5ce is asc]ta9$1 9 ord] to procure x4 ,a dep? ( #djjj ft4 is app>5tly ! limit set to su* m9+ by ! increase ( temp]ature 9 m9es :i* p5etrate to t ext5t bel[ ! surface4 ,9 #aije ! annual output ( ,briti% coal-m9es 0 9 r\nd numb]s #bcj1jjj1jjj tons4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is a limit to ?is production1 b n possible to calculate :at t limit may be1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty z to ! future work+ ( coal-fields z yet unexplor$4 ,su* que/ions h be51 & are be+1 consid]$ by exp]ts on behalf ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a matt] ( int]e/ ( ano!r k9d is t 9 & associat$ ) ! coal seams ( our ,coal ,measures1 fossiliz$ rema9s ( peculi> f]n-l trees1 f]ns1 & o!r /range plants1 & ( v peculi>1 ext9ct newt-l animals 7z l>ge z crocodiles7 are f\nd 9 great v>iety4 ,! notion t ! toads occasionally f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! black mud ( a coal-y>d or ev5 9 a fractur$ lump ( coal are survivals f ! "t-_m millions ( ye>s pa/-:5 ! plants & animals ( ! ,coal ,measure swamps 7 liv+1 is a baseless fancy4 ,! toads s f\nd are ( ! k9d or species n[ liv+ on ! e>?-totally diff]5t f ^? ^: bones occur 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 & ! pres5ce ( su* mod]n toads emb$d$ 9 black slime1 9 coal-heaps 9 /ore-y>ds1 or ev5 9 coal-scuttles1 is only :at may be expect$ to occur & does occur 9 damp qu>ries & o!r places :]e ^! famili> little bea/s love to hide4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,bor+ ,,= ,,oil ,closely simil> to coal 9 *emical matt]-t is to say1 consi/+ *iefly ( def9ite *emical comp\nds1 call$ hydroc>bons1 built up ( only two elem5ts1 c>bon & hydrog51 & ( no o!r-is a v rem>kable class ( m9]al sub/ances kn[n to ! anci5ts z bitum54 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 x includes natural gas1 ! v>i\sly mix$ liquids call$ petroleum & ! solid asphalts4 ,9 anci5t times ! m fluid k9ds ( petroleum issu+ f ! gr\nd 9 ,s\? ,russia & ,p]sia 7 call$ naph?a1 & t "n is /ill appli$ to ! m volatile hydroc>bons obta9$ by ! di/illation ( su* sub/ances z coal-t> 7! residue ( ! extraction by heat ( comm]cial gas f coal71 bitum9\s %ale1 petroleum1 wood & "s o!r bodies :i* owe _! exi/5ce to ! activity ei!r ( liv+ or ( long-ext9ct & fossiliz$ plants & animals4 ,! bitum5s1 toge!r ) coal1 pres5t 9 _! natural /ate a v l>ge v>iety ( inflammable con/itu5ts-gase\s1 liquid1 & solid hydroc>bons2 b1 :5 di/ill$ at v>i\s temp]atures & "u conditions det]m9$ by ! manufactur+ *emi/1 !y yield a /ill l>g] s]ies ( pure sep>able bodies1 :i* h be5 m9utely /udi$ & classifi$ accord+ to _! *emical con/itution4 ,!y are produc$ 9 great *emical factories 9 l>ge quantities = use 9 ! mo/ div]se ways inv5t$ by human +5uity4 ,?us natural gas-sup]s$$ by di/ill$ coal-gas-has s]v$ = fuel & = illum9ation3 ref9$ petroleum s]ves n only = ^? uses 9 g5]al1 b z ! special s\rce ( p[] 9 ! eng9es ( motor-c>s & a]oplanes4 ,a wond]ful solid cry/all9e wax-l sub/ance1 p>aff91 z :ite z sn[1 is di/ill$ 9 enorm\s quantities 7ne>ly ?ree million tons a ye>7 f bitum9\s %ale or oil-%ale 9 ?is c\ntry alone4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 s(t 7vasel9e7 & liquid =ms1 & 9 fact ! p>aff9 s]ies recogniz$ by *emi/s />ts f ! gas me?ane1 or m>%-gas1 & comprises "s ?irty k9ds1 lead+ f gas to volatile liquids1 !nce to viscid liquids1 to butt]-l solids1 & up to h>d cry/all9e sub/ances :i* melt only at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,endless *emical manufactur+ indu/ries-e4g41 ^? ( dye-/uffs & explosives-dep5d ^u ! *emical treatm5t ( ^! p>aff9s & ( v>i\s bodies obta9$ z second>y products 9 _! prep>ation4 ,b5z9e & anil9e are *iefly obta9$ f coal-t>4 ,! oils & waxes ( quasi-m9]al orig9 h a great advantage ov] vegetable & animal oils 9 _m uses1 s9ce !y are n liable to become rancid2 t is to say1 to decompose ow+ to ! action on !m ( bact]ia4 ,a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>aff9s 7(t5 di/+ui%$1 toge!r ) ! olef9es1 z m9]al oils7 & ! oils & fats f\nd 9 liv+ plants & animals is t !y d n saponify2 t is to say1 !y d n =m ^? comb9ations ) alkalis & o!r bases :i* are call$ soaps1 nor c !y s]ve z food to man or any o!r animal4 ,!y are n act$ on by ! dige/ive juices4 ,f anci5t times natural deposits or outp\r+s ( bitum5s h be5 kn[n & us$ by mank9d4 ,! ,assyrians & o!r e>ly peoples ( ! ,ea/ us$ asphalt 7translat$ by ! ^w slime 9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,bible7 9 place ( calc>e\s mort> 9 build+2 & to ?is day x is us$ l>gely 9 ?is c\ntry z a damp-c\rse 9 walls built ( brick4 ,great deposits ( asphalt are f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & "s ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & qu>ri$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,! great pit*-lake ( ,tr9idad yields an abundant supply4 ,9 ! ,val de ,trav]s1 9 ! ,canton ( ,neu*atel 7,switz]l&71 a ri* deposit is work$ :i*1 mix$ ) e>?y mat]ial1 =ms a road-mak+ concrete1 l>gely us$ 9 ,london & o!r cities1 & also = ma9 roads 9 c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians us$ asphalt = embalm+ ! dead4 ,b ! anci5ts also knew natural spr+s ( liquid bitum5-t :i* n[adays we call petroleum-"s ( !m freely fl[+ l wat]1 :i* w\ld take fire & burn = long p]iods1 & 7 describ$ z f\nta9s ( burn+ wat]4 ,we f9d1 z we pass f ! ,middle ,ages to ! days ( geographical exploration1 records ( su* spr+s ( inflammable oil & ( natural inflammable gas 9 all p>ts ( ! _w-,japan1 ,*9a1 ,burma1 ,p]sia1 ,galicia1 ,italy 7,salsomaggiore71 ,c5tral & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ( n a few 9 ^! isl&s-= in/ance1 9 ,%rop%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 ,sussex1 ,kimm]idge & v>i\s sites 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,! oil 01 until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 valu$ *iefly z a m$ic9al application1 & ,s5eca oil & ,am]ican m$ic9al oil 7 l>gely sold & us$ z an embrocation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we owe ! introduction ( ! "n petroleum to ,pr(essor ,silliman1 :o 9 #ahee report$ ^u ! rock oil or petroleum ( ,v5ango ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! fir/ attempt z a comm]cial ent]prise to obta9 rock-oil or petroleum by bor+ into ! /rata 9 :i* !re 0 local evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 9 great] or less quantity1 0 made 9 #ahed by ! ,p5nsylvania ,rock ,oil ,company4 ,aft] "s unsuccessful attempts1 :5 ! drill+ _h be5 c>ri$ to a dep? ( #fi ft4 ! tools sudd5ly dropp$ into a subt]ranean cavity1 & on ! foll[+ day ! well 0 f\nd to h /ruck oil1 & tw5ty-five b>rels a day 7 yield$ by t well = "s "t4 ,f "h ! indu/ry spread ov] ! ,/ates & ,canada1 & 9 #aijh ! ye>'s yield 0 #de1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,s9ce #ahgj ! indu/ry has spread all ov] ! globe-,russia1 ,galicia1 ,rumania1 ,java1 ,borneo & ,burma be+ prom95t s\rces ( ! oil supply ( ! _w4 ,! raw petroleum ( diff]5t localities diff]s 9 ea* case 9 ! am\nt ( solid p>aff9s & olef9es dissolv$ 9 ! liquid p>aff9s4 ,o!r sub/ances also are dissolv$ 9 x 9 v>iable am\nt-su* z b5z5e1 acetyl5e1 camph5e & naph?al5e4 ,! fact t ! oil1 :5 rea*$ by a bor+1 is (t5 f\nd to be "u a consid]able pressure1 s t x rises & fl[s f ! surface ( ! well1 or ev5 may %oot up z a great f\nta91 is an important feature 9 ! oil-seek+ indu/ry1 ?\gh ! supply dep5ds l>gely on pump+ & n necess>ily on natural fl[4 ,! bor+s :5 made1 act l ,artesian wells1 & sometimes are c>ri$ to a great dep?4 ,^? 9 ,p5nsylvania v>y 9 dep? f #cjj ft4 to #cgjj ft41 accord+ to ! di/ance bel[ ! surface at :i* ! oil-be>+ /rata 7usually a s&/one7 is situate4 ,z 9 ! case ( an ,artesian well1 ! bor+ is 9 ! fir/ in/ance an exploration subject to unc]ta9ty z to /rik+ ! desir$ liquid1 b ! unc]ta9ty is great] 9 ! case ( ! se>* = oil ?an 9 t = wat]4 ,! wat]-well is also f> less likely to give out :5 once fl[+ ?an is t bor$ = oil1 :i*1 ev5 if at fir/ successful1 may be soon exhau/$ ow+ to ! small area ( ! oil-be>+ /rata tapp$4 ,a cause ( ! high pressure 9 _m oil-wells is ! gas :i* accompanies ! oil4 ,! pressure may am\nt to z mu* z #ajjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,caucasus sp\t+ wells caus$ by ! high pressure ( gas 9 ! bor+ are frequ5t4 ,a fam\s f\nta9-well 9 t region1 :i* began to fl[ 9 ,augu/ #ahie1 ?rew up #d million gallons a day1 gradually dim9i%+ dur+ fifte5 mon?s until x became exhau/$4 ,at fir/1 :5 bor+ 0 introduc$1 su* outbur/s l$ to an enorm\s loss ( ! oil1 = !re 0 n suffici5t means ( /or+ or transport+ x4 ,ord9>y c>tage 9 b>rels 0 ! e>li] me?od2 !n foll[$ tanks on railway tra9s & canal boats2 & ?is has be5 supplem5t$ by ! use ( pipes along :i* ! oil is pump$ f ! well to ! ref9]y4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania !re are said to be no less ?an #be1jjj miles ( su* pipes 9 use = ! di/ribution ( petroleum4 ,x w be obvi\s f :at is "h /at$ t ! attempt to discov] an oil-supply 9 ,d]by%ire mu/ n be reg>d$1 at pres5t1 z m ?an a praisewor?y & int]e/+ ent]prise4 ,!re is no room = d\bt t ! be/ exp]t op9ion has be5 br\ght to be> on ! matt]4 ,a small quantity ( petroleum has already be5 rais$2 b :e!r ! fl[ w be suffici5t to cov] ! exp5ses ( ! bor+1 & h[ long ! fl[ may la/1 or h[ mu* x may am\nt to1 are matt]s q impossible to =etell4 ,9 any case1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t su* an abundance ( oil w be obta9$ z to c\nt mu*1 if at all1 9 ! _w's production ( petroleum4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t products simil> to ^? yield$ by petroleum are already extract$ 9 quantity z a remun]ative indu/ry by ! di/illation ( oil-%ales 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 & t !re are oil-%ales 9 ?is c\ntry /ill unwork$4 ,s t we ne$ n be 9 despair if we d n tap an oil-spr+ ( any importance close to h&4 ,! _w's supply is /ill op5 to ,briti% ent]prise4 ,ano!r reflection ( "s importance is t ^! _w-wide s\rces ( rock-oil or petroleum are likely to be exhau/$ by exploitation mu* soon] ?an are ! coal-fields ( ! _w4 ,we _c rely on _! long duration4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lime-,,juice ,,& ,,scurvy ,f m$ival times onw>d a s]i\s con/itutional disease-a morbid condition ( ! blood & tissues-has be5 kn[n by ! "n scurvy1 & ! ^w scorbutic has be5 co9$ f x4 ,x is to-day practically unkn[n 9 ! ord9>y conditions ( civiliz$ life1 b =m]ly 0 common1 & ! cause ( disablem5t & ( frightful mortality 9 %ips' crews1 beleagu]$ cities1 armies on campaign1 & w>-/rick5 regions4 ,x beg9s ) a c]ta9 failure ( /r5g?4 ,brea?lessness1 exhau/ion1 & m5tal depression foll[4 ,! face looks hagg>d1 sall[1 & dusky4 ,aft] "s weeks ! exhau/ion becomes extreme2 ! gums are livid1 ulc]at$1 & ble$+2 ! tee? loos5 & drop out2 purple spots appe> on ! sk92 ulc]s break out on ! limbs2 effusions ( blood-/a9$ fluid take place 9 ! great cavities ( ! body2 pr(\nd exhau/ion & coma foll[2 & dea? results f disorganization ( ! lungs1 kidneys1 or dige/ive tract4 ,x 0 recogniz$ 9 e>ly times t ! disease 0 dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! food ( ^? attack$ by x2 & n ! lea/ ( ! horrors accompany+ x 0 ! t]ror caus$ by ! well-f\nd$ conviction t ! appe>ance ( a s+le case 9 a %ip's crew or o!r specially circumscrib$ community 0 an unfail+ index1 & meant t all 7 likely )9 a few days-ow+ to ! en=c$ id5tity ( _! food & conditions ( life-to develop ! disease4 ,(t51 9 pa/ c5turies1 a half or two-?irds ( a %ip's company h be5 c>ri$ (f by x be=e a port c\ld be rea*$ & heal?y food & conditions ( life obta9$4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t 9 view ( ! actual condition ( ,europe1 x is a fact ( v grave importance t scurvy is kn[n to break out & cause a t]rible mortality among civil communities 9 "t ( sc>city-especially 9 prisons1 workh\ses1 & o!r public in/itutions1 :i* are ! fir/ to suff] deprivations :5 food is sc>ce4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 held t fre% vegetables & fruit-juices 7 bo? a cure = & a prev5tive ( scurvy1 or anti-scorbutic4 ,b ! fact 0 n appreciat$ by ,army & ,admiralty (ficials t dri$ vegetables1 ev5 ( k9ds :i* 7 held to be especially anti-scorbutic1 w\ld n s]ve 9 place ( fre% ones4 ,9 #agbj1 dri$ anti-scorbutic h]bs 7 suppli$ to ! ,au/rian ,army :5 suff]+ f scurvy2 b !y 7 ( no avail1 & ?\s&s ( ! soldi]s p]i%$ f ! disease4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ! ,briti% ,lords ( ! ,admiralty 7actuat$ by a _s ( blund]+ p>simony7 propos$ to supply ! ,navy ) dri$ sp9a*1 al?\gh x 0 well kn[n t dri$ vegetables 7 useless aga9/ scurvy4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 #ahfa-ahfe1 9 spite ( ?is k1 l>ge rations ( dri$ vegetables 7 suppli$ to ! armies1 & fail$ to prev5t outbreaks ( scurvy4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day s little att5tion has be5 giv5 ( late ye>s to ! subject1 t _m ignorant (ficials1 ^u ^: action ! life ( ?\s&s dep5ds1 reg>d dri$ vegetables z equival5t 9 value to fre%6 ,a great advance 0 made 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,briti% ,admiralty became conv9c$ by ! repeat$ exp]i5ce ( its (fic]s t lime-juice is a specific rem$y & prev5tive = scurvy1 &1 9 spite ( ! great exp5se & difficulties entail$1 adopt$ its use (ficially4 ,9 ^? days ( sail+-%ips1 long voyages 7su* z ^? ( ,capta9 ,cook7 7 safely c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t s]i\s outbreak ( scurvy s long z a ration ( s-call$ lime-juice 7ab\t "o ounce7 0 swall[$ ea* day by ea* sailor4 ,b x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! disease 0 practically elim9at$ f ! ,navy by ! introduction 7aft] _m fooli% delays7 ( a g5]al issue ( :at 0 call$ lime-juice4 ,! complete control & elim9ation ( scurvy by ! use ( s-call$ lime-juice suffic$ to c>ry u on until ! introduction ( /eam navigation1 :5 x became sup]flu\s ow+ to ! fact t long abs5ce f l&1 :]e fre% food c\ld be obta9$1 ceas$ to be usual4 ,moreov]1 aft] a mut9y on ! "p ( our defraud$ sailors1 bett] food & great] v>iety ( x 0 secur$ = !m1 & ! pr(its ( murd]\s contractors 7 /opp$4 ,! hi/ory ( outbreaks ( scurvy = ! la/ c5tury is practically conf9$ to ! exp]i5ces ( ,arctic ,exp$itions & ! campaign+ ( troops 9 remote or deva/at$ regions4 ,s little _h scurvy be5 inve/igat$1 or any s]i\s /udy made ( ! nature ( ! rem$ial & prev5tive action ( lime-juice1 t up to ! ye> #aiad x 0 reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! acid1 ! citric acid1 ( lime-juice 0 :at gave to x its virtue1 & samples ( lime-juice suppli$ by contractors 7 te/$ solely z to ! p]c5tage ( t acid pres5t4 ,em95t m$ical au?orities propos$ to use cry/als ( citric acid 9 place ( ! juice2 o!rs decl>$ t v9eg> w\ld d j z well2 o!rs1 9 spite ( ! ov]:elm+ record z to ! value ( lime-juice1 held t scurvy 0 due n to ! abs5ce ( a food con/itu5t-suppli$ by fre% vegetables & fruit-juice-b to a peculi> poison pres5t 9 ! salt$ & dri$ meat s]v$ out z rations2 o!rs aga91 )\t any /udy ( ! disease1 h express$ ! op9ion t x is due to a bact]ial micro-organism4 ,a bl[ to ! easy-go+ belief ( ! ,admiralty t !y _h ma/]$ & made an end ( scurvy 0 /ruck :5 scurvy broke out 7#fj cases among #abb m57 9 ! exp$ition to ! ,nor? ,pole :i* sail$ 9 ,may #ahge 9 ! ,al]t & ! ,discov]y1 "u ! comm& ( ,sir ,george ,n>es4 ,! exp$ition _h to return prematurely aft] sev5te5 mon?s' abs5ce1 & a committee 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! cause ( ! outbreak4 ,! /ores ( food & ( lime-juice 7 %[n to h be5 ample2 & ! action ( ! lead] 9 equipp+ 8 sl$g+ p>ties 0 9 accordance ) ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( successful explor]s :o gave evid5ce4 ,! cause ( ! outbreak rema9$ a my/]y4 ,! firm belief 9 ! anti-scorbutic p[]s ( lime-juice 0 %ak51 & ?is unfav\rable op9ion ( its value has be5 confirm$ by m$ical (fic]s :o1 dur+ ! rec5t w>1 h be5 confront$ by outbreaks ( scurvy4 ,^! outbreaks occurr$ among troops :o1 9 milit>y circum/ances :i* r5d]$ an adequate supply ( fre% meat & vegetables impossible1 7 suppli$ ) lime-juice prep>$ f ! ,we/ ,indian s\r-lime4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 an exp]im5tal /udy ( scurvy has be5 c>ri$ out dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s by a gr\p ( work]s at ! ,li/] ,in/itute1 toge!r ) a hi/orical inquiry z to ! use ( lime-juice4 ,! reports ( ^! inve/igators h v great practical value & f>-rea*+ int]e/1 z %[+ :at disa/r\s results may arise f inaccurate use ( a ^w1 & ! neglect to asc]ta9 ! exact nature ( ! mat]ial ?+ ^u :i* ! issue betwe5 life & dea? may dep5d4 ,"h let me say t ! /aff ( ! ,li/] ,in/itute = m$ical rese>* has done "w 9 its laboratories 9 ,*elsea ,g>d5s ( ! v greate/ national importance dur+ ! w>4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by public subscription1 & has n[ an end[m5t ( "s #aj1jjj a ye>4 ,sir ,david ,bruce1 ! *airman ( its ,c\ncil1 gives 9 ! ,report ( ! ,gov]n+ ,body = #aiai a v /rik+ summ>y ( ! "w done 9 ! laboratories & by ! /aff ( ! ,in/itute4 ,! successful inve/igation ( tr5* fev] & ( tetanus1 ( ! de/ruction ( lice1 & ( ! effects ( cold /orage on food1 besides ! /udy ( scurvy & o!r diseases due to defici5cy ( :at are n[ call$ accessory food factors1 are1 we le>n1 ! *ief matt]s 9 :i* ! ,li/] ,in/itute 0 engag$ 9 ! ye> #aiah-ai4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 at its f>m at ,el/ree x has prep>$ & suppli$ to ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! ,admiralty1 ! ,ov]seas ,=ces1 & ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d m ?an a million doses ( anti-tox9s 7diph!ria & tetanus71 bact]ial vacc9es 7*ol]a1 plague1 influ5za71 & o!r simil> curative fluids-requir+ = _! safe production ! highe/ skill & mo/ complete k ( rec5t discov]y4 ,& ?is is only a sample ( :at ! ,li/] ,in/itute has be5 do+ = _m consecutive ye>s4 ,n[ we return to ! inve/igation ( scurvy4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ 7:i* 0 m or less guess$ & act$ ^u by m$ical m5 ( pa/ days7 t1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 heal?1 ! diet ( man & ( _m animals mu/ conta9 n m]ely ! necess>y quantities ( meat or *eese-l bodies1 ( fat & />* & sug>1 b also m9ute quantities ( accessory food-factors :i* x is conv5i5t to t]m vitam9es4 ,! "n s]ves 7?\gh its etymology is unsatisfactory7 to indicate c]ta9 proteids or highly complex nitrog5\s comp\nds :i* are only to be obta9$ f fre% & uncook$ or slightly heat$ vegetables & f "s foods ( animal orig94 ,^! vitam9es are de/roy$ by heat & by desiccation4 ,!y h n yet be5 isolat$ ?\gh 9 "s cases extract$ 9 a ne>ly pure /ate4 ,_! pres5ce or abs5ce is demon/rat$ by c>eful exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ animals1 su* z gu9ea-pigs1 ) weigh$ quantities ( diff]5t foods4 ,! vitam9e is (t5 f\nd to be pres5t only 9 "o "p ( a se$ or fruit or special k9d ( fat liable to be reject$ 9 food prep>ation4 ,an important fact is t x may n am\nt to z mu* z "o-t5-?\s&? ( ! weight ( ! food 9 :i* x occurs2 & ! "p conta9+ x may be ov]look$ & reject$1 or its value de/roy$ by heat or by desiccation4 ,a committee on ^! accessory food-factors is c>ry+ on exp]im5ts at ! ,li/] ,in/itute4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,hopk9s1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o fir/ discov]$ ! importance ( "o ( ^! factors 9 fe$+ "y rats1 is ! *airman1 & ,dr4 ,h>riette ,*ick is ! secret>y4 ,?ree k9ds ( ^! vitam9es1 or accessory food-factors1 h up to ?is date be5 recogniz$4 ,! fir/ is ! anti-neuritic or anti-b]i-b]i vitam9e4 ,its pr9cipal s\rces are ! se$s ( plants & ! eggs ( animals-yea/-cells are a ri* s\rce ( x4 ,:]e poli%$ rice1 z 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 is ! /aple article ( diet1 to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( o!r food-/uffs1 lassitude & sev]e pa9s l ^? ( rheumatism set 91 & a :ole colony or %ipload ( ,*9ese coolies may be disabl$4 ,! disease is call$ b]i-b]i1 & x c be cur$ by adm9i/]+ t "p ( ! rice-gra9 7! sk9 & g]m7 :i* is remov$ by poli%+1 & un=tunately is j t "p :i* conta9s ! ne$ful vitam9e4 ,x exi/s 9 v m9ute quantity1 am\nt+ to only "o "p 9 t5 ?\s& by weight ( rice-gra94 ,! second vitam9e recogniz$ is ! anti-ra*itic factor 7/udi$ by ,hopk9s71 :i* t5ds to promote gr[? & prev5t rickets 9 "y animals4 ,c]ta9 fats ( animal orig9 7milk7 & gre5 leaves conta9 x 9 m9ute quantity1 & are necess>y = ! life ( "y animals & = ! heal? ( adults4 ,! ?ird vitam9e recogniz$ is ! anti-scorbutic1 ! factor :i* prev5ts scurvy4 ,x is f\nd 9 fre% vegetable tissues1 & to a less ext5t 9 fre% animal tissues4 ,its ri*e/ s\rces are cabbage1 sw$es1 turnips1 lettuce1 wat]-cress1 & su* fruits z lemons1 oranges1 raspb]ries1 & tomatoes2 o!r vegetables h a less value4 ,fre% milk & meat possess a def9ite b l[ anti-scorbutic value4 ,?is vitam9e 7,i am quot+ ! report ( ! ,committee1 :i* has be5 issu$ to our milit>y1 naval1 & m$ical adm9i/rators & fam9e-relief-work]s ?r\gh\t ! _w7 suff]s de/ruction :5 ! fre% food-/uffs conta9+ x are subject$ to heat1 or dry+1 z me?ods ( pres]vation4 ,x is habitually de/roy$ & wa/$ by /ew+ fre% vegetables ) meat = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,all dry food-/uffs1 su* z c]eals1 pulses1 dri$ vegetables & dri$ milk1 are defici5t 9 anti-scorbutic prop]ties2 s also are t9n$ vegetables & t9n$ meat-h5ce ! disgu/ to :i* !y soon give rise6 ,! explanation ( ! my/]y ab\t lime-juice 7:i* a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 us$ ) absolute success to prev5t scurvy1 & 9 #ahge 0 a dead failure7 is %[n by ! work]s at ! ,li/] ,in/itute to be ?is-namely1 lime & lemon are 9 orig9 ! same ^w1 & h become appli$ 9 ways unrecogniz$ by ! ,admiralty & _! m$ical advis]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w to :i* ! citron1 ! lemon1 ! sweet-lime & ! s\r-lime-all v>ieties ( "o species1 ,citrus m$ica ( ,l9nu-h be5 c>ri$ f _! orig9al home ( orig91 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,asia4 ,! orig9al effective & valuable lime-juice ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 lemon-juice1 c>efully prep>$ f lemons 9 ,sicily & ,italy1 & f #ahjd to #ahfj 9 ,malta4 ,:5 ! dem& = x increas$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 adult]at$ & made up f poor fruit1 z ! comm]cial ent]prise ( contractors & ! fatu\s incapacity ( ! naval au?orities progress$ h& 9 h&4 ,& !n1 9 ! e>ly fifties1 ! ,we/ ,indian gr[]s ( ! small s\r-lime 7,citrus m$ica v>4 acida7 9 ,monts]rat got ! naval contracts1 ! hone/ int5tion ( ,sir ,william ,burnett1 ! *ief m$ical (fic] ( ! ,navy1 be+ to e/abli% a p]man5t & fir/-rate supply4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! naval lime-juice n[ really 0 lime-juice & no long] lemon-juice4 ,by a natural b fatal misconception1 ! m$ical value ( ! juice1 :e!r ( lemon or ( lime1 0 by all au?orities attribut$ to ! citric acid pres5t2 & ! only te/s appli$ to x 7 *emical ones1 & n !rapeutic4 ,! ,li/] ,in/itute ,committee h %[n by !rapeutic exp]im5t-! fe$+ ( gu9ea-pigs1 9 :i* scurvy c be produc$ & cur$ at w-t ! anti-scorbutic vitam9e rema9s active & unimpair$ 9 lemon-juice f :i* all ! citric acid has be5 extract$4 ,&1 fur!r1 t ! juice ( ! ,we/ ,indian s\r-lime 7,citrus m$ica acida71 al?\gh v ri* 9 citric acid1 conta9s only "o-f\r? ! anti-scorbutic vitam9e :i* ! same quantity ( ! juice ( ! true lemon 7,citrus m$ica limonum7 conta9s4 ,?is has be5 mo/ c>efully e/abli%$ by prolong$ s]ies ( fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,x expla9s ! failure ( ! lime-juice 9 ,sir ,george ,n>es' ,pol> ,exp$ition1 & re/ores ! confid5ce 9 lemon-juice bas$ on ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! e>ly records ( its use4 ,:il/ lemon-juice is ?us ju/ifi$1 ,dr4 ,h>riette ,*ick has made a discov]y :i* w g f> to remove x f supremacy4 ,%e f9ds t an anti-scorbutic food c be prep>$1 :5 fre% vegetables or fruit are sc>ce1 by moi/5+ any available se$s 7:eat1 b>ley1 rye1 peas1 beans1 l5tils7 & all[+ !m to g]m9ate4 ,?is spr\t$ mat]ial possesses an anti-scorbutic value equal to t ( _m fre% vegetables2 ! unspr\t$ se$s h none4 ,probably ?is expla9s ! anti-scorbutic value ( sweet-wort & ( be]s made f lightly dri$ malt2 & ! total failure 9 ?is respect ( our mod]n be]s made f kiln-dri$ malt4 ,dr4 ,*ick1 among/ _m o!r int]e/+ & important results publi%$ by memb]s ( ! ,li/] ,in/itute ,committee1 /ates t ! juice ( raw sw$es & ( raw turnips is a valuable anti-scorbutic 7to be add$ to milk = ! use ( artificially n\ri%$ infants72 s1 %e /ates1 is orange-juice4 ,b1 contr>y to ! usual op9ion1 %e f9ds t beetroot has little or no anti-scorbutic value4 ,! :ole subject is ( extreme importance1 & is necess>ily 9 a t5tative /age ( pione] exp]im5t4 ,,index ,ages1 successive1 ( /one1 bronze1 & iron1 #d ,aitk51 ,dr41 ,f4,r4,s41 on fog1 cl\d1 & odorif]\s p>ticles1 #gg ,alligator1 simplification (1 9 ! decorative "w ( ! ,*iriqui ,indians1 #bje ,altamira1 cave (1 discov]y ( pictures 91 #bh ,am]ica 7,c5tral71 /one slab f1 ) c>v$ swa/ika1 #aih ,am]ican ,indians bead-"w g>t] ) two swa/ikas1 #aig ,anglo-,saxon urn ornam5t$ ) swa/ikas1 #aif ,anil9e1 #bbd ,animalcules1 :eel1 #aeg-agb ,animation1 susp5d$1 #agc-aij ,an?racite1 #bag1 #bai ,anti-scorbutic value ( g]m9at+ :eat1 b>ley1 peas1 beans1 l5tils1 discov]$1 #bcg ,anti-scorbutics1 no use :5 dri$1 #bcj or pres]vatives aga9/ scurvy describ$1 #bce-bcf /udi$ at ! ,li/] ,in/itute1 #bcc ,antl]1 engrav$1 f ! cav]n ( ,lortet1 #a ,arbelus1 !1 ( anci5t ,greek geomet]s1 #bae ,asphalt1 #bbc1 #bbe ,aurignacian negroid race1 #h ,bact]ia1 susp5d$ animation (1 #agg1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh ,be> engrav$ on /alagmite1 #dh ,be]1 mod]n1 n s effective an anti-scorbutic 7pres]v] f scurvy7 z old] sorts1 #bcg ,b5z9e1 #bbd ,bison1 pictures (1 f walls ( caves1 #dg ,bitum51 #bbc1 #bbd ,bitum9\s coal1 #bai ,blue blood & pride ( race1 #aed col\r ( frogs1 #gh ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 #hc ( wat]1 #gd-he ,grotto ( ,capri1 #hb ,bre$+ & int]-bre$+ z a te/1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aca ,bridle se5 9 engrav+s ( horse1 #dc1 #de ,br[n1 ,horace1 ,f4,r4,s41 8 exp]im5ts ) se$s at l[ temp]atures1 #age ,bruce1 ,sir ,david1 8 report ( ! "w done by ! ,li/] ,in/itute 9 #aiai1 #bcc ,buddha1 footpr9t ( !1 picture %[+ swa/ikas1 #aic ,bumpus1 ,pr(41 on v>iation 9 sp>r[s1 #aah ,burnett1 ,sir ,william1 by mi/ake introduces 9 ! ,navy juice ( ! s\r-lime 9 place ( lemon-juice1 #bcf ,burn+ wat]1 f\nta9s (1 #bbe ,butt]flies ( ! g5us ,vanessa1 #ig sev]al diff]5t species ( :ite & ( blue1 #ig sev]al species unit$ to =m "o l>g] k9d-a g5us1 #ie species (1 #id ! k9ds (1 #id ,caloric1 an assum$ entity1 #ahf ,cannel 7or c&le7 coal1 #bai ,c>bon1 weight (1 annually dis*>g$ ov] ,london1 #bah ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 !1 #bba ,cats1 male1 ) blue eyes are deaf1 #abj ,cause ( survival 9 ! /ruggle = life1 #aah1 #aai ,cave ( ,altamira1 #bh1 #dg ( ,brassemp\y1 #ea ( ,comb>elles1 #cb ( ,font de ,gaume1 #bi1 #cb ( ,laug]ie basse1 #df ( ,lortet1 #a ( ,m>s\las 7,haute ,g>onne71 #dc ( ,mas d',azil1 #dc ( ,niaux 7,arige71 #dc ( ,/4 ,mi*el d',arudy1 #de ,caves1 pictures on walls (1 #g ,c5sus ( species ( animals1 #abi ,*ick1 ,dr4 ,h>riette1 secret>y1 & ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 ,f4,r4,s41 *airman1 ( a committee inve/igat+ accessory food-factors1 #bcd ,*9ese great monad1 #baj ,circle1 h[ to divide x s z to describe a ,tomoye1 #bad ,citrus m$ica limonum1 ! lemon1 #bcf acida1 ! ,we/ ,indian s\r-lime1 #bcf ,coal1 #bag-bbb m9es1 annual output (1 #bba ,coal-t>1 #bbd ,c(f]-fi%1 #acj ,cold1 action ( extreme1 9 prev5t+ *emical comb9ation1 #agg ,copan1 circul> alt>-/one f1 divid$ by an ,s-%ap$ tr\gh s z to resemble ! ,tomoye1 #bac ,correlat$ *>act]s or /ructures1 #aai1 #abe ,crab1 common %ore1 v>iations 91 #aah ,crag1 ! ,r$1 ( ,suffolk1 #ch ! ,norwi*1 #ch ,crayfi%1 species (1 #abj ,cromagn>d race1 #h1 #i ,cross-bre$+ ( races1 #adj-aef ,cry/al ,palace1 !1 sixty ye>s ago1 #hd ,decorative design1 #bjj-bjh ,de]1 ! picture ( ! ,?ree1 #ac ,dew>1 ,sir ,james1 8 important exp]im5ts on action ( cold & ( light on phosphoresc5t bact]ia1 #ahh ,diplodocus1 a gigantic reptile1 #he1 #ia ,discov]ies falsely ann\nc$1 & o!rs misrepres5t$ or unnotic$ by newspap]s1 #agc1 #agf ,dolph9s 7oceanic col\r-*ang+ fi%71 #acj ,equus ! horse g5us1 ! hi/ory (1 #ajc ,exub]ances ( non-significant gr[?1 #abg1 #acj ,fat boys ( j\rnalism1 #agc ,f]tilization1 resi/ance to hybrid1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach ,fi% drawn betwe5 horse's legs1 #bc ,fi%es1 examples ( /rangely-%ap$1 #acj ,fleas1 species (1 #aje ,fl[]s ( tan survive desiccation1 #agi ,food1 ! accessory factors 91 #bcc ,fylfot1 !1 #aia ,gammadion1 !1 #aia ,geometrical prop]ties ( ! ,tomoye1 #baf ,g]m v>iation1 a con/ant process1 #aab ,gigantic reptiles1 #he1 #hg ,gigantosaurus1 discov]y (1 9 ,africa1 #hg upp]-arm bone (1 comp>$ ) t ( an elephant & ( man1 #hh ,gills ( crayfi%es1 #aba a new "o discov]$ by a lady /ud5t at ,ox=d1 #abc ,glacial p]iod1 #f ,goose engrav$ on re9de] antl]1 #di ,grammatiz+ v4 naturaliz+ 9 decorative art1 #bjb1 #bjc ,gr\se1 ! r$ & alli$ species1 #aaf1 #aag ,h>poons ( ,azilian & ,magdal5ian p]iod1 #c ,horses1 cave-m5's pictures (1 #dc1 #de ,horses' heads drawn ) bridle or halt]1 #dd1 #de ,hybrids1 #aca-ach among alli$ species ( fi%1 #acc1 #acd inf]tile & f]tile1 #acd1 #ace ,int]-,glacial climate & animals1 #i ,kaleidoscope1 ! liv+ organism comp>$ to a1 #aab ,kelv91 ,"l1 on ! orig9 ( life1 #ahf ,kipl+1 ,mr4 ,rudy>d1 on primitive man1 #d ,koban necropolis1 swa/ikas f1 #aif ,lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 #d ,lalanne1 ,m41 discov]y by1 ( human /atuettes1 #ej ,laussel1 rock-%elt] (1 human /atuettes f1 #ej ,life-sav+ qualities n alone survive 9 nature1 #abg ,lime-juice1 action (1 0 n und]/ood1 #bca & scurvy1 #bbi-bcg on long voyages1 #bca %[n to be effective :5 prep>$ f ! true lemon1 #bcf ! orig9al lime-juice 0 lemon-juice1 n ! juice ( ! s\r-lime1 #bcf :5 prep>$ f ,we/ ,indian s\r-lime n effective1 #bcb ,l9nu1 8 me?od ( nam+ & classify+ animals & plants1 #ii ,lion1 wall engrav+ (1 #dh ,li/] ,in/itute1 inve/igations c>ri$ on !re1 #bcc ,lodge1 ,sir ,oliv]1 on life1 #ahe ,lortet1 cav]n (1 #a ,mammo?1 engrav+ (1 on ivory1 f ! cave ( ,la ,madele9e1 #bf ,mammo?s1 engrav+s (1 on walls ( caves1 #cb1 #cc ,man1 ,isle (1 & ! ,sicilian ?ree-legg$ emblem1 #bjc ,mantell1 ,dr4 ,gideon1 discov]] ( gigantic ext9ct reptiles1 #hd ,m>%-gas1 #bbj ,milne-,edw>ds1 ,alphonse1 8 propos$ exp]im5t on cross-bre$+ ( races & species1 #ada ,misceg5ation or cross-bre$+ ( human races1 #adh-aef ,monaco1 ,pr9ce (1 8 rese>*es & publications1 #bi ,mongrels def9$ z di/9ct f hybrids1 #ach1 #ade may exhibit f9e qualities1 #adg ,mon/]s1 #acb ,mules betwe5 horse & ass1 #ajc ,myk5an age1 swa/ikas (1 illu/rat$1 #aid1 #aie ,ne&] m51 #h ,negro ) ,european features dislik$ by o!r negroes1 #aee ,neoli?ic p1 #aj ,ogee1 a vague t]m1 #bae swa/ika1 s-call$1 #baj1 #bac ,oil1 bor+ =1 #bbc ,oil-bor+ indu/ry1 #bbf ,oil-%ales1 #bbg ,okapi ( ! ,congo ,=e/1 n a hybrid1 #acc ,olef9es1 #bbd ,osborn1 ,rev4 ,"l ,sydney ,godolph91 #agi ,pair+ z a te/ ( species1 #aja1 #aca ,paloli?ic or anci5t ,/one ,age1 #e ,papilio1 ! g5us ( swall[-tail$ butt]flies1 #ig ,p>aff9 s]ies1 #bbd ,peat1 #bai ,p$alion1 ! leg-be>+ :eel animalcule1 #afa1 #afc to be comp>$ ) "y ( c]ta9 prawns1 #afd ,petroleum1 ! 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