,,on ,,love ,,stendhal 7,,henry ,,beyle7 ,,on ,,love ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,and ,,notes ,,by ,,philip ,,sidney ,,woolf ,,and ,,cecil ,n4 ,,sidney ,,woolf1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,fellow ,,of ,,trinity ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,that you should be made a fool of by a young woman1 why1 it is many an honest man's case4 ,the ,pirate4 ,,new ,,york ,,brentano',s ,,to ,b4 ,k4 ,,for ,,whom ,,the ,,translation ,,was ,,begun ,first ,published #aiae ,reprinted #aibj ,printed in ,great ,britain at ,the ,mayflower ,press1 ,plymouth4 ,william ,brendon ,son1 ,ltd4 ,pg v ,,introductory ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,translation ,stendhal's three prefaces to this work on ,love are not an encouraging opening4 ,their main theme is the utter incomprehensibility of the book to all but a very select few--a hundred readers only3 they are rather warnings than introductions4 ,certainly1 the early life of ,stendhal's ,de l',amour justifies this somewhat distant attitude towards the public4 ,the first and second editions were phenomenal failures--not even a hundred readers were forthcoming4 ,but ,stendhal1 writing in the early part of the nineteenth century1 himself prophesied that the twentieth would find his ideas at least more comprehensible4 ,the ideas of genius in one age are the normal spiritual food for superior intellect in the next4 ,stendhal is still something of a mystery to the general public2 but the ideas1 which he agitated1 are at present regarded as some of the most important subjects for immediate enquiry by many of the keenest and most practical minds of ,europe4 ,a glance at the headings of the chapters gives an idea of the breadth of ,stendhal's treatment of love4 ,he touches on every side of the social relationship between man and woman2 and while considering the disposition of individual nations towards love1 gives us a brilliant1 if one-sided1 general criticism of these nations1 conscious throughout of the intimate connexion in any given age between its conceptions of love and the status of woman4 ,stendhal's ideal of love has various names3 it is generally passion-love1 but more particularly love ,pg vi l'italienne4#a ,the thing in itself is always the same--it is the love of a man and a woman1 not as husband and wife1 not as mistress and lover1 but as two human beings1 who find the highest possible pleasure1 not in passing so many hours of the day or night together1 but in living one life4 ,still more1 it is the attachment of two free fellow-creatures--not of master and slave4 ,stendhal was born in #aghc--;eight years before ,olympe de ,gouges1 the ,french ,mary ,wollstonecraft1 published her ,dclaration des ,droits des ,femmes4 ,that is to say1 by the time ,stendhal had reached mental maturity1 ,europe had for some time been acquainted with the cry for ,women's ,rights1 and heard the earliest statement of the demands1 which have broadened out into what our age glibly calls the ,woman ,question4 ,how1 may we ask1 does ,stendhal's standpoint correspond with his chronological position between the ,french ,revolution and the ,votes for ,women campaign of the present day8 ,stendhal is emphatically a champion of ,women's ,rights4 ,it is true that the freedom1 which ,stendhal demands1 is designed for other ends than are associated to-day with women's claims4 ,perhaps ,stendhal1 were he alive now1 would cry out against what he would call a distortion of the movement he championed4 ,men1 and still more women1 must be free1 ,stendhal holds1 in order to love2 his chapters in this book on the education of women are all an earnest and brilliant plea to prove that an educated woman is not necessarily a pedant2 that she is1 on the contrary1 far more lovable than the uneducated woman1 whom our grandfathers brought up on the piano1 needlework and the ,catechism2 in fine1 that intellectual sympathy is the true basis of happiness in the relations of the two sexes4 ,modern exponents of ,women's ,rights will say that this is true1 but only half the truth4 ,it would be more correct to say that ,stendhal ,pg vii saw the whole truth1 but forbore to follow it out to its logical conclusion with the blind intransigeance of the modern propagandist4 ,be that as it may1 ,stendhal certainly deserves more acknowledgment1 as one of the pioneers in the movement1 than he generally receives from its present-day supporters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stendhal was continually lamenting his want of ability to write4 ,according to him1 a perusal of the ,code ,civil1 before composition1 was the best way he had found of grooming his style4 ,this may well have something to do with the opinion1 handed on from one history of ,french literature to another1 that ,stendhal1 like ,balzac--it is usually put in these very words--had no style4 ,it is not1 correctly speaking1 what the critics themselves mean3 to have no style would be to chop and change from one method of expression to another1 and nothing could be less truly said of either of these writers4 ,they mean that he had a bad style1 and that is certainly a matter of taste4 ,perhaps the critics1 while condemning1 condemn themselves4 ,it is the severe beauty of the ,code ,civil which1 makes them uncomfortable4 ,an eye for an eye and a spade for a spade is ,stendhal's way4 ,he is suspicious of the slightest adornment3 everything that is thought clearly can be written simply4 ,other writers have had as simplified a style--,montesquieu or ,voltaire1 for example--but there is scant merit in telling simply a simple lie1 and ,voltaire1 as ,stendhal himself says1 was afraid of things which are difficult to put into words4 ,this kind of daintiness is not ,stendhal's simplicity3 he is merely uncompromising and blunt4 ,true1 his bluntness is excessive4 ,a nice balance between the severity of the ,code ,civil and the drums and tramplings of ,elizabethan ,english comes as naturally to an indifferent pen1 whipped into a state of false enthusiasm1 as it is foreign to the warmth ,pg viii of genuine conviction4 ,had ,stendhal been a little less vehement and a little less hard-headed1 there might have been fewer modifications1 a few less repetitions1 contradictions1 ellipses--but then so much the less ,stendhal4 ,in that case he might have trusted himself3 as it was he knew his own tendency too well and took fright4 ,sometimes in reading ,carlyle1 one wishes that he had felt the same kind of modesty3 he1 certainly1 could never have kept to the thin centre line1 and we should have had another great writer without a style4 ,effect meant little to ,stendhal1 hard fact and clearness everything4 ,perhaps1 he would often have made his meaning clearer1 if he had been less suspicious of studied effect and elaborate writing4 ,not infrequently he succeeds in being colloquial and matter-of-fact1 without being definite4 ,stendhal was beset with a horror of being artistic4 ,was it not he who said of an artist1 whose dress was particularly elaborate3 ,depend upon it1 a man who adorns his person will also adorn his work8 ,stendhal was a soldier first1 then a writer--,salviati#b is a soldier4 ,certainly it is his contempt for the type of person--even commoner1 perhaps1 in #aiad than in #ahad--who carries his emotions on his sleeve1 which accounts for ,stendhal's naive disclaimer of personal responsibility1 the invention of ,lisio#c and ,salviati1 mythical authors of this work on love--all a thin screen to hide his own obsession1 which manages1 none the less1 to break through unmasked on almost every page4 ,the translation makes no attempt to hide these peculiarities or even to make too definite a sense from a necessarily doubtful passage4#d ,its whole aim is to reproduce ,pg ix ,stendhal's essay in ,english1 just as it stands in ,french4 ,no other ,english translation of the whole work exists3 only a selection of its maxims translated piece-meal4#e ,had a translation existed1 we should certainly not have undertaken another4 ,as it is1 we have relied upon a great sympathy with the author1 and a studied adhesion to what he said1 in order to reconstruct this essay--encouraged by the conviction that the one is as necessary as the other in order to obtain a satisfactory result4 ,charles ,cotton's ,montaigne seems to us the pattern of all good translations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in spite of the four prefaces of the original1 we felt it advisable to add still another to the ,english translation4 ,stendhal said that no book stood in greater need of a word of introduction4 ,that was in ,paris--here it is a foreigner1 dressed up1 we trust1 quite l'anglaise1 but still1 perhaps1 a little awkward1 and certainly in need of something more than the chilly announcement of the title page--about as encouraging as the voice of the flunkey1 who bawls out your name at a party over the heads of the crowd already assembled4 ,true1 the old ,english treatment of foreigners has sadly degenerated3 more bows than brickbats are their portion1 now ,london knows the charm of cabarets1 revues and cheap ,french cooking4#f ,the work in itself is conspicuous1 if not unique4 ,books on ,love are legion3 how could it be otherwise8 ,it was probably the first topic of conversation1 and none has since been found more interesting4 ,but ,stendhal has devised a new treatment of the subject4 ,his method is analytical and scientific1 but1 at the same time1 ,pg x there is no attempt at bringing the subject into line with a science2 it is no part of erotology--there is no ,greek ending with a little passing bell ,that signifies some faith about to die4#g ,his faith is unimpeachable and his curiosity and honesty unbounded3 this is what makes him conspicuous4 ,in claiming to be scientific1 ,stendhal meant nothing more than that his essay was based purely upon unbiassed observation2 that he accepted nothing upon vague hearsay or from tradition2 that even the finer shades of sentiment could be observed with as much disinterested precision1 if not made to yield as definite results1 as any other natural phenomena4 ,the man who has known love finds all else unsatisfying--is1 properly speaking1 a scientific fact4 ,analytical1 however1 is the best word to characterise the ,stendhalian method4 ,scientific suggests1 perhaps1 more naturally the broader treatment of love1 which is familiar in ,greek literature1 lives all through the ,middle ,ages1 is typified in ,dante1 and survives later in a host of ,renaissance dialogues and treatises on ,love4 ,this love--see it in the ,symposium of ,plato1 in ,dante or in the ,dialoghi of ,leone ,ebreo--is more than a human passion1 it is also the amor che muove il sole e le altre stelle1 the force of attraction which1 combined with hate1 the force of repulsion1 is the cause of universal movement4 ,in this way love is not only scientifically treated1 it embraces all other sciences within it4 ,scientists will smile1 but the day of ,science and ,art with a contemptuous smile for each other is over4 ,true1 the feeling underlying this cosmic treatment of love is very human1 very simple--a conviction that love1 as a human passion1 is all-important1 and a desire to justify its importance by finding it a place in a larger order of ,pg xi things1 in the mystical mathematics of the kingdom of ,heaven4 ,weaker heads than ,plato are also pleased to call love divine1 without knowing very clearly what they mean by divinity4 ,their ignorance is relative2 the allegorical representation of ,eros--damned and deified alternately by the poets--is in motive1 perhaps1 not so far from what we have called the scientific1 but1 perhaps1 might better have named the cosmic1 treatment4 ,in a rough classification of books on ,love one can imagine a large number collected under the heading--,academic4 ,one looks for something to express that want of plain dealing1 of terre--terre frankness1 which is so deplorable in the literature of ,love1 and is yet the distinctive mark of so much of it4 ,academic comprehends a wide range of works all based on a more or less set or conventional theory of the passions4 ,it includes the average modern novel1 in which convention is supreme and experience negligible--just a traditional1 lifeless affair1 in which there is not even a pretence of curiosity or love of truth4 ,and1 at the same time1 academic is the label for the kind of book in which convention is rather on the surface1 rather in the form than in the matter4 ,tullia of ,aragon1 for example1 was no tyro in the theory and practice of love1 but her ,dialogo d',amore is still distinctly academic4 ,of course it is easy to be misled by a stiff varnish of old-fashioned phrase2 the reader in search of sincerity will look for it in the thought expressed1 not in the manner of expression4 ,there is more to be learnt about love from ,werther1 with all his wordy sorrows1 than from the slick tongue of ,yorick1 who found it a singular blessing of his life to be almost every hour of it miserably in love with someone4 ,but1 then1 just because ,werther is wordy1 all his feelings come out1 expressed one way or another4 ,with ,tullia1 and others like her1 one feels that so much is suppressed1 because it did not fit the conventional ,pg xii frame4 ,what she says she felt1 but she must have felt so much more or have known that others felt more4 ,this suppression of truth has1 of course1 nothing to do with the partial treatment of love necessary often in purely imaginative literature4 ,no one goes to poetry for an anatomy of love4 ,not love1 but people in love1 are the business of a playwright or a novelist4 ,the difference is very great4 ,the purely imaginative writer is dealing with situations first1 and then with the passions that cause them4 ,here it is interesting to observe that ,stendhal1 in gathering his evidence1 makes use of works of imagination as often as works based upon fact or his own actual experience4#h ,characters from ,scott are called in as witnesses1 side by side with ,mademoiselle de ,lespinasse or ,mariana ,alcaforado4 ,the books mentioned by ,stendhal are of two distinct kinds4 ,there are those1 from which he draws evidence and support for his own theories1 and in which the connexion with love is only incidental 7,shakespeare's ,plays1 for example1 ,don ,juan or the ,nouvelle ,hlose71 and others whose authors are really his forerunners1 such as ,andr le ,chapelain4#i ,stendhal gives some account of this curious writer1 who perhaps comes nearer his own analytical method than any later writer4 ,in fact1 we have called ,stendhal unique perhaps too rashly--there are others he does not mention1 who1 in a less sustained and intentional way1 have attempted an analytical1 and still imaginative1 study of love4 ,stendhal makes no mention of a short essay on ,love by ,pascal1 which certainly falls in the same category as his own4 ,it is less illuminating than one might expect1 but to read it is to appreciate still more the restraint1 which ,stendhal has consciously forced upon himself4 ,others also since ,pg xiii ,stendhal--,baudelaire1 for instance--have made casual and valuable investigations in the ,stendhalian method4 ,baudelaire has here and there a maxim which1 in brilliance and exactitude1 equals almost anything in this volume4#aj ,and then--though this is no place for a bibliography of love--there is ,hazlitt's ,liber ,amoris4 ,stendhal would have loved that patient1 impartial chronicle of love's ravages3 instead of ,parisian salons and ,duchesses it is all servant-girls and ,bloomsbury lodging-houses2 but the ,liber ,amoris is no less pitiful and1 if possible1 more real than the diary of ,salviati4 ,there are certain books which1 for the frequency of their mention in this work1 demand especial attention of the reader--they are its commentary and furnish much of the material for its ideas4 ,in number ,,clxv of ,scattered ,fragments 7below1 p4 #cbh7 ,stendhal gives the list as follows3-- ,the ,autobiography of ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,the novels of ,cervantes and ,scarron4 ,manon ,lescaut and ,le ,doyen de ,killerine1 by the ,abb ,prvt4 ,the ,latin ,letters of ,hlose to ,abelard4 ,tom ,jones4 ,letters of a ,portuguese ,nun4 ,two or three stories by ,auguste ,la ,fontaine4 ,pignotti's ,history of ,tuscany4 ,werther4 ,brantme4 ,memoirs of ,carlo ,gozzi 7,venice1 #agfj7--only the eighty pages on the history of his love affairs4 ,the ,memoirs of ,lauzun1 ,saint-,simon1 d'pinay1 de ,stal1 ,marmontel1 ,bezenval1 ,roland1 ,duclos1 ,horace ,walpole1 ,evelyn1 ,hutchinson4 ,letters of ,mademoiselle ,lespinasse4 ,pg xiv ,all these are more or less famous works1 with which1 at least by name1 the general reader is familiar4 ,brantme's witty and entertaining writings1 the ,letters of a ,portuguese ,nun and those of ,mademoiselle de ,lespinasse1 perhaps the sublimest letters that have ever been written1 are far less read than they deserve4 ,the rest--excepting perhaps ,scarron1 ,carlo ,gozzi1 ,auguste ,la ,fontaine1 and one or two of the less-known ,memoirs--are the common reading of a very large public4 ,this list of books is mentioned as the select library of ,lisio ,visconti1 who was anything but a great reader4 ,lisio ,visconti is one of the many imaginary figures1 behind which hides ,stendhal himself2 we have already suggested one reason for this curious trait4 ,besides ,lisio ,visconti and ,salviati1 we meet ,del ,rosso1 ,scotti1 ,delfante1 ,pignatelli1 ,zilietti1 ,baron de ,bottmer1 etc4 etc4 ,often these phantom people are mentioned side by side with a character from a book or a play or with someone ,stendhal had actually met in life4 ,general ,teuli#aa is a real person--,stendhal's superior officer on his first expedition in ,italy3 ,schiassetti is a fiction4 ,in the same way the dates1 which the reader will often find appended to a story or a note1 sometimes give the date of a real event in ,stendhal's life1 while at other times it can be proved that1 at the particular time given1 the event mentioned could not have taken place4 ,this falsification of names and dates was a mania with ,stendhal4 ,to most of his friends he gave a name completely different from their real one1 and adopted with each of them a special pseudonym for himself4 ,the list of ,stendhal's pseudonyms is extensive and amusing4#ab ,but he was not always thorough in his system of disguise3 he is even known to have written from ,italy a letter in cypher1 enclosing at the same time the key to the cypher6 ,pg xv ,we have only to make a few additions to ,lisio ,visconti's list of books already mentioned1 in order to have a pretty fair account of the main sources of reference and suggestion1 to which ,stendhal turned in writing his ,de l',amour4#ac ,there are ,rousseau's ,nouvelle ,hlose and mile4 ,stendhal holds that1 except for very green youth1 the ,nouvelle ,hlose is unreadable4 ,yet in spite of its affectation1 it remained for him one of the most important works for the study of genuine passion4 ,then we must add the ,liaisons ,dangereuses--a work which bears certain resemblances to ,stendhal's ,de l',amour4 ,both are the work of a soldier and both have a soldierly directness2 for perfect balance and strength of construction few books have come near the ,liaisons ,dangereuses--none have ever surpassed it4 ,there is the ,princesse de ,clves of ,madame de ,lafayette and ,corinne by ,madame de ,stal1 whose typically ,german and extravagant admiration for ,italy touched a weak spot in ,stendhal4 ,after ,chateaubriand's ,gnie du ,christianisme1 which ,stendhal also refers to more than once1 the works of ,madame de ,stal were1 perhaps1 the greatest working influence in the rise of ,romanticism4 ,what wonder1 then1 that ,stendhal was interested8 ,to the letters of ,mlle4 de ,lespinasse and of the ,portuguese ,nun we must add the letters of ,mirabeau1 written during his imprisonment at ,vincennes1 to ,sophie de ,monnier4 ,further1 we must add the writings of certain moral teachers whose names occur frequently in the following pages3 ,helvtius1 whom ,clartie#ad amusingly calls the enfant terrible of the philosophers2 de ,tracy#ae2 ,volney1 author of the once celebrated ,ruines1 traveller and philosopher4 ,these names are only the most important4 ,stendhal's reading was ,pg xvi extensive1 and we might swell the list with the names of ,montesquieu1 ,condillac1 ,condorcet1 ,chamfort1 ,diderot--to name only the moralists4 ,it is noticeable that almost all these books1 mentioned as the favourite authorities of ,stendhal1 are eighteenth-century works4 ,the fact will seem suspicious to those inclined to believe that the eighteenth century was a time of pretty ways and gallantry la ,watteau1 or of windy mouthings about ,cause and ,effect1 ,duties and ,principles1 ,reason and ,nature4 ,but1 to begin with1 neither estimate comes near the mark2 and1 moreover1 ,stendhal hated ,voltaire almost as much as ,blake did4 ,it was not an indiscriminate cry of ,rights and ,liberty which interested ,stendhal in the eighteenth century4 ,the old rgime was1 of course1 politically uncongenial to him1 the liberal and ,bonapartist1 and he could see the stupidity and injustice and hollowness of a society built up on privilege4 ,but even if ,stendhal1 like the happy optimist of to-day1 had mistaken the hatred of past wrongs for a proof of present well-being1 how could a student of ,love fail to be fascinated by an age such as that of ,lewis ,,xv8 ,it was the leisure for loving1 which1 as he was always remarking1 court-life and only court-life makes possible1 that reconciled him to an age he really despised4 ,moreover1 the mass of memoirs and letters of the distinguished men and women of the eighteenth century1 offering as it does material for the study of manners unparalleled in any other age1 inevitably led him back to the court-life of the ancien rgime4 ,besides1 as has been already suggested1 the contradiction in ,stendhal was strong4 ,in spite of his liberalism1 he was pleased in later life to add the aristocratic de to the name of ,beyle4 ,with ,lord ,byron1 divided in heart between the generous love of liberty which led him to fight for the freedom of ,greece1 and disgust at the vulgarity of the ,radical party1 which he had left behind in ,england1 ,stendhal found himself closely in sympathy ,pg xvii when they met in ,italy4 ,it was the originality#af of the men of the sixteenth century which called forth his genuine praises2 even the statesmen-courtiers and soldiers of the heroic age of ,lewis ,,xiv awoke his admiration2#ag the gallant courtiers and incompetent statesmen of ,lewis ,,xv awoke at least his interest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stendhal's ,de l',amour1 and in less degree his novels1 have had to struggle for recognition1 and the cause has largely been the peculiarity of his attitude--his scepticism1 the exaggerated severity of his treatment of idyllic subjects1 together with an unusual complement of sentiment and appreciation of the value of sentiment for the understanding of life4 ,it is his manner of thinking1 much rather than the strangeness of his thoughts themselves1 which made the world hesitate to give ,stendhal the position which it now accords him4 ,but at least one great discovery the world did find in ,de l',amour--a novelty quite apart from general characteristics1 apart from its strange abruptness and stranger truth of detail4 ,stendhal's discovery is ,crystallisation2 it is the central idea of his book4 ,the word was his invention1 though the thought1 which it expresses so decisively1 is to be found1 like most so-called advanced ideas1 hidden away in a corner of ,montaigne's ,essays4#ah ,crystallisation is the ,pg xviii process by which we love an object for qualities1 which primarily exist in our fancy and which we lend to it1 that is to say1 imaginary or unreal qualities4 ,while ,montaigne1 and others no doubt1 had seen in this a peculiarity of love1 ,stendhal saw in it love's essential characteristic--one might say1 its explanation1 if love were capable of being explained4 ,besides1 in this book ,stendhal is seeking the how not the why of love4 ,and he goes beyond love3 he recognises the influence of crystallisation upon other sides of life besides love4 ,crystallisation has become an integral part of the world's equipment for thought and expression4 ,the crisis in ,stendhal's posthumous history is ,sainte-,beuve's ,causeries des ,lundis of ,january #bnd and #ith1 #ahed1 of which ,stendhal was the subject4 ,stendhal died in #ahdb4 ,it is sometimes said that his reputation is a fictitious reputation1 intentionally worked up by partisanship and without regard to merit1 that in his lifetime he was poorly thought of4 ,this is untrue4 ,his artistic activities1 like his military1 were appreciated by those competent to judge them4 ,he was complimented by ,napoleon on his services prior to the retreat from ,moscow2 ,balzac1 who of all men was capable of judging a novel and1 still more1 a direct analysis of a passion1 was one of his admirers1 and particularly an admirer of ,de l',amour4 ,from the general public he met to a great extent with mistrust1 and for a few years after his death his memory was honoured with apathetic silence4 ,the few1 a chosen public and some faithful friends--,mrime and others--still cherished his reputation4 ,in #ahec1 owing in great measure to the efforts of ,romain ,colomb and ,louis ,crozet1 a complete edition of his works was published by ,michel-,lvy4 ,and then1 very appropriately1 early in the next year was heard the impressive judgment of ,sainte-,beuve4 ,perhaps the justest remark in that just appreciation is where he gives ,stendhal the merit of being one of the first ,frenchmen to travel littrairement ,pg xix parlant4#ai ,stendhal came back from each of his many and frequent voyages1 like the happy traveller in ,joachim du ,bellay's sonnet1 plein d'usage et raison--knowing the ways of men and full of ripe wisdom4 ,and this is true not only of his travels over land and sea1 but also of those into the thoughtful world of books4 ,an equally true--perhaps still truer--note was struck by ,sainte-,beuve1 when he insisted on the important place in ,stendhal's character played by la peur d'tre dupe--the fear of being duped4 ,stendhal was always and in all situations beset by this fear2 it tainted his happiest moments and his best qualities4 ,we have already remarked on the effect on his style of his mistrust of himself--it is the same characteristic4 ,a sentimental romantic by nature1 he was always on his guard against the follies of a sentimental outlook2 a sceptic by education and the effect of his age1 he was afraid of being the dupe of his doubts2 he was sceptical of scepticism itself4 ,this tended to make him unreal and affected1 made him often defeat his own ends in the oddest way4 ,in order to avoid the possibility of being carried away too far along a course1 in which instinct led him1 he would choose a direction approved instead by his intellect1 only to find out too late that he was cutting therein a sorry figure4 ,remember1 as a boy he made his entrance into the world with the fixed intention of being a seducer of women1 and that1 late in life1 he made the melancholy confession that his normal role was that of the lover crossed in love4 ,here lies the commentary on not a little in ,stendhal's life and works4 ,the facts of his life can be told very briefly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,henry ,beyle1 who wrote under the name of ,stendhal1 was born at ,grenoble in #aghc1 and was educated in his ,pg xx native town4 ,in #agii he came to ,paris and was placed there under the protection of ,daru1 an important officer under ,napoleon1 a relative and patron of his family4 ,but he showed no fitness for the various kinds of office work to which he was put4 ,he tried his hand at this time1 unsuccessfully also1 at painting4 ,in #ahjj1 still under the protection of ,daru1 he went to ,italy1 and1 having obtained a commission in the #fth regiment of ,dragoons1 had his first experience of active service4 ,by #ahjb he had distinguished himself as a soldier1 and it was to the general surprise of all who knew him1 that he returned to ,france on leave1 handed in his papers and returned to ,grenoble4 ,he soon returned to ,paris1 there to begin serious study4 ,but in #ahjf1 he was once more with ,daru and the army1--present at the triumphal entry of ,napoleon into ,berlin4 ,it was directly after this that he was sent to ,brunswick as assistant commissaire des guerres4 ,he left ,brunswick in #ahji1 but after a flying visit to ,paris1 he was again given official employment in ,germany4 ,he was with the army at ,vienna4 ,after the peace of ,schoenbrunn he returned once more to ,paris in #ahaj4 ,in #ahab1 he saw service once more--taking an active and distinguished part in the ,russian campaign of that year4 ,he was complimented by ,napoleon on the way he had discharged his duties in the commissariat4 ,he witnessed the burning of ,moscow and shared in the horrors and hardships of the retreat4 ,in #ahac his duties brought him to ,segan in ,silesia1 and in #ahad to his native town of ,grenoble4 ,the fall of ,napoleon in the same year deprived him of his position and prospects4 ,he went to ,milan and stayed there with little interruption till #ahba2 only leaving after these1 the happiest1 years of his life1 through fear of being implicated in the ,carbonari troubles4 ,in #ahcj1 he was appointed to the consulate of ,trieste2 but ,metternich1 who1 no doubt1 mistrusted his liberal ,pg xxi tendencies1 refused to ratify his appointment1 and he was transferred to ,civita ,vecchia4 ,this unhealthy district tried his health1 and frequent travel did not succeed in repairing it4 ,in #ahda1 he was on leave in ,paris1 where he died suddenly in the following year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stendhal's best-known books are his two novels3 ,la ,chartreuse de ,parme and ,le ,rouge et le ,noir4 ,besides these there are his works of travel--,promenades dans ,rome and ,rome1 ,florence et ,naples2 ,mmoire d'un ,touriste2 his history of ,italian painting2 his lives of ,haydn1 ,mozart and ,rossini2 ,l',abbesse de ,castro and other minor works of fiction2 finally a number of autobiographical works1 of which ,la ,vie de ,henri ,brulard1 begun in his fiftieth year and left incomplete1 is the most important4 ,but ,de l',amour1 ,stendhal himself considered his most important work2 it was written1 as he tells us1 in his happy years in ,lombardy4 ,it was published on his return to ,paris in #ahbb1 but it had no success1 and copies of this edition are very rare4 ,recently it has been reprinted by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,dent and ,sons 7in ,chef d'uvres de la ,littrature ,franaise1 ,london and ,paris1 #aiab74 ,the second edition 7#ahcc7 had no more success than the first and is equally difficult to find4 ,stendhal was preparing a third edition for the press when he died in #ahdb4 ,in #ahec the work made a new appearance in the edition of ,stendhal's works published by ,michel-,lvy1 since reprinted by ,calmann-,lvy4 ,it contains certain additions1 some of which ,stendhal probably intended for the new edition1 which he was planning at the time of his death4 ,within the last year have appeared the first volumes of a new ,french edition of ,stendhal's works1 published by ,messrs4 ,honor and ,edouard ,champion of ,paris4 ,pg xxii ,it will be the most complete edition of ,stendhal's works yet published and is the surest evidence that ,stendhal's position in ,french literature is now assured4 ,the volume containing ,de l',amour has not yet appeared4 ,the basis of this translation is the first edition1 to which we have only added three prefaces1 written by ,stendhal at various1 subsequent dates and all well worth perusal4 ,apart from these1 we have preferred to leave the book just as it appeared in the two editions1 which were published in ,stendhal's own lifetime4 ,we may1 perhaps1 add a word with regard to our notes at the end of the book4 ,we make no claim that they are exhaustive3 we intended only to select some few points for explanation or illustration1 with the ,english reader in view4 ,here and there in this book are sentences and allusions which we can no more explain than could ,stendhal himself1 when in #ahbb he was correcting the proof-sheets3 as he did1 we have left them1 preferring to believe with him that the fault lay with the self who was reading1 not with the self who had written4 ,but1 these few enigmas aside--and they are very few--to make an exhaustive collection of notes on this book would be to write another volume--one of those volumes of ,notes and ,appendices1 under which scholars bury a ,pindar or ,catullus4 ,that labour we will gladly leave to others--to be accomplished1 we hope1 a thousand years hence1 when ,french also is a dead language4 ,in conclusion we should like to express our thanks to our friend ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,morant1 of the ,india ,office1 who has helped us to see the translation through the ,press4 ,p4 and ,c4 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 #a ,see p4 #aie1 below4 #b ,see below1 ,chap4 ,,xxxi4 #c ,see note at end of ,chap4 ,i1 p4 #ba1 below2 also p4 ,,xiv and p4 #aeg1 n4 #c1 below4 #d ,stendhal confesses that he went so far as to print several passages which he did not understand himself4 7,see p4 #d1 below47 #e ,maxims of ,love 7,stendhal74 7,royal ,library1 ,arthur ,humphreys1 ,london1 #aijf74 #f ,lady ,holland told ,lord ,broughton in #ahae1 that she remembered when it used to be said on the invitation cards3 ',no foreigners dine with us4' 7,recollections of a ,long ,life1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbg74 #g ,he does call it1 once or twice1 a ,physiology of ,love1 and elsewhere a livre d'idologie1 but apologises for its singular form at the same time4 7,see ,fourth ,preface1 p4 #aa1 and ,chap4 ,,iii1 p4 #bg1 n4 #a74 #h ,see p4 #fc1 n4 #a1 below4 #i ,see p4 #cci1 below4 #aj ,see ,translators' note #aa1 p4 #cdc1 below4 #aa ,see p4 #cji1 below4 #ab ,the list may be found in ,les plus belles pages de ,stendhal 7,mercure de ,france1 ,paris1 #aijh1 pp4 #eaa-ad74 #ac ,on p4 #g1 below1 ,stendhal refers to some of the best books on ,love4 #ad ,histoire de la ,littrature ,franaise 7#hjj-aijj71 ,paris1 #aijg4 #ae ,see ,translators' note #dg1 p4 #cec1 below4 #af ,see ,chap4 ,,xli1 p4 #aei1 below4 #ag ,see ,chap4 ,,xli1 p4 #afj1 n4 #d1 below4 #ah ,like the passion of ,love that lends ,beauties and ,graces to the ,person it does embrace2 and that makes those who are caught with it1 with a depraved and corrupt ,judgment1 consider the thing they love other and more perfect than it is4--,montaigne's ,essays1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 ,chapter ,,xvii 7,cotton's translation47 ,this is crystallisation--,stendhal could not explain it better4 ,we cannot here forgo quoting one more passage from ,montaigne1 which bears distinctly upon other important views of ,stendhal4 ,i say that ,males and ,females are cast in the same ,mould and that1 ,education and ,usage excepted1 the ,difference is not great4444 ,it is much more easy to accuse one ,sex than to excuse the other4 ',tis according to the ,proverb--',ill may ,vice correct ,sin4' 7,bk4 ,ill1 ,chap4 ,v74 #ai ,in a literary sense4 ,pg xxiii ,,contents ,page ,introductory ,preface to the ,translation v ,author's ,preface4 ,i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b ,,iii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj ,,iv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa ,,book ,i ,,chapter ,i4 ,of ,love 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ai ,,ii4 ,of the ,birth of ,love4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bb ,,iii4 ,of ,hope 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bf ,,iv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bi ,v4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cj ,,vi4 ,the ,crystals of ,salzburg4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ca ,,vii4 ,differences between the ,birth of ,love in the ,two ,sexes4 4 #cc ,,viii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ce ,,ix4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ci ,x4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dj ,,xi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dc ,,xii4 ,further ,consideration of ,crystallisation4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #de ,,xiii4 ,of the ,first ,step2 ,of the ,fashionable ,world2 ,of ,misfortunes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dg ,pg xxiv ,,xiv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #di ,,xv4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eb ,,xvi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ec ,,xvii4 ,beauty ,dethroned by ,love4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ee ,,xviii4 ,limitations of ,beauty 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eg ,,xix4 ,limitations of ,beauty 7continued7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ei ,,xx4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fb ,,xxi4 ,love at ,first ,sight 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fc ,,xxii4 ,of ,infatuation4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ff ,,xxiii4 ,the ,thunderbolt from the ,blue 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fg ,,xxiv4 ,voyage in an ,unknown ,land 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ga ,,xxv4 ,the ,introduction4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gh ,,xxvi4 ,of ,modesty4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ha ,,xxvii4 ,the ,glance4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hi ,,xxviii4 ,of ,feminine ,pride 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ij ,,xxix4 ,of ,women's ,courage4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ih ,,xxx4 ,a ,peculiar and ,mournful ,spectacle 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb ,,xxxi4 ,extract from the ,diary of ,salviati4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc ,,xxxii4 ,of ,intimate ,intercourse 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aab ,,xxxiii4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aah ,,xxxiv4 ,of ,confidences4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aai ,,xxxv4 ,of ,jealousy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abc ,,xxxvi4 ,of ,jealousy 7continued7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abi ,,xxxvii4 ,roxana4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acb ,,xxxviii4 ,of ,self-,esteem ,piqued 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acd ,,xxxix4 ,of ,quarrelsome ,love 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ada ,,xxxix4 7,part ,,ii7 ,remedies against ,love 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adf ,,xxxix4 7,part ,,iii74 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adi ,pg xxv ,,book ,,ii ,,xl4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aee ,,xli4 ,of ,nations with regard to ,love--,france4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aeh ,,xlii4 ,france 7continued74 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afb ,,xliii4 ,italy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aff ,,xliv4 ,rome4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agj ,,xlv4 ,england 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agc ,,xlvi4 ,england 7continued7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agg ,,xlvii4 ,spain 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahb ,,xlviii4 ,german ,love 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahd ,,xlix4 ,a ,day in ,florence 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aij ,l4 ,love in the ,united ,states 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aig ,,li4 ,love in ,provence up to the ,conquest of ,toulouse1 in #acbh1 by the ,barbarians from the ,north 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjj ,,lii4 ,provence in the ,twelfth ,century 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjf ,,liii4 ,arabia--,fragments gathered and translated from an ,arab collection entitled ,the ,divan of ,love4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bac ,,liv4 ,of the ,education of ,women 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbb ,,lv4 ,objections to the ,education of ,women4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbg ,,lvi4 ,objections to the ,education of ,women 7continued74 4 4 4 #bcf ,,lvi4 7,part ,,ii7 ,on ,marriage 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bda ,,lvii4 ,of ,virtue1 so ,called4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdc ,,lviii4 ,state of ,europe with regard to ,marriage4-- ,switzerland and the ,oberland4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bde ,,lix4 ,werther and ,don ,juan4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bed ,,book ,,iii ,scattered ,fragments4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfg ,pg xxvi ,,appendix ,on the ,courts of ,love4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ccb ,code of ,love of the ,twelfth ,century4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ccf ,note on ,andr le ,chapelain 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cci ,translators' ,notes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cda ,note3 ,all the footnotes to the ,translation1 except those within square brackets1 which are the work of the ,translators1 are by ,stendhal himself4 ,the ,translators' notes at the end of the book are referred to by numerals enclosed within round brackets4 ,pg #a ,,preface#a ,it is in vain that an author solicits the indulgence of his public--the printed page is there to give the lie to his pretended modesty4 ,he would do better to trust to the justice1 patience and impartiality of his readers1 and it is to this last quality especially that the author of the present work makes his appeal4 ,he has often heard people in ,france speak of writings1 opinions or sentiments as being truly ,french2 and so he may well be afraid that1 by presenting facts truly as they are1 and showing respect only for sentiments and opinions that are universally true1 he may have provoked that jealous exclusiveness1 which1 in spite of its very doubtful character1 we have seen of late set up as a virtue4 ,what1 ,i wonder1 would become of history1 of ethics1 of science itself or of literature1 if they had to be truly ,german1 truly ,russian or ,italian1 truly ,spanish or ,english1 as soon as they had crossed the ,rhine1 the ,alps or the ,channel8 ,what are we to say to this kind of justice1 to this ambulatory truth8 ,when we see such expressions as devotion truly ,spanish1 virtues truly ,english1 seriously employed in the speeches of patriotic foreigners1 it is high time to suspect this sentiment1 which expresses itself in very similar terms also elsewhere4 ,at ,constantinople or among savages1 this blind and exclusive partiality for one's own country is a rabid thirst for blood2 among civilised peoples1 it is a morbid1 unhappy1 restless vanity1 that is ready to turn on you for a pinprick4#b #a ,to the first edition1 #ahbb4--,tr4 #b ,extract from the ,preface to ,m4 ,simond's ,voyage en ,suisse1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,pg #b ,,preface#a ,thi,s work has had no success3 it has been found unintelligible--not without reason4 ,therefore in this new edition the author's primary intention has been to render his ideas with clearness4 ,he has related how they came to him1 and he has made a preface and an introduction--all in order to be clear4 ,yet1 in spite of so much care1 out of a hundred who have read ,corinne1 there are not four readers who will understand this volume4 ,although it deals with ,love1 this little book is no novel1 and still less is it diverting like a novel4 ',tis simply and solely an exact scientific description of a kind of madness which is very rarely to be found in ,france4 ,the ,empire of propriety1 growing day by day wider1 under the influence of our fear of ridicule much more than through the purity of our morals1 has made of the word1 which serves as title to this work1 an expression1 of which outspoken mention is avoided and which at times seems even to give offence4 ,i have been forced to make use of it1 but the scientific austerity of the language shelters me1 ,i think1 in this respect1 from all reproach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i know one or two ,secretaries of ,legation who will1 at their return1 be able to tender me their services4 ,till then what can ,i say to the people who deny the facts of my narration8 ,beg them not to listen to it4 ,pg #c ,the form ,i have adopted may be reproached with egoism4 ,a traveller is allowed to say3 ,i was at ,new ,york1 thence ,i embarked for ,south ,america1 ,i made my way back as far as ,santa-,f-de-,bogota4 ,the gnats and mosquitoes made my life a misery during the journey1 and for three days ,i couldn't use my right eye4 ,the traveller is not accused of loving to talk of himself3 all his me's and my's are forgiven2 for that is the clearest and most interesting manner of telling what he has seen4 ,it is in order1 if possible1 to be clear and picturesque1 that the author of the present voyage into the little-known regions of the human heart says3 ,i went with ,mme4 ,gherardi to the salt mines of ,hallein4444 ,princess ,crescenzi said to me at ,rome4444 ,one day at ,berlin ,i saw handsome ,capt4 ,l4444 ,all these little things really happened to the author1 who passed fifteen years in ,germany and ,italy4 ,but more observant than sensitive1 he never encountered the least adventure himself1 never experienced a single personal sentiment worthy of narration4 ,even supposing that he had the pride to believe the contrary1 a still greater pride would have prevented him from publishing his heart and selling it on the market for six francs1 like those people who in their lifetime publish their memoirs4 ,correcting in #ahbb the proofs of this kind of moral voyage in ,italy and ,germany1 the author1 who had described the objects the day that he had seen them1 treated the manuscript1 containing the detailed description of all the phases of this malady of the soul called ,love1 with that blind respect1 shown by a scholar of the fourteenth century for a newly unearthed manuscript of ,lactantius or ,quintius ,curtius4 ,when the author met some obscure passage 7and often1 to say the truth1 that happened71 he always believed that the fault lay with the self who was reading1 not with the self who had written4 ,he confesses that his respect for the ,pg #d early manuscript carried him so far as to print several passages1 which he did not understand himself4 ,nothing more foolish for anyone who had thought of the good graces of the public2 but the author1 seeing ,paris again after long travels1 came to the conclusion that without grovelling before the ,press a success was not to be had4 ,well1 let him who brings himself to grovel keep that for the minister in power6 ,a so-called success being out of the question1 the author was pleased to publish his thoughts exactly as they had come to him4 ,this was once upon a time the procedure of those philosophers of ,greece1 whose practical wisdom filled him with rapturous admiration4 ,it requires years to gain admittance to the inner circle of ,italian society4 ,perhaps ,i shall have been the last traveller in that country4 ,for since the ,carbonari and the ,austrian invasion1 no foreigner will ever be received as a friend in the salons1 where such reckless gaiety reigned4 ,the traveller will see the monuments1 streets and public places of a city1 never the society--he will always be held in fear3 the inhabitants will suspect that he is a spy1 or fear that he is laughing at the battle of ,antrodoco and at the degradations1 which1 in that land1 are the one and only safeguard against the persecution of the eight or ten ministers or favourites who surround the ,prince4 ,personally1 ,i really loved the inhabitants and could see the truth4 ,sometimes for ten months together ,i never spoke a word of ,french1 and but for political troubles and the ,carbonari ,i would never have returned to ,france4 ,good-nature is what ,i prize above all things4 ,in spite of great care to be clear and lucid1 ,i cannot perform miracles3 ,i cannot give ears to the deaf nor eyes to the blind4 ,so the people of great fortunes and gross pleasures1 who have made a hundred thousand francs in the year preceding the moment they open this book1 had better quickly shut it1 especially if they are ,pg #e bankers1 manufacturers1 respectable industrial folk--that's to say1 people with eminently positive ideas4 ,this book would be less unintelligible to anyone who had made a large sum of money on the ,stock ,exchange or in a lottery4 ,such winnings may be found side by side with the habit of passing hours together in day-dreams1 in the enjoyment of the emotion evoked by a picture of ,prud'hon1 a phrase of ,mozart1 still more1 a certain peculiar look of a woman who is often in your thoughts4 ',tis not in this way that these people waste their time1 who pay ten thousand workmen at the end of each week3 their minds work always towards the useful and the positive4 ,the dreamer1 of whom ,i speak1 is the man they would hate1 if they had time2 'tis him they like to make the butt of their harmless jokes4 ,the industrial millionaire feels confusedly that such a man has more estime for a thought than for a bag of money4 ,i invite the studious young man to withdraw1 if in the same year as the industrial gained a hundred thousand francs1 he has acquired the knowledge of modern ,greek1 and is so proud of it that already he aspires to ,arabic4 ,i beg not to open this book every man1 who has not been unhappy for imaginary reasons1 reasons to which vanity is stranger1 and which he would be very ashamed to see divulged in the salons4 ,i am sure to displease those women who capture the consideration of these very salons by an affectation that never lapses for an instant4 ,some of these for a moment ,i have surprised in good earnest1 and so astonished1 that1 asking themselves the question1 they could no longer tell whether such and such a sentiment1 as they had just expressed1 was natural or affected4 ,how could such women judge of the portraiture of real feelings8 ,in fact this work has been their bte noire3 they say that the author must be a wretch4 ,to blush suddenly at the thought of certain youthful doings2 to have committed follies through sensibility ,pg #f and to suffer for them1 not because you cut a silly figure in the eyes of the salon1 but in the eyes of a certain person in the salon2 to be in love at the age of twenty-six in good earnest with a woman who loves another1 or even 7but the case is so rare that ,i scarcely dare write it1 for fear of sinking again into the unintelligible1 as in the first edition7--or even to enter the salon where the woman is whom you fancy that you love1 and to think only of reading in her eyes her opinion of you at the moment1 without any idea of putting on a love-lorn expression yourself--these are the antecedents ,i shall ask of my reader4 ,the description of many of these rare and subtle feelings has appeared obscure to people with positive ideas4 ,how manage to be clear in their eyes8 ,tell them of a rise of fifty centimes or a change in the tariff of ,columbia4#b ,the book before you explains simply and mathematically1 so to speak1 the curious feelings which succeed each other and form a whole called the ,passion of ,love4 ,imagine a fairly complicated geometrical figure1 drawn with white chalk on a large blackboard4 ,well1 ,i am going to explain that geometrical figure1 but on one condition--that it exists already on the blackboard1 for ,i personally cannot draw it4 ,it is this impossibility that makes it so difficult to write on ,love a book which is not a novel4 ,in order to follow with interest a philosophic examination of this feeling1 something is wanted in the reader besides understanding3 it is absolutely necessary that ,love has been seen by him4 ,but then where can a passion be seen8 ,this is a cause of obscurity that ,i shall never be able to eliminate4 ,pg #g ,love resembles what we call the ,milky ,way in heaven1 a gleaming mass formed by thousands of little stars1 each of which may be a nebula4 ,books have noted four or five hundred of the little feelings hanging together and so hard to recognise1 which compose this passion4 ,but even in these1 the least refined1 they have often blundered and taken the accessory for the principal4 ,the best of these books1 such as the ,nouvelle ,hlose1 the novels of ,madame ,cottin1 the ,letters of ,mademoiselle de ,lespinasse and ,manon ,lescaut1 have been written in ,france1 where the plant called ,love is always in fear of ridicule1 is overgrown by the demands of vanity1 the national passion1 and reaches its full height scarcely ever4 ,what is a knowledge of ,love got from novels8 ,after seeing it described--without ever feeling it--in hundreds of celebrated volumes1 what is to be said of seeking in mine the explanation of this madness8 ,i answer like an echo3 ',tis madness4 ,poor disillusioned young lady1 would you enjoy again that which busied you so some years ago1 which you dared mention to no one1 which almost cost you your honour8 ,it is for you that ,i have refashioned this book and tried to make it clearer4 ,after reading it1 never speak of it without a little scornful turn1 and throw it in your citron bookcase behind the other books--,i should even leave a few pages uncut4 ',tis not only a few pages that will be left uncut by the imperfect creature1 who thinks himself philosopher1 because he has remained always stranger to those reckless emotions1 which cause all our happiness of a week to depend upon a glance4 ,some people1 coming to the age of discretion1 use the whole force of their vanity to forget that there was a day when they were able to stoop so low as to court a woman and expose themselves to the humiliation of a refusal3 this book will win their hatred4 ,among the many clever people1 whom ,i have seen condemn this work1 for different reasons but all angrily1 ,pg #h those only seemed to me ridiculous1 who had the twofold conceit to pretend always to have been above the weakness of sensibility1 and yet to possess enough penetration to judge a priori of the degree of exactitude of a philosophic treatise1 which is nothing but an ordered description of these weaknesses4 ,the grave persons1 who enjoy in society their reputation as safe men with no romantic nonsense1 are far nearer to the understanding of a novel1 however impassioned1 than of a book of philosophy1 wherein the author describes coldly the various stages of the malady of the soul called ,love4 ,the novel moves them a little2 but before the philosophic treatise these sensible people are like blind men1 who getting a description of the pictures in a museum read out to them1 would say to the author3 ,you must agree1 sir1 that your work is horribly obscure4 ,what is to happen if these blind men chance to be wits1 established long since in possession of that title and with sovereign claims to clairvoyance8 ,the poor author will be treated prettily4 ,in fact1 it is what happened to him at the time of the first edition4 ,several copies were actually burnt through the raging vanity of very clever people4 ,i do not speak of insults all the more flattering for their fury3 the author was proclaimed to be coarse1 immoral1 a writer for the people1 a suspicious character1 etc4 ,in countries outworn by monarchy1 these titles are the surest reward for whoever thinks good to write on morals and does not dedicate his book to the ,mme4 ,dubarry of the day4 ,blessed literature1 if it were not in fashion1 and interested those alone for whom it was written6 ,in the time of the ,cid1 ,corneille was nothing for ,m4 le ,marquis de ,danjeau#c but a good fellow4 ,today the whole world thinks itself made to read ,m4 de ,lamartine3 so much the better for his publisher1 but so much the worse1 and a hundred times the worse1 for ,pg #i that great poet4 ,in our days genius offers accommodation to people to whom1 under penalty of losing caste1 it should never so much as give a thought4 ,the laborious and active1 very estimable and very positive life of a counsellor of ,state1 of a manufacturer of cotton goods or of a banker with a keen eye for loans finds its reward in millions1 not in tender sensation4 ,little by little the heart of these gentlemen ossifies3 the positive and the useful are for them everything1 and their soul is closed to that feeling1 which of all others has the greatest need of our leisure and makes us most unfit for any rational and steady occupation4 ,the only object of this preface is to proclaim that this book has the misfortune of being incomprehensible to all who have not found time to play the fool4 ,many people will feel offended and ,i trust they will go no further4 #a ,may1 #ahbf4--,tr4 #b ,cut this passage out1 say my friends4 ,nothing could be truer1 but beware of the men of business3 they'll cry out on the aristocrat4 ,in #ahab ,i was not afraid of the ,treasury3 so why should ,i be afraid of the millionaire in #ahbj8 ,the ships supplied to the ,pasha of ,egypt have opened my eyes in their direction1 and ,i fear nothing but what ,i respect4 #c ,vide p4 #abj of ,mmoires de ,danjeau 7dition ,genlis74 ,pg #aj ,,preface#a ,i write for a hundred readers only and of these unhappy charming beings1 without hypocrisy or moral cant1 whom ,i would please1 ,i know scarcely a couple4 ,of such as lie to gain consideration as writers1 ,i take little heed4 ,certain fine ladies should keep to the accounts of their cook and the fashionable preacher of the day1 be it ,massillon or ,mme4 ,necker1 to be able to talk on these topics with the women of importance who mete out consideration4 ,and to be sure1 in ,france this noble distinction is always to be won by turning high priest of any fad4 ,to anyone who would read this book ,i would say3 ,in all your life have you been unhappy six months for love8 ,or1 was your soul ever touched by sorrow not connected with the thought of a lawsuit1 with failure at the last election1 or with having cut a less brilliant figure than usual last season at ,aix8 ,i will continue my indiscretions and ask if in the year you have read any of those impudent works1 which compel the reader to think8 ,for example1 mile of ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau1 or the six volumes of ,montaigne8 ,if1 ,i should say1 you have never suffered through this infirmity of noble minds1 if you have not1 in defiance of nature1 the habit of thinking as you read1 this book will give you a grudge against its author3 for it will make you suspect that there exists a certain happiness1 unknown to you and known to ,mlle4 de ,lespinasse4 #a ,may1 #ahcd4--,tr4 ,pg #aa ,,preface#a ,i come to beg indulgence of the reader for the peculiar form of this ,physiology of ,love4 ,it is twenty-eight years 7in #ahdb7 since the turmoil1 which followed the fall of ,napoleon1 deprived me of my position4 ,two years earlier chance threw me1 immediately after the horrors of the retreat from ,russia1 into the midst of a charming town1 where ,i had the enchanting prospect of passing the rest of my days4 ,in happy ,lombardy1 at ,milan1 at ,venice1 the great1 or rather only1 business of life is pleasure4 ,no attention1 there1 to the deeds and movements of your neighbour2 hardly a troubled thought for what is to happen to you4 ,if a man notice the existence of his neighbour1 it does not enter his head to hate him4 ,take away from the occupations of a ,french provincial town jealousy--and what is left8 ,the absence1 the impossibility of that cruel jealousy forms the surest part of that happiness1 which draws all the provincials to ,paris4 ,following the masked balls of ,carnival1 which in #ahbj was more brilliant than usual1 the noise of five or six completely reckless proceedings occupied the society of ,milan an entire month2 although they are used over there to things which in ,france would pass for incredible4 ,the fear of ridicule would in this country paralyse such fantastic actions3 only to speak of them ,i need great courage4 ,one evening people were discussing profoundly the ,pg #ab effects and the causes of these extravagances1 at the house of the charming ,mme4 ,pietra ,grua7#f71 who happened1 extraordinarily enough1 not to be mixed up with these escapades4 ,the thought came to me that perhaps in less than a year ,i should have nothing left of all those strange facts1 and of the causes alleged for them1 but a recollection1 on which ,i could not depend4 ,i got hold of a concert programme1 and wrote a few words on it in pencil4 ,a game of faro was suggested3 we were thirty seated round a card-table1 but the conversation was so animated that people forgot to play4 ,towards the close of the evening came in ,col4 ,scotti1 one of the most charming men in the ,italian army3 he was asked for his quantum of circumstances relative to the curious facts with which we were busy1 and1 indeed1 his story of certain things1 which chance had confided to his knowledge1 gave them an entirely new aspect4 ,i took up my concert programme and added these new circumstances4 ,this collection of particulars on ,love was continued in the same way1 with pencil and odd scraps of paper1 snatched up in the salons1 where ,i heard the anecdotes told4 ,soon ,i looked for a common rule by which to recognise different degrees in them4 ,two months later fear of being taken for a ,carbonaro made me return to ,paris--only for a few months ,i hoped1 but never again have ,i seen ,milan1 where ,i had passed seven years4 ,pining with boredom at ,paris1 ,i conceived the idea of occupying myself again with the charming country from which fear had driven me4 ,i strung together my scraps of paper and presented the book to a publisher4 ,but soon a difficulty was raised3 the printer declared that it was impossible to work from notes written in pencil and ,i could see that he found such copy beneath his dignity4 ,the printer's young apprentice1 who brought me back my notes1 seemed quite ashamed of the more than doubtful compliment1 which had been put into ,pg #ac his mouth3 he knew how to write and ,i dictated to him my pencil notes4 ,i understood1 too1 that discretion required me to change the proper names1 and1 above all1 abridge the anecdotes4 ,although no one reads in ,milan1 the book1 if ever it reached there1 might have seemed a piece of wicked mischief4 ,so ,i brought out an ill-fated volume4 ,i have the courage to own that ,i despised at that period elegance in style4 ,i saw the young apprentice wholly taken up with avoiding sentence-endings that were unmusical and odd sounds in the arrangement of words4 ,in return1 he made throughout no scruple of changing details of fact1 difficult to express3 ,voltaire himself is afraid of things which are difficult to tell4 ,the ,essay on ,love had no claim to merit except the number of the fine shades of feeling1 which ,i begged the reader to verify among his memories1 if he were happy enough to have any4 ,but in all this there was something much worse3 ,i was then1 as ever1 very inexperienced in the department of literature and the publisher1 to whom ,i had presented the ,,ms41 printed it on bad paper and in an absurd format4 ,in fact a month later1 when ,i asked him for news of the book--,on peut dire qu'il est sacr1#b he said1 ,for no one comes near it4 ,it had never even crossed my mind to solicit articles in the papers3 such a thing would have seemed to me an ignominy4 ,and yet no work was in more pressing need of recommendation to the patience of the reader4 ,under the menace of becoming unintelligible at the very outset1 it was necessary to bring the public to accept the new word crystallisation1 suggested as a lively expression for that collection of strange fancies1 which we weave round our idea of the loved one1 as true and even indubitable realities4 ,pg #ad ,at that time wholly absorbed in my love for the least details1 which ,i had lately observed in the ,italy of my dreams1 ,i avoided with care every concession1 every amenity of style1 which might have rendered the ,essay on ,love less peculiarly fantastic in the eyes of men of letters4 ,further1 ,i was not flattering to the public4 ,literature at that time1 all defaced by our great and recent misfortunes1 seemed to have no other interest than the consolation of our unhappy pride3 it used to rhyme gloire with victoire1 guerriers with lauriers1#c etc4 ,the true circumstances of the situations1 which it pretends to treat1 seem never to have any attraction for the tedious literature of that period3 it looks for nothing but an opportunity of complimenting that people1 enslaved to fashion1 whom a great man had called a great nation1 forgetting that they were only great on condition that their leader was himself4 ,as the result of my ignorance of the exigencies of the humblest success1 ,i found no more than seventeen readers between #ahbb and #ahcc3 it is doubtful whether the ,essay on ,love has been understood after twenty years of existence by a hundred connoisseurs4 ,a few have had the patience to observe the various phases of this disease in the people infected with it in their circle2 for we must speak of it as a disease1 in order to understand that passion which in the last thirty years our fear of ridicule has taken so much trouble to hide--it is this way which sometimes leads to its cure4 ,now and now only1 after half a century of revolutions1 engrossing one after another our whole attention1 now and now only after five complete changes in the form and the tendencies of our government1 does the revolution just begin to show itself in our way of living4 ,love1 or that which commonly appropriates ,love's name and fills its place1 was all-powerful in the ,france of ,pg #ae ,lewis ,,xv4 ,colonels were created by the ladies of the court2 and that court was nothing less than the fairest place in the kingdom4 ,fifty years after1 the court is no more2 and the gift of a licence to sell tobacco in the meanest provincial town is beyond the power of the most surely established ladies of the reigning bourgeoisie or of the pouting nobility4 ,it must be owned1 women are out of fashion4 ,in our brilliant salons the young men of twenty affect not to address them2 they much prefer to stand round the noisy talker dealing1 in a provincial accent1 with the question of the right to vote1 and to try and slip in their own little word4 ,the rich youths1 who1 to keep up a show of the good-fellowship of past times1 take a pride in seeming frivolous1 prefer to talk horses and play high in the circles where women are excluded4 ,the deadly indifference which seems to preside over the relations of young men and the women of five-and-twenty1 for whose presence society has to thank the boredom of marriage1 will bring1 perhaps1 a few wise spirits to accept this scrupulously exact description of the successive phases of the malady called ,love4 ,seeing the terrible change which has plunged us into the stagnation of to-day1 and makes unintelligible to us the society of #aggh1 such as we find it in the letters of ,diderot to ,mlle4 ,voland1 his mistress1 or in the ,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay1 a man might ask the question1 which of our successive governments has killed in us the faculty of enjoying ourselves1 and drawn us nearer to the gloomiest people on the face of the earth8 ,the only passable thing which that people have invented--parliament and the honesty of their parties--we are unable even to copy4 ,in return1 the stupidest of their gloomy conceptions1 the spirit of dignity1 has come among us to take the place of our ,french gaiety1 which is to be found now only in the five hundred balls in the outskirts of ,paris or in the south of ,france1 beyond ,bordeaux4 ,pg #af ,but which of our successive governments has cost us the fearful misfortune of anglicisation8 ,must we accuse that energetic government of #agic1 which prevented the foreigners from coming to pitch their camp in ,montmartre--that government which in a few years will seem heroic in our eyes and forms a worthy prelude to that1 which under ,napoleon1 went forth to carry our name into all the capitals of ,europe8 ,we shall pass over the well-meaning stupidity of the ,directoire1 illustrated by the talents of ,carnot and the immortal campaign of #agif-agig in ,italy4 ,the corruption of the court of ,barras still recalled something of the gaiety of the old order2 the graces of ,madame ,bonaparte proved that we had no aptitude at that time for the churlishness and charnel-house of the ,english4 ,the profound respect1 which despite the jealousy of the faubourg ,saint-,germain1 we could not but feel for the ,first ,consul's method of government1 and the men whose superior merit adorned the society of ,paris--such as the ,cretets and the ,darus--relieves the ,empire of the burden of responsibility for the remarkable change which has been effected1 in the first half of the nineteenth century1 in the character of the ,french4 ,unnecessary to carry my investigation further3 the reader will reflect and be quite able to draw his own conclusions4 #a #ahdb4 ,as ,stendhal died early in that year1 this probably is his last writing4--,tr4 #b ,one might say it's taboo444 ,taboo is a poor equivalent for sacr1 which means cursed as well as blessed4--,tr4 #c ,glory with victory1 warrior with laurel4--,tr4 ,pg #ag ,,book ,i ,pg #ah ,pg #ai ,,on ,,love ,,chapter ,i ,,of ,,love ,my aim is to comprehend that passion1 of which every sincere development has a character of beauty4 ,there are four kinds of love4 #a4 ,passion-love--that of the ,portuguese nun7#a71 of ,hlose for ,abelard1 of ,captain de ,vsel1 of ,sergeant de ,cento4 #b4 ,gallant love--that which ruled in ,paris towards #agfj1 to be found in the memoirs and novels of the period1 in ,crbillon1 ,lauzun1 ,duclos1 ,marmontel1 ,chamfort1 ,mme4 d'pinay1 etc4 etc4 ',tis a picture in which everything1 to the very shadows1 should be rose-colour1 in which may enter nothing disagreeable under any pretext whatsoever1 at the cost of a lapse of etiquette1 of good taste1 of refinement1 etc4 ,a man of breeding foresees all the ways of acting1 that he is likely to adopt or meet with in the different phases of this love4 ,true love is often less refined2 for that in which there is no passion and nothing unforeseen1 has always a store of ready wit3 the latter is a cold and pretty miniature1 the former a picture by the ,carracci4 ,passion-love carries us away in defiance of all our interests1 gallant love manages always to respect them4 ,true1 if we take from this poor love its vanity1 there is very little left3 once stripped1 it is like a tottering convalescent1 scarcely able to drag himself along4 #c4 ,physical love4 ,out hunting--a fresh1 pretty country ,pg #bj girl crosses your path and escapes into the wood4 ,everyone knows the love founded on this kind of pleasure3 and all begin that way at sixteen1 however parched and unhappy the character4 #d4 ,vanity-love4 ,the vast majority of men1 especially in ,france1 desire and have a fashionable woman1 in the same way as a man gets a fine horse1 as something which the luxury of a young man demands4 ,their vanity more or less flattered1 more or less piqued1 gives birth to transports of feelings4 ,sometimes there is also physical love1 but by no means always3 often there is not so much as physical pleasure4 ,a duchess is never more than thirty for a bourgeois1 said the ,duchesse de ,chaulnes1 and those admitted to the ,court of that just man1 king ,lewis of ,holland1 recall with amusement a pretty woman from the ,hague1 who could not help finding any man charming who was ,duke or ,prince4 ,but true to the principle of monarchy1 as soon as a ,prince arrived at ,court1 the ,duke was dismissed3 she was1 as it were1 the decoration of the diplomatic body4 ,the happiest case of this uninspiring relationship is that in which to physical pleasure is added habit4 ,in that case store of memories makes it resemble love a little2 there is the pique of self-esteem and sadness on being left2 then1 romance forces upon us its ideas and we believe that we are in love and melancholy1 for vanity aspires to credit itself with a great passion4 ,this1 at least1 is certain that1 whatever kind of love be the source of pleasure1 as soon as the soul is stirred1 the pleasure is keen and its memory alluring1 and in this passion1 contrary to most of the others1 the memory of our losses seems always to exceed the bounds of what we can hope for in the future4 ,sometimes1 in vanity-love habit or despair of finding better produces a kind of friendship1 of all kinds the least pleasant3 it prides itself on its security1 etc4#a ,pg #ba ,physical pleasure1 being of our nature1 is known to everybody1 but it takes no more than a subordinate position in the eyes of tender and passionate souls4 ,if they raise a laugh in the salons1 if often they are made unhappy in the intrigues of society1 in return the pleasure which they feel must remain always inaccessible to those hearts1 whose beat only vanity and gold can quicken4 ,a few virtuous and sensitive women have scarcely a conception of physical pleasures3 they have so rarely risked them1 if one may use the expression1 and even then the transports of passion-love caused bodily pleasure almost to be forgotten4 ,there are men victims and instruments of diabolical pride1 of a pride in the style of ,alfieri4 ,those people who1 perhaps1 are cruel because1 like ,nero1 judging all men after the pattern of their own heart1 they are always a-tremble--such people1 ,i say1 can attain physical pleasure only in so far as it is accompanied by the greatest possible exercise of pride1 in so far1 that is to say1 as they practise cruelties on the companion of their pleasures4 ,hence the horrors of ,justine7#b74 ,at any rate such men have no sense of security4 ,to conclude1 instead of distinguishing four different forms of love1 we can easily admit eight or ten shades of difference4 ,perhaps mankind has as many ways of feeling as of seeing2 but these differences of nomenclature alter in no degree the judgments which follow4 ,subject to the same laws1 all forms of love1 which can be seen here below1 have their birth1 life and death or ascend to immortality4#b #a ,well-known dialogue of ,pont de ,veyle with ,madame du ,deffant1 at the fireside4 #b ,this book is a free translation of an ,italian ,,ms4 of ,m4 ,lisio ,visconti1 a young man of the highest distinction1 who died recently at ,volterra1 the place of his birth4 ,the day of his sudden death he gave the translator permission to publish his ,essay on ,love1 if means were found to shape it to a decorous form4 ,castel ,fiorentino1 ,june #ajth1 #ahai4 ,pg #bb ,,chapter ,,ii ,,of ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,love ,this is what takes place in the soul3-- #a4 ,admiration4 #b4 ,a voice within says3 ,what pleasure to kiss1 to be kissed4 #c4 ,hope7#c74 ,we study her perfections3 this is the moment at which a woman should yield to realise the greatest possible physical pleasure4 ,in the case even of the most reserved women1 their eyes redden at the moment when hope is conceived3 the passion is so strong1 the pleasure so keen1 that it betrays itself by striking signs4 #d4 ,love is born4 ,to love--that is to have pleasure in seeing1 touching1 feeling1 through all the senses and as near as possible1 an object to be loved and that loves us4 #e4 ,the first crystallisation begins4 ,the lover delights in decking with a thousand perfections the woman of whose love he is sure3 he dwells on all the details of his happiness with a satisfaction that is boundless4 ,he is simply magnifying a superb bounty just fallen to him from heaven1--he has no knowledge of it but the assurance of its possession4 ,leave the mind of a lover to its natural movements for twenty-four hours1 and this is what you will find4 ,at the salt mines of ,salzburg a branch stripped of its leaves by winter is thrown into the abandoned depths of the mine2 taken out two or three months later it is covered with brilliant crystals2 the smallest twigs1 those ,pg #bc no stouter than the leg of a sparrow1 are arrayed with an infinity of sparkling1 dazzling diamonds2 it is impossible to recognise the original branch4 ,i call crystallisation the operation of the mind which1 from everything which is presented to it1 draws the conclusion that there are new perfections in the object of its love4 ,a traveller speaks of the freshness of the orange groves at ,genoa1 on the sea coast1 during the scorching days of summer4--,what pleasure to enjoy that freshness with her6 ,one of your friends breaks his arm in the hunting-field4--,how sweet to be nursed by a woman you love6 ,to be always with her1 to see every moment her love for you1 would make pain almost a blessing3 and starting from the broken arm of your friend1 you conclude with the absolute conviction of the angelic goodness of your mistress4 ,in a word1 it is enough to think of a perfection in order to see it in that which you love4 ,this phenomenon1 which ,i venture to call crystallisation1 is the product of human nature1 which commands us to enjoy and sends warm blood rushing to our brain2 it springs from the conviction that the pleasures of love increase with the perfections of its object1 and from the idea3 ,she is mine4 ,the savage has no time to go beyond the first step4 ,he is delighted1 but his mental activity is employed in following the flying deer in the forest1 and with the flesh with which he must as soon as possible repair his forces1 or fall beneath the axe of his enemy4 ,at the other pole of civilisation1 ,i have no doubt that a sensitive woman may come to the point of feeling no physical pleasure but with the man she loves4#a ,it is the opposite with the savage4 ,but among civilised peoples1 woman has leisure at her disposal1 while the savage is so pressed with necessary occupations that he is forced to ,pg #bd treat his female as a beast of burden4 ,if the females of many animals are more fortunate1 it is because the subsistence of the males is more assured4 ,but let us leave the backwoods again for ,paris4 ,a man of passion sees all perfections in that which he loves4 ,and yet his attention may still be distracted2 for the soul has its surfeit of all that is uniform1 even of perfect bliss4#b ,this is what happens to distract his attention3-- #f4 ,birth of ,doubt4 ,after ten or twelve glances1 or some other series of actions1 which can last as well several days as one moment1 hopes are first given and later confirmed4 ,the lover1 recovered from his first surprise and1 accustomed to his happiness or guided by theory1 which1 always based on the most frequent cases1 must only take light women into account--the lover1 ,i say1 demands more positive proofs and wishes to press his good fortune4 ,he is parried with indifference1#c coldness1 even anger1 if he show too much assurance--in ,france a shade of irony1 which seems to say3 ,you are not quite as far as you think4 ,a woman behaves in this way1 either because she wakes up from a moment of intoxication1 and obeys the word of modesty1 which she trembles to have infringed1 or simply through prudence or coquetry4 ,pg #be ,the lover comes to doubt of the happiness1 to which he looked forward3 he scans more narrowly the reasons that he fancied he had for hope4 ,he would like to fall back upon the other pleasures of life1 and finds them annihilated4 ,he is seized with the fear of a terrible disaster1 and at the same time with a profound preoccupation4 #g4 ,second crystallisation4 ,here begins the second crystallisation1 which forms diamonds out of the proofs of the idea--,she loves me4 ,the night which follows the birth of doubts1 every quarter of an hour1 after a moment of fearful unhappiness1 the lover says to himself--,yes1 she loves me--and crystallisation has its turn1 discovering new charms4 ,then doubt with haggard eye grapples him and brings him to a standstill1 blank4 ,his heart forgets to beat--,but does she love me8 he says to himself4 ,between these alternatives1 agonising and rapturous1 the poor lover feels in his very soul3 ,she would give me pleasures1 which she alone can give me and no one else4 ,it is the palpability of this truth1 this path on the extreme edge of a terrible abyss and within touch1 on the other hand1 of perfect happiness1 which gives so great a superiority to the second crystallisation over the first4 ,the lover wanders from moment to moment between these three ideas3-- #a4 ,she has every perfection4 #b4 ,she loves me4 #c4 ,what means of obtaining the greatest proof of her love8 ,the most agonising moment of love1 still young1 is when it sees the false reasoning it has made1 and must destroy a whole span of crystallisation4 ,doubt is the natural outcome of crystallisation4 #a ,if this peculiarity is not observed in the case of man1 the reason is that on his side there is no modesty to be for a moment sacrificed4 #b ,that is to say1 that the same tone of existence can give but one instant of perfect happiness2 but with a man of passion1 his mood changes ten times a day4 #c ,the coup de foudre 7thunderbolt from the blue71 as it was called in the novels of the seventeenth century1 which disposes of the fate of the hero and his mistress1 is a movement of the soul1 which for having been abused by a host of scribblers1 is experienced none the less in real life4 ,it comes from the impossibility of this defensive manoeuvre4 ,the woman who loves finds too much happiness in the sentiment1 which she feels1 to carry through successful deception3 tired of prudence1 she neglects all precaution and yields blindly to the passion of loving4 ,diffidence makes the coup de foudre impossible4 ,pg #bf ,,chapter ,,iii ,,of ,,hope ,a very small degree of hope is enough to cause the birth of love4 ,in the course of events hope may fail--love is none the less born4 ,with a firm1 daring and impetuous character1 and in an imagination developed by the troubles of life1 the degree of hope may be smaller3 it can come sooner to an end1 without killing love4 ,if a lover has had troubles1 if he is of a tender1 thoughtful character1 if he despairs of other women1 and if his admiration is intense for her whom he loves1 no ordinary pleasure will succeed in distracting him from the second crystallisation4 ,he will prefer to dream of the most doubtful chance of pleasing her one day1 than to accept from an ordinary woman all she could lavish4 ,the woman whom he loves would have to kill his hope at that period1 and 7note carefully1 not later7 in some inhuman manner1 and overwhelm him with those marks of patent contempt1 which make it impossible to appear again in public4 ,far longer delays between all these periods are compatible with the birth of love4 ,it demands much more hope and much more substantial hope1 in the case of the cold1 the phlegmatic and the prudent4 ,the same is true of people no longer young4 ,it is the second crystallisation which ensures love's duration1 for then every moment makes it clear that the question is--be loved or die4 ,long months of love have ,pg #bg turned into habit this conviction of our every moment--how find means to support the thought of loving no more8 ,the stronger the character the less is it subject to inconstancy4 ,this second crystallisation is almost entirely absent from the passions inspired by women who yield too soon4 ,after the crystallisations have worked--especially the second1 which is far the stronger--the branch is no longer to be recognised by indifferent eyes1 for3-- 7#a7 ,it is adorned with perfections which they do not see4 7#b7 ,it is adorned with perfections which for them are not perfections at all4 ,the perfection of certain charms1 mentioned to him by an old friend of his love1 and a certain hint of liveliness noticed in her eye1 are a diamond in the crystallisation#a ,pg #bh of ,del ,rosso4 ,these ideas1 conceived during the evening1 keep him dreaming all the night4 ,an unexpected answer1 which makes me see more clearly a tender1 generous1 ardent1 or1 as it is popularly called1 romantic#b soul1 preferring to the happiness of kings the simple pleasures of a walk with the loved one at midnight in a lonely wood1 gives me food for dreams#c for a whole night4 ,let him call my mistress a prude3 ,i shall call his a whore4 #a ,i have called this essay a book of ,ideology4 ,my object was to indicate that1 though it is called ,love1 it is not a novel and still less diverting like a novel4 ,i apologise to philosophers for having taken the word ,ideology3 ,i certainly did not intend to usurp a title which is the right of another4 ,if ,ideology is a detailed description of ideas and all the parts which can compose ideas1 the present book is a detailed description of all the feelings which can compose the passion called ,love4 ,proceeding1 ,i draw certain consequences from this description3 for example1 the manner of love's cure4 ,i know no word to say in ,greek discourse on ideas4 ,i might have had a word invented by one of my learned friends1 but ,i am already vexed enough at having to adopt the new word crystallisation1 and1 if this essay finds readers1 it is quite possible that they will not allow my new word to pass4 ,to avoid it1 ,i own1 would have been the work of literary talent3 ,i tried1 but without success4 ,without this word1 which expresses1 according to me1 the principal phenomenon of that madness called ,love--madness1 however1 which procures for man the greatest pleasures which it is given to the beings of his species to taste on earth--without the use of this word1 which it were necessary to replace at every step by a paraphrase of considerable length1 the description1 which ,i give of what passes in the head and the heart of a man in love1 would have become obscure1 heavy and tedious1 even for me who am the author3 what would it have been for the reader8 ,i invite1 therefore1 the reader1 whose feelings the word crystallisation shocks too much1 to close the book4 ,to be read by many forms no part of my prayers--happily1 no doubt1 for me4 ,i should love dearly to give great pleasure to thirty or forty people of ,paris1 whom ,i shall never see1 but for whom1 without knowing1 ,i have a blind affection4 ,some young ,madame ,roland1 for example1 reading her book in secret and precious quickly hiding it1 at the least noise1 in the drawers of her father's bench--her father the engraver of watches4 ,a soul like that of ,madame ,roland will forgive me1 ,i hope1 not only the word crystallisation1 used to express that act of madness which makes us perceive every beauty1 every kind of perfection1 in the woman whom we begin to love1 but also several too daring ellipses besides4 ,the reader has only to take a pencil and write between the lines the five or six words which are missing4 #b ,all his actions had at first in my eyes that heavenly air1 which makes of a man a being apart1 and differentiates him from all others4 ,i thought that ,i could read in his eyes that thirst for a happiness more sublime1 that unavowed melancholy1 which yearns for something better than we find here below1 and which in all the trials that fortune and revolution can bring upon a romantic soul1 444 still prompts the celestial sight ,for which we wish to live or dare to die4 7,last letter of ,bianca to her mother4 ,forl1 #ahag47 #c ,it is in order to abridge and to be able to paint the interior of the soul1 that the author1 using the formula of the first person1 alleges several feelings to which he is a stranger3 personally1 he never had any which would be worth quoting4 ,pg #bi ,,chapter ,,iv ,in a soul completely detached--a girl living in a lonely castle in the depth of the country--the slightest astonishment may bring on a slight admiration1 and1 if the faintest hope intervene1 cause the birth of love and crystallisation7#d74 ,in this case love delights1 to begin with1 just as a diversion4 ,surprise and hope are strongly supported by the need1 felt at the age of sixteen1 of love and sadness4 ,it is well known that the restlessness of that age is a thirst for love1 and a peculiarity of thirst is not to be extremely fastidious about the kind of draught that fortune offers4 ,let us recapitulate the seven stages of love4 ,they are3-- #a4 ,admiration4 #b4 ,what pleasure1 etc4 #c4 ,hope4 #d4 ,love is born4 #e4 ,first crystallisation4 #f4 ,doubt appears4 #g4 ,second crystallisation4 ,between ,nos4 #a and #b may pass one year4 ,one month between ,nos4 #b and #c2 but if hope does not make haste in coming1 ,no4 #b is insensibly resigned as a source of unhappiness4 ,a twinkling of the eye between ,nos4 #c and #d4 ,there is no interval between ,nos4 #d and #e4 ,the sequence can only be broken by intimate intercourse4 ,some days may pass between ,nos4 #e and #f1 according to the degree to which the character is impetuous and used to risk1 but between ,nos4 #f and #g there is no interval4 ,pg #cj ,,chapter ,v ,man is not free to avoid doing that which gives him more pleasure to do than all other possible actions4#a ,love is like the fever7#e71 it is born and spends itself without the slightest intervention of the will4 ,that is one of the principal differences between gallant-love and passion-love4 ,and you cannot give yourself credit for the fair qualities in what you really love1 any more than for a happy chance4 ,further1 love is of all ages3 observe the passion of ,madame du ,deffant for the graceless ,horace ,walpole4 ,a more recent and more pleasing example is perhaps still remembered in ,paris4 ,in proof of great passions ,i admit only those of their consequences1 which are exposed to ridicule3 timidity1 for example1 proves love4 ,i am not speaking of the bashfulness of the enfranchised schoolboy4 #a ,as regards crime1 it belongs to good education to inspire remorse1 which1 foreseen1 acts as a counterbalance4 ,pg #ca ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,crystals ,,of ,,salzburg ,crystallisation scarcely ceases at all during love4 ,this is its history3 so long as all is well between the lover and the loved1 there is crystallisation by imaginary solution2 it is only imagination which make him sure that such and such perfection exists in the woman he loves4 ,but after intimate intercourse1 fears are continually coming to life1 to be allayed only by more real solutions4 ,thus his happiness is only uniform in its source4 ,each day has a different bloom4 ,if the loved one yields to the passion1 which she shares1 and falls into the enormous error of killing fear by the eagerness of her transports1#a crystallisation ceases for an instant2 but when love loses some of its eagerness1 that is to say some of its fears1 it acquires the charm of entire abandon1 of confidence without limits3 a sense of sweet familiarity comes to take the edge from all the pains of life1 and give to fruition another kind of interest4 ,are you deserted8--,crystallisation begins again2 and every glance of admiration1 the sight of every happiness which she can give you1 and of which you thought no longer1 leads up to this agonising reflexion3 ,that happiness1 that charm1 ,i shall meet it no more4 ,it is lost and the fault is mine6 ,you may look for happiness in sensations of another kind4 ,your heart refuses to feel them4 ,imagination depicts for you well enough the physical situation1 mounts you well enough on a fast hunter in ,pg #cb ,devonshire woods4#b ,but you feel quite certain that there you would find no pleasure4 ,it is the optical illusion produced by a pistol shot4 ,gaming has also its crystallisation1 provoked by the use of the sum of money to be won4 ,the hazards of ,court life1 so regretted by the nobility1 under the name of ,legitimists1 attached themselves so dearly only by the crystallisation they provoked4 ,no courtier existed who did not dream of the rapid fortune of a ,luynes or a ,lauzun1 no charming woman who did not see in prospect the duchy of ,madame de ,polignac4 ,no rationalist government can give back that crystallisation4 ,nothing is so anti-imagination as the government of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,we have noticed that to their neighbours1 the savages1 crystallisation is almost unknown4 ,the ,romans scarcely had an idea of it1 and discovered it only for physical love4 ,hate has its crystallisation3 as soon as it is possible to hope for revenge1 hate begins again4 ,if every creed1 in which there is absurdity and inconsequence1 tends to place at the head of the party the people who are most absurd1 that is one more of the effects of crystallisation4 ,even in mathematics 7observe the ,newtonians in #agdj7 crystallisation goes on in the mind1 which cannot keep before it at every moment every part of the demonstration of that which it believes4 ,in proof1 see the destiny of the great ,german philosophers1 whose immortality1 proclaimed so often1 never manages to last longer than thirty or forty years4 ,it is the impossibility of fathoming the why8 of our feelings1 which makes the most reasonable man a fanatic in music4 ,in face of certain contradictions it is not possible to be convinced at will that we are right4 #a ,diane de ,poitiers1 in the ,princesse de ,clves1 by ,mme4 de ,lafayette4 #b ,if you could imagine being happy in that position1 crystallisation would have deferred to your mistress the exclusive privilege of giving you that happiness4 ,pg #cc ,,chapter ,,vii ,,differences ,,between ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,love ,,in ,,the ,,two ,,sexes ,women attach themselves by the favours they dispense4 ,as nineteen-twentieths of their ordinary dreams are relative to love1 after intimate intercourse these day-dreams group themselves round a single object2 they have to justify a course so extraordinary1 so decisive1 so contrary to all the habits of modesty4 ,men have no such task2 and1 besides1 the imagination of women has time to work in detail upon the sweetness of such moments4 ,as love casts doubts upon things the best proved1 the woman who1 before she gave herself1 was perfectly sure that her lover was a man above the crowd1 no sooner thinks she has nothing left to refuse him1 than she is all fears lest he was only trying to put one more woman on his list4 ,then1 and then only appears the second crystallisation1 which1 being hand in hand with fear1 is far the stronger4#a ,yesterday a queen1 to-day she sees herself a slave4 ,this state of soul and mind is encouraged in a woman by the nervous intoxication resulting from pleasures1 which are just so much keener as they are more rare4 ,besides1 a woman before her embroidery frame--insipid work which only occupies the hand--is thinking about her lover2 while he is galloping with his squadron over the ,pg #cd plain1 where leading one wrong movement would bring him under arrest4 ,i should think1 therefore1 that the second crystallisation must be far stronger in the case of women1 because theirs are more vivid fears2 their vanity and honour are compromised2 distraction at least is more difficult4 ,a woman cannot be guided by the habit of being reasonable1 which ,i1 ,man1 working at things cold and reasonable for six hours every day1 contract at my office perforce4 ,even outside love1 women are inclined to abandon themselves to their imagination and habitual high spirits3 faults1 therefore1 in the object of their love ought more rapidly to disappear4 ,women prefer emotion to reason--that is plain3 in virtue of the futility of our customs1 none of the affairs of the family fall on their shoulders1 so that reason is of no use to them and they never find it of any practical good4 ,on the contrary1 to them it is always harmful2 for the only object of its appearance is to scold them for the pleasures of yesterday1 or forbid them others for tomorrow4 ,give over to your wife the management of your dealings with the bailiffs of two of your farms--,i wager the accounts will be kept better than by you1 and then1 sorry tyrant1 you will have the right at least to complain1 since to make yourself loved you do not possess the talent4 ,as soon as women enter on general reasonings1 they are unconsciously making love4 ,but in matters of detail they take pride in being stricter and more exact than men4 ,half the small trading is put into the hands of women1 who acquit themselves of it better than their husbands4 ,it is a well-known maxim that1 if you are speaking business with a woman1 you cannot be too serious4 ,this is because they are at all times and in all places greedy of emotion4--,observe the pleasures of burial rites in ,scotland4 #a ,this second crystallisation is wanting in light women1 who are far away from all these romantic ideas4 ,pg #ce ,,chapter ,,viii ,this was her favoured fairy realm1 and here she erected her aerial palaces4--,bride of ,lammermoor1 ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,a girl of eighteen has not enough crystallisation in her power1 forms desires too limited by her narrow experiences of the things of life1 to be in a position to love with as much passion as a woman of twenty-eight7#d74 ,this evening ,i was exposing this doctrine to a clever woman1 who maintains the contrary4 ,a girl's imagination being chilled by no disagreeable experience1 and the prime of youth burning with all its force1 any man can be the motive upon which she creates a ravishing image4 ,every time that she meets her lover1 she will enjoy1 not what he is in reality1 but that image of delight which she has created for herself4 ,later1 she is by this lover and by all men disillusioned1 experience of the dark reality has lessened in her the power of crystallisation1 mistrust has clipped the wings of imagination4 ,at the instance of no man on earth1 were he a very prodigy1 could she form so irresistible an image3 she could love no more with the same fire of her first youth4 ,and as in love it is only the illusion formed by ourselves which we enjoy1 never can the image1 which she may create herself at twenty-eight1 have the brilliance and the loftiness on which first love was built at sixteen3 the second will always seem of a degenerate species4 ,no1 madam4 ,evidently it is the presence of mistrust1 absent at sixteen1 which must give to this second love a different colour4 ,in early youth love is like an immense stream1 which sweeps all before it in its course1 ,pg #cf and we feel that we cannot resist it4 ,now at twenty-eight a gentle heart knows itself3 it knows that1 if it is still to find some happiness in life1 from love it must be claimed2 and this poor1 torn heart becomes the seat of a fearful struggle between love and mistrust4 ,crystallisation proceeds gradually2 but the crystallisation1 which emerges triumphant from this terrible proof1 in which the soul in all its movements never loses sight of the most awful danger1 is a thousand times more brilliant and more solid than crystallisation at sixteen1 in which everything1 by right of age1 is gaiety and happiness4 ,in this way love should be less gay and more passionate4#a ,this conversation 7,bologna1 #i ,march1 #ahbj71 bringing into doubt a point which seemed to me so clear1 makes me believe more and more1 that a man can say practically nothing with any sense on that which happens in the inmost heart of a woman of feeling3 as to a coquet it is different--we also have senses and vanity4 ,the disparity between the birth of love in the two sexes would seem to come from the nature of their hopes1 which are different4 ,one attacks1 the other defends2 one asks1 the other refuses2 one is daring1 the other timid4 ,the man reflects3 ,can ,i please her8 ,will she love me8 ,the woman3 ,when he says he loves me1 isn't it for sport8 ,is his a solid character8 ,can he answer to himself for the length of his attachments8 ,thus it is that many women regard and treat a young man of twenty-three as a child4 ,if he has gone through six campaigns1 he finds everything different--he is a young hero4 ,on the man's side1 hope depends simply on the actions of that which he loves--nothing easier to interpret4 ,on the side of woman1 hope must rest on moral considerations--very difficult rightly to appreciate4 ,pg #cg ,most men demand such a proof of love1 as to their mind dissipates all doubts2 women are not so fortunate as to be able to find such a proof4 ,and there is in life this trouble for lovers--that what makes the security and happiness of one1 makes the danger and almost the humiliation of the other4 ,in love1 men run the risk of the secret torture of the soul--women expose themselves to the scoffs of the public2 they are more timid1 and1 besides1 for them public opinion means much more4--,sois considre1 il le faut4#b ,they have not that sure means of ours of mastering public opinion by risking for an instant their life4 ,women1 then1 must naturally be far more mistrustful4 ,in virtue of their habits1 all the mental movements1 which form periods in the birth of love1 are in their case more mild1 more timid1 more gradual and less decided4 ,there is therefore a greater disposition to constancy2 they will less easily withdraw from a crystallisation once begun4 ,a woman1 seeing her lover1 reflects with rapidity1 or yields to the happiness of loving--happiness from which she is recalled in a disagreeable manner1 if he make the least attack2 for at the call to arms all pleasures must be abandoned4 ,the lover's part is simpler--he looks in the eyes of the woman he loves2 a single smile can raise him to the zenith of happiness1 and he looks continually for it4#c ,pg #ch ,the length of the siege humiliates a man2 on the contrary it makes a woman's glory4 ,a woman is capable of loving and1 for an entire year1 not saying more than ten or twelve words to the man whom she loves4 ,at the bottom of her heart she keeps note how often she has seen him--twice she went with him to the theatre1 twice she sat near him at dinner1 three times he bowed to her out walking4 ,one evening during some game he kissed her hand3 it is to be noticed that she allows no one since to kiss it under any pretext1 at the risk even of seeming peculiar4 ,in a man1 ,lonore7#f7 remarked to me1 such conduct would be called a feminine way of love4 #a ,epicurus said that discrimination is necessary to participation in pleasure4 #b ,remember the maxim of ,beaumarchais3 ,nature has said to woman3 ',be fair if you can1 wise if you wish1 but be estimed--you must4' ,no admiration in ,france without estime--equally no love4 #c ,quando leggemmo il disiato riso ,esser baciato da cotanto amante1 ,costui che mai da me non fia diviso1 ,la bocca mi bacci tutto tremante4 ,dante1 ,inf41 ,cant4 ,v4 ,when we read how the desired smile was kissed by such a lover1 he1 who never from me shall be divided1 on my mouth kissed me all trembling4--,tr4 ,pg #ci ,,chapter ,,ix ,i make every possible effort to be dry4 ,i would impose silence upon my heart1 which feels that it1 has much to say4 ,when ,i think that ,i have noted a truth1 ,i always tremble lest ,i have written only a sigh4 ,pg #dj ,,chapter ,x ,in proof of crystallisation ,i shall content myself with recalling the following anecdote4 ,a young woman hears that ,edward1 her relation1 who is to return from the ,army1 is a youth of great distinction2 she is assured that he loves her on her reputation2 but he will want probably to see her1 before making a proposal and asking her of her parents4 ,she notices a young stranger at church1 she hears him called ,edward1 she thinks of nothing but him--she is in love with him4 ,eight days later the real ,edward arrives2 he is not the ,edward of church4 ,she turns pale and will be unhappy for ever1 if she is forced to marry him4 ,that is what the poor of understanding call an example of the senselessness of love4 ,a man of generosity lavishes the most delicate benefits upon a girl in distress4 ,no one could have more virtues1 and love was about to be born2 but he wears a shabby hat1 and she notices that he is awkward in the saddle4 ,the girl confesses with a sigh that she cannot return the warm feelings1 which he evidently has for her4 ,a man pays his attentions to a lady of the greatest respectability4 ,she hears that this gentleman has had physical troubles of a comical nature3 she finds him intolerable4 ,and yet she had no intention of giving herself to him1 and these secret troubles in no way blighted his understanding or amiability4 ,it is simply that crystallisation was made impossible4 ,in order that a human being may delight in deifying an object to be loved1 be it taken from the ,ardennes forest or picked up at a ,bal de ,coulon1 that it seems to ,pg #da him perfect is the first necessity--perfect by no means in every relation1 but in every relation in which it is seen at the time4 ,perfect in all respects it will seem only after several days of the second crystallisation4 ,the reason is simple--then it is enough to have the idea of a perfection in order to see it in the object of our love4 ,beauty is only thus far necessary to the birth of love--ugliness must not form an obstacle4 ,the lover soon comes to find his mistress beautiful1 such as she is1 without thinking of ideal beauty4 ,the features which make up the ideally beautiful would promise1 if he could see them1 a quantity of happiness1 if ,i may use the expression1 which ,i would express by the number one2 whereas the features of his mistress1 such as they are1 promise him one thousand units of happiness4 ,before the birth of love beauty is necessary as advertisement3 it predisposes us towards that passion by means of the praises1 which we hear given to the object of our future love4 ,very eager admiration makes the smallest hope decisive4 ,in gallant-love1 and perhaps in passion-love during the first five minutes1 a woman1 considering a possible lover1 gives more weight to the way in which he is seen by other women1 than to the way in which she sees him herself4 ,hence the success of princes and officers4#a ,the pretty women of the ,court of old king ,lewis ,,xiv were in love with that sovereign4 ,pg #db ,great care should be taken not to offer facilities to hope1 before it is certain that admiration is there4 ,it might give rise to dullness1 which makes love for ever impossible1 and which1 at any rate1 is only to be cured by the sting of wounded pride4 ,no one feels sympathy for the simpleton1 nor for a smile which is always there2 hence the necessity in society of a veneer of rakishness--that is1 the privileged manner4 ,from too debased a plant we scorn to gather even a smile4 ,in love1 our vanity disdains a victory which is too easy2 and in all matters man is not given to magnifying the value of an offering4 #a ,those who remarked in the countenance of this young hero a dissolute audacity mixed with extreme haughtiness and indifference to the feelings of others1 could not yet deny to his countenance that sort of comeliness1 which belongs to an open set of features well formed by nature1 modelled by art to the usual rules of courtesy1 yet so far frank and honest that they seemed as if they disclaimed to conceal the natural working of the soul4 ,such an expression is often mistaken for manly frankness1 when in truth it arises from the reckless indifference of a libertine disposition1 conscious of superiority of birth and wealth1 or of some other adventitious advantage totally unconnected with personal merit4 ,ivanhoe1 ,chap4 ,,viii ,pg #dc ,,chapter ,,xi ,crystallisation having once begun1 we enjoy with delight each new beauty discovered in that which we love4 ,but what is beauty8 ,it is the appearance of an aptitude for giving you pleasure4 ,the pleasures of all individuals are different and often opposed to one another2 which explains very well how that1 which is beauty for one individual1 is ugliness for another4 7,conclusive example of ,del ,rosso and ,lisio1 #ast ,january1 #ahbj47 ,the right way to discover the nature of beauty is to look for the nature of the pleasures of each individual4 ,del ,rosso1 for example1 needs a woman who allows a certain boldness of movement1 and who by her smiles authorises considerable licence2 a woman who at each instant holds physical pleasures before his imagination1 and who excites in him the power of pleasing1 while giving him at the same time the means of displaying it4 ,apparently1 by love ,del ,rosso understands physical love1 and ,lisio passion-love4 ,obviously they are not likely to agree about the word beauty4#a ,the beauty then1 discovered by you1 being the appearance of an aptitude for giving you pleasure1 and pleasure being different from pleasure as man from man1 the crystallisation formed in the head of each individual must bear the colour of that individual's pleasures4 ,pg #dd ,a man's crystallisation of his mistress1 or her beauty1 is no other thing than the collection of all the satisfactions of all the desires1 which he can have felt successively at her instance4 #a ,my ,beauty1 promise of a character useful to my soul1 is above the attraction of the senses2 that attraction is only one particular kind of attraction7#g74 #ahae4 ,pg #de ,,chapter ,,xii ,,further ,,consideration ,,of ,,crystallisation ,why do we enjoy with delight each new beauty1 discovered in that which we love8 ,it is because each new beauty gives the full and entire satisfaction of a desire4 ,you wish your mistress gentle--she is gentle2 and then you wish her proud like ,emilie in ,corneille1 and although these qualities are probably incompatible1 instantly she appears with the soul of a ,roman4 ,that is the moral reason which makes love the strongest of the passions4 ,in all others1 desires must accommodate themselves to cold realities2 here it is realities which model themselves spontaneously upon desires4 ,of all the passions1 therefore1 it is in love that violent desires find the greatest satisfaction4 ,there are certain general conditions of happiness1 whose influence extends over every fulfilment of particular desires3-- #a4 ,she seems to belong to you1 for you only can make her happy4 #b4 ,she is the judge of your worth4 ,this condition was very important at the gallant and chivalrous ,courts of ,francis ,i and ,henry ,,ii1 and at the elegant ,court of ,lewis ,,xv4 ,under a constitutional and rationalist government women lose this range of influence entirely4 #c4 ,for a romantic heart--,the loftier her soul1 the more sublime will be the pleasures that await her in your arms1 and the more purified of the dross of all vulgar considerations4 ,pg #df ,the majority of young ,frenchmen are1 at eighteen1 disciples of ,rousseau2 for them this condition of happiness is important4 ,in the midst of operations so apt to mislead our desire of happiness1 there is no keeping cool4 ,for1 the moment he is in love1 the steadiest man sees no object such as it is4 ,his own advantages he minimises1 and magnifies the smallest favours of the loved one4 ,fears and hopes take at once a tinge of the romantic4 7,wayward47 ,he no longer attributes anything to chance2 he loses the perception of probability2 in its effect upon his happiness a thing imagined is a thing existent4#a ,a terrible symptom that you are losing your head3--you think of some little thing which is difficult to make out2 you see it white1 and interpret that in favour of your love2 a moment later you notice that actually it is black1 and still you find it conclusively favourable to your love4 ,then indeed the soul1 a prey to mortal uncertainties1 feels keenly the need of a friend4 ,but there is no friend for the lover4 ,the ,court knew that2 and it is the source of the only kind of indiscretion which a woman of delicacy might forgive4 #a ,there is a physical cause--a mad impulse1 a rush of blood to the brain1 a disorder in the nerves and in the cerebral centre4 ,observe the transitory courage of stags and the spiritual state of a soprano4 ,physiology1 in #aibb1 will give us a description of the physical side of this phenomenon4 ,i recommend this to the attention of ,dr4 ,edwards7#h74 ,pg #dg ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,step2 ,,of ,,the ,,fashionable ,,world2 ,,of ,,misfortunes ,that which is most surprising in the passion of love is the first step--the extravagance of the change1 which comes over a man's brain4 ,the fashionable world1 with its brilliant parties1 is of service to love in favouring this first step4 ,it begins by changing simple admiration 7i7 into tender admiration 7ii7--what pleasure to kiss her1 etc4 ,in a salon lit by thousands of candles a fast valse throws a fever upon young hearts1 eclipses timidity1 swells the consciousness of power--in fact1 gives them the daring to love4 ,for to see a lovable object is not enough3 on the contrary1 the fact that it is extremely lovable discourages a gentle soul--he must see it1 if not in love with him1#a at least despoiled of its majesty4 ,who takes it into his head to become the paramour of a queen unless the advances are from her8#b ,thus nothing is more favourable to the birth of love than a life of irksome solitude1 broken now and again by a long-desired ball4 ,this is the plan of wise mothers who have daughters4 ,the real fashionable world1 such as was found at the ,pg #dh ,court of ,france1#c and which since #aghj1d ,i think1 exists no more1 was unfavourable to love1 because it made the solitude and the leisure1 indispensable to the work of crystallisation1 almost impossible4 ,court life gives the habit of observing and making a great number of subtle distinctions1 and the subtlest distinction may be the beginning of an admiration and of a passion4#e ,when the troubles of love are mixed with those of another kind 7the troubles of vanity--if your mistress offend your proper pride1 your sense of honour or personal dignity--troubles of health1 money and political persecution1 etc471 it is only in appearance that love is increased by these annoyances4 ,occupying the imagination otherwise1 they prevent crystallisation in love still hopeful1 and in happy love the birth of little doubts4 ,when these misfortunes have departed1 the sweetness and the folly of love return4 ,observe that misfortunes favour the birth of love in light and unsensitive characters1 and that1 after it is born1 misfortunes1 which existed before1 are favourable to it2 in as much as the imagination1 recoiling from the gloomy impressions offered by all the other circumstances of life1 throws itself wholly into the work of crystallisation4 #a ,hence the possibility of passions of artificial origin--those of ,benedict and of ,beatrice 7,shakespeare74 #b ,cf4 the fortunes of ,struensee in ,brown's ,northern ,courts1 #c vols41 #ahai4 #c ,see the letters of ,madame du ,deffant1 ,mademoiselle de ,lespinasse1 ,bezenval1 ,lauzun1 the ,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay1 the ,dictionnaire des tiquettes of ,madame de ,genlis1 the ,memoirs of ,danjeau and ,horace ,walpole4 #d ,unless1 perhaps1 at the ,court of ,petersburg4 #e ,see ,saint-,simon and ,werther4 ,however gentle and delicate are the solitary1 their soul is distracted1 and part of their imagination is busy in foreseeing the world of men4 ,force of character is one of the charms which most readily seduces the truly feminine heart4 ,hence the success of serious young officers4 ,women well know how to make the distinction between force of character and the violence of those movements of passion1 the possibility of which they feel strongly in their own hearts4 ,the most distinguished women are sometimes duped by a little charlatanism in this matter4 ,it can be used without fear1 as soon as crystallisation is seen to have begun4 ,pg #di ,,chapter ,,xiv ,the following point1 which will be disputed1 ,i offer only to those--shall ,i say unhappy enough8--to have loved with passion during long years1 and loved in the face of invincible obstacles3-- ,the sight of all that is extremely beautiful in nature and in art recalls1 with the swiftness of lightning1 the memory of that which we love4 ,it is by the process of the jewelled branch in the mines of ,salzburg1 that everything in the world which is beautiful and lofty contributes to the beauty of that which we love1 and that forthwith a sudden glimpse of delight fills the eyes with tears4 ,in this way1 love and the love of beauty give life mutually to one another4 ,one of life's miseries is that the happiness of seeing and talking to the object of our love leaves no distinct memories behind4 ,the soul1 it seems1 is too troubled by its emotions for that which causes or accompanies them to impress it4 ,the soul and its sensations are one and the same4 ,it is perhaps because these pleasures cannot be used up by voluntary recollection1 that they return again and again with such force1 as soon as ever some object comes to drag us from day-dreams devoted to the woman we love1 and by some new connexion#a to bring her still more vividly to our memory4 ,a dry old architect used to meet her in society every evening4 ,following a natural impulse1 and without paying attention to what ,i was saying to her1#b ,i one day sang his praises in a sentimental and pompous strain1 ,pg #ej which made her laugh at me4 ,i had not the strength to say to her3 ,he sees you every evening4 ,so powerful is this sensation that it extends even to the person of my enemy1 who is always at her side4 ,when ,i see her1 she reminds me of ,lonore so much1 that at the time ,i cannot hate her1 however much ,i try4 ,it looks as if1 by a curious whim of the heart1 the charm1 which the woman we love can communicate1 were greater than that which she herself possesses4 ,the vision of that distant city1 where we saw her a moment1#c throws us into dreams sweeter and more profound than would her very presence4 ,it is the effect of harsh treatment4 ,the day-dreams of love cannot be scrutinised4 ,i have observed that ,i can re-read a good novel every three years with the same pleasure4 ,it gives me feelings akin to the kind of emotional taste1 which dominates me at the moment1 or if my feelings are nil1 makes for variety in my ideas4 ,also1 ,i can listen with pleasure to the same music1 but1 in this1 memory must not intrude4 ,the imagination should be affected and nothing else2 if1 at the twentieth representation1 an opera gives more pleasure1 it is either because the music is better understood1 or because it also brings back the feeling it gave at the first4 ,as to new lights1 which a novel may throw upon our knowledge of the human heart1 ,i still remember clearly the old ones1 and am pleased even to find them noted in the margin4 ,but this kind of pleasure pertains to the novels1 in so far as they advance me in the knowledge of man1 and not in the least to day-dreaming--the veritable pleasure of novels4 ,such day-dreaming is inscrutable4 ,to watch it is for the present to kill it1 for you fall into a philosophical analysis of pleasure2 and it ,pg #ea is killing it still more certainly for the future1 for nothing is surer to paralyse the imagination than the appeal to memory7#i74 ,if ,i find in the margin a note1 depicting my feelings on reading ,old ,mortality three years ago in ,florence1 ,i am plunged immediately into the history of my life1 into an estimate of the degree of happiness at the two epochs1 in short1 into the deepest problems of philosophy--and then good-bye for a long season to the unchecked play of tender feelings4 ,every great poet with a lively imagination is timid1 he is afraid of men1 that is to say1 for the interruptions and troubles with which they can invade the delight of his dreams4 ,he fears for his concentration4 ,men come along with their gross interests to drag him from the gardens of ,armida1 and force him into a fetid slough3 only by irritating him can they fix his attention on themselves4 ,it is this habit of feeding his soul upon touching dreams and this horror of the vulgar which draws a great artist so near to love4 ,the more of the great artist a man has in him1 the more must he wish for titles and honours as a bulwark4 #a ,scents4 #b ,see note #b1 p4 #bh4 #c ,nessun maggior dolore ,che ricordarsi del tempo felice ,nella miseria4--,dante1 ,inf41 ,v 7,francesca74 ,no greater sorrow than to remember happy times in misery4--,tr4 ,pg #eb ,,chapter ,,xv ,suddenly in the midst of the most violent and the most thwarted passion come moments1 when a man believes that he is in love no longer--as it were a spring of fresh water in the middle of the sea4 ,to think of his mistress is no longer very much pleasure1 and1 although he is worn-out by the severity of her treatment1 the fact that everything in life has lost its interest is a still greater misery4 ,after a manner of existence which1 fitful though it was1 gave to all nature a new aspect1 passionate and absorbing1 now follows the dreariest and most despondent void4 ,it may be that your last visit to the woman1 whom you love1 left you in a situation1 from which1 once before1 your imagination had gathered the full harvest of sensation4 ,for example1 after a period of coldness1 she has treated you less badly1 letting you conceive exactly the same degree of hope and by the same external signs as on a previous occasion--all this perhaps unconsciously4 ,imagination picks up memory and its sinister warnings by the way1 and instantly crystallisation#a ceases4 #a ,first1 ,i am advised to cut out this word2 next1 if ,i fail in this for want of literary power1 to repeat again and again that ,i mean by crystallisation a certain fever in the imagination1 which transforms past recognition what is1 as often as not1 a quite ordinary object1 and makes of it a thing apart4 ,a man who looks to excite this fever in souls1 which know no other path but vanity to reach their happiness1 must tie his necktie well and constantly give his attention to a thousand details1 which preclude all possibility of unrestraint4 ,society women own to the effect1 denying at the same time or not seeing the cause4 ,pg #ec ,,chapter ,,xvi ,in a small port1 the name of which ,i forget1 near ,perpignan1 #beth ,february1 #ahbb4a ,this evening ,i have just found out that music1 when it is perfect1 puts the heart into the same state as it enjoys in the presence of the loved one--that is to say1 it gives seemingly the keenest happiness existing on the face of the earth4 ,if this were so for all men1 there would be no more favourable incentive to love4 ,but ,i had already remarked at ,naples last year that perfect music1 like perfect pantomime1 makes me think of that which is at the moment the object of my dreams1 and that the ideas1 which it suggests to me1 are excellent3 at ,naples1 it was on the means of arming the ,greeks4 ,now this evening ,i cannot deceive myself--,i have the misfortune of being too great an admirer of milady ,l4#b ,and perhaps the perfect music1 which ,i have had the luck to hear again1 after two or three months of privation1 although going nightly to the ,opera1 has simply had the effect1 which ,i recognised long ago--,i mean that of producing lively thoughts on what is already in the heart4 ,march #dth--eight days later4 ,i dare neither erase nor approve the preceding observation4 ,certain it is that1 as ,i wrote it1 ,i read it in my heart4 ,if to-day ,i bring it into question1 it is ,pg #ed because ,i have lost the memory of what ,i saw at that time4 ,the habit of hearing music and dreaming its dreams disposes towards love4 ,a sad and gentle air1 provided it is not too dramatic1 so that the imagination is forced to dwell on the action1 is a direct stimulant to dreams of love and a delight for gentle and unhappy souls3 for example1 the drawn-out passage on the clarionet at the beginning of the quartet in ,bianca and ,faliero7#aj71 and the recitative of ,la ,camporesi towards the middle of the quartet4 ,a lover at peace with his mistress enjoys to distraction ,rossini's famous duet in ,armida and ,rinaldo1 depicting so justly the little doubts of happy love and the moments of delight which follow its reconciliations4 ,it seems to him that the instrumental part1 which comes in the middle of the duet1 at the moment when ,rinaldo wishes to fly1 and represents in such an amazing way the conflict of the passions1 has a physical influence upon his heart and touches it in reality4 ,on this subject ,i dare not say what ,i feel2 ,i should pass for a madman among people of the north4 #a ,copied from the diary of ,lisio4 #b ,written thus in ,english by ,stendhal1--,tr4 ,pg #ee ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,beauty ,,dethroned ,,by ,,love ,alberic meets in a box at the theatre a woman more beautiful than his mistress 7,i beg to be allowed here a mathematical valuation7--that is to say1 her features promise three units of happiness instead of two1 supposing the quantity of happiness given by perfect beauty to be expressed by the number four4 ,is it surprising that he prefers the features of his mistress1 which promise a hundred units of happiness for him8 ,even the minor defects of her face1 a small-pox mark1 for example1 touches the heart of the man who loves1 and1 when he observes them even in another woman1 sets him dreaming far away4 ,what1 then1 when he sees them in his mistress8 ,why1 he has felt a thousand sentiments in presence of that small-pox mark1 sentiments for the most part sweet1 and all of the greatest interest2 and now1 such as they are1 they are evoked afresh with incredible vividness by the sight of this sign1 even in the face of another woman4 ,if ugliness thus comes to be preferred and loved1 it is because in this case ugliness is beauty4#a ,a man was passionately in love with a woman1 very thin and scarred with small-pox3 death bereft him of her4 ,at ,rome1 three years after1 he makes friends with two women1 one more lovely than the day1 the other thin1 scarred with ,pg #ef small-pox1 and thereby1 if you will1 quite ugly4 ,there he is1 at the end of a week1 in love with the ugly one--and this week he employs in effacing her ugliness with his memories2 and with a very pardonable coquetry the lesser beauty did not fail to help him in the operation with a slight whip-up of the pulse4#b ,a man meets a woman and is offended by her ugliness2 soon1 if she is unpretentious1 her expression makes him forget the defects of her features2 he finds her amiable--he conceives that one could love her4 ,a week later he has hopes2 another week and they are taken from him2 another and he's mad4 #a ,beauty is only the promise of happiness4 ,the happiness of a ,greek was different to that of a ,frenchman of #ahbb4 ,see the eyes of the ,medici ,venus and compare them with the eyes of the ,magdalen of ,pordenone 7in the possession of ,m4 de ,sommariva47 #b ,if one is sure of the love of a woman1 one examines to see if she is more or less beautiful2 if one is uncertain of her heart1 there is no time to think of her face4 ,pg #eg ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,limitations ,,of ,,beauty ,an analogy is to be seen at the theatre in the reception of the public's favourite actors3 the spectators are no longer conscious of the beauty or ugliness which the actors have in reality4 ,lekain1 for all his remarkable ugliness1 had a harvest of broken hearts--,garrick also4 ,there are several reasons for this2 the principal being that it was no longer the actual beauty of their features or their ways which people saw1 but emphatically that which imagination was long since used to lend them1 as a return for1 and in memory of1 all the pleasure they had given it4 ,why1 take a comedian--his face alone raises a laugh as he first walks on4 ,a girl going for the first time to the ,franais would perhaps feel some antipathy to ,lekain during the first scene2 but soon he was making her weep or shiver--and how resist him as ,tancrde#a or ,orosmane8 ,if his ugliness were still a little visible to her eyes1 the fervour of an entire audience1 and the nervous effect produced upon a young heart1#b soon managed to eclipse ,pg #eh it4 ,if anything was still heard about his ugliness1 it was mere talk2 but not a word of it--,lekain's lady enthusiasts could be heard to exclaim ,he's lovely6 ,remember that beauty is the expression of character1 or1 put differently1 of moral habits1 and that consequently it is exempt from all passion4 ,now it is passion that we want4 ,beauty can only supply us with probabilities about a woman1 and probabilities1 moreover1 based on her capacity for self-possession2 while the glances of your mistress with her small-pox scars are a delightful reality1 which destroys all the probabilities in the world4 #a ,see ,madame de ,stal in ,delphine1 ,i think2 there you have the artifice of plain women4 #b ,i should be inclined to attribute to this nervous sympathy the prodigious and incomprehensible effect of fashionable music4 7,sympathy at ,dresden for ,rossini1 #ahba47 ,as soon as it is out of fashion1 it becomes no worse for that1 and yet it ceases to have any effect upon perfectly ingenuous girls4 ,perhaps it used to please them1 as also stimulating young men to fervour4 ,madame de ,svign says to her daughter 7,letter #bjb1 ,may #f1 #afgb73 ,lully surpassed himself in his royal music2 that beautiful ,miserere was still further enlarged3 there was a ,libera at which all eyes were full of tears4 ,it is as impossible to doubt the truth of this effect1 as to refuse wit or refinement to ,madame de ,svign4 ,lully's music1 which charmed her1 would make us run away at present2 in her day1 his music encouraged crystallisation--it makes it impossible in ours4 ,pg #ei ,,chapter ,,xix ,,limitations ,,of ,,beauty--7continued7 ,a woman of quick fancy and tender heart1 but timid and cautious in her sensibility1 who the day after she appears in society1 passes in review a thousand times nervously and painfully all that she may have said or given hint of--such a woman1 ,i say1 grows easily used to want of beauty in a man3 it is hardly an obstacle in rousing her affection4 ,it is really on the same principle that you care next to nothing for the degree of beauty in a mistress1 whom you adore and who repays you with harshness4 ,you have very nearly stopped crystallising her beauty1 and when your friend in need tells you that she isn't pretty1 you are almost ready to agree4 ,then he thinks he has made great way4 ,my friend1 brave ,captain ,trab1 described to me this evening his feelings on seeing ,mirabeau once upon a time4 ,no one looking upon that great man felt a disagreeable sensation in the eyes--that is to say1 found him ugly4 ,people were carried away by his thundering words2 they fixed their attention1 they delighted in fixing their attention1 only on what was beautiful in his face4 ,as he had practically no beautiful features 7in the sense of sculpturesque or picturesque beauty7 they minded only what beauty he had of another kind1 the beauty of expression4#a ,pg #fj ,while attention was blind to all traces of ugliness1 picturesquely speaking1 it fastened on the smallest passable details with fervour--for example1 the beauty of his vast head of hair4 ,if he had had horns1 people would have thought them lovely4#b ,pg #fa ,the appearance every evening of a pretty dancer forces a little interest from those poor souls1 blas or bereft of imagination1 who adorn the balcony of the opera4 ,by her graceful movements1 daring and strange1 she awakens their physical love and procures them perhaps the only crystallisation of which they are still capable4 ,this is the way by which a young scarecrow1 who in the street would not have been honoured with a glance1 least of all from people the worse for wear1 has only to appear frequently on the stage1 and she manages to get herself handsomely supported4 ,geoffroy used to say that the theatre is the pedestal of woman4 ,the more notorious and the more dilapidated a dancer1 the more she is worth2 hence the green-room proverb3 ,some get sold at a price who wouldn't be taken as a gift4 ,these women steal part of their passions from their lovers1 and are very susceptible of love from pique4 ,how manage not to connect generous or lovable sentiments with the face of an actress1 in whose features there is nothing repugnant1 whom for two hours every evening we see expressing the most noble feelings1 and whom otherwise we do not know8 ,when at last you succeed in being received by her1 her features recall such pleasing feelings1 that the entire reality which surrounds her1 however little nobility it may sometimes possess1 is instantly invested with romantic and touching colours4 ,devotee1 in the days of my youth1 of that boring ,french tragedy1#c whenever ,i had the luck of supping with ,mlle4 ,olivier1 ,i found myself every other moment overbrimming with respect1 in the belief that ,i was speaking to a queen2 and really ,i have never been quite sure whether1 in her case1 ,i had fallen in love with a queen or a pretty tart4 #a ,that is the advantage of being la mode4 ,putting aside the defects of a face which are already familiar1 and no longer have any effect upon the imagination1 the public take hold of one of the three following ideas of beauty3-- 7#a7 ,the people--of the idea of wealth4 7#b7 ,the upper classes--of the idea of elegance1 material or moral4 7#c7 ,the ,court--of the idea3 ,my object is to please the women4 ,almost all take hold of a mixture of all three4 ,the happiness attached to the idea of riches is linked to a refinement in the pleasure which the idea of elegance suggests1 and the whole comes into touch with love4 ,in one way or another the imagination is led on by novelty4 ,it is possible in this way to be interested in a very ugly man without thinking of his ugliness199 and in good time his ugliness becomes beauty4 ,at ,vienna1 in #aghh1 ,madame ,vigan1 a dancer and the woman of the moment1 was with child--very soon the ladies took to wearing little ,ventres la ,vigan4 ,for the same reason reversed1 nothing more fearful than a fashion out of date6 ,bad taste is a confusion of fashion1 which lives only by change1 with the lasting beauty produced by such and such a government1 guided by such and such a climate4 ,a building in fashion to-day1 in ten years will be out of fashion4 ,it will be less displeasing in two hundred years1 when its fashionable day will be forgotten4 ,lovers are quite mad to think about their dress2 a woman has other things to do1 when seeing the object of her love1 than to bother about his get-up2 we look at our lover1 we do not examine him1 says ,rousseau4 ,if this examination takes place1 we are dealing with gallant-love and not passion-love4 ,the brilliance of beauty is almost offensive in the object of our love2 it is none of our business to see her beautiful1 we want her tender and languishing4 ,adornment has effect in love only upon girls1 who are so rigidly guarded in their parents' house1 that they often lose their hearts through their eyes4 7,l4's words4 ,september #ae1 #ahbj47 99 ,le petit ,germain1 ,mmoires de ,grammont4 #b ,for their polish or their size or their form6 ,in this way1 or by the combination of sentiments 7see above1 the small-pox scars7 a woman in love grows used to the faults of her lover4 ,the ,russian ,princess ,c4 has actually become used to a man who literally has no nose4 ,the picture of his courage1 of his pistol loaded to kill himself in despair at his misfortune1 and pity for the bitter calamity1 enhanced by the idea that he will recover and is beginning to recover1 are the forces which have worked this miracle4 ,the poor fellow with his wound must appear not to think of his misfortune4 7,berlin1 #ahjg47 #c ,improper expression copied from the ,memoirs of my friend1 the late ,baron de ,bottmer4 ,it is by the same trick that ,feramorz pleases ,lalla-,rookh4 ,see that charming poem4 ,pg #fb ,,chapter ,,xx ,perhaps men who are not susceptible to the feelings of passion-love are those most keenly sensitive to the effects of beauty3 that at least is the strongest impression which such men can receive of women4 ,he who has felt his heart beating at a distant glimpse of the white satin hat of the woman he loves1 is quite amazed by the chill left upon him by the approach of the greatest beauty in the world4 ,he may even have a qualm of distress1 to observe the excitement of others4 ,extremely lovely women cause less surprise the second day4 ',tis a great misfortune1 it discourages crystallisation4 ,their merit being obvious to all and public property1 they are bound to reckon more fools in the list of their lovers than princes1 millionaires1 etc4#a #a ,it is quite clear that the author is neither prince nor millionaire4 ,i wanted to steal that sally from the reader4 ,pg #fc ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,love ,,at ,,first ,,sight ,imaginative souls are sensitive and also mistrustful1 even the most ingenuous1#a--;,i maintain4 ,they may be suspicious without knowing it3 they have had so many disappointments in life4 ,thus everything set-out and official1 when a man is first introduced1 scares the imagination and drives away the possibility of crystallisation2 the romantic is then1 on the contrary1 love's triumph4 ,nothing simpler--for in the supreme astonishment1 which keeps the thoughts busy for long upon something out of the ordinary1 is already half the mental exercise necessary to crystallisation4 ,i will quote the beginning of the ,amours of ,sraphine 7,gil ,blas1 ,bk4 ,,iv1 ,chap4 ,x74 ,it is ,don ,fernando who tells the story of his flight1 when pursued by the agents of the inquisition4444 ,after crossing several walks ,i came to a drawing-room1 the door of which was also left open4 ,i entered1 and when ,i had observed all its magnificence4444 ,one side of the room a door stood ajar2 ,i partly opened it and saw a suite of apartments ,pg #fd whereof only the furthest was lighted4 ,what is to be done now8 ,i asked myself4444 ,i could not resist my curiosity4444 ,advancing boldly1 ,i went through all the rooms and reached one where there was a light--to wit1 a taper upon a marble table in a silver-gilt candlestick4444 ,but soon afterwards1 casting my eyes upon a bed1 the curtains of which were partly drawn on account of the heat1 ,i perceived an object which at once engrossed my attention3 a young lady1 fast asleep in spite of the noise of the thunder1 which had just been bursting forth4 ,i softly drew near her4 ,my mind was suddenly troubled at the sight4 ,whilst ,i feasted my eyes with the pleasure of beholding her1 she awoke4 ,imagine her surprise at seeing in her room at midnight a man who was an utter stranger to her6 ,she trembled on beholding me and shrieked aloud4444 ,i took pains to reassure her and throwing myself on my knees before her1 said--,madam1 have no fear4 ,she called her women4444 ,grown a little braver by his 7an old servant's7 presence1 she haughtily asked me who was1 etc4 etc4#b ,there is an introduction not easily to be forgotten6 ,on the other hand1 could there be anything sillier in our customs of to-day than the official1 and at the same time almost sentimental1 introduction of the young wooer to his future wife3 such legal prostitution goes so far as to be almost offensive to modesty4 ,i have just been present this afternoon1 ,february #agth1 #agij1 says ,chamfort1 at a so-called family function4 ,that is to say1 men of respectable reputation and a decent company were congratulating on her good fortune ,mlle4 de ,marille1 a young person of beauty1 wit and virtue1 who is to be favoured with becoming the wife of ,m4 ,r4--an unhealthy dotard1 repulsive1 dishonest1 and mad1 but rich3 she has seen him for the third time to-day1 when signing the contract4 ,if anything characterises an age of infamy1 it is the jubilation on an occasion like this1 it is the folly of such joy and--looking ahead--the sanctimonious cruelty1 with which the same society will heap contempt without reserve upon ,pg #fe the pettiest imprudence of a poor young woman in love4 ,ceremony of all kinds1 being in its essence something affected and set-out beforehand1 in which the point is to act properly1 paralyses the imagination and leaves it awake only to that which is opposed to the object of the ceremony1 e4 g4 something comical--whence the magic effect of the slightest joke4 ,a poor girl1 struggling against nervousness and attacks of modesty during the official introduction of her fianc1 can think of nothing but the part she is playing1 and this again is a certain means of stifling the imagination4 ,modesty has far more to say against getting into bed with a man whom you have seen but twice1 after three ,latin words have been spoken in church1 than against giving way despite yourself to the man whom for two years you have adored4 ,but ,i am talking double ,dutch4 ,the fruitful source of the vices and mishaps1 which follow our marriages nowadays1 is the ,church of ,rome4 ,it makes liberty for girls impossible before marriage1 and divorce impossible1 when once they have made their mistake1 or rather when they find out the mistake of the choice forced on them4 ,compare ,germany1 the land of happy marriages3 a delightful princess 7,madame la ,duchesse de ,sa----7 has just married in all good faith for the fourth time1 and has not failed to ask to the wedding her three first husbands1 with whom she is on the best terms4 ,that is going too far2 but a single divorce1 which punishes a husband for his tyranny1 prevents a thousand cases of unhappy wedded life4 ,what is amusing is that ,rome is one of the places where you see most divorces4 ,love goes out at first sight towards a face1 which reveals in a man at once something to respect and something to pity4 #a ,the ,bride of ,lammermoor1 ,miss ,ashton4 ,a man who has lived finds in his memory numberless examples of affairs1 and his only trouble is to make his choice4 ,but if he wishes to write1 he no longer knows where to look for support4 ,the anecdotes of the particular circles he has lived in are unknown to the public1 and it would require an immense number of pages to recount them with the necessary circumstantiality4 ,i quote for that reason from generally-known novels1 but the ideas which ,i submit to the reader ,i do not ground upon such empty fictions1 calculated for the most part with an eye to the picturesque rather than the true effect4 #b ,translation of ,henri van ,laun4--,tr4 ,pg #ff ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,of ,,infatuation ,the most fastidious spirits are very given to curiosity and prepossession3 this is to be seen1 especially1 in beings in which that sacred fire1 the source of the passions1 is extinct--in fact it is one of the most fatal symptoms4 ,there is also the infatuation of schoolboys just admitted to society4 ,at the two poles of life1 with too much or too little sensibility1 there is little chance of simple people getting the right effect from things1 or feeling the genuine sensation which they ought to give4 ,these beings1 either too ardent or excessive in their ardour1 amorous on credit1 if one may use the expression1 throw themselves at objects instead of awaiting them4 ,from afar off and without looking they enfold things in that imaginary charm1 of which they find a perennial source within themselves1 long before sensation1 which is the consequence of the object's nature1 has had time to reach them4 ,then1 on coming to close quarters1 they see these things not such as they are1 but as they have made them2 they think they are enjoying such and such an object1 while1 under cover of that object1 they are enjoying themselves4 ,but one fine day a man gets tired of keeping the whole thing going2 he discovers that his idol is not playing the game2 infatuation collapses and the resulting shock to his self-esteem makes him unfair to that which he appreciated too highly4 ,pg #fg ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,thunderbolt ,,from ,,the ,,blue7#aa7 ,so ridiculous an expression ought to be changed1 yet the thing exists4 ,i have seen the amiable and noble ,wilhelmina1 the despair of the beaux of ,berlin1 making light of love and laughing at its folly4 ,in the brilliance of youth1 wit1 beauty and all kinds of good luck--a boundless fortune1 giving her the opportunity of developing all her qualities1 seemed to conspire with nature to give the world an example1 rarely seen1 of perfect happiness bestowed upon an object perfectly worthy4 ,she was twenty-three years old and1 already some time at ,court1 had won the homage of the bluest blood4 ,her virtue1 unpretentious but invulnerable1 was quoted as a pattern4 ,henceforth the most charming men1 despairing of their powers of fascination1 aspired only to make her their friend4 ,one evening she goes to a ball at ,prince ,ferdinand's3 she dances for ten minutes with a young ,captain4 ,from that moment1 she writes subsequently to a friend1#a he was master of my heart and of me1 and this to a degree that would have filled me with terror1 if the happiness of seeing ,herman had left me time to think of the rest of existence4 ,my only thought was to observe whether he gave me a little notice4 ,to-day the only consolation that ,i might find for my fault is to nurse the illusion within me1 that it is through a superior power that ,i am lost to reason and to myself4 ,i have no word to describe1 in a way that comes at all near the reality1 the degree of disorder and turmoil ,pg #fh to which the mere sight of him could bring my whole being4 ,i blush to think of the rapidity and the violence with which ,i was drawn towards him4 ,if his first word1 when at last he spoke to me1 had been ',do you adore me8'--truly ,i should not have had the power to have answered anything but 'yes4' ,i was far from thinking that the effect of a feeling could be at once so sudden and so unforeseen4 ,in fact1 for an instant1 ,i believed that ,i had been poisoned4 ,unhappily you and the world1 my dear friend1 know how well ,i have loved ,herman4 ,well1 after quarter of an hour he was so dear to me that he cannot have become dearer since4 ,i saw then all his faults and ,i forgave them all1 provided only he would love me4 ,soon after ,i had danced with him1 the king left3 ,herman1 who belonged to the suite1 had to follow him4 ,with him1 everything in nature disappeared4 ,it is no good to try to depict the excess of weariness with which ,i felt weighed down1 as soon as he was out of my sight4 ,it was equal only to the keenness of my desire to be alone with myself4 ,at last ,i got away4 ,no sooner the door of my room shut and bolted than ,i wanted to resist my passion4 ,i thought ,i should succeed4 ,ah1 dear friend1 believe me ,i paid dear that evening and the following days for the pleasure of being able to credit myself with some virtue4 ,the preceding lines are the exact story of an event which was the topic of the day2 for after a month or two poor ,wilhelmina was unfortunate enough for people to take notice of her feelings4 ,such was the origin of that long series of troubles by which she perished so young and so tragically--poisoned by herself or her lover4 ,all that we could see in this young ,captain was that he was an excellent dancer2 he had plenty of gaiety and still more assurance1 a general air of good nature and spent his time with prostitutes2 for the rest1 scarcely a nobleman1 quite poor and not seen at ,court4 ,pg #fi ,in these cases it is not enough to have no misgivings--one must be sick of misgivings--have1 so to speak1 the impatience of courage to face life's chances4 ,the soul of a woman1 grown tired1 without noticing it1 of living without loving1 convinced in spite of herself by the example of other women--all the fears of life surmounted and the sorry happiness of pride found wanting--ends in creating unconsciously a model1 an ideal4 ,one day she meets this model3 crystallisation recognises its object by the commotion it inspires and consecrates for ever to the master of its fortunes the fruit of all its previous dreams4#b ,women1 whose hearts are open to this misfortune1 have too much grandeur of soul to love otherwise than with passion4 ,they would be saved if they could stoop to gallantry4 ,as thunderbolts come from a secret lassitude in what the catechism calls ,virtue1 and from boredom brought on by the uniformity of perfection1 ,i should be inclined to think that it would generally be the privilege of what is known in the world as a bad lot to bring them down4 ,i doubt very much whether rigidity la ,cato has ever been the occasion of a thunderbolt4 ,what makes them so rare is that if the heart1 thus disposed to love beforehand1 has the slightest inkling of its situation1 there is no thunderbolt4 ,the soul of a woman1 whom troubles have made mistrustful1 is not susceptible of this revolution4 ,nothing facilitates a thunderbolt like praise1 given in advance and by women1 to the person who is to occasion it4 ,false thunderbolts form one of the most comic sources of love stories4 ,a weary woman1 but one without much feeling1 thinks for a whole evening that she is in love for life4 ,she is proud of having found at last one of those great commotions of the soul1 which used to ,pg #gj allure her imagination4 ,the next day she no longer knows where to hide her face and1 still more1 how to avoid the wretched object she was adoring the night before4 ,clever people know how to spot1 that is to say1 make capital out of these thunderbolts4 ,physical love also has its thunderbolts4 ,yesterday in her carriage with the prettiest and most easy-going woman in ,berlin1 we saw her suddenly blush4 ,she became deeply absorbed and preoccupied4 ,handsome ,lieutenant ,findorff had just passed4 ,in the evening at the play1 according to her own confession to me1 she was out of her mind1 she was beside herself1 she could think of nothing but ,findorff1 to whom she had never spoken4 ,if she had dared1 she told me1 she would have sent for him--that pretty face bore all the signs of the most violent passion4 ,the next day it was still going on4 ,after three days1 ,findorff having played the blockhead1 she thought no more about it4 ,a month later she loathed him4 #a ,translated ad litteram from the ,memoirs of ,bottmer4 #b ,several phrases taken from ,crbillon4 ,pg #ga ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,voyage ,,in ,,an ,,unknown ,,land ,i advise the majority of people born in the ,north to skip the present chapter4 ,it is an obscure dissertation upon certain phenomena relative to the orange-tree1 a plant which does not grow or reach its full height except in ,italy and ,spain4 ,in order to be intelligible elsewhere1 ,i should have had to cut down the facts4 ,i should have had no hesitation about this1 if for a single moment ,i had intended to write a book to be generally appreciated4 ,but ,heaven having refused me the writer's gift1 ,i have thought solely of describing with all the ill-grace of science1 but also with all its exactitude1 certain facts1 of which ,i became involuntarily the witness through a prolonged sojourn in the land of the orange-tree4 ,frederick the ,great1 or some such other distinguished man from the ,north1 who never had the opportunity of seeing the orange-tree growing in the open1 would doubtless have denied the facts which follow--and denied in good faith4 ,i have an infinite respect for such good faith and can see its wherefore4 ,as this sincere declaration may seem presumption1 ,i append the following reflexion3-- ,we write haphazard1 each one of us what we think true1 and each gives the lie to his neighbour4 ,i see in our books so many tickets in a lottery and in reality they have no more value4 ,posterity1 forgetting some and reprinting others1 declares the lucky numbers4 ,and in so far1 each one of us having written as best he can1 what he thinks true1 has no right to laugh at his neighbour--except ,pg #gb where the satire is amusing4 ,in that case he is always right1 especially if he writes like ,m4 ,courrier to ,del ,furia7#ab74 ,after this preamble1 ,i am going bravely to enter into the examination of facts which1 ,i am convinced1 have rarely been observed at ,paris4 ,but after all at ,paris1 superior as of course it is to all other towns1 orange-trees are not seen growing out in the open1 as at ,sorrento1 and it is there that ,lisio ,visconti observed and noted the following facts--at ,sorrento1 the country of ,tasso1 on the ,bay of ,naples in a position half-way down to the sea1 still more picturesque than that of ,naples itself1 but where no one reads the ,miroir4 ,when we are to see in the evening the woman we love1 the suspense1 the expectation of so great a happiness makes every moment1 which separates us from it1 unbearable4 ,a devouring fever makes us take up and lay aside twenty different occupations4 ,we look every moment at our watch--overjoyed when we see that we have managed to pass ten minutes without looking at the time4 ,the hour so longed-for strikes at last1 and when we are at her door ready to knock--we would be glad not to find her in4 ,it is only on reflexion that we would be sorry for it4 ,in a word1 the suspense before seeing her produces an unpleasant effect4 ,there you have one of the things which make good folk say that love drives men silly4 ,the reason is that the imagination1 violently withdrawn from dreams of delight in which every step forward brings happiness1 is brought back face to face with severe reality4 ,the gentle soul knows well that in the combat which is to begin the moment he sees her1 the least inadvertency1 the least lack of attention or of courage will be paid for by a defeat1 poisoning1 for a long time to come1 the dreams of fancy and of passion1 and humiliating to a man's pride1 if he try to find consolation outside the ,pg #gc sphere of passion4 ,he says to himself3 ,i hadn't the wit1 ,i hadn't the pluck2 but the only way to have pluck before the loved one is by loving her a little less4 ,it is a fragment of attention1 torn by force with so much trouble from the dreams of crystallisation1 which allows the crowd of things to escape us during our first words with the woman we love--things which have no sense or which have a sense contrary to what we mean--or else1 what is still more heartrending1 we exaggerate our feelings and they become ridiculous in our own eyes4 ,we feel vaguely that we are not paying enough attention to our words and mechanically set about polishing and loading our oratory4 ,and1 also1 it is impossible to hold one's tongue--silence would be embarrassing and make it still less possible to give one's thoughts to her4 ,so we say in a feeling way a host of things that we do not feel1 and would be quite embarrassed to repeat1 obstinately keeping our distance from the woman before us1 in order more really to be with her4 ,in the early hours of my acquaintance with love1 this oddity which ,i felt within me1 made me believe that ,i did not love4 ,i understand cowardice and how recruits1 to be delivered of their fear1 throw themselves recklessly into the midst of the fire4 ,the number of silly things ,i have said in the last two years1 in order not to hold my tongue1 makes me mad when ,i think of them4 ,and that is what should easily mark in a woman's eyes the difference between passion-love and gallantry1 between the gentle soul and the prosaic4#a ,in these decisive moments the one gains as much as the other loses3 the prosaic soul gets just the degree of warmth which he ordinarily wants1 while excess of feeling drives mad the poor gentle heart1 who1 to crown his troubles1 really means to hide his madness4 ,completely taken up with keeping his own transports in check1 he is miles away from the self-possession necessary in order to seize opportunities1 ,pg #gd and leaves in a muddle after a visit1 in which the prosaic soul would have made a great step forward4 ,directly it is a question of advancing his too violent passion1 a gentle being with pride cannot be eloquent under the eye of the woman whom he loves3 the pain of ill-success is too much for him4 ,the vulgar being1 on the contrary1 calculates nicely the chances of success3 he is stopped by no foretastes of the suffering of defeat1 and1 proud of that which makes him vulgar1 laughs at the gentle soul1 who1 with all the cleverness he may have1 is never quite enough at ease to say the simplest things and those most certain to succeed4 ,the gentle soul1 far from being able to grasp anything by force1 must resign himself to obtaining nothing except through the charity of her whom he loves4 ,if the woman one loves really has feelings1 one always has reason to regret having wished to put pressure on oneself in order to make love to her4 ,one looks shame-faced1 looks chilly1 would look deceitful1 did not passion betray itself by other and surer signs4 ,to express what we feel so keenly1 and in such detail1 at every moment of the day1 is a task we take upon our shoulders because we have read novels2 for if we were natural1 we would never undertake anything so irksome4 ,instead of wanting to speak of what we felt a quarter of an hour ago1 and of trying to make of it a general and interesting topic1 we would express simply the passing fragment of our feelings at the moment4 ,but no6 we put the most violent pressure upon ourselves for a worthless success1 and1 as there is no evidence of actual sensation to back our words1 and as our memory cannot be working freely1 we approve at the time of things to say--and say them--comical to a degree that is more than humiliating4 ,when at last1 after an hour's trouble1 this extremely painful effort has resulted in getting away from the enchanted gardens of the imagination1 in order to enjoy quite simply the presence of what you love1 it often happens--that you've got to take your leave4 ,pg #ge ,all this looks like extravagance1 but ,i have seen better still4 ,a woman1 whom one of my friends loved to idolatry1 pretending to take offence at some or other want of delicacy1 which ,i was never allowed to learn1 condemned him all of a sudden to see her only twice a month4 ,these visits1 so rare and so intensely desired1 meant an attack of madness1 and it wanted all ,salviati's strength of character to keep it from being seen by outward signs4 ,from the very first1 the idea of the visit's end is too insistent for one to be able to take pleasure in the visit4 ,one speaks a great deal1 deaf to one's own thoughts1 saying often the contrary of what one thinks4 ,one embarks upon discourses which have got suddenly to be cut short1 because of their absurdity--if one manage to rouse oneself and listen to one's thoughts within4 ,the effort we make is so violent that we seem chilly4 ,love hides itself in its excess4 ,away from her1 the imagination was lulled by the most charming dialogues3 there were transports the most tender and the most touching4 ,and thus for ten days or so you think you have the courage to speak2 but two days before what should have been our day of happiness1 the fever begins1 and1 as the terrible instant draws near1 its force redoubles4 ,just as you come into her salon1 in order not to do or say some incredible piece of nonsense1 you clutch in despair at the resolution of keeping your mouth shut and your eyes on her--in order at least to be able to remember her face4 ,scarcely before her1 something like a kind of drunkenness comes over your eyes2 you feel driven like a maniac to do strange actions2 it is as if you had two souls--one to act and the other to blame your actions4 ,you feel1 in a confused way1 that to turn your strained attention to folly would temporarily refresh the blood1 and make you lose from sight the end of the visit and the misery of parting for a fortnight4 ,pg #gf ,if some bore be there1 who tells a pointless story1 the poor lover1 in his inexplicable madness1 as if he were nervous of losing moments so rare1 becomes all attention4 ,that hour1 of which he drew himself so sweet a picture1 passes like a flash of lightning and yet he feels1 with unspeakable bitterness1 all the little circumstances which show how much a stranger he has become to her whom he loves4 ,there he is in the midst of indifferent visitors and sees himself the only one who does not know her life of these past days1 in all its details4 ,at last he goes3 and as he coldly says good-bye1 he has the agonising feeling of two whole weeks before another meeting4 ,without a doubt he would suffer less never to see the object of his love again4 ,it is in the style1 only far blacker1 of the ,duc de ,policastro1 who every six months travelled a hundred leagues to see for a quarter of an hour at ,lecce a beloved mistress guarded by a jealous husband4 ,here you can see clearly ,will without influence upon ,love4 ,out of all patience with one's mistress and oneself1 how furious the desire to bury oneself in indifference6 ,the only good of such visits is to replenish the treasure of crystallisation4 ,life for ,salviati was divided into periods of two weeks1 which took their colour from the last evening he had been allowed to see ,madame ----4 ,for example1 he was in the seventh heaven of delight the #bast of ,may1 and the #bnd of ,june he kept away from home1 for fear of yielding to the temptation of blowing out his brains4 ,i saw that evening how badly novelists have drawn the moment of suicide4 ,salviati simply said to me3 ,i'm thirsty1 ,i must take this glass of water4 ,i did not oppose his resolution1 but said good-bye3 then he broke down4 ,seeing the obscurity which envelops the discourse of lovers1 it would not be prudent to push too far conclusions drawn from an isolated detail of their conversation4 ,pg #gg ,they give a fair glimpse of their feelings only in sudden expressions--then it is the cry of the heart4 ,otherwise it is from the complexion of the bulk of what is said that inductions are to be drawn4 ,and we must remember that quite often a man1 who is very moved1 has no time to notice the emotion of the person who is the cause of his own4 #a ,the word was one of ,lonore's4 ,pg #gh ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,introduction ,to see the subtlety and sureness of judgment with which women grasp certain details1 ,i am lost in admiration3 but a moment later1 ,i see them praise a blockhead to the skies1 let themselves be moved to tears by a piece of insipidity1 or weigh gravely a fatuous affectation1 as if it were a telling characteristic4 ,i cannot conceive such simplicity4 ,there must be some general law in all this1 unknown to me4 ,attentive to one merit in a man and absorbed by one detail1 women feel it deeply and have no eyes for the rest4 ,all the nervous fluid is used up in the enjoyment of this quality3 there is none left to see the others4 ,i have seen the most remarkable men introduced to very clever women2 it was always a particle of bias which decided the effect of the first inspection4 ,if ,i may be allowed a familiar detail1 ,i shall tell the story how charming ,colonel ,l4 ,b---- was to be introduced to ,madame de ,struve of ,koenigsberg--she a most distinguished woman4 ,far colpo8#a--we asked each other2 and a wager was made as a result4 ,i go up to ,madame de ,struve1 and tell her the ,colonel wears his ties two days running--the second he turns them--she could notice on his tie the creases downwards4 ,nothing more palpably untrue6 ,as ,i finish1 the dear fellow is announced4 ,the silliest little ,parisian would have made more effect4 ,observe that ,madame de ,struve was one who could love4 ,she is ,pg #gi also a respectable woman and there could have been no question of gallantry between them4 ,never were two characters more made for each other4 ,people blamed ,madame de ,struve for being romantic1 and there was nothing could touch ,l4 ,b4 but virtue carried to the point of the romantic4 ,thanks to her1 he had a bullet put through him quite young4 ,it has been given to women admirably to feel the fine shades of affection1 the most imperceptible variations of the human heart1 the lightest movements of susceptibility4 ,in this regard they have an organ which in us is missing3 watch them nurse the wounded4 ,but1 perhaps1 they are equally unable to see what mind consists in--as a moral composition4 ,i have seen the most distinguished women charmed with a clever man1 who was not myself1 and1 at the same time and almost with the same word1 admire the biggest fools4 ,i felt caught like a connoisseur1 who sees the loveliest diamonds taken for paste1 and paste preferred for being more massive4 ,and so ,i concluded that with women you have to risk everything4 ,where ,general ,lassale came to grief1 a captain with moustaches and heavy oaths succeeded4#b ,there is surely a whole side in men's merit which escapes them4 ,for myself1 ,i always come back to physical laws4 ,the nervous fluid spends itself in men through the brain and in women through the heart3 that is why they are more sensitive4 ,some great and obligatory work1 within the profession we have followed all our life1 is our consolation1 but for them nothing can console but distraction4 ,appiani1 who only believes in virtue as a last resort1 and with whom this evening ,i went routing out ideas 7exposing meanwhile those of this chapter7 answered3-- ,the force of soul1 which ,eponina used with heroic ,pg #hj devotion1 to keep alive her husband in a cavern underground and to keep him from sinking into despair1 would have helped her to hide from him a lover1 if they had lived at ,rome in peace4 ,strong souls must have their nourishment4 #a ,will he impress her8--,tr4 #b ,posen1 #ahjg4 ,pg #ha ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,of ,,modesty ,in ,madagascar1 a woman exposes without a thought what is here most carefully hidden1 but would die of shame sooner than show her arm4 ,clearly three-quarters of modesty come from example4 ,it is perhaps the one law1 daughter of civilisation1 which produces only happiness4 ,people have noticed that birds of prey hide themselves to drink2 the reason being that1 obliged to plunge their head in the water1 they are at that moment defenceless4 ,after a consideration of what happens at ,tahiti1#a ,i see no other natural basis for modesty4 ,love is the miracle of civilisation4 ,there is nothing but a physical love of the coarsest kind among savage or too barbarian peoples4 ,and modesty gives love the help of imagination--that is1 gives it life4 ,modesty is taught little girls very early by their mothers with such jealous care1 that it almost looks like fellow-feeling2 in this way women take measures in good time for the happiness of the lover to come4 ,there can be nothing worse for a timid1 sensitive woman than the torture of having1 in the presence of a man1 allowed herself something for which she thinks she ought to blush2 ,i am convinced that a woman with a ,pg #hb little pride would sooner face a thousand deaths4 ,a slight liberty1 which touches a soft corner in the lover's heart1 gives her a moment of lively pleasure4#b ,if he seem to blame it1 or simply not to enjoy it to the utmost1 it must leave in the soul an agonising doubt4 ,and so a woman above the common sort has everything to gain by being very reserved in her manner4 ,the game is not fair3 against the chance of a little pleasure or the advantage of seeming a little more lovable1 a woman runs the risk of a burning remorse and a sense of shame1 which must make even the lover less dear4 ,an evening gaily passed1 in care-devil thoughtless fashion1 is dearly paid for at the price4 ,if a woman fears she has made this kind of mistake before her lover1 he must become for days together hateful in her sight4 ,can one wonder at the force of a habit1 when the lightest infractions of it are punished by such cruel shame8 ,as for the utility of modesty--she is the mother of love3 impossible1 therefore1 to doubt her claims4 ,and for the mechanism of the sentiment--it's simple enough4 ,the soul is busy feeling shame instead of busy desiring4 ,you deny yourself desires and your desires lead to actions4 ,evidently every woman of feeling and pride--and1 these two things being cause and effect1 one can hardly go without the other--must fall into ways of coldness1 which the people whom they disconcert call prudery4 ,the accusation is all the more specious because of the extreme difficulty of steering a middle course3 a woman has only to have little judgment and a lot of pride1 and very soon she will come to believe that in modesty one cannot go too far4 ,in this way1 an ,englishwoman takes it as an insult1 if you pronounce before her the name of certain garments4 ,an ,englishwoman must be very careful1 in the country1 not to be seen in the evening ,pg #hc leaving the drawing-room with her husband2 and1 what is still more serious1 she thinks it an outrage to modesty1 to show that she is enjoying herself a little in the presence of anyone but her husband4#c ,it is perhaps due to such studied scrupulousness that the ,english1 a people of judgment1 betray signs of such boredom in their domestic bliss4 ,theirs the fault--why so much pride8#d ,to make up for this--and to pass straight from ,plymouth to ,cadiz and ,seville--,i found in ,spain that the warmth of climate and passions caused people to overlook a little the necessary measure of restraint4 ,the very tender caresses1 which ,i noticed could be given in public1 far from seeming touching1 inspired me with feelings quite the reverse3 nothing is more distressing4 ,we must expect to find incalculable the force of habits1 which insinuate themselves into women under the pretext of modesty4 ,a common woman1 by carrying modesty to extremes1 feels she is getting on a level with a woman of distinction4 ,such is the empire of modesty1 that a woman of feeling betrays her sentiments for her lover sooner by deed than by word4 ,the prettiest1 richest and most easy-going woman of ,bologna has just told me1 how yesterday evening a fool of a ,frenchman1 who is here giving people a strange idea of his nation1 thought good to hide under her bed4 ,apparently he did not want to waste the long string of absurd declarations1 with which he has been pestering her for a month4 ,but the great man should have had more presence of mind4 ,he waited all right till ,madame ,m---- sent away her maid and had got to bed1 but he had not the patience to give the household time to go to sleep4 ,she seized hold of the bell and had him thrown ,pg #hd out ignominiously1 in the midst of the jeers and cuffs of five or six lackeys4 ,and if he had waited two hours8 ,i asked her4 ,i should have been very badly off4 ',who is to doubt1' he would have said1 'that ,i am here by your orders8'#e ,after leaving this pretty woman's house1 ,i went to see a woman more worthy of being loved than any ,i know4 ,her extremely delicate nature is something greater1 if possible1 than her touching beauty4 ,i found her alone1 told the story of ,madame ,m---- and we discussed it4 ,listen1 was what she said2 if the man1 who will go as far as that1 was lovable in the eyes of that woman beforehand1 he'll have her pardon1 and1 all in good time1 her love4 ,i own ,i was dumbfounded by this unexpected light thrown on the recesses of the human heart4 ,after a short silence ,i answered her--,but will a man1 who loves1 dare go to such violent extremities8 ,there would be far less vagueness in this chapter had a woman written it4 ,everything relating to women's haughtiness or pride1 to their habits of modesty and its excesses1 to certain delicacies1 for the most part dependent wholly on associations of feelings1#f which cannot exist for men1 and often delicacies not founded on ,nature--all these things1 ,i say1 can only find their way here so far as it is permissible to write from hearsay4 ,a woman once said to me1 in a moment of philosophical frankness1 something which amounts to this3-- ,if ever ,i sacrificed my liberty1 the man whom ,i should happen to favour would appreciate still more my ,pg #he affection1 by seeing how sparing ,i had always been of favours--even of the slightest4 ,it is out of preference for this lover1 whom perhaps she will never meet1 that a lovable woman will offer a cold reception to the man who is speaking to her at the moment4 ,that is the first exaggeration of modesty2 that one can respect4 ,the second comes from women's pride4 ,the third source of exaggeration is the pride of husbands4 ,to my idea1 this possibility of love presents itself often to the fancy of even the most virtuous woman--and why not8 ,not to love1 when given by ,heaven a soul made for love1 is to deprive yourself and others of a great blessing4 ,it is like an orange-tree1 which would not flower for fear of committing a sin4 ,and beyond doubt a soul made for love can partake fervently of no other bliss4 ,in the would-be pleasures of the world it finds1 already at the second trial1 an intolerable emptiness4 ,often it fancies that it loves ,art and ,nature in its grander aspects1 but all they do for it is to hold out hopes of love and magnify it1 if that is possible2 until1 very soon1 it finds out that they speak of a happiness which it is resolved to forego4 ,the only thing ,i see to blame in modesty is that it leads to untruthfulness1 and that is the only point of vantage1 which light women have over women of feeling4 ,a light woman says to you3 ,as soon1 my friend1 as you attract me1 ,i'll tell you and ,i'll be more delighted than you2 because ,i have a great respect for you4 ,the lively satisfaction of ,constance's cry after her lover's victory6 ,how happy ,i am1 not to have given myself to anyone1 all these eight years that ,i've been on bad terms with my husband6 ,however comical ,i find the line of thought1 this joy seems to me full of freshness4 ,here ,i absolutely must talk about the sort of regrets1 felt by a certain lady of ,seville who had been deserted by her lover4 ,i ought to remind the reader that1 in love4 ,pg #hf everything is a sign1 and1 above all1 crave the benefit of a little indulgence for my style4#g 99 99 99 99 99 ,as a man1 ,i think my eye can distinguish nine points in modesty4 #a4 ,much is staked against little2 hence extreme reserve2 hence often affectation4 ,for example1 one doesn't laugh at what amuses one the most4 ,hence it needs a great deal of judgment to have just the right amount of modesty4#h ,that is why many women have not enough in intimate gatherings1 or1 to put it more exactly1 do not insist on the stories told them being sufficiently disguised1 and only drop their veils according to the degree of their intoxication or recklessness4#i ,could it be an effect of modesty and of the deadly dullness it must impose on many women1 that the majority of them respect nothing in a man so much as impudence8 ,or do they take impudence for character8 #b4 ,second law3 ,my lover will think the more of me for it4 #c4 ,force of habit has its way1 even at the moments of greatest passion4 #d4 ,to the lover1 modesty offers very flattering pleasures2 it makes him feel what laws are broken for his sake4 #e4 ,and to women it offers more intoxicating pleasures1 which1 causing the fall of a strongly established habit1 throw the soul into greater confusion4 ,the ,comte de ,valmont finds himself in a pretty woman's bedroom at ,pg #hg midnight4 ,the thing happens every week to him2 to her perhaps every other year4 ,thus continence and modesty must have pleasures infinitely more lively in store for women4#aj #f4 ,the drawback of modesty is that it is always leading to falsehood4 #g4 ,excess of modesty1 and its severity1 discourages gentle and timid hearts from loving#aa--;just those made for giving and feeling the sweets of love4 #h4 ,in sensitive women1 who have not had several lovers1 modesty is a bar to ease of manner1 and for this reason they are rather apt to let themselves be led by those friends1 who need reproach themselves with no such failing4#ab ,they go into each particular case1 instead of falling back blindly on habit4 ,delicacy and modesty give their actions a touch of restraint2 by being natural they make ,pg #hh themselves appear unnatural2 but this awkwardness is akin to heavenly grace4 ,if familiarity in them sometimes resembles tenderness1 it is because these angelic souls are coquettes without knowing it4 ,they are disinclined to interrupt their dreams1 and1 to save themselves the trouble of speaking and finding something both pleasant and polite to say to a friend 7which would end in being nothing but polite71 they finish by leaning tenderly on his arm4#ac #i4 ,women only dare be frank by halves2 which is the reason why they very rarely reach the highest1 when they become authors1 but which also gives a grace to their shortest note4 ,for them to be frank means going out without a fichu4 ,for a man nothing more frequent than to write absolutely at the dictate of his imagination1 without knowing where he is going4 ,rsum ,the usual fault is to treat woman as a kind of man1 but more generous1 more changeable and with whom1 above all1 no rivalry is possible4 ,it is only too easy to forget that there are two new and peculiar laws1 which tyrannise over these unstable beings1 in conflict with all the ordinary impulses of human nature--,i mean3-- ,feminine pride and modesty1 and those often inscrutable habits born of modesty4 #a ,see the ,travels of ,bougainville1 ,cook1 etc4 ,in some animals1 the female seems to retract at the moment she gives herself4 ,we must expect from comparative anatomy some of the most important revelations about ourselves4 #b ,shows one's love in a new way4 #c ,see the admirable picture of these tedious manners at the end of ,corinne2 and ,madame de ,stal has made a flattering portrait4 #d ,the ,bible and ,aristocracy take a cruel revenge upon people who believe that duty is everything4 #e ,i am advised to suppress this detail--,you take me for a very doubtful woman1 to dare tell such stories in my presence4 #f ,modesty is one of the sources of taste in dress3 by such and such an arrangement1 a woman engages herself in a greater or less degree4 ,this is what makes dress lose its point in old age4 ,a provincial1 who puts up to follow the fashion in ,paris1 engages herself in an awkward way1 which makes people laugh4 ,a woman coming to ,paris from the provinces ought to begin by dressing as if she were thirty4 #g ,p4 #hd1 note #e4 #h ,see the tone of society at ,geneva1 above all in the best families--use of a ,court to correct the tendency towards prudery by laughing at it--,duclos telling stories to ,madame de ,rochefort--,really1 you take us for too virtuous4 ,nothing in the world is so nauseous as modesty not sincere4 #i ,ah1 my dear ,fronsac1 there are twenty bottles of champagne between the story1 that you're beginning to tell us1 and our talk at this time of day4 #aj ,it is the story of the melancholy temperament and the sanguine4 ,consider a virtuous woman 7even the mercenary virtue of certain of the faithful--virtue to be had for a hundredfold reward in ,paradise7 and a blas debauchee of forty4 ,although the ,valmont7#ac7 of the ,liaisons ,dangereuses is not as far gone as that1 the ,prsidente de ,tourvel7#ac7 is happier than he all the way through the book3 and if the author1 with all his wit1 had had still more1 that would have been the moral of his ingenious novel4 #aa ,melancholy temperament1 which may be called the temperament of love4 ,i have seen women1 the most distinguished and the most made for love1 give the preference1 for want of sense1 to the prosaic1 sanguine temperament4 7,story of ,alfred1 ,grande ,chartreuse1 #ahaj47 ,i know no thought which incites me more to keep what is called bad company4 7,here poor ,visconti loses himself in the clouds47 ,fundamentally all women are the same so far as concerns the movements of the heart and passion3 the forms the passions take are different4 ,consider the difference made by greater fortune1 a more cultivated mind1 the habit of higher thoughts1 and1 above all1 7and more's the pity7 a more irritable pride4 ,such and such a word irritates a princess1 but would not in the very least shock an ,alpine shepherdess4 ,only1 once their anger is up1 the passion works in princess and shepherdess the same74 7,the ,editor's only note47 #ab ,m4's remark4 #ac ,vol4 ,guarna4 ,pg #hi ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,the ,,glance ,this is the great weapon of virtuous coquetry4 ,with a glance1 one may say everything1 and yet one can always deny a glance2 for it cannot be repeated textually4 ,this reminds me of ,count ,g----1 the ,mirabeau of ,rome4 ,the delightful little government of that land has taught him an original way of telling stories by a broken string of words1 which say everything--and nothing4 ,he makes his whole meaning clear1 but repeat who will his sayings word for word1 it is impossible to compromise him4 ,cardinal ,lante told him he had stolen this talent from women--yes1 and respectable women1 ,i add4 ,this roguery is a cruel1 but just1 reprisal on man's tyranny4 ,pg #ij ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,of ,,feminine ,,pride ,all their lives women hear mention made by men of things claiming importance--large profits1 success in war1 people killed in duels1 fiendish or admirable revenges1 and so on4 ,those of them1 whose heart is proud1 feel that1 being unable to reach these things1 they are not in a position to display any pride remarkable for the importance of what it rests on4 ,they feel a heart beat in their breast1 superior by the force and pride of its movements to all which surrounds them1 and yet they see the meanest of men esteem himself above them4 ,they find out1 that all their pride can only be for little things1 or at least for things1 which are without importance except for sentiment1 and of which a third party cannot judge4 ,maddened by this desolating contrast between the meanness of their fortune and the conscious worth of their soul1 they set about making their pride worthy of respect by the intensity of its fits or by the relentless tenacity with which they hold by its dictates4 ,before intimate intercourse women of this kind imagine1 when they see their lover1 that he has laid siege to them4 ,their imagination is absorbed in irritation at his endeavours1 which1 after all1 cannot do otherwise than witness to his love--seeing that he does love4 ,instead of enjoying the feelings of the man of their preference1 their vanity is up in arms against him2 and it comes to this1 that1 with a soul of the tenderest1 so long as its sensibility is not centred on a special object1 they have only to love1 in ,pg #ia order1 like a common flirt1 to be reduced to the barest vanity4 ,a woman of generous character will sacrifice her life a thousand times for her lover1 but will break with him for ever over a question of pride--for the opening or shutting of a door4 ,therein lies their point of honour4 ,well6 ,napoleon came to grief rather than yield a village4 ,i have seen a quarrel of this kind last longer than a year4 ,it was a woman of the greatest distinction who sacrificed all her happiness1 sooner than give her lover the chance of entertaining the slightest possible doubt of the magnanimity of her pride4 ,the reconciliation was the work of chance1 and1 on my friend's side1 due to a moment of weakness1 which1 on meeting her lover1 she was unable to overcome4 ,she imagined him forty miles away1 and found him in a place1 where certainly he did not expect to see her4 ,she could not hide the first transports of delight2 her lover was more overcome than she2 they almost fell at each other's feet and never have ,i seen tears flow so abundantly--it was the unlooked-for appearance of happiness4 ,tears are the supreme smile4 ,the ,duke of ,argyll gave a fine example of presence of mind1 in not drawing ,feminine ,pride into a combat1 in the interview he had at ,richmond with ,queen ,caroline4#a ,the more nobility in a woman's character1 the more terrible are these storms-- ,as the blackest sky ,foretells the heaviest tempest4 7,don ,juan47 ,can it be that the more fervently1 in the normal course of life1 a woman delights in the rare qualities of her lover1 the more she tries1 in those cruel moments1 when sympathy seems turned to the reverse1 to wreak her vengeance on what usually she sees in him superior ,pg #ib to other people8 ,she is afraid of being confounded with them4 ,it is a precious long time since ,i read that boring ,clarissa2 but ,i think it is through feminine pride that she lets herself die1 and does not accept the hand of ,lovelace4 ,lovelace's fault was great2 but as she did love him a little1 she could have found pardon in her heart for a crime1 of which the cause was love4 ,monime1 on the contrary1 seems to me a touching model of feminine delicacy4 ,what cheek does not blush with pleasure to hear from the lips of an actress worthy of the part3-- ,that fatal love which ,i had crushed and conquered1 99 99 99 99 99 ,your wiles detected1 and ,i cannot now ,disown what ,i confess'd2 you cannot raze ,its memory2 the shame of that avowal1 ,to which you forced me1 will abide for ever ,present before my mind1 and ,i should think ,that you were always of my faith uncertain4 ,the grave itself to me were less abhorrent ,than marriage bed shared with a spouse1 who took ,cruel advantage of my simple trust1 ,and1 to destroy my peace for ever1 fann'd ,a flame that fired my cheek for other love ,than his4#b ,i can picture to myself future generations saying3 ,so that's what ,monarchy#c was good for--to produce that sort of character and their portrayal by great artists4 ,and yet ,i find an admirable example of this delicacy even in the republics of the ,middle ,ages2 which seems to destroy my system of the influence of governments on the passions1 but which ,i shall cite in good faith4 ,pg #ic ,the reference is to those very touching verses of ,dante3 ,deh6 quando tu sarai tomato al mondo 99 99 99 99 99 ,ricordati di me1 che son la ,pia2 ,siena mi f2 disfecemi ,maremma2 ,salsi colui1 che inanellata pria ,disposando1 m'avea con la sua gemma4 ,purgatorio1 ,cant4 ,v4#d ,the woman1 who speaks with so much restraint1 had suffered in secret the fate of ,desdemona1 and1 by a word1 could make known her husband's crime to the friends1 whom she had left on earth4 ,nello della ,pietra won the hand of ,madonna ,pia7#ad71 sole heiress of the ,tolomei1 the richest and noblest family of ,sienna4 ,her beauty1 which was the admiration of ,tuscany1 sowed in her husband's heart the seed of jealousy1 which1 envenomed by false reports and suspicions ever and anon rekindled1 led him to a heinous project4 ,it is difficult1 at this hour1 to decide whether his wife was altogether innocent1 but ,dante represents her as such4 ,her husband carried her off into the fens of ,volterra1 famous then1 as now1 for the effects of the aria cattiva4 ,never would he tell his unhappy wife the reason of her exile in so dangerous a place4 ,his pride did not deign to utter complaint or accusation4 ,he lived alone with her in a deserted tower1 the ruins of which by the edge of the sea ,i have been myself to visit4 ,there he never broke his scornful silence1 never answered his young wife's questions1 never listened to her prayers4 ,coldly he waited at her side for the pestilential air to have its effect4 ,the exhalations of these morasses were not long in withering those features--the loveliest1 it is said1 ,pg #id which1 in that century1 the world had seen4 ,in a few months she died4 ,some chroniclers of those remote times report that ,nello used the dagger to hasten her end4 ,she died in the fens in some horrible way2 but the kind of death was a mystery even to her contemporaries4 ,nello della ,pietra survived to pass the rest of his days in a silence which he never broke4 ,nothing nobler and more delicate than the way in which young la ,pia addresses ,dante4 ,she wishes to be recalled to the memory of the friends1 whom she had left on earth so young2 and yet1 telling who she is and giving the name of her husband1 she will not allow herself the slightest complaint against a piece of cruelty unheard of1 but for the future irreparable2 she only points out that he knows the story of her death4 ,this constancy in pride's revenge is not met1 ,i think1 except in the countries of the ,south4 ,in ,piedmont ,i happened to be the involuntary witness of something very nearly parallel2 though at the time ,i did not know the details4 ,i was sent with twenty-five dragoons into the woods along the ,sesia1 to intercept contraband4 ,arriving in the evening at this wild and desolate spot1 ,i caught sight between the trees of the ruins of an old castle4 ,i went up to it and to my great surprise--it was inhabited4 ,i found within a nobleman of the country1 of sinister appearance1 a man six foot high and forty years old4 ,he gave me two rooms with a bad grace4 ,i passed my time playing music with my quartermaster2 after some days1 we discovered that our friend kept a woman in the background1 whom we used to call ,camille1 laughingly2 but we were far from suspecting the fearful truth4 ,six weeks later she was dead4 ,i had the morbid curiosity to see her in the coffin1 paying a monk1 who was watching1 to introduce me into the chapel towards midnight1 under pretext of going to sprinkle holy water4 ,there ,i found one of those superb faces1 which are beautiful even in the arms of death2 ,pg #ie she had a large aquiline nose--the nobility and delicacy of its outline ,i shall never forget4 ,then ,i left that deadly spot4 ,five years later1 a detachment of my regiment accompanying the ,emperor to his coronation as ,king of ,italy7#ae71 ,i had the whole story told me4 ,i learnt that the jealous husband1 ,count ----1 had found one morning fastened to his wife's bed an ,english watch1 belonging to a young man of the small town in which they lived4 ,that very day he carried her off to the ruined castle in the midst of the woods of the ,sesia4 ,like ,nello della ,pietra1 he never uttered a single word4 ,if she made him any request1 he coldly and silently presented to her the ,english watch1 which he carried always with him4 ,almost three years passed1 spent thus alone with her4 ,at last she died of despair1 in the flower of life4 ,her husband tried to put a knife into the proprietor of the watch1 missed him1 passed on to ,genoa1 took ship and no one has heard of him since4 ,his property has been divided4 ,as for these women with feminine pride1 if you take their injuries with a good grace1 which the habits of a military life make easy1 you annoy these proud souls2 they take you for a coward1 and very soon become outrageous4 ,such lofty characters yield with pleasure to men whom they see overbearing with other men4 ,that is1 ,i fancy1 the only way--you must often pick a quarrel with your neighbour in order to avoid one with your mistress4 ,one day ,miss ,cornel1 the celebrated ,london actress1 was surprised by the unexpected appearance of the rich colonel1 whom she found useful4 ,she happened to be with a little lover1 whom she just liked--and nothing more4 ,mr4 ,so-and-so1 says she in great confusion to the colonel1 has come to see the pony ,i want to sell4 ,i am here for something very different1 put in proudly the little lover who was beginning to bore her1 but whom1 from the moment of that answer1 she started ,pg #if to love again madly4#e ,women of that kind sympathise with their lover's haughtiness1 instead of exercising at his expense their own disposition to pride4 ,the character of the ,duc de ,lauzun 7that of #affjf71 if they can forgive the first day its want of grace1 is very fascinating for such women1 and perhaps for all women of distinction4 ,grandeur on a higher plane escapes them2 they take for coldness the calm gaze which nothing escapes1 but which a detail never disturbs4 ,have ,i not heard women at the ,court of ,saint-,cloud maintain that ,napoleon had a dry and prosaic character8#g ,a great man is like an eagle3 the higher he rises the less he is visible1 and he is punished for his greatness by the solitude of his soul4 ,from feminine pride arises what women call want of refinement4 ,i fancy1 it is not at all unlike what kings call lse majest1 a crime all the more dangerous1 because ,pg #ig one slips into it without knowing4 ,the tenderest lover may be accused of wanting refinement1 if he is not very sharp1 or1 what is sadder1 if he dares give himself up to the greatest charm of love--the delight of being perfectly natural with the loved one and of not listening to what he is told4 ,these are the sort of things1 of which a well-born heart could have no inkling2 one must have experience1 in order to believe in them2 for we are misled by the habit of dealing justly and frankly with our men friends4 ,it is necessary to keep in mind incessantly that we have to do with beings1 who can1 however wrongly1 think themselves inferior in vigour of character1 or1 to put it better1 can think that others believe they are inferior4 ,should not a woman's true pride reside in the power of the feeling she inspires8 ,a maid of honour to the queen and wife of ,francis ,i was chaffed about the fickleness of her lover1 who1 it was said1 did not really love her4 ,a little time after1 this lover had an illness and reappeared at ,court--dumb4 ,two years later1 people showing surprise one day that she still loved him1 she turned to him1 saying3 ,speak4 ,and he spoke4 #a ,the ,heart of ,midlothian4 #b ,racine1 ,mithridates1 ,act ,,iv1 ,sc4 #d4 ,from the ,metrical ,english version of ,r4 ,b4 ,boswell4 7,bohn's ,standard ,library4--,tr47 #c ,monarchy without charter and without chambers4 #d ,ah6 when you are returned to the world of the living1 give me a passing thought4 ,i am la ,pia4 ,sienna gave me life1 death took me in our fens4 ,he who1 wedding me1 gave me his ring1 knows my story4 #e ,i always come back from ,miss ,cornel's full of admiration and profound views on the passions laid bare4 ,her very imperious way of giving orders to her servants has nothing of despotism in it3 she merely sees with precision and rapidity what has to be done4 ,incensed against me at the beginning of the visit1 she thinks no more about it at the end4 ,she tells me in detail of the economy of her passion for ,mortimer4 ,i prefer seeing him in company than alone with me4 ,a woman of the greatest genius could do no better1 for she has the courage to be perfectly natural and is unhampered by any theory4 ,i'm happier an actress than the wife of a peer4--,a great soul whose friendship ,i must keep for my enlightenment4 #f ,loftiness and courage in small matters1 but a passionate care for these small matters4--,the vehemence of the choleric temperament4--,his behaviour towards ,madame de ,monaco 7,saint-,simon1 ,v4 #chc7 and adventure under the bed of ,madame de ,montespan while the king was there4--,without the care for small matters1 this character would remain invisible to the eye of women4 #g ,when ,minna ,troil heard a tale of woe or of romance1 it was then her blood rushed to her cheeks and showed plainly how warm it beat1 notwithstanding the generally serious1 composed and retiring disposition which her countenance and demeanour seemed to exhibit4 7,the ,pirate1 ,chap4 ,,iii47 ,souls like ,minna ,troil1 in whose judgment ordinary circumstances are not worth emotion1 by ordinary people are thought cold4 ,pg #ih ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,of ,,women',s ,,courage ,i tell thee1 proud ,templar1 that not in thy fiercest battles hast thou displayed more of thy vaunted courage than has been shewn by women1 when called upon to suffer by affection or duty4 7,ivanhoe47 ,i remember meeting the following phrase in a book of history3 ,all the men lost their head3 that is the moment when women display an incontestable superiority4 ,their courage has a reserve which that of their lover wants2 he acts as a spur to their sense of worth4 ,they find so much pleasure in being able1 in the fire of danger1 to dispute the first place for firmness with the man1 who often wounds them by the proudness of his protection and his strength1 that the vehemence of that enjoyment raises them above any kind of fear1 which at the moment is the man's weak point4 ,a man1 too1 if the same help were given him at the same moment1 would show himself superior to everything2 for fear never resides in the danger1 but in ourselves4 ,not that ,i mean to depreciate women's courage--,i have seen them1 on occasions1 superior to the bravest men4 ,only they must have a man to love4 ,then they no longer feel except through him2 and so the most obvious and personal danger becomes1 as it were1 a rose to gather in his presence4#a ,i have found also in women1 who did not love1 intrepidity1 ,pg #ii the coldest1 the most surprising and the most exempt from nerves4 ,it is true1 ,i have always imagined that they are so brave1 only because they do not know the tiresomeness of wounds6 ,as for moral courage1 so far superior to the other1 the firmness of a woman who resists her love is simply the most admirable thing1 which can exist on earth4 ,all other possible marks of courage are as nothing compared to a thing so strongly opposed to nature and so arduous4 ,perhaps they find a source of strength in the habit of sacrifice1 which is bred in them by modesty4 ,hard on women it is that the proofs of this courage should always remain secret and be almost impossible to divulge4 ,still harder that it should always be employed against their own happiness3 the ,princesse de ,clves would have done better to say nothing to her husband and give herself to ,m4 de ,nemours4 ,perhaps women are chiefly supported by their pride in making a fine defence1 and imagine that their lover is staking his vanity on having them--a petty and miserable idea4 ,a man of passion1 who throws himself with a light heart into so many ridiculous situations1 must have a lot of time to be thinking of vanity6 ,it is like the monks who mean to catch the devil and find their reward in the pride of hair-shirts and macerations4 ,i should think that ,madame de ,clves would have repented1 had she come to old age1--to the period at which one judges life and when the joys of pride appear in all their meanness4 ,she would have wished to have lived like ,madame de la ,fayette4#b ,pg #ajj ,i have just re-read a hundred pages of this essay3 and a pretty poor idea ,i have given of true love1 of love which occupies the entire soul1 fills it with fancies1 now the happiest1 now heart-breaking--but always sublime--and makes it completely insensible to all the rest of creation4 ,i am at a loss to express what ,i see so well2 ,i have never felt more painfully the want of talent4 ,how bring into relief the simplicity of action and of character1 the high seriousness1 the glance that reflects so truly and so ingenuously the passing shade of feeling1 and above all1 to return to it again1 that inexpressible ,what care ,i8 for all that is not the woman we love8 ,a yes or a no spoken by a man in love has an unction which is not to be found elsewhere1 and is not found in that very man at other times4 ,this morning 7,august #crd7 ,i passed on horseback about nine o'clock in front of the lovely ,english garden of ,marchese ,zampieri1 situated on the last crests of those tree-capped hills1 on which ,bologna rests1 and from which so fine a view is enjoyed over ,lombardy rich and green--the fairest country in the world4 ,in a copse of laurels1 belonging to the ,giardino ,zampieri1 which dominates the path ,i was taking1 leading to the cascade of the ,reno at ,casa ,lecchio1 ,i saw ,count ,delfante4 ,he was absorbed in thought and scarcely returned my greeting1 though we had passed the night together till two o'clock in the morning4 ,i went to the cascade1 ,i crossed the ,reno2 after which1 passing again1 at least three hours later1 under the copse of the ,giardino ,zampieri1 ,i saw him still there4 ,he was precisely in the same position1 leaning against a great pine1 which rises above the copse of laurels--but this detail ,i am afraid will be found too simple and pointless4 ,he came up to me with tears in his eyes1 asking me not to go telling people of his trance4 ,i was touched1 and suggested retracing my steps and going with him to spend the day in the country4 ,at the end of two hours he had told me everything4 ,his is a fine soul1 ,pg #aja but oh6 the coldness of these pages1 compared to his story4 ,furthermore1 he thinks his love is not returned--which is not my opinion4 ,in the fair marble face of the ,contessa ,ghigi1 with whom we spent the evening1 one can read nothing4 ,only now and then a light and sudden blush1 which she cannot check1 just betrays the emotions of that soul1 which the most exalted feminine pride disputes with deeper emotions4 ,you see the colour spread over her neck of alabaster and as much as one catches of those lovely shoulders1 worthy of ,canova4 ,she somehow finds a way of diverting her black and sombre eyes from the observation of those1 whose penetration alarms her woman's delicacy2 but last night1 at something which ,delfante was saying and of which she disapproved1 ,i saw a sudden blush spread all over her4 ,her lofty soul found him less worthy of her4 ,but when all is said1 even if ,i were mistaken in my conjectures on the happiness of ,delfante1 vanity apart1 ,i think him happier than ,i1 in my indifference1 although ,i am in a thoroughly happy position1 in appearance and in reality4 ,bologna1 ,august #crd1 #ahah4 #a ,mary ,stuart speaking of ,leicester1 after the interview with ,elizabeth1 where she had just met her doom4 7,schiller47 #b ,it is well known that that celebrated woman was the author1 probably in company with ,m4 de la ,rochefoucauld1 of the novel1 ,la ,princesse de ,clves1 and that the two authors passed together in perfect friendship the last twenty years of their life4 ,that is exactly love l',italienne4 ,pg #ajb ,,chapter ,,xxx ,a ,,peculiar ,,and ,,mournful ,,spectacle ,women with their feminine pride visit the iniquities of the fools upon the men of sense1 and those of the prosaic1 prosperous and brutal upon the noble-minded4 ,a very pretty result--you'll agree6 ,the petty considerations of pride and worldly proprieties are the cause of many women's unhappiness1 for1 through pride1 their parents have placed them in their abominable position4 ,destiny has reserved for them1 as a consolation far superior to all their misfortunes1 the happiness of loving and being loved with passion1 when suddenly one fine day they borrow from the enemy this same mad pride1 of which they were the first victims--all to kill the one happiness which is left them1 to work their own misfortune and the misfortune of him1 who loves them4 ,a friend1 who has had ten famous intrigues 7and by no means all one after another71 gravely persuades them that if they fall in love1 they will be dishonoured in the eyes of the public1 and yet this worthy public1 who never rises above low ideas1 gives them generously a lover a year2 because that1 it says1 is the thing4 ,thus the soul is saddened by this odd spectacle3 a woman of feeling1 supremely refined and an angel of purity1 on the advice of a low t----1 runs away from the boundless1 the only happiness which is left to her1 in order to appear in a dress of dazzling white1 before a great fat brute of a judge1 whom everyone knows has been blind a hundred years1 and who bawls out at the top of his voice3 ,she is dressed in black6 ,pg #ajc ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,extract ,,from ,,the ,,diary ,,of ,,salviati ,ingenium nobis ipsa puella facit4 7,propertius1 ,,ii1 ,i47 ,bologna1 ,april #bith1 #ahah4 ,driven to despair by the misfortune to which love has reduced me1 ,i curse existence4 ,i have no heart for anything4 ,the weather is dull2 it is raining1 and a late spell of cold has come again to sadden nature1 who after a long winter was hurrying to meet the spring4 ,schiassetti1 a half-pay colonel1 my cold and reasonable friend1 came to spend a couple of hours with me ,you should renounce your love4 ,how8 ,give me back my passion for war4 ,it is a great misfortune for you to have known her4 ,i agree very nearly--so low-spirited and craven do ,i feel--so much has melancholy taken possession of me to-day4 ,we discuss what interest can have led her friend to libel me1 but find nothing but that old ,neapolitan proverb3 ,woman1 whom love and youth desert1 a nothing piques4 ,what is certain is that that cruel woman is enraged with me--it is the expression of one of her friends4 ,i could revenge myself in a fearful way1 but1 against her hatred1 ,i am without the smallest means of defence4 ,schiassetti leaves me4 ,i go out into the rain1 not knowing what to do with myself4 ,my rooms1 this drawing-room1 which ,i lived in during the first days of our acquaintance1 and when ,i saw her every evening1 have become insupportable to me4 ,each engraving1 each piece of furniture1 brings up again the ,pg #ajd happiness ,i dreamed of in their presence--which now ,i have lost for ever4 ,i tramped the streets through a cold rain3 chance1 if ,i can call it chance1 made me pass under her windows4 ,night was falling and ,i went along1 my eyes full of tears fixed on the window of her room4 ,suddenly the curtains were just drawn aside1 as if to give a glimpse into the square1 then instantly closed again4 ,i felt within me a physical movement about the heart4 ,i was unable to support myself and took refuge under the gateway of the next house4 ,a thousand feelings crowd upon my soul4 ,chance may have produced this movement of the curtains2 but oh6 if it was her hand that had drawn them aside4 ,there are two misfortunes in the world3 passion frustrated and the dead blank4 ,in love--,i feel that two steps away from me exists a boundless happiness1 something beyond all my prayers1 which depends upon nothing but a word1 nothing but a smile4 ,passionless like ,schiassetti1 on gloomy days ,i see happiness nowhere1 ,i come to doubt if it exists for me1 ,i fall into depression4 ,one ought to be without strong passions and have only a little curiosity or vanity4 ,it is two o'clock in the morning2 ,i have seen that little movement of the curtain2 at six o'clock ,i paid some calls and went to the play1 but everywhere1 silent and dreaming1 ,i passed the evening examining this question3 ,after so much anger with so little foundation 7for after all did ,i wish to offend her and is there a thing on earth which the intention does not excuse87--has she felt a moment of love8 ,poor ,salviati1 who wrote the preceding lines on his ,petrarch1 died a short time after4 ,he was the intimate friend of ,schiassetti and myself2 we knew all his thoughts1 and it is from him that ,i have all the tearful part of this essay4 ,he was imprudence incarnate2 moreover1 ,pg #aje the woman1 for whom he went to such wild lengths1 is the most interesting creature that ,i have met4 ,schiassetti said to me3 ,but do you think that that unfortunate passion was without advantages for ,salviati8 ,to begin with1 the most worrying of money troubles that can be imagined came upon him4 ,these troubles1 which reduced him to a very middling fortune after his dazzling youth1 and would have driven him mad with anger in any other circumstances1 crossed his mind not once in two weeks4 ,and then--a matter of importance of a quite different kind for a mind of his range--that passion is the first true course of logic1 which he ever had4 ,that may seem peculiar in a man who has been at ,court2 but the fact is explained by his extreme courage4 ,for example1 he passed without winking the day of ----1 the day of his undoing2 he was surprised then1 as in ,russia7#af71 not to feel anything extraordinary4 ,it is an actual fact1 that his fear of anything had never gone so far as to make him think about it for two days together4 ,instead of this callousness1 the last two years he was trying every minute to be brave4 ,before he had never seen danger4 ,when as a result of his imprudence and his faith in the generosity of critics1#a he had managed to get condemned to not seeing the woman he was in love with1 except twice a month1 we would see him pass those evenings1 talking to her as if intoxicated with joy1 because he had been received with that noble frankness which he worshipped4 ,he held that ,madame ---- and he were two souls without their like1 who should understand each other with a glance4 ,it was beyond him to grasp that she should pay the least attention to petty bourgeois comments1 which tried to make a criminal of him4 ,the result of this fine confidence in a woman1 surrounded by his enemies1 was to find her door closed to him4 ',with ,m----1' ,i used to say to him1 'you forget ,pg #ajf your maxim--that you mustn't believe in greatness of soul1 except in the last extremity4' ',do you think1' he answered1 'that the world contains another heart which is more suited to hers8 ,true1 ,i pay for this passionate way of being1 which ,lonore1 in anger1 made me see on the horizon in the line of the rocks of ,poligny1 with the ruin of all the practical enterprises of my life--a disaster which comes from my lack of patient industry and imprudence due to the force of momentary impressions4' ,one can see the touch of madness6 ,for ,salviati life was divided into periods of a fortnight1 which took their hue from the last interview1 which he had been granted4 ,but ,i noticed often1 that the happiness he owed to a welcome1 which he thought less cold1 was far inferior in intensity to the unhappiness with which a hard reception overwhelmed him4#b ,at times ,madame ---- failed to be quite honest with him2 and these are the only two criticisms ,i ever dared offer him4 ,beyond the more intimate side of his sorrow1 of which he had the delicacy never to speak even to the friends dearest to him and most devoid of envy1 he saw in a hard reception from ,lonore the triumph of prosaic and scheming beings over the open-hearted and the generous4 ,at those times he lost faith in virtue and1 above all1 in glory4 ,it was his way to talk to his friends only of sad notions1 to which it is true his passion led up1 but notions capable besides of having some interest in the eyes of philosophy4 ,i was curious to observe that uncommon soul4 ,ordinarily passion-love is found in people1 a little simple in the ,german way4#c ,salviati1 on the contrary1 was among the firmest and sharpest men ,i have known4 ,i seemed to notice that1 after these cruel visits1 he had ,pg #ajg no peace until he had found a justification for ,lonore's severities4 ,so long as he felt that she might have been wrong in ill-using him1 he was unhappy4 ,love1 so devoid of vanity1 ,i should never have thought possible4 ,he was incessantly singing us the praises of love4 ,if a supernatural power said to me3 ,break the glass of that watch and ,lonore will be for you1 what she was three years ago1 an indifferent friend--really ,i believe ,i would never as long as ,i live have the courage to break it4 ,i saw in these discourses such signs of madness1 that ,i never had the courage to offer my former objections4 ,he would add3 ,just as ,luther's ,reformation at the end of the ,middle ,ages1 shaking society to its base1 renewed and reconstructed the world on reasonable foundations1 so is a generous character renewed and retempered by love4 ,it is only then1 that he casts off all the baubles of life2 without this revolution he would always have had in him a pompous and theatrical something4 ,it is only since ,i began to love that ,i have learnt to put greatness into my character--such is the absurdity of education at our military academy4 ,although ,i behaved well1 ,i was a child at the ,court of ,napoleon and at ,moscow4 ,i did my duty1 but ,i knew nothing of that heroic simplicity1 the fruit of entire and whole-hearted sacrifice4 ,for example1 it is only this last year1 that my heart takes in the simplicity of the ,romans in ,livy4 ,once upon a time1 ,i thought them cold compared to our brilliant colonels4 ,what they did for their ,rome1 ,i find in my heart for ,lonore4 ,if ,i had the luck to be able to do anything for her1 my first desire would be to hide it4 ,the conduct of a ,regulus or a ,decius was something confirmed beforehand1 which had no claim to surprise them4 ,before ,i loved1 ,i was small1 precisely because ,i was tempted sometimes to think myself great2 ,i felt a certain effort1 for which ,i applauded myself4 ,pg #ajh ,and1 on the side of affection1 what do we not owe to love8 ,after the hazards of early youth1 the heart is closed to sympathy4 ,death and absence remove our early companions1 and we are reduced to passing our life with lukewarm partners1 measure in hand1 for ever calculating ideas of interest and vanity4 ,little by little all the sensitive and generous region of the soul becomes waste1 for want of cultivation1 and at less than thirty a man finds his heart steeled to all sweet and gentle sensations4 ,in the midst of this arid desert1 love causes a well of feelings to spring up1 fresher and more abundant even than that of earliest youth4 ,in those days it was a vague hope1 irresponsible and incessantly distracted#d--no devotion to one thing1 no deep and constant desire2 the soul1 at all times light1 was athirst for novelty and forgot to-day its adoration of the day before4 ,but1 than the crystallisation of love nothing is more concentrated1 more mysterious1 more eternally single in its object4 ,in those days only agreeable things claimed to please and to please for an instant3 now we are deeply touched by everything which is connected with the loved one--even by objects the most indifferent4 ,arriving at a great town1 a hundred miles from that which ,lonore lives in1 ,i was in a state of fear and trembling2 at each street corner ,i shuddered to meet ,alviza1 the intimate friend of ,madame ----1 although ,i did not know her4 ,for me everything took a mysterious and sacred tint4 ,my heart beat fast1 while talking to an old scholar2 for ,i could not hear without blushing the name of the city gate1 near which the friend of ,lonore lives4 ,even the severities of the woman we love have an infinite grace1 which the most flattering moments in the company of other women cannot offer4 ,it is like the great shadows in ,correggio's pictures1 which far from being1 as in other painters1 passages less pleasant1 but necessary in order to give effect to the lights and relief to the figures1 ,pg #aji have graces of their own which charm and throw us into a gentle reverie4#e ,yes1 half and the fairest half of life is hidden from the man1 who has not loved with passion4 ,salviati had need of the whole force of his dialectic powers1 to hold his own against the wise ,schiassetti1 who was always saying to him3 ,you want to be happy1 then be content with a life exempt from pains and with a small quantity of happiness every day4 ,keep yourself from the lottery of great passions4 ,then give me your curiosity1 was ,salviati's answer4 ,i imagine there were not a few days1 when he would have liked to be able to follow the advice of our sensible colonel2 he made a little struggle and thought he was succeeding2 but this line of action was absolutely beyond his strength4 ,and yet what strength was in that soul6 ,a white satin hat1 a little like that of ,madame ----1 seen in the distance in the street1 made his heart stop beating1 and forced him to rest against the wall4 ,even in his blackest moments1 the happiness of meeting her gave him always some hours of intoxication1 beyond the reach of all misfortune and all reasoning4#f ,for the rest1 at the time of his death#g his character had certainly contracted more than one noble habit1 after two years of ,pg #aaj this generous and boundless passion2 and1 in so far at least1 he judged himself correctly4 ,had he lived1 and circumstances helped him a little1 he would ,pg #aaa have made a name for himself4 ,maybe also1 just through his simplicity1 his merit would have passed on this earth unseen4 ,o lasso ,quanti dolci pensier1 quanto desio ,men costui al doloroso passo6 ,biondo era1 e bello1 e di gentile aspetto2 ,ma l'un de' cigli un colpo avea diviso4 7,dante47#h #a ,sotto l'usbergo del sentirsi pura4 ,under the shield of conscious purity4--,tr4 7,dante1 ,inf41 ,,xxviii1 #aag47 #b ,that is a thing which ,i have often seemed to notice in love--that propensity to reap more unhappiness from what is unhappy than happiness from what is happy4 #c ,don ,carlos17#ag7 ,saint-,preux17#ag7 ,racine's ,hippolyte and ,bajazet4 #d ,mordaunt ,mertoun1 ,pirate1 ,vol4 ,i4 #e ,as ,i have mentioned ,correggio1 ,i will add that in the sketch of an angel's head in the gallery of the museum at ,florence1 is to be seen the glance of happy love1 and at ,parma in the ,madonna crowned by ,jesus the downcast eyes of love4 #f ,come what sorrow can ,it cannot countervail the exchange of joy ,that one short moment gives me in her sight4--7,romeo and ,juliet47 #g ,some days before the last he made a little ode1 which has the merit of expressing just the sentiments1 which formed the subject of our conversations3--4 ,l',,ultimo ,,di4 ,anacreontica4 ,a ,,elvira4 ,vedi tu dove il rio ,lambendo un mirto va1 ,l del riposo mio ,la pietra surger4 ,il passero amoroso1 ,e il nobile usignuol ,entro quel mirto ombroso ,raccoglieranno il vol4 ,vieni1 diletta ,elvira1 ,a quella tomba vien1 ,e sulla muta lira1 ,appoggia il bianco sen4 ,su quella bruna pietra1 ,le tortore verran1 ,e intorno alia mia cetra1 ,il nido intrecieran4 ,e ogni anno1 il di che offendere ,m'osasti tu infedel1 ,faro la su discendere ,la folgore del ciel4 ,odi d'un uom che muore ,odi l'estremo suon ,questo appassito fiore ,ti lascio1 ,elvira1 in don ,quanto prezioso ei sia ,saper tu il devi appien ,il di che fosti mia1 ,te l'involai dal sen4 ,simbolo allor d'affetto ,or pegno di dolor ,torno a posarti in petto ,quest' appassito fior4 ,e avrai nel cuor scolpito ,se crudo il cor non 1 ,come ti fu rapito1 ,come fu reso a te4--7,s4 ,radael4799 99 ,lo6 where the passing stream laps round the myrtle-tree1 raise there the stone of my resting-place4 ,the amorous sparrow and the noble nightingale within the shade of that myrtle will rest from flight4 ,come1 beloved ,elvira1 come to that tomb and press my mute lyre to your white bosom4 ,turtles shall perch on that dark stone and will twine their nest about my harp4 ,and every year on the day when you did dare cruelly betray me1 on this spot will ,i make the lightning of heaven descend4 ,listen1 listen to the last utterances of a dying man4 ,this faded flower1 ,elvira1 is the gift ,i leave you4 ,how precious it is you must know full well3 from your bosom ,i stole it the day you became mine4 ,then it was a symbol of love2 now as a pledge of suffering ,i will put it back in your bosom--this faded flower4 ,and you shall have engraved on your heart1 if a woman's heart you have1 how it was snatched from you1 how it was returned4 #h ,poor wretch1 how many sweet thoughts1 what constancy brought him to his last hour4 ,he was fair and beautiful and gentle of countenance1 only a noble scar cut through one of his eyebrows4 ,pg #aab ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,of ,,intimate ,,intercourse ,the greatest happiness that love can give--'tis first joining your hand to the hand of a woman you love4 ,the happiness of gallantry is quite otherwise--far more real1 and far more subject to ridicule4 ,in passion-love intimate intercourse is not so much perfect delight itself1 as the last step towards it4 ,but how depict a delight1 which leaves no memories behind8 ,mortimer returned from a long voyage in fear and trembling2 he adored ,jenny1 but ,jenny had not answered his letters4 ,on his arrival in ,london1 he mounts his horse and goes off to find her at her country home4 ,when he gets there1 she is walking in the park2 he runs up to her1 with beating heart1 meets her and she offers him her hand and greets him with emotion2 he sees that she loves him4 ,roaming together along the glades of the park1 ,jenny's dress became entangled in an acacia bush4 ,later on ,mortimer won her2 but ,jenny was faithless4 ,i maintain to him that ,jenny never loved him and he quotes1 as proof of her love1 the way in which she received him at his return from the ,continent2 but he could never give me the slightest details of it4 ,only he shudders visibly directly he sees an acacia bush3 really1 it is the only distinct remembrance he succeeded in preserving of the happiest moment of his life4#a ,a sensitive and open man1 a former chevalier1 confided ,pg #aac to me this evening 7in the depth of our craft buffeted by a high sea on the ,lago di ,garda#b7 the history of his loves1 which ,i in my turn shall not confide to the public4 ,but ,i feel myself in a position to conclude from them that the day of intimate intercourse is like those fine days in ,may1 a critical period for the fairest flowers1 a moment which can be fatal and wither in an instant the fairest hopes4 99 99 99 99 99#c ,naturalness cannot be praised too highly4 ,it is the only coquetry permissible in a thing so serious as love la ,werther2 in which a man has no idea where he is going1 and in which at the same time by a lucky chance for virtue1 that is his best policy4 ,a man1 really moved1 says charming things unconsciously2 he speaks a language which he does not know himself4 ,woe to the man the least bit affected6 ,given he were in love1 allow him all the wit in the world1 he loses three-quarters of his advantages4 ,let him relapse for an instant into affectation--a minute later comes a moment of frost4 ,the whole art of love1 as it seems to me1 reduces itself to saying exactly as much as the degree of intoxication at the moment allows of1 that is to say in other terms1 to listen to one's heart4 ,it must not be thought1 that this is so easy2 a man1 who truly loves1 has no longer strength to speak1 when his mistress says anything to make him happy4 ,pg #aad ,thus he loses the deeds which his words#d would have given birth to4 ,it is better to be silent than say things too tender at the wrong time1 and what was in point ten seconds ago1 is now no longer--in fact at this moment it makes a mess of things4 ,every time that ,i used to infringe this rule#e and say something1 which had come into my head three minutes earlier and which ,i thought pretty1 ,lonore never failed to punish me4 ,and later ,i would say to myself1 as ,i went away--,she is right4 ,this is the sort of thing to upset women of delicacy extremely2 it is indecency of sentiment4 ,like tasteless rhetoricians1 they are readier to admit a certain degree of weakness and coldness4 ,there being nothing in the world to alarm them but the falsity of their lover1 the least little insincerity of detail1 be it the most innocent in the world1 robs them instantly of all delight and puts mistrust into their heart4 ,respectable women have a repugnance to what is vehement and unlooked for--those being none the less characteristics of passion--and1 furthermore1 that vehemence alarms their modesty2 they are on the defensive against it4 ,when a touch of jealousy or displeasure has occasioned some chilliness1 it is generally possible to begin subjects1 fit to give birth to the excitement favourable to love1 and1 after the first two or three phrases of introduction1 as long as a man does not miss the opportunity of saying exactly what his heart suggests1 the pleasure he will give to his loved one will be keen4 ,the fault of most men is that they want to succeed in saying something1 which they think either pretty or witty or touching--instead of ,pg #aae releasing their soul from the false gravity of the world1 until a degree of intimacy and naturalness brings out in simple language what they are feeling at the moment4 ,the man1 who is brave enough for this1 will have instantly his reward in a kind of peacemaking4 ,it is this reward1 as swift as it is involuntary1 of the pleasure one gives to the object of one's love1 which puts this passion so far above the others4 ,if there is perfect naturalness between them1 the happiness of two individuals comes to be fused together4#f ,this is simply the greatest happiness which can exist1 by reason of sympathy and several other laws of human nature4 ,it is quite easy to determine the meaning of this word naturalness--essential condition of happiness in love4 ,we call natural that which does not diverge from an habitual way of acting4 ,it goes without saying that one must not merely never lie to one's love1 but not even embellish the least bit or tamper with the simple outline of truth4 ,for if a man is embellishing1 his attention is occupied in doing so and no longer answers simply and truly1 as the keys of a piano1 to the feelings mirrored in his eye4 ,the woman finds it out at once by a certain chilliness within her1 and she1 in her turn1 falls back on coquetry4 ,might not here be found hidden the cause why it is impossible to love a woman with a mind too far below one's own--the reason being that1 in her case1 one can make pretence with impunity1 and1 as that course is more convenient1 one abandons oneself to unnaturalness by force of habit8 ,from that moment love is no longer love2 it sinks to the level of an ordinary transaction--the only difference being that1 instead of money1 you get pleasure or flattery or a mixture of both4 ,it is hard not to feel a shade of contempt for a woman1 before whom one can with impunity act a part1 and ,pg #aaf consequently1 in order to throw her over1 one only needs to come across something better in her line4 ,habit or vow may hold1 but ,i am speaking of the heart's desire1 whose nature it is to fly to the greatest pleasure4 ,to return to this word natural--natural and habitual are two different things4 ,if one takes these words in the same sense1 it is evident that the more sensibility in a man1 the harder it is for him to be natural1 since the influence of habit on his way of being and acting is less powerful1 and he himself is more powerful at each new event4 ,in the life-story of a cold heart every page is the same3 take him to-day or take him to-morrow1 it is always the same dummy4 ,a man of sensibility1 so soon as his heart is touched1 loses all traces of habit to guide his action2 and how can he follow a path1 which he has forgotten all about8 ,he feels the enormous weight attaching to every word which he says to the object of his love--it seems to him as if a word is to decide his fate4 ,how is he not to look about for the right word8 ,at any rate1 how is he not to have the feeling that he is trying to say the right thing8 ,and then1 there is an end of candour4 ,and so we must give up our claim to candour1 that quality of our being1 which never reflects upon itself4 ,we are the best we can be1 but we feel what we are4 ,i fancy this brings us to the last degree of naturalness1 to which the most delicate heart can pretend in love4 ,a man of passion can but cling might and main1 as his only refuge in the storm1 to the vow never to change a jot or tittle of the truth and to read the message of his heart correctly4 ,if the conversation is lively and fragmentary1 he may hope for some fine moments of naturalness3 otherwise he will only be perfectly natural in hours when he will be a little less madly in love4 ,in the presence of the loved one1 we hardly retain naturalness even in our movements1 however deeply such habits are rooted in the muscles4 ,when ,i gave my ,pg #aag arm to ,lonore1 ,i always felt on the point of stumbling1 and ,i wondered if ,i was walking properly4 ,the most one can do is never to be affected willingly3 it is enough to be convinced that want of naturalness is the greatest possible disadvantage1 and can easily be the source of the greatest misfortunes4 ,for the heart of the woman1 whom you love1 no longer understands your own2 you lose that nervous involuntary movement of sincerity1 which answers the call of sincerity4 ,it means the loss of every way of touching1 ,i almost said of winning her4 ,not that ,i pretend to deny1 that a woman worthy of love may see her fate in that pretty image of the ivy1 which dies if it does not cling--that is a law of ,nature2 but to make your lover's happiness is none the less a step that will decide your own4 ,to me it seems that a reasonable woman ought not to give in completely to her lover1 until she can hold out no longer1 and the slightest doubt thrown on the sincerity of your heart gives her there and then a little strength--enough at least to delay her defeat still another day4#g ,is it necessary to add that to make all this the last word in absurdity you have only to apply it to gallant-love8 #a ,life of ,haydn7#ah74 #b #bj ,september1 #ahaa4 #c ,at the first quarrel ,madame ,ivernetta gave poor ,bariac his cong4 ,bariac was truly in love and this cong threw him into despair2 but his friend ,guillaume ,balaon1 whose life we are writing1 was of great help to him and managed1 finally1 to appease the severe ,ivernetta4 ,peace was restored1 and the reconciliation was accompanied by circumstances so delicious1 that ,bariac swore to ,balaon that the hour of the first favours he had received from his mistress had not been as sweet as that of this voluptuous peacemaking4 ,these words turned ,balaon's head2 he wanted to know this pleasure1 of which his friend had just given him a description1 etc4 etc4 7,vie de quelques ,troubadours1 by ,nivernois1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cb47 #d ,it is this kind of timidity which is decisive1 and which is proof of passion-love in a clever man4 #e ,remember that1 if the author uses sometimes the expression ,i1 it is an attempt to give the form of this essay a little variety4 ,he does not in the least pretend to fill the readers' ears with the story of his own feelings4 ,his aim is to impart1 with as little monotony as possible1 what he has observed in others4 #f ,resides in exactly the same actions4 #g ,haec autem ad acerbam rei memoriam1 amara quadam dulcedine1 scribere visum est--ut cogitem nihil esse debere quod amplius mihi placeat in hac vita4 7,petrarch1 ,ed4 ,marsand47 ,these things1 to be a painful reminder1 yet not without a certain bitter charm1 ,i have seen good to write--to remind me that nothing any longer can give me pleasure in this life4--,tr4 #ae ,january1 #ahai4 ,pg #aah ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,always a little doubt to allay--that is what whets our appetite every moment1 that is what makes the life of happy love4 ,as it is never separated from fear1 so its pleasures can never tire4 ,the characteristic of this happiness is its high seriousness4 ,pg #aai ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,of ,,confidences ,there is no form of insolence so swiftly punished as that which leads you1 in passion-love1 to take an intimate friend into your confidence4 ,he knows that1 if what you say is true1 you have pleasures a thousand times greater than he1 and that your own make you despise his4 ,it is far worse between women--their lot in life being to inspire a passion1 and the confidante having commonly also displayed her charms for the advantage of the lover4 ,on the other hand1 for anyone a prey to this fever1 there is no moral need more imperative than that of a friend1 before whom to dilate on the fearful doubts which at every instant beset his soul2 for in this terrible passion1 always a thing imagined is a thing existent4 ,a great fault in ,salviati's character1 he writes in #ahag1 --in this point how opposed to ,napoleon's6--is that when1 in the discussion of interests in which passion is concerned1 something is at last morally proved1 he cannot resolve to take that as a fact once and for all established and as a point to start from4 ,in spite of himself and greatly to his hurt1 he brings it again and again under discussion4 ,the reason is that1 in the field of ambition1 it is easy to be brave4 ,crystallisation1 not being subjected to the desire of the thing to be won1 helps to fortify our courage2 in love it is wholly in the service of the object against which our courage is wanted4 ,a woman may find an unfaithful friend1 she also may find one with nothing to do4 ,pg #abj ,a princess of thirty-five1#a with nothing to do and dogged by the need of action1 of intrigue1 etc4 etc41 discontented with a lukewarm lover and yet unable to hope to sow the seeds of another love1 with no use to make of the energy which is consuming her1 with no other distraction than fits of black humour1 can very well find an occupation1 that is to say a pleasure1 and a life's work1 in accomplishing the misfortune of a true passion--passion which someone has the insolence to feel for another than herself1 while her own lover falls to sleep at her side4 ,it is the only case in which hate produces happiness2 the reason being that it procures occupation and work4 ,just at first1 the pleasure of doing something1 and1 as soon as the design is suspected by society1 the prick of doubtful success add a charm to this occupation4 ,jealousy of the friend takes the mask of hatred for the lover2 otherwise how would it be possible to hate so madly a man one has never set eyes on8 ,you cannot recognise the existence of envy1 or1 first1 you would have to recognise the existence of merit2 and there are flatterers about you who only hold their place at ,court by poking fun at your good friend4 ,the faithless confidante1 all the while she is indulging in villainies of the deepest dye1 may quite well think herself solely animated by the desire not to lose a precious friendship4 ,a woman with nothing to do tells herself that even friendship languishes in a heart devoured by love and its mortal anxieties4 ,friendship can only hold its own1 by the side of love1 by the exchange of confidences2 but then what is more odious to envy than such confidences8 ,the only kind of confidences well received between women are those accompanied in all its frankness by a statement of the case such as this3--,my dear friend1 in this war1 as absurd as it is relentless1 which the prejudices1 ,pg #aba brought into vogue by our tyrants1 wage upon us1 you help me to-day--to-morrow it will be my turn4#b ,beyond this exception there is another--that of true friendship born in childhood and not marred since by any jealousy444 99 99 99 99 99 ,the confidences of passion-love are only well received between schoolboys in love with love1 and girls eaten up with unemployed curiosity and tenderness or led on perhaps by the instinct1#c which whispers to them that there lies the great business of their life1 and that they cannot look after it too early4 ,we have all seen little girls of three perform quite creditably the duties of gallantry4 ,gallant-love is inflamed1 passion-love chilled by confidences4 ,apart from the danger1 there is the difficulty of confidences4 ,in passion-love1 things one cannot express 7because the tongue is too gross for such subtleties7 exist none the less2 only1 as these are things of extreme delicacy1 we are more liable in observing them to make mistakes4 ,also1 an observer in a state of emotion is a bad observer2 he won't allow for chance4 ,perhaps the only safe way is to make yourself your own confidant4 ,write down this evening1 under borrowed ,pg #abb names1 but with all the characteristic details1 the dialogue you had just now with the woman you care for1 and the difficulty which troubles you4 ,in a week1 if it is passion-love1 you will be a different man1 and then1 rereading your consultation1 you will be able to give a piece of good advice to yourself4 ,in male society1 as soon as there are more than two together1 and envy might make its appearance1 politeness allows none but physical love to be spoken of--think of the end of dinners among men4 ,it is ,baffo's sonnets#d that are quoted and which give such infinite pleasure2 because each one takes literally the praises and excitement of his neighbour1 who1 quite often1 merely wants to appear lively or polite4 ,the sweetly tender words of ,petrarch or ,french madrigals would be out of place4 #a ,venice1 #ahai4 #b ,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay1 ,geliotte4 ,prague1 ,klagenfurth1 all ,moravia1 etc4 etc4 ,their women are great wits and their men are great hunters4 ,friendship is very common between the women4 ,the country enjoys its fine season in the winter2 among the nobles of the province a succession of hunting parties takes place1 each lasting from fifteen to twenty days4 ,one of the cleverest of these nobles said to me one day that ,charles ,v had reigned legitimately over all ,italy1 and that1 consequently1 it was all in vain for the ,italians to want to revolt4 ,the wife of this good man read the ,letters of ,mlle4 de ,lespinasse4 7,znaym1 #ahaf47 #c ,important point4 ,it seems to me that independent of their education1 which begins at eight or ten months1 there is a certain amount of instinct4 #d ,the ,venetian dialect boasts descriptions of physical love which for vivacity leave ,horace1 ,propertius1 ,la ,fontaine and all the poets a hundred miles behind4 ,m4 ,buratti of ,venice is at the moment the first satirical poet of our unhappy ,europe4 ,he excels above all in the description of the physical grotesqueness of his heroes2 and he finds himself frequently in prison4 7,see l',elefanteide1 l',uomo1 la ,strefeide47 ,pg #abc ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,of ,,jealousy ,when you are in love1 as each new object strikes your eye or your memory1 whether crushed in a gallery and patiently listening to a parliamentary debate1 or galloping to the relief of an outpost under the enemy's fire1 you never fail to add a new perfection to the idea you have of your mistress1 or discover a new means 7which at first seems excellent7 of winning her love still more4 ,each step the imagination takes is repaid by a moment of sweet delight4 ,no wonder that existence1 such as this1 takes hold of one4 ,directly jealousy comes into existence1 this turn of feelings continues in itself the same1 though the effect it is to produce is contrary4 ,each perfection that you add to the crown of your beloved1 who now perhaps loves someone else1 far from promising you a heavenly contentment1 thrusts a dagger into your heart4 ,a voice cries out3 ,this enchanting pleasure is for my rival to enjoy4#a ,even the objects which strike you1 without producing this effect1 instead of showing you1 as before1 a new way of winning her love1 cause you to see a new advantage for your rival4 ,you meet a pretty woman galloping in the park#b2 your rival is famous for his fine horses which can do ten miles in fifty minutes4 ,pg #abd ,in this state1 rage is easily fanned into life2 you no longer remember that in love possession is nothing1 enjoyment everything4 ,you exaggerate the happiness of your rival1 exaggerate the insolence happiness produces in him1 and you come at last to the limit of tortures1 that is to say to the extremest unhappiness1 poisoned still further by a lingering hope4 ,the only remedy is1 perhaps1 to observe your rival's happiness at close quarters4 ,often you will see him fall peacefully asleep in the same salon as the woman1 for whom your heart stops beating1 at the mere sight of a hat like hers some way off in the street4 ,to wake him up you have only to show your jealousy4 ,you may have1 perhaps1 the pleasure of teaching him the price of the woman who prefers him to you1 and he will owe to you the love he will learn to have for her4 ,face to face with a rival there is no mean--you must either banter with him in the most off-hand way you can1 or frighten him4 ,jealousy being the greatest of all evils1 endangering one's life will be found an agreeable diversion4 ,for then not all our fancies are embittered and blackened 7by the mechanism explained above7--sometimes it is possible to imagine that one kills this rival4 ,according to this principle1 that it is never right to add to the enemy's forces1 you must hide your love from your rival1 and1 under some pretext of vanity as far as possible removed from love1 say to him very quietly1 with all possible politeness1 and in the calmest1 simplest tone3 ,sir1 ,i cannot think why the public sees good to make little ,so-and-so mine2 people are even good enough to believe that ,i am in love with her4 ,as for you1 if you want her1 ,i would hand her over with all my heart1 if unhappily there were not the risk of placing myself into a ridiculous position4 ,in six months1 take her as much as ever you like1 but at the present moment1 honour1 such as people attach 7why1 ,i don't know7 to these things1 ,pg #abe forces me to tell you1 to my great regret1 that1 if by chance you have not the justice to wait till your turn comes round1 one of us must die4 ,your rival is very likely a man without much passion1 and perhaps a man of much prudence1 who once convinced of your resolution1 will make haste to yield you the woman in question1 provided he can find any decent pretext4 ,for that reason you must give a gay tone to your challenge1 and keep the whole move hidden with the greatest secrecy4 ,what makes the pain of jealousy so sharp is that vanity cannot help you to bear it4 ,but1 according to the plan ,i have spoken of1 your vanity has something to feed on2 you can respect yourself for bravery1 even if you are reduced to despising your powers of pleasing4 ,if you would rather not carry things to such tragic lengths1 you must pack up and go miles away1 and keep a chorus-girl1 whose charms people will think have arrested you in your flight4 ,your rival has only to be an ordinary person and he will think you are consoled4 ,very often the best way is to wait without flinching1 while he wears himself out in the eyes of the loved one through his own stupidity4 ,for1 except in a serious passion formed little by little and in early youth1 a clever woman does not love an undistinguished man for long4#c ,in the case of jealousy after intimate intercourse1 there must follow also apparent indifference or real inconstancy4 ,plenty of women1 offended with a lover whom they still love1 form an attachment with the man1 of whom he has shown himself jealous1 and the play becomes a reality4#d ,i have gone into some detail1 because in these moments of jealousy one often loses one's head4 ,counsels1 made in writing a long time ago1 are useful1 and1 the essential ,pg #abf thing being to feign calmness1 it is not out of place in a philosophical piece of writing1 to adopt that tone4 ,as your adversaries' power over you consists in taking away from you or making you hope for things1 whose whole worth consists in your passion for them1 once manage to make them think you are indifferent1 and suddenly they are without a weapon4 ,if you have no active course to take1 but can distract yourself in looking for consolation1 you will find some pleasure in reading ,othello2 it will make you doubt the most conclusive appearances4 ,you will feast your eyes on these words3-- ,trifles light as air ,seem to the jealous confirmations strong ,as proofs from ,holy ,writ4 7,othello1 ,act ,,iii47 ,it is my experience that the sight of a fine sea is consoling4 ,the morning which had arisen calm and bright gave a pleasant effect to the waste mountain view1 which was seen from the castle on looking to the landward1 and the glorious ocean crisped with a thousand rippling waves of silver extended on the other side in awful1 yet complacent majesty to the verge of the horizon4 ,with such scenes of calm sublimity the human heart sympathises even in its most disturbed moods1 and deeds of honour and virtue are inspired by their majestic influence4 7,the ,bride of ,lammermoor1 ,chap4 ,,vii47 ,i find this written by ,salviati3-- ,july #bjth1 #ahah4--;,i often--and ,i think unreasonably--apply to life as a whole the feelings of a man of ambition or a good citizen1 if he finds himself set in battle to guard the baggage or in any other post without danger or action4 ,i should have felt regret at forty to have passed the age of loving without deep passion4 ,i should have had that bitter and humiliating displeasure1 to have found out too late that ,i had been fool enough to let life pass1 without living4 ,yesterday ,i spent three hours with the woman ,i love and a rival1 whom she wants to make me think she favours4 ,certainly1 ,pg #abg there were moments of bitterness1 in watching her lovely eyes fixed on him1 and1 on my departure1 there were wild transports from utter misery to hope4 ,but what changes1 what sudden lights1 what swift thoughts1 and1 in spite of the apparent happiness of my rival1 with what pride and what delight my love felt itself superior to his6 ,i went away saying to myself3 ,the most vile fear would bleach those cheeks at the least of the sacrifices1 which my love would make for the fun of it1 nay1 with delight--for example1 to put this hand into a hat and draw one of these two lots3 ,be loved by her1 the other--,die on the spot4 ,and this feeling in me is so much second nature1 that it did not prevent me being amiable and talkative4 ,if someone had told me all that two years ago1 ,i should have laughed4 ,i find in the ,travels to the ,source of the ,missouri ,river 444 in #ahjd-f of ,captains ,lewis and ,clarke 7p4 #bae73-- ,the ,ricaras are poor and generous2 we stayed some time in three of their villages4 ,their women are more beautiful than those of the other tribes we came across2 they are also not in the least inclined to let their lover languish4 ,we found a new example of the truth that you only have to travel to find out that there is variety everywhere4 ,among the ,ricaras1 for a woman to grant her favours without the consent of her husband or her brother1 gives great offence4 ,but then the brothers and the husband are only too delighted to have the opportunity of showing this courtesy to their friends4 ,there was a negro in our crew2 he created a great sensation among a people who had never seen a man of his colour before4 ,he was soon a favourite with the fair sex1 and we noticed that the husbands1 instead of being jealous1 were overjoyed to see him come to visit them4 ,the funny part was that the interior of the huts was so narrow that everything was visible4#e #a ,here you see one of love's follies2 for this perfection1 seen by your eyes1 is not one for him4 #b ,montaguola1 #acth ,april1 #ahai4 #c ,la ,princesse de ,tarente4 ,story by ,scarron4 #d ,as in the ,curieux-impertinent1 story by ,cervantes4 #e ,there ought to be instituted at ,philadelphia an academy1 whose sole occupation would be the collection of materials for the study of man in the savage state1 instead of waiting till these curious peoples have been exterminated4 ,i know quite well that such academies exist--but apparently regulated in a way worthy of our academies in ,europe4 7,memoir and ,discussion on the ,zodiac of ,denderah at the ,acadmie des ,sciences of ,paris1 #ahba47 ,i notice that the academy of1 ,i fancy1 ,massachusetts wisely charges a ,pg #abh member of the clergy 7,mr4 ,jarvis7 to make a report on the religion of the savage4 ,the priest1 of course1 refutes energetically an impious ,frenchman1 called ,volney4 ,according to the priest1 the savage has the most exact and noble ideas of the ,divinity1 etc4 ,if he lived in ,england1 such a report would bring the worthy academician a preferment of three or four hundred pounds and the protection of all the noble lords in the county4 ,but in ,america6 ,for the rest1 the absurdity of this academy reminds me of the free ,americans1 who set the greatest store on seeing fine coats-of-arms painted on the panels of their carriages2 what upsets them is that1 through their carriage-painter's want of instruction1 the blazoning is often wrong4 ,pg #abi ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,of ,,jealousy--7continued7 ,now for the woman suspected of inconstancy6 ,she leaves you1 because you have discouraged crystallisation1 but it is possible that in her heart you have habit to plead for you4 ,she leaves you1 because she is too sure of you4 ,you have killed fear1 and there is nothing left to give birth to the little doubts of happy love4 ,just make her uneasy1 and1 above all1 beware of the absurdity of protestations6 ,during all the time you have lived in touch with her1 you will doubtless have discovered what woman1 in society or outside it1 she is most jealous or most afraid of4 ,pay court to that woman1 but so far from blazoning it about1 do your best to keep it secret1 and do your best sincerely2 trust to the eyes of anger to see everything and feel everything4 ,the strong aversion you will have felt for several months to all women ought to make this easy4#a ,remember that in the position you are in1 everything is spoiled by a show of passion3 avoid seeing much of the woman you love1 and drink champagne with the wits4 ,in order to judge of your mistress' love1 remember3-- #a4 ,the more physical pleasure counts for in the basis of her love and in what formerly determined her to yield1 the more prone it is to inconstancy1 and1 still more1 to infidelity4 ,this applies especially to love in ,pg #acj which crystallisation has been favoured by the fire of sweet seventeen4 #b4 ,two people in love are hardly ever equally in love3#b passion-love has its phases1 during which now one1 now the other is more impassioned4 ,often1 too1 it is merely gallantry or vain love which responds to passion-love1 and it is generally the woman who is carried away by passion4 ,but whatever the love may be that either of them feels1 directly one of them is jealous1 he insists on the other fulfilling all the conditions of passion-love2 vanity pretends to all the claims of a heart that feels4 ,furthermore1 nothing wearies gallant-love like passion-love from the other side4 ,often a clever man1 paying court to a woman1 just sets her thinking of love in a sentimental frame of mind4 ,she receives this clever man kindly for giving her this pleasure--he conceives hopes4 ,but one fine day that woman meets the man1 who makes her feel what the other has described4 ,i do not know what are the effects of a man's jealousy on the heart of the woman he loves4 ,displayed by an admirer who wearies her1 jealousy must inspire a supreme disgust1 and it may even turn to hatred1 if the man he is jealous of is nicer than the jealous one2 for we want jealousy1 said ,madame de ,coulanges1 only from those of whom we could be jealous4 ,if the jealous one is liked1 but has no real claims1 his jealousy may offend that feminine pride so hard to keep in humour or even to recognise4 ,jealousy may please women of pride1 as a new way of showing them their power4 ,jealousy can please as a new way of giving proof of love4 ,it can also offend the modesty of a woman who is over-refined4 ,pg #aca ,it can please as a sign of the lover's hot blood--ferrum est quod amant4 ,but note that it is hot blood they love1 and not courage la ,turenne1 which is quite compatible with a cold heart4 ,one of the consequences of crystallisation is that a woman can never say yes to the lover1 to whom she has been unfaithful1 if she ever means to make anything of him4 ,such is the pleasure of continuing to enjoy the perfect image we have formed of the object of our attachment1 that until that fatal yes-- ,l'on va chercher bien loin1 plutot que de mourir1 ,quelque prtexte ami pour vivre et pour souffrir4 7,andr ,chnier4#c7 ,everyone in ,france knows the anecdote of ,mademoiselle de ,sommery1 who1 caught in flagrant delict by her lover1 flatly denied the fact4 ,on his protesting1 she replied3 ,very well1 ,i see you don't love me any more3 you believe what you see before what ,i tell you4 ,to make it up with an idol of a mistress1 who has been unfaithful1 is to set yourself to undo with the point of a dagger a crystallisation incessantly forming afresh4 ,love has got to die1 and your heart will feel the cruel pang of every stage in its agony4 ,it is one of the saddest dispositions of this passion and of life4 ,you must be strong enough to make it up only as friends4 #a ,you compare the branch adorned with diamonds to the branch left bare1 and contrast adds sting to your memories4 #b e4 g4 the love of ,alfieri for that great ,english lady 7,lady ,ligonier7 who also philandered with her footman and prettily signed herself ,penelope4 7,vita1 ,epoca ,,iii1 ,chaps4 ,x and ,,xi47 #c ,sooner than die1 we will go very far in search of some friendly pretext to live and suffer4--,tr4 ,pg #acb ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,roxana ,as for women's jealousy--they are suspicious1 they have infinitely more at stake than we1 they have made a greater sacrifice to love1 have far fewer means of distraction and1 above all1 far fewer means of keeping a check on their lover's actions4 ,a woman feels herself degraded by jealousy2 she thinks her lover is laughing at her1 or1 still worse1 making fun of her tenderest transports4 ,cruelty must tempt her--and yet1 legally1 she cannot kill her rival6 ,for women1 jealousy must be a still more abominable evil than it is for men4 ,it is the last degree of impotent rage and self-contempt#a which a heart can bear without breaking4 ,i know no other remedy for so cruel an evil1 than the death of the one who is the cause of it or of the one who suffers4 ,an example of ,french jealousy is the story of ,madame de la ,pommeraie in ,jacques le ,fataliste7#ai74 ,la ,rochefoucauld says3 ,we are ashamed of owning we are jealous1 but pride ourselves on having been and of being capable of jealousy4#b ,poor woman dares not own even to having suffered this torture1 so much ridicule does it bring upon her4 ,so painful a wound can never quite heal up4 ,if cold reason could be unfolded before the fire of imagination with the merest shade of success1 ,i would say ,pg #acc to those wretched women1 who are unhappy from jealousy3 ,there is a great difference between infidelity in man and in you4 ,in you1 the importance of the act is partly direct1 partly symbolic4 ,but1 as an effect of the education of our military schools1 it is in man the symbol of nothing at all4 ,on the contrary1 in women1 through the effect of modesty1 it is the most decisive of all the symbols of devotion4 ,bad habit makes it almost a necessity to men4 ,during all our early years1 the example set by the so-called 'bloods' makes us set all our pride on the number of successes of this kind--as the one and only proof of our worth4 ,for you1 your education acts in exactly the opposite direction4 ,as for the value of an action as symbol--in a moment of anger ,i upset a table on to the foot of my neighbour2 that gives him the devil of a pain1 but can quite easily be fixed up--or again1 ,i make as if to give him a slap in the face4444 ,the difference between infidelity in the two sexes is so real1 that a woman of passion may pardon it1 while for a man that is impossible4 ,here we have a decisive ordeal to show the difference between passion-love and love from pique3 infidelity in women all but kills the former and doubles the force of the latter4 ,haughty women disguise their jealousy from pride4 ,they will spend long and dreary evenings in silence with the man whom they adore1 and whom they tremble to lose1 making themselves consciously disagreeable in his eyes4 ,this must be one of the greatest possible tortures1 and is certainly one of the most fruitful sources of unhappiness in love4 ,in order to cure these women1 who merit so well all our respect1 it needs on the man's side a strong and out-of-the-way line of action--but1 mind1 he must not seem to notice what is going on--for example1 a long journey with them undertaken at a twenty-four hours' notice4 #a ,this contempt is one of the great causes of suicide3 people kill themselves to give their sense of honour satisfaction4 #b ,pense #die4 ,the reader will have recognised1 without my marking it each time1 several other thoughts of celebrated writers4 ,it is history which ,i am attempting to write1 and such thoughts are the facts4 ,pg #acd ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,of ,,self-,,esteem ,,piqued#a ,pique is a manifestation of vanity2 ,i do not want my antagonist to go higher than myself and ,i take that antagonist himself as judge of my worth4 ,i want to produce an effect on his heart4 ,it is this that carries us so far beyond all reasonable limits4 ,sometimes1 to justify our own extravagance1 we go so far as to tell ourselves that this rival has a mind to dupe us4 ,pique1 being an infirmity of honour1 is far more common in monarchies2 it must1 surely1 be exceedingly rare in countries1 where the habit is rampant of valuing things according to their utility--for example1 in the ,united ,states4 ,every man1 and a ,frenchman sooner than any other1 loathes being taken for a dupe2 and yet the lightness of the ,french character under the old monarchic rgime#b1 prevented pique from working great havoc beyond the domains of gallantry and gallant-love4 ,pique has produced serious tragedies only in monarchies1 where1 through the climate1 the shade of character is darker 7,portugal1 ,piedmont74 ,the provincial in ,france forms a ludicrous idea of what is considered a gentleman in good society--and then he takes cover behind his model1 and waits there all his ,pg #ace life to see that no one trespasses4 ,and so good-bye naturalness6 ,he is always in a state of pique1 a mania which gives a laughable character even to his love affairs4 ,this enviousness is what makes it most unbearable to live in small towns1 and one should remind oneself of this1 when one admires the picturesque situation of any of them4 ,the most generous and noble emotions are there paralysed by contact with all that is most low in the products of civilisation4 ,in order to put the finishing touch to their awfulness1 these bourgeois talk of nothing but the corruption of great cities4#c ,pique cannot exist in passion-love2 it is feminine pride4 ,if ,i let my lover treat me badly1 he will despise me and no longer be able to love me4 ,it may also be jealousy in all its fury4 ,jealousy desires the death of the object it fears4 ,the man in a state of pique is miles away from that--he wants his enemy to live1 and1 above all1 be witness of his triumph4 ,he would be sorry to see his rival renounce the struggle1 for the fellow may have the insolence to say in the depth of his heart3 ,if ,i had persevered in my original object1 ,i should have outdone him4 ,with pique1 there is no interest in the apparent purpose--the point of everything is victory4 ,this is well brought out in the love affairs of chorus-girls2 take away the rival1 and the boasted passion1 which threatened suicide from the fifth-floor window1 instantly subsides4 ,love from pique1 contrary to passion-love1 passes in a moment2 it is enough for the antagonist by an irrevocable step to own that he renounces the struggle4 ,i hesitate1 however1 to advance this maxim1 having only one example1 and that leaves doubts in my mind4 ,here are the facts--the reader will judge4 ,dona ,diana is a ,pg #acf young person of twenty-three1 daughter of one of the richest and proudest citizens of ,seville4 ,she is beautiful1 without any doubt1 but of a peculiar type of beauty1 and is credited with ever so much wit and still more pride4 ,she was passionately in love1 to all appearances at least1 with a young officer1 with whom her family would have nothing to do4 ,the officer left for ,america with ,morillo1 and they corresponded continuously4 ,one day in the midst of a lot of people1 assembled round the mother of ,dona ,diana1 a fool announced the death of the charming officer4 ,all eyes are turned upon ,dona ,diana2 ,dona ,diana says nothing but these words3 ,what a pity--so young4 ,just that day we had been reading a play of old ,massinger1 which ends tragically1 but in which the heroine takes the death of her lover with this apparent tranquillity4 ,i saw the mother shudder in spite of her pride and dislike2 the father went out of the room to hide his joy4 ,in the midst of this scene and the dismay of all present1 who were making eyes at the fool who had told the story1 ,dona ,diana1 the only one at ease1 proceeded with the conversation1 as if nothing had happened4 ,her mother1 in apprehension1 set her maid to watch her1 but nothing seemed to be altered in her behaviour4 ,two years later1 a very fine young man paid his attentions to her4 ,this time again1 and1 still for the same reason1 ,dona ,diana's parents violently opposed the marriage1 because the aspirant was not of noble birth4 ,she herself declared it should take place4 ,a state of pique ensues between the daughter's sense of honour and the father's4 ,the young man is forbidden the house4 ,dona ,diana is no longer taken to the country and hardly ever to church4 ,with scrupulous care1 every means of meeting her lover is taken from her4 ,he disguises himself and sees her secretly at long intervals4 ,she becomes more and more resolute1 and refuses the most ,pg #acg brilliant matches1 even a title and a great establishment at the ,court of ,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,the whole town is talking of the misfortunes of the two lovers and of their heroic constancy4 ,at last the majority of ,dona ,diana draws near4 ,she gives her father to understand that she means to make use of her right of disposing of her own hand4 ,the family1 driven back on its last resources1 opens negotiations for the marriage4 ,when it is half concluded1 at an official meeting of the two families1 the young man1 after six years' constancy1 refuses ,dona ,diana4#d ,a quarter of an hour later no trace of anything--she was consoled4 ,did she love from pique8 ,or are we face to face with a great soul1 that disclaims to parade its sorrow before the eyes of the world8 ,in passion-love satisfaction1 if ,i can call it such1 is often only to be won by piquing the loved one's self-esteem4 ,then1 in appearance1 the lover realises all that can be desired2 complaints would be ridiculous and seem senseless4 ,he cannot speak of his misfortune1 and yet how constantly he knows and feels its prick6 ,its traces are inwoven1 so to speak1 with circumstances1 the most flattering and the most fit to awaken illusions of enchantment4 ,this misfortune rears its monstrous head at the tenderest moments1 as if to taunt the lover and make him feel1 at one and the same instant1 all the delight of being loved by the charming and unfeeling creature in his arms1 and the impossibility of this delight being his4 ,perhaps after jealousy1 this is the cruellest unhappiness4 ,the story is still fresh in a certain large town#e of a man of soft and gentle nature1 who was carried away by a rage of this kind to spill the blood of his mistress1 who only loved him from pique against her sister4 ,he arranged ,pg #ach with her1 one evening1 to come for a row on the sea by themselves1 in a pretty little boat he had devised himself4 ,once well out to sea1 he touches a spring1 the boat divides and disappears for ever4 ,i have seen a man of sixty set out to keep an actress1 the most capricious1 irresponsible1 delightful and wonderful on the ,london stage--,miss ,cornel4 ,and you expect that she'll be faithful8 people asked him4 ,not in the least4 ,but she'll be in love with me--perhaps madly in love4 ,and for a whole year she did love him--often to distraction4 ,for three whole months together she never even gave him subject for complaint4 ,he had put a state of pique1 disgraceful in many ways1 between his mistress and his daughter4 ,pique wins the day in gallant-love1 being its very life and blood4 ,it is the ordeal best fitted to differentiate between gallant-love and passion-love4 ,there is an old maxim of war1 given to young fellows new to their regiment1 that if you are billeted on a house1 where there are two sisters1 and you want to have one1 you must pay your attentions to the other4 ,to win the majority of ,spanish women1 who are still young and ready for love affairs1 it is enough to give out1 seriously and modestly1 that you have no feelings whatever for the lady of the house4 ,i have this useful maxim from dear ,general ,lassale4 ,this is the most dangerous way of attacking passion-love4 ,piqued self-esteem is the bond which ties the happiest marriages1 after those formed by love4 ,many husbands make sure of their wives' love for many years1 by taking up with some little woman a couple of months after their marriage4#f ,in this way the habit is engendered of thinking only of one man1 and family ties succeed in making the habit invincible4 ,pg #aci ,if in the past century at the ,court of ,louis ,,xv a great lady 7,madame de ,choiseul7 was seen to worship her husband1#g the reason is that he seemed to take a keen interest in her sister1 the ,duchesse de ,grammont4 ,the most neglected mistress1 once she makes us see that she prefers another man1 robs us of our peace and afflicts our heart with all the semblance of passion4 ,the courage of an ,italian is an access of rage2 the courage of a ,german a moment of intoxication2 that of a ,spaniard an outburst of pride4 ,if there were a nation1 in which courage were generally a matter of piqued self-esteem between the soldiers of each company and the regiments of each division1 in the case of a rout there would be no support1 and consequently there would be no means of rallying the armies of such a nation4 ,to foresee the danger and try to remedy it1 would be the greatest of all absurdities with such conceited runaways4 ,it is enough to have opened any single description of a voyage among the savages of ,north ,america1 says one of the most delightful philosophers of ,france1#h to know that the ordinary fate of prisoners of war is not only to be burnt alive and eaten1 but first to be bound to a stake near a flaming bonfire and to be tortured there for several hours1 by all the most ferocious and refined devices that fury can imagine4 ,read what travellers1 who have witnessed these fearful scenes1 tell of the cannibal joy of the assistants1 above all1 of the fury of the women and children1 and of their gruesome delight in this competition of cruelty4 ,see also what they add about the heroic firmness and immutable self-possession of the prisoner1 who not only gives no sign of pain1 but taunts and defies his torturers1 by all that pride can make most haughty1 irony most bitter1 and sarcasm most insulting--singing his own glorious deeds1 going through the number of the relations and friends of the onlookers whom he has killed1 detailing the sufferings he has inflicted on them1 and accusing all that stand around him of cowardice1 timidity and ignorance of the methods of torture2 until falling limb from limb1 devoured alive ,pg #adj under his own eyes by enemies drunk with fury1 he gasps out his last whisper and his last insult together with his life's breath4#i ,all this would be beyond belief in civilised nations1 will look like fable to the most fearless captains of our grenadiers1 and will one day be brought into doubt by posterity4 ,this physiological phenomenon is closely connected with a particular moral state in the prisoner1 which constitutes1 between him on the one side and all his torturers on the other1 a combat of self-esteem--of vanity against vanity1 as to who can hold out longer4 ,our brave military doctors have often observed that wounded soldiers1 who1 in a calm state of mind and senses1 would have shrieked out1 during certain operations1 display1 on the contrary1 only calmness and heroism1 if they are prepared for it in a certain manner4 ,it is a matter of piquing their sense of honour2 you have to pretend1 first in a roundabout way1 and then with irritating persistence1 that it is beyond their present power to bear the operation without shrieking4 #a ,in ,italian puntiglio7#bj74 #b ,three-quarters of the great ,french noblemen about #aggh would have been on the high road to prison in a country where the laws were executed without respect of persons4 #c ,as the one keeps strict watch on the other in all that touches love1 there is less love and more immorality in provincial towns4 ,italy is luckier4 #d ,every year there is more than one example of women abandoned just as vilely1 and so ,i can pardon suspiciousness in respectable women4 ,mirabeau1 ,lettres ,sophie7#ba74 ,opinion is powerless in despotic countries3 there is nothing solid but the friendship of the pasha4 #e ,leghorn1 #ahai4 #f ,see ,the ,confessions of an ,odd-tempered ,man4 ,story by ,mrs4 ,opie4 #g ,letters of ,madame du ,deffant1 ,memoirs of ,lauzun4 #h ,volney1 ,tableau des tats-,unis d',amrique1 pp4 #dia-if4 #i ,anyone accustomed to a spectacle like this1 who feels the risk of being the hero of such another1 may possibly be interested only in its heroic aspect1 and1 in that case1 the spectacle must be the foremost and most intimate of the non-active pleasures4 ,pg #ada ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,of ,,quarrelsome ,,love ,it is of two kinds3 ,i4 ,in which the originator of the quarrel loves4 #b4 ,in which he does not love4 ,if one of the lovers is too superior in advantages which both value1 the love of the other must die2 for sooner or later comes the fear of contempt1 to cut short crystallisation4 ,nothing is so odious to the mediocre as mental superiority4 ,there lies the source of hatred in the world of to-day1 and if we do not have to thank this principle for desperate enmities1 it is solely due to the fact that the people it comes between are not forced to live together4 ,what then of love8 ,for here1 everything being natural1 especially on the part of the superior being1 superiority is not masked by any social precaution4 ,for the passion to be able to survive1 the inferior must ill-treat the other party2 otherwise the latter could not shut a window1 without the other taking offence4 ,as for the superior party1 he deludes himself3 the love he feels is beyond the reach of danger1 and1 besides1 almost all the weaknesses in that which we love1 make it only the dearer to us4 ,in point of duration1 directly after passion-love reciprocated between people on the same level1 one must put quarrelsome love1 in which the quarreller does not love4 ,examples of this are to be found in the anecdotes1 relative to the ,duchesse de ,berri 7,memoirs of ,duclos74 ,partaking1 as it does1 of the nature of set habits1 which ,pg #adb are rooted in the prosaic and egoistic side of life and follow man inseparably to the grave1 this love can last longer than passion-love itself4 ,but it is no longer love1 it is a habit engendered by love1 which has nothing of that passion but memories and physical pleasure4 ,this habit necessarily presupposes a less noble kind of being4 ,each day a little scene is got ready--,will he make a fuss8--which occupies the imagination1 just as1 in passion-love1 every day a new proof of affection had to be found4 ,see the anecdotes about ,madame d',houdetot and ,saint-,lambert4#a ,it is possible that pride refuses to get used to this kind of occupation2 in which case1 after some stormy months1 pride kills love4 ,but we see the nobler passion make a long resistance before giving in4 ,the little quarrels of happy love foster a long time the illusion of a heart that still loves and sees itself badly treated4 ,some tender reconciliations may make the transition more bearable4 ,a woman excuses the man she has deeply loved1 on the score of a secret sorrow or a blow to his prospects4 ,at last she grows used to being scolded4 ,where1 really1 outside passion-love1 outside gambling or the possession of power1#b can you find any other unfailing entertainment to be compared with it for liveliness8 ,if the scolder happens to die1 the victim who survives proves inconsolable4 ,this is the principle which forms the bond of many middle-class marriages2 the scolded can listen to his own voice all day long talking of his favourite subject4 ,there is a false kind of quarrelsome love4 ,i took from the letters of a woman of extraordinary brilliance this in ,chapter ,,xxxiii3-- ,always a little doubt to allay--that is what whets our ,pg #adc appetite in passion-love every moment4444 ,as it is never separated from fear1 so its pleasures can never tire4 ,with rough and ill-mannered people1 or those with a very violent nature1 this little doubt to calm1 this faint misgiving shows itself in the form of a quarrel4 ,if the loved one has not the extreme susceptibility1 which comes of a careful education1 she may find that love of this kind has more life in it1 and consequently is more enjoyable4 ,even with all the refinement in the world1 it is hard not to love your savage all the more1 if you see him the first to suffer for his transports4 ,what ,lord ,mortimer thinks back on1 perhaps1 with most regret for his lost mistress1 are the candlesticks she threw at his head4 ,and1 really1 if pride forgives and permits such sensations1 it must also be allowed that they do wage implacable warfare upon boredom--that arch-enemy of the happy6 ,saint-,simon1 the one historian ,france has had1 says3-- ,after several passing fancies1 the ,duchesse de ,berri had fallen in love1 in real earnest1 with ,riom1 cadet of the house of d',aydie1 son of a sister of ,madame de ,biron4 ,he had neither looks nor sense3 a stout1 short youth1 with a puffy white face1 who with all his spots looked like one big abscess--though1 true1 he had fine teeth4 ,he had no idea of having inspired a passion1 which in less than no time went beyond all limits and lasted ever after1 without1 indeed1 preventing passing fancies and cross-attachments4 ,he had little property1 and many brothers and sisters who had no more4 ,m4 and ,madame de ,pons1 lady-in-waiting to the ,duchesse de ,berri1 were related to them and of the same province1 and they sent for the young man1 who was a lieutenant in the dragoons1 to see what could be made of him4 ,he had scarcely arrived before the ,duchess's weakness for him became public and ,riom was master of the ,luxembourg4 ,m4 de ,lauzun1 whose grand-nephew he was1 laughed in his sleeve2 he was delighted to see in ,riom a reincarnation at the ,luxembourg of himself from the time of ,mademoiselle4 ,he gave ,riom instructions which were listened to by him1 as befitted ,pg #add a mild and naturally polite and respectful young fellow1 well behaved and straightforward4 ,but before long ,riom began to feel the power of his own charms1 which could only captivate the incomprehensible humour of this princess4 ,without abusing his power with others1 he made himself liked by everyone1 but he treated his duchess as ,m4 de ,lauzun had treated ,mademoiselle4 ,he was soon dressed in the richest laces1 the richest suits1 furnished with money1 buckles1 jewels4 ,he made himself an object of admiration and took a delight in making the princess jealous or pretending to be jealous himself--bringing her often to tears4 ,little by little he reduced her to the state of doing nothing without his permission1 not even in matters of indifference4 ,at one time1 ready to go out to the ,opera1 he made her stay at home2 at another he made her go against her will4 ,he forced her to do favours to ladies she disliked1 or of whom she was jealous1 and to injure people she liked1 or of whom he pretended to be jealous4 ,even as far as dress1 she was not allowed the smallest liberty4 ,he used to amuse himself by making her have her hair done all over again1 or have her dress changed when she was completely ready--and this happened so often and so publicly1 that he had accustomed her to take in the evening his orders for dress and occupation for the next day4 ,the next day he would change it all and make the princess cry still more4 ,at last she came to sending him messages by trusted valets--for he lived in the ,luxembourg almost from the day of his arrival--and the messages had often to be repeated during her toilet for her to know what ribbons to wear and about her frock and other details of dress2 and nearly always he made her wear what she disliked4 ,if sometimes she gave herself some liberty in the smallest matter without leave1 he treated her like a servant1 and often her tears lasted several days4 ,this haughty princess1 who was so fond of display and indulging her boundless pride1 could bring herself so low as to partake of obscene parties with him and unmentionable people--she with whom no one could dine unless he were prince of the blood4 ,the ,jesuit ,riglet1 whom she as a child had known1 and who had brought her up1 was admitted to these private meals1 without feeling ashamed himself or the ,duchess being embarrassed4 ,madame de ,mouchy was admitted into the secret of all these strange events2 she and ,riom summoned the company and chose the days4 ,this lady was the peacemaker between the two lovers1 ,pg #ade and the whole of this existence was a matter of general knowledge at the ,luxembourg4 ,riom was there looked to1 as the centre of everything1 while on his side he was careful to live on good terms with all1 honouring them with a show of respect1 which he refused in public only to his princess4 ,before everybody he would give her curt answers1 which would make the whole company lower their eyes and bring blushes to the cheeks of the ,duchess1 who put no constraint upon her idolatry of him4 ,riom was a sovereign remedy1 for the ,duchess1 against the monotony of life4 ,a famous woman said once off-hand to ,general ,bonaparte1 then a young hero covered with glory and with no crimes against liberty on his conscience3 ,general1 a woman could only be a wife or a sister to you4 ,the hero did not understand the compliment1 which the world has made up for with some pretty slanders4 ,the women1 of whom we are speaking1 like to be despised by their lover1 whom they only love in his cruelty4 #a ,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay1 ,i think1 or of ,marmontel4 #b ,whatever certain hypocritical ministers may say1 power is the foremost of pleasures4 ,i believe love alone can beat it1 and love is a lucky illness1 which cannot be got like a ministry4 ,pg #adf ,,chapter ,,xxxix 7,part ,,ii7 ,,remedies ,,against ,,love ,the leap of ,leucas was a fine image of antiquity4 ,it is true1 the remedy of love is almost impossible4 ,a danger is needed to call man's attention back sharply to look to his own preservation4#a ,but that is not all4 ,what is harder to realise--a pressing danger must continue1 and one that can only be averted with care1 in order that the habit of thinking of his own preservation may have time to take root4 ,i can see nothing that will do but a storm of sixteen days1 like that in ,don ,juan#b or the shipwreck of ,m4 ,cochelet among the ,moors4 ,otherwise1 one gets soon used to the peril1 and even drops back into thoughts of the loved one with still more charm--when reconnoitring at twenty yards' range from the enemy4 ,we have repeated over and over again that the love of a man1 who loves well1 delights in and vibrates to every movement of his imagination1 and that there is nothing in nature which does not speak to him of the object of his love4 ,well1 this delight and this vibration form a most interesting occupation1 next to which all others pale4 ,a friend who wants to work the cure of the patient1 must1 first of all1 be always on the side of the woman ,pg #adg the patient is in love with--and all friends1 with more zeal than sense1 are sure to do exactly the opposite4 ,it is attacking with forces too absurdly inferior that combination of sweet illusions1 which earlier we called crystallisation4#c ,the friend in need should not forget this fact1 that1 if there is an absurdity to be believed1 as the lover has either to swallow it or renounce everything which holds him to life1 he will swallow it4 ,with all the cleverness in the world1 he will deny in his mistress the most palpable vices and the most villainous infidelities4 ,this is how1 in passion-love1 everything is forgiven after a little4 ,in the case of reasonable and cold characters1 for the lover to swallow the vices of a mistress1 he must only find them out after several months of passion4#d ,far from trying bluntly and openly to distract the lover1 the friend in need ought to tire him with talking of his love and his mistress1 and at the same time manage that a host of little events force themselves upon his notice4 ,even if travel isolates1#e it is still no remedy1 and in fact nothing recalls so tenderly the object of our love as change of scene4 ,it was in the midst of the brilliant ,paris salons1 next to women with the greatest reputation for charm1 that ,i was most in love with my poor mistress1 solitary and sad in her little room in the depth of the ,romagna4#f ,i looked at the superb clock in the brilliant salon1 where ,i was exiled1 for the hour she goes out on foot1 even in the rain1 to call on her friend4 ,trying to forget her1 ,i have found that change of scene is the source of memories of one's love1 less vivid but far more heavenly ,pg #adh than those one goes in search for in places1 where once upon a time one met her4 ,in order that absence may prove useful1 the friend in need must be always at hand1 and suggest to the lover's mind all possible reflections on the history of his love1 trying to make these reflections tiresome through their length and importunity4 ,in this way he gives them the appearance of commonplaces4 ,for example1 tender sentimental talk after a dinner enlivened with good wine4 ,it is hard to forget a woman1 with whom one has been happy2 for1 remember1 that there are certain moments the imagination can never be tired of evoking and beautifying4 ,i leave out all mention of pride1 cruel but sovereign remedy1 which1 however1 is not to be applied to sensitive souls4 ,the first scenes of ,shakespeare's ,romeo form an admirable picture2 there is so vast a gap between the man who says sorrowfully to himself3 ,she hath forsworn to love1 and he who cries out in the height of happiness3 ,come what sorrow can6 #a ,danger of ,henry ,morton in the ,clyde4 7,old ,mortality1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,chap4 ,x47 #b ,of the over-extolled ,lord ,byron4 #c ,merely in order to abbreviate1 and with apologies for the new word4 #d ,madame ,dornal and ,serigny4 ,confessions of le ,comte 444 of ,duclos4 ,see the note to p4 #ej3 death of ,general ,abdallah at ,bologna4 #e ,i cried almost every day4 7,precious words of the #ajth of ,june47 #f ,salviati4 ,pg #adi ,,chapter ,,xxxix 7,part ,,iii7 ,her passion will die like a lamp for want of what the flame should feed upon4 7,bride of ,lammermoor1 ,,ii1 ,chap4 ,,vi47 ,the friend in need must beware of faulty reasoning--for example1 of talking about ingratitude4 ,you are giving new life to crystallisation1 by procuring it a victory and a new enjoyment4 ,in love there is no such thing as ingratitude2 the actual pleasure always repays1 and more than repays1 sacrifices that seem the greatest4 ,in love no other crime but want of honesty seems to me possible3 one should be scrupulous as to the state of one's heart4 ,the friend in need has only to attack fair and square1 for the lover to answer3-- ,to be in love1 even while enraged with the loved one1 is nothing less1 to bring myself down to your s4 d4 style1 than having a ticket in a lottery1 in which the prize is a thousand miles above all that you can offer me1 in your world of indifference and selfish interests4 ,one must have plenty of vanity--and precious petty vanity--to be happy1 because people receive you well4 ,i do not blame men for going on like this1 in their world1 but in the love of ,lonore ,i found a world where everything was heavenly1 tender and generous4 ,the most lofty and almost incredible virtue of your world counted1 between her and me1 only as any ordinary and everyday virtue4 ,let me at all events dream of the happiness of passing my life close to such a creature4 ,although ,i understand that ,pg #aej slander has ruined me1 and that ,i have nothing to hope for1 at least ,i shall make her the sacrifice of my vengeance4 ,it is quite impossible to put a stop to love except in its first stages4 ,besides a prompt departure1 and the forced distractions of society 7as in the case of the ,comtesse ,kalember71 there are several other little ruses1 which the friend in need can bring into play4 ,for example1 he can bring to your notice1 as if by chance1 the fact that the woman you love1 quite outside the disputed area1 does not even observe towards you the same amount of politeness and respect1 with which she honours your rival4 ,the smallest details are enough2 for in love everything is a sign4 ,for example1 she does not take your arm to go up to her box4 ,this sort of nonsense1 taken tragically by a passionate heart1 couples a pang of humiliation to every judgment formed by crystallisation1 poisons the source of love and may destroy it4 ,one way against the woman1 who is behaving badly to our friend1 is to bring her under suspicion of some absurd physical defect1 impossible to verify4 ,if it were possible for the lover to verify the calumny1 and even if he found it substantiated1 it would be disqualified by his imagination1 and soon have no place with him at all4 ,it is only imagination itself which can resist imagination3 ,henry ,,iii knew that very well when he scoffed at the famous ,duchesse de ,montpensier7#bb74 ,hence it is the imagination you must look to--above all1 in a girl whom you want to keep safe from love4 ,and the less her spirit has of the common stuff1 the more noble and generous her soul1 in a word the worthier she is of our respect1 just so much greater the danger through which she must pass4 ,it is always perilous1 for a girl1 to suffer her memories to group themselves too repeatedly and too agreeably round the same individual4 ,add gratitude1 admiration or curiosity to strengthen the bonds of memory1 and she is almost certainly on the edge of the ,pg #aea precipice4 ,the greater the monotony of her everyday life1 the more active are those poisons called gratitude1 admiration and curiosity4 ,the only thing1 then1 is a swift1 prompt and vigorous distraction4 ,just so1 a little roughness and slap-dash in the first encounter1 is an almost infallible means of winning the respect of a clever woman1 if only the drug be administered in a natural and simple manner4 ,pg #aeb ,pg #aec ,,book ,,ii ,pg #aed ,pg #aee ,,chapter ,,xl ,every kind of love and every kind of imagination1 in the individual1 takes its colour from one of these six temperaments3-- ,the sanguine1 or ,french1--,m4 de ,francueil 7,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay72 ,the choleric1 or ,spanish1--,lauzun 7the ,peguilhen of ,saint-,simon's ,memoirs72 ,the melancholy1 or ,german1--,schiller's ,don ,carlos2 ,the phlegmatic1 or ,dutch2 ,the nervous--,voltaire2 ,the athletic--,milo of ,croton4#a ,if the influence of temperament makes itself felt in ambition1 avarice1 friendship1 etc4 etc41 what must it be in the case of love1 in which the physical also is perforce an ingredient8 ,let us suppose that all kinds of love can be referred to the four varieties1 which we have noted3-- ,passion-love--,julie d'tanges27#bc7 ,gallant-love or gallantry2 ,physical love2 ,vanity-love--a duchess is never more than thirty for a bourgeois4 ,we must submit these four kinds of love to the six different characters1 with which habits1 dependent upon the six kinds of temperament1 stamp the imagination4 ,tiberius did not have the wild imagination of ,henry ,,viii4 ,pg #aef ,then let us submit all these combinations1 thus obtained1 to the differences of habit which depend upon government or national character3-- #a4 ,asiatic despotism1 such as may be seen at ,constantinople2 #b4 ,absolute monarchy la ,louis ,,xiv2 #c4 ,aristocracy masked by a charter1 or government of a nation for the profit of the rich1 as in ,england--all according to the rules of a self-styled biblical morality2 #d4 ,a federal republic1 or government for the profit of all1 as in the ,united ,states of ,america2 #e4 ,constitutional monarchy1 or-- #f4 ,a ,state in revolution1 as ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,france7#bd74 ,this state of things in a country gives lively passions to everyone1 makes manners more natural1 destroys puerilities1 the conventional virtues and senseless proprieties#b--;gives seriousness to youth and causes it to despise vanity-love and neglect gallantry4 ,this state can last a long time and form the habits of a generation4 ,in ,france it began in #aghh1 was interrupted in #ahjb1 and began again in #ahah--to end ,god knows when6 ,after all these general ways of considering love1 we have the differences of age1 and come finally to individual peculiarities4 ,for example1 we might say3-- ,i found at ,dresden1 in ,count ,woltstein1 vanity-love1 a melancholy temperament1 monarchical habits1 thirty years1 and 444 his individual peculiarities4 ,for anyone who is to form a judgment on love1 this way of viewing things is conveniently short and cooling to the head--an essential1 but difficult operation4 ,now1 as in physiology man has learnt scarcely anything about himself1 except by means of comparative anatomy1 ,pg #aeg so in the case of passions1 through vanity and many other causes of illusion1 we can only get enlightenment on what goes on in ourselves from the foibles we have observed in others4 ,if by chance this essay has any useful effect1 it will be by bringing the mind to make comparisons of this sort4 ,to lead the way1 ,i am going to attempt a sketch of some general traits in the character of love in different nations4 ,i beg for pardon if ,i often come back to ,italy2 in the present state of manners in ,europe1 it is the only country where the plant1 which ,i describe1 grows in all freedom4 ,in ,france1 vanity2 in ,germany1 a pretentious and highly comical philosophy2 in ,england1 pride1 timid1 painful and rancorous1 torture and stifle it1 or force it into a crooked channel4#c #a ,see ,cabanis1 influence of the physical1 etc4 #b ,the laces missing from ,minister ,roland's shoes3 ,ah1 ,monsieur1 all is lost1 answers ,dumouriez4 ,at the royal sitting1 the ,president of the ,assembly crosses his legs4 #c ,the reader will have perceived only too easily that this treatise is made up of ,lisio's ,visconti's fragmentary account of events1 written in the order that they were presented to him on his travels4 ,all these events may be found related at length in the journal of his life2 perhaps ,i ought to have inserted them--but they might have been found scarcely suitable4 ,the oldest notes bear the date1 ,berlin #ahjg1 and the last are some days before his death1 ,june #ahai4 ,some dates have been altered expressly to avoid indiscretion2 but the changes1 which ,i have made1 go no further than that4 ,i have not thought myself authorised to recast the style4 ,this book was written in a hundred different places--so may it be read6 ,pg #aeh ,,chapter ,,xli ,,of ,,nations ,,with ,,regard ,,to ,,love4 ,,france ,i mean to put aside my natural affections and be only a cold philosopher4 ,french women1 fashioned by their amiable men1 themselves creatures only of vanity and physical desires1 are less active1 less energetic1 less feared1 and1 what's more1 less loved and less powerful1 than ,spanish and ,italian women4 ,a woman is powerful only according to the degree of unhappiness1 which she can inflict as punishment on her lover4 ,where men have nothing but vanity1 every woman is useful1 but none is indispensable4 ,it is success in winning a woman's love1 not in keeping it1 which flatters a man4 ,when men have only physical desires1 they go to prostitutes1 and that is why the prostitutes of ,france are charming and those of ,spain the very reverse4 ,in ,france1 to a great many men prostitutes can give as much happiness as virtuous women--happiness1 that is to say1 without love4 ,there is always one thing for which a ,frenchman has much more respect than for his mistress--his vanity4 ,in ,paris a young man sees in his mistress a kind of slave1 whose destiny it is1 before everything1 to please his vanity4 ,if she resist the orders of this dominating passion1 he leaves her--and is only the better pleased with himself1 when he can tell his friends in what a piquant way1 with how smart a gesture1 he waved her off4 ,a ,frenchman1 who knew his own country well 7,meilhan71 said3 ,in ,france1 great passions are as rare as great men4 ,pg #aei ,no language has words to express how impossible it is for a ,frenchman to play the role of a deserted and desperate lover1 in full view of a whole town--yet no sight is commoner at ,venice or ,bologna4 ,to find love at ,paris1 we must descend to those classes1 in which the absence of education and of vanity1 and the struggle against real want1 have left more energy4 ,to let oneself be seen with a great and unsatisfied desire1 is to let oneself be seen in a position of inferiority--and that is impossible in ,france1 except for people of no position at all4 ,it means exposing oneself to all kinds of sneers--hence come the exaggerated praises bestowed on prostitutes by young men who mistrust their own hearts4 ,a vulgar susceptibility and dread of appearing in a position of inferiority forms the principle of conversation among provincial people4 ,think of the man who only lately1 when told of the assassination of ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 the ,duke of ,berri7#be71 answered3 ,i knew it4#a ,in the ,middle ,ages hearts were tempered by the presence of danger1 and therein1 unless ,i am mistaken1 lies another cause of the astonishing superiority of the men of the sixteenth century4 ,originality1 which among us is rare1 comical1 dangerous and often affected1 was then of everyday and unadorned4 ,countries where even to-day danger often shows its iron hand1 such as ,corsica1#b ,pg #afj ,spain or ,italy1 can still produce great men4 ,in those climates1 where men's gall cooks for three months under the burning heat1 it is activity's direction that is to seek2 at ,paris1 ,i fear1 it is activity itself4#c ,many young men1 fine enough to be sure at ,montmirail or the ,bois de ,boulogne1 are afraid of love2 and when you see them1 at the age of twenty1 fly the sight of a young girl who has struck them as pretty1 you may know that cowardice is the real cause4 ,when they remember what they have read in novels is expected of a lover1 their blood runs cold4 ,these chilly spirits cannot conceive how the storm of passion1 which lashes the sea to waves1 also fills the sails of the ship and gives her the power of riding over them4 ,love is a delicious flower1 but one must have the courage to go and pick it on the edge of a frightful precipice4 ,besides ridicule1 love has always staring it in the face the desperate plight of being deserted by the loved one1 and in her place only a dead blank for all the rest of one's life4 ,civilisation would be perfect1 if it could continue the delicate pleasures of the nineteenth century with a more frequent presence of danger4#d ,pg #afa ,it ought to be possible to augment a thousandfold the pleasures of private life by exposing it frequently to danger4 ,i do not speak only of military danger4 ,i would have this danger present at every instant1 in every shape1 and threatening all the interests of existence1 such as formed the essence of life in the ,middle ,ages4 ,such danger as our civilisation has trained and refined1 goes hand in hand quite naturally with the most insipid feebleness of character4 ,i hear the words of a great man in ,a ,voice from ,st ,helena by ,mr4 ,o',meara3-- ,order ,murat to attack and destroy four or five thousand men in such a direction1 it was done in a moment2 but leave him to himself1 he was an imbecile without judgment4 ,i cannot conceive how so brave a man could be so lche4 ,he was nowhere brave unless before the enemy4 ,there he was probably the bravest man in the world4444 ,he was a paladin1 in fact a ,don ,quixote in the field2 but take him into the ,cabinet1 he was a poltroon without judgment or decision4 ,murat and ,ney were the bravest men ,i ever witnessed4 7,o',meara1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ie47 #a ,this is historical4 ,many people1 though very curious1 are annoyed at being told news2 they are frightened of appearing inferior to him who tells them the news4 #b ,memoirs of ,m4 ,realier-,dumas4 ,corsica1 which1 as regards its population of one hundred and eighty thousand souls1 would not form a half of most ,french ,departments1 has produced in modern times ,salliceti1 ,pozzo di ,borgo1 ,general ,sebastiani1 ,cervioni1 ,abbatucci1 ,lucien and ,napoleon ,bonaparte and ,arna4 ,the ,dpartement du ,nord1 with its nine hundred thousand inhabitants1 is far from being able to show a similar list4 ,the reason is that in ,corsica anyone1 on leaving his house1 may be greeted by a bullet2 and the ,corsican1 instead of submitting like a good ,christian1 tries to defend himself and still more to be revenged4 ,that is the way spirits like ,napoleon are forged4 ,it's a long cry from such surroundings to a palace with its lords-in-waiting and chamberlains1 and a ,fnelon obliged to find reasons for his respect to ,his ,royal ,highness1 when speaking to ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 himself1 aged twelve years4 ,see the works of that great writer4 #c ,at ,paris1 to get on1 you must pay attention to a million little details4 ,none the less there is this very powerful objection4 ,statistics show many more women who commit suicide from love at ,paris than in all the towns of ,italy together4 ,this fact gives me great difficulty2 ,i do not know what to say to it for the moment1 but it doesn't change my opinion4 ,it may be that our ultra-civilised life is so wearisome1 that death seems a small matter to the ,frenchman of to-day--or more likely1 overwhelmed by the wreck of his vanity1 he blows out his brains4 #d ,i admire the manners of the time of ,lewis ,,xiv3 many a man might pass in three days from the salons of ,marly to the battlefield of ,senet or ,ramillies4 ,wives1 mothers1 sweethearts1 were all in a continual state of apprehension4 ,see the ,letters of ,madame de ,svign4 ,the presence of danger had kept in the language an energy and a freshness that we would not dare to hazard nowadays2 and yet ,m4 de ,lameth killed his wife's lover4 ,if a ,walter ,scott were to write a novel of the times of ,lewis ,,xiv1 we should be a good deal surprised4 ,pg #afb ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,france 7continued7 ,i beg leave to speak ill of ,france a little longer4 ,the reader need have no fear of seeing my satire remain unpunished2 if this essay finds readers1 ,i shall pay for my insults with interest4 ,our national honour is wide awake4 ,france fills an important place in the plan of this book1 because ,paris1 thanks to the superiority of its conversation and its literature1 is1 and will always be1 the salon of ,europe4 ,three-quarters of the billets in ,vienna1 as in ,london1 are written in ,french or are full of ,french allusions and quotations--,lord knows what ,french6#a ,as regards great passions1 ,france1 in my opinion1 is void of originality from two causes3-- #a4 ,true honour--the desire to resemble ,bayard7#bf7--;in order to be honoured in the world and there1 every day1 to see your vanity satisfied4 #b4 ,the fool's honour1 or the desire to resemble the upper classes1 the fashionable world of ,paris4 ,the art of entering a drawing-room1 of showing aversion to a rival1 of breaking with your mistress1 etc4 ,the fool's honour is much more useful than true honour in ministering to the pleasures of our vanity1 ,pg #afc both in itself1 as being intelligible to fools1 and also as being applicable to the actions of every day and every hour4 ,we see people1 with only this fool's honour and without true honour1 very well received in society2 but the contrary is impossible4 ,this is the way of the fashionable world3-- #a4 ,to treat all great interests ironically4 ',tis natural enough4 ,formerly people1 really in society1 could not be profoundly affected by anything2 they hadn't the time4 ,residence in the country has altered all this4 ,besides1 it is contrary to a ,frenchman's nature to let himself be seen in a posture of admiration1#b that is to say1 in a position of inferiority1 not only in relation to the object of his admiration--that goes without saying--but also in relation to his neighbour1 if his neighbour choose to mock at what he admires4 ,in ,germany1 ,italy and ,spain1 on the contrary1 admiration is genuine and happy2 there the admirer is proud of his transports and pities the man who turns up his nose4 ,i don't say the mocker1 for that's an impossible rle in countries1 where it is not in failing in the imitation of a particular line of conduct1 but in failing to strike the road to happiness1 that the only ridicule exists4 ,in the ,south1 mistrust and horror at being troubled in the midst of pleasures vividly felt1 plants in men an inborn admiration of luxury and pomp4 ,see the ,courts of ,madrid and ,naples2 see a funzione at ,cadiz--things are carried to a point of delirium4#c #b4 ,a ,frenchman thinks himself the most miserable of men1 and almost the most ridiculous1 if he is obliged to spend his time alone4 ,but what is love without solitude8 #c4 ,a passionate man thinks only of himself2 a man ,pg #afd who wants consideration thinks only of others4 ,nay more3 before #aghi1 individual security was only found in ,france by becoming one of a body1 the ,robe1 for example1#d and by being protected by the members of that body4 ,the thoughts of your neighbour were then an integral and necessary part of your happiness4 ,this was still truer at the ,court than in ,paris4 ,it is easy to ,pg #afe see how far such manners1 which1 to say the truth1 are every day losing their force1 but which ,frenchmen will retain for another century1 are favourable to great passions4 ,try to imagine a man throwing himself from a window1 and at the same time trying to reach the pavement in a graceful position4 ,in ,france1 the passionate man1 merely as such1 and in no other light1 is the object of general ridicule4 ,altogether1 he offends his fellow-men1 and that gives wings to ridicule4 #a ,in ,england1 the gravest writers think they give themselves a smart tone by quoting ,french words1 which1 for the most part1 have never been ,french1 except in ,english grammars4 ,see the writers for the ,edinburgh ,review2 see the ,memoirs of the ,comtesse de ,lichtnau1 mistress of the last ,king of ,prussia but one4 #b ,the fashionable admiration of ,hume in #agge1 for example1 or of ,franklin in #aghd1 is no objection to what ,i say4 #c ,voyage en ,espagne1 by ,m4 ,semple2 he gives a true picture1 and the reader will find a description of the ,battle of ,trafalgar1 heard in the distance which sticks in the memory4 #d ,correspondance of ,grimm1 ,january1 #aghc4 ,comte de ,n----1 ,captain commanding the guards of the ,duke of ,orleans1 being piqued at finding no place left in the balcony1 the day of the opening of the new hall1 was so ill-advised as to dispute his place with an honest ,procureur2 the latter1 one ,matre ,pernot1 was by no means willing to give it up4--',you've taken my place4'--',i'm in my own4'--',who are you8'--',i'm ,mr4 ,six ,francs'444 7that is to say1 the price of these places74 ,then1 angrier words1 insults1 jostling4 ,comte de ,n---- pushed his indiscretion so far as to treat the poor joker as a thief1 and finally took it upon himself to order the sergeant on duty to arrest the person of the ,procureur1 and to conduct him to the guard-room4 ,matre ,pernot surrendered with great dignity1 and went out1 only to go and depose his complaint before a ,commissary4 ,the redoubtable body1 of which he had the honour to be a member1 had no intention of letting the matter drop4 ,the affair came up before the ,parlement4 ,m4 de ,n---- was condemned to pay all the expenses1 to make reparation to the ,procureur1 to pay him two thousand crowns damages and interest1 which were to be applied1 with the ,procureur's consent1 to the poor prisoners of the ,conciergerie2 further1 the said ,count was very expressly enjoined never again1 under pretext of the king's orders1 to interfere with a performance1 etc4 ,this adventure made a lot of noise1 and great interests were mixed up in it3 the whole ,robe has considered itself insulted by an outrage done to a man who wears its livery1 etc4 ,m4 de ,n----1 that his affair may be forgotten1 has gone to seek his laurels at the ,camp of ,st4 ,roch4 ,he couldn't do better1 people say1 for no one can doubt of his talent for carrying places by sheer force4 ,now suppose an obscure philosopher in the place of ,matre ,pernot4 ,use of the ,duel4 7,grimm1 ,part ,,iii1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajb47 ,see further on1 p4 #dif1 a most sensible letter of ,beaumarchais refusing a closed box 7loge grille7 for ,figaro1 which one of his friends had asked of him4 ,so long as people thought that his answer was addressed to a ,duke1 there was great excitement1 and they talked about severe punishment4 ,but it turned to laughter when ,beaumarchais declared that his letter was addressed to ,monsieur le ,prsident du ,paty4 ,it is a far cry from #aghe to #ahbb6 ,we no longer understand these feelings4 ,and yet people pretend that the same tragedies that touched those generations are still good for us6 ,pg #aff ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,italy7#bg7 ,italy's good fortune is that it has been left to the inspiration of the moment1 a good fortune which it shares1 up to a certain point1 with ,germany and ,england4 ,furthermore1 ,italy is a country where ,utility1 which was the guiding principle of the medival republic1#a has not been dethroned by ,honour or ,virtue1 disposed to the advantages of monarchy4#b ,true honour leads the way to the fool's honour4 ,it accustoms men to ask themselves3 ,what ,pg #afg will my neighbour think of my happiness8 ,but how can happiness of the heart be an object of vanity1 since no one can see it48#c ,in proof of all this1 ,france is the country1 where there are fewer marriages from inclination than anywhere else in the world4#d ,and ,italy has other advantages4 ,the ,italian has undisturbed leisure and an admirable climate1 which makes men sensible to beauty under every form4 ,he is extremely1 yet reasonably1 mistrustful1 which increases the aloofness of intimate love and doubles its charms4 ,he reads no novels1 indeed hardly any books1 and this leaves still more to the inspiration of the moment4 ,he has a passion for music1 which excites in the soul a movement very similar to that of love4 ,in ,france1 towards #aggj1 there was no mistrust42 on the contrary1 it was good form to live and die before the public4 ,as the ,duchess of ,luxemburg was intimate with a hundred friends1 there was no intimacy and no friendship1 properly so-called4 ,in ,italy1 passion1 since it is not a very rare distinction1 is not a subject of ridicule1#e and you may hear people in the salons openly quoting general maxims of love4 ,the public knows the symptoms and periods of this illness1 and is very much concerned with it4 ,they say to a man who has been deserted3 ,you'll be in despair for six months1 but you'll get over it in the end1 like ,so-and-so1 etc4 ,in ,italy1 public opinion is the very humble attendant on passion4 ,real pleasure there exercises the power1 which elsewhere is in the hands of society4 ',tis quite simple--for society can give scarcely any pleasure to a people1 who has no time to be vain1 and can have ,pg #afh but little authority over those1 who are only trying to escape the notice of their pacha7#bi74 ,the blass censure the passionate--but who cares for them8 ,south of the ,alps1 society is a despot without a prison4 ,as in ,paris honour challenges1 sword in hand1 or1 if possible1 bon mot in the mouth1 every approach to every recognised great interest1 it is much more convenient to take refuge in irony4 ,many young men have taken up a different attitude1 and become disciples of ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau and ,madame de ,stal4 ,as irony had become vulgar1 one had to fall back on feelings4 ,a4 de ,pezai in our days writes like ,m4 ,darlincourt4 ,besides1 since #aghi1 everything tends to favour utility or individual sensibility1 as opposed to honour or the empire of opinion4 ,the sight of the two ,chambers teaches people to discuss everything1 even mere nonsense4 ,the nation is becoming serious1 and gallantry is losing ground4 ,as a ,frenchman1 ,i ought to say that it is not a small number of colossal fortunes1 but the multiplicity of middling ones1 that makes up the riches of a country4 ,in every country passion is rare1 and gallantry is more graceful and refined3 in ,france1 as a consequence1 it has better fortune4 ,this great nation1 the first in the world1#f has the same kind of aptitude for love as for intellectual achievements4 ,in #ahbb we have1 to be sure1 no ,moore1 no ,walter ,scott1 no ,crabbe1 no ,byron1 no ,monti1 no ,pellico2 but we have among us more men of intellect1 clear-sighted1 agreeable and up to the level of the lights of this century1 than ,england has1 or ,italy4 ,it is for this reason that the debates in our ,chamber of ,deputies in #ahbb1 are so superior to those in the ,english ,parliament1 and that when a ,liberal from ,england comes to ,france1 we are quite surprised to find in him several opinions which are distinctly feudal4 ,pg #afi ,a ,roman artist wrote from ,paris3-- ,i am exceedingly uncomfortable here2 ,i suppose it's because ,i have no leisure for falling in love at my ease4 ,here1 sensibility is spent drop by drop1 just as it forms1 in such a way1 at least so ,i find it1 as to be a drain on the source4 ,at ,rome1 owing to the little interest created by the events of every day and the somnolence of the outside world1 sensibility accumulates to the profit of passion4 #a ,g4 ,pecchio1 in his very lively ,letters to a beautiful young ,english woman1 says on the subject of free ,spain1 where the ,middle ,ages are not a revival1 but have never ceased to exist 7p4 #fj73 ,the aim of the ,spaniards was not glory1 but independence4 ,if the ,spaniards had only fought for honour1 the war had ended with the battle of ,tudela4 ,honour is a thing of an odd nature--once soiled1 it loses all its power of action4 444 ,the ,spanish army of the line1 having become imbued in its turn with prejudices in favour of honour 7that means having become modern-,european7 disbanded1 once beaten1 with the thought that1 with honour1 all was lost1 etc4 #b ,in #afbj a man was honoured by saying unceasingly and as servilely as he could3 ,the ,king my ,master 7,see the ,memoirs of ,noailles1 ,torcy and all ,lewis ,,xiv's ambassadors74 ,quite simple--by this turn of phrase1 he proclaims the rank he occupies among subjects4 ,this rank1 dependent on the ,king1 takes the place1 in the eyes and esteem of these subjects1 of the rank which in ancient ,rome depended on the good opinion of his fellow-citizens1 who had seen him fighting at ,trasimene and speaking in the ,forum4 ,you can batter down absolute monarchy by destroying vanity and its advance works1 which it calls conventions4 ,the dispute between ,shakespeare and ,racine7#bh7 is only one form of the dispute between ,louis ,,xiv and constitutional government4 #c ,it can only be estimated in unpremeditated actions4 #d ,miss ,o',neil1 ,mrs4 ,couts1 and most of the great ,english actresses1 leave the stage in order to marry rich husbands4 #e ,one can allow women gallantry1 but love makes them laughed at1 wrote the judicious ,abb ,girard in ,paris in #agdj4 #f ,i want no other proof than the world's envy4 ,see the ,edinburgh ,review for #ahba4 ,see the ,german and ,italian literary journals1 and the ,scimiatigre of ,alfieri4 ,pg #agj ,,chapter ,,xliv ,,rome ,only at ,rome#a can a respectable woman1 seated in her carriage1 say effusively to another woman1 a mere acquaintance1 what ,i heard this morning3 ,ah1 my dear1 beware of love with ,fabio ,vitteleschi2 better for you to fall in love with a highwayman6 ,for all his soft and measured air1 he is capable of stabbing you to the heart with a knife1 and of saying with the sweetest smile1 while he plunged the knife into your breast3 ',poor child1 does it hurt8' ,and this conversation took place in the presence of a pretty young lady of fifteen1 daughter of the woman who received the advice1 and a very wide-awake young lady4 ,if a man from the ,north has the misfortune not to be shocked at first by the candour of this southern capacity for love1 which is nothing but the simple product of a magnificent nature1 favoured by the twofold absence of good form and of all interesting novelty1 after a stay of one year the women of all other countries will become intolerable to him4 ,he will find ,frenchwomen1 perfectly charming1 with their little graces1#b seductive for the first three days1 but boring the fourth--fatal day1 when one discovers that all these graces1 studied beforehand1 and learned by ,pg #aga rote1 are eternally the same1 every day and for every lover4 ,he will see ,german women1 on the contrary1 so very natural1 and giving themselves up with so much ardour to their imagination1 but often with nothing to show in the end1 for all their naturalness1 but barrenness1 insipidity1 and blue-stocking tenderness4 ,the phrase of ,count ,almaviva7#cj7 seems made for ,germany3 ,and one is quite astonished1 one fine evening1 to find satiety1 where one went to look for happiness4 ,at ,rome1 the foreigner must not forget that1 if nothing is tedious in countries where everything is natural1 the bad is there still more bad than elsewhere4 ,to speak only of the men1#c we can see appearing here in society a kind of monster1 who elsewhere lies low--a man passionate1 clear-sighted and base1 all in an equal degree4 ,suppose evil chance has set him near a woman in some capacity or other3 madly in love with her1 suppose1 he will drink to the very dregs the misery of seeing her prefer a rival4 ,there he is to oppose her happier lover4 ,nothing escapes him1 and everyone sees that nothing escapes him2 but he continues none the less1 in despite of every honourable sentiment1 to trouble the woman1 her lover and himself4 ,no one blames him--,that's his way of getting pleasure4--,he is doing what gives him pleasure4 ,one evening1 the lover1 at the end of his patience1 gives him a kick4 ,the next day the wretch is full of excuses1 and begins again to torment1 constantly and imperturbably1 the woman1 the lover and himself4 ,one shudders1 when one thinks of the amount of unhappiness that these base spirits have every day to swallow--and doubtless there is but one grain less of cowardice between them and a poisoner4 ,it is also only in ,italy that you can see young and elegant millionaires entertaining with magnificence1 in ,pg #agb full view of a whole town1 ballet girls from a big theatre1 at a cost of thirty halfpence a day4#d ,two brothers ,x----1 fine young fellows1 always hunting and on horseback1 are jealous of a foreigner4 ,instead of going and laying their complaint before him1 they are sullen1 and spread abroad unfavourable reports of this poor foreigner4 ,in ,france1 public opinion would force such men to prove their words or give satisfaction to the foreigner4 ,here public opinion and contempt mean nothing4 ,riches are always certain of being well received everywhere4 ,a millionaire1 dishonoured and excluded from every house in ,paris1 can go quite securely to ,rome2 there he will be estimated just according to the value of his dollars4 #a ,september #cjth1 #ahai4 #b ,not only had the author the misfortune not to be born at ,paris1 but he had also lived there very little4 7,editor's note47 #c ,heu6 male nunc artes miseras haec secula tractant2 ,jam tener assuevit munera velle puer4 7,tibull41 ,i1 iv47 #d ,see in the manners of the age of ,lewis ,,xv how ,honour and ,aristocracy load with profusion such ladies as ,duth1 ,la ,guerre and others4 ,eighty or a hundred thousand francs a year was nothing extraordinary2 with less1 a man of fashion would have lowered himself4 ,pg #agc ,,chapter ,,xlv ,,england7#ca7 ,i have lived a good deal of late with the ballet-girls of the ,teatro ,del ,sol1 at ,valencia4 ,people assure me that many of them are very chaste2 the reason being that their profession is too fatiguing4 ,vigano makes them rehearse his ballet1 the ,jewess of ,toledo1 every day1 from ten in the morning to four1 and from midnight to three in the morning4 ,besides this1 they have to dance every evening in both ballets4 ,this reminds me that ,rousseau prescribes a great deal of walking for mile4 ,this evening ,i was strolling at midnight with these little ballet girls out along the seashore1 and ,i was thinking especially how unknown to us1 in our sad lands of mist1 is this superhuman delight in the freshness of a sea breeze under this ,valencian sky1 under the eyes of these resplendent stars that seem close above us4 ,this alone repays the journey of four hundred leagues2 this it is that banishes thought1 for feeling is too strong4 ,i thought that the chastity of my little ballet girls gives the explanation of the course adopted by ,english pride1 in order1 little by little1 to bring back the morals of the harem into the midst of a civilised nation4 ,one sees how it is that some of these young ,english girls1 otherwise so beautiful and with so touching an expression1 leave something to be desired as regards ideas4 ,in spite of liberty1 which has only just been banished from their island1 and the admirable originality of their national character1 they lack interesting ideas and originality4 ,often there is nothing ,pg #agd remarkable in them but the extravagance of their refinements4 ,it's simple enough--in ,england the modesty of the women is the pride of their husbands4 ,but1 however submissive a slave may be1 her society becomes sooner or later a burden4 ,hence1 for the men1 the necessity of getting drunk solemnly every evening1#a instead of as in ,italy1 passing the evening with their mistresses4 ,in ,england1 rich people1 bored with their homes and under the pretext of necessary exercise1 walk four or five leagues a day1 as if man were created and put into the world to trot up and down it4 ,they use up their nervous fluid by means of their legs1 not their hearts2 after which1 they may well talk of female refinement and look down on ,spain and ,italy4 ,no life1 on the other hand1 could be less busy than that of young ,italians2 to them all action is importunate1 if it take away their sensibility4 ,from time to time they take a walk of half a league for health's sake1 as an unpleasant medicine4 ,as for the women1 a ,roman woman in a whole year does not walk as far as a young ,miss in a week4 ,it seems to me that the pride of an ,english husband exalts very adroitly the vanity of his wretched wife4 ,he persuades her1 first of all1 that one must not be vulgar1 and the mothers1 who are getting their daughters ready to find husbands1 are quick enough to seize upon this idea4 ,hence fashion is far more absurd and despotic in reasonable ,england than in the midst of light-hearted ,france3 in ,bond ,street was invented the idea of the carefully careless4 ,in ,england fashion is a duty1 at ,paris it is a pleasure4 ,in ,london fashion raises a wall of bronze between ,new ,bond ,street and ,fenchurch ,street far different from that between the ,chausse d',antin and the rue ,saint-,martin at ,paris4 ,husbands are quite ,pg #age willing to allow their wives this aristocratic nonsense1 to make up for the enormous amount of unhappiness1 which they impose on them4 ,i recognise a perfect picture of women's society in ,england1 such as the taciturn pride of its men produces1 in the once celebrated novels of ,miss ,burney4 ,since it is vulgar to ask for a glass of water1 when one is thirsty1 ,miss ,burney's heroines do not fail to let themselves die of thirst4 ,while flying from vulgarity1 they fall into the most abominable affectation4 ,compare the prudence of a young ,englishman of twenty-two with the profound mistrust of a young ,italian of the same age4 ,the ,italian must be mistrustful to be safe1 but this mistrust he puts aside1 or at least forgets1 as soon as he becomes intimate1 while it is apparently just in his most tender relationships that you see the young ,englishman redouble his prudence and aloofness4 ,i once heard this3-- ,in the last seven months ,i haven't spoken to her of the trip to ,brighton4 ,this was a question of a necessary economy of twenty-four pounds1 and a lover of twenty-two years speaking of a mistress1 a married woman1 whom he adored4 ,in the transports of his passion prudence had not left him3 far less had he let himself go enough to say to his mistress3 ,i shan't go to ,brighton1 because ,i should feel the pinch4 ,note that the fate of ,gianone de ,pellico1 and of a hundred others1 forces the ,italian to be mistrustful1 while the young ,english beau is only forced to be prudent by the excessive and morbid sensibility of his vanity4 ,a ,frenchman1 charming enough with his inspirations of the minute1 tells everything to her he loves4 ,it is habit4 ,without it he would lack ease1 and he knows that without ease there is no grace4 ,it is with difficulty and with tears in my eyes that ,i have plucked up courage to write all this2 but1 since ,i would not1 ,i'm sure1 flatter a king1 why should ,i say of a country anything but what seems to me the ,pg #agf truth8 ,of course it may be all very absurd1 for the simple reason that this country gave birth to the most lovable woman that ,i have known4 ,it would be another form of cringing before a monarch4 ,i will content myself with adding that in the midst of all this variety of manners1 among so many ,englishwomen1 who are the spiritual victims of ,englishmen's pride1 a perfect form of originality does exist1 and that a family1 brought up aloof from these distressing restrictions 7invented to reproduce the morals of the harem7 may be responsible for charming characters4 ,and how insufficient1 in spite of its etymology1--and how common--is this word charming to render what ,i would express4 ,the gentle ,imogen1 the tender ,ophelia might find plenty of living models in ,england2 but these models are far from enjoying the high veneration that is unanimously accorded to the true accomplished ,englishwoman1 whose destiny is to show complete obedience to every convention and to afford a husband full enjoyment of the most morbid aristocratic pride and a happiness that makes him die of boredom4#b ,in the great suites of fifteen or twenty rooms1 so fresh and so dark1 in which ,italian women pass their lives softly propped on low divans1 they hear people speak of love and of music for six hours in the day4 ,at night1 at the theatre1 hidden in their boxes for four hours1 they hear people speak of music and love4 ,then1 besides the climate1 the whole way of living is in ,spain or ,italy as favourable to music and love1 as it is the contrary in ,england4 ,i neither blame nor approve2 ,i observe4 #a ,this custom begins to give way a little in very good society1 which is becoming ,french1 as everywhere2 but ,i'm speaking of the vast generality4 #b ,see ,richardson3 the manners of the ,harlowe family1 translated into modern manners1 are frequent in ,england4 ,their servants are worth more than they4 ,pg #agg ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,,england--7continued7 ,i love ,england too much and ,i have seen of her too little to be able to speak on the subject4 ,i shall make use of the observations of a friend4 ,in the actual state of ,ireland 7#ahbb7 is realised1 for the twentieth time in two centuries1#a that curious state of society which is so fruitful of courageous resolutions1 and so opposed to a monotonous existence1 and in which people1 who breakfast gaily together1 may meet in two hours' time on the field of battle4 ,nothing makes a more energetic and direct appeal to that disposition of the spirit1 which is most favourable to the tender passions--to naturalness4 ,nothing is further removed from the two great ,english vices--cant and bashfulness1--moral hypocrisy and haughty1 painful timidity4 7,see the ,travels of ,mr4 ,eustace7#cb7 in ,italy47 ,if this traveller gives a poor picture of the country1 in return he gives a very exact idea of his own character1 and this character1 as that of ,mr4 ,beattie7#cb71 the poet 7see his ,life written by an intimate friend71 is unhappily but too common in ,england4 ,for the priest1 honest in spite of his cloth1 refer to the letters of the ,bishop of ,landaff4#b7cb74 ,one would have thought ,ireland already unfortunate enough1 bled as it has been for two centuries by the cowardly and cruel tyranny of ,england2 but now there ,pg #agh enters into the moral state of ,ireland a terrible personage3 the ,,priest4444 ,for two centuries ,ireland has been almost as badly governed as ,sicily4 ,a thorough comparison between these two islands1 in a volume of five hundred pages1 would offend many people and overwhelm many established theories with ridicule4 ,what is evident is that the happiest of these two countries--both of them governed by fools1 only for the profit of a minority--is ,sicily4 ,its governors have at least left it its love of pleasure2 they would willingly have robbed it of this as of the rest1 but1 thanks to its climate1 ,sicily knows little of that moral evil called ,law and ,government4#c ,it is old men and priests who make the laws and have them executed1 and this seems quite in keeping with the comic jealousy1 with which pleasure is hunted down in the ,british ,isles4 ,the people there might say to its governors as ,diogenes said to ,alexander3 ,be content with your sinecures1 but please don't step between me and my daylight4#d ,by means of laws1 rules1 counter-rules and punishments1 the ,government in ,ireland has created the potato1 and the population of ,ireland exceeds by far that of ,sicily4 ,this is to say1 they have produced several millions of degenerate and half-witted peasants1 broken down by ,pg #agi work and misery1 dragging out a wretched life of some forty or fifty years among the marshes of old ,erin--and1 you may be sure1 paying their taxes6 ,a real miracle6 ,with the pagan religion these poor wretches would at least have enjoyed some happiness--but not a bit of it1 they must adore ,st4 ,patrick4 ,everywhere in ,ireland one sees none but peasants more miserable than savages4 ,only1 instead of there being a hundred thousand1 as there would be in a state of nature1 there are eight millions1#e who allow five hundred absentees to live in prosperity at ,london or ,paris4 ,society is infinitely more advanced in ,scotland1#f where1 in very many respects1 government is good 7the rarity of crime1 the diffusion of reading1 the non-existence of bishops1 etc474 ,there the tender passions can develop much more freely1 and it is possible to leave these sombre thoughts and approach the humorous4 ,one cannot fail to notice a foundation of melancholy in ,scottish women4 ,this melancholy is particularly seductive at dances1 where it gives a singular piquancy to the extreme ardour and energy with which they perform their national dances4 ,edinburgh has another advantage1 that of being withdrawn from the vile empire of money4 ,in this1 as well as in the singular and savage beauty of its site1 this city forms a complete contrast with ,london4 ,like ,rome1 fair ,edinburgh seems rather the sojourn of the contemplative life4 ,at ,london you have the ceaseless whirlwind and restless interests of active life1 with all its advantages and inconveniences4 ,edinburgh seems to me to pay its tribute to the devil by a slight disposition to pedantry4 ,those days when ,mary ,stuart lived at old ,holyrood1 and ,riccio was assassinated in her arms1 were worth more to ,love 7and here all ,pg #ahj women will agree with me7 than to-day1 when one discusses at such length1 and even in their presence1 the preference to be accorded to the neptunian system over the vulcanian system of 444 ,i prefer a discussion on the new uniform given by the king to the ,guards1 or on the peerage which ,sir ,b4 ,bloomfield7#ce7 failed to get--the topic of ,london in my day--to a learned discussion as to who has best explored the nature of rocks1 de ,werner or de4444 ,i say nothing about the terrible ,scottish ,sunday1 after which a ,sunday in ,london looks like a beanfeast4 ,that day1 set aside for the honour of ,heaven1 is the best image of ,hell that ,i have ever seen on earth4 ,don't let's walk so fast1 said a ,scotchman returning from church to a ,frenchman1 his friend2 people might think we were going for a walk4#g ,of the three countries1 ,ireland is the one in which there is the least hypocrisy4 ,see the ,new ,monthly ,magazine thundering against ,mozart and the ,nozze di ,figaro4#h ,in every country it is the aristocrats1 who try to judge a literary magazine and literature2 and for the last four years in ,england these have been hand in glove with the bishops4 ,as ,i say1 that of the three countries where1 it seems to me1 there is the least hypocrisy1 is ,ireland3 on the contrary1 you find there a reckless1 a most fascinating vivacity4 ,in ,scotland there is the strict observance of ,sunday1 but on ,monday they dance with a joy and an abandon unknown to ,london4 ,there is plenty of love among the peasant class in ,scotland4 ,the omnipotence of imagination gallicised the country in the sixteenth century4 ,the terrible fault of ,english society1 that which in a single day creates a greater amount of sadness than the national debt and its consequences1 and even than the ,pg #aha war to the death waged by the rich against the poor1 is this sentence which ,i heard last autumn at ,croydon1 before the beautiful statue of the bishop3 ,in society no one wants to put himself forward1 for fear of being deceived in his expectations4 ,judge what laws1 under the name of modesty1 such men must impose on their wives and mistresses4 #a ,the young child of ,spenser was burnt alive in ,ireland4 #b ,to refute otherwise than by insults the portraiture of a certain class of ,englishmen presented in these three works seems to me an impossible task4 ,satanic school4 #c ,i call moral evil1 in #ahbb1 every government which has not got two chambers2 the only exception can be when the head of the government is great by reason of his probity1 a miracle to be seen in ,saxony and at ,naples4 #d ,see in the trial of the late ,queen of ,england7#cc71 a curious list of the peers with the sums which they and their families receive from the ,state4 ,for example1 ,lord ,lauderdale and his family1 #cf1jjj4 ,the half-pint of beer that is necessary to the miserable existence of the poorest ,englishman1 is taxed a halfpenny for the profit of the noble peer4 ,and1 what is very much to the point1 both of them know it4 ,as a result1 neither the lord nor the peasant have leisure enough to think of love2 they are sharpening their arms1 the one publicly and haughtily1 the other secretly and enraged4 7,yeomanry and ,whiteboys477#cd74 #e ,plunkett ,craig1 ,life of ,curran4 #f ,degree of civilisation to be seen in the peasant ,robert ,burns and his family2 a peasants' club with a penny subscription each meeting2 the questions discussed there4 7,see the ,letters of ,burns47 #g ,the same in ,america4 ,in ,scotland1 display of titles4 #h ,january1 #ahbb1 ,cant4 ,pg #ahb ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,,spain7#cf7 ,andalusia is one of the most charming sojourns that ,pleasure has chosen for itself on earth4 ,i had three or four anecdotes to show how my ideas about the three or four different acts of madness1 which together constitute ,love1 hold good for ,spain3 ,i have been advised to sacrifice them to ,french refinement4 ,in vain ,i protested that ,i wrote in ,french1 but emphatically not ,french literature4 ,god preserve me from having anything in common with the ,french writers esteemed to-day6 ,the ,moors1 when they abandoned ,andalusia1 left it their architecture and much of their manners4 ,since it is impossible for me to speak of the latter in the language of ,madame de ,svign1 ,i'll at least say this of ,moorish architecture3--its principal trait consists in providing every house with a little garden surrounded by an elegant and graceful portico4 ,there1 during the unbearable heat of summer1 when for whole weeks together the ,raumur thermometer never falls below a constant level of thirty degrees1 a delicious obscurity pervades these porticoes4 ,in the middle of the little garden there is always a fountain1 monotonous and voluptuous1 whose sound is all that stirs this charming retreat4 ,the marble basin is surrounded by a dozen orange-trees and laurels4 ,a thick canvas1 like a tent1 covers in the whole of the little garden1 and1 while it protects it from the rays of the sun and from the light1 lets in the gentle ,pg #ahc breezes which1 at midday1 come down from the mountains4 ,there live and receive their guests the fair ladies of ,andalusia3 a simple black silk robe1 ornamented with fringes of the same colour1 and giving glimpses of a charming ankle2 a pale complexion and eyes that mirror all the most fugitive shades of the most tender and ardent passion--such are the celestial beings1 whom ,i am forbidden to bring upon the scene4 ,i look upon the ,spanish people as the living representatives of the ,middle ,age4 ,it is ignorant of a mass of little truths 7the puerile vanity of its neighbours72 but it has a profound knowledge of great truths and enough character and wit to follow their consequences down to their most remote effects4 ,the ,spanish character offers a fine contrast to ,french intellect--hard1 brusque1 inelegant1 full of savage pride1 and unconcerned with others4 ,it is just the contrast of the fifteenth with the eighteenth century4 ,spain provides me with a good contrast2 the only people1 that was able to withstand ,napoleon1 seems to me to be absolutely lacking in the fool's honour and in all that is foolish in honour4 ,instead of making fine military ordinances1 of changing uniforms every six months and of wearing large spurs1 ,spain has general ,no importa4#a #a ,see the charming ,letters of ,m4 ,pecchio4 ,italy is full of people of this wonderful type2 but1 instead of letting themselves be seen1 they try to keep quiet--paese della virt scunosciuta--,land of mute1 inglorious virtue4 ,pg #ahd ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,,german ,,love7#cg7 ,if the ,italian1 always agitated between love and hate1 is a creature of passion1 and the ,frenchman of vanity1 the good and simple descendants of the ancient ,germans are assuredly creatures of imagination4 ,scarcely raised above social interests1 the most directly necessary to their subsistence1 one is amazed to see them soar into what they call their philosophy1 which is a sort of gentle1 lovable1 quite harmless folly4 ,i am going to cite1 not altogether from memory1 but from hurriedly taken notes1 a work whose author1 though writing in a tone of opposition1 illustrates clearly1 even in his admirations1 the military spirit in all its excesses--,i speak of the ,travels in ,austria of ,m4 ,cadet-,gassicourt1 in #ahji4 ,what would the noble and generous ,desaix have said1 if he had seen the pure heroism of '#ie lead on to this execrable egoism8 ,two friends find themselves side by side with a battery at the battle of ,talavera1 one as ,captain in command1 the other as lieutenant4 ,a passing bullet lays the ,captain low4 ,good1 says the lieutenant1 quite beside himself with joy1 that's done for ,francis--now ,i shall be ,captain4 ,not so quick1 cries ,francis1 as he gets up4 ,he had only been stunned by the bullet4 ,the lieutenant1 as well as the ,captain1 were the best fellows in the world1 not a bit ill-natured1 and only a little stupid2 the excitement of the chase and the furious egoism which the ,emperor had succeeded in awakening1 by decorating it with the name of glory1 made these enthusiastic worshippers of him forget their humanity4 ,after the harsh spectacle offered by men like this1 who ,pg #ahe dispute on parade at ,schoenbrunn for a look from their master and a barony--see how the ,emperor's apothecary describes ,german love1 page #ahh3 ,nothing can be more sweet1 more gentle1 than an ,austrian woman4 ,with her1 love is a cult1 and when she is attached to a ,frenchman1 she adores him--in the full force of the word4 ,there are light1 capricious women everywhere1 but in general the ,viennese are faithful and in no way coquettes2 when ,i say that they are faithful1 ,i mean to the lover of their own choice1 for husbands are the same at ,vienna as everywhere else 7,june #g1 #ahji74 ,the most beautiful woman of ,vienna accepts the homage of one of my friends1 ,m4 ,m----1 a captain attached to the ,emperor's headquarters4 ,he's a young man1 gentle and witty1 but certainly neither his figure nor face are in any way remarkable4 ,for some days past his young mistress has made a very great sensation among our brilliant staff officers1 who pass their life ferreting about in every corner of ,vienna4 ,it has become a contest of daring4 ,every possible manuvre has been employed4 ,the fair one's house has been put in a state of siege by all the best-looking and richest4 ,pages1 brilliant colonels1 generals of the guard1 even princes1 have gone to waste their time under her windows1 and their money on the fair lady's servants4 ,all have been turned away4 ,these princes were little accustomed to find a deaf ear at ,paris or ,milan4 ,when ,i laughed at their discomfiture before this charming creature3 ,but good ,heavens1 she said1 don't they know that ,i'm in love with ,m4 ,m44448 ,a singular remark and certainly a most improper one6 ,page #bij3 ,while we were at ,schoenbrunn ,i noticed that two young men1 who were attached to the ,emperor1 never received anyone in their lodgings at ,vienna4 ,we used to chaff them a lot on their discretion4 ,one of them said to me one day3 ',i'll keep no secrets from ,pg #ahf you3 a young woman of the place has given herself to me1 on condition that she need never leave my apartment1 and that ,i never receive anyone at all without her leave4' ,i was curious1 says the traveller1 to know this voluntary recluse1 and my position as doctor giving me1 as in the ,east1 an honourable pretext1 ,i accepted a breakfast offered me by my friend4 ,the woman ,i found was very much in love1 took the greatest care of the household1 never wanted to go out1 though it was just a pleasant time of the year for walking--and for the rest1 was quite certain that her lover would take her back with him to ,france4 ,the other young man1 who was also never to be found in his rooms1 soon after made me a similar confession4 ,i also saw his mistress4 ,like the first1 she was fair1 very pretty1 and an excellent figure4 ,the one1 eighteen years of age1 was the daughter of a well-to-do upholsterer2 the other1 who was about twenty-four1 was the wife of an ,austrian officer1 on service with the army of the ,archduke ,john4 ,this latter pushed her love to the verge of what we1 in our land of vanity1 would call heroism4 ,not only was her lover faithless to her1 he also found himself under the necessity of making a confession of a most unpleasant nature4 ,she nursed him with complete devotion2 the seriousness of his illness attached her to her lover2 and perhaps she only cherished him the more for it1 when soon after his life was in danger4 ,it will be understood that ,i1 a stranger and a conqueror1 have had no chance of observing love in the highest circles1 seeing that the whole of the aristocracy of ,vienna had retired at our approach to their estates in ,hungary4 ,but ,i have seen enough of it to be convinced that it is not the same love as at ,paris4 ,the feeling of love is considered by the ,germans as a virtue1 as an emanation of the ,divinity1 as something mystical4 ,it is riot quick1 impetuous1 jealous1 tyrannical1 ,pg #ahg as it is in the heart of an ,italian woman3 it is profound and something like illuminism2 in this ,germany is a thousand miles away from ,england4 ,some years ago a ,leipsic tailor1 in a fit of jealousy1 waited for his rival in the public garden and stabbed him4 ,he was condemned to lose his head4 ,the moralists of the town1 faithful to the ,german traditions of kindness and unhampered emotion 7which makes for feebleness of character7 discussed the sentence1 decided that it was severe and1 making a comparison between the tailor and ,orosmanes1 were moved to pity for his fate4 ,nevertheless they were unable to have his sentence mitigated4 ,but the day of the execution1 all the young girls of ,leipsic1 dressed in white1 met together and accompanied the tailor to the scaffold1 throwing flowers in his path4 ,no one thought this ceremony odd2 yet1 in a country which considers itself logical1 it might be said that it was honouring a species of murder4 ,but it was a ceremony--and everything which is a ceremony1 is always safe from ridicule in ,germany4 ,see the ceremonies at the ,courts of the small princes1 which would make us ,frenchmen die with laughter1 but appear quite imposing at ,meiningen or ,koethen4 ,in the six gamekeepers who file past their little prince1 adorned with his star1 they see the soldiers of ,arminius marching out to meet the legions of ,varus4 ,a point of difference between the ,germans and all other peoples3 they are exalted1 instead of calming themselves1 by meditation4 ,a second subtle point3 they are all eaten up with the desire to have character4 ,life at ,court1 ordinarily so favourable to love1 in ,germany deadens it4 ,you have no idea of the mass of incomprehensible minuti and the pettinesses that constitute what is called a ,german ,court1#a--;even the ,court of the best princes4 7,munich1 #ahbj74 ,pg #ahh ,when we used to arrive with the staff in a ,german town1 at the end of the first fortnight the ladies of the district had made their choice4 ,but that choice was constant2 and ,i have heard it said that the ,french were a shoal1 on which foundered many a virtue till then irreproachable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the young ,germans whom ,i have met at ,gottingen1 ,dresden1 ,koenigsberg1 etc41 are brought up among pseudo-systems of philosophy1 which are merely obscure and badly written poetry1 but1 as regards their ethics1 of the highest and holiest sublimity4 ,they seem to me to have inherited from their ,middle ,age1 not like the ,italians1 republicanism1 mistrust and the dagger1 but a strong disposition to enthusiasm and good faith4 ,thus it is that every ten years they have a new great man who's going to efface all the others4 7,kant1 ,steding1 ,fichte1 etc4 etc4#b7 ,formerly ,luther made a powerful appeal to the moral sense1 and the ,germans fought thirty years on end1 in order to obey their conscience4 ,it's a fine word and one quite worthy of respect1 however absurd the belief2 ,i say worthy of respect even from an artist4 ,see the struggle in the soul of ,s---- between the third sixth commandment of ,god--,thou shalt not kill--and what he believed to be the interest of his country4 ,already in ,tacitus we find a mystical enthusiasm for women and love1 at least if that writer was not merely aiming his satire at ,rome4#c ,one has not been five hundred miles in ,germany1 ,pg #ahi before one can distinguish in this people1 disunited and scattered1 a foundation of enthusiasm1 soft and tender1 rather than ardent and impetuous4 ,if this disposition were not so apparent1 it would be enough to reread three or four of the novels of ,auguste ,la ,fontaine1 whom the pretty ,louise1 ,queen of ,prussia1 made ,canon of ,magdeburg1 as a reward for having so well painted the ,peaceful ,life4#d ,i see a new proof of this disposition1 which is common to all the ,germans1 in the ,austrian code1 which demands the confession of the guilty for the punishment of almost all crimes4 ,this code is calculated to fit a people1 among whom crime is a rare phenomenon1 and sooner an excess of madness in a feeble being than the effect of interests1 daring1 reasoned and for ever in conflict with society4 ,it is precisely the contrary of what is wanted in ,italy1 where they are trying to introduce it--a mistake of well-meaning people4 ,i have seen ,german judges in ,italy in despair over sentences of death or1 what's the equivalent1 the irons1 if they were obliged to pronounce it without the confession of the guilty4 #a ,see the ,memoirs of the ,margrave de ,bayreuth and ,vingt ans de sjour ,berlin1 by ,m4 ,thibaut4 #b ,see in #ahba their enthusiasm for the tragedy1 the ,triumph of the ,cross17#ch7 which has caused ,wilhelm ,tell to be forgotten4 #c ,i have had the good fortune to meet a man of the liveliest wit1 and at the same time as learned as ten ,german professors1 and one who discloses his discoveries in terms clear and precise4 ,if ever ,m4 ,f47#ci7 publishes1 we shall see the ,middle ,age revealed to our eyes in a full light1 and we shall love it4 #d ,the title of one of the novels of ,auguste ,la ,fontaine4 ,the peaceful life1 another great trait of ,german manners--it is the farniente of the ,italian1 and also the physiological commentary on a ,russian droski and on the ,english horseback4 ,pg #aij ,,chapter ,,xlix ,a ,,day ,,in ,,florence ,,florence1 ,february #ab1 #ahai4 ,this evening1 in a box at the theatre1 ,i met a man who had some favour to ask of a magistrate1 aged fifty4 ,his first question was3 ,who is his mistress8 ,chi avvicina adesso8 ,here everyone's affairs are absolutely public2 they have their own laws2 there is an approved manner of acting1 which is based on justice without any conventionality--if you act otherwise1 you are a porco4 ,what's the news8 one of my friends asked yesterday1 on his arrival from ,volterra4 ,after a word of vehement lamentation about ,napoleon and the ,english1 someone adds1 in a tone of the liveliest interest3 ,la ,vitteleschi has changed her lover3 poor ,gherardesca is in despair4--,whom has she taken8--,montegalli1 the good-looking officer with a moustache1 who had ,princess ,colonna2 there he is down in the stalls1 nailed to her box2 he's there the whole evening1 because her husband won't have him in the house1 and there near the door you can see poor ,gherardesca1 walking about so sadly and counting afar the glances1 which his faithless mistress throws his successor4 ,he's very changed and in the depths of despair2 it's quite useless for his friends to try to send him to ,paris or ,london4 ,he is ready to die1 he says1 at the very idea of leaving ,florence4 ,every year there are twenty such cases of despair in high circles2 some of them ,i have seen last three or four ,pg #aia years4 ,these poor devils are without any shame and take the whole world into their confidence4 ,for the rest1 there's little society here1 and besides1 when one's in love1 one hardly mixes with it4 ,it must not be thought that great passions and great hearts are at all common1 even in ,italy2 only1 in ,italy1 hearts which are more inflamed and less stunted by the thousand little cares of our vanity1 find delicious pleasures even in the subaltern species of love4 ,in ,italy ,i have seen love from caprice1 for example1 cause transports and moments of madness1 such as the most violent passion has never brought with it under the meridian of ,paris4#a ,i noticed this evening that there are proper names in ,italian for a million particular circumstances in love1 which1 in ,french1 would need endless paraphrases2 for example1 the action of turning sharply away1 when from the floor of the house you are quizzing a woman you are in love with1 and the husband or a servant come towards the front of her box4 ,the following are the principal traits in the character of this people3-- #a4 ,the attention1 habitually at the service of deep passions1 cannot move rapidly4 ,this is the most marked difference between a ,frenchman and an ,italian4 ,you have only to see an ,italian get into a diligence or make a payment1 to understand la furia francese4 ,it's for this reason that the most vulgar ,frenchman1 provided that he is not a witty fool1 like ,dmasure1 always seems a superior being to an ,italian woman4 7,the lover of ,princess ,d---- at ,rome47 #b4 ,everyone is in love1 and not under cover1 as in ,france2 the husband is the best friend of the lover4 #c4 ,no one reads4 #d4 ,there is no society4 ,a man does not reckon1 in ,pg #aib order to fill up and occupy his life1 on the happiness which he derives from two hours' conversation and the play of vanity in this or that house4 ,the word causerie cannot be translated into ,italian4 ,people speak when they have something to say1 to forward a passion1 but they rarely talk just in order to talk on any given subject4 #e4 ,ridicule does not exist in ,italy4 ,in ,france1 both of us are trying to imitate the same model1 and ,i am a competent judge of the way in which you copy it4#b ,in ,italy ,i cannot say whether the peculiar action1 which ,i see this man perform1 does not give pleasure to the performer and might not1 perhaps1 give pleasure to me4 ,what is affectation of language or manner at ,rome1 is good form or unintelligible at ,florence1 which is only fifty leagues away4 ,the same ,french is spoken at ,lyons as at ,nantes4 ,venetian1 ,neapolitan ,genoese1 ,piedmontese are almost entirely different languages1 and only spoken by people who are agreed never to print except in a common language1 namely that spoken at ,rome4 ,nothing is so absurd as a comedy1 with the scene laid at ,milan and the characters speaking ,roman4 ,it is only by music that the ,italian language1 which is far more fit to be sung than spoken1 will hold its own against the clearness of ,french1 which threatens it4 ,in ,italy1 fear of the pacha7#bi7 and his spies causes the useful to be held in esteem2 the fool's honour simply doesn't exist4#c ,its place is taken by a kind of petty hatred of society1 called petegolismo4 ,finally1 to make fun of a person is to make a mortal enemy1 a very dangerous thing in a country where the power and activity of governments is limited to exacting taxes and punishing everything above the common level4 ,pg #aic #f4 ,the patriotism of the antechamber4 ,that pride which leads a man to seek the esteem of his fellow-citizens and to make himself one of them1 but which in ,italy was cut off1 about the year #aeej1 from any noble enterprise by the jealous despotism of the small ,italian princes1 has given birth to a barbarous product1 to a sort of ,caliban1 to a monster full of fury and sottishness1 the patriotism of the antechamber1 as ,m4 ,turgot called it1 propos of the siege of ,calais 7the ,soldat laboureur7#dj7 of those times47 ,i have seen this monster blunt the sharpest spirits4 ,for example1 a stranger will make himself unpopular1 even with pretty women1 if he thinks fit to find anything wrong with the painter or poet of the town2 he will be soon told1 and that very seriously1 that he ought not to come among people to laugh at them1 and they will quote to him on this topic a saying of ,lewis ,,xiv about ,versailles4 ,at ,florence people say3 our ,benvenuti1 as at ,brescia--our ,arrici3 they put on the word our a certain emphasis1 restrained yet very comical1 not unlike the ,miroir talking with unction about national music and of ,m4 ,monsigny1 the musician of ,europe4 ,in order not to laugh in the face of these fine patriots one must remember that1 owing to the dissensions of the ,middle ,age1 envenomed by the vile policy of the ,popes1#d each city has a mortal hatred for its neighbour1 and the name of the inhabitants in the one always stands in the other as a synonym for some gross fault4 ,the ,popes have succeeded in making this beautiful land into the kingdom of hate4 ,this patriotism of the antechamber is the greatest moral sore in ,italy1 a corrupting germ that will still show its disastrous effects long after ,italy has thrown off the yoke of its ridiculous little priests4#e ,the form of this patriotism is an inexorable hatred for everything foreign4 ,pg #aid ,thus they look on the ,germans as fools1 and get angry when someone says3 ,what has ,italy in the eighteenth century produced the equal of ,catherine ,,ii or ,frederick the ,great8 ,where have you an ,english garden comparable to the smallest ,german garden1 you who1 with your climate1 have a real need of shade8 #g4 ,unlike the ,english or ,french1 the ,italians have no political prejudices2 they all know by heart the line of ,la ,fontaine3-- ,notre ennemi c'est notre ,m4#f ,aristocracy1 supported by the priest and a biblical state of society1 is a worn-out illusion which only makes them smile4 ,in return1 an ,italian needs a stay of three months in ,france to realise that a draper may be a conservative4 #h4 ,as a last trait of character ,i would mention intolerance in discussion1 and anger as soon as they do not find an argument ready to hand1 to throw out against that of their adversary4 ,at that point they visibly turn pale4 ,it is one form of their extreme sensibility1 but it is not one of its most amiable forms3 consequently it is one of those that ,i am most willing to admit as proof of the existence of sensibility4 ,i wanted to see love without end1 and1 after considerable difficulty1 ,i succeeded in being introduced this evening to ,chevalier ,c---- and his mistress1 with whom he has lived for fifty-four years4 ,i left the box of these charming old people1 my heart melted2 there ,i saw the art of being happy1 an art ignored by so many young people4 ,two months ago ,i saw ,monsignor ,r----1 by whom ,i was well received1 because ,i brought him some copies of the ,minerve4 ,he was at his country house with ,madame ,d----1 whom he is still pleased1 after thirty-four years1 avvicinare1 as they say4 ,she is still beautiful1 but there is a touch of melancholy in this household4 ,people ,pg #aie attribute it to the loss of a son1 who was poisoned long ago by her husband4 ,here1 to be in love does not mean1 as at ,paris1 to see one's mistress for a quarter of an hour every week1 and for the rest of the time to obtain a look or a shake of the hand3 the lover1 the happy lover1 passes four or five hours every day with the woman he loves4 ,he talks to her about his actions at law1 his ,english garden1 his hunting parties1 his prospects1 etc4 ,there is the completest1 the most tender intimacy4 ,he speaks to her with the familiar tu1 even in the presence of her husband and everywhere4 ,a young man of this country1 one very ambitious as he believed1 was called to a high position at ,vienna 7nothing less than ambassador74 ,but he could not get used to his stay abroad4 ,at the end of six months he said good-bye to his job1 and returned to be happy in his mistress's box at the opera4 ,such continual intercourse would be inconvenient in ,france1 where one must display a certain degree of affectation1 and where your mistress can quite well say to you3 ,monsieur ,so-and-so1 you're glum this evening2 you don't say a word4 ,in ,italy it is only a matter of telling the woman you love everything that passes through your head--you must actually think aloud4 ,there is a certain nervous state which results from intimacy2 freedom provokes freedom1 and is only to be got in this way4 ,but there is one great inconvenience2 you find that love in this way paralyses all your tastes and renders all the other occupations of your life insipid4 ,such love is the best substitute for passion4 ,our friends at ,paris1 who are still at the stage of trying to conceive that it's possible to be a ,persian7#ga71 not knowing what to say1 will cry out that such manners are indecent4 ,to begin with1 ,i am only an historian2 and secondly1 ,i reserve to myself the right to show one day1 by dint of solid reasoning1 that as regards ,pg #aif manners and fundamentally1 ,paris is not superior to ,bologna4 ,quite unconsciously these poor people are still repeating their twopence-halfpenny catechism4 #ab ,july1 #ahba4 ,there is nothing odious in the society of ,bologna4 ,at ,paris the role of a deceived husband is execrable2 here 7at ,bologna7 it is nothing--there are no deceived husbands4 ,manners are the same1 it is only hate that is missing2 the recognised lover is always the husband's friend1 and this friendship1 which has been cemented by reciprocal services1 quite often survives other interests4 ,most love-affairs last five or six years1 many for ever4 ,people part at last1 when they no longer find it sweet to tell each other everything1 and when the first month of the rupture is over1 there is no bitterness4 ,january1 #ahbb4 ,the ancient mode of the cavaliere servente1 imported into ,italy by ,philip ,,ii1 along with ,spanish pride and manners1 has entirely fallen into disuse in the large towns4 ,i know of only one exception1 and that's ,calabria1 where the eldest brother always takes orders1 marries his younger brother1 sets up in the service of his sister-in-law and becomes at the same time her lover4 ,napoleon banished libertinism from upper ,italy1 and even from here 7,naples74 ,the morals of the present generation of pretty women shame their mothers2 they are more favourable to passion-love1 but physical love has lost a great deal4#g #a ,of that ,paris which has given the world ,voltaire1 ,molire and so many men of distinguished wit--but one can't have everything1 and it would show little wit to be annoyed at it4 #b ,this ,french habit1 growing weaker every day1 will increase the distance between us and ,molire's heroes4 #c ,every infraction of this honour is a subject of ridicule in bourgeois circles in ,france4 7,see ,m4 ,picard's ,petite ,ville47 #d ,see the excellent and curious ,histoire de l'glise1 by ,m4 de ,potter4 #e #ahbb4 #f ,our enemy is our ,master4--,fables1 ,,vi1 #h4--,tr4 #g ,towards #aghj the maxim ran3 ,molti averne1 ,un goderne1 ,e cambiar spesso ,travels of ,shylock ,sherlock8--,tr44 ,pg #aig ,,chapter ,l ,,love ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states7#da7 ,a free government is a government which does no harm to its citizens1 but which1 on the contrary1 gives them security and tranquillity4 ,but 'tis a long cry from this to happiness4 ,that a man must find for himself2 for he must be a gross creature who thinks himself perfectly happy1 because he enjoys security and tranquillity4 ,we mix these things up in ,europe1 especially in ,italy4 ,accustomed as we are to governments1 which do us harm1 it seems to us that to be delivered from them would be supreme happiness2 in this we are like invalids1 worn out with the pain of our sufferings4 ,the example of ,america shows us just the contrary4 ,there government discharges its office quite well1 and does harm to no one4 ,but we have been far removed1 for very many centuries1 thanks to the unhappy state of ,europe1 from any actual experience of the kind1 and now destiny1 as if to disconcert and give the lie to all our philosophy1 or rather to accuse it of not knowing all the elements of human nature1 shows us1 that just when the unhappiness of bad government is wanting to ,america1 the ,americans are wanting to themselves4 ,one is inclined to say that the source of sensibility is dried up in this people4 ,they are just1 they are reasonable1 but they are essentially not happy4 ,is the ,bible1 that is to say1 the ridiculous consequences and rules of conduct which certain fantastic wits deduce from that collection of poems and songs1 sufficient to cause all this unhappiness8 ,to me it seems a very considerable effect for such a cause4 ,pg #aih ,m4 de ,volney related that1 being at table in the country at the house of an honest ,american1 a man in easy circumstances1 and surrounded by children already grown up1 there entered into the dining-room a young man4 ,good day1 ,william1 said the father of the family2 sit down4 ,the traveller enquired who this young man was4 ,he's my second son4 ,where does he come from8--,from ,canton4 ,the arrival of one of his sons from the end of the world caused no more sensation than that4 ,all their attention seems employed on finding a reasonable arrangement of life1 and on avoiding all inconveniences4 ,when finally they arrive at the moment of reaping the fruit of so much care and of the spirit of order so long maintained1 there is no life left for enjoyment4 ,one might say that the descendants of ,penn never read that line1 which looks like their history3-- ,et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas4 ,the young people of both sexes1 when winter comes1 which in this country1 as in ,russia1 is the gay season1 go sleighing together day and night over the snow1 often going quite gaily distances of fifteen or twenty miles1 and without anyone to look after them4 ,no inconvenience ever results from it4 ,they have the physical gaiety of youth1 which soon passes away with the warmth of their blood1 and is over at twenty-five4 ,but ,i find no passions which give pleasure4 ,in ,america there is such a reasonable habit of mind that crystallisation has been rendered impossible4 ,i admire such happiness1 but ,i do not envy it2 it is like the happiness of human beings of a different and lower species4 ,i augur much better things from ,florida and ,southern ,america4#a ,pg #aii ,what strengthens my conjecture about the ,north is the absolute lack of artists and writers4 ,the ,united ,states have not yet7#db7 sent us over one scene of a tragedy1 one picture1 or one life of ,washington4 #a ,see the manners of the ,azores3 there1 love of ,god and the other sort of love occupy every moment4 ,the ,christian religion1 as interpreted by the ,jesuits1 is much less of an enemy to man1 in this sense1 than ,english protestantism2 it permits him at least to dance on ,sunday2 and one day of pleasure in the seven is a great thing for the agricultural labourer1 who works hard for the other six4 ,pg #bjj ,,chapter ,,li ,,love ,,in ,,provence ,,up ,,to ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,toulouse1 ,,in #acbh1 ,,by ,,the ,,barbarians ,,from ,,the ,,north ,love took a singular form in ,provence1 from the year #aajj up to #acbh4 ,it had an established legislation for the relations of the two sexes in love1 as severe and as exactly followed as the laws of ,honour could be to-day4 ,the laws of ,love began by putting completely aside the sacred rights of husbands4 ,they presuppose no hypocrisy4 ,these laws1 taking human nature such as it is1 were of the kind to produce a great deal of happiness4 ,there was an official manner of declaring oneself a woman's lover1 and another of being accepted by her as lover4 ,after so many months of making one's court in a certain fashion1 one obtained her leave to kiss her hand4 ,society1 still young1 took pleasure in formalities and ceremonies1 which were then a sign of civilisation1 but which to-day would bore us to death4 ,the same trait is to be found in the language of ,provence1 in the difficulty and interlacing of its rhymes1 in its masculine and feminine words to express the same object1 and indeed in the infinite number of its poets4 ,everything formal in society1 which is so insipid to-day1 then had all the freshness and savour of novelty4 ,after having kissed a woman's hand1 one was promoted from grade to grade by force of merit1 and without extraordinary promotion4 ,it should be remarked1 however1 that if the husbands ,pg #bja were always left out of the question1 on the other hand the official promotion of the lover stopped at what we should call the sweetness of a most tender friendship between persons of a different sex4#a ,but after several months or several years of probation1 in which a woman might become perfectly sure of the character and discretion of a man1 and he enjoy at her hand all the prerogatives and outward signs which the tenderest friendship can give1 her virtue must surely have had to thank his friendship for many a violent alarm4 ,i have spoken of extraordinary promotion1 because a woman could have more than one lover1 but one only in the higher grades4 ,it seems that the rest could not be promoted much beyond that degree of friendship which consisted in kissing her hand and seeing her every day4 ,all that is left to us of this singular civilisation is in verse1 and in a verse that is rhymed in a very fantastic and difficult way2 and it need not surprise us if the notions1 which we draw from the ballads of the troubadours1 are vague and not at all precise4 ,even a marriage contract in verse has been found4 ,after the conquest in #acbh1 as a result of its heresy1 the ,pope1 on several occasions1 ordered everything written in the vulgar tongue to be burnt4 ,italian cunning proclaimed ,latin the only language worthy of such clever people4 ',twere a most advantageous measure could we renew it in #ahbb4 ,such publicity and such official ordering of love seem at first sight to ill-accord with real passion4 ,but if a lady said to her lover3 ,go for your love of me and visit the tomb of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ at ,jerusalem2 there you will pass three years and then return--the lover was gone immediately3 to hesitate a moment would have covered him with the same ignominy as would nowadays a sign of wavering on a point of honour4 ,the language of this people has an extreme fineness in ,pg #bjb expressing the most fugitive shades of feeling4 ,another sign that their manners were well advanced on the road of real civilisation is that1 scarcely out of the horrors of the ,middle ,ages and of ,feudalism1 when force was everything1 we see the feebler sex less tyrannised over than it is to-day with the approval of the law2 we see the poor and feeble creatures1 who have the most to lose in love and whose charms disappear the quickest1 mistresses over the destiny of the men who approach them4 ,an exile of three years in ,palestine1 the passage from a civilisation full of gaiety to the fanaticism and boredom of the ,crusaders' camp1 must have been a painful duty for any other than an inspired ,christian4 ,what can a woman do to her lover who has basely deserted her at ,paris8 ,i can only see one answer to be made here3 at ,paris no self-respecting woman has a lover4 ,certainly prudence has much more right to counsel the woman of to-day not to abandon herself to passion-love4 ,but does not another prudence1 which1 of course1 ,i am far from approving1 counsel her to make up for it with physical love8 ,our hypocrisy and asceticism#b imply no homage to virtue2 for you can never oppose nature with impunity3 there is only less happiness on earth and infinitely less generous inspiration4 ,a lover who1 after ten years of intimate intercourse1 deserted his poor mistress1 because he began to notice her two-and-thirty years1 was lost to honour in this lovable ,provence2 he had no resource left but to bury himself in the solitude of a cloister4 ,in those days it was to the interest of a man1 not only of generosity but even of prudence1 to make display of no more passion than he really had4 ,we conjecture all this2 for very few remains are left to give us any exact notions4444 ,we must judge manners as a whole1 by certain particular facts4 ,you know the anecdote of the poet who ,pg #bjc had offended his lady3 after two years of despair she deigned at last to answer his many messages and let him know that if he had one of his nails torn off and had this nail presented to her by fifty loving and faithful knights1 she might perhaps pardon him4 ,the poet made all haste to submit to the painful operation4 ,fifty knights1 who stood in their ladies' good graces1 went to present this nail with all imaginable pomp to the offended beauty4 ,it was as imposing a ceremony as the entry of a prince of the blood into one of the royal towns4 ,the lover1 dressed in the garb of a penitent1 followed his nail from afar4 ,the lady1 after having watched the ceremony1 which was of great length1 right through1 deigned to pardon him2 he was restored to all the sweets of his former happiness4 ,history tells that they spent long and happy years together4 ,sure it is that two such years of unhappiness prove a real passion and would have given birth to it1 had it not existed before in that high degree4 ,i could cite twenty anecdotes which show us everywhere gallantry1 pleasing1 polished and conducted between the two sexes on principles of justice4 ,i say gallantry1 because in all ages passion-love is an exception1 rather curious than frequent1 a something we cannot reduce to rules4 ,in ,provence every calculation1 everything within the domain of reason1 was founded on justice and the equality of rights between the two sexes2 and ,i admire it for this reason especially1 that it eliminates unhappiness as far as possible4 ,the absolute monarchy under ,lewis ,,xv1 on the contrary1 had come to make baseness and perfidy the fashion in these relations4#c ,although this charming ,provencal language1 so full of delicacy and so laboured in its rhymes1#d was probably not ,pg #bjd the language of the people1 the manners of the upper classes had permeated the lower classes1 which in ,provence were at that time far from coarse1 for they enjoyed a great deal of comfort4 ,they were in the first enjoyment of a very prosperous and very valuable trade4 ,the inhabitants of the shores of the ,mediterranean had just realised 7in the ninth century7 that to engage in commerce1 by risking a few ships on this sea1 was less troublesome and almost as amusing as following some little feudal lord and robbing the passers-by on the neighbouring high-road4 ,soon after1 the ,provencals of the tenth century learnt from the ,arabs that there are sweeter pleasures than pillage1 violence and war4 ,one must think of the ,mediterranean as the home of ,european civilisation4 ,the happy shores of this lovely sea1 so favoured in its climate1 were still more favoured in the prosperous state of their inhabitants and in the absence of all religion or miserable legislation4 ,the eminently gay genius of the ,provencals had by then passed through the ,christian religion1 without being altered by it4 ,we see a lively image of a like effect from a like cause in the cities of ,italy1 whose history has come down to us more distinctly and which have had the good fortune besides of bequeathing to us ,dante1 ,petrarch and the art of painting4 ,the ,provencals have not left us a great poem like the ,divine ,comedy1 in which are reflected all the peculiarities of the manners of the time4 ,they had1 it seems to me1 less passion and much more gaiety than the ,italians4 ,they learnt this pleasant way of taking life from their neighbours1 the ,moors of ,spain4 ,love reigned with joy1 festivity and pleasure in the castles of happy ,provence4 ,have you seen at the opera the finale of one of ,rossini's beautiful operettas8 ,on the stage all is gaiety1 beauty1 ideal magnificence4 ,we are miles away from all the ,pg #bje mean side of human nature4 ,the opera is over1 the curtain falls1 the spectators go out1 the great chandelier is drawn up1 the lights are extinguished4 ,the house is filled with the smell of lamps hastily put out2 the curtain is pulled up half-way1 and you see dirty1 ill-dressed roughs tumble on to the stage2 they bustle about it in a hideous way1 occupying the place of the young women who filled it with their graces only a moment ago4 ,such for the kingdom of ,provence was the effect of the conquest of ,toulouse by the army of ,crusaders4 ,instead of love1 of grace1 of gaiety1 we have the ,barbarians from the ,north and ,saint ,dominic4 ,i shall not darken these pages with a blood-curdling account of the horrors of the ,inquisition in all the zeal of its early days4 ,as for the ,barbarians1 they were our fathers2 they killed and plundered everywhere2 they destroyed1 for the pleasure of destroying1 whatever they could not carry off2 a savage madness animated them against everything that showed the least trace of civilisation2 above all1 they understood not a word of that beautiful southern language2 and that redoubled their fury4 ,highly superstitious and guided by the terrible ,s4 ,dominic1 they thought to gain ,heaven by killing the ,provencals4 ,for the latter all was over2 no more love1 no more gaiety1 no more poetry4 ,less than twenty years after the conquest 7#acce71 they were almost as barbarous and as coarse as the ,french1 as our fathers4#e ,whence had lighted on this corner of the world that charming form of civilisation1 which for two centuries was the happiness of the upper classes of society8 ,apparently from the ,moors of ,spain4 #a ,memoirs of the life of ,chabanon1 written by himself4 ,the rapping of a cane on the ceiling4 #b ,the ascetic principle of ,jeremy ,bentham4 #c ,the reader should have heard charming ,general ,laclos talk at ,naples in #ahjb4 ,if he has not had the luck he can open the ,vie prive du marchal de ,richelieu1 nine volumes very pleasantly put together4 #d ,it originated at ,narbonne--a mixture of ,latin and ,arabic4 #e ,see ,the ,state of the ,military ,power of ,russia1 a truthful work by ,general ,sir ,robert ,wilson4 ,pg #bjf ,,chapter ,,lii7#ci7 ,,provence ,,in ,,the ,,twelfth ,,century ,i am going to translate an anecdote from the ,provenal manuscripts4 ,the facts1 of which you are going to read1 happened about the year #aahj and the history was written about #abej4a ,the anecdote1 to be sure1 is very well known3 the style especially gives the colour of the society which produced it4 ,i beg that ,i be allowed to translate it word for word1 and without seeking in any way after the elegance of the language of to-day4 ,my ,lord ,raymond of ,roussillon was a valiant baron1 as you know1 and he took to wife my ,lady ,marguerite1 the most beautiful woman of all her time and one of the most endowed with all good qualities1 with all worth and with all courtesy4 ,now it happened that ,william of ,cabstaing came to the ,court of my ,lord ,raymond of ,roussillon1 presented himself to him and begged1 if it so pleased him1 that he might be a page in his ,court4 ,my ,lord ,raymond1 who saw that he was fair and of good grace1 told him that he was welcome and that he might dwell at his ,court4 ,thus ,william dwelt with him1 and succeeded in bearing himself so gently that great and small loved him2 and he succeeded in placing himself in so good a light that my ,lord ,raymond wished him to be page to my ,lady ,marguerite1 his wife2 and ,pg #bjg so it was4 ,then ,william set himself to merit yet more both in word and deed4 ,but now1 as is wont to happen in love1 it happened that ,love wished to take hold of my ,lady ,marguerite and to inflame her thoughts4 ,so much did the person of ,william please her1 both his word and his air1 that one day she could not restrain herself from saying to him3 ',now listen1 ,william1 if a woman showed you likelihood of love1 tell me would you dare love her well8' ',yes1 that ,i would1 madam1 provided only that the likelihood were the truth4'--',by ,s4 ,john1' said the lady1 'you have answered well1 like a man of valour2 but at present ,i wish to try you1 whether you can understand and distinguish in matter of likelihood the difference between what is true and what is not4' ,when ,william heard these words he answered3 ',my lady1 it is as it shall please you4' ,he began to be pensive1 and at once ,love sought war with him2 and the thoughts that love mingled with his entered into the depth of his heart1 and straightway he was of the servants of ,love and began to 'find'#b little couplets1 gracious and gay1 and tunes for the dance and tunes with sweet words1#c by which he was well received1 and the more so by reason of her for whom he sang4 ,now ,love1 that grants to his servants their reward1 when he pleases1 wished to grant ,william the price of his2 and behold1 he began to take hold of the lady with such keen thoughts and meditations on love that neither night nor day could she rest1 thinking of the valour and prowess that had been so beautifully disposed and set in ,william4 ,one day it happened that the lady took ,william and said to him3 ',william1 come now1 tell me1 have you up to this hour taken note of our likelihood1 whether it truly is or lies8' ,william answered3 ',my lady1 so help me ,god1 from that moment onward that ,i have been your ,pg #bjh servant1 no thought has been able to enter my heart but that you were the best woman that was ever born1 and the truest in the world and the most likely4 ,so ,i think1 and shall think1 all my life4' ,and the lady answered3 ',william1 ,i tell you that1 if ,god help me1 you shall never be deceived by me1 and that what you think shall not prove vain or nothing4' ,and she opened her arms and kissed him softly in the room where they two sat together1 and they began their druerie2#d and straightway there wanted not those1 whom ,god holds in wrath1 who set themselves to talk and gossip of their love1 by reason of the songs that ,william made1 saying that he had set his love on my ,lady ,marguerite1 and so indiscriminately did they talk that the matter came to the ears of my ,lord ,raymond4 ,then he was sorely pained and grievously sad1 first that he must lose his familiar squire1 whom he loved so well1 and more still for his wife's shame4 ,one day it happened that ,william went out to hunt with his hawks and a single squire2 and my ,lord ,raymond made enquiry where he was2 and a groom answered him that he had gone out to hawk1 and one who knew added that it was in such-and-such a spot4 ,immediately ,raymond took arms1 which he hid1 and had his horse brought to him1 and all alone took his way towards the spot whither ,william had gone3 by dint of hard riding he found him4 ,when ,william saw him approach he was greatly astonished1 and at once evil thoughts came to him1 and he advanced to meet him and said3 ',my lord1 welcome4 ,why are you thus alone8' ,my ,lord ,raymond answered3 ',william1 because ,i have come to find you to enjoy myself with you4 ,have you caught anything8'--',i have caught nothing1 my lord1 because ,i have found nothing2 and he who finds little will not catch much1 as the saying goes4'--',enough of this talk1' said my ,lord ,raymond1 'and by the faith ,pg #bji you owe me1 tell me the truth on all the questions that ,i may wish to ask4'--',by ,god1 my lord1' said ,william1 'if there is ought to say1 certainly to you shall ,i say it4' ,then said my ,lord ,raymond3 ',i wish for no subtleties here1 but you must answer me in all fullness on everything that ,i shall ask you4'--',my lord1 as it shall please you to ask1' said ,william1 'so shall ,i tell you the truth4' ,and my ,lord ,raymond asked3 ',william1 as you value ,god and the holy faith1 have you a mistress for whom you sing and for whom ,love constrains you8' ,william answered3 ',my lord1 and how else should ,i be singing1 if ,love did not urge me on8 ,know the truth1 my lord1 that ,love has me wholly in his power4' ,raymond answered3 ',i can well believe it1 for otherwise you could not sing so well2 but ,i wish to know1 if you please1 who is your lady4'--',ah1 my lord1 in ,god's name1' said ,william1 'see what you ask me4 ,you know too well that a man must not name his lady1 and that ,bernard of ,ventadour says3-- ',in one thing my reason serves me1#e ,that never man has asked me of my joy1 ,but ,i have lied to him thereof willingly4 ,for this does not seem to me good doctrine1 ,but rather folly or a child's act1 ,that whoever is well treated in love ,should wish to open his heart thereon to another man1 ,unless he can serve him or help him4' ,my ,lord ,raymond answered3 ',and ,i give you my word that ,i will serve you according to my power4' ,so said ,raymond1 and ,william answered him3 ',my lord1 you must know that ,i love the sister of my ,lady ,marguerite1 your wife1 and that ,i believe ,i have exchange with her of love4 ,now that you know it1 ,i beg you to come to my aid and at least not to prejudice me4'--',take my word1' said ,raymond1 'for ,i swear to you and engage ,pg #baj myself to you that ,i will use all my power for you4' ,and then he gave his word1 and when he had given it to him ,raymond said to him3 ',i wish us to go to her castle1 for it is near by4'--',and ,i beg we may do so1 in ,god's name1' said ,william4 ,and so they took their road towards the castle of ,liet4 ,and when they came to the castle they were well received by ,en#f ,robert of ,tarascon1 who was the husband of my ,lady ,agnes1 the sister of my ,lady ,marguerite1 and by my ,lady ,agnes herself4 ,and my ,lord ,raymond took my ,lady ,agnes by the hand and led her into her chamber1 and they sat down on the bed4 ,and my ,lord ,raymond said3 ',now tell me1 my sister-in-law1 by the faith that you owe me1 are you in love with ,love8' ,and she said3 ',yes1 my lord4'--',and whose8' said he4 ',oh1 that ,i do not tell you1' answered she2 'what means this parleying8' ,in the end1 so insistently did he demand that she said that she loved ,william of ,cabstaing2 this she said because she saw ,william sad and pensive and she knew well that he loved her sister2 and so she feared that ,raymond might have had evil thoughts of ,william4 ,such a reply gave great joy to ,raymond4 ,agnes related it all to her husband1 and her husband answered her that she had done well and gave her his word that she was at liberty to do and say anything that could save ,william4 ,agnes was not wanting to him4 ,she called ,william all alone into her chamber1 and remained so long with him that ,raymond thought he must have had the pleasures of love with her2 and all this pleased him1 and he began to think that what he had been told of ,william was untrue and random talk4 ,agnes and ,william came out of her chamber1 supper was prepared and they supped with great gaiety4 ,and after supper ,agnes had the bed of her two neighbours prepared by the door of her chamber1 ,pg #baa and so well did the ,lady and ,william act their parts that ,raymond believed he was with her4 ,and the next day they dined in the castle with great joy1 and after dinner they set out with all the honours of a noble leave-taking1 and came to ,roussillon4 ,and as soon as ,raymond could1 he separated from ,william and went away to his wife1 and related to her all that he had seen of ,william and her sister1 for which his wife was sorely grieved all night4 ,and the next day she had ,william summoned to her and received him ill1 and called him false friend and traitor4 ,and ,william cried to her for pity1 as a man who had done nought of that with which she charged him1 and related to her all that had passed1 word for word4 ,and the lady sent for her sister and from her she learnt that ,william had done no wrong4 ,and therefore she called him and bade him make a song by which he should show that he loved no woman but her1 and then he made the song which says3-- ,the sweet thoughts ,that ,love often gives me4 ,and when ,raymond of ,roussillon heard the song that ,william had made for his wife1 he made him come to speak with him some way from the castle1 and cut off his head1 which he put in a bag2 he drew out the heart from the body and put it with the head4 ,he went back to the castle2 he had the heart roasted and brought to his wife at table and made her eat it without her knowing4 ,when she had eaten it1 ,raymond rose up and told his wife that what she had just eaten was the heart of ,lord ,william of ,cabstaing1 and showed her his head and asked her if the heart had been good to eat4 ,and she heard what he said1 and saw and recognised the head of ,lord ,william4 ,she answered him and said that the heart had been so good and savoury1 that never other meat or other drink could take away from her mouth the taste that the heart of ,lord ,william had left there4 ,and ,pg #bab ,raymond ran at her with a sword4 ,she took to flight1 threw herself down from a balcony and broke her head4 ,this became known through all ,catalonia and through all the lands of the ,king of ,aragon4 ,king ,alphonse and all the barons of these countries had great grief and sorrow for the death of ,lord ,william and of the woman whom ,raymond had so basely done to death4 ,they made war on him with fire and sword4 ,king ,alphonse of ,aragon having taken ,raymond's castle1 had ,william and his lady laid in a monument before the door of a church in a borough named ,perpignac4 ,all perfect lovers of either sex prayed ,god for their souls4 ,the ,king of ,aragon took ,raymond and let him die in prison1 and gave all his goods to the relatives of ,william and to the relatives of the woman who died for him4 #a ,the manuscript is in the ,laurentian ,library4 ,m4 ,raynouard gives it in ,vol4 ,v of his ,troubadours1 p4 #ahg4 ,there are a good many faults in his text2 he has praised the ,troubadours too much and understood them too little4 #b i4 e4 to compose4 #c ,he made up both the airs and the words4 #d ,a far all' amore4 #e ,word for word translation of the ,provenal verses quoted by ,william4 #f ,en1 a form of speech among the ,provenals1 which we would translate by ,sir4 ,pg #bac ,,chapter ,,liii ,,arabia ',tis beneath the dusky tent of the ,bedouin ,arab that we seek the model and the home of true love4 ,there1 as elsewhere1 solitude and a fine climate have kindled the noblest passion of the human heart--that passion which must give as much happiness as it feels1 in order to be happy itself4 ,in order that love may be seen in all the fullness of its power over the human heart1 equality must be established as far as possible between the mistress and her lover4 ,it does not exist1 this equality1 in our poor ,west2 a woman deserted is unhappy or dishonoured4 ,under the ,arab's tent faith once plighted cannot be broken4 ,contempt and death immediately follow that crime4 ,generosity is held so sacred by this people1 that you may steal1 in order to give4 ,for the rest1 every day danger stares them in the face1 and life flows on ever1 so to speak1 in a passionate solitude4 ,even in company the ,arabs speak little4 ,nothing changes for the inhabitant of the desert2 there everything is eternal and motionless4 ,this singular mode of life1 of which1 owing to my ignorance1 ,i can give but a poor sketch1 has probably existed since the time of ,homer4#a ,it is described for the first time about the year #fjj of our era1 two centuries before ,charlemagne4 ,clearly it is we who were the barbarians in the eyes of the ,east1 when we went to trouble them with our crusades4#b ,also we owe all that is in our manner to these ,pg #bad crusades and to the ,moors of ,spain4 ,if we compare ourselves with the ,arabs1 the proud1 prosaic man will smile with pity4 ,our arts are very much superior to theirs1 our systems of law to all appearance still more superior4 ,but ,i doubt if we beat them in the art of domestic happiness--we have always lacked loyalty and simplicity4 ,in family relations the deceiver is the first to suffer4 ,for him the feeling of safety is departed2 always unjust1 he is always afraid4 ,in the earliest of their oldest historical monuments we can see the ,arabs divided from all antiquity into a large number of independent tribes1 wandering about the desert4 ,as soon as these tribes were able to supply1 with more or less ease1 the simplest human wants1 their way of life was already more or less refined4 ,generosity was the same on every side2 only according to the tribe's degree of wealth it found expression1 now in the quarter of goat's flesh necessary for the support of life1 now in the gift of a hundred camels1 occasioned by some family connexion or reasons of hospitality4 ,the heroic age of the ,arabs1 that in which these generous hearts burnt unsullied by any affectation of fine wit or refined sentiment1 was that which preceded ,mohammed2 it corresponds to the fifth century of our era1 to the foundations of ,venice and to the reign of ,clovis4 ,i beg ,european pride to compare the ,arab love-songs1 which have come down to us1 and the noble system of life revealed in the ,thousand and ,one ,nights1 with the disgusting horrors that stain every page of ,gregory of ,tours1 the historian of ,clovis1 and of ,eginhard1 the historian of ,charlemagne4 ,mohammed was a puritan2 he wished to prescribe pleasures which do no one any harm2 he has killed love in those countries which have accepted ,islamism4#c ,it is for this reason that his religion has always been less ,pg #bae observed in ,arabia1 its cradle1 than in all the other ,mohammedan countries4 ,the ,french brought away from ,egypt four folio volumes1 entitled ,the ,book of ,songs4 ,these volumes contain3-- #a4 ,biographies of the poets who composed the songs4 #b4 ,the songs themselves4 ,in them the poet sings of everything that interests him2 when he has spoken of his mistress he praises his swiftcoursers and his bow4 ,these songs were often love-letters from their author1 giving the object of his love a faithful picture of all that passed in his heart4 ,sometimes they tell of cold nights when he has been obliged to burn his bow and arrows4 ,the ,arabs are a nation without houses4 #c4 ,biographies of the musicians who have composed the music for these songs4 #d4 ,finally1 the notation of the musical setting2 for us these settings are hieroglyphics4 ,the music will be for ever unknown1 and anyhow1 it would not please us4 ,there is another collection entitled ,the ,history of those ,arabs who have died for ,love4 ,in order to feel at home in the midst of remains which owe so much of their interest to their antiquity1 and to appreciate the singular beauty of the manners of which they let us catch a glimpse1 we must go to history for enlightenment on certain points4 ,from all time1 and especially before ,mohammed1 the ,arabs betook themselves to ,mecca in order to make the tour of the ,caaba or house of ,abraham4 ,i have seen at ,london a very exact model of the ,holy ,city4 ,there are seven or eight hundred houses with terraces on the roofs1 set in the midst of a sandy desert devoured by the sun4 ,at one extremity of the city is found an immense building1 in form almost a square2 this building surrounds the ,caaba4 ,it is composed of a long course of colonnades1 necessary under an ,arabian sun for the performance of the sacred procession1 ,this colonnade is very ,pg #baf important in the history of the manners and poetry of the ,arabs2 it was apparently for centuries the one place where men and women met together4 ,pell-mell1 with slow steps1 and reciting in chorus their sacred songs1 they walked round the ,caaba--it is a walk of three-quarters of an hour4 ,the procession was repeated many times in the same day2 this was the sacred rite for which men and women came forth from all parts of the desert4 ,it is under the colonnade of the ,caaba that ,arab manners became polished4 ,a contest between the father and the lover soon came to be established--in love-lyrics the lover discovered his passion to the girl1 jealously guarded by brothers and father1 as at her side he walked in the sacred procession4 ,the generous and sentimental habits of this people existed already in the camp2 but ,arab gallantry seems to me to have been born in the shadow of the ,caaba1 which is also the home of their literature4 ,at first1 passion was expressed with simplicity and vehemence1 just as the poet felt it2 later the poet1 instead of seeking to touch his mistress1 aimed at fine writing2 then followed that affectation which the ,moors introduced into ,spain and which still to-day spoils the books of that people4#d ,i find a touching proof of the ,arab's respect for the weaker sex in his ceremony of divorce4 ,the woman1 during the absence of her husband from whom she wished to separate1 opened the tent and drew it up1 taking care to place the opening on the opposite side to that which she had formerly occupied4 ,this simple ceremony separated husband and wife for ever4 ,pg #bag ,,fragments ,gathered and translated from an ,arabic ,collection entitled3 ,the ,divan of ,love7#ci7 ,compiled by ,ebn-,abi-,hadglat4 7,manuscripts of the ,king's ,library1 ,nos4 #adfa and #adfb47 ,mohammed1 son of ,djaafar ,elahouazadi1 relates that ,djamil being sick of the illness of which he died1 ,elabas1 son of ,sohail1 visited him and found him ready to give up the ghost4 ,o son of ,sohail1 said ,djamil to him1 what do you think of a man who has never drunk wine1 who has never made illicit gain1 who has never unrighteously given death to any living creature that ,god has forbidden us to kill1 and who confesses that there is no other ,god but ,allah and that ,mohammed is his prophet8 ,i think1 answered ,ben ,sohail1 that such a man will be saved and will gain ,paradise2 but who is he1 this man of whom you talk8 ',tis ,i1 answered ,djamil4 ,i did not think that you professed the faith1 returned ,ben ,sohail1 and moreover1 for twenty years now you have been making love to ,bothaina1 and celebrating her in your verses4 ,here ,i am1 answered ,djamil1 at my first day in the other world and at my last in this1 and ,i pray that the mercy of our ,master ,mohammed may not be extended to me at the day of judgment1 if ever ,i have laid hands on ,bothaina for anything reprehensible4 ,this ,djamil and ,bothaina1 his mistress1 both belonged to the ,benou-,azra1 who are a tribe famous in love among all the tribes of the ,arabs4 ,also their manner of loving has passed into a proverb1 and ,god has made no other creatures as tender in love as they4 ,sahid1 son of ,agba1 one day asked an ,arab3 ,of what people are you8 ,i am of the people that die when they love1 replied the ,arab4 ,then you are of the ,pg #bah tribe of ,azra1 added ,sahid4 ,yes1 by the ,master of the ,caaba1 replied the ,arab4 ,whence comes it that you love in this manner8 ,sahid asked next4 ,our women are beautiful and our young men are chaste1 answered the ,arab4 ,one day someone asked ,aroua-,ben-,hezam3#e ,is it really true what people tell of you1 that you of all mankind have the heart most tender in love8 ,yes1 by ,allah1 it is true1 answered ,aroua1 and ,i have known in my tribe thirty young men whom death has carried oil and who had no other sickness but love4 ,an ,arab of the ,benou-,fazarat said one day to an ,arab of the ,benou-,azra3 ,you1 ,benou-,azra1 you think it a sweet and noble death to die of love2 but therein is a manifest weakness and stupidity2 and those whom you take for men of great heart are only madmen and soft creatures4 ,you would not talk like that1 the ,arab of the tribe of ,azra answered him1 if you had seen the great black eyes of our women darting fire from beneath the veil of their long lashes1 if you had seen them smile and their teeth gleaming between their brown lips6 ,abou-el-,hassan1 ,ali1 son of ,abdalla1 ,elzagouni1 relates the following story3 ,a ,mussulman loved to distraction the daughter of a ,christian4 ,he was obliged to make a journey to a foreign country with a friend1 to whom he had confided his love4 ,his business prolonged his stay in this country1 and being attacked there by a mortal sickness1 he said to his friend3 ,behold1 my time approaches2 no more in the world shall ,i meet her whom ,i love1 and ,i fear1 if ,i die a ,mussulman1 that ,i shall not meet her again in the other life4 ,he turned ,christian and died4 ,his friend betook himself to the young ,christian woman1 whom he found sick4 ,she said to him3 ,pg #bai ,i shall not see my friend any more in this world1 but ,i want to be with him in the other2 therefore ,i confess that there is no other ,god but ,allah1 and that ,mohammed is the prophet of ,god4 ,thereupon she died1 and may ,god's mercy be upon her499 ,eltemimi relates that there was in the tribe of the ,arabs of ,tagleb a ,christian girl of great riches who was in love with a young ,mussulman4 ,she offered him her fortune and all her treasures without succeeding in making him love her4 ,when she had lost all hope she gave an artist a hundred dinars1 to make her a statue of the young man she loved4 ,the artist made the statue1 and when the girl got it1 she placed it in a certain spot where she went every day4 ,there she would begin by kissing this statue1 and then sat down beside it and spent the rest of the day in weeping4 ,when the evening came she would bow to the statue and retire4 ,this she did for a long time4 ,the young man chanced to die2 she desired to see him and to embrace him dead1 after which she returned to her statue1 bowed to it1 kissed it as usual1 and lay down beside it4 ,when day came1 they found her dead1 stretching out her hand towards some lines of writing1 which she had written before she died499 ,oueddah1 of the land of ,yamen1 was renowned among the ,arabs for his beauty4 ,he and ,om-el-,bonain1 daughter of ,abd-el-,aziz1 son of ,merouan1 while still only children1 were even then so much in love that they could not bear to be parted from each other for a moment4 ,when ,om-el-,bonain became the wife of ,oualid-,ben-,abd-el-,malek1 ,oueddah became mad for grief4 ,after remaining a long time in a state of distraction and suffering1 he betook himself to ,syria and began every day to prowl around the house of ,oualid1 son of ,malek1 without at first finding the means to attain his desire4 ,in the end1 he made the acquaintance of a girl1 whom he succeeded in attaching to himself by dint of his perseverance and his pains4 ,when he thought he could rely on her1 he ,pg #bbj asked her if she knew ,om-el-,bonain4 ,to be sure ,i do1 answered the girl1 seeing she is my mistress4 ,listen1 continued ,oueddah1 your mistress is my cousin1 and if you care to tell her about me1 you will certainly give her pleasure4 ,i'll tell her willingly1 answered the girl4 ,and thereupon she ran straight to ,om-el-,bonain to tell her about ,oueddah4 ,take care what you say1 cried ,om-el-,bonain4 ,what8 ,oueddah is alive8 ,certainly he is1 said the girl4 ,go and tell him1 ,om-el-,bonain went on1 on no account to depart until a messenger comes to him from me4 ,then she took measures to get ,oueddah brought to her1 where she kept him hidden in a coffer4 ,she let him come out to be with her when she thought it safe2 but if someone arrived who might have seen him1 she made him get inside the coffer again4 ,it happened one day that a pearl was brought to ,oualid and he said to one of his attendants3 ,take this pearl and give it to ,om-el-,bonain4 ,the attendant took the pearl and gave it to ,om-el-,bonain4 ,as he was not announced1 he entered where she dwelt at a time when she was with ,oueddah1 and thus he was able to throw a glance into ,om-el-,bonain's apartment without her noticing him4 ,oualid's attendant fulfilled his mission and asked something of ,om-el-,bonain for the jewel he had brought her4 ,she refused him with severity and reprimanded him4 ,the attendant went out incensed against her1 and went to tell ,oualid what he had seen1 describing the coffer into which he had seen ,oueddah enter4 ,you lie1 bastard slave6 ,you lie1 said ,oualid4 ,and he ran in haste to ,om-el-,bonain4 ,there were several coffers in her apartment2 he sat down on the one in which ,oueddah was hid and which the slave had described1 saying3 ,give me one of these coffers4 ,they are all yours1 as much as ,i myself1 answered ,om-el-,bonain4 ,then1 continued ,oualid1 ,i would like to have the one on which ,i am seated4 ,there are ,pg #bba some things in it that only a woman needs1 said ,om-el-,bonain4 ,it is not them1 it is the coffer ,i desire1 added ,oualid4 ,it is yours1 she answered4 ,oualid had the coffer taken away at once1 and summoned two slaves1 whom he ordered to dig a pit in the earth down to the depth where they would find water4 ,then placing his mouth against the coffer3 ,i have heard something of you1 he cried4 ,if ,i have heard the truth1 may all trace of you be lost1 may all memory of you be buried4 ,if they have told me false ,i do no harm by entombing a coffer3 it is only the funeral of a box4 ,then he had the coffer pushed into the pit and covered with the stones and the earth which had been dug up4 ,from that time ,om-el-,bonain never ceased to frequent this spot and to weep1 until one day they found her there lifeless1 her face pressed towards the earth499#f #a ,nine hundred years before ,jesus ,christ4 #b #ajie4 #c ,morals of ,constantinople4 ,the one way of killing passion-love is to prevent all crystallisation by facility4 #d ,there are a large number of ,arabic manuscripts at ,paris4 ,those of a later date show some affectation1 but no imitation of the ,greeks or ,romans2 it is this that makes scholars despise them4 #e ,this ,aroua-,ben-,hezam was of the tribe of ,azra1 of which mention has just been made4 ,he is celebrated as a poet1 and still more celebrated as one of the numerous martyrs to love whom the ,arabs enumerate4 #f ,these fragments are taken from different chapters of the collection which ,i have mentioned4 ,the three marked by an 99 are taken from the last chapter1 which is a very summary biography of a considerable number of ,arab martyrs to love4 ,pg #bbb ,,chapter ,,liv7#dc7 ,,of ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,women ,in the actual education of girls1 which is the fruit of chance and the most idiotic pride1 we allow their most shining faculties1 and those most fertile in happiness for themselves and for us1 to lie fallow4 ,but what man is there1 who at least once in his life has not exclaimed3-- 444 a woman always knows enough ,if but her range of understanding reaches ,to telling one from t'other1 coat and breeches4 7,les ,femmes ,savantes1 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,vii47 ,translation of ,c4 ,h4 ,page1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,at ,paris1 this is the highest praise for a young girl of a marriageable age3 ,there is so much that's sweet in her character1 and she's as gentle as a lamb4 ,nothing has more effect on the idiots looking out for wives4 ,but see them two years later1 lunching tte--tte with their wives some dull day1 hats on and surrounded by three great lackeys6 ,we have seen a law carried in the ,united ,states1 in #ahah1 which condemns to thirty-four strokes of the cat anyone teaching a ,virginian negro to read4#a ,nothing could be more consequent and more reasonable than a law of this kind4 ,were the ,united ,states of ,america themselves more useful to the motherland when they were her slaves or since they have become her equals8 ,if the work of a ,pg #bbc free man is worth two or three times that of a man reduced to slavery1 why should not the same be true of that man's thought8 ,if we dared1 we would give girls the education of a slave2 and the proof of this is that if they know anything useful1 it is against our wish we teach it them4 ,but they turn against us the little education which unhappily they get hold of1 some husbands might say4 ,no doubt2 and ,napoleon was also quite right not to give arms to the ,national ,guard2 and the reactionaries are also quite right to proscribe the monitorial system7#dd74 ,arm a man1 and then continue to oppress him1 and you will see that he can be so perverse as to turn his arms against you1 as soon as he can4 ,even if it were permissible to bring girls up like idiots1 on ,ave ,marias and lewd songs1 as they did in the convents of #aggj1 there would still be several little objections3-- #a4 ,in the case of the husband's death1 they are called upon to manage the young family4 #b4 ,as mothers1 they give their male children1 the young tyrants of the future1 their first education1 that education which forms the character1 and accustoms the soul to seek happiness by this route rather than by that--and the choice is always an accomplished fact by four or five4 #c4 ,in spite of all our pride1 the advice of the inevitable partner of our whole life has great influence on those domestic affairs on which our happiness depends so particularly2 for1 in the absence of passion1 happiness is based on the absence of small everyday vexations4 ,not that we would willingly accord this advice the least influence1 but she may repeat the same thing to us for twenty years together4 ,whose is the spirit of such ,roman fortitude as to resist the same idea repeated throughout a whole lifetime8 ,the world is full of husbands who let themselves be led1 but it is from weakness ,pg #bbd and not from a feeling for justice and equality4 ,as they yield perforce1 the wife is always tempted to abuse her power1 and it is sometimes necessary to abuse power in order to keep it4 #d4 ,finally1 in love1 and during a period which1 in southern countries1 often comprises twelve or fifteen years1 and those the fairest of our life1 our happiness is entirely in the hands of the woman we love4 ,one moment of untimely pride can make us for ever miserable1 and how should a slave raised up to a throne not be tempted to abuse her power8 ,this is the origin of women's false refinement and pride4 ,of course1 there is nothing more useless than these pleas3 men are despots and we see what respect other despots show to the wisest counsels4 ,a man who is all-powerful relishes only one sort of advice1 the advice of those that tell him to increase his power4 ,where are poor young girls to find a ,quiroga or a ,riego7#de7 to give the despots1 who oppress them1 and degrade them the better to oppress them1 that salutary advice1 whose just recompense are favours and orders instead of ,porlier's7#de7 gallows8 ,if a revolution of this kind needs several centuries1 it is because1 by a most unlucky chance1 all our first experiences must necessarily contradict the truth4 ,illuminate a girl's mind1 form her character1 give her1 in short1 a good education in the true sense of the word--remarking sooner or later her own superiority over other women1 she becomes a pedant1 that is to say1 the most unpleasant and the most degraded creature that there is in the world4 ,there isn't one of us who wouldn't prefer a servant to a savante1 if we had to pass our life with her4 ,plant a young tree in the midst of a dense forest1 deprived of air and sun by the closeness of the neighbouring trees3 its leaves will be blighted1 and it will get an overgrown and ridiculous shape--not its natural shape4 ,we ought to plant the whole forest at once4 ,what woman is there who is proud of knowing how to read8 ,pg #bbe ,pedants have repeated to us for two thousand years that women were more quick and men more judicious1 women more remarkable for delicacy of expression and men for stronger powers of concentration4 ,a ,parisian simpleton1 who used once upon a time to take his walk in the gardens of ,versailles1 similarly concluded from all he saw that trees grow ready clipped4 ,i will allow that little girls have less physical strength than little boys3 this must be conclusive as regards intellect2 for everyone knows that ,voltaire and d',alembert were the first boxers of their age6 ,everyone agrees1 that a little girl of ten is twenty times as refined as a little boy of the same age4 ,why1 at twenty1 is she a great idiot1 awkward1 timid1 and afraid of a spider1 while the little boy is a man of intellect8 ,women only learn the things we do not wish to teach them1 and only read the lessons taught them by experience of life4 ,hence the extreme disadvantage it is for them to be born in a very rich family2 instead of coming into contact with beings who behave naturally to them1 they find themselves surrounded by maidservants and governesses1 who are already corrupted and blighted by wealth4#b ,there is nothing so foolish as a prince4 ,young girls soon see that they are slaves and begin to look about them very early2 they see everything1 but they are too ignorant to see properly4 ,a woman of thirty in ,france has not the acquired knowledge of a small boy of fifteen1 a woman of fifty has not the reason of a man of twenty-five4 ,look at ,madame de ,svign admiring ,louis ,,xiv's most ridiculous actions4 ,look at the puerility of ,madame d'pinay's reasonings4#c ,women ought to nurse and look after their children4 ,i deny the first proposition1 ,i allow the second4 ,they ought1 moreover1 to keep their kitchen accounts4--,and ,pg #bbf so have not time to equal a small boy of fifteen in acquired knowledge6 ,men must be judges1 bankers1 barristers1 merchants1 doctors1 clergymen1 etc41 and yet they find time to read ,fox's speeches and the ,lusiad of ,camons4 ,the ,pekin magistrate1 who hastens at an early hour to the law courts in order to find the means of imprisoning and ruining1 in perfect good faith1 a poor journalist who has incurred the displeasure of an ,under-,secretary of ,state1 with whom he had the honour of dining the day before1 is surely as busy as his wife1 who keeps her kitchen accounts1 gets stockings made for her little daughter1 sees her through her dancing and piano lessons1 receives a visit from the vicar of the parish who brings her the ,quotidienne1 and then goes to choose a hat in the ,rue de ,richelieu and take a turn in the ,tuileries4 ,in the midst of his noble occupations this magistrate still finds time to think of this walk his wife is taking in the ,tuileries1 and1 if he were in as good odour with the ,power that rules the universe as with that which rules the ,state1 he would pray ,heaven to grant women1 for their own good1 eight or ten hours more sleep4 ,in the present condition of society1 leisure1 which for man is the source of all his happiness and all his riches1 is for women so far from being an advantage as to rank among those baneful liberties1 from which the worthy magistrate would wish to help deliver us4 #a ,i regret to be unable to find in the ,italian manuscript the quotation of an official source for this fact2 ,i hope it may be found possible to deny it4 #b ,memoirs of ,madame de ,stal1 ,coll1 ,duclos1 the ,margrave of ,bayreuth4 #c ,the first volume4 ,pg #bbg ,,chapter ,,lv7#dc7 ,,objections ,,to ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,women ,but women are charged with the petty labours of the household4 ,the ,colonel of my regiment1 ,m4 ,s----1 has four daughters1 brought up on the best principles1 which means that they work all day4 ,when ,i come1 they sing the music of ,rossini1 that ,i brought them from ,naples4 ,for the rest1 they read the ,bible of ,royaumont1 they learn what's most foolish in history1 that is to say1 chronological tables and the verses of ,le ,ragois2 they know a great deal of geography1 embroider admirably--and ,i expect that each of these pretty little girls could earn1 by her work1 eight sous a day4 ,taking three hundred days1 that means four hundred and eighty francs a year1 which is less than is given to one of their masters4 ,it is for four hundred and eighty francs a year that they lose for ever the time1 during which it is granted to the human machine to acquire ideas4 ,if women read with pleasure the ten or twelve good volumes that appear every year in ,europe1 they will soon give up the care of their children4--',tis as if we feared1 by planting the shore of the ocean with trees1 to stop the motion of the waves4 ,it is not in this sense that education is all-powerful4 ,besides1 for four hundred years the same objection has been offered to every sort of education4 ,and yet a ,parisian woman has more good qualities in #ahbj than she ever had in #agbj1 the age of ,law's system and the ,regency1 and at that time the daughter of the richest farmer-general had a less good education ,pg #bbh than the daughter of the pettiest attorney gets to-day4 ,are her household duties less well performed as a result8 ,certainly not4 ,and why8 ,because poverty1 illness1 shame1 instinct1 all force her to fulfil them4 ,it is as if you said of an officer who is becoming too sociable1 that he will forget how to handle his horse2 you have to remember that he'll break his arm the first time he's slack in the saddle4 ,knowledge1 where it produces any bad effects at all1 does as much mischief to one sex as to the other4 ,we shall never lack vanity1 even in the completest absence of any reason for having it--look at the middle class in a small town4 ,why not force it at least to repose on real merit1 on merit useful or agreeable to society8 ,demi-fools1 carried away by the revolution that is changing everything in ,france1 began twenty years ago to allow that women are capable of something4 ,but they must give themselves up to occupations becoming their sex3 educate flowers1 make friendships with birds1 and pick up plants4 ,these are called innocent amusements4 ,these innocent pleasures are better than idleness4 ,well6 let's leave them to stupid women2 just as we leave to stupid men the glory of composing verses for the birthday of the master of the house4 ,but do men in good faith really mean to suggest to ,madame ,roland or to ,mistress ,hutchinson#a that they should spend their time in tending a little ,bengal rose-bush8 ,all such reasoning can be reduced to this3 a man likes to be able to say of his slave3 ,she's too big a fool to be a knave4 ,but owing to a certain law called sympathy--a law of nature which1 in truth1 vulgar eyes never perceive--the defects in the companion of your life are not destructive of your happiness by reason only of the direct ill they ,pg #bbi can occasion you4 ,i would almost prefer that my wife should1 in a moment of anger1 attempt to stab me once a year1 than that she should welcome me every evening with bad spirits4 ,finally1 happiness is contagious among people who live together4 ,let your mistress have passed the morning1 while you were on parade or at the ,house of ,commons1 in painting a rose after a masterpiece of ,redout1 or in reading a volume of ,shakespeare1 her pleasure therein will have been equally innocent4 ,only1 with the ideas that she has got from her rose she will soon bore you on your return1 and1 indeed1 she will crave to go out in the evening among people to seek sensations a little more lively4 ,suppose1 on the contrary1 she has read ,shakespeare1 she is as tired as you are1 she has had as much pleasure1 and she will be happier to give you her arm for a solitary walk in the ,bois de ,vincennes than to appear at the smartest party4 ,the pleasures of the fashionable world are not meant for happy women4 ,women have1 of course1 all ignorant men for enemies to their instruction4 ,to-day they spend their time with them1 they make love to them and are well received by them2 what would become of them if women began to get tired of ,boston8 ,when we return from ,america or the ,west ,indies with a tanned skin and manners that for six months remain somewhat coarse1 how would these fellows answer our stories1 if they had not this phrase3 ,as for us1 the women are on our side4 ,while you were at ,new ,york the colour of tilburies has changed2 it's grey-black that's fashionable at present4 ,and we listen attentively1 for such knowledge is useful4 ,such and such a pretty woman will not look at us if our carriage is in bad taste4 ,these same fools1 who think themselves obliged1 in virtue of the pre-eminence of their sex1 to have more knowledge than women1 would be ruined past all hope1 if ,pg #bcj women had the audacity to learn something4 ,a fool of thirty says to himself1 as he looks at some little girls of twelve at the country house of one of his friends3 ,it's in their company that ,i shall spend my life ten years from now4 ,we can imagine his exclamations and his terror1 if he saw them studying something useful4 ,instead of the society and conversation of effeminate men1 an educated woman1 if she has acquired ideas without losing the graces of her sex1 can always be sure of finding among the most distinguished men of her age a consideration verging on enthusiasm4 ,women would become the rivals instead of the companions of man4 ,yes1 as soon as you have suppressed love by edict4 ,while we are waiting for this fine law1 love will redouble its charms and its ecstasy4 ,these are the plain facts3 the basis on which crystallisation rests will be widened2 man will be able to take pleasure in all his ideas in company of the woman he loves2 nature in all its entirety will in their eyes receive new charms2 and as ideas always reflect some of the refinements of character1 they will understand each other better and will be guilty of fewer imprudent acts--love will be less blind and will produce less unhappiness4 ,the desire of pleasing secures all that delicacy and reserve which are of such inestimable value to women from the influence of any scheme of education4 ',tis as though you feared teaching the nightingales not to sing in the spring-time4 ,the graces of women do not depend on their ignorance2 look at the worthy spouses of our village bourgeois1 look at the wives of the opulent merchants in ,england4 ,affectation is a kind of pedantry2 for ,i call pedantry the affectation of letting myself talk out of season of a dress by ,leroy or a novel by ,romagnesi1 just as much as the affectation of quoting ,fra ,paolo7#df7 and the ,council of ,trent propos of a discussion on our own mild missionaries4 ,it is the pedantry of dress and good form1 it ,pg #bca is the necessity of saying exactly the conventional phrase about ,rossini1 which kills the graces of ,parisian women4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of the terrible effects of this contagious malady1 is it not in ,paris that exist the most delightful women in ,france8 ,would not the reason be that chance filled their heads with the most just and interesting ideas8 ,well1 it is these very ideas that ,i expect from books4 ,i shall not1 of course1 suggest that they read ,grotius of ,puffendorf1 now that we have ,tracy's7#dg7 commentary on ,montesquieu4 ,woman's delicacy depends on the hazardous position in which she finds herself so early placed1 on the necessity of spending her life in the midst of cruel and fascinating enemies4 ,there are1 perhaps1 fifty thousand females in ,great ,britain who are exempted by circumstances from all necessary labour3 but without work there is no happiness4 ,passion forces itself to work1 and to work of an exceedingly rough kind--work that employs the whole activity of one's being4 ,a woman with four children and ten thousand francs income works by making stockings or a frock for her daughter4 ,but it cannot be allowed that a woman who has her own carriage is working when she does her embroidery or a piece of tapestry4 ,apart from some faint glow of vanity1 she cannot possibly have any interest in what she is doing4 ,she does not work4 ,and thus her happiness runs a grave risk4 ,and what is more1 so does the happiness of her lord and master1 for a woman whose heart for two months has been enlivened by no other interest than that of her needlework1 may be so insolent as to imagine that gallant-love1 vanity-love1 or1 in fine1 even physical love1 is a very great happiness in comparison with her habitual condition4 ,a woman ought not to make people speak about ,pg #bcb her4 ,to which ,i answer once more3 ,is any woman specially mentioned as being able to read8 ,and what is to prevent women1 while awaiting a revolution in their destiny1 from hiding a study which forms their habitual occupation and furnishes them every day with an honourable share of happiness4 ,i will reveal a secret to them by the way4 ,when you have given yourself a task--for example1 to get a clear idea about the conspiracy of ,fiescho7#dh71 at ,genoa in #aedg--the most insipid book becomes interesting4 ,the same is true1 in love1 of meeting someone quite indifferent1 who has just seen the person whom you love4 ,this interest is doubled every month1 until you give up the conspiracy of ,fiescho4 ,the true theatre for a woman is the sick-chamber4 ,but you must be careful to secure that the divine goodness redoubles the frequency of illnesses1 in order to give occupation to our women4 ,this is arguing from the exceptional4 ,moreover1 ,i maintain that a woman ought to spend three or four hours of leisure every day1 just as men of sense spend their hours of leisure4 ,a young mother1 whose little son has the measles1 could not1 even if she would1 find pleasure in reading ,volney's ,travels in ,syria1 any more than her husband1 a rich banker1 could get pleasure out of meditating on ,malthus in the midst of bankruptcy4 ,there is one1 and only one1 way for rich women to distinguish themselves from the vulgar3 moral superiority4 ,for in this there is a natural distinction of feeling4#b ,we do not wish a lady to write books4 ,no1 but does giving your daughter a singing-master engage you to make her into an opera-singer8 ,if you ,pg #bcc like1 ,i'll say that a woman ought only to write1 like ,madame de ,stal 7de ,launay71 posthumous works to be published after her death4 ,for a woman of less than fifty to publish is to risk her happiness in the most terrible lottery3 if she has the good fortune to have a lover1 she will begin by losing him4 ,i know but one exception3 it is that of a woman who writes books in order to keep or bring up her family4 ,in that case she ought always to confine herself to their money-value when talking of her own works1 and say1 for example1 to a cavalry major3 ,your rank gives you four thousand francs a year1 and ,i1 with my two translations from the ,english1 was able last year to devote an extra three thousand five hundred francs to the education of my two boys4 ,otherwise1 a woman should publish as ,baron d',holbach or ,madame de la ,fayette did2 their best friends knew nothing of it4 ,to print a book can only be without inconvenience for a courtesan2 the vulgar1 who can despise her at their will for her condition1 will exalt her to the heavens for her talent1 and even make a cult of it4 ,many men in ,france1 among those who have an income of six thousand francs1 find their habitual source of happiness in literature1 without thinking of publishing anything2 to read a good book is for them one of the greatest pleasures4 ,at the end of ten years they find that their mind is enlarged twofold1 and no one will deny that1 in general1 the larger the mind the fewer will be its passions incompatible with the happiness of others4#c ,i don't suppose anyone will still deny that the sons of a woman who reads ,gibbon and ,schiller will have more genius than the children of one who tells her beads and reads ,madame de ,genlis4 ,a young barrister1 a merchant1 an engineer can be ,pg #bcd launched on life without any education2 they pick it up themselves every day by practising their profession4 ,but what resources have their wives for acquiring estimable or necessary qualities8 ,hidden in the solitude of their household1 for them the great book of life necessarily remains shut4 ,they spend always in the same way1 after discussing the accounts with their cook1 the three louis they get every ,monday from their husbands4 ,i say this in the interest of the tyrant3 the least of men1 if he is twenty and has nice rosy cheeks1 is a danger to a woman with no knowledge1 because she is wholly a creature of instinct4 ,in the eyes of a woman of intellect he will produce as much effect as a handsome lackey4 ,the amusing thing in present-day education is that you teach young girls nothing that they won't have to forget as soon as they are married4 ,it needs four hours a day1 for six years1 to learn to play the harp well2 to paint well in miniature or water-colours needs half that time4 ,most young girls do not attain even to a tolerable mediocrity--hence the very true saying3 ,amateur means smatterer4#d ,and even supposing a young girl has some talent2 three years after she is married she won't take up her harp or her brushes once a month4 ,these objects of so much study now only bore her--unless chance has given her the soul of an artist1 and this is always a rarity and scarcely helpful in the management of a household4 ,and thus under the vain pretext of decency you teach young girls nothing that can give them guidance in the circumstances they will encounter in their lives4 ,you do more--you hide and deny these circumstances in order to add to their strength1 through the effect 7i7 of surprise1 and 7ii7 of mistrust2 for education1 once ,pg #bce found deceitful1 must bring mistrust on education as a whole4#e ,i maintain that one ought to talk of love to girls who have been well brought up4 ,who will dare suggest in good faith that1 in the actual state of our manners1 girls of sixteen do not know of the existence of love8 ,from whom do they get this idea so important and so difficult to give properly8 ,think of ,julie d'tanges deploring the knowledge that she owes to la ,chaillot1 one of the maidservants4 ,one must thank ,rousseau for having dared be a true painter in an age of false decency4 ,the present-day education of women being perhaps the most delightful absurdity in modern ,europe1 strictly speaking the less education they have1 the better they are4#f ,it is for this reason perhaps that in ,italy and ,spain they are so superior to the men1 and ,i will even say so superior to the women of other countries4 #a ,see the ,memoirs of these admirable women4 ,i could find other names to quote1 but they are unknown to the public1 and moreover one cannot even point to living merit4 #b ,see ,mistress ,hutchinson refusing to be of use to her family and her husband1 whom she adored1 by betraying certain of the regicides to the ministers of the perjured ,charles ,,ii4 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhd47 #c ,it is this that gives me great hopes for the rising generation among the privileged classes4 ,i also hope that any husbands who read this chapter will be milder despots for three days4 #d ,the contrary of this proverb is true in ,italy1 where the loveliest voices are heard among amateurs who have no connection with the theatre4 #e ,the education given to ,madame d'pinay4 7,memoirs1 ,vol4 ,i47 #f ,i make an exception as regards education in manners3 a woman enters a drawing-room better in ,rue ,verte than in ,rue ,st4 ,martin4 ,pg #bcf ,,chapter ,,lvi7#dc7 ,,objections ,,to ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,women 7continued7 ,in ,france all our ideas about women are got from a twopence-halfpenny catechism4 ,the delightful part of it is that many people1 who would not allow the authority of this book to regulate a matter of fifty francs1 foolishly follow it word for word in that which bears most nearly on their happiness4 ,such is the vanity of nineteenth-century ways6 ,there must be no divorce because marriage is a mystery--and what mystery8 ,the emblem of the union of ,jesus ,christ with the ,church4 ,and what had become of this mystery1 if the ,church had been given a name of the masculine gender8#a ,but let us pass over prejudices already giving way1#b and let us merely observe this singular ,pg #bcg spectacle3 the root of the tree sapped by the axe of ridicule1 but the branches continuing to flower4 ,now to return to the observation of facts and their consequences4 ,in both sexes it is on the manner in which youth has been employed that depends the fate of extreme old age--this is true for women earlier than for men4 ,how is a woman of forty-five received in society8 ,severely1 or more often in a way that is below her dignity4 ,women are flattered at twenty and abandoned at forty4 ,a woman of forty-five is of importance only by reason of her children or her lover4 ,a mother who excels in the fine arts can communicate her talent to her son only in the extremely rare case1 where he has received from nature precisely the soul for this talent4 ,but a mother of intellect and culture will give her young son a grasp not only of all merely agreeable talents1 but also of all talents that are useful to man in society2 and he will be able to make his own choice4 ,the barbarism of the ,turks depends in great part on the state of moral degradation among the beautiful ,georgians4 ,two young men born at ,paris owe to their mothers the incontestable superiority that they show at sixteen over the young provincials of their age4 ,it is from sixteen to twenty-five that the luck turns4 ,the men who invented gunpowder1 printing1 the art of weaving1 contribute every day to our happiness1 and the same is true of the ,montesquieus1 the ,racines and the ,la ,fontaines4 ,now the number of geniuses produced by a nation is in proportion to the number of men receiving sufficient culture1#c and there is nothing to prove to me that my bootmaker has not the soul to write like ,pg #bch ,corneille4 ,he wants the education necessary to develop his feelings and teach him to communicate them to the public4#d ,owing to the present system of girls' education1 all geniuses who are born women are lost to the public good4 ,so soon as chance gives them the means of displaying themselves1 you see them attain to talents the most difficult to acquire4 ,in our own days you see a ,catherine ,,ii1 who had no other education but danger and 4442 a ,madame ,roland2 an ,alessandra ,mari1 who raised a regiment in ,arezzo and sent it against the ,french2 a ,caroline1 ,queen of ,naples1 who knew how to put a stop to the contagion of liberalism better than all our ,castlereaghs and our ,pitts4 ,as for what stands in the way of women's superiority in works of art1 see the chapter on ,modesty1 article #i4 ,what might ,miss ,edgeworth not have done1 if the circumspection necessary to a young ,english girl had not forced her at the outset of her career to carry the pulpit into her novel8 ,what man is there1 in love or in marriage1 who has the good fortune to be able to communicate his thoughts1 just as they occur to him1 to the woman with whom he passes his life8 ,he may find a good heart that will share his sorrows1 but he is always obliged to turn his thoughts into small change if he wishes to be understood1 and it would be ridiculous to expect reasonable counsel from an intellect that has need of such a method in order to seize the facts4 ,the most perfect woman1 according to the ideas of present-day education1 leaves her partner isolated amid the dangers of life and soon runs the risk of wearying him4 ,pg #bci ,what an excellent counsellor would a man not find in a wife1 if only she could think--a counsellor1 after all1 whose interests1 apart from one single object1 and one which does not last beyond the morning of life1 are exactly identical with his own6 ,one of the finest prerogatives of the mind is that it provides old age with consideration4 ,see how the arrival of ,voltaire in ,paris makes the ,royal majesty pale4 ,but poor women6 so soon as they have no longer the brilliance of youth1 their one sad happiness is to be able to delude themselves on the part they take in society4 ,the ruins of youthful talents become merely ridiculous1 and it were a happiness for our women1 such as they actually are1 to die at fifty4 ,as for a higher morality--the clearer the mind1 the surer the conviction that justice is the only road to happiness4 ,genius is a power2 but still more is it a torch1 to light the way to the great art of being happy4 ,most men have a moment in their life when they are capable of great things--that moment when nothing seems impossible to them4 ,the ignorance of women causes this magnificent chance to be lost to the human race4 ,love1 nowadays1 at the very most will make a man a good horseman or teach him to choose his tailor4 ,i have no time to defend myself against the advances of criticism4 ,if my word could set up systems1 ,i should give girls1 as far as possible1 exactly the same education as boys4 ,as ,i have no intention of writing a book about everything and nothing1 ,i shall be excused from explaining in what regards the present education of men is absurd4 ,but taking it such as it is 7they are not taught the two premier sciences1 logic and ethics71 it is better1 ,i say1 to give this education to girls than merely to teach them to play the piano1 to paint in water-colours and to do needlework4 ,teach girls1 therefore1 reading1 writing and arithmetic by the monitorial7#dd7 system in the central convent ,pg #bdj schools1 in which the presence of any man1 except the masters1 should be severely punished4 ,the great advantage of bringing children together is that1 however narrow the masters may be1 in spite of them the children learn from their little comrades the art of living in the world and of managing conflicting interests4 ,a sensible master would explain their little quarrels and friendships to the children1 and begin his course of ethics in this way rather than with the story of the ,golden ,calf4#e ,no doubt some years hence the monitorial system will be applied to everything that is learnt2 but1 taking things as they actually are1 ,i would have girls learn ,latin like boys4 ,latin is a good subject because it accustoms one to be bored2 with ,latin should go history1 mathematics1 a knowledge of the plants useful as nourishment or medicine2 then logic and the moral sciences1 etc4 ,dancing1 music and drawing ought to begin at five4 ,at sixteen a girl ought to think about finding a husband1 and get from her mother right ideas on love1 marriage1 and the want of honesty that exists among men4#f #a ,tu es ,petrus1 and super hanc petram dificabo ,ecclesiam meam4 7,see ,m4 de ,potter1 ,histoire de l'glise47 #b ,religion is a matter between each man and the ,divinity4 ,by what right do you come and place yourself between my ,god and me8 ,i accept a proctor appointed by the social contract only in those matters which ,i cannot do myself4 ,why should not a ,frenchman pay his priest like his baker8 ,if we have good bread in ,paris1 the reason is that the ,state has not yet ventured to declare the provision of bread gratuitous and put all the bakers at the charge of the ,treasury4 ,in the ,united ,states every man pays his own priest4 ,these gentry are compelled to have some merit1 and my neighbour does not see good to make his happiness depend on submitting me to his priest4 7,letters of ,birkbeck47 ,what will happen if ,i have the conviction1 as our fathers did1 that my priest is the intimate ally of my bishop8 ,without a ,luther1 there will be no more ,catholicism in ,france in #ahej4 ,that religion could only be saved in #ahbj by ,m4 ,grgoire7#di73 see how he is treated4 #c ,see the ,generals of #agie4 #d ,as regards the arts1 here we have the great defect of a reasonable government as well as the sole reasonable eulogy of monarchy la ,louis ,,xiv4 ,look at the literary sterility of ,america4 ,not a single romance like those of ,robert ,burns or the ,spaniards of the thirteenth century4 ,see the admirable romances of the modern ,greeks1 those of the ,spaniards and ,danes of the thirteenth century1 and still better1 the ,arabic poetry of the seventh century4 #e ,my dear pupil1 your father loves you2 this makes him give me forty francs a month to teach you mathematics1 drawing--in a word1 how to earn your living4 ,if you were cold1 because your overcoat was too small1 your father would be unhappy4 ,he would be unhappy because he would sympathise1 etc41 etc4 ,but when you are eighteen1 you yourself will have to earn the money needed to buy your overcoat4 ,your father1 ,i have heard1 has an income of twenty-five thousand francs1 but there are four of you children2 therefore you will have to accustom yourself to do without the carriage you enjoy while you live with your father1 etc41 etc4 #f ,yesterday evening ,i listened to two charming little girls of four years old singing very gay love-songs in a swing which ,i was pushing4 ,the maidservants teach them these songs and their mother tells them that love and lover are words without any meaning4 ,pg #bda ,,chapter ,,lvi 7,part ,,ii7 ,,on ,,marriage ,the fidelity of married women1 where love is absent1 is probably something contrary to nature4#a ,men have attempted to obtain this unnatural result by the fear of hell and sentiments of religion2 the example of ,spain and ,italy shows how far they have succeeded4 ,in ,france they have attempted to obtain it by public opinion--the one dyke capable of resistance1 yet it has been badly built4 ,it is absurd to tell a young girl3 ,you must be faithful to the husband of your choice1 and then to marry her by force to a boring old dotard4#b ,pg #bdb ,but girls are pleased to get married4 ,because1 under the narrow system of present-day education1 the slavery that they undergo in their mother's house is intolerably tedious2 further1 they lack enlightenment2 and1 lastly1 there are the demands of nature4 ,there is but one way to obtain more fidelity among married women3 it is to give freedom to girls and divorce to married people4 ,a woman always loses the fairest days of her youth in her first marriage1 and by divorce she gives fools the chance of talking against her4 ,young women who have plenty of lovers have nothing to get from divorce1 and women of a certain age1 who have already had them1 hope to repair their reputation--in ,france they always succeed in doing so--by showing themselves extremely severe against the errors which have left them behind4 ,it is generally some wretched young woman1 virtuous and desperately in love1 who seeks a divorce1 and gets her good name blackened at the hands of women who have had fifty different men4 #a ,not probably--but certainly4 ,with love there1 one has no taste for any water but that of the beloved fount4 ,so far fidelity is natural4 ,in the case of marriage without love1 in less than two years the water of this fountain becomes bitter4 ,now the desire for water always exists in nature4 ,habits may conquer nature1 but only when it can be conquered in an instant3 the ,indian wife who burns herself 7,october #bast1 #ahba71 after the death of the old husband whom she hated2 the ,european girl who barbarously murders the innocent child to whom she has just given life4 ,but for a very high wall the monks would soon leave the monastery4 #b ,even down to details1 with us everything that regards the education of women is comic4 ,for example1 in #ahbj1 under the rule of these very nobles who have proscribed divorce1 the ,home ,office sends to the town of ,lon a bust and a statue of ,gabrielle d',estres4 ,the statue is to be set up in the public square1 apparently to spread love of the ,bourbons among the young girls and to exhort them1 in case of need1 not to be cruel to amorous kings and to give scions to this illustrious family4 ,but1 in return1 the same office refuses the town of ,lon a bust of ,marshal ,serrurier1 a brave man who was no gallant1 and moreover had been so vulgar as to begin his career by the trade of private soldier4 7,speech of ,general ,foy1 ,courrier of #agth ,june1 #ahbj4 ,dulaure1 in his curious ,history of ,paris1 ,amours of ,henry ,,iv47 ,pg #bdc ,,chapter ,,lvii ,,of ,,virtue1 ,,so ,,called ,myself1 ,i honour with the name of virtue the habit of doing painful actions which are of use to others4 ,st4 ,simon ,stylites1 who sits twenty-two years on the top of a column beating himself with a strap1 is in my eyes1 ,i confess1 not at all virtuous2 and it is this that gives this essay a tone only too unprincipled4 ,i esteem not a bit more the ,chartreux monk who eats nothing but fish and allows himself to talk only on ,thursday4 ,i own ,i prefer ,general ,carnot1 who1 at an advanced age1 puts up with the rigours of exile in a little northern town rather than do a base action4 ,i have some hope that this extremely vulgar declaration will lead the reader to skip the rest of this chapter4 ,this morning1 a holiday1 at ,pesaro 7,may #gth1 #ahai71 being obliged to go to ,mass1 ,i got hold of a ,missal and fell upon these words3-- ,joanna1 ,alphonsi quinti ,lusitaniae regis filia1 tanta divini amoris flamma praeventa fuit1 ut ab ipsa pueritia rerum caducarum pertaesa1 solo coelestis patriae desiderio flagraret4 ,the virtue so touchingly preached by the very beautiful words of the ,gnie du ,christianisme7#ej7 is thus reduced to not eating truffles for fear of a stomach-ache4 ,it is quite a reasonable calculation1 if you believe in hell2 but it is a self-interested calculation1 the most personal and prosaic possible4 ,that philosophic virtue1 which so well explains the return of ,regulus to ,carthage1 and which was responsible for some similar incidents in our ,pg #bdd own ,revolution1#a proves1 on the contrary1 generosity of soul4 ,it is merely in order not to be burned in the next world1 in a great caldron of boiling oil1 that ,madame de ,tourvel resists ,valmont4 ,i cannot imagine how the idea1 with all its ignominy1 of being the rival of a caldron of boiling oil does not drive ,valmont away4 ,how much more touching is ,julie d'tanges1 respecting her vows and the happiness of ,m4 de ,wolmar4 ,what ,i say of ,madame de ,tourvel1 ,i find applicable to the lofty virtue of ,mistress ,hutchinson4 ,what a soul did ,puritanism steal away from love6 ,one of the oddest peculiarities of this world is that men always think they know whatever it is clearly necessary for them to know4 ,hear them talk about politics1 that very complicated science2 hear them talk of marriage and morals4 #a ,memoirs of ,madame ,roland4 ,m4 ,grangeneuve1 who goes out for a walk at eight o'clock in a certain street1 in order to be killed by the ,capuchin ,chabot4 ,a death was thought expedient in the cause of liberty4 ,pg #bde ,,chapter ,,lviii ,,state ,,of ,,europe ,,with ,,regard ,,to ,,marriage ,so far we have only treated the question of marriage according to theory2#a we are now to treat it according to the facts4 ,which of all countries is that in which there are the most happy marriages8 ,without dispute1 ,protestant ,germany7#eb74 ,i extract the following fragment from the diary of ,captain ,salviati1 without changing a single word in it3-- ,halberstadt1 ,june #bcrd1 #ahjg4444 ,nevertheless1 ,m4 de ,blow is absolutely and openly in love with ,mademoiselle de ,feltheim2 he follows her about everywhere1 always1 talks to her unceasingly1 and very often keeps her yards away from us4 ,such open marks of affection shock society1 break it up--and on the banks of the ,seine would pass for the height of indecency4 ,the ,germans think much less than we do about what breaks up society2 indecency is little more than a conventional evil4 ,for five years ,m4 de ,blow has been paying court in this way to ,mina1 whom he has been unable to marry owing to the war4 ,all the young ladies in society have their lover1 and he is known to everyone4 ,among all the ,german acquaintances of my friend ,m4 de ,mermann7#ec7 there is not a single one who has not married for love4 ,mermann1 his brother ,george1 ,m4 de ,voigt1 ,m4 de ,pg #bdf ,lazing1 etc4 ,he has just given me the names of a dozen of them4 ,the open and passionate way in which these lovers pay their court to their mistresses would be the height of indecency1 absurdity and shame in ,france4 ,mermann told me this evening1 as we were returning from the ,chasseur ,vert1 that1 among all the women of his very numerous family1 he did not suppose there was a single one who had deceived her husband4 ,allowing that he is wrong about half of them1 it is still a singular country4 ,his shady proposal to his sister-in-law1 ,madame de ,munichow1 whose family is about to die out for want of male heirs and its very considerable possessions revert to the crown1 coldly received1 but merely with3 ',let's hear no more of that4' ,he tells the divine ,philippine 7who has just obtained a divorce from her husband1 who only wanted to sell her to his ,sovereign7 something about it in very covert terms4 ,unfeigned indignation1 toned down in its expression instead of being exaggerated3 ',have you1 then1 no longer any respect for our sex8 ,i prefer to think1 for the sake of your honour1 that you're joking4' ,during a journey to the ,brocken with this really beautiful woman1 she reclined on his shoulder while asleep or pretending to sleep2 a jolt threw her somewhat on to the top of him1 and he put his arm round her waist2 she threw herself into the other corner of the carriage4 ,he doesn't think that she is incorruptible1 but he believes that she would kill herself the day after her mistake4 ,what is certain is that he loved her passionately and that he was similarly loved by her1 that they saw each other continually and that she is without reproach4 ,but the sun is very pale at ,halberstadt1 the ,government very meddling1 and these two persons very cold4 ,in their most passionate interviews ,kant and ,klopstock were always of the party4 ,pg #bdg ,mermann told me that a married man1 convicted of adultery1 could be condemned by the courts of ,brunswick to ten years' imprisonment2 the law has fallen into disuse1 but at least ensures that people do not joke about this sort of affair4 ,the distinction of being a man with a past is very far from being such an advantage here as it is in ,france1 where you can scarcely refuse it a married man in his presence without insulting him4 ,anyone who told my ,colonel or ,ch444 that they no longer have women since their marriage would get a very poor reception4 ,some years ago a woman of this country1 in a fit of religious fervour1 told her husband1 a gentleman of the ,court of ,brunswick1 that she had deceived him for six years together4 ,the husband1 as big a fool as his wife1 went to tell the news to the ,duke2 the gallant was obliged to resign all his employments and to leave the country in twenty-four hours1 under a threat from the ,duke to put the laws in motion4 ,,halberstadt1 ,july #gth1 #ahjg4 ,husbands are not deceived here1 'tis true--but ye gods1 what women6 ,statues1 masses scarcely organic6 ,before marriage they are exceedingly attractive1 graceful as gazelles1 with quick tender eyes that always understand the least hint of love4 ,the reason is that they are on the look out for a husband4 ,so soon as the husband is found1 they become absolutely nothing but getters of children1 in a state of perpetual adoration before the begetter4 ,in a family of four or five children there must always be one of them ill1 since half the children die before seven1 and in this country1 immediately one of the babies is ill1 the mother goes out no more4 ,i can see that they find an indescribable pleasure in being caressed by their children4 ,little by little they lose all their ideas4 ,it is the same at ,philadelphia4 ,there girls of the wildest and most innocent gaiety become1 in less ,pg #bdh than a year1 the most boring of women4 ,to have done with the marriages of ,protestant ,germany--a wife's dowry is almost nil because of the fiefs4 ,mademoiselle de ,diesdorff1 daughter of a man with an income of forty thousand francs1 will have a dowry of perhaps two thousand crowns 7seven thousand five hundred francs74 ,m4 de ,mermann got four thousand crowns with his wife4 ,the rest of the dowry is payable in vanity at the ,court4 ',one could find among the middle class1' ,mermann told me1 'matches with a hundred or a hundred and fifty thousand crowns 7six hundred thousand francs instead of fifteen74 ,but one could no longer be presented at ,court2 one would be barred all society in which a prince or princess appeared3 it's terrible4' ,these were his words1 and they came from the heart4 ,a ,german woman with the soul of ,phi4441 her intellect1 her noble and sensitive face1 the fire she must have had at eighteen 7she is now twenty-seven71 a woman such as this country produces1 with her virtue1 naturalness and no more than a useful little dose of religion--such a woman would no doubt make her husband very happy4 ,but how flatter oneself that one would remain true to such insipid matrons8 ',but he was married1' she answered me this morning when ,i blamed the four years'silence of ,corinne's lover1 ,lord ,oswald4 ,she sat up till three o'clock to read ,corinne4 ,the novel gave her profound emotion1 and now she answers me with touching candour3 ',but he was married4' ,phi444 is so natural1 with so naive a sensibility1 that even in this land of the natural1 she seems a prude to the petty heads that govern petty hearts2 their witticisms make her sick1 and she in no way hides it4 ,when she is in good company1 she laughs like mad at the most lively jokes4 ,it was she who told me the story of the young princess of sixteen1 later on so well known4 ,pg #bdi who often managed to make the officer on guard at her door come up into her rooms4 ,,switzerland ,i know few families happier than those of the ,oberland1 the part of ,switzerland that lies round ,berne2 and it is a fact of public notoriety 7#ahaf7 that the girls there spend ,saturday to ,sunday nights with their lovers4 ,the fools who know the world1 after a voyage from ,paris to ,saint ,cloud1 will cry out2 happily ,i find in a ,swiss writer confirmation of what ,i myself#b saw during four months4 ,an honest peasant complained of certain losses he had sustained in his orchard2 ,i asked him why he didn't keep a dog3 ',my daughters would never get married4' ,i did not understand his answer2 he told me he had had such a bad-tempered dog that none of the young men dared climb up to the windows any longer4 ,another peasant1 mayor of his village1 told me in praise of his wife1 that when she was a girl no one had had more ,kilter or ,wchterer--that is1 had had more young men come to spend the night with her4 ,a ,colonel1 widely esteemed1 was forced1 while crossing the mountains1 to spend the night at the bottom of one of the most lonely and picturesque valleys in the country4 ,he lodged with the first magistrate in the valley1 a man rich and of good repute4 ,on entering1 the stranger noticed a young girl of sixteen1 a model of gracefulness1 freshness and simplicity3 she was the daughter of the master of the house4 ,that night there was a village ball2 the stranger paid court to the girl1 who was really strikingly beautiful4 ,at last1 screwing up courage1 he ventured to ask her whether he couldn't 'keep watch' with her4 ',no1' answered the girl1 ',i share a room with my cousin1 but ,i'll come myself to yours4' ,you can judge ,pg #bej of the confusion this answer gave him4 ,they had supper1 the stranger got up1 the girl took a torch and followed him into his room2 he imagined the moment was at hand4 ',oh no1' she said simply1 ',i must first ask ,mamma's permission4' ,he would have been less staggered by a thunderbolt6 ,she went out2 his courage revived2 he slipped into these good folks' parlour1 and listened to the girl begging her mother in a caressing tone to grant her the desired permission2 in the end she got it4 ',eh1 old man1' said the mother to her husband who was already in bed1 'd'you allow ,trineli to spend the night with the ,colonel8' ',with all my heart1' answers the father1 ',i think ,i'd lend even my wife to such a man4' ',right then1 go1' says the mother to ,trineli2 'but be a good girl1 and don't take off your petticoat444' ,at day-break1 ,trineli1 respected by the stranger1 rose still virgin4 ,she arranged the bedclothes1 prepared coffee and cream for her partner and1 after she had breakfasted with him1 seated on his bed1 cut off a little piece of her broustpletz 7a piece of velvet going over the breast74 ',here1' she said1 'keep this souvenir of a happy night2 ,i shall never forget it4--,why are you a ,colonel8' ,and giving him a last kiss1 she ran away2 he didn't manage to see her again4#c ,here you have the absolute opposite of ,french morals1 and ,i am far from approving them4 ,were ,i a legislator1 ,i would have people adopt in ,france1 as in ,germany1 the custom of evening dances4 ,three times a week girls would go with their mothers to a ball1 beginning at seven and ending at midnight1 and demanding no other outlay but a violin and a few glasses of water4 ,in a neighbouring room the mothers1 maybe a little jealous of their daughters' happy education1 ,pg #bea would play boston2 in a third1 the fathers would find papers and could talk politics4 ,between midnight and one o'clock all the families would collect together and return to the paternal roof4 ,girls would get to know young men2 they would soon come to loathe fatuity and the indiscretions it is responsible for--in fact they would choose themselves husbands4 ,some girls would have unhappy love-affairs1 but the number of deceived husbands and unhappy matches would diminish to an immense degree4 ,it would then be less absurd to attempt to punish infidelity with dishonour4 ,the law could say to young women3 ,you have chosen your husband--be faithful to him4 ,in those circumstances ,i would allow the indictment and punishment by the courts of what the ,english call criminal conversation4 ,the courts could impose1 to the profit of prisons and hospitals1 a fine equal to two-thirds of the seducer's fortune and imprisonment for several years4 ,a woman could be indicted for adultery before a jury4 ,the jury should first declare that the husband's conduct had been irreproachable4 ,a woman1 if convicted1 could be condemned to imprisonment for life4 ,if the husband had been absent more than two years1 the woman could not be condemned to more than some years' imprisonment4 ,public morals would soon model themselves on these laws and would perfect them4#d ,pg #beb ,and then the nobles and the priests1 still regretting bitterly the proper times of ,madame de ,montespan or ,madame du ,barry1 would be forced to allow divorce4#e ,there would be in a village within sight of ,paris an asylum for unfortunate women1 a house of refuge into which1 under pain of the galleys1 no man besides the doctor and the almoner should enter4 ,a woman who wished to get a divorce would be bound1 first of all1 to go and place herself as prisoner in this asylum2 there she would spend two years without going out once4 ,she could write1 but never receive an answer4 ,a council composed of peers of ,france and certain magistrates of repute would direct1 in the woman's name1 the proceedings for a divorce and would regulate the pension to be paid to the institution by the husband4 ,a woman who failed in her plea before the courts would be allowed to spend the rest of her life in the asylum4 ,the ,government would compensate the administration of the asylum with a sum of two thousand francs for each woman who sought its refuge4 ,to be received in the asylum1 a woman must have had a dowry of over twenty thousand francs4 ,the moral rgime would be one of extreme severity4 ,after two years of complete seclusion from the world1 a divorced woman could marry again4 ,once arrived at this point1 ,parliament could consider ,pg #bec whether1 in order to infuse in girls a spirit of emulation1 it would not be advisable to allow the sons a share of the paternal heritage double that of their sisters4 ,the daughters who did not find husbands would have a share equal to that of the male children4 ,it may be remarked1 by the way1 that this system would1 little by little1 destroy the only too inconvenient custom of marriages of convenience4 ,the possibility of divorce would render useless such outrageous meanness4 ,at various points in ,france1 and in certain poor villages1 thirty abbeys for old maids should be established4 ,the ,government should endeavour to surround these establishments with consideration1 in order to console a little the sorrows of the poor women who were to end their lives there4 ,they should be given all the toys of dignity4 ,but enough of such chimeras6 #a ,the author had read a chapter called ,dell' amore1 in the ,italian translation of the ,idologie of ,m4 de ,tracy7#ea74 ,in that chapter the reader will find ideas incomparable1 in philosophical importance1 with anything he can find here4 #b ,principes philosophiques du ,colonel ,weiss1 #g ed41,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bde4 #c ,i am fortunate to be able to describe in the words of another some extraordinary facts that ,i have had occasion to observe4 ,certainly1 but for ,m4 de ,weiss1 ,i shouldn't have related this glimpse of foreign customs4 ,i have omitted others equally characteristic of ,valencia and ,vienna4 #d ,the ,examiner1 an ,english paper1 when giving a report of the ,queen's case 7,no4 #ffb1 ,september #crd1 #ahbj71 adds3-- ,we have a system of sexual morality1 under which thousands of women become mercenary prostitutes whom virtuous women are taught to scorn1 while virtuous men retain the privilege of frequenting these very women1 without its being regarded as anything more than a venial offence4 ,in the land of ,cant there is something noble in the courage that dares speak the truth on this subject1 however trivial and obvious it be2 it is all the more meritorious in a poor paper1 which can only hope for success if bought by the rich--and they look on the bishops and the ,bible as the one safeguard of their fine feathers4 #e ,madame de ,svign wrote to her daughter1 ,december #bcrd1 #afga3 ,i don't know if you have heard that ,villarceaux1 when talking to the king of a post for his son1 adroitly took the occasion to tell him1 that there were people busy telling his niece 7,mademoiselle de ,rouxel7 that his ,majesty had designs on her2 that if it were so1 he begged his ,majesty to make use of him2 said that the affair would be better in his hands than in others1 and that he would discharge it with success4 ,the ,king began to laugh and said3 ',villarceaux1 we are too old1 you and ,i1 to attack young ladies of fifteen4' ,and like a gallant man1 he laughed at him and told the ladies what he had said4 ,see ,memoirs of ,lauzun1 ,bezenval1 ,madame d'pinay1 etc41 etc1 ,i beg my readers not to condemn me altogether without re-reading these ,memoirs4 ,pg #bed ,,chapter ,,lix ,,werther ,,and ,,don ,,juan ,among young people1 when they have done with mocking at some poor lover1 and he has left the room1 the conversation generally ends by discussing the question1 whether it is better to deal with women like ,mozart's ,don ,juan or like ,werther4 ,the contrast would be more exact1 if ,i had said ,saint-,preux1 but he is so dull a personage1 that in making him their representative1 ,i should be wronging feeling hearts4 ,don ,juan's character requires the greater number of useful and generally esteemed virtues--admirable daring1 resourcefulness1 vivacity1 a cool head1 a witty mind1 etc4 ,the ,don ,juans have great moments of bitterness and a very miserable old age--but then most men do not reach old age4 ,the lover plays a poor rle in the drawing-room in the evening1 because to be a success and a power among women a man must show just as much keenness on winning them as on a game of billiards4 ,as everybody knows that the lover has a great interest in life1 he exposes himself1 for all his cleverness1 to mockery4 ,only1 next morning he wakes1 not to be in a bad temper until something piquant or something nasty turns up to revive him1 but to dream of her he loves and build castles in the air for love to dwell in4 ,love la ,werther opens the soul to all the arts1 to all sweet and romantic impressions1 to the moonlight1 to the beauty of the forest1 to the beauty of pictures--in a word1 to the feeling and enjoyment of the beautiful1 ,pg #bee under whatever form it be found1 even under the coarsest cloak4 ,it causes man to find happiness even without riches4#a ,such souls1 instead of growing weary like ,mielhan1 ,bezenval1 etc41 go mad1 like ,rousseau1 from an excess of sensibility4 ,women endowed with a certain elevation of soul1 who1 after their first youth1 know how to recognise love1 both where it is and what it is1 generally escape the ,don ,juan--he is remarkable in their eyes rather by the number than the quality of his conquests4 ,observe1 to the prejudice of tender hearts1 that publicity is as necessary to ,don ,juan's triumph as secrecy is to ,werther's4 ,most of the men who make women the business of their life are born in the lap of luxury2 that is to say1 they are1 as a result of their education and the example set by everything that surrounded them in youth1 hardened egoists4#b ,the real ,don ,juan even ends by looking on women as the enemy1 and rejoicing in their misfortunes of every sort4 ,on the other hand1 the charming ,duke delle ,pignatelle showed us the proper way to find happiness in pleasures1 ,pg #bef even without passion4 ,i know that ,i like a woman1 he told me one evening1 when ,i find myself completely confused in her company1 and don't know what to say to her4 ,so far from letting his self-esteem be put to shame or take its revenge for these embarrassing moments1 he cultivated them lovingly as the source of his happiness4 ,with this charming young man gallant-love was quite free from the corroding influence of vanity2 his was a shade of true love1 pale1 but innocent and unmixed2 and he respected all women1 as charming beings1 towards whom we are far from just4 7,february #bj1 #ahbj47 ,as a man does not choose himself a temperament1 that is to say1 a soul1 he cannot play a part above him4 ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau and the ,duc de ,richelieu might have tried in vain2 for all their cleverness1 they could never have exchanged their fortunes with respect to women4 ,i could well believe that the ,duke never had moments such as those that ,rousseau experienced in the park de la ,chevrette with ,madame d',houdetot2 at ,venice1 when listening to the music of the ,scuole2 and at ,turin at the feet of ,madame ,bazile4 ,but then he never had to blush at the ridicule that overwhelmed ,rousseau in his affair with ,madame de ,larnage1 remorse for which pursued him during the rest of his life4 ,a ,saint-,preux's part is sweeter and fills up every moment of existence1 but it must be owned that that of a ,don ,juan is far more brilliant4 ,saint-,preux's tastes may change at middle age3 solitary and retired1 and of pensive habits1 he takes a back place on the stage of life1 while ,don ,juan realises the magnificence of his reputation among men1 and could yet perhaps please a woman of feeling by making sincerely the sacrifice of his libertine's tastes4 ,after all the reasons offered so far1 on both sides of the question1 the balance still seems to be even4 ,what makes me think that the ,werthers are the happier1 is ,pg #beg that ,don ,juan reduces love to the level of an ordinary affair4 ,instead of being able1 like ,werther1 to shape realities to his desires1 he finds1 in love1 desires which are imperfectly satisfied by cold reality1 just as in ambition1 avarice or other passions4 ,instead of losing himself in the enchanting reveries of crystallisation1 he thinks1 like a general1 of the success of his manoeuvres#c and1 in a word1 he kills love1 instead of enjoying it more keenly than other men1 as ordinary people imagine4 ,this seems to me unanswerable4 ,and there is another reason1 which is no less so in my eyes1 though1 thanks to the malignity of ,providence1 we must pardon men for not recognising it4 ,the habit of justice is1 to my thinking1 apart from accidents1 the most assured way of arriving at happiness--and a ,werther is no villain4#d ,to be happy in crime1 it is absolutely necessary to have no remorse4 ,i do not know whether such a creature can exist2#e ,i have never seen him4 ,i would bet that the affair of ,madame ,michelin disturbed the ,duc de ,richelieu's nights4 ,one ought either to have absolutely no sympathy or be able to put the human race to death--which is impossible4#f ,people who only know love from novels will experience ,pg #beh a natural repugnance in reading these words in favour of virtue in love4 ,the reason is that1 by the laws of the novel1 the portraiture of a virtuous love is essentially tiresome and uninteresting4 ,thus the sentiment of virtue seems from a distance to neutralise that of love1 and the words a virtuous love seem synonymous with a feeble love4 ,but all this comes from weakness in the art of painting1 and has nothing to do with passion such as it exists in nature4#g ,i beg to be allowed to draw a picture of my most intimate friend4 ,don ,juan renounces all the duties which bind him to the rest of men4 ,in the great market of life he is a dishonest merchant1 who is always buying and never paying4 ,the idea of equality inspires the same rage in him as water in a man with hydrophobia2 it is for this reason that pride of birth goes so well with the character of ,don ,juan4 ,with the idea of the equality of rights disappears that of justice1 or1 rather1 if ,don ,juan is sprung from an illustrious family1 such common ideas have never come to him4 ,i could easily believe that a man with an historic name is sooner disposed than another to set fire to the town in order to get his egg cooked4#h ,we must excuse him2 he is so possessed with ,pg #bei self-love that he comes to the point of losing all idea of the evil he causes1 and of seeing no longer anything in the universe capable of joy or sorrow except himself4 ,in the fire of youth1 when passion fills our own hearts with the pulse of life and keeps us from mistrust of others1 ,don ,juan1 all senses and apparent happiness1 applauds himself for thinking only of himself1 while he sees other men pay their sacrifices to duty4 ,he imagines that he has found out the great art of living4 ,but1 in the midst of his triumph1 while still scarcely thirty years of age1 he perceives to his astonishment that life is wanting1 and feels a growing disgust for what were all his pleasures4 ,don ,juan told me at ,thorn1 in an access of melancholy3 ,there are not twenty different sorts of women1 and once you have had two or three of each sort1 satiety sets in4 ,i answered3 ,it is only imagination that can for ever escape satiety4 ,each woman inspires a different interest1 and1 what is more1 if chance throws the same woman in your way two or three years earlier or later in the course of life1 and if chance means you to love1 you can love the same woman in different manners4 ,but a woman of gentle heart1 even when she loved you1 would produce in you1 because of her pretensions to equality1 only irritation to your pride4 ,your way of having women kills all the other pleasures of life2 ,werther's increases them a hundredfold4 ,this sad tragedy reaches the last act4 ,you see ,don ,juan in old age1 turning on this and that1 never on himself1 as the cause of his own satiety4 ,you see him1 tormented by a consuming poison1 flying from this to that in a continual change of purpose4 ,but1 however brilliant the appearances may be1 in the end he only changes one misery for another4 ,he tries the boredom of inaction1 he tries the boredom of excitement--there is nothing else for him to choose4 ,at last he discovers the fatal truth and confesses it to himself2 henceforward he is reduced for all his enjoyment ,pg #bfj to making display of his power1 and openly doing evil for evil's sake4 ,in short1 'tis the last degree of settled gloom2 no poet has dared give us a faithful picture of it--the picture1 if true1 would strike horror4 ,but one may hope that a man1 above the ordinary1 will retrace his steps along this fatal path2 for at the bottom of ,don ,juan's character there is a contradiction4 ,i have supposed him a man of great intellect1 and great intellect leads us to the discovery of virtue by the road that runs to the temple of glory4#i ,la ,rochefoucauld1 who1 however1 was a master of self-love1 and who in real life was nothing but a silly man of letters1#aj says7#bfg73 ,the pleasure of love consists in loving1 and a man gets more happiness from the passion he feels than from the passion he inspires4 ,don ,juan's happiness consists in vanity1 based1 it is true1 on circumstances brought about by great intelligence and activity2 but he must feel that the most inconsiderable general who wins a battle1 the most inconsiderable prefect who keeps his department in order1 realises a more signal enjoyment than his own4 ,the ,duc de ,nemours' happiness when ,madame de ,clves tells him that she loves him1 is1 ,i imagine1 above ,napoleon's happiness at ,marengo4 ,love la ,don ,juan is a sentiment of the same kind as a taste for hunting4 ,it is a desire for activity which must be kept alive by divers objects and by putting a man's talents continually to the test4 ,love la ,werther is like the feeling of a schoolboy writing a tragedy--and a thousand times better2 it is a new goal1 to which everything in life is referred and which changes the face of everything4 ,passion-love casts all nature in its sublimer aspects before the eyes of a ,pg #bfa man1 as a novelty invented but yesterday4 ,he is amazed that he has never seen the singular spectacle that is now discovered to his soul4 ,everything is new1 everything is alive1 everything breathes the most passionate interest4#aa ,a lover sees the woman he loves on the horizon of every landscape he comes across1 and1 while he travels a hundred miles to go and catch a glimpse of her for an instant1 each tree1 each rock speaks to him of her in a different manner and tells him something new about her4 ,instead of the tumult of this magic spectacle1 ,don ,juan finds that external objects have for him no value apart from their degree of utility1 and must be made amusing by some new intrigue4 ,love la ,werther has strange pleasures2 after a year or two1 the lover has now1 so to speak1 but one heart with her he loves2 and this1 strange to say1 even independent of his success in love--even under a cruel mistress4 ,whatever he does1 whatever he sees1 he asks himself3 ,what would she say if she were with me8 ,what would ,i say to her about this view of ,casa-,lecchio8 ,he speaks to her1 he hears her answer1 he smiles at her fun4 ,a hundred miles from her1 and under the weight of her anger1 he surprises himself1 reflecting3 ,lonore was very gay that night4 ,then he wakes up3 ,good ,god6 he says to himself with a sigh1 there are madmen in ,bedlam less mad than ,i4 ,you make me quite impatient1 said a friend of mine1 to whom ,i read out this remark3 you are continually opposing the passionate man to the ,don ,juan1 and that is not the point in dispute4 ,you would be right1 if a man could provide himself with passion at will4 ,but what about indifference--what is to be done then8--,gallant-love without horrors4 ,its horrors always come from a little soul1 that needs to be reassured as to its own merit4 ,to continue4--,the ,don ,juans must find great difficulty ,pg #bfb in agreeing with what ,i was saying just now of this state of the soul4 ,besides the fact that they can neither see nor feel this state1 it gives too great a blow to their vanity4 ,the error of their life is expecting to win in a fortnight what a timid lover can scarcely obtain in six months4 ,they base their reckoning on experience got at the expense of those poor devils1 who have neither the soul to please a woman of feeling by revealing its ingenuous workings1 nor the necessary wit for the part of a ,don ,juan4 ,they refuse to see that the same prize1 though granted by the same woman1 is not the same thing4 ,l'homme prudent sans cesse se mfie4 ,c'est pour cela que des amants trompeurs ,le nombre est grand4 ,les dames que l'on prie ,font soupirer longtemps des serviteurs ,qui n'ont jamais t faux de leur vie4 ,mais du trsor qu'elles donnent enfin ,le prix n'est su que du cur qui le gote2 ,plus on l'achte et plus il est divin3 ,le los d'amour ne vaut pas ce qu'il cote4#ab 7,nivernais1 ,le ,troubadour ,guillaume de la ,tour1 ,,iii1 #cdb47 ,passion-love in the eyes of a ,don ,juan may be compared to a strange road1 steep and toilsome1 that begins1 'tis true1 amidst delicious copses1 but is soon lost among sheer rocks1 whose aspect is anything but inviting to the eyes of the vulgar4 ,little by little the road penetrates into the mountain-heights1 in the midst of a dark forest1 where the huge trees1 intercepting the daylight with their shaggy tops that seem to touch the sky1 throw a kind of horror into souls untempered by dangers4 ,pg #bfc ,after wandering with difficulty1 as in an endless maze1 whose multiple turnings try the patience of our self-love1 on a sudden we turn a corner and find ourselves in a new world1 in the delicious valley of ,cashmire of ,lalla ,rookh4 ,how can the ,don ,juans1 who never venture along this road1 or at most take but a few steps along it1 judge of the views that it offers at the end of the journey8444 99 99 99 99 99 ,so you see inconstancy is good3 ,il me faut du nouveau1 n'en ft-il plus au monde4#ac ,very well1 ,i reply1 you make light of oaths and justice1 and what can you look for in inconstancy8 ,pleasure apparently4 ,but the pleasure to be got from a pretty woman1 desired a fortnight and loved three months1 is different from the pleasure to be found in a mistress1 desired three years and loved ten4 ,if ,i do not insert the word always the reason is that ,i have been told old age1 by altering our organs1 renders us incapable of loving2 myself1 ,i don't believe it4 ,when your mistress has become your intimate friend1 she can give you new pleasures1 the pleasures of old age4 ',tis a flower that1 after it has been a rose in the morning--the season of flowers--becomes a delicious fruit in the evening1 when the roses are no longer in season4#ad ,a mistress desired three years is really a mistress in every sense of the word2 you cannot approach her without trembling2 and let me tell the ,don ,juans that a man who trembles is not bored4 ,the pleasures of love are always in proportion to our fear4 ,the evil of inconstancy is weariness2 the evil of passion is despair and death4 ,the cases of despair are noted and become legend4 ,no one pays attention to the ,pg #bfd weary old libertines dying of boredom1 with whom the streets of ,paris are lined4 ,love blows out more brains than boredom4 ,i have no doubt of it3 boredom robs a man of everything1 even the courage to kill himself4 ,there is a certain type of character which can find pleasure only in variety4 ,a man who cries up ,champagne at the expense of ,bordeaux is only saying1 with more or less eloquence3 ,i prefer ,champagne4 ,each of these wines has its partisans1 and they are all right1 so long as they quite understand themselves1 and run after the kind of happiness best suited to their organs#ae and their habits4 ,what ruins the case for inconstancy is that all fools range themselves on that side from lack of courage4 ,but after all1 everyone1 if he will take the trouble to look into himself1 has his ideal1 and there always seems to me something a little ridiculous in wanting to convert your neighbour4 #a ,see the first volume of the ,nouvelle ,hlose4 ,i should say every volume1 if ,saint-,preux had happened to have the ghost of a character1 but he was a real poet1 a babbler without resolution1 who had no courage until he had made a peroration--yes1 a very dull man4 ,such men have an immense advantage1 in not upsetting feminine pride1 and in never giving their mistress a fright4 ,weigh the word well2 it contains perhaps the whole secret of the success of dull men with distinguished women4 ,nevertheless love is only a passion in so far as it makes one forget one's self-love4 ,thus they do not completely know love1 these women1 who1 like ,l41 ask of it the pleasures of pride4 ,unconsciously1 they are on the same level as the prosaic man1 the object of their contempt1 who in love seeks love plus vanity4 ,and they too1 they want love and pride2 but love goes out with flaming cheeks2 he is the proudest of despots2 he will be all1 or nothing4 #b ,see a certain page of ,andr ,chnier 7,works1 p4 #cgj72 or rather look at life1 though that's much harder4 ,in general1 those whom we call patricians are much further than other men from loving anything1 says the ,emperor ,marcus ,aurelius4 7,meditations47 #c ,compare ,lovelace and ,tom ,jones4 #d ,see the ,vie prive du duc de ,richelieu1 nine volumes in #hvo4 ,why1 at the moment that an assassin kills a man1 does he not fall dead at his victim's feet8 ,why is there illness8 ,and1 if there is illness1 why does not a ,troistaillons die of the colic8 ,why does ,henry ,,iv reign twenty-one years and ,lewis ,,xv fifty-nine8 ,why is not the length of life in exact proportion to the degree of virtue in each man8 ,these and other infamous questions1 ,english philosophers will say there is certainly no merit in posing2 but there would be some merit in answering them otherwise than with insults and cant4 #e ,note ,nero after the murder of his mother1 in ,suetonius1 and yet with what a fine lot of flattery was he surrounded4 #f ,cruelty is only a morbid kind of sympathy4 ,power is1 after love1 the first source of happiness1 only because one believes oneself to be in a position to command sympathy4 #g ,if you offer the spectator a picture of the sentiment of virtue side by side with the sentiment of love1 you will find that you have represented a heart divided between two sentiments4 ,in novels the only good of virtue is to be sacrificed2 vide ,julie d'tanges4 #h ,vide ,saint-,simon1 fausse couche of the ,duchesse de ,bourgoyne2 and ,madame de ,motteville1 passim3 ,that princess1 who was surprised to find that other women had five fingers on their hands like herself2 that ,gaston1 ,duke of ,orleans1 brother of ,lewis ,,xiii1 who found it quite easy to understand why his favourites went to the scaffold just to please him4 ,note1 in #ahbj1 these fine gentlemen putting forward an electoral law that may bring back your ,robespierres into ,france1 etc41 etc4 ,and observe ,naples in #agii4 7,i leave this note written in #ahbj4 ,a list of the great nobles in #aggh1 with notes on their morals1 compiled by ,general ,laclos1 seen at ,naples in the library of the ,marchese ,berio--a very scandalous manuscript of more than three hundred pages47 #i ,the character of the young man of the privileged classes in #ahbj is pretty correctly represented by the brave ,bothwell of ,old ,mortality4 #aj ,see ,memoirs of de ,retz and the unpleasant minute he gave the coadjutor at the ,parliament between two doors4 #aa ,vol4 #ahai4 ,honeysuckle on the slopes4 #ab ,a prudent man continually mistrusts himself4 ',tis the reason why the number of false lovers is great4 ,the women whom men worship1 make their servants1 who have never been false in their life1 sigh a long time4 ,but the value of the prize that they give them in the end1 can only be known to the heart that tastes it2 the greater the cost1 the more divine it is4 ,the praises of love are not worth its pains4--,tr4 #ac ,i must have novelty1 even if there were none left in the world4--,tr4 #ad ,see the ,memoirs of ,coll--his wife4 #ae ,physiologists1 who understand our organs1 tell you3 ,injustice1 in the relations of social life1 produces harshness1 diffidence and misery4 ,pg #bfe ,,book ,,iii ,pg #bff ,pg #bfg ,,scattered ,,fragments ,under this title1 which ,i would willingly have made still more modest1 ,i have brought together1 without excessive severity1 a selection made from three or four hundred playing cards1 on which ,i found a few lines scrawled in pencil4 ,that which1 ,i suppose1 must be called the original manuscript1 for want of a simpler name1 was in many places made up of pieces of paper of all sizes1 written on in pencil1 and joined together by ,lisio with sealing-wax1 to save him the trouble of copying them afresh4 ,he told me once that nothing he ever noted down seemed to him worth the trouble of recopying an hour later4 ,i have entered so fully into all this in the hope that it may serve as an excuse for repetitions4 ,i ,everything can be acquired in solitude1 except character4 ,,ii #ahba4 ,hatred1 love and avarice1 the three ruling passions at ,rome1 and with gambling added1 almost the only ones4 ,at first sight the ,romans seem ill-natured1 but they are only very much on their guard and blessed with an imagination which flares up at the least suggestion4 ,if they give a gratuitous proof of ill-nature1 it is the case of a man1 gnawed by fear1 and testing his gun to reassure himself4 ,pg #bfh ,,iii ,if ,i were to say1 as ,i believe1 that good-nature is the keynote of the ,parisian's character1 ,i should be very frightened of having offended him4--,i won't be good6 ,,iv ,a proof of love comes to light1 when all the pleasures and all the pains1 which all the other passions and wants of man can produce1 in a moment cease working4 ,v ,prudery is a kind of avarice--the worst of all4 ,,vi ,to have a solid character is to have a long and tried experience of life's disillusions and misfortunes4 ,then it is a question of desiring constantly or not at all4 ,,vii ,love1 such as it exists in smart society1 is the love of battle1 the love of gambling4 ,,viii ,nothing kills gallant love like gusts of passion-love from the other side4 7,contessina ,l4 ,forl--#ahai74 ,,ix ,a great fault in women1 and the most offensive of all to a man a little worthy of that name3 ,the public1 in matters of feeling1 never soars above mean ideas1 and women make the public the supreme judge of their lives--even the most distinguished women1 ,i maintain1 often unconsciously1 and even while believing and saying the contrary4 7,brescia1 #ahai74 ,pg #bfi ,x ,prosaic is a new word1 which once ,i thought absurd1 for nothing could be colder than our poetry4 ,if there has been any warmth in ,france for the last fifty years1 it is assuredly to be found in its prose4 ,but anyhow1 the little ,countess ,l---- used the word and ,i like writing it4 ,the definition of prosaic is to be got from ,don ,quixote1 and the complete contrast of ,knight and ,squire4 ,the ,knight tall and pale2 the ,squire fat and fresh4 ,the former all heroism and courtesy2 the latter all selfishness and servility4 ,the former always full of romantic and touching fancies2 the latter a model of worldly wisdom1 a compendium of wise saws4 ,the one always feeding his soul on dreams of heroism and daring2 the other ruminating some really sensible scheme in which1 never fear1 he will take into strict account all the shameful1 selfish little movements the human heart is prone to4 ,at the very moment when the former should be brought to his senses by the non-success of yesterday's dreams1 he is already busy on his castles in ,spain for to-day4 ,you ought to have a prosaic husband and to choose a romantic lover4 ,marlborough had a prosaic soul3 ,henry ,,iv1 in love at fifty-five with a young princess1 who could not forget his age1 a romantic heart4#a ,there are fewer prosaic beings among the nobility than in the middle-class4 ,this is the fault of trade1 it makes people prosaic4 #a ,dulaure1 ,history of ,paris4 ,silent episode in the queen's apartment the evening of the flight of the ,princesse de ,cond3 the ministers transfixed to the wall and mute1 the ,king striding up and down4 ,pg #bgj ,,xi ,nothing so interesting as passion3 for there everything is unforeseen1 and the principal is the victim4 ,nothing so flat as gallantry1 where everything is a matter of calculation1 as in all the prosaic affairs of life4 ,,xii ,at the end of a visit you always finish by treating a lover better than you meant to4 7,l41 ,november #bnd1 #ahah74 ,,xiii ,in spite of genius in an upstart1 the influence of rank always makes itself felt4 ,think of ,rousseau losing his heart to all the ladies he met1 and weeping tears of rapture because the ,duke of ,l----1 one of the dullest courtiers of the period1 deigns to take the right side rather than the left in a walk with a certain ,m4 ,coindet1 friend of ,rousseau6 7,l41 ,may #crd1 #ahbj47 ,,xiv ,women's only educator is the world4 ,a mother in love does not hesitate to appear in the seventh heaven of delight1 or in the depth of despair1 before her daughters aged fourteen or fifteen4 ,remember that1 under these happy skies1 plenty of women are quite nice-looking till forty-five1 and the majority are married at eighteen4 ,think of ,la ,valchiusa saying yesterday of ,lampugnani3 ,ah1 that man was made for me1 he could love1 444 etc41 etc1 and so on in this strain to a friend--all before her daughter1 a little thing of fourteen or fifteen1 very much on the alert1 and whom she also took with her on the more than friendly walks with the lover in question4 ,sometimes girls get hold of sound rules of conduct1 ,for examples take ,madame ,guarnacci1 addressing her two daughters and two men1 who have never called on ,pg #bga her before4 ,for an hour and a half she treats them to profound maxims1 based on examples within their own knowledge 7that of ,la ,cercara in ,hungary71 on the precise point at which it is right to punish with infidelity a lover who misbehaves himself4 7,ravenna1 ,january #bcrd1 #ahbj47 ,,xv ,the sanguine man1 the true ,frenchman 7,colonel ,m----7 instead of being tormented by excess of feeling1 like ,rousseau1 if he has a rendezvous for the next evening at seven1 sees everything1 right up to the blessed moment1 through rosy spectacles4 ,people of this kind are not in the least susceptible to passion-love2 it would upset their sweet tranquillity4 ,i will go so far as to say that perhaps they would find its transports a nuisance1 or at all events be humiliated by the timidity it produces4 ,,xvi ,most men of the world1 through vanity1 caution or disaster1 let themselves love a woman freely only after intimate intercourse4 ,,xvii ,with very gentle souls a woman needs to be easy-going in order to encourage crystallisation4 ,,xviii ,a woman imagines that the voice of the public is speaking through the mouth of the first fool or the first treacherous friend who claims to be its faithful interpreter to her4 ,,xix ,there is a delicious pleasure in clasping in your arms a woman who has wronged you grievously1 who has been ,pg #bgb your bitter enemy for many a day1 and is ready to be so again4 ,good fortune of the ,french officers in ,spain1 #ahab4 ,,xx ,solitude is what one wants1 to relish one's own heart and to love2 but to succeed one must go amongst men1 here1 there and everywhere4 ,,xxi ,all the observations of the ,french on love are well written1 carefully and without exaggeration1 but they bear only on light affections1 said that delightful person1 ,cardinal ,lante4 ,,xxii ,in ,goldoni's comedy1 the ,innamorati1 all the workings of passion are excellent2 it is the very repulsive meanness of style and thought which revolts one4 ,the contrary is true of a ,french comedy4 ,,xxiii ,the youth of #ahbb3 ,to say serious turn of mind1 active disposition means sacrifice of the present to the future4 ,nothing develops the soul like the power and the habit of making such sacrifices4 ,i foresee the probability of more great passions in #ahcb than in #aggb4 ,,xxiv ,the choleric temperament1 when it does not display itself in too repulsive a form1 is one perhaps most apt of all to strike and keep alive the imagination of women4 ,if the choleric temperament does not fall among propitious surroundings1 as ,lauzun in ,saint-,simon 7,memoirs71 the difficulty is to grow used to it4 ,but ,pg #bgc once grasped by a woman1 this character must fascinate her3 yes1 even the savage and fanatic ,balfour 7,old ,mortality74 ,for women it is the antithesis of the prosaic4 ,,xxv ,in love one often doubts what one believes most strongly 7,la ,r41 #cee74 ,in every other passion1 what once we have proved1 we no longer doubt4 ,,xxvi ,verse was invented to assist the memory4 ,later it was kept to increase the pleasure of reading by the sight of the difficulty overcome4 ,its survival nowadays in dramatic art is a relic of barbarity4 ,example3 the ,cavalry ,regulations put into verse by ,m4 de ,bonnay4 ,,xxvii ,while this jealous slave feeds his soul on boredom1 avarice1 hatred and other such poisonous1 cold passions1 ,i spend a night of happiness dreaming of her--of her who1 through mistrust1 treats me badly4 ,,xxviii ,it needs a great soul to dare have a simple style4 ,that is why ,rousseau put so much rhetoric into the ,nouvelle ,hlose--which makes it unreadable for anyone over thirty4 ,,xxix ,the greatest reproach we could possibly make against ourselves is1 certainly1 to have let fade1 like the shadowy phantoms produced by sleep1 the ideas of honour and justice1 which from time to time well up in our hearts4 7,letter from ,jena1 ,march1 #ahai47 ,pg #bgd ,,xxx ,a respectable woman is in the country and passes an hour in the hot-house with her gardener4 ,certain people1 whose views she has upset1 accuse her of having found a lover in this gardener4 ,what answer is there8 ,speaking absolutely1 the thing is possible4 ,she could say3 ,my character speaks for me1 look at my behaviour throughout life--only all this is equally invisible to the eyes of the ill-natured who won't see1 and the fools who can't4 7,salviati1 ,rome1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahai47 ,,xxxi ,i have known a man find out that his rival's love was returned1 and yet the rival himself remain blinded to the fact by his passion4 ,,xxxii ,the more desperately he is in love1 the more violent the pressure a man is forced to put upon himself1 in order to risk annoying the woman he loves by taking her hand4 ,,xxxiii ,ludicrous rhetoric but1 unlike that of ,rousseau1 inspired by true passion4 7,memoirs of ,m4 de ,mau4441 ,letter of ,s----47 ,,xxxiv ,,naturalness ,i saw1 or ,i thought ,i saw1 this evening the triumph of naturalness in a young woman1 who certainly seems to me to possess a great character4 ,she adores1 obviously1 ,i think1 one of her cousins and must have confessed to herself the state of her heart4 ,the cousin is in love with her1 but as she is very serious with him1 thinks she does not like him1 and lets himself be fascinated by the marks ,pg #bge of preference shown him by ,clara1 a young widow and friend of ,mlanie4 ,i think he will marry her4 ,mlanie sees it and suffers all that a proud heart1 struggling involuntarily with a violent passion1 is capable of suffering4 ,she has only to alter her ways a little2 but she would look upon it as a piece of meanness1 the consequences of which would affect her whole life1 to depart one instant from her natural self4 ,,xxxv ,sappho saw in love only sensual intoxication or physical pleasure made sublime by crystallisation4 ,anacreon looked for sensual and intellectual amusement4 ,there was too little security in ,antiquity for people to find leisure for passion-love4 ,,xxxvi ,the foregoing fact fully justifies me in rather laughing at people who think ,homer superior to ,tasso4 ,passion-love did exist in the time of ,homer1 and at no great distance from ,greece4 ,,xxxvii ,woman with a heart1 if you wish to know whether the man you adore loves you with passion-love1 study your lover's early youth4 ,every man of distinction in the early days of his life is either a ridiculous enthusiast or an unfortunate4 ,a man easy to please1 of gay and cheerful humour1 can never love with the passion your heart requires4 ,passion ,i call only that which has gone through long misfortunes1 misfortunes which novels take good care not to depict--what's more they can't6 ,pg #bgf ,,xxxviii ,a bold resolution can change in an instant the most extreme misfortune into quite a tolerable state of things4 ,the evening of a defeat1 a man is retreating in hot haste1 his charger already spent4 ,he can hear distinctly the troop of cavalry galloping in pursuit4 ,suddenly he stops1 dismounts1 recharges his carbine and pistols1 and makes up his mind to defend himself4 ,straightway1 instead of having death1 he has a cross of the ,legion of ,honour before his eyes4 ,,xxxix ,basis of ,english habits4 ,about #agcj1 while we already had ,voltaire and ,fontenelle1 a machine was invented in ,england to separate the grain1 after threshing1 from the chaff4 ,it worked by means of a wheel1 which gave the air enough movement to blow away the bits of chaff4 ,but in that biblical country the peasants pretended that it was wicked to go against the will of ,divine ,providence1 and to produce an artificial wind like this1 instead of begging ,heaven with an ardent prayer for enough wind to thresh the corn and waiting for the moment appointed by the ,god of ,israel4 ,compare this with ,french peasants4#a #a ,for the actual state of ,english habits1 see the ,life of ,mr4 ,beattie1 written by an intimate friend4 ,the reader will be edified by the profound humility of ,mr4 ,beattie1 when he receives ten guineas from an old ,marchioness in order to slander ,hume4 ,the trembling aristocracy relies on the bishops with incomes of #bjj1jjj1 and pays in money and honour so-called liberal writers to throw mud at ,chnier4 7,edinburgh ,review1 #ahba47 ,the most disgusting cant leaks through on all sides4 ,everything except the portrayal of primitive and energetic feelings is stifled by it3 impossible to write a joyous page in ,english4 ,,xl ,no doubt about it--'tis a form of madness to expose oneself to passion-love4 ,in some cases1 however1 the cure ,pg #bgg works too energetically4 ,american girls in the ,united ,states are so saturated and fortified with reasonable ideas1 that in that country love1 the flower of life1 has deserted youth4 ,at ,boston a girl can be left perfectly safely alone with a handsome stranger--in all probability she's thinking of nothing but her marriage settlement4 ,,xli ,in ,france men who have lost their wives are melancholy2 widows1 on the contrary1 merry and light-hearted4 ,there is a proverb current among women on the felicity of this state4 ,so there must be some inequality in the articles of union4 ,,xlii ,people who are happy in their love have an air of profound preoccupation1 which1 for a ,frenchman1 is the same as saying an air of profound gloom4 7,dresden1 #ahah47 ,,xliii ,the more generally a man pleases1 the less deeply can he please4 ,,xliv ,as a result of imitation in the early years of life1 we contract the passions of our parents1 even when these very passions poison our life4 7,l4's pride47 ,,xlv ,the most honourable source of feminine pride is a woman's fear of degrading herself in her lover's eyes by some hasty step or some action that he may think unwomanly4 ,pg #bgh ,,xlvi ,real love renders the thought of death frequent1 agreeable1 unterrifying1 a mere subject of comparison1 the price we are willing to pay for many a thing4 ,,xlvii ,how often have ,i exclaimed for all my bravery3 ,if anyone would blow out my brains1 ,i'd thank him before ,i expired1 if there were time4 ,a man can only be brave1 with the woman he loves1 by loving her a little less4 7,s41 ,february1 #ahbj47 ,,xlviii ,i could never love6 a young woman said to me4 ,mirabeau and his letters to ,sophie have given me a disgust for great souls4 ,those fatal letters impressed me like a personal experience4 ,try a plan which you never read of in novels2 let two years' constancy assure you1 before intimate intercourse1 of your lover's heart4 ,,xlix ,ridicule scares love4 ,ridicule is impossible in ,italy3 what's good form in ,venice is odd at ,naples--consequently nothing's odd in ,italy4 ,besides1 nothing that gives pleasure is found fault with4 ',tis this that does away with the fool's honour and half the farce4 ,l ,children command by tears1 and if people do not attend to their wishes1 they hurt themselves on purpose4 ,young women are piqued from a sense of honour4 ,pg #bgi ,,li ',tis a common reflection1 but one for that reason easily forgotten1 that every day sensitive souls become rarer1 cultured minds commoner4 ,,lii ,,feminine ,,pride ,i have just witnessed a striking example--but on mature consideration ,i should need fifteen pages to give a proper idea of it4 ,if ,i dared1 ,i would much rather note the consequences2 my eyes have convinced me beyond the possibility of doubt4 ,but1 no1 it is a conviction ,i must give up all idea of communicating1 there are too many little details4 ,such pride is the opposite of ,french vanity4 ,so far as ,i can remember1 the only work1 in which ,i have seen a sketch of it1 is that part of ,madame ,roland's ,memoirs1 where she recounts the petty reasonings she made as a girl4 7,bologna1 ,april #ahth1 #b a4m47 ,,liii ,in ,france1 most women make no account of a young man until they have turned him into a coxcomb4 ,it is only then that he can flatter their vanity4 7,duclos47 ,,liv ,zilietti said to me at midnight 7at the charming ,marchesina ,r444's73 ,i'm not going to dine at ,san ,michele 7an inn74 ,yesterday ,i said some smart things--,i was joking with ,cl4442 it might make me conspicuous4 ,don't go and think that ,zilietti is either a fool or a coward4 ,he is a prudent and very rich man in this happy land4 7,modena1 #ahbj47 ,pg #bhj ,,lv ,what is admirable in ,america is the government1 not society4 ,elsewhere government does the harm4 ,at ,boston they have changed parts1 and government plays the hypocrite1 in order not to shock society4 ,,lvi ,italian girls1 if they love1 are entirely given over to natural inspiration4 ,at the very most all that can aid them is a handful of excellent maxims1 which they have picked up by listening at the keyhole4 ,as if fate had decreed that everything here should combine to preserve naturalness1 they read no novels--and for this reason1 that there are none4 ,at ,geneva or in ,france1 on the contrary1 a girls falls in love at sixteen in order to be a heroine1 and at each step1 almost at each tear1 she asks herself3 ,am ,i not just like ,julie d'tanges8 ,,lvii ,the husband of a young woman adored by a lover1 whom she treats unkindly and scarcely allows to kiss her hand1 has1 at the very most1 only the grossest physical pleasure1 where the lover would find the charms and transports of the keenest happiness that exists on earth4 ,,lviii ,the laws of the imagination are still so little understood1 that ,i include the following estimate1 though perhaps it is all quite wrong4 ,i seem to distinguish two sorts of imagination3-- #a4 ,imagination like ,fabio's1 ardent1 impetuous1 inconsiderate1 leading straight to action1 consuming itself1 and already languishing at a delay of twenty-four hours4 ,impatience is its prime characteristic2 it becomes enraged against that which it cannot obtain4 ,it sees all ,pg #bha exterior objects1 but they only serve to inflame it4 ,it assimilates them to its own substance1 and converts them straight away to the profit of passion4 #b4 ,imagination which takes fire slowly and little by little1 but which loses in time the perception of exterior objects1 and comes to find occupation and nourishment in nothing but its own passion4 ,this last sort of imagination goes quite easily with slowness1 or even scarcity1 of ideas4 ,it is favourable to constancy4 ,it is the imagination of the greater part of those poor ,german girls1 who are dying of love and consumption4 ,that sad spectacle1 so frequent beyond the ,rhine1 is never met with in ,italy4 ,,lix ,imaginative habits4 ,a ,frenchman is really shocked by eight changes of scenery in one act of a tragedy4 ,such a man is incapable of pleasure in seeing ,macbeth4 ,he consoles himself by damning ,shakespeare4 ,,lx ,in ,france the provinces are forty years behind ,paris in all that regards women4 ,a4 ,c41 a married woman1 tells me that she only liked to read certain parts of ,lanzi's ,memoirs4 ,such stupidity is too much for me2 ,i can no longer find a word to say to her4 ,as if that were a book one could put down6 ,want of naturalness--the great failing in provincial women4 ,their effusive and gracious gestures2 those who play the first fiddle in the town are worse than the others4 ,,lxi ,goethe1 or any other ,german genius1 esteems money at what it's worth4 ,until he has got an income of six thousand francs1 he must think of nothing but his ,pg #bhb banking-account4 ,after that he must never think of it again4 ,the fool1 on his side1 does not understand the advantage there is of feeling and thinking like ,goethe4 ,all his life he feels in terms of money and thinks of sums of money4 ,it is owing to this support from both sides1 that the prosaic in this world seem to come off so much better than the high-minded4 ,,lxii ,in ,europe1 desire is inflamed by constraint2 in ,america it is dulled by liberty4 ,,lxiii ,a mania for discussion has got hold of the younger generation and stolen it from love4 ,while they are considering whether ,napoleon was of service to ,france1 they let the age of love speed past4 ,even with those who mean to be young1 it is all affectation--a tie1 a spur1 their martial swagger1 their all-absorbing self--and they forget to cast a glance at the girl who passes by so modestly and cannot go out more than once a week through want of means4 ,,lxiv ,i have suppressed a chapter on ,prudery1 and others as well4 ,i am happy to find the following passage in ,horace ,walpole's ,memoirs3 ,the ,two ,elizabeths4 ,let us compare the daughters of two ferocious men1 and see which was sovereign of a civilised nation1 which of a barbarous one4 ,both were ,elizabeths4 ,the daughter of ,peter 7of ,russia7 was absolute1 yet spared a competitor and a rival2 and thought the person of an empress had sufficient allurements for as many of her subjects as she chose to honour with the ,pg #bhc communication4 ,elizabeth of ,england could neither forgive the claim of ,mary ,stuart nor her charms1 but ungenerously imprisoned her 7as ,george ,,iv did ,napoleon#a7 when imploring protection1 and1 without the sanction of either despotism or law1 sacrificed many to her great and little jealousy4 ,yet this ,elizabeth piqued herself on chastity2 and while she practised every ridiculous art of coquetry to be admired at an unseemly age1 kept off lovers whom she encouraged1 and neither gratified her own desires nor their ambition4 ,who can help preferring the honest1 open-hearted barbarian empress8 7,lord ,orford's ,memoirs47 #a ,added1 of course1 by ,stendhal4--,tr4 ,,lxv ,extreme familiarity may destroy crystallisation4 ,a charming girl of sixteen fell in love with a handsome youth of the same age1 who never failed one evening to pass under her window at nightfall4 ,her mother invites him to spend a week with them in the country--a desperate remedy1 ,i agree4 ,but the girl was romantic1 and the youth rather dull3 after three days she despised him4 ,,lxvi ,ave ,maria--twilight in ,italy1 the hour of tenderness1 of the soul's pleasures and of melancholy--sensation intensified by the sound of those lovely bells4 ,hours of pleasure1 which only in memory touch the senses4444 7,bologna1 ,april #agth1 #ahag47 ,,lxvii ,a young man's first love-affair on entering society is ordinarily one of ambition4 ,he rarely declares his love for a sweet1 amiable and innocent young girl4 ,how tremble before her1 adore her1 feel oneself in the presence of a divinity8 ,youth must love a being whose qualities lift him up in his own eyes4 ,it is in the decline of life ,pg #bhd that we sadly come back to love the simple and the innocent1 despairing of the sublime4 ,between the two comes true love1 which thinks of nothing but itself4 ,,lxviii ,the existence of great souls is not suspected4 ,they hide away2 all that is seen is a little originality4 ,there are more great souls than one would think4 ,,lxix ,the first clasp of the beloved's hand--what a moment that is6 ,the only joy to be compared to it is the ravishing joy of power--which statesmen and kings make pretence of despising4 ,this joy also has its crystallisation1 though it demands a colder and more reasonable imagination4 ,think of a man whom1 a quarter of an hour ago1 ,napoleon has called to be a minister4 ,,lxx ,the celebrated ,johannes von ,mller7#ed7 said to me at ,cassel in #ahjh--,nature has given strength to the ,north and wit to the ,south4 ,,lxxi ,nothing more untrue than the maxim3 ,no man is a hero before his valet4 ,or1 rather1 nothing truer in the monarchic sense of the word hero--the affected hero1 like ,hippolytus in ,phdre4 ,desaix1 for example1 would have been a hero even before his valet 7it's true ,i don't know if he had one71 and a still greater hero for his valet than for anyone else4 ,turenne and ,fnelon might each have been a ,desaix1 but for good form and the necessary amount of force4 ,pg #bhe ,,lxxii ,here is blasphemy4 ,i1 a ,dutchman1 dare say this3 the ,french possess neither the true pleasures of conversation nor the true pleasures of the theatre2 instead of relaxation and complete unrestraint1 they mean hard labour4 ,among the sources of fatigue which hastened on the death of ,mme4 de ,stal ,i have heard counted the strain of conversation during her last winter4#a #a ,memoirs of ,marmontel1 ,montesquieu's conversation4 ,,lxxiii ,the degree of tension of the nerves in the ear1 necessary to hear each note1 explains well enough the physical part of one's pleasure in music4 ,,lxxiv ,what degrades rakish women is the opinion1 which they share with the public1 that they are guilty of a great sin4 ,,lxxv ,in an army in retreat1 warn an ,italian soldier of a danger which it is no use running--he'll almost thank you and he'll carefully avoid it4 ,if1 from kindness1 you point out the same danger to a ,french soldier1 he'll think you're defying him--his sense of honour is piqued1 and he runs his head straight against it4 ,if he dared1 he'd like to jeer at you4 7,gyat1 #ahab47 ,,lxxvi ,in ,france1 any idea that can be explained only in the very simplest terms is sure to be despised1 even the most useful4 ,the ,monitorial system7#dc71 invented by a ,frenchman1 could never catch on4 ,it is exactly the opposite in ,italy4 ,pg #bhf ,,lxxvii ,suppose you are passionately in love with a woman and that your imagination has not run dry4 ,one evening she is tactless enough to say1 looking at you tenderly and abashed3 ,er--yes--come to-morrow at midday2 ,i shall be in to no one but you4 ,you cannot sleep2 you cannot think of anything2 the morning is torture4 ,at last twelve o'clock strikes1 and every stroke of the clock seems to clash and clang on your heart4 ,,lxxviii ,in love1 to share money is to increase love1 to give it is to kill love4 ,you are putting off the present difficulty1 and the odious fear of want in the future2 or rather you are sowing the seeds of policy1 of the feeling of being two4--,you destroy sympathy4 ,,lxxix ,court ceremonies involuntarily call to mind scenes from ,aretine--the way the women display their bare shoulders1 like officers their uniform1 and1 for all their charms1 make no more sensation6 ,there you see what in a mercenary way all will do to win a man's approval2 there you see a whole world acting without morality and1 what's more1 without passion4 ,all this added to the presence of the women with their very low dresses and their expression of malice1 greeting with a sardonic smile everything but selfish advantage payable in the hard cash of solid pleasures--why6 it gives the idea of scenes from the ,bagno4 ,it drives far away all doubts suggested by virtue or the conscious satisfaction of a heart at peace with itself4 ,yet ,i have seen the feeling of isolation amidst all this dispose gentle hearts to love4 7,mars at the ,tuileries1 #ahaa47 ,pg #bhg ,,lxxx ,a soul taken up with bashfulness and the effort to suppress it1 is incapable of pleasure4 ,pleasure is a luxury--to enjoy it1 security is essential and must run no risks4 ,,lxxxi ,a test of love in which mercenary women cannot disguise their feelings4--,do you feel real delight in reconciliation or is it only the thought of what you'll gain by it8 ,,lxxxii ,the poor things who fill ,la ,trappe7#ee7 are wretches who have not had quite enough courage to kill themselves4 ,i except1 of course1 the heads1 who find pleasure in being heads4 ,,lxxxiii ,it is a misfortune to have known ,italian beauty3 you lose your sensibility4 ,out of ,italy1 you prefer the conversation of men4 ,,lxxxiv ,italian prudence looks to the preservation of life1 and this allows free play to the imagination4 7,cf4 a version of the death of ,pertica the famous comic actor1 ,december #bdth1 #ahba47 ,on the other hand1 ,english prudence1 wholly relative to the gain and safe-keeping of just enough money to cover expenses1 demands detailed and everyday exactitude1 and this habit paralyses the imagination4 ,notice also how enormously it strengthens the conception of duty4 ,,lxxxv ,the immense respect for money1 which is the first and foremost vice of ,englishmen and ,italians1 is less felt ,pg #bhh in ,france and reduced to perfectly rational limits in ,germany4 ,,lxxxvi ,french women1 having never known the happiness of true passion1 are anything but exacting over internal domestic happiness and the everyday side of life4 7,compigne47 ,,lxxxvii ,you talk to me of ambition for driving away boredom1 said ,kamensky3 but all the time ,i used to gallop a couple of leagues every evening1 for the pleasure of seeing the ,princess at ,kolich1 ,i was on terms of intimacy with a despot whom ,i respected1 who had my whole good fortune in his power and the satisfaction of all my possible desires4 ,,lxxxviii ,pretty contrast6 ,on the one hand--perfection in the little niceties of worldly wisdom and of dress1 great kindliness1 want of genius1 daily cult of a thousand and one petty observances1 and incapacity for three days' attention to the same event3 on the other--puritan severity1 biblical cruelty1 strict probity1 timid1 morbid self-love and universal cant6 ,and yet these are the two foremost nations of the world4 ,,lxxxix ,as among princesses there has been an ,empress ,catherine ,,ii1 why should a female ,samuel ,bernard7#ef71 or a ,lagrange7#eg7 not appear among the middle-class8 ,,xc ,alviza calls this an unpardonable want of refinement--to dare to make love by letter to a woman you adore and who looks at you tenderly1 but declares that she can never love you4 ,pg #bhi ,,xci ,it was a mistake of the greatest philosopher that ,france has had1 not to have stayed in some ,alpine solitude1 in some remote abode1 thence to launch his book on ,paris without ever coming there himself7#eh74 ,seeing ,helvtius so simple and straightforward1 unnatural1 hot-house people like ,suard1 ,marmontel or ,diderot could never imagine they had a great philosopher before them4 ,they were perfectly honest in their contempt for his profound reason4 ,first of all1 it was simple--a fault unpardonable in ,france2 secondly1 the author1 not1 of course1 his book1 was lowered in value by this weakness--the extreme importance he attached to getting what in ,france is called glory1 to being1 like ,balzac1 ,voiture or ,fontenelle1 the fashion among his contemporaries4 ,rousseau had too much feeling and too little logic1 ,buffon1 in his ,botanical ,garden1 was too hypocritical1 and ,voltaire too paltry to be able to judge the principle of ,helvtius4 ,helvtius was guilty of a little slip in calling this principle interest1 instead of giving it a pretty name like pleasure2#a but what are we to think of a nation's literature1 which shows its sense by letting itself be led astray by a fault so slight8 ,the ordinary clever man1 ,prince ,eugene of ,savoy for example1 finding himself in the position of ,regulus1 would have stayed quietly at ,rome1 and even laughed at the stupidity of the ,carthaginian ,senate4 ,regulus goes back to ,carthage4 ,prince ,eugene would have been prosecuting his own interest1 and in exactly the same way ,regulus was prosecuting his4 ,all through life a noble spirit is seeing possibilities ,pg #bij of action1 of which a common spirit can form no idea4 ,the very second the possibility of that action becomes visible to the noble spirit1 it is its interest thus to act4 ,if this noble spirit did not perform the action1 which it has just perceived1 it would despise itself--it would be unhappy4 ,man's duties are in the ratio of his moral range4 ,the principle of ,helvtius holds good1 even in the wildest exaltations of love1 even in suicide4 ,it is contrary to his nature1 it is an impossibility for a man not to do1 always and at any moment you choose to take1 that which is possible and which gives him most pleasure at that moment to do4 #a ,torva leoena lupum sequitur1 lupus ipse capellam2 ,florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella4 4444 ,trahit sua quemque voluptas4 7,virgil1 ,eclogue ,,ii47 ,,xcii ,to have firmness of character means to have experienced the influence of others on oneself4 ,therefore others are necessary4 ,,xciii ,,ancient ,,love ,no posthumous love-letters of ,roman ladies have been printed4 ,petronius has written a charming book1 but it is only debauch that he has painted4 ,for love at ,rome1 apart from ,virgil's story of ,dido#a and his second ,eclogue1 we have no evidence more precise than the writings of the three great poets1 ,ovid1 ,tibullus and ,propertius4 ,now1 ,parny's ,elegies or ,colardeau's ,letter of ,hlose to ,abelard are pictures of a very imperfect and vague kind1 if you compare them to some of the letters in the ,nouvelle ,hlose1 to those of the ,portuguese ,nun1 of ,mademoiselle de ,lespinasse1 of ,mirabeau's ,sophie1 of ,werther1 etc41 etc4 ,pg #bia ,poetry1 with its obligatory comparisons1 its mythology in which the poet doesn't believe1 its dignity of style la ,louis ,,xiv1 and all its superfluous stock of ornaments called poetical1 is very inferior to prose when it comes to a question of giving a clear and precise idea of the working of the heart4 ,and1 in this class of writing1 clearness alone is effective4 ,tibullus1 ,ovid and ,propertius had better taste than our poets2 they have painted love such as it was to be found among the proud citizens of ,rome3 moreover1 they lived under ,augustus1 who1 having shut the temple of ,janus1 sought to debase these citizens to the condition of the loyal subjects of a monarchy4 ,the mistresses of these three great poets were coquettes1 faithless and venal women2 in their company the poets only sought physical pleasure1 and never1 ,i should think1 caught a glimpse of the sublime sentiments#b which1 thirteen centuries later1 stirred the heart of the gentle ,hlose4 ,i borrow the following passage from a distinguished man of letters1#c and one who knows the ,latin poets much better than ,i do3-- ,the brilliant genius of ,ovid1 the rich imagination of ,propertius1 the impressionable heart of ,tibullus1 doubtless inspired them with verses of a different flavour1 but all1 in the same manner1 they loved women of much the same kind4 ,they desire1 they triumph1 they have fortunate rivals1 they are jealous1 they quarrel and make it up2 they are faithless in their turn1 they are forgiven2 and they recover their happiness only to be ruffled by the return of the same mischances4 ,corinna is married4 ,the first lessons that ,ovid gives her are to teach her the address with which to deceive her husband3 the signs they are to make each other before him and in society1 ,pg #bib so that they can understand each other and be understood only by themselves4 ,enjoyment quickly follows2 afterwards quarrels1 and1 what you wouldn't expect from so gallant a man as ,ovid1 insults and blows2 then excuses1 tears and forgiveness4 ,sometimes he addresses himself to subordinates--to the servants1 to his mistress' porter1 who is to open to him at night1 to a cursed old beldam who corrupts her and teaches her to sell herself for gold1 to an old eunuch who keeps watch over her1 to a slave-girl who is to convey the tablets in which he begs for a rendezvous4 ,the rendezvous is refused3 he curses his tablets1 that have had such sorry fortune4 ,fortune shines brighter3 he adjures the dawn not to come to interrupt his happiness4 ,soon he accuses himself of numberless infidelities1 of his indiscriminate taste for women4 ,a moment after1 ,corinna is herself faithless2 he cannot bear the idea that he has given her lessons from which she reaps the profit with someone else4 ,corinna in her turn is jealous2 she abuses him like a fury rather than a gentle woman2 she accuses him of loving a slave-girl4 ,he swears that there is nothing in it and writes to the slave--yet everything that made ,corinna angry was true4 ,but how did she get to know of it8 ,what clue had led to their betrayal8 ,he asks the slave-girl for another rendezvous4 ,if she refuse him1 he threatens to confess everything to ,corinna4 ,he jokes with a friend about his two loves and the trouble and pleasure they give him4 ,soon after1 it is ,corinna alone that fills his thoughts4 ,she is everything to him4 ,he sings his triumph1 as if it were his first victory4 ,after certain incidents1 which for more than one reason we must leave in ,ovid1 and others1 which it would be too long to recount1 he discovers that ,corinna's husband has become too lax4 ,he is no longer jealous2 our lover does not like this1 and threatens to leave the wife1 if the husband does not resume his jealousy4 ,the husband obeys him but too well2 he has ,corinna watched so closely1 that ,ovid can no longer come to her4 ,he complains of this close watch1 which he had himself provoked--but he will find a way to get round it4 ,unfortunately1 he is not the only one to succeed therein4 ,corinna's infidelities begin again and multiply2 her intrigues become so public1 that the only boon that ,ovid can crave of her1 is that she will take some trouble to deceive him1 and show a little less obviously what she really is4 ,such were the morals of ,ovid and his mistress1 such is the character of their love4 ,cynthia is the first love of ,propertius1 and she will be his last4 ,pg #bic ,no sooner is he happy1 but he is jealous4 ,cynthia is too fond of dress2 he begs her to shun luxury and to love simplicity4 ,he himself is given up to more than one kind of debauch4 ,cynthia expects him2 he only comes to her at dawn1 leaving a banquet in his cups4 ,he finds her asleep2 it is a long time before she wakes1 in spite of the noise he makes and even of his kisses2 at last she opens her eyes and reproaches him as he deserves4 ,a friend tries to detach him from ,cynthia2 he gives his friend a eulogy of her beauty and talents4 ,he is threatened with losing her2 she goes off with a soldier2 she means to follow the army2 she will expose herself to every danger in order to follow her soldier4 ,propertius does not storm2 he weeps and prays heaven for her happiness4 ,he will never leave the house she has deserted2 he will look out for strangers who have seen her1 and will never leave off asking them for news of ,cynthia4 ,she is touched by love so great4 ,she deserts the soldier and stays with the poet4 ,he gives thanks to ,apollo and the ,muses2 he is drunk with his happiness4 ,this happiness is soon troubled by a new access of jealousy1 interrupted by separation and by absence4 ,far from ,cynthia1 he can only think of her4 ,her past infidelities make him fear for news4 ,death does not frighten him1 he only fears to lose ,cynthia2 let him be but certain that she will be faithful and he will go down without regret to the grave4 ,after more treachery1 he fancies he is delivered from his love2 but soon he is again in its bonds4 ,he paints the most ravishing portrait of his mistress1 her beauty1 the elegance of her dress1 her talents in singing1 poetry and dancing2 everything redoubles and justifies his love4 ,but ,cynthia1 as perverse as she is captivating1 dishonours herself before the whole town by such scandalous adventures that ,propertius can no longer love her without shame4 ,he blushes1 but he cannot shake her off4 ,he will be her lover1 her husband2 he will never love any but ,cynthia4 ,they part and come together again4 ,cynthia is jealous1 he reassures her4 ,he will never love any other woman4 ,but in fact it is never one woman he loves--it is all women4 ,he never has enough of them1 he is insatiable of pleasure4 ,to recall him to himself1 ,cynthia has to desert him yet again4 ,then his complaints are as vigorous as if he had never been faithless himself4 ,he tries to escape4 ,he seeks distraction in debauch4--,is he drunk as usual8 ,he pretends that a troupe of loves meets him and brings him back to ,cynthia's feet4 ,reconciliation is followed by more storms4 ,cynthia1 at one ,pg #bid of their supper parties1 gets heated with wine like himself1 upsets the table and hits him over the head4 ,propertius thinks this charming4 ,more perfidy forces him at last to break his chains2 he tries to go away2 he means to travel in ,greece2 he completes all his plans for the journey1 but he renounces the project--and all in order to see himself once more the butt of new outrages4 ,cynthia does not confine herself to betraying him2 she makes him the laughing-stock of his rivals4 ,but illness seizes her and she dies4 ,she reproaches him with his faithlessness1 his caprices and his desertion of her in her last moments1 and swears that she herself1 in spite of appearances1 was always faithful4 ,such are the morals and adventures of ,propertius and his mistress2 such in abstract is the history of their love4 ,such was the woman that a soul like ,propertius was reduced to loving4 ,ovid and ,propertius were often faithless1 but never inconstant4 ,confirmed libertines1 they distribute their homage far and wide1 but always return to take up the same chains again4 ,corinna and ,cynthia have womankind for rivals1 but no woman in particular4 ,the ,muse of these two poets is faithful1 if their love is not1 and no other names besides those of ,corinna and of ,cynthia figure in their verses4 ,tibullus1 a tender lover and tender poet1 less lively and less headlong in his tastes1 has not their constancy4 ,three beauties are one after the other the objects of his love and of his verses4 ,delia is the first1 the most celebrated and also the best beloved4 ,tibullus has lost his fortune1 but he still has the country and ,delia4 ,to enjoy her amid the peaceful fields2 to be able1 at his ease1 to press ,delia's hand in his2 to have her for his only mourner at his funeral--he makes no other prayers4 ,delia is kept shut up by a jealous husband2 he will penetrate into her prison1 in spite of any ,argus and triple bolts4 ,he will forget all his troubles in her arms4 ,he falls ill and ,delia alone fills his thoughts4 ,he exhorts her to be always chaste1 to despise gold1 and to grant none but him the love she has granted him4 ,but ,delia does not follow his advice4 ,he thought he could put up with her infidelity2 but it is too much for him and he begs ,delia and ,venus for pity4 ,he seeks in wine a remedy and does not find it2 he can neither soften his regret nor cure himself of his love4 ,he turns to ,delia's husband1 deceived like himself1 and reveals to him all the tricks she uses to attract and see her lovers4 ,if the husband does not know how to keep watch over her1 let her be trusted to himself2 he will manage right enough to ward ,pg #bie the lovers off and to keep from their toils the author of their common wrongs4 ,he is appeased and returns to her2 he remembers ,delia's mother who favoured their love2 the memory of this good woman opens his heart once more to tender thoughts1 and all ,delia's wrongs are forgotten4 ,but she is soon guilty of others more serious4 ,she lets herself be corrupted by gold and presents2 she gives herself to another1 to others4 ,at length ,tibullus breaks his shameful chains and says good-bye to her for ever4 ,he passes under the sway of ,nemesis and is no happier2 she loves only gold and cares little for poetry and the gifts of genius4 ,nemesis is a greedy woman who sells herself to the highest bidder2 he curses her avarice1 but he loves her and cannot live unless she loves him4 ,he tries to move her with touching images4 ,she has lost her young sister2 he will go and weep on her tomb and confide his grief to her dumb ashes4 ,the shade of her sister will take offence at the tears that ,nemesis causes to flow4 ,she must not despise her anger4 ,the sad image of her sister might come at night to trouble her sleep4444 ,but these sad memories force tears from ,nemesis--and at that price he could not buy even happiness4 ,neaera is his third mistress4 ,he has long enjoyed her love2 he only prays the gods that he may live and die with her2 but she leaves him1 she is gone2 he can only think of her1 she is his only prayer2 he has seen in a dream ,apollo1 who announces to him that ,neaera is unfaithful4 ,he refuses to believe this dream2 he could not survive his misfortune1 and none the less the misfortune is there4 ,neaera is faithless2 once more ,tibullus is deserted4 ,such was his character and fortune1 such is the triple and all unhappy story of his loves4 ,in him particularly there is a sweet1 all-pervading melancholy1 that gives even to his pleasures the tone of dreaminess and sadness which constitutes his charm4 ,if any poet of antiquity introduced moral sensibility into love1 it was ,tibullus2 but these fine shades of feeling which he expresses so well1 are in himself2 he expects no more than the other two to find them or engender them in his mistresses4 ,their grace1 their beauty is all that inflames him2 their favours all he desires or regrets2 their perfidy1 their venality1 their loss1 all that torments him4 ,of all these women1 celebrated in the verses of three great poets1 ,cynthia seems the most lovable4 ,the attraction of talent is joined to all the others2 she cultivates singing and poetry2 and yet all these talents1 which were found ,pg #bif not infrequently in courtesans of a certain standing1 were of no avail--it was none the less pleasure1 gold and wine which ruled her4 ,and ,propertius1 who boasts only once or twice of her artistic tastes1 in his passion for her is none the less seduced by a very different power6 ,these great poets are apparently to be numbered among the most tender and refined souls of their century--well6 this is how they loved and whom4 ,we must here put literary considerations on one side4 ,i only ask of them evidence concerning their century2 and in two thousand years a novel by ,ducray-,duminil7#ei7 will be evidence concerning the annals of ours4 #a ,mark ,dido's look in the superb sketch by ,m4 ,guerin at the ,luxembourg4 #b ,everything that is beautiful in the world having become a part of the beauty of the woman you love1 you find yourself inclined to do everything in the world that is beautiful4 #c ,guinguen's ,histoire littraire de l',italie 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dij47 ,,xciii7b7 ,one of my great regrets is not to have been able to see ,venice in #agfj4a ,a run of happy chances had apparently united1 in so small a space1 both the political institutions and the public opinion that are most favourable to the happiness of mankind4 ,a soft spirit of luxury gave everyone an easy access to happiness4 ,there were no domestic struggles and no crimes4 ,serenity was seen on every face2 no one thought about seeming richer than he was2 hypocrisy had no point4 ,i imagine it must have been the direct contrary to ,london in #ahbb4 #a ,travels in ,italy of the ,president de ,brosses1 ,travels of ,eustace1 ,sharp1 ,smollett4 ,,xciv ,if in the place of the want of personal security you put the natural fear of economic want1 you will see that the ,united ,states of ,america bears a considerable resemblance to the ancient world as regards that passion1 on which we are attempting to write a monograph4 ,in speaking of the more or less imperfect sketches of passion-love which the ancients have left us1 ,i see that ,i have forgotten the ,loves of ,medea in the ,argonautica7#fj74 ,pg #big ,virgil copied them in his picture of ,dido4 ,compare that with love as seen in a modern novel--,le ,doyen de ,killerine1 for example4 ,,xcv ,the ,roman feels the beauties of ,nature and ,art with amazing strength1 depth and justice2 but if he sets out to try and reason on what he feels so forcibly1 it is pitiful4 ,the reason may be that his feelings come to him from ,nature1 but his logic from government4 ,you can see at once why the fine arts1 outside ,italy1 are only a farce2 men reason better1 but the public has no feeling4 ,,xcvi ,london1 ,november #bjth1 #ahba4 ,a very sensible man1 who arrived yesterday from ,madras1 told me in a two hours' conversation what ,i reduce to the following few lines3-- ,this gloom1 which from an unknown cause depresses the ,english character1 penetrates so deeply into their hearts1 that at the end of the world1 at ,madras1 no sooner does an ,englishman get a few days' holiday1 than he quickly leaves rich and flourishing ,madras and comes to revive his spirits in the little ,french town of ,pondicherry1 which1 without wealth and almost without commerce1 flourishes under the paternal administration of ,m4 ,dupuy4 ,at ,madras you drink ,burgundy that costs thirty-six francs a bottle2 the poverty of the ,french in ,pondicherry is such that1 in the most distinguished circles1 the refreshments consist of large glasses of water4 ,but in ,pondicherry they laugh4 ,at present there is more liberty in ,england than in ,prussia4 ,the climate is the same as that of ,koenigsberg1 ,berlin or ,warsaw1 cities which are far from being famous for their gloom4 ,the working classes in these towns have less security and drink quite as little wine as in ,england2 and they are much worse clothed4 ,pg #bih ,the aristocracies of ,venice and ,vienna are not gloomy4 ,i can see only one point of difference3 in gay countries the ,bible is little read1 and there is gallantry4 ,i am sorry to have to come back so often to a demonstration with which ,i am unsatisfied4 ,i suppress a score of facts pointing in the same direction4 ,,xcvii ,i have just seen1 in a fine country-house near ,paris1 a very good-looking1 very clever1 and very rich young man of less than twenty2 he has been left there by chance almost alone1 for a long time too1 with a most beautiful girl of eighteen1 full of talent1 of a most distinguished mind1 and also very rich4 ,who wouldn't have expected a passionate love-affair8 ,not a bit of it--such was the affectation of these two charming creatures that both were occupied solely with themselves and the effect they were to produce4 ,,xcviii ,i am ready to agree that on the morrow of a great action a savage pride has made this people fall into all the faults and follies that lay open to it4 ,but you will see what prevents me from effacing my previous praises of this representative of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the prettiest woman in ,narbonne is a young ,spaniard1 scarcely twenty years old1 who lives there very retired with her husband1 a ,spaniard also1 and an officer on half-pay4 ,some time ago there was a fool whom this officer was obliged to insult4 ,the next day1 on the field of combat1 the fool sees the young ,spanish woman arrive4 ,he begins a renewed flow of affected nothings3-- ,no1 indeed1 it's shocking6 ,how could you tell your wife about it8 ,you see1 she has come to prevent us fighting6 ,i have come to bury you1 she answered4 ,pg #bii ,happy the husband who can tell his wife everything6 ,the result did not belie this woman's haughty words4 ,her action would have been considered hardly the thing in ,england4 ,thus does false decency diminish the little happiness that exists here below4 ,,xcix ,the delightful ,donzan said yesterday3 ,in my youth1 and well on in my career--for ,i was fifty in '#hi--women wore powder in their hair4 ,i own that a woman without powder gives me a feeling of repugnance2 the first impression is always that of a chamber-maid who hasn't had time to get dressed4 ,here we have the one argument against ,shakespeare and in favour of the dramatic unities4 ,while young men read nothing but ,la ,harpe7#fa71 the taste for great powdered toupes1 such as the late ,queen ,marie ,antoinette used to wear1 can still last some years4 ,i know people too1 who despise ,correggio and ,michael ,angelo1 and1 to be sure1 ,m4 ,donzan was extremely clever4 ,c ,cold1 brave1 calculating1 suspicious1 contentious1 for ever afraid of being attracted by anyone who might possibly be laughing at them in secret1 absolutely devoid of enthusiasm1 and a little jealous of people who saw great events with ,napoleon1 such was the youth of that age1 estimable rather than lovable4 ,they forced on the country that ,right-,centre form of government-to-the-lowest-bidder4 ,this temper in the younger generation was to be found even among the conscripts1 each of whom only longed to finish his time4 ,all systems of education1 whether given expressly or by chance1 form men for a certain period in their life4 ,pg #cjj ,the education of the age of ,louis ,,xv made twenty-five the finest moment in the lives of its pupils4#a ,it is at forty that the young men of this period will be at their best2 they will have lost their suspiciousness and pretensions1 and have gained ease and gaiety4 #a ,m4 de ,francueil with too much powder3 ,memoirs of ,madame d'pinay4 ,,ci ,,discussion ,,between ,,an ,,honest ,,man ,,and ,,an ,,academic ,in this discussion1 the academic always saved himself by fixing on little dates and other similar errors of small importance2 but the consequences and natural qualifications of things1 these he always denied1 or seemed not to understand3 for example1 that ,nero was a cruel ,emperor or ,charles ,,ii a perjurer4 ,now1 how are you to prove things of this kind1 or1 even if you do1 manage not to put a stop to the general discussion or lose the thread of it8 ,this1 ,i have always remarked1 is the method of discussion between such folk1 one of whom seeks only the truth and advancement thereto1 the other the favour of his master or his party and the glory of talking well4 ,and ,i always consider it great folly and waste of time for an honest man to stop and talk with the said academics4 7uvres badines of ,guy ,allard de ,voiron47 ,,cii ,only a small part of the art of being happy is an exact science1 a sort of ladder up which one can be sure of climbing a rung per century--and that is the part which depends on government4 7,still1 this is only theory4 ,i ,pg #cja find the ,venetians of #aggj happier than the people of ,philadelphia to-day47 ,for the rest1 the art of being happy is like poetry2 in spite of the perfecting of all things1 ,homer1 two thousand seven hundred years ago1 had more talent than ,lord ,byron4 ,reading ,plutarch with attention1 ,i think ,i can see that men were happier in ,sicily in the time of ,dion than we manage to be to-day1 although they had no printing and no iced punch6 ,i would rather be an ,arab of the fifth century than a ,frenchman of the nineteenth4 ,,ciii ,people go to the theatre1 never for that kind of illusion which is lost one minute and found again the next1 but for an opportunity of convincing their neighbour1 or at least themselves1 that they have read their ,la ,harpe and are people who know what's good4 ,it is an old pedant's pleasure that the younger generation indulges in4 ,,civ ,a woman belongs by right to the man who loves her and is dearer to her than life4 ,,cv ,crystallisation cannot be excited by an understudy1 and your most dangerous rivals are those most unlike you4 ,,cvi ,in a very advanced state of society passion-love is as natural as physical love among savages4 7,m47 ,pg #cjb ,,cvii ,but for an infinite number of shades of feeling1 to have a woman you adore would be no happiness and scarcely a possibility4 7,l41 ,october #gth47 ,,cviii ,whence comes the intolerance of ,stoic philosophers8 ,from the same source as that of religious fanatics4 ,they are put out because they are struggling against nature1 because they deny themselves1 and because it hurts them4 ,if they would question themselves honestly on the hatred they bear towards those who profess a code of morals less severe1 they would have to own that it springs from a secret jealousy of a bliss which they envy and have renounced1 without believing in the rewards which would make up for this sacrifice4 7,diderot47 ,,cix ,women who are always taking offence might well ask themselves whether they are following a line of conduct1 which they think really and truly is the road to happiness4 ,is there not a little lack of courage1 mixed with a little mean revenge1 at the bottom of a prude's heart8 ,consider the ill-humour of ,madame de ,deshoulires in her last days4 7,note by ,m4 ,lemontey477#fb74 ,,cx ,nothing more indulgent than virtue without hypocrisy--because nothing happier2 yet even ,mistress ,hutchinson might well be more indulgent4 ,,cxi ,immediately below this kind of happiness comes that of a young1 pretty and easy-going woman1 with a conscience ,pg #cjc that does not reproach her4 ,at ,messina people used to talk scandal about the ,contessina ,vicenzella4 ,well1 well6 she would say1 ,i'm young1 free1 rich and perhaps not ugly4 ,i wish the same to all the ladies of ,messina6 ,it was this charming woman1 who would never be more than a friend to me1 who introduced me to the ,abb ,melli's sweet poems in ,sicilian dialect4 ,his poetry is delicious1 though still disfigured by mythology4 7,delfante47 ,,cxii ,the public of ,paris has a fixed capacity for attention--three days3 after which1 bring to its notice the death of ,napoleon or ,m4 ,branger7#fc7 sent to prison for two months--the news is just as sensational1 and to bring it up on the fourth day just as tactless4 ,must every great capital be like this1 or has it to do with the good nature and light heart of the ,parisian8 ,thanks to aristocratic pride and morbid reserve1 ,london is nothing but a numerous collection of hermits2 it is not a capital4 ,vienna is nothing but an oligarchy of two hundred families surrounded by a hundred and fifty thousand workpeople and servants who wait on them4 ,no more is that a capital4--,naples and ,paris1 the only two capitals4 7,extract from ,birkbeck's ,travels1 p4 #cga47 ,,cxiii ,according to common ideas1 or reasonable-ideas1 as they are called by ordinary people1 if any period of imprisonment could possibly be tolerable1 it would be after several years' confinement1 when at last the poor prisoner is only separated by a month or two from the moment of his release4 ,but the ways of crystallisation are otherwise4 ,the last month is more painful than the last three years4 ,in the gaol at ,melun1 ,m4 d',hotelans has seen several prisoners die of impatience within a few months of the day of release4 ,pg #cjd ,,cxiv ,i cannot resist the pleasure of copying out a letter written in bad ,english by a young ,german woman4 ,it proves that1 after all1 constant love exists1 and that not every man of genius is a ,mirabeau4 ,klopstock1 the great poet1 passes at ,hamburg for having been an attractive person4 ,read what his young wife wrote to an intimate friend3 ,after having seen him two hours1 ,i was obliged to pass the evening in a company1 which never had been so wearisome to me4 ,i could not speak1 ,i could not play2 ,i thought ,i saw nothing but ,klopstock2 ,i saw him the next day and the following and we were very seriously friends4 ,but the fourth day he departed4 ,it was a strong hour the hour of his departure6 ,he wrote soon after2 from that time our correspondence began to be a very diligent one4 ,i sincerely believed my love to be friendship4 ,i spoke with my friends of nothing but ,klopstock1 and showed his letters4 ,they raillied at me and said ,i was in love4 ,i raillied then again1 and said that they must have a very friendshipless heart1 if they had no idea of friendship to a man as well as to a woman4 ,thus it continued eight months1 in which time my friends found as much love in ,klopstock's letters as in me4 ,i perceived it likewise1 but ,i would not believe it4 ,at the last ,klopstock said plainly that he loved2 and ,i startled as for a wrong thing2 ,i answered that it was no love1 but friendship1 as it was what ,i felt for him2 we had not seen one another enough to love 7as if love must have more time than friendship74 ,this was sincerely my meaning1 and ,i had this meaning till ,klopstock came again to ,hamburg4 ,this he did a year after we had seen one another the first time4 ,we saw1 we were friends1 we loved2 and a short time after1 ,i could even tell ,klopstock that ,i loved4 ,but we were obliged to part again1 and wait two years for our wedding4 ,my mother would not let me marry a stranger4 ,i could marry then without ,pg #cje her consent1 as by the death of my father my fortune depended not on her2 but this was a horrible idea for me2 and thank heaven that ,i have prevailed by prayers6 ,at this time knowing ,klopstock1 she loves him as her lifely son1 and thanks ,god that she has not persisted4 ,we married and ,i am the happiest wife in the world4 ,in some few months it will be four years that ,i am so happy4444 7,correspondence of ,richardson1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adg47 ,,cxv ,the only unions legitimate for all time are those that answer to a real passion4 ,,cxvi ,to be happy with laxity of morals1 one wants the simplicity of character that is found in ,germany and ,italy1 but never in ,france4 7,the ,duchess de ,c----7 ,,cxvii ,it is their pride that makes the ,turks deprive their women of everything that can nourish crystallisation4 ,i have been living for the last three months in a country where the titled folk will soon be carried just as far by theirs4 ,modesty is the name given here by men to the exactions of aristocratic pride run mad4 ,who would risk a lapse of modesty8 ,here also1 as at ,athens1 the intellectuals show a marked tendency to take refuge with courtesans--that is to say1 with the women whom a scandal shelters from the need to affect modesty4 7,life of ,fox47 ,,cxviii ,in the case of love blighted by too prompt a victory1 ,i have seen in very tender characters crystallisation trying ,pg #cjf to form later4 ,i don't love you a bit1 she says1 but laughing4 ,,cxix ,the present-day education of women--that odd mixture of works of charity and risky songs 7,di piacer mi balza il cor1 in ,la ,gazza ,ladra77#fd7--;is the one thing in the world best calculated to keep off happiness4 ,this form of education produces minds completely inconsequent4 ,madame de ,r----1 who was afraid of dying1 has just met her death through thinking it funny to throw her medicines out of the window4 ,poor little women like her take inconsequence for gaiety1 because1 in appearance1 gaiety is often inconsequent4 ',tis like the ,german1 who threw himself out of the window in order to be sprightly4 ,,cxx ,vulgarity1 by stifling imagination1 instantly produces in me a deadly boredom4 ,charming ,countess ,k----1 showing me this evening her lovers' letters1 which to my mind were in bad taste4 7,forl1 ,march #agth1 ,henri47 ,imagination was not stifled3 it was only deranged1 and very soon from mere repugnance ceased to picture the unpleasantness of these dull lovers4 ,,cxxi ,,metaphysical ,,reverie ,belgirate1 #bfth ,october1 #ahaf4 ,real passion has only to be crossed for it to produce apparently more unhappiness than happiness4 ,this thought may not be true in the case of gentle souls1 but it is absolutely proved in the case of the majority of men1 and particularly of cold philosophers1 who1 as regards passion1 live1 one might say1 only on curiosity and self-love4 ,i said all this to the ,contessina ,fulvia yesterday ,pg #cjg evening1 as we were walking together near the great pine on the eastern terrace of ,isola ,bella4 ,she answered3 ,unhappiness makes a much stronger impression on a man's life than pleasure4 ,the prime virtue in anything which claims to give us pleasure1 is that it strikes hard4 ,might we not say that life itself being made up only of sensation1 there is a universal taste in all living beings for the consciousness that the sensations of their life are the keenest that can be8 ,in the ,north people are hardly alive--look at the slowness of their movements4 ,the ,italian's dolce far niente is the pleasure of relishing one's soul and one's emotions1 softly reclining on a divan4 ,such pleasure is impossible1 if you are racing all day on horseback or in a drosky1 like the ,englishman or the ,russian4 ,such people would die of boredom on a divan4 ,there is no reason to look into their souls4 ,love gives the keenest possible of all sensations--and the proof is that in these moments of 'inflammation1' as physiologists would say1 the heart is open to those 'complex sensations' which ,helvtius1 ,buffon and other philosophers think so absurd4 ,the other day1 as you know1 ,luizina fell into the lake2 you see1 her eye was following a laurel leaf that had fallen from a tree on ,isola-,madre 7one of the ,borromean ,islands74 ,the poor woman owned to me that one day her lover1 while talking to her1 threw into the lake the leaves of a laurel branch he was stripping1 and said3 ',your cruelty and the calumnies of your friend are preventing me from turning my life to account and winning a little glory4' ,it is a peculiar and incomprehensible fact that1 when some great passion has brought upon the soul moments of torture and extreme unhappiness1 the soul comes to despise the happiness of a peaceful life1 where everything seems framed to our desires4 ,a fine country-house in a picturesque position1 substantial means1 a good wife1 three pretty children1 and friends charming ,pg #cjh and numerous--this is but a mere outline of all our host4 ,general ,c----1 possesses4 ,and yet he said1 as you know1 he felt tempted to go to ,naples and take the command of a guerilla band4 ,a soul made for passion soon finds this happy life monotonous1 and feels1 perhaps1 that it only offers him commonplace ideas4 ',i wish1' ,c4 said to you1 'that ,i had never known the fever of high passion4 ,i wish ,i could rest content with the apparent happiness on which people pay me every day such stupid compliments1 which1 to put the finishing touch to1 ,i have to answer politely4' ,i1 a philosopher1 rejoin3 ,do you want the thousandth proof that we are not created by a good ,being8 ,it is the fact that pleasure does not make perhaps half as much impression on human life as pain4444#a ,the ,contessina interrupted me4 ,in life there are few mental pains that are not rendered sweet by the emotion they themselves excite1 and1 if there is a spark of magnanimity in the soul1 this pleasure is increased a hundredfold4 ,the man condemned to death in #ahae and saved by chance 7,m4 de ,lavalette7#fe71 for example71 if he was going courageously to his doom1 must recall that moment ten times a month4 ,but the coward1 who was going to die crying and yelling 7the exciseman1 ,morris1 thrown into the lake1 ,rob ,roy7--suppose him also saved by chance--can at most recall that instant with pleasure because he was saved1 not for the treasures of magnanimity that he discovered with him1 and that take away for the future all his fears4 ,i3 ,love1 even unhappy love1 gives a gentle soul1 for whom a thing imagined is a thing existent1 treasures of this kind of enjoyment4 ,he weaves sublime visions of happiness and beauty about himself and his beloved4 ,how often has ,salviati heard ,lonore1 with her enchanting ,pg #cji smile1 say1 like ,mademoiselle ,mars in ,les ,fausses ,confidences3 ',well1 yes1 ,i do love you6' ,no1 these are never the illusions of a prudent mind4 ,fulvia 7raising her eyes to heaven73 ,yes1 for you and me1 love1 even unhappy love1 if only our admiration for the beloved knows no limit1 is the supreme happiness4 7,fulvia is twenty-three1--the most celebrated beauty of 444 ,her eyes were heavenly as she talked like this at midnight and raised them towards the glorious sky above the ,borromean ,islands4 ,the stars seemed to answer her4 ,i looked down and could find no more philosophical arguments to meet her4 ,she continued37 ,and all that the world calls happiness is not worth the trouble4 ,only contempt1 ,i think1 can cure this passion2 not contempt too violent1 for that is torture4 ,for you men it is enough to see the object of your adoration love some gross1 prosaic creature1 or sacrifice you in order to enjoy pleasures of luxurious comfort with a woman friend4 #a ,see the analysis of the ascetic principle in ,bentham1 ,principles of ,morals and ,legislation4 ,by giving oneself pain one pleases a good ,being4 ,,cxxii ,to will means to have the courage to expose oneself to troubles2 to expose oneself is to take risks--to gamble4 ,you find military men who cannot exist without such gambling--that's what makes them intolerable in home-life4 ,,cxxiii ,general ,teuli told me this evening that he had found out why1 as soon as there were affected women in a drawing-room1 he became so horribly dry and floored for ideas4 ,it was because he was sure to be bitterly ashamed of having exposed his feelings with warmth before such creatures4 ,general ,teuli had to speak from his heart1 though the talk were only of ,punch and ,judy2 otherwise he had nothing to say4 ,moreover1 ,i could see he never knew the conventional phrase about ,pg #caj anything nor what was the right thing to say4 ,that is really where he made himself so monstrously ridiculous in the eyes of affected women4 ,heaven had not made him for elegant society4 ,,cxxiv ,irreligion is bad form at ,court1 because it is calculated to be contrary to the interests of princes3 irreligion is also bad form in the presence of girls1 for it would prevent their finding husbands4 ,it must be owned that1 if ,god exists1 it must be nice for ,him to be honoured from motives like these4 ,,cxxv ,for the soul of a great painter or a great poet1 love is divine in that it increases a hundredfold the empire and the delight of his art1 and the beauties of art are his soul's daily bread4 ,how many great artists are unconscious both of their soul and of their genius6 ,often they reckon as mediocre their talent for the thing they adore1 because they cannot agree with the eunuchs of the harem1 ,la ,harpe and such-like4 ,for them even unhappy love is happiness4 ,,cxxvi ,the picture of first love is taken generally as the most touching4 ,why8 ,because it is the same in all countries and in all characters4 ,but for this reason first love is not the most passionate4 ,,cxxvii ,reason6 ,reason6 ,reason6 ,that is what the world is always shouting at poor lovers4 ,in #agfj1 at the most thrilling moment in the ,seven ,years' ,war1 ,grimm wrote3 444 ,it is indubitable that the ,king of ,russia1 by yielding ,silesia1 could have prevented the war from ,pg #caa ever breaking out4 ,in so doing he would have done a very wise thing4 ,how many evils would he have prevented6 ,and what can there be in common between the possession of a province and the happiness of a king8 ,was not the great ,elector a very happy and highly respected prince without possessing ,silesia8 ,it is also quite clear that a king might have taken this course in obedience to the precepts of the soundest reason1 and yet--,i know not how--that king would inevitably have been the object of universal contempt1 while ,frederick1 sacrificing everything to the necessity of keeping ,silesia1 has invested himself with immortal glory4 ,without any doubt the action of ,cromwell's son was the wisest a man could take3 he preferred obscurity and repose to the bother and danger of ruling over a people sombre1 fiery and proud4 ,this wise man won the contempt of his own time and of posterity2 while his father1 to this day1 has been held a great man by the wisdom of nations4 ,the ,fair ,penitent is a sublime subject on the ,spanish#a stage1 but spoilt by ,otway and ,colardeau in ,england and ,france4 ,calista has been dishonoured by a man she adores2 he is odious from the violence of his inborn pride1 but talent1 wit and a handsome face--everything1 in fact--combine to make him seductive4 ,indeed1 ,lothario would have been too charming could he have moderated these criminal outbursts4 ,moreover1 an hereditary and bitter feud separates his family from that of the woman he loves4 ,these families are at the head of two factions dividing a ,spanish town during the horrors of the ,middle ,age4 ,sciolto1 ,calista's father1 is the chief of the faction1 which at the moment has the upper hand2 he knows that ,lothario has had the insolence to try to seduce his daughter4 ,the weak ,calista is weighed down by the torment of shame and passion4 ,her father has ,pg #cab succeeded in getting his enemy appointed to the command of a naval armament that is setting out on a distant and perilous expedition1 where ,lothario will probably meet his death4 ,in ,colardeau's tragedy1 he has just told his daughter this news4 ,at his words ,calista can no longer hide her passion3 ,o dieux6 ,il part6444 ,vous l'ordonnez6444 ,il a pu s'y rsoudre8#b ,think of the danger she is placed in4 ,another word1 and ,sciolto will learn the secret of his daughter's passion for ,lothario4 ,the father is confounded and cries3-- ,qu'entends-je8 ,me tromp-je8 ,o s'garent tes voeux8#c ,at this ,calista recovers herself and answers3-- ,ce n'est pas son exile1 c'est sa mort que je veux1 ,qu'il prisse6#d ,by these words ,calista stifles her father's rising suspicions2 yet there is no deceit1 for the sentiment she utters is true4 ,the existence of a man1 who has succeeded after winning her love in dishonouring her1 must poison her life1 were he even at the ends of the earth4 ,his death alone could restore her peace of mind1 if for unfortunate lovers peace of mind existed4444 ,soon after ,lothario is killed and1 happily for her1 ,calista dies4 ',there's a lot of crying and moaning over nothing6' say the chilly folk who plume themselves on being philosophers4 ',somebody with an enterprising and violent nature abuses a woman's weakness for him--that is nothing to tear our hair over1 or at least there is nothing in ,calista's troubles to concern us4 ,she must console herself with having satisfied her lover1 and she will not be the first woman of merit who has made the best of her misfortune in that way4'#e ,pg #cac ,richard ,cromwell1 the ,king of ,prussia and ,calista1 with the souls given them by ,heaven1 could only find peace and happiness by acting as they did4 ,the conduct of the two last is eminently unreasonable and yet it is those two that we admire4 7,sagan1 #ahac47 #a ,see the ,spanish and ,danish romances of the thirteenth century4 ,french taste would find them dull and coarse4 #b ,my ,god6 ,he is gone4444 ,you have sent him4444 ,and he had the heart8--,tr4 #c ,what do ,i hear8 ,i am deceived8 ,where now are all your vows8--,tr4 #d ,it is not his banishment ,i desire2 it is his death4 ,let him die6--,tr4 #e ,grimm1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajg4 ,,cxxviii ,the likelihood of constancy when desire is satisfied can only be foretold from the constancy displayed1 in spite of cruel doubts and jealousy and ridicule1 in the days before intimate intercourse4 ,,cxxix ,a woman is in despair at the death of her lover1 who has been killed in the wars--of course she means to follow him4 ,now first make quite sure that it is not the best thing for her to do2 then1 if you decide it is not1 attack her on the side of a very primitive habit of the human kind--the desire to survive4 ,if the woman has an enemy1 one may persuade her that her enemy has obtained a warrant for her imprisonment4 ,unless that threat only increases her desire of death1 she may think about hiding herself in order to escape imprisonment4 ,for three weeks she will lie low1 escaping from refuge to refuge4 ,she must be caught1 but must get away after three days4 ,then people must arrange for her to withdraw under a false name to some very remote town1 as unlike as possible the one in which she was so desperately unhappy4 ,but who is going to devote himself to the consolation of a being so unfortunate and so lost to friendship8 7,warsaw1 #ahjh74 ,,cxxx ,academical wise-heads can see a people's habits in its language4 ,in ,italy1 of all the countries in the world1 the ,pg #cad word love is least often spoken--always amicizia and avvicinar 7amicizia or friendship1 for love2 avvicinar1 to approach1 for courtship that succeeds74 ,,cxxxi ,a dictionary of music has never been achieved1 nor even begun4 ,it is only by chance that you find the phrase for3 ,i am angry or ,i love you1 and the subtler feelings involved therein4 ,the composer finds them only when passion1 present in his heart or memory1 dictates them to him4 ,well6 that is why people1 who spend the fire of youth studying instead of feeling1 cannot be artists--the way that works is perfectly simple4 ,,cxxxii ,in ,france far too much power is given to ,women1 far too little to ,woman4 ,,cxxxiii ,the most flattering thing that the most exalted imagination could find to say to the generation now arising among us to take possession of life1 of public opinion and of power1 happens to be a piece of truth plainer than the light of day4 ,this generation has nothing to continue1 it has everything to create4 ,napoleon's great merit is to have left the road clear4 ,,cxxxiv ,i should like to be able to say something on consolation4 ,enough is not done to console4 ,the main principle is that you try to form a kind of crystallisation as remote as possible from the source of present suffering4 ,in order to discover an unknown principle1 we must bravely face a little anatomy4 ,pg #cae ,if the reader will consult ,chapter ,,ii of ,m4 ,villerm's work on prisons 7,paris1 #ahbj71 he will see that the prisoners si maritano fra di loro 7it is the expression in the prisoners' language74 ,the women also si maritano fra di loro1 and in these unions1 generally speaking1 much fidelity is shown4 ,that is an outcome of the principle of modesty1 and is not observed among the men4 ,at ,saint-,lazare1 says ,m4 ,villerm1 page #if1 a woman1 seeing a new-comer preferred to her1 gave herself several wounds with a knife4 7,october1 #ahah47 ,usually it is the younger woman who is more fond than the other4 ,,cxxxv ,vivacit1 leggerezza1 soggettissima a prendere puntiglio1 occupazione di ogni momento delle apparenze della propria esistenza agli occhi altrui3 ,ecco i tre gran caratteri di questa pianta che risveglia ,europa nell #ahjh4a ,of ,italians1 those are preferable who still preserve a little savagery and taste for blood--the people of the ,romagna1 ,calabria1 and1 among the more civilised1 the ,brescians1 ,piedmontese and ,corsicans4 ,the ,florentine bourgeois has more sheepish docility than the ,parisian4 ,leopold's spies have degraded him4 ,see ,m4 ,courier's7#ab7 letter on the ,librarian ,furia and the ,chamberlain ,puccini4 #a ,vivacity1 levity1 very subject to pique1 and unflagging preoccupation with other people's view's of its own existence--these are the three distinguishing points in the stock which is stirring the life of ,europe in #ahjh4--,tr4 ,,cxxxvi ,i smile when ,i see earnest people never able to agree1 saying quite unconcernedly the most abusive things of each other--and thinking still worse4 ,to live is to feel life--to have strong feelings4 ,but strength must be rated for each individual1 and what is painful--that is1 too strong--for ,pg #caf one man is exactly enough to stir another's interest4 ,take1 for example1 the feeling of just being spared by the cannon shot in the line of fire1 the feeling of penetrating into ,russia in pursuit of ,parthian hordes4444 ,and it is the same with the tragedies of ,shakespeare and those of ,racine1 etc41 etc4444 7,orcha1 ,august #ac1 #ahab47 ,,cxxxvii ,pleasure does not produce half so strong an impression as pain--that is the first point4 ,then1 besides this disadvantage in the quantity of emotion1 it is certainly not half as easy to excite sympathy by the picture of happiness as by that of misfortune4 ,hence poets cannot depict unhappiness too forcibly4 ,they have only one shoal to fear1 namely1 things that disgust4 ,here again1 the force of feeling must be rated differently for monarchies and republics4 ,a ,lewis ,,xiv increases a hundredfold the number of disgusting things4 7,crabbe's ,poems47 ,by the mere fact of its existence a monarchy la ,lewis ,,xiv1 with its circle of nobles1 makes everything simple in ,art become coarse4 ,the noble personage for whom the thing is exposed feels insulted2 the feeling is sincere--and in so far worthy4 ,see what the gentle ,racine has been able to make of the heroic friendship1 so sacred to antiquity1 of ,orestes and ,pylades4 ,orestes addresses ,pylades with the familiar thou4#a ,pylades answers him ,my ,lord4#a ,and then people pretend ,racine is our most touching writer6 ,if they won't give in after this example1 we must change the subject4 #a ,tu and ,seigneur4 ,,cxxxviii ,directly the hope of revenge is possible1 the feeling of hatred returns4 ,until the last weeks of my imprisonment it never entered my head to run away and break the solemn oath ,i had sworn to my friend4 ,two ,pg #cag confidences these--made this morning in my presence by a gentleman cut-throat who favoured us with the history of his life4 7,faenza1 #ahag47 ,,cxxxix ,all ,europe1 put together1 could never make one ,french book of the really good type--the ,lettres ,persanes1 for example4 ,,cxl ,i call pleasure every impression which the soul would rather receive than not receive4#a ,i call pain every impression which the soul would rather not receive than receive4 ,if ,i want to go to sleep rather than be conscious of my feelings1 they are undoubtedly pain4 ,hence the desire of love is not pain1 for the lover will leave the most agreeable society in order to day-dream in peace4 ,time weakens pleasures of the body and aggravates its pains4 ,as for spiritual pleasures--they grow weaker or stronger according to the passion4 ,for example1 after six months passed in the study of astronomy you like astronomy all the more1 and after a year of avarice money is still sweeter4 ,spiritual pains are softened by time--how many widows1 really inconsolable1 console themselves with time6--,vide ,lady ,waldegrave--,horace ,walpole4 ,given a man in a state of indifference--now let him have a pleasure2 ,given another man in a state of poignant suffering--suddenly let the suffering cease2 ,now is the pleasure this man feels of the same nature as that of the other8 ,m4 ,verri7#ff7 says ,yes1 but1 to my mind--,no4 ,not all pleasures come from cessation of pain4 ,pg #cah ,a man had lived for a long time on an income of six thousand francs--he wins five hundred thousand in the lottery4 ,he had got out of the way of having desires which wealth alone can satisfy4--,and that1 by the bye1 is one of my objections to ,paris--it is so easy to lose this habit there4 ,the latest invention is a machine for cutting quills4 ,i bought one this morning and it's a great joy to me1 as ,i cannot stand cutting them myself4 ,but yesterday ,i was certainly not unhappy for not knowing of this machine4 ,or was ,petrarch unhappy for not taking coffee8 ,what is the use of defining happiness8 ,everyone knows it--the first partridge you kill on the wing at twelve1 the first battle you come through safely at seventeen4444 ,pleasure which is only the cessation of pain passes very quickly1 and its memory1 after some years1 is even distasteful4 ,one of my friends was wounded in the side by a bursting shell at the battle of ,moscow1 and a few days later mortification threatened4 ,after a delay of some hours they managed to get together ,m4 ,bclar1 ,m4 ,larrey and some surgeons of repute1 and the result of their consultation was that my friend was informed that mortification had not set up4 ,at the moment ,i could see his happiness--it was a great happiness1 but not unalloyed4 ,in the secret depth of his heart he could not believe that it was really all over1 he kept reconsidering the surgeons' words and debating whether he could rely on them entirely4 ,he never lost sight completely of the possibility of mortification4 ,nowadays1 after eight years1 if you speak to him of that consultation1 it gives him pain--it brings to mind unexpectedly a passed unhappiness4 ,pleasure caused by the cessation of pain consists in3-- #a4 ,defeating the continual succession of one's own misgivings3 #b4 ,reviewing all the advantages one was on the point of losing4 ,pleasure caused by winning five hundred thousand ,pg #cai francs consists in foreseeing all the new and unusual pleasures one is going to indulge in4 ,there is this peculiar reservation to be made4 ,you have to take into account whether a man is too used1 or not used enough1 to wishing for wealth4 ,if he is not used enough1 if his mind is closely circumscribed1 for two or three days together he will feel embarrassed2 while if he is inclined very often to wish for great riches1 he will find he has used up their enjoyments in advance by too frequently foretasting them4 ,this misfortune is unknown to passion-love4 ,a soul on fire pictures to itself not the last favour1 but the nearest--perhaps just her hand to press1 if1 for example1 your mistress is unkind to you4 ,imagination does not pass beyond that of its own accord2 you may force it1 but a moment later it is gone--for fear of profaning its idol4 ,when pleasure has run through the length of its career1 we fall again1 of course1 into indifference1 but this is not the same indifference as we felt before4 ,the second state differs from the first in that we are no longer in a position to relish with such delight the pleasure that we have just tasted4 ,the organs we use for plucking pleasures are worn out4 ,the imagination is no longer so inclined to offer fancies for the enjoyment of desire--desire is satisfied4 ,in the midst of enjoyment to be torn from pleasure produces pain4 #a ,maupertius4 ,,cxli ,with regard to physical love and1 in fact1 physical pleasure1 the disposition of the two sexes is not the same4 ,unlike men1 practically all women are at least susceptible in secret to one kind of love4 ,ever after opening her first novel at fifteen1 a woman is silently waiting for the coming of passion-love1 and towards twenty1 when she is just over the irresponsibility of life's first flush1 the suspense ,pg #cbj redoubles4 ,as for men1 they think love impossible or ridiculous1 almost before they are thirty4 ,,cxlii ,from the age of six we grow used to run after pleasure in our parents' footsteps4 ,the pride of ,contessina ,nella's mother was the starting-point of that charming woman's troubles1 and by the same insane pride she now makes them hopeless4 7,venice1 #ahai47 ,,cxliii ,,romanticism ,i hear from ,paris that there are heaps and heaps of pictures to be seen there 7,exhibition of #ahbb71 representing subjects taken from the ,bible1 painted by artists who hardly believe in it1 admired and criticised by people who don't believe1 and finally paid for by people who don't believe4 ,after that--you ask why art is decadent4 ,the artist who does not believe what he is saying is always afraid of appearing exaggerated or ridiculous4 ,how is he to touch the sublime8 ,nothing uplifts him4 7,lettera di ,roma1 ,giugno1 #ahbb47 ,,cxliv ,one of the greatest poets the world has seen in modern times is1 to my mind1 ,robert ,burns1 a ,scotch peasant1 who died of want4 ,he had a salary of seventy pounds as exciseman--for himself1 his wife and four children4 ,one cannot help saying1 by the way1 that ,napoleon was more liberal towards his enemy ,chnier4 ,burns had none of the ,english prudery about him4 ,his was a ,roman genius1 without chivalry and without honour4 ,i have no space here to tell of his love-affairs with ,mary ,campbell and their ,pg #cba mournful ending4 ,i shall merely point out that ,edinburgh is on the same latitude as ,moscow--a fact which perhaps upsets my system of climates a little4 ,one of ,burns' remarks1 when he first came to ,edinburgh1 was that between the men of rustic life and those of the polite world he observed little difference2 that in the former1 though unpolished by fashion and unenlightened by science1 he had found much observation and much intelligence2 but that a refined and accomplished woman was a being almost new to him1 and of which he had formed but a very inadequate idea4 7,london1 ,november #ast1 #ahba1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #fi47 ,,cxlv ,love is the only passion that mints the coin to pay its own expenses4 ,,cxlvi ,the compliments paid to little girls of three furnish exactly the right sort of education to imbue them with the most pernicious vanity4 ,to look pretty is the highest virtue1 the greatest advantage on earth4 ,to have a pretty dress is to look pretty4 ,these idiotic compliments are not current except in the middle class4 ,happily they are bad form outside the suburbs--being too easy to pay4 ,,cxlvii ,loretto1 ,september #aath1 #ahaa4 ,i have just seen a very fine battalion composed of natives of this country--the remains1 in fact1 of four thousand who left for ,vienna in #ahji4 ,i passed along the ranks with the ,colonel1 and asked several of the soldiers to tell me their story4 ,theirs is the virtue of the republics of the ,middle ,age1 though more or less debased by the ,pg #cbb ,spaniards1#a the ,roman ,church1#b and two centuries of the cruel1 treacherous governments1 which1 one after another1 have spoiled the country4 ,flashing1 chivalrous honour1 sublime but senseless1 is an exotic plant introduced here only a very few years back4 ,in #agdj there was no trace of it4 ,vide de ,brosses4 ,the officers of ,montenotte7#fg7 and of ,rivoli7#fg7 had too many chances of showing their comrades true virtue to go and imitate a kind of honour unknown to the cottage homes from which the soldiery of #agif was drawn--indeed1 it would have seemed to them highly fantastic4 ,in #agif there was no ,legion of ,honour1 no enthusiasm for one man1 but plenty of simple truth and virtue la ,desaix4 ,we may conclude that honour was imported into ,italy by people too reasonable and too virtuous to cut much of a figure4 ,one is sensible of a large gap between the soldiers of '#if1 often shoeless and coatless1 the victors of twenty battles in one year1 and the brilliant regiments of ,fontenoy1 taking off their hats and saying to the ,english politely3 ,messieurs1 tirez les premiers--gentlemen1 pray begin4 #a ,the ,spaniards abroad1 about #aehj1 were nothing but energetic agents of despotism or serenaders beneath the windows of ,italian beauties4 ,in those days ,spaniards dropped into ,italy just in the way people come nowadays to ,paris4 ,for the rest1 they prided themselves on nothing but upholding the honour of the king1 their master4 ,they ruined ,italy--ruined and degraded it4 ,in #afbf the great poet ,calderon was an officer at ,milan4 #b ,see ,life of ,s4 ,carlo ,borromeo1 who transformed ,milan and debased it1 emptied its drill halls and filled its chapels1 ,merveilles kills ,castiglione1 #aecc4 ,,cxlviii ,i am ready to agree that one must judge the soundness of a system of life by the perfect representative of its supporters4 ,for example1 ,richard ,cur-de-,lion is the perfect pattern on the throne of heroism and chivalrous valour1 and as a king was a ludicrous failure4 ,pg #cbc ,,cxlix ,public opinion in #ahbb3 ,a man of thirty seduces a girl of fifteen--the girl loses her reputation4 ,,cl ,ten years later ,i met ,countess ,ottavia again2 on seeing me once more she wept bitterly4 ,i reminded her of ,oginski4 ,i can no longer love1 she told me4 ,i answered in the poet's words3 ,how changed1 how saddened1 yet how elevated was her character6 ,,cli ,french morals will be formed between #ahae and #ahhj1 just as ,english morals were formed between #affh and #agcj4 ,there will be nothing finer1 juster or happier than moral ,france about the year #aijj4 ,at the present day it does not exist4 ,what is considered infamous in ,rue de ,belle-,chasse is an act of heroism in ,rue du ,mont-,blanc1 and1 allowing for all exaggeration1 people really worthy of contempt escape by a change of residence4 ,one remedy we did have--the freedom of the ,press4 ,in the long run the ,press gives each man his due1 and when this due happens to fall in with public opinion1 so it remains4 ,this remedy is now torn from us--and it will somewhat retard the regeneration of morals4 ,,clii ,the ,abb ,rousseau was a poor young man 7#aghd71 reduced to running all over the town1 from morn till night1 giving lessons in history and geography4 ,he fell in love with one of his pupils1 like ,abelard with ,hlose or ,saint-,preux with ,julie4 ,less happy than they1 no doubt--yet1 probably1 pretty nearly so--as full of passion as ,saint-,preux1 but with a heart more virtuous1 more refined and also more courageous1 he seems to have sacrificed himself to the object of his passion4 ,after dining in a ,pg #cbd restaurant at the ,palais-,royal with no outward sign of distress or frenzy1 this is what he wrote before blowing out his brains4 ,the text of his note is taken from the enquiry held on the spot by the commissary and the police1 and is remarkable enough to be preserved4 ,the immeasurable contrast that exists between the nobility of my feelings and the meanness of my birth1 my love1 as violent as it is invincible1 for this adorable girl#a and my fear of causing her dishonour1 the necessity of choosing between crime and death--everything has made me decide to say good-bye to life4 ,born for virtue1 ,i was about to become a criminal2 ,i preferred death4 7,grimm1 ,part ,,iii1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cie47 ,this is an admirable case of suicide1 but would be merely silly according to the morals of #ahhj4 #a ,the girl in question appears to have been ,mademoiselle ,gromaire1 daughter of ,m4 ,gromaire1 expeditionary at the ,court of ,rome4 ,,cliii ,try as they may1 the ,french1 in ,art1 will never get beyond the pretty4 ,the comic presupposes go in the public1 and brio in the actor4 ,the delicious foolery of ,palomba1 played at ,naples by ,casaccia1 is an impossibility at ,paris4 ,there we have the pretty--always and only the pretty--cried up sometimes1 it is true1 as the sublime4 ,i don't waste much thought1 you see1 on general considerations of national honour4 ,,cliv ,we are very fond of a beautiful picture1 say the ,french--and quite truly--but we exact1 as the essential condition of beauty1 that it be produced by a painter standing on one leg the whole time he is working4--,verse in dramatic art4 ,pg #cbe ,,clv ,much less envy in ,america than in ,france1 and much less intellect4 ,,clvi ,since #aecj tyranny la ,philip ,,ii has so degraded men's intellect1 has so overshadowed the garden of the world1 that the poor ,italian writers have not yet plucked up enough courage to invent a national novel4 ,yet1 thanks to the naturalness which reigns there1 nothing could be simpler4 ,they need only copy faithfully what stares the world in the face4 ,think of ,cardinal ,gonzalvi1 for three hours gravely looking for flaws in the libretto of an opera-bouffe1 and saying uneasily to the composer3 ,but you're continually repeating this word ,cozzar1 cozzar4 ,,clvii ,hlose speaks of love1 a coxcomb of his love--don't you see that these things have really nothing but their name in common8 ,just so1 there is the love of concerts and the love of music3 the love of successes that tickle your vanity--successes your harp may bring you in the midst of a brilliant society--or the love of a tender day-dream1 solitary and timid4 ,,clviii ,when you have just seen the woman you love1 the sight of any other woman spoils your vision1 gives your eyes physical pain4 ,i know why4 ,,clix ,reply to an objection3-- ,perfect naturalness in intimate intercourse can find no place but in passion-love1 for in all the other kinds of love a man feels the possibility of a favoured rival4 ,pg #cbf ,,clx ,in a man who1 to be released from life1 has taken poison1 the moral part of his being is dead4 ,dazed by what he has done and by what he is about to experience1 he no longer attends to anything4 ,there are some rare exceptions4 ,,clxi ,an old sea captain1 to whom ,i respectfully offered my manuscript1 thought it the silliest thing in the world to honour with six hundred pages so trivial a thing as love4 ,but1 however trivial1 love is still the only weapon which can strike strong souls1 and strike home4 ,what was it prevented ,m4 de ,m----1 in #ahad1 from despatching ,napoleon in the forest of ,fontainebleau8 ,the contemptuous glance of a pretty woman coming into the ,bains-,chinois4#a ,what a difference in the destiny of the world if ,napoleon and his son had been killed in #ahad6 #a ,memoirs1 p4 #hh4 7,london edition47 ,,clxii ,i quote the following lines from a ,french letter received from ,znaim1 remarking at the same time that there is not a man in the provinces capable of understanding my brilliant lady correspondent3-- 444 ,chance means a lot in love4 ,when for a whole year ,i have read no ,english1 ,i find the first novel ,i pick up delicious4 ,one who is used to the love of a prosaic being--slow1 shy of all that is refined1 and passionately responsive to none but material interests1 the love of shekels1 the glory of a fine stable and bodily desires1 etc4--can easily feel disgust at the behaviour of impetuous genius1 ardent and uncurbed in fancy1 mindful of love1 forgetful of all the rest1 always active and always headlong1 just where the other let himself be led and never acted for himself4 ,the shock1 which genius causes1 may offend what1 last ,pg #cbg year at ,zithau1 we used to call feminine pride1 l'orgueil fminin--7is that ,french87 ,with the man of genius comes the startling feeling which with his predecessor was unknown--and1 remember1 this predecessor came to an untimely end in the wars and remains a synonym for perfection4 ,this feeling may easily be mistaken for repulsion by a soul1 lofty but without that assurance which is the fruit of a goodly number of intrigues4 ,,clxiii ,geoffry ,rudel1 of ,blaye1 was a very great lord1 prince of ,blaye1 and he fell in love1 without knowing her1 with the ,princess of ,tripoli1 for the great goodness and great graciousness1 which he heard tell of her from the pilgrims1 who came from ,antioch4 ,and he made for her many fair songs1 with good melodies and suppliant words1 and1 for the desire he had to see her1 he took the cross and set out upon the sea to go to her4 ,and it happened that in the ship a grievous malady took him1 in such wise that those that were with him believed him to be dead1 but they contrived to bring him to ,tripoli into a hostelry1 like one dead4 ,they sent word to the countess and she came to his bed and took him in her arms4 ,then he knew that she was the countess and he recovered his sight and his hearing and he praised ,god1 giving ,him thanks that ,he had sustained his life until he had seen her4 ,and thus he died in the arms of the countess1 and she gave him noble burial in the house of the ,temple at ,tripoli4 ,and then the same day she took the veil for the sorrow she had for him and for his death4#a #a ,translated from a ,provenal ,,ms4 of the thirteenth century4 ,,clxiv ,here is a singular proof of the madness called crystallisation1 to be found in ,mistress ,hutchinson's ,memoirs3 ,he told to ,m4 ,hutchinson a very true story of a gentleman who not long before had come for some time ,pg #cbh to lodge in ,richmond1 and found all the people he came in company with bewailing the death of a gentlewoman that had lived there4 ,hearing her so much deplored1 he made enquiry after her1 and grew so in love with the description1 that no other discourse could at first please him nor could he at last endure any other2 he grew desperately melancholy and would go to a mount where the print of her foot was cut and lie there pining and kissing it all the day long1 till at length death in some months' space concluded his languishment4 ,this story was very true4 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hc47 ,,clxv ,lisio ,visconti was anything but a great reader4 ,not to mention what he may have seen while knocking about the world1 his essay is based on the ,memoirs of some fifteen or twenty persons of note4 ,in case it happens that the reader thinks such trifling points worthy of a moment's attention1 ,i give the books from which ,lisio drew his reflexions and conclusions3-- ,the ,autobiography of ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,the novels of ,cervantes and ,scarron4 ,manon ,lescaut and ,le ,doyen de ,killerine1 by the ,abb ,prvt4 ,the ,latin ,letters of ,hlose to ,abelard4 ,tom ,jones4 ,letters of a ,portuguese ,nun4 ,two or three stories by ,auguste ,la ,fontaine4 ,pignotti's ,history of ,tuscany4 ,werther4 ,brantme4 ,memoirs of ,carlo ,gozzi 7,venice1 #agfj7--only the eighty pages on the history of his love affairs4 ,the ,memoirs of ,lauzun1 ,saint-,simon1 d'pinay1 de ,stal1 ,marmontel1 ,bezenval1 ,roland1 ,duclos1 ,horace ,walpole1 ,evelyn1 ,hutchinson4 ,letters of ,mademoiselle ,lespinasse4 ,pg #cbi ,,clxvi ,one of the most important persons of our age1 one of the most prominent men in the ,church and in the ,state1 related to us this evening 7,january1 #ahbb71 at ,madame de ,m----'s1 the very real dangers he had gone through under the ,terror4 ,i had the misfortune to be one of the most prominent members of the ,constituent ,assembly4 ,i stayed in ,paris1 trying to hide myself as best ,i could1 so long as there was any hope of success there for the good cause4 ,at last1 as the danger grew greater and greater1 while the foreigner made no energetic move in our favour1 ,i decided to leave--only ,i had to leave without a passport4 ,everyone was going off to ,coblentz1 so ,i determined to make for ,calais4 ,but my portrait had been so widely circulated eighteen months before1 that ,i was recognised at the last post4 ,however1 ,i was allowed to pass and arrived at an inn at ,calais1 where1 you can imagine1 ,i did not sleep a wink--and very lucky it was1 since at four o'clock in the morning ,i heard someone pronounce my name quite distinctly4 ,while ,i got up and was dressing in all haste ,i could clearly distinguish1 in spite of the darkness1 the ,national ,guards with their rifles2 the people had opened the main door for them and they were entering the courtyard of the inn4 ,fortunately it was raining in torrents--a winter morning1 very dark and with a high wind4 ,the darkness and the noise of the wind enabled me to escape by the back courtyard and stables4 ,there ,i stood in the street at seven o'clock in the morning1 utterly resourceless6 i ,i imagined they were following me from my inn4 ,hardly knowing what ,i was doing1 ,i went down to the port1 on to the jetty4 ,i own ,i had rather lost my head--everywhere the vision of the guillotine floated before my eyes4 ,a packet-boat was leaving the port in a very rough sea--it was already a hundred yards from the jetty4 ,suddenly ,pg #ccj ,i heard a shout from out at sea1 as if ,i were being called4 ,i saw a small boat approaching4 ,hi6 sir1 come on6 ,we're waiting for you6 ,mechanically ,i got into the boat4 ,a man was in it4 ,i saw you walking on the jetty with a scared look1 he whispered1 ,i thought you might be some poor fugitive4 ,i've told them you are a friend ,i was expecting2 pretend to be sea-sick and go and hide below in a dark corner of the cabin4 ,oh1 what a fine touch6 cried our hostess4 ,she was almost speechless and had been moved to tears by the ,abb's long and excellently told story of his perils4 ,how you must have thanked your unknown benefactor6 ,what was his name8 ,i do not know his name1 the ,abb answered1 a little confused4 ,and there was a moment of profound silence in the room4 ,,clxvii ,,the ,,father ,,and ,,the ,,son 7,a dialogue of #aghg7 ,the ,father 7,minister of ----73 ,i congratulate you1 my son2 it's a splendid thing for you to be invited to the ,duke of ----2 it's a distinction for a man of your age4 ,don't fail to be at the ,palace punctually at six o'clock4 ,the ,son3 ,i believe1 sir1 you are dining there also4 ,the ,father3 ,the ,duke of ---- is always more than kind to our family1 and1 as he's asking you for the first time1 he has been pleased to invite me as well4 ,the son1 a young man of high birth and most distinguished intellect1 does not fail to be at the ,palace punctually at six o'clock4 ,dinner was at seven4 ,the son found himself placed opposite his father4 ,each guest had a naked woman next to him4 ,the dinner was served by a score of lackeys in full livery4#a #a ,from ,december #bg1 #ahai1 till #c ,june1 #ahbj1 ,mil4 ,this note is written thus in ,english by ,stendhal4--,tr4 ,pg #cca ,,clxviii ,london1 ,august1 #ahag4 ,never in my life have ,i been so struck or intimidated by the presence of beauty as to-night1 at a concert given by ,madame ,pasta4 ,she was surrounded1 as she sang1 by three rows of young women1 so beautiful--of a beauty so pure and heavenly--that ,i felt myself lower my eyes1 out of respect1 instead of raising them to admire and enjoy4 ,this has never happened to me in any other land1 not even in my beloved ,italy4 ,,clxix ,in ,france one-thing is absolutely impossible in the arts1 and that is go4 ,a man really carried away would be too much laughed at--he would look too happy4 ,see a ,venetian recite ,buratti's satires4 ,pg #ccb ,,appendix ,,on ,,the ,,courts ,,of ,,love7#fh7 ,there were ,courts of ,love in ,france from the year #aaej to the year #abjj4 ,so much has been proved4 ,the existence of these ,courts probably goes back to a more remote period4 ,the ladies1 sitting together in the ,courts of ,love1 gave out their decrees either on questions of law--for example3 ,can love exist between married people8-- ,or on the particular cases which lovers submitted to them4#a ,so far as ,i can picture to myself the moral side of this jurisprudence1 it must have resembled the ,courts of the ,marshals of ,france established for questions of honour by ,louis ,,xiv--that is1 as they would have been1 if only public opinion had upheld that institution4 ,andr1 chaplain to the ,king of ,france1 who wrote about the year #aagj1 mentions the ,courts of ,love of the ladies of ,gascony1 of ,ermengarde1 ,viscountess of ,narbonne 7#aadd-aaid71 of ,queen ,elonore1 of the ,countess of ,flanders1 of the ,countess of ,champagne 7#aagd74 ,andr mentions nine judgments pronounced by the ,countess of ,champagne4 ,he quotes two judgments pronounced by the ,countess of ,flanders4 ,jean de ,nostradamus1 ,life of the ,provenal ,poets1 says 7p4 #ae73-- ,the 'tensons' were disputes of ,love1 which took place between poets1 both knights and ladies1 arguing together on some fair and sublime question of love4 ,where they could not agree1 ,pg #ccc they sent them1 that they might get a decision thereon1 to the illustrious ladies president who held full and open ,court of ,love at ,signe and ,pierrefeu1 or at ,romanin1 or elsewhere1 and they gave out decrees thereon which were called ',lous ,arrests d',amours4' ,these are the names of some of the ladies who presided over the ,courts of ,love of ,pierrefeu and ,signe3-- ,stephanette1 ,lady of ,brulx1 daughter of the ,count of ,provence4 ,adalarie1 ,viscountess of ,avignon2 ,alalte1 ,lady of ,ongle2 ,hermissende1 ,lady of ,posquires2 ,bertrane1 ,lady of ,urgon2 ,mabille1 ,lady of ,yres2 ,the ,countess of ,dye2 ,rostangue1 ,lady of ,pierrefeu2 ,bertrane1 ,lady of ,signe2 ,jausserande of ,claustral4--7,nostradamus1 p4 #bg47 ,it is probable that the same ,court of ,love met sometimes at the ,castle of ,pierrefeu1 sometimes at that of ,signe4 ,these two villages are just next to each other1 and situated at an almost equal distance from ,toulon and ,brignoles4 ,in his ,life of ,bertrand d',alamanon1 ,nostradamus says3 ,this troubadour was in love with ,phanette or ,estephanette of ,romanin1 ,lady of the said place1 of the house of ,gantelmes1 who held in her time full and open ,court of ,love in her castle of ,romanin1 near the town of ,saint-,remy1 in ,provence1 aunt of ,laurette of ,avignon1 of the house of ,sado1 so often celebrated by the poet ,petrarch4 ,under the heading ,laurette1 we read that ,laurette de ,sade1 celebrated by ,petrarch1 lived at ,avignon about the year #acda2 that she was instructed by ,phanette of ,gantelmes1 her aunt1 ,lady of ,romanin2 that both of them improvised in either kind of ,provenal rhythm1 and according to the account of the monk of the ,isles d',or7#fi71 their works give ample witness to their learning4444 ,it is true 7says the monk7 that ,phanette or ,estephanette1 as being most excellent in poetry1 had a divine fury or inspiration1 which fury was esteemed a true gift from ,god4 ,they were accompanied by many illustrious and high-born#b ,pg #ccd ladies of ,provence1 who flourished at that time at ,avignon1 when the ,roman court resided there1 and who gave themselves up to the study of letters1 holding open ,court of ,love1 and therein deciding the questions of love which had been proposed and sent to them4444 ,guillen and ,pierre ,balbz and ,loys des ,lascaris1 ,counts of ,ventimiglia1 of ,tende and of ,brigue1 persons of great renown1 being come at this time to visit ,pope ,innocent ,,vi of that name1 went to hear the definitions and sentences of love pronounced by these ladies2 and astonished and ravished with their beauty and learning1 they were taken with love of them4 ,at the end of their tensons the troubadours often named the ladies who were to pronounce on the questions in dispute between them4 ,a decree of the ,ladies of ,gascony runs3-- ,the ,court of ladies1 assembled in ,gascony1 have laid down1 with the consent of the whole ,court1 this perpetual constitution1 etc41 etc4 ,the ,countess of ,champagne in a decree of #aagd1 says3-- ,this judgment1 that we have carried with extreme caution1 is supported by the advice of a very great number of ladies444 ,in another judgment is found3-- ,the knight1 for the fraud that has been done him1 denounced this whole affair to the ,countess of ,champagne1 and humbly begged that this crime might be submitted to the judgment of the ,countess of ,champagne and the other ladies4 ,the ,countess1 having summoned around her sixty ladies1 gave this judgment1 etc4 ,pg #cce ,andr le ,chapelain1 from whom we derive this information1 relates that the ,code of ,love had been published by a ,court composed of a large number of ladies and knights4 ,andr has preserved for us the petition1 which was addressed to the ,countess of ,champagne1 when she decided the following question in the negative3 ,can real love exist between husband and wife8 ,but what was the penalty that was incurred by disobedience to the decrees of the ,courts of ,love8 ,we find the ,court of ,gascony ordering that such or such of its judgments should be observed as a perpetual institution1 and that those ladies who did not obey should incur the enmity of every honourable lady4 ,up to what point did public opinion sanction the decrees of the ,courts of ,love8 ,was there as much disgrace in drawing back from them1 as there would be to-day in an affair dictated by honour8 ,i can find nothing in ,andr or ,nostradamus that puts me in a position to solve this question4 ,two troubadours1 ,simon ,boria and ,lanfranc ,cigalla1 disputed the question3 ,who is worthier of being loved1 he who gives liberally1 or he who gives in spite of himself in order to pass for liberal8 ,this question was submitted to the ladies of the ,court of ,pierrefeu and ,signe2 but the two troubadours1 being discontented with the verdict1 had recourse to the supreme ,court of ,love of the ladies of ,romanin4#c ,the form of the verdicts is conformable to that of the judicial tribunals of this period4 ,whatever may be the reader's opinion as to the degree of importance which the ,courts of ,love occupied in the attention of their contemporaries1 ,i beg him to consider what to-day1 in #ahbb1 are the subjects of conversation among the most considerable and richest ladies of ,toulon and ,marseilles4 ,were they not more gay1 more witty1 more happy in #aagd than in #ahhb8 ,nearly all the decrees of the ,courts of ,love are based on the provisions of the ,code of ,love4 ,this ,code of ,love is found complete in the work of ,andr le ,chapelain4 #a ,andr le ,chapelain1 ,nostradamus1 ,raynouard1 ,crescimbeni1 d',artin4 #b ,jehanne1 ,lady of ,baulx1 ,hugnette of ,forcarquier1 ,lady of ,trects1 ,briande d',agoult1 ,countess de la ,lune1 ,mabille de ,villeneufve1 ,lady of ,vence1 ,beatrix d',agoult1 ,lady of ,sault1 ,ysoarde de ,roquefueilh1 ,lady of ,ansoys1 ,anne1 ,viscountess of ,tallard1 ,blanche of ,flassans1 surnamed ,blankaflour1 ,doulce of ,monestiers1 ,lady of ,clumane1 ,antonette of ,cadenet1 ,lady of ,lambesc1 ,magdalene of ,sallon1 ,lady of the said place1 ,rixende of ,puyvard1 ,lady of ,trans4 7,nostradamus1 p4 #bag47 #c ,nostradamus1 p4 #aca4 ,pg #ccf ,there are thirty-one articles and here they are3-- ,,code ,,of ,,love ,,of ,,the ,,twelfth ,,century ,i4 ,the allegation of marriage is not a valid plea against love4 ,,ii4 ,who can dissemble cannot love4 ,,iii4 ,no one can bind himself to two loves at once4 ,,iv4 ,love grows continually or wanes4 ,v4 ,that which a lover takes from another by force has no savour4 ,,vi4 ,generally the male does not love except in full puberty4 ,,vii4 ,a widowhood of two years is prescribed to one lover for the death of the other4 ,,viii4 ,without over-abundant reason no one ought to be deprived of his rights in love4 ,,ix4 ,no one can love1 unless urged thereto by the persuasion of love 7by the hope of being loved74 ,x4 ,love will be driven out by avarice4 ,,xi4 ,it is not right to love her whom you would be ashamed to ask in marriage4 ,,xii4 ,true love has no desire for caresses except from the beloved4 ,,xiii4 ,love once divulged is rarely lasting4 ,,xiv4 ,success too easy takes away the charm of love2 obstacles give it worth4 ,,xv4 ,everyone who loves turns pale at the sight of the beloved4 ,,xvi4 ,at the unexpected sight of the beloved the lover trembles4 ,,xvii4 ,new love banishes old4 ,,xviii4 ,merit alone makes man worthy of love4 ,,xix4 ,love that wanes is quickly out and rarely rekindled4 ,,xx4 ,the lover is always timid4 ,,xxi4 ,real jealousy always increases love's warmth4 ,,xxii4 ,suspicion1 and the jealousy it kindles1 increases love's warmth4 ,,xxiii4 ,he sleeps less and he eats less who is beset with thoughts of love4 ,,xxiv4 ,every act of the lover ends in thought of the beloved4 ,pg #ccg ,,xxv4 ,the true lover thinks nothing good but what he knows will please the beloved4 ,,xxvi4 ,love can deny love nothing4 ,,xxvii4 ,the lover cannot have satiety of delight in the beloved4 ,,xxviii4 ,the slightest presumption causes the lover to suspect the beloved of sinister things4 ,,xxix4 ,the habit of too excessive pleasure hinders the birth of love4 ,,xxx4 ,the true lover is occupied with the image of the beloved assiduously and without interruption4 ,,xxxi4 ,nothing prevents a woman from being loved by two men1 nor a man by two women4#a ,pg #cch ,here is the preamble of a judgment given by a ,court of ,love4 ,question3 ,can true love exist between married people8 ,judgment of the ,countess of ,champagne3 ,we pronounce and determine by the tenour of these presents1 that love cannot extend its powers over two married persons2 for lovers must grant everything1 mutually and gratuitously1 the one to the other without being constrained thereto by any motive of necessity1 while husband and wife are bound by duty to agree the one with the other and deny each other in nothing4444 ,let this judgment1 which we have passed with extreme caution and with the advice of a great number of other ladies1 be held by you as the truth1 unquestionable and unalterable4 ,in the year #aagd1 the third day from the ,calends of ,may1 the ,v,i,ith3 indiction4#b #a ,i4 ,causa conjugii ab amore non est excusatio recta4 ,,ii4 ,qui non celat amare non potest4 ,,iii4 ,nemo duplici potest amore ligari4 ,,iv4 ,semper amorem minui vel crescere constat4 ,v4 ,non est sapidum quod amans ab invito sumit amante4 ,,vi4 ,masculus non solet nisi in plena pubertate amare4 ,,vii4 ,biennalis viduitas pro amante defuncto superstiti praescribitur amanti4 ,,viii4 ,nemo1 sine rationis excessu1 suo debet amore privari4 ,,ix4 ,amare nemo potest1 nisi qui amoris suasione compellitur4 ,x4 ,amor semper ab avaritia consuevit domiciliis exulare4 ,,xi4 ,non decet amare quarum pudor est nuptias affectare4 ,,xii4 ,verus amans alterius nisi suae coamantis ex affectu non cupit amplexus4 ,,xiii4 ,amor raro consuevit durare vulgatus4 ,,xiv4 ,facilis perceptio contemptibilem reddit amorem1 difficilis eum parum facit haberi4 ,,xv4 ,omnis consuevit amans in coamantis aspectu pallescere4 ,,xvi4 ,in repertina coamantis visione1 cor tremescit amantis4 ,,xvii4 ,novus amor veterem compellit abire4 ,,xviii4 ,probitas sola quemcumque dignum facit amore4 ,,xix4 ,si amor minuatur1 cito deficit et raro convalescit4 ,,xx4 ,amorosus semper est timorosus4 ,,xxi4 ,ex vera zelotypia affectus semper crescit amandi4 ,,xxii4 ,de coamante suspicione percepta zelus interea et affectus crescit amandi4 ,,xxiii4 ,minus dormit et edit quem amoris cogitatio vexat4 ,,xxiv4 ,quilibet amantis actus in coamantis cogitatione finitur4 ,,xxv4 ,verus amans nihil beatum credit1 nisi quod cogitat amanti placere4 ,,xxvi4 ,amor nihil posset amori denegare4 ,,xxvii4 ,amans coamantis solatiis satiari non potest4 ,,xxviii4 ,modica praesumptio cogit amantem de coamante suspicari sinistra4 ,,xxix4 ,non solet amare quem nimia voluptatis abundantia vexat4 ,,xxx4 ,verus amans assidua1 sine intermissione1 coamantis imagine detinetur4 ,,xxxi4 ,unam feminam nihil prohibet a duobus amari1 et a duabus mulieribus unum4 7,fol4 #ajc47 #b ,utrum inter conjugatos amor possit habere locum8 ,dicimus enim et stabilito tenore firmamus amorem non posse inter duos jugales suas extendere vires1 nam amantes sibi invicem gratis omnia largiuntur1 nullius necessitatis ratione cogente2 jugales vero mutuis tenentur ex debito voluntatibus obedire et in nullo seipsos sibi ad invicem denegare4444 ,hoc igitur nostrum judicium1 cum nimia moderatione prolatum1 et aliarum quamplurium dominarum consilio roboratum1 pro indubitabili vobis sit ac veritate constanti4 ,ab anno ,m4,c4,,lxxiv1 tertio calend4 maii1 indictione ,,vii4 7,fol4 #ef47 ,this judgment conforms to the first provision of the ,code of ,love2 ,causa conjugii non est ab amore excusatio recta4 ,pg #cci ,,note ,,on ,,andr ,,le ,,chapelain7#gj7 ,,andr ,,le ,,chapelain appears to have written about the year #aagf4 ,in the ,bibliothque du ,roi may be found a manuscript 7,no4 #hgeh7 of the work of ,andr1 which was formerly in the possession of ,baluze4 ,its first title is as follows3 ,hic incipiunt capitula libri de ,arte amatoria et reprobatione amoris4 ,this title is followed by the table of chapters4 ,then we have the second title3-- ,incipit liber de ,arte amandi et de reprobatione amoris editus et compillatus a magistro ,andrea1 ,francorum aulae regi capellano1 ad ,galterium amicum suum1 cupientem in amoris exercitu militari3 in quo quidem libro1 cujusque gradus et ordinis mulier ab homine cujusque conditionis et status ad amorem sapientissime invitatur2 et ultimo in fine ipsius libri de amoris reprobatione subjungitur4 ,crescimbeni1 ,lives of the ,provenal ,poets1 sub voce ,percivalle ,boria1 cites a manuscript in the library of ,nicolo ,bargiacchi1 at ,florence1 and quotes various passages from it4 ,this manuscript is a translation of the treatise of ,andr le ,chapelain4 ,the ,accademia della ,crusca admitted it among the works which furnished examples for its dictionary4 ,there have been various editions of the original ,latin4 ,frid4 ,otto ,menckenius1 in his ,miscellanea ,lipsiensia nova1 ,leipsic #agea1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 part ,i1 pp4 #ede and ff41 mentions a very old edition without date or place of printing1 which he considers must belong to the first age of printing3 ,tractatus amoris et de amoris remedio ,andreae cappellani ,innocentii papae quarti4 ,a second edition of #afaj bears the following title3-- ,erotica seu amatoria ,andreae capellani regii1 vetustissimi scriptoris ad venerandum suum amicum ,guualterium scripta1 nunquam ante hac edita1 sed saepius a multis desiderata2 nunc tandem fide diversorum ,,mss4 codicum in publicum emissa a ,dethmaro ,mulhero1 ,dorpmundae1 typis ,westhovianis1 anno ,una ,caste et ,vere amanda4 ,a third edition reads3 ,tremoniae1 typis ,westhovianis1 anno #afad44 ,pg #cdj ,andr divides thus methodically the subjects which he proposes to discuss3-- #a4 ,quid sit amor et unde dicatur4#a #b4 ,quis sit effectus amoris4 #c4 ,inter quos possit esse amor4 #d4 ,qualiter amor acquiratur1 retineatur1 augmentetur1 minuatur1 finiatur4 #e4 ,de notitia mutui amoris1 et quid unus amantium agere debeat1 altero fidem fallente4 ,each of these questions is discussed in several paragraphs4 ,andreas makes the lover and his lady speak alternately4 ,the lady raises objections1 the lover tries to convince her with reasons more or less subtle4 ,here is a passage which the author puts into the mouth of the lover3-- 444 ,sed si forte horum sermonum te perturbet obscuritas1 eorum tibi sententiam indicabo#b ,ab antiquo igitur quatuor sunt in amore gradus distincti3 ,primus1 in spei datione consistit4 ,secundus1 in osculi exhibitione4 ,tertius1 in amplexus fruitione4 ,quartus1 in totius concessione personae finitur4 #a #a4 ,what love is and whence it is so-called4 #b4 ,what are the effects of love8 #c4 ,between whom love can exist4 #d4 ,in what way love is won1 kept1 made to increase1 to wane or to end4 #e4 ,the way to know if love is returned1 and what one of the lovers should do when the other proves faithless4 #b ,but lest perchance you are troubled by the obscurity of this discourse1 ,i shall give you the argument3-- ,from all antiquity there are four different degrees of love3 ,the first consists in giving hope4 ,the second in the offer of a kiss4 ,the third in the enjoyment of the most intimate caresses4 ,the fourth in the surrender of body and soul4 ,pg #cda ,,translators' ,,notes #a4 ,the ,portuguese ,nun1 ,marianna ,alcaforado1 was born of a distinguished ,portuguese family in the second half of the seventeenth century4 ,about #affb1 while still a nun1 she fell in love with a ,french officer1 the ,chevalier de ,chamilly1 to whom she addressed her famous letters4 ,the worthiness of the object of her passion may be judged by the fact that1 on his return to ,paris1 the ,chevalier handed over these letters to ,sublingy1 a lawyer1 to be translated and published4 ,they appeared in #affi1 published by ,barbin1 under the title ,lettres ,portuguaises1 and have since been often reprinted4 ,marianna ,alcaforado died at the end of the seventeenth or the beginning of the eighteenth century4 ,there are only five original letters1 though many editions contain the seven spurious letters1 attributed to a femme du monde--they are already in ,barbin's second edition4 ,there is an admirable seventeenth-century ,english translation of her letters by ,sir ,roger ,l',estrange4 ,the passion of ,hlose for ,abelard hardly calls for commentary4 ,there is no clue to the identity of ,captain de ,vsel and ,sergeant de ,cento4 ,a note in ,calmann-,lvy's edition tells us that1 in reply to enquiries about these two mysterious people1 ,stendhal said that he had forgotten their stories4 #b4 ,justine ou les ,malheurs de la ,vertu1 by the famous ,marquis de ,sade1 was published in ,holland1 #agia4 #c4 ,cf4 ,coleridge1 ,love's ,apparition and ,evanishment3-- 444 ,genial ,hope1 ,love's eldest sister4 #d4 ,cf4 ,chapter ,,viii1 p4 #ce below4 ,the ideas contained in these two passages are the germ of a story written by ,stendhal with the obvious intention of illustrating his theories4 ,the story--,ernestine--is included in the ,calmann-,lvy edition of ,de l',amour4 ,pg #cdb #e4 ,cf4 a letter of ,sir ,john ,suckling to a ,friend to dissuade him from marrying a widow1 which he formerly had been in love with3-- ,love is a natural distemper1 a kind of ,small ,pox3 ,every one either hath had it or is to expect it1 and the sooner the better4 #f4 ,lonore3 under this name ,stendhal refers to ,mtilde ,dembowski 7ne ,viscontini74 ,his passion for the wife of ,general ,dembowski1 with whom he became intimate during his stay in ,milan 7#ahad-ahba71 forms one of the most important chapters in ,stendhal's life1 but it is a little disappointing to enquire too deeply into the object of this passion4 ,at any rate1 as far as one can see1 the great qualities which ,stendhal discovered in ,mtilde ,dembowski had their existence rather in his expert crystallisation than in reality4 ,it was an unhappy affair4 ,mtilde's cousin used her influence to injure ,stendhal1 and in #ahai she cut off all communication with him4 ,stendhal was still bemoaning his fate on his arrival in ,england1 #ahba4 ,there is1 none the less1 something unconvincing in certain points in the history of this attachment2 in spite of his sorrow1 ,stendhal seems to have consoled himself in the ,westminster ,road with little ,miss ,appleby4 ,it is worth noticing that ,mtilde ,dembowski had been the confidante of ,signora ,pietra ,grua1 his former mistress1 and it was from the date of ,stendhal's discovery of the latter's shameless infidelity to himself and other lovers1 that his admiration for ,mtilde seems to have started4 #g4 ,it is here worth turning to a passage from ,baudelaire--which is given in the ,translators' note 7#aa7 below4 ,liberty in love1 he says1 consists in avoiding the kind of woman dangerous to oneself4 ,he points out that a natural instinct prompts one to this spontaneous self-preservation4 ,stendhal here gives a more exact explanation of the operation of this instinctive selection in love4 ,schopenhauer's conception of the utilitarian nature of bodily beauty is a more general application of the same idea4 ,the breasts of a woman la ,titian are a pledge of fitness for maternity--therefore they are beautiful4 ,stendhal would have said a pledge of fitness for giving pleasure4 #h4 ,the well-known ,dr4 ,edwards1 in whose house ,stendhal was introduced to one side of ,english life--and a very bourgeois side4 ,he was introduced by a brother of ,dr4 ,edwards1 a ,pg #cdc man given to the peculiarly gloomy kind of debauch of which ,stendhal gives such an exaggerated picture in his account of ,england4 ,see note #ca below4 #i4 ,this brings to mind ,blake's view of imagination and the rotten rags of memory4 #aj4 ,bianca e ,faliero ossia il consiglio di tre--opera by ,rossini 7#ahai74 #aa4 ,cf4 ,baudelaire1 ,choix de maximes consolantes sur l'amour in ,le ,corsaire ,satan 7,march #c1 #ahdf7 and reprinted in uvres ,posthumes1 ,paris1 #aijh4 ,sans nier les coups de foudre1 ce qui est impossible--voyez ,stendhal444--il faut que la fatalit jouit d'une certaine lasticit qui s'appelle libert humaine4444 ,en amour la libert consiste viter les catgories de femmes dangereuses1 c'est--dire dangereuses pour vous4 ,without denying the possibility of 'thunderbolts1' for that is impossible 7see ,stendhal7--one may yet believe that fatality enjoys a certain elasticity1 called human liberty4444 ,in love human liberty consists in avoiding the categories of dangerous women--that is1 women dangerous for you4 #ab4 ,paul ,louis ,courier 7#aggb-ahbe7 served with distinction as an officer in ,napoleon's army4 ,he resigned his commission in #ahji1 in order to devote himself to literature1 and especially to the study of ,greek4 ,his translation of ,daphnis and ,chloe1 from the ,greek of ,longus1 is well known1 and was the cause of his long controversy with ,del ,furia1 the under-librarian of the ,laurentian ,library at ,florence1 to which ,stendhal here refers4 ,courier had discovered a complete manuscript of this romance in the famous ,florentine ,library4 ,by mistake1 he soiled with a blot of ink the page of the manuscript containing the all-important passage1 which was wanting in all previously known manuscripts4 ,del ,furia1 jealous of ,courier's discovery1 accused him of having blotted the passage on purpose1 in order to monopolise the discovery4 ,a lively controversy followed1 in which the authorities entered4 ,courier was guilty of nothing worse than carelessness1 and1 needless to say1 got the better of his adversaries1 when it came to a trial with the pen4 ,pg #cdd #ac4 ,the ,viscomte de ,valmont and the ,prsidente de ,tourvel are the two central figures in ,choderlos de ,laclos' ,liaisons ,dangereuses 7#aghb74 #ad4 ,modern criticism has made it uncertain who ,dante's la ,pia really was4 ,the traditional identification is now given up1 but there seems no reason to doubt the historical fact of the story4 #ae4 ,napoleon crowned himself with the ,iron ,crown of the old ,lombard kings at ,milan in #ahje4 #af4 ,the reader is aware by now that ,salviati is none other than ,stendhal4 ,the passage refers to the campaign of #ahab1 in which ,stendhal played a prominent part1 being present at the burning of ,moscow4 #ag4 ,don ,carlos1 ,tragedy of ,schiller 7#aghg72 ,saint-,preux--from ,rousseau's ,nouvelle ,hlose4 #ah4 ,stendhal's first book4 ,for the history of this work1 which is an admirable example of ,stendhal's bold method of plagiarism1 see the introduction to the work in the complete edition of ,stendhal now in course of publication by ,messrs4 ,champion 7,paris1 #aiad7 or ,lumbroso1 ,vingt jugements indits sur ,henry ,beyle 7#aijb71 pp4 #aj and ff4 #ai4 ,jacques le ,fataliste--by ,diderot 7#aggc74 #bj4 ,the note1 as it stands1 in the ,french text1 against the word pique1 runs as follows3-- ,i think the word is none too ,french in this sense1 but ,i can find no better substitute4 ,in ,italian it is 'puntiglio1' and in ,english 'pique4' #ba4 ,the ,lettres ,sophie were written by ,mirabeau 7#agdi-agia7 during his imprisonment at ,vincennes 7#aggg-aghj74 ,they were addressed to ,sophie de ,monnier2 it was his relations with her which had brought him into prison4 ,they were published in #agib1 after ,mirabeau's death1 under the title3 ,lettres originales de ,mirabeau crites du donjon de ,vincennes4 ,pg #cde #bb4 ,catherine ,marie1 ,duchesse de ,montpensier1 was the daughter of the ,duc de ,guise1 assassinated in #aefc4 ,in #aegj she married the ,duc de ,montpensier4 ,she was lame1 but she had other reasons besides his scoffing at her infirmity for her undying hatred of ,henry ,,iii2 for she could lay at his door the death of her brother ,henry1 the third ,duke4 ,she died in #aeif4 #bc4 ,julie d'tanges--the heroine of ,rousseau's ,nouvelle ,hlose4 #bd4 ,stendhal1 we must remember1 is writing as a staunch liberal in the period of reaction which followed the fall of ,napoleon and the end of the revolutionary period4 ,stendhal had been one of ,napoleon's officers1 and the ,bourbon restoration put an end to his career4 ,his liberalism and his pride at having been one of those who followed ,napoleon's glorious campaigns1 colour everything he writes about the state of ,europe in his time4 ,in reading ,stendhal's criticisms of ,france1 ,england and ,italy1 we must put ourselves back in #ahbb--remember that in ,france we have the ,royalist restoration1 in ,england the cry for reform always growing greater and beginning to penetrate even into the reactionary government of ,lord ,liverpool 7,peel1 ,canning1 ,huskisson71 in ,italy the rule of the ,pacha 7see below1 note #bi7 and the beginning of ,carbonarism 7of which ,stendhal was himself suspected1 see below1 note #bg71 and the long struggle for unity and independence4 #be4 ,charles ,ferdinand1 ,duke de ,berri 7#aggh-ahbj71 married a ,bourbon ,princess and was assassinated by a fanatic enemy of the ,bourbons4 #bf4 ,bayard4 ,pierre ,bayard 7#adgf-aebd71 the famous ,french knight without fear or reproach4 #bg4 ,of all foreign countries then to which ,stendhal went ,italy was not only his favourite1 but also the one he knew and understood best4 ,he was pleased in later years to discover ,italian blood in his own family on the maternal side4 ,the ,gagnon family1 from which his mother came1 had1 according to him1 crossed into ,france about #afej4 ,he was in ,italy with little interruption from #ahad-ahba1 and again from #ahcj-ahda as consul at ,civita ,vecchia1 during which time he became intimately acquainted with the best1 indeed every ,pg #cdf kind of ,italian society4 ,he tells us that fear of being implicated in the ,carbonari troubles drove him from ,italy in #ahba4 ,one can well believe that a plain speaker and daring thinker like ,stendhal would have been looked upon by the ,austrian police with considerable suspicion4 #bh4 ,racine and ,shakespeare4 ,very early in life ,stendhal refused to accept the conventional literary valuations4 ,racine he put below ,corneille--,racine1 like ,voltaire1 he says1 fills his works with bavardage ternel4 ,shakespeare became for ,stendhal the master dramatist1 and he is never tired of the comparison between him and ,racine4 ,cf4 ,rome1 ,naples et ,florence 7#ahag71 and ,histoire de la ,peinture en ,italie 7#ahag74 ,finally he published his work on the subject3 ,racine et ,shakespeare par ,m4 de ,stendhal 7#ahbc74 #bi4 ,stendhal knew ,italy and was writing in ,italy in the dark period that followed the fall of ,napoleon4 ,the ,pacha is1 of course1 the repressive and reactionary government1 whether that of the ,austrians in ,lombardy1 of the ,pope in ,rome1 or of the petty princes in the minor ,italian states4 ,see above1 note #bg4 #cj4 ,count ,almaviva--character from ,beaumarchais' ,marriage de ,figaro1 first acted ,april1 #aghd4 ,the play was censored by ,louis ,,xvi and produced none the less six months later4 ,its production is an event in the history of the ,french ,revolution4 ,almaviva stands for the aristocracy and cuts a sad figure beside ,figaro1 a poor barber4 ,,stendhal',s ,,acquaintance ,,with ,,england #ca4 ,baretti1 ,dr4 ,johnson's friend1 has the reputation of having learnt ,english better than any other foreigner4 ,stendhal might well claim a similar distinction for having acquired in a short stay a grasp so singularly comprehensive of ,england--of ,english people and their ways4 ,he was four times in ,england--in #ahag1 #ahba1 #ahbf1 and #ahch--never for a whole year in succession1 and on the first occasion merely on a flying trip4 ,but ,stendhal had not only a great power of observing and assimilating ideas2 he was also capable of accommodating himself to association with the most varied types4 ,stendhal was as appreciative of ,miss ,appleby--his ,pg #cdg little mistress in the ,westminster ,road--as of ,lord ,byron and ,shelley3 he was at home in the family circle of the ,edwards and the ,clarkes4 ,from the first he was sensible of the immense value of his friendship with the lawyer1 ,sutton ,sharpe 7#agig-ahdc74 ,sharpe was one of those ,englishmen who seem made for the admiration of foreigners--possessing all the ,englishman's sense and unaffected dignity and none of his morbid reserve or insularity4 ,porson1 ,opie1 ,flaxman1 ,stothard were familiar figures in the house of ,sharpe's father1 and ,sharpe and his charming sister continued to be the centre of a large and intelligent circle4 ,in #ahbf ,sharpe took ,stendhal with him on circuit4 ,stendhal was often present in court and learnt from his friend1 who in #ahda became ,q4 ,c41 to admire the real character1 so rarely appreciated abroad1 of ,english justice4 ,he took this opportunity of visiting also ,manchester1 ,york1 and the ,lake district4 ,likewise to ,sharpe he owed the privilege of meeting ,hook1 the famous wit and famous bibber1 at the ,athenaeum4 ,he was present even at one of ,almack's balls--the most select entertainment of that time4 ,with an acquaintance with ,england at once so varied1 so full and yet so short1 as regards direct intercourse with the country and people1 it is rather natural that ,stendhal was wary of subscribing to any one very settled conception of the ,english4 ,he felt the incongruity of their character4 ,at one time he called them la nation la plus civilise et la plus puissante du monde entier--the most civilised and powerful people on the face of the earth2 at another they were only les premiers hommes pour le steam-engine2 and then1 he merely felt a sorrowful affection for them--as for a people who just missed getting the profit of their good qualities by shutting their eyes to their bad4 ,as for ,stendhal's knowledge of ,english literature--of that the foundations were laid early in life4 ,his enthusiasm for ,shakespeare was a very early passion 7cf4 ,translators' note #bh74 ,as years went on1 his acquaintance with ,english thought and ,english literature became steadily wider4 ,significant is his familiarity with ,bentham1 whose views were congenial to ,stendhal3 ,stendhal quotes him more than once4 ,hobbes he was ready to class with ,condillac1 ,helvtius1 ,cabanis and ,destutt de ,tracy1 as one of the philosophers most congenial and useful to his mind4 ,for the rest1 the notes and quotations in this book leave no doubt of the extent of his ,english reading--they ,pg #cdh give one a poorer opinion of his purely linguistic capacities2 ,stendhal's own ,english is often most comical4 ,for a very complete consideration of his connexion with ,england see ,stendhal et l',angleterre1 by ,doris ,gunnell 7,paris1 #aiji74 ,cf4 also ,chuquet's ,stendhal-,beyle 7,paris1 #aijb71 ,chap4 ,,ix1 pp4 #agh and ff4 #cb4 ,of the three ,englishmen referred to here1 ,james ,beattie 7#agce--ahjc71 the author of ,the ,minstrel 7published #agga-aggd71 and ,richard ,watson 7#agcg-ahaf71 ,bishop of ,llandaff 7#aghb71 a distinguished chemist and a man of liberal political views1 will both be familiar to readers of ,boswell4 ,the third1 ,john ,chetwode ,eustace 7#agfb8-ahae7 was a friend of ,burke and a ,roman ,catholic1 who seems to have given some trouble to the ,catholic authorities in ,england and ,ireland4 ,his ,tour through ,italy1 to which ,stendhal refers1 was published in #ahac4 #cc4 ,the ,divorce ,bill1 introduced in #ahbj into the ,house of ,lords by ,george ,,iv's ministers1 to annul his marriage with ,queen ,caroline1 but abandoned on account of its unpopularity both in ,parliament and in the country generally4 #cd4 ,the ,whiteboys were a secret society1 which originated in ,ireland about #agfj and continued spasmodically till the end of the century4 ,in #ahba it reappeared and gave great trouble to the authorities2 in #ahbc the society adopted another name4 ,the yeomanry was embodied in ,ulster in ,september #agif1 and was mainly composed of ,orangemen and ,protestants4 ,the body was instrumental in disarming ,ulster and in suppressing the rebellion of #agih--not1 it has been maintained1 without unnecessary cruelty4 #ce4 ,sir ,benjamin ,bloomfield 7#aghf-ahdf71 a distinguished soldier1 ultimately did get his peerage in #ahbe4 ,in #ahbb he had resigned his office of receiver of the duchy of ,cornwall1 having lost the ,king's confidence after many years of favour4 ,,stendhal',s ,,acquaintance ,,with ,,spain #cf4 ,stendhal's personal knowledge of ,spain was less extensive than that of ,italy1 ,england and ,germany4 ,he was early interested in the country and its literature4 ,in #ahjh at ,richemont he was reading a ,histoire de la guerre de la succession d',espagne1 and the same year speaks of his plan of going to ,spain to study the ,pg #cdi language of ,cervantes and ,calderon4 ,in #ahaj he actually took ,spanish lessons and the next year applied from ,germany for an official appointment in ,spain4 ,in #ahcg he made his way as far as ,barcelona4 ,,stendhal',s ,,acquaintance ,,with ,,germany #cg4 ,in #ahjf ,stendhal returned to ,paris from ,marseilles whither he had followed the actress ,melanie ,guilbert and taken up a commercial employment in order to support himself at her side4 ,he now again put himself under the protection of ,daru1 and followed him into ,germany1 though at first without any fixed title4 ,he was not at ,jena1 as he pretends 7being still in ,paris the #gth ,october71 but on the #bgth of the month he witnessed ,napoleon's triumphal entry into ,berlin4 ,two days later he was nominated by ,daru to the post of assistant commissaire des guerres4 ,stendhal arrived in ,brunswick in #ahjf to take up his official duties4 ,although his time was occupied with a considerable amount of business1 he found leisure also for visiting the country at ease4 ,in #ahjg he went as far as ,hamburg4 ,his observations on the country and people are occurring continually in his works1 particularly in his letters and in his ,voyage ,brunswick 7in ,napolon1 ed4 de ,mitty1 ,paris1 #ahig71 pp4 #ib-abe4 ,in #ahjh he left ,brunswick1 but soon returned with ,daru to ,germany4 ,this time he was employed at ,strasbourg--whence he passed to ,ingolstadt1 ,landshut1 etc41 etc4 ,facts prove that he was not at the battle of ,wagram1 as he says in his ,life of ,napoleon4 ,he was at the time at ,vienna1 where he managed to remain for the ,te ,deum sung in honour of the ,emperor ,francis ,,ii after the evacuation by the ,french4 ,he returned in #ahaj1 after the peace of ,schonnbrunn1 to ,paris4 ,it was during his stay in ,brunswick that ,stendhal made the acquaintance of ,baron von ,strombeck1 for whom he always preserved a warm affection4 ,he was a frequent guest at the house of von ,strombeck and a great admirer of his sister-in-law1 ,phillippine von ,blow--who died ,abbess of ,steterburg--la celeste ,phillippine4 ,baron von ,strombeck is referred to in this work as ,m4 de ,mermann4 ,see generally ,chuquet1 ,stendhal-,beyle1 ,chap4 ,v4 #ch4 ,triumph of the ,cross4 ,in ,arthur ,schuig's sprightly1 but inaccurate1 ,german edition of ,de l',amour--ber die ,liebe 7,jena1 #aiaa7--occurs this note3-- ,stendhal names the piece ,le ,triomphe de la ,croix1 but must ,pg #cej mean either ,das ,kruez an der ,ostsee 7#ahjf71 or ,martin ,luther oder die ,weihe der ,kraft 7#ahjg7--;both tragedies by ,zacharias ,werner4 #ci4 ,the ,provencal story in this chapter1 and the ,arabic anecdotes in the next1 were translated for ,stendhal by his friend ,claude ,fauriel 7#aggb-ahjf7--the only savant in ,paris who is not a pedant1 he calls him in a letter written in #ahbi 7,correspondance de ,stendhal1 ,paris1 ,charles ,brosse1 #aijh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eaf74 ,a letter of #ahbb 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdg7 thanks ,m4 ,fauriel for his translations4 ,if ,i were not so old1 he writes1 ,i should learn ,arabic1 so charmed am ,i to find something at last that is not a mere academic copy of the antique4444 ,my little ideological treatise on ,love will now have some variety4 ,the reader will be carried beyond the circle of ,european ideas4 ,saint-,beuve relates that he was present when ,fauriel showed ,stendhal1 then engaged on his ,de l',amour1 an ,arab story which he had translated4 ,stendhal seized on it1 and ,fauriel was only able to recover his story by promising two more like it in exchange4 ,m4 ,fauriel is referred to p4 #ahh1 note #c1 above4 #dj4 ,the reference is to a piece by ,scribe 7#agia-ahfa74 #da4 ,stendhal had no first-hand knowledge of ,america4 #db4 ,stendhal was writing before ,whitman and ,whistler2 yet he had read ,poe4 #dc4 ,the entire material for these three chapters1 and to a very great extent their language too1 is taken straight from an article in the ,edinburgh ,review--,january #ahaj--;by ,thomas ,broadbent4 ,see for a full comparison of the ,english and ,french1 ,doris ,gunnell--,stendhal et l',angleterre1 ,appendix ,b4 ,stendhal has not only adapted the ideas--he has to a great extent translated the words of ,thomas ,broadbent4 ,he has changed the order of ideas here and there--not the ideas themselves--and in some cases he has enlarged their application4 ,where he has translated the ,english word for word1 it has often been possible in this translation to restore the original ,english1 which ,stendhal borrowed and turned into ,french4 ,where we have done this1 we have printed the words1 which belong to ,thomas ,broadbent1 in italics4 ,pg #cea ,however1 as ,stendhal often introduced slight1 but important1 changes of language1 we also give below1 as an example of his methods1 longer passages chosen from the article in the ,edinburgh ,review1 to compare with the corresponding passages literally translated by us from ,stendhal4 ,these are the passages3-- ,p4 #bbe1 l4 #b3 ,as if women were more quick and men more judicious1 as if women were more remarkable for delicacy of expression and men for stronger powers of attention4 ,p4 #bbh1 l4 #i3 ,knowledge1 where it produces any bad effects at all1 does as much mischief to one sex as to the other4444 ,vanity and conceit we shall of course witness in men and women1 as long as the world endures4444 ,the best way to make it more tolerable is to give it as high and dignified an object as possible4 ,p4 #bbi1 l4 #ba3 ,women have1 of course1 all ignorant men for enemies to their instruction1 who being bound 7as they think7 in point of sex to know more1 are not well pleased in point of fact to know less4 ,p4 #bcj1 l4 #bd3 ,the same desire of pleasing1 etc4444 ,we are quite astonished in hearing men converse on such subjects to find them attributing such beautiful effects to ignorance4 ,p4 #bcb1 l4 #ca3 ,we do not wish a lady to write books any more than we wish her to dance at the opera4 ,p4 #bcg1 l4 #ac3 ,a merely accomplished woman cannot infuse her tastes into the minds of her sons4444 ,by having gained information a mother may inspire her sons with valuable tastes1 which may abide by them through life and carry him up to all the sublimities of knowledge4 ,p4 #bcg1 l4 #bg3 ,mankind are much happier for the discovery of barometers1 thermometers1 steam-engines and all the innumerable inventions in the arts and the sciences4444 ,the same observation is true of such works as those of ,dryden1 ,pope1 ,milton and ,shakespeare4 ,pg #ceb ,stendhal's habit of quoting without acknowledgment from all kinds of writings is so curious1 that it demands a word to itself4 ,his wholesale method of plagiarism has been established in other works beside the present one2 almost the whole of his first work--,la ,vie de ,haydn 7#ahad7--;is stolen property4 ,see above1 note #ah4 ,goethe was amused to find his own experiences transferred to the credit of the author of ,rome1 ,naples et ,florence6 ,if there is any commentary necessary on this literary piracy--it is to be found in a note by ,stendhal 7vide above1 ,chapter ,,xxxvii1 p4 #acb7 on a passage where1 for once1 he actually acknowledges a thought from ,la ,rochefoucauld3-- ,the reader will have recognised1 without my marking it each time1 several other thoughts of celebrated writers4 ,it is history which ,i am attempting to write1 and such thoughts are the facts4 #dd4 ,the monitorial system 7,enseignement mutuel7 was introduced into ,france soon after the ,bourbon ,restoration2 but it was not1 like our monitorial system1 designed with a view primarily to the maintenance of discipline1 but rather to supplying the want of schools and masters and remedying the official indifference to popular education1 which then existed in ,france4 ,as such1 it was warmly espoused by the liberals1 and as warmly opposed by the reactionaries4 ,the monitors1 it was thought1 could hand on to the younger pupils the knowledge they had already received2 after the ,revolution of #ahcj1 when no longer the object of political controversy1 the system gave way to more practical and efficient methods of public instruction4 #de4 ,porlier 7,don ,juan ,diaz71 born in #aghc1 was publicly hanged in #ahae as the result of a conspiracy against ,ferdinand ,,vii of ,spain4 ,after having been one of the most active and bravest supporters of ,ferdinand's cause in the effort to re-establish his throne and the national honour1 he now sacrificed his life to an unsuccessful attempt to set up a constitutional government4 ,antonio ,quiroga 7born #aghd71 also after having distinguished himself in the national struggle against ,napoleon1 was tried for complicity in the conspiracy1 after the fall of ,porlier4 ,after a series of adventures1 in which he was more lucky than ,riego1 his ,pg #cec subaltern1 to whom he owed so much1 he again distinguished himself1 after a temporary withdrawal from active service in #ahbb1 by the stout opposition he offered to the ,french invasion of #ahbc4 ,his efforts1 however1 were of no avail and he escaped to ,england1 and thence made his way to ,south ,america4 ,some years later he returned to ,spain1 was nominated ,captain ,general of ,grenada1 and died in #ahda4 ,rafael del ,riego 7born #aghe71 after serving against the ,french1 first became prominent in connexion with the effort to restore the constitution which ,ferdinand had abolished in #ahab4 ,he was elected by his troops second in command to ,quiroga1 whom he himself proposed as their leader4 ,this rising was a failure and ,riego was exiled to ,oviedo1 his birthplace4 ,after being repeatedly recalled and re-exiled1 he ended by being one of the first victims of ,ferdinand's restoration in #ahbc1 and was dragged to the place of execution at the back of a donkey1 amid the outrages of the mob4 #df4 ,father ,paolo ,sarpi 7#aeeb-afbc71 the famous historian of the ,council of ,trent1 a ,servite monk1 and the ecclesiastical adviser of the ,venetian ,government1 at a time when it seemed not impossible that ,venice would break away1 like ,northern ,europe1 from the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 #dg4 ,destutt de ,tracy 7#aged-ahcf7 was1 according to ,stendhal1 our only philosopher4 ,it is on ,tracy1 one of the ,ideologists1 that ,stendhal1 one might say1 modelled his philosophic attitude4 ,tracy's ,idologie 7#ahja71 he says1 gave him milles germes de penses nouvelles--gave him also his worship of logic4 ,he was equally impressed by the ,trait de la ,volont 7#ahae74 ,cf4 ,picavet's ,sorbonne ,thesis 7,paris1 #ahia7 ,les ,idologues1 pp4 #dhi-ib1 in which he speaks of ,stendhal as a successor and a defender1 mutatis mutandis1 of the eighteenth-century ',idologues4' #dh4 ,giovanni ,luigi ,fiescho 7#ae #bc-aedg71 a great ,genoese noble1 formed a conspiracy in #aedg against the all-powerful ,admiral of the ,republic1 ,andrea ,doria4 ,the state fleet in the harbour was to be seized1 but in attempting this ,fiescho was drowned1 and the conspiracy collapsed4 ,pg #ced #di4 ,henri ,grgoire 7#agej-ahca71 one of the most original fearless and sincere of the ,revolutionary leaders1 was the constitutional ,bishop of ,blois1 who refused to lay down his episcopal office under the ,terror1 and when the ,reign of ,terror was over1 took an active part in restoring ,religion and the ,church4 ,he resigned his bishopric in #ahja4 ,napoleon made him a count but he was always hostile to the ,empire4 ,he was a staunch ,gallican1 and never forgave ,napoleon his concordat with the ,papacy4 ,he was naturally hated and feared by the ,royalists at the ,restoration1 but he remained popular with the people1 and was elected a member of the lower chamber in #ahai1 though he was prevented by the ,government from sitting4 #ej4 ,la ,gnie du ,christianisme1 by ,chateaubriand 7#ahjb74 #ea4 ,see note #dg4 #eb4 ,see note #cg4 #ec4 ,see note #cg4 #ed4 ,johannes von ,mller--the ,german historian 7#ageb-ahji74 #ee4 ,la ,trappe--the headquarters 7near ,mortagna7 of a monastic body1 the ,trappists1 a branch of the ,cistercian order4 ,the word is used for all ,trappist monasteries4 #ef4 ,samuel ,bernard 7#afea-agci71 son of the painter and engraver of the same name1 was a man of immense wealth and the foremost ,french financier of his day4 ,he was born a ,protestant1 not1 as has been thought1 a ,jew1 but became a ,catholic after the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes 7#afhe74 ,he was ennobled and became the ,comte de ,coubert 7#agbe74 #eg4 ,joseph ,louis ,lagrange 7#agcf-ahac71 a celebrated mathematician and scientist4 #eh4 ,hazlitt1 in a note to his essay on ,self-,love and ,benevolence1 remarked on ,stendhal's absurdly exaggerated praise of ,helvtius4 ,after quoting this passage1 he adds3 ,my friend ,mr4 ,beyle here lays too much stress on a borrowed verbal fallacy4 ,pg #cee ,hobbes and ,mandeville1 he says1 had long before stated1 and ,butler answered1 this fallacy1 which not unfrequently vitiates ,stendhal's psychological views4 #ei4 ,francois ,guillaume ,ducray-,duminil 7#agfa-ahai71 the author of numerous sentimental and popular novels4 #fj4 ,the ,argonautica of ,apollonius of ,rhodes 7#bbb-aha ,b4 ,c474 #fa4 ,jean ,francois de la ,harpe 7born #agci7 is frequently mentioned by ,stendhal in this hostile spirit4 ,after winning considerable notoriety1 without very much merit1 ,la ,harpe in #aghf became professor of literature at the newly founded ,lyce4 ,having started as a ,voltairian philosopher1 and still apparently favourable to the ,revolution1 he was none the less arrested in #agid as a suspect and put into prison4 ,there he was converted from his former ,voltairian principles to ,roman ,catholicism4 ,he died in #ahjc4 #fb4 ,notices sur ,mme4 de la ,fayette1 ,mme4 et ,mlle4 ,deshoulires1 lues l',acadmie franaise1 ,paris1 #ahbb4 #fc4 ,pierre ,jean de ,branger 7born #aghj73 ,the bold patriotic songs1 which had made ,branger's name1 brought him in #ahbh1 for the second time1 into prison4 ,he refused office after the revolution 7#ahcj71 for the principles of which he had already suffered2 he died in #ahdh4 #fd4 ,la ,gazza ,ladra1 an opera by ,rossini4 #fe4 ,antoine ,marie1 ,comte de ,lavalette 7#agfi-ahcj7 was one of ,napoleon's generals4 ,after the ,bourbon restoration of #ahae he was condemned to death1 but escaped1 chiefly owing to his wife's help4 #ff4 ,alessandro1 ,conte ,verri1 the contemporary of ,stendhal and a distinguished littrateur 7#agda-ahaf74 #fg4 ,montenotte 7,april1 #agif71 and ,rivoli 7,january1 #agig71 two victories in ,bonaparte's ,italian campaign4 ,pg #cef #fh4 ,the existence of these ,courts of ,love has been denied by many modern historians4 ,for a brief statement of the arguments against their historical existence the ,english reader may be referred to ,chaytor1 ,the ,troubadours 7in the ,cambridge ,manuals of ,science and ,literature1 #aiab71 pp4 #ai-ba4 ,but while the direct evidence for their existence is very flimsy1 the direct evidence against them is no less so4 #fi4 ,the monk of the ,isles d',or1 on whose manuscript ,nostradamus professed to rely1 is now considered to be a purely fictitious person1 an anagram on a friend's name4 #gj4 ,the date of ,andr le ,chapelain's treatise is a disputed point4 ,stendhal gives its date as #aagf2 ,reynouard and others1 #aagj4 ,others again have placed it as late as the fourteenth century1 though this has been proved impossible1 since thirteenth-century writers refer to the book4 ,the probability is that it was written at the beginning of the thirteenth or end of the twelfth century--there is no evidence to fix the date with precision4 ,for a full discussion of the question see the preface to the best modern edition of the work--,andreae ,capellani 444 ,de ,amore 7recensuit ,e4 ,trojel71 #ahib4 #ga4 ,cf4 ,montesquieu1 ,lettres ,persanes1 passim1 and especially ,letter #dh3 4444 ,our foreign demeanour no longer gives offence4 ,we even profit by people's surprise at finding us quite polite4 ,frenchmen cannot imagine that ,persia produces men4