,,h>p]',s 8,,tell ,,me ,,h[0 ,,books ,a ,new ,s]ies ,,h>p]',s ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,book ,,h>p]',s ,,aircraft ,,book ,,h>p]',s ,,wireless ,,book ,,h>p]',s ,,beg9n+ ,,electricity ,,h>p]',s ,,e-,,day ,,electricity ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ----- ,,h>p]',s ,,practical ,,books ,,h>p]',s ,,book ,,= ,,"y ,,g>d5]s ,,h>p]',s ,,book ,,= ,,"y ,,naturali/s ,,h>p]',s ,,h[ ,,to ,,und]/& ,,electrical ,,"w ,,h>p]',s ,,electricity ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,h>p]',s ,,boat+ ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,h>p]',s ,,camp+ ,,& ,,sc\t+ ,,h>p]',s ,,outdoor ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,h>p]',s ,,indoor ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,h>p]',s ,,ma*9]y ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,h>p]',s ,,h&y ,,book ,,= ,,girls ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ----- ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,great ,,inv5tions ,uni=m 9 appe>ance ) above4 ,,motor ,,boat+ ,,= ,,boys ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ----- ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--;,a ,,s+le-,,tree ,,hut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,h>p]',s ,,outdoor ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,,by ,,joseph ,h4 ,,adams ,,) ,,contributions ,,by ,,kirk ,,munroe1 ,,tappan ,,adney ,,capt4 ,,h[>d ,,patt]son ,,l]oy ,,milton ,,yale ,,& ,,o!rs ,,) ,,_m ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,b-,w ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,"p ,i ,,9 ,,b\nds ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4--,,back-,,y>d ,,pleasures #c ,a ,,wigwam ,a ,,squ>e ,,tepee ,a ,,ridge-,,pole ,,tepee ,a ,,f\nta9 ,,an ,,aqu>ium ,,h[ ,,to ,,manage ,,an ,,aqu>ium ,a ,,m]ry-,,g-,,r\nd ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,pet ,,%elt]s #bi ,,m>t9 ,,boxes ,,bird ,,%elt]s ,,pigeon-,,cotes ,,dog-,,k5nels ,,gu9ea-,,pig ,,h\ses ,,*ick5-,,coops ,,rabbit-,,hut*es ,,squirrel ,,cages ,,reptile ,,p5s ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,summ]-,,h\ses ,,& ,,p]golas #eb ,a ,,simple ,,summ]-,,h\se ,a ,,back-,,y>d ,,p]gola ,a ,,toad/ool ,,tree ,,canopy ,a ,,ru/ic ,,p]gola ,a ,,circul> ,,p]gola ,a ,,summ] ,,%elt] ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,wea!r-,,vanes ,,& ,,w9dmills #ei ,a ,,p9ion-,,:eel ,,wea!r-,,vane ,a ,,w9d-,,spe$] ,,! ,,arr[ ,,wea!r-,,vane ,,wood5 ,,vanes ,a ,,w9d-,,p5nant ,a ,,basket-,,ball ,,vane ,a ,,m]ry-,,g-,,r\nd ,a ,,w9d ,,turb9e ,a ,,b>rel-,,hoop ,,p9ion-,,:eel ,a ,,pump+ ,,w9dmill ,a ,,w9dmill ,,& ,,t[] ,,*apt] ,v4--,a,,rial ,,toys #ha ,,! ,,ela/ic ,,fly+-,,ma*9e ,,self-,,act+ ,a,,rial ,,c> ,a,,rial ,,boat-,,sail+ ,a 8,,high-,,fly]0 ,"p ,,ii ,,afield ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,coa/]s1 ,,skees1 ,,& ,,sn[-,,%oes #aja ,,toboggans ,a ,,rock]-,,coa/] ,a ,,s+le-,,runn] ,,coa/] ,a ,,bob-,,sl$ ,,skees ,,sn[-,,%oes ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,sail-,,skat+ ,,& ,,sn[ball ,,artill]y #aae ,a ,,skat+-,,sail ,a ,,squ>e-,,rigg$ ,,ice-,,sail ,a ,,sn[ball ,,mort> ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,kites ,,& ,,a]oplanes #abj ,,! ,,%ip ,,kite ,,! ,,*9ese-,,junk ,,kite ,,! ,,s*oon] ,,kite ,a ,,balloon ,,kite ,,an ,,air-,,%ip ,,kite ,,bat-,,w+ ,,& ,,cr[n-,,top ,,kites ,,s&wi* ,,isl&s ,,bird ,,kite ,,box ,,kites ,,! ,,fly+-,,w$ge ,,& ,,d\ble-,,plane ,,kite ,,kite-,,reels ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,fi%+-,,tackle #add ,,*oice ,,( ,,tackle ,,bait-,,rods ,,& ,,fly-,,rods ,,repairs1 ,,knots1 ,,& ,,splices ,,aids ,,= ,,"y ,,angl]s ,,baits1 ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,!m ,a ,,trap ,,= ,,small ,,fi% ,a ,,wat]-,,turtle ,,trap ,,an ,,eel-,,pot ,a ,,scap-,,net ,a ,,hook ,,drop-,,net ,,*apt] ,x4--,,l&-,,ya*ts ,,& ,,pu%mobiles #agg ,a ,,l&-,,ya*t ,a ,,sail-,,wagon ,a ,,pu%mobile ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,fire-,,eng9es ,,& ,,trucks #aia ,,! ,,eng9e ,,! ,,hose-,,c>riage ,,! ,,hook-,,&-,,ladd] ,,truck ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,wat]-,,:eels #bja ,a ,,simple ,,paddle-,,:eel ,a ,,wagon ,,:eel ,a ,,b>rel-,,:eel ,,an ,,und]%ot-,,:eel ,a ,,p[]-,,:eel ,a ,,:eel-,,race ,"p ,,iii ,,afloat ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,boats #baa ,,punt ,,& ,,sc[ ,a ,,%>py ,a ,,dory ,a ,,sail+ ,,%>py ,a ,,c5tre-,,bo>d ,,%>py ,a ,,proa ,a ,,l>k ,a ,,p[]-,,boat ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,catam>ans #bci ,a ,,r[+ ,,catam>an ,a ,,sail+ ,,catam>an ,a ,,side-,,:eel ,,catam>an ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,ice-,,boats #bdi ,a ,,sloop-,,rigg$ ,,ice-,,ya*t ,a ,,tw9-,,ma/ ,,ice-,,boat ,,scoots ,,& ,,scoot]s ,a ,,w9d-,,runn] ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,h\se-,,boats ,,& ,,rafts #bfa ,a ,,h\se-,,punt ,a ,,h\se-,,raft ,a ,,float ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,m>l9e-,,spike ,,seaman%ip #bhj ,,splices ,,knots ,,b5ds ,,hit*es ,"p ,,iv ,,9 ,,! ,,woods ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,,camps ,,& ,,camp+ #bie ,a ,,t5t ,,( ,,m$ium ,,size ,a ,,l>ge ,,camp+-,,t5t ,,flies ,,& ,,canopies ,a ,,h\se-,,t5t ,,! ,,new ,,t5t ,,canvas ,,cots ,,& ,,hammocks ,,tables ,,& ,,b5*es ,,camp+ ,,equipm5t ,,lock]s ,,& ,,mess-,,kits ,a ,,/one ,,/ove ,,& ,,camp-,,fires ,,camp-,,cook+ ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,gun ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,,traps ,,& ,,trapp+ #ccd ,,sn>es ,,& ,,deadfalls ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,,tree ,,huts ,,& ,,bru%-,,h\ses #cej ,a ,,l[ ,,tw9-,,tree ,,hut ,a ,,high ,,tw9-,,tree ,,hut ,a ,,s+le-,,tree ,,hut ,a ,,l[ ,,s+le-,,tree ,,hut ,a ,,bru%-,,h\se ,a ,,bru% 8,,lean-,,to0 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,,walk+-,,/icks #cfg ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,!m ,,= ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pr(it ,,introduction 8,h[ to d x10 might v well be ! title ( ?is new h&y-book = ,am]ican boys4 ,x is fir/ & la/ a practical guide1 bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h done :at !y describe4 ,results are want$1 n !ories 9 a book ( ?is k9d1 & c>eful te/s h be5 appli$ to secure work+ results & ! c]ta9ty t ev]y?+ w come out all "r4 ,ano!r po9t1 :i* has _h ! mo/ c>eful att5tion ( a bo>d ( editors1 is t ( selection4 ,x w\ld be easy to include a quantity ( sports & games1 & also plans = elaborate contrivances nei!r p>ticul>ly amus+ nor necess>y :5 done4 ,b ! object ( ?is book is to %[ boys h[ to d accurately ?+s :i* are q )9 _! p[]s1 & ?+s also :i* w be a satisfaction :5 !y are done4 ,! plan foll[$ is to develop a boy's +5uity & me*anical ability along l9es :i* w rew>d him4 ,9 %ort1 ! book is int5d$ to help a boy to ?9k & act = himself & to h fun 9 do+ x4 ,! plan ( arrangem5t :i* is foll[$ is ! natural "o--to beg9 at home4 ,! back y>d lies imm$iately at h&4 ,let u see :at c be done !re4 ,! aqu>ium1 pet %elt]s1 w9dmills1 & _m o!r contrivances are id5tifi$ ) ! home4 ,go+ f>!r afield we le>n ! mak+ ( coa/]s & skees1 ice-boats & sn[ cannon1 & all t ent]s into w9t] sports4 ,!re is ! air1 also1 ) its invitation to kites & a]oplanes1 & !re is wat]1 ) all ! *ances = ! use ( wat]-p[] & sport4 ,fi%+ itself is some?+ be/ le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 b ! *oice & managem5t ( tackle af=d a mo/ in/ructive !me4 ,& wat] naturally has an importance :i* requires an entire division ( ! book :]e9 boat-build+ & boat-managem5t ( all k9ds are ?or\ghly & practically expla9$4 ,camp+ out1 :i* appeals to e heal?y boy1 is treat$ f e po9t ( view 9 ! f\r? division ( ! book1 :i* includes also trapp+1 taxid]my1 & tree huts & bru% h\ses4 ,9 all ^! g5]al divisions ! aim ( ! editors & au?or has be5 to %[ 9 ! simple/ & mo/ accurate way h[ to d ?+s :i* are amus+ to d & valuable :5 done4 ,! pr9cipal contributor to ?is book is an amateur c>p5t]1 boat-build]1 & me*anician z well z an arti/ & writ]4 ,"o editor has _h a wide practical exp]i5ce 9 almo/ ev]y?+ t has to d ) out-door amusem5ts4 ,ano!r has camp$ & fi%$ 9 ! f\r corn]s ( our c\ntry & 9 ,canada4 ,all _! exp]i5ce has be5 comb9$ to prep>e a conv5i5t out-door h&y-book free f unnecess>y words & details1 & fill$ ) ! late/ & be/ me?ods1 :i* w be indisp5sable to e ,am]ican boy :o likes ! fun ( do+ ?+s = himself4 ,"p ,i ,,9 ,,b\nds ,,out-,,door ,,book ,,= ,,boys ,*apt] ,i ,,back-,,y>d ,,pleasures ,s9ce home is ! natural c5tre ( life1 x w be mo/ helpful if we f9d out :at we c d j outside ! h\se4 ,9 l>ge cities !re is usually no front y>d1 & ev5 :]e su* space exi/s its use z a play-gr\nd is apt to be undesirable4 ,b ! back y>d ev5 9 cities (t5 af=ds "s *ances n only = g>d5+ on a small scale b also = mak+ & us+ a v>iety ( ?+s :i* w furni% con/ant amusem5t4 ,a ,wigwam ,= boys :o l to 8play ,injun0 9 ! back y>d1 "h are "s ideas = tepees & wigwams t may easily be foll[$ cut at a v small co/ = ! poles & canvas4 ,canvas c be b\ght at a dry-goods or c\ntry /ore1 & poles may be cut 9 ! woods2 or "o-&-"o-half-in*-squ>e spruce /icks may be pur*as$ at a lumb]-y>d & dress$ r\nd ) a draw-knife & plane4 ,:5 cutt+ poles = a wigwam x is necess>y to select v /raight ones1 pref]ably ( p9e1 = crook$ or knotty poles are unsightly & make an unev5 ext]ior4 ,! real ,indian tepee is made f bucksk9 or o!r /rong hides la%$ toge!r ) ra:ide ?ongs2 b z ?is cov]+ is beyond ! rea* ( ! av]age boy1 ! next be/ ?+ to use w be heavy twill$ canvas or /\t unblea*$ musl9 t c be _h = ab\t t5 c5ts a y>d4 ,! regulation wigwam is p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory k9d ( a t5t1 = x is roomy1 w %$ wat]1 & x is ab\t ! only t5t 9 :i* a fire may be built )\t smok+ out ! occupants4 ,! tepee w n bl[ ov] if prop]ly set up & /ay$ ) an an*or-rope1 & x is easily tak5 d[n & mov$ f place to place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,a ,,wigwam ,= a p>ty ( ?ree or f\r boys ! wigwam %[n 9 ,fig4 #a w af=d ample room1 & x is n s l>ge z to be unh&y4 ,select ?irte5 /raight poles1 n m ?an two in*es ?ick at ! bottom1 & cle> !m f knots & project+ twigs4 ,!y %\ld be t5 feet long & po9t$ at ! bottom s z to /ick into ! gr\nd = a few in*es4 ,tie ?ree ( !m toge!r eighte5 in*es f ! top1 & =m a tripod on a circle five feet & six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,place ! o!r poles aga9/ ?is tripod to =m a cone1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & la% !m fa/ at ! top ) a piece ( clo!s-l9e4 ,f unblea*$ musl9 or sail-clo? 7light weight7 make a cov] z %[n 9 ! diagram ,fig4 #c4 ,lay out a sixte5-foot circle on a b>n floor1 or ! grass1 ) *alk1 & indicate an eighte5-in* circle at ! middle4 ,ar\nd ! out] circle or p]iph]y measure (f n9ete5 feet & *alk-m>k ! space4 ,f ^! m>ks to ! c5tre ( ! circle draw /raight l9es1 & )9 ^! limits ! area ( ! wigwam cov] w be %[n4 ,x %\ld correspond ) ! plan draw+ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! musl9 %\ld be ?ree feet wide & ) x ?is area c be cov]$ 9 any direction1 sew+ ! /rips toge!r to make ! l>ge %eet2 or ! musl9 may be cut 9 /rips ?ree feet wide at "o end & tap]+ to a few in*es at ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! seams runn+ up & d[n ! canvas in/ead ( across x4 ,! out] edge ( ! canvas cov] %\ld be b\nd ) clo!s-l9e or cotton rope1 sew$ securely ) wax$ :ite /r+2 !n ?irte5 %ort ropes %\ld be pass$ ov] ?is rope s t ! canvas may be la%$ fa/ to ! foot ( ea* pole to hold ! cov] 9 place4 ,! doorway flaps are =m$ by /opp+ ! lac+s ?ree feet up f ! gr\nd4 ,) %ort ropes & r+s sew$ to ! cov] ! flaps may be ti$ back1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! real ,indian wigwams are decorat$ ) all sorts ( emblems1 = ev5 ! unciviliz$ r$ m5 _h _! cre/s & totems1 & ! boys :o make ^! tepees c easily inv5t "s m>k :i* w di/+ui% _! t5t abode f all o!rs4 ,! ornam5tation %\ld be done ) pa9t & %\ld be c>ri$ out be=e ! canvas cov]+ is /ret*$ ov] ! poles4 ,a ,squ>e ,tepee ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,a squ>e tepee1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ,fig4 #e1 is ano!r =m ( re>-y>d t5t t is easily made4 ,twelve poles are select$ & f\r ( !m are la%$ fa/ & spread ap>t on a squ>e ( six feet4 ,two poles are add$ to ea* side & all are la%$ toge!r at ! head4 ,f\r pieces ( canvas or heavy unblea*$ musl9 are cut & made on ! plan z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 ! /rips be+ cut f goods a y>d wide4 ,^! pieces are six feet long1 "o foot wide at ! head1 & six feet at ! foot4 ,! seam ?r\gh ! middle ( "o piece is left op5 = ?ree feet to =m ! doorway flaps1 !n ! f\r sides are securely sew$ toge!r ) wax$ :ite /r+4 ,?is cov] is slipp$ ab\t ! pole frame1 ti$ at ! front1 & held d[n by means ( %ort ropes t are la%$ fa/ to ! foot ( ea* pole4 ,! cov] is decorat$ ) pa9t to give x ! ,indian appe>ance1 & :5 ! flaps are ti$ back x is easy to g into & come out ( ! tepee4 ,a ,ridge-pole ,tepee ,a ridge-pole tepee is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & is a v easy & simple "o to make1 = x is ( "o piece ( canvas ) two flaps sew$ at ea* side to =m ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,"o ridge & two upright poles make ! framework1 & !y are held 9 place by ! canvas1 :i* is drawn & la%$ fa/ to /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 z may be se5 9 ! draw+4 ,! ridge-pole is eight feet long1 "o & a half in*es ?ick1 & f\r in*es wide4 ,two in*es f ei!r end a half-in* hole is bor$ to receive ! iron p9s t are driv5 9 ! ends ( ! uprights z %[n at ,fig4 #h ,a & ,b4 ,! upright poles are eight feet long1 & :5 set "o foot ( ! l[] end %\ld be emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! sides are 9 "o piece ( musl9 made by sew+ wid?s ( x toge!r4 ,! %eet measures sev5te5 feet long & eight feet wide2 & :5 /ret*$ ov] ! ridge-pole & fa/5$ d[n at bo? sides an inv]t$ %ape w be ! result4 ,x is t5 feet across at ! bottom1 sev5 feet high1 & eight feet long at ea* side4 ,= ! back x w be necess>y to make a triangul> piece ( canvas ! "r size to fit ! op5+1 or two flaps may be cut1 divid$ at ! middle1 & ti$ back1 or lac$1 to close ! t5t4 ,! apron or "p enclosure at ! front is =m$ f pieces ( canvas two feet wide sew$ along ! edges & caught toge!r at ! middle ov] ! op5+4 ,t5 pegs eighte5 in*es long & two in*es wide are cut f h>d-wood z %[n at ,fig4 #h ,c4 ,^! are driv5 9 ! gr\nd at an angle & ropes atta*$ to ! l[] edges ( ! canvas sid+s are la%$ fa/ to !m4 ,?is tepee is long en\gh to sw+ a hammock f pole to pole1 & on a w>m summ] night makes an ideal place = sleep+ out-(-doors4 ,! cov]+1 l t ( ! o!r wigwams1 may be decorat$ ) ,indian emblems1 & if a p>ty ( boys are go+ to camp 9 ! back y>d _! tepees c be inscrib$ ) diff]5t cre/s & totems to indicate individual own]%ip4 ,a ,f\nta9 ,a practicable re>-y>d f\nta9 may be made ) a brick or concrete bas91 an und]gr\nd pipe-l9e & an ov]fl[1 ?us insur+ a cont9u\s fl[ & dis*>ge4 ,9 ,fig4 #i ! bas91 pipe1 & trap are %[n ) ! inlet pipe fitt$ = a hose connection4 ,?ree plates ( diff]5t sizes are us$ = ! traps1 & if c>e is tak5 9 drill+ ! holes an op5+ may be made 9 ! bottom ( ea* plate s t x w slip ov] ! /&-pipe4 ,t9 or enamell$ iron plates w answ] ! purpose v well = a :ile1 b ! t9 plates w\ld soon ru/ unless frequ5tly pa9t$4 ,! :ite e>!rn-w>e plates w pres5t ! be/ appe>ance & w la/ indef9itely4 ,dig a circul> hole ?irty in*es across & twelve in*es deep1 & ) cem5t & s& make a h>d bottom or b$4 ,use a tr[el & smoo? ! cem5t s t ! top surface is smoo?4 ,) "s bricks =m a circle1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aj4 ,) a cold-*isel & mallet cut away ! edges ( two bricks s t ! ov]fl[ pipe w pass betwe5 !m1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! pipe %\ld be half or ?ree-qu>t] in* galvaniz$ wat]-pipe1 & x may be pur*as$ at a plumb]'s %op = a few c5ts a foot4 ,! supply-pipe is ?ree-eigh?s-in* galvaniz$ wat]-pipe1 & %\ld be set 9 place "u ! concrete bottom ( ! bas9 be=e ! cem5t is p\r$ 94 ,! upright1 or /&-pipe1 is ?irty-six in*es high f ! elb[1 ,b 7,fig4 #aj71 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! cross-pipe lead+ out is eighte5 or tw5ty in*es long1 & ! %ort upright t comes to ! surface outside ! bas9 is fifte5 in*es long & is to be provid$ ) a hose connection s t a g>d5 hose may be atta*$ to x4 ,! /&-pipe 9 ! bas9 & ! cross-piece %\ld be emb$d$ 9 ! cem5t concrete1 & :5 x is dry & h>d5s ar\nd ! pipes x w hold !m securely 9 place4 ,:5 ! circle ( bricks is complete1 fill 9 ! crevices ) equal p>ts ( cem5t & s& mix$ into a mort>4 ,?is w lock ! bricks toge!r2 !n pla/] ! cem5t all ar\nd ! inside ( ! circle & "s at ! outside s z to make a wat]-tight bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,e>? is to be put back into ! hole outside ! circle ( bricks & ! sod replac$1 s t grass w gr[ "r up to ! edge ( ! bas9 rim1 :i* %\ld project an in* or two above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,f a plumb] or gas-fitt] obta9 "s old pieces ( brass tub+ an in* 9 diamet]1 cut "o ( !m f\rte5 in*es long1 & slip x d[n ov] ! /&-pipe4 ,! l[e/ & l>ge/ plate re/s on ?is4 ,next cut a piece ( tub+ n9e in*es long & slip x ov] ! pipe4 ,! second plate re/s on ?is & ! top plate is support$ by a piece ( ! tub+ cut six in*es 9 l5g? & slipp$ ov] ! pipe4 ,if porcela9 di%es are us$1 make ! fir/ hole 9 !m z foll[s3 ,obta9 a /\t1 ?ree-in* /eel wire nail1 a block ( wood ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 hav+ an in* hole bor$ at "o end1 & a small h>d-wood mallet4 ,place a plate on ! block ( wood1 inv]t$ s t its c5tre w be exactly ov] ! hole4 ,place ! po9t ( ! nail on ! plate1 tak+ c>e to get x 9 ! c5tre2 !n give x a %>p1 quick bl[ ) ! mallet4 ,if ?is is prop]ly done a small piece ( ! porcela9 w be driv5 out1 b rememb] t if ! bl[ is n prop]ly c5tr$ x w break ! plate4 ,= ?is reason x is be/ to practise fir/ on a brok5 plate2 or if ! porcela9 seems to be impossible1 ! pa9t$ t9 or enamell$ plates w h to answ]4 ,a p]=at$ porcela9 plate is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa ,a4 ,! ragg$ hole c be smoo!d out or *af$ away ) an old rat-tail or half-r\nd file4 ,a brass r$uc] & a gas pill> %\ld be screw$ fa/ to ! top ( ! /&-pipe s t a jet ( wat] ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] w %oot above ! pipe4 ,if a little wood5 ball is to dance at ! top ( ! jet1 a half-circul> basket w be necess>y to cat* ! ball :5 x falls1 s t ! /ream ( wat] c pick x up aga94 ,?is is made f brass or galvaniz$ wire1 & :]e ! wires cross b9d ! jo9t ) f9e copp] wire & sold] ! jo9ts s z to make !m rigid4 ,a small brass f]rule or %ort piece ( pipe %\ld be sold]$ to ! bottom ( ?is basket1 s z to hold x 9 place :5 slipp$ ov] ! pill> or nozzle4 ,?is basket & its %ape is m cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa ,b4 ,x %\ld be six or eight in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree in*es deep1 ) ! wires close en\gh toge!r to prev5t ! ball f fall+ ?r\gh4 ,if x is n possible to get ! bricks ( :i* to =m ! bas91 a concrete wall c be made in/ead4 ,dig ! hole z be=e describ$2 !n con/ruct a cyl9d] ( wood tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] & eight in*es ?ick4 ,floor ov] ! bottom ( ! hole ) concrete1 aft] ! /&-pipe is 9 place1 & ar\nd ! edge ( ! concrete floor & outside ! cyl9d] emb$ "s small /ones s t ! fill+ w hold fa/4 ,?is is %[n at c c 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,slip ! wood5 cyl9d] ov] ! /&-pipe s t x w occupy ! position z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,make a mixture ( co>se s& or gravel & cem5t1 half & half1 & add a %ovel or two ( small /ones1 pref]ably crack$1 su* z are us$ = ! "u-dress+ to macadam roads4 ,tamp ?is d[n 9 ! op5+ 9 ! gr\nd s z to fill up ! dit* or moat z %[n at ,fig4 #ac4 ,! outside ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be ?or\ghly coat$ ) l>d or "s heavy grease be=e ! concrete is p\r$ 91 s t ! wood w n absorb ! moi/ure f ! concrete & cause x to b9d 9 ! hole4 ,z a precaution x w\ld be well to make ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] an in* small] 9 diamet] ?an ! top1 s t x may draw out easily aft] ! concrete has set4 ,! two slots %[n 9 ! top ( ! cyl9d] are h& holes to grasp x by4 ,) ne>ly cle> cem5t1 hav+ b a small portion ( s& add$1 f9i% ! inside ( ! bas9 & ! rim ) a tr[el s z to give x a smoo? & ev5 surface4 ,! =ce ( wat] may be regulat$ ) a faucet4 ,an ,aqu>ium ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,!re is no?+ difficult 9 ! con/ruction ( a glass-&-wood aqu>ium l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & ! boy :o is h&y ) tools & c>eful 9 jo9+ wood-"w accurately w be able to knock x toge!r 9 %ort ord]4 ,! be/ size w be tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 fifte5 wide1 & t5 in*es high4 ,?is w be g5]\s en\gh 9 proportions to accommodate a doz5 or s ( small fi%1 "s baby eels1 crawfi%1 a turtle or two1 & "s wat]-liz>ds4 ,f a c>p5t] obta9 a piece ( :ite-wood tw5ty-sev5 in*es long1 sev5te5 in*es wide1 & "o & a half in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,?is mu/ be ( select$ /ock1 h>d & free f knots or sappy places4 ,cut f\r batt5s ( h>d-wood two in*es wide1 an in* ?ick1 & fifte5 in*es long1 & ) brass screws atta* !m securely to ! und]side ( ! bo>d to prev5t its w>p+ f ! action ( ! wat]4 ,obta9 a /ick "o in* & a half squ>e & f\r feet long2 cut ?is into l5g?s ( elev5 in*es ea* & also prep>e "o eight feet long1 two in*es wide1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,) a groove-plane hav+ a qu>t]-in* blade cut into ! squ>e /ick on two sides z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,a4 ,! edge ( ! /ick betwe5 ! two grooves may !n be plan$ (f s t an end view ( ! /ick w appe> z %[n at ,fig4 #ae ,b4 ,a groove %\ld be cut at "o side ( ! long /ick ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* f "o edge s t :5 turn$ groove side d[n an end w appe> z %[n at ,c 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is /ick is to be cut 9 l5g?s fifte5 & tw5ty-f\r in*es respectively = top rails4 ,9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! :ite-wood bo>d cut a hole ) bit & *isel ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e z %[n at ,fig4 #af4 ,saw ! bottom ( ea* squ>e /ick s z to cut away ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ( wood on ea* side z %[n at ! l[] "p ( ,a 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is is made s t ! uprights w fit snugly into ! holes & ! %\ld] =m$ by ! saw-cuts w re/ on ! top ( ! base bo>d4 ,) /raight rule & p5cil m>k p>allel l9es connect+ ea* hole z %[n at ,d ,d 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,^! l9es %\ld correspond 9 position ) ! grooves cut 9 ! po/s2 !n remove ! po/s & ) groov+-plane or *isel & mallet cut ! grooves ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,! glass sides fit into ^! grooves1 & ! top rails made f ! long /ick cap ! upp] edges ( ! glass sides4 ,! ends %\ld be lapp$ & screw$ d[n to ! top ( ! corn]-po/s to b9d ! glass & wood-"w 9 "o compact framework4 ,be=e any ( ! wood-"w is put toge!r give x ?ree successive ?9 coats ( black asphaltum v>ni%1 :i* c be pur*as$ at a pa9t or h>dw>e /ore4 ,ea* hole & ! plug ends ( ! corn]-po/s are to be coat$ ) ?ick asphaltum v>ni%1 & :5 wet ) ! v>ni% ! po/s are to be driv5 into ! holes4 ,screws pass$ 9 ?r\gh ! sides ( ! base bo>d w hold !m securely 9 place4 ,f a glazi] or h>dw>e /ore pur*ase two panes ( d\ble-?ick glass t5 by f\rte5 in*es1 & two measur+ t5 by tw5ty-two in*es4 ,give ! grooves a ?ick coat ( ! asphaltum v>ni%1 slide ! glass d[n into ! grooves1 & screw ! top rails 9 place4 ,:5 ! glass is 9 place & be=e ! top rails are put on1 ! glass %\ld /& a qu>t] ( an in* above ! top ( ! corn]-po/s4 ,:5 ! rails are laid 9 place ! top edge ( ! glass %\ld be caught by ! groove 9 ! rails1 o!rwise ! glass1 hav+ no support at ! top1 w\ld b[ out on acc\nt ( ! pressure ( wat]1 & ei!r cause ! glass to break or ! jo9ts to leak4 ,press ! glass sides aga9/ ! out] edges ( ! grooves & lightly ins]t "s wood5 w$ges into ! grooves to hold ! glass 9 place tempor>ily = a day or two or until ! v>ni% sets4 ,!n fill ! op5 spaces 9 ! grooves ) a putty made f :it+ & asphaltum v>ni%4 ,?is y w h to make y\rself ) a putty-knife on a plate ( glass1 m>ble1 or slate1 = y _c pur*ase x4 ,common putty is n h>d en\gh & w n dry = mon?s1 :ile ! special putty w set quickly & dry h>d 9 a few days4 ,:5 all ! "w is complet$ ab\t ! aqu>ium all[ x to /& = at lea/ a week1 9 :i* "t ! putty & v>ni% w h>d54 ,at a pa9t /ore pur*ase "s m>9e pa9t1 also kn[n z 8copp] pa9t10 & give ! wood-"w two or ?ree ?9 successive coats1 all[+ x to dry = a few days betwe5 ea* coat4 ,scrape ! pa9t f ! glass :]e x may h be5 sme>$1 & ! complete aqu>ium is ready = wat] & /ock4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* to con/ruct ! framework is to take a curta9-pole "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & at a plan+-mill h a qu>t] section saw$ out1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ag1 s t an end rim w appe> z %[n at ,b4 ,! "p ( ! wood-"w ! buzz-saw cuts away w correspond ) ! grooves cut 9 ! squ>e /icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,f\r holes "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 or ! same size z ! /ick1 are bor$ half-way-?r\gh ! bottom-bo>d ( ! aqu>ium & ,v-%ap$ *annels are cut 9 ! bo>d connect+ ! holes 7,fig4 #ah74 ,! wood-"w is treat$ 9 a mann] simil> to t already describ$1 & ! corn]-po/s are held 9 place by long brass screws driv5 up ?r\gh ! bottom & into ! l[] ends ( ! po/s4 ,! top rail is made ! same z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,c1 & ! glass is set z describ$4 ,at ! corn]-po/s ! lap is well sme>$ ) asphaltum v>ni% & putty & ! angle /rips are screw$ fa/ to ! po/s z indicat$ at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,:ile ?is is some:at easi] to make x is n q s sub/antial = l>ge tanks z ! squ>e po/ & *annels4 ,:5 cat*+ ! /ock = ! aqu>ium x is be/ to use a drop-net4 ,?is is made ( two iron hoops fifte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] & held "o bel[ ! o!r ) cord z %[n at ,fig4 #ai4 ,mosquito-nett+ is drawn across ! l[] hoop & sew$ fa/2 !n a b& ( x is sew$ ab\t bo? hoops to close 9 ! sides1 to =m a cyl9d] op5 at ! top only4 ,"s bait is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! net1 & !n x is l[]$ into ! wat] s t ! top hoop drops d[n & ! :ole net lies flat on ! bottom ( a pond4 ,:5 a numb] ( fi% are ar\nd ! bait a quick haul w raise ! upp] r+2 !n pull ! net up ) ! fi% captives )9 ! cyl9d]4 ,y c quickly select ! ones y want1 & ^! may be plac$ 9 a pail p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,= turtles1 crawfi%1 & liz>ds a scap-net w be necess>y4 ,?is may be made f /\t wire1 a broom-h&le1 & "s nett+4 ,! r+ may be almo/ any size1 f six to twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 ! ends be+ %>p5$ ) a file & turn$ s t !y may be driv5 into ! end ( ! /ick1 :i* %\ld fir/ be b\nd ) wire to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,! bag ( mosquito-nett+ is made on ! hoop & sew$ fa/1 z %[n at ,fig4 #bj4 ,:5 *ang+ ! wat] 9 ! aqu>ium x is n necess>y to empty x all out4 ,a siphon made ( a small rubb] tube w answ] v well to dra9 (f a portion4 ,! "p ( ! tube 9 ! tank %\ld be held close to ! bottom s z to suck up any dirt or s$im5t t may be !re4 ,good v5tilation1 light1 heal?y aquatic plants1 clean s&1 & a prop] proportion ( fi% to ! volume ( wat] are absolutely necess>y to ! successful aqu>ium4 ,a few tadpoles & snails are advantage\s 9 an aqu>ium1 z !y consume decay+ vegetable matt] & help to prev5t ! =mation ( alg on ! glass4 ,= ! aqu>ium l>ge en\gh to conta9 !m1 "s artificial rock]ies may be made f cem5t1 gravel1 & /ones1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations ( ! concrete rock]ies ,figs4 #ba & #bb4 ,!y %\ld be made ) op5+s b5ea? = ! fi% to swim ?r\gh1 & pockets %\ld be made at ! top to hold s& & ! roots ( aquatic plants4 ,! rock]ies %\ld h a good flat base s z to re/ securely on ! bottom ( ! aqu>ium4 ,always h pl5ty ( pebbles & riv]-s& at ! bottom ( ! aqu>ium to make ! fi%es feel at home4 ,h[ to ,manage an ,aqu>ium ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t x is necess>y to *ange ! wat] 9 an aqu>ium at lea/ once a day2 b t is n ! case4 ,! true pr9ciple on :i* an aqu>ium %\ld be conduct$ is n to *ange ! wat] at all1 b s to arate & refre% ! orig9al supply z to ma9ta9 x always 9 a pure & p]fect /ate4 ,!re are sev]al means by :i* ?is may be done4 ,! heal?y gr[? ( plants is v important1 & active & brisk contact ) ! air ( ! atmosph]e w greatly fre%5 ! wat]4 ,motion 9 ! wat] is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 l>ge aqu>ia ?is is obta9$ by an arrangem5t ( tanks into :i* ! wat] is pump$1 & f :i* x fl[s rapidly1 circulat+ ?r\gh ! tanks :]e ! fi% live4 ,9 its passage ?r\gh ! air x absorbs consid]able oxyg51 )\t :i* no fi% c live4 ,fi% plac$ 9 wat] t has be5 boil$ die 9 a v few m9utes4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 ! =mation ( a fre%-wat] aqu>ium is to />t y\r plants 9 prop] soil at ! bottom ( y\r tank1 fill ! tank ) wat]1 & leave x undi/urb$ until ! plants beg9 to gr[ & ! little bubbles ( oxyg5 are to be se5 ris+ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,*oose y\r plants f su* z y may collect f riv]s or brooks or ponds any:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,plant !m1 & !n cov] ! surface ( ! soil ) pebbles & small bits ( rock1 or any?+ t is suitable & 9 keep+ ) ! re/ ( y\r arrangem5ts4 ,nev] put sea-%ells into a fre%-wat] aqu>ium4 ,n[ fill y\r tank ) wat] p\r$ ?r\gh a siphon or funnel1 be+ v c>eful n to di/urb ! soil or ! roots ( ! plants4 ,y %\ld h "s clean riv]-s& 9 ! bottom ( y\r tank1 & y\r pieces ( rock %\ld be s arrang$ z to =m little caves & hid+-places = y\r fi%4 ,x w take p]haps two weeks to get y\r tank into a prop] condition = fi% to live 94 ,e bit ( dead or decay+ vegetation %\ld be c>efully remov$4 ,keep y\r tank %ad$ f ! heat ( ! sun1 & expose x to ! bright light only once 9 a :ile4 ,9 ord] to manage y\r aqu>ium prop]ly y w require a few simple tools4 ,a little h&-net t c be b\ght = a few c5ts1 or made = ev5 less out ( a bit ( wire & a small piece ( mosquito-nett+1 is useful = cat*+ ! fi% or %ells )\t putt+ y\r h&s into ! wat]4 ,a pair ( wood5 =ceps1 l a glove-/ret*]1 w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t = nipp+ (f bits ( decay+ plants or = cat*+ objects t may h accid5tally fall5 into ! wat]4 ,glass tubes ( v>i\s sizes are also useful4 ,if y want to cat* any small object 9 ! wat] ) ! tube1 place ! tube 9 ! wat] ) y\r f+] ov] ! hole 9 ! top4 ,until y\r f+] is remov$ ! tube w rema9 full ( air4 ,place x ov] ! bit ( refuse or :atev] x is y want to cat*1 remove y\r f+]1 & ! wat] w ru% 91 c>ry+ ! object ) x into ! tube1 :i* %\ld !n be clos$ at ! upp] end by plac+ y\r f+] ov] x z be=e4 ,a glass or h>d-rubb] syr+e is necess>y ) :i* to arate ! wat] ?or\ghly at lea/ once a day1 & (t5] if possible4 ,fill ! syr+e1 hold x high above ! tank1 & !n squirt ! wat] back aga94 ,if a gre5 film beg9s to ga!r on ! side ( ! tank t is mo/ expos$ to ! light1 x %\ld be clean$ away e day1 & ! sides ( ! glass poli%$ c>efully4 ,a small piece ( clean sponge ti$ on ! end ( a /ick w answ] ! purpose v well1 &1 if us$ daily1 y c keep ! glass cle> ) v little tr\ble2 b if ! scum is neglect$ & left to accumulate1 y w f9d x almo/ impossible to remove x f ! glass ev5 by h>d sc\r+4 ,x is be/ to h only small fi% 9 y\r aqu>ium1 & = ?is reason tr\t are n desirable4 ,al?\gh v beautiful & intellig5t1 !y gr[ s rapidly t !y are likely to become 9 a %ort "t too unwieldy = y\r tank4 ,goldfi% & m9n[s are v good1 & ! common little sunfi% or 8pumpk9-se$0 is excell5t4 ,y mu/ keep c>eful wat* ov] ! fi% 9 y\r aqu>ium1 & if any "o ( !m appe>s to be sick he %\ld be remov$ at once1 v g5tly1 ) ! h&-net1 & plac$ 9 fre% wat]1 :]e he w (t5 recov]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! little suff]] is doom$ to die1 x is bett] n to run ! risk ( 8 do+ s among 8 heal?y companions4 ,x is be/ always to h a hospital = y\r sickly pets1 & z soon z "o ( !m1 :e!r a fi% or a bird or any animal1 %[s signs ( ill heal?1 he %\ld be tak5 away f ! o!rs & plac$ by himself4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( snails live well 9 fre% wat]1 & w be f\nd useful 9 cle>+ away ! gre5 film t is almo/ c]ta9 to collect on ! side ( ! glass2 b y mu/ be c>eful or !y w dev\r y\r plants z well2 & if y\r tank is v small x is h>dly wor? :ile to try to keep !m4 ,wat]-beetles & wat]-spid]s also ?rive well1 & _! habits are mo/ int]e/+ to wat*2 b wat]-beetles fly by night1 & unless y are c>eful to cov] y\r tank y are likely to discov] "s morn+ t a numb] ( y\r t5ants h tak5 ,fr5* leave4 ,y mu/ be c>eful n to ov]/ock y\r aqu>ium1 = y\r fi% w n ?rive if !y are ov]cr[d$4 ,rememb]1 also1 t heat & du/ are fatal to y\r pets4 ,! wat] mu/ be kept clean & cool at all times1 & all =eign matt] & e p>ticle ( decay+ vegetation %\ld be remov$ imm$iately4 ,to manage an aqu>ium successfully1 no matt] on h[ small a scale1 requires a good deal ( c>e & "t1 b y w f9d x "t well sp5t1 & ! pleasure & k ! /udy ( y\r pets w give y w be an ample return = ! "t y sp5d on !m4 ,a ,m]ry-g-r\nd ,a great deal ( fun may be _h ) a m]ry-g-r\nd 9 ! re> y>d1 & :ile x may n be run by an eng9e or its motion accompani$ by an organ1 h& p[] w turn ! table & music c be made ) an old accordion or conc]t9a4 ,! only difficult ?+ ab\t ! :ole affair is ! bevell$ ge>1 ! %aft & crank2 b if an old reap] c be f\nd at a blacksmi?-%op ! difficulty is solv$1 = a pair ( bevell$ ge>s are on e reap+-ma*9e4 ,( c\rse a ma*9e-%op or f\ndry w\ld conta9 ge>+ ( v>i\s sizes1 & a five & twelve in* ge> :eel w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,9 ! practical back-y>d m]ry-g-r\nd %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc ! revolv+ po/ is f\r in*es squ>e & may be ( spruce or :ite-wood plan$ on all sides & provid$ ) a f]rule at bo? ends4 ,^! may be tak5 f old buggy-:eels1 & w prev5t ! wood f splitt+ :5 ! p9s are driv5 94 ,! l[] cross-beams a a 9 ,fig4 #bd are ( spruce1 eight feet long & two by ?ree in*es4 ,! beams b b are six feet & six in*es long1 & on ^! f\r ! cross-plates are made fa/ t hold ! top or deck planks4 ,! six cross-timb]s are ( spruce1 "o by f\r in*es1 & are f two to eight feet 9 l5g?1 accord+ to _! location4 ,! beam plan 7,fig4 #bd7 %[s q cle>ly h[ ^! support+ beams are arrang$4 ,!y are held toge!r ) /eel wire-nails driv5 d[n f ! upp] beams diagonally into ! l[] ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bh ,a ,,m]ry-,,g-,,r\nd ,! longe/ beams are securely spik$ to ! revolv+ %aft1 & 9 secur+ !m 9 place take c>e to see t !y are p]fectly true1 s t ! out] edge ( ! plat=m w n dip & rise z x revolves4 ,drive a ?ree-qu>t]-in* rod 9 ! top ( ! %aft & ano!r "o 9 ! bottom hav+ a bevell$ po9t z %[n at ,fig4 #be4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! %aft arrange ! l>g] ge> :eel & p9 x fa/ s t x is fix$ to ! %aft & w n move4 ,an iron base-plate ) an upright arm weld$ to x w hold ! %aft & ! small] ge>1 :i* is to be arrang$ ! "r height to lock 9 ) ! tee? ( ! l>ge ge>4 ,?is plate is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf2 & ?r\gh ! f\r holes at ! corn]s long screws are pass$ to bolt ! plate securely to a wood5 base1 :i* la/ is set 9 ! gr\nd z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! %aft ,b1 to ! end ( :i* ! small ge> :eel is made fa/1 ext5ds out beyond "o ( ! upright po/s1 & at ! out] end a crank & h&le ,c are made fa/1 s t by h&-p[] ! plat=m & %aft may be revolv$4 ,con/ruct an ov]head framework ( six by two in* spruce beams twelve feet long1 & set !m 9 ! gr\nd twelve feet ap>t1 brac+ ! uprights well1 brac$ at bo? sides ) angle beams z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! top b> %\ld be well brac$ also ) "o or two angle brackets1 to prev5t ! frame f rock+4 ,if ! gr\nd props are n /rong en\gh to prop]ly brace ! frame1 atta* heavy wires to ! corn]s & c>ry !m out 9 bo? directions1 mak+ ! ends fa/ to /\t pieces ( joi/ emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,at ! middle ( ! top cross-b> arrange a plate ( wood eighte5 in*es long ) a groove cut 9 x 9 :i* ! p9 at ! top ( ! squ>e %aft may revolve4 ,?is plate %\ld be atta*$ to ! b> ) lag screws1 s t x c be remov$ :5 x is necess>y to un/ep ! %aft & plat=m4 ,! out] l9e ( deck plank+ is %[n 9 ! deck plan 7,fig4 #bh71 & inside ( ^! bo>ds z _m o!rs c be laid d[n z desir$2 or ! entire frame may be all deck$ ov]1 leav+ a small space ne> ! middle s z to rea* ! ge> & l[] p9 9 ord] to grease !m4 ,:]e ! %aft passes "o ( ! uprights ( ! support+ frame an iron /rap w hold x 9 place aga9/ ! wood1 & ?is be>+ w require lubrication f "t to "t4 ,f\r /\t wire guys mu/ be drawn f ! top ( ! %aft & fa/5$ at ! out] edge ( ! plat=m to "o ( ! beam ends4 ,! an*orage %\ld be made ) v /\t1 /rong screw-eyes1 & to make x easi] to draw ! wires taut f\r small turn-buckles %\ld be pur*as$ at a h>dw>e /ore & made fa/ to ! l[] ends ( ! wires1 ! hook on ! buckle be+ caught 9 ! l>ge screw-eyes4 ,seats may be made f boxes & nail$ to ! deck1 & z a safegu>d to prev5t fall+ f ! turn-table ropes %\ld be atta*$ to ! /an*ion wires & to ! %aft z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,x w\ld be well to pa9t all ! wood-"w 9 ord] to give x a good appe>ance1 & all ! iron p>ts %\ld be coat$ ) asphaltum v>ni% to prev5t ru/+4 ,if ! ge>s are prop]ly adju/$ & !re is no friction at ! be>+s1 x w n be a difficult matt] to move ! table ) sev]al *ildr5 occupy+ ! seats4 ,! bevell$ po9t be>+ at ! bottom re/s 9 a drill$ depression 9 ! plate1 & ! friction !re is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 :ile at ! top ! friction w be slight if ! weight is prop]ly di/ribut$ on ! turn-table4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,,pet ,,%elt]s ,mo/ boys are int]e/$ 9 pet animals1 & at "o "t or ano!r possess !m4 ,cats & dogs are dome/icat$ & w always /ay ab\t ! h\se if !y are prop]ly c>$ = & treat$ k9dly1 b rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 squirrels1 monkeys1 & reptiles (t5 =get :]e !y belong & w w&] away & neglect to come back4 ,= ?is reason x w be necess>y to build h\ses & hut*es = !m1 & s safegu>d ! doorways & scre5+s t !y _c escape4 ,x is n possible1 ( c\rse1 to give a l5g?y description ( pet %elt]s1 s9ce !re are s _m diff]5t k9ds 9 use by boys all ov] ! _w2 b ! illu/rations on ^! pages w give "s ideas = ! ,am]ican & ,engli% boys to foll[ 9 mak+ h\ses1 hut*es1 & retreats to %elt] _! pet animals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,9 speak+ ( reptiles1 t does n necess>ily mean snakes1 = "u ?is classification come ! horn$-toads1 liz>ds1 turtles1 & _m ( ! beautiful tropical creep+ & crawl+ ?+s t 9 w>m c\ntries take ! place ( ! :ite mice1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & can>y-birds ( our nor!rn climes4 ,"s boys h a natural aptitude = c>p5t]-"w1 b !re may be ideas 9 ^! illu/rations & ! accompany+ descriptions t w be helpful bo? to !m1 & to ! boy :o has z yet to make 8 fir/ k5nel or pigeon-cote4 ,m>t9 ,boxes ,9 ! e>ly spr+1 :5 ! birds return to ! nor?1 ! m>t9s are among ! fir/ to appe>1 & long be=e ! swall[s1 :om !y closely resemble1 beg9 to ne/ !y h hat*$ _! "y & h tak5 _! dep>ture f ! s\?l&4 ,!y are cold-wea!r birds1 fly rapidly1 & d n /ay long 9 "o place4 ,!y seldom build _! ne/s 9 ! bran*es ( trees1 b pref] to f9d a hole 9 a tree-trunk1 & !re build a ne/ safe f ! w9d & /orm4 ,! s&-m>t9 burr[s a hole 9 ! side ( a bank1 b nev] builds a ne/ 9 ! *imneys z d 8 bro!r & si/] swall[s4 ,! m>t91 :5 sitt+ on h] eggs1 likes a d>k & %elt]$ place1 & = t reason %e takes k9dly to a m>t9 box 9 :i* a hole is made suffici5tly l>ge = h] to fly 9 & out (4 ,9 ,fig4 #a a small keg is support$ at ! top ( a po/ & brac$ at ! bottom ) two bracket pieces4 ,a hole two in*es & a half 9 diamet] is made at ea* end ( ! keg1 ?r\gh :i* ! m>t9s c ent]1 & ! po/ to :i* ! keg is fa/5$ is cut away at ! upp] end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 "o side ( ! bilge ( ! keg a hole is cut z l>ge z ! po/ is squ>e or r\nd1 & at ! o!r side a correspond+ hole is cut ! size ( ! upp] "p ( ! po/4 ,! keg is !n dropp$ d[n ov] ! po/ s t ! %\ld]1 =m$ by cutt+ away ! wood1 w re/ "u ! upp] side ( ! keg1 9 :i* ! small] squ>e hole has be5 cut4 ,if a r\nd po/ is employ$1 ! upp] "p %\ld be cut squ>e s z to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ ! keg r\nd ! po/4 ,a cross-/ick fa/5$ at ! top ( ! po/ w =m a p]* on :i* ! birds may alight4 ,a box ) a peak$ ro( & ?ree divisions1 int5d$ to accommodate ?ree families ( ! birds1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,an ord9>y box may be cut & re>rang$ ) a pit*$ ro(1 an inn] floor1 & ! ?ree divisions4 ,a small hole is bor$ at ea* side ( ! box & a r\nd /ick pass$ ?r\gh x1 s t six or eight in*es ( ! wood w project at ei!r side to s]ve z p]*es4 ,ano!r p]* c be arrang$ at ! top ( ! box1 & ?is bird-h\se is !n securely fa/5$ to ! upp] end ( a po/ & brac$ !re ) bracket-pieces nail$ bo? to ! bottom ( ! box & to ! po/4 ,! divisions 9 ! box %\ld be n less ?an six in*es squ>e & six or eight in*es high4 ,if ! box us$ be squ>e x w probably be an easi] job to divide x into f\r divisions = z _m families4 ,ea* comp>tm5t1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be provid$ ) its sep>ate hole = +ress & egress4 ,bird ,%elt]s ,birds d n always seek ! %elt] ( trees 9 a /orm2 !y w (t5 ga!r ab\t ! h\se & "u b>n eaves & piazza %$s1 :]e !y are protect$ f ! ra9 & ! dripp+s f wet leaves4 ,!y l a dry %elt]1 & /ructures suitable = _! ne$s c be knock$ toge!r f v simple mat]ial4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( a bird %elt] 7,fig4 #d71 a canvas or heavy musl9 ro( is support$ on two uprights1 & "u x five p]*es are arrang$ f side to side1 ^u :i* a great _m birds c re/4 ,! uprights are "o & a half by ?ree in*es1 & ! /rips =m+ ! ,y braces are two in*es wide & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! p]*es are ?ree-qu>t]-in* d[els ?ree feet long4 ,if !y _c be _h at a c>p5t]'s %op or a h>dw>e /ore1 "s small scantl+ may be plan$ ne>ly r\nd to answ] ! same purpose4 ,:]e ! p]*es are atta*$ to ! uprights & ,y pieces1 holes are bor$ half-way ?r\gh ! wood4 ,into ^! ! ends ( ! p]*es are driv5 & nail$ fa/4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! canvas is left (f f "o side s t ! con/ructional p>ts ( ! upright1 braces1 & ro( /rips may be se54 ,:5 ! wood-"w is put toge!r ! ro( %\ld be cov]$ ) canvas1 heavy unblea*$ musl91 or a piece ( oil-clo?1 & tack$ all ar\nd ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,to make ! b>rel-hoop %elt]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 a flat b>rel-hoop is loosely cov]$ ) canvas or musl9 tack$ all ar\nd ! edge4 ,9 ! top ( a po/ a wood5 peg is driv51 & ov] ?is ! middle ( ! canvas disk is slipp$1 hav+ fir/ made a hole 9 ! fabric ?r\gh :i* ! peg c pass4 ,f\r wires are atta*$ to ! hoop at equal di/ances ap>t1 & ! l[] ends caught ?r\gh /aples or screw-eyes driv5 9 ! po/ a foot or two f ! top4 ,two or ?ree holes %\ld be made ?r\gh ! po/ 9 :i* r\nd p]*es may be driv54 ,a %elt] = ! side ( a h\se or b>n c be made f a piece ( bo>d1 two bracket /rips1 & ?ree d[els or r\nd /icks to act z p]*es4 ,! bo>d %\ld be ?ree feet long & fifte5 in*es wide4 ,:]e x is atta*$ to ! h\se or b>n a /rip is fir/ atta*$1 & ! inn] edge ( ! bo>d is !n nail$ fa/ to ! /rip4 ,! two bracket /rips t support ! ro( at ! out] edge %\ld be tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 "o in* ?ick1 & two in*es wide4 ,?ree or f\r sets ( holes are bor$ 9 ! /rips to receive ! ends ( ! d[els or p]*es4 ,pigeon-cotes ,= ! ord9>y pigeons t fly ab\t ! h\se & b>n "s op5 cotes are %[n 9 ,fig4 #g & ,fig4 #h1 b = ! m valuable pigeons a l>ge wire enclosure %\ld be made & ! lodges plac$ )9 !m1 unless ! birds are v tame & w n leave ! premises4 ,9 ,fig4 #g ,a1 a cote ) ?ree holes is %[n t is easily made f ?9 bo>ds4 ,x %\ld measure ?irty in*es long1 n9e in*es wide1 & twelve in*es high at ! back1 :ile at ! front ! bo>d ) ! holes cut 9 x %\ld be n9e in*es wide1 ) ! holes five in*es high & f\r in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,! wood is put toge!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & ! ro( bo>ds ov]hang ! ends & front = an in* or two4 ,! upp] ends ( ! two divisions ne$ n ext5d beyond ! height ( ! front bo>d1 & ?is op5 space w insure good v5tilation4 ,/icks an in* squ>e are made fa/ "u ! ends ( ! cote1 & on ! project+ ends a l$ge ?ree in*es wide is fa/5$ ^u :i* ! pigeons may alight4 ,! cote %[n 9 ,fig4 #g ,b is made f a %oe-case divid$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj2 on ea* floor ! entrances are alt]nat$ f front to sides4 ,outside ea* entrance a l$ge ?ree in*es wide is support$ on brackets1 & "u ! pit*$ ro( ! n9? comp>tm5t is arrang$4 ,! l>ge pigeon-cote 7,fig4 #h7 is a m pret5ti\s affair to make & w tax ! "y c>p5t]'s skill4 ,?is cote c be made a v attractive pigeon %elt] if x is c>efully put toge!r & nicely pa9t$4 ,x is ?irty-two in*es long1 tw5ty-f\r high to ! eaves or ?irty-f\r to ! peak1 & twelve in*es deep4 ,x is divid$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & ! l$ges are support$ ) brackets cut f half-in* wood ) a compass saw4 ,f ! eaves to ! peak ! front ( ! cote may be %+l$1 & above ! peak a p]* is erect$4 ,?is cote may be atta*$ to ! side ( a b>n or support$ on /\t uprights emb$d$ securely 9 ! gr\nd4 ,dog-k5nels ,:5 build+ a dog-k5nel ! important features to be> 9 m9d are to make x /rong1 wea!r-pro(1 & l>ge en\gh = a good-siz$ dog to turn ar\nd 9 com=tably4 ,a poorly built k5nel soon falls ap>t1 & if x is n wea!r-pro( ra9 w get 9 on ! dog1 & dogs d n l to get wet :ile sleep+ any m ?an boys4 ,moreov]1 if ! k5nel is n l>ge en\gh x is cramp$ & /uffy1 &1 :ile ! dog _c say s1 he res5ts x1 & 9 8 own dog way ( reason+ feels t he is impos$ ^u 9 be+ h\s$ 9 su* small qu>t]s4 ,! dim5sions ( a k5nel mu/ be naturally gov]n$ by ! size ( ! dog :o is to inhabit x2 b = "o ( m$ium size1 su* z a sett] or collie1 a k5nel ) a peak$ ro(1 simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 %\ld be ?ree feet long1 two feet wide1 two feet high at ! sides1 & ?ree feet high f ! gr\nd to ! peak or ridge-pole4 ,! floor frame is ! fir/ ?+ 9 con/ruct+ a k5nel1 & x %\ld be made ( two by ?ree in* spruce1 ?irty-f\r in*es long & tw5ty-two in*es wide1 ) lap jo9ts at ! corn]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,on ?is ! floor+ ( tongue & groov$ bo>ds is laid & nail$ d[n4 ,f ?ree mat*$ bo>ds eight in*es wide make ! front & back to ! k5nel z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! l[] ends ( ! bo>ds are nail$ to ! floor frame1 & :]e !y are saw$ (f to =m ! peak a batt5 is plac$ at ! inside & made fa/ ) cl9* nails driv5 into x f ! outside ?r\gh ! bo>ds4 ,! nail heads 9 ! front ( ,fig4 #ad w %[ ! location ( "o batt51 & ! o!r c cle>ly be se5 at ! inside ( ! back1 :]e ! cl9*$ nail ends are %[n4 ,beg9n+ at ! bottom & work+ up1 ! sides are laid on4 ,always place ! tongue up & ! groove d[n :5 us+ mat*$ bo>ds 9 a horizontal position1 z o!rwise ! ra9 & moi/ure w "w into ! groove & cause ! wood to decay4 ,a ridge-pole is nail$ betwe5 ! front & back at ! peak1 & to ?is ! upp] ends ( ! ro( bo>ds are fa/5$4 ,9 ! front a hole l>ge en\gh = a dog to pass ?r\gh is cut ) a compass saw1 & above x1 ne> ! peak1 "o l>ge & ?ree small] holes are bor$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 & ! wood cut away betwe5 ! holes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is is = v5tilation1 = dogs z well z human be+s require pl5ty ( fre% air4 ,ano!r hole at ! top ( ! back bo>d w all[ free circulation ( air across ! top ( ! k5nel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,two or ?ree good coats ( pa9t w f9i% ! wood-"w1 & ) ! addition ( a *a9 fa/5$ to a /aple-plate ?is dog-k5nel w be ready = occupancy4 ,?is dog-hut 9 ,fig #ae is built aga9/ ! side ( a h\se or b>n1 & is =ty in*es long1 tw5ty-f\r wide1 & tw5ty-eight in*es high at ! out] side1 & ?irty-six in*es high next ! h\se or b>n4 ,! floor frame is ?irty-eight in*es long1 tw5ty-two in*es wide1 & made l ,fig4 #ac4 ,/akes are driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 "o "u ea* corn]1 & to ^! ! floor frame is spik$ fa/4 ,:5 con/ruct$ aga9/ a build+ a /rip is fa/5$ to ! sid+ ( ! build+ on :i* to nail ! ro( bo>ds & to ! upp] edges ( ! front1 back1 & side bo>ds batt5s are made fa/ to /r5g!n ! hut4 ,! wall or side ( ! build+ may1 9 su* a 8lean-to10 be us$ z a f\r? side ( ! dog-hut4 ,a v5tilator is cut 9 ! upp] corn] ( ! back & at ! front a sw++ door c be hung 9 ! doorway or op5+4 ,?is is a wea!r-door & is made an in* n>r[] on ea* side ?an ! wid? ( ! doorway4 ,x is hung on screw-eyes & /aples s t x w act z a flap & c be pu%$ 9 or out by ! dog :5 ent]+ or leav+ ! hut4 ,9 ! w9t]-"t1 & :5 x is ra9+1 ?is door w keep out sn[ & wat] & also protect a dog f /rong w9ds4 ,gu9ea-pig ,h\ses ,:5 mak+ h\ses or huts = gu9ea-pigs x w be necess>y to make at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! coop d>k1 or ne>ly s1 z ! little pigs l d>k5$ places 9 :i* to sp5d a portion ( _! "t4 ,! illu/ration ( ! gu9ea-pig h\se 9 ,fig4 #af %[s h[ ?is c be done by p>tition+ (f a portion ( ! h\se & mak+ v5tilat+ holes or small w9d[s ne> ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,a sub/antial d\ble-deck$ h\se1 simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 %\ld be ?irty-six in*es long1 tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 tw5ty-f\r in*es high to ! ro( eaves & ?irty-two in*es to ! peak4 ,a small dry-goods case c be adapt$ to ?is use1 & ! floor nail$ 9 midway betwe5 ! top & bottom4 ,! d>k5$ comp>tm5t is f\rte5 in*es wide & ext5ds up on bo? floors4 ,holes ?ree by f\r in*es made 9 ! sid+s w p]mit ! pigs to h access to ! op5 & clos$ comp>tm5ts4 ,a door at "o side is made high en\gh to op5 into bo? upp] & l[] comp>tm5ts2 ?is is swung on h+es1 & = safety x may be provid$ ) a hasp & padlock4 ,! op5 comp>tm5ts are to be scre5$ ) squ>e-me% galvaniz$ wire clo? sub/antially heavy to prev5t ! pigs escap+ or dogs f ent]+ & mole/+ !m4 ,?is wire clo? c be pur*as$ at a h>dw>e /ore & atta*$ to ! wood ) galvaniz$ wire /aples4 ,a gu9ea-pig h\se %\ld n be plac$ on ! gr\nd1 b atta*$ to ! tops ( po/s f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,locu/ po/s ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] are ! be/ = ?is purpose z !y are t\gh & w n decay 9 ! gr\nd z quickly z o!r wood4 ,! gu9ea-pig hut %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag has b "o floor & x is mu* long] ?an ! h\se1 ! floor plan be+ =ty-two in*es long & eighte5 in*es wide4 ,! ends are fifte5 in*es high at ! front1 twelve at ! back1 & eighte5 at ! peak4 ,! d>k comp>tm5t is fifte5 in*es wide & ! door at ! front is six by eight in*es1 hung on h+es & fa/5$ ) a hasp & padlock4 ,at ! front ! ro( ext5ds ov] = six in*es to %ade ! op5 comp>tm5t1 & at bo? ends & ! back x ov]hangs ab\t two in*es4 ,?is hut is held up on /icks implant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & brac$ s t ! w9d w n bl[ x ov]4 ,*ick5-coops ,9 ! spr+-"t :5 little *ick5s are hat*$1 & x is n possible to let ! h5 w&] ab\t at r&om to scrat* up ! g>d5 or ! fl[] b$s1 "s small coops & %elt]s %\ld be con/ruct$ & plac$ 9 a corn] ( ! back y>d1 or 9 "s o!r vacant space1 :]e ! little *icks c run )\t be+ mole/$ by ! l>g] f[ls1 z !y w\ld be if put 9 ! big *ick5-coop or runway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,! easie/ coop to make is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! "y *ick5 %elt] 7,fig4 #ah74 ,x consi/s ( a pit*$ ro( m\nt$ on ?ree bo>ds six in*es high4 ,?is %elt] may be ?ree feet wide & two feet deep1 & f ! gr\nd to ! peak ! di/ance is tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,slats are nail$ across ! front to prev5t ! h5 f gett+ out1 al?\gh n s close z to prev5t ! *icks f squeez+ ?r\gh4 ,a coat or two ( pa9t w improve ! appe>ance ( ?is %elt]1 & ea* "m-h5 %\ld be provid$ ) a sep>ate coop = h] family4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! "y *ick5 coop 7,fig4 #ai7 a little m c>e is tak5 ) ! con/ruction1 & a canopy fly is arrang$ at ! front to keep (f ra9 & to %ade ! int]ior ( ! coop4 ,?is coop is ?ree feet long1 two feet wide1 & ?irty in*es high at ! front1 b at ! back x ne$ n be m ?an tw5ty-f\r in*es high4 ,x may be con/ruct$ f bo>ds ) mat*$ edges1 or p]haps f a dry-goods case1 & if x is rais$ f ! gr\nd an in* or two1 & a few holes bor$ 9 ! bottom1 x w insure a dry floor4 ,! cross rail at ! bottom to :i* ! upright slats are nail$ is ?ree in*es above ! floor2 & if made two in*es wide & ! slats "o in* & a half 9 wid?1 !y w be heavy en\gh to resi/ dogs & cats1 if !y %\ld try to di/urb "m-h5 & h] brood4 ,outrigg]s may be nail$ at ea* end s t ab\t fifte5 in*es ( ! wood projects beyond ! sides4 ,a /rip ( la? %\ld be fa/5$ betwe5 ! ends1 & light canvas or musl9 may !n be tack$ fa/ to ! ro( & to ! /rip to s]ve z an awn+4 ,rabbit-hut*es ,among animal pets rabbits seem to be g5]al favorites all ov] ! c\ntry1 p]haps because !y are su* beautiful & h>mless little creatures & s prettily m>k$4 ,!y are wor?y ( a com=table home1 & ! boy :o is =tunate en\gh to h "s good rabbits %\ld take pleasure 9 build+ a sub/antial hut* 9 :i* !y c live & ?rive4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj a d\ble-floor$ rabbit-hut* is %[n1 & if x is made l>ge en\gh q a family ( rabbits c live 9 x1 ! l>g] ones d[n-/airs & ! small] ones up/airs4 ,an incl9$ plane w make x possible = ! fri5ds & relatives to visit ea* o!r4 ,?is hut* %\ld be f f\r to five feet long1 tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 & tw5ty-f\r in*es high4 ,! second floor is arrang$ s t x w be midway betwe5 ! top & bottom1 & at ! re> an op5+ five in*es wide & t5 in*es long w receive an incl9$ bo>d1 across :i* %ort /icks h be5 nail$ to prev5t ! rabbits slipp+ :5 go+ up or com+ d[n ! /airs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,at "o end a comp>tm5t is made eighte5 in*es wide1 & provid$ ) a door six in*es wide hung on h+es & fa/5$ ) a hasp & lock4 ,op5+s five in*es wide & six in*es high are cut 9 ! side ( ?is comp>tm5t1 s t ! rabbits may ent] x f ei!r floor4 ,a drop front1 on h+es1 w p]mit ! hut* to be p>tially clos$ 9 v sev]e wea!r1 b :5 x is pleasant ! front %\ld be rais$ & propp$ up ) a /ick1 9 ! ends ( :i* hooks are arrang$ t w fit into screw-eyes driv5 into ! lid & along ! side ( ! comp>tm5t1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! end ( ! hut*1 opposite ! bottom ( ! /airway1 a fe$+-doorway six in*es squ>e %\ld be cut ) a compass saw1 & a door hung on h+es4 ,?is hut* %\ld be support$ on /\t /icks or po/s emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd = at lea/ two feet1 & x %\ld be ?irty to =ty in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,across ! op5 runs1 galvaniz$ wire clo?1 ) half to ?ree-qu>t] in* me%es1 is to be nail$ fa/ ) /aples4 ,) a few coats ( pa9t on ! outside1 ?is hut* w pres5t a v good appe>ance4 ,! rabbit-h\se 7,fig4 #ba7 is a l>ge1 "o-/ory /ructure1 9 :i* a family ( rabbits c live v com=tably4 ,x is ?irty-six in*es long1 tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 eighte5 in*es high at ! back & tw5ty-two at ! front4 ,at "o side a comp>tm5t is made twelve in*es wide1 & at ! out] side a door sev5 by n9e in*es is hung & fa/5$ ) a lock4 ,?is h\se is support$ on f\r po/s1 two or ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 & :5 pa9t$ x %\ld look v homelike to a rabbit's eyes4 ,a h\se ( ?is same description1 b l>g]1 may be made = a monkey1 a fox1 an opossum1 a raccoon1 or ev5 = be> cubs4 ,= ! latt]1 b>s w h to be us$ in/ead ( ! wire clo?1 = ! be>s w\ld soon te> away ! light] mat]ial4 ,squirrel ,cages ,= squirrels1 *ipmunks1 & :ite rats v good cages c be made f wire clo?1 t9 boxes1 & wood1 & 9 ! illu/ration ( a squirrel cage 7,fig4 #bb7 a simple h\se is %[n4 ,to make x1 a base-bo>d is cut tw5ty-eight in*es long1 fifte5 in*es wide1 & "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,t5 in*es f "o end ! edges ( ! bo>d are saw$ (f s t ! end w be six in*es wide4 ,elev5 in*es f ! small end a squ>e piece ( wood is m\nt$ on ! base-bo>d to =m ! back to ! squ>e comp>tm5t4 ,?is is cov]$ ) t9 on ! inside1 s t ! rod5ts _c gnaw ! wood away at ! edges or ab\t ! hole t leads into ! cyl9d]4 ,a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( wood1 six in*es broad at ! bottom & two in*es at ! top1 is atta*$ to ! small end ( ! base-bo>d1 & f ! top ( ?is piece to ! top ( ! back-bo>d a connection /rip is nail$ fa/4 ,f ?ick wire or qu>t]-in* iron rod a wicket is made & driv5 into holes at ! wide end ( ! bo>d4 ,x %\ld be ! same size z ! back-bo>d1 & is plac$ !re to support ! wire clo? ( :i* ! cage is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bc ,small holes are made 9 ! base-bo>d ) an awl1 s t ! ends ( ! wire clo? w slip into !m4 ,:5 ! edges ( ! clo? are tack$ to ! back-bo>d & wir$ to ! wicket1 ! ends 9 ! holes w rema9 9 place4 ,a wire door made f ! clo? c be hung on h+es1 :i* %\ld be sold]$ to ! galvaniz$ clo?4 ,) /raight wires or wire clo? an ex]cis+ cyl9d] c be made ) wood5 or t9 ends4 ,x is support$ betwe5 ! back ( ! cage & ! w$ge-%ap$ upright4 ,tacks driv5 ar\nd ! hole t leads into ! cyl9d] w prev5t ! occupants f gnaw+ away ! edges ( ! wood-"w4 ,! squirrel h\se 7,fig4 #bc7 is con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z ! cage1 b x has ! advantage ( a cov]$ %elt] at "o end ( ! base-bo>d4 ,?is is made f a t9 crack]-box ) ! lid remov$1 & inv]t$ s ! bottom acts z ! ro(4 ,9 "o side an oval op5+ is cut & a wire scre5 is fa/5$ to x at ! inside4 ,! wire cyl9d] is sev5 in*es 9 diamet] & twelve in*es long1 q l>ge en\gh = two squirrels to run a great race at ! same "t4 ,a piece ( hair felt1 an old wooll5 clo?1 or "s curl$ hair w be com=table = ! squirrels to lie on 9 ! enclos$ cage4 ,reptile ,p5s ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry pets are made ( reptiles1 & v int]e/+ & tame ones are f\nd among ! liz>d family4 ,:5 mak+ a reptile p51 c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! jo9ts tight & n h any small op5+s or cracks betwe5 bo>ds1 = snakes c get ?r\gh a v small space1 (t5 mu* small] ?an y w\ld ?9k x possible1 judg+ f ! size ( _! bodies4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! design = a v sub/antial reptile p5 is %[n1 & in/ead ( f9e wire scre5+1 two heavy plates ( glass may be us$ at ! front ( ea* comp>tm5t4 ,?is is a d\ble p51 & "o side c be us$ = snakes1 :ile ! o!r may h>bor "s liz>ds or small l&-turtles4 ,?is p5 is =ty-eight in*es long1 tw5ty-f\r deep1 & tw5ty-six high4 ,! bottom rail at ! front is f\r in*es wide1 & ! top & upright ones are two in*es wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #be ,! wood f :i* ! p5 is made %\ld be tongue-&-groov$1 & plan$ on bo? sides4 ,x may be f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick1 & n>r[ bo>ds are pref]able to wide ones4 ,9 ! liz>d comp>tm5t an upp] floor is fa/5$ 91 hav+ an op5+ at "o side :]e an incl9$ bo>d1 ) cross /icks atta*$1 is arrang$ s t ! animals may climb up & d[n4 ,! snake p5 %\ld h a portion ( a small tree fa/5$ at top & bottom1 on :i* ! reptiles may climb & coil4 ,! m %ort bran*es x has1 ! bett]1 = x w !n give ! snakes a m satisfactory p]* to move ab\t on4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* end a small trap doorway f\r in*es high & six in*es long is cut1 & protect$ by a /\t wire-clo? door1 h+$ & lock$4 ,^! trap-doors are = ! purpose ( remov+ refuse or = fe$+ ! reptiles2 or a small] op5+ at ! back1 ne> ! top1 & ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 c be us$ z a food door4 ,a v5tilator is cut 9 ! ro( twelve in*es long & six in*es wide1 s t ea* comp>tm5t gets ! advantage ( an op5+ ab\t six in*es squ>e4 ,ov] ?is a ro( is made ?ree in*es above ! ma9 ro(1 & ) /\t wire clo? ! op5+ is cov]$ fir/ at ! "u side4 ,!n ! /rip ( wire clo?1 f\r in*es wide1 is tack$ ar\nd ! inside ( ! op5+ & to a bo>d ! same size z ! hole1 or six by twelve in*es1 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! cap4 ,?is arrangem5t is m cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 :i* is a sectional view1 ,a be+ ! cap1 ,b ! bo>d to :i* ! upp] edge ( ! wire clo? is atta*$1 ,c ! wire clo?1 & ,d ! ma9 ro( to ! p54 ,! l9e ,e repres5ts ! wire clo? tack$ to ! "u side ( ! op5+1 to prev5t ! reptiles crawl+ up & ov] ! p>tition4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! p>tition an op5+ f\r in*es squ>e may be made & fitt$ ) a wire-nett+ door t c be rais$ & l[]$ by a rod t ext5ds ?r\gh ! cap ( ! v5tilator4 ,"o or two /aples driv5 ov] ! rod at ! inside ( ! reptile p5 w prev5t ! rod f b5d+1 & ! wire door %\ld slide on runn]s provid$ ) a rabbet at ! inside1 s t x _c be dislodg$4 ,) ?is con/ruction1 ! reptiles may be all[$ to m+le if !y are peaceable1 b if ! snakes mole/ ! small liz>ds !y mu/ be driv5 into _! own side & ! trap-door clos$4 ,) ! out] doors at ! bottom & ! v5tilator at ! top1 a free circulation ( air c be _h2 & if ! floor is kept well s&$ & clean1 ?is reptile p5 w make a com=table home = a collection ( su* pets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,! liz>d run %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf is made f a wood5 %oe-case op5 at ! front1 & on top ( :i* a small] box is m\nt$ & connect$ ) ! l[] "o by means ( an incl9$ bo>d & an op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! liz>ds c crawl4 ,a v5tilator is cut 9 ! upp] box & cov]$ ) wire nett+2 & 9 ! l[] box1 at "o end1 a doorway is made1 f\r by six in*es1 & protect$ by a heavy wire scre5 door on h+es4 ,a rais$ plat=m & ladd] is made at "o end ( ! l>ge box1 & 9 ! op5 space "o or two bran*es %\ld be made fa/ on :i* ! liz>ds c climb4 ,! top ( ! box %\ld be enclos$ ) wire nett+1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a doorway ?ree in*es squ>e cut 9 ! side ( ! upp] box w all[ access to ?is ro(-g>d54 ,a few coats ( d>k-gre5 pa9t w f9i% ^! reptile p5s on ! outside1 & !y %\ld be enamell$ cream color1 buff1 or light gre5 on ! inside1 s t ! reptiles may be se5 aga9/ ! light backgr\nd4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,,summ]-,,h\ses ,,& ,,p]golas ,a ,simple ,summ]-h\se ,= ! back y>d1 or 9 ! fields & woods ne> ! h\se1 a summ]-h\se or p]gola w be f\nd a com=table nook 9 :i* to sp5d _m pleasant h\rs4 ,a simple summ]-h\se is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is is made ( f\r po/s1 has a %+l$ ro(1 & is provid$ ) seats on ?ree sides4 ,obta9 f\r spruce po/s f\r in*es squ>e1 or f\r tree-trunks f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,plant !m 9 ! gr\nd1 =m+ a squ>e ( six feet4 ,! po/s %\ld be emb$d$ = at lea/ two feet1 &1 to insure !m f decay+ too quickly1 t> or pit* ! bottoms1 or give !m two or ?ree good coats ( asphaltum v>ni%4 ,! po/s %\ld /& sev5 feet above gr\nd4 ,across ! tops ( ! po/s nail two-by-f\r-in* joi/1 ) lap jo9ts z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,) f\r m pieces ( joi/ =m ! ro( raft]s1 cutt+ a not* 9 ea* joi/ :]e x fits ov] ! corn]s at ! head ( ! po/s4 ,at ! peak1 ! joi/ are bevell$ :]e !y meet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,jo9 two ( ! pieces at fir/2 !n lap ! rema9+ two on bo? sides ( !m1 nail+ all ! ends securely ) /eel wire nails4 ,put "o middle raft] 9 on ea* side betwe5 eaves to ! ro(4 ,x w\ld n look well to h to ro( ! corn] ones2 !n nail %+le la? or scantl+ on ! f\r sides to receive ! %+les4 ,! raft]s %\ld ov]hang ! top frame ab\t twelve in*es1 s z to =m ! /op on a l9e ) ! po/s4 ,beg9 at ! bottom & at ! middle ( ea* side to %+le ! ro(1 work+ out to ! corn]s & up ?r\gh ! middle to ! peak4 ,to prev5t ! ro( leak+ at ! corn]s1 bevel ! %+les at "o side1 !n lap ^? on ! o!r side ov] !m & bevel ! edges4 ,"s build]s lay a /rip ( t9 fla%+ ov] ! edges z well z 9 ! valleys ( a ro( to insure a p]fectly wat]-tight jo9t4 ,use galvaniz$ nails4 ,to hide ! r\gh raft]s & %+le la?1 ! inside ( ! ro( may be l9$ ) n>r[1 mat*$ bo>ds2 !n ! wood-"w may be giv5 a coat or two ( pa9t 9 "s desirable color4 ,a ,back-y>d ,p]gola ,a back-y>d p]gola is con/ruct$ f two upright po/s f\r in*es squ>e1 a cross beam two by six in*es1 & eight joi/s laid across f ! po/ b> to ! top ( ! back f5ce4 ,?is /yle ( p]gola is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to city y>ds & ^? surr\nd$ by a bo>d f5ce4 ,9 ! ev5t ( !re be+ no f5ce1 ! ends ( ! joi/ or ro(+ beams may be> on a two-by-six-in* cross b> t re/s on two m po/s correspond+ ) ! front ones4 ,! po/s are f\r in*es squ>e1 ( spruce or any o!r available wood1 & are plan$ on all f\r sides4 ,!y are emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd = ab\t two feet1 &1 to prev5t !m f s9k+ or %ift+1 place a l>ge1 flat /one 9 ! hole on :i* ! po/ w re/1 & ar\nd x pack e>? & /ones in/ead ( e>? only4 ,a lap cut 9 ! front top end ( ! po/ w admit ! two-by-six-in* cross beam4 ,! po/s are sev5 feet ap>t1 & ! cross beam t5 feet long1 ) ! ends cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c on page #ef4 ,! front end ( ea* joi/ is r\nd$ "u z %[n1 & to make a m secure an*orage a not* two in*es long & an in* deep may be cut at ! "u side ( ea* joi/1 s t !y w fit d[n ov] ! upp] edge ( ! cross beam4 ,make all ! jo9ts & laps fa/ ) /eel wire nails2 !n give ! wood-"w a few coats ( pa9t4 ,seats may be built 9 on two sides & support$ ) "u braces or brackets to prop up ! front edge1 & a back-bo>d may be nail$ fa/ to ! po/s & f5ce4 ,a ,toad/ool ,tree ,canopy ,:]e !re is a l>ge tree on ! place or ne> ! h\se1 a toad/ool canopy 7,fig4 #d7 may be con/ruct$ above a com=table seat4 ,! fram+ ( ! canopy is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 :]e ! arrangem5t ( corn] raft]s & braces c be cle>ly se54 ,! tree end ( ea* raft] is bevell$ 7or cut on a slant7 & nail$ fa/ ) /eel wire nails4 ,! "u braces are key$ to ! tree by cutt+ out a w$ge ( ! b>k1 s t ! l[] end or po9t ( ! bracket w fit into x4 ,^! ends are to be well nail$ to ! tree-trunk1 z !y are ! ma9 props to hold up ! ro(4 ,betwe5 ! corn] raft]s let "o raft] 9 on ea* side2 !n nail %+le la? on ! top ( ! raft]s1 & to ^! ! %+les are fa/5$4 ,a seat eighte5 in*es wide may be built ab\t ! foot ( ! trunk & support$ by two-by-?ree-in* joi/ let into ! gr\nd a foot or eighte5 in*es4 ,in/ead ( %+l+ ?is ro(1 x may be ?at*$ ) salt hay arrang$ 9 flat tufts & nail$ onto ! la?4 ,beg9 at ! l[] edge to d ?is & ?at* "o l9e fir/2 !n beg9 on ! end ( ! l9e above x & arrange ! tufts closely side by side1 & nail !m fa/4 ,! la/ l9e at ! top %\ld h t> pap] "u x1 closely fitt$1 & nail$ to ! tree trunk ) copp] tacks & pa9t$4 ,?is w deflect ! wat] & prev5t x f runn+ d[n ! trunk & wett+ ! seat4 ,a ,ru/ic ,p]gola ,a simple b effective & useful ru/ic p]gola is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,all ! po/s1 cross-pieces1 braces1 & /r+]s at ! top are ( undress$ wood1 hav+ ! b>k on4 ,! corn] po/s are f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 & are emb$d$ two feet 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are sev5 feet above ! gr\nd1 & on top ( two sets cross-/r+]s are made fa/ & brac$ ) angle brackets4 ,a %>p hat*et1 a saw1 & a hamm] w be ! only tools requir$ = ?is "w2 & :]e an angle piece is atta*$ to a po/1 ! b>k & wood %\ld be cut away on ! po/1 s t ! bevell$ edge ( ! bracket w lie snugly aga9/ x4 ,x %\ld !n be nail$ fa/ ) long /eel wire nails4 ,?is p]gola c be made ( almo/ any size1 b = "o ( mod]ate proportions x %\ld measure eight feet squ>e & sev5 feet high4 ,seats ( smoo? bo>ds may be arrang$ on ?ree sides betwe5 po/s1 & wires may be run up & d[n & crosswise1 on :i* climb+ v9es may be support$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,a ,circul> ,p]gola ,a circul> p]gola w pres5t a pleas+ appe>ance 9 any y>d4 ,x is made f six ru/ic po/s1 six support+ beams1 & elev5 top raft]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,tree-trunks ( ! prop] size & l5g? may be cut 9 ! woods1 or "s locu/ po/s c be pur*as$ at a lumb]-y>d4 ,! b>k is to be left on1 & ! po/s are to be plant$ two feet 9 ! gr\nd 9 a circle eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,! tops ( ! po/s %\ld be saw$ (f s t !y are all an equal di/ance f ! gr\nd4 ,on top ( !m nail six pieces ( joi/1 two by f\r in*es1 ) ! n>r[] side re/+ on ! po/s4 ,! joi/ mu/ be bevell$ or mitr$ s t !y w fit snugly at ! po/s4 ,spike !m fa/ to ea* o!r & to ! po/s ) l>ge /eel wire nails4 ,! top raft]s %\ld be ( two-by-?ree or two-by-f\r in* spruce1 plan$ or left r\gh1 & arrang$ equal di/ances ap>t1 s t !y w =m a l>ge circle on ! support+ beams4 ,^! are to be nail$ fa/ & pa9t$ if desir$4 ,v9es may be plant$ close to ! po/s1 s t z !y gr[ ! ?ick mass ( foliage w make a %ady top to ! p]gola4 ,if desir$1 a few seats may be arrang$ betwe5 ! po/s or columns1 b portable seats w\ld be m 9 keep+ ) ?is /yle ( p]gola4 ,a ,summ] ,%elt] ,a design = a com=table summ]-h\se is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! po/s are set on an oblong1 sev5 feet wide & twelve feet long4 ,sev5 or eight in* po/s are plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! top rails are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! rails c be ( two-by-f\r-in* joi/1 & %\ld be cut & neatly lapp$ at ! ends1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ridge-pole =ms ! c5tre support to ?is ro(1 & f x ! raft]s are run d[n to ! top rails4 ,ov] ^! ! %+le la? are nail$1 & !n ! ?at*+ ( salt hay or %+les may be laid on4 ,a w9d-spe$] & a wea!r-vane may be arrang$ at ei!r end ( ! ro(1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & seats may be built 9 betwe5 ! end po/s1 ) a support+ rib at ! middle & braces "u ! seats4 ,!re is room en\gh "u ?is ro( to sw+ a hammock4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,,wea!r-,,vanes ,,& ,,w9dmills ,f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ habitation ( ! e>?1 nature's great =ces1 w9d & wat]1 h be5 employ$ to furni% p[] = man's uses4 ,w9d eng9es & mills = motive p[] h become almo/ obsolete 9 & ab\t ! great cities1 z !y are s cumb]some & unc]ta91 b 9 ! c\ntry !y are /ill us$ to a great ext5t = pump+ wat]1 mill+1 & op]at+ light ma*9]y4 ,w9dmills h be5 made 9 a numb] ( %apes by ! p ( diff]5t nations1 & "s ( !m are v picturesque1 especially ! ,dut* :eels & ^? made 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a c5tury or m ago1 _m ( :i* are /ill work+4 ,w9dmills w nev] g out ( use entirely1 no matt] :at *eap motive p[] w ev5tually run ! _w2 = :5 !y are once set up prop]ly !y co/ no?+ to op]ate1 & if a :eel is well made x w la/ = ye>s ) b trifl+ co/ = repairs4 ,w9dmills1 wea!r-vanes1 p9ion-:eels1 & w9d toys ( all descriptions h be5 made by boys 9 e age1 & ea* g5]ation goes on to inv5t or ?9k ( some?+ new = ! same old w9d to play ) t has toy$ ) ! _w's :eels = c5turies4 ,! illu/rations & descriptions on ?is & ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd helpful 9 ! con/ruction ( w9d ma*9]y t %all be bo? novel & practicable4 ,a ,p9ion-:eel ,wea!r-vane ,! easie/ sort ( a p9ion-:eel & wea!r-vane to con/ruct is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( /\t t9 or %eet-iron1 a wood5 %aft tw5ty in*es long1 & a fan-tail twelve in*es long & sev5 in*es wide at ! re> end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,pun* a small hole 9 ! c5tre ( a %eet ( t9 or iron n less ?an t5 in*es squ>e1 & ) a lead-p5cil compass draw a circle t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,half an in* inside ( ?is draw ano!r "o n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 z indicat$ by ! light l9es 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,"o in* f ! c5tre draw a ?ird circle mak+ x two in*es 9 diamet]2 !n divide ! disk into eight equal p>ts4 ,) a cold *isel cut on ! l9es1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 & b5d ! metal e>s z %[n 9 draw+ ,no4 #a1 s t ! corn]s w set back an in* f ! rim4 ,) a /\t pair ( %e>s cut ar\nd ! outside l9e & free ! :eel f ! %eet ( metal4 ,at ! front ( ! :eel fa/5 a spool ) /eel wire nails driv5 ?r\gh ! t9 to act z a hub4 ,!n give !m bo? a coat or two ( pa9t4 ,make a %aft f h>d wood an in* squ>e1 & cut x 9 f "o end ab\t t5 in*es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,at ! o!r end b9d ! wood = an in* or two ) l95 l9e or f9e wire to prev5t its splitt+1 & bore a hole 9 ! end ) an awl4 ,?r\gh ! spool & disk1 & into ! hole 9 ! %aft1 drive a flat-head$ /eel wire nail or a screw1 ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 to act z ! p9ion on :i* ! :eel may revolve4 ,f light wood1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 cut a fan-tail sev5 in*es wide at "o end & two at ! o!r1 &1 hav+ pass$ x ?r\gh ! cut 9 ! %aft1 make x fa/ ) small nails or screws4 ,balance ! %aft & :eel on y\r f+] to det]m9e :]e to pi]ce ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! upright %aft on ! pole %\ld pass2 !n bore x out ) bit & brace s t ! %aft w fit snug b n tight4 ,to ! top ( ! %aft1 ov] ! hole1 atta* ano!r spool1 s z to =m a long] be>+2 or a /rap ( metal may be tack$ s t x w bridge up ov] ! hole ab\t two in*es4 ,9 ?is bridge a correspond+ hole may be cut1 ?r\gh :i* ! v]tical %aft or p9 w pass4 ,?is is to hold ! vane /eady on ! long p9 ( qu>t]-in* r\nd iron driv5 into ! top ( ! pole1 & prev5t x f dipp+ =w>d or backw>d4 ,place ?is vane on a %$1 ! end ( a b>n ro(1 or on a high pole :]e ! w9d has free access to x4 ,a ,w9d-spe$] ,w9d-spe$]s may be con/ruct$ ( metal or p>tly ( wood1 b "o t c easily be made by a boy consi/s ( two /icks1 f\r ord9>y t9 funnels hav+ _! ends /opp$ up ) a plug ( wood1 & a pole1 into ! end ( :i* a long iron p9 is driv5 & on :i* ! hub revolves4 ,fig4 #d4 ,two h>d-wood /icks ?irty in*es long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e are cut at ! middle s t !y w lap1 & ) /eel nails !y are atta*$ to a hub ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a qu>t]-in* hole is bor$4 ,! end ( ea* /ick or arm is cut 9 to receive ! funnels1 & !y are held 9 place by /raps ( t9 pass$ ar\nd ea* neck & tack$ fa/ to ! top & bottom ( ! cross /icks4 ,) a %>p-po9t$ awl or pun* a small hole is made ?r\gh ! /rap & neck1 & a long1 slim /eel nail is driv5 ?r\gh bo? into ! end ( ! /icks to give ! funnels an additional pur*ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,to r$uce ! friction & to prev5t ! wood f we>+ away at ! "u side ( ! hub1 a l>ge flat wa%] %\ld be atta*$ to ! wood ) copp] tacks driv5 closely all ar\nd ! out] edge4 ,be=e ! spe$] is slipp$ ov] ! upright p91 a %ort piece ( small gas-pipe or tub+ %\ld be plac$ ov] x s x w re/ betwe5 ! hub & ! top ( ! pole4 ,two coats ( :ite or light-color$ pa9t w improve ! appe>ance ( ?is spe$]4 ,! ,arr[ ,wea!r-vane ,( all ! wea!r-vanes t h ev] be5 made1 ! balanc$ arr[ is und\bt$ly ! olde/ & mo/ popul>2 x is ! univ]sal type ( its class1 &1 f ! simple arr[ t a boy c :ittle f a %+le to ! beautifully gild$ vane t cr[ns ! p9nacle ( "s great build+1 x is ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! arr[-vane c be made any l5g? to suit ! height at :i* x may be plac$1 b = ! h\se1 b>n1 flag-pole1 or t[] n m ?an fifty or sixty feet high1 x %\ld be f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six in*es long1 ) ! blade f five to six in*es 9 wid?4 ,! mo/ sub/antial vane is made 9 ?ree pieces1 ! po9t1 %aft1 & blade4 ,! %aft is made f h>d wood1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e1 9 ! ends ( :i* cuts are made to receive a t9 or %eet-metal po9t & blade4 ,^! are held 9 place ) /eel nails driv5 ?r\gh ! wood & cl9*$ on ! opposite side4 ,! arr[ is balanc$ & a hole is !n made 9 ! %aft ?r\gh :i* ! upright p9 or rod w pass4 ,a f]ule or r+ is driv5 on ! upright rod to hold ! arr[ 9 ! prop] place1 & bel[ x two rods %\ld be arrang$ at "r angles1 at ! ends ( :i* ! lett]s ,n1 ,e1 ,s1 ,w are sold]$4 ,^! rods may be ( brass or wood1 & if ! wood is us$ x %\ld be ( hickory or locu/1 half an in* squ>e or r\nd1 & slit at ! ends to receive ! lett]s ( t9 or %eet metal4 ,^! latt] are held 9 place ) slim /eel wire nails driv5 ?r\gh ! wood & metal4 ,at ! top ( a flag-pole ^! arms %\ld be m\nt$ above a gild$ ball1 & !y %\ld be1 if ( brass or copp]1 held securely 9 place ) wire or sold]4 ,if !y are ( iron1 x w\ld be well to h a blacksmi? weld !m1 s t !y w be rigid & /ay 9 place4 ,wood5 ,vanes ,9 ,fig4 #f "s sugge/ions = wood5 vanes are %[n t c be foll[$ ) ! scroll saw & jackknife or a compass saw & c>v+ *isels4 ,^! vanes c be made 9 almo/ any size t w n be out ( proportion to ! build+ or pole !y are to be m\nt$ on4 ,! fi% is cut f wood five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & all ar\nd ! edges ! wood is bevell$ s z to give ! fi% a r\nd$ effect4 ,! fi% is balanc$ on ! edge ( a piece ( wood to det]m9e :]e ! rod w pass ?r\gh x2 !n ) a qu>t]-in* bit ! hole is c>efully bor$ ?r\gh f top to bottom4 ,! compass-po9t lett]s c be made f %eet t9 & support$ on two cross /icks & a /\t wire hoop f twelve to fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! lady ) ! p>asol is cut f wood half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,%e is fifte5 in*es high & twelve in*es wide across ! bottom ( ! skirt4 ,f ! %oes to ! hat1 a qu>t]-in* hole is bor$ entirely ?r\gh ! body1 b if ?is be f\nd too difficult1 a /aple at ! top & bottom w answ] in/ead4 ,?r\gh ^! /aples ! rod w pass4 ,! squirrel is made 9 ! same mann] z ! lady1 & ei!r balanc$ on ! rod :i* passes ?r\gh ! body or by means ( /aples driv5 at "o side4 ,a r+ & wa%] %\ld be provid$ on ! rod = ! bottom ( ! vane to re/ on1 z !re w\ld be too mu* friction if ! vane re/$ on ! top end ( ! pole into :i* ! rod is driv54 ,! bird vane is cut out & balanc$ ! same z ! fi%1 & ! modell+ may be c>v$ 9 ! wood or pa9t$1 to give %ape & "* to ! vane4 ,o!rwise x w\ld be b a blank piece ( ?9 bo>d cut 9 ! %ape ( ! outl9e4 ,9 all ( ^! vanes x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to h ! greate/ ov]hang on ! side opposite to t fac+ ! w9d1 o!rwise !y w\ld n indicate prop]ly4 ,a ,w9d-p5nant ,an excell5t & reliable w9d indicator is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 ! illu/ration ( ! w9d-p5nant4 ,x consi/s ( a metal hoop on :i* a funnel-%ap$ silk or cotton fabric p5nant is sew$ fa/1 & :5 ?is latt] is fill$ by a breeze x /&s out1 z ! illu/ration %[s4 ,a p5nant fifte5 in*es long %\ld h a hoop five in*es 9 diamet]1 & x c be made ei!r f wire r+s b5t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h ,a1 or f %eet metal1 z %[n at ,fig4 #h ,b4 ,! %eet metal %\ld be p]=at$ ) small holes all ar\nd "o edge to pass ! ?read ?r\gh1 :5 sew+ ! fabric fa/1 & ! edges %\ld be smoo!d s z n to cut ! ?reads4 ,if ! hoop is made ( wire1 a r+ %\ld be =m$ at top & bottom = ! upright rod to pass ?r\gh2 b if x is ( %eet metal a hole at ! top & bottom w admit ! rod4 ,?is p5nant is v useful at ! ma/-head ( a boat1 & is mu* m satisfactory to wat* ?an ! p]petually bobb+ flat p5nant1 z x does n break or fall d[n unless x is calm1 & only %ifts f side to side z ! w9d bl[s x4 ,on a flag-pole or /aff above ! p5nant ! compass po9ts are arrang$1 & if ^! are made f copp] or brass1 ! lett]s may be sold]$ fa/ to ! ends ( ! arms4 ,:]e ! arms cross1 !y are to be flatt5$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i ,a1 & lapp$ toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i ,b4 ,aft] ! hole is bor$ !y %\ld be b\nd to ! upright rod ) copp] wire & sold]$ s !y w rema9 9 a fix$ position t ! w9d _c alt]4 ,fig4 #i ,c4 ,/icks ( h>d wood may be sub/itut$ = ! metal arms1 & ! %eet-metal lett]s let into saw cuts made at ! out] ends4 ,a ,basket-ball ,vane ,an odd w9d indicator is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 illu/rat+ a ball vane 9 a basket4 ,x consi/s ( a flat basket1 ) a rim six in*es high1 made ( wire clo? ) squ>e me%es2 inside ( ?is a silk or cotton cov]$ ball ( wire is plac$ & bl[n by ! w9d f "o side to ! o!r ( ! basket4 ,( c\rse1 ! direction ! w9d is com+ f is opposite to t tak5 by ! ball4 ,! basket %\ld be tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 six in*es high1 & support$ at ! top ( a pole by wires atta*$ f ! upp] & l[] edge ( ! out] rim1 & lead+ up & d[n to ! pole1 ! ends be+ made fa/ to /aples or screw-eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,! ball1 :i* is made ( wire hoops & fa/5$ toge!r ) f9e wires1 %\ld be f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is cov]$ ) silk or ?9 musl9 sew$ on 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* a baseball is cov]$ ) lea!r4 ,! framework mu/ be ( light spr+ brass or copp] wire1 & :]e ! hoops cross x w\ld be well to t\* ! unions ) sold] to insure a firm jo9t & make ! ball rigid4 ,if ! ball %\ld bl[ out ( ! basket at any "t1 x may be necess>y to lace wires across ! out] rim at ! top1 s z to =m a conf9+ net-"w4 ,above ! basket ! compass po9ts c be arrang$ on wood or metal arms1 & :5 complete & m\nt$ ?is wea!r-vane w pres5t a mo/ unique appe>ance4 ,a ,m]ry-g-r\nd ,a m]ry-g-r\nd l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa is an int]e/+ w9d toy & pleas+ to wat*1 z ! boats keep sail+ r\nd & r\nd4 ,x is made f a *ild's hoople prop]ly brac$ ) cross /icks & m\nt$ on a hub4 ,f\r flat-boats are made & atta*$ to ! out] edge ( ! frame4 ,:5 rigg$ ) sails & plac$ at ! top ( a po/1 on a rod1 ! boats w keep up a cont9ual sail+ s long z !re is any breeze4 ,a hoople ?ree feet 9 diamet] is be/ = ?is purpose1 z x gives m space betwe5 ! boats4 ,d\ble sets ( braces or cross /rips are arrang$ inside ! hoople1 &1 :]e !y meet at ! middle1 laps are cut 9 ! /icks s t !y w fit flu%1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! /icks are plac$ sev5 in*es ap>t1 & are five-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e2 "u ! lap jo9ts a plate ( wood n9e in*es squ>e is atta*$ by means ( screws or /eel wire nails1 to /r5g!n ! unions ( ! cross /icks z well z to make a plat=m1 at ! "u side ( :i* ! hub is arrang$4 ,a plan ( ! hoople1 ! cross /icks1 & ! location ( "o boat is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! boats are plac$ s t ! out] edges ( ! bottoms re/ on ! top ( ! hoople4 ,! inn] edges re/ on two ( ! cross /icks1 :]e !y are securely atta*$ ) long1 slim screws pass$ up ?r\gh ! /icks & hoople & into ! bottoms ( ! boats4 ,a block ( wood f\r or five in*es squ>e & six in*es long is to be %av$ d[n at "o end s t x is r\nd & ab\t "o in* & a half 9 diamet]4 ,?is is atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! plate1 at ! middle ( ! hoople frame1 s t ! small end projects d[n2 & ?r\gh x a half-in* hole is bor$4 ,an iron p9 half an in* 9 ?ickness & eighte5 in*es long is to be driv5 into ! upp] end ( a po/ ov] :i* ! hub & hoople frame w fit4 ,! upp] end ( ! iron p9 is ?read$ & provid$ ) two nuts4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be screw$ d[n tight on ! o!r ) a wa%] betwe5 to act z a lock-nut1 s t ! revolution ( ! m]ry-g-r\nd w n tight5 or loos5 !m :5 once adju/$4 ,! boats are t5 in*es long & ?ree in*es wide at ! middle1 b !y tap] =e & aft1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac ,a4 ,!y are cut f p9e or :ite-wood two in*es ?ick1 & pa9t$ 9 gay colors4 ,! ma/s are fifte5 in*es high1 & ! sails are provid$ ) booms1 gaffs1 & jib-booms1 also ) r+s :i* hold ! sails close to ! ma/s4 ,! rigg+ is ( copp] wire1 z ! con/ant motion w\ld soon we> out /r+ or l9e & ! sails w\ld fly loose4 ,ea* boat mu/ be 9 good trim to keep ! motion uni=m1 & if ! sails we> out too soon1 t9 ones %\ld be made or ! musl9 ones may be giv5 a coat or two ( :ite pa9t4 ,p5nants at ! tops ( ! ma/s w add to ! effect4 ,a ,w9d ,turb9e ,! w9d turb9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 on ! foll[+ page1 is made ( two hooples ab\t ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 f\r cross /icks1 two wire hoops1 & eight ,v-%ap$ t9 blades4 ,! cross /icks1 ?irty in*es long1 are cut & lapp$ at ! middle & atta*$ to ! edge ( ea* hoop ) screws or nails4 ,! wire hoops are tw5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 & are fa/5$ to ! cross /icks ) /aples4 ,! plan ( "o hoople & ! cross /icks1 ! wire hoop & ! location ( ! blades1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! out] corn]s ( ea* blade are tack$ fa/ to bo? ! upp] & l[] hoople1 :ile ! inn] corn]s are wir$ fa/ to ! /\t wire hoop4 ,! blades are made f t9 or %eet iron twelve in*es long & six in*es wide1 &1 :5 b5t 9 ! %ape ( a ,v1 ! wid? across ! op5 end %\ld be f\r in*es4 ,! blades are dep5d$ ^u to hold ! upp] & l[] frames 9 place1 & :5 ! turb9e is on ! top ( a po/ ) a rod runn+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! cross /icks1 ar\nd :i* x revolves1 ! w9d w keep x sp9n+ at a high spe$4 ,p[] c be develop$ ) ?is turb9e1 b only a v small p]c5tage z comp>$ ) a w9dmill ! entire surface ( :i* is cont9ually expos$ to ! breeze4 ,9 ! turb9e only two or ?ree ( ! blades are effective at any "o "t4 ,a ,b>rel-hoop ,p9ion-:eel ,f a flat hoop1 a few pieces ( t9 or %eet iron1 & "s ?9 wood1 a b>rel-hoop p9ion-:eel may be made simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,! b>rel-hoop w measure ab\t tw5ty-"o in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! hub %\ld be made five in*es 9 diamet]1 two in*es ?ick1 & cut 91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag ,a1 ) n9e places to receive ! small ends ( ! metal blades4 ,! hub revolves on a p9 :i* is driv5 into a block ( wood ?ree in*es squ>e1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ag ,b4 ,a hole is made 9 ! block f top to bottom1 ?r\gh :i* a half-in* rod w pass4 ,! rails t support ! tail are let into ea* side ( ! block & are securely fa/5$ ) screws1 z %[n also at ,fig4 #ag ,b4 ,! fan-tails are tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 "o in* & a half wide1 & half an in* ?ick1 made ( a% or hickory t w b5d easily1 s z to be drawn 9 aga9/ ! blades =m+ ! tail4 ,! t9 blades are cut five in*es wide at "o end & "o in* & a half at ! o!r1 & fa/5$ to bo? ! hoop & hub ) tacks1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! blades =m+ ! fan are ( half-in* wood1 "o ,v-%ap$ piece & two end slats cut z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,!y are all held 9 position by ! two rails t ext5d back f ! p9ion block & two t are set at "r angles to !m1 & :i* hold ! upp] & l[] edge blades4 ,?is :eel may be plac$ at ! top ( a po/ two or ?ree in*es squ>e or r\nd1 9 :i* a half-in* iron rod or long p9 has be5 driv51 leav+ ab\t six or eight in*es ( x project+ above ! top ( ! po/4 ,on ?is ! block turns z ! w9d acts on ! fan-tail4 ,a ,pump+ ,w9dmill ,a simple :eel1 ) spokes & sails1 t is commonly employ$ on canal-boats & b>ges1 & 9 a small way = rais+ wat] 9 a suction-pump1 is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a pump+ w9dmill4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,x consi/s ( a hub1 six spokes1 a fan-tail1 & a trunk or upright to :i* ! :eel is atta*$4 ,! hub is a hexagon ( six in*es & six in*es long1 s t "o spoke c be driv5 into a hole made 9 ea* side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! spokes are ?ree feet long1 ?ree by "o in* & a half at ! hub end1 & "o by "o in* & a half at ! out] end4 ,!y are driv5 snugly into holes 9 ! hub ?ree in*es long & "o in* & a half wide1 & p9n$ to hold !m 9 place4 ,! hub %\ld be made ( h>d wood1 & x w\ld be well to h a blacksmi? put a ?9 iron b& ar\nd ea* end to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,! holes may be cut ) a mortise *isel & mallet1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to %ape !m ev5ly1 s t ! spokes w l9e prop]ly4 ,triangul> pieces ( twill$ musl9 %eet+ are tack$ to ! face ( ea* spoke1 & ! loose corn] ( ea* is caught to ! next spoke end ) a rope & snap4 ,?is makes an outlet betwe5 ! lee* & spoke ( ea* space betwe5 spokes = ! w9d to pass ?r\gh1 !reby caus+ ! :eel to revolve4 ,! :eel is held 9 place to ! head ( ! support+ po/ by a %aft :i* passes ?r\gh ! hub & is bolt$ fa/ at ! front ( x ) a nut4 ,a blacksmi? w make ?is %aft1 z x is some:at beyond a boy's ability unless he has _h "s exp]i5ce 9 blacksmi?+4 ,x %\ld be %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! %aft is an in* squ>e :]e x passes ?r\gh ! hub1 & at ! front end x is ?read$ & provid$ ) a nut & wa%]4 ,at ! end ( ! squ>e "p1 ,a1 :]e ! re> ( ! hub w /op1 a %\ld]1 ,b1 %\ld be weld$ on to hold ! hub 9 ! prop] place4 ,an in* beyond ?is squ>e %\ld]1 ano!r "o1 ,c1 is weld$ on ! %aft1 :i* = ! balance ( its l5g? is ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,j beyond ! %\ld] or coll>1 ,c1 ! crank is =m$1 two in*es wide & ?ree in*es out f ! %aft4 ,beyond ! crank ano!r coll>1 ,c ,c1 is weld$ on1 & beyond ?is ! %aft %\ld measure six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! total l5g? ( ! %aft is fifte5 in*es1 & all ! coll>s & smoo? surfaces %\ld be dress$ d[n ) a file & !n pa9t$4 ,! head to :i* ! fan-tail is atta*$ is made ( two blocks1 cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 & fa/5$ five in*es ap>t on ! l[] rails t support ! long rails to :i*1 9 turn1 ! tail is atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bc ,! upp] ends ( ! blocks are cut out s z to admit ! %aft4 ,! coll>s1 ,c1 & ,c ,c1 are at ! inside ( ! blocks4 ,to hold ! %aft 9 place1 /raps ( iron are screw$ fa/ ov] ! top ( ea* block4 ,?is head re/s on ! top ( a trunk or holl[ squ>e po/1 ?r\gh :i* ! rod passes t connects ! crank ) ! pi/on-rod ( a pump4 ,?is trunk is ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* wood & sev5 in*es squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb ,a2 & at ! top ( x a flat iron coll>1 ,b1 is screw$ fa/4 ,to hold ! head on & keep x 9 ! prop] place1 f\r iron cleats 7,fig4 #bb ,c7 are screw$ fa/ to ! "u corn]s ( ! head to grip ! project+ edge ( ! coll>4 ,?is arrangem5t w hold ! head /iff1 b w all[ x to move ab\t z impell$ by ! w9d act+ on ! tail4 ,a little grease or vasel9e %\ld be plac$ on top ( ! coll>1 s t ! head w move on x easily4 ,! top ( ! connection rod %\ld be atta*$ to ! crank1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb ,d1 :]e a /rap ( iron passes ov] ! crank & is bolt$ to ! top ( ! h>d-wood rod4 ,! tail is atta*$ to ! head z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 :i* is a re> view ( ! head block & a portion ( ! =w>d "p ( ! tail4 ,! tail is ?irty-?ree in*es long & tw5ty-f\r in*es wide at ! re> end1 & is made ( bo>ds ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,if ! mill is to be plac$ ov] a pump1 a plat=m %\ld be erect$ to :i* ! trunk may be brac$ ) props1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & on :i* ! l[] end ( ! trunk may re/4 ,guy rods or wires c also be c>ri$ f ! upp] "p ( ! trunk d[n to pegs driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* w l5d additional support & /ead9ess to ! upright %aft4 ,to />t ! :eel1 snap ! ends ( ! %eets to ! spoke ends2 to /op x1 unsnap ! ends & furl ! sails ar\nd ! spokes1 & tie !m securely ) a cotton cord4 ,a ,w9dmill & ,t[] ,w9dmills1 ( c\rse1 c be put to _m diff]5t uses & are g5]ally ( suffici5t size to develop a consid]able am\nt ( p[]4 ,fig4 #bd %[s a w9dmill & t[] t any sm>t boy c make ( wood1 an old buggy :eel1 & a few iron fitt+s t a blacksmi? w make at a nom9al co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,! t[] is ! fir/ ?+ to make1 & x %\ld be con/ruct$ ( f\r spruce /icks sixte5 feet long & f\r in*es squ>e1 ?irty in*es squ>e at ! top & sev5ty-two in*es squ>e at ! base4 ,! deck is ?irty-six in*es squ>e1 & projects two in*es ov] ! top rails all ar\nd4 ,! rails & cross braces are ( spruce or p9e /rips f\r in*es wide & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & are atta*$ to ! corn] po/s ) /eel wire nails4 ,! corn] po/s are emb$d$ two feet 9 ! gr\nd1 leav+ f\rte5 feet ( t[] above ! surface4 ,! rail at ! bottom1 atta*$ to ! f\r po/s1 is ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 &1 midway betwe5 ?is & ! top rail "u ! deck1 ! middle rail is run ar\nd ! po/s4 ,! cross braces are bevell$ at ! ends1 s t !y w fit snugly aga9/ ! corn] po/s & 9 beh9d ! rails :]e !y are securely nail$ to bo? po/s & rails4 ,"o ( ! po/s ) its b9d+ ( rails & cross brace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 & ?is cle>ly illu/rates h[ ! union is made4 ,! po/s1 rails1 & braces are all to be plan$1 s t !y w pres5t a good appe>ance :5 pa9t$2 & at "o side ( ! t[] a ladd] c be made ( scantl+1 & ! l[] end ( x atta*$ to a rail nail$ to ! corn] po/s a few in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,across two ( ! rails half-way up ! t[] a bo>d is nail$1 to :i* ! l[] end ( a trunk is made fa/1 if a :eel simil> to ! pump+-mill is to be us$4 ,b if a wood5 mill is desir$1 x c be con/ruct$ f a buggy-:eel & six blades ( wood1 to appe> z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,at a wagon-%op an old :eel c be _h = little or no?+1 & ) a little "w x may be conv]t$ into ! frame ( a w9dmill4 ,ea* spoke is to be cut at an angle on "o side s t ! blades1 :5 atta*$ to !m1 w h ! necess>y pit* to make ! w9d act on !m4 ,?is c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :i* is an edge view ( ! :eel %[+ a top1 bottom1 & middle blade4 ,! blades are eighte5 in*es long1 twelve in*es wide at ! out] end1 & six in*es 9 wid? next ! hub4 ,!y are ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 & are atta*$ to ! spokes ) screws4 ,if x is f\nd necess>y1 a wire c be run f ! out] end ( ea* blade to ! end ( ! next spoke1 to /eady ! blades1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! crank & %aft c be arrang$ z describ$ = ! pump+-mill1 & a fan-tail to keep ! :eel up into ! w9d is made 9 proportion to ! size ( ! mill4 ,all ! wood-"w %\ld be pa9t$ to give x a good appe>ance4 ,a mill ( ?is size w develop at lea/ qu>t] ( a horse-p[] 9 a fifte5-mile breeze4 ,*apt] ,v ,a,,rial ,,toys ,! ,ela/ic ,fly+-ma*9e ,to h a fly+-ma*9e is ! dream ( e boy4 ,to build a l>ge "o is exce$+ly difficult1 b a small "o run by a rubb] b& c be easily con/ruct$4 ,y w n be able to fly up to ! ro(s ( h\ses & spires ( *ur*es1 b x w furni% y mu* amusem5t1 )\t ! dang] ( a brok5 neck4 ,i w tell y exactly h[ ,i con/ruct$ "o ( ^! ma*9es1 & !n y c make "o = y\rself4 ,! backbone 0 a knitt+-ne$le4 ,! w+s1 or m prop]ly aroplanes1 7 light bamboo /rips 7tak5 f a ,japanese fan7 & cov]$ ) ! ,japanese pap] :i* is us$ = napk9s4 7,fig4 #a47 ,fig4 #b %[s ! backbone & its p>ts4 ,cut f ?9 brass or copp] a piece %ap$ l ,no4 #a1 & b5d ! top ov]1 z %[n at ,no4 #b4 ,brass suitable = ?is may be b\ght at any h>dw>e-/ore1 or an old article made ( prop] metal may be cut up4 ,! %ell ( a metallic c>tridge is excell5t4 ,! brass %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 to be light1 & s t x may be cut ) an old pair ( %e>s & b5t easily4 ,fir/ cut ! piece out r\ghly ) ! %e>s1 & !n trim x into %ape ) a small file4 ,scrape t "p ( ! metal bright & clean :i* w =m ! inside ( ! roll1 & !n b5d x ar\nd ! ne$le s t x w fit nicely & snugly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,?is mu/ be fa/5$ to ! =w>d end ( ! backbone4 ,! be/ & lighte/ way is to braze x1 z ! t9smi?s call x4 ,file ! poli% f ! end ( ! ne$le1 & wet x ) sold]+ fluid1 :i* may be b\ght at a t9n]'s1 or made by add+ z9c to muriatic acid until no m is dissolv$4 ,slip on ! brass support j :]e y want x1 & lay on a piece ( sold] ab\t half ! size ( a gra9 ( :eat4 ,n[ hold ?is 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 9 ! gas1 or ne> a hot /ove1 until ! sold] melts4 ,take x away & let x cool1 & y w f9d t ! sold] has run into all ! cracks & jo9$ ! pieces beautifully4 ,file (f any excess ( sold] or r\gh ends1 & y w h a neat & workman-l jo9t1 z well z a v light "o4 ,cut out ! piece ,no4 #c1 & b5d x into ! %ape %[n at ,no4 #d4 ,9 ?is case y w ne$ to file ! upp] surface ( ! groove bright & clean4 ,take (f ! poli% f ! o!r end ( ! ne$le1 & !n put ! /]n-po/1 z x may be call$1 9 place1 & hold x !re by twi/+ a f9e wire ar\nd x & ! ne$le4 ,be c>eful to get bo? supports turn$ ! same way4 ,!n braze & f9i% x z be=e4 ,make ! piece ,no4 #e1 & =m x into ! %ape ,no4 #f4 ,?is is fa/5$ by braz+ to ! backbone1 z %[n 9 ! l[] diagram4 ,take a piece ( ano!r knitt+-ne$le1 & make a %aft l ,no4 #g by heat+ r$-hot & p\nd+ ! end into a hook ) a small hamm]4 ,put ! /raight end ( ?is %aft ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! /]n-po/ :i* 0 =m$ by b5d+ ! metal1 & !n make a %\ld] on x1 z foll[s3 b5d a piece ( f9e wire into a r+ ! size ( ! ne$le1 & braze ?is to ! %aft ab\t a qu>t]-in* f ! /]n-po/4 ,?is r+ ( wire keeps ! %aft f slipp+ ?r\gh ! hole :5 ! rubb] is /ret*$4 ,file a flat po9t on ! /raight end ( ! %aft4 ,next make ! w+s4 ,= ! ribs ,i us$ ! ?9 bamboo /rips tak5 f a ,japanese fan4 ,! pap] is pull$ or soak$ (f1 & ! ?9 /rips cut close to ! h&le4 ,! front ( ! w+s is made z 9 ! upp] diagram ( ,fig4 #c4 ,take "o ( ! l>ge/ & /iffe/ /rips ( ! bamboo1 f9d ! exact middle1 & lay x ev5ly across ! w+-support 7,no4 #f 9 ,fig4 #b71 :i* is already 9 place on ! backbone4 ,la% x to ! support ) wax$ sew+-silk4 ,ov] ?is piece lay two o!rs ( equal l5g?1 mak+ !m come toge!r 7b n lap ov]7 j above ! backbone4 ,:5 well secur$1 add ?ree pieces ( ! same l5g? above ! two1 plac+ !m 9 su* a way t ! jo9+s %all n come ov] ! jo9+s ( ei!r ( ! o!r pieces1 & ?us weak5 ! w+s4 ,! ribs are made f ! bamboo /rips1 cut ! prop] l5g? & la%$ to ! front edge4 ,! o!r ends are fa/5$ to a cross-rib to make !m take ! same curvature4 ,! l[] diagram ( ,fig4 #c %[s h[ ! ribs are spac$4 ,cov] ! w+s ) ?91 /rong pap]4 ,! be/ is ,japanese pap]1 su* z is us$ 9 mak+ napk9s4 ,?is is exce$+ly light & v /rong4 ,x %\ld be sew$1 n gumm$1 z ! gum makes ! pap] te> easily1 & y\r /icky f+]s spoil ! :ole cov] v quickly4 ,! pap] is t\gh en\gh to be sew$1 us+ a f9e ne$le & :ite cotton1 & y w get a neat] & mu* m satisfactory job4 ,make a triangle by la%+ toge!r ?ree pieces ( bamboo1 two be+ ab\t two in*es long1 & ! ?ird "o in*4 ,?is triangle is la%$ to ! backbone j beh9d ! w+s1 ) ! %ort side d[n2 its position may be se5 by a glance at ! picture ( ! f9i%$ ma*9e4 ,x is kept rigid by runn+ /ays1 made ( wax$ sew+-silk1 f ! l[] corn]s to ! /]n-po/1 f ! "r-h& corn] to ! middle ( ! left w+1 & f ! left-h& corn] to ! middle ( ! "r w+4 ,j 9 front ( ?is triangle fa/5 a piece ( ! bamboo1 & make two small guid+ vanes or rudd]s4 ,^! are made 9 a simil> mann] to ! w+s4 ,tie ?reads to ! l[] corn]s ( ! w+s1 & !n to ! triangle1 draw+ !m d[n until !y h ! prop] angle4 ,! guid+-vanes %\ld h a great] angle ?an ! w+s--t is1 !y %\ld be drawn f>!r d[n4 ,x only rema9s n[ to make ! screw & atta* ! rubb] b&4 ,= ! hub ( ! :eel y w ne$ a small cork4 ,?is cork mu/ be kept f turn+ on ! end ( ! %aft4 ,if ! %>p5$ end ( ! %aft c>ry+ ! hook = ! rudd] 0 simply /uck into ! cork1 x w\ld soon we> loose & turn easily4 ,to make a firm hold = ! %aft1 bore a hole ?r\gh ! cork ab\t a qu>t]-in* f ! l>ge end1 & drive a plug ( s(t wood into ?is hole4 ,! flat-po9t$ end ( ! %aft c n[ pass into ! cork & be =c$ into ! wood1 be+ c>eful to h ! end ( ! po9t p>allel to ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,?is w give a firm hold & prev5t ! screw slipp+4 ,! blades ( ! screw are made ( ?9 pap] gumm$ on to %ort pieces ( bamboo4 ,lay "o ( ! bamboo spokes on a piece ( ?91 /iff pap]1 & !n gum ov] x a small /rip ( ! ?9 ,japanese pap] be=e ref]r$ to4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 cut x d[n to ! prop] %ape & %>p5 ! end ( ! spoke4 ,=ce ^! spokes into ! cork s t all ! blades w turn ! same way1 z %[n 9 ! picture--i4 e41 s t :5 ! screw is turn$ ! blades w all /rike ! air 9 ! same mann] & t5d to =ce ! ma*9e =w>d1 n s t "s try to pu% x =w>d & "s backw>d4 ,select a rubb] b& ( ! prop] size--su* a "o z w /ret* ! l5g? ( ! backbone easily & n be s /rong t1 :5 /ret*$1 ! backbone is b5t into a b[4 ,tie ?is b& to ! =w>d support ) a /r+1 & !n draw x back & slip x ov] ! hook on ! %aft4 ,to w9d up ! ma*9e1 hold x by ! backbone & turn ! screw ! wrong way until ! rubb] is twi/$ tight4 ,!n hold ! ma*9e up1 let g ! screw1 & :5 x is revolv+ rapidly1 give x a g5tle pu% =w>d4 ,if x pit*es head-fir/1 draw d[n ! w+s2 if tail-fir/1 let up ! w+s or turn ! screw ! o!r way4 ,if ! :eel does n revolve rapidly cut (f "p ( ! blades or use a /rong] rubb]4 ,"s little adju/m5t ( ! k9d is usually requir$ be=e ! ?+ moves prop]ly4 ,a contrivance ( ?is sort %\ld be v light4 ,! "o be=e me has w+s two feet f tip to tip1 & x weighs :5 complete--backbone1 w+s1 rubb]1 screw1 etc4--only "o-?ird ( an ounce4 ,self-act+ ,arial ,c> ,"h is an idea = a me*anical toy to be us$ ei!r on a kite-/r+ or a cord /ret*$ f a flag-pole 9 ! y>d or a h&y tree4 ,! only condition is t ! l[] end ( ! cord is directly aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! elevation at :i* ! c> c run w dep5d on ! /r5g? ( ! w9d & sail area ( ! ma*9e4 ,! only wood us$ is ! lighte/ & drie/ p9e t c be procur$4 ,! c>riage is made entirely ( "o-half by "o-qu>t] in* wood1 & is compos$ ( two /rips1 f\rte5 in*es long1 plac$ "o in* ap>t4 ,! two guid]s are two in*es f ea* end1 & h a small screw-eye on ! l[] extremity1 ?r\gh :i* ! cord is pass$4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! c>riage1 exactly 9 ! c5tre1 are screw$ two eyes1 :i* %\ld measure a little ov] a half-in* 9 diamet] ( ! inside ( _! circle4 ,?r\gh ^! is pass$ ! sp> ( ! sail1 all[+ en\gh space to insure easy turn+1 z ! sp> acts z an axis on :i* ! sail turns :5 on its d[nw>d trip4 ,?is sp> is at "r angles ) ! c>riage4 ,two upright /icks measur+ tw5ty in*es1 & ! same dim5sions z ! mat]ial us$ = ! con/ruction ( ! c>riage1 are next add$4 ,^! %\ld be slightly po9t$ at bo? ends1 & a cross-b> at ! top ( ^! uprights securely fa/5$ gives additional /r5g?4 ,! balanc+-b> is made ( ?ree-eigh?s by ?ree-eigh?s in* p9e1 tap]+ at ! l[] end1 & is t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & fa/5$ to ! c>riage by two /rips ( wood--five by "o-qu>t] by "o-eigh? in*4 ,! :eels are =m$ z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( "o-eigh? in* p9e1 :i* %\ld be at lea/ ?ree in*es wide4 ,on ?is place a /rip ( wood1 we w say1 = in/ance1 t5 by "o-qu>t] by "o-half in*4 ,by driv+ a small wire nail ?r\gh bo? pieces ( wood1 & ins]t+ a %>p knife-blade ?r\gh ! upp] piece ( wood1 & turn+ 7! upp] piece7 sl[ly f left to "r1 y w f9d y c cut a p]fect circle 9 ! l[] piece ( wood4 ,! :eels are =m$ by ?is process4 ,x takes f\r pieces ( /iff c>d-bo>d & two ( wood to make ! :eels = ! c>riage4 ,! diamet] ( ! wood5 :eel is "o & "o-half in*es1 :ile ! c>d-bo>d disks are two & "o-qu>t] in*es4 ,! :eels 9 ! draught are a trifle small]1 b by exp]im5ts x is f\nd t ! above-siz$ :eel makes fa/] "t4 ,y w see t aft] cutt+ out y\r disks ! hole made by ! wire nail is exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,run a small wire nail ?r\gh ! ?ree disks1 plac+ ! wood5 disk 9 ! c5tre & ! c>d-bo>d ones on ea* side 7?is makes ?ree disks = ea* :eel74 ,put "s glue on t\*+ surface1 & cl9* ! ?ree toge!r ) p9s or wire brads4 ,! place :]e ^! nails g is %[n by ! spots on side draught ( ! :eel4 ,! axle-tree is made ( oak1 & at ! extremities a piece ( /\t wire is ins]t$1 :i* ext5ds "o-eigh? ( an in* beyond ! wood ( ! axle-tree4 ,! h>de/ axle-tree is "o made f ! %afts ( an old clock4 ,take p>ticul> c>e t ! :eels run v true1 z ! success ( ! ma*9e dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,f ! l[] extremity ( ! balanc+-rod hangs a weight4 ,! easie/ way to make ?is weight is to take a small bag1 & fill x ) s& until ! ma*9e balances 7! sail 9 horizontal position74 ,hav+ progress$ ?us f> 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 turn ! sail 9 a horizontal position1 & atta* a cord f "o side ( ! cross-b> to a small groov$ :eel at ! aft end ( ! c>riage4 ,f ! screw-eye at l[] extremity ( ! balanc+-b> is atta*$ a small rubb] b&2 :5 /ret*$ x w rea* )9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( ! small :eel at ! aft end ( ! c>riage4 ,x w be f\nd1 aft] ! cord & rubb] b& h be5 jo9$1 t ^u lett+ g ! p]p5dicul> b>s ! sail w turn 9 a horizontal position4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ! c>riage is a cat*1 to :i* is fa/5$ a r+4 ,! cat* comes 9 contact ) a block 7previ\sly plac$ ?ree-qu>t]s up ! /r+74 ,! detail draw+s %[ ! =mation & work+ ( ! cat*4 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,! sail is made ( light musl91 & ext5ds 9 ! =m ( a pair ( w+s1 ! clo? only rea*+ f ! outside ( ! uprights to ! ends ( ! sp>1 leav+ a free space 9 ! c5tre = ! sail to pass ?r\gh ! c>riage4 ,! p>a*ute is a small ,*9ese umbrella 7pick out "o t op5s easily71 & c be b\ght = a few c5ts4 ,a small weight is atta*$ to ! h&le ) a few feet ( cord4 ,we w say t n[ y h complet$ ! ma*9e--y h a kite fly+2 run ! /r+ ?r\gh ! two guid]s1 place ! two :eels ( ! c>riage ^u ! kite-/r+1 set ! sail p]p5dicul>1 & fa/5 ! cat* ) ! cord4 ,a /op-block has be5 previ\sly plac$ on ! cord tw5ty feet f ! kite2 n[ atta* ! p>a*ute 7,*9ese umbrella74 ,! =ce ( ! w9d act+ on ! sail =ces ! ma*9e up ! incl9e ( ! kite-/r+ at a rapid rate1 skyw>d1 until x rea*es ! block1 :i* ?r[s (f ! cat*4 ,! sail sw+s back to a horizontal position1 lett+ ! p>a*ute drop4 ,! sail be+ fold$ & pres5t+ no resi/ance to ! w9d1 ! =ce ( gravitation act+ on ! weight ( ! ma*9e causes x to desc5d ! kite-cord quickly1 & return to ! orig9al />t+-po9t ( its flight4 ,see ,fig4 #e1 a side & end view1 & ,fig4 #f1 ! p>a*ute & ! c> on its return4 ,arial ,boat-sail+ ,/udy ) c>e ! accompany+ plans4 ,! mat]ials are "o-half by "o-qu>t]-in* p9e1 free f knots1 t5 common brass r+s ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 two r\nd-head$ brass screws "o in* 9 l5g?1 two flat-head$ ones ( ! same dim5sions1 two small screw-hooks1 & eight assort$ brass screw-eyes1 !re be+ two ( ea* size4 ,n[ t we h ! mat]ial = ! frames1 we w beg9 ) ,fig4 #g1 :i* %[s ! sail & %e] plan4 ,! frame is made ( six pieces ( wood4 ,! top piece is exactly two feet 9 l5g?4 ,! two uprights :i* hold ! :eels are ea* "o foot & "o in* long4 ,! two angle pieces are "o foot n9e in*es ea*4 ,! l[] horizontal /rip measures two feet ?ree & "o-half in*es1 & is jo9$ to ! two angle /rips by means ( a screw-eye & screw at ea* extremity4 ,n[ cut a /rip ( p9e1 mak+ x exactly ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,set x on ! frame 9 an upright position1 all[+ a half-in* cle>ance f ! upp] horizontal piece4 ,x %\ld be elev5 in*es f "o ( ! angle pieces at ! l[] end4 ,r\nd ! upp] "p above ! horizontal /rip2 x %\ld be br\ght to a tap] at ! upp] end4 ,?is =ms ! ma/4 ,! l[] "p is uni=m1 & all[s ! weight to be mov$ up & d[n to insure a correct balance1 :i* is regulat$ accord+ to ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,! weight is made ( "o-&-a-half-in* lead pipe1 & is two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a r\nd plug ( p9e is driv5 9 ! c5tre ( ! lead pipe1 & a hole is bor$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! plug to fit ! balanc+-b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,"o ( ! screw-eyes is ins]t$ ?r\gh ! piece ( lead pipe1 & by ?is means ! weight c be elevat$ or br\ght d[n ! %aft & held firmly 9 ! requir$ place1 :i* w dep5d on ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9 reg>d to ! :eels1 ,fig4 #h %[s ! simple/ con/ruct$4 ,!y are made 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,take two ( ! l>ge/-siz$ wood5 button m\lds & a piece ( ?9 bo>d 7cut 9 a circle7 small] ?an ! button m\lds4 ,we w say1 = in/ance1 ! button m\lds are "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! c5tre piece ( p9e is "o in* 9 diamet] & "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! way to get a true circle on ?is s(t p9e is to take ! "o-eigh?-in* wood & measure on a sep>ate piece ( p9e "o-half in*1 drive 9 a small wire nail 9 "o extreme ( ! previ\sly measur$ /rip1 & on ! o!r extremity ins]t ! po9t ( a %>p knife4 ,place on ! bo>d us$ = c5tre ( :eel1 & turn 9 a circle f "r to left sev]al times4 ,if ! di/ance betwe5 ! knife-blade & nail is "o-half in*1 ! :eel cut out w be exactly "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,ins]t a wire nail ?r\gh ! two button m\lds1 & place ! in* :eel 9 ! c5tre1 glu+ x at ea* contact surface4 ,?is w give y ! groov$ :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,! draw+ 7,fig4 #g7 indicates h[ ?is :eel is fa/5$ to ! frame4 ,! :eel c be made ( two c>d-bo>d disks two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 & "o wood5 :eel two in*es 9 diamet] plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,!y are jo9$ by cl9*$ p9s1 %[n by ! circle ( dots 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! dim5sions ( ! sail are z foll[s3 ,ma9-sail--hoi/1 t5 & "o-half in*es2 gaff1 eight & "o-half in*es2 lee*1 n9ete5 & "o-qu>t] in*es2 boom1 f\rte5 & "o-half in*es4 ,jib--foot1 elev5 in*es2 hoi/1 sixte5 in*es--on ! /ay1 tw5ty & "o-qu>t] in*es4 ,! jib c>ries a boom1 & ! ma9-sail a gaff & boom4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! sails is light musl9 ) hemm$ edges4 ,take a long *alk-l9e or heavy cord1 & /ret* at "r angles to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,if ! w9d is f ! nor?1 ! cord mu/ rea* ea/ & we/4 ,ea* extremity ( ! cord mu/ be ! same height f ! gr\nd1 & c be atta*$ f tree to tree1 or f an upp]-/ory w9d[ to a h\se ne> by4 ,:5 ! boat rea*es ! extremity ( ! cord ! op]ator at t end ( ! cord turns x1 & />ts x on ! return j\rney4 ,if ! cord is /rung betwe5 two h\ses y w f9d ! boat w sail back & =?1 except :5 ! w9d is dead ahead or a few po9ts ei!r way4 ,a 8,high-fly]0 ,to make ! 8fly]0 y w ne$ a piece ( ?9 %eet t91 z9c1 or iron1 t may be pur*as$ f a t9smi? = a few c5ts2 & = ! eng9e a l95-?read spool1 a piece ( h>d-wood /ick1 & a few /eel wire nails w be requir$4 ,to beg9 )1 obta9 an empty l95-?read spool hav+ a smoo? hole ?r\gh x1 & 9 "o end drive f\r "o-in* /eel-wire nails at regul> di/ances ap>t1 s z to =m ! corn]s ( a p]fect squ>e2 drive ! nails 9 half-way1 !n file ! heads (f1 & ! spool w appe> l ,fig4 #i4 ,next get a r\nd h>d-wood /ick sev5 in*es long1 & ar\nd x1 two in*es f "o end1 make a deep cut ) y\r knife4 ,f ?is cut to ! end ( ! /ick %ave ! wood away s x w look l ,fig4 #aa4 ,^! two p>ts w complete ! eng9e1 & ! next ?+ to make w be ! fly]4 ,?9 %eet-z9c w be f\nd ! be/ to make x (2 & hav+ obta9$ a piece1 m>k on x ) a compass a circle five in*es 9 diamet]2 m>k two l9es across ?is circle f edge to edge1 at "r angles1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,f a piece ( /iff pap] cut a patt]n 9 ! =m ( "o ( ! e>s %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,lay ?is patt]n on ! z9c s t "o ( ! l9es w be 9 ! c5tre ( x1 & m>k ! %ape on ! z9c2 m>k ! o!r ?ree e>s 9 a simil> mann]1 & !n ) a /\t pair ( %e>s cut out ! fly]4 ,9 ! c5tre ( x make a hole l>ge en\gh = ! small end ( ! /ick to pass ?r\gh x1 & ar\nd x make f\r small holes at ! c5tre ( ea* e>1 to correspond ) ! p9s on ! spool4 ,! fly] w !n fit ov] ! /ick & p9s & lay flat on top ( ! spool2 b5d its e>s ) y\r f+]s s !y appe> l ! propell]-blades ( a /eamboat1 or l a w9dmill1 & x w !n be ready to fly4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,a 8,,high-,,fly]0 ,:5 b5d+ ! e>s !y mu/ be arrang$ s t ! edge t cat*es ! w9d fir/ w be incl9$ upw>d1 z o!rwise ! fly]1 in/ead ( fly+1 w hug ! spool tightly4 ,ano!r /yle ( fly] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & is made ( a circul> disk ( z9c f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,make ! five holes 9 ! c5tre fit ov] ! /ick & p9s4 ,:5 all ! places h be5 cut1 b5d ! e>s d[n z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 & :5 fly+ x turn x upside-d[n1 lett+ ! e>s project upw>d4 ,to put ! fly] 9 action1 take ! /ick 9 y\r left h&1 & ov] ! small end ( x place ! spool1 aga9/ :i* put y\r ?umb to keep x f slipp+4 ,w9d /rong cord ar\nd ! spool1 to ! end ( :i* a button is fa/5$ to keep ! cord f slipp+ ?r\gh y\r f+]s2 on top ( ! spool place ! fly]1 & give ! /r+ a vigor\s pull1 at ! same "t releas+ ! spool ) y\r ?umb1 & ! c5trifugal =ce w cause ! fly] to revolve rapidly1 %oot upw>d1 & sail to a height ( fifty or a hundr$ feet 9 ! air1 sl[ly desc5d+ z ! revolutions dim9i%4 ,l>g] fly]s c be made 9 a simil> mann]2 & to make a v l>ge "o1 plant a po/ 9 ! gr\nd1 hav+ its upp] end r$uc$ to =m a %\ld]1 z expla9$ = ! small /ick4 ,get a r\nd piece ( wood sev]al in*es 9 diamet]1 & arrange f\r v /\t /eel-wire nails 9 ! top ( x4 ,make a t9 or iron fly] twelve or fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & use a piece ( small clo!s-l9e or cotton l9e to sp9 x )4 ,to op]ate x1 w9d ! spool ) ! rope1 & h "s "o "u x to keep x f slipp+4 ,:5 y are ready to pull ! rope1 place ! fly] on ! p9s1 & z ! spool is releas$ give ! rope a quick1 /rong pull1 & ! fly] w rise4 ,"p ,,ii ,,afield ,*apt] ,,vi ,,coa/]s1 ,,skees1 ,,& ,,sn[-,,%oes ,all real boys welcome ! approa* ( ! w9t] season ) its glori\s opportunities = sport on ! sn[ & ice4 ,toboggans1 d\ble-runn]s1 skees1 & sn[-%oes--! v words make ! blood t+le 9 "o's ve9s1 & happy is ! boy ^: home is 9 ! ,nor!rn climes :]e !re is real w9t] = at lea/ f\r mon?s out ( ! ye>4 ,n[adays x is possible to pur*ase almo/ ev]y?+ = w9t] sports1 b ! boy :o is h&y ) tools & ( an inv5tive turn ( m9d w take m pleasure 9 con/ruct+ 8 own ?+s ?an 9 buy+ !m out ( a %op4 ,v few boys w\ld c>e to make _! own skates1 z ! mod]n /eel-clamp skates are sup]ior 9 lightness & durability to any?+ he c\ld con/ruct2 b ! v>i\s v>ieties ( sl$s1 coa/]s1 & sn[-%oes are q )9 ! measure ( 8 abilities1 & _! mak+ w fill mo/ pleasurably ! leisure h\rs aft] s*ool & on ,saturdays4 ,all ! cold-wea!r c\ntries h _! di/9ctive & peculi> =ms ( w9t] amusem5ts4 ,toboggan+ & sn[-%oe+ are p>ticul>ly popul> 9 ,canada2 skee+ is ! national sport ( ,norway4 ,b x is ! ,am]ican boy :o has r$uc$ coa/+ to an exact sci5ce1 & ! ,yankee bob-sl$s & 8jump]-coa/]s0 are n[ pre-em95t :]ev] ! sn[ flies4 ,to take ! be/ :]ev] we f9d x is ! sportsman's motto4 ,toboggans ,!re is no m enjoyable w9t] sport ?an toboggan+1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica1 notably ,montreal1 l>ge & exp5sively con/ruct$ artificial slides are 9 con/ant use ?r\gh\t ! w9t] season4 ,= ord9>y hill-coa/+ mo/ ,am]ican boys pref] bob-sl$s & coa/]s1 b 9 ! extreme ,nor!rn ,/ates & ?r\gh\t ,canada ! pla9 toboggan is ! favorite coa/]4 ,a boy :o is at all clev] ) tools c make a good toboggan f ?ree or f\r ?9 hickory bo>ds1 a few cross-batt5s1 & "s rails4 ,= ! bottom qu>t]-in* hickory %\ld be employ$1 z t is /rong & w b5d easily :5 /eam$4 ,to make an eight-foot toboggan ) a wid? ( tw5ty in*es1 obta9 ! hickory bo>ds & batt5 !m ) ?ree pieces ( h>d-wood two in*es wide & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,make ! fa/5+s ) brass screws or copp] rivets hav+ ! heads c\nt]sunk 9 ! bottom4 ,at ! front ends rivet on a wood batt5 long en\gh to project two in*es beyond ! bo>ds at ea* end4 ,f a curta9-pole cut six pieces two in*es long & bore a qu>t]-in* hole ?r\gh ea* "o f end to end4 ,cut two hickory rails ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e & plane (f ! %>p corn]s2 !n ) copp] or iron rods1 to act z long rivets1 atta* ! rails to ! toboggan s t !y are sep>at$ f ! batt5s by means ( ! wood5 blocks1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! pla9 toboggan4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,at bo? ends ( ! rod-rivets place wa%]s or burrs to rivet on1 z o!rwise ! rivet w\ld pull ?r\gh ! wood1 te>+ ! hole l>g] & at ! same "t mak+ ! an*orage insecure4 ,cut not*es 9 ! project+ ends ( ! front /ick z %[n at ! "r side ( ,fig4 #b1 s t ropes c be la%$ fa/ to ! /ick z %[n at ! left side ( ,fig4 #b4 ,/eam ! bo>ds betwe5 ! front end & ! fir/ batt51 or p\r boil+ hot wat] ov] bo? sides ( ! bo>ds2 !n b5d ! wood up & ) ! ropes z a help to hold ! bo>ds 9 place cont9ue ! wett+ & b5d+ until ! prop] curve has be5 ga9$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,la% ! ropes fa/1 & :5 ! wood is dry s&-pap] x smoo? & give x sev]al good coats ( v>ni%4 ,a sl$-toboggan 7,fig4 #c7 is made f two hickory bo>ds eight feet long & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,if ! toboggan is to be tw5ty-two in*es wide ea* runn] %\ld be sev]al in*es wide4 ,?ree h>d-wood bridges tw5ty-two in*es long & f\r in*es high are cut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & atta*$ to ! runn]s ) screws 7,fig4 #c74 ,!y support a seat eight in*es wide :i* is screw$ d[n to ! top ( ! bridges4 ,9 front ( ! fir/ bridge & beh9d ! la/ "o %ort bracket-braces are atta*$ to prev5t ! bridges f rock+1 & ^! z well z ! bridges c be cut f wood ab\t an in* & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,! front ends ( ! bo>ds are atta*$ to a batt51 & by /eam+ ! bo>ds may be curv$ up z %[n & held 9 place ) a /an*ion-rope la%$ fa/ to ! batt5 & to ! front bridge4 ,a support+ bridge %\ld be us$ to give x additional p[]4 ,fig4 #c4 ,:5 ! v>ni% we>s (f ! bottom give x ano!r coat1 z ! smoo?1 h>d f9i% helps ! toboggan to slide easily ov] ! sn[4 ,a ,rock]-coa/] ,a v good coa/+-sl$ is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a rock]-coa/] 7,fig4 #e71 & = %ort hills a sl$ ( ?is sort w prove v fa/ & easy to /e]4 ,x is f f\r to five feet long1 tw5ty in*es broad1 & sev5 in*es high at ! middle4 ,! l[] edge ( ea* runn] is curv$ f end to end ) a long1 sweep+ l9e1 & x is groov$ to receive a r\nd runn] ( /eel1 :i* a blacksmi? w make & atta*4 ,! frame ( ! coa/] %\ld be made ( h>d-wood five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ! ?ree cross-ribs are "o in* & a half 9 wid? & "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,laps are cut 9 ! top edges ( ! sides1 & ! cross-ribs are let into !m & made fa/ ) screws4 ,wood5 brackets or cleats are atta*$ to ! sides & to ! "u side ( ea* cross-rib to /r5g!n ! con/ruction1 & at bo? ends a piece ( r\nd curta9-pole is made fa/ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! ends ( ! poles are trimm$ (f s z to =m d[el ends1 & ^! fit into holes made 9 ! ends ( ! sides4 ,h&-holes are cut ) a bit & compass-saw at ! ends ( ! sides2 a deck ( half-in* wood is laid ov] ! ribs & held d[n ) screws4 ,h ! blacksmi? flatt5 ! ends ( ea* runn] & b5d !m ov] s !y w lie on top at ! end ( ea* side4 ,a few good coats ( pa9t w f9i% ! wood-"w nicely1 & ! rock]-coa/] w !n be ready = use4 ,a ,s+le-runn] ,coa/] ,a few ye>s ago ! boys ( ,new ,engl& inv5t$ a new k9d ( sl$ & call$ x a s+le-runn] coa/] or jump]-coa/]4 ,!y sit ^u x1 keep+ _! balance ) ! feet1 & x is rem>kable h[ rapidly & easily !y g d[nhill on ?is que]-look+ affair1 & )\t ! slighte/ dang] ( toppl+ ov]4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! coa/] is v simple 9 con/ruction & any boy c make x f p9e or h>d-wood1 ! latt] be+ pref]able z x has m body & is heavi]4 ,! runn] is =ty-two in*es long1 "o in* & a half ?ick1 & f\r in*es high1 curv$ at "o end & cut at an angle at ! o!r4 ,! upright is ( wood ! same ?ickness & wid?1 & elev5 or twelve in*es high1 s t ) ! top bo>d or seat & ! height ( ! runn] ! coa/] is sixte5 or sev5te5 in*es high2 & = tall] boys x c be made /ill high]4 ,! seat is t5 in*es long & sev5 in*es wide1 & atta*$ to ! upright ) screws1 z %[n at ,fig4 #g4 ,! upright is cut f wood ab\t t5 in*es wide1 s t1 ) a compass-saw1 a broad foot may be %ap$ at ! bottom :i* w give a bett] be>+ on ! runn] ?an w\ld a n>r[] "o4 ,f wood two in*es wide1 make two side-plates or braces to run f "u ! seat d[n half-way ov] ! runn] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,to /eady ! seat at ! top ( ! uprights cut two angle-brackets & atta* !m z %[n 9 ! figure draw+4 ,a blacksmi? w fa%ion a runn] f qu>t]-r\nd or ?9 tire iron & atta* x z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! runn]s c be held on ) flat-head$ screws c\nt]sunk 9 ! iron1 & aft] a few trips ! surface ( ! metal w be worn bright & smoo?1 insur+ easy & rapid runn+4 ,a ,bob-sl$ ,e boy wants a d\ble-runn] ( 8 own1 = !re seems to be no?+ q l bobb+ on a sl$ c>ry+ f six to t5 boys--en\gh to give x weight & a good impetus on its d[nw>d c\rse4 ,a bob-sl$ is n at all difficult to con/ruct1 & a v satisfactory & sub/antial "o may be made f inexp5sive mat]ials & ) ! tools t ne>ly e boy possesses4 ,fig4 #h4 ,= ! seat obta9 a cle> spruce plank t5 feet long1 t5 in*es wide1 & "o in* & a half ?ick1 plan$ on bo? sides & edges4 ,! front sl$ is ?irty in*es long & f\rte5 in*es wide1 ) ! sides five in*es high4 ,! re> sl$ is =ty in*es long f pr[ to end ( runn]s1 & is ! same wid? & height z ! front "o4 ,! sides are ( h>d-wood sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & brac$ ) cross-pieces ( h>d-wood two in*es wide & "o in* & a half ?ick4 ,laps are cut 9 ! top ( ! sides1 & ) screws ! ends ( ! braces are securely held 9 place4 ,"u ea* cross-piece & at ! sides brackets mu/ be securely fa/5$ ) screws z %[n at ,fig4 #i1 to /r5g!n ! sides & take "s ( ! /ra9 f ! cross-piece fa/5+s4 ,eight in*es f ! re> end a /\t block is set 9 ! runn]s ?r\gh :i* ! k+-bolt passes t fa/5s ! seat to ! sl$4 ,?is is ( h>d-wood f\rte5 in*es long1 two in*es & a half wide1 & f\r in*es high at ! middle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,a simil> block two in*es high is atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! plank & be>s on ! l[] block4 ,betwe5 ! two blocks & on ! bolt1 two l>ge1 flat iron wa%]s are plac$1 s t x w be an easy matt] to turn ! sl$ :5 !re is a heavy weight on ! plank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,! head ( ! five-eigh?s-in* k+-bolt %\ld be emb$d$ 9 ! top ( ! block t is fa/ to ! plank be=e x is atta*$1 & ! bolt %\ld be provid$ ) two nuts = safety4 ,9 ! summ]-"t1 :5 ! bob is /or$ away1 ! =w>d sl$ c be remov$ by unscrew+ ! nuts f ! l[] end ( ! bolt "u ! sl$4 ,to /e] ! bob a h>d-wood cross-b> piece is let into ! runn]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,x projects six in*es at ea* side1 & foot-not*es are cut at ! re> edge z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! re> sl$ is atta*$ to ! plank by means ( a block & bolts4 ,two triangul> h>d-wood blocks "o in* 9 ?ickness1 ) ! gra9 runn+ v]tically1 are screw$ fa/ to ! inside sides ( ! runn]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & ?r\gh holes 9 ! upp] end a long half-in* bolt is pass$ f side to side4 ,?is bolt fits 9 a groove made at ! "u side ( ! block t is atta*$ to ! plank2 & across ! groove 9 sev]al places /raps ( iron are fa/5$ z %[n 9 ! inv]t$ block at ,fig4 #aa4 ,a h+e-jo9t is ! result1 & to prev5t ! re> sl$ f dropp+ too f> :5 jump+ ov] a bump a rope %\ld be pass$ "u ! =w>d cross-piece & atta*$ to a /aple driv5 at ! "u side ( ! plank4 ,! plank c be padd$ ) hair f an old mattress & cov]$ ) a /rip ( c>pet nail$ all ar\nd ! edges ( ! bo>d4 ,cross-pieces screw$ fa/ to ! "u side ( ! plank w s]ve z foot-re/s1 & ) a coat or two ( pa9t ?is bob-sl$ w be ready = use4 ,skees ,skee runn+ & jump+ is "o ( ! favorite w9t] sports 9 ,norway & ,sw$5 & is /eadily gr[+ 9 favor bo? 9 ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada4 ,on v /eep hills x is a dang]\s sport1 b x is p]fectly safe to use ! skees on ei!r %ort hills or on long ones t are n too /eep4 ,once y />t y mu/ g to ! bottom1 & a good skee-jump] %\ld be z agile z a cat1 = he mu/ always l& feet d[n :5 jump+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,a skee ( ! "r proportions %\ld be sev5 feet long & f\r in*es wide4 ,hickory1 oak1 or o!r h>d-wood ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness w be ! be/ mat]ial f :i* to make ! skees4 ,two or ?ree grooves cut 9 a /raight l9e along ! entire bottom l5g? w hold ! skee slid] on 8 c\rse1 z ! keel does a boat4 ,! skees are tap]$ & b5t up at ! front ends z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is c be done by /eam+ & b5d+ until ! prop] pit* is obta9$2 b if a high curve is desir$ x w\ld be well to atta* a ?ong to ! end & draw x back to ! body ( ! skee z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab ,a4 ,at ! middle ( ! skee a foot-block is atta*$ & provid$ ) a toe-/rap z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is /rap fits "u ! block & c be remov$ if necess>y z a lap is cut at ! "u side ( ! block4 ,a %ort] & broad] skee is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab ,b4 ,?is is saf] = small] boys to use z x is five feet long & six in*es wide4 ,_m ( ! ,norwegian skees are beautifully c>v$ & ornam5t$1 & ! boy :o has "s decorative ability c embelli% ! tops ( 8 skees & v>ni% !m all ov] to improve _! appe>ance & make !m smoo?1 s t !y w slide easily4 ,a skee made f a hog%ead or crock]y-cask /ave is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab ,c1 & a great deal ( fun c be _h ) ?is make%ift on %ort hills4 ,sn[-%oes ,= travell+ ov] ! sn[ ! mo/ widely kn[n & useful appliance is ! sn[-%oe 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,! ,esquimau & ! ,am]ican ,indian d all _! w9t] travell+ on sn[-%oes1 & ?r\gh ! ,alps & 9 ! sn[-b\nd p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia !y are commonly employ$ z a means ( locomotion f place to place4 ,! long sn[-%oe %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad ,a is ! "o commonly us$ by ! ,iroquois ,indians1 & x measures f ?ree to f\r feet 9 l5g? & f twelve to fifte5 in*es 9 wid?4 ,x is usually made f "o long /rip ( hickory b5t :ile gre5 & dri$ 9 ! desir$ %ape1 !n brac$ & int]lac$ ) ?ongs ( ra:ide or de]-gut4 ,! rim is usually f ?ree-qu>t]s to sev5-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e & is r\nd$ on ! out] edges4 ,! braces or spread]s are let into ! inn] edges ( ! rim z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,a1 & are held securely 9 place ) a ?ong pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! end ( ! piece & wrapp$ ar\nd ! rim z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,b4 ,! spread]s are ( season$ hickory two in*es wide & five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! edges are bevell$ slightly1 & ne> ! c5tre l9e two r[s ( holes are made ?r\gh :i* to lace ! ?ongs4 ,two small] /icks are arrang$ at ea* side ( ! broad spread]s1 & ! lattice weav+ is caught ar\nd !m z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,"s ( ! ?ongs are caught ov] ! rim :ile o!rs are pass$ ?r\gh holes made 9 ! edge simil> to ! mann] 9 :i* a t5nis racket is lac$4 ,foot-laces are fa/5$ at ! front spread] to :i* ! %oe-toes are la%$1 = :5 travell+ ! heels %\ld be free to lift :ile ! ball ( ! foot & ! entire sn[-%oe rema9s flat on ! sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,,sn[-,,%oes ,! %oe 9 ! =m ( a t5nis racket 7,fig4 #ad ,b7 is ! %ape commonly us$ by ! ,esquimaux & is ab\t ?irty-f\r in*es long & fifte5 in*es wide4 ,x is made some:at simil> to ! ,iroquois %oe b ! me% is m op54 ,! oval %oe 7,fig4 #ad ,c7 is made f two ,u-%ap$ rims la%$ toge!r at ! middle & provid$ ) two spread]s4 ,two /\t pieces ( ra:ide are lac$ 9 ! ends1 & ?r\gh ! middle a lac+ ( ?ongs is wov5 across betwe5 ! spread]s & sides ( ! rim4 ,^! & _m o!r =ms ( sn[-%oes c be made by ! boy :o is int]e/$ 9 sn[-%oe travell+4 ,! wood c be procur$ any:]e & ! ra:ide ?ongs may be pur*as$ at a h>dw>e /ore4 ,!y are sold z belt-lac+s = ma*9]y1 b !y c be easily split & s made available = sn[-%oe use4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,,sail-,,skat+ ,,& ,,sn[ball ,,artill]y ,a ,skat+-sail ,sail-skat+ is a v enjoyable means ( gett+ ov] ! ice1 & ) prop]ly con/ruct$ frames & sails a v respectable rate ( spe$ c be ma9ta9$4 ,9 us+ a sail ! boy is ! boat1 & by 8 manipulation ( ! %eets he c g :]e he pleases1 ei!r be=e ! w9d or tack+1 z 9 a boat4 ,! skat+-sail %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is an improvem5t ov] ! old /yle ( atta*+ two diamond-%ap$ clo?s to ! ends ( y>d-arms4 ,to make ! frame obta9 two cle> p9e or :ite-wood /icks twelve feet long1 "o in* & a qu>t] squ>e1 & tap] !m slightly t[>ds ! ends ) a plane4 ,at ! same "t r\nd ! corn]s at ! top ( "o /ick & bottom ( ! o!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,c1 :i* repres5ts a saw$-(f section ( bo? /icks4 ,) l95 l9e w9d ! /icks = an in* or two = e n9e or t5 in*es ( _! entire l5g? to /r5g!n !m4 ,pa9t ^! w9d+s a d>k color & !n v>ni% ! /icks or color !m ) a /a94 ,n[ procure two o!r /icks1 ea* five feet six in*es long & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e1 & plane !m smoo?1 at ! same "t tap]+ ! ends slightly4 ,^! are = ! cross-arms1 & at ! middle ( ea* "o la% fa/ a block five in*es long & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e hav+ a p9 driv5 9 ea* end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,a4 ,^! p9s fit 9 small holes made at ! inside ( ! y>d-arms f\r feet & six in*es f ei!r end4 ,! y>d-arms are la%$ toge!r at ! ends1 !n sprung ap>t at ! middle s t ! cross-arm blocks w fit betwe5 !m4 ,to prop]ly hold ! arms 9 place a /rap %\ld be drawn ar\nd ! /icks at ! middle1 & to insure a good prop a block six in*es long1 two in*es wide1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick is to be cut & provid$ ) two p9s at ea* end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,c4 ,! p9s w fit into small holes made 9 ! long /icks1 & :5 ! /rap is buckl$ tight ! block w be held securely 9 place4 ,a l>ge flat hook %\ld be la%$ fa/ to ?is block1 & :5 sail+ along be=e ! w9d ?is c be caught ov] a /\t lea!r belt to help support ! weight ( ! sail4 ,two twill$-cotton sails are made 9 ! %ape %[n 9 ! illu/ration & provid$ ) snaps at ! ?ree out] ends s t !y may cat* into eyes la%$ fa/ to ! ends ( ! arms & to ! long /icks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,b4 ,! sails %\ld be drawn taut at ! inn] ends ) r+s & a /rap or light rope4 ,if !re %\ld be too mu* sail-area = ! w9d t may be bl[+ ! sail c be fea!r$--t is1 b5t d[n or up s t x all[s "s ( ! w9d to pass "u x in/ead ( press+ aga9/ ! sails ) its full =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,a ,,skat+-,,sail1 ,a ,,squ>e-,,rigg$ ,,ice-,,sail1 ,,& ,a ,,sn[ball ,,mort> ,a ,squ>e-rigg$ ,ice-sail ,9 ,fig4 #c two squ>e sails are support$ at ! ends ( cross$ y>d-arms f\rte5 feet long4 ,f\r cross-/icks ( equal l5g? are made1 ! same z ^? = ! skat+-sail fir/ describ$1 & at ! middle a long block is atta*$ to two ( !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,a4 ,p9s 9 ! ends ( ! blocks fit into holes 9 ! long arms1 & :5 ! ends ( ! long arms are b5t 9 !y grip ! p9s & blocks4 ,%ort blocks provid$ ) a s+le p9 are la%$ to ! out] cross-/icks eight in*es 9 f ! ends4 ,holes made 9 ! out] ends ( ! long /icks w receive ^! p9s1 ! spr+ ( ! /ick hold+ bo? inn] & out] cross-/icks 9 place at ! same "t4 ,heavy %eet+ or unblea*$ musl9 sails may be /ret*$ & b\nd to ! cross-/icks & :5 deta*$ !y c be roll$ up on ! /icks4 ,?is sail is h&l$ ! same z ! skat+-sail b is m p[]ful z ! %eets are l>g]4 ,a ,sn[ball ,mort> ,= sn[ball fights a mort> is an effective weapon = x ?r[s a %ot upw>d into ! air4 ,x may be m\nt$ on a h&-sl$4 ,make two triangles ( bo>ds z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! bottom /rip %\ld project f> en\gh bel[ ! two legs to p]mit ( screw+ x firmly to ! edge ( ! bottom bo>d1 :i* is ! wid? ( ! top ( ! sl$ & is atta*$ to x by /raps4 ,! pivot-b> or axle-tree re/s 9 grooves cut 9 ! po9ts ( ! triangles4 ,! propulsion-b> 7,a7 is a /\t piece ( oak fa/5$ securely to ! pivot-b> & at "r angles to x4 ,two uprights 7,,bb7 fa/5$ to ! bottom bo>d by screws or nails driv5 f und]nea? & brac$ to ! legs ( ! triangles support a cross-piece :i* keeps ! propulsion-b> horizontal :5 ! spr+ is atta*$4 ,a small t9 bas9 is secur$ to ! extreme =w>d end ( ! propulsion-b>4 ,to use ! mort> place a sn[ball or o!r missile 9 ! bas9 & /rike ! o!r end ( ! b> a h>d bl[ ) a long-h&l$ wood5-mallet4 ,! range may be regulat$ by ! =ce ( ! bl[ & by mov+ ! sl$ to & fro & "r & left4 ,dim5sions ( mort> %[n 9 diagram3 ,l5g? ( bottom bo>d1 ?ree feet t5 in*es2 l5g? ( legs1 two feet six in*es2 uprights1 two feet ?ree in*es2 propulsion-b>1 f\r feet two in*es by two & "o-half by f\r in*es2 wid? ( frame1 ?irte5 in*es4 ,%\ld ! sn[ be too dry to make compact sn[balls a small piece ( %eep-sk9 or cotton-batt+ %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! bree* ( ! gun or ! bas9 ( ! mort> & tack$ 9 place4 ,?is w t5d to prev5t ! sn[balls f break+4 ,fig4 #e is an end-view ( ! mort> & ,fig4 #f is ! wood5 mallet us$ 9 fir+4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,,kites ,,& ,,a]oplanes ,! ,%ip ,kite ,! %ip kite 7,fig4 #a7 is an odd %ape = a w9d-toy b a good sail] 9 any breeze4 ,x is q easy to make & requires b "o ma/1 f\r y>d-arms1 a keel1 "s ?91 /rong tw9e1 & ! necess>y cov]+ mat]ials4 ,! ma/ is ?irty-six in*es long1 ! l[e/ sp> tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 ! top "o twelve1 & ! two middle ones proportion$ 9 l5g? to ! two side-/r+s ti$ at ! ends ( ! top & bottom /icks--t is1 at ,a & ,b on bo? sides ( ,fig4 #b4 ,! keel ( ! frame is made f a ?9 piece ( h>d-wood t w spr+ & keep its %ape1 su* z hickory1 oak1 or bir*2 & aft] soak+ x 9 boil+ hot wat] = a few m9utes la% x fa/ to ! bottom ( ! ma/ & draw up ! ends ) ! /r+s ,c1 ,c 7,fig4 #b71 & c>ry ! ends up ov] two y>d-arms s ! pressure ( ! keel w n draw ! l[] y>d-arm out ( %ape4 ,! /icks %\ld be ( good cle> & t\gh :ite or ,nor? ,c>ol9a p9e1 spruce1 or :ite-wood1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e = ! ma/ & ! same size b tap]$ at ! ends = ! y>d-arms4 ,use /rong cotton or l95 tw9e = ! connections betwe5 sp>s & ma/ & draw !m taut b n s tight t !y w\ld spr+ ! /icks out ( %ape4 ,f ! ends ( ea* y>d-arm /r+s ,d ,d ,d are /ret*$ & ti$ to ! ma/ s z to make an op5+ at ! bottom ( ea* sail4 ,9 kite-mak+ x is f\nd a mu* bett] plan to h a numb] ( planes aga9/ :i* ! w9d c act in/ead ( "o l>ge "o t is (t5 unwieldy & difficult to h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,?is frame %\ld be cov]$ ) ?9 pap] musl91 sew$ all ar\nd ! edges ov] ! /r+-ribs & to ! frame-/icks ) /rong cotton ?read4 ,d n h too mu* musl9 ov]lap ! edges1 & aft] go+ ar\nd ! edges twice ) ! ne$le & f9e cotton ?read x w\ld be well to cut away all ! unnecess>y mat]ial z x only adds weight ) no b5efit to ! kite4 ,d n use pa/e or glue to fa/5 ! fabric cov]+ on a frame2 x only adds weight & does n /ick well4 ,arrange ! yoke z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! %ip kite 7,fig4 #a71 & to balance x make two funnel-drags or w9d-an*ors f ?9 wire or wood hoops1 n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 ! funnel prop] be+ ( pap] musl9 twelve in*es deep4 ,use hickory or gre5 bir* = ! hoops & lap ! ends = ?ree in*es2 !n b9d !m toge!r ) /rong l95 ?read4 ,make ! funnel-%ap$ bag ( pap] musl9 & drop ! hoop into x1 tak+ c>e to get an equal space all ar\nd f po9t ( cone to edge ( hoop4 ,!n sew ! bag fa/ to ! hoop & cut away all surplus mat]ial4 ,! yoke is made ( two /rong1 ?9 cross-wires or /r+s & ! drop-/r+ is fa/5$ :]e !y cross1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,*9ese-junk ,kite ,! ,*9ese-junk kite 7,fig4 #c71 is made 9 a simil> mann] to ! %ip kite1 b !re are two ma/s1 z ! kite is broad] & l>g]2 consequ5tly ! frame %\ld be brac$ s t x w n rack 9 a /rong breeze4 ,! ma/s are =ty-two in*es high1 ! l[e/ y>d-arm ?irty-six in*es long1 & ! top "o ?irty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! bottom ( ! hull is made f a piece ( gre5 hickory or bir* sprung into place & la%$ fa/ ) l95 l9e4 ,!re are ?ree in*es ( space betwe5 ! hull & l[] sail & f two to ?ree in*es ( space betwe5 ! o!r sails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,,! ,,*9ese-,,junk ,,kite ,! ma/s & sp>s may be ( any light1 /rong wood1 ! ma/s half an in* squ>e & ! y>d-arms ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* tap]$ t[>ds ! ends4 ,! sp>s & ma/s are b\nd securely ) f9e l95 l9e z %[n 9 ! junk kite-frame 7,fig4 #d74 ,x w\ld look well to cov] ! sail-frames ( all ^! boat kites ) :ite or v light-color$ musl9 & ! hulls ) d>k-br[n1 gre51 or black goods s z to l5d contra/ & make ! kites :5 9 ! air appe> m l real boats4 ,arrange ! yoke to ?is kite z %[n 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #c71 & add z _m funnel-drags z may be f\nd necess>y to /eady ?is kite4 ,in/ead ( plac+ ^! w9d-an*ors close to ! foot ( ! kite x is (t5 bett] to drop a cord five or t5 feet ) ! funnel on ! end ( x4 ,:ile ! funnel weighs b v little x is act$ on by ! w9d & is bett] ?an a heavy tail4 ,z ! w9d bl[s /rong] ! funnel is =c$ back & holds ! w9d1 !reby dragg+ on ! foot ( ! kite & automatically %ift+ x to diff]5t angles s t ! w9d w pass d[n along ! planes & out ?r\gh ! spaces und]nea?4 ,! ,s*oon] ,kite ,! s*oon] kite 7,fig4 #e7 is an attractive "o :5 sail+ up 9 ! w9d1 & = a kite ! %ape is v close to a real s*oon] 9 proportions4 ,! frame is built on a deck-/ick ?irty-sev5 in*es long1 & six in*es bel[ x is ! keel-/ick tw5ty in*es long4 ,! ma9-ma/ or aft-/ick is ?irty-?ree in*es long & ! =ema/ is ?irty in*es f tip to tip4 ,! =ema/ is set 9 twelve in*es f ! b[ end ( ! deck-/ick & ! ma9-ma/ is t5 in*es f ?is4 ,! gaffs are ea* n9e in*es long & are caught to bo? ma/ & a top-/ick1 :i* is 9 turn la%$ fa/ to ! upp] "p ( ea* ma/4 ,/r+s are run f place to place on ^! /icks z %[n at ,fig4 #f1 !n ! sails & hull are cut f musl9 & sew$ to ! /r+s & sp>s4 ,! yoke is compos$ ( ?ree /r+s z %[n 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #e71 & f ! musl9 cut two p5nants & float !m f ! top ( ! ma/s4 ,:5 up 9 ! air ?is s*oon] kite w h a v real appe>ance z ! breeze w bulge ! sails & give x ! effect ( tack+ on ! w9d4 ,if ! s*oon] is incl9$ to pit* or roll too mu* atta* two w9d-an*ors1 "o at ! foot ( ea* ma/1 & pay !m out ab\t five or six feet4 ,a ,balloon ,kite ,f f\r /icks & a long hickory rib ! balloon kite-frame 7,fig4 #g7 is made4 ,! cross-/icks are ?ree feet & ?ree in*es long & ! uprights are ea* f\r feet long4 ,! uprights are set ap>t six in*es at ! foot & elev5 in*es at ! top1 :ile ! cross-/icks are twelve in*es ap>t at bo? sides ( ! frame4 ,:]e ! /icks cross !y are to be la%$ & b\nd ) l95 tw9e2 !n ! hickory rib is sprung into position & la%$ fa/ at ! ends ( ! cross-/icks & upp] ends ( ! v]tical /icks4 ,a ?ong is to be b\nd to ea* end ( ! rib & drawn d[n to ! foot ( ! frame s t ! curve ov] ! top =m$ by ! hickory rib is ev5 & symmetrical4 ,cov] ?is frame ) d>k-gray or gre5 pap] musl91 !n make ! c> f a hoop fifte5 in*es 9 diamet] & a musl9 funnel tw5ty in*es deep4 ,susp5d ! c> on f\r /r+s atta*$ to ! foot ( ! kite1 & hav+ arrang$ ! yoke f ! places :]e ! /icks cross1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 ?is int]e/+ sky-scrap] w be ready = an asc5sion4 ,an ,air-%ip ,kite ,! air-%ip kite 7,fig4 #i71 if l>ge & well made1 w pres5t a v reali/ic appe>ance :5 well up 9 ! air4 ,! frame is made f dry spruce or p9e /icks half an in* squ>e = ! long ones & a trifle small] = ! %ort] ones4 ,! frame z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj is sev5 feet long f ,a to ,a1 & at ! middle ! balloon is tw5ty-eight in*es--t is1 f ,b to ,b4 ,! middle upright /ick is f\r feet long & ! end /icks ,c ,c t support ! c> are =ty-five in*es long4 ,! middle upright ,b ,b is fir/ la%$ to ! middle ( ! long /ick ,a ,a4 ,! ends ( ! curv$ /icks are !n br\ght toge!r & la%$ to ends ,a ,a1 & at ! same "t ! unions are made ) /icks ,c ,c4 ,aft] t ! /icks betwe5 ,b & ,c are set 9 place & securely la%$ fa/4 ,! long /icks ,d ,d1 =m+ ! top & bottom ( ! c>1 are f\r feet & f\r in*es long4 ,"o is la%$ to ! l[] ends ( ! ?ree long drop-/icks & t5 in*es above t ! top "o is made fa/4 ,) ?9 spr+ or h>d brass wire b9d ! =ms ( ! two occupants ( ! c> & make !m fa/ to /icks ,d ,d ) /r+4 ,!n cov] ! entire balloon & c> z well z ! m5 ) d>k-color$ pap] musl94 ,make ! yoke ( l95 ?read s t ! kite w balance well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,,! ,,s*oon]1 ,,balloon1 ,,& ,,an ,,air-,,%ip ,,kite ,bat-w+ & ,cr[n-top ,kites ,( ! _m odd %apes 9 :i* kites c be made p]haps ! bat-w+ & cr[n-top are ! mo/ unique4 ,! bat-w+ 7,fig4 #aa7 is made up on a frame compos$ ( half-in* squ>e /icks = ! longe/ ones & ?ree-eigh?s-in* squ>e ones = ! cross-ribs4 ,! two long /icks 7,fig4 #ab1 ,a ,a7 are six feet & six in*es1 slightly tap]$ at ! ends & sep>at$ ab\t eight in*es4 ,! long uprights ,b ,b are f\r feet & ?ree in*es & are sep>at$ fifte5 in*es4 ,^! two sets ( /icks are la%$ fa/ :]e !y cross & ! horizontal ones are b\nd at ! out] ends ) %ort /icks twelve in*es 9 l5g?4 ,fifte5 in*es up f ! bottom a cross-/ick1 ,c1 f\r feet long is la%$ fa/2 !n ! %ape is describ$ ) /\t cotton or l95 cord4 ,?is frame is to be cov]$ ) musl9 & sew$ at ! edges1 & :5 ready to fly x arrange ! yoke z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! cr[n-top kite 7,fig4 #ac7 is ?ree feet & six in*es wide1 ?ree feet high1 & "o foot across ! bottom4 ,^! sizes are = a kite ( m$ium size2 if a l>g] "o is desir$ x c be made five feet & ?ree in*es wide1 f\r feet & ?ree in*es high1 & eighte5 in*es across ! foot4 ,! /icks are f a qu>t] to half an in* squ>e & b\nd toge!r ) /rong1 ?9 cord 7,fig4 #ad74 ,musl9 is ! prop] cov]+ = ?is frame1 b if ?91 /rong pap] is pref]r$ x c be us$ to good advantage4 ,s&wi* ,isl&s ,bird ,kite ,"o aft]noon 9 ! village ( ,paihiihi1 on ,maui1 "o ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,i saw1 at a consid]able di/ance f me1 a curi\s object float+ 9 ! air & at fir/ mi/ook x = a l>ge bird4 ,x w\ld glide ab\t 9 graceful curves or d>t sudd5ly t[>ds ! gr\nd only to so> upw>d j z sudd5ly1 or poise motionless save = a slight flapp+ ( its w+s4 ,b my blissful ignorance 0 soon dispell$ by ! laught] ( a fri5d :o assur$ me t ,i 0 gaz+ at "o ( ! kites ( ! cannibals--a "n sportively appli$ to a numb] ( natives ( ! ,gilb]t ,isl&s :o immigrat$ to ,maui "s "t s9ce4 ,!y are a m b>b>\s p ?an ! ,hawaiians b seem to be amiable1 & ,i h nev] kn[n !m to eat any?+ worse ?an a %>k4 ,wi%+ to see ?is new v>iety ( kite1 ,i />t$ imm$iately = ! sc5e ( action1 & 0 soon 9 ! mid/ ( a doz5 or m m5 & wom5 ab\t half ( :om _h kites1 :i* 7 l>g] ?an ,i _h suppos$1 be+ f ?irte5 to fifte5 feet wide & two to ?ree feet high4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ sev]al 7 float+ high 9 ! air almo/ directly ov] ! m5 :o held ! /r+s--sometimes1 inde$1 sail+ directly ov] !m4 ,i wat*$ = "s "t _! graceful1 birdlike motion & !n tri$ to buy "o4 ,!y seem$ loa? to "p ) !m1 h[ev]1 & x 0 only aft] ,i _h exhau/$ ne>ly all my p]suasive p[]s & all ! small *ange 9 my pockets t ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+ "o4 ,my awkw>d endeavors to c>ry x away ) me 7 greet$ ) mu* laught] until "o ( ! cannibals %[$ me ! prop] way to h&le x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,! draw+s :i* ,i h made ( "o ( ^! kites w enable any ent]pris+ boy to make "o4 ,z no tail is us$ great c>e mu/ be tak5 to make x p]fectly symmetrical4 ,x is also desirable to h ! kite v light & yet z /iff z possible4 ,! prop] con/ruction ( ! frame is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! total wid? ( ?is kite is ?irte5 feet & ! height at ! middle is ?irty-two in*es4 ,fir/ cut ! middle /ick ,c ,c ?irty-two in*es long & lay x on ! floor ( a b>n :]e a few nails c be driv5 9 tempor>ily to hold ! /icks :ile b5d+ !m into ! prop] %apes4 ,cut /icks ,d ,d1 ,e ,e1 & ,f ,f1 & place !m on ! floor ei!r side ( ! middle "o4 ,! long1 /raight /ick ,a ,a is twelve feet 9 l5g?1 ( half-in* basswood or p9e1 & slightly tap]$ ) a plane at bo? ends4 ,la% ?is to ea* ( ! cross-/icks1 !n ) a long /ick b5d ! b[ ar\nd nails driv5 9 ! floor z indicat$ by ! dots "u ! b[-piece 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is b[-piece is half an in* squ>e & tap]$ ) a plane at bo? ends4 ,x w\ld be well to p\r boil+ wat] on ?is /ick = a di/ance ( ?ree feet at bo? ends1 s z to make x easi] to b5d4 ,leave x 9 ?is position = a few h\rs until ! wat] dries out & ! wood is %ap$1 !n la% ! top ends ( ! cross-/icks to ! b[-piece4 ,:ile b5d+ ! b[ ! two l[] /icks may be %ap$ at ! same "t4 ,!y %\ld be ( hickory or bir* & tap]$ at ! out] ends4 ,^! mu/ be %ap$ ov] nails ! same z ! b[-piece1 !n :5 !y are dry !y are to be la%$ to all ! cross-ribs & ! ends ( ! b[ ) f9e l95 l9e4 ,! cross-/icks ne$ n be m ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e1 b ! middle & top /icks %\ld be half an in* ?ick = /r5g?4 ,draw cross-/r+s f ! top & l[] ends ( /icks ,d ,d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 to act z braces2 !n cov] ! frame ) ?91 /rong pap] or musl91 sew+ x fa/ to ! ribs ) l95 ?read4 ,! con/ruction ( ! yoke is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,box ,kites ,high up 9 ! air1 mu* too high = ! boys on ! gr\nd to see ! me*anical details1 sev]al que]-look+ b p[]ful kites1 or 8gigs10 7 tugg+ at _! /r+s 9 a /iff breeze4 ,:5 ^! fly+-gigs 7 haul$ d[n a big cr[d ( boys ga!r$ to see !m at close range1 & "h are ! pictures ( !m z well z ! plan-draw+s %[+ h[ !y are made4 ,any bright boy c easily foll[ ^! plans & produce equally good & p[]ful kites4 ,! con/ruction ( ! box kite is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :]e ! oblong measures ?irty-six in*es high & tw5ty-f\r in*es wide4 ,^! oblongs are held ap>t at ! top & bottom by /icks ,a ,a :i* measure twelve in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at ! middle ( ! framework ! corn] /icks ,b ,b are brac$ ) two cross-/icks ,c1 :i* are not*$ at ! ends1 s t ! inside corn]s ( ! /icks ,b ,b w fit snugly & c be securely held ) a slim /eel-wire nail4 ,?is frame is made ( light p9e /icks ab\t ?ree-eigh?s or half an in* squ>e4 ,eight in*es bel[ ! top ( ! frame tie a cord1 & n9e in*es bel[ ?is tie ano!r "o to ! front upright /icks z %[n at ,d ,d4 ,cov] ! front1 sides1 & back ( ! frame ) /rong1 ?9 ,manila pap] or light1 closely wov5 musl91 hav+ ! top & bottom op51 also ! space at ! front betwe5 ! /r+s ,d ,d4 ,a yoke caught at ! top corn] ( ! box1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 w be suffici5t 9 a light breeze1 b = a /rong w9d add ano!r f ! side-/icks :]e ! top or bottom cord ,d is ti$2 ?is w /eady ! fly+-box & prev5t its pit*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,! 8p>alleloplane0 is ano!r p[]ful kite :i* is easily con/ruct$ accord+ to ! plan %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! front frame is ?irty-six in*es high & tw5ty-f\r in*es wide & brac$ ) cross-/icks ,h ,h4 ,! re> frame is =ty-f\r in*es long & fifte5 in*es wide & is held 9 place t5 in*es beh9d ! l>ge frame ) /icks ,i ,i4 ,/r+s are ti$ to ! top & bottom cross-/icks ( ! l>ge frame1 & eight in*es ap>t1 z %[n at ,j ,j1 to :i* "o end ( ! pap] or musl9 is made fa/4 ,fig4 #bj w %[ ! ?ree fields cov]$ ) clo? or pap]1 & :5 ! p>alleloplane is 9 ! air ! space betwe5 ! front planes admits ! w9d to ! re> plane ) ! ext5d+ tail1 :i* tips ! kite to ! prop] angle4 ,if ^! kites ne$ balanc+ 9 v /rong breezes1 a yoke at ! bottom ( ! kites f :i* a long /r+ may be susp5d$ w take "s pap] cross-b>s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 or ! w9d-an*ors c be us$4 ,"o or two ( !m may be hung f ! bottom on a long /r+ or "o at ea* l[] end ( ! p>alleloplane4 ,a mess5g] t w travel & travel fa/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 & z !y are v easy to make a numb] ( !m %\ld be prep>$ = use4 ,two ?9 /icks twelve in*es long =m ! top & bottom y>ds = a /rip ( musl9 or pap] six in*es wide4 ,f ! f\r ends "s ?9 wire su* z flori/s use is connect$ ) a cork ab\t twelve in*es 9 ! re> ( ! sail1 :]e x is b\nd fa/ ) a few wraps ( ! wire4 ,a p9 is pass$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! top y>d to ! sail & is b5t ov] =m+ a hook1 & 9 ! cork ano!r "o is arrang$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! mess5g] c be hung on ! /r+1 & if !re are no knots to int]cept its progress x w quickly spe$ away to ! kite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,! ,fly+-w$ge & ,d\ble-plane ,kite ,fly+-w$ge or d\ble-plane kites are made 9 sev]al %apes & sizes ) ! planes arrang$ at diff]5t angles & 9 brok5 surfaces4 ,! fly+-w$ge is an int]e/+ gig to make & hold :5 up1 = x is a /rong pull]4 ,its con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 & l ! box kite ! frame is made ( half-in* p9e /icks4 ,! front frame is =ty in*es high & tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 & ! re> "o two in*es long] b ! same wid?4 ,! frames are atta*$ at ! top b held ap>t at ! bottom by ! /icks ,e ,e1 :i* are eighte5 in*es long4 ,twelve in*es bel[ ! top a cross-/ick ,f is atta*$1 & f ! side-/icks d[n to ! c5tre ( ! bottom cross-/ick ! /icks ,g ,g are made fa/4 ,/r+s may be sub/itut$ = ^! /icks b !y w n brace ! framework s well4 ,diagonally across ! back frame & at ! bottom /r+s are made fa/ to brace ! frame1 :ile ! back ones also help to relieve ! /ra9 ( ! w9d on ! pap] or musl9 drawn across ! framework4 ,figure #bd w %[ ! fields cov]$ ) pap] or musl91 :i* are arrang$ s ! w9d pass+ ?r\gh ! triangul> op5+ 9 front presses aga9/ ! back plane & out at ! sides & bottom1 :ile "s ( x is =c$ up 9 ! top beh9d ! upp] plane & helps 9 ! lift+ p[]4 ,small flags on /icks at ! top add to ! appe>ance ( ?is fly+-w$ge :i* is an exce$+ly unique sky-scrap]4 ,! d\ble-plane kite 7,fig4 #be7 is ano!r =m ( ! w$ge4 ,! g5]al plan & sizes = ! frame ( ?is w$ge tally ) ^? j giv51 b ! slight *anges 9 ! arrangem5t ( /icks c be se5 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! plane at ! front is j half ! height ( ! kite1 & at ! back x w\ld be well to use two cross-/icks f corn] to corn] z braces r ?an /r+ z sugge/$ = ! fly+-w$ge4 ,use pap] musl9 = ! cov]+ & /ret* x taut2 !n sew x fa/4 ,rig up two small flags on /icks = ! top corn]s & arrange ! yoke z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,if ! w$ge is incl9$ to wobble or dive hang two w9d-an*ors on ! corn]s1 pref]ably ! front1 z ! action w be bett] ?an if hung at ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,! w9d /rikes ! front plane & upp] "p ( re> bevell$ plane1 also ! out] edges ( ! re> plane1 & 9 ?is mann] a d\ble kite is made t w be f\nd a /rong & /eady pull]4 ,kite-reels ,kite-reels are always useful ?+s to help haul 9 long l5g?s ( /r+1 & p>ticul>ly if ! kite is a /rong pull] & 9 a /iff breeze4 ,a reel = kites ) a good pull is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 & a boy ) a hamm]1 a saw1 & a few nails c quickly put x toge!r f "s box-bo>ds saw$ 9 two-in* /rips4 ,! reel is made ( two ?9 bo>ds half an in* 9 ?ickness1 cut circul> ) a compass-saw1 & ! hub is %ap$ f an old roll+-p9 t p]haps has be5 disc>d$ f ! kit*54 ,x is impossible to give exact sizes ow+ to ! possible diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( roll+-p9s1 b ! r\nd sides %\ld be at lea/ six in*es 9 diamet] & plac$ twelve in*es ap>t4 ,"o end ( ! p91 or ! h&le1 %\ld be saw$ & cut squ>e s a crank may be cut & nail$ to x z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,f wood sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick cut ! crank ,b1 & atta* a h&le to ! out] end ( x4 ,bore a hole ) a bit 9 ! end t fits ov] ! axle1 & ) a compass-saw or small *isel cut ! hole squ>e s t ! axle w fit snugly into x4 ,! flanges are to be made fa/ to ! ends ( ! roll+-p9 hub ) nails or screws1 & ?is revolv+ b>rel is hung 9 ! inv]t$ ,v-%ap$ frame ( ! reel4 ,to hold ?is reel d[n :5 w9d+ 9 a l9e make sev]al h>d-wood /akes z %[n at ,c4 ,^! are cut out ) a saw2 & to protect ! head & prev5t x f splitt+ (f1 bore two small holes ?r\gh ! head z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es & slip /eel-wire nails ?r\gh !m4 ,place burrs ov] ! po9t$ ends1 cut ! ends (f1 & ) a light hamm] rivet ! nail-ends d[n on ! burrs s z to b9d ! head securely4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an w9d+ wire ab\t ! head1 s9ce ! nails act z p9s & w prev5t ! head f splitt+ :ile ! /ake is be+ driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,! ov]hang+ end ( ! head laps on ! end cross-plates =m+ ! plat=m ( ! reel1 & two or ?ree at ! end opposite t at :i* ! /r+ is be+ haul$ 9 w hold ! reel securely to ! gr\nd4 ,ano!r =m ( reel is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a *e/-reel 7,fig4 #cj74 ,?is is made f two flat1 good b>rel-hoops1 "s braces1 & ! reel & %aft z describ$ 9 ,fig4 #bh ,a & ,b4 ,two good1 broad b>rel-hoops are select$ & cut s t !y w measure eighte5 in*es on ! segm5t or twelve in*es across ! l9e ,a ,a 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,two out-rigg]s ,b ,b are cut f p9e or :ite-wood t5 in*es long1 two in*es wide1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick2 ^! are bevell$ at ! end t[>ds ! hoop1 :]e !y are made fa/ ) screws4 ,! out] ends ( ^! /icks are b\nd ) ! /ick ,c1 & ne> ! inn] ends & close to ! hoop a b9d]-piece ,d is fa/5$ ) screws4 ,! reel %\ld be made fir/ & clamp$ 9 place :5 ! frame is put toge!r4 ,! l[] hoop is made fa/ to ! %ort upright pieces ,c ,c1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 & brac$ to ! ma9 out-rigg]s ,b ,b ) bracket-/rips4 ,all ! unions are made ) screws or long copp] rivets securely fa/5$ at ! blunt end ) burrs ov] :i* ! copp] end is beat5 & rivet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #ca ,fig4 #cb ,fig4 #cc ,ne> ! hoop-ends holes are to be made ) a bit ?r\gh :i* /\t cotton l9e c be pass$ & made fa/ s z to tie ! reel to a boy's body 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! hoop-end %\ld be b\nd ) l95 l9e at ei!r side ( ! hole s z to prev5t ! hoop splitt+ & ! la%+-?ongs te>+ away4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t =m ( portable reel & is easily c>ri$ ab\t )\t hav+ to t\* x4 ,a friction-brake c be made f a piece ( sole-lea!r t w be> aga9/ ! edge ( "o l>ge end ( ! reel s t :5 pay+ out cord x may be regulat$ z ! kite draws on x4 ,lea!r or metal wa%]s %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! reel-ends & ! frame t ! axle is hung 9 s z to prev5t friction & ! consequ5t we>+ ( ! wood4 ,fig4 #ca %[s a simple1 home-made box-reel t w w9d up a ?\s& feet ( l9e 9 %ort ord]4 ,x consi/s ( a box1 to :i* ! cov] is h+$1 & two sprocket-:eels f an old bicycle4 ,"o l>ge "o has a h&le = turn+ x1 ! o!r1 a small] :eel1 is fa/5$ firmly to a sp9dle 7,fig4 #cb7 t runs ?r\gh ! box4 ,! box is ( p9e or :ite-wood f\rte5 in*es long inside measure1 eight in*es wide1 & t5 in*es deep4 ,! wood may be f "o-half to sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! po9ts %\ld be made ) glue & nails or screws to hold !m securely & prev5t ! box f rack+4 ,f9d two old sprocket-:eels & a piece ( bicycle *a9 & make ! :eels fa/ to iron axles t w pass ?r\gh holes made 9 ! sides ( ! box4 ,! ends ( ^! axles %\ld be ?read$ & provid$ ) a nut s z to hold ! axles 9 place :5 run ?r\gh ! box4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! :eels & ! *a9 is cle>ly %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a box-reel 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! l>ge :eel %\ld be atta*$ to an axle & "o ( ! p$al-cranks made fa/ to x4 ,in/ead ( ! p$al a wood5 h&le w slip on ! p$al axle :]e x c be secur$ by ! nut t held ! p$al 9 place4 ,! relative positions ( :eels1 axles1 & o!r p>ts ( ?is reel c be se5 at ,fig4 #cc4 ,a repres5ts ! crank1 h&le1 & l>ge :eel2 ,b ! axle t passes ?r\gh ! box2 ,c ! axle & flanges made fa/ to ! small sprocket-:eel2 & ,d %[s h[ ! wood5 roll]-:eels are arrang$ ov] ! slot 9 ! box s t ! /r+ c be drawn 9 )\t its t\*+ ! edge ( ! slot4 ,! edges %\ld be fl>$ at ! "u side s t ! cord w w9d on a fat reel )\t t\*+ ! wood z %[n at ,e4 ,two wood5 flanges %\ld be cut f ?9 wood & made fa/ to ! axle ,c to prev5t ! cord w9d+ on ! axle close to ! box & !reby clogg+ its action4 ,lea!r wa%]s sep>ate ! flanges & ! boxes s z to r$uce ! possibility ( friction4 ,! slot cut 9 ! top ( ! box %\ld be z long z ! available w9d+-space on ! axle1 & protect+ x at bo? sides are roll]s cut f "o-in* curta9-poles or broom-/icks4 ,/eel-wire f9i%+-nails are driv5 9 ! end ( ea* "o1 tak+ c>e to get ! nail exactly 9 ! middle4 ,b5d two ,l-pieces f /\t %eet-iron1 & hav+ pun*$ or drill$ holes 9 ! "r place ?r\gh ! upright e>1 make ^! be>+s fa/ to ! top ( ! box ) screws z %[n at ,d 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,by turn+ ! box slightly f side to side :5 w9d+ 9 ! /r+1 ! incom+ l9e w travel f end to end ( ! slot s t ! coil on ! %aft w be equally ?ick f flange to flange4 ,a lea!r trunk-h&le may be made fa/ to "o end ( ! box = conv5i5ce 9 c>ry+4 ,?is =m ( direct ge>+ ) sprocket-:eels & *a9 makes x impossible = ! cord-%aft to slip z x w d 9 ! groov$ :eel & /r+ or lea!r-belt connections4 ,x is simple & sure & q z easy to pay out f z to w9d 9 )4 ,*apt] ,,ix ,,fi%+-,,tackle ,*oice ( ,tackle ,e boy kn[s h[ to g a-fi%+1 b an intellig5t boy is n long 9 le>n+ t ! m]e gett+ ( a lot ( fi% is a small "p ( ! pleasure4 ,t is :y he pref]s ! rod to ! se9e1 "o big fi% to _m small] ones1 "o cunn+ old tr\t or pick]el outwitt$ to a basket ( /upid fi% t cont5d$ = ! bait4 ,pres5tly he beg9s to desire m delicate tackle1 & und]/&s t he is fi%+ = sport1 n fi%4 ,i take x t ! :ole art & my/]y ( angl+ is h[ to get ! mo/ sport & enjoym5t out ( x4 ,b h[8 ,to beg9 )1 no "o w de/roy a fi% :i* is n dang]\s to man1 nor w he fi% j = amusem5t2 9 o!r words1 he fi%es only = desirable fi%4 ,! *ief ?+s t make a fi% desirable1 9 ! s5se ( a game or sport fi%1 are t x %all be good food1 n too common & n too easily caught4 ,if1 besides1 x be beautiful & f\nd 9 beautiful places s mu* ! bett]4 ,x happ5s t by common cons5t c]ta9 fi%--salmon & tr\t & _! k9dr$--are 9 ,europe & ,am]ica e/eem$ above all o!rs1 & ! opportunity to angle = !m is n op5 to e "o1 & mo/ boys mu/ get _! sport ) o!r less-e/eem$ k9ds4 8,boys' fi%0 !y are sometimes slight+ly call$1 b !y h lots ( sport to give to ! boy :o kn[s h[ to get x1 & he w get m sport if he takes pa9s to make ! fi% bett] wor? cat*+ & bett] wor? hav+ aft] x is caught4 ,x is bett] wor? hav+1 = in/ance1 if y h caught x f ! cleane/ wat] y h access to4 ,clean wat] makes sweet fi%4 ,if a fi% is to be kept kill x at once by a bl[ ^u ! back ( ! head :]e ! backbone jo9s x4 ,?is is n only m m]ciful b makes firm] meat4 ,if "o is fi%+ f a boat or n mov+ ab\t mu* ! fi% may be kept alive 9 a float+ live-box or basket1 & at ! end ( ! fi%+ ! be/ may be *os5 = keep+ & ! re/ let g4 ,fi% are sweet]1 too1 if clean$ z soon z possible2 besides1 ! clean+ is done m easily if done e>ly4 ,le>n to d x well y\rself1 & try to be at home 9 "t to d x be=e supp]4 ,clean+ fi% by c&le-light goes f> to spoil ! sport ( a pleasant day4 ,d n clean fi% ) y\r pocket-knife4 ,h 9 y\r kit a /\t "o = ! purpose :i* w also cut bait4 ,su* knives made expressly are sold = a small sum1 b a vet]an kit*5-knife or a brok5 table-knife if kept 9 ord] w d excell5t s]vice4 ,d n ?r[ y\r fi% 9 ! dirt nor let !m lie 9 ! sun nor /r+ !m ^u a twig or l9e if y wi% !m to be sweet4 ,h a basket ) a cov]1 ev5 if ! cov] be no m ?an a newspap]4 ,wa% ?is basket & dry & air x 9 ! sun%9e if y c aft] e us+4 ,all ^! ?+s y %\ld d if y wi% :at y cat* to be z good z x c be4 ,n[1 h[ are y to increase ! sport ( ! cat*+8 ,( c\rse y want ! l>ge/ fi% & ^! are usually ! olde/ & ! mo/ w>y4 ,?is w>9ess y d n expect to *ange1 b y hope to defeat x4 ,/udy ! habits ( ! fi%1 :]e & :5 & ^u :at x fe$s or :at x seeks4 ,let y\r fi%+ be gov]n$ by y\r discov]ies4 ,& :ile y are (f]+ him :at he wants & :5 & :]e he wants x1 rememb] ^! old fell[s are fussy ab\t _! table-s]vice4 ,!y d n feel hungry if a boy ?r[s 8 %ad[ across _! table1 or %akes x by ru%+ up to x4 ,/alk y\r fi%1 !n1 z quietly z y are able1 & if y h al>m$ x 9 any way /ay out ( sight & rema9 z quiet z possible = a long "t until y\r clums9ess is =gott51 & !n let y\r lure1 :e!r bait or fly1 drift into ! fi%'s sight z if y _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,& rememb] t ! f9] y\r tackle ! m likely ?is pret5ce w be to succe$4 ,y want also z good a fight z y c get4 ,rememb] t ! fight+ qualities ( fi% are z a rule be/ develop$ 9 ^? :i* live 9 rapid & turbul5t wat]1 & 9 ^? :i* pursue _! prey & cat* x by _! own nimbl5ess4 ,b any fi% w fight bett] if y make ! /ruggle m ev5 by us+ delicate tackle4 ,y w9 !n only by dext]ity ( h&l+1 :i* is "o ( ! great *>ms ( angl+1 & ab\t ! only "o1 z reg>ds ! m]e cat*+ ( fi%1 on :i* ! exp]i5c$ angl] sets mu* value4 ,! secret ( success ) delicate tackle may be told 9 two words--c>e & coolness4 ,c>e 9 ! prep>ation ( ! tackle1 coolness 9 h&l+ x4 ,:5 y put y\r tackle toge!r y w make x f> saf] if y consid] x z "o app>atus or ma*9e f hook to reel & if y let ! rod top1 or 8tip10 be ! weake/ po9t ( all1 because by x y c be/ det]m9e ! /ra9 ^u ! :ole ge>4 ,= in/ance1 a good l9e = fre%-wat] fi%+ w usually lift at lea/ t5 p\nds1 a good snell at lea/ ?ree p\nds if new1 ! hook m ?an ! snell1 :ile ! top ( an ord9>y light rod w r>ely be> m ?an two p\nds ( dead weight1 s t y may "k by ! /ra9 ^u ! top jo9t j :at ! tackle is be>+2 & if ! jo9t is safe ! :ole is likewise safe4 ,by te/+ y\r tackle y raise y\r fi%+ f a r\gh-&-ready guesswork to some?+ l c]ta9ty1 ! "o po9t ( d\bt be+ always ! security ( ! hook 9 ! fi%'s m\?1 & ev5 ( ?is y soon acquire ! p[] ( judg+4 ,b ?is te/+ is n done once = all4 ,good tackle :i* is put away wet to mildew1 or gut :i* is fray$ or put 9 ! sun to rot1 does n long rema9 s\nd4 ,!re=e dry y\r l9e1 c>efully unw9d+ x f ! reel if y h "o & w9d+ x ^u a *air-back1 = in/ance1 :5 y come home4 ,look ov] & te/ y\r tackle e "t y are go+ fi%+--yes1 & e "t x gets caught on a /one or /ump or 9 ! bu%es--if y wi% to escape ! loss ( y\r be/ fi%4 ,all ?is means t tackle to be safe mu/ be s\nd--t is1 good all ?r\gh4 ,a l9e1 = in/ance1 :i* is /rong 9 "o place & weak 9 ano!r w give y m tr\ble ?an "o :i* is n s /rong b uni=m4 ,! /ra9 ^u ! tackle is equaliz$ by ! ela/icity ( ! rod1 :i* to "s ext5t makes up = want ( dext]ity4 ,b nev] h a rod s flexible t x w n control ! tackle1 &1 above all1 avoid "o :i* is weak 9 ! middle4 ,la/ly1 let ! fi% d ! pull+ if y wi% to safely h&le x4 ,no angl+-tackle is z /rong z a boy4 ,b if ! rod be s held t its spr+ keeps ! l9e taut & a g5tle1 /eady pull ^u ! fi% ! latt] soon exhau/s himself fight+ ?is ela/icity4 ,any excess ( l9e n easily controll$ by ! rod alone %\ld be at once tak5 up by ! reel4 ,draw ! tir$ fi% out g5tly1 )\t 8yank+10 or if heavy lead x into ! l&+-net4 ,rods v>y accord+ to ! k9d ( fi%+1 & ! 8all-r\nd0 fi%]man w probably h1 )\t be+ f9icky1 z _m rods z a golf-play] has clubs4 ,b ! boy = :om ?is is writt5 mu/ make 8 pocket-money g z f> z possible1 & he w probably h b "o4 ,rod-mak+ is an int]e/+ amusem5t1 b x w\ld bett] be def]r$ until "o kn[s fairly well ! use ( a rod & j :at k9d he wants4 ,! mak+ ( rods is n v economical1 s9ce n[adays factories turn out really good ones at prices little above :at "o mu/ pay = reliable rod-wood4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !re are two k9ds ( rods1 bait-rods & fly-rods4 ,bait-rods are ne>ly always /iff] ?an fly-rods2 ! latt] mu/ h suffici5t flexibility & ela/icity to ?r[ a l9e q a di/ance1 (t5 sev]al times ! l5g? ( ! rod4 ,b 9 *oos+ a bait-rod a diff]5t selection w be made accord+ to ! p>ticul> sort ( fi%+ )9 rea*4 ,?us if "o fi%es ponds or wide /reams f ! bank1 a rod a doz5 feet long w\ld n be too long2 b if f a boat1 a %ort] rod n above t5 feet w be m conv5i5t4 ,/ill1 %ort] rods are bett] if bait is to be ca/ long di/ances1 z is done 9 m9n[-ca/+ or "s k9ds ( sea-fi%+4 ,a jo9t$-rod is conv5i5t = c>ry+1 b if "o lives )9 walk+ or driv+ di/ance ( 8 fi%+ a rod 9 "o piece1 su* z is easily made f a sl5d] bamboo ) an ela/ic tip ( good wood splic$ on1 is z good = bait-fi%+ z any4 ,if besides bait-fi%+ "o desires to use ! fly1 !n ! be/ rod is a r /\t fly-rod ab\t t5 feet 9 l5g?1 because x c be us$ = bait-fi%+1 :ile a bait-rod _c be us$ to ca/ a fly4 ,beautiful & excell5t rods are made ( split bamboo1 & "s ( mod]ate co/1 b avoid v *eap ones4 ,b = beg9n]s' use ! writ] pref]s a solid-wood rod ( good quality1 because x is less liable to injury & because ( ! great] ease ) :i* x is repair$2 ! boy himself may d x if he be h&y4 ,:atev] rod y h1 let ! l9e-guides be ( ! sort kn[n z 8/&+-guides0 r ?an r+s1 if y h ! *oice4 ,l9es %\ld be s\nd & /rong b n too heavy = ! rod2 twi/$ l9es are m easily f\nd ( good quality b braid$ l9es k9k less4 ,tw5ty y>ds are q en\gh = any fi%+ ( ! k9d we are consid]+ & half z mu* w\ld usually suffice4 ,9 fly-fi%+ = l>ge tr\t or bass ! reel usually c>ries =ty to fifty y>ds4 ,hooks %\ld be ( ! be/ quality to be _h4 ,good hooks are /ill practically all made 9 ,engl&4 ,%apes :i* h receiv$ names are _m1 & mo/ ( !m h advantages = p>ticul> k9ds ( fi%+4 ,among ! be/ are ,o',%aughnessy1 ,lim]ick1 ,sneckb5d1 ,ab]de51 & ,sproat4 ,! la/-nam$ we ?9k w meet m k9ds ( ne$ ?an any o!r "o4 ,z to size x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! hook is to fit ! bait1 n ! fi%'s m\?2 a v small fi% c take any ord9>y hook4 ,a reel is n s absolutely necess>y z ! rod1 l9e1 & hook1 b x is a prime conv5i5ce4 ,a well-made s+le-click reel is bett] ?an any multipli] except = ! "o matt] ( mak+ long ca/s f ! reel1 :i* a beg9n] is n likely to d4 ,= fly-ca/+ a lead] or ca/+-l9e ( gut betwe5 ! fly & ! ma9 l9e is necess>y = mak+ a light ca/1 b = ord9>y bait-fi%+ ! gut-snells :i* are n[adays s g5]ally sold atta*$ to hook are bottom l9e en\gh4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y c get "s :ite1 gray1 or cream-color$ hairs f ! tail ( a "y /allion y c make bottom l9es or lead]s = light fi%+ )\t exp5se4 ,a gaudy float is pretty sure to =m "p ( ! fir/ angl+ outfit1 & x is useful to keep ! bait out ( ! we$s & to notify ! inexp]i5c$ angl] t a fi% is bit+4 ,*oose "o t is sl5d] 9 %ape & n l>ge4 ,a dry /ick makes a good en\gh extemporane\s float1 & if fi% are %y may be bett] ?an a m %[y "o4 ,= s9k]s split %ot ,b ,b size & buck%ot or /rips ( ?9 lead1 su* z comes f tea-*e/s1 w\nd ar\nd ! l9e are z good z any & v easily gott54 ,d n buy a bait-box4 ,x is n s good z a bag ) a draw-/r+1 :i* w all[ y\r h& to be ins]t$ & w also close ! ap]ture snugly4 ,! same /r+ w s]ve to fa/5 ! bag to y\r button-hole or creel-/rap4 ,! bag is be/ made ( flannel4 ,wa% x aft] us+4 ,worms are mu* bett] if dug a day or two be=e us+ & 8sc\r$0 by putt+ !m into s(t moss wrung out ( wat]4 ,!y become bright] & firm] by sc\r+ & are m attractive to fi%4 ,if live m9n[s or small fi% are us$ = bait1 ( c\rse !y mu/ be kept 9 wat]1 :i* mu/ be *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,a pail is ! mo/ conv5i5t vessel to c>ry !m 94 ,a l&+-net is conv5i5t if y fi% = game :i* is heavy 9 proportion to y\r tackle--say = fi% upw>d ( a p\nd 9 weight ) a light rod4 ,v l[-pric$ ones are n[ sold 9 ! %ops & suffici5tly good ones c be made at home4 ,we give no details ab\t flies z _! "n is legion4 ,a beg9n] w\ld bett] h b few k9ds & ( mod]ate size2 a few hackles w probably be all he ne$s4 ,!re are a multitude ( ?+s sold 9 ! tackle-%ops :i* are tempt+ b n at all necess>y1 n to m5tion _m :i* c\ld h be5 devis$ only by a p]son :o 0 no angl]4 ,^? already spok5 ( are all t seem ess5tial4 ,bait-rods & ,fly-rods ,probably mo/ boys are too s5sible to fall into ! error :i* seems to beset _m adults--namely1 t ! possession ( tackle makes an angl]4 ,x is necess>y to "k h[ to use x4 ,beg9 by putt+ y\r rod toge!r prop]ly2 put ! tip into ! middle fir/1 & !n ! middle into ! butt4 ,see t ! f]rules are well 8home0 & t ! guides are all on ! same side s t ! l9e w run freely4 ,place ! reel1 if y h "o1 9 ! reel-seat & see t ! reel-b&s are snug & w n slip4 ,!n lead (f ! l9es ?r\gh ! r+s & ! tip-r+4 ,^! details are ! same :atev] k9d ( fi%+ is 9 h&2 ! o!rs dep5d ^u :at is to be done4 ,let u suppose t y are to fi% ) bait & t bait a worm4 ,if y h a %ort gut l9e--two or ?ree feet long--x w be well to fa/5 x to ! end ( ! l9e & to ! o!r end ( ! gut atta* ! snell ( ! hook4 ,b :5 seek+ _m fi% :i* are n v %y1 ! snell may be fa/5$ directly to ! l9e4 ,9 fi%+ 9 a g5tly mov+ /ream no lead may be ne$$2 if ! curr5t be quick a little w probably be requir$ to keep ! bait ne> ! bottom4 ,9 pond-fi%+ or rea*es ( a /ream :i* are v quiet a float z well z lead may be conv5i5t4 ,"s vet]an angl]s /ill enjoy ! bobb+ ( ! float4 ,! hook may be put into ! side ( ! worm z %[n at ,a1 or into ! head z at ,b 7,fig4 #a74 ,a is r m attractive to ! fi%2 ,b m likely to be tak5 9 su* a way z to insure t ! hook is 9 ! fi%'s m\?4 ,:5 ! worm is dead or has slipp$ d[n into a bun* at ! b5d ( ! hook no fi% t y want w be likely to take x4 ,n[1 d n make a spla% :5 y put x into ! wat]4 ,if y h to ca/ x out into /ill wat] d n use y\r rod & l9e z if x 7 a ?re%]'s flail4 ,hold+ y\r rod ne>ly /raight up1 give ! l9e a g5tle sw+ =w>d1 & :5 ! bait has swung well out rea* aft] x ) ! rod s t ! bait 7& float1 too1 if !re be "o7 %all fall z lightly z possible4 ,d n be 9 too great a hurry to *ange its place4 ,if y are fi%+ 9 runn+ wat]1 drop ! bait quietly into ! wat] & s manage ! rod t x %all nei!r ha/5 nor h9d] ! movem5t ( ! bait1 :i* %\ld travel z ne>ly z possible z x w\ld if x 7 n ^u a hook4 ,all ! "t y are to keep z mu* z possible out ( sight4 ,:5 y feel ! pluck ( ! fi% drop ! po9t ( y\r rod & wait a second or two be=e y attempt to /rike ! hook into ! fle%4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! place y wi% to fi% is s encumb]$ ) bu%es t x _c be approa*$4 ,9 su* a case1 if y c f9d an op5+ 9 ! bu%es y may get at ! wat] by %ort5+ ! l9e & w9d+ :at is left ar\nd & ar\nd ! top ( ! rod4 ,!n pass x ?r\gh ! op5+1 &1 rea*+ out ov] ! wat]1 roll ! rod ov] & ov] 9 ! h&s until ! l9e is unw\nd & ! bait goes dropp+ d[n to ! wat]1 z a spid] lets himself d[n f 8 web4 ,if y h a bite1 give ! fi% "t to make sure ( ! bait4 ,/rike1 &1 :5 y c1 %ort5 y\r l9e /ill f>!r if necess>y & draw y\r fi% out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 9 a fairly op5 place y wi% to rea* a po9t at "s di/ance1 y may ?r[ y\r bait out by pull+ suffici5t l9e f ! reel1 &1 ga!r+ x 9 coils ^u ! left h&1 sw+ ! bait out ) suffici5t =ce to c>ry ! coils ( l9e aft] x & s rea* ! desir$ po9t4 ,to tell 9 a few words h[ to ca/ a fly is h>dly practicable4 ,x is n done by =ce b by knack4 ,a ca/ consi/s ( a back ca/ :i* c>ries ! l9e upw>d & backw>d1 & a =w>d ca/ :i* propels x t[>ds ! desir$ spot4 ,! knack consi/s 9 giv+ ) ! wri/ su* a quick motion to ! rod z %all set its ela/icity to "w1 & ?is c>ries ! l9e4 ,"o mu/ n ?ra% ) ! rod4 ,z useful a way z any to help ! read] w be to describe h[ ! writ] has tri$ to help lads :o are le>n+ to ca/4 ,x is 9 ?is way3 ,! boy takes ! rod1 fitt$ ) its reel & l9e only1 to a wat]'s-edge free ( bu%es or trees or to a lawn rec5tly m[$4 ,if ! grass is slightly damp all ! bett] z x holds ! l9e m ne>ly z does ! wat]4 ,he pulls (f f ! reel en\gh l9e s t ! free "p %all be once & a half or twice ! l5g? ( ! rod4 ,?is he ?r[s out 9 front ( him z well z he c4 ,he !n is told to keep 8 elb[ close aga9/ 8 side to prev5t mov+ ! arm above ! elb[4 ,he !n tries ) a quick movem5t ( ! wri/1 & ) z little movem5t ( ! =e>m z possible1 to lift ! l9e upw>d & backw>d until x /raight5s out beh9d him1 & !n ) ano!r simil> motion to make x g /raight out be=e him4 ,! accompany+ draw+ 7,figs4 #b & #c7 %[ h[ ! wri/ & ?umb really d all ! "w1 & h[ little ! =e>m really moves 9 good ca/+4 ,!y %[1 too1 :at %\ld be ! limits ( ! motion 9 ! butt ( ! rod4 ,if x goes f>!r back ! back ca/ is apt to be l[ & ! l9e if n ! rod may get into tr\ble 9 bu%es or grass4 ,if x goes f>!r =w>d ! l9e is apt to g d[n ) a spla%4 ,aft] ?is re/ra9t ( motion has become habitual ! rule ( hold+ ! elb[ aga9/ ! side may be relax$ a little1 especially 9 mak+ long ca/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,a ,fig4 #a ,b ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,hook-,,bait+ ,,& ,,fly-,,ca/+ ,d n try to lift a sunk5 l9e sudd5ly f ! wat]4 ,coax x to ! surface1 z else ! resi/ance ( ! l9e w probably snap y\r rod4 ,d n try to make ! =w>d ca/ on j ! same plane z ! back ca/ = fe> t ! end ( ! l9e %\ld snap l a :ip-la%1 :i* if y 7 actually fi%+ w\ld crack (f y\r flies pretty c]ta9ly4 ,!re=e make ! lift ( ! back ca/ ) a slight sweep 7g5]ally inw>d t[>ds ! body is ! m natural71 & deliv] ! =w>d ca/ /raight out t[>ds its de/9ation4 ,b always aim ab\t y\r own height above ! spot on ! wat] y mean to rea* to insure ! l9e fall+ lightly4 ,9 all y\r practis+ rememb] t ! key-note ( good ca/+ is 9 gett+ a good1 clean1 high back ca/1 & 9 nev] s5d+ ! l9e =w>d until x is q /raight out beh9d & above y 9 ! back ca/4 ,if y h ) y "s "o to guide y z to :5 x is /raight5$ out x w be a great ga91 p>ticul>ly z ! "t requir$ = ! /raight5+ v>ies ) ! l5g? ( l9e t is us$4 ,d n try to ca/ a long l9e until y h le>n$ to ca/ a %ort "o well2 & well means n only ) a high back ca/ & /raight =w>d1 b also accurately z to aim & delicately4 ,repairs1 ,knots1 & ,splices ,z has be5 said already x h>dly pays n[adays to make "o's own tackle1 at lea/ = a beg9n]4 ,b a few ?+s x is useful to "k s t repairs & supplies ( a sort c be made 9 an em]g5cy4 ,b em]g5cies are to a great degree prev5t$ by c>e--by clean+ & look+ ov] ! rod & ! reel :5ev] y come home1 & keep+ x safe4 ,! reel may ne$ a drop ( oil n[ & !n1 & x %\ld be always kept out ( ! du/1 9 a box or draw]1 & above all f falls or bl[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,! repairs mo/ commonly call$ = are ! splic+ ( a brok5 rod1 ! replac+ a lo/ tip-r+ or guide-r+1 ! knott+ ( gut1 & ! putt+ a hook to gut4 ,! repair-kit1 to use a cycli/'s phrase1 consi/s ( a piece ( %oemak]'s wax1 "s mod]ately /\t sew+-silk--numb] ,a be+ ! be/ suit$ = quick "w ( all sorts--"s bits ( flexible brass wire1 & a pocket-knife4 ,z ! me?od ( wrapp+ us$ 9 all repairs is ess5tially ! same let u beg9 ) ! simple/1 ! putt+ ! hook to gut4 ,fir/ wax well a piece ( silk half a y>d or m 9 l5g?4 ,*oose y\r hook & ! piece ( gut 7or l9e if y d n use gut7 to :i* x is to be fa/5$4 ,take ! b5d ( ! hook firmly betwe5 ! left ?umb & =ef+] & ) ! "r take two or ?ree turns ( ! silk ab\t ! o!r end ( ! %ank 7,fig4 #d ,a74 ,!n lay ! gut on ! "u side ( ! hook1 rea*+ two-?irds d[n ! %ank1 & w9d ! silk snugly1 coil aga9/ coil1 ov] bo? hook & gut t[>ds ! b5d ( ! hook ,b4 ,:5 ! gut is ne>ly cov]$ make a loop z at ,c1 b relatively l>g] ?an 9 ! figure & keep on w9d+ s t ! "p a cov]s 9 n only hook & gut b ! "p b1 cle>+ ! silk f ! b5d ( ! hook at ea* turn4 ,:5 f\r or five turns h be5 tak5 draw on c & pull x snug4 7,d %[s ! loop n q drawn d[n47 ,:5 snug cut (f ! end & y h ! 8invisible knot0 or 8:ip-f9i%0 univ]sally us$ by fi%]m54 ,! same :ipp+ & f9i% are us$ = ! o!r repairs m5tion$ above4 ,suppose t a jo9t ( ! rod has brok5 ) a slant+ break4 ,x may be t ! surfaces c be fitt$ toge!r neatly4 ,9 ?is case !y may be jo9$ at once1 b if any "p has be5 lo/ or brok5 away1 !n ! brok5 surfaces mu/ be trimm$ & smoo!d ) ! knife until !y d fit4 ,!y are splic$ ?us3 ,rub ! surfaces ) y\r %oemak]'s wax1 press !m toge!r1 & if y _c easily hold !m1 tie !m tempor>ily ) a piece ( /r+1 or p]haps /ill bett]1 make op5 coils ov] ! jo9$ p>ts z at ,a 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,!n w9d back ov] ^! coils & ! jo9$ p>ts1 mak+ close1 snug coils j z y did on ! hook4 ,! :ip-f9i% mu/ be manag$ a little diff]5tly4 ,fig4 #e %[s h[ ?is is done4 ,:5 ready to f9i% drop a loop & make f\r or five loose turns4 ,c>ry ! end "u ! beg9n+ ( ! loop1 w9d d[n ! loose coils firmly1 & pull ! end ?r\gh z be=e4 ,a lo/ tip-r+ or guide-r+ c be made good by a piece ( wire b5t into prop] %ape & :ipp$ on ) well wax$ silk ?read4 ,we ne$ say b a few words ab\t knots4 ,9 ord] to knot y\r gut x mu/ be fir/ s(t5$1 :i* is done by lay+ x 9 wat]2 x s(t5s mu* m rapidly 9 lukew>m wat] ?an 9 cold4 ,two l5g?s ( gut are jo9$ toge!r by lapp+ ! end ( "o by ! end ( ! o!r & mak+ a knot 9 bo? toge!r4 ,fig4 #f ,a %[s ?is knot1 only ! end is put ?r\gh twice = great] security4 ,if ! fi%+ is su* z does n ne$ /rong tackle a s+le knot w suffice4 ,a loop at ! end ( a piece ( gut is made by mak+ ! knot z at ,b1 :i* is ! commonly us$ knot4 ,a bett] knot is t %[n at ,c1 :i* looks complicat$ z drawn1 b really is n s1 z 9 ty+ x ! two loops a & b are made1 ! end c laid betwe5 !m1 & !n b is drawn ?r\gh a4 ,d %[s ! ord9>y simple me?od ( fa/5+ a l9e to ! loop ( a lead] or ( a snell4 ,x is ! 8becket hit*0 ( ! seaman4 ,x expla9s itself4 ,its great advantage is t x _c slip if drawn d[n snugly & c be in/antly loos5$ by pu%+ ! ma9 l9e back a little way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,aids = ,"y ,angl]s ,h[ (t5 has x happ5$ t on rea*+ a camp+-gr\nd1 hotel1 or bo>d+-h\se ne> riv] or lake :]e pick]el1 bass1 & l>ge p]* ab\nd$ no provision is f\nd = ! angl]'s sport b a boat--no l9es1 s9k]s1 or floats2 no nets = cat*+ live bait1 & no bait b worms4 ,= sunfi%1 catfi%1 & small p]*1 worms are v fair bait2 b = pick]el1 bass1 & l>ge p]* live bait is be/4 ,"h are "s make%ifts & aids t may be gott5 up at %ort notice & at small exp5se4 ,fig4 #g is an end-section ( a mosquito-net se9e = tak+ live bait4 ,! l5g? ( ! se9e is ?irty-eight feet1 dep? five feet4 ,! 8cork-l9e0 ,a ,a consi/s ( a small-siz$ clo!s-l9e4 ,corks n always be+ obta9able1 ,i h us$ pieces ( ?or\ghly season$ :ite p9e ?ree in*es 9 l5g? & "o in* 9 diamet] 7,c ,c ,c74 ,?r\gh ^! r\nd$ pieces ( wood holes are bor$ ?r\gh :i* ! clo!s-l9e passes4 ,^! floats are plac$ eight in*es ap>t & are kept 9 position by ! clo!s-l9e fitt+ tightly 9 ! holes4 ,at ! bottom ( ! se9e ano!r clo!s-l9e is sew$ to ! nett+ 7,b ,b74 ,?is is call$ ! 8lead l9e0 & is = ! purpose ( keep+ ! l[] "p ( ! se9e close to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! lead l9e pieces ( %eet-lead "o in* 9 l5g? are fa/5$ 7,h ,h ,h7 tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t4 ,! 8/aff0 ,d is a well-season$ piece ( hickory six feet long1 to ! l[] end ( :i* %eet-lead is also fa/5$ at ,e to keep x d[n4 ,to ! /aff is atta*$ ! /aff l9e ,f ,f ,f1 ?irty feet long1 :i* is = ! purpose ( draw+ 9 ! se9e aft] x has be5 ca/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,a se9e ( ?is size is g5]ally work$ by two p]sons & two boats4 ,ea* p]son takes "o ( ! /aff l9es 9 8 boat1 & r[+ t[>ds ! %ore ) ! ext5d$ se9e describes a semicircle betwe5 ! boats4 ,z ! %ore is approa*$ ea* boat closes 91 !reby caus+ ! two /affs to meet & imprison all ! fi% t h come )9 ! b\nds ( ! se9e4 ,:5 "o p]son works ! se9e "o ( ! /aff l9es is ti$ to a rock or /ake on ! %ore & ! o!r l9e is tak5 into a boat1 or ! op]ator wades out & causes 8 end ( ! se9e to describe a circle until ! two %afts meet4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! lead l9e close to ! bottom o!rwise ! fi% w escape4 ,9 ! selection ( ! se9+-gr\nd always avoid /ony bottoms1 snags1 & bru%1 :i* w cause ! se9e to 8roll up0 & te>4 ,! co/ ( ! above-describ$ se9e ranges f ?ree to f\r doll>s1 & is capable ( la/+ two seasons if c>efully h&l$ & spread out on ! grass to dry aft] us+ x4 ,a mu* sup]ior article to mosquito-net is bob9et1 :i* w la/ sev]al seasons4 ,fig4 #h is a bait-boat = keep+ ! bait alive4 ,x is t[$ beh9d or kept by ! side :5 fi%+4 ,! top & bottom pieces consi/ ( half-in* p9e2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* piece squ>e op5+s are cut2 t on ! top is protect$ by a door made ( wire-clo? or qu>t]-in* me% fa/5$ to two small /aples :i* answ] ! purpose ( h+es2 ov] ! op5+ 9 ! bottom piece wire-clo? is nail$ to admit ( a free circulation ( wat]4 ,"u ! back end ( ! top piece a cleat is nail$1 also two cleats on ! bottom piece z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,at ! b[ ( ! boat an upright piece ( wood is fa/5$ to ! top & bottom ( ! bait-boat by means ( screws4 ,! sides ( ! boat consi/ ( "o piece ( wire-clo?1 ! ends ( :i* meet at ! upright piece ( wood at ! b[ & are nail$ ) broad-head$ galvaniz$ nails4 ,! top & bottom ( ! wire-clo? are also fa/5$ ) nails to ! edges ( ! top & bottom ( ! boat z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,a t[-l9e is fa/5$ to ! b[ & ! boat is complete4 ,:5 h&l+ ! bait a small h&-net 7,fig4 #i7 is us$1 consi/+ ( a /\t piece ( wire z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! /raight p>ts ( ! wire are b\nd toge!r ) fi%+-l9e & con/itute ! h&le2 to ?is frame nett+ is sew$ to =m ! net-bag4 ,= a make%ift float no?+ is bett] ?an a good-siz$ bottle-cork into :i* a cut has be5 made ) a %>p knife or razor ext5d+ f ! side to ! c5tre ( ! cork4 ,into ?is cut ! l9e is drawn z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj ,a4 ,%eet-lead is always a useful aid 9 make%ift fi%+-tackle1 & = light l9es makes excell5t s9k]s :5 b5t & compress$ ar\nd ! l9e z %[n at ,fig4 #aj ,b4 ,= clean+ out a boat a /iff :isk-broom made ( f9e bir* twigs b\nd toge!r ) wire or fi%+-l9e1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aa1 w be f\nd v useful4 ,fig4 #ab ,a & ,b are h&-made s9k]s beat5 & c>v$ out ( old lead pipe4 ,! c>v$ "o1 ,b1 is fir/ r\gh$ out ) a jack-knife & f9i%$ up ) f9e em]y or s& pap]4 ,a is beat5 into %ape ) a railroad spike on an anvil or smoo? /one4 ,?is beat+ & c>v+ ( lead is v pleasant "w1 ! lead be+ ( su* an easy & good-natur$ temp]4 ,= a *eap & easy-obta9able bail] make use ( an empty tomato or corn$-beef c z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a hole suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( ! h&le is pun*$ 9 ! side ( ! c2 ! inside ( ! h&le is *amf]$ (f s z to fit close to ! inn] side ( ! c4 ,?r\gh ! c & into ! end ( ! h&le a /\t nail is driv5 z at ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,a ,fig4 #ab ,b ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,,"s ,,useful ,,h9ts ,a good bait = l>ge fi% is a /rip cut f ! "u side ( a small pick]el1 p]*1 or sunfi%1 :i* is plac$ on ! hook z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,baits1 & ,:]e to ,f9d ,!m ,z a rule1 ! "y fi%]man naturally consid]s ! angle-worm to be ! only bait he ne$ h :5 he goes fi%+1 &1 tak+ a spade1 he seeks a moi/1 loamy spot 9 ! g>d5 & proce$s to fill 8 box4 ,b !re is a *oice ev5 9 worms1 & ^? ( a cle>1 d>k1 amb] color are ! be/4 ,j at night1 & aft] a s(t1 w>m ra91 worms ( ! size ( a lead-p5cil w be f\nd crawl+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,^! are excell5t bait = bass1 *ub1 p]*1 & l>ge tr\t e>ly 9 ! season4 ,if y /ep v lightly1 s z n to j> ! gr\nd1 y c easily pick up a box ( ^! l>ge fell[s4 ,x is well en\gh to h worms ) y on all occasions1 b !re are _m o!r baits4 ,frogs1 crabs1 grubs1 dobsons1 m9n[s1 ,june-bugs1 gras%opp]s1 & crickets1 z well z artificial baits1 are m successful lures ) c]ta9 fi%4 ,a few words tell+ :]e to f9d ^! baits & ! prop] mann] ( keep+ !m fre% & lively may prove ( value4 ,frogs are mo/ pl5tiful on ! %ores ( ponds or /reams fill$ ) plant gr[?1 & 9 l[1 moi/ places 9 mead[s4 ,9 se>*+ = !m 9 grass1 wait till y see "o jump1 !n cat* x 9 y\r h&s4 ,!y are n s easily gott5 f ! %ores1 z !y are apt to take to ! wat] at ! fir/ al>m4 ,crabs are usually f\nd "u /ones along ! %ores ( a /ream or pond1 & 9 "s localities 9 l[1 moi/ places 9 grass-l&s4 ,seize ! crab back ( ! p9c]s & x _c nip y4 ,dobsons are only f\nd "u mossy /ones 9 swift-runn+ wat]s4 ,!y are ( a d>k-gray color1 h _m legs1 & :5 fully gr[n are ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,! head is %ield-%ap$ & arm$ ) good1 /\t p9c]s1 s h&le ! dobson z y w\ld a crab4 ,! be/ way to get a supply ( dobsons is to h "s "o hold "o edge ( a f9e-me%$ net on ! bottom ( ! /ream :ile y turn ov] ! /ones above ! net ) a hoe4 ,! dobsons1 loos+ _! hold on ! bottom1 w be c>ri$ by ! curr5t into ! net4 ,put frogs1 crabs1 & dobsons into a pail ) pl5ty ( grass & "s wat]4 ,if y are to keep !m = "s "t *ange ! wat] occasionally4 ,grubs are excell5t bait = tr\t e>ly 9 ! season4 ,!y are f\nd 9 p>tially decay$ tree-trunks1 /umps1 & old timb]s left 9 moi/ places4 ,cut into ! wood ) an axe1 & if y f9d x full ( holes ( ! size ( a lead-p5cil1 knock x to pieces & pick out ! grubs4 ,put !m 9 a t9 bait-box ) "s ( ! rott5 wood y f\nd !m 94 ,m9n[s ( a size suitable = p]* & bass fi%+ c usually be procur$ f a spr+ hole or ! pools ( a small /ream4 ,take a r baggy net ) a small me%1 & aft] sett+ x at "o end ( ! pool drive ! m9n[s into x by /rik+ on ! wat] ) a pole & pun*+ ab\t on ! bottom4 ,if y /ir up ! wat] ! little fi% w drive m easily4 ,if y\r supply mu/ be procur$ f a lake or pond1 look among ! %all[s close in%ore until y h f\nd a s*ool1 !n draw a small se9e ar\nd !m4 ,l>ge m9n[s = pick]el or pike fi%+ c be caught ) a hook & l9e4 ,^? y are to use = skitt]+ _h bett] be pack$ 9 salt4 ,! m9n[s y w\ld keep alive %\ld be put into ! bait-pail z soon z caught4 ,bait-pails1 z usually made1 consi/ ( "o pail freely p]=at$ ) holes to be set into a tight out] pail4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! wat] c be *ang$ frequ5tly )\t inconv5i5c+ ! little fell[s4 ,if ! bait is to be c>ri$ "s di/ance1 & !re is no *ance to *ange ! wat]1 pack ! space betwe5 ! two pails loosely ) grass4 ,! wat] trickl+ d[n ?r\gh ! grass w take up ! air ne$$ by ! fi%4 ,crickets are to be f\nd "u /ones1 loose sods1 & old planks4 ,select ! l>ge/ y c f9d4 ,june-bugs1 sometimes call$ ,may-bugs1 hide ?r\gh ! heat ( ! day among ! leaves ( ! trees1 & sometimes by %ak+ a tree q a numb] w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,gras%opp]s are pl5tiful 9 mead[ & pa/ure l&s1 & may easily be caught 9 ! h&s4 ,put ,june-bugs1 crickets1 & gras%opp]s 9 a wide-m\!d bottle loosely /uff$ ) grass4 ,d n cork ! bottle tight4 ,i nev] e/eem$ artificial baits1 su* z ! rubb] frog & crab1 v highly4 ,x is impossible to give ! semblance ( life to !m 9 ! wat]1 & mo/ game fi% pref] live food to dead4 ,! spoon-hook & ! artificial fly1 h[ev]1 h prov$ _! wor?4 ,! spoon %\ld be ( a size 9 keep+ ) ! size ( ! game fi%$ =1 & x is well en\gh to h two--"o bright1 = use e>ly 9 ! morn+ & late 9 ! aft]noon & on d>k days1 ! o!r dull-color$ = use 9 ! brighte/ "p ( ! day4 ,x is an excell5t plan to bait a spoon-hook ) a l>ge worm1 a m9n[1 or a piece ( meat2 !n if ! fi% /rikes & misses ! hook x may get a portion ( ! bait & w /rike aga9 ) tru] aim4 ,!re are _m o!r ?+s t c be us$ = bait1 :i* are to be f\nd only 9 y\r locality4 ,:at !y are y c le>n by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,"o c always le>n some?+4 ,only rec5tly ,i discov]$ t bass 7 fond ( d>n+-ne$les4 ,sometimes ! fi% h v fickle appetites1 & x is well to h z _m k9ds ( bait z y c conv5i5tly c>ry4 ,x is also a good plan to op5 ! /oma* ( ! fir/ fi% y cat*1 & (f] to its companions ! same k9d ( food f\nd inside ( x4 ,a ,trap = ,small ,fi% ,_m ( ! boys & girls :o live ne> ! sea-side are int]e/$ 9 mak+ & /ock+ aqu>iums1 & _m1 no d\bt1 h exp]i5c$ ! same difficulty :i* ,i did :5 ,i us$ to /ock aqu>iums myself4 ,i always f\nd t ! scoop-net :i* we use to cat* ! fi% ) is good en\gh = c]ta9 k9ds ( m9n[s1 b !re are o!rs :i* are too lively or too %y to be caught 9 t way2 s ,i set to "w to devise "s plan = _! capture4 ,i claim no orig9ality = ?is trap--x is hundr$s ( ye>s old2 b z x answ]$ my purpose bett] ?an any?+ else1 ,i us$ x4 ,! way ,i made x 0 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,i took a piece ( wire-nett+ ab\t ?ree feet squ>e & b5t x s z to =m a tube ?ree feet long & ab\t "o foot 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #ae74 ,i !n took two o!r /rips ( wire-nett+1 ?ree feet long at ! top1 "o foot wide1 & two feet at ! bottom 7,fig4 #af72 ^! ,i b5t into funnel %ape4 ,i sew$ "o funnel 9 ab\t ! middle ( my cyl9d] & ano!r 9 "o end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 /r5g!n+ !m 9 _! position ) /r+s f ! small ends to ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] ,i clos$ ) a piece ( /rong bagg+ s sew$ on t !re 0 a space left at "o side :i* c\ld be unti$ :5 ,i wi%$ to empty ! trap4 ,! mann] ( sett+ ! trap is z simple z its manufacture4 ,a h&ful ( clams or mussels1 cru%$ s t ! m9n[s c get at ! fle%1 is ?r[n 9 betwe5 ! fir/ & second funnels4 ,! fi%1 little crabs1 small eels1 & ! l1 g 91 & :5 !y try to get out !y f9d x mu* easi] to swim ?r\gh ! second funnel ?an to f9d ! small hole 9 ! fir/4 ,i h _h sev]al ( ^! traps1 or 8pots10 z ! fi%]m5 call !m1 9 op]ation at "o "t1 & h caught z _m z half a bu%el ( small fi% 9 "o night4 ,! trap c be made by mak+ a frame ( hoops & la? & cov]+ x ) mosquito-nett+1 b x is n s desirable z ! f9e wire1 be+ m easily torn4 ,a ,wat]-turtle ,trap ,"s "t ago1 :ile sp5d+ ! summ] 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i began ! pleas+ amusem5t ( mak+ an aqu>ium4 ,i us$ v>i\s me?ods to procure ! inmates ( ! great glass box :i* ,i _h made = ! purpose1 & 0 successful1 except t ,i c\ld n get a wat]-turtle4 ,!re !y w\ld lie on logs 9 ! pond sunn+ !mselves1 b ! mom5t ,i came )9 rea*+ di/ance1 plump !y w\ld g into ! wat]4 ,at la/ ,i took an old soap-box1 & aft] c>efully remov+ "o end ,i nail$ on ! cov]4 ,i !n fa/5$ ! end to ! cov] by h+es1 s t x w\ld sw+ inw>d1 & aft] ?r[+ 9 a few bones & scraps ( meat1 ,i sunk ! box 9 ! pond close beside a big log :]e ! turtles 7 accu/om$ to sun !mselves4 ,i put a heavy /one on ! box1 s z to keep x /eady1 & await$ ! next morn+ = developm5ts4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,"h ,i may say t ?is trap takes advantage ( a peculi>ity 9 ! nature ( ! wat]-turtle--namely1 if !re is a log or /one t he _c get "u1 t is j ! place t he wants to get2 & ,i calculat$ t ! slight resi/ance (f]$ by my sw++ door w\ld be j en\gh to make ! turtles det]m9$ to get into my box4 ,! next morn+ :5 ,i w5t to my trap ,i f\nd sev]al turtles ( all sizes1 f "o t9y1 yell[-spott$ fell[1 or mud-turtle1 n l>g] ?an a half-doll>1 to an ugly1 great snapp] z big z y\r hat1 & s ill-temp]$ t ,i let him g aga91 glad en\gh at hav+ got rid ( s tr\blesome a visitor4 ,aft] t ,i set my trap sev]al times & caught a numb] ( turtles4 ,! small] ones furni% a *>m+ addition to an aqu>ium1 & ! l>g] ones1 if prop]ly dress$1 make a capital /ew4 ,an ,eel-pot ,all along ! ,atlantic coa/ eel-pots are made on ! same g5]al plan1 a bottle-%ap$ basket hav+ a funnel fitt$ at ! bottom & provid$ ) a hat t is held on by two /raps ( gre5 oak4 ,?ree =ms are us$ on :i* to build up ! basket-"w4 ,! l>ge =m is usually t5 in*es 9 diamet] & %ap$ d[n to eight in*es at ! top or neck4 ,?is =m is two feet long & has a r\nd /ick driv5 9 ! small end4 ,?is 9 turn re/s 9 a hole bor$ 9 a solid piece ( plank1 s t x is held 9 an inv]t$ position & revolves 9 ! hole4 ,gre5 oak is us$ = ! ribs & b&s4 ,?is is cut z /raight & free f knots z possible1 & is soak$ 9 wat] = weeks be=e x is split & sliv]$4 ,gre5 oak w sliv] 9 an ev5 & uni=m mann] if x is />t$ "r1 & f ! trunk ( an oak-tree six in*es 9 diamet] en\gh mat]ial c be _h to make sev]al doz5 eel-pots4 ,! ribs are ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide & ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 :ile ! b&s are a trifle ?9n] & wid]4 ,a numb] ( ! ribs are ti$ ar\nd ! =m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & beg9n+ at ! bottom ! b&s are wov5 9 & out ar\nd ! =m1 turn+ x z ! "w progresses s t ! imm$iate p>ts are always 9 sight4 ,:]e ! ends jo9 !y are %av$ d[n ?9 s t "o laps ov] ! o!r2 !n ! weav+ cont9ues until ! top is rea*$4 ,! ends ( ! ribs are !n %av$ ?9 & b5t back & slipp$ "u "s ( ! /raps4 ,a ?9 ribbon ( ! oak is sew$ ov] & ov] ar\nd ! edge to f9i% x4 ,! top or small end ( ! basket is f9i%$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! cone or funnel =m is fifte5 in*es long1 n9e in*es 9 diamet] at ! l>ge end1 & tap]s d[n to two in*es at ! bottom z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,ribs are ti$ to ?is =m ! same z 9 ! case ( ! l>ge "o1 & ! weav+ beg9s at ! bottom & is c>ri$ to ! top1 :]e ! ends ( ! ribs are %av$ & turn$ 9 z be=e describ$4 ,! bottom or small end ( ! funnel is ! trap1 & "h ! long1 ?9 ends ( ! ribs are left1 s t ! eel1 :5 he goes ?r\gh ! funnel & into ! pot1 _c get back aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bc ,fig4 #bd ,! hat is wov5 ! same z a basket by cross+ ! ribs & add+ a half-rib f ! c5tre any:]e on ! circle1 s z to make an unev5 numb] ( ribs2 ?us ! weav+ w n duplicate aft] ! fir/ turn ar\nd ! circle4 ,?is extra rib is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a hat =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 is made ( wood & m\nt$ on a block s t x w revolve ! same z ! o!r =ms4 ,:5 a "p ( ! hat is wov5 x is plac$ on ! =m & two small nails driv5 ?r\gh ! ribs into ! =m to hold ! weav+ 9 place4 ,x is !n %ap$ d[n ov] ! r\nd$ edges ( ! =m & c>ri$ "o or two in*es bel[ ! =m s ! l[] edges ( ! ribs c be %av$ & b5t easily4 ,a long /rap ( ! gre5 oak is pass$ "u "o ( ! ribs 9 ! hat & caught "u b&s ( ! body z %[n 9 ! draw+ ( a complete eel-pot4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! funnel is sew$ to ! bottom edge ( ! body ) ?9 b&s4 ,z soon z ! pots are f9i%$ !y %\ld be sunk 9 %all[ wat] to keep !m wet & get !m ?or\ghly wat]-soak$4 ,/akes or poles are to be driv5 or work$ d[n into ! bottom ( ! bay & ! eel-pots made fa/ to !m ) ropes4 ,to bait an eel-pot crack "s h>d-%ell crabs or %rimp or put "s pieces ( fre%1 raw meat )9 ! pot & drop x ov]bo>d4 ,run ! pots morn+ & night1 & remove ! eels by un/rapp+ ! cap & dump+ !m into a b>rel :i* may be c>ri$ on ! boat4 ,a ,scap-net ,a scap-net = crabb+ or l&+ fi% on a hook may be made f a r+ ( heavy galvaniz$ iron driv5 into ! end ( a h>d-wood /ick4 ,scap-nets may be pur*as$ 9 mo/ any g5]al /ore ne> a bay or pond1 b ! +5i\s boy c make "o himself f a hoop & a ball ( cotton tw9e4 ,hang long pieces ( /r+ ov] ! r+ & tie !m fa/ ) a squ>e knot4 ,!n tie "o /r+ ) its next neighbor all ar\nd ! circle4 ,beg9 l[] d[n & tie !m aga91 & cont9ue 9 ?is mann] until ! net resembles ,fig4 #bc4 ,:5 x is sev5 or eight in*es deep beg9 to %ape x 9 at ! bottom by mak+ ! me%es or op5+s small] s t x w h a r\nd$ bottom4 ,! ends ( ! /r+ %\ld be ti$ toge!r or ov] a small galvaniz$-iron sail-r+4 ,all ! /r+s %\ld be ti$ 9 squ>e knots s t !y w n become undone aft] ! net has be5 us$ = a :ile4 ,a ,hoop ,drop-net ,a hoop drop-net su* z %[n at ,fig4 #bd may easily be made f ?ree galvaniz$-wire r+s & a me% ( ti$ /r+ z describ$ = ! scap-net4 ,! hoops %\ld be eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] & sep>at$ t5 in*es1 ?us mak+ a net tw5ty in*es deep4 ,a me% is to be =m$ across ! bottom1 & at ! top six small ropes are ti$ & ! ends br\ght toge!r fifte5 or tw5ty in*es above ! top r+4 ,place "s cru%$ crab or any good bait 9 ! bottom ( ! net & sl[ly l[] x until ! r+s re/ on ! bottom ( ! bay or pond1 b keep ! small ropes cle> f ! net4 ,wat* ?r\gh ! wat] = visitors1 & :5 ! "r subject is at ! bait & )9 ! r+s give a quick j]k & pull ! net rapidly to ! surface4 ,if fi% are to be caught 9 ?is mann] ! hoops %\ld be l>g] & "o m add$ to ! net1 mak+ x ?irty in*es deep4 ,fi% are cunn+ & swift1 & w (t5 d>t up & ov] ! top hoop fa/] ?an y c haul x up4 ,*apt] ,x ,,l&-,,ya*ts ,,& ,,pu%mobiles ,a ,l&-ya*t ,a few ye>s ago ! only k9d ( ya*t kn[n to ! boys 7 ^? t sail$ 9 ! wat]1 b 9 ?is advanc$ "t1 :5 _m unhe>d-( ?+s h be5 made possible1 ! l&-ya*t has made its welcome appe>ance4 ,d[n on ! ,s\!rn coa/s1 p>ticul>ly ,florida & ,cali=nia1 :]e ! s& packs f9e & h>d1 ! l&-ya*t is an important feature bo? = pleasure & bus9ess1 & if prop]ly h&l$ 9 a good breeze x w run f t5 to tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,no end ( fun c be _h ) a prop]ly con/ruct$ boat1 & ! +5i\s boy may employ old baby-c>riage or bicycle :eels = ! runn+-ge>4 ,a ya*t ( m$ium size c be made on ! l9es ( ,fig4 #a at a comp>atively small co/ = ! timb]s & sail-clo?1 sp>s & h>dw>e4 ,! leg-(-mutton sail is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! squ>e sail1 z x has ! greate/ area close to ! gr\nd & is less liable to upset & mu* easi] to h&le4 ,to beg9 )1 obta9 "s spruce joi/ cle>-gra9$ & free f knots4 ,!y %\ld be two-by-f\r in*es & twelve feet long4 ,cut "o ( !m eight feet long & use x = ! ma9 cross-piece to :i* ! front :eels are atta*$4 ,=m a ,v ( two twelve-foot joi/1 & fa/5 !m to ! cross-piece z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,ab\t t5 in*es ( ea* piece %\ld project beyond ! cross-piece4 ,! timb]s are bolt$ fa/ & at ! re> end !y are bevell$ & br\ght toge!r1 !n bolt$ ?r\gh f side to side z %[n 9 ! plan 7,fig4 #b74 ,?ree feet back ( ! long cross-piece a %ort] timb] is set 9 betwe5 ! ,v-%ap$ frame z %[n at ,a4 ,at ! middle ( ?is timb] a hole "o in* & a half squ>e is cut & into x a t5on on ! butt-end ( ! b[sprit fits z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! b[sprit is sev5 feet long & is bolt$ fa/ to ! long cross-piece4 ,:]e ! end fits into ! timb] ,a two angle-blocks are nail$ fa/4 ,seat-plank+ is cut & screw$ or nail$ fa/ to ! ,v-%ap$ frame z %[n 9 bo? ,fig4 #a & ,fig4 #b4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be t5 in*es wide & cut to ov]hang ! timb]s an in* or two at bo? ends4 ,if ! :eels f an old baby-c>riage are to be us$ ! axle %\ld be cut 9 half ) a hack-saw & ea* "p clamp$ "u an end ( ! cross-timb] ) ,u-%ap$ clamps hav+ ! ends ?read$ & provid$ ) nuts & wa%]s z %[n at ,fig4 #d4 ,! re> or /e]+ :eel is set 9 a =k t a blacksmi? w make f /rap-iron1 & a r\nd piece ( ! same metal1 hav+ a squ>e-head$ upp] end1 w d = ! rudd]-po/ z %[n at ,fig4 #e4 ,a %ort axle ?read$ at bo? ends & provid$ ) nuts w hold ! :eel 9 place1 & :5 ! po/ is pass$ up ?r\gh a hole made 9 ! timb]s a till] c be slipp$ ov] ! squ>e %\ld] & bolt$ fa/ s t x w /ay 9 place4 ,! till] is ( h>d-wood two in*es broad at ! re> end1 "o in* 9 ?ickness1 & tap]$ s t x w be ab\t an in* squ>e ) ! corn]s r\nd$ :]e x is grasp$ by ! h&4 ,! h&le "p ( x %\ld be b\nd ) l95 cord to improve ! grip4 ,give ! deck wood-"w & timb]+ a few coats ( r$1 buff1 or light-gre5 pa9t4 ,! ma/-/ep is rigg$ ov] ! =w>d cross-timb]4 ,two upright pieces ( bo>d tw5ty in*es long & eight in*es wide are atta*$ to ! outside edges ( ! frame-joi/ ) screws4 ,on top ( ^! a cross-piece is made fa/ s t ! /ep pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a b5*4 ,two pieces ( bo>d six in*es wide are fa/5$ f ! corn]s d[n to ! b[sprit & cross-timb] to brace ! /ep z %[n at ,fig4 #f4 ,an iron brace is made fa/ to ! top ( ! /ep1 beh9d ! ma/1 & to ! b[sprit1 z may be se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,a hole ?ree in*es 9 diamet] is cut at ! middle ( ! /ep-bo>d1 & ?r\gh ?is ! ma/ is slipp$4 ,a half-in* r\nd iron is driv5 into ! bottom ( ! ma/ aft] a hole has be5 bor$ ) a bit4 ,x %\ld be long en\gh to project out ab\t two in*es4 ,?is /eps into a hole bor$ 9 ! top ( ! b[sprit1 & ) ! ?ree wire /ays t are caught at ! top ( ! ma/ & into ! eye-bolts1 %[n by ! arr[-heads 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! ma/ is held securely 9 place4 ,a r\nd pole f\rte5 feet long may be us$ = ! ma/1 b if x is impossible to f9d "o a v good ma/ c be dress$ f a ?ree-in*-squ>e spruce /ick t is free f l>ge knots or cracks4 ,! dress+ may be done ) a draw-knife & plane1 & ne> ! upp] end x %\ld be tap]$4 ,! boom is sixte5 feet long & two in*es 9 diamet]1 & if x is possible to get a long curta9-pole x w answ] v well2 o!rwise x w be necess>y to cut x f a two-in*-squ>e spruce /ick4 ,! ma/ end ( ! boom is provid$ ) a crot* made ) two jaws z %[n at ,fig #g4 ,!y are cut f h>d-wood ) a draw-knife & compass-saw1 & held to ! boom ) c>riage bolts or screws & /r+ b\nd r\nd ! ?ree p>ts4 ,! sail is made ( heavy1 unblea*$ musl9 t c be _h at a dry-goods /ore = t5 c5ts a y>d4 ,x may be sew$ by h& or on a ma*9e1 & ?r\gh ! middle x w\ld be well to take a lop s z to make a /r5g!n+ rib4 ,! sail measures t5 feet on ! ma/1 fifte5 feet on ! boom1 & eighte5 feet on ! lea*4 ,x is caught to ! boom ) /\t cord & to ! ma/ ) wood or iron r+s1 & ) a haly>d & pulley at ma/-head ! sail may be rais$ & l[]$ at w4 ,9 localities :]e !re are h>d roads & :]e ! w9d has a good sweep ^! l&-ya*ts h become v popul>4 ,( c\rse !y are mu* saf] ?an wat]-boats = !re is no dang] ( dr[n+1 & x is q impossible to capsize a l&-ya*t if ! cross-timb] is long en\gh to give ! :eels a good spread4 ,:eels ) rubb] tires w make ! runn+ motion easi] & s add to ! own]'s com=t4 ,a ,sail-wagon ,= level /reets or sidewalks :]e trees d n int]f]e & :]e ! walks are wide1 a sail-wagon w af=d mu* amusem5t4 ,9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #h7 a sail-wagon ( m$ium size & simple con/ruction is %[n4 ,obta9 a p9e1 :ite-wood1 or spruce plank fifte5 in*es wide & ab\t "o in* ?ick4 ,x %\ld be plan$ on "o or bo? sides & measure eight feet long4 ,r\nd ! ends ) a compass-saw & build a bridge = ! ma/1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is bridge %\ld be twelve in*es high1 eighte5 in*es long1 & eight in*es wide1 & %\ld be brac$ und]nea? ) angle-brackets4 ,9 ! middle ( ! top bo>d cut a hole ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & directly "u x1 9 ! plank1 bore a half-in* hole = ! ma/-p9 to /ep into4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,a ,,sail-,,wagon ,"o foot back f ! front end arrange an axle-b> ?ree feet long & two by ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,make ano!r b> ! same size = ! re> axle b d n bolt x fa/4 ,?is mu/ be arrang$ on a k+-bolt s t x c be turn$ by a po/ & till]4 ,! k+-bolt & po/ %\ld be 9 "o piece1 & ?is w h to be made by a blacksmi?4 ,two r\nd iron plates ( metal "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick & five in*es 9 diamet] are provid$ ) screw-holes at ! out] edge & ) r\nd holes at ! middle4 ,"o ( ^! plates is to be atta*$ to ! middle ( ! axle1 z %[n at ,fig4 #i ,a1 & ! o!r to ! "u side ( ! plank 9 ! middle & ab\t t5 in*es 9 f ! end4 ,a hole is to be bor$ & cut ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e 9 ! axle-tree1 & ! holes 9 bo? iron plates are also ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,h a blacksmi? make an iron po/ eight in*es long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a piece ( iron %\ld be weld$ at ! l[] end s z to make x ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* squ>e = a di/ance ( ?ree in*es4 ,at ! top =m a squ>e %\ld] an in* long1 & above x h a %ort r\nd %ank ?read$ to take a nut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i ,b4 ,drive ?is %aft up ?r\gh ! squ>e hole 9 ! axle-tree1 & to prev5t x f dropp+ nail a piece ( wood or t9 ov] ! end ( x & to ! "u side ( ! tree4 ,slip ! r\nd po/ up ?r\gh ! plate & bo>d s t x ext5ds sev]al in*es above ! top ( ! bo>d4 ,make a till] ( h>d-wood fifte5 in*es long & ?ree in*es wide at ! po/-end & tap] x to ! h&le4 ,cut a squ>e hole 9 ! broad end to fit ov] ! squ>e %\ld] on ! iron po/1 !n screw ! nut on ov] a wa%] to hold ! till] 9 place4 ,to prev5t ! till] f splitt+ ne> ! hole x w\ld be be/ to b9d ! wood at bo? ends ( ! hole ) copp] wire z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i ,c4 ,:5 ! wagon is 9 motion a turn ( ! h&le w op]ate ! axle & /e] ! mov+ vehicle easily4 ,! :eels %\ld be all ! same size1 b if !y _c be _h & only a pair ( l>ge & small ones are available place ! small] ones at ! re>4 ,! axle ne$ n run ! entire l5g? ( ! axle-tree1 b %ort] pieces may be bolt$ fa/ to ! ends ( ! trees4 ,give ! wagon two or ?ree coats ( pa9t & x w !n be ready = use4 ,f spruce or p9e cut a ma/ five feet long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 us+ a draw-knife & plane to %ape x4 ,tap] ! /ick at ! top1 place an iron b& ab\t ! bottom1 & drive a half-in* iron p9 into a hole bor$ 9 ! bottom s t two or ?ree in*es ( x w project4 ,! foot ( ! ma/ is to be slipp$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bridge & ! p9 /epp$ into ! hole made 9 ! long bo>d directly "u x4 ,f two-in* spruce cut a sprit sev5 feet long & a boom sev5 feet long ) a crot* =m$ at "o end1 z describ$ 9 ! boat *apt]4 ,! sprit acts z a gaff1 & at ! same "t x does away ) haly>ds & makes x possible to use a %ort] & /\t] /ick = ! ma/4 ,f unblea*$ musl9 make a sail ?ree feet & six in*es on ! ma/1 six feet on ! boom1 ?ree feet at ! head1 & sev5 feet on ! lea*4 ,a sail ( ?is proportion w set prop]ly1 & :5 ! peak is jack$ up ) ! sprit ! boom w cle> ! boy on ! deck :5 x sw+s ov]4 ,to /iff5 ! sail b9d ! out] edge ) ?9 rope or cotton l9e a trifle small] ?an clo!s-l9e4 ,a ,pu%mobile ,! pu%mobile 7,fig4 #aj7 is ano!r int]e/+ road or sidewalk c> & "o ) :i* two boys c %>e consid]able fun4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! pu%mobile resembles some?+ betwe5 an automobile & a buck-bo>d1 z !re is a long rea* betwe5 ! =e & aft :eels4 ,! body consi/s ( a long bo>d "o in* & a qu>t] 9 ?ickness1 eighte5 or tw5ty in*es wide1 & sev5 feet long4 ,or two n9e-in* planks may be fix$ toge!r ) ! batt5s t hold ! axles & a %ort] "o "u ! seat4 ,at ! front ( ! body a keg is m\nt$ & held fa/ ) iron /raps :i* g ov] ! top ( ! keg & are fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! l>ge bo>d z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is keg w repres5t ! eng9e cov]1 & at ei!r side ( x & m\nt$ on ! bo>d two t9 cans arrang$ ) glass at ! front w s]ve z lamps4 ,by p]=at+ ! tops & sides ( ^! cans a c&le may be us$ or bicycle lamps may be sub/itut$ = !m4 ,! glass is fitt$ to ! cans by b5d+ a piece ( spr+-wire 9 a circle & plac+ x )9 ! c4 ,aga9/ ?is wire a circul> piece ( glass w re/1 & to hold x 9 place ano!r wire may be slipp$ )9 ! c4 ,if l>ge bak+-p[d] or c(fee cans are us$ ! great] portion ( ! cap may be cut away ) a t9-%e>s1 leav+ a rim & flange j wide en\gh to hold ! glass 9 place4 ,! seat is made f a box eighte5 in*es wide & high & arrang$ ) back & sides :i* c be built up six in*es above ! seat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is seat is to be securely atta*$ to ! bo>d ) long screws driv5 up ?r\gh ! "u side ( ! bo>d & into ! l[] "p ( ! box4 ,! /e]+-%aft & :eel are arrang$ ab\t "o foot 9 front ( ! seat4 ,?is is a %aft ( h>d-wood 7su* z a curta9-pole or any good t\gh /ick7 ab\t "o in* & a half squ>e or 9 diamet]4 ,x m\nts on a block ( wood :i* is screw$ fa/ to ! l>ge bo>d & provid$ ) a hole ?r\gh :i* ! %aft w pass s t x w ext5d d[n ?r\gh ! l>ge bo>d4 ,a coll> ( wood or iron is slipp$ d[n ov] ! %aft & screw$ fa/ to x s z to prev5t x f slipp+ d[n too f>4 ,ano!r coll> is provid$ & made fa/ at ! bottom to prev5t ! /e]+-cable f slipp+ (f4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! coll>s & wire is %[n at ,fig4 #aa ,a4 ,at ! top ( ! %aft a small wood5 :eel %\ld be slipp$ on ov] a %ank t may be cut d[n 9 size to fit ! op5+ 9 ! :eel2 & ) a screw ! :eel is to be made fa/ to ! %aft s t x is held securely 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,! re> :eels are atta*$ to an axle t 9 turn is bolt$ fa/ to a b> ( wood eighte5 in*es long & two by ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,^! :eels are held 9 a fix$ position1 & ! b> to :i* !y are atta*$ is locat$ ab\t a foot 9 f ! end ( ! long bo>d4 ,! front axle is bolt$ to a movable b> :i* is held to ano!r b> by a k+-bolt1 s t ! l[] axle-b> c turn 9 ! same way z on a wagon4 ,! b> to :i* ! axle & movable b> are atta*$ is locat$ ab\t "o foot f ! front ( ! long bo>d4 ,?is arrangem5t c be se5 at ,fig4 #ab1 :i* is a front view %[+ axle & fif? :eel1 z ! turn-plate betwe5 ! axle-tree & ! body ( ! wagon is call$4 ,! fif? :eel is made ( two pieces ( tire-iron1 "o fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ! fix$ b>1 ! o!r to ! top ( ! axle-tree1 s t :5 greas$ ! l[] "p w turn easily4 ,flexible wire-cable or v /rong tw9e %\ld be us$ = ! /e]+-ge>4 ,! ends are made fa/ to ! axle-tree z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,sev]al wraps ( ! wire or tw9e are tak5 ab\t ! l[] end ( ! %aft1 & ! wire passes ?r\gh a hole to prev5t x f slipp+4 ,! wire %\ld be atta*$ fir/ at "o end ( ! tree1 c>ri$ to ! %aft1 & giv5 sev]al turns1 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,sev]al m turns are to be made above ! hole1 !n ! loose end %\ld be atta*$ to ! o!r end ( ! axle-tree4 ,if a small turn-buckle c be _h1 make x fa/ to ! wire & axle at "o end s z to draw ! wire taut & hold x 9 place1 = ! tight] ! wire ! bett] ! %aft w act :5 turn$ by ! :eel4 ,a brake is to be made fa/ at "o side ( ! c> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,h a blacksmi? turn a piece ( "o-in* ?9 tire-iron = y z %[n at ,fig4 #aa ,b1 & bore two holes at ! %ort end & two l>g] ones f>!r up z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,) screws atta* a brake-block to ! %ort end1 & ) a squ>e-head$ lag-screw make ?is brake-b> fa/ to a block fa/5$ at ! "u side ( ! long bo>d s t ! lev] & brake-block w act on ! tire ( ! :eel4 ,! h&-b> is ( iron tw5ty-f\r in*es long & provid$ ) a hole at ! l[] end & ano!r "o six in*es above x4 ,! upp] end ( ! b> is drawn out on ! anvil s t a wood5 h&le c be slipp$ on x1 !n x is bolt$ to a block atta*$ to ! l[] front side ( ! seat z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a /\t wire connects ! l[] end ( ! h&-b> ) ! top ( ! brake-b>1 s t :5 ! h&le is pull$ back ! wire & top end ( ! brake-b> is drawn =w>d & ! block press$ aga9/ ! :eel4 ,sev]al coats ( pa9t w give ?is pu%mobile a good appe>ance & x w !n be ready = use4 ,"o boy on ! seat /e]s ! ma*9e1 :ile ano!r grasps ! ov]hang+ edges ( ! long bo>d & pu%es z he runs beh9d4 ,on level sidewalks or /reets a good run & pu% w s5d ! c> along at a good spe$ & ! pu%] c !n jump on beh9d4 ,:5 go+ d[nhill bo? boys c ride1 & if ! driv] has 8 h&s full ) ! :eel & %aft ! boy beh9d c rea* =w>d & op]ate ! brake4 ,if coa/+ is done on v /eep hills or roads x w\ld be well to h a brake to op]ate on bo? re> :eels1 = ! mom5tum ( a rapidly mov+ c> w (t5 drag a 8dead0 :eel if ! o!r ?ree are runn+ easily2 :]eas if bo? back :eels are 8dead0 ! c> c be br\ght to a quick /op4 ,*apt] ,,xi ,,fire-,,eng9es ,,& ,,trucks ,! ,eng9e ,e boy is int]e/$ 9 fire-eng9es & fires1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! real ?+ !re is a great deal ( fun to be _h 9 play+ fire4 ,! regul> /eam app>atus is r beyond a boy's con/ructive ability1 b ! eng9e %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #a7 c easily be made f an oil or pork b>rel1 a keg1 a pump1 & a set ( old wagon :eels4 ,a box may be us$ = ! seat & a small =ce-pump may be _h at a h>dw>e /ore = a nom9al sum4 ,! pump %\ld be fitt$ ) a hose-c\pl+ at bo? inlet & outlet1 s t a piece ( g>d5 hose c be us$ = ! suction & =ce4 ,! con/ruction ( ! body "p ( ! eng9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,two rails six in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & six feet long are set wide en\gh ap>t = ! b>rel 7repres5t+ ! boil]7 to fit betwe54 ,^! pieces are securely atta*$ ) /\t screws to ! b>rel s t a foot ( ea* rail w ext5d beyond ! re> ( ! b>rel4 ,at bo? ends a rail correspond+ 9 wid? & ?ickness is cut & fitt$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! rails z %[n at ,a ,a4 ,^! are to be held 9 position ) long1 /eel-wire nails or ) screws1 :i* always make ! be/ & mo/ secure jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,to prev5t ! side-rails f spread+1 a cross-rib %\ld be made fa/ to ! "u side ( ! side-rails ab\t at ! middle z %[n at ,b ,b4 ,?is is a precaution tak5 to prev5t ! rails spread+ & lett+ ! heavy b>rel full ( wat] drop4 ,9 addition to ! screws t are driv5 ?r\gh ! side-rails & into ! b>rel1 x w\ld be well to screw a batt5 fa/ at ea* side ov] ! rail z %[n at ,c4 ,?is lug w help ! be>+ & take ! /ra9 f ! screws 9 ! rails4 ,! truss :i* holds ! keg1 or imitation dry-/eam *e/1 is made ( /rips f\r in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & built up s t ! angle /&s fifte5 in*es above ! top ( ! side-rails z %[n at ,d4 ,^! trusses are securely b\nd at ! angle ) screws or cl9*-nails1 !n screw$ fa/ to ! inside ( ! rails z %[n at ,e ,e4 ,cut a %ort piece ( bo>d & nail x fa/ betwe5 ^! truss-knees to act z a plat=m on :i* to /& ! keg4 ,ano!r small plat=m c be made betwe5 ! truss & b>rel on "o or bo? sides ( ! app>atus to accommodate "o or two pumps4 ,! smoke-pipe at ! top ( ! b>rel is cut f an old /ove-pipe & is %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,) a t9-%e>s or snips ! e>s are cut at top & bottom4 ,^? at ! top are po9t$ & give a cr[n effect1 b if ! pla9-rim top is pref]r$ d n cut ! pipe4 ,at ! bottom1 slits are cut 9 ! pipe two in*es 9 f ! edge1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ap>t1 & ) a flat-nos$ pli]s ! e>s are b5t out s t !y w lie flat on ! b>rel-top :5 ! smoke-pipe is set 9 place4 ,a piece ( t9 or z9c is plac$ on ! b>rel-head "u ! smoke-pipe1 & ) l>ge tacks ! pipe is !n made fa/4 ,:5 runn+ to a fire "s %av+s1 *ips1 or cotton on :i* "s p>aff9e has be5 melt$ is put 9 ?is smoke-pipe & lit1 & z ! eng9e is drawn along ! sp>ks & smoke w %oot out f ! top ( ! pipe 9 a v reali/ic mann]4 ,! seat is made ( a box on top ( :i* a back & side-arms are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & :5 x is complete x is atta*$ to ! side-rails & truss4 ,! upp] edges ( ! side-rails are deck$ ov] 9 front ( ! box s z to make a plat=m1 & at ! front end ( ! frame a da%-bo>d is arrang$ & held 9 position ) batt5s4 ,a small1 wat]-tight keg is fa/5$ to ! plat=m betwe5 ! knees ( ! truss by means ( screws pass$ up ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! plat=m & into ! "u side ( ! keg4 ,"o or two op5+s are made 9 ! keg & a hose-c\pl+ driv5 into !m s t ! long hose may be atta*$ :5 at a fire4 ,%ort l5g?s ( hose & c\pl+s ext5d f ! top ( ! pumps to ! keg1 s t :5 ! pumps are 9 action ! wat] is =c$ into ! keg & out ?r\gh ! op5+s4 ,!re w always be a cu%ion ( air above ! wat] :i* is m or less ela/ic1 & :5 ! wat] is =c$ 9 fa/] ?an x c escape ?r\gh ! nozzles ! air-cu%ion w take c>e ( ! pressure automatically4 ,small c>riage :eels & axles support ! frame1 & at ! front a fif? :eel is arrang$ s t ! front :eels c be turn$4 ,back ( ! b>rel ! frame is deck$ at ! "u side s z to make a fuel-box :]e m smoke & sp>k mak+ mat]ials c be /or$4 ,x w\ld be well to fa/5 a lid to ?is comp>tm5t s t sp>ks dropp+ f ! smoke-pipe w n fall on & ignite ! cont5ts4 ,if x is possible to obta9 a =ce-pump x c be m\nt$ on "o ( ! bases arrang$ at ! side ( ! b>rel4 ,! suction-hose %\ld come f ! "u side ( ! b>rel & be atta*$ to ! base ( ! pump4 ,! c\pl+ to :i* ! long hose is atta*$ %\ld be arrang$ at ! side ( ! keg or x c be screw$ directly on ! outlet ( ! pump4 ,a %ort l5g? ( ! hose--a c\pl+ & nozzle--may be support$ on hooks & a /&+ ,y z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! hook on ! b>rel is made f a piece ( iron b5t z %[n at ,fig4 #c ,a1 ) holes bor$ to receive screws4 ,if ! iron is too h>d to "w a wood5 bracket c be made1 z %[n at ,b1 & screw$ fa/ to ! b>rel4 ,! ,y may be made f /rap-iron & a /ick1 z %[n at ,c & ,d 7,fig4 #c71 ! iron be+ atta*$ to ! top ( ! /ick :i* 9 turn is screw$ fa/ to ! truss4 ,a pole is made fa/ to ! =w>d runn+-ge> to drag ! eng9e )1 & if sev]al boys are to be memb]s ( ! fire company a rope %\ld be made fa/ to ! axle at bo? ends or to ! body frame1 & ! boy ne>e/ ! eng9e c /e] x ) ! pole4 ,all ! wood-"w %\ld be pa9t$ r$ & ! metal p>ts ) asphaltum v>ni%1 :i* w give !m a good appe>ance1 & z x is wat]-pro( x w prev5t ! metal p>ts f ru/+4 ,trip-gongs & signal-lamps %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be provid$1 = )\t ^! appurt5ances ! eng9e w\ld be a flat failure4 ,! ,hose-c>riage ,a hose-c>riage 7,fig4 #d7 to accompany ! eng9e is made ( wood & con/ruct$ on ! same l9es z ! eng9e4 ,! frame is made ( bo>ds six in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & is five feet long by two feet wide z %[n at ,fig4 #e4 ,a da%-bo>d is made & fa/5$ to ! front ( ! frame1 & betwe5 ! da%-bo>d & seat ! side-rails are deck$ ov] to make a plat=m4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! frame may be left op54 ,across ! "u side ( ! frame fa/5 two cross-b>s to :i* ! axles are to be made fa/4 ,baby-c>riage or small wagon :eels are to be us$ = ! hose-c>riage1 & if ! axles %\ld n be long en\gh a blacksmi? w weld 9 a piece at ! middle s z to make !m ! requir$ l5g?4 ,! reel is made f a r\nd piece ( wood & two circul> sides & arrang$ s z to revolve 9 a support+ frame4 ,"o side ( ! frame is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is made f wood ?ree in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! pieces are securely atta*$ at ! inside ( ! side-rails ) screws & cl9*-nails4 ,! sides ( ! reel are made f ?ree pieces ( mat*$ bo>ds & are tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,drive ?ree pieces ( bo>d toge!r & lay !m flat4 ,) a p91 a piece ( /r+1 & a p5cil describe a circle tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] us+ ! c5tre ( ! middle bo>d z a place to drive ! p94 ,aft] ! circle is drawn1 sep>ate ! bo>ds1 & ) a compass-saw cut ! wood on ! l9es4 ,!n drive ! bo>ds toge!r aga9 & b& ! out] edge ) a piece ( box /rap-iron1 driv+ ! nails 9 ab\t two in*es ap>t all ar\nd ! edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,,hose-,,c>riage ,,& ,,hook-,,&-,,ladd] ,,truck ,atta* "o end to ! flat end ( ! hub4 ,! o!r piece %\ld h a squ>e hole cut 9 x s t x w fit ov] ! squ>e %\ld] cut on ! o!r end ( ! axle z %[n at ,fig4 #f ,a4 ,atta* bo? ends to ! axle ) long1 /eel-wire nails1 !n f a piece ( h>d-wood cut a crank & h&le z %[n at ,fig4 #f ,b4 ,! crank is t5 in*es long & at bo? sides ( ! squ>e hole ! wood %\ld be b\nd ) wire to prev5t its splitt+4 ,at ! opposite end f ! crank an iron p9 half an in* 9 diamet] is to be driv5 ?r\gh ! side & into ! end ( ! hub ?r\gh a half-in* hole bor$ ) aug] or bit & brace4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! complete reel4 ,fig4 #f ,c4 ,on ! end ( ! hub & close to ! squ>e crank-%aft ! hub is turn$ r\nd = a di/ance ( two in*es4 ,?is is ! "p t w fit 9 ! be>+ cut 9 ! support+ frame4 ,to hold ! reel 9 position at ! top ( ! truss1 /raps ( iron1 z %[n at ,fig4 #f ,d1 are screw$ fa/ ov] ! angle :5 ! reel is 9 place4 ,) a coat or two ( pa9t ?is hose-c>riage w be ready = use4 ,! ,hook-&-,ladd] ,truck ,to complete ! outfit a hook-&-ladd] truck 7,fig4 #g7 w be necess>y1 on ! racks ( :i* f\r hooks1 ?ree ladd]s1 six buckets1 & o!r p>aph]nalia c be accommodat$4 ,! l5g? ( ! truck w dep5d some:at on ! /r5g? ( ! :eels t c be _h1 also on ! size ( ! boys 9 ! fire company2 b = s]viceable use = bo? small & l>ge boys a truck eight feet long w be a v good size4 ,! frame or body is made ( bo>ds six in*es wide1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & is eight feet long by ?irty in*es wide4 ,! frame %\ld be brac$ across ! bottom1 at ! middle1 & ne> bo? ends to prev5t x f rack+4 ,two cross-timb]s = ! axles are made fa/ "u ! =w>d & re> ends1 & to ! =w>d "o ! fif?-:eel b> is made fa/ s t ! front :eels c be turn$4 ,! ladd]-rack is con/ruct$ f pieces ( curta9-pole & side uprights1 six in*es wide at ! bottom & tap]$ to ?ree in*es at ! top4 ,! uprights are atta*$ to ! inside ( ! body frame1 & ! b>s on :i* ! ladd]s re/ are let into holes 9 ^! uprights & key$ z %[n at ,fig4 #h ,a4 ,! end ( ! b> is cut across ) a saw1 & :5 ?is is pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! upright a w$ge-%ap$ key is driv5 9 ! cut to spread ! end ( ! b> & exp& x s t x w hold4 ,"s glue on ! w$ge w cause x to /ay 9 place aft] x has be5 driv5 9 z f> z x w g4 ,! ladd]s are made ( two spruce rails ?ree in*es wide & "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,! rungs are let into holes made 9 ! middle ( ! rails & key$ fa/ ) w$ges z j describ$ = ! ladd]-rails4 ,if a flat rung is pref]r$ ! rails may be cut 9 z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #h1 & flat /rips are to be laid 9 ^! laps & nail$ or screw$ fa/4 ,! %>p corn]s may be plan$ (f s z to make ! grip easi] to ! h&s4 ,! ladd]s may v>y f sev5 to twelve feet 9 l5g? & f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es wide1 pref]ably ! wid] ones1 z !y are saf] & w n slide sidewise z a n>r[] ladd] is apt to d4 ,! da%-bo>d & =w>d deck are support$ on two bracket-plates made fa/ to ! =w>d "p ( ! body frame1 & on ! deck plank+ a box-seat ) sides & back is to be made fa/4 ,/\t iron hooks are driv5 9 along bo? sides ( ! body betwe5 =w>d & re> :eels1 & on !m ord9>y wood5 pails or buckets may be hung4 ,two sets ( hooks arrang$ at ! out] side ( ! ladd] supports w hold ! long h&les ( fire-hooks1 & a scal+-ladd] c be hung "u ! truck4 ,! goose-neck ( a scal+-ladd] %\ld be made ( temp]$ iron by a blacksmi?1 & all ! wood-"w %\ld be ( hickory4 ,! plan = a scal+-ladd] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! /ick is ?ree by "o & a half in*es & ! rungs are ?ree-qu>t]s by two in*es1 driv5 ?r\gh mortises cut 9 ! /ick twelve in*es ap>t & held by a /eel nail driv5 ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,! goose-neck base is divid$ l ! front-:eel =k ( a bicycle & ) correspond+ holes bor$ 9 ea* side4 ,bolts %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh !m & ! head ( ! /ick s z to hold ! iron /raps securely4 ,good1 /rong hickory may be _h f a :eelwright or wagon-build]1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut ! mortises accurately s t ! p>ts w fit snugly toge!r4 ,ladd]-build+ is diff]5t f ord9>y c>p5try1 & pa9s %\ld be tak5 to h all ! jo9ts v tight s t !y w n rack4 ,*apt] ,,xii ,,wat]-,,:eels ,all boys l to play ab\t ! wat]1 & dams & wat] ma*9]y af=d an endless am\nt ( amusem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! pa/ime has its useful side4 ,once y get a :eel 9 op]ation ) a %aft & pulley atta*$1 x is !n a simple matt] to h>ness y\r p[] & make x d all sorts ( ?+s1 su* z saw+ wood1 *urn+ milk1 op]at+ a fan on hot days1 & ev5 turn+ a gr9d/one or light wood-work+ ma*9]y4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( :eels1 ! ov]%ot1 brea/1 & und]%ot4 ,! ov]%ot is ! mo/ p[]ful1 = x is n only mov$ by ! weight ( wat] t x holds b also by ! =ce ( ! onru%+ wat] f ! sluice arrang$ to fe$ x4 ,! brea/-:eel is ! next 9 p[] & is us$ :]e ! fall ( wat] is n s great4 ,! und]%ot :eel is employ$ 9 a rapidly runn+ brook or /ream :]e !re is no dam or body ( headwat]4 ,?is =m ( :eel is ! lea/ p[]ful & ! mo/ unreliable1 = ! height ( ! wat]c\rse is liable to *ange accord+ to seasons & /orms4 ,:ile at "o "t x may be flu%$ up to ! hub1 at ano!r ! wat] may h>dly t\* ! blades ( ! :eel4 ,^! =ms ( old-/yle :eels h become almo/ obsolete n[ z ! mod]n turb9e has sup]s$$ x z a means ( employ+ wat] z a motive p[]4 ,less ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! surface ( ! old-"t :eels w\ld be actively engag$ at any "o "t1 & ! wa/e ( p[] 0 appall+ z comp>$ ) ! sluice-box & p5-/ock ( ! mod]n turb9e :]e e drop ( wat] is l5d+ its influ5ce to ! blades4 ,a turb9e1 h[ev]1 is r beyond ! ability ( ! av]age boy to prop]ly con/ruct1 & s we d ! be/ we c ) ! old-/yle :eels4 ,= a boy's purpose !y w answ] q well en\gh4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+s sev]al ideas = wat]-:eels are %[n1 & among !m a boy %\ld be able to f9d "o t he c make f bo>ds & /icks1 at a slight co/1 & :i* if prop]ly rigg$ & adju/$ w develop a consid]able am\nt ( p[]4 ,a ,simple ,paddle-:eel ,! simple paddle-:eel1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a1 is made f an axle ?ree in*es squ>e1 f\r spokes1 & f\r bo>ds4 ,= a :eel ( m$ium size t w develop ab\t "o-eigh? ( a horse-p[] ! axle %\ld be f\r feet long4 ,"o end is r\nd$ = a di/ance ( f\r in*es z %[n at ,a1 & ) bit & *isel two mortises are cut 9 opposite directions z %[n at ,a4 ,^! holes are "o in* & a qu>t] wide & ?ree in*es long4 ,into !m ! spokes are driv5 & held ) screws or iron p9s4 ,ano!r pair ( holes are cut ?irty in*es f ! fir/ & two m spokes driv5 9 !m4 ,! spokes are ?irty in*es long1 ?us leav+ ?irte5 & a half in*es ( ea* "o project+ beyond ! axle or hub4 ,! paddle blades are bo>ds ?irty in*es long1 t5 in*es wide1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! spokes ) c>riage-bolts & wa%]s4 ,a r\nd$ be>+ two in*es wide is cut 9 ! axle beyond ! spokes s z to correspond ) ! o!r end1 & beyond ?is ! axle is left squ>e4 ,be>+s = ?is :eel are made 9 ! edge ( a /\t plank not*$ z %[n at ,b1 & held 9 place by iron /raps z also depict$ at ,b4 ,long screws or screw-bolts1 commonly kn[n z lag-screws1 w hold ! /rap 9 place1 & f ! squ>e end ( ! %aft ! connection is made = p[]4 ,9 place ( ! iron /rap ano!r piece ( wood may be cut & clamp$ d[n ov] ! axle end z %[n at ,c4 ,a ,wagon ,:eel ,ano!r v>iety ( wat]-:eel may be made f ! hubs & spokes ( two old :eels1 pref]ably ^? f a buggy or light wagon4 ,fig4 #b4 ,remove ! iron boxes f ! hubs by driv+ !m out1 !n cut a hole 9 ea* hub ) a *isel & mallet1 z %[n at ,a1 s !y w be at lea/ an in* & a half squ>e4 ,f hickory or o!r h>d-wood make an axle ! size ( ! holes & arrange ! hubs on x s !y w be ?irty in*es ap>t4 ,"o side ( ea* spoke %\ld be cut z %[n at ,b 9 ord] t ! blades may re/ aga9/ a flat place in/ead ( a r\nd$ surface4 ,! blades %\ld be f ?irty to ?irty-six in*es long & t5 or twelve in*es wide1 & held to ! spokes ) c>riage or tire bolts4 ,?is :eel may be swung 9 be>+s z describ$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 & f ! squ>e end ( ! axle ! p[] c be tak54 ,bo? ( ^! :eels may be us$ z ov] or und]%ot b n z brea/-:eels1 = a brea/-:eel mu/ h pockets to hold ! wat]1 & ! ov]%ot-:eel %\ld h !m too if all ! available =ce & weight ( wat] is to be employ$4 ,a ,b>rel-:eel ,a v simple & effici5t device is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( a b>rel-:eel 7,fig4 #c74 ,?is consi/s ( an oil or pork b>rel hav+ tight ends & /aves1 a numb] ( blades1 & "s sid+-bo>ds4 ,! blades are ( h>d-wood t5 in*es wide & ! l5g? ( ! b>rel4 ,"o edge ( ea* blade is cut to con=m ) ! bilge ( ! b>rel z %[n at ,a1 & ) ?ree or f\r long screws ea* blade is made fa/ to ! b>rel at ! middle4 ,! ends ( ! b>rel are replank$ s z to build _! surface ev5 ) ! project+ edges ( ! /aves1 !n "s mat*$ bo>ds are nail$ or screw$ to ! heads to b9d toge!r ! ends ( ! blades4 ,screws are pass$ ?r\gh ! bo>ds & into ! ends ( ! blades to make !m secure1 & 9 ?is mann] a holl[ :eel is made ) pockets ar\nd ! outside4 ,a squ>e hole %\ld be cut 9 ea* end ( ! b>rel & into !m an axle is driv54 ,x is provid$ ) r\nd$ be>+s & squ>e end4 ,:5 swung 9 a c>riage & connect$ a p[]ful :eel w be ! result if ! =ce ( wat] is suffici5t to drive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,,wat]-,,:eels ,an ,und]%ot-:eel ,= a brook an und]%ot-:eel c be made ) two r\nd ends & t5 or twelve blades accord+ to ! size ( ! :eel4 ,= an effici5t "o ! :eel %\ld be ?irty-six or =ty-eight in*es 9 diamet] & ?irty in*es wide4 ,two ends are made f mat*$ bo>ds held toge!r ) batt5s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d ,a4 ,^! are arrang$ on a squ>e axle & ! blades are made fa/ betwe5 !m ) long screws or /eel nails4 ,fig4 #d ,b4 ,a ,p[]-:eel ,to utilize ! p[] f a rapidly runn+ brook place two tree-trunks across ! brook ab\t six feet ap>t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,on top ( ^! timb]s atta* two spruce beams eight or t5 in*es wide & two in*es ?ick1 & an*or !m well ) spikes & *eck-blocks4 ,at ! middle & on top ( bo? timb]s cut not*es = ! axle to fit 9 & provide !m ) metal /raps to hold ! axle 9 place4 ,a long axle lead+ to ! l& c be support$ on a %ort timb] atta*$ to /\t /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd1 & ano!r be>+ & /rap w hold ?is f jump+ ) ! rapid revolutions ( ! :eel4 ,a wood5 pulley may be arrang$ at ! end ( ?is axle1 & f x ! p[] c be tak5 (f by means ( belt+ or rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,,p[]-,,:eel ,,& ,,:eel-,,race ,ano!r arrangem5t = ?is :eel w be to sw+ x 9 a cradle or frame s t "o end ( x may be lift$ to r$uce ! spe$ or p[] ( ! :eel1 ! o!r end be+ securely atta*$ to a tree-trunk ) h+es4 ,a ,:eel-race ,! wat] f a wide1 %all[ brook may be direct$ s z to ?r[ its full =ce aga9/ ! blades ( a :eel by digg+ x out at ! middle & damm+ x at ! sides z %[n by ! diagram ( a modifi$ brook 7,fig4 #f74 ,! dams %\ld be solidly built & if possible cribb$ to prev5t _! wa%+ away4 ,"p ,,iii ,,afloat ,*apt] ,,xiii ,,boats ,( all ! ?+s t a boy is int]e/$ 9 !re is no?+ m fasc9at+ ?an boats1 :e!r !y are to r[1 paddle1 or sail 91 &1 z _m ( ! simple k9ds are q )9 ! ability ( a boy to make1 he c take a great deal ( pleasure 9 _! con/ruction4 ,= ! sea-%ore & salt wat]ways ! boats %\ld be heavily con/ruct$1 & z ?is is usually beyond ! av]age boy's ability1 ! sea-go+ dorys1 surf-boats1 & heavy sail-boats w be omitt$1 & ^? describ$ & illu/rat$ w be = use 9 fre% wat]1 or on small enclos$ salt wat]ways :]e ! w9d & tide are mod]ate4 ,9 mak+ a boat x is n only necess>y to h x float1 b to con/ruct x 9 su* a mann] t ! jo9ts w keep clos$ & ! bo>ds w n rip (f if run on a snag or aga9/ a rocky %ore4 ,^! are ess5tial po9ts 9 ! prop] con/ruction ( boats1 & !y might z well be le>n$ by ! amateur boat-build] :5 he is "y1 in/ead ( con/ruct+ some?+ = fun & hav+ to le>n ! "r way all ov] aga9 :5 he is old] & m s]i\s "w beg9s4 ,9 ?is *apt] a few ( ! simpl] =ms ( boats are %[n1 & ! w>n+ mu/ be giv5 at ! />t t ! "y %ipwright %\ld use ! greate/ c>e 9 con/ruct+ a boat1 n only = ! natural pride !y w take 9 mak+ a good "o1 b = ! /ill m important reason t ! safety ( all on bo>d is dep5d5t ^u 8 skill & consci5ti\s "w4 ,punt & ,sc[ ,a punt ) a flat bottom is ab\t ! easie/ & safe/ boat = a boy to make & own1 = x is /raight 9 con/ruction & difficult to upset if n ov]load$4 ,z bo? ends are ! same x c be r[$ or pol$ =w>d or backw>d1 & ! ov]hang+ ends all[ pl5ty ( seat+ room4 ,! punt %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is fifte5 feet long1 n9ete5 in*es deep1 & f\r feet wide4 ,! ends cut "u tw5ty in*es1 & at "o end a skag & rudd] c be arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! sides are made ( two bo>ds1 "o ( six & ! o!r ( a twelve-in* wid?1 & ! add$ ?ickness ( ! bottom bo>ds make ! total dep? ( ! sides n9ete5 in*es4 ,! wid] bo>ds are ! l[] ones1 & !y are fa/5$ toge!r ne> bo? ends & at ! middle ) batt5s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! middle batt5s are six in*es wide1 & into ! upp] ends ( !m ! r[-lock p9s are driv54 ,! bottom plank+ %\ld n be m ?an f\r or five in*es wide1 & x is securely nail$ to ! edges ( ! sides & to an inn] keel-/rip runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! bottom z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,,punt ,,& ,,sc[ ,! wood %\ld be v dry s t x w n %r9k aft]w>ds & op5 ! seams4 ,along ! edges1 & be=e ! plank+ is laid or nail$ on1 sme> :ite-lead1 & lay "o or two ?icknesses ( lamp-wick+ on ! lead1 s t :5 ! ends ( ! plank+ are driv5 d[n x makes a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,:]e ! planks butt up aga9/ ! o!r plank+1 ! jo9ts are to be g5]\sly sme>$ ) :ite-lead & laid ) a /r+ ( ! lamp-wick+4 ,beg9 at "o end & "w t[>ds ! o!r1 hav+ fir/ atta*$ ! end planks4 ,fig4 #c ,a4 ,! me?od ( atta*+ ! skag is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & if ! punt %[s a t5d5cy to sw+ ar\nd 9 ! wat] & n m9d ! o>s or rudd]1 a keel ?ree in*es wide may be atta*$ on ! bottom ( ! punt to run f ! =w>d end ( ! /raight bottom back to ! end ( ! skag4 ,! bottom plank+ is to be atta*$ at bo? sides & to ! inn] keel-/rip ) galvaniz$ nails4 ,d n use ord9>y nails z !y w ru/ 9 a %ort "t1 & ! only ones t are ( use are ! regul> galvaniz$ boat nails t c be _h at mo/ h>dw>e /ores1 & always at a %ip-*&l]'s or f a boat-build]4 ,a rudd] c be made & hung at "o end ( ! boat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a sc[ 7,fig4 #a7 w be f\nd ! easie/ ( all boats to con/ruct1 b at ! same "t ! h>de/ to r[1 s9ce bo? ! ends are blunt & v]tical4 ,a sc[ is = use 9 %all[ wat] & is pol$ g5]ally in/ead ( be+ r[$4 ,x is built 9 a simil> mann] to ! punt1 b ! ends are n cut "u4 ,a good size to make ! sc[ = g5]al use w be f\rte5 feet long1 eighte5 in*es deep1 & f\r feet wide4 ,x may be provid$ ) two or ?ree seats1 & :5 complete bo? ! punt & sc[ %\ld receive two or ?ree good coats ( pa9t4 ,a ,%>py ,x is n a difficult matt] to make a %>py l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 9 its con/ruction to insure good unions & tight jo9ts4 ,c$>1 :ite-wood1 p9e1 or cypress are ! be/ woods ( :i* to build small boats1 & wide bo>ds c be _h at almo/ any lumb]-y>d4 ,:ite c$> is some:at m difficult to get ?an ! o!r woods1 b if possible x %\ld be us$4 ,to make ?is %>py ! prop] size = a boy's use1 obta9 two bo>ds fifte5 or sixte5 in*es wide1 f\rte5 feet long1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 plan$ on bo? sides & z free f knots z possible4 ,if ! bo>ds _c be _h fifte5 in*es wide1 !n batt5 two bo>ds toge!r ) /rips j z pla9 bo>d doors are made4 ,be=e !y are fa/5$1 h[ev]1 sme> ! jo9t edges ) :ite-lead & emb$ a /r+ ( lamp-wick+ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,use pl5ty ( :ite-lead1 & aft] ! bo>ds are press$ toge!r & fa/5$ ! surplus lead c be scrap$ f bo? sides ( ! jo9t & sav$ = o!r jo9ts4 ,f a piece ( h>d-wood cut a /em eighte5 in*es long & f\r in*es wide1 ) bevell$ planes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,a section or end view ( ?is po/ w appe> l ,fig4 #f ,a4 ,aga9/ ! cut-9 sides ( ?is po/ ! b[ ends ( ! side bo>ds are to be atta*$ ) screws or galvaniz$ boat nails4 ,! long side bo>ds are to be cut at b[ & /]n z %[n at ,fig4 #g ,a & ,b4 ,! b[ rec$es ?ree in*es & ! /]n is cut "u ?irty-f\r in*es4 ,atta* ! b[ ends ( ! bo>ds to ! /em-piece or po/ s t ! top ( ! sides w be sev5-eigh?s ( an in* bel[ ! flat top ( ! po/4 ,if prop]ly done y w !n h a ,v-%ap$ affair resembl+ a sn[-pl\gh1 :i* mu/ be b5t & =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a boat4 ,f a bo>d sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick cut a spread] t5 in*es wide1 =ty-eight in*es long at "o side1 & =ty-two in*es at ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,arrange ?is betwe5 ! bo>ds ab\t midway f b[ to /]n1 s t ! bottom ( ! spread] is flu% ) ! bottom ( ! sides2 !n draw 9 ! re> ends ( ! bo>ds & tie !m tempor>ily ) a piece ( rope4 ,drive a nail into ! edge ( ea* bo>d ne> ! end1 to prev5t ! rope slipp+ (f1 = if x %\ld d s ! bo>ds w\ld fly ap>t & might break away f ! /em-piece4 ,9 ord] to draw 9 ! ends to ! prop] position1 ins]t a %ort /ick betwe5 ! ropes & twi/ x ar\nd until ! rope is w\nd up2 !n if ! end is n 9 f> en\gh1 slip ano!r rope ar\nd ! ends ( ! bo>ds1 & aft] releas+ ! fir/ rope ins]t ! /ick & cont9ue ! twi/+ until ! ends ( ! side bo>ds are tw5ty-"o in*es ap>t4 ,be=e ?is b5d+ process is begun1 x w\ld be well to p\r a kettleful ( boil+ wat] ov] ea* side bo>d to limb] !m1 = dry bo>ds are /iff & w n b5d easily )\t *eck+ or crack+4 ,if x is possible to /eam ! bo>ds !y w yield /ill bett] to ! b5d+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,a ,,%>py ,! /]n-plank is cut 9 ! same %ape z ! spread]1 b x is curv$ or cr[n$ at ! top1 :]e x is tw5ty-?ree in*es long1 :ile at ! bottom x measures tw5ty in*es4 ,x is six in*es wide at ! ends & n9e in*es at ! middle1 & is atta*$ to ! ends ( ! sides ) boat nails :ile ! t5sion-rope is /ill 9 place4 ,an inn] keel is !n cut six in*es wide & po9t$ at ! b[ end1 :]e x is atta*$ to ! l[] edges ( ! sides at ! b[ & flu% ) !m4 ,! plank+ or bottom bo>ds %\ld fit snugly to x & to ! edges ( ! sides4 ,a lap six in*es long & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* deep is cut 9 ! bottom ( ! spread] at ! middle4 ,9 ?is ! inn] keel w fit1 & aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree bottom bo>ds are nail$ on at ! b[ end ! frame ( ! %>py w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! spread] & /]n-plank w give ! sides a fl>e :i* w h a t5d5cy also to curve ! bottom ( ! boat slightly f b[ to /]n4 ,! bottom planks are f\r in*es wide1 ( cle> wood1 & mu/ n h tongue & groov$ edges1 b %\ld be pla9 s t ! :ite-lead & lamp-wick+ w make a tight jo9t :5 ! planks are driv5 up snug to ea* o!r4 ,drive all nails c>efully s z n to split ! plank+ or sides1 & z a precaution a small bit or gimlet %\ld be us$ to make ! />t = ! nail-hole4 ,a seat t5 in*es wide is fa/5$ at ! middle ( ! boat1 ov] ! spread]1 & seats may also be arrang$ at ! b[ & /]n1 :]e !y re/ on cleats t are screw$ fa/ to ! sides4 ,a %ort keel or skag is fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ! %>py & ext5ds f ab\t "u ! middle seat aft to ! /]n-po/4 ,a ,v-%ap$ piece is let 9 :]e ! /]n is cut "u z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is keel prev5ts ! %>py f turn+ ab\t quickly & s]ves to /eady h] :5 r[+1 z well z mak+ a deep] /]n-po/ to :i* a rudd] may be hung z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,six in*es to ! re> ( ! middle seat plates ( wood six in*es wide are atta*$ to ! sides ( ! %>py1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #e71 & on ! tops ( ^! o>-locks or p9s are ins]t$ aft] ! usual fa%ion4 ,at ! outside ( ! sides & an in* bel[ ! top edge a gunwale-/rip is made fa/1 & ) a r+ 9 ! b[ = a pa9t] & a pair ( o>s ! %>py is ready = use4 ,( c\rse x %\ld be ?or\ghly pa9t$4 ,?ree or f\r successive coats ( pa9t %\ld be appli$ to a boat ! fir/ "t x is pa9t$1 & be=e us+1 x %\ld be laun*$1 half fill$ ) wat]1 & all[$ to /& = a few days s t ! jo9ts w swell & close prop]ly4 ,a ma/ six or eight feet high & a leg-(-mutton sail w enable a boy to sail be=e ! w9d 9 a quiet breeze1 b r\gh-wea!r sail+ %\ld n be attempt$ 9 ?is /yle ( op5 boat4 ,a ,dory ,a dory 7,fig4 #aa71 is some:at simil> to a %>py b has high] sides & a n>r[] bottom1 !re=e x draws m wat] ?an a wide1 flat-bottom$ %>py4 ,a boy c make a dory f twelve to sixte5 feet long1 b a f\rte5-foot dory w be q l>ge en\gh to hold f f\r to six boys com=tably & safely4 ,! sides %\ld be tw5ty-f\r in*es high & ! bottom tw5ty-f\r in*es across amid%ips4 ,! bottom is made f f\r six-in* planks batt5$ across z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! jo9ts are lead$ be=e ! bo>ds are br\ght toge!r1 & ! fa/5+s are ( galvaniz$ nails cl9*$ at ! inside4 ,! batt5s1 ( c\rse1 are on ! inside1 b ! nail-heads are on ! outside or bottom ( ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,a /em & /]n-piece 7,fig4 #ac ,a & ,b7 are cut f h>d-wood1 & to ^! ! wood5 sides are made fa/ at bo? ends4 ,! b[ & /]n ( a dory h m ( a rake ?an ^? ( a %>py z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! top ( ! b[ ext5ds out beyond ! bottom at lea/ f fifte5 to tw5ty in*es1 :ile ! /]n ov]hangs ! keel ab\t twelve in*es4 ,! sides fl>e out n9e in*es at bo? sides amid%ips1 s t ! total wid? ( beam is =ty-two in*es = a dory f\rte5 feet long4 ,planks sixte5 feet long are necess>y ) :i* to make ?is dory1 = :5 !y are sprung out at ! sides !y take up on ! l5g?4 ,!y c be six in*es wide1 & are made fa/ to ribs along ! inside ( ! boat & atta*$ ) galvaniz$ boat nails4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad an amid%ips section ( ! dory is %[n & ! position ( ! seat is locat$4 ,along ! top ( ! sides1 to cap !m & ! upp] ends ( ! ribs1 rails two in*es wide & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick are made fa/ ) boat nails4 ,^! rails %\ld be ( h>d-wood1 & !y %\ld be sprung into place & securely fa/5$4 ,a dory ( ?is description makes an ideal fi%+-boat :]e ! wat] is r\gh1 s9ce x c be r[$ ei!r =w>d or backw>d4 ,a ,sail+ ,%>py ,a r[+ %>py c be conv]t$ into a sail-boat by p>tially deck+ x ov]1 mak+ a ma/-/ep1 & provid+ x ) a lee-bo>d if a c5tre-bo>d _c be arrang$ 9 ! middle ( ! hull4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! half-deck w keep out ! wat] t might spla% ov] ! sides or come ov] ! b[ & /]n1 & ! r[-boat features ne$ n be alt]$ nor ! seats remov$1 z ! rib & brace "w = ! deck c easily be fitt$ & fa/5$ ov] ! seats1 & s give additional /r5g? to ! deck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #ah ,a ,,sail+ ,,%>py ,j beh9d ! front seat & at ! =w>d edge ( ! back seat cross-ribs are made fa/ to ! sides ( ! %>py4 ,betwe5 ^!1 & eight in*es f ! sides ( ! boat1 additional braces are sprung into place & securely atta*$ at ! ends1 & provid$ ) %ort cross-braces z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! deck plank+ is nail$ to ^! ribs & ! seats "u !m give a sub/antial support to bo? ! ribs & deck4 ,! op5+ or cockpit w be six feet long & v>y+ 9 wid?1 z ! side decks are eight in*es wide & foll[ ! l9e ( ! boat's sides4 ,amid%ips x %\ld measure ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,! braces & ribs are made ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* spruce bo>ds five or six in*es wide1 & to b5d !m 9 ! segm5t ( a circle 7z !y w h to be = ! side-ribs7 p\r hot wat] ov] two ( !m & place ! ends on boxes ) heavy /ones at ! middle to b5d !m d[n to ! requir$ curve4 ,all[ !m to rema9 9 ?is position = sev]al h\rs to dry 9 ! sun2 !y may !n be cut & fitt$ to ! boat4 ,! deck+ is done ) n>r[ /rips ( p9e1 cypress1 or c$> "o in* & a half wide & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,!y are b5t to con=m to ! side l9es ( ! boat1 & if !y are fitt$ nicely & lead$ ! deck %\ld be wat]-tight aft] x receives v>ni% or pa9t4 ,if /raight bo>ds are employ$ 9 place ( ! n>r[ plank+ ! deck c be cov]$ ) canvas & fir/ giv5 a coat ( oil1 !n sev]al successive ?9 coats ( pa9t4 ,! canvas %\ld be tack$ d[n ov] ! out] edge ( ! boat & to ! inn] edge ( ! cockpit4 ,a gunwale-/rip an in* squ>e is to be nail$ along ! top edge on bo? sides ( ! boat1 & "o in* bel[ ! top ( ! deck nail a gu>d rail along ea* side4 ,to f9i% ! cockpit arrange a comb+ 9 place to project f\r in*es above ! deck1 & make ! bo>ds fa/ to ! inn] side ( ! ribs ) screws z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! hull ( sail+ %>py4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,t5 in*es back f ! b[-po/ bore a hole two in*es & a half 9 diamet] s t a ma/ w fit securely 9 place4 ,! hole %\ld ext5d ?r\gh ! deck & front seat1 & a /ep-block ) a hole 9 x to receive ! foot ( ! ma/ mu/ be nail$ fa/ to ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,! hole 9 ?is block is oblong1 & ! foot ( ! ma/ %\ld be cut on two sides s z to fit 9 ! block z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,spruce or cle> p9e /icks are to be dress$ & plan$ = ! ma/ & boom1 ! ma/ measur+ f\rte5 feet high by two in*es & a half at ! base1 & ! boom ?irte5 feet long by two in*es 9 diamet]1 bo? tap]+ ne> ! end4 ,! rudd] is eighte5 in*es long1 includ+ ! po/1 & t5 in*es high4 ,x is fa/5$ to a po/ ( h>d-wood ?ree in*es wide & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,at ! top ( ?is an iron /rap is fa/5$ to hold ! till] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag ,a4 ,! rudd] is hung to ! /]n ( ! boat ) p9s & sockets1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag ,b1 s t if x becomes necess>y ! rudd] may be un%ipp$ by lift+ x out ( ! sockets or eyes4 ,! rudd] is fa/5$ to ! po/ ) galvaniz$-iron p9s t5 in*es long & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] driv5 ?r\gh snug holes bor$ 9 ! wood z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ag ,b4 ,x is impossible to hold a boat on ! w9d )\t a c5tre-bo>d1 b z ?is %>py has none a lee-bo>d w be requir$ to keep h] f drift+ leew>d4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is bo>d c be made five feet long1 ?irty in*es wide1 & hung ov] ! lee side :5 runn+ on ! w9d1 :]e ropes & cleats w hold x 9 place4 ,! bo>d may be made ( ?ree planks b&$ toge!r at ! re> end ) a batt51 & at ! =w>d end x is /rapp$ across ) b&s ( iron z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,) a sail ( twill$ or heavy unblea*$ musl9 ?is boat may be driv5 ?r\gh ! wat] at five or six miles an h\r1 & two boys c h a great deal ( fun out ( h]4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ ! boat2 & be sure to reef ! sail 9 case ( a /rong breeze4 ,a ,c5tre-bo>d ,%>py ,:5 mak+ a %>py to sail 91 a trunk & c5tre-bo>d %\ld be built :5 ! keel is laid s t ! cumb]some & unh&y lee-bo>d may be done away )4 ,! c5tre-bo>d is h\s$ 9 ! trunk1 ?r\gh :i* x c be rais$ or l[]$ z occasion requires4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! trunk 9 ! boat is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 & x is locat$ s t ! front ( ! trunk is ?ree feet f ! b[4 ,= a c5tre-bo>d "o in* & a qu>t] 9 ?ickness ! trunk %\ld be "o in* & ?ree-qu>t]s wide betwe5 sides1 five feet long1 & eighte5 in*es high4 ,x is made ( tongue-&-groov$ bo>ds "o in* & "o-eigh? 9 ?ickness1 & ^! are atta*$ by /\t screws to po/s "o in* & ?ree-qu>t]s squ>e at b[ & /]n4 ,! trunk is m\nt$ on ! keel1 set 9 :ite-lead1 & securely fa/5$ ) screws4 ,a slot is cut 9 ! keel ! same size z ! inside op5+ ( ! trunk--t is1 two in*es wide & ab\t five feet long4 ,! bottom plank+ is butt$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! trunk at ! middle ( ! boat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,an inn] keel is laid ov] ! bottom plank+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! boat f /em to /]n1 & :]e x fits ar\nd ! trunk x is cut out4 ,bo? ! inn] & out] keels are six in*es wide & ! expos$ edges are bevell$ ) a plane4 ,a sectional or end view ( ! trunk & its location 9 ! keels is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :]e ! %ad+ & lett]+ w designate ea* "p4 ,! c5tre-bo>d is f\r feet & n9e in*es long1 ?irty in*es wide at ! back1 & tw5ty-f\r in*es at ! front4 ,x is atta*$ to ! trunk ) a h>d-wood p9 locat$ ne> ! =w>d l[] end1 & :5 x is drawn up x w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba ,a1 b :5 l[]$ x w look l ,fig4 #ba ,b4 ,! c5tre-bo>d is made ( h>d-wood1 sev]al bo>ds ( :i* are p9n$ toge!r ) galvaniz$-iron rods ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] & driv5 ?r\gh f edge to edge ( ! bo>ds 9 snug holes made ) a long bit or aug]4 ,! rods are rivet$ at bo? ends ov] wa%]s to prev5t ! bo>ds f work+ ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,a ,,c5tre-,,bo>d ,,%>py ,x w\ld be bett] to let a boat-build] or c>p5t] make ?is bo>d ! prop] size & %ape to fit ! trunk1 = x is ! mo/ difficult ?+ to con/ruct ab\t a boat & some:at beyond ! ability ( _m boys4 ,a l>ge galvaniz$ eye & a rope made fa/ bel[ ! middle ( ! bo>d at ! re> edge w provide ! means = rais+ & l[]+ ! c5tre-bo>d4 ,! deck ribs & ! plank+ are put 9 ! same z describ$ = ! sail+ %>py4 ,a ,proa ,9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s ! natives dig out ! trunk ( a tree1 rig a late5 sail on a s+le /ick1 & arrange a c\nt]-balance on ! end ( two poles 9 ! =m ( a catam>an4 ,) ?is rude contrivance !y c outsail any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a small boat su* z our types ( cat-boats & %>pies4 ,^! que] craft are call$ proas1 & a modifi$ type t a boy c make is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ,fig4 #bb4 ,?is is a p]fectly safe boat1 & z x lies close on ! wat] a great deal ( fun c be _h ) "o 9 comp>atively smoo? wat]ways4 ,to make ! hull get two t5-in* planks sixte5 feet long & spr+ !m five feet f ei!r end s t !y come toge!r at bo? ends & are sep>at$ fifte5 in*es along ! middle = five or six feet z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,betwe5 ! sides place f\r or five spread]s1 two ( :i* %\ld be /\t en\gh to receive ! bolts t w hold ! two cross-braces or outrigg]s4 ,set a /ep-block = ! ma/1 !n plank ! deck & bottom1 us+ pl5ty ( :ite-lead & lamp-wick+ betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bc ,a ,,proa ,! cross-braces or outrigg]s are ( two-by-f\r-in* cle> spruce six feet long1 & _! out] ends are bolt$ to a solid spruce timb] twelve feet long1 f\r in*es wide1 & t5 in*es deep4 ,!y %\ld be %>p5$ at bo? ends ) an adze1 draw-knife1 or a *isel & plane4 ,a ma/ twelve feet long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet] is /epp$ sev5 feet f ! b[1 & to x a late5 rig is la%$ fa/ hav+ ! gaff eighte5 feet long & ! boom fifte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,a block & tackle at ! b[ w pay (f ! angle & ano!r at ! /]n w regulate ! position ( ! sail4 ,cross-wires = braces may ext5d "u ! %ort deck+ to /eady ! outrigg] & keep x f rack+ ! braces1 & ?ree or f\r n>r[ planks c be laid across ! braces close to ! l>ge boat on :i* ! boy & a fri5d or two may sit :5 sail+4 ,a rudd] may be atta*$ to ! /]n ( ! l>ge boat1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 or an o> c be us$ to /e] )4 ,pa9t ! boats any desir$ color1 & = ! fir/ "t give !m at lea/ ?ree or f\r ?9 coats n less ?an two days ap>t1 s t "o w dry ?or\ghly be=e ! next "o is laid on4 ,nev] put ?ick or gummy pa9t on a boat2 ?9 x d[n & apply two coats r ?an "o ?ick "o4 ,a ,l>k ,p]haps ! safe/ k9d ( a sail+-craft next to a catam>an is a l>k ) a broad beam & flat at bo? b[ & /]n4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ! half-rat]1 b ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd is easy to con/ruct & requires less c>eful fitt+ & jo9+ ?an ! hulls ) po9t$ b[s & long1 ov]hang+ /]ns4 ,9 g5]al con/ruction ?is hull is simil> to ! punt1 & :5 putt+ x toge!r ! description = ! build+ ( ! punt mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,obta9 two cle> c$> planks sixte5 feet long & f f\rte5 to sixte5 in*es wide4 ,f\r feet f ei!r end beg9 to r\nd ! l[] edges ( ^! side bo>ds4 ,cut two spread]s five feet & six in*es long & make !m fa/ f\r feet f ! ends ( ! sides z %[n at ,fig4 #be4 ,betwe5 ^! spread]s atta* an inn] keel 9 ! =w>d end ( :i* an op5+ has be5 made4 ,! keel is ( h>d-wood eight in*es wide & ! op5+ is ?ree in*es & a half 9 wid? & f\r feet & eight in*es long4 ,a c5tre-bo>d trunk is made & fitt$ into ?is op5+ z describ$ = ! sail+ %>py4 ,!n braces are fa/5$ betwe5 ! sides & trunk z %[n at ,fig4 #bf4 ,two bevell$ h>d-wood b[ & /]n pieces are cut z %[n at ,fig4 #bg4 ,! ends ( ! bo>ds are sprung 9 & atta*$ to ! ends ( ^! pieces1 & betwe5 !m & ! spread]s two m bo>ds are fa/5$ z indicat$ by ! l9es ( nail-heads 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,at ! b[ j ahead ( ! =w>d long cross-piece or spread] /ep ! ma/1 & at ! /]n make ! rudd]-po/ trunk1 tak+ c>e to use pl5ty ( :ite-lead & lamp-wick s z to r5d] ! jo9ts wat]-tight4 ,put a l9e ( braces ?r\gh ! middle ( ! frame1 !n beg9 at ! b[ & plank ! bottom ) bo>ds n m ?an ?ree or f\r in*es wide4 ,) ! plank+ on & ! braces1 spread]s1 & trunk 9 position ! frame w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! deck plank+ is ( /rips sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & ?ree in*es wide4 ,beg9 at ! middle ( ! boat by lay+ d[n a /rip six in*es wide by "o in* & a qu>t] 9 ?ickness4 ,drive ! deck plank+ close to ?is & sme> ! po9ts ) :ite-lead 9 :i* ! lamp-wick+ is emb$d$4 ,make all ! fa/5+s ) galvaniz$ boat nails & drive ! heads well into ! wood ) a nail-pun* s !y c be putti$ & cov]$ f ! action ( ! wat]4 ,an out] flat keel is laid along ! bottom ( ! hull f ! =w>d "p ( ! cockpit or ab\t "u ! ma/4 ,?is leads aft to :]e ! /]n beg9s to r\nd up & !re x is /opp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi ,a ,,l>k ,?is keel is atta*$ ) galvaniz$ or brass screws1 & a g5]\s numb] are driv5 ?r\gh ! keel into ! bottom edges ( ! c5tre-bo>d trunk4 ,! rudd] is made f galvaniz$ %eet-iron z %[n at ,fig4 #bi1 & is let into a "o-&-a-qu>t]-in* r\nd iron rudd]-po/ & rivet$ fa/4 ,j above ! rudd]-blade a coll> ( iron is weld$ to ! po/ & ?is be>s aga9/ ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,to prev5t ! rudd] f dropp+ d[n a p9 is pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! po/ close to ! deck & a l>ge wa%] made fa/ to ! deck w prev5t ! p9 f *af+ ! wood4 ,h ! top ( ! po/ made ) a squ>e %ank s t a till] may fit ov] x & be held 9 position by a nut4 ,! rudd]-blade %\ld be tw5ty-six in*es long & twelve in*es wide4 ,! ma/ is fifte5 feet long1 cut f a f\r-in* spruce /ick ) draw-knife & plane4 ,! boom is fifte5 feet long1 cut f a two-&-"o-half-in* spruce /ick1 & ! gaff is elev5 feet long4 ,ext5d+ out f ! ma/ & atta*$ to ! deck is a %ort b[sprit five feet & six in*es long4 ,?is is ( two-by-?ree-in* spruce ) ! %>p corn]s r\nd$ (f beyond ! end ( ! boat4 ,a wire =e/ay & two %r\ds lead f ma/-head to b[sprit & to bo? sides ( ! boat z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ma9-%eet is sev5 feet on ! ma/1 t5 feet on ! gaff1 f\rte5 feet at ! foot or on ! boom1 & eighte5 feet on ! lea*4 ,! jib is elev5 feet on ! =e/ay1 five feet at ! foot1 & t5 feet on ! lea*4 ,! blocks are all ( galvaniz$ iron or wood1 & ?ree-eigh?-in* ,manila-rope %\ld be us$ = ! haly>ds & %eets4 ,?is l>k w ride well on ! wat]1 & if prop]ly rigg$ x %\ld be a v spe$y boat4 ,a ,p[]-boat ,a novel feature = ! propulsion ( a flat-bottom boat or punt is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,two small paddle-:eels atta*$ to "o %aft are hung out ov] ! /]n1 & by means ( a sprocket on ! %aft connect$ to ano!r & l>g] "o on ! seat frame ! :eels are turn$ by ! boys :o m\nt ! seats & "w ! p$als4 ,! punt is fifte5 feet long on ! deck l9e & six feet wide4 ,! side bo>ds are twelve in*es wide1 & ) ! ?ickness ( ! deck & bottom plank+ x w make ! total dep? ab\t f\rte5 in*es4 ,?r\gh ! middle a /r5g!n+ rib is run ! same size & ?ickness z ! out] sides z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is gives an additional rib to nail ! %ea?+ bo>ds to & also an an*orage to :i* ! uprights =m+ ! seat frame c be made fa/ ) bolts4 ,! outrigg]s t susp5d ! :eels are ( spruce two in*es ?ick & ?ree in*es wide4 ,!y are bolt$ to ! deck & at ! out] end ,u-not*es are cut = ! axle ( ! :eels to fit into & capp$ ) iron /raps su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a blacksmi? w make ^! = y f /rap-iron an eigh? ( an in* ?ick & two in*es wide4 ,!y %\ld be bolt$ on :5 ! :eels are 9 position1 = !y n only h to support ! weight ( ! :eels b also /& ! action ( ! wat] aga9/ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #ca ,fig4 #cb ,fig4 #cc ,! :eels are ea* tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet] & two feet long1 & are made f wood sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,sev5 blades eight in*es wide are screw$ fa/ to ! sides or held 9 place ) long1 galvaniz$ boat nails4 ,! axle is ( spruce two in*es squ>e1 & ! :eel sides are provid$ ) squ>e holes ?r\gh :i* ! axle is driv5 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! ends ( ! axle are b&$ ) iron1 or copp] wire may be w\nd r\nd !m to prev5t _! splitt+4 ,into ! ends half-in* r\nd iron p9s are driv5 :i* revolve 9 ! be>+s4 ,! seat-frame is ?irty in*es high & made f spruce rails ?ree in*es wide & "o in* & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! middle upright a l>ge & small ge> :eel are arrang$ on an axle ) ! cranks & p$als1 & on ! front po/ a small :eel is atta*$ s t t&em p[] may be us$ on ! paddle-:eels or "o boy alone c "w ! boat4 ,a rod & h&le-b>s may be arrang$ = ! re> boy to grasp1 & ) a socket & set-screw x c be rais$ or l[]$ at w4 ,! =w>d b>s h a cross-piece ( iron at ! foot ( ! v]tical rod4 ,?is is two feet long1 & f ! ends ( x runn+ aft wires connect ) ! ends ( a till] = op]at+ ! rudd]4 ,! rudd] is hung betwe5 ! :eels on a skag :i* is ! re> ext5sion ( a %ort keel t %\ld be nail$ fa/ to hold ! punt /eady on ! wat]4 ,f\r canopy poles may be arrang$ to fit into sockets at ! sides1 & an awn+ six by t5 feet c be support$ ov] ! ma*9]y ( ! boat to keep (f sun & ra94 ,?is is a g5u9e boy-p[] boat1 & z ! :eels are sub/antially l>ge & /rong x c be driv5 ov] ! wat] at q a good spe$4 ,:ile x takes two boys to prop]ly run x1 t is n ! boat's capacity1 = %e w easily c>ry f f\r to six boys1 _! lun*-baskets1 or a "o-day camp+ outfit = a visit up ! riv] or lake4 ,*apt] ,,xiv ,,catam>ans ,a ,r[+ ,catam>an ,= safety on ! wat]1 z ne>ly z safety c be assur$1 !re is no?+ to comp>e ) a catam>an1 = !y are practically 8non-capsizable10 & if n damag$ to ! leak+-po9t "o or ! o!r ( ! two boats w float & hold up sev]al p]sons4 ,fig4 #a gives a good idea = a r[+ catam>an t any boy c make f "s bo>ds & light timb]s4 ,x is provid$ ) a seat & o>-locks s t ! occupant may be seat$ above ! wat] f> en\gh to r[ easily4 ,! boats are f\rte5 feet long1 eighte5 in*es wide1 & f\rte5 in*es deep1 includ+ ! bottom & deck4 ,p9e1 :ite-wood1 c$>1 or cypress1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick & plan$ on bo? sides1 w be necess>y f :i* to con/ruct ! boats4 ,at ! b[ ! ends ( ! sides are atta*$ to a /]n-piece ( h>d-wood z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,hav+ p\r$ boil+ wat] on ! =w>d ends1 !y may be drawn ar\nd a spread] sixte5 in*es long & twelve in*es wide provid$ ) two ,u-cuts z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,^! are plac$ at ! bottom1 s t any wat] may be run to "o end ( a boat :]e x c be pump$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,! fir/ spread] is plac$ ?ree feet f ! b[1 & ?ree or f\r m ( !m %\ld be fa/5$ betwe5 ! sides z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! la/ "o be+ ?ree feet f ! /]n :]e ! sides beg9 to curve up to ! upp] edge ( ! /]n & to ! deck4 ,! bottom is ( ?ree-in* p9e or :ite-wood bo>ds sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & well lead$ 9 ! jo9ts & along ! edges :]e ! bottom & top bo>ds jo9 ! sides4 ,be=e ! top or deck is plac$ on1 ! int]ior ( ! boats %\ld h two or ?ree good coats ( pa9t4 ,?ree cross-/r+]s ( spruce two & "o-half by f\r in*es & six feet long are securely atta*$ to ! boats1 & on ^! ! deck ( f\r-in* bo>ds is made fa/ z ! illu/ration w %[4 ,betwe5 ! middle & =w>d /r+]1 at ! ends1 two bo>ds are atta*$ on :i* ! r[-locks may be fa/5$4 ,^! bo>ds are eight or n9e in*es wide & cut away at ! front s t !y are n m ?an two or ?ree in*es wide4 ,! high ends are brac$ ) r\nd iron braces z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & :]e ! o>-locks are m\nt$ a %ort plate ( wood is screw$ fa/ to ! inside ( ea* piece4 ,ne> ! front cross-piece a seat is built & brac$ ) a bo>d4 ,) ano!r boy at ! /]n sitt+ on ! deck ?is catam>an w be well balanc$ & w prove v seawor?y1 z well z a light boat to r[4 ,a ,sail+ ,catam>an ,x is almo/ impossible to upset a sail+ catam>an ev5 9 a gale1 & = boys a boat ( ?is k9d af=ds a great deal ( comp>atively safe pleasure4 ,a catam>an is ab\t ! easie/ sort ( a boat to make1 & no matt] 9 :at locality "o lives !re is always mat]ial at h& f :i* to make "o z ! wood is simil> to t us$ = h\se con/ruction4 ,fig4 #e %[s a side elevation ( a safe catam>an1 & 9 ,fig4 #f ! deck plan is %[n4 ,9 ,fig4 #g an elevation view ( ! /]n %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! boats1 deck timb]s1 & rudd]s4 ,! boats are fifte5 feet long1 eighte5 in*es wide at ! middle1 & two feet deep uni=mly f b[ to /]n except = a %ort di/ance at ! b[ :]e ! keel r\nds up4 ,!y are 9 ! =m ( a ,v1 & at ! ends ! angle becomes m acute1 s t at ! /em & /]n ! l9es are v]tical4 ,f\r feet f bo? ends ! deck l9e beg9s to curve z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & 9 ,fig4 #h ! cross-braces are %[n4 ,!y are cut 9 at ! bottom to slip ov] ! keel & to !m ! %ea?+ planks are made fa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,9 ,fig4 #h ! curv$ /em-piece & "o side ( plank+ is %[n1 & x indicates also :]e ! curv$ /em-piece is jo9$ to ! keel1 :i* ext5ds 9 a /raight l9e to ! /]n ( ! boats4 ,! keel is ( h>d-wood "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick & six in*es wide4 ,! cross-braces or spread]s are ( p9e or o!r s(t wood sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & made up ( ?ree pieces ( wood ) ! gra9 runn+ v]tically4 ,! %ea?+ is ( p9e1 c$>1 or cypress ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 plan$ on bo? sides1 & ?ree or f\r in*es wide4 ,ea* bo>d %\ld be giv5 a prim+ coat ( pa9t be=e x is nail$ to ! braces1 & :]e ! planks are edg$ toge!r :ite-lead & lamp-wick %\ld be employ$ = calk+4 ,galvaniz$ boat nails are to be us$ = all ! fa/5+s1 b screws may be employ$ :]e x is necess>y to h a v secure jo9t4 ,! cross-pieces t fa/5 ! boats toge!r are bolt$ fa/ by means ( long bolts t pass ?r\gh ! timb]s & deck & into /\t pieces ( wood t are nail$ fa/ to ! upp] "p ( ! spread]s z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! boats are deck$ ov] ) ! ?ree-qu>t]-in* plank+1 & to insure an absolutely tight deck ! wood may be treat$ to a ?ick coat ( pa9t & cov]$ ) canvas :i* is press$ d[n well into ! pa9t & ! edges tack$ d[n ov] ! sides ( ! boats4 ,! canvas is !n giv5 a coat or two ( pa9t & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 aft] :i* x c be s&-pap]$ & f9i%$ ) ! desir$ %ade ( pa9t4 ,?ree spruce timb]s eight feet long1 ?ree in*es ?ick1 & six in*es wide are bor$ ) holes at ! ends :]e ! bolts pass ?r\gh !m & into ! boats4 ,runn+ p>allel to ! boats ?ree timb]s are laid across ! brace-timb]s & on top ( ^! ! deck plank+ is nail$4 ,^! pieces are two & "o-half by f\r in*es1 & t5 feet long1 & are bolt$ d[n ) long slim bolts4 ,! deck+ is =m$ ( slats ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick & f\r in*es wide nail$ d[n to ^! /r+]s4 ,spaces half an in* wide are left betwe5 ea* "o4 ,! b[sprit is ( ?ree-by-f\r-in* spruce left ) its squ>e corn]s = half its l5g? b dress$ r\nd at ! out] end4 ,x is caught "u ! middle cross-brace :]e ! end is bolt$1 & ext5d+ ov] ! front piece x projects f\r or five feet beyond ! b[ ends ( ! boats4 ,) wire-cable ! b[sprit end is /ay$ to ! b[ ( ea* boat1 :]e turn-buckles c be caught into eyes 9 ! /em-po/s4 ,! ma/ is ( spruce dress$ f a f\r-in* spruce /ick & slightly tap]$ at ! top4 ,x is fifte5 feet long & /epp$ at ! middle ( ! front cross-piece & on top ( ! b[sprit :]e x is held 9 place ) a coll> & iron braces z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,fig4 #e4 ,/&+ rigg+ ( wire-cable /ays ! ma/ f ! top to bo? ends ( ! front cross-piece z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,?ree %ort po/s are made fa/ to ! cross-pieces close to ! deck+1 & holes bor$ 9 ! tops ( !m w hold a safety-rope ar\nd ! deck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,a ,,sail+ ,,catam>an ,! rudd]-po/s are ( h>d-wood "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick & two in*es & a half 9 wid?4 ,!y are ?ree feet long & to ! upp] end ( ea* a /rap ( metal is arrang$ to receive ! till] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! till]s are ( h>d-wood ?ree feet long & _! inn] ends are connect$ ) a h>d-wood /ick by means ( :i* ! /e]+ is done & bo? rudd]s op]at$ at ! same "t4 ,! rudd]s1 made f two %eets ( galvaniz$ iron1 are rivet$ fa/ to ! rudd]-po/s & are twelve in*es high & fifte5 in*es long4 ,p9s on ! po/s fit into eyes atta*$ to ! /]n-po/ ( ! boats1 & 9 ,fig4 #aj ! arrangem5t ( rudd]s1 till]s1 & connect+-rod is %[n4 ,! ma9-sail is ( twill$ cotton t c be _h at a dry-goods /ore = ab\t t5 c5ts a y>d1 & a rib %\ld be sew$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ea* bread? to /r5g!n ! clo?4 ,! sail is n9e feet & six in*es on ! ma/1 six feet on ! gaff1 ?irte5 feet on ! boom1 & fifte5 feet on ! lea*4 ,! jib1 also ( twill$ cotton1 is elev5 feet & six in*es on ! =e/ay1 eight feet across ! foot1 & eight feet & six in*es on ! lea*4 ,! blocks c be ( galvaniz$ iron b pat5t %eave-wood blocks are pref]able4 ,= ! haly>ds ,manila-rope ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] w be ! "r size1 & a half-in* an*or-rope w be /\t en\gh1 s9ce a catam>an does n tug z heavily on an an*or z does a boat4 ,! wood-"w ( ! boat & deck %\ld be pa9t$ & ! sp>s v>ni%$4 ,a pretty effect w be to pa9t ! boat a ri* olive gre51 ) buff decks1 & all ! cross-pieces & deck plank+ 9 ivory :ite4 ,! ord9>y sail+ rules w apply to ! h&l+ ( a catam>an4 ,) ^! w$ge-%ap$ boats y c sail q close to ! w9d1 b if r\nd-bottom$ & %all[] boats are us$ !y w h to be provid$ ) c5tre-bo>ds4 ,a ,side-:eel ,catam>an ,! r[+ catam>an c easily be conv]t$ into a side-:eel boat by remov+ ! middle slat ( ! deck & mak+ an op5+ ?r\gh :i* a *a9 w lead to a cog or sprocket :eel on an axle4 ,at ! out] side ( ea* boat1 betwe5 ! middle & re> cross-braces1 fa/5 two pieces ( wood two in*es wide & ?ree in*es high4 ,six or eight in*es f ! re> end make two ,u-cuts = a five-eigh?-in* axle to fit into4 ,at a blacksmi?'s obta9 two old c>riage or buggy :eels1 & cut ! spokes s t !y w be f\rte5 in*es long f ! hub4 ,dress "o side ( ea* spoke flat1 s t a paddle may be atta*$ to x ) screws4 ,! paddles are ( h>d-wood1 eight in*es wide at ! out] end1 six at ! inn] end1 & six in*es deep4 ,h a blacksmi? heat ! ends ( an axle & p\nd !m squ>e1 !n slip "o hub ov] ! iron1 & ) h>d-wood w$ges make x fa/4 ,! o!r :eel c be slipp$ on :5 ! axle is 9 place & atta*$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x w\ld be be/ to remove ! old iron boxes f ! hubs1 s t a few screws c be driv5 ?r\gh ! hub & into ! w$ges to help 9 hold+ !m securely 9 place4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa1 :i* is a /]n view ( ! r[+ catam>an1 "o ( ! paddle-:eels is %[n 9 place1 & x also %[s ! location ( ! axle1 ! sprocket-:eel1 & ! *a9 t leads to ! l>ge sprocket-:eel by means ( :i* ! axle is turn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,an old bicycle *a9 & sprockets1 toge!r ) ! axle1 cranks1 & p$als1 c be arrang$ on a frame1 s t a saddle may be m\nt$ ! prop] di/ance above ! p$als4 ,?is arrangem5t is cle>ly %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 :i* %[s also ! outrigg] timb]s at ! /]n1 to :i* a %eet-iron rudd] may be made fa/4 ,x is op]at$ by a h&le & b>1 :i* turns ! rudd] by means ( flexible wire-rope run ?r\gh two deck-pulleys at ! out] re> ends ( ! deck plank+4 ,! iron rod is held 9 place to ! =w>d upright ( ! seat-frame ) metal /raps4 ,at its l[] end a wood5 :eel hav+ a groove is made fa/1 ar\nd :i* a wrap or two ( ! wire-cable is tak5 to hold ! rudd] /eady4 ,*apt] ,,xv ,,ice-,,boats ,a ,sloop-rigg$ ,ice-ya*t ,= travell+ ov] ! ice !re is no?+ to beat an ice-ya*t1 & "s t h be5 con/ruct$ on ! ,hudson ,riv] are ( gigantic size & p[]4 ,boats ( ?is k9d1 & hav+ ! spe$ ( an express-tra91 are dang]\s = boys to play )1 b ! ord9>y ice-boat t w g f t5 to tw5ty miles an h\r is )9 ! ability ( any well-gr[n boy to make & safely h&le4 ,x is q a simple matt] to make a good ice-boat1 = x is b a framework prop]ly put toge!r & bolt$1 on top ( :i* a deck is nail$1 ) a ma/-/ep arrang$ at ! front4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! elevation view ( a mod]ately siz$ sloop-ya*t2 & 9 ,fig4 #b ! deck plan is %[n1 ! jo9ts & deck bo>ds be+ cle>ly indicat$4 ,! triangul> body ( ! boat is t5 feet long & eight feet wide1 & ! b[sprit projects out six feet beyond ! timb] ,a 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! frame is made ( cle> spruce timb]s six in*es wide & two in*es ?ick4 ,! timb] ,a is eight feet long1 ,b ,b are elev5 feet long1 ,c is five feet long1 & ,d ,d are ea* ?ree feet long4 ,at ! front corn]s & at ! back ! timb]s are bevell$1 z %[n 9 ! plan draw+1 & !y are jo9$ ) long bolts z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,timb]s ,c & ,d ,d are set 9 place & securely fa/5$ ) long1 /eel-wire spikes4 ,! b[sprit ,e is m\nt$ aga9/ timb] ,c & laid ov] timb] ,a1 to :i* x is bolt$ fa/4 ,a half-in* iron p9 is driv5 9 ! butt end ( ! b[sprit1 & x fits into a hole made 9 timb] ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! b[sprit is cut f spruce two in*es & a half by f\r in*es1 & tap]$ at ! out] end1 :]e a )e hav+ ?ree eyes is driv5 on4 ,! top eye receives ! =e/ay & ! side ones ! bob/ay cables t run to ! corn]s ( ! boat1 :]e !y are drawn taut ) turn-buckles4 ,! %oe-blocks ,f ,f are tw5ty-f\r in*es long & ?ree in*es squ>e1 & are bolt$ to ! timb]s ,a & ,b z %[n4 ,at ! /]n a triangul> block is m\nt$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! timb]s ,b ,b1 ?r\gh :i* ! rudd]-po/ w pass4 ,! deck+ planks ,g are !n atta*$ to ! frame ) screws or /eel nails4 ,! ma/-/ep is made by atta*+ two twelve-in* pieces ( plank eighte5 in*es long & an in* & a qu>t] ?ick to ! inside sides ( timb]s ,d ,d4 ,across ! top ( !m atta* ano!r plank1 & 9 ! middle ( x cut a hole ?ree in*es & a half 9 diamet]1 or l>ge en\gh to receive ! ma/4 ,9 ! b[sprit1 directly "u ! l>ge hole1 make a small "o to receive a ?ree-qu>t]-in* p94 ,?is iron p9 is to be driv5 9 ! bottom ( ! ma/ s t six in*es ( x projects beyond ! bottom ( ! /ick4 ,^! w =m ! ma/-/ep1 & :5 ! ma/ is 9 place & held by ! =e/ay & %r\ds x _c jump out4 ,iron /an*ion-rods are atta*$ to ! top ( ! ma/-plate & to ! inside ( timb] ,a z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! %oes are ( tire1 /eel & w h to be made by a blacksmi?4 ,! front ones are ?irty in*es long1 curv$ up at ! front1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c ,a1 & bevell$ at ! bottom s z to =m a gripp+ or cutt+ edge4 ,:5 m\nt$ ! l[] edge is at ! outside ( ! boat4 ,%anks ) bolt-tops & coll>s pass ?r\gh ! holes made 9 ! %oe-blocks ,f ,f1 & are securely held ) nuts screw$ d[n on wa%]s s z n to cut ! wood4 ,! rudd] 7,fig4 #c ,b7 is a *isel-edg$ piece ( /eel twelve in*es long turn$ up at bo? ends & m\nt$ at ! foot ( a %ank ,c1 :i* is provid$ ) a coll>1 a squ>e %\ld] = ! till] ,d to fit on1 & a ?read$ top s t a nut w hold ! till] 9 place4 ,! %oes c only be made ( /eel or iron1 z wood5 ones are useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,! ma/ is twelve feet high & ?ree in*es & a half or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 slightly tap]$ ne> ! top4 ,! gaff is six feet long & ! boom twelve feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ma9-sail measures eight feet on ! ma/1 five feet on ! gaff1 elev5 on ! boom1 & ! lea* is ?irte5 feet long4 ,! jib is t5 feet on ! =e/ay1 six feet at ! foot1 & eight feet on ! lea*4 ,?is sail area w pres5t a good surface to ! w9d1 & ) an ord9>y breeze ! boat %\ld make f eight to twelve miles an h\r ) two or ?ree boys on ! deck4 ,! rigg+ is done 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* boats are fitt$ out4 ,! sp>s %\ld be v>ni%$ & ! boat c be pa9t$ or v>ni%$1 z a matt] ( *oice4 ,all :ite wood-"w ) black metal p>ts1 or a r$ frame ) cream-color$ deck & black metal p>ts1 are pleas+ comb9ations1 b a boy's own ideas c be c>ri$ out ) ! pa9t-pot & bru%4 ,a ,tw9-ma/ ,ice-boat ,! tw9-ma/ ice-boat %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is ! same size z ! o!r "o1 & built 9 ! same mann] except t timb]s ,d ,d 9 ,fig4 #b are omitt$ & a small] deck is laid at ! /]n4 ,"o foot back f ! corn]s ?ree-in* ma/s are /epp$ 9 holes made 9 timb]s ,b ,b to receive half-in* iron p9s driv5 9 ! foot ( ! ma/s4 ,! /icks are elev5 feet long & la%$ toge!r at ! top or bolt$ ) sev]al long1 ?9 bolts z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,!y pit* =w>d at a slight angle1 or s t ! =e/ay is elev5 feet long4 ,! gaff is sixte5 feet long & ! boom eighte5 feet 9 l5g?1 & ! lea* ( ! sail is f\rte5 feet4 ,! gaff is haul$ up into ! crot* =m$ by ! ma/s1 & a set ( blocks & tackle at ! bottom ( ! sail on ! boom & ! deck w haul ! sail into ! prop] position4 ,x !n sw+s free betwe5 ! ma/s1 & ! jib & ma9-sail =m "o l>ge %eet1 s t :5 ! ma9-%eet goes to "o side or ! o!r ! jib always takes ! opposite position & ! w9d is play+ on ! entire sail at all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,?is is a v easy rig to h&le z x relieves ! /e]sman f ! bo!r ( ! jib-%eets :i* are annoy+ 9 a /iff breeze4 ,scoots & ,scoot]s ,scoots & scoot]s are ! late/ wr9kle 9 ice-boats4 ,d[n on ! ,great ,s\? ,bay1 on ! s\!rn side ( ,long ,isl&1 !y speak ( !m 9 fun z 8ice-wat] boats40 ,! advantage 9 a boat ( ?is k9d lies 9 _! ability to sail on poor ice or to g across wat] t is p>tly op5 & froz5 z _m ( ! bays along ! coa/ are at times4 ,! scoot %[n 9 ,fig4 #e is 9 ! =m ( a %>py1 b ! bottom curves up at ! b[ s t if x is sail+ on ! wat] & comes to ! edge ( an ice-floe t is n too high out ( ! wat] ! w9d w bl[ ! boat up on ! ice & x w sail along on its runn]s at d\ble its previ\s spe$4 ,9 ! same mann] :5 x comes to op5 wat] x w slip (f ! ice q com=tably & become aga9 a m>9e craft4 ,! model & descriptions ( a c5tre-bo>d %>py may be tak5 = ! con/ruction ( ! boat1 except t !re is no /em or b[-po/ & ! bottom r\nds up ! same z ! side bo>ds curve 94 ,! b[ is !re=e ne>ly a po9t4 ,?is con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f 7page #beb71 :i* is a view ( ! sides & bottom only1 ! deck plank+ be+ fa/5$ d[n aft]w>ds4 ,! boat %\ld be calk$ ) :ite-lead & lamp-wick+ & z c>efully made z a wat]-boat1 = x mu/ be absolutely tight & wat]-pro(4 ,! deck may be cov]$ ) canvas & pa9t$1 or x may be ( v>ni%$ or pa9t$ wood4 ,! hull %\ld be f twelve to fifte5 feet long & f f\r to five feet wide across ! wide/ "p4 ,x is fifte5 in*es deep1 & is provid$ ) a c5tre-bo>d & trunk ! same z describ$ = ! sail+ %>py on page #bba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,! ma/ is twelve feet long or ab\t t5 feet above ! deck2 ! gaff is sev5 feet & ! boom elev5 feet long4 ,! b[sprit is f\r feet long & is bolt$ to ! =w>d deck1 & f ! end ( x to ! top ( ! ma/ a light1 wire-cable =e/ay is made fa/ = ! jib to run on4 ,! sails are made ( twill$ drill or v heavy unblea*$ musl91 & 9 ! ma9-%eet "o or two sets ( reef-po9ts w be necess>y4 ,! ma9-sail measures sev5 feet on ! ma/1 six feet & six in*es on ! gaff1 t5 feet & six in*es on ! boom1 & ?irte5 feet on ! lea*4 ,! jib measures sev5 feet on ! =e/ay1 f\r feet across ! foot1 & six feet on ! lea*4 ,! sail-clo? %\ld be ribb$ to /r5g!n x & a light rope run ar\nd all ! edges ( bo? sails4 ,! %oes are made ( light1 broad tire iron or /eel tw5ty-f\r in*es long & %ap$ s t ! front "p w bolt fa/ to ! outside ( ! scoot] sides & ! re> ends w lie aga9/ ! bottom ( ! boat :]e !y c be bolt$ fa/4 ,! %ape ( ^! %oes is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g ,a 7page #beb71 & any blacksmi? w make !m = y at a nom9al co/4 ,! rudd] is ( /\t %eet-iron m\nt$ 9 ! end ( a %ank z %[n at ,fig4 #g ,b 7page #beb74 ,its fan-tail p]mits x to sw+ ! boat 9 ! wat] & its l[] edge w guide x on ! ice4 ,! rudd]-po/ %\ld be atta*$ to ! skag :i* is arrang$ at ! "u side & re> ( ! boat1 & ) a %ort iron till] fa/5$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c ,c & ,d ! rudd] may be swung4 ,:5 sail+ on ! ice ! c5tre-bo>d %\ld be haul$ up z high z x w g1 = x is ( use only :5 ! boat is 9 ! wat]4 ,a scoot is a cranky boat on ! ice z ! runn]s or =e-%oes are clos] toge!r ?an on an ice-boat ) a triangul> frame4 ,go+ be=e ! w9d x is all "r1 b :5 sail+ on or up into a /iff w9d x w keep a boy mov+ to hold 8 balance & /eady ! boat4 ,! %ovel-nos$ scoot] %[n 9 ,fig4 #h is an easi] boat to h&le z x is broad] ?an ! %>py1 b x is n q s fa/1 be+ slightly heavi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,x is twelve feet long ov] all ) a five-foot beam & f\rte5 in*es high includ+ deck & bottom4 ,! side bo>ds are twelve in*es wide1 curv$ up at ! b[1 & b5t 9 at ! /]n z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,tw9 ma/s are /epp$ two feet f ! b[ & la%$ toge!r n9e feet above ! deck4 ,! rigg+ is ! same z = ! tw9-ma/ ice-boat1 & ! sail measures twelve feet on ! gaff1 f\rte5 feet on ! boom1 ) ! lea* elev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,a small c5tre-bo>d m\nt$ 9 a trunk w be necess>y = wat] sail+1 & ) sev]al coats ( pa9t ! scoot] w be ready = use4 ,a ,w9d-runn] ,an int]e/+ boat = a boy to sail is a w9d-runn] l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,two spruce planks twelve feet long & t5 in*es wide are atta*$ to ?ree batt5s & sep>at$ f\r in*es4 ,! /]n batt5 is f\r in*es high & two in*es wide1 & ?r\gh a hole made 9 ! middle ! %ank ( ! rudd]-po/ ext5ds1 f ! top ( :i* ! till] works4 ,! front ends ( ! planks are r\nd$ & m\nt$ on a triangul> framework six feet across at ! front & ext5d+ back ab\t five feet f ! ends ( ! planks4 ,a ma/ ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & n9e feet high is /epp$ ?r\gh a coll> & into a block atta*$ to ! back ( ! front cross-piece z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,an iron p9 at ! bottom ( ! ma/ drops into a hole made 9 ! block & ! back/ays hold ! ma/ 9 place4 ,a y>d-arm eight feet long supports a squ>e sail six feet wide1 :i* is caught at ! l[] ends to ! out] ends ( ! triangle frame4 ,! %oes atta*$ to ! triangle frame ) bolts are fifte5 in*es long & ! rudd]-blade is t5 in*es long4 ,?is is a rapid sail] be=e ! w9d1 & ) a little manuvr+ ! runn] c be made to sail on ! w9d1 ?\gh x w n run ne>ly z close to ! w9d z ! ice-boats or scoots4 ,pa9t or v>ni% w give ! wood-"w a good f9i%1 & "u a /iff breeze ?is w9d-runn] w c>ry f\r or five boys4 ,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h\se-,,boats ,,& ,,rafts ,a ,h\se-punt ,a h\se-punt ( v simple con/ruction is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! punt is f sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r feet long accord+ to ! size desir$1 b = a p>ty ( f\r boys x %\ld be tw5ty-f\r feet long1 eight feet wide1 & two feet deep ) a cab9 eight feet high4 ,! sides & middle rib %\ld be ( p9e1 spruce1 or :ite-wood "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick1 free f sappy places & knots4 ,if ! bo>ds _c be _h z long z tw5ty-f\r feet nor z wide z two feet1 use two bo>ds twelve in*es wide & make "o jo9t at ! middle ( ! l[] bo>d & two 9 ! upp] bo>d z %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! side elevation 7,fig4 #b74 ,six in*es d[n f ! top at ei!r end & ?irty in*es 9 at ! bottom cut ! sides z %[n s t ! punt w h a %ovel-nose at bo? ends & c be pol$ or sail$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,make a ?ird or middle rib ! same size z ! side bo>d4 ,?is is to be plac$ at ! middle ( ! punt s z to receive ! %ea?+ & deck plank+4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is middle rib & ! side bo>ds is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c & at ,a 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a batt5 is %[n to :i* ! upp] & l[] bo>ds ( a side are nail$ fa/4 ,if ! two bo>ds are us$ x w be necess>y to arrange ^! batt5s along ! inside ( ea* side ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t4 ,!y %\ld be ( t\gh wood five or six in*es wide1 an in* & a qu>t] ?ick1 & two feet long4 ,galvaniz$ boat nails %\ld be us$1 & :5 driv5 9 f ! outside !y %\ld be cl9*$ at ! inside4 ,good boat nails are ( malleable iron /iff en\gh to g ?r\gh h>d-wood b ductile en\gh to be turn$ ov] at ! ends ) a light hamm] & quick1 %>p bl[s4 ,! %ea?+ & deck plank+ %\ld be n less ?an f\r in*es & n m ?an six in*es 9 wid?1 & be=e x is put on x %\ld be well sun-dri$ to take out all moi/ure4 ,x %\ld !n be giv5 two good coats ( pa9t on bo? sides to make x wat]-pro(4 ,lay ! sides & middle rib bottom up & beg9 to %ea? f "o end4 ,lumb] sixte5 feet long %\ld be us$1 & ?is1 :5 cut 9 half1 w make two pieces f ea* l5g?4 ,if mat*$ bo>ds are us$ sme> ! edges ) :ite-lead be=e ! bo>ds are driv5 toge!r1 b if /raight-edge lumb] is employ$ x w be necess>y to lead & wick ! jo9ts4 ,?is is done by tak+ a piece ( r\nd iron "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet] & eight in*es long & b5d+ x z %[n at ,fig4 #d ,a4 ,lay ?is on ! flat edge ( ea* bo>d at ! middle & heat ! iron s z to =m a groove z %[n at ,fig4 #d ,b4 ,! wood1 hav+ be5 beat5 91 =ms a gully 9 :i* a /r+ ( lamp-wick c be laid z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d ,c4 ,! groove mu/ n be cut ) a *isel = !n its effect w\ld be lo/4 ,! object ( ?is treatm5t is t :5 ! punt is 9 ! wat] ! jo9t swells =c+ out ! wood aga9/ ! lamp-wick & mak+ a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,! edges ( ! wood & ! wick+ mu/ be well sme>$ ) :ite-lead 9 ord] to prop]ly calk ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,a ,,h\se-,,punt ,betwe5 ! middle rib & ea* side an inn] keel %\ld be arrang$ s t ea* plank c be nail$ fa/ to x4 ,?is w act z an additional brace to hold ! %ea?+ planks 9 place & make ! bottom m rigid4 ,?is inn] keel %\ld ext5d f end to end ( ! punt1 & %ort pieces may be laid inside ! bevell$ ends to l5d add$ /r5g?4 ,at ea* end a spruce plank eight in*es wide is made fa/ ) long boat nails1 fir/ lead+ all ! jo9ts to make !m wat]-tight4 ,! deck planks are laid on ! same z ! %ea?+1 & to brace !m f und]nea?1 9 ! space betwe5 ! middle rib & ! sides1 two-by-?ree-in* spruce rails are propp$ on %ort /icks :i* are nail$ to ! inn] keel & to ! rails z %[n at ,fig4 #e4 ,^! "u props %\ld be arrang$ ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t1 ! entire l5g? ( ! punt4 ,groove ! upp] edges ( ! end & side planks ) ! iron1 !n lay ! lamp-wick+ 91 lead1 & nail d[n ! plank+1 tak+ c>e to put ! nails 9 /raight & true4 ,:5 ! punt is f9i%$ give x sev]al good coats ( copp] pa9t on ! bottom & sides & sev]al coats ( good m>9e pa9t on ! deck4 ,to con/ruct ! cab9 lay d[n ! sill-joi/ ( two-by-?ree-in* spruce1 mak+ ! plan f\rte5 feet long & sev5 feet & eight in*es wide 7,fig4 #f74 ,to ?is nail ! uprights & brac+ timb]s1 =m+ ! sides & ends z %[n 9 ! draw+s ( ! side & end elevation 7,fig4 #g74 ,! door spaces at ! ends %\ld be ?ree feet wide & sev5 feet high1 s t :5 trimm$ & ! doors hung ! actual size w be two feet & eight in*es wide by six feet & t5 in*es high4 ,! w9d[ op5+s are two feet wide by two feet & six in*es high1 & betwe5 all ! uprights braces are nail$ fa/ to prev5t ! frame f rack+4 ,! arrangem5t ( fram+ timb]s is q cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+s1 & 9 ! deck plan 7,fig4 #f7 ! arrangem5t ( ! bunks is indicat$4 ,across ! top ( ! framework "o-&-a-half-by-six-in* beams are laid hav+ _! upp] edge cr[n$ z %[n 9 ! end elevation 7,fig4 #g74 ,ov] ^! ! ro(+ bo>ds are laid l5g?wise1 & on top ( !m canvas is drawn & tack$ d[n all ar\nd ! edges ) copp] tacks4 ,! ro(+ bo>ds may be ( ?ree-qu>t]-in* /uff plan$ on bo? sides & f two to f\r in*es wide1 :i*ev] is ! easie/ to obta94 ,! bo>ds %\ld ext5d ov] ! ends & sides = two or ?ree in*es s t a f9i%+ m\ld+ c be made fa/ "u ! bo>ds4 ,give ! top ( ! bo>ds two good coats ( pa9t1 !n /ret* oil$ canvas ov] ! top & tack x fa/4 ,sev]al coats ( pa9t w f9i% ! canvas & make x h>d en\gh to walk on1 = 9 pleasant wea!r ?is upp] deck w make a pleasant place to sp5d _m h\rs "u ! %ade ( a canopy4 ,! cab9 %ea?+ is ( n>r[ mat*$ bo>ds plan$ on bo? sides & z free f knots & sappy places z x is possible to get !m4 ,! bo>ds mu/ be ?or\ghly sun-dri$ be=e !y are laid on & nail$ fa/1 & x w\ld be well also to pa9t ! mat*$ edges s t moi/ure may n get 9 & swell !m4 ,! inside & outside ( ! cab9 is to be pa9t$ to protect ! wood f moi/ure1 & if pa9t$ a light t9t ( any color1 or :ite1 x w be cool] 9 summ] :5 ! sun is %9+ ?an if coat$ ) a d>k color4 ,d>k colors absorb light & heat :ile light ones reflect or %$ !m4 ,! w9d[-sa%es %\ld be arrang$ on h+es s t !y may be swung 9 & back aga9/ ! inside ( ! cab9 & hook$4 ,or1 by cutt+ away a "p ( ! upright1 ! sa% may be arrang$ to slide4 ,wire scre5+ may be tack$ ov] ! w9d[-frame at ! out] side to keep out flies & mosquitoes1 & scre5 doors c be made also = ! front & re> doorways--to sw+ 91 z ! wood5 doors sw+ out4 ,ov] ! re> deck a canopy is arrang$ on poles4 ,?is is simil> to a t5t fly = camp+1 & w %$ ! sun & ra9 f ! deck :5 ! cook is prep>+ meals4 ,a small cook-/ove may be arrang$ inside ! cab91 b if x is n conv5i5t to c>ry coal 9 a box on ! deck an oil-/ove w answ] e purpose4 ,two bunks may be built 9 on ea* side1 "o above ! o!r1 & f\r wire spr+s may be arrang$ to re/ on batt5s driv5 across ! bunks at ! head & foot4 ,a small hat* %\ld be cut 9 ! re> deck & ano!r "o ?r\gh ! cab9 floor s t a few ?+s may be /or$ 9 ! hold4 ,! aft hat* %\ld be provid$ ) a suction-pump s t any wat] t leaks 9 c be readily pump$ out4 ,r+s1 cleats1 & ropes %\ld be provid$ = ! punt1 & two an*ors w\ld be bett] ?an "o1 especially :5 ne> ! %ore or 9 %all[ wat]1 to hold ! punt f sw++1 :i* x is sure to d if !re is any w9d or waves4 ,always an*or x s t ! w9d is bl[+ on "o end & n broadside z x is a /ra9 on ! an*ors & ropes to hold a boat broadside on4 ,by erect+ a sp> fifte5 or tw5ty feet high & f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 a squ>e-sail c be rigg$ on y>d-arms s t ! h\se-punt c be sail$ be=e ! w9d4 ,a long o> w be necess>y to /e] )1 or a portable rudd] may be made & hung to ! /]n ) p9s & ropes4 ,a h\se-punt ( ?is description w be a v great s\rce ( enjoym5t to sev]al boys 9 ! summ]-"t1 & 9 ! w9t] :5 n 9 use ! punt c be haul$ out on %ore1 ! w9d[s bo>d$ up1 & old canvas drawn ov] ! decks to protect !m f ! sun4 ,a ,h\se-raft ,almo/ any boy c build a fairly good boat1 ev5 if x is a flat-bottom$ %>py4 ,b to build a raft ( ! prop] size1 & on x a h\se t may be com=tably occupi$1 w require ! aid ( a good c>p5t] :o und]/&s con/ruction1 & "u ^: direction sev]al boys c "w to good advantage4 ,= a p>ty ( f\r or five "y fell[s1 a v conv5i5t & commodi\s h\se-raft at an*or is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! raft is ab\t ?irty-eight feet long & twelve feet wide1 :ile ! h\se is tw5ty-?ree feet long & twelve feet wide by n9e feet high f raft deck to top ( h\se4 ,^! dim5sions w1 if necess>y1 p]mit ! raft to be tak5 ?r\gh any canal1 & )\t ma/ & deck-rails x w pass "u ! road bridges t span ! canals4 ,if ! h\se-raft is to be us$ on canals only1 x w be bett] n to h ! ma/1 & ! deck-rail may be arrang$ s t x c be remov$ quickly be=e pass+ "u a l[ bridge4 ,! ma/ is = use on lakes1 bays1 or riv]s only1 :]e a l>ge squ>e-sail c be hoi/$ on a y>d-arm1 & by means ( :i* ! raft may be made to sail be=e ! w9d sl[ly1 s t its position may be *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,! con/ruction ( a h\se-raft is q simple1 & w n require ! s]vices ( a boat-build]1 z ! c>p5t] c build bo? ! raft & ! h\se on x4 ,to beg9 )1 x w be necess>y to obta9 f\r /raight logs ?irty-eight feet long1 z s\nd z possible1 & n w9d-rack$4 ,two ( ^! logs are to be laid ) ! butt end at ! /]n1 & ! o!r two ) butts at ! b[1 ?us giv+ equal spaces betwe5 ea* along ! entire l5g? ( ! raft4 ,across ! ends ( ^! logs nail a tempor>y /rip to keep !m ! prop] di/ance ap>t2 !n at "r angles lay f\r-by-twelve-in* timb]s on edge ab\t two feet ap>t1 & spike !m securely to ! logs4 ,?is "p ( ! "w %\ld be done 9 %all[ wat]1 :]e ! logs c be ne> en\gh to %ore = ! work]s to /& on bottom4 ,:5 lay+ ^! cross-timb]s x is always well to place ! fir/ ones ab\t five feet ap>t1 & /& a /raight timb] across f "o to ! o!r p>allel to ! logs1 s t z ea* succe$+ timb] is laid x c be levell$ by ei!r cutt+ slightly into ! log or build+ up ! be>+1 z x may require4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,a ,,h\se-,,raft ,hav+ timb]$ ! logs ! entire l5g?1 beg9 to plank or deck ! raft ) "o-in*-&-a-qu>t] spruce bo>ds six in*es wide1 lay+ ! /rips f b[ to /]n4 ,fig4 #i w %[ ! position ( ! logs ) cross-timb]s above1 on top ( :i* ! plank+ may be se54 ,to ! "u side ( ! cross-beams & midway betwe5 ! logs1 planks %\ld be fa/5$ t w run ! entire l5g? ( ! raft4 ,^! are to =m a be>+ aga9/ :i* ! upp] bilge ( ! b>rels w re/4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! heads ( ?ree b>rels1 ea* ! end "o ( a numb] t are *a9$ toge!r & run all along "u ! raft to give x suffici5t buoyancy to c\nt]act ! displacem5t t w\ld be caus$ by ! weight ( ! h\se & occupants4 ,fig4 #aj is a side view ( ^? same b>rels1 %[+ ! position !y occupy & ! di/ance f "o to ! o!r4 ,oil-b>rels are ! be/ = ?is purpose1 & aft] be+ well bung$ !y %\ld be treat$ to sev]al good coats ( copp] pa9t be=e be+ drawn "u ! raft4 ,x w\ld be well to leave a gallon ( oil 9 ea* b>rel1 z x keeps ! glue siz+ 9 good condition1 & prev5ts x f yield+ to ! dampness caus$ by ! wat]1 ! pressure ( :i* might 9 "t f9d its way ?r\gh small cracks or op5+s4 ,a few y>ds ( wr\ght-iron *a9 suffici5tly heavy = ! purpose c be obta9$ & cut into %ort l5g?s1 & ea* end %\ld be fitt$ ) an eye-plate ) f\r holes 9 x1 :i* plates are to be fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! b>rels ) %ort1 fat screws1 hav+ fir/ ?or\ghly sme>$ ! back ( ea* ) :ite-lead4 ,! b>rels %\ld be arrang$ ab\t "o foot ap>t1 & if ! logs are f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty in*es 9 diamet] at ! butt end !re %\ld be j en\gh space to accommodate ! ?ree r[s ( b>rels betwe5 ! f\r logs z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,across ! logs at ! b[ & /]n atta* ! plank+1 to ext5d d[n a foot bel[ ! wat]-l9e1 & ) %ort uprights aga9/ :i* to nail1 fa/5 wea!r-bo>ds along ! sides ( ! raft to cov] ! logs & come up flu% ) ! deck l9e4 ,sev5 feet 9 f ! ends ( ! raft lay cross-/r+]s1 ?ree by six in*es1 at di/ances ( eighte5 in*es ap>t1 on :i* to place ! floor ( ! h\se4 ,?is floor+ may be ( n>r[ spruce bo>ds1 plan$ on "o side & hav+ mat*$ edges4 ,! uprights = ! h\se con/ruction are plac$ on ! floor+ beams & sills1 & securely p9n$ to !m1 & ! cross-beams at top ( h\se %\ld be plac$ ! same di/ance ap>t z ! floor beams to su/a9 ! weight above1 z ! top ( ! h\se or upp] deck w be ! op5-air liv+-room4 ,! side elevation 7,fig4 #aa7 %[s ! position ( w9d[s t w be plac$ on bo? sides ( ! h\se1 & ano!r illu/ration 7,fig4 #ab ,a & ,b7 %[s bo? front & re> elevations ( ! h\se1 z well z ! location ( companionway & deck-rails4 ,! deck plan 7,fig4 #ac7 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! h\se & h[ x is divid$ into ! sev]al comp>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,,details ,,( ,a ,,h\se-,,raft ,9 ! front1 ! d9+ & liv+ saloon is a room measur+ ab\t eight feet 9 wid? & elev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,at "o end a c\* is plac$ :i*1 if necess>y1 c be us$ z a b$2 & close to x are two l>ge w9d[s--"o ov]look+ ! =e-deck1 ! o!r giv+ a view f ! side ( ! h\se4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! room a neat *9a-cupbo>d is built into ! corn]1 & 9 ! opposite corn] ! front door & a w9d[ are plac$4 ,"o ( ! illu/rations is an int]ior view ( ?is cab91 %[+ h[ com=table & attractive x c be made to appe>4 ,z x is a sort ( g5]al mess-room & liv+-cab91 x c be decorat$ & kept z su* 9 a %ip-%ape mann]4 ,fi%+-rods1 guns1 & nets aga9/ ! wall w take up little space1 :ile 9 ! lock] "u ! cupbo>d a v>iety ( sport+ p>aph]nalia c be /or$4 ,lead+ aft f ?is saloon1 a passageway op5s into ! galley1 a room six feet & six in*es wide by elev5 feet long1 :]e all ! cook+-ut5sils & /ores are kept4 ,?is galley %\ld be pa9t$ a light gray or ivory :ite1 ) sev]al coats ( pa9t mix$ = outside use1 s ! wood-"w c all be wip$ d[n ) a damp clo? :5 necess>y4 ,:ite is always ! be/ color = a kit*5 or galley1 & x has ! appe>ance ( cleanl9ess t no o!r color w give2 x w be f\nd to keep a room mu* cool] also1 & = t reason x is recomm5d$4 ,a rug or rag c>pet w be an acceptable cov]+ = ! floor1 :i* %\ld be treat$ to sev]al coats ( yell[-o*re pa9t4 ,betwe5 ! d9+-saloon & ! galley two /ate-rooms are plac$1 s ! passageway runs betwe5 !m1 & f :i* ! doors op5 t lead into !m4 ,^! rooms are ea* ab\t eight feet & six in*es long by ne>ly five feet wide1 & two b]?s1 ea* ?ree feet wide1 are built 9 ! rooms4 ,bo? rooms h l>ge w9d[s1 & spaces = corn] wa%-/&s2 & z ! doors op5 aga9/ ! ends ( ! b]?s1 !re is no lo/ space nor wa/$ room4 ,r[s ( hooks w accommodate clo?+1 & ! l[] b]? %\ld be at lea/ tw5ty-two in*es up f ! floor to all[ room to slide a trunk or two "u x4 ,^! rooms c be ceil$ & pap]$1 or pa9t$1 z a matt] ( *oice1 b a few coats ( v>ni% w r5d] ! wood-"w 9 good %ape & pro( aga9/ dampness4 ,all ! w9d[s & doors 9 ?is boat c be ( /ock sizes1 s t ! co/ ( special sizes c be avoid$4 ,! %ea?+ may be ( c$> %+les or ( clapbo>ds1 z ! co/ is ab\t ! same4 ,! clapbo>ds %\ld be pa9t$1 & w look bett] ?an %+les1 al?\gh a v arti/ic effect is _h by /a9+ ! %+les & pa9t+ ! door & w9d[ cas+s 9 %ades to mat*1 pref]ably 9 ! br[n & olive-gre5 %ades4 ,! floor+ ( ! upp] deck %\ld be ( regul> floor+ bo>ds ) mat*$ edges & plan$ on "o side4 ,ov] ?is floor+ canvas %\ld be /ret*$ & tack$1 & aft]w>ds giv5 two or ?ree coats ( oil & v>ni% to make x wat]-pro(1 & f9ally treat$ to a coat or two ( lead-color$ pa9t4 ,! seams %\ld all be well laid d[n1 & fa/5$ ) copp] or t9n$ tacks1 driv5 ab\t two in*es ap>t4 ,x w\ld be well to give ! bo>ds two good ?ick coats ( pa9t be=e ! canvas is appli$1 s t :5 ! oil soaks ?r\gh ! canvas x w s(t5 ! pa9t some:at1 & help to hold ! canvas 9 its prop] place4 ,lead+ f ! =e-deck to ! upp] deck a /air or companionway is built1 & an*or$ securely 9 place to ! front ( ! h\se4 ,! plat=m at ! head ( ! /aircase is brac$ ov] ! front doorway by means ( two iron rods t act z brackets1 & :i* are screw$ securely bo? to ! "u side ( ! plat=m & to ! door-cas+4 ,?is c be an op5 /airway compos$ ( two side ways & elev5 treads1 ! ends ( ! treads be+ an*or$ 9 grooves cut 9 ! ways1 & securely fa/5$ ) screws4 ,! rail ar\nd ! deck is ( common iron gas-pipe held 9 place by sockets & uprights4 ,if ! pip+ _c be _h1 !n hickory or h>d-wood poles "o in* & a half 9 diamet] may be employ$ & held 9 place by uprights ?ree in*es wide & ?irty in*es high1 ?r\gh :i* two holes h be5 bor$ to receive ! poles4 ,ar\nd ! =e & aft] decks a /r+] ?ree by six in*es c be spik$ d[n1 & to ! sides ne> ! b[ & /]n l>ge cleats %\ld be bolt$ fa/1 by :i* ! raft c be moor$4 ,amid%ips at ! b[ a l>ge po/ may be fa/5$1 ar\nd :i* to atta* a t[-l9e if necess>y1 & at ! /]n a rudd] is arrang$1 ) ! po/ project+ up ?r\gh ! deck = a di/ance ( a foot or eighte5 in*es4 ,a mortise %\ld be cut 9 ! top ( ?is po/1 into :i* ! end ( a till] c be ins]t$ :5 /e]+ ! craft1 ei!r :5 9 t[ or "u sail4 ,a ma/ tw5ty-five or ?irty feet long c be /epp$ amid%ips aga9/ ! front ( ! h\se1 & /rapp$ fa/ to ! upp] deck ) a horse%oe b&4 ,a /ep-block c be fa/5$ to ! deck into :i* ! t5on$ end ( ! ma/ w fit4 ,a y>d-arm ab\t tw5ty feet long1 or long] if desir$1 c be arrang$ to hoi/ ne>ly to ! top ( ! ma/1 & f :i* a l>ge squ>e-sail may be rigg$ s ! l[] corn]s w fa/5 to outrigg]s f\r or five feet long t c be tempor>ily brac$ at ! sides ( ! boat :5 sail is set4 ,?is pole af=ds a good place f :i* to fly club or college colors1 & f :i* to susp5d l9es ( color$ & ,japanese lant]ns to illum9ate at night4 ,?is ma/ %\ld be six in*es 9 diamet] at ! base1 & gradually tap] ne> ! top1 & if a sail is to be us$ frequ5tly1 x w\ld be a good plan to bob/ay & %r\d ! /ick ) "s /&+ rigg+1 s z to relieve x f ! entire /ra9 ( a l>ge sail4 ,! top ( ! h\se af=ds a liv+-room tw5ty-?ree feet long & twelve feet wide1 & 9 t space a numb] ( *airs1 a table1 hammocks1 & b5*es c be accommodat$4 ,= lake1 riv]1 & bay use ?is deck c be cov]$ by a l>ge awn+1 support$ at ! c5tre by a ridge-pole1 & at ! sides by upright po/s t hold a /\t wire 9 place1 ov] :i* ! /rip$ awn+ canvas is caught4 ,drop-curta9s at ! sides w be conv5i5t to w>d (f ! bright sunlight1 & ?is deck-room w be f\nd ! mo/ delightful place to sp5d ! pleasant days & ev5+s4 ,along ! inl& wat]ways a raft ( ?is description is a mo/ desirable craft1 z x c be t[$ f place to place1 & = pleasure purposes its value _c be ov]e/imat$1 z x is a base = hunt+ & fi%+ z well z a retreat f village life2 & ! pleasure & com=t t c be _h f a raft l ?is c well be appreciat$ :5 once tri$4 ,to build a h\se-raft on ^! plans is n a difficult nor an exp5sive piece ( "w1 & outside ( ! co/ ( ! lumb]1 timb]1 b>rels1 & logs ! am\nt is limit$1 unless f9i% is contemplat$4 ,) mat]ials at h& & ! help ( ?ree or f\r good work]s1 x %\ld n require m ?an a week to con/ruct ?is raft & h\se1 & if fitt$ & pa9t$ 9 ! mann] describ$ ! co/ %\ld n exce$ f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 includ+ all labor & mat]ial1 accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,a ,float ,9 ! spr+1 :5 e "o :o owns a boat ( any sort is pa9t+ & repair+ 8 craft1 boat-h\ses1 & floats1 a few sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! floats w be f\nd ( practical value4 ,my *um & ,i own two canoes & a r[-boat4 ,! fir/ ye> we built a boat-h\se1 :i* exhau/$ our funds1 & we 7 oblig$ to wait till ! next spr+ be=e we c\ld consid] ! exp5se ( mak+ a float4 ,mo/ floats are con/ruct$ ( sp>s on logs1 ) a moor+ on top4 ,z we prep>$ to make ! float ourselves1 we want$ to f9d ! easie/ & *eape/ way ( do+ s4 ,! sp>s 7 co/ly1 &1 besides1 are clumsy1 & = a float ( adequate size !y w\ld h to be s l>ge t we c\ld n move !m alone4 ,z we liv$ 9 ! city we c\ld n get logs1 or1 if we c\ld1 we %\ld h _h a big bill = c>tage4 ,x 0 :ile we 7 pa9t+ ! boat-h\se "o aft]noon t we saw an empty b>rel g float+ by4 ,my *um said he _h an idea t we c\ld make a float aft] all4 ,we w5t to "o ( ! groc]y /ores & got f\r new fl\r-b>rels1 ) ! heads1 at a co/ ( tw5ty-five c5ts apiece4 ,we took !m1 two by two1 ov] to ! boat-h\se1 & !n w5t to a ne>-by lumb]-y>d & got ?ree two-by-?ree sixte5-foot joi/s1 :i* co/ u fifty-five c5ts1 & "o hundr$ squ>e feet ( bo>ds su* z are sold at ?irty doll>s a ?\s& feet4 ,"s nails & our tools1 & we 7 ready to beg9 "w4 ,fir/ we laid two b>rels end to end ab\t two feet ap>t2 !n ab\t twelve feet f !m we laid ! o!r two 9 ! same way4 ,!n we took two ( ! joi/s & laid !m on ea* side ( ! b>rels on edge4 ,tak+ ! o!r1 we cut x 9 two pieces six feet long1 :i* left a wa/e space ( f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,we !n nail$ ! two sixte5-foot pieces & ! two six-foot pieces toge!r 9 ! =m ( a rectangle z 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,!n1 hav+ propp$ ! b>rels to keep !m 9 place1 we lift$ ?is holl[ rectangle onto !m s t x re/$ on _! sides z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,cutt+ ! f\r-foot joi/s into f\r "o-foot pieces1 we utiliz$ !m z corn] braces4 ,next we fa/5$ ! b>rels to ! frame1 &1 aft] pa9t+ !m ) a coat ( ?ick pa9t to fill ! cracks1 we laun*$ ! craft4 ,!n we cov]$ ! frame ) ! bo>ds1 lay+ !m crosswise4 ,a r+-bolt 9 ea* corn] & a roll] 9 ! middle1 & an old hose-pipe tack$ ar\nd ! edges1 complet$ ! float z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,?is we f\nd 0 a mo/ excell5t float1 &1 above all1 x 0 light1 c\ld be haul$ out on ! bank easily1 or /or$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,z x rose & fell ) ! tide !re 0 no tr\ble 9 laun*+ ! boats at any "t1 :]eas ) a dock ! pleasures ( laun*+ at l[-wat] are too well kn[n to be describ$4 ,bel[ is a table ( exp5ditures3 ,b>rels1 at #be c5ts ea* #a4jj ,joi/s1 at #bj p] ,m 4#ee ,bo>ds1 at #cj p] ,m #c4jj ,nails1 at #d c5ts a p\nd 4#bj ,pa9t1 at #bj c5ts a c 4#bj ,r+s1 at #bj c5ts ea* 4#hj ------ ,total #e4ge ,:ile ! prices ( ^! articles1 p>ticul>ly ! lumb]1 h ris5 some:at1 ! co/ ( ?is float w rema9 extremely small4 ,*apt] ,,xvii ,,m>l9e-,,spike ,,seaman%ip ,ropes may be jo9$ to "o ano!r ei!r by knott+ or by splic+4 ,if ! rope belongs to ! runn+ rigg+ 7su* z haly>ds1 %eets1 etc47 ( ! vessel1 x w be necess>y to put a splice 9 x1 z a knot w\ld refuse to r5d] 7pass7 ?r\gh ! swall[ 7op5+7 9 ! block4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( splices 9 g5]al use--namely1 ! long1 ! %ort1 & ! eye-splice4 ,:5 jo9+ runn+ rigg+ a long splice is always employ$1 z x does n increase ! diamet] ( ! rope1 & :5 neatly made _c easily be detect$4 ,! %ort splice is v bulg+1 b x c be made quickly & is employ$ 9 all cases :]e ! rope does n pass ?r\gh blocks4 ,! eye-splice is us$ = mak+ a p]man5t loop 9 ! end ( a rope1 su*1 = in/ance1 z is se5 9 ! haws]s by :i* /eamboats are tempor>ily made fa/ to a dock1 ! loop or eye be+ ?r[n ov] ! spile on ! pi]4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! mak+ ( ! latt] splice4 ,splices ,,! ,,eye-,,splice 7,fig4 #a74--,op5 ! end ( ! rope & lay ! /r&s #a1 #b1 #c ^u ! /&+ "p z %[n 9 ,a 9 ,fig4 #a2 n[ pu% /r& #d ?r\gh ! rope z %[n 9 ,b2 next ?ru/ /r& #e ov] ! "p ?r\gh :i* ! =m] 0 pass$1 & la/ pu% ! /r& #f ?r\gh on ! opposite side4 ,repeat ?is once1 !n cut (f ! rema9+ ends1 & ! splice w appe> z 9 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,eye-,,splice ,,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,%ort ,,splice ,,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,long ,,splice ,,! ,,%ort ,,splice 7,fig4 #b74--;,hold ! rope ,b 7,fig4 #b ,a7 9 ! left h&2 pass ! /r& #d ov] #a1 & hav+ ?ru/ x ?r\gh "u #c1 pull x taut2 take /r& #e & pass x ov] #b & "u #a2 pass /r& #f ov] ! fir/ /r& next to x & "u ! second4 ,%ift ! rope ar\nd & treat ! o!r side 9 ! same way1 & ! result w be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,b4 ,?is s+le tuck+ ( ! ends is n suffici5t = /r5g?1 s repeat ! op]ation once1 !n cut (f ! ends ( ! /r&s4 ,,! ,,long ,,splice 7,fig4 #c74--,unlay 7untwi/7 ! two ends to be jo9$ "s two or ?ree feet1 & place ! ends toge!r 9 ! same mann] z expla9$ = ! %ort splice4 ,n[ take ! /r& #a & unlay x z f> back z ,a1 & 9 ! groove left 9 ! rope w9d ! /r& #b2 unlay ! /r& #c & 9 its place lay-up 7w9d7 ! /r& #d4 ,at ?is /age ! rope w repres5t ! appe>ance ( ,fig4 #c ,b4 ,! middle /r&s1 #e & #f1 w n[ be knott$ ) a simple ov]h& knot ,fig4 #c ,c1 c>e be+ obs]v$ t ! knot is =m$ to foll[ ! lay 7=m7 ( ! rope4 ,next divide ^! two /r&s equally z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c ,d1 & tuck !m into ! rope on ! same pr9ciple z expla9$ = ! %ort & eye splice4 ,! rema9+ /r&s w be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 aft] :i* /ret* ! rope well & cut (f ! ends4 ,knots ,,reef ,,knot 7,fig4 #d74--,?is commonly us$ knot is also kn[n z a flat knot & squ>e knot1 & is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! _m employ$4 ,z its "n implies1 x is us$ to tie ! reef po9ts ( a sail1 ! /ops 7%ort l5g?s ( rope7 us$ to secure ! jib to ! b[sprit :5 ! sail is l[]$1 etc4 ,%\ld a p]son f9d x necess>y 9 ord] to affect an escape f a burn+ build+ to fa%ion a l9e by te>+ %eets into l5g?s & ty+ !m toge!r1 ?is knot %\ld be employ$1 = x w n slip & ! bulge :]e ! /rips are ti$ w af=d good hold = ! h&s4 ,9 ord] to make ! knot1 simply tie an ov]h& knot1 !n pass ! ends s t !y %all take ! same lay 7=m7 z ! cross$ p>ts b5ea?4 ,%\ld ! ends be pass$ 7cross$7 wrong1 an ,old ,granny knot 7,fig4 #e7 w be ! result1 & ?is knot w capsize 7pull out ( %ape7 & slip z soon z a /ra9 is put ^u x4 ,,b[l9e ,,knot 7,fig4 #f74--,take ! end 7#a7 ( ! rope 9 ! "r h& & ! /&+ "p 7#b7 9 ! left h&2 lay ! end ov] ! /&+ "p & turn ! left wri/ s t ! /&+ "p =ms a loop 7#d7 enclos+ ! end2 n[ lead ! end back ( ! /&+ "p & above ! loop & br+ ! end d[n ?r\gh ! loop aga9 z %[n4 ,a b[l9e ( ?is k9d1 sometimes call$ a s+le b[l9e1 is employ$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,seam5 sit 9 ! bight 7#c7 ( ?is %ape to be hoi/$ al(t "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & two t[+ haws]s are (t5 made fa/ to ea* o!r by two b[l9es1 ! bight ( "o be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! bight ( ! o!r4 ,,b[l9e ,,on ,a ,,bight 7,fig4 #g74--;,d\ble ! rope1 & take ! d\ble end 7#a7 9 ! "r h&1 ! /&+ "p 7#b7 ( ! rope 9 left h&2 lay ! end ov] ! /&+ "p1 & by turn+ ! left wri/ =m a loop 7#c71 hav+ ! end inside2 n[ pull up en\gh ( ! end 7#a7 to dip "u ! bight 7#d71 br++ ! end t[>ds ! "r & dipp+ x "u ! bight1 !n pass+ x up to ! left ov] ! loop & haul+ taut4 ,?is knot is employ$ 9 ! same way z expla9$ = ! s+le b[l9e1 & x may also be /at$ t x af=ds mu* amusem5t z a puzzle1 = if ! /&+ "p 7#b7 is held & ! knot pres5t$ to be unti$1 only ^? famili> ) ! way 9 :i* x is made w be apt to discov] ! secret ( dipp+ ! end 7#a7 back & undo+ ! knot by h&l+ x 9 a rev]se mann] to t describ$ = its manufacture4 ,,runn+ ,,b[l9e 7,fig4 #h74--,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is knot & ! "o describ$ "u ! head ( 8,b[l9e0 is t ! end 7#a7 ( ! rope is tak5 ar\nd ! /&+ "p 7#b71 & !n a s+le b[l9e 7#c7 is ti$ on its own "p4 ,z w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagram1 ?is =ms a slipknot or lasso1 & 9 fact x is employ$ = ! same purposes z ! latt]4 ,:5 a %>k is hook$ by sailors ! great fi% is haul$ up until 8 head is out ( wat]1 !n a runn+ b[l9e is made ar\nd ! hook-l9e & all[$ to fall d[n ov] ! f9s1 :5 x is haul$ taut & ! /ra9 tak5 (f ! hook & l9e1 s t ! dang] ( ! fi% escap+ may be greatly less5$1 = ! l9e is apt to break f ! ?ra%+ ( ! creature or ! hook pull out4 ,,wall ,,knot 7,fig4 #i74--,unlay ! end ( ! rope & :ip 7tie7 x :]e %[n1 & =m a bight ( /r& #a1 & hold x d[n at ! side repres5t$ by #b2 pass ! end ( #c ar\nd #a1 & ! end ( #d ar\nd #c & ?r\gh ! bight ( #a1 !n ! knot w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj2 n[ haul ! p>ts taut & ! knot w be =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,fig4 #bc ,fig4 #bd ,,knots ,,cr[n$ ,,wall ,,knot 7,fig4 #aa74--,ov] ! top ( ! knot lay ! /r& #a1 !n lay /r& #b ov] #a1 & /r& #c ov] #b1 & pass x ?r\gh ! bight ( #a2 n[ haul taut ! p>ts & ! knot w take ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,d\ble ,,wall ,,& ,,d\ble ,,cr[n ,,knot 7,fig4 #ac74--,?is is made by all[+ ! /r&s to foll[ _! respective p>ts r\nd1 fir/ wall+1 !n cr[n+1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,?is =mation is also us$ z a ,/opp] ,knot & a ,man ,rope ,knot1 al?\gh a prop] ,/opp] ,knot is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x is a v beautiful knot :5 nicely made1 & z a fancy knot is common on ya*ts & naval vessels4 ,,mat!w ,,walk] ,,knot 7,fig4 #ae74--;,z its "n implies1 ?is knot is nam$ aft] ! man :o inv5t$ x4 ,x is exce$+ly simple & easy to make1 & is 9 common use on bo>d ( all vessels4 ,unlay ! /r&s = a %ort di/ance1 & pass ! end #a ar\nd ! rope & ?r\gh its own bight2 next ! /r& #b und]nea? & ?r\gh ! bight ( #a1 also its own bight2 la/ ! /r& #c und]nea? & ?r\gh ! bights ( #a & #b4 ,:5 haul$ taut ! knot w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,,diamond ,,knot 7,fig4 #ag74--,unlay ! /r&s z = a ,mat!w ,walk] ,knot1 & =m ?ree bights & !n take /r& #a ov] #b & ?r\gh ! bight ( #c2 take /r& #b ov] #c & ?r\gh ! bight ( #a2 take /r& #c ov] #a & ?r\gh ! bight ( #b1 !n haul ! p>ts taut1 & lay up 7arrange7 ! /r&s ( ! rope aga91 & ! knot w !n appe> z 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,:at is kn[n z a ,d\ble ,diamond ,knot 7,fig4 #ai7 may be made by lead+ ! /r&s ?r\gh two s+le bights1 hav+ ! ends come out at ! top ( ! knot1 !n lead+ ! la/ /r& ?r\gh two d\ble bights2 la/ lay ! /r&s up z previ\sly expla9$1 & ! knot w %[ z 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,turk',s ,,head ,,knot 7,fig4 #bj74--,?is is purely an ornam5tal knot1 & is us$ to beautify yoke l9es = a r[+ boat1 man ropes1 ridge ropes1 gangway ropes1 etc4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is knot is regulat$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! article to be decorat$1 rang+ f tw9e to signal haly>d /uff 7l9e74 ,to make ?is knot1 =m a clove hit*1 & br+ ! bight ( #a 7,fig4 #ba7 "u ! bight ( #b1 !n take ! end up ?r\gh x1 make ano!r cross ) ! bights1 & take ! end d[n4 ,fig4 #bb repres5ts a ,turk's ,head ( two lays1 b x may h any numb] ( lays1 x be+ necess>y only to foll[ ! lead ar\nd accord+ to ! =mation desir$4 ,,rope ,,y>n ,,knot 7,fig4 #bc74--;,x is to be expla9$ t a rope y>n is simply "o ( ! sev]al p>ts :i* make a /r& ( rope4 ,:5 a /r& is untwi/$1 its p>ts become rope y>ns4 ,^! y>ns are us$ = a numb] ( purposes1 su* z = r\gh seiz+s1 etc4 ,:5 a consid]able l5g? ( rope y>n is requir$1 x is necess>y to knot x smoo?ly1 & ?is is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,split 9 halves ! two ends ( ! rope y>ns1 & crot* & tie ! two opposite ends1 !n jam ! tie & cut (f ! rema9+ ends4 ,,l>k',s ,,head ,,knot 7,fig4 #bd74--,?is knot is us$ on ! same pr9ciple z expla9$ = ! ,slipp]y ,hit*2 :5 x is desir$ to undo x quickly1 simply pull out ! wood5 toggle #a4 ,! mak+ ( ! knot w be fully und]/ood by consult+ ! diagram4 ,ropes are tempor>ily fa/5$ to "o ano!r1 or to a sp>1 hook1 r+-bolt1 etc41 by b5ds & by hit*es4 ,^! are all m or less simple1 & a little practice & pati5ce is all t is necess>y = ! "y read] to become exp]t 9 _! manufacture4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! b5ds 9 g5]al use4 ,b5ds ,,common ,,b5d 7,fig4 #be74--,?is is also kn[n z a s+le b5d1 & is us$ = mak+ "o rope fa/ to ano!r 9 a hurry4 ,make a bight ) "o rope1 & hold x 9 ! left h&2 pass ! end ( ! o!r rope #a ?r\gh ! bight #b1 !n back r\nd ! two p>ts #c1 ov] ! rope #d1 "u ! rope #e1 & ov] ! %ort end ( ! loop4 ,if ! end #a is tak5 ar\nd once m & ?r\gh ! bight aga91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ! b5d w /& a great] /ra9 & be less liable to jam4 ,! b5d %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf is kn[n z a d\ble b5d4 ,,c>rick ,,b5d 7,fig4 #bg74--,?is1 l ! common b5d1 is us$ = b5d+ haws]s toge!r1 b is a trifle m difficult to make4 ,make a bight ) ! end ( "o rope2 pass ! end ( ! o!r rope ?r\gh ! bight & ov] ! /&+ "p ( ! fir/ rope :]e m>k$ #a1 !n "u ! end #b1 & aga9 ?r\gh ! bight & ov] ! /&+ "p #c4 ,,fi%]man',s ,,b5d 7,fig4 #bh74--;,fir/ pass ! rope twice r\nd ! sp> or r+1 :i* act is und]/ood by sailors z 8tak+ two r\nd turns10 next take a half hit* r\nd ! /&+ "p1 !n ?ru/ ! end "u ! two turns1 & la/ half hit* ! end r\nd ! /&+ "p ,a4 ,:5 haul$ taut ! b5d w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,%eet ,,b5d 7,fig4 #cj74--,pass ! end #a ?r\gh ! eye2 take two turns r\nd1 obs]v+ 9 ea* case t ! end passes "u ! /&+ "p #b4 ,! great] ! /ra91 ! m ! /&+ "p b9ds ! two turns1 & insures !m f slipp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #ca ,fig4 #cb ,fig4 #cc ,hit*es ,,two ,,half ,,hit*es 7,fig4 #ca74--,?is is an exce$+ly simple way ( fa/5+ a rope1 & x has ! d\ble advantage ( be+ pro( aga9/ jamm+4 ,take a turn ar\nd ! object to :i* x is desir$ to fa/52 br+ ! end #a on top ( ! /&+ "p #b1 !n pass x "u & br+ x up ?r\gh ! bight2 repeat ?is process1 haul taut1 & ! result w %[ z 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 case ! hit* is to be subject$ to a great /ra91 la% ! end ( ! rope to ! /&+ "p :]e m>k$ #c 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,clove ,,hit* 7,fig4 #cc74--,?is is ano!r v useful hit*1 b is only employ$ :5 ! /ra9 ^u x is tempor>y4 ,x is 9 g5]al use = b5d+ a heav+-l9e 7small rope7 to a haws] s t a coil ( ! =m] may be ?r[n f a vessel to ! dock &1 aft] x is caught1 ! haws] pull$ a%ore4 ,,slipp]y ,,hit* 7,fig4 #cd74--,?is hit* is simply a turn ar\nd a sp> or o!r object or ?r\gh an eye1 ! end c>ri$ across ! /&+ "p1 & a loop put ?r\gh ! bight1 ! end #a be+ all[$ to hang out4 ,:5 x is desir$ to sep>ate ! hit*1 pull out ! loop by haul+ on ! end #a4 ,,blackwall ,,hit* 7,fig4 #ce74--,?is is us$ 9 hoi/+4 ,simply take a turn ar\nd ! back ( ! hook1 cross+ ! p>ts ( ! rope 9 front z %[n4 ,:5 a /ra9 is put on ! /&+ "p ( ! rope1 ! und]nea? "p is jamm$ & slipp+ prev5t$4 ,,timb] ,,hit* 7,fig4 #cf74--;,a hit* employ$ 9 t[+ sp>s & logs1 z x w n slip4 ,pass ! end #a ( ! rope ar\nd ! sp> & lead x up & ar\nd ! /&+ "p #b1 !n pass two or ?ree turns ) ! end ar\nd its own "p z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,,roll+ ,,hit* 7,fig4 #cg74--;,a v good me?od ( clapp+ 7fa/5+7 a tail-block4 ,take a hit* ) ! tail #a2 take ano!r hit* ov] ! fir/2 pass ! end "u ! /&+ "p #b1 & twi/ ! rema9d] ( ! tail r\nd ! rope1 foll[+ ! lay4 ,a tail-block1 be+ portable1 is conv5i5t to make fa/ any:]e ab\t decks or ! rigg+1 & a rope be+ rove ?r\gh ?is block1 a pur*ase1 call$ a 8:ip10 is creat$4 ,,magnus ,,hit* 7,fig4 #ch74--,"s p confuse ?is hit* ) ! roll+ hit* j describ$1 b a comp>ison ( ! two w expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,) ! end ( ! rope #a pass two turns ov] ! sp>2 c>ry ! end 9 front ( ! /&+ "p #b2 pass x aga9 "u ! sp> & br+ x up ?r\gh ! bight4 ,! value ( ?is hit* is its insurance aga9/ slipp+ 9 ! direction repres5t$ by ! arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd ,fig4 #ce ,fig4 #cf ,fig4 #cg ,fig4 #ch ,fig4 #ci ,fig4 #dj ,fig4 #da ,fig4 #db ,fig4 #dc ,fig4 #dd ,,catspaw ,,hit* 7,fig4 #ci74--,l ! ,blackwall ,hit*1 ?is "o is us$ = mak+ a rope fa/ to a hook = hoi/+ purposes4 ,seize ! bight ( ! rope 9 y\r two h&s1 & by turn+ ! wri/s =m ! two loops1 !n hang ^! loops on ! hook z 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,%eep%ank ,,hit* 7,fig4 #da74--;,a quick way ( %ort5+ a rope )\t cutt+ x is to conv]t a portion ( x into a %ape kn[n z a %eep%ank4 ,ga!r up ! sp>e rope & lay x 9 p>allel l9es z %[n4 ,^! p>allel l9es may be repres5t$ by any numb]1 accord+ to ! quantity ( sp>e rope & ! l5g? ( ! %eep%ank4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagrams we %[ ! smalle/ %eep%ank t c be made1 consi/+ ( ?ree p>allel l9es4 ,aft] =m+ ! rope z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 take a half hit* ) ! /&+ "p #a r\nd ! bight #d1 & repeat ?is at ! o!r extremity ) ! /&+ "p #b & ! bight #c4 ,! result w be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,if x is desir$ to make ?is hit* d\bly secure1 put a seiz+ 7fa/5+7 #g on ! loops #e & /&+ p>ts #f 7,fig4 #dc74 ,,m>l+ ,,hit* 7,fig4 #dd74--;,employ$ to make a runn+ b9d+ :i* c be put on & remov$ quickly4 ,"p ,,iv ,,9 ,,! ,,woods ,*apt] ,,xviii ,,camps ,,& ,,camp+ ,camp+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 fields1 & =e/s is "o ( ! mo/ delightful features ( life 9 ! summ]-"t4 ,b a good deal ( ! fun dep5ds ^u do+ ?+s ! "r way4 ,to exp]i5c$ camp]s _m ( ! foll[+ ideas & descriptions may be famili>1 b among !m !re may be "s sugge/ions t w be f\nd ( value4 ,! t5t is ! all-important ?+1 & to make "o l>ge en\gh = two or ?ree boys is n a difficult matt]4 ,:at ! boy does n "k on 8 fir/ camp+ exp$ition1 necessity w tea* him1 & mu* satisfaction may be _h 9 con/ruct+ bunks & tables & ! o!r v>i$ p>aph]nalia ( camp life4 ,a ,t5t ( ,m$ium ,size ,fig4 #a %[s a s]viceable & roomy t5t & fly ( m$ium size1 :i* measures eight feet wide1 t5 feet long1 & sev5 feet high to ! peak or ridge4 ,! side drops or aprons are ?irty in*es high1 & aga9/ !m on bo? sides ( ! t5t cots may re/ on ! gr\nd z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! fly is t5 feet wide & fifte5 feet long1 & is an extra cov]+ = ! t5t 9 case ( a h>d ra9-/orm2 :ile 9 cle> wea!r & ) ano!r ridge-pole & upright1 x c be us$ to l5g!n ! t5t by ext5d+ x out beyond ! front1 :]e x is to be held fa/ ) /akes & /an*ion-ropes4 ,! plan %[n 9 ,fig4 #b gives ! dim5sions ( canvas1 & :5 ! f9al sew+ is done ! edges ,c ,c at bo? ends ( ! t5t are br\ght toge!r & securely ov]ca/ ) /\t wax$ cord4 ,! only op5+s are at front & back1 & !y c be clos$ by means ( tabs & button-holes at "o side1 & l>ge bone buttons made fa/ to ! o!r edge 9 a correspond+ position to ! tabs4 ,:]e ! iron p9s ( ! uprights project ?r\gh ! canvas1 make a circul> pat* at lea/ six in*es 9 diamet] ) two or ?ree ?icknesses ( ! canvas1 & sew x fa/ bo? at ! hole & ar\nd ! out] edge4 ,?is w /r5g!n ! canvas at ! mo/ vital po9t1 & prev5t x f te>+ if a heavy w9d %\ld /ra9 ! t5t4 ,twill$ cotton sail-clo? is ! prop] mat]ial ( :i* to make ! t5t1 b if ?is _c be _h1 !n a /\t quality ( unblea*$ musl9 w answ] v well = cle> wea!r2 b 9 wet wea!r x w n %$ ! wat] s well z ! twill$ duck4 ,! seams c be sew$ on a ma*9e1 b !y w be mu* /rong] if sew$ by h& ) :ite cotton cord well wax$4 ,all ! edges ( ! clo? %\ld be b\nd ) rope ab\t ! size & /r5g? ( clo!s-l9e1 s t any atta*m5ts made to ! edges w be borne by ! rope in/ead ( all ! /ra9 com+ on ! canvas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,a ,,t5t ,,( ,,m$ium ,,size ,on ! dott$ l9es ,d ,d 9 ! plan1 :i* indicates ! inn] edges ( ! aprons1 "o-in* h>ness-r+s are to be sew$ on ! /raps1 ?r\gh :i* to reave ! guy & /an*ion ropes4 ,!re %\ld be f\r /raps to ?is t5t1 mak+ five /rips ( canvas two feet wide2 & ^! /r5g!n+ /raps are ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?1 & made by lapp+ ! canvas ov] & sew+ x along bo? edges z %[n 9 ! little diagram m>k$ ,e bel[ ! plan 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,if a clos$ end is pref]r$ in/ead ( ! flaps at ! re> ( ! t5t1 a back1 9 "o piece1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 c be made & sew$ all ar\nd ! edges1 br++ ! edges ,a ,a aga9/ ! edge ,b1 & jo9+ ! v]tical edges ,c ,c to ! ends ( ! side aprons on ! ma9 %eet4 ,= v5tilation1 a flap op5+ may be made at ! top ( ?is end z y c see 9 ,fig4 #c2 & ) tabs & buttons ?is c be clos$ :5 necess>y1 or ti$ back ) /r+s1 ei!r to ! inside or outside ( ! t5t1 :]e !y %\ld be caught to small h>ness-r+s sew$ to ! canvas4 ,! fly is b\nd ) rope all ar\nd ! out] edge1 f :i* ropes ext5d out f ea* end1 s t 9 hot wea!r1 if ! sun plays on ! t5t1 x may be kept cool by rais+ ! out] ends ( ! fly & propp+ !m up ) poles at ! f\r corn]s1 & p]haps "o extra "o at ! middle ( ea* side4 7,see ! illu/ration = ! canopy ov] ! table & seats1 ,fig4 #aj74 ,! ridge-pole to hold up ?is t5t is ( p9e or spruce1 t5 feet long1 "o in* & a half ?ick1 & f\r in*es wide4 ,! uprights are two in*es squ>e1 ) ! %>p corn]s plan$ (f1 mak+ !m octagonal 9 %ape1 & !y %\ld be f sev5 to n9e feet 9 l5g?4 ,! upp] ends ( ! uprights are b\nd ) cord or an iron b& to prev5t !m f splitt+ :5 ! iron p9 is driv5 9 place4 ,!y are to be bor$ to receive a half-in* p91 s t eight in*es ( x w project above ! top ( ! upright z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,five-eigh?-in* holes are bor$ 9 ! ridge-pole "o in* & a half f ea* end1 & ?r\gh ^! ! p9s 9 ! uprights w pass4 ,! /an*ion-ropes are caught ar\nd ! heads ( long pegs or /akes1 tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 two in*es wide1 & "o in* 9 ?ickness1 ) a not* cut ?ree in*es f ! top z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,cleats f\r in*es long1 two in*es wide1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick are provid$ ) two holes ?r\gh :i* ! /an*ion-ropes pass1 & !y are us$ to draw ! ropes taut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 :]e ! /ra9 on ! long rope pulls ! %ort end d[n & *ocks ! rope4 ,! /akes are to be driv5 into ! gr\nd s t b five or six in*es ( !m project4 ,! l[] !y are ! bett] pur*ase !y get 9 ! gr\nd & ! m securely ! t5t is an*or$4 ,! extra ridge-pole = ! fly c be cut at "o end s t x w lap 9 a correspond+ mann] on ! front end ( ! t5t ridge-pole z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,= long t5ts1 :]e x is necess>y to h ! /icks 9 %ort l5g?s1 = conv5i5ce 9 c>ry+ !m1 ! ridge-pole c be 9 two or ?ree pieces1 lapp$ toge!r at ! ends z %[n 9 ! figure draw+1 s t ! p9 9 ! upright w complete ! union4 ,:5 erect+ ! t5t1 dig two holes = ! uprights to re/ 91 & emb$ !m s t sev5 feet ( pole w be above ! gr\nd1 on :i* ! ridge-pole w re/1 & 9 turn ! canvas cov]+4 ,! /akes are driv5 ?ree feet out on ei!r side ( ! aprons s t ! /an*ion-ropes w l9e ) ! pit* ( ! t5t4 ,a ,l>ge ,camp+-t5t ,= a company ( boys numb]+ f f\r to eight a l>ge camp+-t5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,if x is made tw5ty feet long1 t5 feet wide1 & eight feet high to ! ridge-pole1 x w accommodate six cots & two hammocks swung f ! ridge-pole4 ,a plan by :i* to cut ! clo? & make ! t5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 & 9 ,fig4 #i ! plan = ! back is giv54 ,if an op5 back be pref]r$1 ! flaps %[n at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #h may be duplicat$ at ! re> ( ! t5t4 ,?is t5t1 :5 erect$1 is tw5ty feet long & eight feet high f ! gr\nd to ! ridge-pole1 ) ! aprons at ! sides ?ree feet high in/ead ( ?irty in*es z 9 ! small] t5t4 ,?ree uprights two in*es & a half squ>e support ! ridge-pole1 :i* = conv5i5ce ( transportation may be 9 two pieces & lapp$ at ! middle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,,t5ts ,,& ,,canopies ,?is t5t is made 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! small] "o1 & a fly tw5ty-two feet long & eighte5 feet wide is support$ ov] ! t5t :]e1 9 cle> wea!r1 x c be propp$ up at ! out] edges z %[n at ! left side ( ! illu/ration4 ,! fly is drawn back at ! "r side to %[ h[ ! guy & /an*ion ropes are atta*$ to ! /akes1 s z to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ ! t5t backw>d & =w>d z well z f side to side4 ,a flag-pole f\r feet high may be erect$ on ! middle upright by leav+ ! p9 at ! top long]1 s t x w ext5d up & into a hole bor$ 9 ! l[] end ( ! flag-pole4 ,! l[] end ( ! pole mu/ be b\nd ) cord or wire to prev5t splitt+4 ,a small pulley at ! top1 & a set ( haly>ds1 w make x possible to raise a club flag or p5nant4 ,all ar\nd ! l[] edge ( ! t5t "o-in* galvaniz$ r+s %\ld be sew$ fa/ ab\t twelve in*es ap>t4 ,?r\gh ^! ! apron & ends may be ti$ fa/ to %ort /akes or wood5 p9s driv5 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is w be q necess>y 9 ! ev5t ( a /orm or /rong w9d1 z o!rwise ! l[] "p ( ! t5t w bl[ up & flap ar\nd 9 a disagreeable mann]4 ,:5 erect+ a t5t ( ?is size1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to an*or x securely & brace x well ) ! /an*ion & guy ropes1 = its size (f]s consid]able resi/ance to a /rong w9d4 ,a little c>e & =e?\ght w sometimes av]t a cata/rophe ) a t5t1 & :5 erect+ "o d n tru/ any?+ to luck1 b snug y\r t5t & keep ropes taut4 ,if x is possible to get "s bo>ds & a few joi/1 x w\ld be well to make a floor+1 if y are to /ay 9 "o place = any l5g? ( "t4 ,always select a level1 dry place = ! t5t1 & if possible erect x on gr\nd t is slightly high] ?an t ar\nd x s z to dra9 ! surface-wat] away4 ,flies & ,canopies ,e camp+-t5t %\ld h a fly--t is1 an extra canvas ro(--= no matt] h[ good ! canvas ( :i* x is made1 x w become ?or\ghly soak$ 9 a heavy ra92 b if protect$ by a fly ! latt] w lead ! wat] (f & receive ! great] "p ( ! wett+4 ,su* a fly is %[n cle>ly 9 ! illu/ration ( ! l>ge camp+-t5t4 ,fig4 #g4 ,! fly %\ld always be a trifle wid] ?an ! t5t is long1 & 9 l5g? x %\ld be long en\gh to cov] ! ro( ( ! t5t & ext5d a foot or eighte5 in*es beyond ! sides1 :]e x re/s on ! /an*ion-ropes & is la%$ fa/ to pegs 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! ov]hang1 or ext5sion1 leads ! wat] out beyond ! apron ( ! t5t & prev5ts ! gr\nd f becom+ wet close to ! t5t4 ,ano!r use = ?is ov]hang is to prev5t ! ra9 driv+ aga9/ ! aprons ( ! t5t & wett+ !m close to ! cots4 ,9 fair wea!r1 :5 x is possible to d9e outside ! t5t1 ! fly c be us$ z a canopy1 if drawn ov] a ridge-pole & held up at ! ends by means ( poles & /an*ion-ropes4 ,a canopy ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 :]e x is erect$ ov] a table & seats4 ,x is always well1 inde$1 to h two flies to a t5t1 s t "o c be us$ = a canopy or an auxili>y t5t1 "u :i* a fire c be built & meals cook$ & eat5 :5 x is ra9+4 ,= a small camp a fly or canopy1 twelve feet wide & eighte5 feet long1 w prove v useful 9 _m ways2 b = a l>g] camp x %\ld measure fifte5 by tw5ty-five feet4 ,"u "o ( ?is size a p>ty ( t5 or twelve p c be com=tably seat$1 ) pl5ty ( room all ar\nd4 ,flies or canopies %\ld be b\nd ) rope all ar\nd ! edges1 & at di/ances f twelve to eighte5 in*es ap>t ?ree-qu>t]-in* galvaniz$ r+s %\ld be made fa/4 ,?r\gh ^! /an*ion-ropes may be re>$ :]ev] x is necess>y to atta* ! %eet to bran*es or poles set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a ,h\se-t5t ,"o ( ! late/ features 9 ! mod]n camp is ! h\se-t5t1 9 :i* ! l[] "p is floor$ & bo>d$ half-way up1 :ile ! balance ( ! sides & ! ro( are ( canvas4 ,?is /yle ( camp-t5t has become v popul> 9 ,cali=nia & ?r\gh ! ,s\?we/1 :]e at lea/ six mon?s ( ea* ye> are sp5t out-(-doors4 ,= ! boys :o are ab\t to build a p]man5t camp = sev]al ye>s' use1 a h\se-t5t su* z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aa & #ab w prove v satisfactory1 & m desirable ?an ! pla9 pit*$ t5t4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! h\se-t5t clos$ 9 /ormy wea!r or at night1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ab ! h\se is op5 = fair-wea!r liv+4 ,"o wood5 side is let d[n to =m a piazza1 & ! canvas side above x is propp$ out ) poles s z to act z a canopy or sun%ade4 ,! frame is twelve feet long1 eight feet wide1 & n9e feet high f ! ro( to ! peak4 ,! wood sides are ?ree feet & six in*es above ! floor1 & out beyond ! sides ( ! h\se ! joi/ may ext5d to support "o or bo? ( ! wood5 sides1 :i* c be let d[n by means ( h+es along ! bottom4 ,:5 ! sides are l[]$ !y act z piazzas & ne>ly d\ble ! floor space ( ! h\se-t5t2 :ile ! canvas sides1 :5 propp$ out ) long1 slim poles1 add equally to ! ro( area 9 ! way ( sun%ades4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,9 ,fig4 #ac a cle> idea is giv5 = ! fram+1 :i* is ( spruce plan$ on ! f\r sides4 ,! uprights & raft]s are ( two-by-?ree-in* /ock1 :ile = ! "u timb]s two-by-f\r or pref]ably two-by-six r\gh /ock c be us$4 ,! joi/ or floor+ beams re/ on ! ends ( po/s emb$d$ two feet 9 ! gr\nd1 to :i* !y are spik$ ) long1 /eel-wire nails4 ,! floor+1 ( f\r-in* mat*$ bo>ds1 is laid on ! space )9 ! f\r corn] uprights1 & ! same or wid] bo>ds may be employ$ = ! %ea?+4 ,if bo? sides are to let d[n1 a w9d[ c be set only at ! back ( ?is h\se-t5t2 b if only "o side lets d[n ! w9d[ may be arrang$ at ! enclos$ side betwe5 uprights ! same z ! re> w9d[ is plac$4 ,! triangul> end-pieces ( canvas are atta*$ to ! frame ) copp] or t9n$ tacks1 s t !y w n ru/1 & ! ro( & bo? sides are ( "o piece made by sew+ toge!r l5g?s ( canvas or twill$ %eet+4 ,at ! front & back x is drawn ov] ! edges ( ! end rails1 =m+ ! ro(1 & tack$ to hold x 9 place4 ,at ! front1 on ei!r side ( ! doorway1 ! canvas may be arrang$ to roll up 9 cle> wea!r4 ,! rolls are held to ! upp] frame-b> ) cord or /raps z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! front door is ?irty in*es wide & is made f bo>ds & batt5s1 & provid$ ) a knob lock by means ( :i* x c be op5$ f ei!r side4 ,! side t lets d[n to =m ! piazza is batt5$ on ! outside1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aa :]e ! h\se is clos$4 ,:5 ! side is d[n ! batt5s drop 9 betwe5 ! ext5d$ floor joi/ or beams4 ,fold+-cots c be us$ 9 ?is h\se1 or bunks may be built 9 aga9/ ! side & end--two at ! side & "o at ! end "u ! w9d[4 ,:5 ! drop-side is up & fa/5$ = ! night1 ano!r cot c be plac$ at t side1 :ile f corn] to corn] a hammock may be swung4 ,:5 camp is brok5 up 9 ! fall ! canvas is to be remov$ f ! framework & kept = next season1 b ! frame may be left /&+4 ,x w\ld be bett] to remove ! door & sa%es & slide !m "u ! floor1 = !y w\ld (f] too mu* resi/ance to ! w9d if left /&+ 9 place1 & might break or cause ! framework ( ! h\se to rack & become rickety dur+ ! w9t] /orms & high w9ds4 ,a coat or two ( pa9t on ! wood-"w w improve its appe>ance greatly & pres]ve ! wood1 if ! h\se is to be us$ = a numb] ( seasons4 ,! ,new ,t5t ,"o great drawback to ! pit*$ or army t5t is t 9 wet wea!r1 :5 "o has to /ay 9-doors1 x is n a com=table abode unless y sit d[n or keep close to ! gr\nd1 = !re is little or no head room4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! new t5t ) ,fr5* ro( 7,fig4 #ad7 y c readily see ! great advantage ( ?is new me?od ( con/ruction1 = x af=ds a great deal ( head room4 ,two uprights1 ?ree ridge-poles1 & f\r angle-b>s w be requir$ = ! frame1 & "s long1 slim poles ) crot*$ ends c be cut to prop ! guy-ropes out f ! t5t z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,= a p>ty ( ?ree or f\r boys ?is t5t %\ld measure sev5 feet & six in*es high1 six feet & six in*es broad at ! top1 eight feet at ! bottom1 & t5 or twelve feet deep4 ,! sides & top are 9 "o piece1 tw5ty-"o feet long & t5 or twelve feet wide4 ,! re> end is made 9 "o piece & sew$ fa/ to ! edges ( ! sides & top4 ,at ! front two flaps are sew$ to ! top & sides4 ,!y ea* measure sev5 feet & six in*es long at ! inn] edge1 f\r feet across ! bottom1 ?ree feet & five in*es at ! top1 & sev5 feet long at ! out] edge4 ,!y are cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,a1 & :5 ! t5t is set up ! canvas w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae ,b4 ,! frame is compos$ ( two uprights two in*es squ>e & n9e feet long1 eighte5 in*es ( :i* is set into ! gr\nd4 ,!re are ?ree ridge-poles two in*es 9 diamet] & t5 feet long2 & f\r brace-b>s two in*es squ>e1 f\r feet & ?ree in*es long1 bevell$ at ! l[] ends to fit aga9/ ! upright po/ z %[n at ,fig4 #af ,a4 ,an iron p9 7,fig4 #af ,d7 is driv5 9 ! top ( ea* upright & at ! out] ends ( ! brace-b>s ov] :i* ! ridge-poles fit1 !y hav+ be5 provid$ ) holes = ! purpose4 ,angle-irons are screw$ fa/ to ! bevell$ ends ( ! brace-b>s1 & a coll> ( iron is made & screw$ to ! uprights s t ! tongue end ( ! angle-irons w fit 9 !m z %[n at ,fig4 #af ,b4 ,/\t screw-eyes & wire hold ! braces 9 position at ! top1 z %[n at ,fig4 #af ,c1 & s prev5t ! out] ridge-poles f /ra9+ ! canvas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,,! ,,new ,,t5t ,"o ( ! be/ an*orages = ! guy-ropes ( a t5t is made ) ! lock-/ake & deadeye cleat %[n at ,fig4 #ag ,a4 ,a /ake ) a not* to hold ! rope is driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & ano!r not*$ /ake is driv5 9 close to ! head1 s t :5 9 f> en\gh ! not* 9 ! latt] w hold ! head ( ! =m] z %[n at ,fig4 #ag ,b4 ,! deadeye cleat is cut f h>d-wood sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & is two in*es wide1 six in*es long1 & provid$ ) two holes ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,at "o end a jaw is cut1 s t a rope may be caught 9 x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag ,a4 ,/eel wire nails are pass$ ?r\gh ! holes indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ag ,c1 & rivet$ at ! po9t ends to /r5g!n ! deadeyes4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x is us$ is %[n at ,fig4 #ag ,a1 & if ! holes are made ! same size z ! diamet] ( ! rope1 ! h>d] y pull on ! t5t end ( ! rope1 ! m securely ! deadeye cleat holds1 & ! loose end ( ! rope caught fir/ 9 ! jaw c be giv5 a turn or two ar\nd ! cleat to make x fa/4 ,! d\ble-peg an*orage is bett] ?an a s+le "o1 & ) ?is new rope-fa/5] x w be an easy matt] to /ay a t5t to )/& any w9d-/orm4 ,canvas ,cots & ,hammocks ,cots are v necess>y p>ts ( ! camp+ outfit1 & may be made ei!r ( canvas & poles or ( b\ghs & leaves4 ,! canvas cot is1 ( c\rse1 mu* m com=table ?an ! "o ( b\ghs1 b sometimes x is n possible to transport !m1 & !n ! b\gh b$ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,a simple canvas cot is easily made f two p9e or spruce /icks sev5 feet long1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 & free f knots or sappy places4 ,a piece ( light canvas or twill$ cotton duck fifty-f\r in*es wide & sev5ty-two in*es long is sew$ toge!r s z to =m a cyl9drical case ?irty-six in*es wide & sev5ty-two in*es long4 ,lay x flat & crease x along ! edges1 !n run two or ?ree l9es ( /it*+ along bo? sides f\r in*es 9 f ! edges4 ,?is =ms ! sleeve ?r\gh :i* ! poles are to be pass$4 ,crot*$ /icks are to be emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd to support ! ends ( ! poles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,^! are to ext5d a foot or eighte5 in*es above ! gr\nd1 & %\ld be ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & q /rong1 s z to avoid breakage & a possible fall4 ,if a fold+-cot ) portable ends is desir$1 x c be made to appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai by con/ruct+ two fold+ ends1 a middle pole1 & f\r iron brace-hooks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,fig4 #ai ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,fig4 #bb ,to make ! cot tw5ty-six in*es wide1 procure ! canvas & poles z direct$ = ! fir/ cot4 ,b9d ! ends ( ! poles ) wire or h a blacksmi? b& !m ) iron f]rules1 !n bore ! ends & drive ?read$ p9s 91 hav+ nuts at ! ends z %[n at ,fig4 #bj ,a4 ,f maple or oak two in*es wide & an in* ?ick cut f\r legs ?irty-two in*es long1 & bore holes at "o end & midway betwe5 ends1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj ,b1 to receive ! bolt ends 9 ! poles4 ,bevel (f ! l[] ends ( ! /icks & place !m 9 opposite directions1 s t :5 op5$1 9 ! =m ( an ,x1 ! ends w lie flat on ! gr\nd z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,f p9e or spruce cut a /ick two in*es squ>e1 & provide ! ends ) bolts & nuts z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj ,c4 ,?is is = ! "u brace1 & ext5ds f end to end :]e ! bolt passes ?r\gh bo? legs1 & is atta*$ ) a nut & wa%]4 ,f iron an in* wide & less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness h a blacksmi? cut f\r hook-braces eighte5 in*es long ) a hole at "o end & a not* at ! o!r4 ,) r\nd-head$ screws atta* two ( ! braces ne> ea* end ( ! pole1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj ,c1 s t :5 ! cot is set up ! not*es w hook ov] screws driv5 9 ! upp] edge ( ea* leg ne> ! bottom z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,^! w /eady ! cot1 & prev5t x f rock+ f end to end z x w\ld d if n brac$4 ,a hammock t c be swung betwe5 ! uprights ( a t5t is made ( canvas ?irty in*es wide & sev5ty-two in*es long4 ,x is lapp$ ov] at ! ends & sew$ ) sev]al l9es ( /it*+1 s z to receive a two-in* b> to :i* ! ?ree ropes are made fa/ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! end ropes %\ld be tw5ty-f\r in*es long & ! middle "o eighte54 ,f ! b>s at ea* end !y are br\ght toge!r & b\nd to r+s :i* slip ov] hooks made fa/ to ! t5t uprights1 or !y c be la%$ fa/ to ! uprights4 ,any numb] ( ^! hammocks may be made & easily c>ri$1 z !y roll up snugly & occupy v little room 9 a b$d+-kit4 ,!y are mu* easi] to h&le ?an a wov5 or braid$ hammock1 ! /r&s ( :i* are =ev] cat*+ 9 ev]y?+ & any?+ ) :i* !y come into contact4 ,:5 mak+ a cot ( b\ghs ! mo/ satisfactory & com=table affair is ! basket-wov5 or lattice mattress ( small1 pliable sapl+s trimm$ & int]wov5 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! long pieces %\ld be alt]nat$ s t ! l>ge end ( "o /ick w be next ! small end ( ano!r1 & ?us di/ribute ! /ra9 ev5ly ov] ! lattice4 ,?is arrangem5t applies also to ! %ort] or cross-pieces1 & :5 f9i%$ ! mattress is laid on a pair ( poles support$ ) crot*$ /icks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 b )\t ! canvas4 ,ov] ?is lattice %ort twigs ) clu/]s ( leaves are spread1 to make a s(t mattress1 & on ^! 9 turn a blanket or two c be spread & ti$ d[n at ! corn]s1 s t ! leaves may n become dislodg$4 ,tables & ,b5*es ,e boy %\ld "k h[ to make a table f "s f5ce bo>ds1 a rail or two1 & /akes = ! legs4 ,! table %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc is made f ?ree bo>ds ab\t eight in*es wide & five feet long batt5$ toge!r at ! ends & across ! "u side ( ! middle4 ,a rail is nail$ across two tree-trunks ?irty-two in*es f ! gr\nd1 to :i* "o end ( ! bo>ds are atta*$4 ,two /akes ?ree in*es ?ick are driv5 9 ! gr\nd f\r feet f ! trees1 & across ! upp] ends ( !m a rail is nail$ fa/ to support ! o!r ends ( ! bo>ds4 ,a l>g] table is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 & l ! small] "o x is built aga9/ two trees4 ,! bo>ds1 ?ree or f\r 9 numb]1 %\ld be f six to eight feet long4 ,!y are nail$ fa/ to f\r or five in* rails atta*$ to ! tree-trunks & to /\t po/s emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! middle ( ! table is support$ by a batt51 or rail1 :i* is nail$ fa/ to ! top ( a po/ emb$d$ "u ! c5tre ( ! table4 ,*airs made = camp life f ru/ic wood & pieces ( bo>d ne$ n be s well con/ruct$ t any great am\nt ( "t %\ld be exp5d$ on !m1 b !y %\ld be /rong & s]viceable4 ,a simple *air t any boy c make f bran*es or small tree-trunks1 two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! seat is eighte5 in*es high1 sixte5 in*es squ>e1 & ! back po/s are ?irty-six in*es high4 ,two pieces ( wood1 eighte5 in*es long1 are cut z %[n at ,fig4 #bf ,a1 & two m1 ?irty-six in*es long1 are cut z %[n at ,b4 ,! laps are cut out ) saw & *isel s z to receive ! seat-rails1 ! braces1 & ! back bo>d1 :i* are made fa/ ) /eel-wire nails z %[n at ,c4 ,! seat is made ( ord9>y bo>ds nail$ to ! top edges ( ! rails all ar\nd1 & if ! edge is smoo!d (f !re w be less liability to te> "o's g>m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bg ,9 ! illu/ration ( a canopy 7,fig4 #aj1 page #cja71 a table & b5*es are %[n4 ,! table is ?irty in*es wide & five feet long1 & x c be built ei!r deta*$ or fa/ to ! gr\nd4 ,if ! corn]-po/s are emb$d$ a foot or eighte5 in*es 9 ! gr\nd x w make ! table firm] & less liable to rack ?an if built loose or deta*$4 ,two b5*es runn+ ! l5g? ( ! tables are made 9 a simil> mann] to ! *airs1 b if ! corn]-po/s or legs are to be emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd ! side braces w n be necess>y4 ,! seat %\ld be eighte5 in*es high1 sixte5 in*es wide1 & f five to eight feet long1 z occasion requires1 & ) a middle brace x w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,camp+ ,equipm5t ,9 fitt+ out = a camp+ exp$ition x is always be/ to make a memor&um ( ! ?+s y w ne$ "s "t be=e y />t1 = s surely z y d n d ?is !re w be "s important ?+s =gott54 ,! /uff t w fill an ord9>y clo!s-basket %\ld be en\gh = a company ( f\r boys1 b = a great] numb] ! supply mu/ be increas$ accord+ly4 ,9 ?is li/ !re mu/ be includ$ a kettle1 two pans1 t9 or enamell$ di%es1 a fry+-pan or two1 a broil]1 a wood5 pail = wat]1 & small] t9 pails2 a lant]n1 c&les1 mat*es 9 t9 boxes1 hat*et or axe1 blankets1 knives & =ks1 spoons1 & a few o!r cul9>y accessories4 ,! dry groc]ies w h to be tak5 f home1 unless !y c be pur*as$ ne> ! camp or f "s f>m-h\se4 ,f ! latt] x is g5]ally possible to obta9 butt]1 milk1 eggs1 a *ick5 or two1 & o!r food t y may /& 9 ne$ ( if hunt+ or fi%+ fail y4 ,9 ,fig4 #bh1 %[+ a corn] ( ! t5t1 a portable table is support+ "s ( ! ?+s x w\ld be well to h 9 camp1 & :ile a boy may ?9k t he kn[s :at is want$1 x w\ld be well = him to take 8 "m's or old] si/]'s advice on ! subject4 ,lock]s & ,mess-kits ,lock-boxes ) h&les1 9 :i* to /ore dry groc]ies & foods1 & mess-kits = ! kit*5 & d9+ w>e1 are among ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! camp+ outfit4 ,!y may be made f ord9>y well-con/ruct$ boxes1 & provid$ ) h+$ lids1 a hasp & padlock1 & h&les at ei!r end by means ( :i* !y may be c>ri$ easily4 ,! lock-box %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi ,a is eighte5 in*es wide1 tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 & twelve in*es deep1 & ) two ?9 bo>ds f\r comp>tm5ts are made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi ,a4 ,a lid is made ( ?ree bo>ds & two batt5s1 & securely atta*$ to ! box ) /rap h+es4 ,a hasp & padlock z well z two h&les c be pur*as$ at a h>dw>e /ore & screw$ fa/ to ! *e/4 ,a mess-kit may be made ( a box ) bo? lid & bottom nail$ on securely4 ,x is !n saw$ ar\nd ?ree in*es f "o side1 divid+ x s t q a little ( ! wood is fa/ to bo? sides4 ,) h+es ^! are fa/5$ toge!r l a ,glad/one bag1 & on ! inside1 pockets & /raps c be arrang$ to accommodate cook+-ut5sils & food-/uffs4 ,fig4 #bi ,b %[s ?is kit1 & ) a trunk-/rap & a rope x c be easily c>ri$ f place to place4 ,= knives1 =ks1 spoons1 kettle-lids1 & o!r small p>aph]nalia ( ! camp+ outfit a ne/ ( pockets may be made f d5im or unblea*$ musl91 l ! "o %[n hang+ on ! wall 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! pockets are commodi\s & w accommodate _m little ?+s1 & ! ne/ c be fold$ ov] & ti$ at ! corn]s ) /\t cord4 ,a ne/ ( ?is description %\ld be ?ree feet long1 ?irty in*es high1 & ) ?ree l9es ( pockets z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! sew+ %\ld be done by h& ) heavy l95 or c>pet ?read1 s t ! /it*+ w n break4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi ,fig4 #cj ,fig4 #ca ,a c>ry-all 7,fig4 #cj7 is made ( d5im or light sail-clo?1 & w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t sort ( a cat*-all1 = x may be fold$ ov] & roll$ up1 !n b\nd ) a %awl-/rap to c>ry x easily4 ,a piece ( d5im a y>d wide & =ty-two in*es long is fold$ at ! dott$ l9es ,a ,a z %[n 9 ! plan 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! edges w !n rea* ! l9es ,b ,b4 ,sew ! flaps at ! two ends & divide ! long pockets into small] ones z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,knives1 =ks1 spoons1 & a v>iety ( small ?+s c be kept 9 ?is ne/ ( pockets1 & :5 9 camp x may be hung f "o end by r+s1 s t ! pockets occupy a horizontal position & ! cont5ts c be easily gott5 at4 ,a ,/one ,/ove & ,camp-fires ,! old-"t tripod & kettle ov] an op5 fire ( bru% & logs is an unh&y means ( cook+1 = a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d w bl[ ! smoke & sp>ks 9 all directions & dissipate ! heat z well4 ,! up-to-date camp]s w make a /one /ove simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is holds ! fire )9 ! /one enclosure1 & reta9s ! great] "p ( ! heat1 :i* 9 ! op5 fire is bl[+ to ! f\r w9ds & giv+ v little b5efit to ! pot4 ,flat /ones %\ld be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is /ove1 & if x is possible to get "s clay f ! b$ ( a brook x c be us$ 9 place ( cem5t = seal+ ! jo9ts4 ,?is ( c\rse w make ! fire burn bett]1 z ! only draught w !n ent] at ! bottom1 or doorway1 ?r\gh :i* ! /icks are f$ to ! fire4 ,^! doorways or draught-holes %\ld be made on two or ?ree sides ( ! /ove1 & :5 "o is 9 use ! o!rs may be clos$ or left op51 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d & ! direction f :i* x is bl[+4 ,! pot %\ld be hung on ! ridge-pole s t x t\*es ! top ( ! /ove & holds 9 ! heat4 ,fi% may be fri$ 9 a pan or broil$ mu* bett] ?an ov] an op5 fire1 & wat] c be boil$ quick] & c(fee made easi]4 ,?is /ove c be made ei!r r\nd or squ>e1 & if bricks are available = use !y w be bett] ?an /ones z ! jo9ts are clos] & !y are n s unga9ly to h&le4 ,ov] ! /ove a ridge-pole or b> %\ld be support$ on a yok$ /ick at "o end & a tw9-/ick tripod at ! o!r4 ,! yok$ or crot*$ /ick is emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd1 or x c be ! saw$-(f /ump ( a small tree4 ,! l[] ends ( ! tw9 /icks %\ld be let into ! gr\nd = a foot or eighte5 in*es1 s t ! ridge-b> c be remov$ )\t its supports fall+ ov]4 ,always build a fire or a /ove 9 ! %ade1 = x w n burn s well if ! sun plays on x4 ,9 ra9y wea!r a canopy ov] ?is /one /ove w keep x dry & cause x to burn bett] ?an if expos$ to ! elem5ts4 ,"h are "s o!r ideas = camp-fires prop]4 ,let u suppose t ! p>ty is provid$ ) ! necess>y ut5sils = camp-cook+--a camp-kettle1 c(fee-pot1 fry+-pan1 saucepan1 & "s sort ( bak+-pan4 ,^! %\ld prove suffici5t1 unless ! p>ty int5ds hav+ q elaborate m5us4 ,if x is int5d$ to rema9 at ! camp only :ile cook+ "o or two meals1 make y\r fire 9 ?is mann]3 ,cut two gre5 poles ab\t five or six in*es ?ick & ab\t two feet long4 ,9 ^! cut not*es ab\t a foot ap>t4 ,level ! gr\nd :]e y int5d to build y\r fire1 & lay ^! poles d[n ) ! not*es up & ab\t ?ree feet ap>t4 ,n[ cut two or ?ree poles ab\t f\r feet long & lay !m 9 ^! not*es4 ,ga!r a good supply ( dry wood1 grass1 b>k1 or *ips1 & make y\r fire on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! poles4 ,! air w circulate "u & ?r\gh ! fire1 & ! poles w prove j "r to set y\r cook+-ut5sils on4 ,d n pile on wood by ! armful4 ,add a little at a "t1 & y w f9d y c cook rapidly & well1 & n burn y\r face & h&s :ile att5d+ to y\r cook+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,fig4 #cc ,fig4 #cd ,fig4 #ce ,if x is int5d$ to rema9 sev]al meals at ! camp x w pay to put up a crane4 ,?is is built 9 ?is mann]3 ,cut two gre5 po/s two or m in*es ?ick & ?ree feet long1 hav+ =ks at "o end4 ,drive ^! into ! gr\nd at ea* end ( y\r fire4 ,cut ano!r gre5 pole ! same diamet] & long en\gh to rea* betwe5 ! =ks4 ,flatt5 ! ends s t !y w set snug 9 ! =ks4 ,! poles %\ld be driv5 into ! gr\nd s t :5 ! bail ( ! kettle is slipp$ on ! crane ! bottom ( ! kettle w j cle> ! fire4 ,if ! camp is to be ( a p]man5t nature1 or x is expect$ to rema9 !re = "s days or weeks1 x w be well to arrange = a bett] kit*5 t w n be affect$ by ! w9ds1 ! bte noire ( camp-cook+4 ,dig a tr5* 7cutt+ ! sides squ>e7 z long z ! di/ance betwe5 y\r uprights1 & ab\t eighte5 in*es wide & a foot deep4 ,make y\r fire 9 ?is hole1 on ! gr\nd1 & y w f9d t ! w9d w n worry y "o-half z mu* z be=e 7,fig4 #cc74 ,if y wi% to take ! tr\ble1 & ! mat]ial is h&y1 ! plan 9 ,fig4 #ce is a mo/ excell5t "o to foll[4 ,wall up ! sides ( ! tr5* ) brick1 add a little *imney at "o end1 & get sev]al iron 8,s0 hooks f :i* to susp5d y\r kettles4 ,?is w save ! lift+ ( ! crane e "t y wi% to h&le ! kettles susp5d$ ov] ! fire4 ,by ?is me?od y w economize on fuel & save heat4 ,! plan us$ 9 ! army = camp-cook+ & describ$ bel[ is ! be/ = all-ar\nd "w4 ,to make ?is kit*5 takes m "t & a little m labor1 b 9 ! end ! labor]s w be well paid = _! "w4 ,x is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = clayey soil4 ,dig a hole ab\t ?ree feet squ>e & two feet 9 dep?1 g5]ally 9 ! slope ( a hill4 ,on "o side run a %aft lat]ally1 ab\t "o foot squ>e & six feet 9 l5g?1 & "o foot f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,at ! extreme end s9k a %aft v]tically & =m a *imney1 & at equidi/ances pi]ce holes ( suffici5t diamet] to prev5t ! kettles f slipp+ ?r\gh4 ,by ?is mode ! kettles c be plac$ ov] ! fire to boil1 or on ! side to simm]1 ) less difficulty ?an by any o!r means4 ,fig4 #cf ,a & ,b4 ,i want to tell ! "y camp] h[ to bake 8 own bread 9 camp1 s if he camps f> f a /ore or h\se :]e he c buy 8 bread he w n h to eat crack]s1 or ^? indige/ion-produc]s1 flapjacks1 t ! y\?ful camp] kn[s h[ to make1 or ?9ks he does4 ,i h eat5 _m a "o 9 my "y days be=e putt+ on ! 8army blue10 b _! weight 9 gold w\ld n induce me to eat "s t ,i swall[$ z a boy & ?\ght 8f9e40 ,we w assume t be=e go+ into camp y\r de> "m has taught y h[ to mix a bat* ( d\gh or a pan ( biscuit4 ,we w n[ make an ov5 9 :i* to bake ! bread or biscuit4 ,a bank f f\r to six feet is ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,dig d[n ! bank to a v]tical face1 & at ! base excavate a hole1 say ?ree to f\r feet horizontally1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! entrance z small z possible4 ,holl[ out ! sides ( ! excavation & ar* ! ro(1 till ! floor ( ! ov5 is ab\t two feet wide & ! ar* ab\t sixte5 in*es at ! c5tre4 ,fig4 #cg ,a & ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,fig4 #cg ,n[ c>efully 8tap0 ! back end = ! *imney1 & ins]t a piece ( /ove-pipe if h&y4 ,a hole f f\r to six in*es w give a good draught4 ,wet ! inside ( ! ov51 & smoo? ov] ! walls s t ! mud pres5ts a h>d f9i%1 & leave to dry = a day4 ,:5 y are ready to bake1 build a good fire 9 ! ov51 & :5 x is well heat$ remove ! fire1 scrape out all a%es1 & place ! pans ( d\gh inside4 ,close up ! entrance ) a bo>d1 & cov] ) mud s z to keep 9 all ! heat4 ,) prop] c>e ?is ov5 w la/ sev]al weeks4 ,a bank may n be h&y 9 :i* to build an ov5 ( ! k9d describ$ above2 if su* proves ! case1 x is n a difficult matt] to con/ruct a good ov5 on ! level gr\nd by foll[+ ! me?od bel[4 ,if a fl\r-b>rel is h&y1 use x2 if n1 make use ( will[ twigs /uck 9 ! gr\nd & b5t ov] s z to =m a m\ld4 ,ov] ! b>rel or will[ m\ld pla/] a /iff mort> made ( mud1 comm5c+ at ! base4 ,lay x on ab\t six in*es ?ick4 ,all[ x to dry = a day or two1 & :5 ne>ly dry cut out a door at "o end & ! flue at ! o!r4 ,a small mud *imney w increase ! draught if a piece ( /ove-pipe is n at h&4 ,if a b>rel has be5 us$ z ! m\ld x may be burn$ out )\t dang] to ! ov54 ,c>efully remove all dirt1 & keep up a fire = half a day be=e attempt+ to bake4 ,fig4 #cd4 7,see page #cba47 ,camp-cook+ ,ev5 ! f9e/ ( camps is a dre>y place unless ! commiss>y dep>tm5t is well organiz$4 8,uncle ,h>ry10 :o is an old & exp]i5c$ camp]-out1 gives "s useful sugge/ions to 8 nephews1 & o!r boys w d\btless appreciate 8 lectures on ?+s cul9>y4 8,let u suppose10 beg9s ,uncle ,h>ry1 8t y h gott5 ! camp into %ip-%ape ord]1 & aft] y\r h>d day's "w are rav5\sly hungry & v impati5t = supp]1 or r d9n]1 = ! la/ meal ( ! day 9 camp is always ! mo/ important "o4 ,we w appo9t ,aleck z cook1 & :ile he is busy ov] ! fire nei!r ( ! o!rs %all int]f]e ) him or 8 duties1 = no axiom is m true ?an t #8too _m cooks spoil ! bro?4' 8,b5 & ,bob mu/ see t ! cook is well suppli$ ) wat] & has pl5ty ( small-split firewood close at h&4 ,!n ,bob w set ! table1 :ile ,b5 goes a-fi%+ & cat*es half a doz5 tr\t or o!r small fry f ! lake4 ,9 ! mean "t ,aleck has p>$ & wa%$ a doz5 potatoes4 ,^! are plac$ 9 a kettle ne>ly full ( wat]1 & hung ov] ! fire half an h\r be=e supp]-"t4 ,he w keep !m boil+ furi\sly until he c run a sliv] ( wood easily ?r\gh ! l>ge/ "o4 ,!n ! wat] mu/ be dra9$ f !m1 &1 /ill 9 ! kettle1 !y mu/ be set aside1 b ne> en\gh to ! fire to keep hot until want$4 8,b5's fi% all weigh less ?an a p\nd1 & s are too small to d any?+ ) b fry4 ,aft] !y are clean$1 ,aleck rolls !m 9 corn-meal & lays !m c>efully 9 ! fry+-pan1 :i* is already on ! /ove1 & 9 :i* a small quantity ( cotton-se$ oil is sizzl+ m]rily4 ,if y %\ld h no oil1 pork fat w d ne>ly z well1 only h x boil+ hot be=e plac+ ! fi% 9 x4 8,aleck has he>d ( half a doz5 me?ods ( mak+ c(fee1 & hesitates be=e decid+ :i* to try4 ,he has be5 told to put 8 c(fee 9 cold wat] & let x come to a boil1 & t ! c(fee mu/ n see ! wat] until x is boil+2 he has he>d t c(fee mu/ nev] be boil$1 & t ! only way to extract its /r5g? is to boil x2 & s 9 ?9k+ x all ov] he is mu* p]plex$4 ,f9ally he rememb]s a me?od :i* 8 old uncle :o is 9 ! army has m5tion$ to him1 & decides to try x40 8,oh1 ,uncle ,h>ry1 y are n a bit old10 int]rupts ,aleck4 8,9 prep>+ c(fee by 8 old uncle's me?od10 cont9ues ,capta9 ,ar*]1 only notic+ ! int]ruption ) a smile1 8,aleck fills ! c(fee-pot ) wat]1 & sets x on ! broil] wires1 :i* he has laid across f "o log to ! o!r ( ! /ove4 ,:ile x is com+ to a boil he measures out 8 c(fee at ! rate ( a heap+ table-spoonful = ea* cup to be made1 puts x into 8 t9 cup1 p\rs 9 all ! hot wat] x w hold1 & sets x 9 a w>m place on ! /ove4 ,z soon z ! wat] 9 ! c(fee-pot boils1 he p\rs (f "s1 s z to leave ! pot ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full1 & empties 9 8 cupful ( soak$ c(fee4 ,sett+ ! pot back1 he all[s its cont5ts to aga9 come to a boil1 & !n lifts x f ! fire4 ,he p\rs out a t9 cupful ( ! c(fee1 & p\rs x sl[ly back into ! pot1 ?r[+ away ! residue ( gr\nds t rema9 9 ! cup4 ,= ab\t a m9ute1 or :ile ! re/ ( ! d9n] is be+ s]v$1 ! c(fee-pot /&s 9 a w>m place ne> ! fire1 & !n its cont5ts are ready = dr9k+4 8,if ei!r ( y _h want$ tea1 ,aleck w\ld h put 9 ! pot a teaspoonful ( tea leaves = ea* cup to be made1 p\r$ boil+ wat] ov] x1 let x /& 9 a w>m place two or ?ree m9utes1 & x w\ld h be5 ready = y4 8,"h y h a pla91 easily cook$ d9n] ( fri$ fi%1 boil$ potatoes1 & c(fee1 to :i* y c add f y\r supplies bread & butt]1 or crack]s1 pickles1 cond5s$ milk1 salt1 pepp]1 & sug>4 ,i ?9k y w f9d x en\gh = a fir/ exp]im5t4 8,= breakfa/ next morn+ y w h c(fee1 fri$ potatoes & breakfa/ bacon1 & griddle-cakes40 8,oh1 ,uncle ,h>ry1 ,i c't make griddle-cakes10 exclaim$ ,aleck4 8,i ?9k y c1 if ,i tell y h[1 & y try h>d4 ,at any rate1 y _h bett] try1 = !y ent] l>gely into ! composition ( camp meals4 ,to make ! simple/ fl\r griddle-cakes1 put into a pan a qu>t ( y\r prep>$ fl\r1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 a h&ful ( corn-meal1 a table-spoonful ( br[n sug>1 two eggs1 if y h !m1 & mix ) cold wat] into a batt]4 ,/ir ?or\ghly until no lumps are left1 & !n fry on a hot griddle4 ,9 fry+ use z little grease z possible4 ,m griddle-cakes are spoil$ by ! use ( too mu* grease 9 fry+ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,a bit ( pork r9d or an oil$ rag rubb$ ov] ! griddle is suffici5t4 ,take turns 9 fry+ ! cakes1 s t two ( y c be eat+ !m z fa/ z !y are done4 ,!y are only fit to eat :5 hot f ! griddle4 8,! cold boil$ potatoes left f d9n] ! night be=e may be cut up & fri$ ) half a doz5 slices ( breakfa/ bacon1 & :5 all is ready y w h a breakfa/ to :i* ,i ?9k ?ree hungry boys w d ample ju/ice4 8,:5 y become tir$ ( fi%1 cat* frogs4 ,!y are consid]$ delicacies on fir/-class tables1 & add a pleasant v>iety to a woodman's f>e4 ,cat* !m ) a light rod1 %ort l9e1 & small hook bait$ ) a bit ( sc>let flannel1 or at night by use ( a jack-light4 ,/upefi$ by its gl>e1 !y w let y pick !m up4 ,kill y\r frog by a tap on ! head1 cut (f 8 ?ighs & h9d-legs1 sk9 !m1 roll !m 9 ,indian-meal1 & fry br[n 9 hot oil or pork fat4 8,y w also probably h an opportunity ( add+ squirrels to y\r bill ( f>e4 ,:5 y h got y\r squirrel1 *op (f 8 head1 feet1 & tail1 cut ! sk9 crosswise ( ! back1 & /rip x (f 9 two p>ts1 =e & aft2 also cut ! body crosswise into two p>ts4 ,?r[ !m into a kettle1 & let ! h9d-qu>t]s p>boil until t5d]4 ,!n fry !m1 until ( a ri* br[n1 9 oil or pork fat1 hiss+ hot4 ,use ! =e-qu>t]s = a /ew4 8,to make a /ew use almo/ any k9d ( fle% or f[l4 ,! *ief ?+ to be rememb]$ 9 mak+ a /ew is to /ew x en\gh4 ,an old camp j+le runs ?us3 8#8,a /ew t's too little /ew$ ,is und]/ood to be no good4' 8,let y\r meat boil = m ?an an h\r1 or until x beg9s to fall f ! bones4 ,add potatoes1 p>$ & qu>t]$1 an onion slic$1 salt1 pepp]1 & a ?ick5+ made ( fl\r & melt$ butt]1 to be /irr$ 9 gradually4 8,9 mak+ a meat s\p provide pl5ty ( meat1 & d n be afraid to let x boil4 ,x is h>d to boil x too mu*1 & ?ree h\rs is n too long4 ,:5 ne>ly done1 scrape a potato into ! s\p = ?ick5+1 & season ) salt & pepp]4 8,to cook rice1 let a cupful soak ov]night4 ,9 ! morn+ p\r (f ! wat] 9 :i* x has soak$1 place x 9 a kettle ( cold wat]1 & boil x sl[ly1 )\t /irr+1 until ! k]nels are s(t4 ,rememb] to salt x4 ,rice is good ) cond5s$ milk1 sug>1 butt]1 or syrup4 ,x is good to add to y\r s\ps & /ews1 & x is p>ticul>ly good :5 add$ to ! batt] f :i* y make y\r griddle-cakes4 8,to make mu% /ir corn-meal into boil+ wat]2 season ) salt4 ,eat hot ) syrup4 ,save :at is left ov]1 & fry x next morn+4 ,! same rule applies to hom9y4 8,^! are ! rudim5ts ( camp-cook]y4 ,n an ext5d$ bill ( f>e1 b ,i ?9k y w f9d x appetiz+ & n\ri%+40 ,& ! boys agre$ ) him4 ,! ,c>e ( a ,gun ,aside f ! pride & satisfaction :i* e sportsman %\ld take 9 keep+ 8 favorite weapon bright & free f spots1 inside & out1 x pays to keep a gun clean4 ,! residue left 9 ! b>rel aft] fir+ conta9s acids1 :i* w soon eat 8pits0 or spots 9 ! metal1 & :5 once />t$1 x is almo/ impossible to prev5t !m increas+ 9 size & numb]4 ,:5 badly pitt$1 ! recoil is increas$ by ! r\ghness 9 ! b>rel4 ,a gun c be clean$ by ! foll[+ directions3 ,! clean+-rod %\ld h at lea/ ?ree tools--a wool swab1 a wire scrat*-bru%1 & a wip] to run rags ?r\gh4 ,h pl5ty ( wat] at h&--w>m if y h x1 if n cold w d nicely4 ,put a swab on ! rod1 & "s wat] 9 a t9 bas9 or wood5 pail4 ,by plac+ "o end ( ! b>rel 9 ! wat]1 y c pump x up & d[n ! b>rel ) ! swab4 ,:5 x is discolor$ take fre% wat]1 squeeze out ! swab 9 x1 & repeat ! op]ation1 until ! wat] comes f ! b>rel z clean z x w5t 94 ,if ! gun has /ood ov]night1 or long]1 s9ce us+1 x is be/ to put on ! scrat*-bru% aft] ! fir/ swabb+1 & a few passes ) ?is w remove any h>d5$ p[d] or lead+4 ,! next /ep is to fill ! wip] ) wooll5 or cotton rags1 & dry ! b>rel ?or\ghly4 ,:5 "o set becomes wet take ano!r1 until !y come f ! b>rel p]fectly dry4 ,!n /& ! b>rel on end on a heat$ /ove1 *ang+ x f end to end1 tak+ c>e t x does n become ov]heat$4 ,by ! "t x is well w>m$ up1 ! hot air f ! /ove w h dri$ out e p>ticle ( moi/ure left 9 ! b>rel4 ,if no /ove is at h&1 ! la/ set ( dry+ rags us$ mu/ be pli$ vigor\sly up & d[n ! b>rel until x becomes q w>m f ! friction4 ,dry+ is ! mo/ important "p ( clean+1 & if ! lea/ p>ticle ( moi/ure is left 9 ! b>rel x w be a ru/ spot ! next "t ! gun is tak5 f its case4 ,! gun may n[ be oil$1 inside & out1 ) sew+-ma*9e oil or gun-grease1 :i* c be _h 9 any gun /ore4 ,! wooll5 rags us$ = greas+ soak up a great deal ( oil1 & %\ld be dropp$ into ! gun-cov] = future use4 ,9 reg>d to ! safe h&l+ ( guns1 almo/ all rules c5tre 9 t ( always c>ry+ ! gun 9 su* a way t if x %\ld be accid5tally dis*>g$ x w\ld d no h>m4 ,if ?is rule is borne 9 m9d1 & /rictly obey$ 9 ! beg9n+1 x becomes a habit & is foll[$ intuitively4 ,! gun may be c>ri$ safely on ei!r %\ld]1 or 9 ! holl[ ( ei!r arm1 ) a %>p upw>d slant4 ,:5 mom5t>ily expect+ a bird to rise1 & oblig$ to h ! gun cock$1 x %\ld be c>ri$ across ! brea/ ) a %>p upw>d slope to ! left4 ,?is is ! only way ! gun %\ld be c>ri$ cock$4 ,a bree*-load] is s easily unload$ t !re is no excuse = gett+ into a wagon or boat1 or go+ ar\nd a h\se1 )\t unload+4 ,nev] h& a load$ gun to any "o :o asks to look at x4 ,:5ev] y pick up any k9d ( a gun to exam9e x1 always op5 x to see if x is load$1 & ! habit w gr[ s t y w d ?is almo/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,x seems ne$less to say nev] pull a gun t[>ds y by ! muzzle ?r\gh a f5ce or out ( a boat or wagon1 yet ! violation ( ?is rule is ! cause ( m accid5ts ?an any?+ else4 ,nev] climb a f5ce ) y\r gun cock$4 ,9 le>n+ ! art ( %oot+ on ! w+--& ?is is ! only way 9 :i* a %ot-gun %\ld be us$--! foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( "s help1 b no am\nt ( pr9t$ directions c tea* y to %oot4 ,practice is ! be/ tea*]4 ,n9e out ( t5 "y sportsm5 %oot too quickly4 ,a game bird rises ) a />tl+ :ir ( ! w+ 7& sometimes :5 lea/ expect$71 :i* gives ! idea t he is mak+ mu* great] spe$ ?an he really is4 ,beg9n]s are apt to become excit$1 & ?r[ up ! gun any:]e 9 t direction1 & blaze away ) no def9ite aim4 ,= ?is reason x is be/ to beg9 ) blackbirds1 rice-birds1 & rails4 ,9 almo/ e %ot x is necess>y to hold ahead ( ! bird1 to all[ = ! "t x takes to explode ! c>tridge & ?r[ ! %ot to ! bird4 ,ev5 9 ?is %ort space ( "t a cross-fly+ bird w\ld be safely out ( ! %ot circle if y aim$ "r at him4 ,if a bird flies /raight away f y1 nei!r ris+ nor dropp+1 y %\ld aim "r at x4 ,if fly+ /raight across1 y %\ld hold well ahead ( x4 ,if qu>t]+1 /ill hold ahead1 b less4 ,_m w ask h[ f> to hold ahead1 & ?is is a difficult "q to answ] accurately1 z we h no means ( kn[+ j h[ f> ahead we d hold4 ,"o might say six feet & ano!r six in*es4 ,:at might appe> to be an in* at ! muzzle ( ! gun might really be a foot 9 front ( a bird =ty y>ds away4 ,x mu/ be le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 & :5 accu/om$ to x ! aim w be tak5 almo/ in/antly1 gov]n$ by ! direction ( flight1 ! spe$ ( ! bird1 & ! di/ance f ! %oot]4 ,x is be/ to ask p]mission ( ! own] to %oot ov] 8 l&4 ,y w seldom be refus$1 & w frequ5tly be giv5 p]mission to %oot ov] l& :i* is po/$ 8,no ,%oot+40 ,! l&-own]s "k t x is ! lawless hoodlums :o d !m damage4 ,e true sportsman /rictly obeys ! game laws1 & x is to 8 advantage to d s1 al?\gh 9 _m ,/ates ! laws are practically a dead lett]4 ,%oot+ out ( season has ne>ly kill$ ! game 9 _m localities1 :5 x w\ld /ill be abundant if ! game laws _h be5 obs]v$4 ,*apt] ,,xix ,,traps ,,& ,,trapp+ ,sn>es & ,deadfalls ,! ways ( trapp+ are z v>i\s z ! +5uity ( savage or civiliz$ man c devise4 ,i l be/ ! traps t "o c make4 ,!y seem to give ! animal a fair] %[2 !y develop our own con/ructive faculties2 & ! ne>] we c get to ! savage way ! m fun x always is4 ,/eel traps h a place t wood5 traps c nev] fill2 b give me some?+ t ,i c make ) my own h&s1 ) ! simple/ tools1 out ( :atev] mat]ials ! spot af=ds :]e ! animal lives4 ,( all ! animals 9 ?is c\ntry !re is none t af=ds less h>mful sport ?an ! rabbit--m prop]ly h>e--( :i* !re are sev]al species4 ,its wond]ful p[]s ( increase enable x to hold its own1 z f> too _m ( our be/ & mo/ valuable animals d n4 ,fur!rmore1 rabbits are v easily trapp$4 ,e "o kn[s its little trail1 z broad z "o's h&1 ?r\gh ! bu%es or broom-h$ge1 or its footpr9ts z x hops ov] ! cle> sn[4 ,"h1 :]e ! pa? goes "u a f5ce-rail1 x has /opp$ to gnaw4 ,! rabbit foll[s ?is pa? 9 season & out1 ?\gh 9 ! f> ,nor?1 :]e ! sn[s keep pil+ & pil+ up1 its little road may *ange ) ea* successive sn[fall4 ,trapp]s !re put out a l>ge numb] ( sn>es1 sett+ !m "r 9 ! middle ( ^! pa?s4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #bj s(t brass or copp] wire is us$--a piece say tw5ty in*es long be+ b5t into an oval or r\nd noose "s f\r in*es ?r\gh1 ! end be+ twi/$ ar\nd a conv5i5t limb or root1 or /ick ?ru/ into ! sn[ ov] ! pa?1 & ! space on ea* side bu%$ 9 ) ev]gre5 twigs1 s t ! rabbit w be sure to pass ?r\gh ! noose4 ,sn>es are easily tak5 up & set some:]e else aft] ea* sn[fall4 ,! be/ way is to rig ! noose to a spr+-pole 7,fig4 #b74 ,! spr+-pole t ,i h se5 ! ,indian trapp]s make is simply a pole la%$ to ! side ( a conv5i5t sapl+1 ! heavy end be+ high 9 ! air1 :ile ! %ort end is caught "u a /ake ) a crot* or little limb /ick+ out1 driv5 into ! gr\nd at ! side ( ! pa?4 ,a 8twit*-up0 is a sapl+ b5t d[n1 b ?is g5]ally ne$s to be held d[n 9 ano!r way4 ,on ea* side ( ! pa? a /ake is firmly driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t sev5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 & on ! sides :i* face1 a deep not* is cut into ea* /ake1 & a /ick flatt5$ at ea* end is plac$ across1 l ! lett] ,h4 ,! sapl+ is b5t d[n1 a /rong cord fa/5$ to ! end1 & ti$ ar\nd ! middle ( ! cross-piece4 ,! noose dangles bel[1 cle>+ ! gr\nd by two in*es 7,fig4 #c74 ,if ! pole is /rong en\gh x lifts ! game into ! air out ( rea* ( pr$atory animals4 ,all /akes be>+ /ra9 ( pull+ mu/ be firmly driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or 9 wet wea!r !y w pull out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,rabbits1 z g>d5]s "k1 are fond ( c>rots & o!r vegetables1 z well z apples4 ,!re are _m ways ( rigg+ a sn>e ) bait4 ,! trap is arrang$ s ! rabbit puts its head ?r\gh a noose1 & spr+s ! trap z x t\*es ! bait4 ,"o ( ! be/ traps ,i "k ( ?is k9d is call$1 9 nor!rn ,v]mont1 a 8,fr5* twit*-up0 7,fig4 #d74 ,?is trap c be made at home1 & c>ri$ & set :]ev] ne$$4 ,x is made z foll[s3 ,take a bo>d ab\t tw5ty in*es long & t5 in*es wide4 ,measure (f eight in*es f "o end1 & ) a pair ( divid]s describe a circle five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ar\nd ?is circle bore holes ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] an in* ap>t1 ?r\gh ! bo>d1 & drive 9 pegs five in*es high4 ,five in*es f ! o!r end bore a l>g] hole1 & set up a squ>e peg 7or a r\nd "o ) flat side7 sev5 in*es high4 ,procure a half-in* /ick long en\gh to rea* f ! c5tre ( ! circle ( pegs to ! upright & ?ree in*es beyond x4 ,screw ?is /ick fa/ to ! upright at a po9t two in*es f ! bo>d--loosely1 s x w "w up & d[n1 %>p5+ ! end inside ! p51 & cutt+ a not* on ! upp] side at ! o!r end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,cut ano!r not* ne> ! top ( ! upright po/1 & fit into ! two not*es a half-in* /ick ) *isel-%ap$ ends4 ,?is arrangem5t resembles v closely ! figure #d4 ,a /rong cord f ! middle ( ?is %ort /ick leads to ! spr+-pole at a po9t ab\t a foot f ! end4 ,a noose ( f9e1 s(t wire or plait$ horse-hair is fa/5$ to ! end ( ! spr+-pole1 & laid ev5ly ar\nd on ! tops ( ! circle ( pegs1 :i* mu/ be ( an equal height4 ,an apple or a c>rot is spe>$ ^u ! %>p end ( ! bait-/ick4 ,! rabbit smells ! bait1 puts its head ov] ! f5ce & ?r\gh ! noose to take a nibble4 ,:5 x t\*es ! bait-/ick1 up goes ! noose1 & x is caught4 ,b ! sn>e on top ( ! little f5ce is likely to fall or be rubb$ (f1 s a deep1 %>p not* mu/ be made into ! top ( e peg into :i* ! noose fits4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a ,yankee improvem5t on a v old device4 ,=m]ly !re 0 no p5 & ! noose 0 laid on ! gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! v be/ traps = rabbits is a k9d us$ 9 ! ,s\? 7,fig4 #e74 ,h[ (t5 on a fro/y morn+ w\ld "o's he>t ?ump z "o came into view & look$ to see if ! trigg] 0 up & ! door 0 d[n6 ,x is made ( r\gh bo>ds tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 "o be+ an in* %ort]1 & all at lea/ six in*es wide1 nail$ into a long box4 ,! re> be+ clos$ up ) a bo>d1 & ! top be+ an in* %ort]1 !re is room = a door :i* slides up & d[n4 ,two ?9 /rips are nail$ upright to ! front ( ! side-pieces1 to keep ! door f fall+ outw>d2 small cleats inside complete a *annel1 9 :i* ! door slides easily up & d[n4 ,!n ) an aug] or bit two holes are bor$ into ! top five-eigh?s to "o in* 9 diamet]1 "o hole be+ n9e in*es f ! front1 ! o!r n9e in*es to ! re> ( ! fir/4 ,into ! "o next ! door a /ake is set up ab\t t5 in*es high1 ) a crot* at ! top4 ,!n a /ick eight in*es long & z ?ick z a lead-p5cil is cut2 five in*es f "o end a cut is made half-way ?r\gh1 & a deep not* tak5 out ! %ort end4 ,?is is dropp$1 not* upw>d1 into ! o!r hole4 ,a /iff /ick eighte5 in*es long is !n cut1 a /r+ ti$ to ea* end1 & !n balanc$ 9 ! crot*4 ,! door is rais$ five in*es1 & "o /r+ ti$ to a nail 9 ! top4 ,! o!r /r+ is ti$ to ! upp] end ( ! trigg]1 ! not* ( :i* is caught on ! "u side ( ! top bo>d4 ,! trap ?us set is plac$ at "r angles to ! pa?1 n directly 9 x4 ,fooli% ,bunny comes along4 ,a good hole is some?+ a rabbit is ev] on ! look\t =4 ,"h is a new "o2 he w look into x & see :at x is l4 ,x is n necess>y to put ev5 a c>rot or an apple inside4 ,he cr[ds 91 butts 8 head aga9/ ! trigg] at ! end1 up x goes1 d[n drops ! door beh9d1 & he is fa/4 ,! trigg] mu/ be set "u ! front edge ( ! hole1 o!rwise ! rabbit w n be able to pu% x f him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,in/ead ( a box1 a section ( a holl[ log1 call$ 9 ! ,s\? a 8gum10 may be us$1 two /akes be+ driv5 9 front to hold ! door4 ,fig4 #f4 ,! muskrat is an abundant animal ab\t ponds1 dit*es1 & ! banks ( sluggi% /reams4 ,x is easily trapp$4 ,!y rem9d "o ( little beav]s1 & if _! fur 0 n s v common x w\ld be m highly priz$1 = x is really s(t & f9e4 ,if "o c f9d _! runway 7a pa? eight or n9e in*es wide along :i* !y travel f place to place7 "o c always capture !m by ! same k9d ( trap t an ,indian sets = beav] & ott]1 z well z = musqua%4 ,he calls x ! 8kilheg'n40 ,fig4 #g4 ,drive two /akes two feet or m high & at lea/ an in* ?ick into ! gr\nd ?ree in*es ap>t at "o side ( ! pa?4 ,opposite ^! two /icks drive 9 two m1 & lay a /ick across betwe5 !m1 pu%+ x d[n ne>ly level ) ! pa? = a b$-piece4 ,!n get a pole ( any l5g? :atev]1 lay ! butt end across ! pa? on top ( ! b$1 hew+ ! sides flat1 if necess>y4 ,see t x re/s ev5ly on ! b$1 & keep ! o!r end 9 place ) a /ake driv5 on ea* side4 ,?is pole is call$ ! 8fall40 ,la% ea* pair ( /akes toge!r at _! tops ) rope or t\gh b>k or )e1 to prev5t spread+1 & lay a /iff /ick across4 ,cut a half-in* /raight /ick & lay x on top ( ! b$1 la%+ "o end loosely to ! /ake1 leav+ ! o!r end free to rise & fall4 ,?is is ! trigg]4 ,n[ = ! 8crook$ /ick40 ,x is a /ick z long z f ! b$ to ! cross-piece1 & has a sudd5 b5d at ! upp] end4 ,(t5 "o c f9d a small sapl+ an in* ?r\gh ) j ! "r b5d at ! end4 ,not* x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,tie a /\t cord or )e ar\nd ! fall1 raise ! same n9e or t5 in*es1 lay ! crook$ /ick ov] ! cross-piece1 & tie ! )e fa/4 ,!n b5d ! o!r end ( ! crook$ /ick t[>ds ! gr\nd1 & cat* ! top ( x beh9d ! trigg]1 :i* is rais$ j en\gh 7two in*es7 = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! rat comes along x /eps on ! trigg]1 free+ ! crook$ /ick1 :]eupon ! fall drops & p9s ! creature !re4 ,heavy weights %\ld be pil$ ^u ! fall alongside ! pa?1 & ! sides %\ld be bru%$ 9 to keep ! animal f go+ ar\nd4 ,no bait is requir$ = ?is trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,,"s ,,useful ,,traps ,alongside ( _! pond on a level spot contrive ano!r trap 7,fig4 #i7 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a flat /ick1 ab\t two in*es wide1 lay x on ! gr\nd1 & close to "o end drive an upright /ake on ea* side4 ,let !m /& "s six in*es high4 ,!n1 beg9n+ close to ! two /akes1 lay a two-foot /ick at "r angles1 its end re/+ on ! fir/ "o4 ,alongside ( ?is lay ano!r /ick a little %ort]1 cont9u+ ?us1 & mak+ ea* successive /ick %ort]1 until ! end ( ! /icks is rea*$1 ?us =m+ a ?ree-corn]$ plat=m1 :i* is !n weight$ ) heavy /ones4 ,con/ruct a figure #d 7,fig4 #i ,a7 out ( /icks z ?ick z "o's f+]1 mak+ ! bait-/ick eighte5 or tw5ty in*es long4 ,set ! figure #d "u ! plat=m at ! v end ( ! /ick1 ! bait-/ick pass+ betwe5 ! upright /akes4 ,bait ) a c>rot1 a p>snip1 apple1 etc41 & a rat %\ld be !re 9 ! morn+4 ,if ! trap does n lie flat on ! gr\nd place /icks "u x4 ,?is same trap1 bait$ ) a f[l's head or a bird or meat1 is also useful z a skunk-trap1 be+ plac$ 9 ! woods ne> _! burr[s4 ,! m9k is ano!r common animal1 & x is f\nd by almo/ e brook-side4 ,x is a great travell]1 foll[+ ! /ream1 fe$+ ^u fi%1 & pick+ up a bird or m\se :5ev] opportunity af=ds4 ,= a trap ,i take two r\nd poles six to eight feet long1 & ab\t ?ree in*es ?ick at ! butt4 ,on a level spot1 nev] m ?an a few feet away f ! wat]1 ,i drive a /ake firmly into ! gr\nd1 & lay ! two poles1 butts toge!r1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 aga9/ ! /ake1 & drive two m /akes on ! o!r side ab\t six in*es ap>t4 ,sometimes :5 ! gr\nd is s(t two /akes 7,fig4 #aj7 %\ld be driv5 9 front in/ead ( "o4 ,a /ick a foot long w s]ve equally well = ! b$-piece4 ,!n a p5 or h\se is built ( /akes1 or long *ips1 or /ones1 or pieces ( bo>d 9 ! =m ( a ,v or 1 ab\t n9e in*es tall1 eight in*es deep1 & six in*es wide4 ,!n two /icks are prep>$--"o ?ree in*es long & half an in* ?ick1 call$ ! 8/&>d0 7,fig4 #ab71 ! o!r eight in*es long1 & ( ! same ?ickness1 call$ ! bait-/ick1 "o end be+ %>p5$1 ! o!r flatt5$4 ,! bait1 ! head ( a f[l or fi%1 is ti$ to ! %>p po9t ( ! bait-/ick4 ,! fall is rais$1 ! /&>d set sideways on ! flat end on ! bait-/ick1 & ! fall l[]$1 until x re/s on top ( ! /&>d1 ! bait-/ick be+ inside ! h\se4 ,z ! /icks are arrang$1 ! m9k1 ent]+ ov] ! b$ & "u ! fall1 w h to give q a pull be=e dislodg+ ! /&>d on :i* ! fall re/s4 ,s take a peg1 cut a not* into x ne> ! top deep en\gh to secure ! bait-/ick1 & drive x into ! gr\nd inside ! p5 & close to "o side4 ,n[ ! /&>d c be set mu* ne>] ! out] end ( ! bait-/ick1 & ! mom5t ! bait is tugg$ at1 ! bait-/ick flies f "u ! not*$ peg1 & d[n comes ! fall4 ,! b$ may be hewn to an edge on top1 & ! p>ts ( ! trap %\ld "w )\t a hit*4 ,a /one1 or bo>d1 or %eet ( b>k1 or a h&ful ( ev]gre5 b\ghs %\ld be laid ov] ! h\se1 n only to keep ! animal out1 b also ! ra9 & sn[ f ! trigg]s :i* may freeze up & /ick fa/4 ,two pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd at ! end ( ! fall w hold x 9 place1 &1 l e deadfall1 x %\ld be heavily weight$ ) logs z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,!re are _m diff]5t ways ( build+ traps ) ?is simple bait-/ick & /&>d--a comb9ation 9 g5]al use 9 ! fur c\ntries4 ,"s are made l>ge = fi%]s1 & set on logs & high /umps = sable or m>t54 ,9 ,canada1 :]e ! sn[ is v deep1 ,i h se5 long l9es ( sable-traps on /umps sev5 feet f ! gr\nd1 ! o!r end ( ! fall re/+ on ano!r /ump ( ! same height4 ,9 su* cases a tree is cut = ! purpose1 & by a skilful way ( *opp+1 ! /ake 9 front ( ! trap is left /&+ z "p ( ! /ump1 & ! *ips are %>p5$ & driv5 into ! top ( ! /ump = ! h\se4 ,aga91 a holl[ is *opp$ into a tree1 a /ake driv5 9 front1 & ! bait-/ick ?ru/ inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,,deadfalls ,!re are _m o!r deadfalls 9 use4 ,among ! mo/ deadly is :at may be call$ ! 8wigwam40 ,x is ?us con/ruct$3 ,) a hat*et or an axe break "s small /icks1 & driv+ !m into ! gr\nd 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t build ! bait-p5 or h\se4 ,br+ !m toge!r at ! top z 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,next cut a gre5 /ick ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t eight feet long4 ,lay 9 front ( ! p51 directly up aga9/ x4 ,peg x firmly !re by driv+ wood5 p9s aga9/ x at ! ends4 ,s mu* done4 ,n[ get ano!r /ick ( ! same l5g? & lay x on top ( ! fir/ pole4 ,fix x 9 position by driv+ p9s aga9/ x z 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$ take two small1 r\nd /icks or twigs1 cut "o ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! o!r ne> t5 in*es1 or ! dep? ( ! bait-p54 ,raise ! top log & lay ! long] ( ! little r\nd twigs on x1 ) ! end on :i* ! bait is to be plac$ on ! inside4 ,! ends ( ! little twig mu/ be r\nd4 ,set x on end1 ) ! upp] end re/+ on ! upp] log & ! l[] end re/+ on ! fir/ little /ick z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,:5 an animal comes to get ! bait he has to put 8 =e-legs into ! p51 & ! m9ute he t\*es ! bait ! upp] log falls1 cat*+ him 9 ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,skunks c be easily caught ?is way )\t ! lea/ smell4 ,spikes may be driv5 ?r\gh ! upp] log = l>ge game4 ,fig4 #af is a v>iation ( ! same idea4 ,wood*ucks or gr\nd-hogs w be attract$ to a trap by bait+ ) _! favorite food2 b !y soon g into w9t] qu>t]s1 f :i* !y d n em]ge until spr+4 ,!re are special traps = o!r animals & birds4 ,good judgm5t1 k ( ! appe>ance & ! food & habits ( ! bird or animal are necess>y to success 9 trapp+1 z well z an eye quick to recognize ! signs ( ! game1 p>ticul>ly _! runways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,traps 9 cold c\ntries ne$ n be visit$ (t5] ?an once a week1 b if !y are ne> home mo/ boys l to g to !m e day4 ,sk9n+ c be/ be done at home4 ,! cur+ ( sk9s is a matt] ( great importance if ! fur is to be sold1 = deal]s w only pay = good fur prop]ly prep>$4 ,x mu/ be 8prime0--t is1 f ,novemb] to ! middle ( ,april 7wat] fur a =tnight lat]7 ! inside ( ! sk9 w be :ite & ! fur ?ick & glossy2 at o!r times x becomes d>k & ?9 & ! fur poor4 ,muskrats1 m9k1 sable1 foxes1 weasel1 opossum1 & skunk require to be cas$--t is1 )\t any cut d[n ! middle4 ,wolf1 badg]1 raccoon1 be>1 beav] mu/ be op54 ,! mann] ( prep>+ cas$ fur is to make a cut ar\nd ! ankles1 !n a slit d[n ! back ( ! leg to ! tail1 ! sk9 to be peel$ (f ! legs & ! root ( ! tail to be put into ! end ( a split /ick & ! core pull$ "r out4 ,!n ! sk9 is pull$ (f ov] ! head4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals1 l ! m9k & muskrat1 !re is a sc5t-bag ne> ! tail :i* is liable to get cut1 ) unpleasant consequ5ces1 s ! be/ trapp]s pref] to remove ! hide by comm5c+ at ! lips & peel+ x (f ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! m\?1 mak+ no o!r cut 9 ! sk9 save at ! legs1 :5 ! sk9 is op5$ by a cut f leg to tail z at ! />t4 ,! muskrat may be /ret*$ on a pliant /ick ?ree feet long1 b5t into a b[1 & ! sk91 fur inw>d1 pull$ ov] x4 ,! legs are slitt$ & caught ov] not*es 9 ! side1 & "o end ( ! /ick is b5t squ>ely across & fa/5$ ei!r into ! split top ( ! o!r or into a not*1 & ! loose middles ( ! sk9 ti$ up to ! cross-piece4 ,fig4 #ag b4 ,= m9k1 etc41 nev] use a s+le bo>d--x may te> ! sk9--b make a d\ble /ret*] 7,fig4 #ag a74 ,take a half-in* bo>d ( p9e or c$>1 two feet long & ?ree in*es wide1 & tap] x to two in*es at "o end & %ave ! outside almo/ to an edge4 ,! bo>d is !n split 9 half ) a saw2 :]e no saw is at h& ! two pieces are :ittl$ out sep>ately4 ,! /ret*]s are n[ put into ! sk91 & ! legs pull$ out z f> z !y w g & tack$ 9 place1 or a slit made 9 ea* & ! leg hook$ ov] a not* 9 ! edge ( ! /ret*]4 ,!n a w$ge two feet long1 an in* wide1 & tap]+ to a po9t is ins]t$ betwe5 ! /ret*]1 & driv5 d[n until ! sk9 is z tight z a drum-head4 ,! middles are !n tack$ fa/1 & a squ>e-po9t$ /ick ins]t$ into ! tail4 ,if ! bo>ds ?reat5 to collapse1 two %ort /icks ) ends la%$ toge!r pu%$ ov] !m w keep !m flat4 ,! tail-piece 7,fig4 #ah7 %[s a m9k-sk9 prop]ly /ret*$4 ,a fox-/ret*] w be exactly twice ! dim5sions ( ! m9k-/ret*]2 o!rs 9 proportion4 ,! raccoon1 be>1 etc41 is sk9n$ by a cut f *9 to tail1 cuts be+ made up ! legs at "r angles to ! cut1 & /ret*$ ^u a squ>e frame 7,fig4 #ag d7 by means ( a lac+ ( cord or t\gh b>k4 ,=m]ly all op5 sk9s 7 /ret*$ on ! hoop-/ret*] 7,fig4 #ag c71 b n[ only ! beav] is treat$ t way4 ,sk9s mu/ nev] be dri$ 9 ! sun nor by a hot fire4 ,nor %\ld any pres]vatives :atev] be appli$1 n ev5 salt1 until ready = tann+4 ,all fat %\ld be remov$1 tak+ c>e = knife-cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,*apt] ,,xx ,,tree ,,huts ,,& ,,bru%-,,h\ses ,! mo/ delightful season 9 ! woods1 ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn & middle p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & 9 ! ,s\? "r up to ,*ri/mas2 :ile 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ?r\gh s\!rn ,texas & ,cali=nia1 ! woods are attractive all ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,bru%-h\ses1 sylvan retreats1 & tree huts ( v>i\s k9ds are made by boys all ov] ! c\ntry1 & "s v unique & orig9al ones are (t5 con/ruct$ f simple & inexp5sive mat]ials4 ,ev]y?+ f ! back-y>d 8lean-to0 & ! t5t ( %eets to ! tree huts t are inaccessible :5 ! rope-ladd] is drawn up may be made by boys :o are at all h&y ) tools1 & a well-built tree hut is an ideal place 9 :i* to sp5d "o's vacation days4 ,! foll[+ ideas & sugge/ions may be ( s]vice1 & !y h all be5 te/$ 9 practical exp]i5ce4 ,a ,l[ ,tw9-tree ,hut ,a v s]viceable tw9-tree hut is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & x c easily be con/ruct$1 at a small co/1 f ord9>y bo>ds & timb]s4 ,if x is built high up 9 ! trees x is d\bly secure f invasion1 = ! ladd] c be drawn up :5 ! own]s are at home & x w be a difficult matt] = outsid]s to ent]4 ,to prop]ly build ?is hut select a location betwe5 two trees six to eight feet ap>t4 ,! trees %\ld h comp>atively /raight trunks at lea/ fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & no cavities at ! base nor indications ( decay4 ,) an axe cle> (f ! bru% & small bran*es = tw5ty feet up f ! gr\nd at ! inside ( ! trunks1 or :]e ! hut is to be locat$4 ,f a lumb]-y>d obta9 f\r or five pieces ( spruce or o!r timb] two in*es ?ick1 eight in*es wide1 & sixte5 feet long4 ,saw (f & nail two ( ^! pieces to ! trunks ( ! trees eight feet above ! gr\nd1 fir/ cutt+ away "s ( ! b>k & wood ( ! trunk to af=d a flat surface = ! timb]s to lie aga9/ on ea* side4 ,six-in* /eel-wire nails w be requir$ = ^! an*orages1 & "u ! timb]s & ly+ flat aga9/ ! tree-trunks bracket-blocks two-by-eight in*es & fifte5 in*es long are securely spik$ to l5d additional support to ! cross-timb]s4 ,cut two timb]s six feet long & two o!rs ! l5g? ( ! di/ance betwe5 tree-trunks4 ,9 ! six-foot pieces cut not*es at ! "u side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ,c ,c4 ,into ^! ! ends ( bracket-timb]s ,d ,d w fit4 ,cut ! ends ( ! timb]s =m+ ! squ>e frame s t !y w dovetail z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,spike ! six-foot timb]s to ! tree-trunks s t !y w re/ on ! fir/ two timb]s t 7 nail$ to ! trees1 & f ! two-by-eight-in* wood cut f\r brackets ,d ,d1 & spike !m fa/ "u ea* cross-timb] s ea* tree w appe> z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,place ! rema9+ two timb]s 9 position s t ! ends w fit into ^? fa/5$ to ! trees1 & nail !m fa/ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,9 ,fig4 #e ! fir/ timb]s c be se5 spik$ to ! tree-trunks1 :]e !y are support$ by ! fifte5-in* blocks nail$ fa/ bel[ !m4 ,! cross-timb]s are %[n at ,a ,a1 & ! la/ ones1 =m+ ! frame t are let into dove-tail$ jo9ts at ! ends1 are %[n at ,b ,b4 ,cut two m timb]s ,e ,e1 & lay !m across ! support+ timb]s1 nail$ to ! tree1 s !y w fit inside ! front & back timb]s ,b ,b1 :]e !y are to be well secur$ ) long nails4 ,! floor frame w !n be complete4 ,f two-by-?ree-in* spruce con/ruct a frame sev5 feet high at ! front1 six feet at ! back1 & spike ! side timb]s ,f ,f1 =m+ ! top1 to ! inside ( ! tree-trunks z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! bottom ( ! uprights are to be m\nt$ on ! corn]s ( ! floor frame z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :]e f\r long nails w hold !m securely 9 place4 ,cut two timb]s & arrange !m 9 an upright position at ! front ?irty in*es ap>t1 :]e ! door w come1 !n half-way betwe5 ! floor & top ( ! framework run a timb] all ar\nd except betwe5 ! door timb]s4 ,?is w add a /r5g!n+ rib to :i* ! %ea?+ bo>ds c be nail$1 & w also make "o m an*orage to ! tree-trunks4 ,! side-rails %\ld be spik$ to ! tree-trunks 9 a correspond+ mann] to t ( ! top or ro(-/rips4 ,f a lumb]-y>d obta9 "s f\r1 six1 or t5 in* mat*$ bo>ds1 plan$ on bo? sides1 & use !m = ! floor & %ea?+4 ,! ro( may be made f ! same k9d ( bo>ds1 & ov] !m a ?ickness or two ( t>r$ pap] is to be laid & fa/5$ d[n at ! edges & seams ) small metal wa%]s & nails t c be _h :]e ! pap] is pur*as$4 ,?is w make ! ro( wat]-tight1 = a season at lea/2 & if x is giv5 "o or two coats ( pa9t x w pres]ve ! pap] s t x may la/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,two or ?ree w9d[s tw5ty-f\r in*es squ>e may be plac$ 9 ! back & sides ( ! hut above ! middle rib2 & a door ( bo>ds held toge!r ) batt5s1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 is to be made & hung ) long1 /\t /rap-h+es4 ,a knob lock or a hasp & padlock w keep ! door clos$ :5 ! hut is unoccupi$4 ,:5 9 use a wood5 button w hold ! door %ut f ! inside4 ,a ladd] ( hickory poles & cross-/icks %\ld be made tw5ty in*es wide & provid$ ) loops at ! top t w fit ov] l>ge nails driv5 9 ! door-sill1 s z to keep x f slipp+ :5 x b5ds "u ! weight ( a boy4 ,:]e ! rungs jo9 ! side-rails ( ! ladd] ! union is made by la%+ ! cross-/icks fa/ ) t>r$ rigg+ or /\t cotton l9e4 ,if a flexible ladd] is pref]r$ ropes may be us$ 9 place ( ! side-rails to :i* ! rungs are la%$ fa/4 ,:5 ! own]s are at home ! ladd] c be drawn up & hung on nails driv5 9 ! front edge ( ! ro(4 ,if a rope-ladd] is us$ x c be drawn 9 & roll$ up4 ,inside ( ! hut1 at ei!r end1 a seat eighte5 in*es wide %\ld be built 9 ab\t sixte5 in*es up f ! floor4 ,^! seats c be us$ z bunks if desir$4 ,"s n>r[ %elv+ %\ld be arrang$ ov] ! w9d[s & fa/5$ !re ) brackets1 on :i* small ?+s may be kept4 ,a small table may be made f "s ends ( ! %ea?+ bo>ds & two-by-?ree-in* spruce /icks2 & boxes may be us$ = seats1 or small b5*es c easily be knock$ toge!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f ,a4 ,"u ! table a l$ge twelve in*es wide is to be atta*$ to ! l[] cross-rails t connect ! legs z %[n at ,fig4 #f ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,a ,,high ,,tw9-,,tree ,,hut ,a wall-ne/ may be made f a %oe-case 9 :i* f\r or five %elves are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f ,c4 ,a door made f ! box-cov] is atta*$ ) h+es1 & a cat* or hasp w keep x clos$4 ,a ,high ,tw9-tree ,hut ,twelve or fifte5 feet above ! gr\nd1 & built 9 betwe5 ! trunks ( two /\t trees1 a high tree hut is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,l>g] & m sub/antial trees mu/ be select$ to build ?is hut 9 ?an ! ones = ! l[ hut1 & z a rope-ladd] w probably be us$ a l&+-deck or piazza %\ld be built at ! front ( ! hut4 ,:ile ?is hut is built betwe5 two trees x is also built aga9/ !m1 z ! trunk ( ea* tree c be p>tially enclos$ 9 ! hut4 ,! "u cross-timb]s t support ! floor frame are to be atta*$ to ! trees ! same z describ$ = ! l[ tree hut1 & on ^! ! o!r timb]s are laid & fa/5$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! ma9 timb]s ext5d beyond ! outside ( ! trunks1 & ! support+ & floor timb]s enclose ea* trunk4 ,at ! front ! frame is c>ri$ =w>d two feet m ?an at ! back1 all[+ ?is mu* = ! wid? ( ! deck4 ,! uprights are arrang$ some:at diff]5tly also1 z !y are b\nd at ! top to scantl+s t butt into ! trunks4 ,fig4 #h ,a ,a4 ,in/ead ( a flat ro( l ! l[ hut1 ?is "o is to h a pit*$ ro(1 ! support+ timb]s ( :i* are atta*$ to ! ridge-poles ,b ,b1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! tree-trunks 9 ! same mann] z ! "u cross-timb]s4 ,?is con/ruction is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e ! location ( ea* upright & cross-piece is indicat$4 ,a rail is run along ! front & "o end ( ! deck1 & is fa/5$ at ! top ( f\r uprights ( two-by-?ree-in* spruce1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are securely nail$ to ! front /r+]s z ! illu/ration %[s4 ,9 place ( ! support+ brackets ,d ,d t are let into ! timb] ,c at ,fig4 #b1 long] brackets or props are caught "u ! floor timb]s & brac$ at ! l[] end aga9/ ! trunks1 :]e an additional an*orage or support is made by a /\t block :i* is securely spik$ to ! trunk und]nea? ea* bracket end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h ,c ,c4 ,! frame is !n enclos$ z describ$ = ! l[ hut1 & w9d[s & a door are m\nt$ z %[n4 ,a long1 /iff ladd] may be us$ to climb up1 b a m int]e/+ ladd] c be made ( rope & hickory rungs4 ,by means ( a ?9 rope atta*$ to ! bottom rung ! ladd] c be haul$ up to ! deck s t x is out ( ! rea* ( o!r boys2 & be+ fa/5$ at ! top1 no "o c remove x or pull x away z !y c\ld a /iff ladd]4 ,a rope-ladd] is made ( /\t clo!s-l9e & hickory rungs la%$ toge!r securely ) /rong l9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! rungs are ( /raight hickory ) or )\t ! b>k on1 "o in* & a qu>t] ?ick & tw5ty-f\r in*es long4 ,ne> ! end ( ea* rung a not* is cut on bo? sides = ! rope to lie 91 z %[n at ! upp] end ( ,fig4 #i1 & ea* union is to be v securely b\nd ) ! l9e s z to prev5t slipp+4 ,! ladd] is hung on /\t wood5 pegs driv5 into ! deck ?r\gh holes "o in* & a half 9 diamet]4 ,an extra rope is to be c>ri$ f ! top rung up ov] ! pegs & d[n aga91 :]e a wrap is tak5 ov] "o or two rungs2 !n x is la%$ fa/ to ! o!r ropes ) ! /\t l9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #ab ,bunks & furniture c be made = ! int]ior1 & any o!r conv5i5t accessories to ! com=t & pleasure ( ! boy own]s may be add$ z ne$ arises4 ,a ,s+le-tree ,hut ,9 ! spread+ bran*es ( a l>ge oak-tree a v snug roo/ c be made high above ! gr\nd z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa 7frontispiece74 ,?is s+le-tree hut is tw5ty-five feet above ! gr\nd1 & bel[ x is a l&+ f :i* ! rope-ladd] is dropp$4 ,f ?is l&+ to ! piazza or deck ( ! hut a /iff ladd] is made fa/ bo? at top & bottom1 & an op5+ 9 ! floor ( ! deck w all[ room to climb up on ! deck4 ,z v few trees are alike x w\ld be difficult to give a plan = ! floor timb]s among ! out-spread+ bran*es2 b f ! plans %[n = ! tw9-tree hut "s idea ( ! con/ruction c be _h = s+le-tree huts4 ,! ma9 tree-trunk w1 ( c\rse1 h to project up ?r\gh ! hut1 & ! location 9 ! tree %\ld be select$ s t out-spread+ bran*es w =m a support to ! l[] edges ( ! floor frame z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! plan ( a l[ tree hut4 ,a peak$1 a mans>d1 or a flat ro( c be plac$ on ! hut1 dep5d+ on ! ma9 trunk to give x support2 & if ! space 9 ! tree w p]mit1 a deck across ! front & bo? sides w be f\nd useful4 ,! floor timb]s %\ld be well brac$ to ! ma9 trunk ( ! tree ) long & %ort bracket-pieces or props4 ,^! w help greatly 9 mak+ ! hut /eady 9 ! tree1 & :]e ! l[] ends are atta*$ to ! trunk l>ge spikes %\ld be well driv5 94 ,cleats or blocks c be nail$ fa/ "u ! ends also1 z !y w help to support & /r5g!n ! an*orage4 ,wat] & food c be kept cool by susp5d+ !m 9 a %ady place4 ,wat] 9 a por\s jug or e>!n pit*] w keep v cold if hung 9 ! tree bran*es :]e ! air c freely circulate ar\nd x4 ,keep fire away f ! tree huts1 & d n light any mat*es nor burn c&les1 = if once a fire is />t$ no?+ w save y\r hut4 ,x is too high to rea* ) a bucket1 &1 locat$ z x is1 a p]fect draught w fan a small flame into a rag+ fire 9 no "t4 ,a ,l[ ,s+le-tree ,hut ,x is n always be/ to build a hut 9 high trees1 nor is x possible to d s 9 e case1 because !re may n be any high1 l>ge trees at h& /rong en\gh to support a hut4 ,= y\ng] boys a l[ tree hut is pref]able1 s t if a possible mis/ep %\ld result 9 a fall x w\ld be less h>mful ?an f a high tree4 ,an apple or maple tree (t5 af=ds a good support = a l[ tree hut1 & if ! trunk is sub/antially heavy a h\se simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab 7page #ceh7 c easily be con/ruct$4 ,! tree %\ld be l>ge en\gh to be> ! weight ( ! h\se )\t /ra9+ x1 p>ticul>ly 9 a /orm or high w9d4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ! frame is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! frame %\ld be ( two-by-?ree-in* spruce & ! floor+ beams c be ( two-by-f\r-in* spruce or o!r timb]4 ,"o or two w9d[s & a door may be arrang$ 9 ! hut1 & t>-pap] tack$ on ! ro( w make x wat]-pro(4 ,access to ! hut c be _h by means ( a ladd] made f two-by-?ree-in* spruce rails ) hickory rungs1 or two-by-"o-in* h>d-wood /icks securely nail$ to ! rails4 ,a ,bru%-h\se ,9 ne>ly e "p ( ! c\ntry :]e !re is l[ gr\nd "o may g5]ally f9d a high gr[? ( plant life hav+ a long /alk1 ) ! greate/ numb] ( leaves at or ne> ! top4 ,arti*okes1 cat-tail re$s1 wild sunfl[]1 & ! /rong] species ( flag h /alks & re$s suffici5tly /rong f :i* to make ! sides & ro( ( a hut or small h\se su* z ,fig4 #ac depicts4 ,?is gr[? is (t5 t5 feet high1 & w h a /raight & uni=m re$ at lea/ sev5 or eight feet up f ! gr\nd be=e ! ?ick top foliage r$uces x 9 size4 ,?is la/ %\ld be cut away & ! small] "u bran*es & leaves trimm$ (f1 leav+ a comp>atively /raight %aft f six to eight feet long4 ,?is w be limb] en\gh to be wov5 basket-fa%ion1 & q /iff en\gh to hold ! ?at*+ ( mead[-grass or cat-tail re$s4 ,to build a bru%-h\se l ! "o %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 f\r /icks are to be set 9 ! gr\nd ab\t six feet ap>t1 =m+ a squ>e4 ,^! %\ld be eight feet long & sunk two feet into ! gr\nd1 ! upp] ends be+ b\nd toge!r ) rails two in*es wide & an in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,fig4 #ad ,a ,,bru%-,,h\se ,a pit* c be giv5 to ! ro( by cutt+ (f ! re> po/s six in*es & leav+ six in*es m ( ! front po/s out ( ! gr\nd1 !reby all[+ a pit* ( "o foot to ! six-toot l5g? ( ro(4 ,?is slant is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 & ! ro( may be flat if x is easi] to make4 ,f ! re$s a basket framework ) eight-in* me%es is to be wov51 z ! boys are do+ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,?ree ( ^! frames are to be made = ! sides & re> ( ! hut1 & at ! front1 above ! doorway1 a small] "o is to be made to cov] ! space betwe5 ! front po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,fig4 #af ,fig4 #ag ,! ends ( ! cross-re$s are to be b5t ar\nd ! end upright re$s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 :]e !y c be b\nd ) /r+ or ti$ ) grass4 ,! w9d[ op5+s 9 ! side frames are made by cutt+ out a section ( "o or two uprights & turn+ ! cross-re$s back & ty+ !m4 ,at ! doorway two upright /icks are driv5 into ! gr\nd & a rail nail$ across _! upp] ends4 ,to ?is wood5 frame ! front re$s may be atta*$1 & ! skeleton hut or h\se is !n ready to be ?at*$ ) long1 dry grass or dri$ cat-tail re$s4 ,! ?at*+ is done by int]weav+ long grasses or re$s betwe5 ! cross-re$s 9 a v]tical position z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ?at*+ mat]ial %\ld be f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es long s t x c be int]wov5 betwe5 ?ree cross-re$s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :]e a few /r&s ( grasses are plac$ 9 position to give an idea ( h[ to weave ! grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,timo?y or /raw c be us$ to good advantage = ?at*+ mat]ial1 & if x is employ$ x %\ld be wov5 ) ! heads up & n too close toge!r1 z ! air %\ld get ?r\gh ! ?at*+ to keep ! occupants ( ! hut cool4 ,( c\rse a h\se may be made l>g] or small] ?an ! "o describ$1 b ! pr9ciple ( good con/ruction is ! same4 ,nev] dep5d on ! f\r sides to hold toge!r )\t ! corn]-po/s1 z ! fir/ good w9d t happ5$ along w\ld bl[ x flat1 & p]haps beyond ! possibility ( repair4 ,! edges ( ea* side are la%$ fa/ to ! corn]-po/s ) grass or /r+1 & :5 ! ro( is made x %\ld be la%$ fa/ to ! top ( ! sides & front ) long re$s or grass4 ,! ro( is wov5 ! same z ! sides b is ?at*$ clos]2 & ab\t f\r in*es ( ! ro( %\ld ext5d ov] ! sides1 front1 & re>4 ,a ,bru% 8,lean-to0 ,! g5]al l9es ( a m9iature b>n are %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a bru% 8lean-to0 7,fig4 #ah74 ,?is is con/ruct$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! bru%-h\se1 & ?at*$ ) grass or re$s z %[n 9 ,figs4 #af & #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,! corn]-po/s are ?ree feet high1 ! ridge-pole sev5 feet & six in*es above ! gr\nd1 & ! hut may be f five to eight feet squ>e or made oblong1 z a matt] ( *oice4 ,a frame ( scantl+ %\ld be made = ?is lean-to ! same z if a wood5 /ructure 7 to be built1 & x mu/ be nail$ toge!r well to /& ! /ra9 ( ! w9d bl[+ h>d aga9/ x4 ,9 g5]al con/ruction ! frame %\ld appe> l ,fig4 #ai2 & to ! /icks ! edges ( ! ?at*$ framework ( re$s is to be la%$ fa/ ) grass1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! ?at*+ is done4 ,a bru%-h\se or any hut built on or ne> ! gr\nd is n s cool to /ay 9 z "o 9 ! trees1 b x is1 ( c\rse1 mu* easi] to con/ruct1 z ! boy build]s d n h to move ab\t s c>efully :5 at "w1 & _! mat]ials c be pick$ up quickly4 ,bru% huts & h\ses c be built on ! pla9s :]e trees are sc>ce1 b 9 a c\ntry ri* 9 woods & =e/s ! boys pref] ! tree huts1 n only = _! cool location1 b on acc\nt ( ! romance involv$ 9 ! climb+ up to an inaccessible eyrie4 ,*apt] ,,xxi ,,walk+-,,/icks ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m = ,pleasure & ,pr(it ,"h are "s sugge/ions = an entirely new & fasc9at+ out-(-doors occupation4 ,x has become a habit ) me :5 walk+ 9 ! woods to keep a %>p look\t = /ocks = walk+-/icks1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s ,i h got toge!r q a unique collection4 ,to ^! a numb] h be5 add$ ?r\gh ex*anges ) fri5ds4 ,?is hobby has borne o!r fruit ?an ! m]e ga!r+ toge!r ( curi\s /icks4 ,= h ,i n le>n$ ! sci5tific & common names ( mo/ ( our trees & %rubs1 _! habits1 & _! values1 _! uses 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 _! m$ic9al qualities6 ,s y see1 my "y read]1 :at un?9k+ p w\ld call a useless & ecc5tric occupation 7?is ga!r+ ( old /icks7 has 9 reality prov$ to be an innoc5t & in/ructive pa/ime1 & ,i propose to cont9ue to ride ?is walk+-/ick hobby j z dilig5tly z ,i us$ to ride gr&pa's walk+-cane to 8,banbury ,cross0 :5 a *ild4 ,my fir/ int]e/+ cane capture consi/$ ( a v curi\sly %ap$ natural /ick z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x 0 ( a "y hickory sapl+ at ^: roots grew a bitt]-sweet v9e1 :i*1 be+ ( an ambiti\s turn ( m9d1 _h tak5 _m turns ar\nd ! sapl+ 9 its eag]ness to climb up 9 ! _w4 ,! sapl+ 9 ! mean "t ext5d$ its b>k well ov] ! lead] ( ! t\gh & cl++ bitt]-sweet till b little ( x 0 to be se54 ,at la/ ! sapl+1 feel+ unusually vigor\s1 bur/ asund] ! cl++ bitt]-sweet v9e1 ! result be+ a v unique walk+-/ick1 & a good illu/ration ( ! 8survival ( ! fitte/40 ,! dead bitt]-sweet v9e 0 )drawn f ! hickory1 & f its root a h&le 0 c>v$ & b5t4 ,on _m occasions ,i h twi/$ v9es ( bitt]-sweet & ! fox-grape ar\nd sapl+s ( oak1 hickory1 & *e/nut1 & h obta9$ v satisfactory results4 ,:]e a v9e is situat$ "s di/ance f ! sapl+ select$ = a cane1 ! v9e c be 8pip$0 7laid "u ! gr\nd7 up to ! sapl+1 & !n twi/$ ar\nd x & securely fa/5$ at ! top ) wire1 f ?ree to f\r feet above its root4 ,if ! sapl+ is s situat$ t x obta9s a b\ntiful supply ( food & sunlight1 a unique cane ( natural gr[? w be ! result4 ,hav+ tak5 a h9t f nature 9 ! case ( ! bitt]-sweet v9e & ! hickory sapl+1 ,i ext5d$ my exp]im5ts 9 _m directions4 ,tak+ ?ree cutt+s 7slips7 ( basket-will[1 ,i plant$ !m close toge!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,aft] !y _h tak5 root & begun to pu% out bran*es1 ,i r$uc$ ! numb] ( bran*es to "o = ea* cutt+1 always reta9+ ! mo/ vigor\s bran*4 ,z ! ?ree will[-trees increas$ 9 height ! side bran*es 7 con/antly cut (f4 ,?is treatm5t =c$ ! gr[? ( ! will[s upw>d1 s t :5 !y _h atta9$ a height ( five feet ,i b\nd !m toge!r ) a liv+ cat-bri] v9e1 :i* 0 plant$ at _! base1 & 9 c\rse ( "t obta9$ a light walk+-/ick ( novel patt]n z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 graft+ ?ree will[ /ocks toge!r s t !y =m$ a union1 & became z x 7 "o tree4 ,?is 0 done by c>efully cutt+ away two slices f ?ree "y will[s s z to =m an obtuse angle z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! angles s =m$ 7 c>efully & accurately fitt$ toge!r z %[n 9 ! section ,fig4 #e4 ,to hold ! will[s closely toge!r1 & to exclude all air1 ,i wrapp$ !m tightly ) /rips ( unblea*$ cotton-%eet+4 ,z soon z !y %[$ signs ( life at _! tops by s5d+ out "y bran*es1 ,i felt c]ta9 t a union ( _! b>ks w\ld =m at ! po9ts indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,b x 0 n till sev]al trials _h be5 made t ,i 0 successful 9 ?is novel exp]im5t ( comb9+ ?ree will[ sapl+s4 ,x v (t5 occurs t aft] a tree has be5 cut d[n a numb] ( canes or suck]s w />t up f ! /ump4 ,^! suck]s make excell5t walk+-/icks :5 prop]ly cur$ & peel$4 ,= a lady's rid+-:ip ,i "k ( no?+ bett] ?an ?ree will[ )es plait$ toge!r4 ,?is plait+ mu/ be done :5 ! will[ )es are "y1 & :5 atta*$ to ! p>5t tree1 on :i* !y are all[$ to rema9 = a ye> aft] hav+ be5 plait$ toge!r4 ,by ?is "t !y w h gr[n firmly toge!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! b>k con=m+ to ! b5t /r&s ( ! plait4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,fig4 #h ,fig4 #i ,fig4 #aj ,fig4 #aa ,! foll[+ k9ds ( native woods are us$ = walk+-/icks3 ,,holly4--,/icks ( ?is wood are f\nd gr[+ out f ! sides ( old] gr[?s1 & %oot+ up 9 ne>ly a /raight l9e4 ,occasionally !y may be cut ) a crut*-piece across ! gr[+ end1 or ) a crook or knob4 ,^! are ! mo/ valuable4 ,!y may be f\nd on a well-gr[n sapl+ 9 ! deep woods4 ,?is %\ld be pull$ or dug up = ! sake ( its roots4 ,sapl+s & h$ge-/icks may (t5 be f\nd f ?ree to f\r feet long1 & f ?ree-eigh?s to a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! are n suitable = walk+-/icks1 b !y make excell5t :ip-h&les4 ,! holly makes t\gh1 supple1 & mod]ately heavy walk+-/icks1 & its close-gra9$ wood admits ( mu* skill 9 c>v+ ! knob =m$ by ! root & its rootlets4 ,,a%4--,respectable /icks ( ?is wood may sometimes be cut out ( a h$ge or pull$ f ! side ( an old /ump4 ,a% /icks mu/ also be r\ghly trimm$ & well season$ be=e !y are b>k$ & poli%$4 ,! root knobs admit ( excell5t grotesque c>v+4 ,,oak4--,?is ( all /icks is ! mo/ reliable1 & /\t oak5 cudgels are e/eem$ by mo/ p]sons z af=d+ ! be/ props = fail+ legs1 z well z ! be/ weapons ( self-def5ce aga9/ qu>relsome dogs1 ruffians1 & tramps4 ,/raight /icks ( sapl+ oak are n always easily obta9$1 b copse-wood /icks pull$ f ! trunks ( trees =m excell5t sub/itutes4 ,^! %\ld be select$ = walk+-/icks t tap] f "o in* bel[ ! knob or crut* to "o in* at ! f]rule end4 ,oak /icks split 9 dry+ :5 ! b>k has be5 /ripp$ (f or ! knobs & bran*es cut too close1 or :5 ! /icks are dri$ too rapidly 9 a v dry place4 ,!y are !n r5d]$ useless = walk+-/icks & cudgels4 ,,elm4--,f ! roots ( elm-trees sapl+s (t5 %oot up to a height ( "s t5 feet2 ^! furni% good walk+-/icks ( fancy /yles1 ! r\gh b>k s]v+ ! purpose ( ornam5tation :5 ! /icks are dri$1 /a9$1 v>ni%$1 & poli%$4 ,among fruit trees ! *]ry1 apple1 & pe> furni% "s v nice1 fancy walk+-/icks1 be+ supple & ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,:5 /icks are half dri$--t is1 :5 ! b>k is %runk51 has lo/ its sappy gre5ness1 & refuses to peel freely--!y may be trimm$1 /raight5$1 or b5t1 z requir$4 ,! wood & also ! =m ( ! knobs & roots w admit ( mu* ta/e be+ display$ 9 grotesque & fancy c>v+4 ,i "k ( a "y man 9 ,florida1 n yet tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 :o is pay+ 8 way ?r\gh college by collect+ & cur+ /icks ( ! wild orange1 on ! h&les ( :i* he c>ves dur+ 8 leisure "t & vacations full-l5g? figures ( alligators z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,i h exam9$ sev]al ( ^! /icks1 & ! entire "w seems to be done ) small *isels & a p>t+ or ,v-tool4 ,^! /icks are 9 con/ant dem& ) visitors & t\ri/s 9 ,florida1 & h become kn[n z 8orange-wood 'gator canes40 ,?is fact may be sugge/ive to "s ( our +5i\s f>m] boys :o are /ruggl+ to obta9 a college c\rse4 ,walk+-/icks c be ga!r$ at all seasons4 ,! /icks %\ld be laid aside 9 a mod]ately dry & cool place1 & %\ld n be work$ or ! b>k tak5 (f till !y are half dry4 ,!y are !n mo/ supple1 & may be b5t or /raight5$ )\t injury4 ,:5 lay+ by /icks to dry1 ! knots & spurs %\ld n be trimm$ close2 x is be/ to trim !m only r\ghly1 leav+ ! spurs ( bran*es & roots on ! /ick fully an in* long4 ,to /raight5 or b5d ! /icks1 !y %\ld be /eam$ until !y are supple1 or buri$ 9 hot1 wet s& until !y become s(t2 !y mu/ !n1 :ile /ill hot1 be giv5 ! =m !y are int5d$ to keep1 & kept 9 ?is =m until !y are cold4 ,/raight /icks are ti$ firmly toge!r 9 small bundles1 & w\nd ) a coil ( rope f end to end2 !y are !n susp5d$ to a beam by _! knob ends1 & a heavy weight is atta*$ to ! f]rule ends4 ,crooks may be turn$ by soak+ ! end 9 boil+ wat] = half an h\r1 !n b5d+ x to ! desir$ =m1 & reta9+ x 9 its position by means ( a t\rniquet 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g7 until ! /ick is cold4 ,! b>k may !n be tak5 (f ) a %>p knife1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to split or *ip ! wood4 ,knots may be trimm$ at ! same "t1 & ! root knobs turn$ into grotesque %apes4 ,!re are no rules t c be giv5 to guide "o :5 c>v+ ! roots into h&les1 s9ce _! =ms are gov]n$ by ! outl9es ( ! roots1 ^! (t5 be+ v sugge/ive ( !mselves4 ,! gr\p ( heads %[n 9 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 & #aa w illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,figs4 #h & #i %[ ! r\gh /ick1 ,figs4 #aj & #aa ! f9i%$ heads4 ,"o or two po9ts %\ld receive consid]able att5tion :5 design+ ! h&les4 ,if ! /ick is to be a fancy "o to be c>ri$ & swung 9 ! h&1 ! roots c be c>v$ into grotesque or fancy =ms4 ,b if = use1 ! h&le %\ld be r\nd & smoo?1 s z to fit com=tably 9 ! h&4 ,! head ( a dog1 or a swan or goose1 =ms an appropriate design = a /ick t is to be held on ! arm :5 light+ a mat*1 or :5 wi%+ to h bo? h&s free4 ,! crut* & hook are also com=table =ms4 ,wood5 h&les are giv5 t\*es ( ri* br[n by apply+ a r$-hot iron to ! p>ts to be color$4 ,all /icks ) ! r\gh b>k left on %\ld be neatly trimm$ nak$ ar\nd ! neck ( ! h&le1 & ! :ole lightly gone ov] ) f9e s& or em]y pap]4 ,! cane %\ld !n receive sev]al dress+s ( boil$ l9se$-oil & be left to dry4 ,:5 dry1 a coat ( %ellac v>ni% is appli$4 ,oak canes look be/ :5 c>efully b>k$ 9 hot wat]1 ! loose b>k be+ remov$ by rubb+ ) co>se canvas1 & ! cane !n dri$1 dress$ ) boil$ l9se$-oil1 aga9 dri$1 !n poli%$1 & v>ni%$ ) %ellac or furniture v>ni%1 & aga9 poli%$4 ,dogwood & ,osage orange /icks c be /a9$ black by bru%+ !m ov] ) a hot & /rong decoction ( logwood & nut gall4 ,:5 ?is is ?or\ghly dri$1 bru% !m ov] ) v9eg> 9 :i* a few ru/y nails h be5 /eep$ = two or ?ree days4 ,"s p]sons use ink = a black /a91 o!rs introduce 8drop black0 9 ! v>ni%2 a br[n or mahogany /a9 may be obta9$ by add+ "s 8dragon's-blood0 to ! v>ni%4 ,! l[] ends ( ! /icks %\ld be gu>d$ f excessive we> by a neat brass f]rule2 ^! are *eap] to pur*ase at a h>dw>e /ore ?an to make1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 us$ brass ?imbles & tailors' /eel ?imbles z a sub/itute4 ,^! c be fa/5$ by means ( hot %ellac1 or ) a brass p9 driv5 into a hole 9 ! ?imble & pass+ ?r\gh ! wood ( ! /ick4 ,= fa/5+ c>v$ or ru/ic heads or h&les on /icks hot glue or ?ick %ellac v>ni% is us$4 ,a good-siz$ hole is fir/ bor$ into ! h&le & a hole ( simil> size 9 ! /ick2 a d[el is driv5 into ! hole 9 ! /ick 7us+ pl5ty ( glue71 aft] :i* ! h&le is driv5 on to ! d[el-p94 ,h&les may be made ( horn1 :i* c be s(t5$ = b5d+ by boil+ 9 oil 7n k]os5e7 or hot fat4 ,h>d-woods t w take a poli%1 & vegetable ivory1 :i* is v easy & pleasant to c>ve1 are good mat]ials to use = h&les4 ,= small /icks1 bone w be f\nd an easy mat]ial to %ape into h&les4 ,all ! manufactur]s ( walk+-/icks & umbrella & p>asol h&les /ate t ! dem& = native woods suitable = canes & /icks is con/ant all ! ye> r\nd1 & t ! /icks may be ga!r$ at all seasons ( ! ye> & s5t to m>ket1 bo? /raight & crook$ /icks be+ salable1 also roots = h&les4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ?is we rea* ! end ( our out-door h&y book1 :i* we tru/ may become ! daily & invaluable companion ( all heal?y1 active ,am]ican boys4 ,! 9-door h&y book1 ! book ( electricity1 & ! book ( me*anics = boys1 :i* are to foll[1 w =m1 we believe1 ! di/9ctive ,am]ican boy's libr>y ( practical h&y books4 ,,index ,arial toys1 #ha-ih2 ela/ic fly+-ma*9e1 #ha-hf2 self-act+ a]ial c>1 #hf-ia2 a]ial boat-sail+1 #ia-ie2 a 8high-fly]10 #ie-ih4 ,air-%ip kite1 an1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh4 ,angl]s1 aids = "y1 #afj-afe4 ,aqu>ium1 an1 con/ruction (1 #ad-ah2 /ock+1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #afi1 #aga1agb2 *ang+ ! wat] 91 ibid42 rock]ies =1 #bj2 h[ to manage1 ibid42 plants =1 #ba2 arat+1 #bb4 ,arr[ wea!r-vane1 !1 #fd1 #fe4 ,artificial bait = fi%1 #afh1 #afi4 ,badg]1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,bait1 box =1 #aej2 bag =1 ibid42 worms z1 #aea1 #afa1 #aff2 m9n[s z1 #aea1 #afa1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh2 se9e = cat*+ live1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc2 boat =1 #afb1 #afc2 = l>ge fi%1 #aff2 = *ub1 ibid42 = bass1 #aff1 #afg2 = p]*1 ibid42 = tr\t1 ibid42 :]e to f9d1 #aff-afi2 dobsons z1 #afg2 pails =1 #afh2 artificial1 #afh1 #afi2 d>n+-ne$les z1 #afi2 = eel-pots1 #age4 ,bait-rods1 #aea-aec4 ,basket-ball vane1 a1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi4 ,bat-w+ kite1 !1 #abh4 ,be>1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg1 #cdi4 ,beav]1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 8,becket hit*10 !1 #afj4 ,b5ds3 ! common1 #bhh1 #bhi2 ! ,c>rick1 ibid42 ! fi%]man's1 ibid42 ! %eet1 #bhi2 diagrams %[+1 ibid4 ,see also ,hit*es & ,knots4 ,bird %elt]s1 #cb-cd2 m>t9-boxes1 #cj4 ,blackwall hit*1 !1 #bij1 #bia4 ,boats3 home-made1 #baa-bch2 a punt1 #bab-bad2 a sc[1 #bad1 #bae2 a %>py1 #bae-bah2 a dory1 #bai-bba2 a sail+ %>py1 #bba-bbe2 a c5tre-bo>d %>py1 #bbe-bbh2 a proa1 #bbh-bcj2 a l>k1 #bcj-bce2 a p[]-boat1 #bce-bch2 a r[+ catam>an1 #bci-bda2 a sail+ catam>an1 #bda-bdg2 a side-:eel catam>an1 #bdg1 #bdh2 a h\se-punt1 #bfa-bfg2 a h\se-raft1 #bfg-bgg4 ,see also ,ice-boats4 ,bob-sl$1 a1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,b\ghs1 a cot (1 #caj1 #cac4 ,b[l9e knot1 !1 #bhc1 #bhe4 ,box kites1 #acb1 #acc4 ,bru%-h\se1 a1 #cfa-cfd4 ,bru% lean-to1 a1 #cfd-cff4 ,cages1 = squirrels1 #de-dg2 = *ipmunks1 #de1 #df2 = :ite rats1 ibid4 ,camp-cook+1 #cbc1 #cbe-ccj4 ,camp-fires1 h[ to make1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,camp+ equipm5t1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah4 ,camps & camp+1 #bie-ccc2 a t5t ( m$ium size1 #bie-cjj2 a l>ge camp+-t5t1 #cjj-cjc2 flies & canopies1 #cjc1 #cjd2 a h\se-t5t1 #cjd-cjg2 ! new t5t1 #cjg-caj2 canvas cots & hammocks1 #caj-cac2 tables & b5*es1 #cja1 #cac-cae2 camp+ equipm5t1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah2 lock]s & mess-kits1 #caf-cai2 a /one /ove1 #cai1 #cbj2 camp-fires1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb2 camp-cook+1 #cbc1 #cbe-ccj2 c>e ( a gun1 #ccj-ccc4 ,canopy1 a toad/ool tree1 #ed1 #ee4 ,canvas cot1 a1 #caj1 #caa2 a fold+1 #caa1 #cab4 ,c>riage1 a hose1 #aie-aih4 ,c>rick b5d1 !1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,c>ry-all1 a1 = camp]s1 #cah1 #cai4 ,cas$ fur1 mann] ( prep>+1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,ca/+1 fly1 #aec-aef4 ,catam>an1 a r[+1 #bci-bda2 a sail+1 #bda-bdg2 a side-:eel1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,catspaw hit*1 !1 #bia1 #bib4 ,*airs = camp life1 #cad1 #cae4 ,*e/-reel1 a1 #aci1 #adj4 ,*ick5-coops1 #da-dc4 ,*9ese-junk kite1 !1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,clove hit*1 !1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,coa/]s1 skees1 & sn[-%oes1 #aja-aad2 toboggans1 #ajb-ajd2 a rock]-coa/]1 #ajc1 #aje2 a s+le-runn] coa/]1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh2 a bob-sl$1 #ajg-aji2 skees1 #aaj1 #aaa2 sn[-%oes1 #aaa-aad4 ,common b5d1 !1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,coops = *ick5s1 #da-dc4 ,cot1 a canvas1 #caj1 #caa2 a fold+1 #caa1 #cab2 ( b\ghs1 #caj1 #cac4 ,cotes1 pigeon1 #cd-cf4 ,cr[n$ wall knot1 !1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,cr[n-top kite1 !1 #abh4 ,cur+ ( sk9s1 !1 #cdf-cdi4 ,deadfalls1 = muskrat1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb2 = skunk1 #cdb1 #cdf2 ! 8wigwam10 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,diagrams1 %[+ splices1 #bha2 %[+ knots1 #bhe2 %[+ b5ds1 #bhi2 %[+ hit*es1 #bhi1 #bia4 ,diamond knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,dog-k5nels1 #cf-ci4 ,dory1 a1 h[ to make1 #bai-bba4 ,d\ble-plane kite1 !1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach4 ,d\ble wall & d\ble cr[n knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,eel-pot1 a1 h[ to make1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd2 bait+1 #age4 ,ela/ic fly+-ma*9e1 #ha-hf4 ,eng9e1 a fire1 #aia-aie4 ,equipm5t = camp+1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah4 ,fires1 camp1 h[ to make1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,fire-eng9e1 a1 #aia-aie4 ,fi%]man's b5d1 !1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,fi%1 = aqu>iums1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #afi2 clean+1 #ade2 bait =1 #aea1 #afa1 #aff-afi2 trap = small1 #afi-aga4 ,fi%+1 pleasure 91 #add2 secret ( success 91 #adf4 ,fi%+-tackle1 #add-aff2 te/+1 #adg2 c>e (1 ibid42 rods1 #adh1 #adi1 #aeh2 l9es1 #adi2 hooks1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeh2 reels1 #aej2 floats1 #aej1 #aeb1 #afd2 s9k]s1 ibid42 l&+-nets1 #aea2 flies1 ibid42 repair+1 #aef-afj4 ,float1 a1 #bgg-bgi4 ,floats1 fi%1 #aej1 #aeb1 #afd4 ,flies = camp+-t5ts1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,fly-ca/+1 #aec-aef4 ,fly-rods1 #aec-aef4 ,fly+-w$ge kite1 !1 #ace1 #acf4 ,f\nta91 a1 h[ made1 #i-ad4 ,fox1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg2 /ret*]1 #cdi4 ,gr\nd-hogs1 h[ to trap1 #cdf4 ,grubs = fi% bait1 #afg4 ,gu9ea-pig h\ses1 #ci-da4 ,gun1 ! c>e ( a1 #ccj1 #cca2 ! h&l+ ( a1 #cca-ccc4 ,half hit*es1 two1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,hammock1 a canvas1 #cab1 #cac4 ,h&les = walk+-/icks1 #cgd1 #cge4 8,high-fly]10 a1 #ie-ih4 ,hit*es3 ! 8,becket10 #afj2 two half1 #bhi1 #bij2 ! clove1 ibid42 ! slipp]y1 #bij1 #bia2 ! ,blackwall1 ibid42 ! timb]1 ibid42 ! roll+1 ibid42 ! ,magnus1 #bia2 ! catspaw1 #bia1 #bib2 ! %eep%ank1 ibid42 ! m>l+1 ibid4 ,see also ,b5ds & ,knots4 ,hook-&-ladd] truck1 a1 #aih-bjj4 ,hooks1 fi%1 #adi1 #aej2 putt+1 to gut1 #aeh4 ,hoop drop-net1 a1 h[ to make1 #agf4 ,hoop-/ret*]1 a1 #cdg1 #cdi4 ,hose-c>riage1 a1 #aie-aih4 ,h\se-boats1 #bfa-bgg2 a h\se-punt1 #bfa-bfg2 a h\se-raft1 #bfg-bgg4 ,h\ses = gu9ea-pigs1 #ci-da4 ,h[ to gr[ walk+-/icks1 #cfg-cfi4 ,hut1 a l[ tw9-tree1 #cej-cef2 a high tw9-tree1 #cej-cef2 a s+le-tree1 #cei1 #cfj2 a l[ s+le-tree1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,hut*es = rabbits1 #dc-de4 ,ice-boats1 #bdi-bfj2 a sloop-rigg$ ice-ya*t1 #bdi-bec2 a tw9-ma/ ice-ya*t1 #bec1 #bed2 scoots & scoot]s1 #bee-bei2 a w9d-runn]1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,ice-sail1 a squ>e-rigg$1 #aah4 ,ice-ya*t1 a sloop-rigg$1 h[ to make1 #bdi-bec2 a tw9-ma/1 #bec1 #bed4 8,invisible10 or 8:ip-f9i%10 knot1 !1 #aeh1 #afj4 ,k5nels = dogs1 #cf-ci4 ,kites3 ! %ip1 #abj-abb2 ! ,*9ese-junk1 #abb-abd2 ! s*oon]1 #abd1 #abe2 a balloon1 #abe1 #abf2 an air-%ip1 #abf1 #abg2 bat-w+1 #abh2 cr[n-top1 ibid42 ,s&wi* ,isl& bird1 #abi-aca2 box1 #acb1 #acc2 ! 8p>alleloplane10 #acd1 #ace2 ! fly+-w$ge1 #ace-ach2 ! d\ble-plane1 ibid42 reels1 #ach-adc4 ,knots3 ! 8invisible10 or 8:ip-f9i%10 #aeh1 #afj2 ! reef1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhe2 ! b[l9e1 #bhc1 #bhe2 ! b[l9e on a bight1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe2 ! runn+ b[l9e1 #bhd1 #bhe2 ! wall1 ibid42 ! cr[n wall1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhf2 diagrams %[+1 #bhe2 ! d\ble wall & d\ble cr[n1 #bhe1 #bhf2 a /opp]1 ibid42 a man rope1 ibid42 ! ,mat!w ,walk]1 ibid42 ! diamond1 ibid42 ! ,turk's head1 #bhe1 #bhg2 ! rope y>n1 ibid42 ! l>k's head1 ibid4 ,see also ,b5ds & ,hit*es4 ,knott+ ( gut1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj4 ,l&+-net1 a1 = fi%1 #aea4 ,l&-ya*t1 a1 #agg-ahb4 ,l>k1 a1 h[ to make1 #bcj-bce4 ,l>k's head knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhg4 ,lee-bo>d1 a1 #bbe4 ,l9es1 fi%1 #adi4 ,liz>ds1 p5s =1 #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #ea4 ,lock-boxes = camp+ outfit1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah4 ,magnus hit*1 !1 #bia4 ,man rope knot1 a1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,m>l+ hit*1 !1 #bia1 #bib4 ,m>t5-trap1 a1 #cdd4 ,m]ry-g-r\nd1 a1 con/ruction (1 #bd-bh2 vane1 #fi1 #gj4 ,m9k1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi2 /ret*]1 #cdi4 ,m9k-trap1 a1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,m9n[s = fi% bait1 #aea1 #afa1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh4 ,mort>1 a sn[ball1 #aah1 #aai4 ,muskrat-trap1 a1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb4 ,ne/ ( pockets1 a1 = camp+ outfit1 #cag1 #cah4 ,oak walk+-/icks1 #cga4 ,opossum1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,ov5s1 camp1 h[ to make1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,paddle-:eels3 diff]5t k9ds1 #bja2 ! mod]n turb9e1 #bjb2 a simple paddle-:eel1 #bjb1 #bjc2 a wagon :eel1 #bjc1 #bjd2 a b>rel-:eel1 #bjd1 #bje2 an und]%ot-:eel1 #bjf2 a p[]-:eel1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,p5s = reptiles1 #dg-ea4 ,pet %elt]s1 #bi-ea2 = m>t9s1 #cj-cb2 = birds1 #cb-cd2 = pigeons1 #cd-cf2 = dogs1 #cf-ci2 = gu9ea-pigs1 #ci-da2 = *ick5s1 #da-dc2 = rabbits1 #dc-de2 = squirrels1 #de-dg2 = *ipmunks1 ibid42 = :ite rats1 ibid42 = reptiles1 #dg-ea4 ,p]gola1 a back-y>d1 #ec1 #ed2 a ru/ic1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg2 a circul>1 #eg1 #eh4 ,pigeon-cotes1 #cd-cf4 ,p9ion-:eel1 wea!r-vane1 a1 #fj-fb2 a b>rel-hoop1 #gb4 ,pockets1 a ne/ (1 = camp+ outfit1 #cag1 #cah4 ,p[]-boat1 a1 h[ to make1 #bce-bch4 ,proa1 a1 h[ to make1 #bbh-bcj4 ,pump+ w9dmill1 a1 #gc1 #gg4 ,punt1 a1 h[ to make1 #bab-bad2 a h\se1 #bfa4 ,pu%mobile1 a1 #ahe-aij4 ,putt+ ! hook to gut1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj4 ,rabbit1 hut*es1 #dc-de2 sn>es1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch2 traps1 #cch1 #cci4 ,raccoon1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg1 #cdi4 ,reef knot1 !1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhe4 ,reel1 a *e/1 #aci1 #adj2 a box1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc4 ,reels1 kite1 #ach-adc2 fi%1 #aej4 ,repair+ fi%+-tackle1 #aef-afj4 ,reptile p5s1 #dg-ea4 ,rock]-coa/]1 a1 #ajc1 #aje4 ,rods1 fi%+1 ela/icity (1 #adh2 bait1 #adh1 #aea2 fly1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec-aef2 split-bamboo1 #adi2 h&l+ (1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec2 repair+1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,roll+ hit*1 !1 #bij1 #bia4 ,rope y>n knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhg4 ,runn+ b[l9e knot1 !1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,sable1 trap =1 #cdd2 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,sail-skat+ & sn[ball artill]y1 #aae-aai2 a skat+ sail1 #aae-aag2 a squ>e-rigg$ ice-sail1 #aah2 a sn[ball mort>1 #aah1 #aai4 ,sail-wagon1 a1 #ahb-ahe4 ,s&wi* ,isl& bird kite1 !1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb4 ,scap-net1 h[ made1 #ai1 #age1 #agf4 ,scoots & scoot]s1 8ice-wat] boats10 #bee-bei4 ,sc[1 a1 h[ to make1 #bad1 #bae4 ,se9e = cat*+ live bait1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc4 ,self-act+ arial-c>1 #hf-ia4 ,%>py1 a1 h[ to make1 #bae-bah2 a sail+1 #bba-bbe2 a c5tre-bo>d1 #bbe-bbh4 ,%eep%ank hit*1 !1 #bia1 #bib4 ,%eet b5d1 !1 #bhi4 ,%elt]s = pets1 #bi-ea2 = m>t9s1 #cj-cb2 = birds1 #cb-cd2 = pigeons1 #cd-cf2 = dogs1 #cf-ci2 = gu9ea-pigs1 #ci-da2 = *ick5s1 #da-dc2 = rabbits1 #dc-de1 = squirrels1 #de-dg2 = *ipmunks1 ibid42 = :ite rats1 ibid42 = reptiles1 #dg-ea4 ,%ip kite1 !1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,s+le-runn] coa/]1 a1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,s9k]s1 fi%1 #aej1 #aeb1 #afd4 ,skat+-sail1 a1 #aae-aag4 ,skees1 ,norway1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,sk9s1 animal1 h[ to cure1 #cdf-cdi4 ,skunks1 trap =1 #cdb1 #cdf2 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,sl$-toboggan1 a1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,slipp]y hit*1 !1 #bij1 #bia4 ,snails1 = aqu>iums1 #bj1 #bc4 ,snakes1 p5s =1 #dg1 #dh1 #di4 ,sn>es1 #ccd2 = rabbits1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,sn[ball mort>1 a1 #aah1 #aai4 ,sn[-%oes1 ! ,iroquois1 #aaa1 #aab2 ! ,esquimaux1 #aab1 #aac2 oval1 #aad4 ,s\? ,sea ,isl& proa1 a1 h[ to make1 #bbh-bcj4 ,splices3 h[ made1 #aei2 diff]5t k9ds1 #bhj2 ! eye-splice1 #bhj1 #bha2 diagrams %[+1 #bha2 ! %ort splice1 #bha1 #bhb2 ! long splice1 #bhb4 ,splic+ a fi%+-rod1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,squ>e-rigg$ ice-sail1 a1 #aah4 ,squirrel cages1 #de-dg4 ,/one /oves = camp]s1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,/opp] knot1 a1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,/oves1 /one1 = camp]s1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,/ret*]s = dry+ sk9s1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,summ]-h\se1 a simple1 #eb-ec1 #eh4 ,tables = camp life1 #cja1 #cac1 #cad1 #cae4 ,tadpoles = aqu>iums1 #bj4 ,t5t1 = camp+ out1 #bie2 a m$ium-size1 #bie-cjj2 a l>ge camp+1 #cjj-cjc2 a h\se1 #cjd-cjg2 ! new1 #cjg-caj4 ,tepees1 squ>e1 #f1 #g2 ridge-pole1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,timb] hit*1 !1 #bij1 #bia4 ,toad/ool tree canopy1 a1 #ed1 #ee4 ,toboggan1 an eight-foot1 #ajb1 #ajc2 a sl$1 #ajc4 ,trap1 a1 = small fi%1 #afi-aga2 = wat]-turtles1 #aga1 #agb4 ,traps & trapp+1 #ccd-cdi2 rabbit-traps1 #cch1 #cci2 muskrat-traps1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb2 m9k-traps1 #cdb1 #cdc2 skunk-traps1 #cdb1 #cdf2 deadfalls1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #cde2 sable-traps1 #cdd2 m>t9-traps1 ibid42 wood*uck-traps1 #cdf2 gr\nd-hog-traps1 ibid4 ,see also ,sn>es4 ,tree huts & bru%-h\ses1 #cej-cff2 a l[ tw9-tree hut1 #cej-cef2 a high tw9-tree hut1 #cee-ceh2 a s+le-tree hut1 #cei1 #cfj2 a l[ s+le-tree hut1 #cfj1 #cfa2 a bru%-h\se1 #cfa-cfd2 a bru% 8lean-to10 #cfd-cff4 ,truck1 a hook-&-ladd]1 #aih-bjj4 ,turk's head knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhg4 ,turtles1 wat]1 a trap =1 #aga1 #agb4 8,twit*-up10 a1 = rabbits1 #cce1 #ccf2 a ,fr5*1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,two half hit*es1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,wagon1 a sail1 #ahb-ahe4 ,walk]1 ,mat!w1 knot1 !1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,walk+-/icks1 #cfg-cge2 h[ to gr[1 #cfg-cfi2 holly1 #cgj1 #cga2 a%1 #cga2 oak1 ibid42 elm1 ibid42 f fruit trees1 #cga1 #cgb2 f wild orange1 #cgb2 me?od ( treatm5t1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgd2 h&les =1 #cgd2 dem& =1 #cge4 ,wall knot1 !1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,wat] 9 aqu>iums1 to arate1 #bb4 ,wat]-turtles1 a trap =1 #aga1 #agb4 ,wat]-:eels3 diff]5t k9ds1 #bja2 ! mod]n turb9e1 #bjb2 a simple paddle-:eel1 #bjb1 #bjc2 a wagon :eel1 #bjc1 #bjd2 a b>rel-:eel1 #bjd1 #bje2 an und]%ot-:eel1 #bjf2 a p[]-:eel1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,weasel1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,wea!r-vanes1 #ei-hj2 a p9ion-:eel1 #fj-fb2 a w9d-spe$]1 #fb-fd2 ! arr[1 #fd1 #fe2 wood51 #fe1 #ff2 a w9d-p5nant1 #ff1 #fg2 a basket-ball1 #fg-fi2 a m]ry-g-r\nd1 #fi-ga4 ,:eel-race1 a1 con/ruction (1 #bjh4 ,wigwams1 ,indian1 #c-f4 ,w9dmills1 #ei-hj2 w9d turb9e1 #ga-gc2 pump+1 #gc-gg2 t[]1 #gh-hj4 ,w9d-p5nant1 a1 #ff1 #fg4 ,w9d-runn]1 a1 h[ to make1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,w9d-sails1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah4 ,w9d-spe$]1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 ,w9d turb9e1 a1 #ga-gc4 ,wood*ucks1 h[ to trap1 #cdf4 ,wood5 wea!r-vanes1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff4 ,wolf1 cur+ ! sk9 (1 #cdg4 ,worms = fi% bait1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afa1 #aff4 ,ya*t1 a l&1 #agg-ahb4 ,,! ,,end ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s punctuation errors4 ,illu/rations mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4 ,unless not$ bel[1 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 ,o!r *anges3 ,page ,,iv3 ,remov$ page ref]5ce f caption ,page #dj3 mi way midway ,page #ec3 to h ! ro( to h to ro( ,page #fh3 ,! frame-"w mu/ be ,! framework mu/ be ,page #gj3 p9e or :itewood p9e or :ite-wood ,page #abh3 ,fig4 #ab1 ,,aa ,fig4 #ab1 ,a ,a