,,on ,,naval ,,timb]4 ,,on ,,naval ,,timb] ,,& ,,arboriculture2 ,,) ,,critical ,,notes ,,on ,,au?ors ,,:o ,,h ,,rec5tly ,,treat$ ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,plant+4 ,,by ,,patrick ,,mat!w4 ,,london3 ,,longman1 ,,rees1 ,,orme1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,gre52 ,,& ,,adam ,,black1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,mdcccxxxi4 ,,neill ,,co4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,old ,fi%m>ket1 ,ed9burgh4 v ,,preface4 ,x may be ?\ght presumptu\s 9 a p]son :o has nev] _h ! curiosity to p]use ! ,briti% classic au?ors on plant+ & timb]--,,evelyn1 ,,hanbury1 ,,m>%all1 ,,mill]1 ,,pontey--to make exp]im5t ( ! public suff]ance4 ,! au?or does n1 h[ev]1 ?9k any apology necess>y2 z1 if ! public lose "t unpr(itably ov] 8 pages1 he consid]s ! blame atta*able to !m1 n to him4 ,a writ] does n obtrude z a speak] does1 b m]ely places 8 ?\ghts )9 rea*4 ,z ! subject1 not)/&+ its great importance1 might1 p] se1 be felt dry & vi insipid by ! g5]al read]1 accu/om$ to ! luxuries ( mod]n lit]ature1 ! au?or has n scrupl$ to mix ) x su* collat]al matt] z he ?\ght might s]ve to correct ! aridity4 ,! v great int]e/ ( ! "q reg>d+ species1 v>iety1 habit1 has p]haps l$ him a little too wide4 ,!re is "o advantage 9 tak+ a subject ( ?is k9d1 t few pr(essional 7lit]>y7 critics c m$dle ) x1 fur!r ?an z reg>ds /yle & language1 )\t expos+ _! own ignorance4 ,yet w ! au?or exp]i5ce ! highe/ pleasure 9 be+ in/ruct$ & correct$1 :]ev] 8 k may be f\nd defective1 or :5 speculation or misconception ( facts h l$ him into error4 ,k & tru?1 is m5tal /r5g? & heal?2 ignorance & error1 weakness & vii disease3 ! man :o pursues sci5ce = its own sake1 & n = ! pride ( possession1 w feel m gratitude t[>ds ! surgeon :o dislodges a cat>act f ! m9d's eye1 ?an t[>ds ! "o :o repairs ! defect ( ! bodily organ4 ,,g\rdie-,,hill ,,by ,,errol1 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahcj4 ix ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction1 4 4 4 ,page #a ,,"p ,i4--,,/ructure ,,( ,,vessels4 ,,section ,i4--,,plank4 ,figure1 dim5sions1 & quality ( timb] suitable1 4 4 4 #e ,briti% trees suit$ = plank1 4 4 4 #g ,directions = tra9+ & prun+ plank timb]1 4 4 4 #h ,,section ,,ii4--,,timb]s1 4 4 4 #ad ,mo/ suitable dim5sions1 4 4 4 #ah ,figures ( b5ds & crooks1 4 4 4 #ai ,briti% trees suit$ = timb]s1 4 4 4 #ba ,,"p ,,ii4--,,briti% ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,suit$ ,,= ,,naval ,,purposes4 ,oak--,qu]cus1 4 4 4 #ca ,spani% ,*e/nut--,ca/anea vulg>is1 4 4 4 #db ,bee*-tree--,fagus sylvatica1 4 4 4 #dh ,scot* ,elm--,ulmus montana1 4 4 4 #ej ,engli% ,elm--,ulmus campe/ris1 4 4 4 #ed ,r$-wood ,will[--,salix fragilis1 4 4 4 #eh ,r$-wood ,p9e--,p9us1 4 4 4 #fc ,:ite ,l>*--,l>ix communis1 pyramidalis1 4 4 4 #ge ,inve/igation ( ! causes ( ! rot 9 l>*1 4 4 4 #gh ,soils & subsoils mo/ suit$ = l>*1 4 4 4 #hb ,soils & subsoils :]e l>* g5]ally takes rot1 4 4 4 #hf ,rem>ks on op5 dra9+1 4 4 4 #hh ,b5d+ & knee+ l>*1 4 4 4 #ij ,new plan ( =m+ l>* roots advantage\sly into knees1 4 4 4 #id ,uses ( l>*1 & value z a naval timb]1 4 4 4 #ig ,,"p ,,iii4--,,miscellane\s ,,matt] ,,connect$ ,,) ,,naval ,,timb]4 ,,nurs]ies1 4 4 4 #ajf ,inf9ite v>iety exi/+ 9 :at is call$ species1 4 4 4 ib4 ,injuri\s effect f select+ ! se$ ( ! inf]ior v>ieties = s[+1 4 4 4 #ajg ,injuri\s effect f kiln-dry+ fir cones1 4 4 4 ib4 ,a pr9ciple ( selection exi/+ 9 nature ( ! /ronge/ v>ieties = reproduction1 4 4 4 #ajh ,injuri\s effect f ! plants sp9dl+ 9 ! se$-b$ & nurs]y l9e1 4 4 4 #aji ,injuri\s effect f cutt+ ! roots & f prun+1 4 4 4 #aaa ,a light soil & op5 situation be/ suit$ = a nurs]y1 4 4 4 ib4 ,wide div]g+ root-lead]s necess>y to ! l>ge ext5sion ( a tree1 4 4 4 #aab ,,plant+1 4 4 4 #aad ,fur!r obs]vations on prun+1 4 4 4 #aag ,obs]vations on timb]1 4 4 4 #abb ,table ( ! numb] ( sap-gr[?s ( diff]5t k9ds ( timb]1 4 4 4 #abd ,rem>ks on laburnum1 4 4 4 #abf ,height to :i* trees may be tra9$ ( cle> /em1 4 4 4 #abh ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,m>9e1 4 4 4 #acj ,causes :i* befit ,brita9 = be+ ! fir/ naval p[]1 & ! emporium ( ! _w1 4 4 4 #aca ,utility ( a sy/em ( univ]sal free trade1 4 4 4 #acc ,absolute necessity ( aboli%+ e monopoly & re/riction on trade 9 ,brita91 4 4 4 #acd ,our m>9e n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 & ! consequ5ces1 4 4 4 #ace ,insane duty on ! importation ( naval timb] & hemp1 4 4 4 #acf ,,"p ,,iv4--,,notices ,,( ,,au?ors ,,:o ,,treat ,,( ,,arboriculture4 ,utility ( a g5]al review ( ^! au?ors1 4 4 4 #ach ,i4--,,=e/]',s ,,guide1 ,,by ,,mr ,,montea?1 4 4 4 #adj ,advantage ( conv]t+ our coppice oak into =e/1 & ( sav+ our home oak 9 "t ( peace1 4 4 4 #adj ,plan1 by ,mr ,montea?1 ( prep>+ peat soils = plant+1 4 4 4 #adb ---------- ( cov]+ b>e rocky gr\nd ) timb]1 4 4 4 #adc ---------- ( rais+ oak-=e/ or copse by lay]s1 4 4 4 #add ,influ5ce ( our v]nal ea/]n breeze on vegetation1 4 4 4 #adf ,cause :y ! trees ( n>r[ belts seldom gr[ to l>ge timb]1 4 4 4 #adh ,obs]vations on prun+ & ?9n+1 4 4 4 #aej ,obs]vations on ! age at :i* ! valuable "p ( oak b>k is ?icke/1 4 4 4 #aed ,obs]vations on ! prev5tion ( dry-rot1 4 4 4 #aeg ,,ii4--,,nicol',s ,,plant]',s ,,cal5d>1 4 4 4 #afc ,diff]5t influ5ce ( transplant+ on h]bace\s & woody vegetables1 4 4 4 #afd ,cutt+ ! roots close 91 injuri\s to "s trees & n to o!rs1 4 4 4 #afe ,mr ,sang's plan ( rais+ =e/ f ! se$ 9 situ1 4 4 4 #afg ,reasons :i* r5d] ! plant+ ( "y trees pref]able to s[+ 9 situ1 4 4 4 #afh ,mr ,sang's directions = nurs]y practice2 s[+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( =e/ trees 9 ! se$-b$2 remov+ ! se$l+s to ! nurs]y l9e1 & f !nce to ! field1 4 4 4 #agj ,rem>ks on transplant+1 4 4 4 #agh ,,iii4--,,bill+ton ,,on ,,plant+1 4 4 4 #aha ,an acc\nt ( ! managem5t ( ! ,royal ,=e/s1 4 4 4 ib4 ,reasons :y gov]nm5t %\ld r pur*ase ?an raise timb]1 & t !y %\ld sell (f ! ,royal ,=e/s1 4 4 4 #ahb ,! ,bill+tonian sy/em ( prun+1 4 4 4 #ahe ,rem>ks on plant+ soils n easily p]meable by wat]1 4 4 4 #ahg ,mr ,bill+ton's directions = plant+ ^! soils1 4 4 4 #ahh ---------- ---------- = cle>+ away we$s1 & = cutt+ 9 or prun+ ! po9ts ( ! bran*es1 4 4 4 #ahi ,,iv4--,,=sy? ,,on ,,fruit ,,& ,,=e/ ,,trees1 4 4 4 #aib ,mr ,=sy?'s surg]y ( trees1 & ! value ( 8 composition-salve1 4 4 4 ib4 ,mann] 9 :i* a tree c be trans=m$ f disease & rott5ness to heal? & s\ndness1 4 4 4 #aic ,v4--,,mr ,,)]s1 4 4 4 #aih ,discomfiture ( our ,scotti% ,knights by ,mr ,)]s1 4 4 4 ib4 ,acc\nt ( a numb] ( facts & exp]im5ts by ! writ]1 on ! comp>ative /r5g? ( quick & sl[ gr[n timb]--on ! influ5ce ( circum/ance & age 9 modify+ ! quality ( ! timb]--on ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same species1 & ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! same tree1 4 4 4 #aii ,oak timb]1 mod]ately fa/ gr[n1 s t x may be ( suffici5t size1 & /ill reta9 ! t\ghness ( y\?1 be/ suit$ = naval use1 4 4 4 #bad ,mr ,)]s1 8 lit]>y fri5ds & ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t equally imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! subject 9 dispute betwe5 !m1 4 4 4 #bae ,! ,)]s' sy/em nei!r necess>y nor economically suit$ = ! great] "p ( ,scotl&1 4 4 4 #bag ,fallacy ( exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( timb]1 f n tak+ into acc\nt ! diff]5ce ( t5sion ( ! diff]5t annual lay]s1 & _! position1 :e!r flat1 p]p5dicul>1 c41 4 4 4 #bba ,,vi4--,,/eu>t',s ,,plant]',s ,,guide ,,& ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott',s ,,critique1 4 4 4 #bbf ,importance ( :atev] may s]ve to amuse ! second *ildhood ( ! weal?y1 4 4 4 #bbg ,! subject--! art ( mov+ ab\t l>ge trees 9 g5]al1 m]ely a p&]+ to our wilfulness & impati5ce1 4 4 4 #bbg ,intol]able dulness ( ! p>k & smoo? lawn1 4 4 4 #bbh ,delightful sympa?ies ) ! objects & v>i$ sc5]y ( our peopl$ subalp9e c\ntry1 4 4 4 #bbi ,sir ,walt] ,scott's curi\s ef=t to give consequ5ce to ! art ( mov+ ab\t l>ge trees1 4 4 4 #bca ,p>oxysm ( admiration ( ,sir ,walt]1 at ,sir ,h5ry's discov]ies1 ) 8 hyp]bolic figures ( comp>ison1 4 4 4 #bcc ,acc\nt ( ! writ]'s practice 9 mov+ trees ( consid]able size1 4 4 4 #bce ,ta/e ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott = 8home-keep+ squires10 practis]s ( ! ,allanton sy/em1 4 4 4 #bde ,:at a ,briti% g5tleman %\ld be1 4 4 4 #bdf ,! ,allanton practice describ$1 4 4 4 #bdi ,quotation f ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t's volume1 9 :i* ! philosophy ( 8 practice is describ$1 4 4 4 #bed ,summ>y ( ,sir ,h5ry's discov]ies1 4 4 4 #bfd ,consid]ation ( ! accuracy ( "s ( ,sir ,h5ry's ass]tions reg>d+ ! desiccat$ epid]mis ( trees1 & ! elongation ( ! %oots ( plants1 4 4 4 #bfe ,sir ,h5ry's ass]tion t quick-gr[n timb] is inf]ior to sl[-gr[n1 & t culture necess>ily r5d]s x s(t]1 less solid1 & less durable1 n correct1 4 4 4 #bhb ,! pres5t climate ( ,scotl&1 & ( ! ,orkneys & ,%etl&s1 inf]ior to a =m]1 4 4 4 #bhg ,t ?is may h be5 ow+ to ^! isl&s hav+ once be5 a portion ( ! cont95t1 4 4 4 #bhh ,! rec5t advance & recession ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 r5d] a =m] junction ) ! cont95t n improbable1 4 4 4 #bhi ,mr ,l\don's /atem5t1 ( ! effect produc$ by prun+ on ! quality & quantity ( ! timb]1 t trees produce ! be/ timb] 9 _! natural locality1 n support$ by facts1 4 4 4 #cje ,! app>5t use ( ! inf9ite se$l+ v>ieties ( plants1 4 4 4 #cjg ,,vii4--,,cruick%ank',s ,,practical ,,plant]1 4 4 4 #cji ,advantages ( lay+ gr\nd "u timb]1 /at$ r too high by ,mr ,cruick%ank1 4 4 4 ib4 ,mr ,cruick%ank's acc\nt ( ! sup]ior f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( =e/ ^u ! soil1 4 4 4 #caj ,facts :i* 9 _m cases lead to an opposite conclusion1 4 4 4 #caf ,an exam9ation into ! causes :i* promote or ret>d ! =mation1 or :i* t5d to dissipate ! e>?'s cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld1 4 4 4 #caf ,acc\nt ( an uncommon sy/em ( fall[+ once practis$ 9 ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie1 4 4 4 #cbd ,high manur+ quality ( old clay walls1 4 4 4 #cbe ,=mation ( nitre ! probable cause ( ! f]tiliz+ quality ( ^! walls1 4 4 4 ib4 ,! f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( summ] fall[ may 9 "p be ow+ to ! =mation ( nitre & o!r salts1 4 4 4 ib4 ,t !re is a defici5cy ( ^! salts 9 "s places ( ! _w1 & an excess 9 o!rs1 4 4 4 #cbf ,ignorance ( ,mr ,cruick%ank reg>d+ ! location ( c]ta9 k9ds ( trees1 4 4 4 #cbg ,mr ,cruick%ank's repreh5sion ( ! practice ( cov]+ fir se$s half an in* deep 9 ,engl&1 & ( =c+ suitable e>? = nurs]ies :]e awant+1 4 4 4 #ccj ,be/ me?od ( transplant+ se$l+s 9 ! nurs]y r[1 4 4 4 #cca ,quotation wor?y ! att5tion ( plant]s1 4 4 4 ib4 ,error ( au?ors on ! location ( trees1 9 inculcat+ a det]m9ate "* ( soil z g5]ally necess>y = ea* k9d ( tree1 4 4 4 #ccd ,fur!r errors ( ,mr ,cruick%ank on ! location ( trees1 4 4 4 #cce ,adaptation ( ,scots fir to moi/ soils1 ev5 to peat-moss1 4 4 4 #cch ,an acc\nt by ,mr ,cruick%ank ( ! mo/ economical & successful mode ( plant+ moors & bleak m\nta9s1 4 4 4 #cdj ,me?od ( plant+ by ! flat dibble or s+le not*1 4 4 4 #cdc ---------- ---------- by ! d\ble not* or cross-slitt+1 4 4 4 #cdd ,exp5se & comp>ative m]its ( ea*1 4 4 4 #cde ,^! me?ods ( plant+ be/ adapt$ = a /]ile c\ntry1 :]e ! we$s are small1 4 4 4 #cdf ,practice by ! writ] ( cultivat+ "y plantation by ! pl\gh1 suit$ = ri* soil1 4 4 4 #cdg ,be/ season = plant+ moi/ soils1 4 4 4 #cdh ,mann] 9 :i* fro/ ?r[s up ! "y plant f ! soil1 4 4 4 #cdi ,mr ,cruick%ank's plan ( rais+ oak =e/ 9 situ f ! se$1 4 4 4 #cea ,t al?\gh ! b>e plan giv5 by our au?or1 ( s[+ 9 situ1 "u ! %elt] ( nurses1 is good1 8 directions = execut+ x are n v judici\s1 4 4 4 #ceb ,advantages ( ?is plan :i* ,mr ,cruick%ank has n notic$1 4 4 4 #cec ,t ! p[] ( rip5+ se$ is n increas$ by %elt] 9 proportion to ! p[] ( gr[+1 4 4 4 #cef ,t ! l9e ( se$ rip5+1 & n ! l9e ( gr[+1 regulates ! natural di/ribution ( plants 9 respect to climate1 4 4 4 #ceg ,t oaks1 "u ?is plan ( s[+ 9 situ "u %elt]1 c be ext5d$ to a climate inf]ior to ! natural1 4 4 4 ib4 ,t oaks gr[n 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 & be/ climate ( ,scotl&1 appe> n to rip5 ! se$ suffici5tly4 ,!nce ! probability t oak n[ w\ld n ev5 keep its pres5t locality 9 ! l[ c\ntry ( ,scotl&1 al?\gh x may 8be taught to rise 9 our0 alp9e c\ntry1 4 4 4 #ceh ,,app5dix4 ,,note ,a4--,t univ]sal empire is practicable only "u naval p[]1 4 4 4 #cfc ,,note ,b4 ,on h]$it>y nobility & entail1 4 4 4 #cfd ,,note ,c4 ,in/9ct or habit ( bre$1 4 4 4 #cfi ,nautical & rov+ disposition ( ! sup]ior bre$ :i* has spread we/w>d ov] ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,brita91 & ov] ne>ly ! :ole cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 4 4 4 #cgj ,influ5ce ( *ange ( place1 4 4 4 #cga ,influ5ce ( civilization & conf9em5t ^u ! complexion1 4 4 4 #cgb ,diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ! population ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn m>itime prov9ces ( ,brita91 4 4 4 #cgc ,t ! middle & s\!rn portion ( ! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone is n s fav\rable to human exi/5ce z ! nor!rn portion1 4 4 4 #cge ,,note ,d4 ,use ( ! selfi% passions1 4 4 4 #cgf ,,note ,e4 ,injudici\s measurem5t law ( ! tonnage ( vessels1 r5d]+ our m]cantile m>9e ( defective proportions1 4 4 4 #cgg ,,note ,f4 ,on ! mud depositions or alluvium on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,brita91 4 4 4 #cgh ,probability t a delta ( ?is alluvium1 a cont9uation ( ,holl&1 _h at "o "t occupi$ ! entire ,g]man ,ocean1 4 4 4 #cgi ,accommodation ( organiz$ life to circum/ance1 by div]g+ ramifications1 4 4 4 #cha ,retrospective glance at our pages1 4 4 4 #chh #a ,,introduction4 ,,navigation is ( ! fir/ importance to ! improvem5t & p]fect+ ( ! species1 9 spread+1 by emigration1 ! sup]ior v>ieties ( man1 & diffus+ ! arts & sci5ces ov] ! _w2 9 promot+ indu/ry1 by facilitat+ ! transf] ( commodity ?r\gh numb]less *annels f :]e x is n1 to :]e x is requir$2 & 9 heal+ ! products ( ^? mo/ f]tile b un:olesome portions ( ! e>?1 to o!rs m cong5ial to ! exi/5ce ( ! v>ieties ( man susceptible ( high improvem5t3 ,wat] be+ ! g5]al m$ium ( action1--fluidity or conveyance by wat]1 almo/ z necess>y to civiliz$ life z x is to organic life1 9 be>+ ! molecules =w>d 9 _! vital c\rses1 & 9 float+ ! pabulum 7! raw mat]ial7 f ! soil ?r\gh ! liv+ canals to ! manufactories ( assimiliz$ matt]1 & !nce to ! po9ts ( adaptation4 #b ,z civilization progresses "u ! influ5ce ( navigation1 & ! e>? ex*anges h] /raggl+ hordes ( savages = enlight5$ d5sely-peopl$ nations1 e climate & c\ntry w be m set ap>t to its appropriate production1 & ! utility ( ! great conduit1 ! ,,ocean1 w m & m be develop$1 & become ! gr& !atre ( conte/$ dom9ion--sup]iority !re be+ almo/ synonym\s ) ,univ]sal ,empire--dry l& only ! foot/ool ( ! ,mi/ress ( ! ,seas#a4 ,9 ! /ill h\r :i* has foll[$ ! cannon ro> ( our victories1 we seem dispos$ to sleep secure1 almo/ 9 =getfulness1 t we possess ?is sup]iority1 t we /& =? ! ,*ampion ( ! ,_w1 & mu/ give battle to e aspirant to ! possession ( ! trid5t sceptre4 ,z soon z ! rec5t pr9ciples ( naval motion & new projectiles1 conjo9$ to %ot-pro( vessels1 %all h be5 br\ght to use 9 naval w>f>e1 m>9e w h acquir$ a great comp>ative prepond]ance ov] l& batt]ies1 & e %ore be /ill m at ! m]cy ( ! ,lords ( ,ocean4 ,:5 we consid] ! t5d5cy ( luxuri\s peace1 ! effem9acy !nce fl[+ 9 ^u _m ( our weal?i] population1--:5 we view1 on ! #c "o h&1 an entail$ ari/ocracy#b1 ^: f\nd]s _h be5 gradually ?r[n upp]mo/ 9 m /irr+ times1 ! bolde/ & ! wise/1 b ^: prog5y1 89 a calm _w0 entail$ to li/less satiety1 h little left ( hope or fe> to awak5 9 !m ! dormant en]gies ( _! ance/ors1 or ev5 to pres]ve ^! en]gies f entirely s9k+2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an ov]fl[+ population1 *a9$1 f ! /ate ( society1 to incessant toil1 ! scope ( _! m5tal en]gies n>r[$ to a few objects f ! division ( lab\r1 all t5d+ to t me*anical ord] & tam5ess incompatible ) lib]ty2 ?us1 p]haps1 equally 9 dang] ( det]iorat+ & s9k+ into ca/e1 bo? classes yield+ to ! natural law ( re/rict$ adaptation to condition3--:5 we reflect on ?is1 ! conclusion is irresi/ibly =c$ ^u u1 t ! p]iodical return ( w> is indisp5sable to ! h]oic *ivalr\s "* & love ( fre$om :i* we h s long ma9ta9$1 & :i* 7,brita9 be+ ! fir/ 9 "n & p[] 9 ! family ( nations7 mu/ be s influ5tial on ! morale ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is by ! j> & /ruggle ( ! conflict t ! bas] alloy & ru/ ( our mann]s & in/itutions mu/ be remov$ & rubb$ away3 x is by ! #d ennobl+ excitem5t ( dang] & ( h>d%ip t our g5]\s passions mu/ be *]i%$1 & our y\? l$ to emulate ! ,roman 9 patriotic ?ir/ = glory--! ,sp>tan 9 devotion--_! own ance/or1 ! m d>+ ,sc&9avian sea-k+ or rov]#c1 9 adv5tur\s val\r4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 seek+ ! fight1 yet 9 prep>ation = ! p]haps n di/ant "t1 :5 we %all face ano!r foe1 x behoves u1 )\t any sickly s5tim5tality1 to *]i% our w>like virtues--above all ?+s to att5d to :at mu/ con/itute 8! field ( our fame10 ,our ,,m>9e1 & ! mat]ial ( its con/ruction1 ,naval ,timb]4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,introduction4 #a ,see ,app4 ,a4 #b ,see ,app4 ,b4 #c ,see ,app4 ,c4 #e ,,"p ,i4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,vessels4 ,vessels are con/ruct$ ( wood "u two =ms1 ,plank & ,timb]s2 ,plank1 ! out & inside sk9 ( ! vessel--,timb]s1 ! ribs or frame :i* support ! plank4 ,,section ,i4 ,,plank4 ,trees int5d$ = plank ought to be re>$ 9 close =e/1 or protect$ situation1 drawn tall & /raight1 or :at is pref]able = a "p1 ) a g5tle regul> b5d1 te*nically sny1 ,figs4 v & x1 7next page74 ,x requires to be ( clean solid texture1 f #ab to #dj feet 9 l5g?1 & at lea/ #h in*es 9 diamet] at small end1 or any great] ?ickness4 ,= ! conv5i5cy ( transport1 oak plank timb] is g5]ally squ>$ or plank$ :]e gr[n1 & is cut out f #b #a_/b to #g in*es 9 ?ickness1 & f #f to #ah in*es 9 bread?4 ,plank is ne$$ ( su* v>i\s dim5sions1 t any oak tree ( clean timb]1 ne>ly /raight "o way1 & /raight1 or ) a g5tle regul> b5d+1 ! o!r1 may safely be cut into plank1 ! section to be 9 ! plane ( ! #f curve4 ,figs4 v1 x1 y1 z1 repres5t ! mo/ advantage\s =ms ( logs = cutt+ into plank4 ,! dott$ l9es %ew ! section ( ! saw 9 plank+3 ! /raight] ! log is 9 ! plane ( ! saw1 x is ! m suitable1 z ! planks b5d suffici5tly side-way by /eam+2 ,fig4 v1 ( consid]able b5d & tap]1 :]e ! planks1 :5 cut1 h a b5d edge-way1 is ! mo/ valuable3 ?is =m requires to be v free ( knots4 ,9 /raight planks1 ,fig4 z1 cleanness f knots is n su* a desid]atum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 z1 y1 ( any l5g?--be/ long2 x1 f #be to #ce feet2 v1 v1 f #ab to #bd feet4 ,9 ! above cut1 = di/9ctness1 ! saw is drawn ent]+ ! butt4 ,9 practice x ent]s ! top4 ,:5 planks are cut out :]e gr[n1 !y are sawn f ! r\nd log imm$iately aft] x is #g fell$ & b>k$1 :i* n only prev5ts injury f dr\ght-cracks1 b produces also a consid]able sav+ ( timb] & lab\r1 z ! wood is s(t] :5 gre52 & ! c5tre planks c ?us be _h mu* broad] ?an aft] squ>+ ! log4 ,! out] "p ( ! matur$ or r$ wood1 :i* is p>tly cut away 9 squ>+1 is also ! cleane/ = b5d+4 ,! sap or n suffici5tly matur$ wood1 :5 left on ! side ( ! plank 9 ! vessel1 :]ev] x is n always soak+ 9 wat]1 is only useful to ! %ipwright1 z x decays 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & dem&s an exp5sive repair4 ,:5 plank timb] is squ>$1 x is = ! conv5i5cy ( c>riage & /[age1 & :]e timb] is ( little value4 ,( ,briti% trees suit$ = plank1 ! mo/ valuable are oak1 ,spani% *esnut1 l>*1 r$ wood p9e1 & sometimes bee*#d1 elm1 plane 7,ac] pseudo-platanus7 "u wat]4 ,z no timb] decays "u wat] = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 :5 put 9 fre%1 unless x be dev\r$ by ! sea-worm1 bee* or any o!r h>d t\gh wood is ne>ly equally good z oak = outside plank "u light wat]-m>k1 provid$ ! timb] be ha/5$ out ( ! bu% into ! vessel1 or be kept 9 pools1 ei!r 9 log or #h plank1 till us$1 or be plank$1 & ! plank kept dry "u cov]4 ,"o summ] on ! gr\nd w g5]ally r5d] a bee* log 9 ! b>k useless4 ,,directions#e ,,= ,,tra9+ ,,plank ,,timb]4 ,illu/ration ,divide all bran*es into lead]s & fe$]s2 lead]s1 ! ma9 or sup]ior %oots :i* t5d to become /ems1 ,a1 a1 a2 fe$]s1 ! inf]ior bran*es1 ,b1 b1 b1 b4 #i ,%\ld m ?an "o lead] appe> f ! "t ( plant+ ! tree till x atta9 ! requir$ height = ! plank1 %ort5 all b ! mo/ promis+ "o d[n to ! condition ( fe$]s1 mak+ ! section imm$iately above a twig1 pref]r+ "o :i* takes a lat]al or horizontal direction4 ,vide dott$ l9e cross+ a1 a4 ,%\ld any fe$]1 bel[ ! requir$ height1 become enl>g$ beyond its compe]s1 su* z ,b1 r$uce x to equality 7vide dott$ l9e71 or prune x close (f1 if ?is %\ld be necess>y to ! symmetry ( ! tree4 ,cut (f1 close by ! trunk1 all %oots :i* rise at a v acute angle ) ! ma9 /em1 su* z ,c4 ,!re is a triple reason = ?is3 !y rise up & int]f]e ) ! m regul> horizontal fe$]s1 t5d+ also to become lead]s2 !y d n =m a prop] junction ) ! /em1 by reason ( ! wood1 z x swells1 n be+ able to ?r[ up ! b>k out ( ! n>r[ angle2 !nce ! b>k ( bo? /em & bran* is enclos$ 9 ! conf9$ breek1 & ! wood nev] unites#f1 !nce disease is #aj liable to be g5]at$ betwe5 !m1 or ! bran*es are subject to be torn d[n by ! w9d2 & %\ld !y ultimately come to be remov$1 be+ !n ( consid]able size1 & ! section f _! p]p5dicul> position be+ p>tly horizontal1 z ! sides ( ! w\nd swell up1 ! ra9 lodges 9 ! c5tre1 & g5]ates rot4 ,^! ne>ly p]p5dicul> bran*es g5]ally orig9ate f improp] prun+1 spr++ out :]e a l>ge bran* has be5 cut away4 ,lop (f all bran*es1 :i*1 by tak+ an irregul> direction1 incl9e to rub ^u ! m regul>2 also remove all spl9t]$1 twi/$1 & diseas$ bran*es4 ,d n cut away any ( ! l[] bran*es 7fe$]s7 till !y become sickly or dead4 ,by prun+ ^! prematurely1 y de/roy ! f9e balance ( nature1 & ?r[ too mu* vig\r into ! top1 :i* 9 consequ5ce puts =? a numb] ( lead]s4 ,y also dim9i% ! gr[? ( ! tree by ! loss ( heal?y fe$]s2 ! timb] ( ! tree increas+ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( heal?y bran*es & foliage 7! foliage be+ ! /oma* & lungs #aa ( ! plant74 ,y also1 by dim9i%+ ! numb] ( fe$]s1 increase ! comp>ative size ( ^? rema9+1 :i* ?r[s ! upp] "p ( ! /em into l>ge knots1 improp] = plank1 & r5d]s !n future excision dang]\s1 z l>ge fe$]s1 :5 circum/ance or decay require _! removal1 or1 :5 !y are rift$ (f by w9ds or sn[1 leave w\nds :i* (t5 c>ry corruption into ! core ( ! tree4 ,aft] ! tree has acquir$ a suffici5t height ( bole = plank1 say f #bj to #fj feet1 accord+ to circum/ance ( exposure1 climate1 c41 & also z _m bran*es above ?is height z may be ?\ght necess>y to c>ry on advantage\sly ! vital functions1 z ! sup]ior head w n[ su/a9 small injury by be+ ?r[n out into l>ge bran*es & plurality ( lead]s1 7if x be oak x w become m valuable by af=d+ a numb] ( small crooks & knees72 x w !n be prop]1 9 ord] to h timb] z clean z possible1 & regul>ly flexible1 to lop clean (f all ! bran*es on ! /em z f> up z ?is requir$ height4 ,f ! e>ly att5tion to procure v num]\s fe$]s1 & to prev5t any f atta9+ l>ge size1 ! w\nds w v soon be clos$ ov]1 leav+ no ext]nal sc>1 & z little z possible ( int]nal knot or break+ (f ( #ab fibre4 ,!re are _m salves1 panace1 & pigm5ts 9 use = cov]+ ov] ! section ( remov$ bran*es1 :i* 9 ord9>y cases may occasion no injury1 b !y are unsightly4 ,9 w\nds ( bee* trees :]e ! cut tubes are s prone to die d[nw>d a consid]able way into ! /em & to g5]ate rot1 an antiseptic quickly-dry+ pigm5t might be b5eficial4 ,?is & ! "t ( ! season = prun+1 at :i* ! cut tubes or fibres are lea/ liable to die inw>d1 des]ve att5tion4 ,we consid] ! spr+ ! lea/ dang]\s "t4 ,%\ld a numb] ( small %oots spr+ out 9 consequ5ce ( ?is la/ prun+1 !y may be swept d[n if good plank be desir$2 if n1 !y may rema91 z _! pres5ce w n greatly injure ! plank1 & !y occasion ! /em to ?ick5 consid]ably fa/] :]e !y gr[3 yet x is probable t1 9 do+ ?is1 by ob/ruct+ ! fl[ ( ! sap d[nw>ds1 !y may int]f]e ) ! natural enl>gem5t ( ! roots1 & ultimately be injuri\s4 ,"s v>ieties1 or r "s individuals ( oak1 are mu* m prone to ?is spr\t+ ^u ! bole aft] prun+ ?an o!rs2 :]e ! disposition exi/s 9 a great degree x ought to be enc\rag$1 & ! tree set ap>t = ! con/ruction ( cab9et "w4 #ac ,?is sy/em ( prun+--enc\rag+ num]\s fe$]s & "o lead] :ile ! tree is "y1 & ( all[+ or r induc+ ! bran*es1 aft] ! tree has acquir$ suffici5t height1 to spread out into a horizontal top1 is 9 h>mony )1 & only hum\r+ ! natural disposition ( trees1 & is !re=e bo? seemly & ( easy practice#g4 ,! p]fection ( naval =e/ economy w\ld consi/ 9 sup]add+ 7accord+ to in/ructions to be giv5 on tra9+ ( timb]s7 a top ( :i* e bran* is a valuable b5d or knee1 ?\gh 9 consequ5ce ( ! situation ! timb] w be fragile1 & ( light por\s texture4 ,9 prun+ & educat+ = plank timb]1 ! :ole art consi/s 9 tra9+ ! tree z mu* z possible1 & ) z little loss ( bran* z possible1 to "o lead] & num]\s fe$]s1 & to ! regul> cone figure :i* ! p9e tribe naturally assumes4 ,?is c be be/ & mo/ easily p]=m$ by timely att5tion--*eck+ e ov]-luxuriant1 ov]%ad[+ bran* & wayw>d %oot on its fir/ appe>ance2 s t none ( ! fe$]s :i* spr+ =? at fir/ may be smo!r$1 till #ad !y 9 turn become l[]mo/2 & by ! influ5ce ( r close plantation1 :i* ( itself w p]=m 9 a natural mann] all t we h be5 tea*+ by art1 & w p]=m x well4 ,?is clos5ess mu/1 h[ev]1 be v gu>d$ly employ$1 & time\sly prev5t$ f proce$+ too f>1 o!rwise ! complete ru9 ( ! =e/1 by premature decay or w9ds1 may ensue1 especially :5 x consi/s ( p9es4 ,( c\rse all k9ds ( p9es require no o!r att5tion ?an ?is 7well-tim$ ?9n+71 & to h _! sickly moss cov]$ "u bran*es swept clean d[n4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,timb]s4 ,timb]s1 z be=e /at$1 are ! ribs ( ! vessel1 spread+ out & upw>d 7except+ at ! b[ & /]n7 at "r angles to ! keel & keelson1 two l>ge /raight logs :i* =m a d\ble sp9al support or backbone4 ,! ribs or compass timb]s 9 great public build+ e/abli%m5ts are sometimes b5t by ma*9]y1 aft] be+ s(t5$ by /eam or hot liquids#h2 & = ?is purpose ! #ae cleane/ /raighte/ wood is requisite4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d n believe t pieces ( great diamet]1 b5t artificially1 c h equal /r5g? & resili5ce z :5 gr[n b5t--! fibre mu/ 9 "s degree be crippl$4 ,we admit t timb]s & frames may be built ( sep>ate b5d$ pieces ( no great ?ickness1 & h all ! /r5g? & resili5ce ( natural b5d3 ! /ronge/ & mo/ ela/ic mode ( =m+ vessels w\ld be to compose !m ( diff]5t lay]s ( plank ov] ea* o!r 9 diagonal fa%ion1 or at an angle #fj1 b ! lab\r & inconv5i5cy ( ^! modes w\ld be great4 ,we w n admit t an exp]im5t betwe5 ! /r5g? ( a piece ( co>se cross-gra9$ timb]1 half naturally b5t1 half cut out ( ! solid1 & t ( a piece ( clean timb] artificially b5t1 is any pro( on ! subject4 ,let u produce a clean natural b5d1 exactly fitt$ to its place1 )\t any section ( fibre1 & make exp]im5t ) x4 ,b at any rate1 z ?is plan 7b5d+ ( timb]s7 has nev] be5 adopt$ to any ext5t 9 our private build+-y>ds1 we mu/ d\bt its economy1--ei!r #af t ! practice is ( no consid]able advantage1 or t ! requisite ma*9]y is too exp5sive = private e/abli%m5ts1 & conclude t f9e b5t timb] /ill cont9ues a necess>y 9 ! =mation ( at lea/ our m]cantile m>9e4 ,( ! v +5i\s innovations 9 ! /ructure ( vessels contriv$ by ,sir ,r4 ,,sepp+s1 by :i* knees & crook$ timb] might ne>ly be sup]s$$1 we c only say1 ! practice is n foll[$1 &1 at lea/ 9 private build+-y>ds1 n likely to be s2--t ! dem& = f9e crook$ timb]1 comp>atively1 is1 & w cont9ue to be1 z great z ev]4 ,%\ld our w> navy1 f ! introduction ( /eam impulse & bomb cannon1 be r$uc$ to fleets ( /rong gun-boats1 ! dem& = crook$ timb]1 in/ead ( less5+1 w greatly increase1--! build+ ( frames ( /raight timb] be+ m exp5sive1 & less suitable1 9 small ?an 9 l>ge vessels2 & %\ld w> occur1 9 ! hurry ( ! =mation ( a new w> navy "u a diff]5t pr9ciple1 ! spe$ie/ & simple/ mode ( con/ruction w be foll[$4 ,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! timb]s ( a vessel consi/ ( ! curves & b5ds a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f2 ! o!r ?ird is ( /raight] timb]1 & easily obta9$4 #ag ,all timb]s require to be /raight 9 "o way--9 ! plane ( _! side1 & ! sides g5]ally to be squ>e4 ,! "u measures embrace timb]s ( appropriate size = vessels f #ej to #ejj tons regi/]2 x is seldom t m]*antm5 are requir$ "u or above ?is size4 ,( c\rse1 l>ge w>-vessels require timb]s ( l>g] dim5sion4 ,! correspond+ timb]s ( vessels ( diff]5t size are ne>ly simil> figures1 & ! l5g? ( _! respective l9es n f> f be+ 9 ! ratio ( ! cube root ( ! tonnage--a little deep] & ?ick] 9 ! small] vessels4 ,:5 timb]s are =m$ ( l>* or p9e1 !y require to be a little m 9 diamet] ?an :5 ( oak4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 a1 ,flat floor1 f #i #a_/b to #ah feet long 7t is1 #i #a_/b = a vessel ( #ej tons1 & #ah = "o ( #ejj71 & f #i to #af in*es deep at middle2 ?ickness #a_/d? less ?an dep?1 ! diamet] increas+ 9 proportion to ! l5g?4 ,:5 fill+s su* z s are us$1 flat floors are cut f /raight logs4 b1 ,ris+ floor %ort]1 & same dep? & ?ickness z =m]4 c1 c1 ,high ris+ floors1 f #d to #h feet 9 l5g? ( w+1 & a little deep]1 & same ?ickness z =m]4 ,f ! difficulty ( procur+ ?is b5d1 ! w+s are (t5 us$ ( unequal l5g?1 accord+ z ! timb] turns out1 ! %ort] w+ to exce$ #c feet1 & m :5 ( consid]able diamet]4 ,floors are ( e rise f a to c1 be+ flatte/ at mid%ips1 & ris+ gradually z !y approa* ! b[ & /]n4 ,9 all timb]s1 x is necess>y1 = /r5g?1 t ! fibre ( ! wood ext5d f "o end to ! o!r )\t mu* cross gra94 ,see l9es on high ris+ floor1 c4 d1 ,fir/ foot-hook1 f #g to #ac feet long1 & f #g to #ad in*es deep2 ?ickness #a_/e? less ?an dep?4 e1 ,second foot-hook1 f #f to #aj feet long1 & f #f to #ac in*es deep1 ?ickness #a_/f? less ?an dep?4 ,?is curve1 :5 ( great size1 is valuable z1 brea/-hooks--curv$ timb]s /ret*+ horizontally )9 & at "r angles to ! b[-timb]s1 to support ! b[4 f1 f1 f1 ,knees1 ! "o w+ ne>ly at "r angles to ! o!r2 f #b to #i feet 9 l5g? ( w+2 dep? at middle z mu* z possible2 ?ickness f #d to #ab in*es1--g5]ally requir$ ab\t #c #a_/b feet 9 l5g? ( w+1 & f #f to #h in*es ?ick4 ,knees1 :5 l>ge1 suit = high ris+ floors4 ,fig4 h is a valuable piece1 & easily procur$ by b5d+ ! "y plant2 :5 cut1 x =ms two second foot-hooks4 ,figs4 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 are suitable1 ?\gh ! "p cut (f by ! dott$ l9e be awant+4 ,9 good "w1 ?is plan is (t5 foll[$1 & a cross-*ock put on4 7,vid4 s1 left side ( ! cross-section ( a vessel ?us timb]$1 page #bj74 ,by ?is #ai mode ( build+1 vessels c be con/ruct$ f mu* /raight] timb]1 & ! vessels are sup]ior1 f be+ m ela/ic2 b f ! nicety & exp5se ( ! "w & wa/e ( timb]1 ! practice is n mu* 9 use4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section ( a ,vessel at mid%ips--knees n ins]t$4 ,a fir/ foot-hook alt]nates ) ea* floor1 & second foot-hook1 alongside1 ext5d+ f o to q2 & a top-timb]1 or ?ird foot-hook1 alt]nates alongside ( ea* second foot-hook1 & *ock ext5d+ f q to a4 ,^! timb]s are bolt$ toge!r1 & con/itute a frame or d\ble rib2 & ! skeleton is compos$ ( a s]ies ( d\ble ribs 7sev]al in*es sep>ate1 ( c\rse wid] above ?an l[] d[n1 z ! timb]s decrease 9 ?ickness71 to )9 a little ( ! b[ & /]n1 :]e ! timb]s are usually plac$ s+ly1 )\t fram+4 #ba ,9 l>ge vessels a f\r? futtock is us$2 !nce /raight] timb] is suitable4 ,! knees occupy ! position at x1 /ret*+ horizontally along ! inside ( ! vessel & end ( ! beams4 ,( ,briti% trees1 timb]s are =m$ ( oak1 ,spani% *e/nut1 l>*1 r$-wood p9e1 r$-wood will[ 7! /ags-head ozi]1 ,salix fragilis71 & sometimes ! broad-leaf$ elm 7,ulmus montana7 "u wat]4 ,9 ,brita91 crook$ oak = timb]s is f\nd *iefly 9 h$ge-r[s & op5 =e/s1 :]e ! w9ds1 casual injury1 or ov]hang+ sup]ior bran*es1 h ?r[n ! tree1 :ile "y1 f its natural balance2 or1 by ! tree1 f op5 situation1 or excision ( l[] bran*es1 p>t+ e>ly into sev]al lead]s1 :i*1 9 rec$+ f ea* o!r1 =m curves & angul> b5ds4 ,on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 9 ! natural =e/1 x is *iefly ! tops ( old l(ty trees :i* af=d ! crooks2 9 consequ5ce1 ^? we import are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a free1 light1 insuffici5t quality#i4 #bb ,to procure a suffici5cy ( excell5t crooks1 e p]son :o has ! *>ge ( "y plantations ( timb] int5d$ = naval purposes1 ought1 9 ! m expos$ situations n fav\rable to ! gr[? ( plank timb]1 or timb] = b5d+1 :5 ! plants are f #c to #ae feet high1 to m>k out ! mo/ heal?y1 suitably =m$ plants1 suffici5tly close to fill ! gr\nd :5 ( ! prop] size1 say #f y>ds ap>t1 & to b5d ^!1 z ! "u figures w illu/rate4 ,! dott$ portion is ! gr[? aft] be+ b5t4 #bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 f4 ,! b5d ( floors requir+ to be at ! middle1 & ( angul> b5d1 see ,fig4 f1 "y trees ( "o-half ! requir$ l5g?1 %\ld h ! e>? remov$ f ! bulb ( ! root1 f "o or bo? sides1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! tree & /ool p>tially upset to w9dw>d1 t is1 g5]ally s\?-we/2 7! op]ator1 9 effect+ ?is1 may be assi/$ by a /rong prong$ in/rum5t72 !n fix$ 9 ?is incl9$ position1 & ! e>? fill$ 94 ,?is incl9ation may be giv5 at plant+1 :5 ! plants are tall4 ,! be/ mode ( secur+ ! l>g] plants 9 _! b5t position1 is by rods1 =k$ or hook$ at "o end1 ! o!r end nail$ to a gr\nd-/ake2--! upp] end1 if =k$1 firmly ti$ to ! b5t plant by mat or /raw rope4 ,small] plants may be secur$ to ! not*$ tops ( /akes by ligatures2 & ! smalle/1 p>ticul>ly l>*1 p9n$ d[n by small /akes ) hook$ tops4 ,advantage may also be tak5 ( an adjac5t tree ( small value1 & :i* w\ld ultimately be requir$ to be ?9n$ out1 to tie ! b5d$ /&>d d[n to ! mo/ conv5i5t "p ( its top or /em1 lopp+ (f all above ! ligature1 if x int]f]e ) ! /&>d1 & b>k+ x ne> ! gr\nd1 to prev5t mu* future gr[?4 ,:5 ! workm5 compreh5d #bd ! requir$ b5ds1 !y w fall ^u me?ods ( fix+ ! plants 9 ! mo/ suitable position1 bett] adapt$ to ! locality ?an any directions c tea*4 ,! plants w require to be fix$ d[n at lea/ two ye>s1 & b5t a little m ?an :at is requisite1 z 9 _! aft]-gr[? !y h g5]ally a t5d5cy to become /raight]1 f deposit+ ! ?icke/ lay]s 9 ! holl[ ( ! b5d4 ,a f9e regul> curve may be obta9$ by b5d+ ! plant = sev]al successive ye>s1 a little l[] e ye>2 ?is gradual l[]+ does n s mu* *eck ! gr[? ( ! lead]1 nor t5d s mu* to cause ! fe$]s ^u ! upp] side to pu% z lead]s4 ,:5 oaks are b5t1 great att5tion mu/ be paid to cut away any gr\nd-%oots1 & to cut (f or twi/ d[n any /rong fe$]s t /& p]p5dicul> on ! upp] side ( ! tree2 & also = sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1 to look ov] ! trees twice a-ye>1 correct+ any exub]ant fe$]1 & de/roy+ root-%oots4 ,! =e/] ought to keep 9 m9d t 8 pupils are prov]bially pliant1 & t1 %\ld 8 gr[+ timb] n be ( ! mo/ valuable & mo/ appropriate figure1 he mu/ rank ei!r ) ! neglig5t or ! incapable4 ,%ip timb]s be+ g5]ally requir$ ( great] dep? ?an ?ickness1 t is1 broade/ 9 ! plane #be ( ! curve1 h$ge-r[ is bett] adapt$ to gr[+ !m ?an ! =e/1 especially :5 ! trees are close 9 ! r[4 ,! b5d g5]ally takes place across ! r[2 & ! bole ( ! tree acquires a great] diamet] 9 t direction ?an 9 ! l9e ( ! r[4 ,if ! figure ( ! top ( a tree be v elliptical 9 ! horizontal plane1 ! cross section ( ! bole1 in/ead ( be+ circul>1 w also be elliptical 7cake-gr[n74 ,! lat]al spread ( ! roots 9 ?ick plant$ r[s be+ great] ?an ! longitud9al1 also t5ds to give elliptic bole1 ! /em swell+ mo/ on ! sides :]e ! /ronge/ roots ent]1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 always occurs on ! sides af=d+ mo/ n\ri%m5t4 ,=e/s int5d$ = %ip timb]s might be plant$ & kept 9 r[s a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 ) ! plants close 9 ! r[1 & ?us acquire ! elliptic bole4 ,?is w\ld also facilitate ! b5d+2 by be+ turn$ a little "r & left alt]nately1 !y w\ld spontane\sly1 f ! weight ( ! top1 & _! incl9ation to avoid ! %ade ( ea* o!r1 increase ! orig9al bias4 ,7 =e/s plant$ 9 close d\ble r[s1 ! plants ?ick 9 ! r[1 ) wide av5ues or glades betwe51 _m ( ! trees w\ld acquire crook$ boles1 & ! crook$ might be reta9$ :5 ?9n+4 ,av5ues ( ?is description #bf w\ld =m agreeable div]sity f ! monoton\s irregul>ity ( ! =e/1 & be highly picturesque4 ,7 close triple r[s plant$ ) wide glades betwe51 hav+ spruce1 l>*1 bir*1 or o!r trees ( m rapid gr[? ?an ! oak 9 ! mid r[1 & oak 9 ! side r[s1 ! great] "p ( ! oak w\ld be ?r[n out into f9e curves by ! ov]%ad[+ top ( ! sup]ior tree4 ,aft] ! oak _h receiv$ a suffici5t side bias1 ! c5tral r[1 :i* ( ^? k9ds comes soon to be ( value1 might be remov$4 ,! easie/ way to procure good oak knees is to look out 9 h$ge-r[ & op5 =e/ = plants :i* divide into two or f\r lead]s1 f #c to #aj feet above gr\nd2 & %\ld ! lead]s n div]ge suffici5tly1 to tra9 !m z horizontally z possible = sev]al feet1 by rods /ret*+ across ! top1 or by fix+ !m d[n by /akes2 see foll[+ figures4 ,figs4 a1 b1 f1 are drawn to a small] scale ?an c1 d2 ( c\rse1 a /em1 aft] divid+1 nev] ext5ds 9 l5g? bel[ ! division4 #bg ,illu/ration ,:5 gr[n1 ! ma9 /em1 ei!r us$ :ole1 sawn 9 two1 or qu>t]$1 w =m "o w+ ( ! knee1 & ! b5t bran* ! o!r2 see figs4 c1 d4 ,! dott$ l9es %ew ! saw section4 ,p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid to prev5t oaks f sep>at+ into m ?an f\r lead]s1 & also to tra9 up ^! lead]s a consid]able height1 )\t all[+ !m to divide aga91 reta9+ always num]\s fe$]s2 ?us1 :5 ! tree acquires size1 #bh _m valuable crooks g1 h1 i1 w be =m$ above ! knees4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to gu>d aga9/ tra9+ ! bran*es to too great a height1 z1 :5 s1 !y run mu* risk ( be+ twi/$ & torn by high w9ds4 ,knees may also be obta9$ by cropp+ ! top f plants t h side bran*es simil> to f1 & tra9+ ^! bran*es = lead]s z above direct$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! section1 :]e ! top is cut (f1 mu/ n be too l>ge1 & ! bran*es1 ei!r two or f\r1 well knott$ to ! trunk1 or ! situation %elt]$1 o!rwise ! trunk at ! section may be split d[n by ! /ra9 ( ! w9d on ! new lead]s4 ,also1 9 heal?y gr[+ trees ( consid]able size1 :i* h spread+ tops1 & :i* are n to be cut d[n = a consid]able "t1 ! =e/]1 if he h a good eye1 may1 by lopp+ (f a few bran*es "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! top1 ?r[ ! great] "p ( ! b\ghs into condition to become knees1 or valuable crooks1 :5 ( size4 ,?is is ( mo/ mat]ial consequ5ce to ! ultimate value ( half-gr[n oak trees1 9 op5 situations1 & ought to be p>ticul>ly /udi$ by ! sup]9t5d5t1 z1 :5 all[$ to run into v num]\s /emmy bran*es1 )\t direction or curtailm5t1 ! top1 in/ead ( be+ ultimately ( #bi consid]able value z timb]1 is ( none4 ,directions 9 writ+ w sc>cely suffice to tea* a =e/] ?is "p ( 8 bus9ess2 he mu/ consid] att5tively ! knee figures & b5ds we h furni%$1 fix !m 9 8 memory1 & use e eligible means to obta9 !m4 ,knees1 ( all descriptions ( oak timb] are 9 ! greate/ reque/4 ,we h kn[n !m pur*as$ at #gs4 p] comput$ solid foot1 :i*1 f ! plan ( measur+1 is z mu* z #ajs4 p] real solid foot4 ,! prevail+ inatt5tion to judici\s tra9+ w cont9ue to occasion ! supply ( knees to be %ort ( ! dem&1 & !nce ! price high1 provid$ "s *ange does n take place 9 ! /ructure ( vessels1 or iron knees be adopt$1 :i* are n[ sometimes us$1 or vessels1 ) ! exception ( ! deck & rigg+1 be =m$ ( iron altoge!r1 :i* we h se5 d v well 9 inl& navigation4 ,z crook$ r\nd oak timb] ( ! natural l5g? is extremely unmanageable1 & its di/ant transport v exp5sive1 x is desirable t x be squ>$ & cut 9 l5g?s suit$ to its ultimate use1 :]e gr[n4 ,?is requires a ?or\gh k ( ! necess>y curves1 to :i* ! figs4 p4 #ai1 w af=d consid]able assi/ance4 ,h[ev]1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( any ext5sive fall ( naval timb] ei!r %\ld be #cj a %ipwright :o has _h practice 9 l9+ (f timb]s1 or %\ld h pass$ sev]al mon?s 9 a dock-y>d dur+ ! timb]+ ( vessels1 obs]v+ e piece t is put to use4 ,z mo/ "p ( ! timb]s ( a vessel h _! sides squ>$1 ! cutt] _c err mu* 9 hew+ away ! sides 9 ! plane (1 & at "r angles to1 ! curves1 at lea/ z deep z ! sap-wood rea*es1 ?us leav+ only a little sap-wood on ! angles2 ! sap-wood1 9 all cases 7except 9 ^? small craft us$ 9 c>ry+ lime1 :i* pres]ves f rot71 be+ worse ?an useless2 by its decay n only weak5+ ! vessel f ! want ( entir5ess ( ! timb]s1 b also act+ z a f]m5t to fur!r corruption4 ,9 our directions = obta9+ curv$ & angul> b5t timb]s1 we may be ?\ght to h be5 a little too m9ute ) ! dim5sions & figures3 "u ! h& ( ! %ipwright1 or p]son ( skill1 a tree ( almo/ any possible b5d cuts out to valuable purpose3 :at is want$ is crook$ timb]1 free ( l>ge knots2--fir/ & second foot-hooks & knees are1 h[ev]1 mo/ 9 dem&4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,"p ,i4 #d ,bee*1 suit$ = plank1 is sometimes ( m value :5 /raight & ( consid]able l5g? = ! purposes ( keel-pieces2 = ?is ! log requires to be f #cj to #gj feet 9 l5g?1 & at lea/ ( suffici5t ?ickness at ! small end to squ>e a foot4 #e ,^! directions are g5]ally applicable--z well = :at may be requir$ = be+ b5t = compass-timb]s1 & = :at may be us$ = l& purposes1 z = plank4 #f ,!re are sev]al valuable v>ieties ( apple-trees ( acute bran* angle1 :i* d n ?r[ up ! h>k ( ! breeks2 ?is ei!r occasions ! bran*es to split d[n :5 load$ ) fruit1 or1 if !y escape ?is = a few ye>s1 ! conf9$ b>k becomes putrid1 & produces cank]1 :i* g5]ally ru9s ! tree4 ,we h rem$i$ ?is by a little att5tion 9 assi/+ ! ris+ ( ! b>k ) ! knife4 ,nature mu/ n be *>g$ ) ! mal=mation ( ^! v>ieties2 at lea/1 _h %e =m$ !m1 z soon z %e saw h] error %e w\ld h blott$ out h] "w4 #g ,comm5c+ by times1 ! great] "p ( tra9+ & prun+ = plank1 except+ 9 ! case ( dead bran*es1 fractures1 & la/ prun+1 may be p]=m$ by a small knife4 #h ,we are n 9 possession ( suffici5t facts to judge ( ! effect to ha/5 or det] decay occasion$ by ! timb] hav+ be5 s(t5$ 9 hot liquids ( #bab or upw>ds1 & n rais$ s high z to g5]ate pyrolign\s acid2 b we ?9k x mu/ impair ! ela/icity4 #i ,z excell5t plank c be obta9$ by importation1 ! gr[] ( naval timb] ought to reg>d ! production ( crooks z a m patriotic occupation ?an ! production ( plank4 ,x w g5]ally pay bett]4 #ca ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,briti% ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,us$ ,,z ,,naval ,,timb]4 ,,oak--,qu]cus4 ,oak appe>s to be ! mo/ preval5t tree ab\t ! middle ( ! nor? temp]ate zone1 gr[+1 naturally1 ^u almo/ e soil1 except+ "s ( ! /]ile s&y hats4 ,) ! exception ( ! p9es1 x is by f> ! mo/ useful k9d ( tree1 almo/ balanc+ ! accommodat+ figure ( /em1 & manageable quality ( ! p9e timb]1 by its great] /r5g? & durability1 & excell+ ! p9es 9 value ( b>k4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e :e!r !re be di/9ct ,briti% species 9 ! g5us ,qu]cus2 b1 at lea/1 !re are sev]al bre$s1 or families1 or gr\p$ resemblances1 :i*1 ?\gh ! individuals may slightly v>y1 & ?\gh a gradation1 or connection1 may be trac$ among ^! families !mselves1 yet possess g5]al "* suffici5tly m>k$ to support names4 ,botani/s1 :o are s prompt & s well prep>$ ) _! classes1 #cb ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 v>ieties1 long be=e !y acquire mu* k ( :at !y are s ready to classify1 or be able to di/+ui% betwe5 species & v>iety1 or "k if species & v>iety be really di/9ct1 divide ! oak ( ?is c\ntry into two species1 ,qu]cus ,robur & ,q4 sessiliflora1 ! =m] ) long fruit-/alks1 & h>d1 /rong1 durable timb]1 ! late leaf+ old k9d once s preval5t 9 ! isl&3 ! latt] an e>li] leaf+1 fa/] gr[+ k9d1 timb] inf]ior1 leaves petiolate1 fruit sessile1 n common1 b suppos$ native4 ,we consid] !re is no f\ndation = ?is specific di/9ction2 we h met ) oaks ) v>i\s l5g?s ( fruit-/alks3 ,besides1 %ort & long fruit-/alks is a v common diff]5ce among se$l+ v>ieties4 ,! families or bre$s :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! indig5\s oak resemble :at are f\nd among almo/ e k9d ( vegetable1 & graduate into ea* o!r1--^? f>!/ remov$ 9 appe>ance1 no d\bt hav+ p[] to commix by ! poll54 ,! mo/ rem>kable di/9ction we h obs]v$ is 9 ! col\r ( ! b>k1 :e!r incl9+ to :ite or black4 ,! v>iety or bre$ ) grey :ite b>k1 (t5 v smoo? & %9+1 & sometimes beautifully cl\d$ ) gre51 has also a diff]5t =m ( leaf & figure ( top f ^? ) #cc blacki% b>k1 & we h no d\bt w also af=d a diff]5t quality ( timb]4 ,^? ) blacki% d+y b>k v>y consid]ably f ea* o!r1 "s be+ ( v luxuriant gr[? & heavy foliage1 ) ?ick fle%y b>k1 af=d+ mu* tann92 o!rs1 ?\gh 9 fav\rable situation1 ( /unt$ gr[?1 ?9 dry b>k1 & delicate con/itution1 (t5 be+ nipp$ 9 ! twigs by ! fro/3 "s hav+ a r\nd easy figure ( top1 ev5 ) p5dul\s bran*+1 o!rs extremely /iff & angul> 9 ! bran*+2 "s ) ! mo/ elegant foliage1 deeply s9uat$ & f9ely wav$1 o!rs ) ! clumsie/1 mo/ mis%ap5 foliage1 almo/ z if opposite pr9ciples _h presid$ at _! =m+4 ,we h obs]v$ ! e>li] k9ds1 ) ! d>k b>k1 to h g5]ally ! easie/ figure ( top2 ! angul> bran*+ & /iffness ( figure ( top be+ greate/ 9 ^? sooty-b>k$ late k9ds1 mo/ dispos$ to take two gr[?s 9 ! season1 ! spr+ & autumnal1 :i*1 f ! pron5ess ( ^! k9ds to be affect$ 9 ! t]m9al bud by mon/rosities1 & sometimes also to be nipp$ 9 ! po9t ( ! unrip5$ autumn %oot by ! fro/1 are g5]ally ?r[n out 9 diff]5t directions1 ! tree1 f ^! causes1 gr[+ awkw>dly & irregul>ly1 & by fits & />ts4 ,besides ! indig5\s ,qu]cus ,robur1 we h #cd a numb] ( k9ds1 t]m$ di/9ct species1 gr[+ 9 ,brita91 ( =eign d]ivation--! ,turki% oak1 ,qu]cus ,c]ris2 ! ,lucombe oak1 ,q4 semp]vir5s2 ! sc>let-leav$ ,am]ican1 ,q4 cocc9ea2 ! ev]gre51 ,q4 ,ilex1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,! ,turki% & ,lucombe resemble ea* o!r1 b ! latt] g5]ally cont9ues gre5 till ! spr+1 :5 ! old leaves )]1 a little be=e ! "y appe>3 ,botani/s make !m v>ieties4 ,we consid] ! ,turki% oak ! mo/ valuable & elegant ( ^! =eign k9ds4 ,! leaves are g5]ally v long & sl5d]1 deeply & widely s9uat$1 & ! tee? or sali5t angles sometimes undulat$1 hav+ a curl$ appe>ance2 yet !re are "s individuals ) broad1 %ort1 flat leaves1 n diff]+ 9 figure f ^? ( ! common oak1 b ! tree 9 o!r respects n diff]5t f ! ,turki%1 be+ easily di/+ui%$ f ! common oak by ! r$di% hairy appe>ance ( ! develop+ %oot1 ! scales ( ! bud hav+ a hair-l ext5sion1 visible 9 ea* leaf axilla4 ,! acorns are also bri/l$ l e*9i1 ) ?is scaly prolongation4 ,! timb] is t\gh & clean1 resembl+ ! :ite ,am]ican1 & suitable = /aves4 ,! /em & bran*es are g5]ally v /raight1 z ! t]m9al bud seldom fails1 & ! gr[+ proce$s /eadily1 )\t mu* autumnal %oot4 #ce ,z oaks run m haz>d 9 transplant+ ?an mo/ o!r k9ds ( trees1 ! great] c>e is necess>y 9 procur+ well-root$1 %ort1 vigor\s plants2 9 hav+ ! soil free ( /agnat+ wat]1 9 tim+ & execut+ ! "w 9 a prop] mann]1 & 9 hoe+ ar\nd ! plant1 keep+ ! gr\nd clean & friable on ! surface dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree seasons4 ,z "y oaks gr[ mu* m vigor\sly "u consid]able clos5ess & %elt]1 & z ! plants are exp5sive1 x is prop] to plant1 along ) !m1 a mixture ( *eap] plants1 l>*es or o!r p9es1 :i* also soon] come to be ( a little value1 to be remov$ gradually z ! "y wood ?ick5s up4 ,9 bleak expos$ situations1 x is well to plant ! gr\nd fir/ ) p9es1 & :5 ^! atta9 a height ( #f or #h feet1 to cut out a numb]1 n 9 l9es1 b irregul>ly1 & plant ! oaks 9 _! /ead1 gradually prun+ & ?9n+ away ! rema9+ firs z ! oaks rise4 ,9 g5]al1 pitt+ is pref]able to slitt+2 b :5 ! plants are v small1 & ! gr\nd wet-bottom$ 7) close subsoil71 liable to become honeycomby ) fro/1 slitt+ secures ! plant bett] f be+ ?r[n out4 ,oak is by f> ! be/ adapt$ tree = h$ge-r[1 or = be+ gr[n by ! sides ( arable fields1 bo? #cf ) respect to its own qualities1 & to ! gr[? ( ! adjac5t crops or h$ge4 ,! b>k is mu* ?ick]1 & m valuable 9 proportion to its bulk "h1 ?an 9 close =e/1 & ! timb] m crook$1 :i* is desid]at$ 9 oak1 b :i* unfits mo/ o!r trees = mu* else ?an firewood4 ,! oak is1 besides1 z g5]ally suit$ = ! v>iety ( soils :i* l9es cross+ a c\ntry 9 all directions mu/ embrace3 ?is is matt] ( consid]ation1 z few plant]s h skill to locate a numb] ( k9ds prop]ly4 ,x w also be ?\ght1 by reason ( ,briti% feel+1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & ornam5tal2 nor is x to be ov]look$1 t1 by ! roots tak+ a m d[nw>d direction ?an o!r trees1 ! pl\gh has great] lib]ty to proce$ ar\nd1 & ! moi/ure & pabulum necess>y to evaporation & gr[? are n drawn f ! gr\nd s sup]ficially2 !nce ! m9or plants adjac5t d n suff] s mu*4 ,we h obs]v$1 too1 t1 :5 all cause ( injury by root suction 0 cut (f by a deep dit*1 ! und]gr[? seem$ less injur$ by %ade ( oak ?an ( "s o!r trees4 ,! apple & ! pe> only1 appe> to be z little detrim5tal to ! surr\nd+ crop z ! oak4 ,! a%1 ! elm1 ! bee*1 9 ,scotl& ! mo/ g5]al h$ge-r[ trees1 are ! mo/ improp]ly locat$2 ! a% & ! #cg elm z be+ ! mo/ p]nici\s to ! crops1 & ! bee* z be+ ( little or no value gr[n 9 h$ge-r[4 ,9 clays1 mo/ k9ds ( trees1 p>ticul>ly ^? ^: roots spread sup]ficially1 are m detrim5tal to ! crop ar\nd ?an 9 ! m friable e>?s1 ow+ to ! roots 9 clays =ag+ at less dep?1 & to ! clay be+ a worse conductor ( moi/ure ?an o!r e>?s4 ,! disadvantages att5d+ ! plant+ ( h$ge-r[ ) oaks are1 t _! removal is n 9 g5]al s successful z t ( o!r trees1 especially to ?is expos$ dry situation1 & t ! progress ( ! plant1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 is b sl[2 & ?us = a long] "t liable to injury f cattle4 ,fair success may1 h[ev]1 be comm&$1 by previ\sly prep>+ ! roots1 %\ld ! plants be ( good size2 transplant+ !m :5 ! gr\nd is nei!r too moi/ nor too dry1 & 9 autumn1 z soon z ! leaves h dropp$ or become br[n1 p>ticul>ly 9 dry gr\nd2 p]=m+ ! op]ation ) ! utmo/ c>e n to fracture ! roots1 & to reta9 a consid]able ball2 op5+ pits ( consid]able size = _! reception1 mu* deep] ?an ! roots1 & %\ld a little wat] lurk 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 x w be highly b5eficial1 provid$ none /agnate s high z ! roots2 firm+ ! e>? well ar\nd ! roots #ch aft] x is c>efully %ak5 9 among ! fibres2 &1 especially1 keep+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 )9 f\r feet ( ! plant1 friable & free f we$s1 by repeat$ hoe+s dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree summ]s4 ,( c\rse1 if y suff] ! plant to wav] ) ! w9d1 or to be rubb$ & bruis$ by cattle1 or by ! app5dages ( ! pl\gh1 x is folly to expect success4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 /\t plants1 f #h to #ab feet high1 ! bran*es m out ( ! way ( injury1 may1 9 %elt]$ situations1 "u c>eful managem5t1 be ! mo/ prop] size4 ,mu* also dep5ds on procur+ /urdy plants f expos$ situations4 ,we h exp]i5c$ bett] success ) h>dy plants f ! expos$ side ( a hill1 hav+ unfibr$ c>rot roots mu* injur$ by removal1 ?an ) o!rs f a %elt]$ morass1 hav+ ! mo/ num]\sly fibr$1 well extricat$ roots4 ,9 cases1 :]e1 f ! moi/ness & coldness ( ! gr\nd 9 e>ly summ]1 !re 0 a torpor ( root suction1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! develop+ leaves )]+ up "u an arid atmosph]e1 we h attempt$ to /imulate ! root action by application ( w>m wat]1 cov]+ up ! surface ( ! gr\nd ) dry litt] to conf9e ! heat2 we h also endeav\r$ to enc\rage ! root action by increas+ ! temp]ature ( cold light-col\r$ soils1 by /rew+ soot #ci on ! surface = a y>d or two ar\nd ! plant1 & by ne>ly cov]+ a l di/ance by pieces ( black trap rock1 f ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! success f ! pieces ( trap appe>$ greate/2 !y dim9i%$ ! evaporation f ! gr\nd1 !nce less loss ( heat & ( necess>y moi/ure2 & be+ at once v receptive ( radiant caloric1 & a good conductor1 !y quickly rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! soil 9 ! fir/ half ( ! summ]1 :5 bodies1 f ! increas+ p[] ( ! sun1 are receiv+ mu* m heat by radiation ?an !y are giv+ out by radiation4 ,! oak %\ld nev] be prun$ sev]ely1 & ?is rule %\ld be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ :5 ! tree is "y4 ,we h kn[n sev]al ( ! mo/ intellig5t g>d5]-=e/]s 9 ,scotl& err greatly 9 ?is2 &1 by exclusively prun+ ! oak plants1 f misdirect$ c>e1 ?r[ !m f> beh9d ! o!r k9ds ( timb] ) :i* !y 7 mix$ 9 plant+4 ,!re is no o!r broad-leav$ tree :i* we h se5 suff] s mu* injury 9 its gr[?1 by sev]e prun+1 z ! oak4 ,! cause ( ?is may be some?+ ( n]v\s susceptibility1 or connect$ life1 all ! p>ts p>ticipat+ :5 "o is injur$2 x may be ow+ to ! t5d5cy to putresc5cy ( ! sap-wood1 or r ( ! sap1 ! "p ar\nd ! section (t5 decay+1 especially #dj :5 ! plant is n vigor\s2 or x may arise f "s torpor or re/rict$ connection ( ! roots1 :i*1 :5 robb$ ( _! affiliat$ bran*1 d n readily =age or give _! =ag+ to ! support ( ! ne>e/ rema9+ bran*1 or to ! g5]al top ( ! tree1 b ?r[ out a bru% ( twigs ne> ! section4 ,al?\gh ! oak (t5 l+]s 9 ! gr[? :ile "y1 yet1 aft] x atta9s to six in*es or a foot 9 diamet]1 its progress is g5]ally fa/] ?an mo/ o!r k9ds ( h>d wood1 n appe>+ to suff] s mu* z o!rs f excessive fruit-be>+4 ,! value ( ! timb]1 & also ( ! b>k1 & ! slight comp>ative injury occasion$ to ! "u crop1 :e!r ( copse1 grass1 corn1 or roots1 indep5d5tly ( any patriotic motives1 or religi\s rev]5ce l+]+ 9 our s5sorium f ! "t ( ! ,druids1 %\ld give a pref]5ce to ?is tree = plant+1 :]ev] ! soil & climate are suitable1 ov] e o!r k9d1 ) ! exception ( l>* & will[1 :i*1 9 p>ticul> soils1 w pay bett]4 ,! plant] ( oak %\ld ?r[ 9 a consid]able proportion ( ,turki% oak into ! m fav\rable soils & situations4 ,! beautiful clu/]$1 frett$ foliage ( ?is species gives a ri*ness1 &1 9 w9t]1 :5 x reta9s ! )]$ leaf1 a w>m? ( col\r+ to our "y plantations beyond any o!r #da ( our h>dy trees & %rubs4 ,we h _h ?is k9d1 eighte5 ye>s old1 equal 9 size to l>*es ( ! same age 9 ! same gr\nd4 ,we cut d[n sev]al ( ^! oaks ( ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & comp>$ ! timb] & b>k ) ^? ( common oak ( ! same age4 ,! timb] 0 clean1 v t\gh & flexible1 ) mu* fla%1 & we %\ld suppose might suit = plank :5 matur$2 at any rate1 f ! spl5did %ew ( ! lam9 7fla%71 x w\ld =m beautiful pannell+ & furniture4 ,x %runk1 h[ev]1 extremely :ile dry+1 :i* mu/ h be5 p>tly ow+ to ! quick gr[+ & y\ngness1 x !nce consi/+ almo/ entirely ( sap-wood1 & ?is sap-wood almo/ entirely ( sap2 &1 :5 left 9 ! sun 9 ! r\nd /ate1 aft] peel+1 r5t ne>ly to spl9t]s1--mu* m ?an ! common oak "u ! same exposure4 ,! b>k 0 ab\t d\ble ! ?ickness & weight ( t ( ! common oak ( equal size1 &1 9 proportion to its weight1 consi/$ mu* m ( t cellul> or granul> sub/ance mo/ productive ( tann94 ,! v>ieties ( common oak ) ?ick b>k are g5]ally ( inf]ior quality ( timb]2 b !y are by f> ! f9e/1 mo/ luxuriant gr[+ trees1 ) ri* heavy foliage1 & appe> z giants /&+ 9 ! same r[ ) #db ! ?9 b>k$ v>ieties1 ?\gh plant$ at ! same "t4 ,to ! naturali/ ! oak is an object ( peculi> int]e/1 f ! curi\s ph5om5a connect$ ) ! economy ( num]\s insects :o dep5d ^u x = exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to describe ! diff]5t apples1 galls1 excresc5ces1 tufts1 & o!r mon/rosities :i* appe> ^u ! oak4 ,x is some?+ l en*antm5t6 ,^! insects1 m]ely by a puncture & ! deposition ( an egg1 or drop ( fluid1 turn+ ,nature f h] law1 & compell+ ! ,g5ius ( ! ,oak to con/ruct ( liv+ organiz$ oak matt]1 in/ead ( leaves & twigs1 fairy domes & temples1 9 :i* _! embryo "y may lie = a "t en%r9$4 ,,spani% ,,*e/nut--,ca/anea vulg>is1 7,fagus ,ca/anea1 ,l47 ,spani% or sweet ,*e/nut1 sometimes nam$ ,*e/nut ,oak1 sometimes includ$ 9 ! g5us ,fagus1 seems at lea/ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,qu]cus & ,fagus4 ,?is valuable timb] tree1 ! l>ge/ gr[+1 &1 9 _m places1 also ! mo/ common 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & :i* 0 once s #dc abundant 9 ,engl& t _m ( ! l>ge/ ( our anci5t piles are wood$ ( x1 has be5 = sev]al ages mu* on ! decrease 9 ?is c\ntry2 ow+1 probably1 to a slight refrig]ation ( climate1 :i*1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 appe>s to h tak5 place1 prev5t+ ! rip5+ ( ! se$1 or1 9 m rigor\s w9t]s1 foll[+ damp1 cold summ]s1 de/roy+ all ! "y plants 7at lea/ ! "p above gr\nd71 ^: succul5t unrip5$ %oots & m delicate g5]al con/itution1 f immatur$ annual r\nd ( life1 or imp]fect concoction ( juices1 h n p[] to )/& ! sev]e cold sometimes occurr+ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,a v g5]al de/ruction ( ! "y plants ( ?is k9d ( tree has occurr$ m ?an once )9 our memory f sev]e fro/2 b z ! climate1 a few ye>s back1 r improv$1 & ! _s ( plant+ became m g5]al1 a consid]able numb] ( plants ( ?is tree h atta9$ height & h>dihood to )/& ! cold1 except+ 9 ! po9ts ( ! annual %oot1 :i* we notice are aga9 nipp$ 7ye> #ahcj74 ,?is may give enc\ragem5t to m ext5d$ plant+1 z ! tree is h&some1 &1 9 mo/ places1 :]e wat] does n ab\nd nor /agnate1 acquires great size 9 comp>atively %ort "t4 ,x is said to pref] a gravelly or /one #dd rubble subsoil1 b we h se5 x 9 ri* clay1 9 r[ ) l>ge bee*es1 ev5 exce$ !m 9 size4 ,we %\ld pref] = x any deep friable dry soil4 ,!re is "o circum/ance connect$ ) ?is timb] 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/ 9 ,scotl&1 :i* mu/ prev5t its g5]al use 9 %ip plank1 & be ( mat]ial injury to x = %ip timb]s2 ?is is1 t few trees ( x ( size are f\nd )\t ! timb] be+ %aky or split1 "s to su* a degree t ! annual r+s or conc5tric gr[?s h sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is appe>s to be ow+ to our climate be+ cold] ?an :at is suitable to ! nature ( ! plant2 ! sap 9 ! /em possibly freez+ 9 sev]e wea!r & splitt+1 or sev]+ ! gr[?s ( ! timb]1 b m probably occasion$ by ! season be+ too %ort1 & too moi/ & cold1 to rip5 or fill up ) d5se matt]1 suffici5tly1 ! frame ( ! annual gr[?s2 !nce1 z ea* r+ ( sap-wood1 prematurely ha/5$ by ! torpor ( moi/ure & cold1 turns to r$ or matur$ wood1 &1 9 s do+1 dries consid]ably )9 ! o!r r+s ( moi/ sap-wood1 ! contractile =ce may be suffici5t to sep>ate ?is gr[? f ! next ext]nal sap gr[?1 ! cohesion exi/+ betwe5 ! tissue or fabric ( ! gr[? be+ mu* /rong] ?an ! cohesion betwe5 "o #de gr[? & ano!r4 ,! uncommon dryness ( ! matur$ wood1 & moi/ness ( ! sap-wood ( ?is tree1 & smallness ( ! numb] ( sap-wood r+s1 commonly only f #b to #f 9 ?is c\ntry1 incl9e u to believe t ?is is ! cause ( ! insuffici5cy or defect2 & t1 9 a mild]1 dri] climate1 ! sap-wood r+s w be f\nd to be m num]\s1 & ?us1 indep5d5t ( a bett] fir/ rip5+1 af=d+ a long] "t = _! cells to be m fill$ up ) an unctu\s matt] 7:i* prev5ts ! %r9k+7 gradually deposit$ :ile !y convey ! sap1 ! sap-wood r+s be+ ! "p ( ! timb] ?r\gh :i* ! sap circulates4 ,z pro( ( ?is unctu\s deposit or fill+ up1 we obs]ve t dry sap-wood imbibes moi/ure mu* quick]1 & 9 great] quantity1 ?an dry mature4 ,we ?9k ?is premature maturity 7if we may s t]m x7 ( timb] 9 cold c\ntries1 a g5]al law4 ,our l>*1 orig9ally f ! ,ap5n9e1 has n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! numb] ( sap-r+s ( our ,scots fir1 indig5\s 9 ,m> & ,ranno* m\nta9s2 & our n>r[-leaf$1 or ,engli% elm1 said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,holy ,l& 9 "t ( ! ,crusades1 has n m ?an "o-half ( ! numb] ( our indig5\s broad-leaf$1 or ,scots elm4 ,f ! sap-gr[?s ( ,laburnum1 #df sc>cely exce$+ 9 numb] ^? ( ! ,spani% *e/nut1 we %\ld suppose t x has be5 mov$ nor?w>d1 or t ! prop] climate has left x4 ,we h obs]v$ t moi/1 or wat]-soak$ gr\nd1 has influ5ce1 z well z climate1 to deprive ! alburnum vessels soon] ( _! liv+ functions1 induc+ t torpor ( tubes1 or semi-vital condition1 9 :i* !y only s]ve to support ! m active p>ts1 & con/itute :at is call$ ,mature ,timb]4 ,x is a g5]al op9ion t ,spani% *e/nut soon takes rot 9 situations :]e ! roots come 9 contact ) wat]4 ,?is appe>s to result f moi/ soil induc+ ! too e>ly matur+ ( ! timb] already allud$ to1 & occasion+ %aky insuffici5t fabric1 :i* soon corrupts4 ,we h obs]v$ oaks :i* _h few] lay]s ( sap-wood1 f gr[+ 9 damp situations1 h ! timb] ( inf]ior quality1 & sometimes ( a %aky1 br[ni% description1 :5 cut across1 ?r[+ out a dirty br[ni% liquid or /a94 ,f ! use ( ! ,spani% *e/nut 9 ! ,spani% navy1 bo? 9 plank+ & timb]+1 & f ! ro(+ beams & ornam5tal "w ( ,we/m9/] ,hall be+ also ( ?is wood1 we %\ld suppose x 0 n s liable to ?is defect ( r5ts 9 #dg ! timb] 9 mild] climates4 ,*e/nut timb] is a good deal simil> to oak1 ?\gh n q s re$y & ela/ic1 b is de/itute ( ! l>ge lam9 or plates 7fla%71 :i*1 radiat+ f ! pi? to ! outside1 become s prom95t to view 9 ! oak :5 ! longitud9al section is p]p5dicul> to ! outside1 9 ! plane ( ! lam94 ,x is1 we %\ld ?9k1 z capable ( support+ weight1 :5 /ret*+ z a beam1 z ! oak1 & is equally1 if n m durable1 _m beams ( x exi/+ 9 v old build+s undecay$3 x is said ev5 to h be5 tak5 out fre% :]e x _h /ood #fjj ye>s z l9tels4 ,e>? /akes ( x are also v durable4 ,x possesses "o advantage ov] oak1 :i* mu/ recomm5d x = %ip-build+1 t is1 hav+ mu* less proportion ( sap-wood2 &1 f ! matur$ wood conta9+ mu* less sap or moi/ure1 we %\ld suppose x n s liable to dry rot1 or t m simple means1 or %ort] p]iod1 w\ld suffice = season+ x1 s z to be pro( aga9/ ?is evil4 ,spani% *e/nut is z yet little kn[n among ,briti% %ipwrights2 b 7 a quantity ( x 9 ! m>ket free ( ! uns\ndness we h allud$ to1 its m]its w\ld soon become kn[n4 ,! b>k is us$ by tann]s1 b is said n to equal t ( oak4 #dh ,,bee*-,,tree--,fagus sylvatica4 ,?is h>dy tree occupies fully z wide a range1 bo? ( soil & climate1 z ! oak1 & is g5]ally ! fa/e/ gr[+1 mo/ vigor\s ( all our h>d-wood k9ds1 prosp]+ on all soils1 on ! dry & moi/1 ! alum9\s1 ! calc>e\s1 ! silice\s1 provid$ wat] does n /agnate4 ,x comb9es magnific5ce ) beauty1 be+ at once ! ,h]cules & ,adonis ( our ,sylva4 ,! timb] ( our bee*1 :ile gre51 is by f> ! h>de/ ( our l>ge gr[+ trees1 &1 9 ! ,am]ican =e/1 ! memb]s ( ! bee*5 family mat* bett] ?an ^? ( any o!r1 ) ! p]sev]ance ( ! ru?less ,yankee2 ! roots reta9+ ! h>dness deep] 9 ! e>? ?an ^? ( any o!r tree1 & be+ s plait$ & nett$ ?r\gh\t ! gr\nd = a consid]able space ar\nd ! bulb1 t x is next to impossible to tr5* or dig ov] ! soil till !y h decay$4 ,z we h be=e /at$1 ! timb] ( ! bee*-tree soon corrupts if x is n spe$ily dri$1 or kept 9 wat] aft] be+ cut d[n1 & is equally liable to corruption 9 ! tree :5 depriv$ ( life by w\nds or o!r injury4 ,bee* has a matur$ & sap wood1 al?\gh !y are n v di/+ui%able1 be+ ne>ly ( "o col\r4 ,! =m] has #di consid]able durability :5 kept dry1 ! latt] is spe$ily consum$ by worm+4 ,! plant] ( bee* %\ld procure ! k9d#aj ) yell[-col\r$ wood1 t]m$ by jo9]s ,yell[ ,bee*1 9 opposition to ! k9d ) :ite wood1 call$ ,:ite ,bee*4 ,! yell[ gr[s fa/] & /raight]1 & is clean] & fre] ( black knots1 & also m pleasantly work$ ?an ! :ite1 b x corrupts mu* soon] 9 ! b>k :5 cut d[n4 ,?is v>iety ( bee*1 :5 prop]ly tra9$1 is probably ! mo/ pr(itable h>d-wood t we c raise2 :5 plank$1 x b5ds pleasantly "u ! %ipwright to ! curvature ( ! vessel's side4 ,! tree is also mu* sup]ior 9 size & grace ( outl9e to ! :ite4 ,!re are few plant]s :o ne$ be put 9 m9d t bee* ( small size1 or ( %ort or crook$ /em1 is ! lea/ valuable ( all timb]4 ,:oev] plants ) a view to pr(it w1 !re=e1 ?r[ 9 only z _m bee* plants z may ultimately be requir$ = /&>ds1 & ^! 9 ! bosom ( plantations2 z x is seldom t bee* atta9s to mu* value 9 h$ge-r[ or on ! outskirts ( woods1 #ej f its pron5ess :5 s situat$ to ramify & gr[ crook$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible1 ) a little e>ly att5tion1 to re> bee* z /raight & clean z to be valuable1 on ! outskirts1 :]e x =ms a beautiful fr+e to ! plantation1 & af=ds excell5t %elt]4 ,,elm--,ulmus4--,,broad-,,leav$1 ,,or ,,scot*1 or ,,wy* ,,elm--,ulmus montana4 ,?is beautiful & mo/ graceful tree1 ^: fav\rite locality is ! damp1 deep1 accumulat$ soil1 free ( /agnant wat]1 at ! bottom ( declivities1 is1 toge!r ) its si/]1 ! small-leav$ k9d1 ! ,engli% elm1 :5 s situat$1 ! fa/e/ gr[+ ( our h>d-wood trees4 ,bo? delight 9 easy or gravelly soils1 ?\gh ! small-leav$ w also prosp] 9 ! m adhesive1 ! alluvial & diluvial clays4 ,!re are a numb] ( k9ds ( elm gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 diff]+ r m f ! common run ( ,u4 montana & ,u4 campe/ris1 ?an :at occurs among se$l+ v>ieties ( untam$ plants2 b z ^! h v probably a p[] ( m+l+ by ! poll51 !nce n specifically diff]5t1 we leave to #ea botani/s to expla9 _! nice peculi>ities1 & ?9k x suffici5t to rank ! :ole "u montana & campe/ris1 especially z ! timb] seems to range into two k9ds--,montana1 ) l>ge leaves1 heavy annual %oots1 some:at zig-zag1 ?ick t[>ds ! po9t1 !nce droop+ a little f gravity2 hav+ mu* sap-wood1 & timb] ( great longitud9al t\ghness1 b1 f ! great quantity ( sap-wood1 & want ( lat]al adhesion1 x splits consid]ably 9 dry+2--,campe/ris1 ) small] leaves1 m num]\s /raight annual %oots1 :i* are small t[>ds ! po9t1 !nce m erect1 has b little sap-wood1 & ! timb] also possess+ great] lat]al adhesion1 & less longitud9al1 x does n crack mu* 9 dry+4 ,we h notic$ "o broad leav$ k9d or v>iety1 ^: annual twigs (t5 spr+ out 9 tufts or knots f "o po9t2 ?is seems to arise f ! %oot ( ! prec$+ ye> sometimes dy+1 probably nipp$ by fro/1 & ! tuft ( %oots spr++ out f ! knot at ! l[] extremity ( ! dead twig4 ,f ?is cause1 x has n ! graceful easy spread ( bran*es ( ! ,u4 montana1 b assumes a m angul>1 /iff1 upright figure4 ,we h he>d ?is nam$ ,dut* ,elm1 b x does n q correspond ) ! elm 9 ! p>ks at ,london said to be ,dut*4 ,we consid] x a k9d #eb n v ne>ly alli$ to ,u4 montana1 yet ! above peculi>ity ( appe>ance may only arise f individual t5d]ness1 & may n be accompani$ by o!r diff]5ce ( "*4 ,! elm1 m especially ! broad-leav$ ,scot* elm1 has a peculi> fan-l slop+-to-"o-side spread ( bran*es1 mo/ p]ceptible :ile "y2 h5ce ! tree :5 gr[n up1 has g5]ally a slight b5d+ 9 ! /em1 :i* r5d]s x v fitt+ = floor-timb]s ( vessels1 ! only "p ( a %ip1 except+ bottom plank1 to :i* x is applicable1 z x soon decays above wat]4 ,its great t\ghness & /r5g?1 h[ev]1 r5d] x good floors4 ,!re are "s k9ds ( =eign elm :i* des]ve att5tion4 ,"s "t ago we plant$ sev]al ( ^!1 & lately cut d[n "o ( ab\t six in*es diamet]1 :i* we f\nd a great deal h>d] & /rong] timb] ?an our ,u4 montana4 ,we _h ?is k9d "u ! "n ( ! ,broad-leav$ ,am]ican4 ,! b>k 0 r light] 9 col\r1 & smoo!r1 ?an ,u4 montana2 ! leaves 7 r\gh & l>ge1 & ! annual %oots extremely luxuriant2 b1 probably ow+ to climate1 or diff]5ce ( circum/ance1 ! expos$ situation :]e we _h x gr[+ be+ v unlike ! close ,am]ican =e/1 x did n c>ry up its vig\r ( gr[+ into #ec ! top1 al?\gh ! top 0 heal?y1 b cont9u$ ?r[+ out num]\s annual %oots1 five or six feet long1 f ! bulb & side ( /em1 :i* disposition we did n succe$ 9 correct+ by prun+4 ,?is did n seem to arise f graft+1 z "s ( ! %oots broke out high] up ?an ! graft mu/ h be51 & !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! l[] & upp] %oots4 ,u4 montana1 :5 come to "s size1 on ! prim>y bran*es be+ lopp$ (f1 l ! oak1 (t5 ?r[s out a bru% ( twigs f ! /em1 & ^! twigs imp$+ ! transit ( ! sap1 ! bru% increases1 & ! /em ?ick5s consid]ably1 9 consequ5ce ( a w>ty-l deposit ( wood =m+ at ! root ( ! twigs4 ,?is excresc5ce1 :5 ( size1 aft] be+ c>efully season$ 9 "s cool moi/ place1 su* z ! nor? re-ent]+ angle ( a build+1 expos$ to ! *ipp+ f ! ro(1 =ms a ri*] v5e] = cab9et-"w ?an any o!r timb]4 ,?is disposition to =m bru% & excresc5ce might be giv5 by art to almo/ any k9d ( tree1 except+ ! conif] & bee*1 & might be made a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it4 ,?is c\ld easily be effect$ by slitt+1 prick+1 & bruis+ ! b>k at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! season4 ,a v beautiful wav$ timb] might also be =m$ by #ed twi/+ ! /ems ( trees tight up ) r\nd ropes1 ! screw circles ( ! rope n be+ q close to ea* o!r2 ! ropes to rema9 sev]al seasons1 !n to be kept (f = a season or two1 & aga9 appli$4 ,! practice ( =m+ w>ty excresc5ces might be comb9$ ) t ( =m+ wavy fibres1 ) ! f9e/ effect4 ,( c\rse1 ^? trees ) timb] ( ri* col\r1 & susceptible ( high poli%1 w\ld be ! mo/ suitable = und]go+ ?is process4 ,u4 campe/ris also ?r[s out a bru%1 b f ! great inf]iority ( ! timb] 9 beauty1 & f its unfitness = cab9et-"w1 x w\ld be useless to enc\rage x by art4 ,"s plants ( montana1 n cov]$ ) bru%1 h a curi\s unev5ness 7lac$ appe>ance7 ( ! timb] 9 ! /em1 :i* r5d]s x a beautiful cab9et plank4 ,,n>r[-,,leav$ ,,or ,,engli% ,,elm--,ulmus campe/ris4 ,!re are few ,scot*m51 z !y migrate s\?w>d1 :o h fail$ to rem>k ! tame subdu$ appe>ance ( ! l&scape ( ! middle & s\? ( ,engl&1 :]e a numb] ( /raggl+ tuft$-head$ poles1 along ) w9dmill t[]s1 occupy #ee ! horizon4 ,^! /raggl+1 tall1 tuft$ poles1 /uck 91 p]p5dicul> to ! flat surface1 are compos$ ( liv+ n>r[-leav$ elm-trees1 :i* ! p]sev]ance ( ! peasantry 9 que/ ( billets1 has r$uc$ to ?is condition4 ,"s v>ieties ( ?is elm1 h[ev]1 :5 uncurtail$ 9 lat]al expansion1 atta9 ! gr&e/ developm5t1 /ret*+ =? a hundr$ giant arms al(t1 support+ masses ( foliage1 fanta/ically magnific5t4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 ?is tree is attack$ by an insect1 :i*1 runn+ along ! outside ( ! timb]1 )9 ! b>k1 9 a few seasons deprives ! individual ( life1 ! b>k peel+ (f 9 l>ge girdles1 ?reat5+ to b]eave ?is capital ( ! f9e/ ornam5ts ( its p>ks4 ,we h obs]v$1 9 diff]5t k9ds ( gr[+ trees1 su* z ! apple & oak1 ! roads ( insects trav]s+ betwe5 ! rh9d & wood1 al?\gh ! individual ?us affect$ appe>$ to suff] little or no injury2 & we consid] ! ag5cy ( ! insect 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,engli% elm ar\nd ,london to be m]ely sequ5t to disease--p]haps a ta9t ( corruption1 or slight putresc5cy ( ! sap1 occasion$ by ! impurities ( ! ,london air1 assi/$ by ! h>d beat5 /ate ( ! gr\nd#aa above ! roots4 ,%\ld #ef any "o exam9e ! inside ( ! b>k ( a cut tree1 :5 corruption has j begun ) ! b>k1 & see h[ ?or\ghly x is und]m9$ by insects1 he w1 we ?9k1 admit ! /rong probability1 t ! insect is only subord9ate 9 ! de/ruction ( ^? f9e old elms ar\nd ,london4 ,we d n wond] at ! condition ( ! trees--x w\ld n surprise u if ! human race 9 ,london 7 swept (f by "s simil> second>y cause4 ,! small-leav$ elm has great disposition to spread by suck]s f ! roots1 & ?us ext5d$ has become v preval5t ?r\gh\t mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 9 ! broad wa/es 7t]m$ f5ces71 :i*1 f ! indol5t husb&ry1 consequ5t to ti!s & ! want ( leases1 g5]ally surr\nd ! pa/ure & corn fields1 b :i* are s necess>y to ^! unv>i$ pla9s1 z "s prom95t object1 or *>act]i/ic l&-m>k1 on :i* ! amor patri ( ! population may p]*2 ! f9e/ remembrances & associations ( y\? be+ mix$ up ) ^! bu%y fl[]-cov]$ enclosures4 ,x is ) c\ntry z ) society1 /rong la/+ #eg atta*m5t occurs only :]e !re is individuality ( "* to give di/9ctness ( image4 8,oh6 h[ %\ld ,i my true love "k1 ,f _m o!r "o80 ,!re is design & utility 9 ?is fasc9ation ( peculi>ity4 ,if individual di/9ction be b /rongly m>k$1 x signifies little ( :at "*4 ,love ( c\ntry (t5 hangs ^u features ( ! h>%e/ & mo/ fe>ful description1 ) :i* ! associations & feel+s become entwi/$1 z atta*m5t to individual is (t5 rivett$ by fi]ce1 au/]e1 or ev5 morose qualities4 ,! n>r[-leav$ elm is valuable = =m+ ! blocks & dead-eyes#ab1 & o!r wood5 furniture ( rigg+1 be+ p>ticul>ly suitable = ^! purposes1 f its h>d & adhesive nature1 & indisposition to crack or split1 :5 expos$ to sun & wea!r4 ,we h obs]v$ _m m9or di/9ctions1 p]haps individual1 9 ! above k9ds ( elm1 9 figure1 size & smoo?ness ( leaf1 9 col\r & r\ghness #eh ( b>k1 c4 ,"s v>ieties or individuals ( ! ,engli% elm h ! b>k ( ! "y twigs & bran*es cov]$ ) corky ridges3 o!rs want ?is excresc5ce4 ,,r$wood ,,will[1 or ,,/ag',s ,,head ,,ozi]1--,salix fragilis#ac4 ,?is k9d ( will[1 once v common 9 ! alluvial p>ts ( ,scotl&1 be=e ! introduction ( ,salix alba1 ,s4 ,russelliana1 c41 is probably ! mo/ pr(itable timb] t c be plant$ 9 su* soils4 ,x 0 our di/rict's maxim1 t 8! will[ w pur*ase ! horse be=e any o!r timb] pur*ase ! saddle10 on acc\nt ( its v quick gr[?1 & ! value ( its timb]4 ,x delights 9 #ei ! ri* easy clay by ! sides ( our p[s 7! old ,scotti% t]m = ^? sluggi% natural dra9s ( our alluvial di/ricts71 ?r[+ out its fibril roots 9 matt$-l abundance "u ! wat]3 x also fl\ri%es 9 ! m s&y & gravelly alluvion1 by ! sides ( riv]s & /reams1 :i* does n become too dry 9 summ]4 ,?is tree1 simil> to "s o!rs :i*1 l x1 are cont9u$ by cutt+s or lay]s1 is1 9 c]ta9 seasons1 especially :5 ( consid]able size1 subject to a d]angem5t 9 ! sap-concoction1 :i* leads to ! dea? ( "s ( its m rec5t p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! upp]mo/ bran*es2 :5ce its )]$ top sometimes assumes ! appe>ance ( a /ag's head ( horns1 :i*1 f ! inde/ructibility ( ^! dead bran*es1 x reta9s = _m ye>s2 new bran*es spr++ out f ! sides1 ( mu* luxuriance4 ,?is disease1 simil> to cank] 9 ! g5us ,pyrus1 is g5]ally conc5trat$ to c]ta9 places ( ! b>k & alburnum1 ! portion ( bran* above ^! places !nce )]+1 ! connection ) ! root be+ cut (f2 ?\gh sometimes ! po9ts ( ! twigs appe> to be nipp$1 )\t any previ\s disease4 ,f ^! affections1 & also on acc\nt ( ! bran*es & /em be+ (t5 rift$ by ! w9ds1 ! tree is frequ5tly f\nd ) rot #fj 9 ! /em1 :5 x has /ood long4 ,x agrees 9 ?is ) ! l>*1 t1 ?\gh its timb]1 :5 cut d[n1 or )]$ & dri$1 z on ! top ( ! tree1 is little liable to corruption1 yet x is v subject to x1 z "p ( ! /em ( ! liv+ tree1 p]haps "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( semi-vitality4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ?is tree1 rais$ f se$1 w\ld be liable to ^! disord]s1 ! same z :5 cont9u$ by slips1 w\ld be an int]e/+1 ?\gh t$i\s1 exp]im5t4 ,we nev] h se5 any "y se$-plants rise ar\nd old trees4 ,! use ( ! r$ wood will[1 z timb]s ( vessels1 has be5 ( long /&+ 9 ?is "p ( ,scotl&1 & has prov$ its long endurance1 & excell5t adaptation4 ,by reason ( its lightness1 pliancy1 ela/icity1 & t\ghness1 x is1 we ?9k1 ! be/1 )\t exception1 = ! =mation ( small fa/-sail+ w>-vessels4 ,we are pretty c]ta9 t our ,navy ,bo>d w\ld n h cause to regret trial ( x 9 a long1 l[1 %>p s*oon]1 ( suffici5t bread? to /& up "u great press ( sail1 m\ld$ z mu* z possible to comb9e great /ability ) small resi/ance f ! wat]1 & :5 9 quick motion to be buoyant--especially n to dip =w>d1--provid$ x c\ld be procur$ n too old1 & free f rot1 l>ge knots1 & cross-gra92 a v #fa little att5tion 9 ! cultivation w\ld af=d x ( ! f9e/ b5ds1 & clean & fre%4 ,our ,navy ,bo>d h receiv$ "s slight tea*+ f our transatlantic bre?r51 ( ! sup]ior sail+ ( fir-con/ruct$ vessels1 to ^? ( oak1 ! result ( _! sup]ior lightness1 pliancy1 & ela/icity4 ,! writ] ( ?is has also _h exp]i5ce ( two vessels1 "o ( oak1 & ! o!r ( l>*1 on ! same voyages1 at ! same "t1 & has f\nd ! latt] sup]ior 9 sail+ to ! =m]1 9 a degree great] ?an ! diff]5ce ( build c\ld acc\nt =4 ,f ! sup]ior ela/icity & lightness ( ! will[1 ev5 to l>*1 ! lighte/ & mo/ ela/ic ( ! fir-tribe1 we %\ld expect t vessels ( x w\ld out/rip ^? ( fir1 at lea/ ( ,scots or r$ p9e1 z mu* z ! latt] d ^? ( oak2 & t1 f ?is great] ela/icity & lightness1 !y w\ld move ?r\gh ! wat]1 yield+ to ! resi/ance & p]cussions ( ! waves1 comp>$ to ^? ( oak1 z a ?+ ( life to a dead block4 ,= vessel-timb]s1 ?is wood requires to be us$ alone2 z1 :5 mix$ ) o!r k9ds less pliant or ela/ic1 ! latt] h to )/& ne>ly all ! impetus or /ra91 & are !nce liable to be brok51 or f ! vessel yield+ m at "o place ?an ano!r1 %e is apt to /ra9 & become leaky4 #fb ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 demoli%+ an old build+ :i* _h /ood fully a c5tury1 ! writ] f\nd ! l>ge frames ( ! build+1 or gr\nd c\ples1 :i*1 f _! situation1 c\ld n h be5 r5ew$1 to consi/ ( ?is timb]2 &1 ) ! exception ( ! outside1 :i* 0 s mu* decay$1 = ab\t half an in* 9 dep?1 z ! f+] c\ld pick x away1 ! body ( ! wood 0 z fre% z at fir/1 /ill fit = any purpose1 & ( a beautiful p9k or salmon col\r4 ,:5 we obs]v$ ! m\ld]+ ext]ior ( ^! pieces1 we laid "o ( ! smalle/ holl[ ov] a log1 & /ruck x ) a l>ge wood5 mallet1 n d\bt+ t x w\ld g to fragm5ts2 su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! resili5ce1 t ! mallet reb\nd$ s greatly z almo/ to leap f our h&s4 ,= c\ntry purposes1 r$-wood will[ is employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( mill wat]-:eels1 ( ! body or ho>d+ ( c>ts1 especially ( l9+ ( c>ts employ$ 9 ! c>riage ( /ones1 or ( any ut5sil requir+ /rong1 t\gh1 light1 durable bo>d+4 ,=m]ly1 be=e ! introduction ( iron-hoops = c>t-:eels1 ! ext]nal rim or felloe 0 made ( will[2 :5 new1 ! c>t or wa9 0 driv5 along a road cov]$ ) h>d small gravel 79 pref]5ce1 gravel some:at angul>71 by :i* means #fc ! felloe %od itself ) /one1 & ?us became capable ( endur+ ! friction ( ! road = a long "t1 ! t\ghness & ela/icity ( ! will[ reta9+ ! gravel till ! /one 0 worn away4 ,"u mu* exposure to bl[s & friction1 ?is will[ outla/s e o!r home timb]4 ,:5 rec5tly cut1 ! matur$ wood is slightly r$di%1 & ! sap-wood :ite4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air & gradually dri$1 bo? are ( salmon col\r1 & sc>cely di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,will[-b>k is us$ 9 tann+2 x also conta9s a bitt]1 said to be febrifuge4 ,,r$-,,wood ,,p9e--,p9us4 ,?is tribe ( ! ord] ,conif]1 at once ! mo/ useful1 & ! mo/ pl5tifully & widely ext5d$ ov] ! ,nor? temp]ate zone--t portion ( ! e>? m cong5ial to man1 & :i* conta9s ab\t f\r-fif?s ( 8 numb]s1 has a similitude ( "* & qualities m di/+ui%able by "o glance ( ! eye ?an by lab\r$ description4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( k9ds1 :i* aga9 divide into families & individuals p]ceptibly diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ are ^? ^: timb] is be/ kn[n to u3 #fd ,scots fir1 or ,norway p9e1 ,p9us sylve/ris4 ,p9a/]1 ,p9us ,p9a/]4 ,canadian r$ ,p9e#ad 7=eign71 99 99 99 99 ,pit* p9e 7=eign71 99 99 99 99 ,&1 ?\gh a little m di/9ct1 ,yell[ ,am]ican1 or ,weym\? ,p9e1 ,p9us ,/robus4 ,v little obs]vation w di/+ui% ^! f ! next useful great tribe ( ! ,conif] ) :ite wood1 ! ,spruces & ,silv] ,firs--,abies4 ,!re are a numb] ( =eign k9ds ( p9e1 "s ( great promise1 rec5tly introduc$ into ,brita91 b ( ^: adaptation = %ip-build+ we _c speak4 ,samples ( ! timb] ( ,p4 l>icio1 ,p4 tda1 ,p4 cembra1 ,p4 m>itima1 ,p4 rigida1 c4 ( ,briti% gr[?1 may1 h[ev]1 soon be _h ( suffici5t size = exp]im5t4 ,! common ,scots fir is ! only p9e ( ,briti% gr[? :i* has be5 employ$ z a naval timb]2 = :i* purpose1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! la/ peace1 & ! introduction ( our l>*1 x is 9 v little dem&4 ,an acute botani/1 ,mr ,g4 ,don ( ,=f>1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 gave a description ( ! v>ieties ( cultivat$ ,scots fir :i* _h come "u 8 notice4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( 8 obs]vations3 #fe 8,v>ieties ( ,p9us sylve/ris4 8,v>4 #a/4 ,! common v>iety1 well kn[n by its bran*es =m+ a pyramidal head1 ! leaves m>g9at$1 ( d>k-gre5 col\r1 b little glauc\s und]nea?1 ! cones be+ consid]ably elongat$ & tap]+ to ! po9t1 & ! b>k ( ! trunk v rugg$4 ,?is v>iety seems %ort-liv$1 becom+ soon /unt$ 9 appe>ance4 8,v>4 #b;d1 ,di/+ui%able f ! =m] by disposition ( bran*es1 :i* are rem>kable = horizontal disposition & t5d5cy to b5d d[nw>ds close to ! trunk4 ,! leaves are broad] ?an v>4 #a/1 & s]rulat$1 n m>g9at$2 leaves are di/+ui%able at a di/ance by _! mu* light] & beautiful glauc\s col\r1 ! b>k n s rugg$ z v>4 #a/1 & ! cones ?ick] & n s mu* po9t$1 & also smoo!r4 ,?is tree seems a h>dy plant1 gr[+ freely 9 _m soils3 ?is v>iety may be nam$ ,p9us horizontalis4 ,v>4 #a/1 mu* m g5]al ?an v>4 #b;d1 & also soon] comes to se$1 :i* is also easi] ga!r$ f ! position ( ! bran*es4 8,v>4 #c;d1 ,is ( a /ill light] col\r ?an v>4 #b;d1 be+ ( a light glauc\s hue1 approa*+ to a silv]y t9t2 its bran*es =m1 l v>4 #a/1 a pyramidal head1 b x diff]s rem>kably 9 its cones f #ff bo? ! =m] v>ieties2 ! cones ( ?is seem beset ) blunt prickles b5t backw>ds1 ! leaves s]rulat$4 ,?is v>iety is r m common ?an v>4 #b;d2 l x1 x is a good tree4 8,v>4 #d?1 ,! leaves some:at curl$ or r twi/$1 & mu* %ort] ?an ! o!rs3 ?is v>iety is v r>e40 ,our obs]vation does n g to confirm ^! subdivisions4 ,we ?9k !y are little m di/9ct ?an ! fair1 ! r$#ae1 ! black hair$1 ! fair1 ! sall[1 ! br[n complexion$1 ! tall1 ! %ort1 ( ! same community or ev5 family ( m54 ,!re is v>iation & individuality m or less /rongly m>k$ 9 all k9ds ( organiz$ be+s3 at lea/ ^? vegetables :i* h expos$ fructification possess x2 _m ^: fructification is seclud$ also possess x2 & ! o!rs ( m con/ant "*1 su* z "s ( ! ,gram9e1 ) a little art 7remov+ _! an!rs be=e ! poll5 bur/s =?1 & apply+ ! poll5 ( o!rs z ne> to !m 9 ! *a9 ( life z c be f\nd to be diff]5t1 or *ang+ ! circum/ances by culture71 c also be r5d]$ equally #fg v>iable4 ,^! m9or di/9ctions or individualities ( vegetables become m p]ceptible z our obs]vation closes 9 ^u ! object4 ,we h nev] yet f\nd "o individual apple plant1 rais$ f se$1 to be ! c\nt]p>t ( ano!r2 b diff]+ ev5 9 e "p & habit1 9 bud1 leaf1 fl[]1 fruit1 se$1 b>k1 wood1 root2 9 luxuriance ( gr[?2 9 h>dihood2 9 be+ suit$ = diff]5t soils & climates1 "s ?riv+ 9 ! v moi/1 o!rs only 9 ! dry2 9 ! disposition ( ! bran*es1 erect1 p5dul\s1 horizontal2 9 e>l9ess & comp>ative e>l9ess ( leaf1 ( fl[]1 ( fruit4 ,we hope ! above rem>ks w n be lo/ on ^? :o h ! managem5t ( ! s[+1 plant+1 & ?9n+ ( woods1 & t !y w always h selection 9 view4 ,al?\gh num]\s v>ieties are d]iv$ f ! se$ ( "o tree1 yet if t tree be ( a good bre$1 ! *ances are greatly 9 fav\r ( ?is prog5y be+ also good4 ,scots fir ( good v>iety w ?rive & rea* consid]able size & age1 9 almo/ any soil :i* is n v moi/1 or v arid & b>r5 7su* z our s& & gravel flats mu* impregnat$ ) iron or o!r delet]i\s m9]al71 provid$ ! plants f _! e>lie/ ye>s h room to ?r[ out & reta9 a suffici5cy ( side bran*es4 ,?is is especially necess>y to _! heal? :]e ! soil is #fh ung5ial1 ! result+ vig\r (t5 ov]com+ ! disadvantages4 ,f ! p9e be+ f\nd *iefly 9 ! light s&y di/ricts on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & 9 ! s&y p9e b>r5s ( ,am]ica1 an idea has gone abroad t ^! b>r5 di/ricts are m cong5ial to x ?an ! m clayey1 ! m rocky1 or ! ri*] vegetable m\ld2 b its natural location 9 ! b>r5 s&y di/ricts results f its be+ m p[]ful 9 ?is soil ?an any o!r plant ( ! c\ntry1 n f pref]5ce ( ?is soil4 ,%\ld any "o d\bt ( ?is1 let him take a summ] excursion to ,m> ,=e/1 :]e no o!r tree hav+ be5 9 competition ) ,p9us sylve/ris1 & :]e x is spread ov] ! hill & ! dale1 he w obs]ve t x prosp]s be/ 9 good timb] soil1 & ?\gh comp>atively pref]r+ an easy soil1 & hav+ sup]ior adaptation to ?9 or rocky gr\nd1 t its ta/e does n diff] v mat]ially f t ( ! plane or ! elm1 ! oak or ! a%4 ,9 ,m> ,=e/ he w also obs]ve 7if !y be n n[ all cut d[n7 sev]al well m>k$ individuals ( ! splat* p9e1 e/eem$ a v valuable & h>dy k9d2 & ) ! "r :i* a botani/ has 9 a plant s[n by nature1 he may be> (f "s ( ! se$s1 & endeav\r to spread ?is r>e indig5\s k9d ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,%\ld he be unsuccessful 9 f9d+ ^! at ,m>1 he may return #fi by ,k5more1 :]e1 on ! side ( ! hill on ! "r bank ( ! ,tay1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,lyon1 he w f9d sev]al trees1 we ?9k five1 ( ?is k9d ( p9e1 ( consid]able size1 gr[+ at "o place1 app>5tly plant$3 we 7 told ! plants _h be5 br\ght d[n f ! natural =e/ f>!r up on ! m\nta9s4 ,^! are suffici5tly di/9ct 9 "* f ! common ,scots fir gr[+ ar\nd1 hav+ a horizontal1 /raggl+ disposition ( bran*es1 ! leaves be+ ( a mu* light]1 diff]5t %ade ( gre51 & m tuft$1 & ! b>k ( a yell[] r$1 s z to m]it a di/9ct "n2 & we %\ld consid] ,p9us horizontalis z descriptive z any o!r1 if x %all n appe> to be only a sub-species ( ,p4 sylve/ris4 ,! descriptive "n splat* fir1 is f ! prom95ces ( ! rugg$ b>k n be+ 9 longitud9al ridges or flutes1 b 9 deta*$ flat oblong lumps1 su* z s(t clay or mud takes :5 ca/ ) =ce ^u a wall4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d n ?9k ?is ! same z ,mr ,,don's v>4 #b;d1 at lea/ we h notic$ 9 our l[l& woods rais$ by plant+1 su* z ,mr ,,don exam9$1 individuals "h & !re hav+ less or m resemblance to 8 describ$ v>ieties1 b none ( !m approa*+ ! di/9ctness ( ?is alp9e ,scots fir4 ,! proprietors ( ?is k9d ( p9e w conf] a b5efit on ! public by caus+ ! timb] #gj be exam9$ & comp>$ ) t ( trees ( equal size ( ! common ,scots fir gr[+ ne>1 & mak+ a public report ( ! numb] & size ( annual gr[?s1 ! numb] ( ^! ( matur$ & ( sap wood1 ! comp>ative /r5g?1 d5sity1 quantity ( res9\s deposit1 h>dness1 c4 ,! ,p9a/] is a valuable k9d ( r$-wood p9e1 ) /rong res9\s timb]1 & f n hav+ "o-half ! numb] ( sap-wood lay]s ( ! common ,scots fir1 we %\ld consid] x des]v+ att5tion z a naval timb]2 b p]haps ! small numb] ( sap-lay]s is f want ( climate3 ow+ to ! bran*es be+ l>g]1 &1 9 proportion to _! size1 be+ jo9$ to ! /em ) a l>g] swell ?an ^? ( ,p4 sylve/ris1 ! timb] is r\gh] ) l>g] knots4 ,9 ! v b>r5 s& & gravel di/rict ne> ,*ri/*ur*1 sc>cely af=d+ su/5ance to li*5s1 & :]e ev5 hea?s w n gr[1 we h obs]v$ ?is tree make consid]able progress1 & out/rip ! ,scots fir 9 gr[?4 ,! ,canadian ,r$ ,p9e has be5 employ$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? z plank+ & sp>s4 ,x is inf]ior 9 /r5g? & durability to ! ,baltic r$ p9e1 & w\ld seldom make its appe>ance on ?is side ! ,atlantic :ile ! ,baltic 0 op5 to u1 did n a v ill advis$ #ga duty ob/ruct ! supply ( ! bett] article4 ,?is timb] is sometimes suppli$ ) a good "* by ! %ipwright1 z x is s(t1 pliant1 & easily work$4 ,! ,canadian r$ p9e has a great] numb] ( lay]s ( sap-wood ?an any o!r r$ p9e we are acqua9t$ )2 we h repeat$ly c\nt$ #ajj sap-wood lay]s4 ,we h nev] se5 ?is k9d ( p9e gr[+ 9 ,brita94 ,! mo/ common ,am]ican p9e1 ) yell[ timb]1 ,p9us /robus1 has be5 introduc$ = a long "t back into ,brita91 x is said fir/ by ! ,e>l ( ,weym\?1 !nce sometimes nam$ ,weym\? ,p9e4 ,?is r elegant tree requires a w>m %elt]$ situation1 z x is easily torn d[n by w9d1 f ! weakness ( ! timb]1 :i* is inf]ior 9 h>dness & /r5g? to any o!r p9e we are acqua9t$ )2 & f its sl5d] ne$le leaf n hav+ sub/ance to )/& ! evaporation ( mu* exposure4 ,altoge!r1 ! k9d appe>s r out ( climate 9 ,brita91 &1 ?\gh ! mon>* ( ! p9es 9 ,canada1 holds "h b a v subord9ate place4 ,al?\gh extremely t5d] & light1 ! matur$ timb] does n soon decay :5 cut out ?9 & expos$ to w9d & wea!r1 nor worm :5 kept dry 9 h\ses2 b :5 employ$ 9 %ipbuild+1--rema9+ always betwe5 ! moi/ #gb & dry1 ! condition mo/ fav\rable to putrefaction1 & surr\nd$ by a close1 w>m1 putrid atmosph]e1--x v soon1 especially 9 masses1 becomes corrupt$4 ,x requires m "t to season or dry 9 ! deal ?an any o!r wood1 ow+ to ! f95ess ( fibre1 smallness ( pores1 & want ( d5sity4 ,f ?is quality ( p>t+ ) its moi/ure ) extreme sl[ness1 x =ms conv5i5t deck-plank+ = vessels on tropical /ations1 or :5 employ$ 9 c>riage ( unslack$ lime1 z ! plank does n readily %r9k & become leaky "u ! great evaporation occasion$ by ! heat & arid air4 ,yell[ p9e has g5]ally ab\t #dj gr[?s ( sap-wood4 ,we h _h no acqua9tance ) ,am]ican pit* p9e z a gr[+ tree4 ,z a timb]1 x is sup]ior 9 sev]al respects to all ! o!rs1 hav+ a great deal m res9\s matt]1 s mu*1 z (t5 to r5d] x semitransluc5t4 ,x is /rong & weighty1 & is us$ z a naval timb] = mo/ ( ! purposes to :i* o!r p9e timb] is appli$4 ,x =ms ! v be/ bottom plank+4 ,! %ipwrights ( ! docks at ,devonport w atte/ its quality1 z ! bottom plank+ ( ! ,gibralt> ( #hj guns3 ?is vessel c>ri$ home to ,engl& f ! ,m$it]ranean1 a piece ( coral rock ( ab\t t5 tons weight /ick+ 9 h] bottom1 h] pres]vation #gc 9 all probability result+ f ! adhesive quality ( ?is timb]4 ,its great weight is1 h[ev]1 a consid]able inconv5i5cy att5d+ its use z sp>s1 & ! abundance ( res91 we %\ld ?9k1 w\ld unfit x = tree-nails2 res9\s tree-nails1--probably f "s d]angem5t ( ! /ructure or disposition to *emical *ange produc$ 9 ! res9 by ! v great pressure ( ! h>d driv+1--soon corrupt+ & infect+ ! adjac5t wood4 ,9 "s cases we h also kn[n v res9\s ,baltic plank decay soon 9 vessels4 ,! pit* p9e1 f ! quantity ( res91 contracts little 9 dry+1 at lea/ = a long "t1 till ! res9 itself beg9s to dry up4 ,x =ms ! be/ h\se-floors we h se51 be+ /rong & durable1 cont9u+ close at jo9+s1 & ! fibre n readily tak+ 9 moi/ure :5 wa%$4 ,our r$-wood p9e1 :5 come to "s age1 is 9 wet gr\nd attack$ by rot1 :i* comm5ces 9 ! bulb & adjac5t roots & /em1 9 a mann] v simil> to ! rot 9 l>*4 ,! r$-wood also approa*es ne>] to ! outside :]e ?is rot exi/s1 & on ! side ( ! tree :]e ! rot is greate/4 ,mo/ ( our plant$ r$ p9e =e/1 especially 9 poor wet tills1 & 9 all flat s&y moori% gr\nd ( close subsoil1 fall by decay at f #cj to #fj ye>s old4 ,?is decay is gradual1 ow+ to ! #gd diff]5ce 9 /r5g? ( con/itution ( ! individuals4 ,clos5ess ( re>+ & consequ5t tall nak$ness ( /em1 & disproportion ( leaves to /em1 w\ld alone induce ?is 9 a few ye>s long] ev5 9 good soil1 except+ p]haps 9 protect$ n>r[ dells2 b ! decay comm5ces mu* soon] :5 ! soil is unfav\rable1 & is no d\bt accel]at$ by ! mode ( extract+ ! se$s by kiln-dry+ ! cones1 & by us+ a weak v>iety ( ! plant4 ,! approa* ( ?is decay may (t5 be notic$1 sev]al ye>s previ\s1 9 ! saw-cross section ( ! /em mid-way up ! tree--an irregul> portion ( ! section appe>+ ( a diff]5t %ade1 f break+ (f free & irregul> be=e ! tee? ( ! saw1 & n hav+ s mu* fibr\s cov] z ! heal?y "p4 ,:5 ,scots fir rises naturally1 x is n ne>ly s subject to ?is decay ev5 9 v inf]ior soils3 ! plants hav+ g5]ally mu* m room f ! fir/1 d n rise s tall1 h m bran* 9 proportion to /em1 !nce are m vigor\s4 ,! cones n be+ injur$ by kiln-dry+1 may also acc\nt = ?is4 ,! fact t ! r$ p9e 9 ,scotl& has few] sap-wood lay]s ?an ! r$ p9e ( ,memel or ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & also ! fact t1 9 mo/ situations 9 ,scotl&1 ! r$ p9e soon #ge decays--soone/ 9 ! places :]e ! trees h fewe/ sap-wood lay]s1 & :]e ! timb] has be5 plant$1 t is1 :]e ! cones h be5 kiln-dri$--is wor?y ( notice4 ,scots r$ p9e has g5]ally f #ae to #dj lay]s1 ,memel f #dj to #ej1 ,canadian (t5 #ajj4 ,we consid] ! long moi/ op5 w9t] & cold ung5ial spr+ 9 ,scotl&1 & ! till bottoms soak+ ) wat]1 p]haps aid$ by ! transplant+1 & ! kiln-dry+ ( ! cones1 to be ! cause ( ?is e>ly loss ( vitality or *ange ( sap-wood into matur$4 ,9 ,pol& & ,prussia1 ! e>? does n rema9 s long cold & moi/ z 9 ,scotl&1 b is ei!r froz5 or suffici5tly w>m & dry2--?is occurs ev5 to a great] degree 9 ,canada#af1 & nei!r ! ,memel nor ,canadian h any *ance ( be+ plant$ or kiln-dri$4 ,,:ite ,,l>*--,l>ix communis1 7,l4 pyramidalis74 ,:ite ,l>* is a timb] tree comb9+ s _m advantages1 its prop]ties s imp]fectly kn[n1 ( #gf s rec5t introduction1 & ( su* g5]al culture1 7ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj plants be+ sold annually f ! nurs]ies ( ! valley ( ! ,tay alone71 t any accurate notice ( its hi/ory1 its habitudes1 & uses1 mu/ possess an int]e/ suffici5t to arre/ ! att5tion ( e "o1 f ! /atesman & economi/ d[n to ! m]e "l & ! squire4 ,we %all !re=e devote to x a little m ( our att5tion ?an we h be/[$ on ^? already treat$ (4 ,l>* is scatt]$ ov] a consid]able "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 inhabit+ ne>ly ! same regions ) ! o!r ,conif]4 ,:ite l>*1 ! k9d#ag common 9 ,brita91 is f\nd gr[+ ext5sively on ! alp9e di/ricts ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 9 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,s>d9ia2 ?is may be t]m$ ! ,european temp]ate species4 ,ano!r1 native to ! c\ntry ar\nd ,ar*angel1 & ext5d+ f #gg ,norway ea/w>d ?r\gh ,russia & ,sib]ia1 ( inf]ior size1 may be /yl$ ! ,european ,hyp]borean4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 l ! old _w1 is said to possess a temp]ate & hyp]borean species4 ,! fir/1 ,black ,l>* 7,l4 p5dula71 m g5]ally ext5d+ along ! longitud9al p>allel ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! o!r1 ,r$ ,l>* 7,l4 microc>pa71 along t ( ,l[] ,canada & ,labrador4 ,we h se5 ! ,am]ican temp]ate atta9 #ah in*es 9 diamet] 9 ,scotl&1 b x is mu* inf]ior 9 figure & gr[?1 & also cleanness ( timb]1 to ! ,app59e or ,european temp]ate1 be+ cov]$ ) knots & protub]ances4 ,?\gh r\gh1 ! timb] is said to be ( excell5t quality4 ,x is n[ upw>ds ( #hj ye>s s9ce ! l>*1 s common 9 ,brita91 0 br\ght f ! ,app59es to ,/ra?-,tay4 ,! rapidity ( its gr[? & /rik+ novelty ( appe>ance1 assi/$ by ! influ5ce ( ! family ( ,a?ole 7to a female ( :i* "s say we owe its fir/ introduction71 soon attract$ g5]al att5tion3 x quickly spread ov] ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 & 0 plant$ 9 e v>iety ( soil & situation1 f ! unfitness ( :i*1 9 mo/ places ( ! l[ c\ntry1 x is already fa/ decay+4 ,ab\t #dj ye>s ago x began to be plant$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita94 ,x is n[ introduc$ into almo/ e new plantation 9 ! two isl&s1 & #gh ! space ( c\ntry cov]$ by its %ade is ext5d+ ) a rapidity unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( any o!r ligne\s plant4 ,l>* is g5]ally conceiv$ to be an alp9e#ah plant1 & its decay 9 ! l[ c\ntry attribut$ to situation or climate4 ,?is idea seems to h aris5 f its locality 9 ,italy1 & f obs]v+ x succe$ s well 9 our alp9e di/ricts1 n tak+ into acc\nt t ! soil is diff]5t1--t x may be ! soil ( ^! di/ricts :i* conduces to ! prosp]ity ( ! l>*1 & n ! altitude4 ,?r\gh\t ,scotl&1 :]ev] we h obs]v$ ! decay1 x appe>$ to h result$ almo/ solely f unsuitabl5ess ( soil4 ,we h witness$ x z mu* diseas$ on our highe/ trap hills1 #ajjj feet 9 altitude1 z on a simil> soil at ! base4 ,yet ! fre5ess f putresc5cy or miasma ( ! pure air ( ! m\nta91 #gi & defici5cy ( putresc5t matt] 9 ! gr\nd1 or o!r m obscure ag5cies connect$ ) primitive ranges1 may h "s influ5ce to c\nt]balance unsuitabl5ess ( soil4 ,x is n probable t ! coolness & moi/ure ( altitude w\ld be necess>y 9 ,scotl& to ! heal?y gr[? ( a vegetable :i* fl\ri%es "u ,italian suns1 on ! g5]al level ( ! ,app59e & on ! ,s>d9ian hills4 ,! rot1 s g5]al 9 gr[+ l>*1 ?\gh sometimes orig9at+ 9 ! bulb or l[] "p ( ! /em1 seems to h its comm5cem5t mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! roots4 ,!nce ! corruption proce$s upw>ds along ! connect+ tubes or fibres into ! bulb1 & gradually m\nts ! /em1 :i*1 :5 mu* diseas$1 swells consid]ably = a few feet above ! gr\nd1 evid5tly f ! new lay]s ( sap-wood =m+ ?ick] to af=d necess>y space = ! fluids to pass upw>d & d[nw>d--! matur$ wood ?r\gh :i* !re is no circulation approa*+ at ?is place )9 "o or two annual lay]s ( ! outside4 ,9 a majority ( cases1 ! rot comm5ces 9 ! roots :i* h /ruck d[n deepe/ into ! e>?1 especially ^? "u ! /ool2 ^! hav+ be5 ?r[n to a consid]able dep? by ! "y plant1 z ! tree enl>ges1 are %ut out f aration1 c4 by ! #hj sup]ior increas+ /ool & h>d-press$ e>? und]nea? x2 ?is e>? at ! same "t becom+ exhau/$ ( ! p>ticul> pabulum ( ! plant4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q probable1 f ^! p>ts ( ! roots be+ ! weake/1 t !y w be mo/ susceptible ( injury f be+ soak$ 9 /agnant wat] 9 ! flat tills#ai1 />v$ dur+ dr\ghts 9 light s&1 ta9t$ by ! putrid vap\rs ( ri* vegetable m\ld1 or poison$ by ! corrosive action ( p]nici\s m9]als4 ,x may also be suppos$ t ^! smo!r$ sickly roots1 n possess+ suffici5t p[] or means ( suction 7endosmose71 w be left out 9 ! g5]al economy ( vegetation ( ! plant1 !nce lose vitality1 & become corrupt4 ,b ?is af=ds no explanation :y ! l>* roots1 "u ^! circum/ances1 are m liable to corruption ?an ^? ( o!r trees1 or h[ ! bulb itself %\ld become contam9at$4 #ha ,we h cut (f ! top1 :]e ! diamet] ( ! section 0 ab\t ?ree in*es1 f s\nd "y l>* trees1 & f\nd a simil> rot proce$ d[nw>ds 9 a few mon?s f ! section1 z rises f ! diseas$ roots 9 improp] soil4 ,!re is some?+ fav\rable to ! quick progress ( ?is rot 9 ! motion ( ! sap1 or vitality ( ! tree2 z1 "u no common circum/ances1 w\ld ! wood ( a cut l>* tree become ta9t$ 9 s %ort a "t4 ,! rot1 ?\gh mo/ g5]al 9 trees :i* are *ill$ 9 wet cold tills1 or />v$ 9 dry s&1 or sickly f any o!r cause1 is also (t5 f\nd to take place 9 ! mo/ luxuriant gr[+ plants 9 op5 situations1 bran*$ to ! gr\nd1 & gr[+ 9 deep soil free f /agnat+ wat]4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s con/itutional t5d5cy to corruption 9 ! l>*1 :i* is excit$ by a comb9ation ( circum/ances2 & we mu/ limit our k = ! pres5t to ! fact1 t c]ta9 soils1 p]haps slightly modifi$ by o!r circum/ances1 produce s\nd1 & o!rs uns\nd l>*1 )\t admitt+ any g5]al influ5ce f altitude1 except+ 9 s f> z its antiseptic influ5ce may g4 ,! fitness ( soil = l>* seems to dep5d m especially ^u ! ability ! soil possesses ( af=d+ an equable supply ( moi/ure2 t is1 ^u its #hb me*anical division1 or its p[]s ( absorption or ret5tion ( moi/ure2 & its *emical composition w\ld seem only efficaci\s z conducive to ?is4 ,soils & subsoils#bj may be divid$ into two classes4 ,! fir/1 :]e l>* w acquire a size ( f #cj to #cjj solid feet1 & is g5]ally free ( rot2 ! second1 :]e x rea*es only f #f to #bj feet solid1 & 9 mo/ cases becomes ta9t$ ) rot be=e #cj ye>s ( age4 ,,class ,i4 ,,soils ,,& ,,subsoils ,,= ,,l>*4 ,s\nd rock1 ) a cov]+ ( firm loam1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! rock is jagg$ or clov51 or mu* dirupt$ & mix$ ) ! e>?4--,9 su* cases1 a v slight cov]+ or admixture ( e>? w suffice4 ,we w\ld give ! pref]5ce to primitive rock1 especially micace\s s*i/ & m\nta9 lime/one4 ,l>* seldom succe$s well on s&/one or on trap1 except on /eep slopes1 :]e ! rock is q s\nd & ! soil firm4 #hc ,fully ! "o half ( ,scotl&1 compreh5d+ ne>ly all ! alp9e "p1 consi/s ( prim>y rock1 *iefly micace\s s*i/ & gneiss4 ,^! rocks are g5]ally less decay$ at ! surface1 bett] dra9$1 & full] ( clefts & fissures conta9+ excell5t e>? 7especially on slopes71 into :i* ! roots ( trees p5etrate & receive heal?y n\ri%m5t1 ?an ! o!r primitive & transition rocks1 granite1 porphyry1 trap1 or ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations ( ne>ly horizontal /rata1 r$ & :ite s&/one1 c4 ,prim>y /rata are g5]ally well adapt$ = l>*1 except :]e ! surface has acquir$ a cov]+ ( peat-moss1 or receiv$ a flat diluvial b$ ( close wet till or s(t moori% s&1 or occupies a too elevat$ or expos$ situation--! two latt] exceptions only prev5t+ ! gr[?1 n induc+ rot4 ,gravel1 n too f]rug9\s1 & 9 :i* wat] does n /agnate 9 w9t]1 ev5 ?\gh ne>ly b>e ( vegetable m\ld1 especially on /eep slopes1 & :]e ! air is n too arid1 is fav\rable to ! gr[? ( l>*4 ,x seems to pref] ! co>s] gravel1 ?\gh _m ( ! /ones exce$ a y>d solid4 ,! /ra?s or valleys ( our l>g] riv]s1 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! alp9e c\ntry1 are g5]ally #hd occupi$1 = sev]al hundr$ feet ( p]p5dicul> altitude up ! slope1 by gravel1 :i* cov]s ! primitive /rata to consid]able dep?1 especially 9 ! eddies ( ! sali5t angles ( ! hill4 ,e description ( tree gr[s m luxuriantly "h ?an 9 any o!r situation ( ! c\ntry2 ! causes ( ?is are1 #a/1 ,! op5 bottom all[+ ! roots to p5etrate deep1 )\t be+ injur$ by /agnant moi/ure2 #b;d1 ,! p]colation ( wat] d[n ?r\gh ! gravel f ! sup]ior hill2 #c;d1 ,! dryness ( ! surface n produc+ cold by evaporation1 !nce ! gr\nd soon heat+ 9 ! spr+2 #d?1 ,! moi/ air ( ! hill refre%+ & n\ri%+ ! plant dur+ ! summ] heats1 & comp5sat+ = ! dryness ( ! soil2 #e?1 ,! rev]b]at+ ( ! sun's rays1 betwe5 ! sides ( ! n>r[ valley1 ?us r5d]+ ! soil comp>atively w>m] ?an ! incumb5t air1 :i* is cool$ by ! oblique curr5ts ( ! high] /rata ( air1 occasion$ by ! unequal surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is comp>atively great] w>m? ( ! gr\nd1 :5 aid$ by moi/ure1 ei!r 9 ! soil or atmosph]e1 is greatly conducive to ! luxuriancy ( vegetation4 ,firm dry clays & s\nd br[n loam4--,soils well adapt$ = :eat & r$ clov]1 n too ri*1 #he & :i* w be> cattle 9 w9t]1 are g5]ally cong5ial to ! l>*4 ,all v r\gh gr\nd1 p>ticul>ly rav9es1 :]e ! soil is nei!r s(t s& nor too wet2 also ! sides ( ! *annels ( rapid rivulets4--,! roots ( mo/ trees luxuriate 9 liv+ or fl[+ wat]2 &1 :]e x is ( salubri\s quality1 especially :5 conta9+ a slight solution ( lime1 w ?r[ !mselves out a consid]able di/ance "u ! /ream4 ,! reason :y /eep slopes1 & hills ^: /rata are ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 are s mu* affect$ by l>* & o!r trees1 is1 because ! moi/ure 9 su* situations is 9 motion1 & (t5 cont9ues dripp+ ?r\gh ! fissures ?r\gh\t ! :ole summ]4 ,! desid]atum ( situation = l>*1 is :]e ! roots w nei!r be dr[n$ 9 /agnant wat] 9 w9t]1 nor p>*$ by dr\ght 9 summ]1 & :]e ! soil is free f any corrosive m9]al or corrupt+ m\ld9ess4 ,l>*1 9 suitable soil1 sixty ye>s plant$1 & seasonably ?9n$1 w h produc$ d\ble ! value ( :at almo/ any o!r timb] w\ld h done2 & f its g5]al adaptation bo? = sea & l& purposes1 x w always comm& a ready sale4 #hf ,,class ,,ii4 ,,soils ,,& ,,subsoils ,,:]e ,,l>* ,,takes ,,dry ,,rot4 ,situations 7/eep slopes except$7 ) cold till subsoil1 ne>ly imp]vi\s to wat]4--,! l>* succe$s wor/ :5 moori% dead s& alone1 or ) admixture ( peat1 occupies ! surface ( ^! ret5tive bottoms4 ,:]e ! :ole soil & subsoil is "o uni=m1 ret5tive1 firm till1 x w (t5 rea* consid]able size be=e be+ attack$ by ! rot4 ,:5 ?is heavy till occupies a /eep slope1 ! l>* w sometimes succe$ well1 ow+ to ! m equable supply ( moi/ure1 & ! wat] 9 ! soil n /agnat+1 b glid+ d[n ! declivity4 ,9 g5]al1 soils ^: surface assumes ! appe>ance ( honeycomb 9 "t ( fro/1 ow+ to ! great quantity ( wat] imbib$ by ! soil1 w n produce l>ge s\nd l>*4 ,m ?an half ! l[ c\ntry ( ,scotl& is soil ( ?is description4 ,s(t s& soil & subsoil4--,s& is /ill less adapt$ = gr[+ l>* ?an ! tills1 ! plants be+ (t5 de/roy$ by ! summ]'s dr\ght be=e !y atta9 size = any useful purpose3 ! rot also attacks e>li] "h ?an 9 ! tills4 ,x appe>s t #hg light s&1 slop+ consid]ably on moi/ back-ly+ alp9e situations1 cov]$ t[>ds ! s\? by /eep hill1 w sometimes produce s\nd l>*2 :]eas did ! same s& occupy a dry front or l[l& situation1 ! l>* w\ld n succe$ 9 x4 ,! same moi/ back situation t conduces to produce s\nd l>* 9 light dry soils1 may probably t5d to promote rot 9 ! wet4 ,! moi/ure & ! less evaporation ( altitude dim9i%+ ! t5d5cy to rot 9 dry light s&1 & increas+ x 9 wet till4 ,l>* w sometimes succe$ well 9 %>p dry alluvial s& left by rivulets4 ,soils incumb5t on brittle dry trap1 or brok5 slaty s&/one4--,al?\gh soil1 ! debris ( trap1 be g5]ally mu* bett] adapt$ = ! production ( h]bace\s vegetables ?an t ( s&/one or free/one1 yet l>* does n seem to succe$ mu* bett] on ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,! deep] sup]ior soils1 g5]ally incumb5t on ! rec5t d>k r$ s&/one1 are bett] suit$ = l>* ?an ! %all[ inf]ior soils incumb5t on ! old grey & r$ s&/one4 ,gr\nd hav+ a subsoil ( dry rott5 rock1 & :i* s\nds holl[ to ! foot 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,ri* deaf e>?1 or vegetable #hh m\ld4--,indep5d5tly ( receiv+ ultimate contam9ation f ! putrid juices or exhalations ( ?is soil1 ! l>* does n seem1 ev5 :ile rema9+ s\nd1 to make s mu* comp>ative progress ( gr[?1 z "s ( ! h>d wood trees1 z elm1 a%1 plane4 ,black or grey moori% soils1 ) admixture ( peat-moss4 ,al?\gh ! soils specifi$ 9 ?is class w n af=d f9e l>ge l>* = naval use1 yet !y may be v pr(itably employ$ 9 gr[+ l>* = f>m+ purposes1 or = coal-m9es1 :]e a slight ta9t ( rot is ( m9or importance4 ,! lightness ( l>*1 especially :5 new cut 7ab\t "o-?ird less weight ?an ! ev]gre5 conif]71 gives a facility to ! load+ & c>riage1 :i* enhances its value1 indep5d5t ( its great] /r5g? & durability4 ,^? l>*es 9 :i* rot has comm5c$1 are fully z suitable = pal+ z ! s\nd3 !y h few] circles ( sap-wood1 & m ( r$ or matur$4 ,:5 ! rot has comm5c$1 ! matur+ or r$d5+ ( ! circles does n proce$ regul>ly1 rea*+ ne>e/ ! b>k on ! side :]e ! rot has advanc$ f>!/4 ,a great amelioration ( our climate & ( our soil1 & consid]able addition to ! beauty & salubrity ( ! c\ntry1 might be atta9$ by #hi l&hold]s ( skill & _s1 did !y c>ry (f ! noxi\s moi/ure1 by suffici5t use ( op5 dra9age1 f _! ext5sive wa/es ( mossy moors & wet tills1 :i* are only productive ( ! black hea?1 ! mo/ dismal robe#ba ( ! e>?1 or r ! fun]al pall ) :i* ,nature has %r\d$ h] undecay$ rema9s4 ,?is mis]able portion ( our c\ntry1 s dre>y :5 spread out 9 wide cont9u\s flats1 & s (f5sive to ! eye ( ! travell]1 unless 8 m9d is attun$ to gloom & desolation1 lies a disgrace to ! possessor4 ,7 a prop] sy/em ( sup]ficial dra9+ execut$ on ^! di/ricts1 & kept 9 repair1 mo/ ( our conif]s1 p>ticul>ly spruce & ,scots fir1 ) oak1 bee*1 bir*1 ald]1 &1 9 ! s\nd] situations1 l>*1 w\ld ?rive & come to maturity1 ultimately enhanc+ ! value ( ! di/rict an hundr$ fold4 ,?is c\ld be done by flut+ ! gr\nd1 op5+ l>ge dit*es e #cj1 #ej1 or #ajj y>ds1 accord+ to ! wetness or clos5ess ( ! subsoil--! deep]1 ! m s]viceable bo? 9 efficacy & di/ance ( dra9age4 ,^! flutes %\ld /ret* across ! slope ) j suffici5t declivity to all[ ! #ij wat] to fl[ (f easily1 ,! excavat$ matt] %\ld be ?r[n to ! l[] side2 & :5 ! :ole1 or any "p1 ( ! excavation consi/s ( e>? or gravel1 x ought to be spread ov] ! :ole mossy surface1 :e!r ! field be morass or dri] hill-peat3 ?is w\ld be useful 9 consolidat+ x1 & 9 prev5t+ too great exhau/ion ( moi/ure 9 sev]e dr\ghts1 f :i* vegetation 9 moss-soil suff]s s mu*4 ,ev5 ?\gh plant+ 7 n int5d$1 ?is flut+ & top-dress+ w\ld facilitate ! rais+ ( ! gram9e4 ,^! dit*es1 :5 ! gr\nd is n too /oney1 or too moi/1 or conta9+ roots1 might be scoop$ out1 except+ a little help at ! bottom1 by means ( a scoop-sl$ge1 or levell+ box1 work$ by a man & two horses1 ! surface be+ always loos5$ by ! common pl\gh3 "o ( ^! w remove e>? z fa/ z tw5ty m5 ) :eelb>r[s4 ,,on ,,b5d+ ,,& ,,knee+ ,,l>*4 ,we _c too =cibly inculcate ! urg5t necessity ( att5d+ to ! b5d+ ( ! l>*3 = our c\ntry's int]e/1 we almo/ regret we _c compel x4 ,9 all l>* plantations1 9 prop] #ia soil1 n too f> advanc$1 & 9 all t may h]eaft] be plant$1 a proportion ( ^? int5d$ to rema9 z /&>ds %\ld be b5d$4 ,! mo/ prop] "t = ?is w\ld p]haps be ,may or ,june1 be=e ! top-gr[? comm5ces1 or has advanc$ f>2 ! be/ size is f ?ree feet high & upw>ds4 ,! plants %\ld be b5t ! fir/ season to an angle ( f #dj to #fj ) ! horizon1 & ! next br\ght d[n to f #aj to #fj1 accord+ to ! size ( ! plant1 or ! curve requir$1--! smalle/ plants to ! l[e/ angle4 ,f exp]i5ce we f9d t ! roots ( l>* =m ! be/ ( all knees2 !y1 h[ev]1 might be mu* improv$ by culture#bb1 al?\gh x does n #ib seem z yet to h be5 attempt$ or ?\ght (4 ,to =m ! roots prop]ly into knees1 %\ld ! plants be pretty l>ge1 ! plant] ought to select ^? plants :i* h f\r ma9 roots spr++ out ne>ly at "r angles1 ! regul>ity ( :i* he may improve a little by prun+1 & plant !m out z /&>ds 9 ! ?9ne/ drye/ soil suit$ = l>*1 c>efully spread+ ! roots to equal di/ances & 9 a horizontal position4 ,to promote ! regul> squ>e div]g+ ( ^! f\r roots1 he %\ld dig n>r[ ruts ab\t a foot deep & ?ree feet long out f ! po9t ( ea* root1 & fill !m 9 ) ! ri*e/ ( ! neighb\r+ turf along ) a little manure4 ,:5 ! plants are small1 & ! roots only a tuft ( fibres1 he %\ld dig two n>r[ ruts ab\t eight feet long cross+ ea* o!r at ! middle at "r angles1 fill ^! z above1 & put 9 ! plant at ! cross+3 ! ri* m\ld ( ! rott$ turf & its s(tness f be+ dug1 w cause ! plant to ?r[ out its roots 9 ! =m ( a cross along ! tr5*es4 ,:5 ! plants h rea*$ five or six feet 9 height1 ! e>? may be remov$ a little f ! root1 &1 if m ?an "o /\t root lead] h run out into any ( ! f\r tr5*es1 or if any h ent]$ ! un/irr$ e>?1 !y ought all to be cut except+ "o1 ! /\te/ #ic & mo/ regul> 9 ea* tr5*4 ,9 a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! plants h acquir$ "s /r5g?1 ! e>? %\ld be remov$ gradually1 b>+ ! roots to f two to five feet di/ance f ! /ool1 or z f> z ! ma9 spurs h kept /raight1 cutt+ (f any side-%oots )9 ?is di/ance1 %\ld x be f\nd t su* late root-prun+ does n induce rot4 ,?is process ( b>+ ! roots w sc>cely injure ! gr[? ( ! trees1 z ! roots draw ! necess>y pabulum f a consid]able di/ance1 nor1 if done c>efully1 w x endang] _! upsett+2 & ! roots1 f exposure to ! air1 w swell to extraord9>y size#bc1 s z to r5d] !m1 ere long1 ! firme/ root$ trees 9 ! wood4 ,! lab\r ( ?is n am\nt+ to ! value ( sixp5ce ea*1 w be c\nt]balanc$ ?rice #id ov] by ! ease ( grubb+ ! roots = knees2 & ! :ole br\ght to ! %ipwright w produce m ?an d\ble ! price t ! /raight tree alone w\ld h done4 ,! =e/] %\ld also exam9e & probe ! roots ( 8 gr[+ l>*1 ev5 ^? ( consid]able size1 9 s\nd gr\nd2 & :5 sev]al /rong horizontal spurs1 n exce$+ f\r1 are discov]$ ne>ly /raight1 & f two to five feet long1 he ought to b>e ^! roots to t di/ance1 t !y may swell1 c>efully prun+ away any small side-roots1 & res]ve ^! plants z valuable /ore1 tak+ good he$ t no c>t-:eel 9 pass+1 or feet ( l>ge quadrup$1 w\nd ! b>$ roots4 ,9 expos$ situations ! e>? may be gradually remov$ f ! roots4 ,! rot 9 l>* tak+ place 9 ! "p appropriate to knees1 ! =e/] _c be too w>y 9 select+ ! situations :]e !re is no risk ( its attack1 = plant+ ^? de/9$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is also desirable1 if possible1 to h ! knee timb] 9 gr\nd free ( /ones or gravel1 z ! grubb+ 9 /oney gr\nd is exp5sive1 & ! roots (t5 embrace /ones :i*1 by ! future swell+ ( ! bulb1 are completely imb$d$ & %ut up 9 ! wood1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? places betwe5 ! spurs #ie :]e ! saw section has to divide !m = knees4 ,7 ! roots c>efully b>$ at an e>ly p]iod1 x w\ld t5d to prev5t ! gravel f becom+ imb$d$ 9 ! bulb4 ,no?+ c be m annoy+ to ! %ipwright1 :5 he has be/[$ 8 money1 +5uity1 & lab\r1 ^u an unwieldy root1 & br\ght 8 knees into figure at ! co/ ( ! de/ruction ( 8 tools by ! envelop$ gravel1 to discov] /a9s ( incipi5t rot :i* r5d]s x lumb]4 ,?is plan ( b>+ ! roots might be ext5d$ to oak trees = knees1 b>+ & prun+ ab\t a foot out f ! bulb annually4 ,by exposure to ! air1 ! timb] ( ! root w\ld mature & become r$ wood ( suffici5t durability4 ,:5 cov]$ ) e>?1 ! root ( ! oak rema9s :ite or sap wood1 & soon decays aft] be+ dug up1 ! matur$ wood ( ! /em sc>cely ext5d+ at all und]nea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! roots ( ! p9e tribe are ! rev]se ( ?is1 at lea/ ! bulb & ! spurs ne> x1 are ! be/ matur$1 r$de/1 t\ghe/1 mo/ res9\s1 "p ( ! tree4 ,x is probably unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t x w\ld be folly to remove ! e>? f ! bulb ( trees 9 situations :]e wat] w\ld /& = any l5g? ( "t 9 ! excavation4 #if ,l>* knees are possess$ ( su* /r5g? & durability1 & are ( su* adaptation by _! figure & t\ghness1 t 7 a suffici5t quantity 9 ! m>ket1 & _! qualities g5]ally kn[n1 we believe t none else w\ld be us$ = vessels ( any description ( timb]--ev5 = our w>-navy ( oak4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e x is difficult to procure good oak knees 9 _! close =e/1 x is cu/om>y to use !m ( spruce roots ev5 = _! f9e/ vessels4 ,! knees ( vessels h a numb] ( /rong bolts1 g5]ally ( iron1 pass+ ?r\gh !m to secure ! beam-ends to ! sides ( ! %ip4 ,l>* knees are ! m suit$ = ?is1 z !y d n split 9 ! driv+ ( ! bolts1 & conta9 a res9\s gum :i* prev5ts ! oxidation ( ! iron4 ,z ! l>*1 unlike ! oak1 af=ds few or no crooks naturally1 except+ knees1 ! artificial =mation ( l>* crooks is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to ! int]e/ ( ! hold]s ( l>* plantations n[ gr[+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a good m>ket = _! /raight timb]1 x is absolutely necess>y to h a supply ( crooks ready z soon z possible to "w ! /raight up4 ,?is w\ld increase ! dem&1 & !nce enhance ! price ( ! /raight m ?an any "o n belong+ to ! craft c\ld #ig believe4 ,9 good soil _m ( ! crooks w\ld be ( suffici5t size 9 tw5ty ye>s to beg9 ! supply1 if prop]ly ?9n$ out4 ,9 a =e/ ( l>* conta9+ _m ?\s& loads1 & :i* _h be5 unt\*$ by any build]1 we h se5 ! greate/ difficulty 9 procur+ crooks = "o small brig4 ,x is only on v /eep gr\nd1 & :]e ! tree has be5 a little upset aft] plant+1 t any good crooks are f\nd4 ,f ! r great] diamet] requir$ ( l>* timb]s1 & also f ! nature ( ! fibre ( ! wood1 we %\ld suppose t /eam b5d+ ( l>* timb]s w\ld sc>cely be foll[$1 ev5 z a d]ni] ressort4 ,l>*1 f its great lat]al t\ghness1 p>ticul>ly ! root1 & f its lightness1 seems bett] adapt$ = ! con/ruction ( %ot-pro( vessels ?an any o!r timb]2 & oppos$ end-way to %ot 9 a lay]1 ar* fa%ion1 sev]al feet deep ar\nd a vessel1 w\ld su/a9 m batt]+ ?an any o!r subject we are acqua9t$ )1 metal except$4 ,7 ! "p above wat] ( a /rong /eam-vessel1 hav+ ! paddles "u cov]1 a section ( a sph]oid or half egg cut longitud9ally1 & cov]$ all ar\nd ) ! root cuts ( l>* five or six feet deep ) ! hewn d[n bulb1 ext]nal2 well support$ #ih inside1 hav+ no?+ expos$ outside ( ?is ar*1 & only a few small holes = v5tilators & eyes2 !re is no %ot 9 pres5t naval use t w\ld h mu* impression ^u x4 ,_h su* a vessel a great impell+ p[]1 & a v /rong iron cutwat]1 or %ort beak w$ge-%ap$ 79 mann] ( ! old ,grecian galleys71 project+ be=e ! vessel "u wat]1 well support$ )9 by beams radiat+ back 9 all directions1 %e might be wr\ght to split & s9k a fleet ( m5-(-w> ly+ becalm$1 9 a few h\rs4 ,?is c\ld be done by runn+ successively aga9/ ea*1 mid%ips1 & on p]cussion imm$iately back+ ! eng9e1 at same "t sp\t+ =? missiles1 hot wat]1 or sulphuric acid f ! b[ to ob/ruct bo>d+2 b ev5 ?\gh ! ext]nal ar* 7 cov]$ ) assailants l a sw>m ( bees1 !y w\ld be h>mless1 or c\ld be easily displac$4 ,to prev5t combu/ion by r$ hot %ot1 ! l>* blocks1 aft] dry+1 might h _! pores fill$ by pressure ) alkali4 ,h[ev]1 ! employm5t ( bomb-cannon ab\t to be introduc$ 9 naval w>f>e1 ?r[+ explosive %ot1 regulat$ ) j suffici5t =ce to p5etrate )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! oppos$ vessel1 w r5d] any o!r ?an metallic def5sive cov] ineffectual2 b #ii ?is circum/ance w1 at ! same "t1 completely revolutionize sea affairs1 lay+ on ! %elf our huge m5-(-w>1 ^: place w be occupi$ ) num]\s bomb-cannon boats1 ^: small size w r5d] !m difficult to be hit1 & f :i* "o s+le explosive %ot tak+ effect l[ d[n 9 ! l>ge expos$ side ( a ?ree deck] w te> op5 a brea* suffici5t to s9k h] almo/ in/antly4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ^! boats1 l>*1 especially 7 a proportion b5t1 w\ld be extremely suitable1 & !nce l>* w probably1 ere long1 become our naval /ay4 ,l>* has be5 us$ 9 ! build+-y>ds ( ! ,tay = #bj ye>s back2 & !re is n[ afloat sev]al ?\s& tons ( %ipp+ con/ruct$ ( x4 ,! ,a?ole ,frigate built ( x ne>ly #ab ye>s ago1 ! ,l>*1 a f9e brig built by ! ,duke ( ,a?ole sev]al ye>s e>li]1 & _m o!r vessels built m rec5tly1 prove t l>* is z valuable = naval purposes z ! mo/ sangu9e _h anticipat$4 ,! fir/ in/ance we h he>d ( ,briti% l>* be+ us$ 9 ?is mann]1 0 9 a sloop repair$ ) x ab\t #bb ye>s back4 ,! p]son to :om x _h belong$1 & :o _h sail$ x himself1 /at$ to u imm$iately aft] its loss1 t ?is sloop _h be5 built ( oak ab\t #cf ye>s be=e2 t at #ah ye>s #ajj old h] upp] timb]s 7 s mu* decay$ z to require r5ewal1 :i* 0 done ) l>*2 t #ah ye>s aft] ?is repair ?is sloop w5t to pieces on ! rema9s ( ! pi] ( ,me!l1 ,fife%ire1 & ! top timb]s & second foot-hooks ( l>* 7 wa%$ a%ore z t\gh & s\nd z :5 fir/ put into ! vessel1 n "o spot ( decay appe>+1 !y hav+ assum$ ! blue d>k col\r :i* "s timb] acquires 9 moi/ situations1 :5 x may be /il$ cur$2 be+ ei!r no long] liable to ! putrid *ange con/itut+ dry rot1 or :i* =ms timb] into a prop] soil = ! gr[? ( dry rot2 or1 f ?is blu5ess caus$ by ! union ( ! tann9 ) iron act+ z a poison on vegetation3 ?is blu5ess1 result+ f "s alt]ation 9 ! balance ( aff9ities1 occurs *iefly 9 timb] conta9+ mu* ( ! tann9 pr9ciple1 9 :i* l>* ab\nds4 ,! own] ( a l>* brig :o _h employ$ h] = sev]al ye>s on tropical voyages1 also assures u t ! timb] w we> well 9 any climate1 & t he w\ld pref] l>* to any o!r k9d ( wood1 especially = small vessels2 he also /ates t ! deck ( ?is brig1 compos$ ( l>* plank1 /ood ! tropical heat well1 & t x did n w>p or %r9k z 0 appreh5d$4 ,f ! s(tness ( ! fibre & want ( #aja d5sity ( ! l>*1 we w\ld n deem x suitable = plank+ vessels beyond ! size ( ord9>y m]*antm51 say #ejj tons1 z 9 ! /ra9+ ( v l>ge vessels1 :5 ! greate/ =ce comes ^u ! outw>d sk91 ! fabric ( ! wood might cru% be=e x1 along ! edge ( ! plank1 & ?r[ 7*ew7 ! oakum4 ,9 ord9>y siz$ vessels1 h[ev]1 l>* plank reta9s ! oakum bett] ?an oak1 f great] lat]al ela/icity4 ,= ! purpose ( timb]s1 if root-cuts#bd1 & prop]ly b5t1 we w\ld ?9k l>* suitable to ! l>ge/ class ( vessels2 z1 ?\gh light1 x is t\gh & q free f knot1 crack1 or cross-gra91 :i* is s common 9 oak1 & :i* occasions d5se old oak 9 l>ge masses to give way at once1 be=e a %ock or /ra91 ! h>dness & unyield+ nature ( ! fibre conc5trat+ ! :ole dirupt+ impetus to "o po9t4 ,l>* may also be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! ceil+ or inside sk9 ( ! "p ( w> vessels above wat]3 %ot bores x1 comp>atively1 l an aug]1--!nce ! /ructure w endure long] "u fire1 & life be mu* economiz$4 ,9 all places :]e l>* has become kn[n1 x has completely sup]s$$ o!r timb] = #ajb cl9k]-built boats1 surpass+ all o!rs 9 /r5g?1 lightness1 & durability4 ,= ?is purpose1 "y trees ( ab\t #i in*es diamet]1 9 root-cuts f #aj to #bj feet 9 l5g?1 ) a g5tle b5d at "o end1 su* z ! l>* (t5 receives f ! s\?-we/ w9d1 are ! mo/ suitable4 ,! log %\ld be kept 9 ! b>k till us$1 & 9 dry wea!r ! bo>ds put ^u ! boat's side )9 two or ?ree days f be+ sawn out1 z no timb] we are acqua9t$ ) p>ts soon] ) its moi/ure ?an l>*2 & ! bo>ds d n "w or b5d pleasantly :5 dry4 ,:5 dri$1 ! ?9 l>* bo>d is at once /rong1 t\gh1 durable1 & extremely light4 ,! t\gh /r5g?1 almo/ equall+ lea!r1 is ow+ to ! wov5 or nett$ /ructure ( ! fibre ( ! wood1 entirely diff]5t f ! p9e1 ^: re$y /ructure runs p>allel ) v slight connect+ or div]g+ fibres4 ,x is v difficult to split l>* ev5 by w$ges4 ,= rural purposes g5]ally1 l>* is incomp>ably ! be/ adapt$ timb]1 especially = rail or f5ce1 or out-door fabric expos$ to w9d & wea!r4 ,x is also gett+ into use = implem5ts ( husb&ry1 su* z h>r[s1 pl\ghs1 & c>ts4 ,we h se5 a l>* upright pal+1 ! timb] ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! l>ge *>r$ po/s1 #ajc _h only be5 eight ye>s 9 gr[+1 /&+ a good f5ce1 sixte5 ye>s old1 deck$ out by moss & li*5 9 all ! ho>y g>niture ( "t4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( build+s1 l>* is valuable only = ! gross] p>ts1 z beams1 l9tels1 joi/s1 c\ples4 ,= ! f9] bo>d$ "p1 x is s mu* dispos$ to w>p1 & s difficult to be work$1 z g5]ally to preclude use4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ t if l>* be season$ by /&+ two ye>s ) ! b>k /ripp$ f ! bole be=e be+ cut d[n1 t ! timb] becomes manageable = f9] h\se "w4 ,al?\gh l>* timb] be extremely durable 9 expos$ situation1 yet x yields to ! depr$ations ( insects fully z soon z any p9e timb] 9 close h\ses4 ,we h pro( ( x 9 h\se-furniture ab\t #ej ye>s old1 b x is consid]ably mo?-eat5 by app>5tly a small] insect ?an common4 ,l>* /ools also disappe> 9 =e/s soon] ?an ! /ools ( ,scots fir1 be+ eat5 by a species ( beetle2 & ! sea-worm dev\rs l>* 9 pref]5ce to almo/ any o!r wood4 ,we h look$ ov] "s exp]im5ts conduct$ at ,woolwi*1 9 trial ( ! comp>ative /r5g? ( l>* & o!r fir timb]1 :]e ! l>* is /at$ inf]ior to ,riga & ,dantzic fir1 ,pit* p9e1 #ajd & ev5 ,yell[ p9e4 ,l>*1 9 ! di/ricts ( ,scotl& :]e x is gr[n & mu* 9 use1 is univ]sally all[$ to be consid]ably /rong] ?an o!r fir2 & ! sawy]s ( x h "o-f\r? m pay p] /at$ measure4 ,we1 ourselves1 h _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( ! /r5g? ( l>* appli$ to _m purposes1 & h f\nd x 9 g5]al mu* sup]ior 9 /r5g? to o!r fir4 ,we h kn[n a crook$ topma/ ( ?is timb]1 to :i* ! sailors bore a grudge1 defy _! utmo/ +5uity to get c>ri$ away4 ,we once _h f\r d\ble horse-c>ts1 made 7except+ ! :eels7 ( peel$ "y l>* ( r sl[ gr[?1 = ! c>riage ( l>ge /ones2 ^!1 by mi/ake1 7 made v slight1 s light1 t1 )\t ! :eels1 a man c\ld h c>ri$ "o ( !m away4 ,:5 we saw ! fir/ load+ ( /ones ne>ly a ton weight ea*1 two 9 ea* c>t1 & ! timb] yield+ & creak+ l a will[-basket1 we did n expect !y w\ld h support$ ! weight & jo/l+s ( a rugg$ road _m y>ds2 yet !y )/ood ?is co>se employm5t = a long "t4 ,! timb] ( l>* ne> ! top ( ! tree is1 h[ev]1 v inf]ior & defici5t 9 t\ghness2 & x is n improbable t ! exp]im5ts above allud$ to at ,woolwi* _h be5 made ) l>* #aje timb] defici5t 9 /r5g? f be+ a top4 ,:ite l>* has comp>atively small] & m num]\s bran*es ?an any o!r ( ! ,conif]2 consequ5tly ! timb] is fre] ( l>ge knots1 & has m equable /r5g?1 z well 9 small sp>s z :5 l>ge & cut out into joi/s & beams1 provid$ ! timb] be n too f> up ! tree4 ,l>*1 h[ev]1 comp>$ ) p9es & firs1 has ! timb] mu* /rong] :5 "y1 & sev]al in*es or bel[ a foot 9 diamet]1 ?an :5 old & l>ge3 ?is may p>tly be ow+ to its defici5cy 9 res9\s deposit4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,"p ,,ii4 #aj ,we h (t5 pref]r$ ! t]ms k9d1 bre$1 family1 individual1 to g5us1 species1 v>iety1 subv>iety1 z ! =m] seem less def9ite4 ,7 nature true to ! latt] classification z employ$ by botani/s1 x w\ld be conv5i5t4 #aa ,9 ^? we obs]v$1 we consid]$ ?is la/ circum/ance _h a consid]able %>e z a pr$ispos+ cause ( ! attack ( ! worm4 ,=e/s ( ,p9us sylve/ris are sometimes de/roy$ by insects "u ! b>k1 9 cases :]e x is difficult to decide :e!r ext]nal circum/ances1 su* z a dry w>m season1 has be5 promotive ( ! increase ( ! insect itself1 or has induc$ "s disord] 9 ! plant1 r5d]+ ! juices m suitable alim5t to ! worm4 #ab ,"s nautical or te*nical t]ms h unavoidably crept into ?is "w2 we %all n presume to ?9k any explanation necess>y3 ,britannia w\ld blu% jusqu'au blanc des yeux1 to ! tips ( ! f+]s & toes1 did %e ?9k x 7 d\bt$ t any ( h] sons1 n doom$ to unceas+ me*anical lab\r1 7 unacqua9t$ ) ^!4 #ac ,x is t]m$ by our pr(essors ,salix fragilis1 or ,crack ,will[1 f ! small bran*es break+ easily at ! junction ( ! annual gr[?--or1 p]haps1 ,crack ,will[1 f ! bran*es break+ ) consid]able report2 or f ! wood1 :ile burn+1 frequ5tly detonat+ or crackl+1 f ! expansion ( "s arial fluid )9 ! fibres4 ,?\gh nam$ by _! sapi5ce fragilis1 x is n weak] ?an o!r l>ge gr[+ will[s1 b /rong] & d5s]2 &1 be+ h>d] 9 ! small bran*es1 !y d n b5d1 b break :5 _! b>k & alburnum is drie/1 9 w9t]4 ,! timb] is sup]ior to t ( ,salix alba1 or ( any o!r l>ge gr[+ will[ we are acqua9t$ )1 & is suffici5tly pliant & t\gh4 #ad ,r$ ,canadian p9e is g5]ally t]m$ ,p9us res9osa2 b z x is n s res9\s z sev]al o!r k9ds1 we consid] ,p9us rubra 7rubra f ! col\r ( /em & also ( timb]71 :i* is sometimes us$1 m suitable4 ,! pit* p9e ( ! ,am]ican ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ,p9us res9osa4 #ae ,we ?9k t 9 mank9d ! v>iations ( ! *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts d n s(t5 entirely--!re w\ld seem to be c]ta9 types or nuclei bo? ( appe>ance & temp]am5t ar\nd :i* ext]nal & int]nal "* vibrates4 #af ,! ,canadian r$ p9e resembles ,p4 sylve/ris or ,norway p9e s mu*1 t x is usually /yl$ ,norway p9e by ! settl]s3 ,?\gh diff]5t1 x is s ne>ly alli$ to ,p4 sylve/ris1 t we consid] ! numb] ( sap-gr[?s may be ref]r$ to ! climate & soil1 & n to ! k9d1--t is1 t1 7 x gr[n 9 ,brita91 if x did n at fir/1 x w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t come to h few] sap-gr[?s4 #ag ,our common l>*1 l almo/ e o!r k9d ( tree1 consi/s ( numb]less v>ieties1 :i* diff] consid]ably 9 quickness ( gr[?1 ultimate size1 & value ( timb]4 ,?is subject has be5 mu* neglect$4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 on ! eve ( great improvem5ts 9 arboriculture2 ! qualities & habits ( v>ieties are j beg9n+ to be /udi$4 ,x is also f\nd t ! uni=mity 9 ea* k9d ( wild gr[+ plants call$ species1 may be brok5 d[n by art or culture1 & t :5 once a brea* is made1 !re is almo/ no limit to disord]2 ! mele t ensues be+ ne>ly incapable ( r$uction4 #ah ,!re is yet no suffici5t data = ! t]m alp9e plant1 b ) ref]5ce to latitude4 ,! influ5ce on vegetables1 aris+ f r>efaction & dim9ution ( pressure ( atmosph]e1 f diff]5ce ( /imulus ( sol> ray--:5 ! entire ray ( light1 heat1 & *emical p[]1 ?\gh less int5se1 is radiat$ fre%1 & n mu* brok5 or modifi$ by refraction & reflection1 & heat communicat$ m 9 proportion by radiation ?an by contact ( heat$ air2 or f diff]5ce ( electric or galvanic or o!r meteoric impression connect$ ) altitude or ranges ( m\nta9s1 or ) prim>y rocks or m upright /rata1 has n be5 made ! subject ( rese>*1 at lea/ has n be5 suffici5tly inve/igat$ by any naturali/4 #ai ,:5 wat] is /ation>y1 ei!r 9 ! pores ( ! soil or by itself1 if ! temp]ature be n v l[1 a slight putrefaction g5]ally comm5ces1 aid$ by ! dead vegetable or animal matt] conta9$ 9 ! soil or ! wat]2 & x is only ! m robu/ aquatic vegetables ^: juices are n corrupt$1 f _! roots be+ soak$ 9 ?is ta9t$ fluid4 ,x w\ld appe>1 too1 t ! aque\s "p ( ! atmosph]e is also susceptible ( ! same putrid *anges1 al?\gh 9 g5]al ! putresc5cy may h comm5c$ be=e ! evaporation4 ,?is condition ( ! aque\s "p ( ! atmosph]e is a dispos+ cause to blight or mildew 9 vegetables1 & remitt5t1 int]mitt5t1 & putrid fev]s 9 man4 ,mill-ponds are notori\s bo? = mildew & agues4 #bj ,we h _h no exp]i5ce ( l>*1 except+ v "y1 gr[+ on *alk & its aff9ities4 ,we are told !re are a few in/ances :]e l>* has rea*$ #ej ye>s 9 ^! calc>e\s soils1 "s di/ance s\? ( ,london4 ,?is m]its att5tion4 #ba 8,oh6 ! bonny bloom+ hea!r40--8,man has spok5 evil ?+s ( ! sun1 ( love1 & ( life40 #bb ,z we held ?is plan ( =m+ l>* knees1 & ( b5d+ l>*1 ( consid]able importance1 we "s "t ago pres5t$ x 9 manuscript1 along ) "s o!r matt]1 to ! ,highl& ,society ( ,scotl&4 ,tir+1 h[ev]1 ( ! delay ( exam9ation1 p]haps unavoidable 9 _! (ficial dep>tm5ts1 & f "s improvem5ts occurr+ to u dur+ ! delay1 we reque/$ x back4 ,we n[ pres5t x "u ?is m conv5i5t =m to ! ,society1 & hope !y w f9d ! exam9ation or p]usal ( x pr9t$1 n q s impracticable z :5 9 manuscript4 ,x w af=d u pleasure to "k t ?is useful ,society approves1 & t ! memb]s :o h opportunity are sett+ ab\t foll[+ our directions4 ,we especially recomm5d to !m to probe ! roots ( _! gr[+ l>*1 & to lay b>e ^? fitt$ = knees4 #bc ,! l&lord agriculturi/ is suffici5tly aw>e ( ! influ5ce ( ! b>+ ! upp] "p ( ! root ( turnip1 :ile ! plant is "y1 9 ext5d+ ! future gr[? ( ! bulb1 & t a dry situation gives mo/ root 9 proportion to /em4 ,^! are g5]al laws 9 vegetation4 ,!re are few obs]v]s :o h n rem>k$ ! v l>ge size :i* roots h atta9$ :5 ! trees h orig9ally be5 plant$ on dikes1 & ! dike e>? remov$1 leav+ ! roots b>e4 ,%\ld any p]son exam9e ! v great diff]5ce ( ?ickness betwe5 ! upp] & l[] "p1 f ! he>t ( a root ne> ! bulb1 he w at once discov] ! influ5ce ( exposure to ! air & fre5ess f pressure 9 promot+ ! swell+4 #bd ,z y asc5d ! tree ! timb] det]iorates greatly4 #ajf ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,matt] ,,connect$ ,,) ,,naval ,,timb]4 ,,nurs]ies4 ,mu* ( ! luxuriance & size ( timb] dep5d+ ^u ! p>ticul> v>iety ( ! species1 ^u ! treatm5t ( ! se$ be=e s[+1 & ^u ! treatm5t ( ! "y plant1 & z ?is fundam5tal subject is nei!r mu* att5d$ to nor g5]ally und]/ood1 we %all take x up ab initio4 ,! consequ5ces are n[ be+ develop$ ( our deplorable ignorance (1 or inatt5tion to1 "o ( ! mo/ evid5t traits ( natural hi/ory1 t vegetables z well z animals are g5]ally liable to an almo/ unlimit$ div]sification1 regulat$ by climate1 soil1 n\ri%m5t1 & new commixture ( already =m$ v>ieties4 ,9 ^? ) :i* man is mo/ intimate1 & :]e 8 ag5cy 9 ?r[+ !m f _! natural locality & dispositions has br\ght out ?is p[] ( div]sification 9 /rong] %ades1 x has be5 =c$ ^u 8 notice1 z 9 man himself1 9 ! dog1 horse1 c[1 %eep1 p\ltry1--9 ! apple1 #ajg pe>1 plum1 gooseb]ry1 potato1 pea1 :i* sport 9 inf9ite v>ieties1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 size1 col\r1 ta/e1 firmness ( texture1 p]iod ( gr[?1 almo/ 9 e recognisable quality4 ,9 all ^! k9ds man is influ5cial 9 prev5t+ det]ioration1 by c>eful selection ( ! l>ge/ or mo/ valuable z bre$]s2 b 9 timb] trees ! opposite c\rse has be5 pursu$4 ,! l>ge gr[+ v>ieties be+ s long ( com+ to produce se$1 t _m plantations are cut d[n be=e !y rea* ?is maturity1 ! small gr[+ & weakly v>ieties1 kn[n by e>ly & extreme se$+1 h be5 cont9ually select$ z reproductive /ock1 f ! ease & conv5i5cy ) :i* _! se$ c\ld be procur$2 & ! husks ( sev]al k9ds ( ^! inv>iably kiln-dri$#be1 9 ord] t ! se$s might be ! m easily extract$6 ,may we1 !n1 wond] t our plantations are occupi$ by a sickly %ort-liv$ puny race1 incapable ( support+ exi/5ce 9 situations :]e _! own k9d _h =m]ly fl\ri%$--p>ticul>ly ev9c$ 9 ! g5us #ajh ,p9us1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! species ,scots fir2 s mu* inf]ior to ^? ( ,nature's own re>+1 :]e only ! /rong]1 m h>dy1 soil-suit$ v>ieties c /ruggle =w>d to maturity & reproduction8 ,we say t ! rural economi/ %\ld pay z mu* reg>d to ! bre$ or p>ticul> v>iety ( 8 =e/ trees1 z he does to t ( 8 live /ock ( horses1 c[s1 & %eep4 ,t nurs]ym5 %\ld atte/ ! v>iety ( _! timb] plants1 s[+ no se$s b ^? ga!r$ f ! l>ge/1 mo/ heal?y1 & luxuriant gr[+ trees1 ab/a9+ f ! se$ ( ! prematurely productive1 & also f t ( ! v ag$ & ov]-mature2 z !y1 f animal analogy1 may be expect$ to give an infirm prog5y1 subject to premature decay4 ,z1 f _m facts1 a consid]able influ5ce is kn[n to result 9 sev]al vegetables f dry+ sev]ely ! se$s f :5ce !y _h sprung#bf1--;f exposure ( ^! se$s to ! sun & air1--f long keep+1 or f injury by m\ld or #aji impure air1 :i* all t5d to %ort5 ! life ( ! result+ individual1 to accel]ate ! p]iod ( its se$+1 & to increase its reproductiv5ess2 ! nurs]yman %\ld pay ! utmo/ att5tion to ! se$s he makes use (1 procur+ !m z rec5t z possible1 & pres]v+ !m 9 well-air$ l(ts1 or "u %$s1 & also reta9+ !m 9 ! husks till ! "t ( s[+3 ! sup]ior g]m9at+ p[] ( ! se$ ?us treat$ w repay ?is att5tion4 ,f facts we are also assur$1 t1 9 "s h>d wood k9ds1 & also 9 ! ,conif]1 ! hang+ ( ! gr[? ( ! "y plant1 ! sp9dl+ up 9 ! se$-b$1 or injudici\s det]r+ treatm5t aft]w>ds1 h a t5d5cy to injure ! con/itution ( ! individual1 induc+ premature se$+1 & dim9utive old age2 & also1 t :5 plants1 especially ( "s size1 ( ^! k9ds ( trees h _! roots mu* brok51 ! second>y or new roots (t5 p>take some?+ ( ! nature ( ! infirm runn]s1 :i*1 9 mo/ k9ds ( trees1 are ?r[n out by lay]s1--! result+ tree1 z 9 ! case ( ^? f lay]s 9 fruit trees be+ dw>fi%1 soon] exhau/+ itself by reproduction1 & soon] decay+4 ,= di/9ctness1 we %all recapitulate3 #aaj ,t ! se$ be f ! l>ge/1 h>die/ v>iety ( tree 9 luxuriant gr[?4 ,t ! se$ be rec5t1 & c>efully pres]v$ 9 husk till s[+1 & extract$ f ! husk or cone )\t artificial dry+4 ,t ! nurs]y be 9 an op51 r expos$ situation1--mo/ eligible )\t %elt] ei!r ( tree1 h$ge or wall1 ( r light dry soil ( ord9>y quality1 ( dry climate1 &1 9 pref]5ce1 soil naturally good to t made s by high manur+4 ,t ! plants be n too close1 nor rema9 too long 9 ! se$-b$2 t !y be extricat$ )\t mu* fracture ( root1 & be replant$ 9 wide r[s1 ) good space betwe5 ! plants 9 ! r[1 keep+ ! roots z sup]ficially ext5d$ z !y w ?rive1 & )\t d\bl+ ! ma9 root up to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,t ! plant receive no prun+1 except+ 9 ! case ( m ?an "o lead] appe>+1 or fe$] unproportionally ext5d$2 & no root-section1 9 ord] to ret>d its gr[?1 or increase ! numb] ( root-fibres2 & t its ultimate removal be accompli%$ )\t mu* fracture ( root or bran*4 ,by expos$ situation ( nurs]y1 ord9>y quality ( soil1 & mu* room 9 ! se$-b$ & r[s1 we #aaa %all h plants ) firm fibre & h>dy con/itution1 ) ?ick juicy b>k1 ?ick /em at ! surface ( gr\nd1 & num]\s fe$]s all ! way d[n ! /em4 ,roots are mo/ easily extricat$ f light soil1 & ) lea/ fracture4 ,!y are l>ge 9 proportion to /em 9 dry soil & climate1 & :5 !y are situat$ ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4--,a heal?y gr[+ plant1 ( firm fibre1 l>ge root1 & /urdy %ort /em ( "o lead] & num]\s fe$]s1 is ! great desid]atum3 a l>ge root is ! m desirable1 z a consid]able "p ( x is g5]ally brok5 (f 9 transplant+1 r5d]+ x disproportion$ to ! top1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 ei!r langui%es1 or receives det]r+ cropp+4 ,we consid]1 t a tree gr[s m luxuriantly1 acquires l>g] size1 & is mu* long] ( rea*+ s5ility1 :5 x is furni%$ ) sev]al l>ge roots1 say "o or two to ea* ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 ext5d+ horizontally out ) bold lead]s1 ?an :5 num]\s small rootlets div]ge 9 all directions f ! bulb1 z is ! case 9 "s k9ds :5 mu* fracture ( root takes place f frequ5t removals1 or1 :5 ! nurs]y is ( moi/ or mossy soil1 ! plants be+ remov$ :5 ( consid]able size4 ,we h cut d[n old /unt$ h>d wood trees hav+ extremely num]\s cr[d$ roots1 all #aab engraft$ into a matt$ net ?r\gh\t ! soil ne> ! bulb1 & )\t any /rong ext5d$ lead]s4 ,we attribut$ ?is cr[d$ root+ to ! plants hav+ be5 ( consid]able size :5 put 91 & los+ _! natural lead]s2 ! situation1 an av5ue expos$ to cattle1 w5t to confirm ! probability t ! defect ( ! root+ _h be5 ow+ to ! l>g5ess ( ! plants4 ,:5 a tree is suppli$ by num]\s1 consequ5tly small & n wide-ext5d+ roots1 z ! tree acquires size1 ! wide spread+ bran*es & leafy top %$ (f ! ra9 & dews f ! space occupi$ by ^! roots1 v few ( !m ext5d+ beyond ?is %ade2 at ! same "t1 ?is n>r[ space becomes soon exhau/$ ( ! m p>ticul> pabulum necess>y to ! k9d ( plant1 ! exhau/ion be+ accel]at$ by ! dryness4 ,?is dryness & exhau/ion ( ! soil v soon %[ _! effects al(t2 ! liv+ h>k ( ! tree becomes cov]$ f its connexion ) ! air1 & con/rict$ by a ?ick h>d dead cru/1 :i*1 ) ! consequ5t v ?9 alburnum af=d+ an ineffici5t communication betwe5 ! supply & dem&1 react to impair ! g5]al vig\r1 & p>ticul>ly to imp$e ! desc5t ( ! prop] sap necess>y to ! enl>gem5t & fur!r ext5sion ( ! roots4 ,! buds #aac n receiv+ suffici5t supply ( root-moi/ure1 in/ead ( press+ on to new =mation ( wood1 only f9d en\gh to burgeon out into fl[]-buds1 :i* ! foll[+ season dra9 ! tree by reproduction2 ?is fruit-be>+ alt]nates ) p]iods ( exhau/ion1 :5 ! buds h n ev5 supply suffici5t to swell into ! embryo ( fl[] & se$1 b ext5d only into a few leaves2 & sometimes1 9 ! ev5t ( a b5ign season1 ! buds may ?r[ out a small ext5sion ( new %oots4 ,! tree progresses v sl[ly 9 ?ickness ( bole all ?is "t1 & g5]ally soon falls a prey to disease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! tree has its naturally f9e l>ge roots pres]v$1 & is situat$ 9 op5 =e/1 & mix$ ) o!r k9ds1 ^! l>ge roots div]g+ widely f ! tree & ea* o!r1 h a mu* l>g] less-s\ght space to =age 92 & ! tree enjoy+ a long p]iod ( luxuriant gr[? be=e x fall mu* into se$-be>+1 acquires /r5g? ( con/itution to ?rive & increase = ages "u ?is dra94 ,we are satisfi$ t cutt+ or fracture ( ! root-lead]s1 especially ne> ! bulb1 :5 !y h acquir$ "s size1 is injuri\s to ! ext5sion & longevity ( ! tree1 9 p9es & mo/ k9ds ( h>d wood2 & t bran*-prun+1 z g5]ally practis$1 is n less p]nici\s1 fir/1 by ! #aad d]angem5t :i* ! plant receives1 f ! regul> connexion betwe5 ! rootlets & _! affiliat$ twigs & leaves be+ de/roy$ by ! section1 & aft]w>ds f ! di/ance betwe5 ! manufactur+ p>ts1 ! leaves & ! s\rces ( supply 9 ! gr\nd be+ unnaturally ext5d$1 especially :5 ! /em is long1 sl5d]1 & mu* d5ud$4 ,al?\gh we consid] sev]e root fracture at plant+ p]nici\s to "s h>d wood & res9\s trees1 yet !re are k9ds to :i* x is advantage\s4 ,all plants :i* gr[ freely by cutt+s1 /rike bett] to h ! roots prun$ 9 ne> to ! bulb4 ,_m k9ds ( se$l+-plants also /rike soon]1 & ?r[ out /rong] new root-lead]s1 :5 ! long /raggl+ fibres are cut 9 a little1 simil> to ! bran*es above1 :i*1 :5 ov]-num]\s & sl5d]1 ?r[ out m vigor\s %oots by be+ cropp$ at plant+4 ,,plant+4 ,9 reg>d to plant+1 soils divide into ! dry & ! moi/2 ! =m] require to h ! plants put 9 z soon z possible aft] ! leaves drop (f--at any rate1 n to all[ ,febru>y to pass )\t complet+ ! plant+2 except+ ev]gre5s1 #aae :i* %\ld n be delay$ beyond ! middle ( ,april4 ,9 dry soils1 if ! exp5se be n limit$ to a v l[ rate1 pit-plant+ %\ld be adopt$1 & ! pits are bett] to be dug "s mon?s previ\s1 9 ord] t ! e>? may be arat$1 & ! turf p>tly rott$4 ,! moi/ soils may be divid$ into ^? :i* are mu* dispos$ to ?r[ ! plant f ! fro/s & ?aws1 & ^? :i* are n2 ! =m] consi/+ ( moory1 s(t1 or spongy e>?1 ^u a ret5tive subsoil2 ! latt]1 ( ! firm]1 m equable loams1 clays1 & tills4 ,unless ! plants are l>ge1 !y %\ld always be slitt$ into ! =m] soil1 & ! "w p]=m$ z soon z ! gr\nd becomes sadd$ 9 spr+--z1 ?\gh ! lat5ess ( plant+ %\ld preclude ?r[+ ( pitt$ plants ! fir/ season1 !y w (t5 be ?r[n ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,:5 plants are v small1 !y may be put into ! latt]1 by slitt+2 b if middle-siz$1 or l>ge1 !y are bett] pitt$4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to ^! moi/ soils1 to h v deep1 op5#bg dra9s execut$ previ\s to plant+1 cutt+ (f all ! spr+s at _! s\rces1 &1 if possible1 dry+ ! subsoil to su* a degree t wat] w n /& 9 ! pits4 ,%\ld ?is be #aaf accompli%$1 x is highly advantage\s to dig ! pits 9 "t = ! excavat$ clay to h its cohesion brok5 by fro/3 ! plant+ %\ld aft]w>ds be p]=m$ exactly at ! "t :5 ?is fro/$ m\ld is suffici5tly dry1 & no m1 to %ake conv5i5tly 9 among ! fibres ( ! roots1 & n to knead into mort>1 by ! necess>y press+ ( ! feet4 ,aft] ?is pressure1 a little ( ! t5d]e/ ( ! soil %\ld be spread loose ov] ! surface1 to exclude dr\ght4 ,%\ld ?is dryness ( subsoil n be effect$1 ! pits mu/ be dug 9 spr+1 at ! "t ! clay is mo/ friable2 t is1 betwe5 ! moi/ & dry2 & ! plants put 9 imm$iately1 break+ ! clay z f9e z possible1 & clos+ x well ar\nd ! roots4 ,x is bett] to delay plant+ ev5 till ,may1 ?an to p]=m x too wet4 ,:5 plant+ is delay$ late 9 spr+1 ! plants %\ld be kept %\gh$ 9 ! colde/ situation t c be f\nd1 at ! top ( a hill expos$ to ! nor?1 or 9 "s cold1 damp1 back-ly+ place4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 n to expose !m mu* :ile plant+1 z !y1 especially if ! buds be bur/+1 v soon )] :5 root & /em are bo? expos$ to ! sun & dry air4 ,:5 late plant$1 !y ought always to be dipp$ z f> up z ! bran*es 9 a puddle ( clay & wat]3 #aag %\ld !y be dipp$ ov] head 9 ! puddle1 x w n injure !m4 ,:at is ( mo/ importance to ! success ( plant+1 is to h ! soil put v closely 9 contact ) all ! root-fibre1 & ^! fibres 9 due natural sep>ation1 ) a little t5d] m\ld on ! surface2--n to h wat] /agnat+ ar\nd ! root1 at any rate dur+ ! fir/ spr+2--to h ! plant+ done 9 "t1 to receive a good sadd+ by ra9 be=e ! spr+ dr\ghts comm5ce2--to prev5t rank we$s1 furze1 c4 f smo!r+ ! "y plants2--& to exclude or de/roy all be/ial1 z cattle1 %eep1 rabbits1 h>es1 mice1 c4 ,9 keep+ ! latt] 9 *eck1 a few families ( foxes are v effici5t4 ,,fur!r ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,prun+4 ,e =e/] is aw>e1 t :5 fe$]s are prun$ (f1 !y %\ld be cut away z close z possible to1 & )\t te>+ ! hole4 ,to p]=m ?is )\t dang] ( injury to ! tree1 :5 fe$]s ( consid]able size are to be remov$1 ! bran* %\ld fir/ be sawn ov] at ab\t "o foot beyond ! int5d$ section1 & a second section !n p]=m$ at ! prop] place4 ,?is #aah requires a little m "t1 b n ne>ly s mu* z an inexp]i5c$ p]son w\ld suppose1 z ! section a foot out is made v quickly1 & ! prun] g5]ally takes z mu* "t to rea* ! bran* z to cut x (f4 ,! neatness & advantage ( ?is me?od w be ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o h se5 x practis$1 to comp5sate = ! long] "t x requires4 ,we f9d ! saw1 %e>s1 & knife1 ! be/ in/rum5ts = prun+2 9 "s cases ( difficult approa*1 ! long-h&$ prun+-iron may be resort$ to4 ,:5 ! lopp+ is p]=m$ by a p]cussion tool1 ! wood & b>k at ! section is (t5 %att]$ by ! bl[1 & !nce is less likely to cicatrize s\ndly2 & ev5 :5 execut$ 9 ! be/ mann]1 ! surface ( ! section is smoo? & h>d1 consequ5tly a good conductor ( heat1 dries mu*1 & !nce %r9ks & cracks ne> ! c5tre ( ! cut1 op5+ a deep crevice1 into :i* ! ra9 p5etrates1 & (t5 rots deep into ! /em4 ,:5 ! section is made by ! saw1 a slight fibr\s clo?+ is left ^u ! place1 :i* 9 "s measure protects ! ends ( ! cut tubes f ! fro/ & dry+ air1 & excludes ! heat2 9 consequ5ce ! wood at ! section does n lose its vitality s f> inw>d1 & is n s liable to %r9k #aai & crack 9 ! c5tre & receive ra94 ,! section c also g5]ally be made mu* neat] & clos] by ! saw ?an by any o!r in/rum5t4 ,! common errone\s belief1 t a section by a %>p-edg$ in/rum5t is less injuri\s ?an by ! saw1 is m]ely hypo!tical1 f wide analogy f animals4 ,! p]nici\s influ5ce on ! :ole individual1 receiv$ & transmitt$ by ! n]ves f mangl$ section ( animal fibre1 is probably entirely awant+ 9 vegetables2 ! :ole process ( life & ( cicatrization is also totally diff]5t4 ,! =e/] %\ld also be v w>y 9 cutt+ (f a consid]able bran*1 ^: section w\ld incl9e upw>ds1 z su* a section1 :5 x has receiv$ a circle ( new b>k & wood1 =ms a cup :i* receives & conta9s ra9 wat]1 :i* quickly corrupts ! bottom ( ! cup1 & (t5 rots ! c5tre ( ! tree d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,x is bett] to crop su* a bran* sev]al feet f ! ma9 /em1 close by "s small fe$]1 unless ! bran* be dead4 ,9 prun+1 e consid]able section %\ld be z ne> z possible at "r angles ) ! horizon1 or r incl9+ inw>d bel[4 ,( naval timb]1 ! bee* is by f> ! mo/ likely to take rot by be+ prun$1 & %\ld nev] h a l>ge limb cut (f1 z ! divid$ fibres g5]ally die #abj d[nw>d a numb] ( feet bel[ ! section1 & soon aft]w>d decay1 leav+ a hole 9 ! bole4 ,z no?+ ret>ds ! gr[? ( trees m ?an full fl[]+ & se$+1 if prun+ dim9i% ?is fl[]+ & se$+1 s t ! ga9 f ! prev5tion ( ?is exhau/ion m ?an c\nt]balances ! loss ( ! prun$-(f "p1 ! prun+ w ( c\rse accel]ate ! gr[? ( ! tree2 b ! removal ( l[] bran*es1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ place promotive ( gr[+ buds & ext5sion ( ! top1 9 a ye> or two long] only t5ds to ?r[ ! tree m into fl[]+ & se$+4 ,! ri* dryness1 or want ( fluidity ( ! juices :i* occasions fl[]-buds1 is also induc$ by hot1 dry atmosph]e1 & %ort supply ( moi/ure f ! roots dur+ ! prec$+ summ]1 bo? ( :i* dispos+ causes are increas$ by a long nak$ /em4 ,:5 ! proportion ( ! "p above gr\nd ( a tree to ! roots is dim9i%$1 gr[+ buds result1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t2 yet x w\ld be v difficult to practise a prop] sy/em ( prun+ on ?is pr9ciple1 z ! consequ5t l5g!n$ /em is1 9 ! end1 promotive ( fl[]-buds1 especially 9 dry seasons1 & ! loss ( fe$]s might greatly c\nt]balance ! ga9 f n fl[]+1 did a succession ( wet cold seasons foll[4 #aba ,! season :5 prun+ %\ld be p]=m$1 is some?+ dep5d5t ^u ! k9ds1 :e!r !y ble$ :5 prun$ 9 e>ly spr+ or d n4 ,almo/ any conv5i5t "t w suit = prun+ ! latt]1 b we r pref] ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 or autumn aft] ! leaf has fall54 ,! =m]1 sycamore1 maple1 bir*1 c4 ought ei!r to be prun$ 9 autumn1 or aft] ! buds are beg9n+ to break 9 spr+1 z !y ble$ & suff] consid]able exhau/ion :5 prun$ 9 ! latt] "p ( w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,f "s facts1 we consid] t prun+ 9 w9t]1 especially 9 sev]e wea!r1 gives a *eck to ! vig\r ( ! tree2 o!rs agree ) ?is4 #abb ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,timb]4 ,! quantity ( measurable wood ( ! v>i\s timb] trees :i* a c]ta9 ext5t ( adapt$ gr\nd w c>ry1 :5 come to full maturity1 or :5 !y may be mo/ pr(itably fell$1 & ! quantity t may be ?9n$ out dur+ ! matur+1 ) ! "t requisite to br+ to value1 ) ! relative sell+ price p] foot1 & also :e!r ! greate/ quantity ( timb] c be gr[n ( "o k9d or mix$1 are que/ions ( m importance ?an might be judg$1 f ! att5tion paid to ! subject4 ,( our common timb] trees1 ,scots fir1 silv] fir1 & spruce1 l>*1 p9a/]1 black ,italian popl>1 ,salix alba1 commonly call$ ,hunt+don will[1 r$-wood will[1 bee*1 ,spani% *e/nut1 a%1 plane1 elm1 bir*1 oak1 are "h rank$ ne>ly 9 ! ord] ( quantity ( measure :i* adapt$ gr\nd 9 ?is c\ntry w produce or support2 t is1 t an acre ( close ,scots fir trees1 ( :atev] age1 w admeasure m timb] ?an an acre cov]$ ) any o!r tree ( ! same size2 & a close acre ( oaks less4 ,a little fur!r s\?1 9 ! temp]ate zone1 ! l>ge-leav$ decidu\s trees1 p>ticul>ly ! #abc elms1 acquire ?ick] & long] /em1 9 clos] ord]1 9 a giv5 "t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ri* w>m situations1 ?is is visible 9 "s degree1 bo? z reg>ds quantity ( timb] & quickness ( gr[?1 comp>$ ) p9es4 ,x w\ld be difficult to /ate ! comp>ative quickness ( gr[? ( ! v>i\s timb] trees1 z s mu* dep5ds on soil1 situation1 & treatm5t2 x also v>ies consid]ably at diff]5t /ages ( _! gr[?4 ,x is well kn[n1 t 9 prop] soil1 black ,italian popl>1 ,salix alba1 & r$ wood will[1 exce$ all o!rs4 ,z1 = naval use1 x is n ! quickness ( gr[? & bulk ( ! timb] altoge!r1 b ( ! matur$ timb] alone1 :i* is ( consequ5ce--we give a view ( ! numb] ( gr[?s or annual circles ( sap-wood 7! useless "p71 :i* ! ma9 /ems ( sev]al k9ds ( trees pres5t$4 ,mo/ ( ^? we exam9$ _h a great] numb] ( sap-lay]s ne> ! top ?an at a few feet above gr\nd1 & ! vigor\s bran*es _h g5]ally m ?an ! /em imm$iately adjac5t to !m2 ! bran*es ) lea/ vig\r _h fewe/ sap circles4 #abd ,( ,home ,gr[?4 ,common oak1 "s trees #aj1 o!rs #ad1 o!rs #ah ,spani% *e/nut1 #b1 #e1 #f ,scots elm1 ,u4 montana1 #af1 #be1 #cb ,engli% elm1 ,u4 campe/ris1 #j1 #aj1 #j ,r$-wood will[1 #h1 #ad1 #j ,laburnum1 #c1 #e1 #j ,wild *]ry1 ,prunus c]asus1 #af1 #bd1 #j ,black ,italian popl>1 #i1 #j1 #j ,scots fir1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj ,p9a/]1 #j1 #aj1 #j ,:ite l>*1 free ( rot1 #e1 #ab1 #ah ,( ,=eign ,gr[?4 ,memel fir1 #j1 #dc1 #j ,r$ ,canadian p9e1 #j1 #ajj1 #j ,yell[ ,canadian p9e1 #ch1 #dd1 #j ,! process ( matur+ 9 sev]al did n proce$ regul>ly1 "s ( ! r+s be+ r$d5$ on "o side & rema9+ :ite on ! o!r3 ?is did n seem to be influ5c$ by position to s\? or nor?4 ,9 ! l>*1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? trees #abe :]e ! rot is incipi5t1 ?is matur+ is v irregul>1 9 ! view ( ! cross section da%+ out into angles & irregul>ities1 & be+ d>k] r$ ?an 9 ! heal?y plants3 9 ^? :]e rot _h made consid]able progress1 ! r$-wood 0 )9 a circle or two ( ! b>k4 ,?is approa* ( r$-wood to ! outside is s regul>ly connect$ ) rot1 t we ne$$ no o!r indication ( ! roots be+ unfit = knees1 & !re=e n wor? grubb+1 ?an m]ely a slight not* by two cuts ( a hat*et4 ,^? k9ds ( timb] ^: matur$ wood assumes a br[n or r$di% col\r1 are g5]ally mu* less susceptible ( *ange1 ei!r by simple putrefaction or by attack ( fungi1 or gnaw+ ( insects1 ?an ^? ^: matur$ wood rema9s ( a :iti% col\r4 ,9 _m ( ! latt]1 !re does n ev5 appe> to be any p>ticul> *ange ( con/itution1 or great] capability ( resi/+ corruption or insects1 betwe5 ! alburnum & mature wood1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is g5]ally p]ceptible :5 ! cross section is dry+1 & imm$iate1 z 9 ! br[n or r$2 !re be+ no gradual *ange or s(t5+ 9 ei!r betwe5 ! mature & immature4 ,al?\gh ! *ange 9 ^? :i* become br[n & r$ does n mu* affect #abf ! h>dness or /r5g? ( ! timb] 7mature & immature be+ ne>ly equal 9 ^! :5 dri$ be=e corruption injures ! latt]71 yet x mat]ially influ5ces its nature or quality4 ,we h tak5 d[n ,laburnum trees 9 ! r\nd natural =m f ! ro(+ ( an old build+1 f :i* ne>ly ! :ole yell[ or sap-wood 0 eat5 away by insects1 al?\gh !y _h n made ! lea/ impression ^u ! br[n#bh4 #abg ,:e!r timb] be m la/+ :5 cut at "o "t ( ! season ?an at ano!r1 is n yet det]m9$4 ,! matur$ wood does n seem to be mu* affect$ by ! season1 cont9u+ ne>ly equally moi/ ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 life or action 9 x1 ?\gh n q1 be+ ne>ly ext9ct1 & little or no circulation rema9+2 yet ! matur$ wood ( ! /ool ( ! p9e ?r[s out a little res9 :5 ! tree is cut d[n 9 summ]1--p]haps only a me*anical effect ( heat & dry+4 ,/eep+ 9 wat] = a consid]able "t is ( f> m importance to ! duration ( timb] ?an any ?+ dep5d+ on ! "t ( ! season :5 x is cut d[n2 /eep+ causes "s acet\s #abh *ange 9 ! timb] 7easily recognisable by ! s5se ( smell+ :5 any section ( x is made71 :i*1 judg+ f ! effect ! acet\s *ange has to pres]ve o!r vegetable matt] f putrefaction1 is probably ( consid]able use 9 pres]v+ ! timb] f decay1 ei!r by rot or worm+4 ,! "t ( cutt+1 al?\gh ( consid]able importance to ! quality & durability ( ! sap-wood1 appe>s to be ( little or none to ! matur$4 ,! age at :i* timb] may be cut d[n be+ unc]ta91 ! height to :i* x %\ld be tra9$ up ( cle> /em is n v det]m9able1--say t ! trees are to be all[$ to /& till ne>ly full gr[n1--z long z ! timb] cont9ues to reta9 its /r5g? & t\ghness :5 gr[+ 9 prop] soil1 t is = h>d-wood trees #ajj ye>s & upw>ds1 & = p9es f two to ?ree hundr$4 ,on cr[ns ( em95ces & expos$ bluffs1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! latitude or altitude is r high1 ! soil inf]ior1 or ! climate arid1 f #ae to #cj feet ( cle> hole may be z mu* z c judici\sly be attempt$2 ^u pla9s "u common circum/ances1 f #cj to #ej feet is an atta9able /em2 9 %elt]$ dales & valleys1 !y may be tra9$ clean1 & )\t bran*1 f #ej to #gj feet 9 altitude2 & 9 cases :]e soil1 situation1 #abi & climate1 are all propiti\s1 & x is desir$ t nature's fulle/1 gr&e/1 developm5t %\ld be display$1 f #gj to #aej feet1 cle> ( bran*1 maybe ga9$4 ,lewis & ,cl>ke describe a spruce1 9 a %elt]$ dell on ! riv] ,columbia1 :i* !y measur$1 ly+ ^u ! gr\nd1 #cab feet long f root to top4 ,we h little belong+ to e>? m sublime1 or :i* be>s home to man a deep] s5se ( 8 bodily insignificance1 & puny transi5t be+1 ?an an anci5t maje/ic =e/1 ^: luxuriant foliage on high1 seems ( itself almo/ a firmam5t ( v]dure1 support$ on l(ty moss-cov]$ columns1 & unnumb]$ bran*$ ar*es1--a sc5e equally sublime1 :e!r we view x "u ! col\r$ & flick]+ lights & %ad[s ( ! summ] eve & morn+1 res\nd+ to ! song ( ! wild life :i* h>b\rs !re1--or "u ! scatt]$ beams /ream+ d[nw>d at high noontide :5 all is /ill1--or 9 w9t] /orms1 :5 ! wild j>r+ commotion1 ! frightful r5d+ & la%+ ( ! /ra9+ bran*es1 l ! arms ( primeval giants1 cont5d+ 9 _! might1 be> accompanim5t to ! l\d ro> & bell[ ( ! tempe/1 =m+ a drone & *aunt] to :i* demons might dance4 #acj ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,m>9e1 c4 ,c we consid] ! ,briton sane :o speaks ( b\nd+ ?is c\ntry to h] home res\rces8 ,c any "o d\bt t our "n1 our weal?1 our p[]1 are n :olly attributable to our ,m>9e8 ,c any "o be ignorant t ! sup]iority ( our m>9e is :olly dep5dant on our =eign trade1 p>ticul>ly ! bulki] "p ( x1 on =eign supply8 ,does any "o dread ! necessity ( =eign supply1 f ! fooli% fe> t x may be cut (f by w>8 ,keep+ out ( view ! argum5t1 t ere ! ,briti% pride w\ld suff] o!r dom9ation on ! wat]s1 our numb]s w\ld be well ?9n$ away1 !y "k little ( ! influ5ce ( circum/ance on man1 :o d n p]ceive t1 9 ! ev5t ( free trade1 & ( ! population ( ,brita9 increas+ beyond :at ! c\ntry1 "u ! be/ possible culture1 c\ld support1 ! v necessity ( be+ mi/ress ( ! seas w\ld make h] s4 ,!y "k little ( :at ,brita9 is1 c\ntry & p1 :o d\bt ( h] cont9u$ supremacy1 %\ld %e n be ru9$1 inde$1 by foll[+ ! n>r[ selfi% #aca views ( a p>ty--a p>ty alike ungrateful#bi = ! pa/1 & bl9d to1 or he$less (1 _! own ultimate good4 ,! position ( ,brita91--h] /ret* ( sea-coa/1 s]rat$ ) h>b\rs1--h] m9]als1 ! pr9ciple ( me*anical motion1 s necess>y 9 ! arts1--h] navy1 docks1 canals1 roads1 implem5ts1 & ma*9]y1 s sup]ior to ^? ( ! :ole _w beside1--h] f]tile soil1--h] capital1--h] protection ( prop]ty1--h] insul> situation1--h] /eady gov]nm5t & consequ5t +ress ( capital f ! cont95t on any commotion1--h] habits ( indu/ry1--h] k ( trade1--h] sci5ces1--h] arts1--h] free press1--h] #acb religion#cj1--;& ! /am9a & indomitable _s ( h] p4 ,all ^!1 causes & effects comb9$1 br\ght into action "u a climate ! mo/ fav\rable = develop+ ! moral & physical en]gies ( man1 :]e ! extremes ( temp]ature nei!r relax nor *ill1 :]e ! human muscle & human m9d are m capable ( cont9u$ /rong ex]tion1 & ma*9]y less influ5c$ by hygrometric & calorific *ange1 ?an on any o!r spot ( e>?4 ,:5 all ^! are cond5s$ into a nucleus ( p[] ( s small compass t "o _s1 "o int]e/1 may p]vade all1 b draw+ support by ramifications f e nook ( ! habitable _w1 %\ld an infatuat$ p>ty n r5d] unavailable ^! unmat*$ advantages1 c[>dice c\ld n ev5 dream ( p]il to ! supremacy ( ,briti% naval p[]4 ,let u cont9ue to ext5d our =eign int]c\rse & home cultivation--let ! m]*ant legislate 9 affairs ( trade--! l&hold] 9 c\ntry matt]s2 ea* 9 t 9 :i* 8 judgm5t has be5 =m$ by exp]i5ce1 act+ always on ! pr9ciple t ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry is ! int]e/ #acc ( e class--t1 l ! bran* & ! root1 _! prosp]ity is indissolubly comb9$4 ,:5 we view ! advantages ( ,brita9--almo/ to a wi%1--:5 we view h] able & ready to supply ! necessities ( man 9 e clime1 9 ex*ange = 8 sup]fluities1 & to scatt] sci5ce1 morality1 ! arts ( life1 all t conduces to happ9ess & improvem5t ov] ! nations1--:5 we view all ?is1 be+ bla/$ by an exclusive sy/em ( monopoly1 ( v d\btful advantage to "o p>ty ( ! nation1 & tyrannically oppressive ^u all o!rs1 c we refra9 f execration8 ,we w\ld desire ! casui/ to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! crim9ality ( prev5t+ ! op]ative f ex*ang+ ! produce ( 8 lab\r 7o!rwise unsaleable7 = *eap food#ca1 :5 8 family is fami%+2 & compell+ ! lab\r ( ! ,negro 7:om y support ) food7 ) ! :ip4 ,m5 w be f\nd ( a virtue suffici5tly easy to advocate ei!r sy/em4 ,we only wi% t ! support]s ( #acd monopoly & _! abettors 7 s5t (f to "s sep>ate qu>t] ( ! _w ) all _! belov$ re/rictions1 duties1 t>iffs1 passports1 rev5ue (fic]s1 blockade m51 ) ! innum]able petty int]f]+ vexati\s regulations1 & all ! contrivances :i* surely ! devil has inv5t$ to repress indu/ry & promote mis]y1 :]e !y might =m an ,elysium ( _! own4 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta91 %\ld we by re/rictions cont9ue to bani% k1 capital1 & indu/ry f our %ores#cb1 ?an t ! ,g5ius ( ,improvem5t w fix ^u "s o!r place = ! seat ( h] ?rone4 ,m>itime dom9ion w foll[ 9 h] tra92 & on ! fir/ w>1 all exportation ( ! products ( our manufactur]s be+ at an end1 unexampl$ mis]y w involve f\r-fif?s ( our population1 & an explosion w ensue1 f its orig9 & "* ( unp>allel$ fury1 :i* w sweep to de/ruction ! insane au?ors ( ! calamity--te> to %r$s ! :ole fabric ( society--& give to ! w9ds all ! in/itutions :i* man has be5 accu/om$ to rev]e4 #ace 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is disgraceful t our ,,m>9e is n directly repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,is x possible t e cl[n 9 ,engl&1 :o is own] ( a few acres or mis]able hovel1 is c>ri$ to ! poll1--& t our %ipp+ int]e/1 & brave seam51 to :om ! re/ ( ! nation is indebt$ 8= all !y h1 & almo/ all !y "k10 are pass$ ov]--h n "o direct repres5tative--h n ev5 "o direct vote1 & t _! int]e/ is totally neglect$#cc8 ,w x be cr$it$ t our mo/ sage legislators1 z if on purpose to ru9 our m>9e1 h laid on a tax ( ,l4 #d p] load 7above #as4 #g;d4 p] solid foot7 on oak-plank1 & ,l4 #b1 #aes4 p] load on r\gh oak-timb]1 import$ f o!r nations2 :i*1 z only a small "p ( :at is 7n ( :at w\ld be7 us$1 is s d]iv$1 at ! same "t t x raises ! price ( ! :ole#cd ne>ly #ajj p] c5t41 t5ds comp>atively little to swell ! rev5ue1--ne>ly ! :ole ( ! high monopoly price rev]t+ to our l&hold]s & our grateful ,canadian #acf colony8 ,z ab\t a load 7#ej solid feet7 ( timb] is requir$ = ! con/ruction ( a ton ( trad+ %ipp+1 ?is duty1 toge!r ) ! high duty on hemp1 increases ! co/ ( our vessels ne>ly ,l4 #d p] regi/] ton1 indep5d5t ( ! high] price ( build+ & sail+ !m1 f o!r monopolies2 & x is only f ! v sup]ior skill1 hone/y & indu/ry ( our seam5#ce1 t our %ipp+1 s9ce ! peace1 "u ?is v great disadvantage1 has be5 at all enabl$ to compete ) =eign4 ,at ,%ields & ,newca/le a new m]*ant-vessel ( oak1 rigg$ & ready = sea1 uncopp]$1 c be pur*as$ = ,l4 #aj p] regi/] ton4 ,7 ! price1 by ! removal ( monopoly1 r$uc$ to ,l4 #f p] ton1 sc>cely a =eign bottom1 ,am]ican except$1 w\ld compete ) ,briti%1 9 ! c>ry+ trade1 or w\ld ent] a ,briti% port4 ,c x be believ$ t our v lib]al late m9i/] 7,mr ,huskisson71 & our v non-lib]al memb] = ,new>k 7,mr ,sadl]71 h bo? made a full expos ( ! di/resses ( our %ipp+ int]e/1 & n once h adv]t$ to ! cause ( ?is1 & ( ! comp>ative decl9e ( our naval prepond]ance--! v high duty on ! #acg mat]ial8 ,does our ,gov]nm5t p]ceive ! rapid /rides :i* our rival bro!rs 9 ,am]ica are mak+ to surpass u 9 m>9e--& w x be s besott$ z cont9ue laws to ! spe$y fulfilm5t ( ?is8 ,may we hope t1 ?r\gh ! en]gy ( ,,our ,,sailor ,,k+1 ,brita9 w lead ! van 9 ! dis5fran*isem5t ( man f ! old bondage ( monopoly & re/riction--t a m sane sy/em ( taxation 7a tax on prop]ty7 w be adopt$1 z well z a necess>y retr5*m5t--t ! true int]e/ ( ,brita9 w be und]/ood & foll[$1 & a new era beg94 ,we are sick ( ! drivell+ nons5se ( our closet economi/s ab\t loss by colonies & =eign connexion4 ,bonap>te well knew ! value ( ,,%ips1 ,,colonies & ,,comm]ce1 & dread$ ! p[] :i* ev5tually wr\ght 8 fall4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,*9a dep5ds ^u h] ,agriculture1 & ! sov]eign devotes a "p ( 8 "t annually to ! pl\gh4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,brita9 dep5ds ^u h] ,m>9e1 & ! k+ %\ld always be br$ a sailor--! heir-app>5t & presumptive be+ always s5t to sea4 ,9 ! case ( a female1 if %e did n take k9dly to ! sea-s]vice1 a disp5sation might be all[$1 on h] m>ry+ a sailor1 & ! fooli% law prohibit+ our ,royal ,family f m>ry+ a ,briton be put aside4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,"p ,,iii4 #be ,if ! heat & evaporation ( a g>d5]'s pocket = sev]al days be suffici5t to r5d] ! se$s ( melons & g\rds productive ( plants ( e>li] maturity1 t is less dispos$ to ext5sion & m to reproduction1--:at may be expect$ f kiln-dry+ fir-cones8 #bf ,! full rip5+ ( ! se$s ( "s cultivat$ v>ieties ( vegetables1 & also ! dry+ ( ! se$s sev]ely )\t artificial heat1 are f\nd to h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s1 & ev5 "s impression ^u ! "* ( ! result+ plant4 #bg ,cov]$ dra9s are n adapt$ = woods1 z ! matt$ fibres ( ! roots1 especially ( ! semi-aquatic trees1 v soon ent] !m & =m ob/ructions4 #bh ,laburnum 7,cytisus7 is ! mo/ valuable timb] ?is c\ntry produces4 ,x is equally deep 9 col\r1 & takes z f9e a poli% z rose-wood1 hav+ also some?+ slightly pellucid 9 ! poli%$ surface4 ,f its extreme h>dness1 x is mu* bett] adapt$ = use ?an mahogany1 n be+ ind5t$ or injur$ by bl[s or r\gh treatm5t4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) no o!r timb] ( home produce s little liable to decay4 ,! l>ge-leav$ v>iety 9 ri* w>m soils acquires a diamet] ( a foot or a foot & a-half1 & gr[s rapidly till x fall into se$-be>+4 ,its usual v /unt$ gr[? is p>tly ow+ to less valuable fa/] gr[+ trees ov]topp+ x3 ,7 x plant$ alone1 & tra9$ to prop] curve1 x might be pr(itably re>$ = ! upp] timb]s 7! "p :]e decay comm5ces7 ( small vessels3 x has ! ?9ne/ cov]+ ( sap wood ( any ( our timb] trees4 ,! extreme beauty & ri*ness ( its clu/]$ dep5d+ blossoms is a consid]able injury to its gr[?1 z x is (t5 brok5 & despoil$ ( ! bran*es on ?is acc\nt4 ,! small-leav$ ,laburnum1 ?\gh produc+ ! mo/ beautiful timb]1 is ( su* puny gr[? z n to rank z a =e/ tree4 ,!re is a peculi>ity1 at lea/ seldom occurr+ 9 o!r trees1 att5d+ ! gr[? ( ! small-leav$ v>iety3 a bran* frequ5tly gives up fe$+ ! connect$ trunk & roots1 draw+ supply ( n\ri%m5t f ^! upw>d1 )\t return+ mu* or any ( ! dige/$ matt] d[nw>d4 ,?is bran* above ! place ( ! /agnation ( ! b>k vessels becomes enl>g$1 runn+ into num]\s %oots1 :i* are g5]ally unnaturally ?ick & unheal?y1 approa*+ to dropsical--(t51 h[ev]1 beautifully p5dant d[n to ! gr\nd1 f _! weight & ! smallness ( ! support+ bran*4 ,we d n "k :e!r ?is is an awkw>d ef=t t[>ds increase--t ^! bran*es1 "u ! influ5ce ( a n entirely matur$ in/9ct or faculty1 droop 9 se>* ( e>? to root1 & ext5d by lay]s1 9 con=mity to a habit ( "s tribes ( trees1 9 :i* ?is mode ( increase is effici5t1 or t x is a disease unconnect$ ) design or f9al cause4 ,^! ov]gr[n bran*es ( ! small-leav$ laburnum are g5]ally ?r[n out by trees1 :i*1 ow+ to circum/ances1 are little dispos$ to se$+4 #bi ,let u comp>e ! weal? ( ! ,briti% l&hold] ) t ( ! l grade on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is ! unrivall$ skill & indu/ry ( our manufactur]s & trad]s :i* h laid e %ore "u contribution = ! imm5se ri*es :i* has p\r$ 9 ^u our l&hold]s1 & :i*1 f juxtaposition1 w cont9ue to d s1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 "u ! fulle/ fre$om ( trade4 ,x is n[ absurd to talk ( duties on =eign products1 to c\nt]balance home taxation--taxation n[ be>s lightly on home agricultural production1 m s ?an 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 & our manufactur]s1 "u ! same or great] taxation1 compete ) & out/rip all ! _w 9 *eapness ( production4 #cj ,! dread ( *ange 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries--! proscription ( almo/ e new "w treat+ ( sci5ce--! complete submission ( ! m9d to ! religi\s au?orities1 be>d$ m5 8becom+ little *ildr50 ev5 to ! lett]--! consequ5t g5]al ab&onm5t to s5sual enjoym5t--! imm5se numb] ( holidays--& ! %oals ( m$dl+ prie/s1 are a great b> to improvem5t--an insurm\ntable "o to manufactur+ pre-em95ce4 ,we ne$ n say t all ?is is subord9ate to climate4 ,effect1 h[ev]1 soon turns to cause4 #ca ,our indu/ri\s op]atives1 r5d]$ trebly m productive by rec5t ma*9]y improvem5ts1 fabricate ?ree times m commodity ?an our l&$ & o!r population c ) _! pres5t habits consume4 ,few o!r nations c give else b food 9 ex*ange = ?is ov]plus2 our l&hold]s h enact$ laws to exclude food1 & our op]atives are be+ />v$ d[n to ! requisite numb] = home supply4 #cb ,! same polity "u :i* ,brita9 has acquir$ supremacy1 w n n[ s]ve to cont9ue x4 ,a k ( ! int]e/s ( nations is abroad1 & if we w n suff] our c\ntry to be ! emporium ( ! _w1 ano!r w4 #cc ,see ,app4 ,e4 #cd ,! price ( any article rais$ at home1 :5 any "p requires to be import$1 ( c\rse rises to ! :ole co/ 7prime co/1 duty & freight7 ( ! =eign4 #ce ,! *ance ( loss by wreck1 damage f sea-wat]1 & pilf]+1 be+ mu* less 9 ,briti% ?an 9 =eign bottoms1 enables ! ,briti% to obta9 a high] freight ?an ! =eign4 #ach ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,notices ,,( ,,au?ors ,,relative ,,to ,,timb]4 ,aft] ?r[+ toge!r sev]al ( our own obs]vations1 we be?\ght ourselves ( exam9+ into ! ideas & exp]i5ce ( rec5t writ]s on ! same subject4 ,hav+ tak5 notes ( ! m prom95t matt] conta9$ 9 _! pages1 we believe we %all d ! public a s]vice by pr9t+ ^! notes1 accompani$ by slight rem>ks4 ,?is may be ! m useful1 especially z almo/ e au?or has 8 own p>ticul> mania1 :i* few common read]s h suffici5t k ( ! subject to discrim9ate f ! san] matt]3 & z1 f ! nature ( hobbies--f "s %rewd en\gh guesses by ! own] t !y are 8 own und\bt$ prop]ty--&1 p]haps1 f "s misgiv+s1 t :at he advances on ^! is n p]fectly self-evid5t1 he is !nce ! m dispos$ to expatiate ^u !m1 & embelli%4 ,! #aci cr$ul\s & inexp]i5c$1 p>tly f ?is1 & p>tly f ! fasc9ation ( ! v improbability1 ru% at once into ! sn>e2 br+ ! speculations or ass]tions to practical te/2 get quickly dis5*ant$ by realities1 & ev] aft] are dispos$ to treat all writt5 directions on mat]ial sci5ce ) contempt4 ,we br+ =w>d ^! au?ors 9 ! ord] ( p]usal4 ,we h f\nd sev]al rem>ks simil> to our own2 ?is 0 to be expect$4 #adj ,i4 ,,! ,,=e/]',s ,,guide1 by ,mr ,montea?4 ,?is volume is ! "w ( a man ( "s exp]i5ce1 & ( consid]able obs]vation & +5uity1 n mu* assi/$ by botanical or physiological sci5ce or lit]>y atta9m5t1 :i* he1 inde$1 disclaims4 ,8 pr9cipal =te1 & :at he seems to h be5 mo/ engag$ )1 is oak-coppice--8 besett+ s91 cutt+ & cropp+4 ,8 directions on re>+ & cutt+ coppice may be s5sible2--^? :o wi% to practise ! sacrilege ( de/roy+ "y oak-=e/1 we ref] to him1 z we h always _h a horror at see+ a beautiful sapl+ untime\sly cut d[n1 l an ,am]ican bullock = its hide4 ,at pres5t1 & :ile peace cont9ues1 x is v easy to obta9 pl5ty ( =eign b>k1 & also oak-timb]1 = consumption1 at a v *eap rate1 = ?is reason--& also1 because1 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 ! price ( ^! articles w\ld be ne>ly d\bl$--we w\ld reque/ ! hold]s ( coppice1 &1 inde$1 ( all gr[+ oak-timb]1 to pause 9 _! op]ations ( cutt+1 & n to sacrifice _! prop]ty s unpr(itably1 to _! own ultimate disadvantage1 & also to ! detrim5t ( #ada ! national res\rces2 b imm$iately to set ab\t conv]t+ _! coppice-hags into oak-=e/1 by c>eful ?9n+ & selection4 ,= p]=m+ ?is1 we ref] !m to ,mr ,montea? 9 p]son1 :o seems to compreh5d ! utility1 & to be pretty well v]s$ 9 ! practice1 ( ?9n+2 only we w\ld desire him1 9 prun+1 to att5d to ! functions ( ! leaves2 t ! m abundant ! cov]+ ( heal?y foliage1 ! tree w progress ! fa/]2 & t ! repeat$ cutt+ d[n ( a "y plant1 ye> aft] ye>1 z he recomm5ds1 ev5 sometimes ext5d+ x to five ye>s 9 succession1 w ei!r de/roy ! plant altoge!r1 or be extremely injuri\s to its gr[?3 al?\gh1 if ! plant be /unt$1 cutt+ x d[n1 once1 z e body kn[s1 is ! plan :i* %\ld be adopt$ ) all k9ds ( our common =e/ trees--! conif]1 bee*1 & bir*1 except$4 ,mr ,montea? advises a naturalization ( "y plants1 aft] !y are got f nurs]ies1 9 a soil & climate simil> to t :i* !y are ultimately to occupy4 ,we see no necessity = ?is4 ,all t is requir$ 9 a "y plant1 is1 t x be ( good v>iety1 ( firm fibre1 9 a heal?y gr[+ /ate2 ) a /\t /em1 9 proportion to ! height1 #adb ) num]\s side bran*es1 & ) a root r l>ge 9 comp>ison to ! "p above gr\nd4 ,our au?or's mode ( prep>ation ( turfy peat-moss soils = plant+ we ?9k good1 b conv5i5tly applicable 9 hea?y moss gr\nd1 only ) ! assi/ance ( ! late ,mr ,f9layson's +5i\s device ( ! self-cle>+ pl\gh4 ,at e sev5 feet ( bread?1 ,mr ,montea? excavates a deep rut1 by means ( a pl\gh ) ?ree c\lt]s & two m\ld-bo>ds1--two ( ! c\lt]s cutt+1 ea*1 a side ( ! rut1 ! o!r divid+ x 9 ! middle1 & ! d\ble m\ld-bo>d turn+ out a furr[ to ea* side4 ,he passes ?is pl\gh twice along 9 =m+ ! rut1 ea* "t turn+ out f f\r to six in*es 9 dep?1 s t ! :ole dep? ( ! rut is ab\t t5 in*es4 ,^! m9or dra9s communicate ) l>g] ones dug by ! spade across ! field4 ,! ?r[n up slices are !n cut into l5g?s ( eighte5 in*es1 & c>efully dri$1 by turn+ & by pil+ a few toge!r1 z op5ly z possible1 t ! w9d may bl[ ?r\gh4 ,a small pile1 ab\t six 9 numb]1 is !n burnt ^u ! int5d$ site ( ea* tree1 if necess>y1 aid$ 9 ! combu/ion by furze or o!r fuel2 tak+ c>e1 by prop] regulation ( ! quantity ( fuel1 or o!rwise1 to prev5t ! combu/ion f proce$+ too #adc f>1 & ! a%es f becom+ :ite & light1 z 9 ?is case a consid]able "p ( _! virtues is dissipat$4 ,?is pl\gh+1 dry+1 & burn+1 be+ p]=m$ z e>ly 9 ! summ] z ! wea!r w p]mit1 ! e>? "u ! a%es is imm$iately dug ov]1 f two to f\r feet 9 bread?1 & mix$ ) ! a%es1 & ! foll[+ spr+ ! plant+ is p]=m$4 ,9 situations :]e ,mr ,montea?'s pl\gh c\ld n be work$ to advantage1 ^! m9or dra9s may be =m$ by ! spade2 & 9 hea?y peat soils1 n requir+ dra9s1 ! burn+ ( ! hea?y turfs on ! site ( ! plants might be efficaci\s 9 correct+ ! tann91 & 9 r$uc+ & enri*+ ! soil )9 ! imm$iate rea* ( ! "y plant1 :i* w\ld ?us acquire /r5g? to subdue ! m di/ant "p1 & gradually r$uce & =m ! :ole into soil capable ( af=d+ heal?y n\ri%m5t4 ,we also approve ( ! plan m5tion$ by ,mr ,montea?1 = cov]+ ) timb]1 rocks or /ony gr\nd1 s b>e ( soil z n to admit ( plant+1 by means ( plac+ se$s 9 ! crevices1 or on ! %elves ( ! rock1 & scrap+ toge!r a little m\ld to cov] !m2 or1 :5 practicable1 plac+ ! se$s 9 ! middle ( ! m\ld4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we ?9k he errs1 9 recomm5d+ ! #add cutt+ d[n ( ! "y result+ %oot1 ye> aft] ye>1 t ! plant may acquire long roots1 ext5d$ d[n ! crevices1 to give ! future /em /ability & suffici5t =ag+4 ,we w\ld nev] cut d[n b :5 ! plant appe>$ /unt$1 & n !n 9 succession1 ne>] ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s f ! la/ cutt+4 ,^? :o possess rocky precipices1 s /eep or inaccessible t ! above me?od ( our au?or c\ld n be practis$ ) conv5i5cy1 may cause a quantity ( ! *eape/ se$s ( trees be s[n d[n ov] ! top ( ! crags dur+ ! w9t]3 we w\ld pref] ! end ( ,janu>y1 z ! m\ld]+ effects ( ! fro/ & ! ra9s w\ld cov] numb]s ( ^!1 s z !y w\ld come to vegetate4 ,mr ,montea? advises1 9 re>+ oak-=e/ or copse1 to put 9 only ab\t ?irty plants p] acre1 & by lay]s f ^! to cov] ! int]/ices4 ,9 ord] to recomm5d ?is practice1 he /ates ! cel]ity ) :i* ^! c\ld be ext5d$1 lay] beyond lay]1 mak+ /eps1 e second season1 ( eight or n9e feet1 by relay+ ! la/ lay]'s %oots1 & he affirms1 t a =e/ c\ld be soon]1 & m economically rais$ by ?is means1 ?an by plant+ ! :ole at fir/4 ,?is is suffici5tly imag9ative4 ,he seems n to be aw>e ( ! fact1 t life is #ade v languid1 & gr[? sl[1 9 any bran* horizontally ext5d$1 especially :5 upright /ems f ! same root are suff]$ to rema94 ,he also expects ! lay]-roots to become /rong & capable to =age = l>ge trees4 ,t !y w1 9 ! oak1 ev] become s1 we ?9k v improbable4 ,exam9ation ( ! roots :i* proce$ f oak-lay]s w\ld place ?is beyond dispute2 if !y are1 z we presume1 fibr\s & sl5d]1 simil> to ^? produc$ by apple-lay]s1 no tree or bu% ( any great size w result4 ,l>ge trees1 g5]ally1 _c be procur$ by lay]s1 b only 9 ^? semiaquatic k9ds :i* gr[ readily by slips4 ,:e!r x may be advantage\s to fill up ! vacancies ( copse by lay]s1 9 pref]5ce to se$-plants1 exp]i5ce only c det]m9e4 ,! b>k ( trees or bu%es rais$ by lay]s or cutt+s is g5]ally ?ick] ?an t ( ^? rais$ f se$3--?is might balance "s defici5cy ( ! gr[? 9 ! case ( oak-coppice4 ,our au?or advises ! cutt+ (f ! upp] "p ( spruce-trees on ! outside ( plantations1 9 ord] t _! l[] bran*es may ext5d ! m1 & rema9 vigor\s1--!nce af=d+ m adequate %elt] to ! )9 plantation4 ,p]haps x is q unnecess>y to gu>d any p]son f practis+ ?is piece ( folly4 ,on ! outside ( woods1 spruce-firs #adf w reta9 ! bran*es 9 vig\r1 suffici5tly l[ = all ! purposes ( %elt]3 no?+ c\ld be m unseemly ?an ! decapitat$ trees2 & 9 a few ye>s mo/ ( !m w\ld become rott$ 9 ! /em1 die1 & fall d[n4 ,f obs]v+1 on ! we/]n side ( ,scotl&1 ?riv+ plantations expos$ to s\?-we/ w9ds & sea-spray1 & also to nor?-ea/ w9ds & sea-spray1 9 woods ext5d+ along ! we/]n side ( ! salt lo*s 9 ,argyll%ire1 our au?or pr$icts1 t1 "u 8 panacea ( repeat$ cutt+ d[n1 trees w\ld gr[ luxuriantly 9 expos$ situations on ! nor?-ea/]n m>g9 ( our isl&4 ,we d n desire to see ,mr ,montea?'s sangu9e hope turn$ to disappo9tm5t1 :i* a trial w\ld c]ta9ly effect4 ,!re is some?+ peculi>ly h>d & cutt+ 9 our v]nal nor?-ea/]n breeze fre% f ocean1 :i* )]s up ! t5d] spread+ leaves ( e plant rais$ f ! gr\nd1 & plac$ 9 its imm$iate draught4 ,?is is occasion$ z well by a cold moi/1 z by a cold dry w9d1 ! new vegetable /ructure 9 ! develop+ process1 :5 ! tissues ( tubes & cells are only 9 ! /ate ( pulp1 & all ! molecul> g]ms float+ into figure1 "u ! direction ( vital & *emical impulses & attractions1 be+ v susceptible #adg ( d]angem5t4 ,we attribute ?is effect on vegetables pr9cipally to ! coldness & sal9e matt]4 ,! depress+ effect on ! spirits or vital en]gy ( man1 occasion$ by ! ea/]n breeze1 does n appe> to be dep5d5t on ! same cause4 ,! great riv]s1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,elbe1 indep5d5t ( ! ,engli% riv]s1 ?r[ a great quantity ( decay+ vegetable matt] into ! l[] "p ( ! ,g]man sea1 :i*1 be+ !re only a %all[ muddy gulf1 may !nce h its wat]s s f> contam9at$ z to ?r[ (f p]nici\s exhalations4 ,or1 :at is mu* m probable1 ! ea/]n breeze1 sweep+ along ! swamps 7at ?is "t 9 high evaporation1 ( mal>ia7 :i* ext5d f ,holl& upw>d1 & along ! :ole s\!rn %ore ( ! ,baltic1 & !nce ea/w>d nobody kn[s h[ f>1 mu/ be> ^! exhalations1 uncorrect$1 ov] ! n>r[ sea :i* int]v5es betwe5 ^! flats & our %ores4 ,x is ev5 likely t a slight diffusion ( sal9e matt] f ?is gulf1 in/ead ( correct+1 may h ! opposite effect1 z a small quantity ( salt t5ds to promote putrefaction4 ,x is evid5t t ?is miasma-atmosph]e1 borne across ! ,g]man sea1 is n p]nici\s to vegetables2 z1 :5 ! breeze is n too cold1 or too viol5t1 !y progress rapidly 9 gr[?1 #adh & acquire a deep gre5 col\r3 &1 on ! nor?-ea/]n ,scot* coa/1 :]e timb] suff]s mo/1 ! breeze has little ( t depressive influ5ce on man1 al?\gh x may d]ange 8 respiratory & transpiratory organs2 :ile d[n on ! %ores ( ,suffolk & ,essex1 :]e ! mal>ia ( ! breeze is greate/ to man1 ! expos$ trees receive less injury4 ,yet some?+ may dep5d ^u ! electric /ate ( ?is air1 or ^u ! great] pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 we believe1 are connect$4 ,on ! expos$ ea/ coa/1 :5 x is desir$ to gr[ timb]1 we mu/ e/imate ! mo/ endur+ k9d ( tree1 p]haps sycamore plane1 & place x to seaw>d1 cov]+ x z mu* z possible by wall1 & plant+ o!r k9ds "u its lee4 ,we h notic$ sev]al in/ances :]e timb] ?rove well1 )\t %elt]1 close by ! sea1 on our nor?-ea/ coa/1 :i* we attribut$ to a dim9i%$ draught ( ! ea/]n breeze1 ow+ to ! configuration ( ! adjac5t high] c\ntry4 ,mr ,montea? ascribes ! sickl9ess & decay :i*1 9 _m places1 is p]ceptible 9 ! timb] ( n>r[ belts1 to ! want ( %elt]1 & recomm5ds to =m belts wid]4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is1 & ! advice is good1 al?\gh he does n seem to be aw>e ( ! :ole cause ( ! evil4 #adi ,trees 9 s+le r[s ?rive latt]ly mu* bett] ?an 9 n>r[ belts1 because1 f ! plant+1 !y are habituat$ to op5 situation1 & acquire roots1 bran*es1 & /em1 suit$ to ?is3 :]eas trees 9 n>r[ belts1 f be+ 9 a ?icket :ile "y1 acquire great l5g? ( /em1 & roots & tops unproportionably small2 &1 :5 ?9n$ out1 & f ! n>r[ness ( ! belt1 expos$ ne>ly z mu*1 z1 ?\gh 9 s+le r[1 !y become sickly1 f delicacy ( con/itution unsuit$ to ?is exposure1 & f defici5cy ( roots to draw moi/ure comm5surate to ! increas$ evaporation4 ,to obviate ?is evil1 result+ f n>r[ belts1 timely ?9n+1 s z to reta9 num]\s side-bran*es d[nw>d to ! gr\nd1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be adopt$4 ,9 a dri] climate1 or 9 high & expos$ situation1 cont9u$ =e/ w h great effect 9 promot+ ! luxuriance & heal? ( timb]2 b 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,scotl&1 !re are few situations1 keep+ away f high elevation & ! ea/]n coa/1 :]e any ( our common trees w\ld prosp] 9 =e/1 :i* w\ld n gr[ pretty well s+ly1 provid$ ! plant be all[$ f ! fir/ to accommodate its figure to ! situation4 ,mr ,montea?'s sy/em ( prun+ sev]ely :ile #aej ! trees are "y1 we ?9k v prejudicial2 & 8 re/rict+ prun+ to trees "u #ae or #bj feet 9 height1 equally errone\s4 ,ab\t #ae ye>s ago1 we select$ a numb] ( "y trees sev]al ye>s plant$1 & l[ & bu%y1 9 an op5 situation4 ,we treat$ "o half ( ^! 9 a mann] simil> to :at our au?or inculcates1 prun+ away mo/ ( ! l[] bran*es1 & also any irregul> top ones3 & ! o!r portion1 ?\gh v bu%y1 we left to nature's own discretion1 m]ely correct+ sev]al :i* ?rew up m ?an "o lead]4 ,! result has be51 t ^? mu* prun$ up h requir$ con/ant att5tion to ! top & repeat$ prun+1 !y cont9u+ to break =? into irregul> bran*es & num]\s lead]s1 & !nce h su/a9$ consid]able loss ( gr[?2 :ile ^? let alone1 aft] hang+ sev]al ye>s 9 bu% fa%ion1 ( _! own accord h ?r[n up f9e lead]s1 :i* n[ =m beautiful1 upright /ems1 ) suffici5cy ( regul> lat]al bran*es or fe$]s1 requir+ little or no att5tion2 :ile ! orig9al bu% at ! gr\nd1 f ! size & ov]%ad[+ ( ! sup]ior tree1 appe>s n[ s dim9utive z to be unwor?y ( notice4 ,we d n mean to inculcate t prun+ is sup]flu\s2 on ! contr>y1 :5 judici\sly execut$1 "u regulation ( ! purpose = :i* ! #aea p>ticul> k9d ( timb] may be requir$1 x is highly useful3 b ! cutt+ (f & dim9i%+ ! numb] ( l[] fe$]s1 !nce det]r+ ! gr[? ( ! tree1 & enc\rag+ ! sup]ior fe$]s to pu% up z lead]s2 or to increase 9 size s z to r5d] _! removal1 %\ld x be necess>y1 dang]\s to ! heal? ( ! tree1 & ! upp] "p ( ! /em useless f l>ge knots 7a practice :i* 9 n9e cases out ( t5 is foll[$71 _c be suffici5tly reprobat$4 ,9 prun+1 e means %\ld be tak5 to increase ! numb] ( fe$]s1 9 ord] t none ( !m may become too l>ge2 & no heal?y regul> fe$] %\ld be lopp$ (f till ! tree has rea*$ ! requir$ height ( /em1 & a suffici5t top above ?is = ! purpose ( gr[?2 at :i* "t ! fe$]s ^u ! /em1 z f> up z ?is necess>y height1 may be remov$#cf4 ,mr ,montea? /ates t ,scots fir %\ld n be ?9n$ to great] di/ance ?an #bj feet ap>t1 & l>* #ae feet4 ,?is %ews v little consid]ation3 ! di/ance ap>t necess>y = ^! k9ds ( timb]1 & ( all o!r k9ds1 mu/ be relative to ! soil1 situation & climate1 & ! int5tions ( ! own]1 :e!r he means to br+ !m soon to #aeb m>ket1 or c>ry !m =w>d to great timb]4 ,:5 fir trees are int5d$ to be e>ly cut d[n1 or :5 disease 9 l>* f unfitness ( soil may be appreh5d$1 z x is !nce ( small consequ5ce ?\gh _! future ability to become great timb] be de/roy$ by clos5ess1 ! plants %\ld be reta9$ pretty ne> ea* o!r f ! fir/1 t ! timb] may be tall1 /raight1 & clean4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! soil is suitable & great timb] int5d$1 e>ly att5tion to ?9n+ & great op5ness f ! fir/ is absolutely necess>y1 z !y 7! firs71 diff]5t f o!r trees1 c nev] repair ! loss ( _! l[] bran*es by ?r[+ out new ones f ! nak$ /em2 & d\ble ! di/ance /at$ by ,mr ,montea? at lea/ = l>*1 :i*1 in/ead ( less1 ne$s m space ?an ,scots fir1 w be requir$4 ,we believe ! decay ( ,scots fir1 occurr+ s g5]ally at ab\t #dj ye>s ( age1 al?\gh also dep5d5t on inf]ior v>iety & kiln-dry+ ( cones1 arises pr9cipally f want ( timely ?9n+2 t is1 t ! infirm v>iety ( ,scots fir 9 common use1 :5 support$ by num]\s fe$]s1 & n weak5$ by be+ drawn up into a tall sl5d] /em1 w (t5 h h>dihood to cont9ue gr[+1 & acquire consid]able size 9 our cold1 wet1 moori% tills1 or ev5 9 our moori% #aec s&y flats4 ,_m casualties w1 h[ev]1 occur among res9\s trees#cg1 especially 9 unsuitable soil1 ev5 :5 ! plants rise f ! se$ naturally s[n1 & h suffici5t room = lat]al expansion4 ,! same cause1 viz4 clos5ess or want ( ?9n+1 induces e>ly maturity1 old age & decay 9 l>*1 al?\gh x does n seem to h any influ5ce1 ei!r z inducem5t to1 or prev5tion (1 ! rot4 ,we h he>d m51--ev5 m5 reasonable on o!r subjects--speak ( all[+ a p9e wood to ?9 itself3 z well might a f>m] speak ( all[+ 8 turnip field to ?9 itself4 ,:5 woods are plant$ ( v>i\s k9ds ( timb]1 ! /rong]1 l>g] gr[+ k9ds w sometimes acquire room by ov]:elm+ ! small]3 b :5 ! =e/ is ( "o k9d ( tree1 & too close1 all suff] ne>ly alike1 & foll[ ea* o!r fa/ 9 decay1 z _! v>i\s /r5g? ( con/itution gives way2 unless1 f "s neglig5ce or defect 9 plant+1 a portion ( ! plants h come away quickly1 & ! o!rs hung back sickly = sev]al ye>s1 s t #aed ! =m] might ma/] ! latt]3 or :5 "s /rong gr[+ v>iety ov]tops its cong5]s4 ,9 ! natural =e/ ( ,am]ica1 :5 a cle>ance by any means is effect$1 ! "y se$l+s1 g5]ally all ( "o k9d1 spr+ up s num]\s1 t1 *oak+ ea* o!r1 !y all die toge!r 9 a few ye>s4 ,?is close spr++ up & dy+ is sometimes repeat$ sev]al times ov]2 diff]5t k9ds ( trees ris+ 9 succession1 till ! se$s 9 ! soil be s r$uc$ z to ?r[ up plants s f> asund] z to af=d bett] opportunity = ! l>g] gr[+ v>ieties to develope _! /r5g?2 &1 ov]p[]+ ! less1 ?us acquire spread ( bran*es comm5surate to ! height1 & !nce /r5g? ( con/itution suffici5t to be> !m =w>d to l>ge trees4 ,mr ,montea?1 app>5tly to enc\rage ! de/ruction ( "y oak1 & keep 8 m]ciless hat*et ago+1 ass]ts t 8oak trees1 at ! age ( #bd or n exce$+ #cj ye>s1 h z ?ick a r9d or fle%y "p ( b>k1 z :5 !y arrive at #ej40 ,if by ?is he means to say1 t ! useful "p ( ! oak b>k ( ! /em ( a tree at #ej ye>s old is no ?ick] ?an t ( "o ( #cj1 we say he is wrong1 widely wrong4 ,a ?riv+ oak tree ( #ajj ye>s w /ill cont9ue to increase ! ?ickness ( ! valuable "p ( ! b>k on ! /em1 al?\gh "p ( ! #aee out] lay]s or cuticle may lose vitality1 & become corky4 ,we h tak5 d[n a luxuriant gr[+ oak1 exce$+ ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ! liv+ b>k ( ^: /em 0 ab\t two in*es 9 ?ickness1 resembl+ ?ick plank1 & :i* 0 consid]$ by ! tann]s mu* /rong] 9 quality ?an b>k ( y\ng] gr[?4 ,has ,mr ,montea? se5 any b>k resembl+ ?is on #bd ye>s old spr\t+s8 ,if1 by ! above quotation1 our au?or means to say1 t ! valuable "p ( ! b>k on ! bran*es ( a tree #cj ye>s old1 is equal 9 ?ickness to t on ! same siz$ bran*es ( a tree at #ej1 we say he errs /ill2 t is1 provid$ ! old] tree be 9 a heal?y ?riv+ condition1 & gr[+ equally op5 & expos$ z ! y\ng]4 ,trees1 z !y increase 9 ye>s1 increase also 9 ! ?ickness ( ! liv+ b>k1 f ! root upw>ds to ! smalle/ twig1 provid$ !y h n begun to get dry & sickly f ov] maturity4 ,:5 ?is p]iod arrives1 ! liv+ "p ( ! b>k ^u ! /em & l>g] bran*es becomes v ?91 ) a great proportion ( dead corky sub/ance2 al?\gh1 on ! twigs & small] bran*es1 x /ill cont9ues to ?ick54 ,! age at :i* ! ext]nal "p ( ! b>k beg9s to lose vitality1 is consid]ably dep5dant ^u luxuriance ( gr[?1 climate1 & exposure2 & ! #aef p]iod :5 ?is loss proce$s fa/] ?an ! annual increase )91 is altoge!r dep5d5t on ! vig\r ( ! tree1 n on ! age1 & nev] takes place till ! timb] is ripe = ! dock-y>d4 ,we w\ld w>n ! read]s ( ,mr ,montea?'s volume1 t 8 calculations & /atem5ts reg>d+ ! wor? ( coppice & timb] g5]ally1 seem m suit$ to flatt] ! own]'s wi%es ?an to be useful to him z a m]*ant2 or to be adju/$ to ! value ( money dur+ ! late w>--n to ! pres5t value4 ,we also d n v well compreh5d 8 re-e/abli%m5t or resuscitation ( life 9 dead trees4 ,we obs]ve sev]al o!r slight errors1 su* z ! duration ( 8 pal+1--& ! affirmation t ! sap-wood w n ext5d s z to cov] ov] ! section ( a prun$ bran* :i* conta9s any r$ or matur$ wood4 ,mo/ read]s w be able to detect su* errors z ^!4 ,9 tak+ leave ( ,mr ,montea?'s volume1 we w\ld (f] our ackn[l$gm5t = ! att5tion he has be/[$ on ! subject ( ! season+ ( timb]1 by /eam+ ) extract ( wood 7pyroligne\s acid7 & by scor*+1 z prev5tion ( dry rot4 ,! greate/ objection we see to 8 plan is1 t all timb] dri$ quickly is liable to crack & split1 & loses a consid]able portion ( its #aeg t\ghness & ela/icity2 at lea/1 timb] :5 dri$ sl[ly is h>d] & /rong] ?an :5 dri$ quickly1 ! dryness 9 bo? cases be+ c>ri$ to ! same ext5t4 ,! comp>ative /r5g? ( timb] scor*$ & timb] n scor*$1 aft] bo? are soak$ 9 wat]1 z 9 ! l[] timb]s & plank ( vessels1 %\ld be subject$ to exp]im5t4 ,our au?or's directions 7al?\gh ! practice is also n new7 to season l>* by peel+ (f ! b>k "o or m ye>s previ\s to cutt+1 9 ord] to prev5t x f w>p+ or twi/+ 9 fram$ h\sework2 & 8 h9ts recomm5d+ /ripp+ (f ! b>k f mo/ k9ds ( timb] a season previ\s to cutt+1 are also des]v+ ( notice4 ,we greatly wond] t some?+ efficaci\s has n be5 done 9 reg>d to dry rot by our ,navy ,bo>d1 & consid] ! subject ( su* importance1 t we ?9k a rot-prev5tion (fic] or wood physician %\ld be appo9t$ to ea* w> vessel f ! "t h] fir/ timb] is laid d[n1 to be made 9 "s %ape acc\ntable if rot to any ext5t %\ld ev] occur2 & t ?is (fic] %\ld be regul>ly br$ to 8 pr(ession at an in/itution e/abli%$ = ! /udy ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce at ! ,k+'s l>ge/ build+ y>d4 ,p]haps x might be z well to end[ sev]al pr(essors' *airs at ! univ]sities to foll[ #aeh out & lecture on ?is sci5ce1 z be+ ( f> m importance ?an _m :i* are already end[$4 ,we ?9k t /eep+ 9 fre% wat] pits = sev]al ye>s1 till a k9d ( acet\s f]m5tation take place 9 ! timb]1 or till x become ( a blue col\r2 or 9 tan-pits2 or = a %ort] p]iod 9 /rong br9e pits2 or ev5 salt+ ! timb] l h]r+s1 aft] x is block$ out2 or =c+ pyroligne\s acid1 or composition ( *lor9e1 or o!r solution1 antiseptic or obnoxi\s to life1 into ! pores ( ! timb] :5 dry1 by pressure2 or p]haps by *>r+ ! timb]s aft] !y are clean$ d[n on ! /ocks ready = ! plank1 by play+ on !m a jet ( flame f a flexible gas pipe1--might1 "s ( !m1 be f\nd prev5tive ( ! rot1 & at same "t n to impair any ( ! valuable qualities ( ! timb]4 ,we are a little %y 9 committ+ ourselves1 le/ we %\ld be impress$ z a dry-rot physician or pr(essor2 b if ! foll[+ plan = pres]vation ( vessels :5 unemploy$ has n already be5 tri$1 we recomm5d x to ! notice ( our ,navy ,bo>d4 ,let e "p ( ! vessel be cle>$ out1 & e port-hole or ext]nal op5+ be made z air-tight z possible4 ,let a quantity ( rec5t-burn$ lime/one #aei 7lime-%ells7 be spread ?9 ov] e inside deck or floor1 & ov] ! :ole bottom & sides ( ! vessel1 & e door or hat* 9 ! ma9-deck be imm$iately clos$ d[n air-tight4 ,a numb] ( rods or %r$s ( timb] w\ld require to be nail$ slightly to ! inside sk9 ( ! %ip :]e ! slope is consid]able1 9 ord] t ! lime-%ells may re/ & n roll d[n4 ,z soon z x is f\nd t ! lime-%ells are completely slak$--become hydrate ( lime--let x be sold to ! f>m] or h\se-build]1 or be us$ 9 any gov]nm5t erection go+ =w>d at ! "t2 & let ano!r quantity be laid 94 ,we w\ld consid] a sloop ( #hj tons load ( lime1 value1 prime co/ & freight1 ab\t ,l4#gj1 w\ld suffice = cov]+ ! int]nal surface ( a sev5ty-f\r gun %ip4 ,:5 slak$ to p[d]1 ! lime might be dispos$ ( at little loss4 ,x is impossible1 )\t trial1 to say h[ (t5 ! lime w\ld require r5ewal1 b we ?9k twice or ?rice a-ye> w\ld suffice to pres]ve ! vessel dry & free ( any corruption2 p]haps ev5 once might be f\nd effectual4 ,suppose t ! lime 0 r5ew$ e f\r mon?s1 & t :5 slak$ x only sold at two-?irds ( ! :ole co/1 ! pres]vation ( a l9e-(-battle %ip w\ld be ne>ly z foll[s4 ,! price ( ! lime #afj & "w is correct1 accord+ to ! rates 9 mo/ ( ! h>b\rs ( ,scotl&4 ,a quantity ( rods or %r$s ( timb]1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 = nail+ on ! slop+ sides ( ! vessel1 mat]ial & lab\r1 ,l4#bj #j #j ,eighty tons lime-%ells #efj bolls1 at #as4 #g;d4 p] boll1 prime co/1 #dd #f #h ,freight ( #efj bolls1 at #as4 #bh #j #j ,! slak$ lime is suppos$ to sell at #b-c;ds ( ! co/1 !nce ! :ole loss on a ye> w\ld equal ! value ( "o c>go4 ,c>ry+ ?ree lime c>goes ( %ells abo>d1 & spread+ !m1 #cj #j #j ,we all[ "h = ! great] di/ance ( c>riage1 & spread+ out ( ! c>go1 ne>ly ?rice ! sum requisite to remove lime-%ells f a vessel into a c>t4 ,remov+ ! slak$ lime ( ?ree c>goes1 #cj #j #j ,co/ fir/ ye>1 ,l4#aeb #f #h ,d$uct rods1 #bj #j #j ,co/1 second1 & ea* foll[+ ye>1 ,l4#acb #f #h ,! complete efficacy ( lime-%ells 9 prev5t+ dry-rot is already prov$--! coa/+ small craft frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! c>riage ( lime-%ells n be+ liable to x4 ,all t requires to be asc]ta9$1 is ! m9imum quantity :i* w effect x2 & if ! exp5se ( ?is quantity w greatly exce$ ! av]age loss by dry-rot 9 our unemploy$ #afa %ipp+4 ,if ! quantity necess>y be n great] ?an :at we h suppos$--ev5 ,mr ,hume himself w\ld n consid] ! exp5se extravagant--! pres]vation ( a l9e-(-battle %ip n exce$+ t ( "o ( our num]\s army capta9s :ile ly+ 9 ord9>y4 ,lime is prev5tive ( dry-rot 9 sev]al ways1--:5 uncomb9$ z an antiseptic1 simply by dry+1 f its attraction = wat]2 by its cau/icity1 :i* rema9s = a numb] ( mon?s aft] x is slak$1 de/roy+ organic life2 & by its absorb+ putresc5t gases4 ,x is n easy1 )\t trial1 to =m a correct e/imate ( ! quantity ( moi/ure :i* w\ld ent] ?r\gh ! inside plank+ ( a man-(-w>2 b 7 ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 good condition1 ! pumps att5d$ to1 & ext]nal air exclud$1 we %\ld consid] t ! moi/ure w\ld n greatly exce$ #fj tons ( wat] ye>ly1 :i* w\ld ne>ly be requir$ to conv]t #bdj tons ( lime-%ells into dry hydrate ( lime4 ,no v great injury or inconv5i5ce w\ld be produc$ by ! op5+ ( ! seams ( ! ceil+ 7! inside sk971 or ( ! inn] decks or floors1 or by ! w>p+ ( ! plank1 result+ f ! contraction ( ! timb] by ! dryness2 b ! caulk+ ( ! ma9 deck w\ld require to be look$ to4 #afb ,no dang] f fire ne$ be appreh5d$1 f ! sudd5 slak+ ( a ?9 lay] ( %ells1 ev5 ?\gh a leak 9 ! ma9 deck %\ld occur4 ,! ?ickness beyond :i* %ells c\ld n be sudd5ly slak$ ^u dry bo>ds )\t dang] ( fire1 might be tri$4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion1 t1 ?\gh lime-%ells1 or dry hydrate ( lime1 :5 timb] is s dry z to be liable to corruption by insects or by dry rot1 is1 by de/roy+ life & increas+ ! dryness1 prev5tive ( ?is corruption2 yet lime1 9 contact ) timb] = a consid]able "t 9 v moi/ air1 f its great attraction to wat]1 draws s mu* moi/ure f ! air z to become wet mort> or pulp1 :i*1 moi/5+ ! timb]1 promotes its decay by ! moi/ rot4 #afc ,,ii4--,,nicol',s ,,plant]',s ,,cal5d>4 ,?is volume1 :i* ought to h be5 nam$ ,sang's ,nurs]yman's ,cal5d>1 is a "w ( v consid]able m]it & usefulness1 :]e ! craft ( ! common nurs]yman is pla9ly & judici\sly taught4 ,! editor1 ,mr ,sang1 admits t he 0 v little indebt$ to ! notes ( 8 fri5d 7! late ,mr ,nicol7 = ! matt] ( ! volume2 & ! "w itself be>s evid5ce ( ?is1 be+ pr9cipally devot$ to ! op]ations ( ! nurs]y1 ! s[+ & plant+ ( h>d-wood trees1 :i* are describ$ ) a judgm5t & accuracy atta9able only by long exp]i5ce 9 t l9e1 to :i* we und]/& ,mr ,sang belongs4 ,e p]son engag$ ) ! s[+1 plant+1 or re>+ ( timb]1 if he be n too wise or too old to le>n1 %\ld =?) procure ?is volume4 ,mr ,sang recomm5ds s[+ ( =e/s 9 pref]5ce to plant+1 :i* _m be=e him h done1 we believe1 m f conjecture t nature's own process mu/ be sup]ior to any me?od ( art1 ?an f any exp]i5ce ( ! fact or accurate #afd k (--at lea/ )\t giv+ suffici5t explanation (1 any cause r5d]+ ! tree ( m puny gr[? 9 consequ5ce ( be+ transplant$4 ,9 ! case ( simple h]bace\s vegetables1 we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t transplant+ increases ! size1 protracts ! p]iod ( full developm5t1 & ret>ds ! decay1 ! individual suff]+ no la/+ injury f root fracture1 or t injury be+ m ?an comp5sat$ by *ange to a new & m rec5tly wr\ght soil2 or ev5 ! root fracture1 in/ead ( be+ ( prejudice to ! gr[?1 by ?r[+ ! en]gy ( ! plant 9 ?is direction to repair ! injury1 n only may d s1 b delay+ ! sup]ior process t[>ds reproduction#ch1 may also give a #afe new vig\r to ! s(t fibr\s rootlets1 & great] ext5sion ?an !y o!rwise w\ld h atta9$4 ,b 9 reg>d to "s k9ds ( comp\nd plants ( p]5nial /em1 transplant+1 especially :5 ! plant has atta9$ "s size1 by fracture1 ?r[s ! ma9 wide div]g+ roots into num]\s rootlets & sl5d] matt$ fibres1 none ( :i* has individual /r5g? to ext5d z a lead] f> beyond ! %ade ( ! spread+ top1 !nce =age 9 a dri]1 m exhau/$ soil1 &1 f consequ5t want ( supply ( moi/ure1 ! sap ( ! tree /agnates into fl[]1 or m]ely leaf-buds1 in/ead ( fl[+ out into new wood4 ,! fibr\s s(t] root+ vegetables su/a9 no la/+ injury f root-fracture & transplant+2 b ! h>d]1 m woody1 l>g] gr[+ roots1 los+ _! lead]1 nev] entirely recov] _! orig9al p[] ( ext5tion4 ,yet we ?9k t "o or two ye> old plants1 tak5 f ! se$-b$1 w\ld suff] little or no injury f removal1 z ! tap-root1 :i* is ultimately ( no consequ5ce1 nev] con/itut+ a lead]1 b ev5tually #aff disappe>+1 is ! only "p :i* suff]s fracture 9 ! woody /ate2 & ! side %oots1 :i* become ! gr& root lead]s1 are 9 ! fibr\s /ate1 :i* easily repairs small injury4 ,^! obs]vations ref] only to c]ta9 k9ds ( timb] trees4 ,! will[s1 popl>s1 & l9d5s1 succe$ bett] :5 _! roots are cropp$ 9 ne> ! bulb :5 remov$4 ,we plant$ a piece ( tr5*$ gr\nd1 p>tly ) popl> plants1 ) good roots1 f a nurs]y1 & p>tly ) popl> lopp+s1 ab\t ! same size z ! plants1 /uck into ! gr\nd3 ! lopp+s grew m luxuriantly ?an ! nurs]y plants4 ,! same occurs ) will[s--) ?is diff]5ce1 t will[-lopp+s d bett] ) ! top entirely cropp$1 )\t any twigs or ext]nal buds2 ! popl> only prun$ a little1 ) a t]m9al bud left on e twig1 especially on ! top %oot4 ,! sup]iority ( ! gr[? ( ^? )\t roots1 results f _! hav+ few] buds & twigs to exhau/ ! juices be=e ! =mation ( new fibrils to draw f ! gr\nd1 ^! few buds !nce cont9u+ to pu% m /rongly1 & f ! roots gr[+ m vigor\sly :5 sprung anew1 ?an :5 !y are a cont9uation ( ! w\nd$ d]ang$ old ones4 ,new rootlets spr+ out mu* soon] & m #afg boldly f ! ?ick vigor\s gre5 /em b>k1 ?an f ! delicate t5d] root b>k1 & also m vigor\sly f ! b>k ( ! bulb ?an f ! b>k ( ! remote roots1 ( ^? s(t-wood$ trees2 inde$1 x appe>s to be ow+ alone to ! great /r5g? ( ! vitality ( ! b>k ( ! /em1 t ^? k9ds are s capable ( cont9uation by cutt+s4 ,! roots h ne>ly ! same delicacy ( ^? ( o!r k9ds ( trees1 & %[ no p>ticul> read9ess to ?r[ up spr\ts :5 b>$4 ,mr ,sang1 9 fur!rance ( 8 advocat$ s*eme ( rais+ =e/s 9 situ f ! se$1 s5sible ( ! g5]al impracticability ( fall[+ or work+ ! gr\nd all ov] previ\s to s[+1 gives directions = pitt+ or /irr+ ! e>? ! previ\s spr+ & summ]1 9 spots ab\t f\rte5 in*es squ>e1 & f six to n9e feet sep>ate1 bury+ ! turf "u ! soil1 9 ord] t x may be rott$1 & a f9e friable m\ld obta9$ = reception ( ! se$s to be s[n ! foll[+ spr+2 sev]al se$s are !n deposit$ 9 ea* spot1 equidi/ant2 ^! require to be h&-we$$ ! fir/ season1 & ! result+ plants ho$ ar\nd = sev]al successive ye>s1 till !y h ma/]$ ! we$s1 aft] :i* !y are all pluck$ out b "o 7! mo/ promis+7 9 ea* spot4 ,?is is all v well1 #afh if we c\ld h pati5ce & assiduity to proce$ ?us sy/ematically2 & if ! mice1 birds1 & o!r enemies1 w\ld 8let !m be20 b al?\gh ?is plan1 :5 a braird is obta9$1 & ! tufts clean$1 & seasonably ?9n$1 is probably ! be/1 yet l&lords1 9 g5]al incapable ( ex]tion1 b "u ! excitem5t ( a fre% ?\ght1 are s infirm ( purpose2 t5ure ( life & prop]ty are s prec>i\s2 & tru/$ s]vants1 especially :5 ! proc$ure has orig9at$ ) ano!r1 are s liable to be neglig5t1 t our amateurs ought to gratify _! passion = improvem5t :ile x la/s1 & proce$ at once by pur*ase ( plants1 & pitt+ or slitt+1 :i* procures !m a =e/ imm$iately palpable to view4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t woo+ ! soil to k9dl9ess1 re>+ ! infant plant f ! g]m1 & sup]9t5d+ a pr9cipio ! entire beautiful process ( vegetable developm5t1 w af=d a deep] *>m to a pati5t lov] ( nature2 & t ! cont9u$ solicitude & att5tions requir$ dur+ ?is process act+ ^u man's p>5tal in/9ct1 w excite an int]e/ h>dly to be felt t[>ds a *ild ( adoption4 ,a nurs]y gives su* facility to ! re>+ ( ! plants1 t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! great] *ance ( failure by s[+ 9 situ ?an by plant+1 ! #afi latt] practice w be execut$ = "o half ! exp5se ( ! =m]4 ,suppos+ t ! progress1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' occupancy ( ! gr\nd1 be equal 9 bo? cases1--at :i* p]iod1 h[ev]1 we ?9k ! transplant$ w\ld /ill h ! advantage1--x w\ld require a consid]able ultimate sup]ior progress 9 ^? s[n1 to outbalance ! accumulat+ value ( ! extra exp5se4 ,x is probable a comb9ation ( bo? practices might be advantage\sly foll[$--s[+ ! soils & situations mo/ suitable1 & transplant+ ! ?9n+s ( ^! into ! m expos$ unpropiti\s places#ci4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 mu/1 aft] all1 be left to ! te/ ( exp]im5t 9 a v>iety ( soils & situations4 ,?is volume1 be+ pr9cipally a mon?ly detail ( a nurs]y practice1 :i* has support$ ! te/ ( competition1 has1 on ?is acc\nt1 a v diff]5t cr$it & value f mu* t has be5 publi%$ ( l&lords' practice1 !ori/s' conjectures1 or adv5tur]s' quack]y4 ,! bur!n ( our au?or's song1 :i*1 f ! nature ( ! "w1 falls to be repeat$ at sev]al ( ! cal5d>y p]iods1 & :i* p]haps _c be too (t5 repeat$1 is ne>ly z foll[s4 ,procure good se$ ( ! be/ v>ieties f l>ge heal?y trees1 & pres]ve ^! 9 husk 9 dry #agj well-air$ places till s[+2 ) ! exception ( a% keys1 haws1 holly-b]ries1 roans1 & yew-b]ries1 :i* require to be put 9 ! rot-heap z soon z ga!r$4 ,! rot-heap consi/s ( se$ mix$ ) s&y e>? =m$ into a lay] n exce$+ t5 in*es 9 ?ickness2 ?is is turn$ sev]al times be=e midw9t]1 :5 x is cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? ab\t sev5 in*es deep1 to exclude ! fro/4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is heap "o ye>--till ,septemb]1 or ! foll[+ ,febru>y1 ^! se$s are s[n out4 ,s[ se$s ( trees dur+ ! la/ half ( ,febru>y1 ,m>*1 or ,april1 on b$s ( high manur$ easy soil1 9 v f9e til?1 & cle> ( we$s1 su* z foll[s ho$ gre5 crop1 9 di/ance & dep? 9 proportion to ! size ( ! se$1 or r ( ! annual /em or braird4 ,to deposit ! se$ at an equable dep?1 ! upp] friable m\ld is pu%$ 7cuff$7 (f ! b$ to ! int]/ices betwe5 by ! rev]s$ head ( a rake1 z deep z necess>y2 ! se$ is !n deposit$ by ! h&1 & roll$ ov] by a v light roll] to fix x1 t x may n suff] d]angem5t by ! return ( ! e>? :i* is !n ev5ly cuff$ back f ! sides1 & no h>r[+ or rak+ giv54 ,wat* mo/ n>r[ly1 & w>d (f or de/roy all #aga k9ds ( v]m91 mice1 snails1 birds1 till ! "t :5 ! ris+ braird has dis5cumb]$ itself ( ! husk ( ! se$ ?r[n up by ! asc5d+ /em1 & nip out e we$ z soon z disc]nible by ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! toil ( wat*+1 ! diff]5t k9ds %\ld be s[n z ne> ! same "t z _! nature r5d]s prud5t1 & ! se$-b$s be situat$ z ne> ea* o!r z circum/ances w admit4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ or second season1 accord+ to size & clos5ess ( plants1 remove ! se$l+s f ! b$ to nurs]y r[s1 at any "t :5 ! leaf is (f1 & ! gr\nd suffici5tly dry n to poa*2 be=e ,april = decidu\s trees1 & dur+ ,april = ev]gre5s1 plac+ !m 9 r op5 ord]1 ei!r by dibbl+ or lay+1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! root1 firm+ ! plants well 9 ! gr\nd2 9 case ( dibbl+1 tak+ good he$ to leave no vacuum ( hole "u ! root1 & to "w ! tool s z to compress ! e>? m bel[ ?an above4 ,keep ! soil loose & friable on ! surface1 & cle> ( we$s betwe5 ! transplant$ r[s by repeat$ seasonable hoe+s1 & let ! plants rise ) a s+le lead]4 ,aft] ! plants h /ood "o or two ye>s 9 #agb ! nurs]y-r[1 remove !m to _! ultimate de/9ation ) z little fracture or exposure ( root z possible1--! l>g] root$ by pitt+1 & ! small] by slitt+1 or z ! nature ( ! soil may require2 pay+ mo/ p>ticul> att5tion to plant ! dry gr\nd e>ly aft] ! leaf has dropp$1 & ! moi/] & m adhesive soils 9 succession1 z !y become s dry 9 spr+ z n to adh]e to ! tools 9 work+1 or poa* 9 tread+ ! plant firm 92 remov+ ! ev]gre5s e>li]1 or lat]1 9 ,april1 accord+ to ! dryness or moi/ness ( ! gr\nd2 dipp+ ! roots 9 a clay-puddle1 & endeav\r+ to seize ! opportunity ( plant+ be=e a %[]1 %\ld ! spr+ be f> advanc$ & dry1 especially 9 ! m arid situations4 ,/\t heal?y se$l+s1 "o or two ye>s old1 may be at once remov$ f ! se$-b$ to _! place 9 ! =e/1 & w (t5 succe$ z well z :5 nurs$ 9 r[s1 z above4------,we h pref]r$ ! pick ( ! se$l+s to ! common run ( ! transplant$1 z be+ probably /rong] gr[+ v>ieties4 ,9 cases :]e x is practicable1 "w ov] ! new plantations = sev]al ye>s ) crops ( potatoes1 turnips1 lettuce1 c41 manur+ ! gr\nd1 if #agc possible2 & !n s[ out ) p]5nial rye-grass & :ite clov]1 if ! trees are n become a close cov]1 mak+ economical use ( ! grass z e>ly 9 ! season z x c be m[$ ) a %ort scy!4 ,= se$s t require to lie a season 9 ! rot-heap1 su* z a% keys1 haws1 c4 ,septemb]-s[+ is pref]able to def]r+ x to ! foll[+ spr+1 z !y are liable to *ip 9 ! heap4 ,if n s[n 9 ,septemb]1 !y mu/ be got 9 z soon 9 ,febru>y z possible4 ,acorns1 ,spani% & ,horse ,*e/nuts1 are be/ s[n :5 !y drop f ! tree2 b :5 ! se$ is n procur$ till spr+1 ! s[+ ought n to be def]r$ beyond ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,! be/ soil is a deep ri* loam4 ,elm-se$ may be s[n 9 ,june1 :5 x is new f ! tree1 or c>efully dri$ & kept ov] season till next spr+2 "o-half may !n be s[n 9 ,m>*1 & ! o!r 9 ,april1 z ! ,m>*-s[n is sometimes injur$ by late fro/s4 ,! utmo/ c>e is requir$ to prev5t ?is se$ f heat+ :5 newly ga!r$4 ,bee* braird is also liable to be cut (f by spr+ fro/2 ! se$ %\ld !re=e be s[n p>tly 9 ,m>* & p>tly 9 ,april1 to dim9i% ! *ance #agd ( entire failure4 ,! soil requires to be ri*1 & is b5efit$ by a dress+ ( well-made manure previ\s to s[+4 ,sycamore ,plane braird also suff]s by late fro/1 & = great] security ought also to be s[n p>tly 9 ,m>* & p>tly 9 ,april4 ,planes require dry1 poor1 r expos$ s&y soil1 = se$-b$2 z1 9 ri* damp soil1 ! top ( ! annual %oot does n rip53 ! se$ ought to be ?9ly s[n4 ,bir* & ,ald] se$s require to be s[n 9 ,m>*1 or beg9n+ ( ,april1 on v f9e1 ri*1 easy m\ld1 giv+ !m v slight cov]1 especially ! bir*4 ,! ,conif]1 ,scots ,fir1 ,spruce1 ,silv] ,fir1 c4 %\ld be s[n 9 ,april1 on v ri* easy soil4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ to deposit ^! diff]5t se$s at prop] regul> dep?1 f an in* to ! f\r? ( an in*1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! se$4 ,l>* %\ld also be s[n 9 ,april2 x succe$s be/ on ! clean mell[ gr\nd :i* has produc$ a crop ( se$l+ ,scots fir4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! l>* se$l+s & r[-plants are liable to die "u a putresc5t disease1 :5 mu* rec5t manure is employ$4--,we rem>k ?is accordance ) its t5d5cy to putrid disease 9 aft] life4 #age ,acorns1 ,*e/nuts1 & o!r l>ge se$s1 may be economically s[n 9 drill3 :]e ! soil conta9s mu* annual we$ se$1 ?is admits ( exp$iti\s clean+ by ! hoe4 ,gr\nd :i* has borne a crop ( potatoes ! prec$+ season1 is unfit = se$-b$s1 z ! tub]s & se$ ( ! potato give mu* tr\ble4 ,^! are ! *ief ( ,mr ,sang's directions on rais+ timb]-plants4 ,) ! exception ( kiln-dry+ ( cones1 & be+ r too prodigal ( manure to ! se$-b$s 7p]haps necess>y 9 a sale nurs]y71 we see no?+ 9 ! volume to c5sure4--,a premium %\ld be (f]$ = a conv5i5t plan ( di/ribut+ fir-se$ suitably 9 ! se$-b$1 )\t ! aid ( artificial dry+4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to /ate1 t1 9 ! culture ( trees1 !re are ?\s&s ( incid5tal circum/ances to :i* g5]al directions w n apply1 & :i* dem& a discrim9at+ judgm5t 9 ! op]ator3 ?is acts z a s*ool to ! m5tal acum52 & !re is no class ( op]ative m51 :i* has ! faculties ( att5tion1 activity1 discrim9ation1 & judgm5t1 m develop$1 ?an nurs]ym5 & g>d5]s1--^: div]sifi$ lab\rs1 requir+1 at ! same "t1 con/ant m5tal & corporeal ex]tion1 keep up a prop] balance ( ! human p[]s4 #agf ,we leave to ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator to proportion ! ?ickness ( s[+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( se$ to ! expect$ size ( /em & leaf1 "u regulation ( soil1 season1 & quality ( se$2 & to det]m9e :e!r ! plants may be cont9u$ m ?an "o season 9 ! se$-b$1 or be entirely or p>tly drawn ! fir/1 :i* mu/ dep5d on _! luxuriance & clos5ess2 also to notice if all ! se$s h vegetat$ ! fir/ season1 or if _m ( !m /ill be in]t2 9 ! latt] case1 ! se$l+s mu/ be pick$ out2 to facilitate :i*1 ! e>? may be g5tly rais$ by a ?ree-prong$ =k1 ) z little sup]ficial di/urbance z possible4 ,9 nurs]ies1 ! great & g5]al error is hav+ ! plants too close toge!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! r[4 ,e nurs]y-r[ plant %\ld be ( a regul> cone figure1 ) num]\s side-bran*es d[n ne> to ! root1 & gradually wid5+ 9 ! cone d[nw>ds4 ,^! w\ld1 inde$1 occupy m space ( package1 & probably n please ! ignorant pur*as]1 :o g5]ally pref]s a clean1 tall body2 b !y w\ld support ! h>d%ips ( removal to ! moor1 & be /ately trees2 :5 ! comely1 /raight1 sl5d] plants w\ld ei!r h di$ altoge!r1 or h become mis]able1 unsightly skeletons1 or /unt$ bu%es4 #agg ,9 cases :]e plants are requir$ ( consid]able size1 = h$ge-r[s or p>k-/&>ds1 x is matt] ( d\bt1 h[ f> frequ5t removals 9 nurs]y1 or cutt+ ( roots1 is pr(itable4 ,?is occasions fibr\s matt$ roots1 :i* t5d mu* to ! success ( ! ultimate removal1 & to ! gr[? ( ! plant = sev]al ye>s aft]2 b1 by *eck+ ! disposition ! roots naturally h to ext5d by sev]al wide-div]g+ lead]s1 probably unfit ! plant = becom+ a l>ge tree4 ,mr ,sang rem>ks t sycamore planes & bir* %\ld n be prun$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w9t]1 z !y ble$ greatly at t season3 we h (t5 notic$ ?is z e>ly z midw9t]1 :i* also occurs to ! maple tribe4 ,our au?or introduces ! m\nta9-a% z a =e/ tree1 a rank x by no means m]its1 at lea/ = value z a timb] tree4 ,:5 exce$+ six in*es 9 diamet]1 x is g5]ally rott$ 9 ! he>t1 & is only valuable z a copse = af=d+ pliant1 t\gh rods2 or twigs1 z a *>m or feti*e aga9/ wit*craft6 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( our mo/ beautiful trees4 ,mr ,sang gives directions = kiln-dry+ fir cones previ\s to ?ra%+ out1 or extract+ ! se$s4 ,we h be=e adv]t$ to ?is1 & w\ld #agh p>ticul>ly repreh5d ! practice4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e h[ f> e>ly fruitfulness & consequ5t infirmity ( con/itution1 dim9utiv5ess ( size at maturity1 & e>ly decay1 may orig9ate f kiln-dry+ ! cones2 b1 f ! same process ( dry+ 9 a less degree hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ to induce e>ly se$-be>+ 9 ! case ( o!r se$s1 we may inf] almo/ to c]ta9ty1 t ! conif] ( ?is c\ntry1 n naturally plant$1 are v mat]ially injur$ by ?is practice4 ,x is ( small consequ5ce1 9 ref]5ce to ! tree itself1 at :at season decidu\s trees are plant$1 provid$ !y be nak$ ( leaf1 & ! gr\nd n too dry1 z !y are n liable to lose mu* by desiccation or evaporation by ! b>k alone1 be=e ! roots /rike anew 9 spr+1 & draw freely f ! soil2 & ! sk9 ( ! bulb1 al?\gh ! small rootlets be brok51 sucks up moi/ure f ! damp soil to repair ! loss by sup]ior evaporation3 b ev]gre5s--firs1 hollies1 laurels1 yews1 sometimes suff] by removal at a "t :5 ! roots d n imm$iately /rike1 z 9 w9t]1 ow+ to ! torpor f cold4 ,we h (t5 se5 _! juices exhau/$1 & _! leaves entirely )]$1 by a cont9uation ( dry nor!rly w9ds1 ! manife/ cause ( :i* #agi 0 ! great sup]ficial exposure ( ! leaves evaporat+ fa/] ?an ! fractur$ torpid roots af=d$ supply4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh w9t] plant+ seldom fails1 yet x is p]haps bett] to seize ! exact "t 9 spr+1 imm$iately be=e ! roots comm5ce to /rike anew1 be=e !re is any new top-gr[?1 & :ile ! soil & air rema9 some:at moi/ & cold1 t ! evaporation may n be too great4 ,9 ?is climate1 ,april is a good season = remov+ ev]gre5s to ! field1 al?\gh1 to ?r[ ! "w f ! busy season1 x is (t5 practis$ 9 ! nurs]y 9 ,septemb]1 :5 _! annual gr[?s are complet$1 & :ile !re is yet w>m? to enable ! roots to /rike anew2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is only advisable :]e ! soil = _! reception is 9 ! mo/ fav\rable /ate1 friable1 & incl9+ to moi/1 or :5 !re is great indication ( ra91 & ! air ne> ! dew po9t4 ,( c\rse !y require to be plant$ z soon z extract$4 ,9 w9t] or spr+1 :5 x happ5s t ev]gre5s mu/ lie 9 ! %\gh1 ! mo/ protect$ situation1 :]e ! air is moi/ & /ill1 ought to be *os51 & ! e>? c>efully clos$ to _! roots1 :i* is be/ done by wat]+1 if ra9 be n expect$2 ! /ems & bran*es %\ld also lie z close to ! gr\nd z possible4 #ahj ,!re is app5d$ to ?is valuable ,plant]'s ,cal5d> a treatise on ! ,=mation & ,managem5t ( ,osi] ,plantations4 ,z ?is w n be> compression well1 we ref] our read] to ! volume itself4 #aha ,,iii4 ,,bill+ton ,,on ,,plant+4 ,we h p]us$ ,bill+ton's acc\nt ( ! managem5t ( ! ,royal ,=e/s ) mu* pr(it2 x af=ds u an excell5t s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 %ew+ h[ mu* conduct & integrity may exi/ 9 ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts1 ev5 al?\gh ! /ricte/ wat* be n kept ov] _! motions by ! nation itself4 ,words are awant+ to express our admiration ( e ?+ connect$ ) ! managem5t ( our misnam$ ,royal ,wa/es4 ,we sc>cely c\ld h hop$ to f9d su* p]vad+ judgm5t & skill ( call+1 z h be5 display$ by ! ,commission]s1 & ,surveyors ,g5]al & ,p>ticul>2 b x is true1 ! noble sal>ies atta*$ to ^! situations mu/ induce m5 ( ! v fir/ ability & k ( ! subject1 to accept ( ! (fice4 ,our au?or1 ,mr ,bill+ton1 proce$s ) great naivet to relate h[ !y s[$ & res[$ acorns--h[ !y plant$ & replant$ trees1 p]sev]+ ev5 to ! fif? "t1 sometimes cov]+ ! roots1 & sometimes n1 8b all w\ld n avail10 no?+ w\ld d2 ! se$s did n vegetate1 & ! #ahb plants refus$ to gr[1 except+ 9 "s r>e spots1 & a few g5]al /raggl]s4 ,!n h[ ! natural ri*ness ( ! soil ?rew up su* a flu% ( vegetation--( grass1 & h]bs1 & %rubs1 t mo/ ( ^! plants 7 buri$ "u ?is luxuriance2 & h[ ! mice & ! emmets1 & o!r wayf>]s1 he>+1 by ! bruit ( fame1 ( ! wise m5 :o _h ! gov]n+ ( ,dean1 assembl$ f ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! isl&1 expect+ a mill5nium 9 ! =e/1 & ate up almo/ e plant :i* _h surviv$ ! smo!r+4 ,n[1 ?is is well2 we rejoice ov] ! natural ju/ice ( ! native & legitimate inhabitants ( ! ,royal ,doma91 ! we$s ma/]+ ! invad]s ! plants1 :o1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! am\nt ( _m millions1 made ho/ile entrance into ! =e/4 ,we only deplore ! cruel doom ( ! mice1 on ^: heads a price 0 laid1 & ( ! emmets1 :o1 act+ z allies ( ! native p[]s1 m]it$ a bett] fate ?an indiscrim9ate slaught]4 ,may we hope t our ,gov]nm5t w no long] p]si/ 9 unpr(itable endeav\rs to turn cultivator1 or to raise its own supply8 ,we laugh at ! ,pa%a ( ,egypt becom+ cotton-plant] & m]*ant himself1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ex]tions ( a man enlight5$ beyond 8 subjects1 :o has influ5ce #ahc to introduce intellig5t cultivators1 possess+ ! k ( m fav\r$ nations1 may be necess>y to tea* & /imulate ! ignorant ,copt to raise a new production3 ,& "h1 :]e discov]y 9 e bran* ( k almo/ exce$s ! progressive--"h1 :]e s _m public & gov]nm5t fixtures /& out1 z if left on purpose to indicate ! rec5t m>* ( m9d1 contra/+ s /rongly ) private & individual atta9m5t 9 sci5ce & art1--) e ?+ ! rev]se ( :at affects ! ,egyptian's conduct2 or1 at lea/1 ) no excuse beyond af=d+ a cov] = a wa/eful exp5diture ( ! public money2--w our ,gov]nm5t cont9ue ! sy/em1 he$less ( reason or ridicule8 or w !y n at once end ^! practices1 & imm$iately comm5ce sales ( e acre ( gr\nd to :i* ! ,cr[n has claim1 except+ :at is necess>y = ! use ( royalty1 aboli%+ ,woods & ,=e/ ,g5]als1 ,rang]s--e "o :o has tak5 rank "u ,jacques' ,greek1 or ! devil's own invocation1 & pay (f a "p ( ! debt :i* is cru%+ ! en]gies ( ! fir/ ( nations8 ,yet x is n ( individuals t we compla92 p]haps nobody c\ld h _h a /rong] desire to d 8 duty1 ?an ! late ,surveyor-,g5]al4 ,x is ! sy/em t is naught2 :]e1 to ! l[e/ #ahd lab\r]1 none h individual int]e/ 9 ! success ( _! "w2 & :]e ! ef=ts ( ! really hone/1 intellig5t1 & indu/ri\s are1 by directions & trammels1 r5d]$ unavail+2 or ev5 ?r\gh misrepres5tation by ^? ( a contr>y "*1 7z w\ld seem 9 ! case ( ,mr ,bill+ton71 are ! cause ( dismissal4 ,we c only pr$icate ( ! future f ! pa/4 ,9 spite ( all our ,p>liam5t>y acts respect+ ^! =e/s1 & ! clam\r t = ages has be5 made ab\t !m1 !y1 ) little exception1 h exi/$ only z cov] = s9ecure exp5diture1 or = display ( tyro ignorance & incapacity1 & subject = pillage1 ?iev+1 & frauds ( e description#dj2 7vide ,p>liam5t>y ,reports74 ,we c\ld easily--by a v simple incantation1 requir+ a rod nei!r tipp$ ) silv] nor ) gold1 b m]ely a pla9 cane or sword--br+ =? a suffici5t quantity ( l>ge gr[+ oaks to meet any em]g5cy4 ,our *>m w\ld be to give ! title ( ,pr9ce to ! ,duke :o %\ld possess1 & h at ! comm& ( ,gov]nm5t at a fair price1 a c]ta9 #ahe numb] ( oaks above a c]ta9 size1 & a /ep ( elevation to e titl$ p]son1 & ! title ( ,b>onet to e private g5tleman1 :o %\ld possess a giv5 numb]1 dim9i%+ ! numb] requisite to give a /ep z ! title became l[]4 ,we %\ld conceive ?is law w\ld n r5d] nobility ( less e/imation4 ,p]haps ! clause might be add$1 t "o tree rais$ on wa/e gr\nd %\ld c\nt two4 ,z a treatise on ! re>+1 or r prev5tion ( ! re>+1 ( "y plant+1 ,mr ,bill+ton's small volume possesses "s real m]it2 & simplicity & useful & sagaci\s rem>k are s bl5d$ toge!r1 z to af=d to ! read] at once amusem5t & in=mation4 ,we are some?+ at a loss to acc\nt = ?is incongruity4 ,has ! seclusion ( a =e/ life giv5 a ca/ ( ! naturel to 8 m5tal product2 or has ,jaques ( ,ard5 really be5 9 ,dean ) 8 celebrat$ invocation8 ,mr ,bill+ton's directions on prun+ & tra9+ are g5]ally good2 b he di/ances common s5se :5 on 8 hobby ( %ort5+ ( side bran*es1 9 recomm5d+ to ext5d ?is practice to p9es4 ,8 bre$+ z a g>d5]1 & consequ5t ta/e = espali] & wall-tra9+1 :]e e %oot mu/ be "u especial direction1 seem to h #ahf unfitt$ 8 m9d to exp& to ! compreh5sion ( nature's own process ( action1 & disqualifi$ him f walk+ h& 9 h& ) h]4 ,we also consid] t no good1 b r evil1 w\ld result f cont9u$ cutt+ 91 & lopp+ (f ! po9ts ( ! bran*es ( all k9ds ( trees1 except+ :5 ! plants 7 /unt$1 or mu* cov]$ ) fl[]-buds4 ,ev5 a v slight clipp+ greatly ret>ds ! gr[? ( h$ges2 & ! lab\r & att5tion requisite w\ld be v great3 besides1 ! poor ?+s1 ! trees1 trimm$ to ! ,bill+tonian /&>d1 w\ld1 among/ ! unre/ra9$ beauties ( ! =e/1 be ready to s9k into ! e>? = v %ame ( _! =mal de=mity4 ,he errs1 too1 9 recomm5d+ n to plant sycamore plane1 z be+ ( little value :ile "y4 ,we h sold "y planes1 six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 at a high] price p] foot ?an l>ge oak4 ,!y w g5]ally f9d a good m>ket :]ev] ma*9]y ab\nds1 & w probably become e ye> 9 great] reque/4 ,mr ,bill+ton is p>ticul>ly solicit\s to r5d] 8 in/ructions z pla9 z possible1 9 describ+ ! mode ( prun+ "y oaks 9 =mation ( knee timb]1 z he confesses to br+ x d[n to ! compreh5sion ( g5tlem52 b he is n v happy 9 8 figures ( oak trees tra9$ to ?is use1 f #ahg want ( acqua9tance ) ! cutt+ out ( naval crooks4 ,he rem>ks t 8l>*es are m liable to die 9 wet gr\nd by _! roots be+ soak$ 9 wat] dur+ w9t]1 ?an oak & "s o!r k9ds20 b gr\nd t is at all p]vi\s to wat]1 ought n to be plant$ till x be dra9$ 9 su* a mann] t wat] w soon disappe> f %all[ holes2 & :]e1 f ! pla/ic clos5ess ( ! clay1 dra9+ is n q effectual1 ! plant+ %\ld take place z late 9 ! spr+ z ! break+ ( ! buds w p]mit2 & pr9cipally by slitt+1 :i*1 by n break+ ! natural coh]5ce or turf9ess ( ! soil1 af=ds less op5+ = wat] to /agnate ar\nd ! roots1 & does n occasion ! soil to s9k d[n into ! mort>y consi/5ce consequ5t to pitt+2 !re is also less de/ruction ( ! vegetables gr[+ 9 ! soil1 h5ce less putresc5t matt] to ta9t ! wat] t may /agnate r\nd ! roots2 pure wat]1 or wat] 9 motion1 n be+ detrim5tal to ! roots = a consid]able "t3 also1 :5 ! plants are put 9 late 9 spr+1 !re is seldom long /agnation ( wat] t season1 & by next w9t] ! gr\nd has become s firm$ ar\nd ! roots z to all[ v little space = wat]1 & has also acquir$ a c]ta9 granul> arrangem5t ak9 to pol>ization or cry/allization1 :i* #ahh all[s ! wat] gradually to p]colate2 x is also bor$ by ! e>?-worm1 & o!r insects1 & ! plant itself1 aft] ! roots h /ruck anew & ! fractures heal$1 possesses a vitality :i* bett] enables x to )/& ! exclusion ( air f ! roots1 & *ill+ by ! wat] ! ensu+ w9t]1 & ei!r prev5ts absorption ( ! /agnant fluid1 or c\nt]acts its putrid t5d5cy4 ,plant+ succe$s be/ 9 soil ( ?is description :5 ! gr\nd has be5 "u grass = "s p]iod1 at lea/ ! new plant$ tree1 9 ?is case1 is less liable to ! root-rot2 & tr5*+ or digg+ previ\s to plant+ is ( m utility1 z ! turf9ess prev5ts ! clay f s9k+ d[n into imp]vi\s mort>1 & all[s ! wat] to p]colate to ! dra9s4 ,mr ,bill+ton is v e>ne/ 9 recomm5d+ to dra9 well at fir/1 & to keep ! dra9s 7op5 dra9s7 9 repair2 he also directs1 :]e ! gr\nd is v imp]vi\s & wet1 to take l>ge squ>e sods1 ab\t #ah in*es squ>e & #i in*es ?ick1 f ! dra9s :ile digg+ 9 e>ly w9t]1 & place "o ( ^!1 ! grassy side und]mo/1 9 ! site :i* ea* plant is to occupy4 ,9 ! spr+1 by ! "t ( plant+1 ! sod has become firmly fix$1 & ! two sw>ds rott+ af=d an excell5t n\ri%m5t to ! plant1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! #ahi c5tre ( ! sod1 ) ! roots z deep z ! orig9al surface2 ! dra9s1 be+ necess>ily num]\s1 af=d turf suffici5t = all ! plants4 ,?is is good4 ,he also gives s5sible directions to beat d[n1 hoe1 or cut away all we$s1 %rubs1 & grass1 f ! "y plants1 & to remove all r\gh h]bage & ?ickets ( %rubs1 t =m h>b\r = ! %ort-tail$ m\se1 :i* is exce$+ly de/ructive1 9 ! case bo? ( plant+ & s[+2 9 ! =m]1 by nibbl+ ! b>k f ! /em1 & bit+ (f ! twigs ( ! "y trees1 7f :i* our au?or may h tak5 ! h9t ( cutt+ 91 z mank9d took t ( prun+ f ! br[s+ ( ! ass71 & gnaw+ _! roots imm$iately bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 & 9 ! latt]1 by dev\r+ ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & cutt+ d[n ! se$l+ annual %oot4 ,he also in/ructs to keep ! tree to "o lead]1 %ort5+ all /raggl+ l>ge bran*es2 b 8 ass]tion1 t plants :i* _h ! tops ( ! /raggl+ bran*es p9*$ (f 9 ! fir/ "p ( summ]1 grew mu* l>g] 9 consequ5ce1 looks r absurd2 al?\gh we h kn[n a "p ( a h$ge1 clipp$ a week or two aft] ! gr[? _h comm5c$ 9 spr+1 gr[ m luxuriantly ?an ! "p :i* _h be5 prun$ 9 ! same mann] be=e ! gr[? _h #aij comm5c$4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! *eck by ! late clipp+1 ?r[+ ! p]iod ( gr[? into w>m moi/ ,july2 :at 0 e>li] clipp$ p]=m$ its gr[? 9 dry ,june1 & 0 consid]ably injur$ by ! manna blight :i* ! latt] escap$#da4 ,! same cause op]ates to induce late s[n gra9 & :eat1 :i* has be5 ?r[n late by mu* injury ( spr+ fro/1 to acquire a l>g]1 m luxuriant bulk1 ?an t ( e>li] gr[?4 ,x w\ld appe> to u t ,mr ,bill+ton1 f ignorance ( ! value ( l>*1 & ( ! soil prop] = matur+ x1 has done m injury to ! p>ts ( ! royal =e/s :]e a gr[? ( timb] 0 obta9$1 by cutt+ out ! ?riv+ l>*1 ?an w be comp5sat$ by 8 prun+ & tra9+ ( ! sickly /unt$ oak :i* rema9$1 z describ$ by him1 sc>cely visible1 :5 ! l>*es 7 ( size = c\ntry use2 b we =get2 no blame c atta* to him--8 ord]s 71 t e ?+ %\ld give place to oak4 #aia ,9 p>t+ ) our au?or1 x is b j to /ate1 t we consid] _m may pr(it by a p]usal ( 8 pages3 t not)/&+ ! simplicity to :i* we h allud$1 !re is (t5 some?+ /]l+ 9 8 rem>ks & reflections1 ! result ( mu* exp]i5ce1 resembl+ ! orig9al fre%ness ( our writ]s be=e writ+ became s mu* ( a trade4 ,9 "s places1 inde$1 8 n>rative is s simply1 naturally descriptive1 & speaks s eloqu5tly1 ( ignorance ( climate1 season1 soil1 circum/ance--( all ! unkn[n dang]s & difficulties incid5t to _! new employm5t--& ( ! wond]ful contrivances & inv5tions hit ^u to rem$y !m--t1 :5 p]us+ x1 we c\ld sc>cely p]suade ourselves we 7 n engag$ ) ,rob9son ,crusoe4 #aib ,,iv4--,,=sy? ,,on ,,fruit ,,& ,,=e/ ,,trees4 ,! surg]y ( trees1 :i* ?is au?or has ! great m]it ( almo/ p]fect+1 is ! only important matt] 9 ?is volume4 ,8 composition salve1 on ! m]its ( :i* he expatiates s mu*1 & = ! discov]y ( :i* he receiv$ a premium f ! collective wisdom ( ! nation assembl$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 is1 h[ev]1 a piece ( m]e quack]y2 & all ! virtue ( 8 practice lies 9 ! cutt+ out ( ! dead & diseas$ p>ts ( ! tree1 ?us effect+ = vegetables by excision1 :at nature h]self p]=ms = animals by suppuration1 exfoliation1 & absorption4 ,mr ,=sy?'s surg]y is ( slight importance to timb] trees 9 respect ( economy1 z ) !m z ) man1 x is g5]ally easi] to raise up anew ?an cure ! diseas$4 ,yet x is well t ! rationale ( ?is practice be und]/ood by =e/]s1 m 9 reg>d to prev5tion ?an cure2 an occasion w h[ev] sometimes occur :]e a tree may economically be b5efit$ by surgical aid3 & 9 cases :]e ! #aic ,dryades acquire la/+ atta*m5t to p>ticul> objects1 ! sci5ce is invaluable1 z ! object ( _! love may be ?us cont9u$ fl\ri%+ to ! end ( "t1 or z long z ! inamorata *ooses to pay ! surgeon4 ,mr ,=sy? pres5ts u ) num]\s models ( knives1 irons1 & g\ges1 suit$ to ! op]ation ( remov+ ! dead p>ts ( 8 pati5ts4 ,:]e ! gangr5e occurs 9 ! outside1 he hews & scrapes away ) ^! till e portion 9 :i* ! vital pr9ciple is ext9ct be deta*$1 & ! surface all regul> & smoo?1 s scoop$ out z to af=d no holl[ :]e wat] may re/4 ,he !n gives a coat+ ( 8 composition salve to all ! space op]at$ on1 :]ev] ! cuticle ( ! b>k has be5 brok51 :i* prev5ts ! dr\ght1 ra9 or air1 f injur+ ! b>$ p>ts till ! b>k spread ov] x4 ,9 cases :]e ! removal ( all ! dead "p at once w\ld endang] ! /ability ( ! tree1 he fir/ removes x along ! bord]s ( ! decay$ "p all r\nd1 close to ! s\nd b>k1 ( su* a bread? z to give full room = ! b>k to spread ov] 9 "o season1 & cov]s ?is ) 8 pigm5t1 annually repeat+ ! cutt+ out1 & pa9t+ ar\nd ! rim or edge ( ! new-=m$ b>k1 till ! :ole ( ! dead "p be cle>$ away4 #aid ,"u ?is treatm5t1 ! excavation is gradually fill$ up ) ! new wood =m+ "u ! spread+ b>k1 & ! w\nd becomes cleanly cicatriz$4 ,mr ,=sy? has effect$ complete r5ovation1 :]e ! s\nd vital "p consi/$ only ( a n>r[ /ripe ( b>k & alburnum ^u "o side ( ! /em1 & :]e two c>t loads ( ! diseas$ trunk _h be5 scoop$ out4 ,:5 ! he>t ( ! tree is decay$1 he makes a section longitud9ally 9 ! side ( ! tree1 z f> up & d[n z ! rot ext5ds1 & ( suffici5t wid? to admit ! work+ out ! diseas$ "p2 & manag$ z above1 ! b>k & wood gradually ext5d f ! two sides ( ! section into ! vacuity1 & fill x up entirely ) new s\nd timb]4 ,:5 ! tree is ( consid]able diamet]1 ! op5+ =m$ 9 ! side ( ! /em mu/ be wide1 ne>ly ext5d+ to half ! circumf]5ce1 o!rwise ! sides ( ! section w\ld meet be=e ! b>k ext5d$ ov] all ! inside4 ,:5 ! b>k f ! two sides approa*es to t\* 9 ! bottom ( ! holl[1 he p>es (f ! cuticle f ea* side :]e !y jo91 9 ord] t !y may unite ?or\ghly4 ,%\ld any ( ! roots be diseas$1 he removes ! e>?1 & p>es away ! corrupt+ p>ts2 & if ! top be /unt$ or #aie sickly1 he crops x at ! jo9ts :]e ! small] bran*es sep>ate1 :5ce num]\s f9e /rong %oots spr+ =?1 ^: new vig\r ( vegetation1 & abs5ce ( dra9 by se$+ = sev]al ye>s1 g5]ally r5ovate ! :ole plant1 & occasion ! fill+ up ( ! w\nds 7%\ld ! trunk be "u cure7 to proce$ rapidly4 ,ne$ we m5tion1 t x is only 9 ! cases :]e ! p>tial dea? or decay has result$ f casualty1 or some?+ n connect$ ) ! g5]al sy/em ( ! plant1 or ) ! soil1 or o!r ext]nal circum/ances 7unless ^! c be *ang$71 t r5ovation by cle>+ away ! decay$ or sickly p>ts is atta9able8 ,:]e ! plant is s9k+ f m]e old age1 a s\rce ( decay ( :i* 9 "s k9ds at lea/ we h d\bts1 or f ! soil be+ improp] or exhau/$ = ! p>ticul> k9d ( plant by long occupancy1 or f any circum/ance n admitt+ ( rem$y1 ! attempt to heal up ! w\nds caus$ by cutt+ out ! diseas$ p>ts1 or to induce new vig\r by cropp+ ! top1 mu/ be abortive1 or only att5d$ ) p>tial or tempor>y success4 ,our au?or1 :o is a practical man1 app>5tly v little dispos$ to ?r[ away "t ^u inquir+ into causes1 does n attempt ev5 to guess at #aif ! mode by :i* 8 composition p]=ms ! wond]s = :i* he gives x cr$it4 ,x is impossible1 by any salve1 to promote dis*>ge f ! b>e alburnum1 ?\gh cut into ! vital "p1 to =m1 or assi/ 9 ! =mation1 ( b>k2 & ! sum ( ! result+ advantages consi/s 9 prev5t+ ! vitality f becom+ ext9ct f> inw>d f ! section 7z "u ! be/ managem5t to a c]ta9 ext5t x w become s71 by an antiseptic cov] f ! dr\ght & moi/ure1 heat & cold2 9 promot+ ! spread ( ! juices f ! edge ( ! b>k ov] ! b>$ "p by exclusion ( dr\ght1 & by =m+ a def5ce aga9/ insects4 ,we h f\nd a pa/e ( pure clay1 wr\ght up ) "s fibr\s matt]1 z *aff or %ort hay1 an excell5t cov] = tree w\nds1 appli$ 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 :5 dry wea!r foll[$ ! application2 b 9 autumn or w9t]1 & :5 moi/ wea!r foll[$1 ! clay1 by rema9+ wet1 only s]v$ to induce corruption4 ,we ?9k ?is clay pa/e 7probably b5efit$ by a p[d]+ ( *>coal on ! inside7 ! be/ application :5 appli$ 9 spr+4 ,we h se5 a t]m9al cross section1 ( ab\t "o in* diamet]1 ( a long bran*1 cov]$ q ov] 9 two mon?s ) b>k :5 clay$2 & a tree ( ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 f #aig :i* a dog _h torn (f ! b>k f "o half ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em1 entirely r5ew ! lo/ b>k 9 "o season1 :5 imm$iately clay$ ov]4 ,res9s1 oils1 bitum51 pa9ts & compo/s )\t numb]1 h be5 us$ ) m or less success1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]iod ( ! ye>1 wea!r1 k9d ( tree1 individual heal?1 & o!r circum/ances2 b ^! salves %\ld1 z 9 fle%-w\nd salves1 be consid]$ only z protections1 or slightly auxili>y to ! re/orative en]gy ( nature1 n z cures4 #aih ,v4--,,mr ,,)]s4 ,hav+ by *ance glanc$ ov] a pamphlet by an ,engli%man1 a ,mr ,)]s1 we f9d !re has be5 j\/+ betwe5 t g5tleman & our ,scotti% knights1 back$ by _! squire ! ,ed9burgh ,review]1 9 :i* ! discomfiture ( ! knights has be5 wr\ght by simple h&s4 ,x seems ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 =getful t 8 own bright fame1 :i* rivals t ( ! discov]]s ( /eam-p[] & gas#db1 ?\gh ( comp>atively quick gr[?1 w endure = ages2 & l$ a/ray1 probably1 by ! fooli% adage1 8soon ripe1 soon rott510 _h /at$ unqualifi$ly1 t 8fa/ gr[n timb] w soon] decay1 & is ( op5] weak] texture ?an sl[ gr[n ( ! same k9d20 & on ^! false premises conclud$1 t all culture or application ( manure to fur!r ! gr[? ( timb] is improp]--w9d+ up ) "s patriotic fl\ri% ab\t dang] to our w> navy1 f ,mr ,)]s #aii r5d]+ ! ,briti% oak ( su* exce$+ly rapid gr[? z to be s(t & p]i%able z mu%rooms4 ,)]s completely demoli%es 8 lit]>y & sci5tific adv]s>ies1 b is1 )al1 s v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! subject--himself1 & also 8 junto ( exp]i5c$ correspond5ts1 t we %all attempt a few l9es 9 elucidation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all fir/ /ate our facts1 accompani$ ) explanatory rem>ks4 ,no4 #a4 ,an a% tree ( ab\t #ah in*es diamet]1 & #fe ye>s ( age4 ,! fir/ #ce ye>s1 ! annual gr[?s 7 ( middle size1 & ! timb] weighty & t\gh2 ! foll[+ #ae ye>s1 v small1 light1 por\s1 & free2 ! latt] #ae ( middle size1 & ( fair quality4 ,?is tree _h be5 gr[+ till ab\t #di ye>s ( age 9 a grassy av5ue1 ( dry clay soil1 & close by a deep dit*4 ,ab\t sixte5 ye>s back1 ! dit* _h be5 fill$ up1 & ! gr\nd pl\gh$ & manur$ regul>ly till ! tree 0 cut d[n4 ,aft] #ce ye>s' gr[?1 ! scor*+ roots ( ! a% _h r5d]$ ! soil s dry1 t ! tree _h run entirely to reproduction3 ,ne>ly all ! n\ri%m5t f ! gr\nd assimilat$ 9 ! leaves be+ exp5d$ 9 =m+ se$1 no ext5sion ( ! top _h tak5 place1 & #bjj !nce no ?ick5+ ( ! bole be+ necess>y = support1 no wood prop] _h be5 deposit$ on ! trunk save ! annual r+s ( l9eal tubes to convey ! sap1 :i* con/itut$ a brittle light wood1 ( v slight lat]al adhesion#dc4 ,aft] ! dit* 0 fill$ up1 & ! surr\nd+ gr\nd pl\gh$ & manur$1 ! increas$ supply ( moi/ure & n\ri%m5t _h induc$ a consid]able new ext5sion ( top 7:i* 0 q visible 9 f9e "y heal?y bran*es ris+ f a /unt$ base71 & consequ5t necess>y ?ick5+ ( /em by annual lay]s ( prop] d5se wood1 along ) ! l9eal annual tubes4 ,no4 #b4 ,a beautiful mo/ luxuriant gr[+ oak1 9 "o ( ! sweete/ sunny spots ( ! sweete/ valley ( our ,highl&s4 ,?is tree1 ( ne>ly two hundr$ solid feet ( timb]1 & #hj ye>s ( age1 0 gr[+ ^u ! b>e %elf ( a s\nd mica-s*i/ rock4 ,f und]nea? ?is %elf1 sev]al feet d[n 9 front1 a mo/ exub]ant spr+ well$ out1 & ! roots spread d[n ov] #bja ! rock to ! m\? ( ! cry/al spr+1 no d\bt trac+ inw>d ! c\rse ( ! limpid wat]s into ! rocky *amb]s ( ! ,naiad4 ,we _h mu* conjecture h[ ?is tree came to be gr[+ on ! b>e %elf1 & f9ally conclud$1 t ! nymph ( ! spr+1 :ile %e sat !re gaz+ on h] beauties1 "u ! v>y+ dimpl+ reflection ( ! liv+ wat]s1 h] rosy feet ba!d by ! glassy flood1 _h be5 surpris$ by "s rude ,celt1 & to effect escape f 8 r\gh embrace1 _h be5 trans=m$ by ,diana into a tree4 ,yet :e!r ( natural or sup]natural orig91 x 0 by ! p ( ! gl5 held ( miracul\s virtue1 & ! sickly *ildr5 7 br\ght to be dipp$ 9 ! spr+ aft] be+ borne sev]al times r\nd ! *>m-tree4 ,:5 torn f its seat1 ! tree1 ?\gh s\nd1 & hav+ a level fall 7we saw x fall71 broke across ab\t tw5ty feet up1 :]e ! /em 0 ab\t eight feet 9 circuit2 ?is 0 ow+ to ! v s(t t5d] nature ( ! wood1 :i*1 al?\gh consi/+ ( v l>ge annual gr[?s1 01 :5 sawn out1 ! mo/ por\s insuffici5t ,scots oak we h ev] se54 ,z ?is fact may be ascrib$ to ! sup]natural1--! he>t ( ! nymph beg9n+ to s(t5 t[>ds ! ,celt at ! "t ,diana int]f]$1 acc\nt+ well = #bjb ! s(t texture ( ! he>t-wood ( ! tree1 we %all n press x z a pro( on ei!r side ( ! controv]sy4 ,p]haps sob] reason]s may ?9k ?is all phantasy1 & conclude1 t ! tree1 f defici5cy ( sub/antial e>?y food1 & subsi/+ pr9cipally on slops 7be+ ma9ly n\ri%$ by dr9k+ ( ! delici\s well71 w\ld1 l an animal "u simil> circum/ances1 be ( s(t flabby consi/5cy4 ,! above fact is oppos$ to common op9ion--a ,highl&] always *oos+ 8 oak5 /aff f (f a rock1 z be+ mo/ to dep5d ^u2 yet p]haps ?is pref]5ce is ow+ to "s association ) ! h>dness ( ! rock itself4 ,no4 #c4 ,we f\nd a sycamore plane 7,ac] pseudo-platanus7 9 ! same r[ ) o!r sycamores1 & ab\t ! same size1 s exce$+ h>d t x c\ld sc>cely be cut d[n by mattock & hat*et1 :]eas ! o!rs adjac5t 7 comp>atively ( mod]ate h>dness1 ?\gh diff]+ consid]ably 9 h>dness f ea* o!r2 ! soil 9 ?is case 0 v equable1 be+ ( ,c>se clay4 ,! peculi> h>dness ( ?is tree c\ld only be attributable to a h>d] v>iety4 ,inde$1 ! diff]5ce ( quality 9 timb] dep5ds *iefly on ! inf9ite v>ieties exi/+ 9 :at is call$ ,species1 ?\gh soil & #bjc climate h no d\bt consid]able influ5ce1 bo? 9 =m+ ! v>iety1 & 9 modify+ x :ile gr[+4 ,( v>ieties1 ^? :i* h ! ?9ne/ b>k1 "u equal exposure1 h ! h>de/ wood4 ,no4 #d4 ,we h cut a numb] ( l>ge old a% trees1 & f\nd1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ( :at is call$ ?und]-/ruck trees 7:i* we consid] only an obdurate v>iety71 t !y 7 inv>iably ( v free1 weak consi/5cy1 m especially ! latt] =m$ gr[?s1 b ev5 ! e>li] gr[?s _h become fru% f age4 ,?is timb] soon w5t to decay aft] be+ cut d[n3--"o piece cut out into planks1 & ^! be+ laid d[n 9 ! ord] !y occupi$ 9 ! log1 0 9 ! c\rse ( "s weeks r5d]$ aga9 entire by be+ agglut9at$ by ,jew's e>s 7a species ( fungus47 ,! workm5 7 greatly />tl$ at ! fact1 ?9k+ ! log bewit*$4 ,:5 imm$iately dissev]$ by w$ges1 ! wood 0 s mu* decompos$1 t its fibre 0 t5d]] ?an ! ,jew's e>s1 sep>at+ 9 a new c\rse 9 mo/ places1 9 pref]5ce to ! saw draught occupi$ by ! e>s4 ,we h f\nd v old oaks h exactly ! same friable "*1 s mu* s1 z r5d] _! safe fell+ almo/ impossible2 yet ?is oak timb] _h n lo/ mu* 9 weight #bjd :5 comp>$ aft] be+ dri$ ) y\ng] oak4 ,no4 #e4 ,we cut a r[ ( a% trees1 ab\t #ej ye>s ( age1 9 dry ,c>se clay1 by ! side ( a deep dit*1 & consequ5tly ( sl[ gr[?2 ! timb] 0 excell5t1 h>d1 /rong1 & weighty1 r mo/ s :]e ! size 0 smalle/4 ,at "o end1 :]e ! r[ approa*$ a brook1 & ! soil became ri*] & moi/]1 sev]al ( ! trees 7 ( good size1 b r inf]ior 9 quality ( timb]1 except+ "o 7! l>ge/1 ?\gh n ! ne>e/ to ! brook71 :i* 0 ( v h>d1 /rong1 & re$y fibre1 evid5tly a v>iety diff]+ mu* f ! o!rs4 ,x is always easy to discrim9ate pretty accurately ! quality ( ! wood1 by exam9ation ( ! saw cross section ( ! trunk1 t is1 provid$ ! same saw be employ$1 & be kept equally %>p2 ! be/ timb] hav+ ! glossie/1 smoo!/ section4 ,no4 #f4 ,we h exam9$ ,scots fir gr[n 9 _m diff]5t situations2 by f> ! be/ quality1 ( its age1 ( any we "k1 /&s ^u a v adhesive ,c>se clay1 :i*1 f ! proprietor's neglect1 is all w9t] & 9 wet wea!r soak+ ) wat]1 & ! trees n ( v luxuriant gr[?4 ,^!1 till a few ye>s ago1 /ood 9 close ord]1 )\t ! /em be+ #bje mu* expos$ to p>*+ or evaporation2 ?is exposure ( ! /em r5d]+ fir timb] mu* h>d] & m res9\s4 ,e body :o has t\*$ l>* mu/ be conv9c$ t ! sl[ gr[n on poor tills1 especially ) long nak$ /ems 9 expos$ situation1 is v mu* /rong] & h>d] ?an ! quick gr[n1 ?\gh (t5 n s t\gh3 b mu* dep5ds on ! v>iety 9 l>*1 ^? hav+ ! r$de/ matur$ wood be+ mu* h>d] ?an ! pal] col\r$4 ,memel fir1 :i* is ! l>ge/ gr[!d r$ p9e we are acqua9t$ )1 is v /rong & durable1 probably next to ! pit* p9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 yet ! v l>ge gr[!d ,memel is g5]ally weake/1 ?\gh we frequ5tly f9d a log ( small gr[!d1 mild & inf]ior 9 /r5g?4 ,9 old build+s we h (t5 witness$ ! beautiful small gr[!d r$ wood p9e worm$1 :5 ! l>g] gr[!d 0 s\nd1 b we are s5sible t spontane\s decomposition & consumption by insects are v diff]5t2 mu* res9 det]s insects1 :]eas1 9 moi/ situations1 z 9 tre5ails ( vessels1 x conduces to spontane\s decay2 yet is x pres]vative :5 ! timb] is expos$ to ! wea!r by exclud+ ! ra94 #bjf ,! conif] diff] mu* 9 ! int]nal arrangem5t ( _! woody /ructure f ! h>d wood species1 hav+ tissue ( mu* l>g] cells1 & be+ g5]ally de/itute ( ! l>ge l9eal tubes1 :i* 9 h>d wood con/itute ! m por\s inn] "p ( ! annual lay]4 ,:5 ^! tubes occur 9 ! p9es1 !y also diff] 9 position1 be+ 9 ! out] "p ( ! lay]4 ,ow+ to ! res9 ( ! p9es becom+ fix$ 9 ! cells ( ! out] "p ( ! annual lay]s1 inspissat$1 we ?9k1 by ! summ]'s heat & dr\ght 7o!rs say congeal$ by ! cold71 ^! cells are fill$ up1 & ?is "p ( ! gr[? r5d]$ mu* d5s] ?an ! inn] "p ( ! lay]1 be+ f solidity semi-transp>5t4 ,we w\ld attribute ! abundance ( res9 9 ! ,georgian pit* p9e to ! heat & long summ] ( t c\ntry1 probably 9 conc]t ) damp ri*ness ( soil1 n only occasion+ ?is deposit "u ^! circum/ances1 b p]haps induc+ a disposition 9 ?is species to ! =mation ( ?is product#dd4 ,! abs5ce ( ! l>ge tubes1 #bjg & ! pres5ce ( oleag9\s res91 r5d] p9e timb]1 :5 old & small gr[!d1 n s brittle1 nor s liable to decay1 z t ( decidu\s trees2 b x becomes v defici5t 9 lat]al adhesion4 ,f ! same cause we f9d ! ext]nal lay]s ( matur$ p9e timb] comp>atively sup]ior to ! quality ( ! inn] lay]s3 9 h>d wood ! ext]ior lay]s are g5]ally mu* inf]ior to ! inn]4 ,bo>ds ( sap-wood ( fa/ gr[n ,scots fir1 p>ticul>ly ( ! outside lay]s are mu* bett] suit$--/rong] & m la/+1 = boxes us$ z c>riage packages1 or = ma*9]y or c>t l9+ mu* expos$ to bl[s & friction2 ?an bo>ds ( ! be/ matur$ r$ wood ( ,memel1 ,sw$i%1 or ,norway p9e4 ,?is is pr9cipally ow+ to ! fa/ gr[n alburnum possess+ mu* great] lat]al adhesion ?an ! matur$ wood ( old p9es4 ,to h ^! sap-wood bo>ds 9 greate/ p]fection1 ! tree mu/ #bjh n lie 9 ! b>k aft] fell+1 & ! bo>ds mu/ be well dri$ soon aft] be+ cut out4 ,to expose ! tree1 peel$1 ei!r /&+ or fell$1 to ! sun & dry air = "s "t1 w consid]ably increase ! /r5g? ( ?is alburnum4 ,! wood1 :ile 9 ! /ate ( sap-wood1 ( _m k9ds ( timb] is z /rong & mu* t\gh] ?an ! same wood aft] be+ matur$1 & w\ld be equally valuable 7 any process discov]$ ( r5d]+ x equally durable2 its insuffici5cy (t5 arises f p>tial decay hav+ occurr$ :ile 9 ! log4 ,! same sap-wood ( oak1 :i*1 all[$ to lie on ! grass aft] be+ peel$ 9 spr+1 w be s mu* decompos$ 9 autumn t x may be kick$ (f ) "o's heel2 if cut out & dri$ imm$iately on be+ fell$1 x w be t\gh] ?an ! matur$1 &1 kept dry z c>t-spokes1 & def5d$ by pa9t f ! worm1 w la/ & reta9 its t\ghness = an age4 ,! till+ up1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t occurs 9 matur+1 is mo/ probably deposit$ to fill up tubes1 & may ?us n greatly /r5g!n ! mass2 a holl[ cyl9d] be+ /rong] ?an a solid cyl9d] :5 ext5d+ horizontally ov] a consid]able /ret*1 l a joi/ or beam2 ! mass may also become a little m fragile by matur+3 besides a fill+ up is ! result ( "s *emical *ange ! #bji wood probably becom+ slightly c>boniz$ or approa*+ to t *ange :i* takes place :5 vegetables become peat4 ,x is r difficult to speak ( ! /r5g? ( timb]1 z diff]5t k9ds ( timb]1 & diff]5t p>ts & qualities ( ! same k9d ( timb]1 h diff]5t k9ds ( /r5g?4 ,"s k9ds are /rong] z beams or joi/s1 o!r k9ds z bo>d+2 :ile1 aga91 "s k9ds are bett] = endur+ a regul> pressure1 o!rs = support+ a sudd5 j]k or bl[1 ei!r z beams or bo>ds4 ,"s k9ds are also comp>atively /rong]1 moi/2 o!rs :5 dry--& "s k9ds reta9 _! qualities ( /r5g? or t\ghness long] ?an o!rs :5 moi/1 & o!rs long] :5 dry1 al?\gh no rot appe>4 ,no4 #g4 ,purposely = exp]im5t#de1 we select$ ?ree a% trees1 all gr[+ 9 ,c>se clay1 b diff]+ ! mo/ 9 fa/ness ( gr[? ( any we c\ld discov]4 ,we cut ^! d[n on ! same day2 two ( !m prov$ ab\t #cf ye>s plant$1 & ! ?ird #ae2 ?is1 ! y\nge/ 0 ( fa/ gr[?1 & _h lay]s ( m ?an d\ble ! size ( "o ( ! #baj =m]1 & ab\t six times t ( ! o!r4 ,we cut a numb] ( pieces ( exactly equal l5g? & ?ickness 7#ag in*es long1 & ne>ly an in* on ! side71 f ea* ( ^!1 *oos+ !m ( clean /raight fibre1 at equal di/ance f ! gr\nd1 & f ! outside ( ! tree1 & hav+ _! gr[?s ne>ly p>allel to "o side1 ( c\rse free ( he>t4 ,we prov$ "o ( ea* imm$iately on be+ cut out :ile full ( sap1 ) _! gr[?s on edge 9 horizontal position1 support$ at ea* end ) a weight susp5d$ f ! middle4 ,! smalle/ gr[!d1 & ! l>ge/1 weigh$ at ! "t ( trial ne>ly equal2 ! m$ium gr[!d "o-?irtie? m4 ,! smalle/ gr[!d support$ ! weight ab\t six m9utes2 ! m$ium & ! l>ge/ ab\t half t "t2 ! smalle/ gr[!d yield$ ! lea/ be=e break+1 & ! l>ge/ yield$ ! mo/4 ,:5 completely dri$1 ! weight ( ! m$ium gr[!d /ill cont9u$ greate/1 surpass+ ! l>ge/ "o-f\rte5?1 & ! smalle/ ab\t "o-?irtie?4 ,! smalle/ & m$ium support$ ne>ly equal weight1 dur+ equal "t1 & outbore ! l>ge/ ab\t "o-sev5?#df2 :5 plac$ #baa ) ! gr[?s on edge1 !y 7 /rong] ?an :5 plac$ ) ! gr[?s flat4 ,aft] ^! r l5g?y ref]5ces to facts1 we mu/ allude to a circum/ance :i* we are a/oni%$ has n be5 att5d$ to by ,mr ,)]s1 & 8 g5tlem5 correspond5ts connect$ ) ,8 ,maje/y's docks1--! n tak+ into acc\nt ! place ( ! tree :5ce ! portion ( wood = exp]im5t+ ! /r5g? _h be5 tak51 & also h[ ! annual lay]s /ood1 :e!r horizontal or on edge1 or ar\nd a c5tre1 :5 ! weight 0 appli$4 ,! exp]i5c$ & accurately practical ,mr ,)]s pres5ts two specim5s ( oak1 ! "o ( fa/] & ! o!r ( sl[] gr[?1 to ,pr(essor ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi* ,royal ,academy1 & ! /r5g? ( ^! specim5s is te/$ & report$ ^u1 )\t once allud+ to :at we h m5tion$ above4 ,n[1 if ?is has n be5 att5d$ to1 ! exp]im5t may be consid]$ a te/ ( some?+ else ?an ( ! timb]4 ,h[ mu* ! /r5g? is affect$ by ! place ( ! tree1 any p]son may satisfy himself by prov+ "o piece ( timb] tak5 f ne> ! root1 ano!r half way up ! tree1 & a ?ird ne> ! top3 he w f9d t 9 a tall tree ! comp>ative #bab /r5g? w sometimes v>y z mu* z #c1 #b1 #a2 t is1 a beam1 say #b in*es squ>e1 & #d feet long1 tak5 f ne> ! root1 :5 horizontally plac$1 & re/+ only at ea* end1 w support ?ree times z mu* z a l beam 9 l position f ne> ! top ( ! tree1 al?\gh bo? are equally cle> ( knots or cross section ( gra94 ,?is is p>ticul>ly manife/ 9 l>ge fa/-gr[n silv] fir & old a%1 & ! diff]5ce is always greate/ 9 old trees4 ,he w also f9d t ! position ( ! beam1 9 respect to ! lay]s be+ circul> r\nd ! he>t1 flat1 on edge1 or at an angle1 has consid]able influ5ce1 &1 %\ld he inquire f>!r1 w p]haps notice1 t ! timb] f diff]5t sides ( ! tree is n always alike /rong2 t "o specim5 ( timb] w be sup]ior to ano!r1 bo? be+ moi/1 & inf]ior to x :5 bo? are dry1 & t also1 z 9 ,no4 #a1 ! tree at ! same height on ! same side1 w conta9 timb] diff]+ 9 /r5g? fully "o half1 & n always dim9i%+ 9 /r5g? f ! he>t outw>ds1 ev5 9 h>d wood4 ,we are well pleas$ ) "o g5tleman ( ! ,navy ,dock-y>d1 :o naively admits1 t he is incompet5t to decide on ^! subjects1 hav+ be5 altoge!r devot$ to ! ma!matical1 9 e/imat+ ! /ra9 & resi/ance timb] suff]s "u #bac diff]5t comb9ations4 ,n[ we l ?is division ( lab\r4 ,b to return to our subject4 ,! facts /at$ g to prove1 t ! quality ( timb] dep5ds mu* ^u soil1 circum/ance1 & m especially on v>iety2 & t 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! gr[? ( trees1 be=e mu* se$+1 & :5 ! soil is n mu* exhau/$ ( ! p>ticul> pabulum necess>y = ! k9d ( plant1 t r sl[ gr[n timb] is sup]ior 9 /r5g? to quick gr[n1 especially :5 ! quickness exce$s a c]ta9 degree2 :5 ?is degree is exce$$1 ! timb] is n s weighty1 & is well kn[n n to be s durable4 ,h[ev]1 :5 timb] is requir$ ( consid]able scantl+1 x is only 9 good soils1 :]e ! tree increases mod]ately fa/1 t timb] w atta9 suffici5t size = ?is1 at an age "y en\gh to reta9 its t\ghness ?r\gh\t1 or to cont9ue =m+ firm d5se wood on ! ext]ior4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s 9 ! case ( h>d-wood timb]1 m especially :5 oak gr[s ^u a moi/ soil1 :]e ! matur$ wood1 ( br[ni%-r$ col\r1 is (t5 uns\nd1 & :]e decay comm5ces at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod4 ,9 ! p9e1 ow+ to ! oleag9\s undry+ nature ( ! sap 7res971 ! #bad timb] reta9s its /r5g? to a great age2 & ! re$y clos5ess ( sl[ gr[?1 = mo/ purposes1 outbalances any loss f defici5cy ( lat]al adhesion4 ,mod]ately fa/ gr[n timb] is mu* m requisite = naval purposes ?an = o!r uses2 z1 besides ! great] longitud9al /r5g? :5 ( l>ge dim5sion1 x has great] adhesion lat]ally1 is f> m pliant1 & !re=e mu* bett] suit$ = ! ribs ( vessels1 :]e cross cutt+ a portion ( ! fibre1 f ! inatt5tion to tra9+ to prop] b5ds1 is unavoidable2 & :5ce a disrupt+ %ock 7:i* is r to be )/ood ?an fair pressure71 makes ! unyield+ spl9t]+ old wood fly l ice2 ! rift comm5c+ its run f ! cut fibre4 ,= plank1 ! lat]al adhesion & pliancy ( "y mod]ately fa/ gr[n timb] is equally valuable1 especially = ^? :i* are appli$ to ! curvature ( ! b[ & /]n4 ,"y timb] also s(t5s mu* bett] by /eam1 !re=e is m conv5i5t = plank+1 & = be+ b5t = ! compass timb]s ( l>ge vessels4 ,! vessel con/ruct$ ( x w besides1 f ! g5]al ela/icity ( ! fibre1 be m lively 9 ! wat]1 sail fa/]1 &1 ?\gh /rong] to resi/1 w #bae h less /ra9 to endure#dg4 ,mr ,)]s's correspond+ fri5ds1 especially ^? ( 8 ,maje/y's ,dock-y>ds1 ) ! good common s5se ( practical m51 are well acqua9t$ ) all ?is1 al?\gh !y get a little out ( elem5t :5 !y m$dle ) nature or causes4 ,mr ,)]s is himself equally out ( elem5t :5 he expatiates on ! mighty advantage ( tr5*+ & manur+ at plant+1 & :5 he talks ( our ,scotti% holes4 ,! ,knight1 too1 is /ill m at fault 9 dread+ any great influ5ce on ! quickness ( ! gr[? ( trees f ?is g5tleman's new inv5tions1--& d\bly at fault1 f conjectur+ our navy w\ld suff] f be+ con/ruct$ ( ! fa/e/ gr[n ,briti% timb] !re is any *ance ( our %ipwrights obta9+4 ,s9ce we 7 9 our te5s1 we h almo/ e season tr5*$ a portion ( gr\nd = plant+1 & h manur$ highly at plant+#dh1 #baf & = sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,we h f\nd1 :5 v adhesive subsoil 0 br\ght upw>d1 t ! trees ?rove well :ile ! gr\nd cont9u$ "u cultivation2 b :5 ! lab\r ceas$1 !y 7 soon ov]tak5 by ^? plant$ at ! same "t )\t tr5*+4 ,?is comp>ative fall+ (f 0 evid5tly ow+ to ! surface be+ r5d]$ m adhesive by ! gluey pla/ic subsoil be+ mix$ upw>d ) ! orig9al small portion ( surface-m\ld4 ,?is new surface melt$ to a pulp by ! w9t] ra9s1 :5 dr\ght set 9 spr+1 run toge!r1 became indurat$1 & p>t+ into divisions1 admitt$ ! dr\ght d[n to ! un/irr$ gr\nd by num]\s deep & wide cracks1 :i* r5t ! rootlets ( ! trees1 & r5d]$ x impossible = any plant to ?rive4 ,!re are also _m k9ds ( light subsoil1 :i* x w\ld be folly to br+ to ! surface1 & :]e little pr(it w\ld arise f deep /irr+1 ev5 ?\gh ! surface 7 reta9$ upp]mo/4 ,9 cases :]e ! plants 7 v small1 we h f\nd deep tr5*+ ( no b5efit1 b 9 c]ta9 #bag soils r hurtful1 ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s2 b ) l>g] plants1 su* z are (t5 us$ 9 ,engl&1 x inv>iably occasion$ _! roots to /rike quickly1 by af=d+ a regul> supply ( moi/ure1 & f be+ easily p]meat$ by ! rootlets1 exp$it$ ! gr[?1 yield+ mu* e>ly luxuriance :5 foll[$ by skilful culture1 b latt]ly1 seldom to su* a degree z w\ld lead u to suppose mu* diff]5ce w\ld be disc]nible at #cj ye>s ( age1 betwe5 ! tr5*$ & ^? plant$ by m]e pitt+1 slitt+1 or s[+1--mu* m dep5d+ on prop] dra9+1 on "y1 ?riv+1 small /urdy plants1 ( be/ v>iety1--on suit+ ! plant to ! soil & climate1 & on timely ?9n+4 ,b ev5 7 a v sup]ior ultimate progress ( gr[? obta9$ by tr5*+1 manur+1 & culture ( timb]1 yet z capital & manure w probably be m advantage\sly employ$ 9 common agriculture1 :i* gives a comp>atively quick return ( bo?1 we %all leave to ,mr ,)]s & 8 cot]ie ( illum9ati ! :ole advantage ( 8 discov]y4 ,economic philosophy is ! que5 ( our ,scotti% plants2 %e w n admit any new sy/em ( nurture = h] subjects )\t ! #bah /ricte/ scrut9y ( its utility z appli$ to h] doma9s1--%e proce$s ?us to weigh ,mr ,)]s's practice3-- ,extra ,co/ p] ,acre4 ,tw5ty loads ( putresc5t manure1 at ! av]age price at :i* ?\s&s ( tons are annually import$ to ! valley ( ! ,tay f ,engl&1 #is4 p] load1 ,l4 #i #j #j ,c>riage exp5ses ( above1 at #cs4 p] load1 #c #j #j ,tw5ty loads calc>e\s manure1 includ+ c>riage 77 m>l n at h&1 lime w\ld co/ ?rice z mu*71 #d #j #j ,tr5*+1 #i #j #j ,total fir/ extra co/1 ,l4#be #j #j ,accumulation by #bh ye>s' int]e/1 at #e p] c5t4 ne>ly1 ,l4#ajj #j #j ,w\ld l& "u timb] #bh ye>s plant$1 ) gr[? accel]at$ by ,mr ,)]s's practice1 9 two-?irds ( ! available portion ( ,scotl&1 sell at m ?an ,l4 #ajj p] ,engli% acre8 ,suppose t ! ?9n+s previ\s to ! #bh? ye> w\ld cov] ! co/ ( plant+1 & subsequ5t cultivation & att5tion :i* is necess>y1 besides #bai ! co/ ( ! tr5*+ & manur+ 79 _m cases !y w\ld n71 ! entire value ( ! l& w\ld be lo/4 ,x may be said t ! common rules ( utility d n apply 9 ?is case1--t ! l&lords w n be mov$ to any o!r improvem5t ?an plant+1 & t o!rwise _! income w\ld be dissipat$ entirely1 )\t any portion be+ appli$ to reproductive uses4 ,we grant all ?is2 b ,scotti% l&lords h v little ta/e = ! ,)]s' sy/em1--to deface _! beautiful wa/es1 by bury+ all ! f9e turf & wildfl[]s "u ! r$ mort> 7! common subsoil71 or to scatt] manure4 ,plant+ by pitt+ & slitt+ w prove f> m attractive2 besides1 ! means are entirely awant+ to c>ry on su* exp5sive proce$+s to ! necess>y ext5t1 & ! cultivation ( "o acre 9 ?is fa%ion w\ld leave #ai unt\*$1 :5 ! :ole #bj might h be5 wood$1 9 _m cases to equal advantage1 by ! money exp5d$ on "o4 ,we h kn[n plant+ execut$ by contract = "o ye>'s int]e/ ( ! above /at$ fir/ extra exp5diture1 :i* we w\ld mat* aga9/ plant+ rais$ by ,mr ,)]s's process1 9 ! same situation4 ,!re is also a v consid]able proportion ( ,scotl& v suitable = #bbj timb] :]e ! /ony nature ( ! surface entirely precludes tr5*+4 ,mr ,)]s1 :o appe>s to h no g5]al k ( soils & climates1 w\ld hold a diff]5t language ) reg>d to ,scotl& & ,scotsm51 if he saw ! beautiful ?riv+ plantations n[ ris+ 9 t c\ntry1 plant$ by m]e pitt+ & slitt+1 :]e1 ow+ to ! dr\ght 9 e>ly summ] be+ less fi]ce ?an :at occurs 9 ! c5tral1 ea/]n1 & s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 & to ! h]bage be+ less luxuriant1 plant+ )\t tr5*+ c always be dep5d$ ^u4 ,mr ,)]s w\ld also h be5 s5sible _h he _h mu* practice 9 rural affairs1 t tw5ty loads ( putrid manure p] acre at plant+1 al?\gh ( v consid]able advantage = two or ?ree seasons to ! ris+ trees1 9 promot+1 along ) hoe+ & digg+1 an e>ly />t to luxuriance1 w\ld cause little or no la/+ amelioration ( ! soil2 ,t ! vegetable m\ld naturally occupy+ ! surface is g5]ally by itself a mu* bett] def5ce aga9/ ! summ]'s dr\ght1 ?an :5 incorporat$ ) ! subsoil1 especially aft] cultivation ceases2 t la/+ f]tility ( gr\nd = timb]1 ?\gh sometimes1 is (t5 n increas$ by admixture ( soil #bba & subsoil2 & t1 g5]ally1 ! luxuriance ( ! tree mu/ ultimately dep5d on ! natural dep? & quality ( ! gr\nd itself4 ,mr ,)]s1 ) t precise k ( ! subject1 & cle> conception ( ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* g5]ally accompanies a p>tial acqua9tance ) facts1 makes a confid5t & r impos+ appe>ance z a wield] ( language & a logician4 ,f 8 assum$ sup]iority1 we especially wond] t he %\ld possibly h envy ( ,scotsm51 :i*1 f ! t5or ( 8 lett]1 we are con/ra9$ to believe4 ,ne$ ,cal$onia rem9d h] noble si/]1 ,engl&1 ( _! consangu9ity1--t !y are si/]s :om nature ha? tw9n$ toge!r8 ,is !re ano!r 9 all ! e>?1 ) quadruple ! advantages ( ,scotl&1 :o c rank ) h] 9 sci5ce & lit]ature1 arts & arms8 ,& is ,engl& n pr\d ( h] poor] si/]8 ,or c !y feel aught b mutual love8 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 we h look$ ov] "s exp]im5ts by ,messrs ,b>l[1 ,beaufoy1 ,c\*1 & o!rs1 on ! /r5g? ( timb]4 ,^! %[ s mu* discrepancy ( result1 z leads u to conclude1 #bbb t exp]im5t]s h n att5d$ suffici5tly to ! /ructure & nature ( ! timb]1 ! position & quality ( ! diff]5t lay]s1 c4 ,take1 = example1 ! /em ( a tall tree1 #ajj ye>s old3 ,at ! cross section1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( lay]s ( matur$ timb]1 & ( sap timb]4 ,^! lay]s hav+ be5 gradually =m$1 ! ext]nal1 aft] ^? m int]nal h p>tly dri$1 & ! int]nal & matur$ wood be+ also fill$ up to m solid consi/5cy ?an ! ext]nal1 ! /em1 on be+ b>k$1 contracts 9 dry+ mu* m ext]nally ?an int]nally4 ,z soon z ! surface has dri$1 ! out] lay]s contract+ lat]ally are n suffici5t to surr\nd ! undri$ int]nal lay]s1 !nce split 9 longitud9al rifts2 & z ! dry+ proce$s inw>ds1 ! cracks deep5 till !y rea* ne>ly to ! he>t--^! rifts1 :5 ! timb] is ?or\ghly dry1 be+ g5]ally wid] 9 ! sap timb] ?an 9 ! matur$1 m ?an 9 ! proportion ( ! size ( ! respective circles4 ,?is effect ( dry+ is :at e body is acqua9t$ )4 ,besides lat]al contraction1 !re is also a disposition to contract longitud9ally by dry+1 mu* great] 9 ! ext]nal ?an int]nal lay]s4 ,:ile ! tree is undivid$1 ?is great] contraction ( ! #bbc ext]ior lay]s is prev5t$1 by ! adhesion to ! dri] m fill$ up c5tral column 7:i* probably _h contract$ a little dur+ ! =mation ( ! ext]ior sap-wood lay]s71 ! contractile =ce ( ! ext]ior balanc+ equally ar\nd ?is c5tral column4 ,%\ld ?is balance be de/roy$ by ! /em be+ cleft up ! middle1 ! longitud9al contraction w imm$iately take place1 & ! two halves w b5d outw>d1 f ! outside lay]s contract+ m ?an ! inside lay]s4 ,we h se5 an a% tree r5d up ! middle f ! cross section above ! bulb1 ne>ly to ! top1 on be+ cut across 9 fell+1 ow+ to ! longitud9al contractile =ce ( ! ext]ior exi/+ ev5 be=e dry+4 ,%\ld ! dri$ /em ( a tree1 ( consid]able l5g?1 be laid holl[1 support$ at ea* end1 ! outside lay] be+ /ret*$ almo/ to break+ by ! longitud9al contraction be+ greate/ 9 ! out]mo/ "p1 a v small weight1 aid$ by a slight j]k or concussion1 may be suffici5t to bur/ ! outside lay] on ! l[] side1 ! outside lay]s on ! upp] side n /&+ out z a support above1 b comb9+ _! contractile =ce ) gravity to r5d ! l[]4 ,z ! out] lay] gives way1 ! /ra9 is ?r[n conc5trat$ ^u ! next out]mo/1 :i* also gives way1 & ! beam is brok5 #bbd across 9 detail4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! direct longitud9al /r5g? is te/$1 ! ext]nal circles be+ 9 great] t5sion ?an ! int]nal1 ! tighte/ p>ts ( ! log w give way 9 succession1 l a rope ) /r&s ( diff]5t degrees ( tightness2 yet ! lat]al adhesion ( ! lay]s w h consid]able effect 9 /r5g!n+ ! mass4 ,! above expla9s ! fallacy ( e/imat+ ! longitud9al /r5g? ( a ?ick piece ( timb] f exp]im5ts ) small %r$s2 x likewise expla9s h[ a l>ge unbuilt ma/ is s easily sprung2 :]e=e a beam r\nd z gr[n w be r5d]$ /rong] z a beam by be+ =m$ into a holl[ cyl9d]1 by bor+ out ! c5tral "p2 & also h[ a squ>e log w be /r5g!n$ z a beam1 by cleav+ x up ! middle1 & plac+ ! two pieces on edge1 ) _! outside or backs toge!r4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! middle1 by be+ turn$ outside1 & expos$ to ! air1 w contract m ?an :at x w\ld d %ut up & cov]$ by ! ext]ior wood1 especially if res9\s p9e timb]1 :i* cont9ues to contract = _m ye>s1 ow+ to ! res91 :5 expos$ to ! air1 gradually dry+ or und]go+ "s *ange1 by :i* x is dim9i%$ 9 size1 & r5d]$ simil> to amb]4 #bbe ,consid]ation ( ! diff]5ce ( t5sion ( ! conc5tric lay]s1 f ! diff]5ce ( disposition to contract by dry+1 modifi$ by ! diff]5ce ( position 9 :i* ^! lay]s may /&1 :5 support+ weights & be>+ /ra91 ) ! v>i\s qualities ( timb] ( ! same k9d ( tree1 f v>iety1 age1 soil1 climate1 or f be+ tak5 f ne> ! outside or he>t1 or butt or top1 w1 we ?9k1 acc\nt = ! contr>iety ( results :i* unphilosophical exp]im5ts h af=d$4 #bbf ,,vi4--,,/ew>ds ,,plant]',s ,,guide1 ,,& ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott',s ,,critique4 ,we h notic$ t a s5sation has be5 produc$ 9 a c]ta9 qu>t]1 p>ticul>ly among p]sons ( a c]ta9 age1 by a publication ( ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t ( ,allanton1 on remov+ l>ge trees1 ek$ out by a v clev] article 9 ! ,london ,qu>t]ly1 on ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ascrib$ to ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,x may seem unnecess>y to direct ! att5tion ( ! public aga9 ei!r to ?is volume or its subject1 bo? ( :i* h already engag$ ! public att5tion to a degree greatly beyond _! value & importance2 b ,sir ,h5ry1 ) all 8 fopp]y & p>ade ( decorat+ p>ks1 approa*es1 & lawns1 & all t sort ( *ateau mill9]y1 has n[ & !n ris5 above 8 subject1 & n only giv5 u sev]al h9ts useful 9 rural economy1 b has also pret5sions to h br\ght out "s facts hi!rto b imp]fectly kn[n1 & to h trac$ !m to g5]al pr9ciples4 #bbg ,x is curi\s to rem>k ( h[ mu* great] importance ! eld] "p ( society--^? ^u :om weal? has at l5g? devolv$1 are g5]ally held4 ,any device1 h[ev] trifl+1 :i* c 9 any way div]t ! fancy1 pamp] ! l+]+ s5ses1 or pat* up ! body ( our second *ildhood1 is inf9itely m useful to ! discov]]1 & meets ) high] patronage & m eclat1 ?an :at is ( a ?\s& times m consequ5ce to ! "y4 ,n[1 if ?is 7 ! fruit ( filial love1 all w\ld be v well--we w\ld idolize ! picture3 b :5 we see ^! discov]ies only patroniz$ by ! old !mselves1 9 ! m]e/ egotism1 we blu% = our patri>*s1 & wond] if "t & suff]+ w be sp5t z unpr(itably ^u ourselves4 ,we wond] mu* :at fasc9ation c exi/ to a m9d ( s mu* ability & culture z t ( ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 9 decorat+ a few dull unpr(itable acres1--caus+ a few bu%es & bu%-l trees to *ange place f "o side ( a dull gre5 to ! o!r6--lay+ dige/$ plans ( action1 embrac+ a great numb] ( ye>s1 to accompli% ?is v important feat1 :i* mo/ probably ! next heir w make ! bus9ess ( 8 life to undo1 by turn+ !m back to _! old qu>t]s1 if he does n1 ) m wisdom1 grub !m out #bbh altoge!r z cumb]]s ( ! soil6 ,= ourselves1 we w\ld r baa ) ! silly %eep1 & nibble ! turf1 ?an pass our "t 9 act+ ov] ?is mo/ pitiful trifl+1 or 9 publi%+ a memorial ( our %ame4 ,we "k n h[ o!rs are affect$1 b !re is no o!r place on e>? :]e we h felt su* oppression & we>9ess1 z 9 ! ext5sive smoo!d p>k & lawns ar\nd ! c\ntry seat4 ,we sick5 "u ! uni=mity ( ! heavy-look+ r\nd-head$ trees1--! dulness ( ! flat fat pa/ure1 undecorat$ by a s+le we$1--! quiet /upid physiognomy ( ! cattle1--! (fici\sness ( ! sleek ord]ly m5ial4 ,x may be we are v de/itute ( ta/e 9 ?is2 "h e ?+ is exp]i5c+ satiety ( s5sual enjoym5t1 is full to repletion2 e ?+ has be5 s$ul\sly arrang$ to please1 & we ought c]ta9ly to admire2 b we h no sympa?y ) su* a sc5e4 ,! solit>9ess1 ! abs5ce ( m5 & ( human int]e/1 is n comp5sat$ by any ( ! wild *>ms ( nature4 ,!re is small room "h = ! discov]y ( ! habitat & native "* ( plants1 no *ance ( meet+ ) a r>e species1 e ?+ is modell$ to art4 ,! l&-bailiff is an adept4 ,) 8 dirty compo/s & top-dress+s1 he smo!rs ! fog & ! daisy2 ! scy! #bbi sweeps d[n e idle we$1 e wild fl[] :i* escapes 8 l>ge-m\!d ox54 ,! live smoo? b>k ( ! lu% fa/-gr[+ trees1 af=ds no foot+ = ! v>i\s & beautiful tribes ( mosses & li*5s4 ,! fog-bee has lo/ its dwell+1 ! humble-bee its fl[]s1 & !y h fl[n away4 ,sc>ce an insect rema9s1 except ! swoll5 e>?-worm1 ! obsc5e beetle1 & ! bloat$ toad1 crawl+ among ! rank grass4 ,!re is a heavy dankness 9 ! air itself4 ,! n]v\s fluid /agnates "u x1--! muscles relax into lassitude1--inexpressible depression s9ks ^u ! he>t4 ,x is impossible to describe ! relief we feel :5 we em]ge aga9 into v>i$ nature beyond ! r+-f5ce1--we h ! hill & ! furze1 ! wild-violet & ! ?yme1 & all ! sweet div]sity ( our subalp9e flora4 ,we h ! ?at*$1 pat*$ hut1 ! f9e ragg$ *ildr51 ! bloom+ cottage-girl1--we h ! corn-field1 :]e we$s ( e dye1 ! beautiful c5taurea & scabiosa1 ! elegant fum>ia1 ! gaudy cock-rose1 & ! spl5did *rysan!mum1 are cont5d+ = exi/5ce ) ! c]eale4 ,look at ! brok5 m\nd1 ) its old picturesque trees & tangl$ bu%es2 !re is ! anci5t root :]e ! ?ro/le _h its ne/l+s1 :i* are n[ at l>ge on ! leafy b\ghs1 & are #bcj tun+ _! yet un=m$ notes to melody4 ,n[ e twig has rais$ its new column ( foliage to ! sun2 & bran*1 & root1 & /one1 embelli%$ all ov] 9 ! ri*e/ v>iety ( cryptogamic beauty1 sw>m ( insect life4 ,?is smoo? pa? has be5 pav$ by ! lightsome foot2 h[ sup]ior to ! gravel-walk on :i* ! lab\r] has grudg$ 8 useless toil6 ,ev5 ! c>t-ruts possess an int]e/1 :i* useful lab\r has worn4 ,aft] ! smoo? monotony ( ! p>k2 ! turf-dykes1 ! flut+ ( ! ridges1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( crops1 are mo/ agreeable div]sity4 ,! dunghil1 & *anticle] among 8 dames1 ! toil$ horse1 ! lean mil*-c[1 & ! sup]humanly-sagaci\s-look+ %eph]d-colley1--e ?+ we behold comm&s a sympa?y1 draws =? a wi% ( b5evol5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,critique came "u our notice prior to ,sir ,h5ry's ,guide1 we %all proce$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ?is article1 ,sir ,walt] gives ! hi/ory1 & describes ! v>i$ "*1 ( ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 9 a v imag9ative & felicit\s mann]1 :i*1 z dep5d+ on g5ius & lit]ature alone1 0 to be expect$2 b1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! essay1 :5 he comes to treat ( #bca action & facts1 & ,sir ,h5ry's discov]ies1 ! defici5cy 9 practical k & judgm5t1 only =ms a contra/ to ! fancy1 elegance1 & erudition ( :at goes be=e4 ,sir ,walt]1 app>5tly n q unconsci\s ( ! ridicule atta*+ to ! subject1--to ?is mighty sci5tific & hi/oric p>ade 9 tea*+ c\ntry g5tlem5 to amuse !mselves by transf]r+ gr[n trees z !y li/1 f "o place to ano!r1 )\t entirely de/roy+ ! life ( ! transport$ subject1--makes a curi\s ef=t to su/a9 its consequ5ce1 by po9t+ out ! imm5se advantages to a di/rict by ! squire's resid+ 9 x2 ins9uat+1 t e ?+ :i* may amuse him at home1 & ?us induce him to /ay1 al?\gh ( itself *ildi% or infam\s1 becomes ( ! highe/ importance1 be+ ennobl$ by ! end4 ,! foll[+ c\rtly quotation is f ,sir ,walt]'s proemial obs]vations3 8,a celebrat$ politician us$ to say1 he w\ld will+ly br+ 9 a bill to make poa*+ felony1 ano!r to enc\rage ! bre$ ( foxes1 & a ?ird to revive ! decay$ amusem5ts ( cock-fight+ & bull-bait+2 t he w\ld make1 9 %ort1 any sacrifice to ! hum\rs & prejudices ( ! c\ntry g5tlem51 9 _! mo/ extravagant =m1 provid+ only he c\ld prevail on !m to dwell 9 _! #bcb own h\ses1 be ! patrons ( _! own t5antry1 & ! fa!rs ( _! own *ildr540 ,sir ,walt] does n attempt to describe or analyze ! 8hum\rs & prejudices0 necess>y to r5d] ! above lures efficaci\s4 ,does he inf] t su* di%on\rable p[] ov] _! fell[ m51 or t ! opportunity ( indulg+ 9 su* l[ despicable practices1 w\ld induce ! c\ntry g5tlem5 to soj\rn 9 _! fa!r-l&8 ,x is impossible to say any ?+ m insult+ly cutt+4 ,b we are f> f imput+ to ,sir ,walt] any int5tional (f5ce4 ,yet we _c help be+ angry ) ! freaki% fav\ritism ( ,=tune1 al?\gh we are s5sible x belongs in/9ctively to ! female "*1 (t5 a necess>y & v int]e/+ trait2 h[ %e dooms "o man f 8 *ildhood to toil incessantly = a b>e subsi/5ce2 h[ %e lavi%es h] fav\rs ^u ano!r1 & surr\nds him f ! cradle ) e delight2 ! m9d enlight5$1 ! ta/e cultivat$1 ! body tra9$ to ! mo/ graceful ex]cises1 ev5 ^: v amusem5ts are consid]$ ( s great importance z to ?r[ a high int]e/ ^u an art ( no e>?ly utility1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! lab\r ( _m workm5 is ?r[n uselessly away4 ,we are aw>e t ,sir ,walt] & 8 ,s5ator only reg>d ^! pa/imes #bcc ( ! c\ntry g5tlem51 ?us highly1 ?r\gh a reflect$ int]e/1 ! latt] 9 a political view2 & ! ,b>onet1 f ! kn[n w>m b5evol5ce ( 8 he>t 7a feel+ g5]ally associat$ ) g5ius71 t[>ds 8 poor c\ntrym51 to :om he supposes1 9 ! ev5t ( ! c\ntry g5tlem5 be+ by any means induc$ to /ay at home1 a "p ( ! great l& rev5ue s unju/ly wrung f ! poor man's lab\r w\ld aga9 devolve4 ,x is amus+ to obs]ve ) :at a fl[ ( imag9ation ,sir ,walt] %ews (f 8 fri5d's inv5tions--inv5tions :i* h be5 practis$ ) less or m success1 9 a mann] v simil>1 by almo/ e plant] ( note1 s9ce ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,we quote aga93 8,! exi/5ce ( ! wond]s1--s we may call !m1--:i* ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t has effect$1 be+ ?us support$ by ! unexceptionable evid5ce ( compet5t judges 7a deputation by ! ,highl& ,society71 :at lov] ( natural beauty c fail to be int]e/$ 9 8 own detail$ acc\nt ( ! mode by :i* he has be5 able to make w+s = "t80--8,b al?\gh we h f\nd ! sy/em to be at once orig9al1 effectual1 & att5d$ ) mod]ate exp5se1 we are n sangu9e en\gh to hope t x w at once f9d #bcd g5]al introduction4 ,! application ( /eam & gas to ! important functions :i* !y at pres5t p]=m1 0 sl[ly & reluctantly adopt$1 aft] !y _h be5 oppos$ = _m ye>s by ! prejudices ( ! public1--e>li] or lat] ?is beautiful & rational sy/em w be br\ght into g5]al action1 :5 x w d m to advance ! picturesque beauty ( ! c\ntry 9 five ye>s1 ?an ! sl[ me?ods hi!rto adopt$ w 9 fifty4 ,x is n[ f\nd we possess ! art ( *ang+ ! face ( nature l ! sc5es 9 a !atre1 & t we c conv]t1 almo/ in/antane\sly1 a des]t to an ,ed540 ,n[1 ?is is admirable6 ,ev5 7 x grant$1 t no plant] be=e ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t's "t1 or )\t 8 in/ructions1 _h ev] remov$ a tree ( consid]able size successfully 7?\gh we believe he has ne>ly z mu* ! m]it ( discov]y 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r curi\s inv5tion ascrib$ to him by ,sir ,walt]1 8mak+ w+s = "t10 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 p]=m$ by ,sir ,h5ry a long :ile ago1 z we rememb] "t fly+ v well :5 we 7 a truant boy72 yet1 nev]!less1 ,sir ,walt]1 n[ t 8 p>oxysm ( admiration has _h "t to mod]ate1 w surely help u to laugh #bce at ! absurdity ( 8 hyp]bolic figures ( comp>ison1 ) /eam1 & gas1 & sc5ic trans=mation1 :i* ?r[ su* ridicule ^u 8 excell5t fri5d4 ,we believe t ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t has be5 z successful z _m o!rs ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 transplant+ gr[n trees4 ,we h _h "s little practice ourselves 9 ?is art1 b :i*1 _h x n be5 = ,sir ,h5ry's discov]ies1 we %\ld n h ?\ght ( obtrud+ on ! notice ( ! public4 ,! h\se we occupi$ 0 cov]$ to ! s\? & we/ by "p ( an old or*>d ( apple & pe> trees1 :i* exclud$ ! dry+ s\?-we/]n breeze1 s necess>y 9 a l[ damp situation4 ,we transplant$ ne>ly an acre ( ^!1 c]ta9ly ) m success & economy ?an c\ld h be5 effect$ by ,sir ,h5ry's practice1 ! soil be+ s t5aci\s1 t x 0 impossible to remove ! e>? f ! roots )\t fractur+ all ! small] fibres4 ,! soil1 an adhesive br[n ,c>se clay1 conta9$ a good deal ( vegetable matt]1 to ! dep? ( ab\t #ae in*es1 :5 ! subsoil1 a close h>d yell[ clay comm5c$1 into :i* v few ( ! roots p5etrat$4 ,?is gr\nd _h be5 long "u grass1 & ! upp] soil 0 mu* b\nd toge!r by ! grass & tree roots4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we adopt$ ! foll[+ plan3--#bcf ,we fir/ _h a /\t sl$ge made1 ab\t f\r feet squ>e1 ( lumb] pieces ( wood1 ! side pieces ab\t five feet long1 on :i* x slid1 _h a small b5d1 & ext5d$ ne>ly a foot beh9d ! cross bottom %ea?s1 :i* 7 sp>r$ ov] ) ?ree n>r[ bo>ds4 ,! /\t *a9 ( a roll] 0 affix$ to ?is sl$ge1 :5 at use1 to drag x by4 ,9 ! autumn we prep>$ ! site :]e we int5d$ plac+ ea* tree1 by ?r[+ out ! e>? on two sides ab\t a foot deep1 & eight feet squ>e1 & !n dug ov] ! bottom ( ?is %all[ pit "o spit deep1 & slop$ ! two o!r sides1 to :i* ! e>? _h n be5 ?r[n1 s t horses c\ld walk across x2 we !n took ! opportunity ( a slight %[]1 :5 ! gr\nd 0 slipp]y above & h>d bel[1 s t ! sl$ge c\ld easily be dragg$1 & set ! lab\r]s to "w to dig a n>r[ tr5*1 two feet deep1 & ab\t ?ree feet di/ant f ! /em 7m or less accord+ to ! size ( ! tree71 ar\nd ^? trees we int5d$ to remove1 pay+ no reg>d to ! roots1 b cutt+ !m "r d[n :]e !y int]f]$ ) ! tr5*1 & :]e ! roots 9 ! c5tral "p 7! "p surr\nd$ by ! tr5*7 7 n imm$iately at ! surface1 p>+ (f ! turf till ! roots appe>$4 ,?is be+ done1 we caus$ !m to #bcg "u-dig & scrape out ! clay all r\nd1 ne>ly a foot inw>d bel[ ! roots1 & !n to introduce two l>ge ladd]s at "o side z lev]s to upset ! tree1 ! /rong end ( ! ladd]s be+ put into ! tr5*1 & z f> und]nea? ! roots z to cat* hold firmly1 ! out] side ( ! tr5* be+ ! fulcrum on :i* !y re/$ to obta9 a pur*ase1 ! light end slop+ upw>d ab\t #ad feet high4 ,two m5 7 !n employ$ ^u ea* ladd]2 "o ( !m pull$ d[n by a rope atta*$ to ! top1 :ile ! o!r guid$ ! ladd]1 & rock$ x a little up & d[n2 &1 at ! same "t1 sev]al m5 hung ^u ! opposite side ( ! tree1 ei!r by a rope or ! bran*es1 till _! unit$ =ce upset ! tree ) a l>ge cake ( clay b\nd toge!r by ! roots1 five or six feet squ>e1 & p]haps fifte5 in*es ?ick1 /&+ up l a wall1 simil> to :at occurs :5 spruce or ,scots fir are upset by high w9ds1 9 %all[ wet-bottom$ soil4 ,we !n remov$ ! ladd]s1 slop$ ! out] side ( ! tr5* :]e !y _h re/$1 & p>$ away ! clay f ! upset root1 till we ?\ght f\r horses c\ld drag x1 "o or two m5 9 ! mean "t sitt+ 9 ! top to prev5t ! tree right+4 ,aft] ?is we introduc$ ! sl$ge1 pu%+ x z f> back z possible2 if necess>y1 cutt+ holes to #bch admit ! ends ( ! side-pieces ( ! sl$ge ?r\gh ! l[] edge ( ! upset root2 & if ! tree 7 l>ge1 plac+ sev]al wet slipp]y bo>ds "u ! sides ( ! sl$ge1 t x might be m easily drawn up ! acclivity ( ! hole4 ,! m5 hang+ or sitt+ on ! top1 !n let g _! hold1 & ! tree g5]ally right$ itself1 /&+ fair ^u ! sl$ge z x grew2 if x did n d ?is ( itself1 !y assi/$ its ris+ by lift+ at ! top4 ,! root 0 !n secur$ firmly ^u ! sl$ge ) ropes1 & ! horses 7 atta*$1 :o1 by pull+ /\tly1 dragg$ ! sl$ge ) its load out ( ! hole up ! slope1 & away to ! prep>$ new situation1 "o man walk+ at ea* side1 hav+ hold ( a rope atta*$ to ! top ( ! tree to guide & /eady x :5 pass+ a furr[ or o!r inequality ( ! road4 ,! horses 7 l$ across ! new site1 & /opp$ :5 ! sl$ge & tree 7 9 ! pit1 ab\t a foot pa/ ! b]?2 ! ropes fix+ ! /ool on ! sl$ge 7 !n unti$1 &1 by pull+ backw>d ^u ! ropes fix$ to ! top1 ! tree 0 upset aga9 ^u its side f (f ! sl$ge1 & ! sl$ge dragg$ =w>d4 ,! tree 0 !n all[$ or assi/$ to "r itself aga9 9 its prop] b]?1 & friable e>? pack$ well ar\nd & scatt]$ ov] ! /ool1 & a little litt] spread ov] #bci all4 ,! gr\nd 0 !n dra9$ & tr5*$1 except+ ! "p ar\nd ! tree1 :i* _h be5 /irr$ 9 ! plant+4 ,if ?\ght necess>y1 a prop or two 7 plac$ to /eady ! tree dur+ ! w9t]1 z x might o!rwise "w a little back & =w>d ) ! w9d :ile ! clay 0 moi/ & s(t4 ,aft] ! e>? _h dri$ 9 ! spr+1 ! props 7 remov$4 ,:5 we look back on ! description ( ?is practice1 x seems t$i\s2 b mu* ( ! "w is done soon] ?an describ$4 ,7 x ( suffici5t importance1 trees might be gr[n 9 some?+ l lazy b$s1 ) wat] always /&+ 9 ! divid+ tr5*es1 ab\t fifte5 in*es l[] ?an ! surface1 :i* w\ld procure roots v manageable by ?is practice4 ,we once _h a small nurs]y ( oaks s situat$1 & ! trees :i* 7 remov$1 :5 ( consid]able size1 _h roots uncommonly matt$ & fibr\s1 & :i* c>ri$ ) !m a l>ge mass ( soil4 ,^! succe$$ v well :5 transplant$1 b we %\ld consid] t plants f a dri] poor] soil1 ) roots equally fibr\s1 w\ld be pref]able1 c\ld !y be extract$ ) z mu* adh]+ e>?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t prep>ation & consid]able lab\r4 ,7 x ! only consid]ation to procure plants :i* w\ld be/ #bdj support ! transplant+ :5 ( consid]able size1 ?is1 or ! practice ( cutt+ ! roots1 & enc\rag+ ! root+ by manur+ & ?ick5+ ! e>? ar\nd ! /ool1 w\ld m]it att5tion2 b z we h already /at$1 we consid] plants ) ^! matt$ roots n s likely to gr[ to l>ge timb] z ^? ) sev]al un*eck$ l>ge div]g+ root-lead]s4 ,besides ! above m5tion$ "p ( or*>d1 we h1 by ?is practice1 remov$ successfully 79 "s cases s mu* s z t no trace ( ! removal appe>$71 a consid]able numb] ( trees1 :]e !y 7 gr[+ too close1 & ?9k x simpl]1 & mu* sup]ior to ,sir ,h5ry's1 :]ev] ! /ool ( ! tree c be turn$ up ) a l>ge cake ( e>?1 z 9 cases :]e ! great] "p ( ! roots run out horizontally ne> ! surface1 :i* always occurs 9 flat gr\nd1 :5 ! subsoil is soak+ ) moi/ure ! great] "p ( ! season4 ,:atev] risk !re may be ( ! tree n gr[+ :5 x has be5 subject$ to all ,sir ,h5ry's =mal & t$i\s process1 assi/$ by co/ly ma*9]y1 !re is none "h1 provid$ x is plac$ 9 dra9$ tr5*$ gr\nd1 z a consid]able numb] ( ! small fibres on :i* ! suction ( moi/ure = supply ( ! leaves dep5ds1 rema9 unt\*$1 ) ?is e>? ar\nd !m1 & #bda /rike out imm$iately 9 ! new moi/ s(t soil2 & !re is no lac]ation ( ! ma9 roots1 :i*1 by ,sir ,h5ry's plan1 _c altoge!r be avoid$1 ?is lac]ation be+ mu* m p]nici\s1 & likely to occasion putresc5cy1 ?an simple cross section#di4 ,by ! above sl$g+ practice1 we h successfully remov$ fruit trees #b #a_/b feet 9 circumf]5ce1 at two feet f ! gr\nd1 & h _h "s #bj feet high1 make a new addition to _! height ( six in*es ! fir/ summ]1 :]e no %ort5+ ( ! top _h tak5 place4 ,we h also pluck$ fair loads ( fruit1 bo? fir/ & second season1 z l>ge #bdb & well matur$ z any ( ! same k9d produc$ by trees :i* _h n be5 t\*$2 b x is g5]ally prud5t n to all[ !m to fruit ! fir/ two seasons4 ,z an exp]im5t1 we cut mo/ ( ! bran*es f ! top ( two ( ! trees--t is1 head$ !m d[n1 b f\nd ^! did n gr[ s well z ^? :i* 7 only slightly prun$1 or n prun$ at all4 ,prun+ at plant+ %\ld take place 9 cases :]e !re are long annual %oots ( ! prec$+ season1 or mu* close spray z 9 old fruit+-trees2 ! =m] %\ld be cut 91 to five or six buds 9 l5g?1 & ! latt] ought to be ?9n$1 to an ext5t1 :i* ! k9d ( tree1 ! l>g5ess & safe /ate ( ! root1 soil1 exposure1 & climate1 mu/ det]m9e3 we reque/ our read]s to pay att5tion to ?is4 ,prun+ ! long annual %oots1 prev5ts a too e>ly =mation ( leaves1 :i* (t5 occurs 9 moi/ cold soil1 & :i* )] be=e ! roots beg9 to /rike4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e we f\nd ! e>? too friable1 & n suffici5tly b\nd toge!r by ! roots1 to rise up 9 a cake1 we fir/ prep>$ ! /ool = upsett+1 & wait$ = h>d fro/#ej to b9d #bdc ! e>? & roots into a firm body l a l>ge mill/one1 p\r+ "s wat] ^u x ! ev5+ previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! fro/1 t x might become firm]2 we !n proce$$ ) our sl$g+ dur+ ! fro/ if ! road 0 smoo?2 &1 if r\gh1 we cov]$ ov] ! froz5 root ) /raw to reta9 ! fro/2 & ! fir/ day ( fre%1 :5 ! gr\nd 0 s(t & slipp]y above1 & h>d und]nea?1 we proce$$ ) our "w1 tak+ c>e n to cov] up ! root ) e>? till x _h ?aw$4 ,we h f\nd 7contr>y to g5]al op9ion71 t no injury is su/a9$ by exposure ( ! roots ( v>i\s k9ds ( trees to fro/1 or z great cold z g5]ally occurs at ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ?is climate4 ,we h succe$$ equally well ) pe>-trees1 :i* _h la9 out on ! expos$ b>e cr[n ( a ridge = two mon?s ( w9t]1 )\t ! smalle/ quantity ( e>? adh]+ to ! roots1 or protection ( any k9d1 z ) ^? imm$iately f ! gr\nd :]e !y grew4 ,we h ev5 ?\ght t a c]ta9 exposure ( ! roots to cold increas$ _! susceptibility to be /imulat$ to /rike quick] by ! w>m? ( ! gr\nd 9 spr+1 & ?us ! root suction com+ to act soon] ?an x usually does 9 transplant$ trees )\t balls1 & ne>] ! "t ( ! expansion #bdd ( ! leaves2 ! *eck occasion$ by ! upp] vegetation be+ too =w>d = ! l[]1 0 n s great4 ,9 "s cases a slight degree ( )]+ also appe>$ to h a good effect 9 det]r+ ! developm5t ( ! buds till ! e>? acquir$ a w>m? suffici5t = ! root /rik+4 ,we succe$$ to our wi% ) ^? we transplant$ by sl$g+1 except+ a few :i* 7 plac$ among "y trees obta9$ f a sale nurs]y4 ,^! "y plants br\ght along ) !m a numb] ( ! eggs ( ! common gre5 cat]pill>4 ,^! eggs produc$ l>v ^u ! "y trees ! foll[+ spr+2 & ^! l>v go+ d[n into ! e>?1 produc$ a small grey silv]y mo? 9 ,july4 ,! mo?s1 f ! talle/ plants be+ mo/ oppos$ to !m 9 _! flight1 or f be+ guid$ by common p>asitical in/9ct to *oose ! l>ge/ subjects1 deposit$ _! eggs ^u ! remov$ old trees 9 pref]5ce to ^? on :i* !y _h be5 br\ght f ! nurs]y1--a pref]5ce :i* did n seem to arise f any sickl9ess ( ! old1 z !y 7 fully z vigor\s ! fir/ summ] aft] transplant+ z ! "y4 ,^! import$ v]m9 prosp]+ "u ! propiti\s dry w>m summ] ( #ahbf1 r5d]$ sev]al ( ! old trees z b>e ( foliage ! second & ?ird ,june aft] #bde removal z !y 7 9 ,decemb]2 !y h n[1 h[ev]1 recov]$ _! vig\r1 %ak5 (f _! p>asites1 & h produc$ good loads ( fruit4 ,we may be ?\ght fa/idi\s 9 our ta/es1 & extravagant 9 our wi%es1 b we desire & expect m ( our c\ntry g5tlem5 ?an to be m]e idl]s1 or worse ?an idl]s1--practis]s ( ! ,allanton sy/em4 ,:5 !y turn _! att5tion to =e/ry1 we w\ld h !m to s[1 or to plant f ! nurs]y1 & n to di/urb & torture ! f9e gr[+ timb] :i* _! fa!rs _h locat$1 & :i* g5]ally suff]s irrep>able injury f removal1--a sy/em to :i* ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t is s absurdly atta*$1 z to recomm5d its practice1 al?\gh only to turn ! lee side ( ! tree r\nd to ! w9d 9 ! same spot4 ,nor h we mu* sympa?y ) ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ta/e = home-keep+ squires1--^? ,%all[s & ,sl5d]s ) :om our great dramati/ has made himself s m]ry4 ,we w\ld h our l&$ g5tlem5 to "k t !y are ! c\ntrym51--_m ( !m1 p]haps1 ( ! blood ( ! ,raleighs1 ! ,drakes1 & ! ,ansons4 ,let !m1 l our ,well+ton1 our ,nelson1 our ,co*rane1 ,wilson1 ,mill]1 & _m o!rs1 cont9ue to set be=e ! _w "s little assurance ( ,briti% manhood4 ,let !m1 l our #bdf no less hon\rable ,p5ns1 & ,baltimore1 & ,selkirk1 lay f\ndations ( future empires4 ,we w\ld h our "y m5 ( =tune g abroad into ! _w z soon z _! s*ola/ic education is complet$1--n to sp5d a few idle ye>s 9 ,p>is1 ,rome1 or o!r ( ! common en]vat+ haunts1--!y might z well rema9 9 "m's draw+room or fa!r's /able2 b to view man & nature "u e appe>ance4 ,let !m acquire horseman%ip on ! ,pampas ( ,la ,plata2 hunt ! lion & ! elephant1 & o!r game1 at ! ,cape1 & /udy ! botany & natural hi/ory ( ^! prolific wilds4 ,let _! ideas %oot :ile !y recl9e "u ! lone magnific5ce ( ! primeval =e/1 :ile !y gallop ov] ! unappropriat$ des]t1 free z ! ,b$\91 or lie d[n compos$ly to sleep1 s]5ad$ by ! hy5a & jackal's h[l1 & lion's ro>4 ,let !m le>n geology & m9]alogy on ! ,&es & ,himalaya1 & ar\nd e %ore :]e ! /rata are d5ud$4 ,let !m w9d ab\t among ^? abrupt rocks & craggy precipices1 :]e !y may contemplate ! sea-bird's h\sehold economy--! wild h]bs ( ! cliff--! vegetation & %ells & mon/]s ( ! ocean--! solit>y :ite sail f di/ant l&--! ve/iges ( old5 "t1 ! exuvi ( =m] worlds1 9 ! #bdg expos$ /rata--! abrasion ( ! rocky l& by ! cont9u$ batt]+ ( ! numb]less pebbles mov$ backw>d & =w>d by ! heav+ ( ! ceaseless wave4 ,let !m /udy ! curr5ts1 & w9ds1 & meteorology on ! ocean1 & enjoy ! sublime feel+ ( rid+ ov] x 9 its wilde/ mood4 ,let !m jo9 ! ranks ( fre$om 9 any qu>t] ( ! _w :]e fre$om is oppos$ to tyranny4 ,let !m head ! savage horde1 & introduce ! morality & arts ( ,brita9 among ! ignorant b>b>ian2 or lead out colonies ( our />v$ op]atives to new l&s ( high agricultural capability1 :]e = c5turies no population-prev5tive *ecks w\ld be necess>y4 ,no o!r employm5t ( life c\ld be s ab\nd+ 9 he>t-/irr+ emotion1 z lead+ out ! en?usia/ic emigrants1 ) _! huddl$ gr\ps ( *ildr51 :om y "k y h rescu$ f ! irksome unheal?y toil & wret*$ness ( ! city manufactory2 no occupation c\ld be m delightful ?an *]i%+ ! new-born settlem5t dur+ ! privations & h>d%ips ( infancy2 9 procur+ a supply ( food1 :5 ?r\gh mi/akes1 ow+ to ignorance ( ! climate & o!r circum/ances1 success _h n att5d$ _! indu/ry2 & 9 lead+ !m on to an effective self gov]nm5t4 ,"o w\ld gladly leave #bdh ?is old _w1 ^: surface is disfigur$ all ov] by man's pat*$ drill$ de=mities1 & pass on to a new "o1 :]e inviolat$ nature has produc$ & re>$ h] own *ildr5 aft] h] own fa%ion1 :]e e plant occupies its own place & blossoms 9 its own "t4 ,?is ord] mu/ af=d int5se delight to ! naturali/1 indep5d5t ( ! novelty ( e ?+1 f ! con/ellation 9 ! sky to ! li*5 on ! /one4 ,9 su* a place1 "o %\ld feel remorse to suff] ! hat*et to "w1 or ! pl\gh%>e to ent] 94 ,we fe> ^! amusem5ts 7to :i* inde$1 ! ,briti% seem m dispos$ ?an any o!r p71 w\ld spoil all reli% = ! ,allanton sy/em1 & t our travell]s1 on _! return1 w\ld suff] ! ?riv+ trees plant$ by _! fa!rs to rema9 at re/1 & r incl9e to introduce into ! p>k "s ( _! h>dy =eign fav\rites--! iron-wood ev]gre5s ( ,patagonia1 ! valuable p9es & o!r trees ( ,new ,zeal& & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,we believe1 also1 t an acqua9tance ) ! real _w1 obta9$ 9 ?is way1 w\ld be mu* bett] fitt$1 ?an ! foll[+ ,sir ,walt]'s recomm5dation1 to r5d] our g5tlem5 9 aft] life able & ready to direct at ! nation's c\ncils1 & to improve _! e/ates1 & ! condition ( _! dep5d5ts4 #bdi ,p]haps !y w\ld !n disda9 to hang on at ,/ ,/eph5's1 ! contemptible reta9]s 7all b 9 liv]y7 ( "s intrigu+ memb] ( ! cab9et1 l hungry jackals 7call-jack71 = ! pick+s _! ma/] might leave !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ n[ look$ at ! g5]al be>+ ( our subject1 we %all approa* x a little clos]1 to exam9e ! facts1 inductions1 & m9uti ( ! practice4 ,:5 we fir/ he>d ( ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t's celebrat$ discov]ies & new sy/em ( mov+ ab\t l>ge live trees1 & read ,sir ,walt] ,scott's decl>ation1 t ,birnam wood might n[ 9 reality come d[n liv+ to ,duns9ane1 we 7 dispos$ to hold ,sir ,h5ry a magician1 & 7 n a little al>m$ le/ gr[n up trees might inde$ acquire1 "u 8 art1 ! locomotive p[]1 & gallop ab\t1 to ! no small t]ror & dang] ( 8 ,maje/y's subjects2 b1 on clos] exam9ation1 we f9d all ,sir ,h5ry's art resolve itself into transf]r+ !m f "o hole into ano!r1 by ! lab\r ( real m5 & horses1 )\t injur+ ! trees to su* a degree z preclude hope ( recov]y "u prop] subsequ5t att5tion4 ,8 mode ( p]=m+ ?is may be /at$ %ortly z foll[s3-- #a/1 ,procure /urdy subjects1 n drawn up tall #bej & delicate 9 close plantations1 b ) %ort /em balanc$ all r\nd ) num]\s compact bran*es1 & well & regul>ly root$1 su* z occur 9 op5 situation on level surface4 ,if y h n trees possess+ ^! pr]equisites ready at h& ,g prep>e !m4 ,?9 out y\r "y woods to d\ble & triple di/ance1 accord+ z y int5d to transf] !m to %elt]$ or expos$ situations2 cut ! roots ( ^! trees1 & tr5* ar\nd !m at a few feet di/ant f ! bulb1 or lay d[n ri* compo/ m\ld ar\nd !m1 to enc\rage exub]ance ( root+1 & 9 eight or t5 ye>s y w h fit subjects = removal6 #b;d1 ,prep>e ! site a ye> previ\s1 by tr5*+ & manur+ ) compo/1 c>efully mix+ & bl5d+ ! :ole 7! upp] & l[] e>? ( ! soil & compo/71 & add+ m\ld :5 ! soil is %all[2 att5d+ to ?ick5 & mix clay soil ) s&y m\ld1 & s& soil ) clayey m\ld1 also gu>d+ aga9/ lodgm5t ( wat]4 ,rec5t f>m-y>d dung1 peat-moss1 & quick-lime1 :5 well comp\nd$ toge!r1 make an excell5t compo/ manure4 #c;d1 ,comm5ce extricat+ y\r trees by op5+ a deep tr5* at ! extremities ( ! roots1 und]m9+ a little inw>d1 & gradually sev]+ ! #bea e>? f ! rootlets1 by /irr+1 scrap+1 & %ak+ ) a v light pick1 at ! same "t ?r[+ ! sep>at$ e>? out ( ! hole1 & work+ inw>d ) ! %ovel und]nea? ! b>$ rootlets1 till ! tree is s f> loos5$ z to be upset by pull+ on a rope fix$ ne> ! top1 ! rootlets1 z extricat$1 be+ bundl$ up s z to be z mu* out ( ! way ( injury z possible4 ,n[1 ?r[ "s e>? into ! hole2 re-elevate ! tree ^u ?is e>?1 & upset x 9 ! contr>y direction2 cont9ue to ?r[ 9 e>?1 elevate & upset 9 ! contr>y direction1 till ! bottom ( ! root be ne>ly on a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,procure a l>ge two :eel$ wood-drag1 & :eel x backw>d close to ! /&+ tree4 ,elevate ! pole ( ?is drag1 & tie x firmly al(t to ! /\te/ & mo/ conv5i5t "p ( ! top4 ,make ! body ( ! tree ne> ! root fa/ to ! axle1 or to a beam rais$ a little above ! axle1 a pad int]v5+ betwe5 ! axle or beam & body ( ! tree1 to prev5t injury to ! b>k2 !n by pull+ d[n ^u ! top ( ! pole1 upset ! tree ^u ! drag1 balanc+ z ne> z possible ^u ! axle4 ,all be+ n[ 9 read9ess1 atta* y\r horses to ! rev]se end ( ! drag1 :]e ! root is swung1 & h y\r plant pull$ #beb backw>d to its new b]?1 & deposit x c>efully !re1 )\t any top-prun+1 hav+ its heavie/ bran*es t[>ds ! we/1 t x may ! bett] )/& our prevail+ w9ds1 tak+ great c>e to divide & comb out all ! rootlets1 & to pack 9 ! f9e prep>$ m\ld1 s z to sep>ate !m ne>ly 9 ! ord] !y =m]ly occupi$4 ,!n sad d[n ! :ole by beat+ or wat]+1 & mul* ov] all to exclude ! dr\ght4 #d?1 ,wat] e two or ?ree days 9 dry wea!r1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! fir/ summ]1 & cont9ue = sev]al ye>s to "w ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd by repeat$ hoe+ or o!rwise1 till ! tree has =gott5 h] r\gh treatm5t1 & has become reconcil$ to h] new qu>t]s4 ,n[1 ?is is ,sir ,h5ry's practice4 ,:at is !re "h m]it+ ! "n ( discov]y8 ,all ! _w knew long ago1 t trees drawn up tall & delicate1 9 %elt]$ situations1 7 unfit = an op5 exposure1 especially :5 ( consid]able size4 ,we h ourselves dug tr5*es r\nd trees1 & pick$ ! e>? f ! rootlets ) po9t$ in/rum5ts1 pres]v+ z f> z possible e fibre entire4 ,we h (t5 collect$ f9e m\ld & compo/s ^u ! gr\nd previ\s to plant+1 & tr5*$ ov] ! soil2 we h c>efully arrang$ ! #bec rootlets1 & pack$ 9 our prep>$ m\ld2 we h notic$ t mutilat+ ! top ( c]ta9 k9ds ( trees 0 v p]nici\s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! bee* & ! oak2 we h inv>iably turn$ r\nd ! heavie/ bran*es to ! we/2 we h mul*$ & wat]$ ! fir/ summ]1 & h ho$ ar\nd ! plants = ye>s aft]w>ds2 conveyance by a two-:eel$ timb]-drag has be5 long 9 use 7we h employ$ ! axle & :eels ( a common c>t72 _m1 be=e ,sir ,h5ry1 h prep>$ ! roots by previ\s cutt+2 :at plant] ( exp]i5ce is ignorant ( all ?is8 ,we grant ,sir ,h5ry has done all ?is well2 mu* ( x mu/ h occurr$ to himself1 z x has done to u1 z x w d to any p]son ( ord9>y acut5ess & obs]vation1 b does ?is m]it ! "n ( discov]y1 or comp>ison ) /eam & gas8 ,we %all n[ give "s little att5tion to a subject on :i* we consid] ,sir ,h5ry's claim to ! rank ( philosophic discov]] solely re/s1 & :i* he introduces to our notice c]ta9ly ) suffici5t prefatory fl\ri%1 "u ! designation ( 8 8new pr9ciple10 88 rational !ory10 :i* he pr$icts w raise transplant+ ( trees ( consid]able size to ! rank ( a useful art1 x be+ ?us f\nd$ on fix$ pr9ciples4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! matt] fairly #bed be=e ! m9d ( our read]s1 we are "u ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to a long quotation4 ,we fe> our read]s w f9d ,sir ,h5ry's metaphysics n v intelligible2 b ?is may well be =giv51 we are all too guilty ( plung+ ab\t :5 we get into deep wat]1 & "s ( u h n always s5se en\gh to swim ) ! /ream4 ,we "h introduce a quotation ( our au?or3 8,b :ile e organic creation t5ds to full developm5t1 t is1 to absolute en]gy1 or p]fect life1 /ill we f9d1 t ! organs ( :i* x is compos$ are ea* reciprocally dep5d5t on e o!r1 = ! possibility & degree ( _! peculi> action4 ,at ! same "t1 z ^! int]nal conditions ( animat$ exi/5ce are sev]ally dep5d5t on c]ta9 ext]nal conditions1 :i*1 aga91 are n always fully & equally suppli$2 s x foll[s1 t ! life ( e organiz$ be+ is det]m9$ 9 its am\nt1 & 9 ! direction ( its developm5t1 by ! outw>d circum/ances ( its individual situation4 ,= ?is reason1 we see t e animal1 & e plant1 is dep5d5t = its exi/5ce1 & also = its p]fect exi/5ce1 on conditions bo? int]nal & ext]nal4 8,f ?is reason+ x may be conceiv$1 h[ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! liv+ :ole reciprocally act & react4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 cause & effect #bee mutually2 & no "o c prec$e ano!r1 ei!r 9 ! ord] ( nature1 or ( "t4 ,?us1 9 an animal1 ! dige/ive1 & ! absorb5t1 ! sangu9e\s1 ! respiratory1 & ! n]v\s sy/ems are at once relative & correlative4 ,9 l mann]1 9 a plant1 ! same reciprocal proportion is f\nd to hold betwe5 ! roots & ! /em1 ! bran*es & ! leaves3 ,ea* modifies & det]m9es ! exi/5ce ( all ! o!rs1 & is equally affect$ by all 9 its turn4 ,& z _! sev]al p>ts1 by means ( _! union1 con/itute ! organic :ole2 & z _! functions1 by ! same means1 realize ! complem5t ( life1 :i* ! plant or animal exhibits2 x is evid5t1 t e liv+ individual is a necess>y sy/em1 9 :i* no "o "p c be affect$1 )\t affect+ ! o!r p>ts1 & ?r\gh\t :i* !re reigns an intimate sympa?y1 & a complete h>mony ( p]fection & imp]fection4 8,fur!r2 ,! ext]nal conditions ( ?is int]nal developm5t ( plants & animals1 are ,food1 ,air1 & ,heat2 :ile ,light seems to be a peculi> condition1 indisp5sably necess>y to plants4 ,:]e any "o ( ^! conditions is n suppli$1 ! exi/5ce ( life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 becomes impossible2 :]e x is insuffici5tly suppli$1 life is #bef proportionally enfeebl$ or repress$4 ,b1 to limit our consid]ation to ! vegetable k+dom1 x may be obs]v$1 t :]e a loose & deep soil af=ds an abundant supply ( food1 :]e a g5ial climate diffuses w>m? 9 an adequate degree1 & :]e a fav\rable exposure all[s a compet5t access ( light 7= air1 be+ fully & univ]sally giv51 may be ?r[n out ( ! case72 9 ^! circum/ances1 a plant1 if n me*anically injur$1 w vigor\sly ex]cise its functions1 & atta9 ! full developm5t ( its p>ts1 ?us realiz+ ! absolute complem5t ( life1 to :i* x naturally t5ds4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 ^! conditions are /9t$1 ! luxuriance ( ! plant is *eck$1 9 ! ratio ( t re/ra9t1 & ! defici5cy ( ! supply4 ,:]e any "o ( ! ext]nal conditions is p>tially or inadequately suppli$1 ! plant appe>s to make special1 & ev5 =c$ ef=ts to secure z mu* ( ! b5eficial influ5ce z x c1 & to accommodate itself to ! exig5cy ( its situation4 ,?us1 :]e light is admitt$ only f a s+le po9t1 a plant conc5trates all its p[]s1 9 /ret*+ t[>ds ! direction ( ! light4 ,:]e light is %$ all ar\nd1 ! plant ?r[s out its bran*es on e side4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 we f9d1 t1 9 ! int]ior ( a wood1 :]e ! ,trees #beg mutually imp$e ! lat]al admission ( light1 ! t5d5cy ( ea* is upw>ds2 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is t5d5cy is1 t ! plant is !reby n develop$ 9 its natural & p]fect proportions1 b is elongat$1 or drawn up to an undue height4 ,x displays its ramification *iefly ne> ! top2 :ile ! imp]fection ( its life is manife/$ 9 ! :ole "* ( its vegetation4 ,9 op5 exposures1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tree developes its exi/5ce1 9 full heal? & luxuriance4 ,x rea*es a height1 su* z ! soil & situation admit1 & suffici5t to all[ ! bran*es1 :i* are ?r[n out on e side1 to exp& _! leaves freely to ! sun4 ,n be+ compell$ to conc5trate its ef=ts1 9 secur+ a scanty supply ( "o b5eficial influ5ce1 all its proportions are absolute & univ]sal1 n relative & p>ticul>4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 !re=e1 x may be consid]$ z 9 a full & natural /ate ( p]fection4 8,ano!r condition ( vegetable life appe>s to be an adequate degree ( ,heat4 ,)9 a c]ta9 range ( temp]ature1 vegetation is positively promot$3 ,bel[1 or above a c]ta9 po9t 7! degree diff]+ 9 diff]5t species ( plants71 vegetation is positively *eck$4 ,to speak only ( ! latt] case1 :i* is briefly express$ by ! t]m #beh ,cold1 x is ei!r produc$ by absolute l[ness ( temp]ature1 or1 9 p>ticul> circum/ances1 by ! g5]ation ( cold1 ?r\gh ! effect ( w9d1 & consequ5t evaporation f a moi/ surface2 = trees1 9 !mselves1 h b little self-g5]at$ heat1 above ! surr\nd+ temp]ature4 ,"s !y c]ta9ly possess1 o!rwise !y w\ld be kill$ dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,( ! above accid5ts nature c modify ! =m]1 by accommodat+ diff]5t species ( plants to diff]5t latitudes & elevations3 ,aga9/ ! latt] %e adopts ! plan ( af=d+ suitable protection to ! individual4 ,9 ! int]ior ( woods1 :]e ! free curr5t ( air is int]cept$1 :]e /illness & s]5ity are ma9ta9$1 & :]e ea* tree af=ds %elt]1 m or less1 to e o!r1 nature has little ne$ to g5]ate ! provisions necess>y to mitigate ! injuri\s effects ( evaporation4 ,b1 9 op5 exposures1 & 9 ! case ( isolat$ trees1 ?is effect mu/ be assuag$1 & is1 9 fact1 to a c]ta9 ext5t alleviat$1 by v>i\s provisions or prop]ties1 be/[$ ^u ! tree itself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a ?ick] & clos] ramification ( ! sides & top is suppli$1 & a m abundant spray t[>ds ! /ormy qu>t]1 !reby furni%+ a k9d ( clo?+ ( leaves1 9 ord] to protect f cold bo? ! #bei asc5d+ & ! desc5d+ sap-vessels3 ,&1 secondly1 a great] induration ( ! epid]mis1 & ?ickness ( ! cortical lay]s ( ! b>k are provid$2 :i*1 =m+ a bad conductor ( heat1 act z a /ill m effectual def5ce to ! /em1 by prev5t+ ! imm$iate & p[]ful application ( cold1 ?r\gh ! sudd5 subtraction ( caloric1 f ! prop] vessels ( ! inn] b>k4 8,9 ?is economy1 nature only foll[s ! analogy :i* %e displays 9 modify+ ! influ5ce ( cold ^u ! animal k+dom4 ,! quadrup$s1 :i* are de/9$ to enc\nt] ! sev]ity ( an ,arctic w9t]1 are provid$ ) ?ick & %aggy coats1 to enable !m to )/& ! int5sity ( ! cold2 & all ! ri*e/ furs1 :i* man employs to supply 8 natural1 or r 8 artificial wants1 are always furni%$ by animals inhabit+ ! highe/ latitudes1 & kill$ dur+ ! sev]e/ fro/s4 ,:at is /ill m illu/rative ( ! po9t "u consid]ation is1 t ! coats ( animals1 ( :i* ! ?9 & %ort hair is famili> to u 9 ! temp]ate climates1 su* z ! dog1 ! fox1 & ! ox1 are all rem>kable1 "u ! pol> regions1 = _! close1 l5g!n$1 & almo/ imp5etrable fibre1 z a secure b>ri] ( non-conduct+ matt]1 to prev5t ! escape ( _! vital heat4 #bfj 8,9 l mann]1 9 all ! o!r relations1 we see ,nature especially accommodat+ ! "* ( ea* individual plant1 to ! exig5cies ( its p>ticul> situation4 ,9 ! int]ior ( woods1 ! w9d c ex]t a f> less me*anical effect on individual trees2 & !re=e1 :ile !y are positively det]m9$ to pu% upw>ds t[>ds ! light1 !y are negatively p]mitt$ to d s1 by ! removal ( any necessity to ?ick5 _! trunks1 = ! sake ( great] /r5g?1 & to contract ! height ( !m1 9 ord] to af=d ! bla/ a %ort] lev] aga9/ ! roots4 ,b1 ) trees 9 an op5 situation1 all ?is is widely diff]5t4 ,!re !y are freely expos$ to ! w9d1 & ! l>ge expansion ( _! bran*es1 gives e advantage to ! viol5ce ( ! /orm4 ,nature1 accord+ly1 be/[s great] proportional ?ickness1 & less proportional elevation on trees1 :i* are isolat$1 or ne>ly s2 :ile _! sy/em ( root1 :i*1 by necessity1 is correlatively proportional to _! sy/em ( top1 af=ds likewise heavi] balla/1 & a /rong] an*orage1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! great] spread ( sail1 display$ 9 ! wid] expansion ( ! bran*es4 8,e individual tree is ?us a beautiful sy/em ( qualities1 specially relative to ! place :i* x holds 9 creation2 ( provisions admirably #bfa accommodat$ to ! peculi> circum/ances ( its case4 ,"h e ?+ is necess>y2 no?+ is r$undant4 ,9 ! words ( a great philosoph]1 :o 0 an accurate obs]v] ( nature1 #8,:]e ! necessity is obviat$1 ! rem$y1 by consequ5ce1 is )drawn4' ,if ^! facts & reason+s be correctly /at$1 ! only rational !ory ( ! removal ( l>ge trees consi/s1 9 prospectively ma9ta9+ ! same h>mony betwe5 ! exi/+ provisions ( ! tree1 & ! exig5cies ( its new situation1 z _h previ\sly subsi/$ betwe5 its relative prop]ties & ! circum/ances ( its =m] site40 8,9 consid]+ ! *>act]i/ics ( trees above m5tion$1 we %\ld always be> 9 m9d1 t e production ( nature is an end to itself1 & t e "p ( x is1 at once1 end & mean4 ,( trees 9 op5 exposures we f9d1 t _! peculi> prop]ties contribute1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 to _! heal? & prosp]ity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! %ortness & great] gir? ( /em1 9 contradi/9ction to o!rs 9 ! int]ior ( woods1 are obvi\sly int5d$ to give to ! =m] great] /r5g? to resi/ ! w9ds1 & a %ort] lev] to act ^u ! roots2 ,secondly1 _! l>g] heads1 ) spread+ bran*es1 9 consequ5ce ( ! free access ( light1 are =m$ z pla9ly = ! n\ri%m5t1 z well z #bfb ! balanc+ ( s l>ge a trunk1 & also = furni%+ a cov] to %ield x f ! elem5ts2 ,?irdly1 _! sup]ior ?ickness & induration ( b>k is1 9 l mann]1 be/[$ = ! protection ( ! sap-vessels t lie imm$iately "u x1 & :i*1 )\t su* def5ce f cold1 c\ld n p]=m _! functions2 ,f\r?ly1 _! great] numb] & v>iety ( roots are = ! d\ble purpose ( n\ri%m5t & /r5g?2 n\ri%m5t to support a mass ( su* magnitude1 & /r5g? to cont5d ) ! fury ( ! bla/40 8,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! int]ior ( woods1 a univ]sal t5d5cy1 = ! reasons already /at$1 is obs]vable 9 trees1 to rise to ! light1 to atta9 great] altitude1 to =m f> small] heads1 & tall]1 sl5d]]1 & m elegant /ems4 ,"h is f\nd a mild] & m g5ial climate2 9 :i*1 by means ( ! calm g5]at$ by %elt]1 vegetation is n *eck$ by cold1 &1 at ! same "t1 is undi/urb$ by ! ext]nal imp$im5t ( w9d2 & nature has no ne$1 z 9 ! case ( exposures1 to g5]ate provisions necess>y to mitigate ! effect ( evaporation1 z has be5 above obs]v$1 or to endue ea* individual tree ) di/9ct & appropriate means ( def5ce aga9/ ! elem5ts40 8,t1 z ! f\r protect+ prop]ties1 #bfc already del9eat$1 z belong+ to trees 9 op5 situations1 are ess5tial & necess>y to ! vigor\s developm5t ( _! exi/5ce1 s !y may be set d[n z indisp5sable pr]equisites = ^? int5d$ = transplantation1 :i* g5]ally implies increas$ exposure2 & t soil & climate be+ equal1 su* subjects w succe$ ! be/ z are endu$ 9 ! greate/ degree ) ^? pr]equisites or prop]ties40 8,if we adopt ?is pr9ciple1 & foll[ x up ) a judici\s mode ( execution1 x seems evid5t t ! necessity ( defac+ or mutilat+ ! f9e tops ( trees w be entirely sup]s$$4 ,we %all obta9 at once1 :at ! art1 z hi!rto practis$1 has n be5 able to obta9 = u1 ! ,imm$iate & ,full effect ( ,wood1 t is1 ,trees complete & p]fect 9 all _! p>ts1 )\t ! loss ( ! "t requir$ to replace ! p>ts s defac$ & mutilat$40--8,& if su* a mode ( execution be sup]9duc$ ^u x1 z %all furni% to ! tree a compet5t supply ( sap at ! critical p]iod ( removal1 ! art probably may be said to be e/abli%$ on fix$ pr9ciples40 8,w9d be+1 9 a great degree1 exclud$ 9 un?9n$ plantation1 & evaporation prev5t$1 heat is1 by consequ5ce1 g5]at$ 9 an undue degree4 #bfd ,9 ! same way1 light is ne>ly %ut out f su* plantations1 except f ! top1 & a disproportionate elongation ( ! /em is occasion$ by ! ef=ts :i* ea* individual makes to ga9 ! light40 ,p4 #aia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[1 :at d we ga!r f all ^! discov]ies :i*1 9 cont9uation1 our au?or turns r\nd & r\nd1 & exhibits to u "u e comb9ation1 ) admirable elegance1 x mu/ be all[$1 l ! objects 9 a kaleidoscope8--t trees gr[n 9 %elt]$ situation are n suit$ = expos$ situation1 because _! roots are proportionally too small1 & ! /em too long = /ability "u ! /ra9 ( high w9ds2 _! ext]ior b>k or epid]mis1 dead & liv+1 too ?9 to af=d protection to ! sap-vessels f cold1 ! effect ( evaporation caus$ by ! w9d2 _! spray & leaves too elevat$ & op5 to exclude ! cold1 or w9d g5]at+ cold1 f ! /em & bran*es4 ,t ! rev]se coexi/5t conditions ( trees 9 op5 situation--%ort /\t /em1 ?ick b>k dead & liv+1 /rong root+1 close cov] ( spray & leaves all ar\nd1 befitt+ ! plant to )/& ! tempe/1 & af=d+ %elt] to ! sap-vessels ( ! /em & bran*es--& ^! conditions be+ #bfe want+ :5 r$undant 9 %elt]$ situation1 %[ ! beautiful adaptation ( means to end1 l w>m fur ( animals 9 cold c\ntries3 ,t trees be+ =m$ to gr[ tall 9 close situation1 is a b5efic5t provision ( ,provid5ce = accommodat+ man ) /raight long clean deal & beams3 ,t trees %oot tall 9 close situation because !y /ra9 h>d to rea* ! light3 ,t trees %oot tall 9 close situation f w>m?3 ,t %elt] & exposure is heat & cold3 ,t1 8to e/abli% any j analogy betwe5 ! transplant+ ( "y & ( old trees is utt]ly impossible30 ,t ^! conditions ( trees be+ ?us expla9$ to mank9d1 & foll[$ up by judici\s execution1 ! ?+ is r$uc$ to fix$ pr9ciples1 & rais$ to ! rank ( an useful art1 & ! necessity ( defac+1 or mutilat+1 ! f9e tops ( trees1 :5 transplant$1 entirely sup]s$$4 ,we %all n[ attempt to weigh "s ( ^! ass]tions & conclusions ( ,sir ,h5ry1 & to pursue ^! inquiries a little f>!r4 ,x is kn[n to e =e/]1 t trees gr[+ 9 close ord]1 & drawn up tall1 w n cont9ue heal?y on be+ ?9n$ out to v op5 arrangem5t1 b w (t5 fall victims to ! *ange ( circum/ances1 ev5 ?\gh !y )/& ! gale4 ,:o1 !n1 w\ld be guilty ( ! folly ( expect+ #bff !y w\ld be> exposure & ! injuries ( transplant+ at ! same "t8 ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t m5tions "s p>ticul> facts z causes ( ?is unsuitabl5ess4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 z well to ascribe x to g5]al inaptitude & delicacy1 z !re are sev]al o!r circum/ances n easily und]/ood1 su* z vital /am9a1 habitude or acclimatiz+1 & texture & configuration ( vessels1 :i* mu/ h influ5ce4 ,we %\ld also ?9k simple evaporation ( ! fluids ( ! transplant$ tree a mu* great] cause ( its failure ?an ! cold ( ?is or ( any o!r evaporation act+ to numb ! sap-vessels 9 ! /em & bran*es4 ,! absorb+ m\?s ( ! rootlets1 except+ 9 ! case ( v l>ge balls1 are g5]ally de/roy$ by ! op]ation ( removal2 & ! developm5t ( ! leaves to a c]ta9 ext5t tak+ place be=e any new process ( /rik+ ( ! roots1 ow+ to ! atmosph]e & bran*es gett+ soon] heat$ 9 spr+ ?an ! gr\nd & roots1 ! half-develop$ leaves %rivel up 9 ! arid spr+ air1 f ! evaporation ( ! juices & defici5cy ( root-suction2 & :5 ! air gets moi/1 %[]s fall1 & ! e>? becomes w>m en\gh = ! /rik+ ( ! roots1 ! vital pr9ciple is too f> sp5t1 or ! mat]ial sub/ance too mu* *ang$1 = ! #bfg recomm5cem5t ( organic action4 ,we h f\nd t trees :i* _h rema9$ mon?s out ( gr\nd1 & 7 plant$ 9 ,m>*1 succe$ bett] ?an trees remov$ imm$iately f _! old site to _! new1 bo? be+ plant$ ) equal c>e 9 ! same gr\nd at ! same "t4 ,! latt] acquir$ half develop$ leaves e>ly 9 ,april1 :i* )]$ f defici5cy ( root-suction2 & x 0 only ) att5tion t we succe$$ 9 caus+ !m to bud =? anew & acquire leaves ab\t midsumm]2 9 sev]al1 we /imulat$ ! root-suction by application ( heat$ wat]1 cov]+ up ) litt] to reta9 ! heat4 ,! =m] 7 sev]al weeks m backw>d 9 leaf+1 & :5 ! buds bur/1 ! gr\nd _h become w>m en\gh = root-/rik+1 & ! vegetation proce$$ )\t *eck4 ,sir ,h5ry w say1 t ! *eck su/a9$ by ^? :i* leaf$ e>ly1 0 ow+ to ! numb+ effect ( ! cold spr+ w9d1 & ( ! cold ( evaporation on ! sap-vessels ( ! /em2 b we _h caus$ sev]al ( !m to be wrapp$ r\nd ! /em ) s(t /raw-ropes1 & ?is did n prev5t ! %rivell+ ( ! leaves1 al?\gh x c]ta9ly protect$ ! sap-vessels f ! cold4 ,?is )]+ ( ! leaves ( transplant$ trees1 by :i* l>ge transplant$ trees s #bfh frequ5tly p]i%1 is mo/ preval5t 9 cold damp soils1 :5 ! air is dry & ! sun p[]ful1 & evid5tly results f ! sup]ior vegetation be+ 9 advance ( ! inf]ior2 torpor ( ! roots1 n torpor ( ! sap-vessels ( ! /em f cold4 ,x is also p]fectly evid5t1 t trees ) long nak$ /ems w suff] mo/1 z _! leaves are rais$ high]1 m 9 ! curr5t ( ! dry+ w9d2 _! root & top f>!r asund]1 !re=e less liable to contemporane\s impulse2 ! sap-vessels ( ! /em long] & m att5uat$1 !re=e ! /reams ( fluids f ! soil1 n only small]1 b also m liable to ob/ruction1 or to fl[ sl[ly1 f ! insuffici5cy ( ! vital impulse1 or ( endosmose 9 ! w\nd$ sickly plant to impel to su* a height4 ,our au?or's ass]tion1 t ! r\gh epid]mis g5]ally cov]+ ! live b>k ( trees 9 op5 situations1 is necess>y to ! heal? ( ! tree1 9 protect+ ! sap-vessels f cold1 is1 we ?9k1 n q correct4 ,"s "t ago we caus$ ! dead epid]mis be hewn d[n f sev]al trees1 9 a r expos$ situation4 ,?is 0 done ) consid]able nicety1 & ext5d+ up along ! bran*es4 ,we rememb] ( "o case1 ( v ?ick indurat$ epid]mis1 :]e a c>p5t] 0 employ$ m ?an a day 9 lay+ b>e ! live b>k ( "o tree4 #bfi ,in/ead ( suff]+ injury by ?is exposure ( ! sap-vessels to cold1 ! trees r acquir$ new vig\r f ! op]ation2 & ! p>ticul> tree allud$ to1 0 unusually luxuriant ! season foll[+ ?is flay+1 :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 w9t]4 ,n[1 to apply ,sir ,h5ry's analogy ( fur ( animals1 w\ld an arctic fox h be5 b5efit$ by exposure to ! w9t]'s cold 9 l plight8 ,we also ?9k ,sir ,h5ry w f9d ! trees ( dry climates h a mu* ?ick] coat+ ( dead b>k ?an 9 cold c\ntries1 evid5tly a consequ5ce ( desiccation#ea1 &1 if ,sir ,h5ry mu/ h animal analogy--simil> to ! desiccation & crack+ ( ! sk9 ( man 9 arid air4 #bgj ,x is a subject ( consid]able difficulty to expla9 ! cause ( sl5d] l5g!n$ %oots 9 %elt]$ situations1 & %ort /\t %oots 9 expos$4 ,sir ,h5ry solves ?is 8excell5tly well0 9 two ways1 fir/1 attribut+ x to %elt] & exposure !mselves1--8= %elt] is heat1 & exposure cold10--& aga91 to an in/9ctive /ra9+ 9 ! %elt]$ to rea* ! light1 ( :i* its neighb\rs deprive x e way b f above1 & w\ld d s !re too if x fail$ to ex]t itself4 ,we f9d t vegetables h long sp9dl+ %oots1 & wide spaces betwe5 ! leaves or buds1 :5 gr[+ 9 a damp1 /ill1 close atmosph]e1 especially :5 ! plant is sickly or weak f defici5cy ( n\ri%m5t1 & t ?is happ5s equally1 :e!r a trail+ plant be+ support$ al(t ?r[s out dep5d+ %oots 9 opposition to ! curr5t ( light2 :e!r a climb+#eb plant runs out horizontally along a bran* or beam at "r angles to ! light1 or :e!r a self-support$ m\nt+ plant rises 9 direct opposition to gravity4 ,no d\bt1 :5 ! light comes f "o direction1 #bga su* z ! ap]ture ( a w9d[1 ! plant %oots =? t[>ds ! light1 possibly 9 consequ5ce ( ! leaves incl9+ !mselves to receive ! ray on _! sup]ficies1 & ?us lead+ ! %oot 9 ! direction ( ! light4 ,b ?is does n prove any /ra9+ or l5g!n+ ( ! %oot to approa* ! light2 & we ask1 :at d g5]al op9ion & ,sir ,h5ry f\nd _! belief ^u1 ( l5g!n+ gr[? & /ra9+ to approa* ! light8 ,aga91 ) reg>d to heat1 we notice t plants1 p>ticul>ly %oots f tub]s1 left to spr\t 9 cold1 damp1 conf9$ cell>s1 ?r[ out v long /ems1 ) wide spaces betwe5 ! buds or leaves1 & t v long %oots always occur 9 conf9$ damp air--long 9 ! ratio ( ! dampness & conf9em5t1 :atev] ! degree ( heat may be1 provid$ x exce$ a little ! vegetat+ po9t4 ,also on ! nor? side ( hills1 ! trees h g5]ally long] /ems ?an on ! sun-w>d side1 al?\gh 9 ! =m] case1 !y are expos$ to ! nor!rn bla/1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y bask 9 ! sun4 ,has ! same k9d ( plant1 9 l[] latitudes1 long] spaces betwe5 ! leaves ?an 9 high]8 ,& if x has n1 is ! cold1 f great] evaporation1 suffici5t to balance ! sup]ior heat ( ! climate8 #bgb ,! above facts mu/ lead1 we ?9k1 to ! conclusion1 t evaporation1 or non-evaporation1 ( ! fluids1 has1 directly1 a v consid]able influ5ce 9 caus+ a %ort] or long] ext5sion ( ! %oot betwe5 ! buds or leaves1 & t ! influ5ce ( ! cold ( ?is evaporation is at mo/ b ( a v second>y "*4 ,we w\ld comp>e ! ext5d+ rudim5ts & matt] ( ! "y scion to ! sl[ fl[+ ( a gelat9\s fluid4 ,9 moi/ air1 ! wat]y "p is sl[ly evaporat$1 & ! drop ext5ds into a long p5dul\s =m4 ,9 dry air1 ! wat] ( solution is quickly evaporat$1 longitud9al ext5sion ceases1 & ! p5dant is ?ick] & %ort]4 ,! cold ( evaporation may a little affect ! fluidity1 b only 9 a v small degree#ec4 ,! causes ( ! elongation ( vegetables are1 #bgc h[ev]1 n v pla94 ,we h notic$1 t ! deep] ! se$ is plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! braird rises ! high] above gr\nd1 ev5 :5 ! se$s at ! diff]5t dep?s h be5 equally moi/4 ,?is might admit ( explanation1 b hav+ already occupi$ too mu* space ) ?is subject1 we %all only rem>k fur!r1 t 9 close woods1 ! trees elongate1 because !y are preclud$ f ext5d+ lat]ally4 ,! top buds1 f receiv+ m ( ! /imulat+ or n\ri%+ influ5ce ( ! dew1 sun's rays1 fre% unvitiat$ air1 invigorat+ motion ( ! w9ds1 & p]haps ( electricity#ed1 #bgd ?r[ out a great] cont9uation ( %oot ?an ! "u bran*es2 ne>ly ! :ole n\ri%m5t f ! soil be+ on ?is acc\nt drawn up & consum$ by ^! top %oots1 & ! l[] ov]%ad[$ twigs & bran*es langui%+ & dy+ f ! abs5ce ( ^! advantages4 ,besides ?is ext5sion ( top %oots1 by ! great] cont9uation ( leaves1 or l9ks ( life1 occasion$ by ! above causes1 ^! %oots1 ow+ to ! moi/ atmosph]e ( ! wood1 also pu% out into long] spaces betwe5 ! leaves4 ,h[ev]1 ^! top bran*es d n pu% sun-w>d1 b m]ely 9 opposition to gravity4 ,sir ,h5ry /ates1 t 8trees c]ta9ly possess "s heat1 o!rwise !y w\ld be kill$ dur+ sev]e fro/s40 ,our belief ( ! vital heat ( vegetables is plac$ on a mu* bett] f\ndation ?an #bge ?is o!rwise2 o!rwise our cr$5ce w\ld be f> f philosophic4 ,freez+ cold affects _m vegetables z well z "s ( ! l[] animals1 only by me*anical injury1 9 r5d+ ! vessels by means ( ! expansion ( ! conta9$ fluid4 ,n[1 if ^! vessels are n q full ( fluid1 if ! fluid be ( su* a nature z n to congeal into great] size1 or if ! body be small1 & ! vessels ela/ic1 to yield to expansion )\t fracture--! vegetable or animal w (t5 resume vitality1 on be+ ?aw$ f ?or\gh congelation4 ,we h r5d]$ potatoes1 turnips1 & fruits1 fro/-pro(1 at lea/ unless ! fro/ 0 int5se1 by a slight desiccation caus$ by expos+ !m a %ort "t to ! air aft] be+ tak5 f ! gr\nd or tree#ee4 ,9 ! cases :]e fi%es & reptiles h be5 f\nd #bgf froz5 s h>d z to require a hat*et to dissect !m1 & reviv+ on ?aw+1 x w be f\nd t ! fluids 7 pr9cipally oleag9\s1 :i* d n exp& 9 congeal+2 & 9 ! case ( insects be+ froz5 9 masses dur+ ! night1 & resum+ _! livel9ess next day 9 ! sun1 we ?9k1 if _! fluids h congeal$ at all1 t ei!r ! vessels mu/ h yield$1 be+ ela/ic 7:i* might m likely take place 9 a small body1 )\t g5]al fracture & d]angem5t71 or t ! fluids _h n ext5d$ by be+ congeal$2 b x is v probable1 ?\gh froz5 toge!r 9 a mass ( wat] & mud1 t _! fluids1 f be+ ( an acid nature1 _h resi/$ ! congelation4 ,) reg>d to trees1 we h he>d t int5se fro/ (t5 splits ! trunks ( "s ( our indig5\s k9ds by congelation#ef2 b ^! trees reta9 vitality1 & only suff] f ! consequ5ces :i* may ensue f ! fissures4 ,we h se5 ev]gre5s1 plants f mild] climates1 & trees :i* _h n ?or\ghly rip5$ _! #bgg wood 7t is1 reta9$ ! vessels full ( moi/ure71 injur$ 9 ! extremities1 & ev5 kill$ ?r\gh\t by cold4 ,b ?is does n prove t ^! _h any vegetable heat1 any m ?an ^? :i* suff]$ no injury f ! same degree ( cold1 prove t !y _h vegetable heat4 ,! juices ( "s k9ds ( plants d n congeal at ! same po9t ( temp]ature z o!rs4 ,! vessels ( "s 9 w9t] are n s mu* di/5d$ ) fluids z o!rs2 & probably ! vital pr9ciple ( "s is less susceptible ( injury f cold ?an o!rs4 ,^! facts may acc\nt = ! endurance ( int5se cold by "s k9ds ( trees1 indep5d5t ( vegetable heat4 ,our au?or1 speak+ ( ! transplant+ ( fruit trees1 /ates1 t 8any g>d5] c\ld h pr$ict$ ! probability ( fruit dur+ ! fir/ season1 toge!r ) ! c]ta9ty dur+ ! second ( its n tak+ place40 ,our g>d5]s w be moon/ruck at hav+ ! gift ( prophecy attribut$ to !m1 at lea/ to pr$ict 9 su* a way4 ,we h ?\ght ,sir ,h5ry suffici5tly ready to impute ignorance to g>d5]s be=e we came to ?is rem>k2 b to repres5t a useful & intellig5t class ( m5 9 s ludicr\s a light1 is c]ta9ly us+ a v improp] lib]ty4 #bgh ,e g>d5] is aw>e t trees w fruit ! fir/ season aft] transplant+1 j if !y h _h ! rudim5ts ( ! fruit =m$ 9 ! bud be=e transplant+1 & %\ld ! blossom n be injur$ by sev]e wea!r4 ,e g>d5] is aw>e1 ?\gh ,sir ,h5ry seems n1 t all fruit trees1 ( any size1 =m ^! rudim5ts ! season aft] transplant+1 & t !y inv>iably fruit ! second season1 if ! season suit ! fruit+ ( ! k9d2 & e g>d5] ( any exp]i5ce is capable1 ev5 )\t ,sir ,h5ry's in/ructions1 ( remov+ a fruit tree ( consid]able size1 )\t injur+ x s sev]ely z to prev5t x fruit+ bo? fir/ & second season1 :i* x w d1 & ev5 mature f9e fruit bo? ye>s1 ?\gh dur+ ! fir/1 "u v unfav\rable circum/ances1 x %\ld sc>cely be able to develope leaves #a-e? ( ! usual size1 & ?\gh ^! leaves )] & drop (f long be=e ! summ] is end$1 :ile ! fruit rema9s to rip5 on ! tree4 ,?is is a direct consequ5ce ( evaporation4 ,! ?9 leaves %rivel up 9 ! ard5t sun f evaporation & want ( suffici5t supply by root-suction2 & ! bulbs ( ! fruit1 f _! massiv5ess1 conta9 suffici5t moi/ure to resi/ )]+ till ! night1 :5 !y dr9k ! dews1 & suck up "s little moi/ure f ! roots1 undim9i%$ #bgi by evaporation 9 ! transit1 to repl5i% ! daily loss4 ,sir ,h5ry rem>ks1 t 8no man :o kn[s any ?+ ( wood1 w put d[n ! oak or ! elm on light s& or gravel1 z x is only on deep loam & clay t ! oak1 9 p>ticul>1 w really ?rive & gr[ into timb]40 ,no man :o kn[s h[ mu* a suitable soil = any k9d ( plant is "u regulation ( ! moi/ness or dryness ( ! atmosph]e1 & o!r circum/ances1 w refra9 f smil+ at ,sir ,h5ry's v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) 8 own subject1 & at ! mann] he ?us aga9 br+s =w>d mank9d to te/ify 9 support ( 8 own error4 ,our au?or w place ! above quotation among ! errata %\ld he take a ride up ,/ra?-,tay f ,birnam to ,k5more4 ,among o!r items ( exp5se giv5 by our au?or1 none ( :i* seem to be ov]/at$1 we feel grateful = ! in=mation1 t compo/ manure ( lime1 f>m-y>d dung1 & moss1 c be obta9$1 comp\nd$1 f]m5t$1 convey$ & appli$1 at ! rate ( #f;d4 & #i;d4 p] s+le & d\ble load6 ,sir ,h5ry makes good 8 ass]tion1 t sl[ gr[n timb] is always /rong]1 d5s]1 & m durable ?an fa/ gr[n1 by a cl\d ( witnesses1--e =e/]1 g>d5]1 & c>p5t] ( ! #bhj c\ntry1 is ready to atte/ x ( c\rse6 ,!re are few sublun>y matt]s :i* admit ( evid5ce m conclusive4 ,we quote 8 acc\nt ( ?is uni=m 8law ( nature40 8,! same g5]al law op]ates 9 a simil> way on all woody plants1 b ( c\rse less rapidly1 ow+ to ! less rapid gr[? ( trees1 f ! l[e/ bu% to ! oak ( ! =e/4 ,9 all ^!1 ! culture ( ! soil t5ds to accel]ate vegetation1 & by consequ5ce to exp& ! fibre ( ! wood4 ,x necess>ily r5d]s x s(t]1 less solid1 & m liable to suff] by ! action ( ! elem5ts4 ,let u %ortly give a few examples ( ! uni=m effect ( ?is law ( nature4 8,e =e/] is aw>e h[ greatly easi] x is to cut ov] ?orns or furze t are tra9$ 9 h$ges1 ?an su* z gr[ naturally wild1 & are exempt f culture4 ,g>d5]s exp]i5ce ! same ?+ 9 prun+ or cutt+ ov] fruit trees or %rubs2 &1 ! diff]5ce ( ! texture ( ! raspb]ry 9 its wild & 9 its cultivat$ /ate1 is z rem>kable2 = al?\gh ! /em 9 ! latt] /ate is ne>ly d\ble ! ?ickness ( t 9 ! =m]1 x is mu* m easily cut4 ,on comp>+ ! common crab1 ! fa!r ( our or*>ds1 ) ! cultivat$ #bha apple1 ! great] s(tness ( ! wood ( ! latt] w be f\nd no less /rik+ to e arboriculturi/4 8,fur!r1 ! common oak 9 ,italy & ,spa91 :]e x gr[s fa/] ?an 9 ,brita91 is asc]ta9$ to be ( %ort] duration 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,9 ! same way1 ! oak 9 ! ,highl& di/ricts ( ,scotl& or ,wales1 is ( a mu* h>d] & clos] gra91 & !re=e m durable1 ?an :at is f\nd 9 ,engl&2 ?\gh 9 su* m\nta9s x seldom rises to ! fif? "p1 or less1 ( ! ,engli% tree4 ,e c>p5t] 9 ,scotl& kn[s ! extraord9>y diff]5ce betwe5 ! durability ( ,highl& oak & oak usually import$ f ,engl&1 = ! spokes ( :eels4 ,e ext5sive timb]-deal] is aw>e ( ! sup]ior h>dness ( oak rais$ 9 ,cumb]l& & ,york%ire1 ov] t ( ,monm\?%ire & ,h]e=d%ire2 & su* a deal] 9 select+ trees 9 ! same woods1 9 any di/rict1 w always give ! pref]5ce to oak ( sl[ gr[?1 & f\nd 9 cold & clayey soils1 & to a% on rocky cliffs1 :i* he kn[s to be ! soils & climates natural to bo?4 ,if he take a cubic foot ( p>k-oak1 & ano!r ( =e/-oak1 & weigh ! "o aga9/ ! o!r 7or if he d ! l #bhb ) a% & elm ( ! same description71 ! latt] w uni=mly turn out ! heavi] ( ! two40 ,x is c]ta9ly ! case1 t luxuriant gr[? increases ! size ( ! sap-vessels & cells1 b ) ?is increase ( size1 !re is (t5 a proportional increase ( ?ickness ( ! sides ( ^! vessels & cells1 & a great] ?an proportional fill+ up ( d5se matt]1 z ! alburnum is bett] rip5$ 9 autumn1 or z ! mature wood1 especially ( h>d wood 9 dry situations1 rip5s m sl[ly 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,!re is also 9 _m k9ds m ( close tissue & cellul> "p1 9 proportion to l>ge sap-vessels1 :5 ! tree is gr[+ vigor\sly ?an :5 x is /unt$4 7,see ! facts 9 our notice ( ,)]s1 p4 #aii47 ,!nce culture does n necess>ily r5d] ! timb] s(t]1 less solid1 & m liable to suff] by ! action ( ! elem5ts4 ,we are really angry ) ^? smoo?-tongu$ rogues :o 8fool u to ! top ( our b5t40 ,e artific] :o has work$ sl[ gr[n a% ( consid]able age1 t is1 :5 mo/ ( ! timb] has be5 deposit$ aft] ! tree has be5 se$+ /rongly1 assures u t ! timb] is v inf]ior1 9 all respects1 to t ( quick] gr[?4 #bhc ,we consid] ! =e/] :o has obs]v$ t ?orns or furze tra9$ 9 h$ges are mu* easi] cut f s(tness ( timb] ?an :5 gr[+ 9 deta*$ bu%es1 a mu* bett] obs]v] ?an ourselves2 & we w\ld inquire :e!r he 7 c]ta9 t ! great] effici5cy ( 8 bl[s 0 n ow+ to _! be+ bett] direct$1 f ! conv5i5cy ( access1 ow+ to ! tra9+ up1 ?an f ! timb] be+ s(t]8 ,! example ( ! raspb]ry we consid] v irrelevant1 x be+ only a semi-h]bace\s plant ( bi5nial /em4 ,g>d5]s c]ta9ly exp]i5ce ! bran*es & roots ( crab-apple to be h>d] ?an ! v>ieties ) ?ick] b>k1 l>g] m d[ny leaves1 & l>g] fruit4 ,! l>ge/ gr[+ apple v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are n ! above m5tion$ mild v>ieties1 b ^? :i* h a pretty close approximation to ! crab4 ,we h tak5 slips f "s ( ! v l>ge/ ( our pe>-trees1 & hav+ plac$ !m close to ! gr\nd on "y /ocks1 h f\nd !y ?rew out sp9es & rectangul> bran*+ simil> to crabs4 ,^? mo/ dissimil> to ! crab h ?ick annual %oots1 )\t any lat]al rectangul> bran*+1 & v ?ick b>k2 !y h be5 gradually br$ to ?is condition by repeat$ s[+1 always *oos+ ! se$ ( ^? #bhd p>tak+ mo/ ( ^! qualities = res[+1 _! disposition to v>y to mildness be+ at ! same "t influ5c$ 9 "s measure by culture & abundant moi/ n\ri%m5t2 b ^! mild v>ieties1 al?\gh !y ?r[ out a /rong annual %oot :ile "y1 seldom or nev] rea* to any consid]able size ( tree1 unless !y are n\ri%$ by crab roots1 _! own roots be+ s(t & fle%y1 & incapable ( =ag+ at mu* dep? or di/ance4 ,_! bran*es & twigs z !y get old1 are also v s(t & friable1 cov]$ ) a ?ick b>k1 b ! timb] ( ! /em is v little inf]ior 9 h>dness to crab timb]4 ,we ask1 if ev5 ! fact ( ^! unnaturally t5d] v>ieties 7obta9$ by long-cont9u$ selection1 probably assi/$ by culture1 soil & climate1 & :i*1 )\t ! *]i%+ ( man1 w\ld soon disappe>71 be+ ( r m por\s texture ( wood1 goes any l5g? to prove our au?or's ass]tion8 ,we h paid "s att5tion to ! fibre ( ! g5us ,pyrus1 & f9d t ! ,sib]ian crabs h by f> ! smalle/ vessels4 ,hav+ graft$ ! l>ge ,fulwood ^u ! smalle/ ,r$ ,sib]ian ,crab1 or ,*]ry-apple1 ! new wood lay]s above ! junction swell$ to triple ! ?ickness ( ^? bel[4 ,by +raft+ o!r k9ds ^u o!r #bhe /ocks1 we h f\nd ! rev]se to take place1 no d\bt ow+ to ^? ) l>ge/ vessels swell+ ! mo/1 !re be+ ! same numb] ( vessels above & bel[ ! junction1 ea* correspond+1 or be+ a cont9uation ( ! o!r#eg4 ,b ?is small ,sib]ian crab1 :5 +raft$ ^u a common crab1 grew fully z quickly dur+ sev]al ye>s z ! ,fulwood "u ! same circum/ances2 & ! timb]1 ?\gh ( mu* f9] texture1 sc>cely exce$$ ! o!r 9 h>dness4 ,sir ,h5ry tells u1 t ! oak is less durable 9 ,italy & ,spa9 ?an 9 ,engl&#eh4 ,we tell ,sir ,h5ry1 t ! r$-wood pit*-p9e f ,georgia & ! ,floridas1 on ! conf9es ( ! torrid zone1 is m durable ?an ! r$-wood p9e f ,ar*angel1 on ! conf9es ( ! frigid zone4 ,b does ?is fact #bhf reg>d+ ! oak ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 prove any ?+ reg>d+ ! oak ( ,engl&1--t x w always he det]iorat$ by culture = sev]al ye>s aft] plant+1 or t ! quality may n suff] z mu* f sl[ness ( gr[? z f fa/ness1 or f ! climate be+ too cold z f be+ too w>m8 ,! reason :y ,highl& ,scots oak spokes are sup]ior to ,engli%1 is1 because ! latt] are g5]ally split f out ! refuse ( ! timb] cut = naval purposes1--pr9cipally ! bran*es & tops ( l>ge trees2 :]eas1 ^? f ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& are f ! root cuts ( copse4 ,we believe mo/ c>p5t]s ( ,scotl& are aw>e ( ?is4 ,! oak f ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& is1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( excell5t quality1 gr[+ g5]ally on dry gravel & rock1 n on cold moi/ clayey soils4 ,! h>de/ we h ev] se5 0 f a /eep1 dry gravel bank1 ( s\? exposure1 9 an op5 situation1 mu* expos$ to ! we/]n breeze4 ,! ,highl& oak f ^! soils is g5]ally ( a greyi% col\r1 & v d5se2 :]eas t f moi/ soils is (t5 r$di%-br[n1 & defective4 ,%\ld ,sir ,h5ry weigh portions ( oak f ^! soils 9 a pair ( mat]ial1 9 place ( m5tal scales1 we ?9k 8 conclusions w\ld be #bhg some:at diff]5t4--,! /ronge/1 h>de/ a% we h se51 0 cut f a h>d1 dry1 adhesive clay1 ( c\rse a "y tree4 ,sir ,h5ry1 speak+ ( ! ,we/]n ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 /ates t 8x is f a want ( soil1 & n ( climate1 t woods ( any giv5 ext5t _c be got up 9 ^! un%elt]$1 b romantic situations40 ,( _m situations ( ^! bleak di/ricts1 ?is mu/ be admitt$1 b we _c receive x z a g5]al fact2 & ev5 :]e x holds true1 ! want ( 7prop]7 soil1 or =mation ( peat1 is a consequ5ce ( ! want ( climate1 al?\gh ?is may h react$ to increase ! evil4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a great] w>m? ( climate1 at lea/ 9 summ]1 :5 ! =e/s grew1 :i* lie buri$ 9 ! mosses ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,scotl&1 & ( ! ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 z "s k9ds ( timb] are f\nd 9 situations :]e su* k9ds1 by no circum/ances ( gradual %elt] "u ! pres5t climate1 c\ld h gr[n4 ,!re are sev]al indications ( a great] w>m? hav+ be5 g5]al ?r\gh\t ,brita91 & ev5 f>!r ea/w>d1 & t a slight refrig]ation is /ill 9 progress4 ,we in/ance ! once num]\s v9ey>ds ( ,engl&1--! ve/iges ( aration s num]\s ^u _m ( our hills1 :]e x w\ld n[ be consid]$ fruitless to attempt rais+ gra91 ev5 #bhh ) ! assi/ance ( mod]n sci5ce2 & ! report t ! ,caspian is gradually ov]fl[+ h] %ores1 a probable consequ5ce ( dim9i%$ evaporation f decrease ( heat4 ,t ?is is n :olly ow+ to ! moi/ure & cold consequ5t to ! moss =mation1 or to any cov] or want ( cov] to ! e>?1 ( timb]1 or ( any o!r plants :i* might possibly h effect ^u ! temp]ature by %ade1 evolution ( vegetable heat1 electric or meteoric ag5cy1 we ?9k prov$1 %\ld ! ass]t$ fact be correct1 t1 9 ! small oes ( ,%etl&1 7s di/ant f any consid]able portion ( l& z n to be "u ^! influ5ces1 & s small1 t ! climate mu/ be solely dep5dant ^u ! sea71 timb] is f\nd 9 ! morasses1 al?\gh ! climate w n n[ admit ( timb] gr[+1 be+ app>5tly equally det]iorat$ z t ( ! ,ma9l&4 ,x is n improbable t ! sup]ior =m] climate ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& & ,isl&s 0 ow+ to _! hav+ =m$1 at "o "t1 an ext5sive c\ntry1 p]haps jo9$ to ! cont95t1 & ?us p>tak+ ( ! cont95tal climate1 t is1 hav+ a cold] w9t] & w>m] summ]1 capable ( produc+ consid]able vig\r ( arbore\s vegetation1 & n s fav\rable to ! g5]at+ ( t fix$ vegetable incubus1 peat-moss1 :o has crept ov]1 & fold$ #bhi 9 h] *ill embrace1 ! once fair di/ricts ( nor!rn ,scotl&4 ,! fogs & m /eady l[ temp]ature ( insul> situation1 :i* n[ prevail1 n only induce t *emical *ange 9 dead & dy+ vegetables :i* =ms peat-moss1 & pres]ves ?is moss f decay1 b also be+ too cool = ! vegetation ( ! gram9e1 c4 t5d only to promote ! g5]al spread ( sphagni & o!r moss-g5]at+ plants1 :i*1 aga91 are almo/ ! only plants t c vegetate on acrid moss-fl[1 z !y draw little or no?+ f bel[1 & are n\ri%$ directly by ! moi/ure & o!r fluids ( ! atmosph]e4 ,our ea/]n %ore af=ds suffici5t pro( t ! ocean has bo? rec$$ & advanc$ rec5tly--at lea/ rec5tly 9 comp>ison ) ! great *anges :i* h occurr$ to modify ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 pro( ( ?is recession1 we h ! upp] c>ses1 or deltas1 visible 9 e fir? or creek :]e a riv] falls into ! ,g]man ,sea4 ,^! c>ses1 on ! fir?s 9 ,ross-%ire1 at ,dun ne> ,montrose1 ar\nd ! upp] end ( ! ,fir?s ( ,tay & ,=?1 are all ( ne>ly equal level1 ab\t #bj feet above ! highe/ /ream-tides4 ,! gravel b> at ,montrose is consid]ably above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,a numb] ( caves exi/ on ?is #bij ea/]n coa/1 evid5tly worn into ! rock by ! action ( ! sea at ! height :]e ! waves h brok54 ,^! caves h ne>ly "o level1 correspond+ 9 height ) t ( ! c>ses4 ,!re are also _m places :]e ! coa/ has be5 %orn away by ! action ( ! waves1 & a %elf ( rocks left ext5d+ out "s hundr$ paces4 ,?is abrasion1 :i* takes place ne>ly at1 or a little above1 l[ wat]-m>k1 is effect$ by innum]able h>d pebbles 7! mo/ indurat$ p>ts ( ! rocks :i* give way be+ conv]t$ into batt]+ mat]ial = fur!r r$uction71 be+ upborne & da%$ aga9/ ! rock by ! cont9u\s heav+ & la%+ ( ! waves4 ,:]ev] any brea* comm5ces f ! feebl] opposition ( any s(t] "p1 ! action ( ! waves & batt]+ tra9 proce$s ) increas$ impetus & conc5tration1 especially if ! brea* be w$ge-%ap$ n>r[+ inw>d1 !nce caves ( consid]able ext5t are hall[$ out4 ,! rocks ?us abrad$ & und]m9$1 tumble d[n & are gr\nd into s&1 :i* is swept by ! tides & motion ( ! wat]s into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or borne along to ! upp] end ( ! bays1 or to "s "p ( ! coa/ :]e m sluggi% lat]al tides1 & p>ticul> motion ( ! waves leave x & ?r[ x a%ore to be bl[n up into #bia d[ns4 ,!re are "s =m] isl&s :i* h be5 altoge!r %orn d[n to ?is sea-level1 ( :i* ! ,bell-,rock1 ext5d+ ne>ly a mile ( %elf1 af=ds a well kn[n specim54 ,9 _m places ( ! coa/1 ^! %elves accord ) ! sup]ior =m] level ( ! sea1 & ) ! floors ( ! caves4 ,9 pro( ( ! sea hav+ advanc$ ^u ! l&1 !re are ve/iges ( subm]g$ =e/s 7! /umps ( ! trees /&+ erect :]e !y grew1 at or a little above ! pres5t l[e/ ebb7 exi/+ at diff]5t places on ! ea/]n coa/1 bo? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & ^! ve/iges /&+ ^u a =m] c>se or alluvium ( ! riv]s1 are visible 9 ! same fir?s ) ! upp] level ( c>se1 ( c\rse g5]ally m to seaw>d ?an ^! high] c>ses1 z deposition ( riv]s occurs at :at may be t]m$ deposition po9t1 t is :]e ! riv]s1 f ! /emm+ ( ! sea-wat]1 beg9 to wid5--:]e ! fir?s comm5ce2 & ! sl[ness ( ! motion ( ! wat] gives "t = ! subsid5ce ( ! float$ mud4 ,by reason ( ! flux & reflux ( ! tide into ! m\?s ( riv]s1 ?is deposition takes place only at or ne> high wat]1 t is1 :5 ! /r5g? ( ! inw>d tide-flux ceases1 & be=e t ( ! reflux beg9s4 ,x is #bib mo/ abundant at ! w9dw>d %ore1 or :]e !re is lea/ surf1 & among ! tall gram9a & o!r vegetation :]e !re is lea/ undulation & curr5t2 ! deposition :i* occurs at ?is "t1 "s di/ance bel[ high wat] level1 is float$ away by ! curr5t ( ! foll[+ flux & reflux1 unless "s object af=d a nucleus ( =mation4 ,h5ce deltas or c>ses usually =m ne> ! %ore ( fir?s1 g5]ally soon rise to high-wat] level1 & h (t5 /eep1 or ev5 abrupt1 banks1 collect+ at "o place1 & giv+ way be=e ! waves & und]m9+ curr5t at ano!r4 ,!re is a deposition ( ano!r k9d ?an riv] diluvium1 :i* also takes place at ! bottom1 or fur!r end1 ( bays & fir?s1 & is sometimes mix$ ) ! prec$+3 ,?is consi/s1 z m5tion$ above1 ( ! abrasion ( ! rocks1 or %ores ( ! bay & neighb\r+ coa/1 & also ( mollusc\s exuvi1 borne along by ! motion ( ! wat]s2 b ?is is g5]ally r an accumulation ?an a deposition1 occurr+ 9 greate/ quantity :]e a heavy swell rolls dead 94 ,al?\gh we h pretty accurate pro( t ! pres5t elevation ( ! ,g]man ,sea has rema9$ ne>ly /eady = sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 yet our new =mation ( c>se1 at ! pres5t high-wat] level1 #bic be>s a small proportion to ! ext5t ( ! upp] c>se2 f :i* may be inf]r$1 ei!r t ! sea has rema9$ a %ort] "t at ! pres5t level1 or t "s g5]al cause has m rec5tly op]at$ to dim9i% ! deposition1 su* z inf]iority ( pres5t climate n produc+ s mu* littoral vegetation1--tides or high] w9ds prev5t+ subsid5ce by great] undulation or curr5t1 till ! diffus$ mud be c>ri$ out to sea#ei4 ,! junction ( ! high] & pres5t sea-level c>ses1 abrupt & always def9ite1 t is1 n gradually decl9+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 w\ld seem to indicate a quick subsid+ ( ! sea1 or ris+ ( ! l&1 su* z has be5 kn[n to result f subt]rane\s d]angem5t4 ,! v accurate level ( ^! c>ses proves1 t ?is portion ( ! _w has rema9$ a v long "t pretty free f ^! di/urbances1 rec5tly s preval5t 9 "s o!r qu>t]s2 & if ! *ange ( sea-level has be5 ow+ to su* di/urbance1 x foll[s1 f ! ext5t & regul>ity ( ! upheav+ or subsid5ce1 t ! cause mu/ h be5 v deep seat$1 or ( great magnitude4 ,we beg9 to ?9k1 f our disposition to ramble f ! ,allanton sy/em1 t we tire ( ,sir #bid ,h5ry2 & we believe1 %\ld he foll[ u ?us f>1 t he w be tir$ ( u4 ,on look+ back on :at we h writt51 we are almo/ dispos$ to accuse ourselves ( be+ spl5etic2 b ! tru? is1 we reg>d ! :ole art z v unimportant1 if n positively p]nici\s1 at lea/ 9 ! way 9 :i* x has be5 exemplifi$ by ,sir ,h5ry1 z a ?r[+ away ( valuable lab\r to no purpose1 if x ought n inde$ to be consid]$ z a m]e p&] to luxury & caprice4 ,we h no sympa?y ) ! ari/ocratical object ( ! book1 & z little ) ! ari/ocratical tone 9 :i* x has be5 beprais$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,we %\ld also h no great] pleasure 9 ! discov]y ( a royal road to virtue ?an we %\ld h to ! discov]y ( "o to sci5ce1--! f\r c>d9al virtues be+1 z e body kn[s1 writ+ books1 build+ h\ses1 & rais+ trees & *ildr51 b we %\ld hope1 nei!r by proxy1 nor by ! ,allanton ,sy/em4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we ?us /ate our op9ions ) fre$om1 we d n hesitate to add1 t ,sir ,h5ry's volume has af=d$ u m in=mation1 or1 at lea/1 m mat]ials = reflection1 ?an any o!r ( ! works :i* we h br\ght "u ! notice ( our read]s4 #bie 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all f9i% our rem>ks on ,sir ,h5ry's "w1 by mak+ "s obs]vations ^u a quotation made by ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 f 8,a ,treatise on ! ,=m+ & ,improv+ ( ,c\ntry ,resid5ces10 by ! ,au?or ( ! ,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+1 c4--an au?or1 :o comb9es tal5t1 successful indu/ry1 & enlight5$ b5evol5ce1 9 no common degree4 ,we are sorry to appe> be=e ?is au?or1 :om we h long e/eem$1 9 opposition2 yet we regret ! less1 z we consid] him "o ( ! few :o pref] accuracy & tru? to an old op9ion1 & ^: "n /&s too high to be affect$ by a casual misconception4 8,! g5]al effects ( prun+10 says ?is au?or1 z quot$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t1 8is ( a correspond+ nature ) culture1 t is1 to increase ! quantity ( timb]-produce3 ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* x does ?is is by direct+ ! great] "p ( ! sap1 :i* g5]ally spreads itself into side bran*es1 into ! pr9cipal /em4 ,?is mu/ consequ5tly enl>ge ! /em 9 a m ?an ord9>y degree1 by increas+ ! annual circles ( ! wood4 ,n[1 if ! tree be 9 a worse soil & climate ?an ^? :i* are natural to x1 ?is w be ( "s advantage1 z ! extra increase ( #bif timb] w /ill be ( a quality n inf]ior to :at w\ld take place 9 its natural /ate2 or1 9 o!r words1 x w correspond ) t degree ( quality & quantity ( timb]1 :i* ! nature & species ( ! tree admit ( be+ produc$4 ,if ! tree be 9 its natural /ate1 ! annual increase ( timb] occasion$ by prun+1 mu/ necess>ily injure its quality 9 a degree correspond+ ) ! increas$ quantity4 ,if ! tree be 9 a bett] climate & soil ?an t :i* is natural to x1 & at ! same "t ! annual increase ( wood be promot$ by prun+1 x is evid5t t su* wood mu/ be ( a v diff]5t quality f t produc$ 9 its natural /ate 7t is v inf]ior740--8,:atev] t5ds to increase ! wood 9 a great] degree ?an :at is natural to ! species :5 9 its natural /ate1 mu/ injure ! quality ( ! timb]4 ,prun+ t5ds to increase ?is 9 a consid]able degree1 & !re=e x mu/ be a p]nici\s practice40--8,mr ,knight has %[n1 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 t timb] is produc$1 or r t ! alburnum or sap-wood is r5d]$ ligne\s1 by ! motion ( ! tree1 dur+ ! desc5t ( ! tree 7or prop]7 sap4 ,x is also suffici5tly kn[n1 t ! solid texture ( ! wood greatly dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( sap :i* mu/ necess>ily #big desc5d1 & also on ! sl[ness ( ! desc5t4 ,n[1 bo? ^! requisites are mat]ially increas$ by side-bran*es1 :i* reta9 a l>ge quantity ( sap1 &1 by _! junction ) ! /em1 occasion a contraction & twi/$ direction ( ! vessels1 :i* ob/ructs ! progress ( ! 7prop]7 sap4 ,( maple & bir*1 ^? trees :i* h fewe/ side-bran*es ble$ m freely ?an ! o!r1 b dur+ a mu* %ort] space ( "t4 ,^! h9ts1 !re=e1 af=d additional evid5ce aga9/ prun+1 & p>ticul>ly aga9/ prun+ fir trees1 :i*1 z ,mr ,knight ju/ly obs]ves1 h l>g] vessels ?an ! o!rs1 & !re=e1 :5 9 an improv$ soil & climate1 side-bran*es = ! purposes above m5tion$ are ess5tially necess>y to !m1 if solid1 res9\s1 & durable timb] be ! object 9 view4 8,f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 ,i ?9k ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn4 8,fir/1 ,t trees %\ld be plant$ z mu* z possible 9 soils1 situations1 & climates1 analog\s to ^? ( _! natural /ate2 & t x is *iefly 9 ?is /ate1 or :5 !re are "s defects relative to x1 t prun+ or culture c be ex]cis$ ) advantage4 #bih 8,secondly1 ,t 9 proportion to ! sup]iority ( ! soil1 c4 9 :i* trees are plac$1 ov] ! natural soil ( ^! trees1 9 ! same proportion prun+ & cultivat+ ! soil ought to be avoid$1 & ?9n+ enc\rag$4 8,?irdly1 ,t p>ticul> reg>d %\ld be _h to ! soil & situation1 :]e ei!r l>*es1 or any o!r ( ! p9e tribe1 are plant$1 to rema9 z ! f9al crop4 ,= z ! roots ( ^! *iefly run along ! surface1 & z 9 !m ! great curr5t ( ! sap is *iefly conf9$ to "o *annel1 t is ! trunk1 consequ5tly t tribe ( trees is peculi>ly liable to injury & *ange1 :5 subject$ to unnatural ag5cy4 8,f\r?ly1 ,t ! only way 9 :i* oak timb] ( safe quality c be provid$ = ! ,briti% navy1 is by enclos+1 pres]v+ f cattle1 & prop]ly manag+1 ^? royal =e/s :]e oak is ! natural produce ( ! soil4 7,alas6 !re is reason to fe>1 t on "s future day ! neglect ( ?is advice w be regrett$74 ,p>k oak is v frequ5tly mu* inf]ior to =e/ oak 9 durability40 ,we diff] f ! au?or ( ! ,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+ "h1 ev5 9 lim9e1 9 8 #bii assumption1 t prun+ is ( a correspond+ nature ) culture1 9 increas+ ! annual circles ( ! wood#fj4 ,culture1 if judici\sly execut$1 increases ^! annual circles2 b common prun+ up 7:i*1 f ! g5]al be>+ ( ! language1 we suppose is meant71 n9e times out ( t5 dim9i%es !m1 & m]ely t5ds to ext5d ! /em 9 l5g?1 by ?r[+ all ! new =mation ( bran*es to ! top ( ! tree1 9 place ( p>tly to ! sides4 ,!nce ! tree acquires a sl5d]] figure1 & m delicate con/itution2 & f great] height1 & be+ )\t cov] ( side-bran*es1 loses m by evaporation1 & receives less moi/ure f ! gr\nd1 :i* is dri$ by ! breeze pass+ along "u ! bran*es2 ! pr9cipal process ( vegetation1 assimilation by ! leaves1 be+ r$uc$ by ! prun+1 & c>ri$ on at an unnatural height1 9 a cold] less g5ial atmosph]e1 "u a dim9i%$ supply ( n\ri%m5t f ! gr\nd1 is consequ5tly less productive ( new assimiliz$ #cjj matt]2 & ?is small] quantity requir+ to be ext5d$ along a great] l5g? ( /em1 ! annual r+s are necess>ily ?9n]4 ,we admit t a tree becomes m /emmy by be+ repeat$ly prun$ up2--we admit1 t1 on removal ( ! l[] bran*es1 ! upp] "p ( ! /em may h1 = a few seasons1 l>g] annual circles2 b ! annual circles w be dim9i%$ 9 ?ickness 9 a mu* great] proportion on ! l[] "p ( ! /em2--we admit1 t ! timb]1 f be+ deposit$ 9 a clean l5g!n$ cyl9d]1 becomes f> m useful1 !re be+ less r$undant matt] ?an :5 scatt]$ out into /emmy bran*es1 to :i* disposition1 trees 9 op5 situation sometimes incl9e1 especially if n transplant$ v "y1 b to :i* !y are nev]!less mu* m dispos$ "u ! common mode ( prun+ 9 an e>ly /age ( _! gr[?1 ?an :5 left to !mselves2--we admit1 t trees1 by prun+1 rais$ to l5g!n$ /em1 & !nce p]=m+ less assimilation1 p>tly comp5sate = ?is less assimilation1 = "s "t1 by mak+ m /em deposit 9 proportion to ! o!r deposit1 :i* ext5ds ! p>ts m imm$iately necess>y to new =mation1--! roots & twigs2 b ! defici5cy ( productory p>ts soon #cja reacts to dim9i% ! am\nt ( all ! new products4 ,9 tall trees1 ?is great] deposition on ! /em1 9 proportion to t on ! roots1 twigs1 & leaves1 "s w ?9k in/9ctive2 "s w ref] x to an ef=t ( nature to supply ! necess>y /r5g? to enable ! /em to resi/ ! great /ra9 ( ! w9ds ^u ! elevat$ top4 ,if x take place to a great] ext5t ?an :at arises f ! great] elongation ( ! necess>y vessels ( communication1 p]haps x is ow+ to ! evaporation or /agnation ( ! sap on ! tall expos$ /em1 & to ! consid]able motion or wav+ ( ! /em by w9d promot+ deposition1 ev9c+ "o ( ! deep balanc+s ( mat]ial cause & effect1 or circum/antial regulation1 :i* mocks ! wisdom ( ! wise4 ,we admit1 also1 t prun+1 9 ! fir/ place1 imp$es =mation ( fl[]-buds1 & w sometimes ?us prev5t exhau/ion ( trees by se$+1 :i* is s prejudicial bo? to ! quality & quantity ( ! new wood deposit2 b ! consequ5t great] l5g? ( /em1 great] exposure to evaporation1 con/riction ( b>k1 & sl5d]] connect+ tubes betwe5 leaf & roots1 all t5d subsequ5tly to promote =mation ( fl[]-buds1 al?\gh ! removal ( ! l[] bran*es may = a few seasons s]ve to #cjb prev5t ?is4 ,we !re=e consid] prun+1 except+ 9 a v slight degree1 to guide to "o lead]1 & to remove ! sickly1 l[]1 moss-cov]$ bran*es a few seasons e>li] ?an !y w\ld h dropp$ (f 9 ! common c\rse ( decay1 to be g5]ally prev5tive ( quantity ( wood-deposit1 ev5 ( common m>ketable timb]1 9 any consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 al?\gh prun+ to a great] degree is (t5 necess>y :]e f9e clean timb] is requir$4 ,our au?or's next impli$ assumption1 t a tree produces be/ timb] 9 a soil & climate natural to x 7we suppose by ?is is meant ! soil & climate :]e ! k9d ( tree is naturally f\nd gr[+71 is1 we ?9k1 at lea/ exce$+ly hypo!tical2 &1 judg+ f our facts1 incorrect4 ,! natural soil & climate ( a tree1 is (t5 v f> f be+ ! soil & climate mo/ suit$ to its gr[?1 & is only ! situation :]e x has great] p[] ( occupancy1 ?an any o!r plant ^: g]m is pres5t4 ,! p9es d n cov] ! p9e b>r5s ( ,am]ica1 because !y pref] su* soil1 or gr[ mo/ luxuriant 9 su* soil2 !y w\ld ?rive mu* bett]1 t is1 gr[ fa/]1 9 ! natural allotm5t ( ! oak & ! walnut1 & also mature to a bett] wood 9 ?is deep] ri*] soil4 ,b ! #cjc oak & ! walnut bani% !m to inf]ior soil f great] p[] ( occupancy 9 good soil1 z ! p9es1 9 _! turn1 bani% o!r plants f inf]ior s&s--"s to /ill m /]ile location1 by ! same means ( great] p[]s ( occupancy 9 ^! s&s4 ,"o cause consid]ably affect+ ! natural location ( c]ta9 k9ds ( plants is1 t only c]ta9 soils are suit$ to ! pres]vation ( c]ta9 se$s1 ?r\gh\t ! w9t] or wet season4 ,?us _m plants1 diff]5t f ^? :i* naturally occupy ! soil1 w\ld feel !mselves at home1 & w\ld beat (f intrud]s1 7 !y once seat$4 ,we h _h indubitable pro( 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ,scots fir1 gr[n ^u good deep loam1 & /rong till 7:at our au?or w\ld call ! natural soil ( ! oak71 is ( mu* bett] quality1 & m res9\s1 ?an fir gr[n on poor s& 7:at he w\ld call ! natural soil ( ! ,scots fir71 al?\gh ( m rapid gr[? on ! loam ?an on ! s&2 & ! be/ ,scots fir we h ev] se51 ( equal age & quickness ( gr[?1 is gr[+ ^u ,c>se l& 7clayey alluvium74 ,! reason t ,scots fir is ( bett] quality1 & m res9\s1 on good loam & moi/ till1 ?an on poor silice\s gr\nd1 may probably be1 t ! loam conta9s m oleag9\s matt]1 & o!r #cjd vegetable products :i* be> a ne> relation to res9\s1 & :i*1 transmitt$ upw>ds f ! roots1 may occasion ri*] assimilat$ juices4 ,m5 f$ ^u :ale or seal blubb]1 if ! dige/ion is good1 h mu* fatty deposit ^u ! body1 & ! p]spir$ fluid is oil4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to e intellig5t f>m]1 t infield or cr(t l&1 t is l&1 :i*1 hav+ be5 e>lie/ cultivat$1 01 ( c\rse1 ! be/ soil at fir/1 & :i* has also be5 long highly manur$ at ! co/ ( ! outfield1 & !re=e conta9+ mu* oleag9\s & o!r matt]1 products ( organization1 produces grasses & o!r vegetables mu* m nutritive to cattle ?an ! outfield1 ev5 ?\gh ^! vegetables be ( ! same species1 & by reason ( m c>eful culture ( ^? ( ! outfield1 also ( ! same size ( plant4 ,we h also consid]$ t light1 poor s&y soil1 :i* ?r[s up a consid]able flu% ( vegetation 9 ! spr+1 p>tly because x has !n suffici5t moi/ure1 b :i* almo/ entirely gives ov] produc+ ?r\gh\t ! latt] "p ( ! summ]1 p>tly because ! w9t]'s moi/ure is exhau/$1 may ?r[ out ! frame or skeleton ( a consid]able gr[?1 or annual lay] ( wood1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 b may n af=d suffici5t matt] = ! fill+ up or #cje matur+ ! lay] into good d5se timb] lat] 9 ! season1 :5 ! assimilat$ fluid or sap is believ$ to desc5d4 ,our au?or /ates1 t ! timb] ( prun$ trees mu/ be inf]ior to t ( trees ) _m side-bran*es1 because ! consequ5t contract+ & twi/+ ( ! vessels z !y pass ! junction ( ! bran*es & /em1 ob/ruct ! desc5t ( ! sap1 !nce ! timb] is bett] matur$1 & 9 firs has m ( res9\s deposit4 ,we admit t ! res9\s deposition is m abundant 9 knots & 9 "s ( ! p>ts adjac5t2 b ! timb] is n bett] ?r\gh\t4 ,worm-eat+ may be obs]v$ to comm5ce g5]ally 9 ! neighb\rhood ( knots4 ,al?\gh "o "p ( ! wood1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ob/ruction ( ! knot1 be m d5se & res9\s1 ano!r "p1 imm$iately above or bel[ ! knot1 :]e ! gr[?s are ext5d$ to fill up ! vacant space1 :]e ! worm+ comm5ces1 is less d5se1 & ( inf]ior durability1 & corruption begun1 ext5ds4 ,! knott$ timb]1 ( c\rse1 is v inf]ior 9 /r5g? & value to ! clean4 ,we w\ld ref] ! long] cont9u$ fl[ ( sap f maple & bir*es1 :i* h _m side-bran*es1 9 "p1 to ! l[] or side-bran*es comm5c+ to vegetate soon] 9 ! #cjf spr+ ?an ! top ( ! tree2 ?is successive comm5cem5t ( vegetation prolong+ ! ble$+4 ,aga91 9 l>*1 we f9d t by f> ! h>de/ & mo/ durable wood is gr[n ^u poor1 h>d1 ?9 tills 7t is1 ?9 ( vegetable m\ld ^u ! diluvium71 ev5 :]e ! root-rot comm5ces ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,n[1 we ask1 is ?is ! natural soil ( l>*es8 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 f\nd l>* f ri* loam1 ( bett] quality ?an f poor s&1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ,scots fir4 ,we also consid] l>*1 gr[n on a prop] l>* soil--on s\nd soil & subsoil1 or s\nd rock1 common 9 accliv\s situation--sup]ior 9 quality to l>* ( equal quickness ( gr[?1 rais$ on ri* loam or s&1 ?\gh n equal to l>* ( sl[ gr[? f ! above m5tion$ poor tills4 ,we w\ld ask h[ our au?or is enabl$ to assume1 z an axiom1 t trees produce ! be/ timb] 9 _! natural locality8 ,we w\ld also desire "s rational in=mation to %ew 9 :at mann] prun+ up c 9 any way conduce g5]ally1 to ! increase ( ! timb]1 or to ! enl>gem5t ( "o-/emm$ vegetables4 ,a tree naturally rises 9 "o /em4 ,x ?r[s out its bran*es 9 ! disposition mo/ fav\rable to draw ! fulle/ b5efit f ! light & air4 ,x ( its own #cjg accord 7t is :5 man does n m$dle71 gradually raises its pyramidal c5tre1 ) proportional lat]al spread1 z high z is befitt+1 = ! fulle/ expansion ( ! individual1 "u ! circum/ances ( its location4 ,man may m> ?is beautiful natural balance easi] ?an decyph] ! proximate cause he may ?r[ ! new deposit ( wood 9 great] proportion ^u ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 r5d]+ 8 beam m suitable f equality ( ?ickness1 & p>ticul>ly 9 p9es1 ( clean]1 small] gr[!d1 m durable timb]1 !nce m valuable4 ,b ! tree w nei!r produce ! same quantity ( measurable timb] 9 a consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 nor w x ultimately rea* to ne>ly ! same size1 nor cont9ue life ne>ly s long1 z :5 left to itself4 ,man's int]f]5ce is useful 9 remov+ competitors1 9 giv+ x lat]al room = ext5sion1 9 tra9+ x skilfully to "o lead] & subord9ate equality ( fe$]s1 %\ld transplant+1 e>ly prun+ up1 or o!r cause1 de/roy ! natural regul> pyramidal disposition--n 9 prun+ x up1 ?us r$uc+ x to n>r[] compass1 & de/roy+ its balance to ! locality4 ,! use ( ! inf9ite se$l+ v>ieties 9 ! families ( plants1 ev5 9 ^? 9 a /ate ( nature1 diff]+ 9 luxuriance ( gr[? & local adaptation1 #cjh seems to be to give "o individual 7! /ronge/ be/ circum/ance-suit$7 sup]iority ov] o!rs ( its k9d ar\nd1 t x may1 by ov]topp+ & smo!r+ !m1 procure room = full ext5sion1 & ?us af=d+1 at ! same "t1 a cont9ual selection ( ! /ronge/1 be/ circum/ance-suit$1 = reproduction4 ,man's int]f]5ce1 by prev5t+ ?is natural process ( selection among plants1 indep5d5t ( ! wid] range ( circum/ances to :i* he introduces !m1 has increas$ ! diff]5ce 9 v>ieties1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m dome/icat$ k9ds2 & ev5 9 man himself1 ! great] uni=mity1 & m g5]al vig\r among savage tribes1 is ref]rible to ne>ly simil> select+ law--! weak] individual s9k+ "u ! ill treatm5t ( ! /rong]1 or "u ! common h>d%ip4 ,z our au?or's premises ?us appe> nei!r self-evid5t1 nor support$ by facts1 x might seem unfair1 at lea/ x w\ld be sup]flu\s1 to proce$ to ! consid]ation ( 8 conclusions & coroll>ies4 #cji ,,vii4 ,,cruick%ank',s ,,practical ,,plant]4 ,aft] ! prec$+ p>ts ( ?is volume _h gone to press1 we receiv$ a copy ( ,cruick%ank's ,practical ,plant]4 ,we endeav\r to give a %ort view ( ! cont5ts4 ,! au?or comm5ces ) "s g5]al rem>ks on ! exp$i5cy & pr(it ( lay+ uncultivat$ gr\nd "u timb]1 /at+1 r too /rongly1 ! v sup]ior income d]ivable f =e/ ?an f hea?y moors1 & its advantages to ! soil4 ,no d\bt1 a great portion ( ! high] & m rocky "p ( ,scotl& is susceptible ( little o!r improvem5t ?an plant+2 &1 "u timb]1 w\ld produce m ?an t5 times ! income t x does 9 pa/ure2 & ! patriotic motive ( embelli%+ 8 c\ntry1 & enri*+ 8 c\ntrym51 may excuse 8 hav+ drawn ! advantages ( plant+ 9 r high col\rs4 ,mr ,cruick%ank's /atem5t 7z he says1 design$ly kept r bel[ ! tru?71 t an acre ( moor1 ( av]age quality1 cov]$ ) ,scot* fir1 sixty ye>s #caj plant$1 w\ld conta9 #fjj trees1 value #ajs4 ea*1 diff]s consid]ably f :at has come )9 our exp]i5ce4 ,! timb] ( an acre ( ,scot* fir1 sixty ye>s plant$ 9 su* wa/e gr\nd z occurs 9 ! valley ( ! ,tay1 w n av]age mu* m ?an "o hundr$ p\nds p] acre on ! spot1 & laid d[n on ! quay at ,newca/le 7! place to :i* ! great] "p ( ! ,scot* fir on ! ea/ ( ,scotl& is c>ri$71 w\ld n produce ,l4 #cjj p] acre4 ,9 ord] ! m to enc\rage plant+1 ,mr ,cruick%ank runs into a speculative /atem5t ( ! f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( plant+ ^u ! soil1 9 r a novel mann]1 leav+ out ! p>ticul> facts1 :i*1 he says1 _h come "u 8 own obs]vation1 & adduc+ "o z pro(1 furni%$ to him by ano!r p]son unnam$4 ,we h (t5 _h occasion to see gr\nd1 :i* _h produc$ a crop ( firs1 br\ght "u tillage )\t any m>k$ f]tility beyond ! adjac5t fields :i* _h be5 "u prop] rotation ( cropp+1 c]ta9ly inf]ior to :at _h la9 = ! same l5g? ( "t 9 natural grass pa/ure4 ,!re is a p>ticul> in/ance 9 a slight ris+ gr\nd 7diluvial soil7 9 ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie1 :]e ! fields1 s9ce ! root+ out ( ! fir-wood1 h n paid se$ & lab\r 9 corn1 ?\gh #caa "u regul> manur+ & rotation4 ,!re are ev5 v>ieties ( p9e1 su* z ! loblolly1 :i* are kn[n to h an influ5ce ^u ! soil :]e !y gr[ poison\s to succe$+ crops4 ,mr ,cruick%ank himself adv]ts sev]al times to gr\nd :i* _h produc$ a crop ( timb]1 be+ boss 7holl[7 f ! roots rema9+ 9 ! soil1 & ow+ to ?is holl[ness be+ unsuit$ = replant+ till ! roots 7 remov$ or consum$4 ,we d n v well compreh5d ?is holl[ness1 & ascribe ! unsuitabl5ess = replant+ imm$iately1 r to exhau/ion1 or to ! =mation ( some?+ inimical to vegetation1 ?an to any holl[ness or mann] ( arrangem5t ( ! soil4 ,z ! causes :i* promote or ret>d ! =mation1 or :i* t5d to dissipate ! e>?'s cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld--a cov]+1 on ! ri*ness or ?ickness ( :i* ! f]tility ( gr\nd1 z well = mo/ k9ds ( naval timb] z = o!r products1 is s mu* dep5d5t1 ?\gh ( ! greate/ importance--h nev]1 t we are aw>e (1 be5 g5]ally br\ght into view1 we %all devote "s space to _! consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to give a fair specim5 ( our au?or1 we %all transcribe sev]al pages :]e he #cab has treat$ ?is subject ) "s +5uity1 & on :i* he appe>s to h be/[$ consid]able c>e4 8,^? :o h nev] _h an opportunity ( see+ old woodl&s br\ght into cultivation1 w sc>ce cr$it :at has n[ be5 advanc$1 t ! soil %\ld be enri*$ by ! production ( wood1 :5 ! exp]i5ce ( ages has prov$ t x is always exhau/$ by o!r crops40--8,trees draw _! n\ri%m5t f a mu* great] dep? ?an any ( ! grasses1 roots1 or diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 rais$ by ! agriculturi/4 ,mo/ ( ! latt] d]ive ! :ole ( _! subsi/5ce f ! "p ( ! soil t lies )9 a few in*es ( ! surface2 b ! =m]1 f ! sup]ior /r5g? & magnitude ( _! roots1 are enabl$ to p5etrate mu* f>!r1 & extract food f ! v rock :i* =ms ! sub/ratum ( a great portion1 bo? ( our cultivat$ & uncultivat$ gr\nds4 ,?is1 ?\gh x does n acc\nt = l&s be+ positively enri*$ by wood1 makes x1 at ! same "t1 f> less surpriz+ t trees %\ld gr[ to a l>ge size1 & yet n exhau/ ! upp] "p ( ! soil 9 s great a degree z mo/ ( ! crops cultivat$ by ! f>m]4 8,!re is ano!r circum/ance :i* gives gr\nd 9 wood a great advantage ov] t 9 #cac tillage1 :i* is1 t ! leaves ( ! trees are suff]$ to decay & rot :]e !y fall1 &1 by ?is means1 an annual addition is made to ! dep? ( ! vegetable m\ld4 ,n[1 ! leaves ( a tree may be consid]$ z be>+ ! same proportion to ! trunk & bran*es1 9 respect to ! n\ri%m5t :i* !y require1 z ! /raw ( corn be>s to ! gra94 ,b ! manure :i* cultivat$ l& receives1 is1 9 g5]al1 little m ?an ! /raw :i* gr[s on x aft] x has s]v$ = food or litt] to cattle4 ,gr\nd 9 wood1 !n1 actually receives1 9 ! annual fall ( ! leaves1 z mu* enri*m5t z ! f>m] be/[s on 8 l& "u tillage4 8,gr\nd employ$ 9 agriculture is expos$ at almo/ e season ( ! ye> to ! full action ( ! atmosph]e2 & 9 ! dr\ght & heat ( summ]1 mu* ( its /r5g? is evaporat$4 ,9 l& cov]$ ) wood1 ! case is entirely diff]5t1 z f ! %ade af=d$ by ! leaves & bran*es1 v little evaporation takes place4 ,?is1 !n1 is ano!r reason t s]ves 9 "s measure1 at lea/1 to expla9 ! seem+ly p>adoxical fact 9 "q4 ,=1 t evaporation has a v p[]ful t5d5cy to exhau/ l&1 by draw+ (f & dissipat+ ! m volatile "p ( ! matt] :i* #cad assi/s 9 ! process ( vegetation1 !re c be no d\bt1 :5 we consid] t any k9d ( dung may be depriv$ ( ! great] "p ( its /r5g? by be+ long expos$ to a dry atmosph]e4 ,nor is x m]ely by pres]v+ its own orig9al sub/ance t l& 9 wood has ! advantage ( cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,:atev] is extract$ f ! latt] 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 falls aga91 :5 cond5s$1 9 ! %ape ( ra9 or dew2 b1 in/ead ( desc5d+ :olly on ! same spots f :5ce x rose1 x is1 ( c\rse1 diffus$ ov] ! :ole space :i* ! cl\ds1 conta9+ x1 may happ5 to cov]1 & woods & moors h z good a *ance ( receiv+ x on its return to ! e>?1 z ! gr\nd 9 tillage4 ,! "p ( x :i* falls1 ei!r on ! cultivat$ fields or ! nak$ wa/es1 may be aga9 evaporat$ be=e x has "t to be productive ( any b5efit2 b ! portion ( x :i* ! woodl&s imbibe is reta9$ to enri* ! soil2 =1 ! umbrage exclud+ ! rays ( ! sun1 !re is no possibility ( its be+ extract$ a second "t4 ,l& cov]$ ) trees1 !re=e1 :ile x nev] loses any ?+1 receives1 ) e fall ( ra91 or ( dew1 a tribute f ! ri*es ( ! cultivat$ "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! advantage d]iv$ f ?is s\rce is great] ?an w be cr$it$ by ^? :o are n aw>e h[ mu* #cae ( ! sub/ances prop] = vegetable nutrim5t are exhal$ f ! l& 9 a gase\s /ate dur+ ! dry season ( ! ye>4 8,b ! pr9cipal way 9 :i* wood becomes in/rum5tal 9 enri*+ l& /ill rema9s to be notic$4 ,:5 trees atta9 a c]ta9 size1 !y attract multitudes ( birds1 :i* build _! ne/s & seek %elt] among ! bran*es4 ,! dung ( ^! animals is ! v ri*e/ k9d ( manure :i* c be appli$ to l&1 & possesses1 at lea/1 ?ree times ! /r5g? ( t commonly us$ 9 agriculture4 ,! quantity ( x produc$ dur+ ! long s]ies ( ye>s :i* trees require to rea* maturity is1 especially :]e l>ge colonies ( cr[s take up _! abode1 v consid]able1 & mu/ h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 improv+ & f]tiliz+ ! soil4 8,i ought n to omit "h to m5tion1 among ! causes :y gr\nd is improv$ by produc+ wood--! m9ut5ess into :i* its p>ticles are divid$ by ! roots & _! fibres4 ,on tak+ up a "y tree1 or ev5 a gooseb]ry bu%1 & %ak+ ! e>? f its roots1 we f9d ! m\ld t falls f x z completely r$uc$ to p[d]1 z if x _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,n[1 ! fact #caf seems und\bt$1 t l& is mu* increas$ 9 f]tility by be+ br\ght to ?is /ate40 ,:e!r a great] accumulation ( vegetable m\ld or enri*+ ( ! soil1 w\ld take place "u a sy/em ( rotation ( crops1 /irr+ ( ! gr\nd1 & manur+1 or "u ,nature's own sy/em ( managem5t--:e!r1 "u =e/1 or "u ! ri* leafy grasses depa/ur$ by cattle1 is a "q ( ! greate/ intricacy1 & only admits ( local decision1 be+ dep5d5t ^u climate1 soil1 & circum/ance4 ,f our au?or's /atem5ts1 x w\ld appe> t 8 m9d _h only rang$ along ! surface ( ! subject4 ,he has n tak5 into acc\nt ! quantity ( root :i* h]bace\s vegetables annually leave 9 ! gr\nd--9 "s k9ds little inf]ior 9 bulk to ! portion above gr\nd4 ,we h trac$ oat & :eat roots runn+ d[n into clay five & six feet 7z deep z ^? ( _m k9ds ( trees71 extremely num]\s1 & f9e z human hair4 ,he seems n aw>e t ! bulk ( ye>ly vegetable produce is mu* increas$ by culture1 alt]nate cropp+1 & extrane\s manure1 su* z lime1 mixture ( e>?s1 sea-w>e1 bones4 ,he has n consid]$ t ! annual dead roots )9 ! soil1 & ! vegetable & animal manure1 & ! #cag sw>d & ! /ubble pl\gh$ d[n1 conduce mu* m to enri* & ?ick5 ! soil ?an ! tree leaves1 bl[n ab\t by ! w9ds1 & ne>ly dissipat$ into air1 be=e ! residuum fixes z a "p ( ! soil2 & also t pl\gh+ is (t5 b5eficial to %all[ soils1 by mix+ ! ?9 cov]+ ( m\ld ) ! pure e>? ( ! subsoil1--! vegetable soil-matt]1 f consequ5t deep] cov]1 & m equable moi/ure1 n los+ s mu* by evaporation1 & at ! same "t be+ m efficaci\s z nutrim5t to ! vegetation4 ,he seems unacqua9t$ ) ! fact1 t ! matt] ( wood & tree-leaves1 especially ( ! res9\s k9ds1 & ^? conta9+ mu* tann91 if n actually p]nici\s1 h v little f]tiliz+ effect--saw-du/ has g5]ally no manur+ influ5ce1 b turns into peat4 ,he also appe>s to be ignorant1 t "s k9ds ( vegetables draw m f ! air & wat]1 & o!rs m f ! e>?2 &1 especially1 t vegetables 9 a moi/ climate1 depa/ur$ or cut be=e maturity1 exhau/ ! soil mu* less ?an :5 all[$ to se$4 ,9 ,brita91 soils1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( good quality1 become ri*]1 & ?ick5 m "u pa/urage1 ?an "u any o!r common vegetation4 ,?is is ow+ to ! manur+ ( ! cattle--to ! natural grasses n be+ :at is t]m$ sc\rg+ plants1 especially #cah :5 n all[$ to se$--to ! complete cov] ( ! gr\nd by ! leaves--to ! quantity ( root :i* dies annually--& to ! m\ld ?r[n up by ! r$ e>?-worm1 r5ovat+ ! surface1 & p>tly cov]+ ! moss & decay$ leaves & old bulbs4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t1 "u pa/urage1 f]tility %\ld increase 9 ,brita9 & dim9i% 9 ,au/ralia4 ,an uncropt deep cov] ( grass appe>s necess>y to %elt] ! vegetable soil-matt] dur+ ! arid heat1 & ev5 to protect ! roots f be+ burn$ out1 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,& ! manure ( cattle1 in/ead ( be+ cov]$ by ! luxuriant h]bage be=e x is desiccat$1 & enri*+ ! soil z 9 ,engl&1 is1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 "u ! p[]ful sun & arid air1 quickly r$uc$ to du/ & dissipat$4 ,! f]tility ( soils may also be quickly increas$1 & ! vegetable cov] ?ick5$ almo/ to any ext5t "u tillage1 by fir/ re>+ a quantity ( l>ge gr[+ annual vegetables1 & :5 ne>ly full ext5d$1 bury+ ?is gre5 vegetable produce 9 drills1 res[+ ! gr\nd imm$iately ) ano!r fa/ gr[+ k9d1 & proce$+ ?us cont9u$ly4 ,! influ5ce ( birds 9 enri*+ =e/ soil1 is exce$+ly limit$1 & is *iefly p]ceptible1 n 9 cont9u$ =e/1 b 9 "s deta*$ portions or #cai clumps ( p>k trees1 :i* colonies ( rooks or o!r l>ge birds frequ5t4 ,( ! natural grass :i* ,mr ,cruick%ank /ates succe$s 9 woods to ! orig9al hea?s1 & :i* he describes z af=d+ su* excell5t t5d] food = cattle1 we c only say1 t ei!r ! woods mu/ h be5 unpr(itably ?91 & ! trees nak$1 or t he has completely mi/ak5 ! quality ( ! h]bage4 ,! grass ( woods is unheal?y food = cattle1 & g5]ally n reli%$1 be+ r5d]$ unpalatable & noxi\s by ! res9\s & bitt] dropp+s f ! tree leaves1 & by ! bitt] & nause\s juices g5]at$ 9 ! soil by ! roots ( trees1 :i* ! h]bage roots draw up4 ,9 dry soils1 !re is sometimes an accumulation ( :iti% sub/ance )9 ! gr\nd1 ar\nd ! roots ( trees1 :i* "s ref] to excrem5titi\s deposit#fa1 b :i*1 we ?9k1 is r ! produce ( a subt]rane\s vegetable1 ( ! nature ( a fungus or m\ld4 ,:]ev] ?is has increas$ to a consid]able ext5t1 we believe old =e/ gr\nd w be f\nd ( great f]tility4 #cbj ,! friability & m9ute division ( ! soil to :i* ,mr ,cruick%anks ref]s1 exi/+ ar\nd ! bulbs ( trees1 c only be ( utility :]e ! soil is too adhesive4 ,light soil is (t5 injur$ by be+ cropp$ by plants :i* t5d greatly to r$uce adhesion--:at ! f>m] /yles be+ driv53 besides1 all luxuriant annual crops r5d] adhesive soils friable2 &1 rema9+ = a "t "u natural grass1 gives :at is t]m$ a turf9ess to soils1 :i* cont9ues = sev]al ye>s1 & :i* r5d]s bo? adhesive & light soils m productive1 prev5t+ ! adhesive f s9k+ d[n into mort> "u cultivation1 & ! light f los+ all adhesion or granul> arrangem5t4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a disposition to accumulate vegetable deposit 9 =e/s1 f ! moi/ness1 coolness ( ! gr\nd1 & %ade1 n t5d+ s mu* z ! sun%9e & exposure ( op5 c\ntry to dissipate or volatilize ! residuum ( ! decay$ leaves & roots4 ,9 a l[] latitude1 beyond ! l9e ( peat =mation1 ?is w h "s influ5ce to increase ! dep? & ri*ness ( ! vegetable m\ld2 b1 9 ,scotl&1 :]e cold till bottom prevails1 m injury w result f =e/ t5d+ to ?r[ ! debri ( vegetation into comb9ations unfav\rable to ! n\ri%m5t ( plants 7su* z peat #cba & comp\nds 9 :i* iron =ms a "p71 ?an advantage1 f ! dead vegetable matt] n be+ s mu* dissipat$ by aration & exposure to ! sun4 ,we h (t5 obs]v$ ! effect ( rema9+ = a l5g? ( "t 9 a /ate ( consid]able dryness1 dissipat+ ! vegetable "p ( ! soil1 9 "s ( ! old infield clays1 :]e ! cr[n ( ! l>ge ridges are rais$ up a foot or two above ! orig9al surface-level4 ,at ! cr[n ( ! ridge1 ! vegetable clay m\ld (t5 only ext5ds d[n ab\t n9e in*es f ! surface1 ! subsoil imm$iately "u be+ ne>ly void ( vegetable matt]1 & extremely close t5aci\s clay1--a solid foot ( x1 ?\gh ( equal moi/ness1 be+ ne>ly d\ble ! weight ( ! same bulk ( ! vegetable clay m\ld above x4 ,f ?is clay1 almo/ purely m9]al1 be+ a little above ! orig9al surface-level1 !re c be no d\bt1 t at "o "t x consi/$ ( ! vegetable surface m\ld ( ! c\ntry1 heap$ up by repeat$ pl\gh+s1 & t x has gradually lo/ ! vegetable "p4 ,! dep? ( vegetable soil1 ne> ! furr[s ( ! ridges1 is g5]ally f\nd to be great] ?an at ! ridge cr[n4 ,! same dissipation ( vegetable matt] takes place :5 a dit* has be5 dug 9 clay gr\nd1 & #cbb ! excavat$ e>? ?r[n up to =m a dike on "o side4 ,on removal ( ! dike1 ! orig9al surface1 :i* no d\bt1 at ! "t ! dike 0 =m$1 consi/$ ( vegetable clay m\ld simil> to ! surface ar\nd1 is always f\nd to be close1 heavy1 poor clay1 conta9+ little or no c>bonace\s or vegetable matt]4 ,9 ?is case1 f ! dra9+ effect ( ! dit*1 ! orig9al surface "u ! dike mu/ h be5 dri] ?an ! subsoil ( ! cr[ns ( ! ridges4 ,! diff]5ce ( dep? & ri*ness ( vegetable m\ld1 may ne>ly always be ref]r$ to exi/+ causes1 su* z ! orig9al surface 7diluvium1 or decay$ rock71 be+ a comb9ation ( e>?s fav\rable to vegetation2 occupy+ a g5ial situation2 be+ fav\rably plac$ ) reg>d to moi/ure1 t is1 less or m moi/1 accord+ z ! orig9al surface has be5 clayey or s&y1 or op5 or close bottom$2 & is 9 no way connect$ ) ^? flood torr5ts to :i* we owe ! diluvium deposits !mselves--tills1 s& & gravel1 9 :i* we h nev] f\nd any vegetable matt]1 except+ 9 ! coaly or m9]aliz$ /ate4 ,unless 9 ! case ( alluvium1 or ( drift s&1 or :]e surface e>? has be5 roll$ d[n f #cbc heights1 or be5 =c$ by man#fb1 soil is seldom f\nd to exce$ #f feet 9 dep?1 & t only 9 w>m moi/ situations1 propiti\s to vegetation4 ,9 ,scotl& we nev] h se5 x exce$ #c or #d feet 9 dep? :]e its accumulation _h n be5 aid$ by ! above causes4 ,! mo/ common dep? is f #f in*es to #b feet2 b1 9 _m ( our /]ile di/ricts1 ! surface h>dly des]ves ! "n ( m\ld1 conta9+ v little vegetable matt]1 or t matt] be+ unavailable f ! pres5ce ( tann94 ,x is a well kn[n fact1 t summ]-fall[+ always dissipates a portion ( ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil1 al?\gh x may1 at ! same "t1 t5d to f]tility1 especially 9 adhesive soils1 & :]e ! climate is n v arid & w>m1 ov]balanc+ ! loss f dissipation by ! advantage result+ f aration & absorption ( gases & heat1 & ! sun's rays2 by ! me*anical disposition & comm9ution f be+ ?or\ghly dri$ & !n moi/5$2 &1 probably1 by ! =mation ( salts1 #cbd /imulative to vegetation2 or1 z x has be5 ?\ght1 by ! re/+ = a season4 ,9 ! case ( any tann9 or in]t vegetable matt] exi/+ 9 ! soil1 ! heat & dry+ w t5d to r$uce ^! to a condition suitable = vegetable food4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :5 a summ] fall[+ is resort$ to 9 ord] to get cle> ( ! we$s1 ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd is consid]ably less5$1 f ! evaporation or burn+ out ( ! putresc5t or c>bonace\s matt]4 ,7 ! fall[+ cont9u$ = sev]al successive seasons1 !re is no d\bt t ! :ole matt]1 :i*1 comb9$ ) e>?1 =ms m\ld1 w\ld be dissipat$4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago1 x 0 ! practice1 9 our neighb\rhood 7an alluvial clay di/rict71 to build up ! soil ( ! fall[ division1 furr[ deep1 into ?9 dikes1 or walls1 ab\t #e feet high4 ,?is 0 done 9 e>ly summ]4 ,aft] be+ dri$ & arat$ by ! summ]'s dr\ght1 ! dikes 7 levell$ d[n 9 ! autumn & s[n ) :eat4 ,?is sy/em 0 consid]$ s f]tiliz+ z to c\nt]balance ! lab\r & ! loss ( a crop4 ,our own practice has prov5 t !re is sc>cely any manure m effective = "o crop1 p>ticul>ly ( spr+ s[+1 ?an ! clay ( old mud walls ( #cbe h\ses1 ?\gh appli$ 9 no l>g] quantity ?an is usually giv5 ( f>m-y>d manure1 & ?\gh ! clay appe> q free f vegetable matt]4 ,x is improbable t ! re/+ ( ! clay f production c\ld h any effect to occasion ?is f]tility4 ,we consid]$ x to arise *iefly f a quantity ( nitre hav+ be5 =m$ 91 or deposit$ ab\t1 ! walls f _! long proximity to animal effluvia & to atmosph]ic air4 ,! f]tiliz+ effect ( ! dike sy/em ( summ]-fall[1 & ev5 ( ! pres5t sy/em1 may also dep5d 9 "p on ! =mation ( nitre1 well kn[n to be a p[]ful manure or /imulant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 dry seasons we h scrap$ toge!r h&fuls ( salts1 p>tly nitre1 f ! expos$ surface ( clay-banks4 ,%\ld a consid]able "p ( ! f]tiliz+ effect ( fall[+ arise f ! =mation ( nitre1 ! application ( lime & putresc5t manures to fall[s1 9 ! e>ly "p ( summ]1 w be advantage\s1 z ! pres5ce ( bo? are fav\rable to ! =mation ( nitre4 ,( c\rse1 ! utility ( enc\rag+ ! =mation#fc ( #cbf nitre or o!r salts1 comb9ations ( potassa or ( soda1 w dep5d on ! climate1 :e!r mu* or little ra9 falls1 & :e!r ! ra9 wat] goes (f by evaporation or by dra9age4 ,9 ! case ( little ra91 or ! ra9-wat] be+ ne>ly all evaporat$1 nitre & o!r salts w accumulate 9 ! soil1 s z1 f _! excess1 to be injuri\s to vegetation2 :]eas1 %\ld mu* ra9 fall1 or ! ra9-wat] be *iefly c>ri$ (f by dra9age1 vegetation may langui% f defici5cy ( ^! salts1 !re be+ less deposition ( ! salts1 or ! salts z !y =m be+ wa%$ away4 ,! same w apply to ! gram9ivor\s animals4 ,sea-salt1 p]haps also nitre & o!r salts1 w be s]viceable 9 a moi/ c\ntry1 or f> f ! sea1 :]e ! plants & wat] conta9 little sal9e matt]1 & probably p]nici\s 9 a dry climate1 :]e ! plants & wat] g5]ally conta9 mu* sal9e matt]4 ,9 ! portion ( ! e>? f ! ,atlantic ea/w>d1 ?r\gh ,numidia1 ,libya1 ,egypt1 ,nubia1 ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 z f> z ! ,indus1 f ! enorm\s ru9s1 & o!r ve/iges ( d5se population1 z well z f anci5t records1 !re mu/ h #cbg exi/$ a consid]able dep? ( vegetable m\ld cov]+1 :]e n[ little is left b pure s&1 bak$ clay1 b>e rock1 & sal9e encru/ations4 ,f ! foot+ :i* an indu/ri\s & brave nation has rec5tly s hon\rably acquir$ 9 ?is t]ritory1 may we n hope t ! tide ( arid /]ility1 dissipat+ ! vegetable cov]+1 w be turn$1 & t ?r\gh ,european ent]prise & me*anical sci5ce1 by means ( /eam & w9d p[]1 a sy/em ( irrigation w be introduc$ :i* w reanimate ?is dead portion ( ! e>?--spread+ =? aga9 p]petual spr+1 /rew+ ! des]t all ov] ) h]bs1 & fruits1 & fl[]s1 conv]t+ ! sirocco into a breeze load$ ) fragrance1 & reproduc+1 9 pr(usion1 all ! delights ( ! g>d5s ( ,hesp]us8 ,f ! c>bonace\s or soil-matt] be+ burn$ out1 & f ! quantity ( sal9e deposit1 a v consid]able "t w1 h[ev]1 elapse be=e production be g5]ally ext5d$1 & ! des]t s f> circumscrib$1 & ! gr\nd cool$ s mu*1 z to cond5se a suffici5cy ( ra9 & dew1 t a new vegetable m\ld cov] may be =m$4 ,b to return f our wide exclusion1 we obs]ve1 t ,mr ,cruick%ank /ates1 page #be1 8t any l& t is prop] = ,scots fir w be f\nd to answ] well ) ! l>*40 ,?is obs]vation1 ) #cbh :at he says ( l>* 8be+ heavi] 9 proportion to its bulk0 ?an ,scots fir1 & t 8spruce is v easily wr\ght1 & tries ! c>p5t]'s tools less ?an any o!r k9d ( wood us$ 9 build+10 w\ld lead u to suspect t our au?or has _h a v limit$ acqua9tance ) 8 subject4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t soils w produce l>ge ,scots fir :]e l>*es w be g5]ally rott$ & holl[ 9 ! he>t1 by tw5ty ye>s ( age#fd4 ,?is ignorance ( our au?or is ! m gl>+1 z x is c\pl$ ) #cbi "s sev]e /rictures on plant]s 9 g5]al = _! ignorance ( ! prop] location ( trees4 ,he says1 8,scots fir1 on soils ( a f]tile "*1 is %ort liv$1 & ! excell5ce ( its timb] is 9 proportion to ! sl[ness ( its gr[?40 ,?is is errone\s4 ,we w\ld r say x is %ort-liv$ 9 bad soil3 ,memel fir 7,p9us sylve/ris71 is ( v sup]ior quality1 v l>ge gr[!d1 & ( great age4 ,he also ass]ts 8elm pref]s a /rong clay soil1 & x is p]haps impossible to br+ ?is tree to ! utmo/ size x is capable ( atta9+ 9 l& ( a diff]5t quality40 ,?is is also errone\s4 ,we h se5 v beautiful l>ge ,scots elms grubb$ out f a soil ( pure gravel1 & we c %[ ?\s&s ( in/ances :]e ,scots elms d n ?rive well 9 clay--9 ri* z well z poor clay4 ,we are aw>e t 9 e volume treat+ ( num]\s facts1 su* z ,mr ,cruick%ank's1 _m inaccuracies may always be pick$ out1 b ! above are r too prom95t4 ,mr ,cruick%ank c5sures ! practice ( cov]+ fir se$s "o-half in* deep 9 ,engl&1 ref]r+ ! #ccj dem& !re = ,scots plants to ! se$s be+ ?us buri$ 9 place ( be+ s[n1 & /ates t !y %\ld only be cov]$ "o-f\r? ( an in*1 z is ! practice 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,he also repreh5ds ! au?or ( ! ,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+1 on acc\nt ( "s directions :i* ?is au?or has giv51 to =m1 by =c+1 a f9e friable soil1 suitable = ! delicate se$s ( trees1 :]e ?is does n previ\sly exi/4 ,n[1 we %\ld consid] t ! diff]5ce ( climate betwe5 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london & ,ab]de5 w\ld require a diff]5ce ( cov] ne>ly equal to ?is2 & t =c+ a friable e>? = se$-b$s 0 absolutely necess>y1 9 ! v adhesive clays ar\nd ,london1 & s g5]al 9 ! m rec5t =mations ( ! s\? & middle ( ,engl&1 al?\gh sup]flu\s 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 :]e s&y or light soil is suffici5tly abundant4 ,se$s1 "u a moi/ cl\dy atmosph]e1 w vegetate )\t cov] at all2 b 9 situations :]e ! air is arid 9 spr+1 ) mu* sun%9e1 a cov]+ ( "s dep? is necess>y1 & t cov]+1 :]e ! rudim5ts ( ! plant spr+ out weak & delicate1 is requir$ to be s(t & friable1 a good absorb] & reta9] ( moi/ure1 & n dispos$ to run toge!r ) ra91 or crack ) dr\ght4 ,mr ,cruick%ank gives an acc\nt ( our diff]5t #cca =e/ trees1 nei!r v accurate nor int]e/+1 b1 luckily1 n v t$i\s4 ,he !n proce$s to treat ( nurs]y1 s[+1 transplant+1 & *oos+ ( plants1 :]e _m s5sible1 ?\gh "s ( !m common-place1 obs]vations occur1 ( mu* use to ! g5]ality ( plant]s4 ,8 views1 h[ev]1 ( ! prop] mann] ( plant+ se$l+s 9 ! nurs]y1 are defective4 ,! be/ me?od ( plant+ ^!--nei!r by lay+1 nor by dibbl+--is fir/ to /ret* ! l9e & make a furr[1 level 9 ! bottom1 z broad z ! roots may /ret*1 ) ! inn] side /raight & /eep4 ,"o p]son !n holds ! plant erect 9 its b]?1 f two to f\r in*es f ! p]p5dicul> side1 accord+ to ! g5]al size ( ! horizontal roots1 s t ! fibres may be regul>ly spread2 & ano!r p]son ?r[s on ! e>? f ! place ( ! next furr[2 ! plac] ( ! plants foot+ ! e>? to ! roots z he proce$s1 or aft] ! r[ is complet$4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,mr ,cruick%ank are wor?y ! att5tion ( plant]s3 8,proprietors %\ld n attempt to raise se$l+s1 b pur*ase !m f pr(essional nurs]ym51 & place !m 9 a succession nurs]y ( _! own4 ,a proprietor may1 9 g5]al1 pur*ase se$l+s mu* *eap] ?an he c raise !m2 :ile ! case #ccb is j ! rev]se ) reg>d to plants ( a great] age4 ,9 rais+ se$l+s1 mu* skill & att5tion is requisite1 :i* ! pr(essional man c always comm& at a mu* m reasonable rate ?an ! proprietor4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( plants aft] !y are remov$ f ! se$-b$1 ! r5t ( ! gr\nd is ! *ief s\rce ( exp5se1 z any common g>d5] w be able to manage !m40 8,a g5]al1 & a v gross error1 9 pur*as+ plants1 is to consid] ^? z be/ :i* are ! l>ge/ 9 proportion to _! age4 ,?is absurd pr9ciple ( selection makes ^? nurs]ies mo/ frequ5t$ by cu/om]s :i* lea/ des]ve to be s1 su*1 namely1 z are situat$ 9 ! ri*e/ soils1 surr\nd$ by ! close/ %elt]1 & /imulat$ by ! greate/ quantities ( manure4 ,x is necess>y1 no d\bt1 t plants %\ld be ( a size to suit !m to ! situations = :i* !y are int5d$2 b if !y h atta9$ ?is size soon] ?an ! due "t by be+ =c$1 !y are 9 ! wor/ /ate imag9able = gr[+ 9 a b>r5 moor1 or on ! bleak side ( a m\nta940 8,plants are (t5 mu* injur$1 ?\gh rais$ suffici5tly h>dy 9 o!r respects1 by be+ too mu* cr[d$ 9 ! nurs]y l9e40--8,! sure/ me?od t ,i "k ( enabl+ ^? :o h little #ccc exp]i5ce1 to asc]ta9 :e!r plants1 9 ! se$-b$1 are too mu* cr[d$ or n1 is to comp>e su* z gr[ on ! v]ge ( ! alley ) ^? 9 ! int]ior4 ,if ! girt ( ! latt] be equal1 or ne>ly s1 to t ( ! =m]1 ! plants h suffici5t room40--8,:5 plants h /ood = sev]al ye>s 9 nurs]y l9es1 if !y are too mu* cr[d$1 _m ( _! l[] bran*es w be sickly or )]$1 or ! /ems w be entirely devoid ( bran*es1 except+ )9 a few in*es ( ! top4 ,?is is a m>k s pla9 t no "o c mi/ake4 8,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to pur*ase plants :i* betray symptoms ( disease4 ,:5 l>*es n m ?an ?ree ye>s old ca/ ! :ole1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( _! leaves1 j :5 ! w9t] comm5ces1 x is a sure sign t !y are 9 an unheal?y /ate1 & t _m ( !m w die 9 ! c\rse ( next season2 =1 "u ?is age1 ! l>* %\ld reta9 a consid]able quantity ( its old leaves till spr+40--8,!re is also a m9ute :ite insect1 :i* is fatal to ! l>* 9 plantations1 t sometimes attacks x 9 ! nurs]y aft] x ent]s its second ye>2 on ?is acc\nt1 x is prop] to exam9e ! l>* plants ! summ] previ\s to pur*as+ !m40--8,scots fir maybe reg>d$ z sickly1 :5 ! po9ts ( ! leaves become )]$1 or #ccd :5 !y *ange _! naturally d>k col\rs into a fa9t yell[i% gre54 ,any ve/ige ( )]+ on ! spruce or silv] fir1 is a sure progno/ication ( approa*+ decay4 ,any k9d ( fir :i* has lo/ its lead] may be consid]$ useless4 8,:5 plants are pack$ up 9 mats = ! conv5i5cy ( c>riage1 /rict ord]s %\ld be giv5 t ^? :i* c>ry _! leaves 9 w9t] be tak5 up :5 !y are entirely free f moi/ure4 ,if !y be pull$ wet1 !y w heat & get m\ldy 9 ! packages4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days good plants are (t5 spoil$ 9 ?is mann]40 ,mr ,cruick%ank does n sw]ve f ! common fooli% sy/em1 ( inculcat+ a det]m9ate "* ( soil z g5]ally necess>y = ea* k9d ( tree4 ,we are angry ) ! dulness ( ! writ]s on location ( timb]2 !y w n compreh5d t a tree has two ends1 by bo? ( :i* x draws moi/ure1 ?\gh f diff]5t elem5ts1 e>? & air4 ,! dulle/ cl[n is s5sible he requires to dr9k m "u an arid sun ?an "u a drizzl+ ra94 ,! same holds ( trees2 if !re be little evaporation ( moi/ure f ! leaves1 & if ! leaves1 in/ead ( exhal+1 c frequ5tly ev5 imbibe wat]1 f ! plant occupy+ an elevat$ situation1 :]e ! air ! great] "p ( ! season #cce is cool1 & ne>ly sur*>g$ ) moi/ure1 ! mo/ por\s1 drie/ soil 7suffici5tly damp 9 su* a situation71 w g5]ally be ! mo/ suitable2 & trees ( e k9d w prosp] 9 s&s1 9 :i*1 "u a dry atmosph]e1 !y w\ld n h surviv$ "o summ]2 :]eas 9 arid1 w>m1 l[ c\ntry1 ! deepe/1 dampe/ loams & clays are g5]ally ! be/ suit$ = timb]1 provid$ wat] does n /agnate4 ,&1 besides1 we h f\nd v>ieties ( ! same k9d or species ( tree1 "s ( !m adapt$ to prosp] 9 dry air & soil1 & o!rs 9 moi/ air & soil4 ,al?\gh ! above causes prev5t a positive limitation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( trees to c]ta9 soils1 yet !re are "s :i* h sup]ior adaptation to moi/ soils & o!rs to dry2 "s ^: roots1 f _! fibr\s s(t "*1 c only spread luxuriantly on light1 s(t1 or mossy soils1 & o!rs1 ^: roots h p[] to p]meate ! /iffe/ & mo/ obdurate4 ,! above explanations w acc\nt = mu* ( ! incongruity :i* we f9d 9 au?ors reg>d+ ! adaptation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( timb] to c]ta9 soils4 ,9 describ+ ! soils suitable = diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 ,mr ,cruick%ank m5tions1 t 8! ,scots fir w ?rive 9 v b>r5 situations1 provid$ ! soil be dry4 ,dryness is1 9 fact1 ! #ccf mo/ indisp5sable requisite 9 ord] to produce a good crop ( ,scots fir1 & x is nev] advisable to plant ?is tree 9 v moi/ gr\nd1 or :]e dra9+ is necess>y to c>ry (f ! surface wat]40--8,/iff l& seems decid$ly ho/ile to its gr[?40--8,on a deep ri* soil x gr[s v fa/1 atta9s a l>ge size1 & soon decays4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 its wood is spongy1 & ( inf]ior value40--8,! mo/ important precept t c be deliv]$ ) reg>d to ?is tree1 is nev] to plant x ei!r 9 wet or v /iff l&40 8,! l>* is also a v h>dy plant1 & is sure to ?rive on any l& t w answ] = ! ,scots fir4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 less delicate 9 its *oice ( soil ?an ! latt]1 & w gr[ 9 a mu* great] degree ( moi/ure40--8,?is tree is "o ( ! sure/ gr[]s we h 9 b>r5 soils40 8,! spruce is z p>tial to moi/ l& z ! ,scots fir is to dry2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> ^! two species /& directly oppos$ to "o ano!r40--8,spruce may inde$ appe> to ?rive 9 a dry situation = a few ye>s2 b by ! "t x rea*es t5 or twelve feet 9 height1 its l[] bran*es w decay1 & aft] t p]iod x w make little progress1 b rema9 ev5 a cumb]] ( ! soil40--8 ,spruce seems to be mo/ p>tial to a cold /iff clay3 x is1 #ccg h[ev]1 a v h>dy plant1 & n v nice 9 its *oice ( soil1 provid$ x h en\gh ( sap40--8,i d n mean su* z is delug$ 9 w9t] ) /agnant wat]4 ,?is is incompatible ) ! gr[? ( wood ( e k9d40--8,! silv] fir & balm ( ,gilead w answ] 9 ! same k9ds ( l& z ! spruce40--8,!y1 toge!r ) ! spruce1 are invaluable = :]e ! soil is deep peat-moss1 z nei!r ! ,scots fir nor ! l>* w ?rive 9 x40 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is 9 ! above quotations1 9 common ) _m ( our op9ions 7=m$ ha/ily ^u a too p>tial acqua9tance ) facts71 a consid]able proportion bo? ( tru? & error4 ,su* sweep+ ass]tions w1 h[ev]1 g5]ally comm& ! ass5t & admiration ( ! read]4 ,f ! enjoym5t ! m9d has 9 =m+ cle> conceptions & rea*+ conclusions1 f its love ( ord]1 & f its disposition to cl+ to e ?+ l def9ite1 unfluctuat+ arrangem5t1 to assi/ its limit$ p[]s ( compreh5sion1 we are l$ away by ! au?or1 :o r$uces ! "* ( natural ph5om5a to great simplicity1 al?\gh 9 reality exce$+ly complicat$4 ,scots fir1 x is true1 has r a sup]ior adaptation to dry1 %>p1 & rocky soils2 yet !re are _m #cch situations ( poor wet till & clay1 & ev5 peat-moss gr\nd1 :]e x w be advantage\s to plant ,scots fir 9 pref]5ce to any o!r k9d ( timb]2 = ?is pla9 reason1 t no o!r k9d w ?rive s well 9 ^? cold moi/ moors4 ,bo? ,l>ix & ,abies h a mu* n>r[] range ( adaptation ?an ,p9us sylve/ris4 ,l>* w n ?rive 9 ! dead s& nor till flats ( ! l[ c\ntry1 (t5 n 9 ! dead s& & till ( ris+ gr\nds1 9 bo? ( :i* ! ,scots fir1 if all[$ suffici5t room = side bran*+1 w rea* good-siz$ timb]4 ,!re is a consid]able =mation ( peat-moss ne> ,dunmore1 9 :i* ! ,scots fir has %[n sup]ior adaptation to ! ,norway spruce4 ,we h also se51 9 ! moss ( ,balg[an1 ,p]?%ire1 f9e ?riv+ ,scots firs1 _m ( !m two feet 9 diamet]1 gr[+ 9 v moi/1 ri*1 mossy loam1--s moi/1 t al?\gh 9 a r protect$ situation1 a numb] ( ! trees1 :ile "y1 _h be5 laid on _! sides by ! w9d1 & 7 gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! =m ( a quadrant ( a circle1 ) z mu* z six & eight feet ( ! /em ^u ! level gr\nd1 af=d+ a curve suffici5t to rea* f ! keel ( a vessel to ! deck at mid%ips4 ,we exam9$ ! timb] ( sev]al ( ^!1 & f\nd x sup]ior to ! av]age ( home ,p4 sylve/ris4 ,! sup]ior #cci quality ( ! timb] may be ascrib$ to ! ri*ness & moi/ure ( ! soil1 & to ! full bran*+ ( ! trees f _! r op5 arrangem5t4 ,!re is no?+ :i* conduces s mu* to ! good quality ( ,scots fir z exposure4 ,"u ! great %elt] ( ! close plant$ woods1 ! timb] is s(t & por\s1 )\t mu* res92 b "u great exposure1 especially to dry air1 ! timb] is h>d1 close1 & res9\s4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably modifi$ by ! soil4 ,! quality ( natural gr[n timb] is consid]$ sup]ior to ! plant$4 ,is ?is occasion$ by ! =m] hav+ g5]ally m bran*es & leaves 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! /em1 & be+ m expos$ ?an ! latt]8 ,c root fracture at transplant+1 or ! kiln-dry+ ( ! cones1 h any influ5ce to dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! fibre or quantity ( res9\s deposit8 ,we h be5 told by sev]al old p1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,duns9ane1 t ,scots fir plants1 br\ght m ?an half a c5tury ago f ,m> ,=e/ to ,duns9ane ,wood1 succe$$ mu* bett] ?an "s :i* _h be5 procur$ f nurs]ies1 & also produc$ bett] timb]4 ,clay is assur$ly n ! prop] soil = spruce & silv] fir2 _! exce$+ly num]\s1 s(t1 fibr\s1 moss-l rootlets1 require an easy damp soil4 #cdj ,we h tri$ a numb] ( k9ds ( abies1 9 bo? dry & moi/ clay1 & h f\nd !y did n gr[ s luxuriantly 7?rive s well7 z ,scots fir or l>*4 ,! silv] fir %ew$ sup]ior adaptation to any ( ! o!r k9ds ( abies4 ,almo/ 9 e in/ance :]e we h se5 ! silv] fir & ,norway spruce 7by f> ! be/ spruce = ,scotl&7 gr[+ toge!r1 ! =m] 0 ! sup]ior4 ,! timb]1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 is h>d] ?an t ( ! spruce1 b fre] & m por\s 9 ! upp] "p4 ,x is probable t ! silv] fir w n ?rive 9 s elevat$ or s moi/ a situation z ! spruce1 b 9 all fav\rable soils x m]its a pref]5ce4 ,we n[ come to a v important "p ( our au?or's volume--an acc\nt ( ! mo/ economical1 &1 z he says1 ! mo/ successful1 mode ( plant+ moors & bleak expos$ m\nta9s1 b :i* is br\ght =w>d by him "u no limitation to place4 ,to ! inv5tion ( ?is me?od1 our au?or lays no claim2 he m]ely describes ! practice 9 a cle> & judici\s mann]4 8,! mo/ prop] "t = remov+ firs f ! nurs]y to wa/e l&1 is :5 !y are two ye>s old40--8,! exp]i5ce ,i h _h enables me to say1 ) z mu* confid5ce z ,i c speak on #cda any po9t :atev]1 t ! long] any fir is all[$ to rema9 9 ! nurs]y aft] x has atta9$ two ye>s' gr[?1 s mu* ! less *ance is !re ( its success :5 remov$ to its f9al de/9ation40--8,at ?is p]iod 7two ye>s' gr[?7 l>*es may be obta9$ transplant$1 z x is cu/om>y to put consid]able numb]s ( !m out into nurs]y-l9es :5 !y are "o ye> old4 ,su* plants h bett] roots ?an ^? t h rema9$ 9 ! se$-b$ till !y are ( ! same age2 b z _! price is consid]ably high] ?an t ( ! latt]1 x is some:at d\btful :e!r !y are s mu* sup]ior 9 quality z to comp5sate = ! great] exp5se4 ,at all ev5ts1 heal?y l>*es f ! se$-b$ h nev] fail$ to give satisfaction :5 prop]ly plant$ 9 soil suitable = !m4 ,o!r species ( fir are sc>ce ev] transplant$ 9 ! nurs]y till !y are two ye>s old1 s ( ?is age !re is no *oice left b to take !m f ! se$-b$40--8,bir*1 ald]1 & m\nta9 a%1 succe$ well :5 remov$ f ! nurs]y 9 _! second ye>40--8,bee* & plane d n succe$ well unless !y h /ood "s "t 7two ye>s at lea/7 9 nurs]y l9es1 aft] hav+ be5 remov$ f ! se$-b$40 8,! pitt+ sy/em ( plant+ %\ld be #cdb adopt$ 9 e in/ance 9 :i* ! plants exce$ two ye>s old4 8,! exp5se ( plant+ 0 mu* r$uc$ by ! introduction1 ab\t a c5tury ago1 ( ! not*+ sy/em4 ,( ?is !re are two v>ieties1 ! olde/ ( :i* may be describ$ z foll[s3--,"o p]son makes a not* 9 ! gr\nd1 or r two not*es cross+ ea* o!r1 ) a common spade1 rais+ ! sod by b5d+ d[n ! h&le ( ! in/rum5t1 till ! not* become wide en\gh to receive ! roots ( ! plant4 ,an assi/ant1 ) a bundle ( trees1 slips ! root ( "o into ! ap]ture ?us made = its reception4 ,! spade is !n )drawn1 & ! clos+ ( ! sod on ! root is assi/$ by a sm>t bl[ ( ! heel ( ! plant]4 ,9 ?is way two p]sons1 well practis$ 9 ! "w1 w put into ! gr\nd betwe5 five hundr$ & a ?\s& p] day4 8,?is sy/em 0 mu* simplifi$ ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 & r5d]$ s exp$iti\s1 t x seems 9 va9 to look = its receiv+ any fur!r improvem5t4 ,in/ead ( ! spade1 an in/rum5t ( ne>ly ! same %ape1 b s small t x c be wr\ght ) "o h& z easily z a common g>d5-dibble1 0 introduc$1 & is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,plant+-iron4 ,) ?is1 a not* is made 9 #cdc ! gr\nd to receive ! root2 & ow+ to ! portability ( ! tool1 & its occupy+ b "o ( ! h&s1 ! p]son t works x requires no assi/ant1 b1 c>ry+ a p>cel ( plants 9 a wallet be=e him1 he s+les out "o ) 8 left h&1 ins]ts x 9 ! not*1 )draws ! implem5t1 fixes ! plant ) 8 heel1 & proce$s ) z mu* app>5t ease z if he 7 p]=m+ ! op]ation 9 ! s(t gr\nd ( ! nurs]y4 ,9 ?is way ( plant+1 ! workman goes =w>d 9 su* a l9e z he c judge ( by 8 eye2 & z x is extremely difficult to see ! plants aft] !y are put 91 especially if ! hea? is pretty long1 he sets up poles 9 ! fir/ l9e1 to enable him to keep ! second a due di/ance f x2 & 9 plant+ ! la/ m5tion$1 he removes ^! poles into x z he comes opposite to !m1 :i* !n s]ve z 8 guide 9 plant+ ! ?ird2 & ?us he proce$s till he cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,! l9es ?us =m$ are necess>ily s zig-zag1 t :5 ! trees gr[ up1 !y d n seem to h be5 plant$ 9 r[s4 8,9 ?is way1 an exp]t workman w plant betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& "y plants a-day1 & d x s p]fectly1 t ! fault w n be 8 if a s+le individual ( ! :ole numb] fail to #cdd gr[4 ,i h assi/$ 9 plant+1 accord+ to ?is plan1 upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& acres 9 ,ab]de5%ire2 &1 9 all t ext5t1 ,i "k n ( a s+le in/ance ( failure1 :]e ! plants 7 9 a heal?y /ate :5 put into ! gr\nd1 ( ! prop] age & v>ieties1 & suitable = ! soil40 8,to plant well & exp$iti\sly 9 ?is way1 requires consid]able dext]ity on ! "p ( ! workman2 & :]e raw h&s are employ$1 x w be necess>y to h "s p]son to tea* & sup]9t5d !m40 ,mr ,cruick%ank disposes ( ! old cross sy/em ( slit plant+ by ! spade1 ) v little c]emony2 z x w\ld almo/ seem1 )\t be+ able to appreciate its m]its4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a totally diff]5t mode ( plant+ f t by ! flat dibble-plant] or plant+-iron1 & is well adapt$ = all plants ) horizontal roots1 & :i* h /ood f "o to ?ree ye>s 9 ! nurs]y l9e4 ,by fir/ /rik+ ! spade 9 p]p5dicul>ly1 z deep z ! turf-soil1 by aga9 /rik+ x 9 at "r angles to ! end ( ! fir/ cut1 9 ! =m ( a ,t1 & b5d+ back ! spade1 ! turf-soil is rais$ f a horizontal b$1 & ! fir/ cut op5$ s wide z to admit ! root1 :i* #cde ins]t$ & drawn a little along by an exp]i5c$ h&1 & well tramp$ d[n1 has its rootlets dispos$ ov] ! horizontal bottom almo/ z regul>ly & well adju/$ = gr[+1 z c be done by pit-plant+4 ,?is practice is sometimes p]=m$ s+ly1 a clev] workman manag+ ! spade ) "o h& & ! plants ) ! o!r1 & ins]t+ #ajjj ea* day4 ,! plants suit$ = ?is sy/em are fully d\ble ! size ( ^? suit$ = ! flat-dibble sy/em1 & are pur*as$ at ab\t "o half m price1 ?us enhanc+ ! co/ ( plant+ to #a1 #ajs4 or #b p] acre2 b 9 _m situations1 especially :]e ! h]bage gr[s freely1 af=d+ an e>li] gr[?1 & m regul> success1 suffici5t to balance ! great] exp5se t5 times ov]4 ,al?\gh ! cross-sy/em ( slitt+ is ! be/ = comm&+ g5]al success1 yet :]ev] ! flat dibble plant+ c be dep5d$ on1 x m]its a pref]5ce1 z f ! smallness ( ! plants1 ! roots receive less fracture & d]angem5t 9 ! woody /ate1 & ! process comes ne>] to rais+ f ! se$ 9 situ4 ,! exp5se ( ea* sy/em p] acre1 w be ne>ly z foll[s3-- #cdf ,by ,cross-slitt+1 or ! ,d\ble ,not*4 #cjjj l>*es & ,scots firs1 f "o to ?ree ye>s transplant$1 at #es4 ,l4#j #ae #j #ejj h>d wood1 f "o to ?ree ye>s transplant$1 at #abs4 #j #f #j #d days ( "o sup]ior plant]1 or ( two ord9>y plant]s1 at #cs4 #j #ab #j ,l4#a #ac #j ,by ! ,flat ,dibble1 or ! ,s+le ,not*4 #djjj l>*es or ,scots firs1 f ! se$-b$1 or "o ye> transplant$1 at #bs4 #f;d4 ,l4#j #aj #j #ajjj h>d-wood plants1 #j #g #j #a #a_/b day ( a plant]1 at #bs4 #j #c #j ,l4#a #j #j ,al?\gh our au?or speaks s confid5tly ( ! success ( transplant+ out firs at "o & two ye>s ( age1 yet ?is mu/ only be tak5 "u limitation to ! c\ntry 9 :i* 8 exp]i5ce has la91--! b>r5 m\nta9s & moors ( ,scotl&1 :]e ! vegetation ( ! hea?s is extremely sl[1 & ! h]bage bo? ?9 & %ort4 ,7 ^! small plants us$ 9 ! sup]ior climates ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 :]e ! vegetation ( ! grasses1 & #cdg o!r natural occupi]s ( ! soil1 is v luxuriant1 !re w\ld sc>cely be "o 9 a hundr$ t w\ld ev] be se5 aft] ! fir/ spr+1 unless a v exp5sive cultivation to *eck ! we$s 7 resort$ to4 ,to effect economical plant+ 9 ^! soils1 x is necess>y to h ! plants suffici5tly l>ge1 n too close toge!r1 & plac$ 9 r[s1 t a m[] may be able to di/+ui% !m among ! h]bage :ile he cuts x d[n2 or :at is mu* bett]1 t ! spade or pl\gh#fe culture may be #cdh practis$1 & potatoes1 turnips1 or o!r gre5 crop1 rais$ among !m1 )\t ! plants be+ ov]:elm$4 ,9 case ( grass production1 ! (t5] dur+ ! season ! "y plantation is m[n1 ! m advantage\s1 z well t ! plants may be ! m easily di/+ui%$1 z t ! l[] bran*es may n be smo!r$1 nor ! soil s mu* exhau/$ & dri$ by ! bloom+ & se$+ ( ! h]bage2 ( c\rse1 a %ort scy! is requir$1 & also a v c>eful m[]4 ,speak+ ( ! be/ season = plant+1 ,mr ,cruick%ank /ates3-- 8,9 wet & swampy soils1 z well z 9 l&1 :e!r dry or moi/1 ^: surface is b>e1 ,i w\ld be incl9$ to pref] ! spr+4 ,wet l& swells to su* a degree1 t plants :i* h n _h "t to take a firm hold ) _! roots1 are almo/ #cdi inevitably ?r[n out40--8,^! rem>ks h ref]5ce only to ! sy/em ( plant+ by not*+3 :5 ! pitt+ sy/em is adopt$1 x fixes ! plant s ?or\ghly1 z to r5d] ! utmo/ p[] ( fro/ incapable ( do+ !m any injury40--8,! utmo/ limits ( ! plant+ season may be e/imat$ f ! middle ( ,octob] to ! middle ( ,m>*40--8,i am a decid$ advocate = ?ick plant+1 & w\ld advise t no few] ?an #cjjj trees p] acre be plant$ 9 good l&1 nor a less numb] ?an #djjj :5 ! soil is ( a middl+ or inf]ior quality40 ,mr ,cruick%ank mu/ surely h _h little acqua9tance ) s(t1 spongy1 close-bottom$ soils1 or he w\ld n h ass]t$ t pit-plant$ trees are n subject to be ?r[n4 ,if plant$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t] or autumn1 trees ( ! usual size1 :i* h rema9$ f "o to ?ree ye>s 9 ! nurs]y l9e1 are v frequ5tly ?r[n f su* soils4 ,?is is caus$ by ! freez+ e>? fir/ cat*+ fa/ hold ( ! plant at ! surface1 & aft]w>ds swell+ und]nea? f ! enl>gem5t ( ! freez+ wat] 9 its pores1 & f ! op5 cry/alliz$ honeycomb arrangem5t :i* takes place by congelation4 ,z ! /em is fa/ to #cej ! gr\nd at ! surface1 & ! e>? subsequ5tly enl>g$ und]nea? z f> z ! congelation proce$s1 ! roots bel[ ! congelation mu/ ( necessity be drawn upw>ds to ! di/ance :i* ! gr\nd has swell$ aft] ! /em 0 fix$ to ! surface4 ,! e>?1 on ?aw1 fir/ loses hold ( ! plant at ! surface1 & !n falls away z x contracts4 ,ea* successive fro/ & ?aw dur+ w9t] ?us raises ! plant a c]ta9 space1 till by spr+ x (t5 is s f> extract$1 z to fall ov] on its side4 ,:5 ! plant has /ood a season1 !re is g5]ally a tuft ( h]bage ar\nd its /em1 :i* prev5ts ! freez+ 9 a consid]able degree2 & ! roots hav+ fix$ 9 ! l[] e>?1 resi/ ! pull+ up s mu*1 t ! hold :i* ! froz5 e>? has ( ! /em at ! surface gives way1 sometimes pull+ (f a portion ( ! b>k1 & ! e>? rises ar\nd ! /em 9 place ( pull+ ! tree4 ,in/ead ( ! season = spr+ plant+ be+ ov] by ! middle ( ,m>*1 we ?9k t1 9 _m ( our wet moors1 x %\ld !n only be comm5c+1 especially "u ! pitt+ sy/em4 ,h[ev]1 plant+ %\ld nev] be def]r$ a day lat] 9 spr+ ?an :at is absolutely necess>y to r5d] ! gr\nd suffici5tly dry = ! process4 #cea ,mr ,cruick%ank's op9ions reg>d+ prun+ & ?9n+ are g5]ally n v incorrect4 ,8 comm5c+ s5t5ce on prun+1 t 8mo/ decidu\s trees1 if left to !mselves1 h a t5d5cy to gr[ ) %ort trunks1 conta9+ little timb]1 & to wa/e _! /r5g? on l>ge unwieldy tops10 w\ld1 h[ev]1 lead u to =m a diff]5t conclusion4 ,! v tall1 clean1 /raight1 decidu\s trees1 9 ! ,am]ican =e/s1 give a suffici5t answ] to ?is4 ,we l 8 rem>k respect+ ?9n+1 t 8x is only efficaci\s :5 appli$ z a prev5tive1 n z a cure40 ,mr ,cruick%ank next br+s =w>d 8 plan ( rais+ oak =e/1 :i* appe>s to h be5 8 own inv5tion1 al?\gh inv5t$ be=e4 ,:5ev] mice & o!r gnaw]s 7glires7 are n v abundant1 x1 if prop]ly execut$1 w\ld seem to be ! be/ me?od ( rais+ oak =e/2 &1 inde$1 9 _m situations1 ! only practicable "o4 ,mr ,cruick%ank's me?od co9cides ne>ly ) ,mr ,sang's1 only he does n c>ry 8 sy/em ( protection s f> z ,mr ,sang1 9 fir/ rais+ belts ( ! mo/ h>dy k9ds ( timb]1 di/ribut$ to w9dw>d (1 & int]sect+ ! place int5d$ to be plant$1 9 su* a mann] z to af=d ! be/ possible %elt] f ! colde/ mo/ de/ructive #ceb w9ds4 ,mr ,cruick%ank1 :o has nev] c>ri$ 8 plan into execution1 except 9 an exp]im5t embrac+ a few y>ds1 directs t ! gr\nd int5d$ = oak =e/ %\ld fir/ be plant$ ) ,scots fir & l>*1 ab\t #djjj to ! acre1 by ! s+le-not* process1 previ\sly describ$1 :i* c be accompli%$ "u ,l4 #a p] acre4 ,z soon z ^! h ris5 to f\r feet 9 height1 he prep>es pat*es ab\t two feet squ>e & t5 feet di/ant 9 ! int]/ices1 by digg+ ! soil ov]1 & mix+ a spadeful ( slak$ lime c>efully ) ! m\ld1 tak+ out a tree :5ev] ! int]/ices d n suit = ! pat*es4 ,he !n plants1 9 ! end ( ,m>* or beg9n+ ( ,april1 five acorns 9 ea* pat*1 ab\t an in* deep1 "o 9 ! c5tre1 & ! o!r f\r 9 ! angles ( a foot squ>e1 & gives !m no f>!r att5tion = two ye>s1 except remov+ any ov]hang+ l[ fir bran*4 ,he !n goes ov] ! pat*es1 cutt+ out all ! sup]num]>y plants1 a few in*es bel[ ! surface1 leav+ ! mo/ promis+ "o on ea* pat*1 be+ v c>eful n to di/urb any ( its roots 9 cutt+ out ! o!rs4 ,z ^! oak plants ext5d 9 size1 he gradually removes ! fir4 ,except+ ! b>e plan itself1 :i* is c]ta9ly v plausible1 !re is no?+ 9 ! description #cec ( ! practice--! prep>ation ( ! pat*es ( gr\nd to receive ! se$ & ! subsequ5t managem5t--:i* m]its att5tion4 ,8 v p>ticul> int]diction ( ! use ( manure is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 injudici\s--z if x signifi$ to ! plant :e!r x 7 =c$ by ! use ( lime1 or by a little putresc5t manure1 bo? ( :i* ,mr ,)]s w\ld consid] v advantage\s2 or z if !re 7 mu* fe> on our poor expos$ wa/es ( err+ on ! side ( r5d]+ ! plant delicate f ov] luxuriance2 its con/itution1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld r be /r5g!n$4 ,mr ,cruick%ank1 9 direct+ ! removal ( ! fir nurses1 "o ?\s& p] acre to /& till !y h rea*$ tw5ty-five ye>s1 fit = ro(+ ( cottages1 & simil> purposes2 & five hundr$ till !y h rea*$ ?irty-five ye>s2 8 divid+ a slak$ boll ( lime into five hundr$ spadefuls2 & 8 be/[+ no hoe+ or we$+ ^u 8 se$l+s1 w\ld %[1 )\t 8 admitt+ x1 t he _h nev] practis$ ?is mode ( =m+ plantation4 ,prefac+ ?is sy/em ( re>+ oak =e/1 ,mr ,cruick%ank 9 r a clev] mann] po9ts out its advantages1 & also ! disadvantages & consequ5t failures ( plant+ "y oak trees 9 expos$ situations4 ,b aft] all 8 eulogy1 we ?9k he has #ced left some?+ unsaid4 ,! great disadvantage att5d+ transplant+ oaks to situations n v fav\rable to _! gr[?1 is1 t ! plant :i*1 "u any circum/ances1 receives irrep>able & (t5 mortal h>m1 f ! sev]e injuries ( removal1 has to cont5d1 9 ?is mutilat$ condition1 at ! same "t ) ! un9jur$ occupi]s ( ! soil 7! nurses or ! native we$s71 & ) ! unpropiti\s situation2 :]eas1 :5 ! plant spr+s up f ! acorn a native1 especially :5 x is assi/$ at fir/ by we$+ or hoe+1 ! "p above gr\nd be+ always 9 proportion to t bel[1 & receiv+ due n\ri%m5t1 x cont5ds ) ! occupi]s on m equal t]ms1 & enc\nt]s ! /]ility ( ! soil1 or ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 ) all its natural p[]s unimpair$4 ,z x is ! natural condition ( ! se$l+ to gr[ up "u ! %elt] ( ! p>5t tree1 s also does x happ51 t x rises "u ?is %elt] ) great] luxuriance & vig\r ?an :5 expos$ to ! evaporation1 & p>*+ sun1 & batt]+ w9d1 ( ! b>e c\ntry4 ,we h admir$ ! beautiful1 /raight1 luxuriant1 %oots ( ! "y hollies1 ?r[n out "u %elt]1 & h comp>$ !m ) ! dry /unt$ %oots ( ! "y holly 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 ! =m] case _! roots _h to cont5d #cee ) ! roots ( l>g] trees1 & 9 ! latt] !y _h ! soil to !mselves4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$1 t 9 expos$ bleak situations1 %elt] is necess>y to "y plants4 ,transplant$ oaks among ! roots ( "y trees1 s l>ge z to af=d suffici5t %elt]1 v frequ5tly d n succe$1 at lea/ )\t ! utmo/ c>e 9 ! transplant+1 & a consid]able deal ( lab\r to prev5t ! roots ( ! %elt] trees f />v+ ! transplant$ ones1 unless a v propiti\s moi/ summ] foll[ ! transplant+4 ,rais+ f ! se$1 :i* obviates all ?is1 seems !re=e ! only conv5i5tly practicable way4 ,yet x mu/ be own$1 t ! sy/em ( rais+ =e/s 9 situ f ! se$1 appe>s1 z yet1 mu* m successful on pap] ?an on our hills & moors4 ,9 endeav\r+ to confute ! op9ion1 t ! oak w n gr[ ?r\gh\t ,scotl&1 b 9 ! mild] & m propiti\s situations1 ,mr ,cruick%ank adduces ! well-kn[n fact1 t l>ge oak timb] is f\nd 9 almo/ e peat-moss4 ,?is is a fact wor? trac+ to its cause4 ,"u ,nature's own conduct1 trees advance consid]ably fur!r into elevat$ or cold inhospitable regions1 ?an !y w\ld o!rwise d1 by means ( ! mutual %elt]1 & ( ! m h>dy k9ds act+ z an advance gu>d4 ,yet !re is a limit to ?is1 z ! #cef p[] ( rip5+ se$ is n increas$ by %elt] 9 proportion to ! p[] ( gr[+--p]haps n at all2 we in/ance ! ,spani% *e/nut1 :i* has sc>cely ev] be5 kn[n to rip5 se$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,se$-gr[n trees w1 !re=e1 "u ,nature's arrangem5t1 n be f\nd ext5d+ mu* beyond ! l9e ( se$ rip5+4 ,f nuts1 acorns1 & o!r se$s1 fully develop$1 be+ f\nd 9 elevat$ mosses 9 ?is c\ntry1 o!r causes ?an %elt] appe> to h exi/$4 ,be=e ?is c\ntry 0 s mu* ov]run by m5 & ox51 a great deal ( timb] _h exi/$1 cov]+ mu* ( ! sup]ior l& :i* is n[ "u tillage4 ,?is consi/$ *iefly ( ! oak1 ,scots fir1 bir*1 hazel1 & ald]1--! oak ext5d+ nor?w>d & to elevations1 & rip5+ se$1 & atta9+ to a size :i* x does n n[ d1 ei!r wild or cultivat$1 9 ! same latitude1 nei!r "h nor 9 any o!r portion ( ! _w2 :i*1 along ) "s o!r facts1 lead to ! supposition1 t ! climate has *ang$ a little1--9 "p1 possibly1 z we h be=e /at$1 f ! gradual =mation ( peat1 to :i*1 ov]?r[n oak =e/1 f ! abundance ( ! tann9 pr9ciple1 has a great dispos+ influ5ce1 ev5 "u a w>m] climate ?an pres5t ,scotl&4 ,! highe/ latitude to :i* a tree1 or any o!r k9d ( plant1 reproduc+ by se$1 #ceg naturally ext5ds1 dep5d+ on ! rip5+ ( ! se$1 & also on ! p[] ( occupancy1 is h[ev] diff]5t f t :]e x w gr[1 :5 ripe se$s are procur$ f ! colde/ place :]e !y rip51 & all ! competitors remov$2 & "u ! sy/em ( %elt] belts1 h>dy p9e nurses1 & se$s f ! ne>e/ place :]e !y rip51 we h no d\bt t oaks may be ext5d$ to a cold] situation ?an ,nature h]self w\ld h plac$ !m 94 ,= ! high] m bleak portion ( ! c\ntry1 we w\ld recomm5d acorns gr[n 9 ,scotl&1 9 pref]5ce to ^? import$ f ,engl&4 ,we h sev]al times obs]v$ :eat1 ! se$ ( :i* _h be5 import$ f ,engl&1 su/a9 blight & o!r injuries 9 a cold moi/ autumn1 :5 a portion ( ! same field1 s[n ( ,scots se$1 at ! same "t z ! o!r1 & "u ! v same circum/ances1 0 entirely free f injury4 ,engli% acorns are also frequ5tly heat$ 9 ! casks 9 :i* !y are import$1 :i* mu/ impair _! vig\r#ff4 #ceh ,! "p ( ,mr ,cruick%ank's volume :i* we h analyz$1 does n ext5d mu* beyond ! fir/ half3 ?is portion is well wor? a p]usal4 ,we h m]ely glanc$ ov] ! rema9d]3 x is a make-up sc>ce wor? notic+4 ,! language1 on ! :ole1 is easy & pla92 & al?\gh ! volume conta9s a consid]able numb] ( errors1 9 ! po9t+ out ( :i* we h n be5 sp>+1 yet w x =m an excell5t plant]'s assi/ant to p :o h gr\nd to plant1 & are ignorant ( ! process ( plant+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ br\ght be=e ! read] a pretty fair picture ( ! ,=e/ry ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s may wond] t ! writt5 sci5ce ( arboriculture %\ld be s imp]fect & inaccurate2 b ! k ( ! art1 & ! p[] ( communicat+ t k1 are ( s diff]5t a #cei "*1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 t ^? write :o _c act1 & ^? :o c1 are incompet5t to write--sometimes unwill+2 besides1 correct op9ions on ?is subject1 z on mo/ o!rs1 are only j beg9n+ to be =m$4 ,we h endeav\r$ to assi/ 9 dis5tangl+ ! correct f ! errone\s4 ,x is impossible = ! mo/ w>y always to avoid misconception ( facts1 b man m]its ! "n ( rational only1 :5 he ev9ces a read9ess to break f ^? misconceptions1 to :i* ! n>r[-m9d$1 ! pr\d1 ! va91 & ! creature ( habit & in/9ct1 cl+ s ob/9ately4 ,z a fri5d1 we h /ood on no c]emony ) our bro!r arboriculturi/s4 ,we h laid ourselves op5 to _! criticism1 & we hope !y w %ew z little c]emony ) u4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,"p ,,iv4 #cf ,?is repetition ( our directions on prun+ is int5tional--8,c>?ago e/ del5da40 #cg ,! conif] h a weak] or m connect$ vitality ?an mo/ o!r trees--! :ole individual p>ticipat+ 9 ! injury ( any "p4 ,p]haps ?is arises f ! liability ( res9\s juice to putresc5cy--any putrid affection 9 "o spot ( ! m vital "p ( ! tree spread+ quickly ov] ! :ole4 #ch ,transplant+ hav+ an opposite influ5ce on ! "y ( h]bace\s & woody vegetables1 9 ! =m] :5 n already ris+ into /em1 ret>d+1 & ! latt] accel]at+ or fur!r+ developm5t ( ! reproductory p>ts1 is a good lesson to reason]s f analogy4 ,! root-fractur$ h]bace\s plants repair+ ! injury almo/ imm$iately1 & be=e ! rudim5ts ( ! reproductory p>ts h "t = expansion1 ! great] quantity ( moi/ n\ri%m5t af=d$ by ! uns\ght newly /irr$ soil1 produces a flu% ( radical leaves1 :i* react to fur!r ! ext5sion ( ! roots4 ,! new rootlets h aga9 m connexion to promote ! gr[? ( ! radical leaves1 & to induce (fsets--till]+--f ! sides ( ! bulb1 ?an to n\ri% or mature ! core "p1 f :5ce ! /em arises--a c]ta9 comp>ative ext5sion & maturity ( ! core be+ necess>y to ! ris+ ( ! /em4 ,!nce se$+ c be ret>d$1 & life 9 annuals be cont9u$1 ad libitum4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 woody vegetables ( p]5nial /em1 ! rep>ation ( ! root-injury takes place sl[ly1 & ! evaporation f ! /em & elevat$ bran*es & leaves exhau/+ ! little moi/ure af=d$ by ! inadequate root-suction dur+ an entire season1 gives "t & bias = ! g]ms to pass into reproductory in/ead ( productory organs ev5 ! fir/ season4 #ci ,we r ?9k ,mr ,sang m5tions ?is4 #dj ,!y say a bett] managem5t has lately be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is may be foll[$ = a %ort "t 9 ! high /ream ( ! agitation1 or :ile ! pres5t heads ( managem5t rema9 9 p[]2 b ! sy/em1 we fe>1 conta9s ! se$s ( evil1 :i*1 l ! we$s1 w soon ov]:elm ! ali5 good4 #da ,! inf]ior gr[? ( ! "p ( a h$ge :i* 0 prun$ be=e ! vegetation _h begun1 may be ascrib$ to ! vital action hav+ be5 *eck$ at ! comm5cem5t by ! de/ruction ( ! buds necess>y to /imulate ?is action2 & be+ depriv$ ( ?is fir/ /rong impulse1 life _h rema9$ languid ?r\gh\t ! season1 ! roots nev] recov]+ _! prop] suction or =ag+ p[]2--:5 ! prun+ 0 lat]1 a suffici5t /imulus _h already be5 giv54 #db ,vide ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 #dc ,! want ( ! annual lay]s ( cellul> tissue ( wood1 ext]ior to & sep>at+ ! annual l9eal tubes1 is s complete 9 "s cases ( sl[ gr[?1 t ! timb] seems only a light cong]ies ( tubes1 )\t arrangem5t2 h5ce ! age ( ! tree _c be det]m9$ b by a section ( ! root-bulb1 :]e ! gr[?s are l>g]1 & ! deposits regul>4 #dd ,! climate ( a c\ntry 9 reg>d to annual /ead9ess1 c be pretty accurately det]m9$ by ! appe>ance ( ! annual lay]s ( trees1 especially ( ! p9e tribe2 & 9 a new settlem5t :]e great diff]5ce ( size ( lay]1 & ( res9\s deposit is obs]v$1 we may be pretty c]ta9 ! seasons are n /eady1 or t insect depr$ations or blights occur2 & a res]ve ( food ought always to be reta9$4 ,by c>eful inspection ( ! nature ( ! annual wood deposit1 or ( ! locality ) reg>d to moi/ure1 x may be asc]ta9$1 :e!r ! irregul>ity has be5 ow+ to diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 or ( moi/ure4 ,9 w>m climates ! irregul>ity w g5]ally dep5d on dr\ght & moi/ure1 & 9 cold climates on heat & cold2 ?\gh sometimes ! depr$ations ( insects1 su* z locu/s1 or ( blights1 may be ! cause4 #de ,?\gh we give ?is exp]im5t1 we admit t little dep5d5ce c be plac$ ^u a s+le fact4 ,! trees mu/ h be5 diff]5t 9 v>iety1 & probably 9 sex1 bo? ( :i* may occasion a discrepancy4 #df ,! "t ! weight is 9 susp5sion1 mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,a beam w support a mu* great] weight dur+ a m9ute ?an dur+ an h\r2 & two beams may be f\nd1 ! "o capable ( support+ ! greate/ weight dur+ a m9ute1 & ! o!r ! greate/ dur+ an h\r4 #dg ,we %all n "h introduce ! int]m9able discussion ( dry-rot1 z x rema9s to be prov$ t mod]ately fa/ gr[n "y timb] is at all m liable to dry-rot ?an small-gr[!d old1 provid$ ! sap-wood be entirely remov$4 #dh ,9 fairness1 x may be prop] to expla91 t ! great] "p ( ! trees we h ?us cultivat$ h be5 ( ,pyrus1 al?\gh we comm5c$ ! practice ) common =e/ trees--yet ! pe> & apple v>y no?+ f ! oak & a% 9 ! prim>y /age ( life1 9 z f> z respects ! ext5sion--we c also pr(it fully z mu* by rais+ apple timb] ( prop] fa/ gr[n v>iety1 z by any o!r timb]2 & h x 9 our p[] to sell ?is timb] to ma*9e-mak]s at d\ble ! price ( oak ( ! same size4 #di ,we ?9k ,sir ,h5ry w\ld f9d "s ( ! failures ( :i* he owns he _c well asc]ta9 ! cause1 b occurr+ especially 9 bee* & oak1 to be ow+ to a numb] ( ! l[] roots1 :i* are by f> ! t5d]e/1 be+ bruis$ by ! weight ( ! tree itself1 :5 he turns x repeat$ly ov] f ! "o side to ! o!r1 9 ord]1 by ?r[+ 9 e>? b5ea? x1 to raise ! root on a level ) ! surface ( ! field1 ! :ole weight ( ! incumb5t mass re/+ ^u ^! s(t roots4 ,! oak1 & /ill m ! bee*1 are exce$+ly susceptible to injury f cutt+ or bruises1 & die f> inw>d f ! lac]ation4 ,! w\nd$ l[] roots1 especially :5 any vacuity is left n fill$ close 9 ) e>?1 :]e m\ld9ess might g5]ate 9 a dry situation1 or :5 soak+ 9 moi/ure = a "p ( ! season1 w become corrupt$2 ! putrefaction !nce gradually ext5d+ upw>d into ! bulb1 w contam9ate ! :ole1 & ! second or ?ird ye> aft] plant+1 ! tree w be dead4 #ej ,we und]/& freez+ ! e>? ar\nd ! bulb is an old practice4 #ea ,we p>ticul>ize ! oak1 cork-tree ( arid w>m ,spa91 & mu* ( ! timb] ( ,new ,holl&4 ,ow+ to ! hot p>*+ air 9 ! latt] place1 ! epid]mis becomes dri$ to su* a degree1 t contract+ by ! dr\ght1 & bur/+ by ! swell+ ( ! envelop$ /em1 x peels (f l ! old sk9 ( a s]p5t1 & is (t5 se5 hang+ ^u ! tree 9 l>ge %r$s l tatt]$ g>m5ts4 ,9 sev]al k9ds ( trees1 we h c\nt$ regul> annual r+s ( desiccat$ b>k2 9 "s k9ds ?is appe>$ a gr[? or deposition1 9 o!rs1 m]e p>*$ exuvi4 ,trees atta9 "s age be=e ! exuvi comm5ce2 ! deposit beg9s ! fir/ season1 ev5 9 %elt]$ situations4 ,! cork-tree1 & ! small-leav$ elm1 %ew ! greate/ annual deposit ( dry b>k4 ,! =m] does1 & ! latt] is said to belong to w>m arid c\ntries2 bo? =m a bett] nonconductor ( heat ?an any o!r dry b>k we are acqua9t$ )--inf9itely bett] ?an ! b>k exuvi ( trees :i* approa* ! pol> regions4 #eb ,we d n pret5d to expla9 h[ x is1 t "o k9d ( climb+ plant foll[s ! sun 9 its convolutions1 & ano!r trav]ses 8 c\rse4 ,!re surely _c be any ?+ 9 a habit acquir$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 #ec ,9 proce$+ fur!r on 9 ,sir ,h5ry's volume1 we h notic$ an excell5t obs]vation quot$ f ,du ,hamel3 8,! ext5sion ( ! %oot is inv]sely z its induration1 rapid :ile x rema9s h]bace\s1 b sl[ z x is conv]t$ into wood4 ,h5ce moi/ure & %ade are ! circum/ances1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ fav\rable to elongation1 because !y prev5t induration or ret>d x40 ,al?\gh quot+ ?is1 ,sir ,h5ry recurs to 8 old op9ions1 & proce$s to obs]ve1 8,trees s circum/anc$1 pu% upw>d to ! light2 & f ! w>m? :i* _! situation af=ds1 _! /ems be+ ?9 & sl5d] 9 proportion to _! height1 !y are de/itute ( /r5g? to resi/ ! w9ds40 #ed ,we d n m5tion temp]ature1 because we are n 9 possession ( facts suffici5t to lead u to =m an op9ion on ! subject4 ,judg+ f animal analogy1 ( :i* our au?or is s fond1 we notice1 t ^? animals expos$ 9 op5 atmosph]e1 h g5]ally w>m] blood ?an ^? :o lurk 9 holes1--ev5 ?an ^? ( ! same species :o happ5 to live "u %elt]4 ,n[ evaporation takes place f animals z well z f vegetables1 & ! consequ5t cold is m ?an balanc$ by ! heat ( :at may be t]m$ ! vital fire1 :i*1 l mo/ o!r fires1 burns brighte/ on exposure to a curr5t ( atmosph]ic air1 be+ increas$ ei!r by ! result ( ! new *emical comb9ations hav+ less capacity = heat1 or by ! /imulus ( ! fre% mov+ air excit+ ! vital action4 ,( ! g5]al influ5ce ( close =e/ on temp]ature1 we are also n v well assur$2 b ! few facts :i* obs]vation has af=d$1 lead to ! op9ion1 t to ! nor?w>d ( #ej deg4 ,lat4 =e/s h high] temp]ature ?an b>e c\ntry2 t f ab\t #ej to #cj degrees ,lat4 =e/s are cool] 9 w9t] & w>m] 9 summ]2 & t ne>] ! equator1 =e/s are g5]ally cool] ?an b>e c\ntry4 ,b ! temp]ature is regulat$ s mu* by ! position ( seas & lakes1 9 comb9ation ) ! prevail+ curr5ts & /r5g? ( curr5ts ( ! air--by ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1--moi/ure & cl\d9ess ( ! atmosph]e & quantity ( ra91--by ! composition1 arrangem5t1 & col\r ( ! soil1--by ! l[] vegetable cov]1 & ev5 by ! nature ( ! =e/ itself1 :e!r decidu\s or ev]gre51 t p>ticul> facts mu/ be v c>efully weigh$ to enable u to rea* g5]al conclusions4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood1 t =e/s r5d] ! climate moi/]4 #ee ,our exp]im5ts h n yet be5 c>ri$ s f>1 z to det]m9e if1 by any arrangem5t ( dry+ or exposure1 !y may be season$ to su/a9 int5se fro/1 :i* may affect !m diff]5tly f mod]ate fro/1 ei!r by caus+ complete congelation ( all _! /ructure 7mod]ate freez+ appe>+ only to congeal _! fluids1 b n entirely ! conta9+ vessel1 at lea/ only p>tly congeal+ ! mass71 or by kill+ ! vital pr9ciple itself ?r\gh n]v\s affection4 ,! potatoes became gre5 f ! exposure to ! light1 & we r ?9k acquir$ great] h>dihood ( con/itution1 or great] vitality or excitability by ! exposure1 !nce great] p[] to resi/ ! cold1 indep5d5t ( ! disposition !y acquir$ by desiccation to endure x4 #ef ,is ! r5d+ ( ! /ems ( trees1 dur+ int5se fro/1 int]nal only1 & occasion$ by ! alburnum exp&+ m by congelation ?an ! dri] mature wood8 or1 is x ext]nal1 & caus$ by ! contractile effect ( ! dry air & cold on ! alburnum r5d]+ x insuffici5t to surr\nd ! mature wood1 :i*1 f dryness & want ( liv+ susceptibility1 may n contract s mu*4 #eg ,! f95ess ( vessel or fibre ( ! ,sib]ian crab1 may be induc$ by ! arid w>m air1 ! cont9u$ radiation ( heat & light ^u ! portion above gr\nd1 & ! coldness ( ! gr\nd ar\nd ! roots dur+ ! %ort summ] 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e ! air & surface ( ! gr\nd is w>m1 & vegetation progressive1 :ile ! gr\nd rema9s froz5 at a small dep?4 ,l all v>ieties ( plants habituat$ to cold] climate1 ! ,sib]ian crab developes its leaves "u less heat ?an v>ieties ( ! same k9d :i* h be5 habituat$ to mild] climate4 #eh ,we h n tak5 ,sir ,h5ry 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,timb] is well kn[n to decay soon] 9 a w>m ?an 9 a cold c\ntry1 ct]is p>ibus4 #ei ,see ,app5dix ,f4 #fj ,! prelim9>y s5t5ce is v vaguely word$2 we suppose1 8increas+ ! annual circles10 means increas+ !m 9 ?ickness1 n g5]al cont5ts ( l5g? multipli$ by ?ickness4 ,b ev5 9 ! latt] s5se1 we hold prun+ t5ds g5]ally to dim9i% ! annual circles4 #fa ,x is a !ory ( ,mr ,%]iff1 ,mungo's ,wells1 t all plants h excrem5titi\s deposit f ! roots1 ! deposit f "o k9d af=d+ a good manure to ano!r k9d4 ,!nce ! advantage ( mix$ grasses & legumes 9 pa/ures1 & ( ! rotation ( diff]5t k9ds ( crops4 #fb ,vegetable soil is sometimes buri$ deep "u volcanic mud1 s&1 & a%es1 or mix$ ) ! subsoil by e>?quakes4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! c\ntry1 f be+ f]tile1 has be5 rec5tly r$uc$ to /]ility1 by ! vegetable m\ld be+ s mu* scatt]$ ?r\gh ! subsoil by repeat$ upheav+s & toss+s ab\t by e>?quakes1 z to be out ( ! rea* ( plants4 #fc ,!re is a deposition f ! atmosph]e ( sal9e matt] go+ on at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ei!r evaporat$ f ! ocean1 & fall+ ) ! ra9 & dews1 or =m$ by gase\s comb9ations--mo/ probably bo?4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! quantity ( ra9 is insuffici5t to wa% ?is sal9e accumulation away into ! ocean z fa/ z x is =m$1 x increases to su* a degree z almo/ to prev5t vegetation1 only a few ( :at are t]m$ sal9e plants appe>+4 ,?is sal9e accumulation 9 w>m dry c\ntries1 be>s consid]able analogy to tann9 deposit 9 cold c\ntries4 #fd ,! matur$ timb] ( ! l>*1 9 "s cases1 rema9s = a consid]able "t /a9$ be=e ! rot proce$s rapidly2 9 o!r cases1 ! rot makes quick progress2 9 ?is rapid decomposition1 c]ta9 k9ds ( fungi assi/ greatly4 ,:5 once seat$1 !y seem to =m a putrid atmosph]e or ta9t$ circle ar\nd !m1 ei!r by _! liv+ exhalations1 or corrupt emanations :5 dead1 :i* is poison\s to ! less vital p>ts ( sup]ior life1 & also exp$ites ! comm5cem5t ( decay 9 s\nd dead organic matt]1 su* z timb]1 ?us fur!r+ ! decomposition s f> z to r5d] x suitable food = _! f\l appetite1 & pav+ ! way to _! fur!r progress4 ,h[ _! se$s ent] into ! he>t ( a gr[+ tree hav+ no ext]nal rott5ness1 is n v obvi\s1 unless !y are inhal$ or imbib$ by ! root t5drils3 f ! resemblance :i* ! gr[? ( "s ( !m has to f]m5tation1 x is n ev5 v improbable t ! animalcules ( suppos$ molecul> or inf]ior life1 h1 ( !mselves1 a disposition to unite into "s ( ^! aggregates )\t ! pres5ce ( any dispos+ g]m4 ,! modifications ( mat]ial attractions1 by ! v>i$ g]ms ( sup]ior life--! fixity ( "s ( ^! deposites aft] life is gone--! resolution ( ^! into inf]ior animalcul>1 or ev5 molecul>1 life--& ! in/rum5tality ( zoophytes ( ! l[] ord] ( organization1 9 ha/5+ ?is decomposition by ! balanc+ ( ! attractions ( ?is second>y life1 af=d a wide field = inve/igation4 ,^? unc\? sport+s ( nature quickly appe> & disappe> z mat]ial spectres1 fe$+ on corruption1 & mock+ at prim>y life4 #fe ,we h rais$ crops among "y trees 7z well timb] z fruit trees71 n f\r y>ds ap>t1 by pl\gh culture1 & h f\nd ! process1 aft] ! pl\ghm5 & horses 7 accu/om$ to x1 n mu* m exp5sive ?an common cultivation1 & ! crop1 till ! trees became too close1 sc>cely inf]ior4 ,by means ( a long muzzle to ! pl\gh /&+ out t[>ds ! left side1 & a driv] to ! horses beside ! pl\ghman1 we succe$$ 9 gett+ ! two fir/ furr[s lapp$ a little ov] ea* o!r 9 ! r[ ( trees1 :]e ! ga!r+ ( ! ridge comm5c$ 7we ga!r$ up at e o!r r[74 ,9 ! r[ ( trees :]e ! f9i%+ ( ! pl\gh+ ( ! ridge occurr$1 we 7 oblig$ to leave a /ripe ( gr\nd ab\t two feet wide1 to be dug by ! spade4 ,! horses requir$ to be yok$ 9 file1 & to drag by ropes 7traces7 r ?an by *a9s1 z ! b>k ( ! trees 0 liable to be rubb$ (f by ! latt]4 ,! m to gu>d aga9/ rubb+1 we _h ! sw+letree con/ruct$ s t ! trace-ropes came out f a hole 9 ! ends1 )\t any hook4 ,9 h>r[+ ! gr\nd1 "o man is requir$ to lead ! horses1 & ano!r to direct ! h>r[s4 ,9 ri* soil1 "u cultivation ( gre5 crop1 9 ?is mann]1 trees progress v rapidly1 & f ! op5 arrangem5t acquire v heal?y con/itutions4 ,( c\rse1 :5 n conif]1 ! plants require a little m att5tion to tra9 to "o lead] & equality ( fe$]s1 ?an :5 close plant$4 ,we %\ld consid] pl\gh cultivation ( "y woods1 provid$ pl\ghm5 z exp]t & c>eful z ! ,scots c\ld be obta9$1 mu* m wor?y ! att5tion ( ! ,engli% plant] ?an ! ,)]s' sy/em 7tr5*+74 ,ne$ we m5tion1 t 9 gre5 crop1 e ?+ dep5ds ^u pl5ty ( manure & ( well-tim$ pl\gh & horse hoe lab\r8 ,except+ 9 ! case ( l>*1 we %\ld dread no injury to ! trees or timb] f pl5ty ( manure4 #ff ,we are indebt$ to our fri5d ,mr ,gorrie1 ,annat ,g>d51 = ! fact1 t ,engli% acorns ?r[ up a mu* m luxuriant /em ?an ! ,scots2 !y =m+ a /ep ( sev]al in*es :5 plant$ next ea* o!r 9 ! nurs]y l9e4 ,we %\ld consid] ?is to arise f ! l>g5ess ( ! rudim5ts ( ! plant1 & great] quantity ( g>n]$ n\ri%m5t 9 ! ,engli% acorns1 :i* are ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! ,scots1 our pres5t climate be+ insuffici5t = ! prop] developm5t4 ,?is leads to ! "q1 w ! great] luxuriance balance any t5d]ness f want ( acclimatiz+8 ,w\ld ! oak keep its pres5t locality 9 ,scotl& if left to nature8 ,a c>eful inspection ( ! mo/ elevat$ peat mosses 9 :i* rema9s ( timb] exi/1 & a comp>ison ( ! size ( ! se$s f\nd !re1 ) t ( ^? ( ! pres5t day1 gr[n ! ne>e/ to ?is 9 situation1 w\ld resolve ! "q ( refrig]ation4 ,,app5dix4 #cfc ,,app5dix4 ,,note ,a4 ,x is only on ! ,ocean t ,univ]sal ,empire is practicable--only by means ( ,navigation t all ! _w c be subdu$ or reta9$ "u "o dom9ion4 ,on l&1 ! greate/ numb]s1 & quantity ( mat]iel1 are unavailable1 except+ ar\nd ! spot :]e !y are produc$4 ,! mo/ p[]ful army is crippl$ by advanc+ a few degrees 9 an enemy's t]ritory1 unless :5 aid$ by "s cat*+ en?usiasm2 its res\rces get di/ant--communication is ob/ruct$--subjection does n ext5d beyond ! range ( its guns1 & x quickly melts away4 ,! impossibility ( dom9ion ext5d+ ov] a great space1 :5 communication is only by l&1 has (t5 be5 prov$4 ,! rule ( ,cyrus1 or ,alex&]1 ! ,cs>s1 ! ,t>t> conqu]ors#fg1 or ,bonap>te1 did n ext5d ov] a ti! ( ! e>?2 & we may believe1 t1 by "s ( ^! *iefs1 dom9ion 0 #cfd ext5d$ z widely z "u l& communication c\ld be effect$--fur!r ?an "u x c\ld be support$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 a p[]ful nation has h] w>like /r5g? afloat1 & possesses naval sup]iority1 indep5d5t ( be+ unassailable h]self1 e spot ( ! _w1 :]ev] a wave c roll1 is accessible to h] p[] & "u h] control4 ,9 a v %ort "t %e c ?r[ an irresi/ible =ce1 unexhau/$ by m>*es1 & ) e res\rce1 ^u any ho/ile po9t1 ! po9t ( attack be+ 9 h] own *oice1 & unkn[n to ! enemy4 ,9 case ( h] dep5d5t dom9ions be+ scatt]$ ov] ! two hemisph]es1 h] means ( communication1 & consequ5t p[] ( def5d+ ^! & support+ au?ority1 are m facile ?an :at exi/s betwe5 ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( any ord9>y siz$ cont95tal k+dom & its prov9ces4 ,7 a popul> sy/em ( colonial gov]nm5t adopt$1 _m isl&s & inf]ior /ates w\ld f9d x _! int]e/ to become incorporat$ z "p ( ! ,empire4 ,,note ,b4 ,!re is a law univ]sal 9 nature1 t5d+ to r5d] e reproductive be+ ! be/ possibly suit$ to its condition t its k9d1 or t organiz$ matt]1 is susceptible (1 :i* appe>s int5d$ to model ! physical & m5tal or in/9ctive p[]s1 to _! highe/ p]fection1 & to cont9ue !m s4 ,?is law su/a9s ! lion 9 8 /r5g?1 ! h>e 9 h] swiftness1 & ! #cfe fox 9 8 wiles4 ,z ,nature1 9 all h] modifications ( life1 has a p[] ( increase f> beyond :at is ne$$ to supply ! place ( :at falls by ,"t's decay1 ^? individuals :o possess n ! requisite /r5g?1 swiftness1 h>dihood1 or cunn+1 fall prematurely )\t reproduc+--ei!r a prey to _! natural dev\r]s1 or s9k+ "u disease1 g5]ally induc$ by want ( n\ri%m5t1 _! place be+ occupi$ by ! m p]fect ( _! own k9d1 :o are press+ on ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! law ( entail1 necess>y to h]$it>y nobility1 is an outrage on ?is law ( nature :i* %e w n pass unav5g$--a law :i* has ! mo/ debas+ influ5ce ^u ! en]gies ( a p1 & w soon] or lat] lead to g5]al subv]sion1 m especially :5 ! executive ( a c\ntry rema9s = a consid]able "t effici5t1 & no ef=t is ne$$ on ! "p ( ! nobility to protect _! own1 or no w> to draw =? or pres]ve _! p[]s by ex]tion4 ,x is all v well1 :51 9 /ormy times1 ! b>on has e faculty tra9$ to its utmo/ ability 9 keep+ 8 pr\d cre/ al(t4 ,h[ f> h]$it>y nobility1 "u effective gov]nm5t1 has op]at$ to ret>d 8! m>* ( intellect10 & det]iorate ! species 9 mod]n ,europe1 is an int]e/+ & important "q4 ,we h se5 x play its "p 9 ,france2 we see exhibition ( its influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 to ! utmo/ degradation ( its victims4 ,x has r5d]$ ! ,italian p59sula1 ) its isl&s1 a blank 9 ! political map ( ,europe4 ,let ! panegyri/s ( h]$it>y nobility1 primog5iture1 & entail1 say :at ^! c\ntries might n h be5 #cff b = ! baneful influ5ce ( ?is unnatural cu/om4 ,x is an ea/]n prov]b1 t no k+ is _m removes f a %eph]d4 ,mo/ conqu]ors & f\nd]s ( dyna/ies h foll[$ ! pl\gh or ! flock4 ,nobility1 to be 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 l ! f9] v>ieties ( fruits1 indep5d5t ( hav+ its vig\r excit$ by regul> m>ri$ alliance ) wild] /ocks1 w\ld require /at$ complete r5ovation1 by selection anew1 f among ! pure/ crab4 ,9 "s places1 ?is r5ovation w\ld n be s soon requisite z 9 o!rs1 &1 judg+ f facts1 we w\ld in/ance ,brita9 z p]haps ! soil :]e nobility w cont9ue ! longe/ unta9t$4 ,z we advance ne>] to ! equator1 r5ovation becomes soon] necess>y1 except+ at high elevation--9 _m places1 e ?ird g5]ation1 at lea/ ) ! ,caucasian bre$1 al?\gh ! f9e/ /ocks be regul>ly import$4 ,?is r5ovation is requir$ z well physically z morally4 ,x is *iefly 9 reg>d to ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! p]iod ( necess>y feudal au?ority1 & t :5 ! body ( ! population hav+ acquir$ ! p[] ( self-gov]nm5t f ! spread ( k1 claim a community ( rights1 t we h adv]t$ to ! use ( w>4 ,! manufactur]1 ! m]*ant1 ! sailor1 ! capitali/1 ^: m9d is n corrupt$ by ! indol5ce induc$ "u ! law ( entail1 are too mu* occupi$ to require any /imulant beyond :at ! game 9 ! wide field ( comm]cial adv5ture af=ds4 ,a great *ange 9 ! circum/ances ( man is obvi\sly at h&4 #cfg ,9 ! fir/ /ep beyond ! condition ( ! w&]+ savage1 :ile ! l[] classes f ignorance rema9$ z helpless *ildr51 mank9d naturally fell into clans "u pat]nal or feudal gov]nm5t2 b z *ildr51 :5 gr[n up to maturity1 ) ! necessity = protection1 lose ! subord9ation to p>5tal au?ority1 s ! great mass ( ! pres5t population requir+ no guidance f a p>ticul> class ( feudal lords1 w n cont9ue to tol]ate any h]$it>y claims ( au?ority ( "o portion ( ! population ov] _! fell[-m52 nor any laws to keep up rank & weal? correspond+ to ?is exclusive p[]4--,x w\ld be wisdom 9 ! noblesse ( ,europe to aboli% e claim or law :i* s]ves to po9t !m out a sep>ate class1 &1 z quickly z possible1 to m]ge !mselves into ! mass ( ! population4 ,x is a law manife/ 9 nature1 t :5 ! use ( any ?+ is pa/1 its exi/5ce is no long] kept up4 ,al?\gh ! necessity = ! exi/5ce ( feudal lords is pa/1 yet ! same does n hold 9 respect to a h]$it>y head or ,k+2 & ! /ability ( ?is head ( ! gov]nm5t w1 9 no way1 be less5$ by su* a *ange4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,european society1 p]haps no o!r rule c be s mild & effici5t z t ( a lib]al b5evol5t mon>*1 assi/$ by a popul> repres5tative ,p>liam5t4 ,! poore/ man looks up to 8 k+ z 8 own1 ) affection & pride1 & consid]s him a protector2 :ile he only reg>ds ! antiquat$ feudal "l ) contempt4 ,! influ5ce ( a respect$ h]$it>y family1 z head ( a c\ntry1 is also ( great utility 9 #cfh =m+ a pr9ciple ( union to ! diff]5t memb]s1 & 9 giv+ unity & /ability to ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 respect to our own great l&hold]s !mselves1 we w\ld ask1 :]e is !re t unnatural p>5t--t mis]able victim ( h]$it>y pride--:o does n desire to see 8 doma9s equally divid$ among 8 own *ildr58 ,! high paid s9ecures 9 *ur* & /ate w n mu* long] be a great motive = keep+ up a p[]ful family head1 ^: influ5ce may bur!n _! fell[-citiz5s ) ! y\ng] bran*es4 ,besides1 :5 a portion ( l& is s l>ge1 t ! own] _c h an individual acqua9tance & associations ) e /ream1 & bu%1 & rock1 & knoll1 ! deep enjoym5t :i* ! small] native proprietor w\ld h 9 ! peculi> features1 is n call$ =?1 & is lo/ to man4 ,! abolition ( ! law ( entail & primog5iture1 w1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( civilization1 n only add to ! happ9ess ( ! proprietor1 height5 morality1 & give mu* great] /ability to ! social ord]1 b w also give a g5]al /imulus to indu/ry & improvem5t1 increas+ ! com=ts & elevat+ ! condition ( ! op]ative class4 ,9 ! new /ate ( ?+s :i* is ne> at h&1 ! proprietor & ! m]cantile class w amalgamise1--employm5t 9 useful occupations w n cont9ue to be held 9 scorn1--! m]*ant & manufactur] w no long] be b>ely tol]at$ to exi/1 h>ass$ at e turn by impo/s & ! int]f]5ce ( petty tyrants2--,gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( =m+ an eng9e ( oppression1 be+ simplifi$ & bas$ on morality & ju/ice1 w #cfi become a *eap & effici5t protection to p]son & prop]ty2 & ! necess>y taxation be+ levi$ f prop]ty alone1 e individual w pur*ase 9 ! *eape/ m>ket1 & sell ! produce ( 8 indu/ry 9 ! de>e/4 ,?is p]iod might1 p]haps1 be accel]at$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 did ! m]*ants & capitali/s only "k _! own /r5g?4 ,let !m1 z citiz5s ( ! _w1 hold annual congress 9 "s c5tral place1 & delib]ate on ! int]e/s ( man1 :i* is _! own1 & ?r[ ! :ole ( _! influ5ce to support lib]al & j gov]nm5ts1 & to repress slav]y1 crime1 bigotry--tyranny 9 all %apes4 ,a ,ro?s*ild might e>n an un/a9$ fame1 z great z yet has be5 atta9$ by man1 by organiz+ su* a p[]1 & presid+ at its c\ncils4 ,,note ,c4 ,! influ5ce ( long cont9u$ impression1 con/itut+ in/9ct or habit ( bre$1 is a curi\s ph5om5on 9 ! animal economy4 ,our population 9 ! ea/]n m>itime di/ricts ( ,brita91 desc5d$ pr9cipally f ! ,sc&9avian rov]1 ?\gh devot$ = a "t to agricultural or me*anical occupation1 betake !mselves1 :5 opportunity (f]s1 to _! old elem5t1 ! ocean#fh1 #cgj & laun* out ^u ! 8w9try wave0 ) mu* ( ! same home-felt composure z does ! :ite pol> be>4 ,!y roam ov] e sea & e %ore1 f ,behr+'s ,/raits to ,magellan's1 ) z little solicitude z ! ,kelt ov] 8 own mi/y hill1 ov]com+1 9 endurance1 ! native ( ! torrid zone "u 8 v]tical sun1 & ! native ( ! frigid among 8 pol> sn[s4 ,to :at may we ascribe ! sup]iority ( ?is portion ( ! ,caucasian bre$1--may x arise 9 "p f its repeat$ *ange ( place "u fav\rable circum/ances8 ,o!r races h migrat$1 b n l ?is1 always z conqu]or4 ,! ,jew has be5 a /roll] 9 8 "t2 b he has improv$ m 9 m5tal acum5 & cunn+--n s mu* 9 h]oism & p]sonal qualities3 8 proscrib$ condition w acc\nt = ?is4 ,! ,caucasian 9 its progress1 w also h m+l$ slightly1 &1 judg+ f analogy1 p]haps advantage\sly1 ) ! f9] portion ( ^? :om x has ov]:elm$4 ,?is bre$1 by its wide move across ! ,atlantic1 does n seem at all to h lo/ vig\r1 & reta9s ! nautical & rov+ in/9ct unimpair$1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican climate is c]ta9ly inf]ior to ! ,european4 ,x is !re rapidly mov+ we/1 & may soon h describ$ "o ( ! e>?'s circles4 ,a *ange ( se$1 t is1 a *ange ( place1 )9 c]ta9 limits ( latitude1 is well kn[n #cga to be indisp5sable to ! m /urdy gr[? & heal? ( _m cultivat$ vegetables2 x is probable t ?is also holds true ( ! human race4 ,!re are few c\ntries :]e ! old bre$ has n aga9 & aga9 sunk be=e ! vig\r ( new immigration2 we ev5 see ! worn out bre$1 *as$ f _! homes to new location1 return1 aft] a "t1 sup]ior to _! =m] vanqui%]s1 or gradually "w _! way back 9 peace1 by sup]ior subsi/+ p[]3 ?is is visible 9 ,france1 :]e ! aborig9al sall[ ,kelt1 di/+ui%$ by high satyr-l feature1 deep-plac$ sp>kl+ br[n or grey eye1 n>r[$ l[] "p ( ! face1 %ort erect v]tebral column1 great m5tal acut5ess1 & re/less vivacity1 has em]g$ f ! holes ( ! e>?1 ! recesses ( ! =e/s & wa/es1 into :i* x _h be5 swept be=e ! m p[]ful blue-ey$ ,caucasian2 & be+ a small]1 m easily subsi/+ animal1 has1 by />v+ & eat+ out1 be5 gradually und]m9+ ! bre$ ( its =m] conqu]ors4 ,! *anges :i* h be5 tak+ place 9 ,france1 & :i*1 9 _m places1 leave n[ sc>cely a trace ( ! f9e race :i* exi/$ tw5ty c5turies ago1 may1 h[ev]1 9 "p1 be acc\nt$ = by ! admixture ( ! ,caucasian & ,keltic t5d+ m to ! "* ( ! latt]1 f ! latt] be+ a pur] & m fix$ v>iety1 & ne>] ! orig9al type or m$ium /&>d ( man2 & f ! w>m dry pla9s ( ,france 7mu* dri] f cultivation & ! r$uction ( ! =e/s71 hav+ consid]able influ5ce to increase ?is bias3 ,9 "s ( ! s\?-ea/]n dep>tm5ts1 #cgb m imm$iately 9 ! tide ( ! +ress ( ! ,caucasian1 :]e ! pure/ curr5t has late/ fl[$1 & ! climate is m suitable1 & also 9 "s ( ! m>itime di/ricts1 :]e ! air is moi/]1 & to :i* !y h be5 seaborn at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,caucasian "* is /ill prom95t4 ,some?+ ( ?is1 yet n s g5]al1 is occurr+ 9 ,brita91 :]e ! fair bright-blood$ race is aga9 giv+ place to ! d>k] & m sall[4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be p>tly occasion$ by m ( artificial heat & %elt] & o!r consequ5ces ( high] civilization4 ,!re seems to be some?+ connect$ ) conf9em5t & s$5t>y life1 ) morbid action ( ! liv]1 or respiratory or transpiratory organs1 :i* t5ds to ?is *ange "u dry & hot1 & especially conf9$ atmosph]e4 ,p]haps imag9ation is also a work] "h2 & ! col\r mo/ reg>d$1 z sn[ 9 cold c\ntries1 black among colli]s1 :ite among blea*]s1 or ev5 ! d>k col\r ( dress1 may produce its peculi> impression1 & our mu* look$-up-to ,calv9i/ic prie/hood1 f ! pulpit1 dissem9ate d>kness z well z light4 ,our own ,kelt has indubitably improv$ mu* s9ce1 p> necessit1 he took to ! m\nta92 b1 ?\gh /eadily endur+1 :5 !re is m5tal excitem5t1 he has acquir$ a di/a/e to dull hopeless unceas+ lab\r1 & w\ld f>e scantily & lie h>d1 r ?an submit to ! monoton\s indu/ry ( ! city op]ative1 or ! toil ( ! agricultural drudge4 ,?\gh once a fugitive1 ! ,kelt is n[1 9 moral c\rage & h>dihood1 equal #cgc p]haps to any o!r1 yet he /ill trembles to put foot on ocean4 ,not)/&+ t *ange ( place1 simply1 may h impression to improve ! species1 yet is x m to circum/ances connect$ ) ?is *ange1 to :i* ! *ief "p ( ! improvem5t mu/ be ref]r$4 ,9 ! agitation :i* accompanies emigration1 ! able/ 9 m9d & body--! mo/ p[]ful v>ieties ( ! race w be ?r[n into _! natural position z lead]s1 impress+ ! /amp ( _! "* on ! p at l>ge1 & con/itut+ ! m reproductive "p2 :ile ! feebl] or m improvid5t v>ieties w g5]ally s9k "u ! incid5tal h>d%ips4 ,:5 a sw>m emigrates f a prosp]\s hive1 x also w g5]ally consi/ ( ! m adv5tur\s /irr+ spirits1 :o1 ) ! "r ( conqu]ors1 w appropriate ! f9e/ ( ! indig5 :i* !y ov]run2 _! *oice ( ^! be+ regulat$ by p]sonal qualities1 n by ! adv5titi\s circum/ances ( weal? or high bir?--a reg>d to :i* c]ta9ly t5ds to det]iorate ! species1 & is "o ( ! causes :i* r5d]s ! noblesse ( ,europe comp>atively inf]ior to ! ,asiatic1 or r ! ,*ri/ian noblesse to ! ,mahometan4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t our f9e/1 mo/ acute population1 exi/ 9 ! neutral gr\nd1 :]e ! ,caucasian & ,keltic h mix$1 b ?is may arise f o!r causes ?an admixture4 ,our heal?ie/ & poore/ c\ntry bord]s ! ,highl&s1 & ! population enjoy m ( ! op5 air4 ,our ea/]n population1 nor? ( ! #cgd natural division ( ,flambor\ghead1 are also h>d] & %>p] featur$1 & ke5] witt$1 ?an ^? s\?w>d1 :o may be /yl$ our f5-br$4 ,!re is no d\bt m ( ,keltic blood m+l$ ) ! nor? division2 b ! sea-born bre$s h also be5 diff]5t1 ^? m nor!rly be+ ,sc&9avian1 & ! m s\!rly consi/+ ( ! native ( ,l[] ,g]many & ! heavy ,flem+4 ,! placid-look+ ,engli%man1 m "u ! control ( animal enjoym5t1 ?\gh p]haps n s readily acute1 excels 9 ! no less valuable qualities ( con/ancy & bodily p[]s ( ex]tion2 & :5 prop]ly taught "u high division ( lab\r1 becomes a bett] op]ative 9 8 p>ticul> employm5t1 & ev5 w sometimes ext5d sci5tific discov]y fur!r1 ?an 8 m m]curial nor!rn neighb\r1 :o1 f 8 quick wits be+ g5]ally 9 advance ( 8 manual practice1 seldom atta9s to ! dext]ity :i* results f ! comb9ation ( cont9u$ bodily action & re/rict$ m5tal application4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 v consid]able intellectual capacity 9 ?is ,engli% bre$1 b x too frequ5tly is cru%$ "u ! prepond]ance ( ! animal "p1 af=d+ t pure/ specim5 ( vulg>ity1 ! ,engli% cl[n4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( climate & bre$1 a great "p ( ! l[ ,engl&]'s obtus5ess is ref]able to 8 be+ entail$ "l ( ! soil1 "u poor-rate law1 contrav5+ a natural law 7see note ,b71 s t1 :5 unsuccessful or out ( employm5t1 he1 )\t ef=t to obta9 "s new means ( indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 s9ks into ! p>i% #cge or "w-h\se lab\r]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,scotsman1 ) no res\rce b 9 himself1 ) fam9e always 9 ! vi/a1 z mu* 9 8 view z a pr9ciple ( action 9 mat]ial affairs z 8 /rong p]ception ( ! "r 9 moral1 & also "u ! /imulus ( a high pride1 leaves no means untri$ at home2 &1 :5 fairly />v$ out ( 8 native c\ntry1 among v>i\s res\rces1 (t5 invades ! t]ritory ( 8 m easy-m9d$ s\!rn neighb\r1 :]e 8 acut5ess seldom fails to f9d out a conv5i5t occupation1 9 :i* manual dext]ity is second to economy & =e?\ght--8 success excit+ ! wond] & envy ( ! dull-witt$ native4 ,x w\ld appe>1 t ! f9e/ portion1 at lea/ app>5tly s1 ( ! nor? temp]ate zone1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #cj & #dh latitude1 :5 ne>ly ( ! level ( ! ocean1 is n s fav\rable = human exi/5ce z ! m nor!rn "p betwe5 #ej & #fj1 or ev5 ! torrid zone4 ,! native ( ! nor? ( ,europe has a sup]ior developm5t ( p]son1 & a mu* long] reproductory life ?an ! native ( ! s\?1 :i* m ?an c\nt]balances ! e>li] maturity ( ! latt] 9 p[] ( increase4 ,indep5d5t ( ! great curr5t ( population sett+ s\? 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! temp]ate zone1 !re seems ev5 to be "s t5d5cy to a flux nor?w>d1 f ! conf9es ( ! torrid2 b ?is arises r f ! un/ead9ess ( ! seasons1 & consequ5t deficit ( food1 at p>ticul> times1 ?an f a /eady increase ( population4 #cgf ,,note ,d1 p4 #d4 ,our mild] moods1 b5evol5ce1 g5tl5ess1 contemplation--our ref9em5t 9 s5tim5t--our 8lovely dreams ( peace & joy10 h negative weight 9 ! balance ( national /r5g?4 ,! r\gh] excitem5t ( hatr$1 ambition1 pride1 patriotism1 & ! m selfi% passions1 is necess>y to ! full & /rong developm5t ( our active p[]s4 ,t ,brita9 is leav+ ! impress ( h] en]gy & morality on a consid]able portion ( ! _w1 is ow+ to h] hav+ fir/ borne fire & sword ov] ^! c\ntries3 ! husb&man te>s up ! glebe1 ) all its cov]+ ( we$s & fl[]s1 be=e he commit 8 good se$ to ! e>?4 ,life & dea?--good & evil--pleasure & pa91 are ! pr9ciples ( impulse to ! s*eme or ma*9e ( nature1 z heat & cold are to ! /eam-eng9e1 ?us mov+ 9 necess>y alt]nate dep5d5ce4 ,our moral s5se1 our p]ception & love ( good1 c\ld n exi/ )\t ! k ( evil2 yet1 we %udd] at ! tru? ( evil be+ "p & portion ( nature4 ,,note ,e4 ,!re _c be a m /rik+ pro( ( ! necessity ( a bett] repres5tation ( ! m>9e int]e/1 ?an ! fact1 t our trad+ vessels are con/ruct$ ( an #cgg unsuitable figure1 ow+ to ! improp] mann] ( measur+ ! regi/] tonnage4 ,9 ord] to save a little tr\ble ( calculation to ! survey+ (fic] 9 gaug+ ! cont5ts ( ! vessel1 ! law directs him m]ely to take ! l5g? & bread? at ! wide/ place1 & f ^! l9es1 by a regul> =mula1 to compute ! tonnage2 ! vessel pay+ ! *>ges = lights & h>b\rs1 & o!r dues1 9 proportion to ?is measurem5t4 ,! result is1 t1 9 ord] to less5 ^! dues individually1 our vessels are con/ruct$ deep 9 proportion to bread?1 consequ5tly are sluggi% sail]s1 & n ne>ly s safe & pleasant sea-boats z !y o!rwise w\ld be--_m a %ip1 especially ) light c>go1 gett+ on h] beam-ends & f\nd]+1 or n /&+ up "u canvass to wea!r a lee %ore4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is absurd measurem5t law is ! m unlucky1 z ! %ip-own]1 f a deep vessel be+1 9 proportion to ! capacity ( ! hold1 *eap] ?an "o ( %all[] or long] dim5sions1 is already m dispos$ to con/ruct 8 vessel deep] ?an is consi/5t ) ! safety ( ! seam5 & security ( ! %ip & c>go1 ! p>ticul> insurance ( a deep vessel n be+ great] ?an t ( "o ( saf] proportions4 ,! injuri\s effect f vessels be+ con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciples ( avoid+ tolls or dues1 r ?an = sail+1 w occur to e "o4 ,we ne$ n say t all ?is fl[s f ! ignorance or c>elessness ( ! con/ructors ( our ,p>liam5t>y acts1 consequ5t to defective repres5tation4 #cgh ,,note ,f4 ,9 ! case ( ! upp] c>se on ! ,tay ,fir?1 !re is evid5ce1 bo? f its ve/iges & f records1 t x _h occupi$1 at lea/1 ! entire fir?1 or sea-bas91 above ,br\ghty ,f]ry1 & t ab\t #ej squ>e miles ( ?is c>se has be5 c>ri$ out into ! ,g]man ,ocean by ! /rong sea-tide curr5t1 a consequ5ce ( ! l[]+ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & ( ! deep5+ ( ! outlet ( ?is sea-bas9 at ,br\ghty ,f]ry1 app>5tly by ?is v rapid sea-tide curr5t4 ,?is c>se appe>s to h be5 a g5]al deposition at ! bottom ( a lake hav+ only a n>r[ outlet communicat+ ) ! sea1 & probably did n rise mu* high] ?an ! height ( ! bottom ( ! outlet at t "t4 ,an increase ( deposition ( alluvium1 or prev5tion ( decrease1 may1 9 _m cases1 be accompli%$ by artificial means4 ,! dim9ution ( ! c>se ( ! ,tay 0 9 rapid progress ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 ! sea-bank be+ und]m9$ by ! waves ( ! bas91 ! clay tumbl+ d[n1 becom+ diffus$ 9 ! wat]1 & be+ c>ri$ out to sea1 by e ebb+ tide1 pur] wat] return+ f ! ocean ! next tide-fl[4 ,?is decrease 0 /opp$ by ! adoption ( /one embank+ & dikes4 ,a small ext5sion ( ! c>ses ( pres5t high-wat] level1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! fir?s ( ,tay & ,=?1 has lately be5 effect$1 by =m+ bru%wood1 /one & mud dikes1 to promote ! accumulation4 #cgi ,9 do+ ?is1 ! :ole art consi/s 9 plac+ ob/ructions to ! curr5t & waves1 s t :atev] deposition takes place at high-wat]1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! flood-tide1 :5 ! wat] is ne>ly /ill1 may n aga9 be rais$ & c>ri$ (f4 ,not)/&+ ?is accumulation1 & also ! prev5tion ( fur!r wa/e ( ! sup]ior c>se1 ! deep5+ ( ! ,tay ,fir?1 =m]ly c>se1 & ( ! gorge at ,br\ghty ,f]ry1 seems /ill 9 progress1 & c\ld n1 )\t v consid]able lab\r1 be prev5t$4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! sea-bas9 ( ,montrose1 a little lab\r1 f ! n>r[ness ( ! gorges1 w\ld put x 9 a condition to become gradually fill$ ) mud4 ,n a great deal m exp5diture ?an :at has suffic$ to erect ! susp5sion-bridge ov] its l>ge/ outlet1 w\ld h entirely fill$ up ?is outlet1 & ! small] outlet might h be5 also fill$ to )9 sev]al feet ( high-wat]1 & made ( suffici5t bread? only1 to emit ! wat] ( ! riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! bas94 ,! float$ s& & mud ( ?is riv]1 ?us prev5t$ f be+ c>ri$ out to sea1 w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 completely fill up ! bas94 ,f "s ve/iges ( ! upp] c>se1 z well z ( ! l[] or subm>9e c>se1 9 situations :]e _! =mation _c easily be trac$ to any local cause1 x seems n improbable t ! bas9 ( ! ,g]man sea itself1 ne>ly z f> nor? z ! ext5t ( ,scotl&1 _h at "o "t be5 occupi$ ) a c>se or delta1 a cont9uation ( ,holl&1 =m$ by ! accumulation ( ! #chj diluvium ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ?is bas91 toge!r ) ! mollusc\s exuvi ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ! abrasion ( ! ,norwegian coa/ & ,scotti% isl&s1 borne d[nw>d by ! heavy ,nor? ,sea swell4 ,9 ! case ( ! delta ( ,holl& hav+ ext5d$ s f> nor?w>d1 a subsid5ce ( ! l& or ris+ ( ! sea1 s z to =m a passage = ! wat]s r\nd ,brita91 mu/ h occurr$4 ,! d]angem5t1 at sev]al places1 ( ! f9e wavy /ratification ( ^! c>ses1 & ! confus$ly heap$-up b$s ( brok5 sea-%ells1 %ew t "s great ru% ( wat] _h tak5 place1 probably :5 ,belgium 0 dissev]$ f ,engl&4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! bottom ( ! gulf1 ! accumulation may h be5 und]go+ a gradual r$uction1 by m diffus$ mud#fi be+ c>ri$ (f f ! ,g]man ,sea into ! ,atlantic & ,nor? ,sea1 ?an :at ! =m] is receiv+--! same process tak+ place "h z has be5 occurr+ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,tay4 ,! l>ge s&-banks on ! ,dut* & ,engli% coa/1--9 "s places1 su* z ! ,goodw9 ,s&s1 c]ta9ly ! heavi]1 less diffusible "p ( ! =m] alluvial c\ntry1 & portions ( ^! alluvial di/ricts be+ reta9$ by artificial means1--be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! #cha s&-banks ( ! sea bas9 ( ! ,tay--! less diffusible rema9s ( ! remov$ portion ( ! alluvium :i* _h once occupi$ all t bas91 & to ! rema9+ portion ( ! alluvium also reta9$ by artificial means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?r\gh\t ?is volume1 we h felt consid]able inconv5i5ce1 f ! adopt$ dogmatical classification ( plants1 & h all along be5 fl\nd]+ betwe5 species & v>iety1 :i* c]ta9ly "u culture s(t5 into ea* o!r4 ,a p>ticul> con=mity1 ea* aft] its own k9d1 :5 9 a /ate ( nature1 t]m$ species1 no d\bt exi/s to a consid]able degree4 ,?is con=mity has exi/$ dur+ ! la/ =ty c5turies4 ,geologi/s discov] a l p>ticul> con=mity--fossil species--?r\gh ! deep deposition ( ea* great epo*1 b !y also discov] an almo/ complete diff]5ce to exi/ betwe5 ! species or /amp ( life1 ( "o epo* f t ( e o!r4 ,we are !re=e l$ to admit1 ei!r ( a repeat$ miracul\s creation2 or ( a p[] ( *ange1 "u a *ange ( circum/ances1 to belong to liv+ organiz$ matt]1 or r to ! cong]ies ( inf]ior life1 :i* appe>s to =m sup]ior4 ,! d]angem5ts & *anges 9 organiz$ exi/5ce1 induc$ by a *ange ( circum/ance f ! int]f]5ce ( man1 af=d+ u #chb pro( ( ! pla/ic quality ( sup]ior life1 & ! likelihood t circum/ances h be5 v diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t epo*s1 ?\gh /eady 9 ea*1 t5d /rongly to height5 ! probability ( ! latt] !ory4 ,:5 we view ! imm5se calc>e\s & bitum9\s =mations1 pr9cipally f ! wat]s & atmosph]e1 & consid] ! oxidations & depositions :i* h tak5 place1 ei!r gradually1 or dur+ "s ( ! great convulsions1 x appe>s at lea/ probable1 t ! liquid elem5ts conta9+ life h v>i$ consid]ably at diff]5t times 9 composition & 9 weight2 t our atmosph]e has conta9$ a mu* great] proportion ( c>bonic acid or oxyg52 & our wat]s1 aid$ by excess ( c>bonic acid1 & great] heat result+ f great] d5sity ( atmosph]e1 h conta9$ a great] quantity ( lime & o!r m9]al solutions4 ,is ! inf]5ce !n unphilosophic1 t liv+ ?+s :i* are prov$ to h a circum/ance-suit+ p[]--a v slight *ange ( circum/ance by culture induc+ a correspond+ *ange ( "*--may h gradually accommodat$ !mselves to ! v>iations ( ! elem5ts conta9+ !m1 &1 )\t new creation1 h pres5t$ ! div]g+ *angeable ph5om5a ( pa/ & pres5t organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,! de/ructive liquid curr5ts1 be=e :i* ! h>de/ m\nta9s h be5 swept & comm9ut$ into gravel1 s&1 & mud1 :i* int]v5$ betwe5 & divid$ ^! epo*s1 probably ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 & de/roy+ ne>ly all liv+ #chc ?+s1 mu/ h r$uc$ exi/5ce s mu*1 t an unoccupi$ field w\ld be =m$ = new div]g+ ramifications ( life1 :i*1 f ! connect$ sexual sy/em ( vegetables1 & ! natural in/9cts ( animals to h]d & comb9e ) _! own k9d1 w\ld fall into specific gr\ps1 ^! remnants1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 m\ld+ & accommodat+ _! be+ anew to ! *ange ( circum/ances1 & to e possible means ( subsi/5ce1 & ! millions ( ages ( regul>ity :i* appe> to h foll[$ betwe5 ! epo*s1 probably aft] ?is accommodation 0 complet$1 af=d+ fossil deposit ( regul> specific "*4 ,!re are only two probable ways ( *ange--! above1 & ! /ill wid] deviation f pres5t occurr5ce1--( inde/ructible or molecul> life 7:i* seems to resolve itself into p[]s ( attraction & repulsion "u ma!matical figure & regulation1 be>+ a slight sy/ematic similitude to ! great aggregations ( matt]71 gradually unit+ & develop+ itself into new circum/ance-suit$ liv+ aggregates1 )\t ! pres5ce ( any m\ld or g]m ( =m] aggregates1 b ?is sc>cely diff]s f new creation1 only x =ms a portion ( a cont9u$ s*eme or sy/em4 ,9 endeav\r+ to trace1 9 ! =m] way1 ! pr9ciple ( ^! *anges ( fa%ion :i* h tak5 place 9 ! domiciles ( life1 ! foll[+ que/ions occur3 ,d !y arise f admixture ( species ne>ly alli$ produc+ int]m$iate species8 ,are !y ! div]g+ ramifications ( ! liv+ pr9ciple "u modification ( #chd circum/ance8 ,or h !y result$ f ! comb9$ ag5cy ( bo?8 ,is !re only "o liv+ pr9ciple8 ,does organiz$ exi/5ce1 & p]haps all mat]ial exi/5ce1 consi/ ( "o ,proteus pr9ciple ( life capable ( gradual circum/ance-suit$ modifications & aggregations1 )\t b\nd "u ! solv5t or motion-giv+ pr9ciple1 heat or light8 ,!re is m beauty & unity ( design 9 ?is cont9ual balanc+ ( life to circum/ance1 & great] con=mity to ^? dispositions ( nature :i* are manife/ to u1 ?an 9 total de/ruction & new creation4 ,x is improbable t mu* ( ?is div]sification is ow+ to commixture ( species ne>ly alli$1 all *ange by ?is appe>s v limit$1 & conf9$ )9 ! b\nds ( :at is call$ ,species2 ! prog5y ( ! same p>5ts1 "u great diff]5ce ( circum/ance1 might1 9 sev]al g5]ations1 ev5 become di/9ct species1 incapable ( co-reproduction4 ,! self-regulat+ adaptive disposition ( organiz$ life may1 9 "p1 be trac$ to ! extreme fecundity ( ,nature1 :o1 z be=e /at$1 has1 9 all ! v>ieties ( h] (fspr+1 a prolific p[] mu* beyond 79 _m cases a ?\s&fold7 :at is necess>y to fill up ! vacancies caus$ by s5ile decay4 ,z ! field ( exi/5ce is limit$ & pre-occupi$1 x is only ! h>di]1 m robu/1 bett] suit$ to circum/ance individuals1 :o are able to /ruggle =w>d to maturity1 ^! inhabit+ only ! situations to :i* !y h sup]ior adaptation & great] p[] ( occupancy ?an any o!r k9d2 ! weak]1 less circum/ance-suit$1 be+ #che prematurely de/roy$4 ,?is pr9ciple is 9 con/ant action1 x regulates ! col\r1 ! figure1 ! capacities1 & in/9cts2 ^? individuals ( ea* species1 ^: col\r & cov]+ are be/ suit$ to concealm5t or protection f enemies1 or def5ce f vicissitude & inclem5cies ( climate1 ^: figure is be/ accommodat$ to heal?1 /r5g?1 def5ce1 & support2 ^: capacities & in/9cts c be/ regulate ! physical en]gies to self-advantage accord+ to circum/ances--9 su* imm5se wa/e ( prim>y & y\?ful life1 ^? only come =w>d to maturity f ! /rict ordeal by :i* ,nature te/s _! adaptation to h] /&>d ( p]fection & fitness to cont9ue _! k9d by reproduction4 ,f ! unremitt+ op]ation ( ?is law act+ 9 conc]t ) ! t5d5cy :i* ! prog5y h to take ! m p>ticul> qualities ( ! p>5ts1 toge!r ) ! connect$ sexual sy/em 9 vegetables1 & in/9ctive limitation to its own k9d 9 animals1 a consid]able uni=mity ( figure1 col\r1 & "*1 is induc$1 con/itut+ species2 ! bre$ gradually acquir+ ! v be/ possible adaptation ( ^! to its condition :i* x is susceptible (1 & :5 alt]ation ( circum/ance occurs1 ?us *ang+ 9 "* to suit ^! z f> z its nature is susceptible ( *ange4 ,?is circum/ance-adaptive law1 op]at+ ^u ! slight b cont9u$ natural disposition to sport 9 ! prog5y 7se$l+ v>iety71 does n preclude ! suppos$ influ5ce :i* volition or s5sation may h ov] ! configuration ( ! body4 ,to exam9e into ! #chf disposition to sport 9 ! prog5y1 ev5 :5 !re is only "o p>5t1 z 9 _m vegetables1 & to inve/igate h[ mu* v>iation is modifi$ by ! m9d or n]v\s s5sation ( ! p>5ts1 or ( ! liv+ ?+ itself dur+ its progress to maturity2 h[ f> x dep5ds ^u ext]nal circum/ance1 & h[ f> on ! w1 irritability & muscul> ex]tion1 is op5 to exam9ation & exp]im5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we ought to inve/igate its dep5d5cy ^u ! prec$+ l9ks ( ! p>ticul> *a9 ( life1 v>iety be+ (t5 m]ely types or approximations ( =m] p>5tage2 !nce ! v>iation ( ! family1 z well z ( ! individual1 mu/ be embrac$ by our exp]im5ts4 ,?is cont9uation ( family type1 n brok5 by casual p>ticul> ab]ration1 is m5tal z well z corporeal1 & is exemplifi$ 9 _m ( ! dispositions or in/9cts ( p>ticul> races ( m54 ,^! innate or cont9u\s ideas or habits1 seem proportionally great] 9 ! insect tribes1 ^? especially ( %ort] revolution2 & =m+ an abid+ memory1 may resolve mu* ( ! enigma ( in/9ct1 & ! =ekn[l$ge :i* ^! tribes h ( :at is necess>y to complet+ _! r\nd ( life1 r$uc+ ?is to k1 or impressions1 & habits1 acquir$ by a long exp]i5ce4 ,?is great] cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 or r cont9uity ( p]ceptions & impressions1 9 insects1 is highly probable2 x is ev5 difficult 9 "s to asc]ta9 ! p>ticul> /ops :5 ea* individuality comm5ces1 "u ! diff]5t phases ( egg1 l>va1 pupa1 or if mu* #chg consci\sness ( individuality exi/s4 ,! cont9uation ( reproduction = sev]al g5]ations by ! females alone 9 "s ( ^! tribes1 t5ds to ! probability ( ! great] cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 & ! subdivisions ( life by cutt+s1 at any rate mu/ /agg] ! advocate ( individuality4 ,among ! millions ( specific v>ieties ( liv+ ?+s :i* occupy ! humid portion ( ! surface ( our planet1 z f> back z c be trac$1 !re does n appe>1 ) ! exception ( man1 to h be5 any p>ticul> engross+ race1 b a pretty fair balance ( p[]s ( occupancy1--or r1 mo/ wond]ful v>iation ( circum/ance p>allel to ! nature ( e species1 z if circum/ance & species _h gr[n up toge!r4 ,!re are inde$ sev]al races :i* h ?reat5$ asc5d5cy 9 "s p>ticul> regions1 b x is man alone f :om any g5]al imm95t dang] to ! exi/5ce ( 8 bre?r5 is to be dread$4 ,z f> back z hi/ory rea*es1 man _h already _h consid]able influ5ce1 & _h made encroa*m5ts ^u 8 fell[ d5iz5s1 probably occasion+ ! de/ruction ( _m species1 & ! production & cont9uation ( a numb] ( v>ieties or ev5 species1 :i* he f\nd m suit$ to supply 8 wants1 b :i*1 f ! infirmity ( _! condition--n hav+ und]gone selection by ! law ( nature1 ( :i* we h spok51 _c ma9ta9 _! gr\nd )\t 8 culture & protection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! pres5t age t man has #chh begun to reap ! fruits ( 8 t$i\s education1 & has prov5 h[ mu* 8k is p[]40 ,he has n[ acquir$ a dom9ion ov] ! mat]ial _w1 & a consequ5t p[] ( increase1 s z to r5d] x probable t ! :ole surface ( ! e>? may soon be ov]run by ?is engross+ anomaly1 to ! annihilation ( e wond]ful & beautiful v>iety ( animat$ exi/5ce1 :i* does n adm9i/] to 8 wants pr9cipally z laboratories ( prep>ation to befit crud] elem5tal matt] = assimilation by 8 organs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 tak+ a retrospective glance at our pages f ! press1 we notice "s inaccuracy & r\ghness1 :i* a little m timely att5tion to tra9+ & prun+ might h obviat$2 ! facts & induction may1 h[ev]1 outbalance ^!4 ,we obs]ve t ,fig4 d1 p4 #bg1 f ! want ( prop] %ad+1 & error 9 n m>k+ ! dott$ l9es1 does n s]ve well to illu/rate our purpose4 ,?is figure is int5d$ to repres5t a tree ( a %ort ?ick /em1 divid+ into f\r bran*es1 spr++ out regul>ly 9 ! mann] ( a cross1 ne>ly at "r angles ) ! /em4 ,^! bran*es cut ov] ab\t ?ree or f\r feet out f ! division1 =m ea* "o w+ ( a knee1 & ! /em1 qu>t]$ longitud9ally ?r\gh ! he>t1 =ms ! o!r w+4 ,x is ( great advantage to h f\r bran*es r ?an two or ?ree1 z ! /em1 divid$ into f\r1 by be+ twice cut d[n ! middle1 =ms ! w+s ne>ly squ>e2 :]eas1 :5 divid$ #chi into two1 ! halves are broad & flat1 & a consid]able loss ( timb] takes place2 besides1 ! two bran*es af=d a ?ick] w+ ?an ! flat half ( ! /em does :5 squ>$4 ,:5 ! tree sep>ates into ?ree bran*es1 ! /em does n saw out conv5i5tly2 & :5 divid$1 ! cleft "p is angul>1 & mu* loss ( timb] also takes place 9 ! squ>+4 ,:5 ! /em divides into f\r bran*es1 ea* ( ^! bran*es co9cides 9 ?ickness ) ! qu>t]$ /em1 & ! knees are obta9$ equally ?ick ?r\gh\t1 )\t any loss ( timb]4 ,! f\r bran*es1 at six or eight feet above ! division1 may ) a little att5tion be ?r[n into a rectangul> b5d1 & ?us give eight knees f ea* tree4 ,knees are g5]ally requir$ ( ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree & a half feet 9 l5g? ( w+2 b :5 !y are to be _h ?ick] & long]1 a foot or m 9 ?ickness1 & f f\r to t5 feet 9 l5g? ( w+1 !y are equally 9 reque/1 suit+ = high ris+ floors or heel-knees4 ,! directions = =m+ l>* roots into knees aft] ! tree is grubb$1 are also n v explicit4 ,! /em ( ! tree is cut ov] ne>ly ! same di/ance f ! bulb z ! l5g? ( ! root spurs2 ?is qu>t]$ ?r\gh ! he>t 79 ! same mann] z above71 =ms "o w+ ( ! knee1 & ! f\r spurs =m ! o!r w+s4 ,! same advantage results f hav+ f\r regul> root-spurs 9 l>*1 z 9 hav+ f\r regul> bran*es 9 oak3 ! two processes are q simil>1 only ! roots 9 ! "o case1 & ! bran*es 9 ! o!r1 =m "o w+ ( ! knees4 #cij ,we h giv5 no directions = ! b5d+ ( plank timb]4 ,9 l>*1 ! w9d g5]ally gives ! slight necess>y b5d to a suffici5t proportion2 & 9 oak1 ! trees frequ5tly gr[ a little b5t ( _! own accord4 ,a foot-note has be5 omitt$1 /at+1 t ! plan ( b5d+ "y trees1 by ty+ !m to an adjac5t tree1 int5d$ to be soon remov$1 belongs1 z we are in=m$1 to ,mr ,l\don4 ,we regret t our allusion to ! lam5t$ ,mr ,huskisson 0 pr9t$ (f be=e we knew ( 8 dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ?is volume w5t to press1 !re has be5 "s *anges ( sc5]y on ! political ,european /age1 ev5 rivall+ :at has ev] be5 accompli%$ ( sylvan metamorphosis on ! face ( nature by ,sir ,h5ry ,/eu>t4 ,! int5se int]e/ excit$ by ^! ef=ts t[>ds ! reg5]ation ( man1 has completely ?r[n into %ade our humbl] subject--! reg5]ation ( trees4 ,we h ev5 =got x ourselves 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]1 :ile yet unborn4 ,^! sudd5 trans=mations alt]+ ! political & moral relations ( man1 also r5d] a numb] ( our obs]vations n q apposite1 & our speculations1 "s ( !m1 r 8prophetic ( ! pa/40 ,!y1 by oblit]at+ national di/9ctions1 & dim9i%+ ! occasions = go+ to w>1 w1 x is hop$1 br+ ! ,european family clos] into amity4 ,at any rate1 !y h completely ?r[n out ! #cia calculations ( our politicians reg>d+ ! balance ( p[] & int]national connection z natural allies & foes1 & b9d ! ,fr5* & ! ,briti% toge!r by ties on ! sure/ pr9ciple ( fri5dly sympa?y1 8idem velle atque nolle10 :i* no ,ma*iavellian policy ( cab9ets1 nor wayw>dness ( political head1 w be able to sund]4 ,we _h int5d$ to br+ out ,naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture z a portion ( a "w embrac+ ,rural ,economy 9 g5]al1 b ?is is n a "t to ?9k ( rural affairs4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,app5dix4 #fg ,! v ext5d$ sway1 ! /ate ( civilization consid]$1 ( ! ,t>t>1 0 evid5tly ! consequ5ce ( ! great facility ( communication f ! pla9 op5 surface ( ! c\ntry1 & ! eque/rian habits ( ! p4 #fh ,! habit ( bre$ is app>5t 9 _m places ( ! _w4 ,:]e a f9e riv] wa%es ! walls ( "s ( ! int]nal t[ns ( ,france1 sc>ce a boat is to be se51 except ! long tract-boats employ$ 9 ! conveyance ( fire-wood--nobody ?9ks ( sail+ = pleasure4 ,! ,esquimaux1 & ! ,r$ ,indian ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 inhabit+ ! same c\ntry1 %ew an entirely di/9ct habit ( bre$4 ,! ,black & ! ,copp]-col\r$ native ( ! ,au/ralian ,isl&s1 are equally oppos$ 9 in/9ctive habit4 #fi ,! sea wat] f ,flambor\gh-head1 s\?w>d to ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 is g5]ally discol\r$ ) mud2 & dur+ e breeze takes up an addition f ! bottom1 :i* is an alluvium s un/able & loose1 t no sea vegetation c hold 9 x4 ,f n produc+ h]bage1 ! g5]al basis ( animal life1 few fi%es or %ells c f9d support 9 x4 ,,f9is4 ,,errata4 ,page #aj1 top l9e1 = !y read ! bran*es #ah1 l9e #ac4 f bottom1 = "u read )9 #ah1 l9e #h4 f bottom1 = long read 9 l5g? ( w+ #bb1 ins]t f at fig4 on "r-h& side ( wood cut4 #bf1 l9e #h4 f bottom1 = #e read #c #eg1 l9e #d4 f top1 = any read _m #gh1 l9e #aa4 f top1 = latitude read altitude #hg1 l9e #i4 f top1 dele may also 9 "s degree --1 l9e #aj4 f top1 = dim9i% read dim9i%+ --1 l9e #aa4 f top1 = increase read increas+ #bje1 l9e #ab4 f top1 dele g5]ally e/eem$ #bjf1 bottom l9e1 = l9eal read l>ge #bah1 l9e #e4 f bottom1 = gr\nd read portion #bbj1 l9e #g4 f bottom1 aft] soil ins]t a semicolon #bbb1 l9e #ad4 f top1 = latt]ly read lat]ally #bbc1 l9e #ac4 f top1 = fall+ read fell+ #bdb1 l9e #ab4 f top1 = into read 91 to #bhj1 l9e #ad4 f top1 = ! read ?is #bhe1 top l9e1 aft] n ins]t o #cjj1 l9e #b4 f bottom1 dele ( #cbg1 l9e #f4 f bottom1 = t dew1 read dew1 t #cca1 l9e #aj4 f bottom1 = root read r[ #cgb1 l9e #ad4 f top1 = t5d read t5ds ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 #eb4 ,orig9al small caps are n[ upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,footnotes h be5 conv]t$ to endnotes label$ #a-fi1 & mov$ to ! end ( ! appropriate book division--i4e4 ,introduction1 ,p>ts ,i-,,iv1 or ,app5dix4 ,! transcrib] produc$ ! cov] image & h]eby assigns x to ! public doma94 ,orig9al page images are available f ar*ive4org--se>* = 8onnavaltimb]>b#jjmatt04 ,page iii4 ,*ang$ 8,,ed9durgh0 to 8,,ed9burgh04 ,page xiv4 ,*ang$ 8& &0 to 8&04 ,page #baf4 ,*ang$ 89 90 to 8904 ,page #bah4 ,! phrase 8#cs4 p] d40 0 *ang$ to 8#cs4 p] load104 ,page #cben4 ,*ang$ 8c\tnries0 to 8c\ntries04 ,page #cbf4 ,*ang$ 8,eygpt0 to 8,egypt04 ,page #cdf4 ,ditto m>ks 9 ! fir/ table1 8d4 d40 7 *ang$ to 81 f "o to ?ree ye>s transplant$104 ,page #cea4 ,*ang$ 8unweildy0 to 8unwieldy04 ,page #chf4 ,*ang$ 8mpressions0 to 8impressions04 ,page #cia1 ,,errata4 ,! errata h be5 appli$ to ! text 9 ! prop] locations4 ,! correction = page #cbg l4#f f bottom _h already be5 appli$ 9 ! edition :i* is ! basis = ?is transcription4 ,! correction = page #cca l4 #aj f bottom _c be appli$1 z !re 0 no 8root0 or 8r[0 on t l9e4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a 8r[0 on l9e #h f ! bottom1 s p]haps ! correction _h already be5 appli$4