,illustration3 ,,texas ,,bluebonnet ,,the ,,state ,,flower ,,texas ,,flowers ,,in ,,natural ,,colors ,,by ,,eula ,,whitehouse ,illustrations by the ,author ,published by ,,eula ,,whitehouse ,dallas1 ,texas ,copyright #aicf and #aidh1 by ,eula ,whitehouse ,box #gci1 ,southern ,methodist ,university ,dallas #e1 ,texas ,printed and bound in the ,united ,states of ,america ,first ,edition #aicf ,second ,edition #aidh ,,texas ,,wildflowers ,from the pine woods to the prairies1 ,from the ,panhandle to the sea1 ,you'll find the ,texas wildflowers ,in marvelous carpetry4 ,such magic tints of colors1 ,pale pinks and dainty blues1 ,no artist's palette can match them ,in all their radiant hues4 ,the ,texas sun has kissed them2 ,to ,heaven they lift their eyes2 ,beauty and ,peace it brings them1 ,and ,freedom under ,texas skies4 --,gertrude ,whitehouse ,,preface ,for more than a century the wild flowers of ,texas have been a source of study and pleasure to scientists and flower lovers4 ,the state can boast of a varied and interesting flora which has attracted numerous plant collectors since the first specimens were collected in the ,texas ,panhandle by ,dr4 ,edwin ,james1 naturalist accompanying the ,long ,expedition in #ahbj4 ,dr4 ,louis ,berlandier1 a ,french botanist1 endured the hardships of the ,teran ,expedition for the exploration of the boundary region between ,texas and ,mexico between #ahbf and #ahcd in order to collect plants in ,texas4 ,berlandier's first collection was instrumental1 a few years later1 in arousing the interest of ,thomas ,drummond1 a ,scotch botanist and collector4 ,in #ahcc-cd ,drummond visited ,southeast ,texas and collected #gjj species of plants4 ,in #ahcf1 ,ferdinand ,lindheimer1 a ,german botanist1 moved to ,texas and began his noteworthy study and collection of ,texas plants4 ,charles ,wright1 a ,yale graduate1 came to ,texas in #ahcg1 first collecting plants in ,east ,texas and later making important additions in ,southwest ,texas4 ,since the work of these early pioneers1 many scientists have visited nearly all parts of the state and have added many new names to the list of native plants4 ,today nearly five thousand species of flowering plants have been reported from the state4 ,about half of these have showy1 conspicuous flowers1 and many of them are very limited in their distribution in ,texas4 ,if the reader will keep these figures in mind1 perhaps he will not be disappointed at not finding some of his favorite flowers in the following pages4 ,as such a limited number could be included1 it was thought best to use those widely distributed throughout the state1 omitting some of the well-known plants which have been frequently illustrated in previous publications4 ,the present manual is not intended as a guide to the flora of the state1 but it is hoped that it will prove helpful in identifying some of the common flowers4 ,a few rare and beautiful flowers have been included so that they may be recognized and protected4 ,in order to include representatives of the more important plant families1 it was impossible because of lack of space to add many widely distributed members of other families represented4 ,for example1 the pea family1 which has about #cjj showy members in ,texas1 had to be limited to ten representatives4 ,the water color paintings on which the manual is based were made by the author4 ,in nearly all cases they were made from fresh specimens carefully checked with verified material in the ,university of ,texas ,herbarium2 a few which could not be painted at the time of collecting were later drawn from pressed specimens and colored from notes and memory4 ,the flowers of ,texas have been so very abundant that only recently has it been considered necessary to protect them4 ,the ,legislature of #aicc passed a law forbidding the picking of flowers and injury to trees and shrubs along highways4 ,even this protection is not sufficient for some plants4 ,a few years ago the writer happened to visit the shop of a cactus fancier just after he had returned from a collecting trip and saw with amazement the large tow-sacks filled with rare and highly prized cacti4 ,wagon loads of the large and vivid-blooming ribbed cacti have been observed as they were brought in for market4 ,the bluebell1 or purple gentian1 is in need of protection since florists have been buying them up in such large quantities4 ,the picturesque bunches of sotol are being rapidly destroyed1 as ranchmen are stripping them of their saw-toothed leaves and feeding the stalks to their cattle4 ,yaupon and ,american holly1 both slow-growing plants1 are being destroyed to supply the market with ,christmas greens4 ,a few flower sanctuaries have been established in recent years1 but many others are needed4 ,the decrease in our native flowers is primarily due to increase in population with the accompanying increases in homesteads and acres in cultivation1 over-grazing1 and improved facilities of travel4 ,the limestone hill region was formerly a flower paradise but has been so heavily over-grazed by sheep in recent years that now the only flowers to be found are the unattractive rabbit-tobacco1 horehound1 and queen's delight1 or goatweed1 so called because sheep and goats will not eat it4 ,grateful acknowledgment is made to the many friends who have assisted me in the preparation of this volume4 ,i deeply regret that it has been necessary to increase the list price of this edition4 ,the first edition of three thousand copies did not pay for the cost of publication4 ,that deficit1 added to the increased costs of printing and paper1 have made an increase imperative4 ,september #a1 #aidh ,eula ,whitehouse ,,contents ,,page ,texas ,wildflowers v ,preface vii ,reference ,books on ,texas ,flowers xi ,plant ,parts and ,plant ,names xiii ,plant ,distribution xvi ,description of ,plants #b ,finding ,lists #aid ,index #bjd ,,reference ,,books ,,on ,,texas ,,flowers ,for more detailed descriptions1 description of other plants1 flower uses1 and flower legends and history1 the following books will prove helpful3 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h41 ,the ,standard ,cyclopedia of ,horticulture4 ,benson1 ,l4 and ,darrow1 ,r4 ,a41 ,a ,manual of ,southwestern ,desert ,trees and ,shrubs4 ,britton1 ,n4 ,l4 and ,brown1 ,h4 ,a41 ,an ,illustrated ,flora of the ,northern ,united ,states1 ,canada and the ,british ,possessions4 ,cory1 ,v4 ,l4 and ,parks1 ,h4 ,b41 ,catalogue of the ,flora of ,texas4 ,coulter1 ,john ,m41 ,cop4 ,botany of ,western ,texas 7,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4 ,contr41 #ahib1 out of print74 ,dorman1 ,caroline ,e41 ,wild ,flowers of ,louisiana4 ,fassett1 ,n4 ,c41 ,a ,manual of ,aquatic ,plants4 ,geiser1 ,s4 ,w41 ,naturalists of the ,frontier4 ,southwest ,press1 ,dallas4 ,jaeger1 ,e4 ,c41 ,desert ,wild ,flowers4 ,kearney1 ,t4 ,h4 and ,peebles1 ,r4 ,h41 ,flowering ,plants and ,ferns of ,arizona4 ,parks1 ,h4 ,b41 ,valuable ,plants ,native to ,texas4 ,preston1 ,r4 ,j41 ,rocky ,mountain ,trees4 ,quillan1 ,ellen ,schulz1 ,texas ,wild ,flowers4 ,ranson1 ,nancy ,r41 ,texas ,wild ,flower ,legends4 ,reeves1 ,r4 ,g41 and ,bain1 ,d4 ,c41 ,flora of ,south-,central ,texas4 ,rydberg1 ,p4 ,a41 ,flora of the ,prairies and ,plains of ,central ,n4 ,a4 7out of print74 ,silveus1 ,w4 ,a41 ,texas ,grasses4 ,slater1 ,elsie ,m41 ,a ,hundred ,flowers of the ,mexican ,border at ,el ,paso4 ,small1 ,john ,k41 ,flora of the ,southeastern ,united ,states1 out of print2 ,manual of the ,southeastern ,flora4 ,standley1 ,p4 ,c41 ,trees and ,shrubs of ,mexico 7,u4 ,s4 ,nat ,herb4 ,contr41 #ai--1 out of print74 ,stemen1 ,t4 ,b4 and ,myers1 ,w4 ,s41 ,oklahoma ,flora4 ,wooton1 ,e4 ,o4 and ,standley1 ,p4 ,c41 ,flora of ,new ,mexico 7,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,herb4 ,contr4 ,vol4 #ai1 out of print74 ,illustration3 ,,plant ,,parts ,,corolla ,,lobes ,,separate ,,stigma ,,stamen ,,petal ,,sepal ,,flower-,,stalk 7,,peduncle7 ,,corolla ,,lobes ,,united ,,corolla ,,lobe ,,stamen ,,anther 7,,pollen-,,sac7 ,,filament ,,sepal ,,pistil ,,stigma ,,style ,,ovary ,,calyx-,,tube ,,seed ,,stigma ,,stamen ,,sepal ,,calyx-,,tube ,,capsule ,,bell-,,shape ,,calyx-,,tube ,,tubular ,,funnel ,,form ,,composite ,,flower ,,heads ,,involucre ,,stigma ,,style ,,stamen ,,tube ,,disk ,,corolla ,,ray ,,corolla ,,disk ,,fruit ,,bract 7,,floral ,,leaf7 ,,floral ,,leaf 7,,bract7 ,,leaf ,,blade ,,midrib ,,leaf-,,stalk 7,,petiole7 ,,irregular ,,lobes ,,fruit ,,of ,,composite 7,,achene7 ,,bristles 7,,pappus7 ,,seed ,,simple ,,leaves ,,linear ,,lance-,,shape ,,oblong ,,lance-,,oblong ,,ovate ,,compound ,,leaves ,,once-,,divided ,,palmate or ,,digitate ,,sharply ,,toothed ,,leaflets ,,leaf-,,stalk 7,,petiole7 ,,stem ,,pinnate ,,twice-,,divided ,,leaflet ,,leaf-,,stalk ,,plant ,,parts ,,and ,,plant ,,names ,the diagram on the opposite page carries illustrations of most of the terms used in the following descriptions of plants4 ,as it was intended that this manual should serve as a means of plant identification from illustrations1 the descriptions have been made very brief4 ,if the reader is interested in a more detailed description1 technical books should be consulted4 ,some botanical terms are rather loosely used in the effort to avoid technical expressions2 for example1 the fruit of a daisy flower is known popularly as a seed but is an achene1 a seed closely covered by the wall of the ovary4 ,the conspicuous parts of the flower commonly make up the corolla1 each part being known as a petal2 however1 in some flowers the showy part is actually the calyx1 as the outer whorl of parts around the stamens and pistil is always called4 ,the divisions of the calyx are known as sepals4 ,the stamens are made up of two parts--the anthers or small sacs which bear the pollen grains1 a necessary part to fertilization1 and the filaments or stalks which elevate the anthers so that the pollen grains can be scattered4 ,the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization are borne in the ovary1 a part of the pistil4 ,the pollen is deposited on the stigma and carried down the style to the ovule4 ,showy flower parts1 nectar1 and other devices attract insect visitors which aid in the transfer of pollen from one flower to another4 ,in order that botanists everywhere may make use of plant names and descriptions1 these are written in ,latin4 ,the ,latin name of the bluebonnet is ,lupinus texensis1 in which texensis represents the name of a species and ,lupinus is the name of a genus1 which is a group of closely related species4 ,the plants making up the different species in a genus are usually so much alike in flower1 fruit1 and leaf characters that they can be recognized as belonging to the same group4 ,similar genera 7plural of genus7 are grouped together in families2 the family name in ,latin takes the ending -aceae4 ,thus while this book illustrates only #beg ,texas plants1 it is hoped that the reader will become familiar with many others which bear a close relationship4 ,much effort has been expended to use scientific terminology in accordance with that preferred by experts on various plant groups1 but continuing research changes many well known names4 ,in this list the name used in the text is followed by the name now in good usage2 the terms are not always synonymous4 ,the authorities for the names are not given but can be checked in technical publications4 ,aesculaceae ,hippocastanaceae ,allionia grayana ,mirabilis grayana ,amphiachyris dracunculoides ,gutierrezia dracunculoides ,argemone rosea ,argemone sanguinea ,argemone delicatula ,argemone pinnatifida ,asclepiodora decumbens ,asclepias capricornu ,baptisia bracteata ,baptisia leucophaea ,batodendron arboreum ,vaccinium arboreum ,capnoides montanum ,corydalis aurea ,capnoides curvisiliquum ,corydalis curvisiliqua ,carduus austrinus ,cirsium sp4 ,carduus undulatus ,cirsium undulatum megacephalum ,cassiaceae ,leguninosae ,cebatha carolina ,cocculus carolinus ,cercis reniormis ,cercis canadensis texensis ,cochranea anchusaefolia ,heliotropium amplexicaule ,conoclinium coelestinum ,eupatorium coelestinum ,delphinium albescens ,delphinium virescens ,dendropogon usneoides ,tillandsia usneoides ,dichondraceae ,convolvulaceae ,dracopis amplexicaulis ,rudbeckia amplexicaulis ,epilobiaceae ,onagraceae ,erythraea ,centaurium ,fabaceae ,leguminosae ,filago prolifera ,evax prolifera ,filago nivea ,evax multicaulis ,geoprumnon mexicanum ,astragalus caryocarpus pachycarpus ,greggia camporum ,nerisyrenia camporum ,hamosa nuttalliana ,astragalus ,nuttallianus ,hartmannia tetraptera ,oenothera speciosa ,hypoxis erecta ,hypoxis hirsuta ,ibidium gracile ,spiranthes gracilis ,jussiaea diffusa ,jussiaea repens ,keerlia bellidiflora ,chaetopappa bellidifolia ,krameriaceae ,leguminosae ,laciniaria punctata ,liatris punctata ,lepidium alyssoides ,lepidium montanum alyssoides ,leptoglottis uncinata ,schrankia ,nuttallii ,leucophyllum texanum ,leucophyllum frutescens ,limodorum tuberosum ,calopogon pulchellus ,lithospermum linearifolium ,lithospermum incisum ,lithospermum gmelinii ,lithospermum carolinense ,megapterium missouriense ,oenothera missouriensis ,meriolix spinulosa ,oenothera serrulata ,drummondii ,mimosaceae ,leguminosae ,nemastylis acuta ,nemastylis geminiflora ,nama ovatum ,hydrolea ovata ,nemastylis texana ,nemastylis sp4 ,neopieris mariana ,lyonia mariana ,nuphar advena ,nuphar advenum ,oxytropis lamberti ,astragalus ,lambertii ,parosela aurea ,dalea aurea ,parosela pogonathera ,dalea pogonathera ,pentstemon ,penstemon ,persicaria longistyla ,polygonum longistylum ,persicaria punctata ,polygonum punctatum ,phlox drummondii 7purple variety7 ,phlox ,goldsmithii 7left1 p4 #ajg7 ,phlox drummondii 7purple variety7 ,phlox ,mc,allisteri 7right1 p4 #ajg7 ,phlox helleri ,phlox littoralis ,phytolacca decandra ,phytolacca americana ,pleiotaenia nuttallii ,polytaenia ,nuttallii ,ptiloria pauciflora ,stephanomeria pauciflora ,quamasia hyacinthina ,camassia scilloides ,rosa woodsii ,rosa foliolosa ,sabbatia ,sabatia ,senecio filifolius ,senecio longilobus ,sisyrinchium thurowi ,sisyrinchium exile ,sitilias multicaulis ,pyrrhopappus sp4 ,sophia pinnata ,descurainea pinnata ,stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus ,spiranthes cinnabarina ,thrysanthema nutans ,chaptalia nutans ,thymophylla polychaeta ,dyssodia polychaeta ,thymophylla pentachaeta ,dyssodia pentachaeta ,toxicoscordion nuttallii ,zygadenus ,nuttallii ,tradescantia bracteata ,tradescantia ohiensis ,verbena plicata ,verbena ,cloveri ,vicia texana ,vicia ludoviciana ,yucca radiosa ,yucca elata ,yucca glauca ,yucca campestris ,,plant ,,distribution ,illustration3 ,,texas ,the above map#a gives the larger natural areas of the state4 ,the prairie regions afford the most profuse display of wild flowers4 ,in the wooded area of ,east ,texas1 the shortleaf pine is abundant in the northern part1 the loblolly in the southwestern part1 and the longleaf pine in the southeastern part of the area1 while hardwoods are found in the river bottoms4 ,the chief trees in the post oak strip are post oak and black jack oak4 ,among the mountain cedars1 live oaks and ,spanish oaks1 so common in the limestone hill region1 may be found scattered trees and shrubs of the chaparral4 ,the chaparral region is often broken by prairies but in some places is densely covered with shrubs and small trees which are usually thorny4 ,the mesquite is abundant in this region and is more or less scattered throughout the prairie regions4 ,,texas ,,flowers ,author's ,note3 ,the family characteristics are placed immediately below the illustrations at the beginning of each family group and set in smaller type to distinguish them from the individual group descriptions4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,species ,,water-,,plantain ,,family 7,alismaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,small ,,arrowhead ,,long-,,lobed ,,arrowhead ,marsh or water plants2 leaves mostly basal2 sepals #c2 petals #c1 white or pink1 tender2 stamens #f or more2 pistils many1 free2 fruit a head of achenes4 ,small ,arrowhead 7,sagittaria papillosa7 is a common pond dweller in ,texas and ,louisiana4 ,like other arrowheads the flowers are borne in whorls1 the upper having many stamens and the lower producing the seeds4 ,it may be distinguished from other narrow-leaved forms by the rough 7papillose7 surface of the floral leaves4 ,plains or ,long-,lobed ,arrowhead 7,sagittaria longiloba7 is common in shallow water on the plains from ,nebraska to ,mexico from ,april to ,october4 ,the shape of the leaf of this and other species has given the common names of arrowhead and arrowleaf to this group4 ,like the water-plantain and bur-head the flowers have #c tender white petals4 ,the wapato duck potato 7,s4 latifolia7 may be found in ,east ,texas4 ,growing in great abundance along the coast1 the water potato or scythe-fruited arrowhead 7,s4 falcata7 is a showy plant #b-d feet high with large lance-shaped leaves4 ,the tubers and young shoots of both of these are considered excellent foods for ducks4 ,indians also valued the starchy tubers for food1 and it was the duty of the women to grub in the mud for them4 ,,pineapple ,,family 7,bromeliaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,moss ,,ball ,,moss ,chiefly air-plants1 some rigid-leaved land plants2 floral leaves often conspicuous2 #c sepals2 #c petals2 stamens #c-f2 pistil #c-;celled4 ,spanish ,moss 7,dendropogon usneoides7 has long zig-zag stems hanging in gray masses from the branches of many trees1 especially live oaks1 from the ,coastal ,plain of the ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 ,sometimes called ,florida-moss1 wool crape1 crape-moss1 and long moss1 it has long been renowned in literature and industry4 ,indians and pioneers found many uses for it1 and it is still used for padding1 fodder for cattle1 decoration1 and the making of mattresses4 ,the short leaves are scattered on the slender stem1 which may be #a-f yards long4 ,the fragrant flowers are small and inconspicuous1 being about inch long1 blooming in early summer4 ,the name means 8tree-beard40 ,ball ,moss4 ,bunch ,moss 7,tillandsia recurvata7 has small and inconspicuous purple flowers which appear in the summer4 ,like the ,spanish moss1 it gets its nourishment from the air but may injure trees by crowding out the leaves4 ,both mosses bear no relation to the true mosses but belong to the same family as the pineapple4 ,the ball moss is found on trees1 wires1 rocks1 and other places4 ,bailey's bunch moss is a large-flowered form growing in the lower ,rio ,grande ,valley4 ,,spiderwort ,,family 7,commelinaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,giant ,,spiderwort ,,prairie ,,spiderwort ,mostly succulent herbs with tuberous or fibrous roots2 flowers arising from a cluster of leaf-like bracts2 sepals #c2 petals #c2 stamens #f2 ovary #c-;celled2 fruit capsular4 ,giant ,spiderwort 7,tradescantia gigantea7 grows in clumps of stout stems #b-c feet high4 ,the numerous flowers on short slender stalks hang out of a cluster of #b-c upper leaves which have sac-like bases1 velvety with soft hairs4 ,the #c-petaled flowers vary in color from purplish-blue to rose or white and close at noon4 ,the #f stamens are adorned with lovely violet hairs4 ,it is found in ,central ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,the spiderwort group was named for ,tradescant1 gardener to ,charles ,i4 ,it is well represented in ,texas1 all of the many different species being easy to transplant and making attractive garden plants4 ,the wandering jew1 a well-known spiderwort in cultivation1 is a native of ,south ,america4 ,prairie ,spiderwort 7,t4 bracteata7 is a smaller plant with bluer flowers4 ,ranging from ,minnesota to ,texas1 it has its blooming season in ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,dayflower ,,widow',s ,,tears ,curly-,leaved ,dayflower4 ,widow's ,tears 7,commelina crispa7 has two large blue petals and a third1 minute1 white1 and inconspicuous4 ,the upper three stamens are #d-lobed and sterile1 quite different from the #c lower pollen-producing stamens1 one of which is larger than the others4 ,the petals are very tender and last only one morning4 ,this dayflower may be distinguished from several others in the state by its crisped leaf-margins4 ,it is very common on the ,south ,central ,plains from ,may to ,september4 ,the name is given in honor of early ,dutch botanists by the name of ,commelyn4 ,texas ,dayflower 7,commelinantia anomala7 has two large petals like the dayflowers1 but may be distinguished from them by their lavender color and by having the leaf around the flower-cluster more like the lower leaves in shape4 ,the three upper stamens are bearded with violet hairs like those of spiderworts4 ,it grows in rich moist soil in the limestone hills of the southern part of the state and the adjoining part of ,mexico4 ,,pickerel-,,weed ,,family 7,pontederiaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,water ,,hyacinth ,aquatic plants2 leaves alternate1 often basal2 sepals #c1 petal-like2 petals #c1 sepals and petals partly united2 ovary #c-;celled4 ,water ,hyacinth 7,eichhornia crassipes7 is also called wampee1 river raft1 and water orchid4 ,it grows so thick in places that water channels may be blocked1 and island-like masses may serve as rafts4 ,with its large spikes of lavender flowers and its broad shining leaves with their curious bulbous floats1 it is the queen of our water plants4 ,many streams1 lakes1 and canals along the coastal highway offer living pictures which will not soon fade from the memory4 ,the plants float by means of the bulbous enlargement of the leaf stalk4 ,the flowers are somewhat #b-lipped1 the #c sepals and #c petals somewhat alike but with a yellow spot on the upper petal4 ,pickerel ,weed 7,pontedaria cordata7 may be found growing in the mud of inland waters along the coast4 ,it is a taller plant than the water hyacinth1 the spikes are narrower1 the flowers are a deeper purple1 and the leaves are narrower and have no float4 ,,lily ,,family 7,liliaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,nuttall',s ,,death ,,camass ,,wild ,,hyacinth ,aquatic plants2 leaves alternate1 often basal2 sepals #c1 petal-like2 petals #c1 sepals and petals partly united2 ovary #c-;celled4 ,nuttall's ,death ,camass 7,toxicoscordion nuttallii7 is a common prairie bunch-flower from ,texas to ,tennessee and ,kansas4 ,the leaves1 which are mainly basal1 long1 narrow1 and curved1 and the stout stems #a-b feet high arise from a large black-coated bulb which is poisonous4 ,many cream-colored flowers are borne in a round-topped cluster4 ,the #c sepals and #c petals are alike1 and the #f stamens have large yellow anthers4 ,the #c-;beaked capsules have numerous seeds4 ,the flowers bloom in ,april and ,may4 ,the poisonous bulb is responsible for the name1 which is derived from the ,greek meaning 8poison-onion40 ,wild ,hyacinth 7,quamasia hyacinthina7 is also called indigo-squill or meadow hyacinth4 ,growing from a deep-rooted edible bulb1 a slender stalk #a-b ft4 high bears a spike-like cluster of hyacinth-blue flowers at the top4 ,the flowers are about inch broad and have a most delightful fragrance4 ,it is widespread from ,pennsylvania to ,texas1 common in ,texas along railroads in ,april4 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,onion ,,crow ,,poison ,prairie ,onion 7,allium nuttallii7 has short flower stalks #d-f inches high growing from a very small bulb which has a brown1 finely-woven outer coat4 ,the flowers are nearly half an inch broad and vary from pale pink to a deep rose4 ,allium is the ,latin for 8garlic10 and both the cultivated garlic and onion are members of this group4 ,there are nearly twenty different wild onions in the state1 many of which make lovely garden plants4 ,allium mutabile1 a taller onion with very numerous white flowers1 blooms in ,may4 ,the prairie onion is the same as ,heller's onion 7,allium helleri7 and blooms in ,april4 ,crow ,poison4 ,false ,garlic 7,nothoscordum bivalve7 is one of the first flowers to appear in the spring on lawns1 meadows1 and roadsides throughout the ,southern ,states and may bloom again in the autumn4 ,it looks very much like the onions1 but has fewer1 larger flowers on long stalks and does not have the onion odor4 ,it grows from an onion-like bulb4 ,the name is from the ,greek meaning 8false garlic40 ,illustration3 ,,fine-,,leaved ,,tree-,,yucca ,,soapweed ,beargrass4 ,fine-,leaved ,tree-,yucca 7,yucca elata7 belongs to a group widely represented in ,texas by many different forms1 those with thin thready leaves being known as beargrass1 soapweed1 8palmillo10 and ,adam's needle and those with thick1 stiff1 sharp-pointed leaves as ,spanish bayonet or dagger4 ,all have creamy or greenish-white bell-shaped drooping flowers borne in dense clusters on a long stalk growing out of a rosette of leaves4 ,the fine-leaved tree-yucca sometimes grows #bj ft4 high and is very abundant west of the ,pecos ,river to ,arizona4 ,the budding flower stalk is quite tender and palatable and was often used as a food by early settlers4 ,it is an excellent food for cattle1 and they keep the stalks stripped of budding shoots1 making the absence of seed pods quite conspicuous on the cattle ranges4 ,indians used the leaf fibers for making sandals4 ,soapweed 7,yucca glauca71 the common yucca of the ,panhandle of ,texas and adjacent states1 has an unbranched flower stalk4 ,as in other yuccas1 the roots yield soap when the bark is removed and crushed in water4 ,the fruits of the stiff-leaved tree-yuccas are edible4 ,,amaryllis ,,family 7,amaryllidaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,small ,,rain ,,lily ,,giant ,,rain ,,lily ,plants with bulbs or fibrous roots2 leaves basal2 sepals #c1 petal-like2 petals #c1 sepals and petals united into a tube below2 stamens #f2 ovary inferior1 #c-;celled4 ,small or ,drummond's ,rain ,lily 7,cooperia drummondii7 is known in cultivation as evening star4 ,it does not have a stalked seed pod like the giant rain lily and has smaller flowers with much longer tube and shorter and narrower leaves4 ,it blooms in the late summer and fall4 ,the cooperias were named in honor of ,joseph ,cooper1 an ,english gardener4 ,drummond's rain lily honors ,thomas ,drummond1 a ,scottish plant collector who visited the southeastern part of ,texas in #ahcc-cd4 ,giant ,rain ,lily 7,cooperia pedunculata7 has lovely fragrant white flowers which last only a day or two4 ,the tubular flowers appear funnel-shaped for some hours after opening1 but the six broad lobes spread widely as the flowers mature4 ,the leaves are all basal and grow from a large black-coated bulb2 they are about a foot long and nearly half an inch wide4 ,shortly after heavy rains in spring and early summer1 lawns1 meadows1 and woods in ,louisiana1 ,texas1 and ,mexico are covered with the lovely blossoms4 ,it is also called prairie lily1 field lily1 crow poison1 and fairy lily4 ,illustration3 ,,copper ,,lily ,,yellow ,,star ,,grass ,copper ,lily4 ,texas ,atamosco ,lily4 ,stagger ,grass 7,zephyranthes texana7 is a copper-colored lily blooming in ,august and ,september in ,central ,texas4 ,the inner surface of the petals is yellow and shows a purple veining4 ,the flowers stalks are #f-ab inches long1 growing from a cluster of very slender leaves4 ,the yellow atamosco 7,zephyranthes longifolia7 has yellow flowers4 ,it may be found in ,west ,texas to ,arizona and ,mexico in the late summer and fall4 ,yellow ,star ,grass 7,hypoxis erecta7 has yellow flowers about an inch broad4 ,it is one of the earliest and commonest spring flowers in the eastern pine woods1 blooming in ,texas in ,march and ,april4 ,the common century plant of the ,big ,bend is ,agave havardiana4 ,it is not as large as the widely cultivated ,american century plant introduced from ,mexico4 ,a candelabrum-like cluster of yellow flowers1 which are provided with a vast quantity of nectar1 grows at the top of a stout stalk1 which is commonly #ab-ae feet high4 ,the stalk grows from a cluster of broad gray leaves1 #a-a feet long1 bordered with recurved prickles and ending in a sharp-pointed spine4 ,lecheguilla 7,agave lecheguilla7 is a much smaller plant with narrow spikes of greenish-white flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,spider ,,lily ,texas ,spider ,lily 7,hymenocallis galvestonensis7 grows in moist soil1 in ditches1 or on the edges of ponds4 ,it is particularly abundant on the coastal prairie4 ,a thick1 fleshy flower stalk grows from a cluster of strap-shaped leaves about an inch broad and bears #d--f white flowers in a cluster at the top of the stalk4 ,the scientific name means 8beautiful membrane0 and refers to the delicate white funnel-tube uniting the bases of the #f stamens4 ,the #c linear petals and the three similar sepals are about #f in4 long1 united at their lower half into a slender tube4 ,the upper half spreads1 giving rise to the common name of spider lily4 ,the flowers bloom from ,march to ,may4 ,it was long ago introduced into cultivation and is considered quite hardy in the ,north4 ,western ,spider ,lily 7,hymenocallis occidentalis7 has similar flowers1 but blooms in the summer after the leaves die back4 ,it is found in moist soil and on shaded hillsides from ,northeast ,texas to ,indiana and ,georgia4 ,,iris ,,family 7,iridaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,pleated-,,leaf ,,iris ,,prairie ,,celestial ,,woodland ,,celestial ,perennial herbs with bulbs1 corms1 or rhizomes2 leaves usually basal and flattened at the sides2 #c sepals and #c petals nearly equal2 stamens #c2 ovary below the perianth2 fruit a #c-;celled capsule4 ,pleated-,leaf ,iris 7,herbertia caerulea7 has pleated leaves like the celestials1 but the flowers are quite different1 the #c sky-blue sepals being large and spreading and the #c petals small and inconspicuous4 ,the bases are white with violet markings4 ,it is very abundant on the ,coastal ,plain of ,louisiana and ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,the name is in honor of ,william ,herbert1 a distinguished ,english botanist4 ,prairie ,celestial 7,nemastylis acuta7 has #f-parted sky-blue flowers with the #c sepals and #c petals nearly equal1 white at the base4 ,the #b-;branched thread-like styles1 from which the name is derived1 spread horizontally between the #c erect stamens4 ,it grows on the prairies of ,north ,texas to ,kansas and ,tennessee4 ,woodland ,celestial 7,nemastylis texana7 with its steel-blue flowers is more abundant in the southern part of the state in open post oak woods4 ,like the pleated-leaf iris1 the flowers of the celestials open late in the morning and remain open only a few hours4 ,illustration3 ,,blue-,,eyed ,,grasses ,,sword-,,leaved ,,thurow',s ,,dwarf ,sword-,leaved ,blue-,eyed ,grass 7,sisyrinchium ensigerum7 is one of many blue-eyed grasses in the state1 most of which have purplish-blue flowers1 #f-parted and about half an inch broad1 marked at the base with yellow4 ,the flower has #c erect united stamens4 ,the flowers hang on thread-like stalks from two boat-shaped leaves about an inch long4 ,the stems are winged1 sword-shaped or outcurved1 and have very fine saw-toothed edges4 ,south-central to ,northwestern ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,in ,east ,texas the prairie blue-eyed grass 7,sisyrinchium campestre7 is common4 ,it has pale blue flowers1 and the outer floral leaf is prolonged to a slender point1 being #a-b in4 long4 ,dwarf ,blue-,eyed ,grass 7,sisyrinchium minus7 has small reddish-purple flowers and an oblong seed capsule4 ,coastal ,plain1 ,louisiana to ,texas4 ,spring4 ,thurow's ,blue-,eyed ,grass 7,sisyrinchium thurowi7 is a very small plant with small yellow flowers found in the southeastern part of the state in damp places4 ,spring4 ,illustration3 ,,giant ,,iris ,giant ,blue-,flag or ,iris 7,iris giganticaerulea7 is a tall iris found in swampy places in ,east ,texas and ,louisiana1 blooming in late ,april and ,may4 ,the color of this iris is quite variable1 ranging from dark violet to lavender and white4 ,the recurved spreading sepals are #c-d inches long1 and the petals are shorter and erect4 ,the capsules are #c-d in4 long with #f rounded ridges4 ,narrow ,blue-,flag 7,iris virginica7 has been confused with the ,carolina iris1 according to ,dr4 ,small of the ,new ,york ,botanical ,garden1 who has recently described many new irises from ,louisiana4 ,the narrow blue-flag is colored similarly to the giant iris1 but has shorter #c-;angled capsules1 very narrow leaves1 and zig-zag stems4 ,it is abundant on the ,coastal ,plain in early spring4 ,red-,brown ,flag 7,iris fulva7 is also found in the swamps in ,east ,texas4 ,,orchid ,,family 7,orchidaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,slender ,,ladies'-,,tresses ,,rose ,,pogonia ,air plants or tuberous-rooted2 leaves alternate1 undivided2 sepals #c2 petals #c1 the middle one1 or 8lip10 often complex in structure2 stamens #b or #a1 united to pistil2 ovary below the perianth4 ,slender ,ladies'-,tresses 7,ibidium gracile7 is also called twisted-stalk or corkscrew-plant because of the twisting of the flower-stalk4 ,the stems1 which are #h in4 to #b ft4 high1 grow from a cluster of tuberous roots and have two broad leaves at the base4 ,this flower ranges from ,texas to ,nova ,scotia4 ,rose ,pogonia4 ,snake-,mouth 7,pogonia ophioglossoides7 grows in swampy places from ,texas to ,newfoundland4 ,pogonia is from the ,greek1 meaning 8bearded0 and refers to the bearded lip4 ,grass-,pink 7,limodorum tuberosum7 is a pink-flowered orchid of ,east ,texas and the ,eastern ,states similar to the rose pogonia1 but does not have the short clasping leaf on the stem4 ,the orchid family is a large group of more than #ae1jjj species4 ,some orchids are air-plants1 attaching themselves to tree-trunks1 but none of these are found among the #be orchids growing in ,texas4 ,perhaps the handsomest orchid in the state is the red-flowered flame orchid 7,stenorrhynchus cinnabarinus7 found in the mountains of the ,big ,bend4 ,all the ,texas orchids are rare enough to need protection4 ,,buckwheat ,,family 7,polygonaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,many-,,flowered ,,buckwheat ,leaves usually alternate2 sepals #c-f1 sometimes petal-like2 petals absent2 stamens usually #f-i2 ovary #a-;celled4 ,many-,flowered ,buckwheat 7,eriogonum multiflorum7 is also called umbrella-plant because of its spreading clusters at the top of the stem4 ,it grows about #b ft4 high1 being very abundant in sandy soil from ,south-central ,texas to ,arkansas and ,louisiana in the late summer and fall4 ,the name means 8woolly knees10 referring to the jointed stems4 ,buckwheat flour is made from the seeds of ,fagopyrum esculentum1 a closely related plant1 similar in size1 white-flowered1 and with large #c-;angled seeds4 ,queen's crown or wreath 7,antigonon leptopus71 a lovely pink-flowered vine widely cultivated in ,texas1 is a member of the buckwheat family4 ,annual ,buckwheat 7,eriogonum annuum71 similar to the many-flowered buckwheat1 but with leaves white-woolly on both sides and narrowed at the base1 is very abundant in the northwestern part into ,new ,mexico and ,mexico4 ,acre after acre along the highways is often covered with it4 ,many other white-1 yellow-1 and red-flowered buckwheats are found in the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,smartweed ,southern ,smartweed 7,persicaria longistyla71 ranging from ,mississippi to ,new ,mexico is also called gander-grass or knotweed4 ,it grows in wet places throughout the state and blooms in the late summer and fall4 ,the dense spikes of small pink flowers are very attractive1 the flowers having #e pink sepals but no petals4 ,the seeds are lens-shaped and covered with a black shining coat4 ,the seeds of many of the smartweeds are considered good food for ducks4 ,dotted ,smartweed 7,persicaria punctata7 has scattered greenish-white flowers and #c-;angled seeds4 ,the leaves are much narrower than those of the ,southern smartweed4 ,many other smartweeds are found in the state4 ,curly-,leaved ,dock 7,rumex crispus71 as well as several other docks1 is common in the state4 ,the leaves of some of them are used for greens4 ,canaigre is the dock of ,western ,texas and ,new ,mexico1 the roots of which have furnished tannin for commercial purposes4 ,,four-,o',,clock ,,family 7,nyctaginaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,small-,,flowered ,,four-,o',,clock ,,pink ,,four-,o',,clock ,leaves opposite or alternate2 flowers often surrounded by colored bracts2 calyx tubular1 often petal-like2 petals absent2 stamens #a to many2 ovary #a-;celled4 ,gray's ,umbrella-,wort4 ,pink ,four-,o'clock 7,allionia grayana7 has delicate pink flowers which have no petals1 but the #e united sepals are petal-like in appearance4 ,the flowers are spreading or funnel-shaped and open in the afternoon4 ,several flowers are borne together and are surrounded at their bases by #e short united floral leaves1 forming a pale green veiny involucre which is sometimes mistaken for the flower4 ,the clusters terminate the branches on a widely spreading plant about #b ft4 high4 ,small-,flowered ,four-,o'clock 7,allionia incarnata7 is very abundant in ,southwestern ,texas to ,arizona and ,south ,america4 ,it forms a low1 spreading plant1 which is profusely covered with small pink blooms less than half an inch broad4 ,narrow-,leaved ,sand-,verbena 7,abronia angustifolia7 is a low plant with a dense head of pink flowers which are so fragrant that one plant will perfume the air for some distance4 ,in favorable seasons the hills around ,el ,paso are pink with the lovely blooms4 ,it is called sand-verbena because of the verbena-like clusters4 ,illustration3 ,,devil',s ,,bouquet ,,angel',s ,,trumpet ,devil's ,bouquet 7,nyctaginia capitata7 is also called skunk flower because of its heavy1 disagreeable odor4 ,the head-like clusters of scarlet flowers are very showy1 being #b-c in4 broad4 ,the #e-lobed flowers resemble those of the umbrella-worts and likewise open in the afternoons4 ,the plants are low and scattered1 but are quite common from ,central and ,southern ,texas to ,mexico and ,new ,mexico from ,may to ,october4 ,angel's ,trumpet 7,acleisanthes longiflora7 grows from long spreading stems with the long-tubed flowers sharply erect4 ,the flowers are over an inch broad with a tube #d-f in4 long4 ,it is most abundant in the spring1 but may be found until ,october in the same range as the devil's bouquet4 ,jimson-weed 7,datura7 is also called angel's trumpet4 ,bougainvillea is a member of this family frequently cultivated in the southern part of the state4 ,the common four-o'clock is often seen in gardens and in some places has escaped cultivation4 ,,pokeweed ,,family 7,phytolaccaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,rouge ,,plant ,leaves alternate1 entire2 sepals #d-e2 petals absent2 stamens #c to many1 sometimes united at the base2 ovary with #a to many distinct or united carpels4 ,rouge ,plant4 ,small ,pokeberry 7,rivina vernalis7 was named for ,a4 ,q4 ,rivinus1 a botanist of ,leipzig4 ,it was known as ,rivina humilis1 the latter name meaning low4 ,it has small flowers1 about in4 broad1 with #d white or pink petal-like sepals and #d stamens4 ,the bright red berries often occur on the stems while flowers are still present4 ,the low plants1 a foot or more high1 grow profusely in woods in ,central ,texas1 but may be found from ,arkansas to the tropics4 ,when vegetable dyes were in common use1 a red dye was obtained from the berries4 ,ink-,berry4 ,large ,pokeberry 7,phytolacca americana7 is a leafy1 stout1 branched plant #c-i ft4 high1 with large leaves and spike-like clusters of white flowers and purple berries4 ,it is a perennial that grows from a poisonous root4 ,with special care in the picking and preparation1 the young shoots are sometimes used for greens4 ,the shoe-button-like berries were used for ink in pioneer days4 ,maine to ,texas4 ,summer and fall4 ,,purslane ,,family 7,portulacaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,lance-,,leaved ,,portulaca ,,small-,,flowered ,,talinum ,herbs or undershrubs1 often succulent2 sepals #b2 petals #d-f1 soon falling2 stamens few or many2 ovary #a-;celled2 fruit a capsule opening by valves or a transverse split4 ,lance-,leaved ,portulaca 7,portulaca lanceolata7 is a weed found in sandy soil from ,central and ,southern ,texas to ,arizona4 ,the flowers are less than half an inch broad with #e pinkish-yellow petals and #g-bg stamens4 ,it may be distinguished from other portulacas by the crown-like rim around the capsule4 ,hairy rose moss 7,portulaca pilosa7 is more abundant and showy1 with purplish-red flowers nearly an inch broad1 greatly resembling the large-flowered rose moss in cultivation4 ,the capsule of the portulacas opens by a cap4 ,small-,flowered ,talinum 7,talinum parviflorum7 has small pink flowers about in4 broad1 which1 like those of the portulacas1 require bright sunlight for opening4 ,these dainty flowers grow on slender stalks from a cluster of short1 rounded leaves and may be found in rocky soil from ,minnesota to ,texas during the summer months4 ,,pink ,,family 7,caryophyllaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,chickweed ,,nuttall',s ,,starwort ,stems usually swollen at the joints2 leaves opposite2 sepals #d-e2 petals #d-e1 or absent2 stamens usually #h-aj2 ovary usually #a-;celled4 ,western ,chickweed 7,cerastium brachypodum7 is one of the early spring flowers to be found throughout the state1 ranging from ,illinois to ,oregon and ,mexico4 ,the #e small white petals are notched at the apex4 ,the name is derived from the ,greek meaning 8horny0 and refers to the horn-shaped capsule from which the seeds are scattered through the opening at the top4 ,several other chickweeds are found in the state in early spring4 ,nuttall's ,starwort or ,chickweed 7,stellaria nuttallii7 is a lovely white-flowered chickweed found on moist sandy prairies or in open woods in ,texas1 ,arkansas1 and ,louisiana in ,march and ,april4 ,the flowers are about #a in4 broad1 and the #e broad petals are deeply notched at the apex4 ,the pink family is well represented in cultivation1 including the carnation1 sweet ,william1 garden pink1 baby's breath1 and others4 ,the red-flowered catch-fly 7,silene laciniata71 found in the mountains of ,west ,texas to ,mexico and ,california1 is known in cultivation4 ,,water-,,lily ,,family 7,nymphaeaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,water-,,lily ,aquatic herbs2 leaves long-stalked1 often floating2 flowers solitary1 large2 sepals #c-f2 petals numerous2 stamens numerous2 carpels #h or more4 ,blue ,water-,lily 7,nymphaea elegans7 is a common water-lily along the coast of ,texas and ,mexico1 particularly in the vicinity of ,corpus ,christi4 ,the flowers vary from nearly white to a purplish-blue or lilac and are #c-f in4 broad4 ,the floating leaves1 about #g in4 broad1 are dark purple below and nearly round2 sometimes they have a few scattered teeth on the margins4 ,the blooms last #c days1 opening about #h o'clock in the morning and closing shortly after noon4 ,yellow ,water-,lily 7,nymphaea flava7 is a yellow-flowered water-lily found on the ,texas and ,florida coasts4 ,the sweet-scented white water-lily is abundant in the southeastern part of the state4 ,spatter ,dock4 ,yellow ,pond ,lily 7,nuphar advena71 with yellow cup-shaped flowers #b-c in4 broad1 is the common water-lily of slow streams and ponds throughout the state and ranges to ,labrador1 ,florida1 and ,utah4 ,the water-lilies form an important food and cover for fish2 ducks and muskrats feed upon the many seeds produced4 ,,crowfoot ,,family 7,ranunculaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,anemone ,perennials1 annuals1 or climbing soft-wooded plants2 sepals #c to many2 petals few to many2 stamens and carpels usually many4 ,southern ,anemone or ,windflower 7,anemone decapetala7 has #aj-bj sepals which resemble petals1 varying from a greenish white and pink to the common pale purplish-blue4 ,the plants are commonly low1 about #f in4 high in flower1 with a few leaves growing from a tuberous root4 ,the leaves are #c-parted1 the segments lobed and toothed4 ,the anemone is the ,texas harbinger of spring1 appearing in late ,january1 ,february1 or ,march on plains and prairies1 and in the chaparral4 ,it ranges from the ,southern ,united ,states to ,south ,america4 ,the ,carolina anemone1 with bluer flowers and more finely-divided leaves1 is abundant in the woods of ,east ,texas4 ,the crowfoot or real buttercup family 7the yellow evening primrose is also called buttercup7 is considered by most botanists as the plant family from which other plants have been derived4 ,in many the fruits look very much like the fruit head of the arrowleaf4 ,the columbine is a member of this family frequently cultivated in the gardens of the state1 but the few native ones are not very abundant4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,larkspur ,,carolina ,,larkspur ,white ,larkspur 7,delphinium albescens7 is the common larkspur of prairies and plains of ,texas and ranges to ,southern ,canada4 ,in ,texas it blooms most abundantly in ,may4 ,the white flowers resemble rabbit faces and are tinged with green and purple4 ,it is the bane of ranchmen1 for it is poisonous to cattle4 ,carolina ,larkspur 7,delphinium carolinianum7 commonly has lovely deep blue flowers1 though white forms may be found4 ,it is very abundant in ,east ,texas in ,march and ,april1 growing #a-b ft4 high4 ,the plants have few leaves1 and these are #c-e parted1 each part being divided into narrow linear lobes4 ,it is very much like the ,texas larkspur 7,delphinium vimineum71 which has blue or white flowers1 grows taller1 and is more leafy than the ,carolina larkspur4 8,delphinium0 is derived from the ,latin meaning 8dolphin10 so-called because of the resemblance of the spurred flowers to a dolphin4 ,the common garden larkspur is native to ,southern ,europe4 ,some of the larkspurs furnish drugs4 ,illustration3 ,,large ,,buttercup ,large ,buttercup 7,ranunculus macranthus7 has handsome1 golden-yellow flowers about #b in4 broad4 ,there are #aj-ae broad yellow petals which are longer than the sepals and have a nectar pit at their base4 ,the leaves are mainly basal1 long-stalked1 and divided into wedge-shaped lobes4 ,it ranges from ,central to ,southwestern ,texas and is most abundant in ,april4 ,it is a plant which does well in cultivation but requires plenty of water2 it blooms in the shade better than most garden plants4 ,many of the buttercups grow in marshy places1 a fact which is responsible for the old ,latin name meaning 8little frog40 ,many different kinds are found along roadside ditches and in marshy places in ,east ,texas4 ,some members of the crowfoot family1 including the wood-anemone and the marsh marigold1 common in the ,northern ,states but not native to ,texas1 yield poisonous honey4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,man',s ,,beard ,drummond's ,virgin's ,bower4 ,old ,man's ,beard 7,clematis drummondii7 is a vine growing in great profusion1 covering shrubs and fences from ,central ,texas to ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,the #d petal-like sepals are pale greenish-yellow1 almost white1 narrow and thin with margins somewhat crinkled1 about in4 long4 ,the flowers bloom in the summer1 being inconspicuous among the branching leafy stems4 ,the stamen-bearing flowers are on a separate vine from the seed-producing flowers4 ,the seeds mature in a few weeks1 and soon the vine is covered with iridescent masses of silky1 feathery plumes1 #b-d in4 long1 which grow out from the seed cover4 ,these plumes are elongated1 persistent styles and are responsible for many common names given to the vine1 including grandfather's beard1 gray beard1 goat's beard1 and love-in-the-mist4 ,western ,virgin's ,bower 7,clematis ligusticifolia71 with white flowers and leaves with #e-g leaflets1 has been reported from the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,scarlet ,,clematis ,,purple ,,leather ,,flower ,texas ,leather ,flower4 ,scarlet ,clematis 7,clematis texensis7 has maroon or scarlet bell-shaped flowers about #a in4 long4 ,it is a climbing vine found along streams in ,central ,texas1 growing #f-aj or more feet high4 ,the leaves are thickened1 entire or lobed1 ovate to rounded4 ,this clematis is a hardy climber1 well known in cultivation1 giving rise to many hybrids when crossed with the marsh leather flower 7,clematis crispa71 which is a low climber1 #c-d ft4 high1 with lavender bell-shaped flowers4 ,the leather flowers have no petals1 the showy bells being made up of #d thickened sepals4 ,the flattened fruits grow in head-like clusters about an inch thick and have plumose tails #a-b in4 long4 ,purple ,leather ,flower 7,clematis pitcheri71 together with the marsh leather flower1 is often called blue bell4 ,except in color1 the flower is very much like the scarlet clematis4 ,the leaflets are more frequently #c-lobed1 and the tails on the fruits are silky but not plumose4 ,it grows in damp woods from ,indiana to ,mexico1 beginning to bloom in ,texas in ,april and continuing into the summer4 ,,barberry ,,family 7,berberidaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,agarita ,herbs or shrubs2 leaves simple or compound2 sepals #f1 similar to petals2 petals #f2 stamens #f1 irritable1 opening by valves2 ovary #a-;celled2 fruit a berry4 ,agarita4 ,texas ,barberry 7,berberis trifoliolata71 known also as agrito 7meaning 8little sour071 chaparral berry1 and wild currant1 is an evergreen shrub forming an important part of the chaparral in the central and southwestern parts of the state and adjacent ,mexico4 ,the thick gray-green leaves are divided into three leaflets which have #c-g lobes ending in sharp spines4 ,the stiff spreading branches form a compact shrub #d-e feet high4 ,the clusters of fragrant flowers are among the first spring blossoms to appear in late ,february and ,march4 ,with #f spreading yellow sepals and #f yellow petals forming a cup around the stamens and pistil1 the small flowers are somewhat like those of the narcissus4 ,the acid berries ripen in ,may and ,june1 being used for jellies and wines2 the flowers are an important source of nectar2 and the wood and roots furnish a yellow dye which was used by ,indians and pioneers4 ,may ,apple4 ,mandrake 7,podophyllum peltatum7 is abundant in moist woods in ,east ,texas4 ,the white flower growing in the fork of the stem is overtopped by the two umbrella-shaped leaves4 ,,moonseed ,,family 7,menispermaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,moonseed ,,vine ,usually twining shrubs or small trees2 flowers small1 unisexual and perfect2 sepals #f2 petals #f1 or absent2 stamens #f-ab2 carpels #c-f2 fruit berry-like1 #a-seeded4 ,moonseed ,vine 7,cebatha ,carolina7 is a vine with clusters of small red berries4 ,it is very abundant throughout the state in woods and on fences1 ranging north to ,kansas and ,virginia4 ,it is also called coral-bead1 margil1 coral-vine1 and red-berried moonseed4 8,cebatha10 from the ,greek1 alludes to its climbing habit1 while 8moonseed0 refers to the curved seed of the fleshy red berries which ripen in the fall and remain on the vines long after the leaves have fallen4 ,the small white flowers bloom during the summer and fall4 ,the leaves are quite variable1 sometimes entire and sometimes distinctly #c-lobed and rarely #e-lobed1 being smooth above and downy beneath4 ,the berries of the ,indian moonseed contain an acrid poison which is used by the ,chinese in catching fish1 as it will temporarily stun or intoxicate the fish4 ,,poppy ,,family 7,papaveraceae7 ,illustration3 ,,rose ,,prickly ,,poppy ,annuals or perennials with colored juice2 sepals #b-c2 petals #d-f1 rarely more or wanting2 stamens numerous2 carpels #b or more united2 capsules opening by valves or pores4 ,rose ,prickly ,poppy 7,argemone rosea7 is one of the loveliest flowers of ,south ,texas4 ,it is very abundant along the ,rio ,grande1 extending into ,mexico and northward almost to ,san ,antonio4 ,the large flowers vary in color from pale pink to rose and purple-rose and are more cup-shaped than the white-flowered species4 ,it has gray-green leaves conspicuously blotched with white along the midribs1 the slightly wavy margins being armed with sharp spines4 ,like other prickly poppies1 the flowers have #f petals1 the #c outer a little different in shape from the #c inner1 and an orange-colored sap4 ,long considered a variety of the western prickly poppy 7,argemone platyceras71 which has very spiny leaves and stems and white flowers1 it may readily be separated because of its seed-pods1 which are about #b in4 long and decidedly broader above the middle4 ,argemone is from the ,greek meaning an eye disease1 supposedly cured by the plant4 ,the opium poppy 7,papaver somniferum7 has been widely planted in gardens1 and has escaped in places in the state4 ,illustration3 ,,rough-,,stemmed ,,prickly ,,poppy ,rough-,stemmed or ,white ,prickly ,poppy 7,argemone hispida7 is a bushy1 leafy-stemmed plant growing about #b-c ft4 high4 ,it is distinguished from several other very abundant white-flowered poppies by the fact that it has rough hairs as well as spines on the stem4 ,the flowers as a rule are larger1 often being #d-f inches broad4 ,the unusual sepals of the prickly poppies should be noted1 as they sometimes cause the flower buds to be confused with the fruits4 ,there are usually #c sepals1 which are horned or hooded1 armed with spines1 and snugly overlapping each other by a narrow margin4 ,in the rough-stemmed prickly poppy the horns are large and triangular in shape4 ,it ranges from ,texas to ,kansas and ,california4 ,texas ,prickly ,poppy 7,argemone delicatula7 is not so branched or leafy and has flowers somewhat smaller1 #b-c in4 broad4 ,the stigmas are purple instead of red1 and the capsules are less than an inch long4 ,this poppy grows in dry soil in ,central ,texas4 ,the prickly poppies bloom most profusely in ,april1 but scattered blooms appear throughout the summer and fall4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,prickly ,,poppy ,yellow ,prickly ,poppy4 ,mexican ,poppy 7,argemone mexicana7 is a common weed in tropical ,america1 extending into ,southwest ,texas in the vicinity of ,laredo and ,del ,rio1 and has been introduced into many other countries4 ,it is also called bird-in-the-bush1 devil's fig1 flowering or ,jamaica thistle1 and ,mexican thorn poppy4 ,it has smaller flowers than the white and rose prickly poppies4 ,it blooms in ,texas in ,march and ,april and throughout the summer if the stems are cut4 ,for cut flowers1 the stems should be burned immediately upon gathering2 otherwise the flowers soon wither4 ,the seeds of the ,mexican poppy are valued for the painter's oil obtained from them4 ,the oil from the seeds is also said to act as a mild cathartic1 the plant otherwise possessing emetic1 anodyne1 and narcotic properties4 ,,fumitory ,,family 7,fumariaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,golden ,,corydalis ,,texas ,,corydalis ,leaves usually much divided2 sepals #b2 petals #d in #b series1 outer usually spurred1 the #b inner usually crested and united2 stamens #d or #f2 seeds shining4 ,golden ,corydalis4 ,plains ,scrambled-,eggs 7,capnoides montanum7 is a common plant throughout the central and western parts of the state1 ranging to ,arizona and ,montana1 and blooming in ,texas with the earlier spring flowers in ,march and ,april4 ,by some botanists it is placed in the ,corydalis group1 which was named because of the resemblance of the flower spur to that of a lark4 ,the pods are about an inch long1 and the seeds are black1 smooth1 and shining4 ,the short-podded scrambled-eggs 7,capnoides crystallinum7 comes into the northern part of the state from ,kansas and ,missouri4 ,the pods are over half an inch long1 about in4 broad1 and covered with blisters4 ,texas ,corydalis or ,scrambled-,eggs 7,capnoides curvisiliquum7 grows in the sandy regions of the state4 ,it is usually a more bushy plant than the preceding ones1 with longer #d-;angled pods4 ,dutchman's breeches 7,dicentra cucullaria71 so called because of the shape of the flower1 does not come into the state4 ,the plant in ,texas which is called ,dutchman's breeches from the shape of the seed case is ,thamnosma texana1 a member of the rue family4 ,,mustard ,,family 7,cruciferae7 ,illustration3 ,,whitlow-,,grass ,,peppergrass ,annual or perennial herbs2 sepals #d2 petals #d1 standing opposite each other in a square cross2 stamens1 #d long and #b short2 fruit a special pod called a silique4 ,wedge-,leaved ,whitlow-,grass 7,draba cuneifolia7 is so small that it might be overlooked if it bloomed at any other time than early spring4 ,growing from a cluster of basal leaves1 the stems are topped by the cluster of small1 alyssum-like flowers4 ,it grows throughout the ,southern ,united ,states and ,mexico4 ,alyssum-,flowered ,peppergrass 7,lepidium alyssoides7 is a low bushy perennial plant with numerous clusters of small white flowers4 ,it grows in the western part of the state1 ranging to ,arizona and ,colorado4 ,many other peppergrasses are found in the state1 some with inconspicuous flowers1 but all having the small1 flat1 roundish seed-pod which is usually notched above4 ,the foliage and pods have an aromatic-peppery flavor4 ,in some species the leaves are used for salad and the seeds for bird food1 but the seeds from some native species have been fed to canaries with fatal results4 ,the mustard family is a large group well represented in ,texas among the early spring flowers and includes many of our vegetables1 such as mustard1 cabbage1 cauliflower1 radish1 and water-cress4 ,illustration3 ,,tansy ,,mustard ,,slender ,,bladder-,,pod ,tansy ,mustard 7,sophia pinnata7 grows in dry soil across the continent1 blooming in ,texas in ,march and ,april4 ,the narrow pods are about half an inch long1 erect or ascending4 ,the flowers are small1 the petals yellow4 ,in the southern part of the state it is very abundant and grows #b-c ft4 high4 ,the name was given because of medicinal properties accredited to the plant4 ,slender ,bladder-,pod4 ,cloth-of-,gold 7,lesquerella gracilis7 can be recognized by its bladder-like pods1 which are responsible for its common name of pop-weed4 ,the yellow petals are narrowed at the base and streaked with orange4 ,the first flush of yellow on plains and prairies is usually due to the bladder-pods4 ,there are more than #bj species in the state1 most of them being very abundant4 ,the scientific name is in honor of ,leo ,lesquereux1 a ,swiss and ,american botanist4 ,the western wall-flower 7,erysimum asperum71 which grows in sandy areas in ,west ,texas1 is one of the showiest yellow mustards in the state4 ,several large-flowered purple mustards are common1 including ,streptanthus bracteatus4 ,illustration3 ,,greggia ,,spectacle-,,pod ,greggia 7,greggia camporum7 is a white-flowered mustard which looks like the yellow western wall-flower4 ,the flowers are about half an inch broad and sometimes tinged with purple4 ,the stems are about a foot high and almost concealed by the broad gray-green leaves4 ,the woolly pods are narrow1 flattened1 and about half an inch long4 ,it is one of the commonest flowers in ,southwestern ,texas1 blooming in ,april1 ,may1 and ,june4 ,spectacle-,pod 7,dithyraea wislizeni7 is a common plant on sandhills and gravelly mesas in ,western ,texas and ranges to ,utah and ,mexico4 ,any one seeing the seed pods will think that the common name is most appropriate4 ,the plants grow #a-b ft4 high and are topped by the showy clusters of white flowers4 ,the leaves and flowers are very much like those of greggia1 but the fruits easily distinguish them4 ,it was first collected by ,wislizenus in ,new ,mexico in #ahdf4 ,,pitcher-,,plant ,,family 7,sarraceniaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,pitcher-,,plant ,herbs with tubular leaves2 flowers nodding2 sepals #d-e2 petals #e1 or absent2 stamens numerous2 style often umbrella-like2 ovary #c-e-;celled4 ,yellow ,pitcher-,plant4 ,trumpet-,leaf 7,sarracenia sledgei7 is also called trumpets1 water-cup1 watches1 and biscuits4 ,the last two names are suggestive of the broad1 umbrella-shaped structure bearing the stigmas and occupying the center of the flower4 ,the other names refer to the tubular1 ribbed1 trumpet-shaped leaves4 ,the flowers are drooping at maturity1 with #e fiddle-shaped yellow petals and #e shorter yellow sepals tinged with brown or red4 ,it grows in swamps from ,east ,texas to ,alabama and is quite similar to the eastern ,sarracenia flava4 ,april-,may4 ,the pitcher-plant is a most efficient collector of insects4 ,the upper part of the leaf bends over1 forming a lid whose inner surface is covered with minute honey-glands attractive to insects4 ,the upper part of the tube is smooth1 affording little foothold and causing the insect to fall into and drown in the sticky fluid given off in the lower part of the tube4 ,downwardly directed hairs prevent his escape4 ,after a time his body is dissolved and absorbed by the plant4 ,an overdose of animal food causes the browning and decay of the leaves4 ,,orpine ,,family 7,crassulaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,stonecrop ,usually succulent herbs2 leaves opposite or alternate2 sepals #d-e2 petals #d-e2 stamens #e or #aj2 carpels #d-e1 free4 ,prairie or ,nuttall's ,stonecrop 7,sedum nuttallianum7 is an annual with forking branches covered with small yellow star-like flowers4 ,the succulent leaves are short and rounded4 ,the sedums are characterized by #d-e sepals and petals1 #h-aj stamens1 and #d-e small spreading seedcases4 ,the prairie stonecrop grows in dry1 open places from ,missouri to ,texas and blooms from ,april to ,june4 ,it makes an excellent carpeting plant when used in sunny places4 ,the stonecrop belongs to a large group of plants1 including live-forever and many other cultivated favorites1 most of which are used for rockeries4 ,wright's stonecrop 7,sedum wrightii7 is a white-flowered plant1 very much like the prairie stonecrop1 found in the mountains in the western part of the state1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,mexico4 ,sedum is from the ,latin meaning 8to sit0 and refers to the low growth habit4 ,in the same family are included the house-leeks1 some of which are known as hen-and-chickens1 or old-man-and-woman1 because of the detached offshoots which form new plants4 ,,rose ,,family 7,rosaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,prairie ,,rose ,trees1 shrubs1 or herbs2 leaves simple or compound1 stipules present2 sepals #e2 petals #e2 stamens numerous2 carpels #a or more2 sepals and petals borne on rim of calyx-tube4 ,white ,prairie ,rose or ,woods' ,rose 7,rosa woodsii7 at first glance may be confused with the dewberry because of the low1 bushy creeping stems and similar white flowers4 ,the stems are #a-c ft4 high and are armed with straight prickles1 usually in pairs2 the leaves have #e-i oval leaflets -#a in4 long4 ,the flowers bloom in late ,may and early ,june1 the dark red globe-shaped hips maturing in the late summer and fall4 ,it may be found from ,texas to ,minnesota and ,colorado4 ,the white flowers are commonly two inches broad and very much like those of the ,mc,cartney rose1 but it is more closely related to the cinnamon rose4 ,the ,mc,cartney rose 7,rosa bracteata71 early introduced from ,china into the ,southern ,states and planted for windbreaks1 is still very abundant on the coastal prairie1 often forming great mounds about #aj ft4 high4 ,the thick evergreen leaves are divided into #e-i oval leaflets1 which are bright green and shining above4 ,the sepals and the broadened portion of the stem below the white flower are densely silky4 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,prairie ,,rose ,pink ,prairie ,rose or ,climbing ,rose 7,rosa setigera7 has climbing branches #f-ae ft4 long with straight scattered prickles4 ,the leaves are divided into #c-e leaflets which are sharply pointed and #a-c in4 long4 ,the showy pink flowers1 #b in4 broad1 grow in terminal clusters4 ,this plant is considered one of the finest foods and covers for quail1 grouse1 and other birds4 ,native from ,ontario to ,texas and ,florida1 it is a hardy climber which has been widely introduced into other places1 ,baltimore ,belle being one of the early cultivated forms4 ,it is particularly abundant in ,texas in the vicinity of ,tyler1 blooming in late ,may and ,june4 ,the wild roses are fairly rare in the state1 but many cultivated roses are grown4 ,tyler has recently become a center of rose-growing1 and carloads of rose plants are shipped throughout the ,united ,states4 ,the scientific name retains the ancient ,latin name4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,dewberry ,southern ,dewberry 7,rubus trivialis7 has large white flowers very much like those of the wild rose1 but the petals are narrower1 particularly at the base4 ,the fruit is a head of small1 fleshy-seeded fruits1 purplish-black when ripe4 ,the flowers bloom in ,march and early ,april1 the sweet and palatable berries ripening in the latter part of ,april4 ,the plant is an evergreen shrub with trailing or low climbing stems1 #aj-ae ft4 long1 heavily armed with prickles4 ,fences along the roadside are often covered with dense masses of the stems4 ,bush ,blackberry 7,rubus argutus7 grows in moist woods in ,east ,texas and on through the ,gulf ,states to ,new ,jersey4 ,the stems are #c-d ft4 high1 the branches erect4 ,the flowers are white and grow in thick clusters4 ,the berries are somewhat dry1 oblong1 and edible1 but not very palatable4 ,,mimosa ,,family 7,mimosaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,huisache 7,pronounced wee satch7 ,usually trees or shrubs2 leaves mostly twice pinnate2 flowers small1 in heads or spikes2 sepals #e1 calyx tubular2 petals #e2 stamens #e or more2 ovary #a-;celled2 fruit a pod4 ,huisache 7,acacia farnesiana71 also known as opoponax1 popinac1 cassie1 and sweet acacia1 is a tropical shrub or small tree native to the ,americas but widely introduced in other countries4 ,the wide-spreading1 graceful trees are almost evergreen1 as the leaves are not shed before new ones appear unless affected by the cold4 ,the slender1 sharp spines occur in pairs at the base of the fern-like leaves1 which are dark green and have #b-e pairs of divisions with #aj-be pairs of narrow leaflets about in4 long4 ,the ball-like clusters of deep-yellow fragrant flowers usually appear before the leaves4 ,the clusters are over half an inch broad1 the many tubular flowers bearing numerous stamens1 which give a feathery appearance to the clusters4 ,various products from the trees are in use in many countries--forage from leaves1 honey and perfume from the flowers1 tannin from the bark and fruit1 ink from the fruit1 and medicinal products from nearly every part4 ,in ,southern ,texas it is highly valued as a honey crop1 the flowers blooming from ,february to ,april as a rule1 but occasionally as early as ,december4 ,illustration3 ,,mesquite ,mesquite 7,prosopis juliflora glandulosa7 is found on prairies throughout the state but grows luxuriantly in the southwestern part4 ,in moister regions it is a graceful tree with lacy yellow-green leaves and is armed with stout1 vicious spines over an inch long1 but in the drier regions it is a spreading shrub with large underground roots which ,mexicans dig up for fuel4 ,spikes of greenish-white or cream flowers appear at intervals during the warm months4 ,long beans1 #d-h in4 long1 soon turning pale yellow1 mature in a few weeks4 ,the leaves have #b or #d widely spreading divisions and commonly bear #f-ae pairs of leaflets about #a in4 long4 ,like the huisache1 the mesquite has many uses4 ,the beans are edible1 the pulp containing #be-cj per cent grape sugar4 ,the ,indians used the beans for a food1 first grinding them into meal in holes in the rocks4 ,they form a valuable stock food in ,hawaii1 where the trees have been introduced4 ,the wood is hard and takes an excellent polish1 but is chiefly used for fence-posts1 railroad ties1 fuel1 and paving blocks4 ,the honey produced from the flowers is not so good as huisache honey nor is so much produced4 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,sensitive ,,briar ,pink ,sensitive ,briar 7,leptoglottis uncinata7 is also called pink mimosa and shame-vine1 the latter name being given because of the leaf's habit of closing when touched4 ,the vines sprawl on the ground1 growing out #b-d ft4 ,they are densely covered with small1 recurved prickles4 ,the leaves are divided as in other mimosas1 having #d-h pairs of divisions each bearing #h-ae pairs of short leaflets4 ,the small1 fragrant pink flowers are borne in dense heads4 ,the pods are nearly round1 densely covered with spines1 and about #a in4 long4 ,it grows in dry soil from ,virginia to ,mexico1 blooming in ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,yellow ,sensitive ,briar 7,neptunia lutea7 is very much like the pink briar but has oblong heads of yellow flowers4 ,the pods are smooth and flat and markedly narrowed at the base4 ,the yellow briar grows in sandy soil from ,oklahoma and ,texas to ,florida1 blooming in ,june4 ,,senna ,,family 7,cassiaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,redbud ,trees1 shrubs1 or rarely herbs2 leaves usually once or twice pinnate2 flowers mostly showy2 sepals #e2 petals #e2 stamens mostly #aj2 ovary #a-;celled2 fruit a pod4 ,texas ,redbud 7,cercis reniformis7 is one of the handsomest shrubs of the limestone hill region of ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,the pea-shaped flowers appear on last year's wood in ,february or ,march1 often remaining lovely for a month before the leaves appear4 ,the leaves are a glossy green above1 rounded and sometimes deeply notched or kidney-shaped 7reniform71 and usually #c-d in4 broad4 ,the clusters of numerous red seed-pods are very conspicuous in the summer and autumn4 ,the flat pods have a narrow wing on one side and are pointed at both ends1 #b-c in4 long and over in4 broad4 ,the ,canadian or eastern redbud is found in the northern and eastern part of the state4 ,it has smaller flowers and very pointed leaves4 ,the western redbud grows in the mountainous region of the state and has similar leaves but smaller flowers4 ,the ,asiatic redbud is called ,judas-tree because ,judas is supposed to have hanged himself from one of the trees4 ,redbud flowers1 served either fried or pickled for salads1 are sometimes eaten by people4 ,it is an excellent shrub or small tree for highway and garden planting4 ,illustration3 ,,two-,,leaved ,,senna ,two-,leaved ,senna 7,cassia roemeriana7 gets its common name from the two spreading leaflets into which the leaf is divided4 ,they are #a-b in4 long and have a slender stalk about the same length4 ,the stems are commonly about #h-ab in4 high1 growing from a woody perennial root4 ,the sparsely-flowered clusters of yellow flowers appear from spring until fall4 ,the seed-pods are about an inch long and half an inch wide4 ,this senna is very abundant from ,central ,texas into ,mexico and ,new ,mexico4 ,it bears the name of ,roemer1 a geologist sent from ,germany to study the geology of the grant made to the ,german colonists at ,new ,braunfels4 ,he was in ,texas from #ahde to #ahdg1 visited and botanized with ,lindheimer at ,new ,braunfels1 and carried many new ,texas plants back to ,germany4 ,the senna group is very large and mainly tropical in distribution1 many species being noted for medicinal properties4 ,the coffee senna 7,cassia occidentalis7 and the ,american senna 7,cassia marilandica7 are common weeds in the eastern part of the state4 ,the velvet-leaved or ,lindheimer's senna grows in the western part of the state4 ,illustration3 ,,partridge ,,pea ,partridge ,pea4 ,prairie ,senna 7,chamaecrista fasciculata7 is also called large-flowered sensitive pea1 dwarf cassia1 and magoty-boy-bean4 ,it blooms in the summer months and is very abundant in sandy soil in ,central and ,eastern ,texas1 ranging to ,mexico and the northern part of the ,united ,states4 ,the oblong leaves have #h-ad pairs of linear leaflets and a conspicuous orange or brown gland near the base4 ,the flowers have five yellow petals1 somewhat unequal and irregular in shape4 ,several buds grow on a short stalk between the leaves1 but usually only one flower on the stalk opens at a time4 ,it is an erect annual plant growing about #b feet high and often widely branched above4 ,the pods are flattened1 about in4 wide and #b in4 long4 ,several shrubs of the senna family are popular in ,texas gardens1 among them the bird-of-paradise 7,poinciana gilliesii74 ,it is a ,south ,american plant with showy yellow flowers which have #aj long brilliant red stamens protruding #c-e inches from the flower4 ,illustration3 ,,retama4 ,,horse ,,bean ,retama4 ,horse ,bean 7,parkinsonia aculeata7 is also known as ,jerusalem-thorn1 shower-of-gold1 and palo verde1 the latter meaning 8green timber0 from the green trunk and branches4 ,it forms a spiny shrub or small tree with long1 graceful1 somewhat drooping branches1 bearing bundles of leaves and sprays of yellow flowers4 ,the long divided leaves are somewhat unusual4 ,the leaf-stalks are green1 broad1 and flattened1 performing the functions of the small leaflets which often drop off quite early4 ,the #e yellow petals are almost equal1 but one bears a honey gland at its base and soon becomes red1 remaining on the stalk longer than the others4 ,the pods are #c-e in4 long1 very narrow and constricted between the seeds4 ,it ranges from ,central ,texas to ,mexico and tropical ,america1 bearing a profusion of blooms through the warm months after rains4 ,besides being a very ornamental shrub of value in landscaping1 the plant has various other uses4 ,the seeds are edible and have long been used as food by ,indians1 ,mexicans1 and many animals4 ,mrs4 ,quillin1 author of ,texas ,wild ,flowers1 reports the use in the treatment of diabetes of a tea the ,mexicans make from the branches and leaves4 ,,krameria ,,family 7,krameriaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,sand-,,bur ,shrubs or perennials1 leaves small2 flowers irregular2 sepals #d-e1 petal-like2 petals #d-e1 smaller than sepals2 stamens #c-d1 united at base2 fruit woody1 armed with spines4 ,prairie ,sand-,bur4 ,linear-,leaved ,krameria 7,krameria lanceolata7 is not the sand-bur of the grass family with which all children of the ,south are familiar2 however1 the burs are just as spiny1 but are densely covered with white hairs4 ,the flowers and short silky leaves grow on prostrate branches from a thick woody root4 ,the #e wine-red sepals may be mistaken for the petals which are smaller than the sepals and tinged with green1 the #c upper being united4 ,the flowers are about an inch broad4 ,the plant is not conspicuous but is quite abundant in dry1 rocky soil from ,kansas to ,mexico1 blooming from ,april to ,june4 ,several shrubby kramerias grow in the southwestern part of the state4 ,the name is in honor of an ,austrian physician1 ,johann ,kramer4 ,medicinal properties are reported for some of the species4 ,chacate 7,kameria grayi7 is a densely branched shrub1 #a-c ft4 high1 with purple flowers4 ,the bark of the root is used by ,mexicans in dyeing leather a reddish-brown4 ,it is found in the mountains of ,west ,texas and ,mexico4 ,,pea ,,family 7,fabaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,mountain ,,laurel ,leaves simple or compound2 flowers pea-shaped2 sepals #e1 united in a tube2 petals #e2 stamens often #aj and united in #a or #b groups2 fruit a #a-;celled pod4 ,texas ,mountain ,laurel 7,sophora secundiflora7 is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing on limestone hillsides from ,texas to ,new ,mexico and ,mexico2 it is particularly abundant in ,southwest-,central ,texas4 ,the dense clusters of violet-blue flowers1 at their best in the latter part of ,march but blooming earlier or later in different sections1 are very showy against the glossy dark-green1 leathery leaves4 ,many variations in color exist in nature from dark violet-blue to violet-tinged and white4 ,the flowers have a strong1 heavy scent which is disagreeable to most people4 ,the brilliant scarlet beans1 which mature in a few weeks1 contain a poisonous alkaloid4 ,the ,texas mountain laurel is not at all related to the southern mountain laurel 7,kalmia latifolia71 a rose-flowered shrub of the heath family4 ,the sophoras have retained the ,arabian name and include in their group many handsome ornamental shrubs1 among which is the ,japan pagoda tree4 ,the ,texas sophora can be readily grown from seed but is seldom successfully transplanted4 ,illustration3 ,,bush ,,pea ,bush ,pea4 ,large-,bracted ,false ,indigo 7,baptisia bracteata7 is sometimes called hen-and-chickens pea from the growth habit of the plant4 ,the clusters of cream-colored flowers grow downward and peep out from the bushy leaf-growth4 ,the flowers are about #a in4 long1 and the #c gray-green leaflets are #a-c in4 long4 ,it grows on sandy slopes or moist prairies from the eastern part of ,texas to ,minnesota and ,south ,carolina1 blooming in ,texas in ,april4 ,texas ,bluebonnet 7,lupinus texensis7 7see frontispiece7 was widely known in pioneer days as buffalo clover4 ,it grows in great abundance on limestone hillsides between the ,brazos and ,pecos ,rivers from ,dallas southward into ,mexico4 ,seed-houses sell the ,texas bluebonnet under the name of ,lupinus subcarnosus1 the bluebonnet of sandy areas4 ,it has narrower flower spikes and rounded leaf-tips4 ,several other lupines are found in ,texas but are not very common4 ,the name is from the ,latin meaning 8wolf10 because it was thought the plants ruined the fertility of the soil4 ,on the contrary1 the lupines are excellent fertilizers1 as the small nodules on the roots contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria which add to the soil nitrates4 ,it blooms from ,march to early ,may4 ,the bluebonnet was adopted as the state flower in #aija4 ,illustration3 ,,indigo-,,plant ,indigo-,plant4 ,scarlet ,pea 7,indigofera leptosepala7 has prostrate branches growing from a woody root4 ,the short1 erect spikes of scarlet1 pea-shaped flowers are borne near the ends of the branches1 blooming from early spring until late summer1 their blossoms forming an ever-increasing scarlet circle after each rain4 ,the leaves are divided into #e-i leaflets1 narrowed at the base and about half an inch long4 ,a small amount of indigo may be extracted from the foliage4 ,while this is not a very conspicuous plant1 it is one of the most widely distributed in the state and ranges to ,mexico1 ,kansas1 and ,florida4 ,the indigo-plant belongs to a large group1 mostly tropical1 and many species1 as the name indicates1 are indigo-bearing4 ,commercial indigo1 now a coal-tar product1 was formerly obtained from a shrub 7,indigofera tinctoria7 introduced for cultivation into ,south ,carolina in #agdb4 ,several shrubby species of indigo-plants are found in the state1 but none of them are very abundant4 ,illustration3 ,,golden ,,dalea ,,purple ,,prairie ,,clover ,golden ,parosela or ,dalea 7,parosela aurea7 may not be recognized at first glance as a member of the pea family1 since the flowers grow in dense clusters at the top of erect branches1 #a-a ft4 high1 which grow from a thick1 woody root4 ,the yellow flowers are small and pea-shaped1 with a calyx which has slender1 silky-plumose lobes4 ,it may be found on chalky slopes of prairies from ,texas to ,missouri and ,south ,dakota in ,june and ,july4 ,several shrubby paroselas1 very handsome when in full bloom1 are found in the southwestern part of the state4 ,purple parosela 7,parosela pogonathera7 is a vivid1 reddish-purple flowered species of the southwestern part4 ,purple ,prairie ,clover 7,petalostemon purpurea7 is quite similar to the golden parosela in its growth habit1 narrow glandular leaflets1 and head-like flower clusters4 ,it grows on prairies from ,minnesota to ,texas4 ,the white prairie clover 7,petalostemon multiflorum71 with ball-shaped clusters of white flowers1 is common on prairies from ,kansas to ,texas4 ,both prairie clovers bloom in ,june and ,july4 ,illustration3 ,,larger ,,ground ,,plum ,larger ,ground ,plum 7,geoprumnon mexicanum7 blooms with the first flowers of spring1 forming conspicuous clumps on prairies from ,illinois to ,nebraska and ,texas4 ,the spreading prostrate branches grow #f-ab in4 long and are covered with spike-like clusters of pale-purple flowers4 ,the fleshy pods soon turn red and plum-like1 maturing several weeks after flowering4 ,the pods are edible and may be found in prairie-dog holes among the foods these animals have stored for the winter4 ,loco ,weeds are closely related to the ground plum1 two of them being found in ,texas and causing much loss to stockmen4 ,they cause a slow poisoning of horses1 sheep1 and cattle but are particularly injurious to horses4 ,the poisoning is chiefly due to the barium salts in the plant and is characterized by symptoms of staggering1 some paralysis1 and emaciation4 ,the woolly loco weed 7,astragalus mollissimus7 has woolly leaves with #ai-bg oval leaflets about half an inch long and spikes of violet-purple flowers4 ,the stemless loco weed 7,oxytropis lamberti7 has basal leaves with #i-ai nearly linear leaflets about an inch long4 ,both are common on the plains1 but the latter ranges into ,southern ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,climbing ,,vetch ,,nuttall',s ,,milk ,,vetch ,nuttall's ,milk ,vetch4 ,turkey ,pea 7,hamosa nuttalliana7 is a low plant with few-flowered clusters of small flowers4 ,although it is inconspicuous1 it is so common in yards and fields from ,arkansas to ,arizona that many people are familiar with it4 ,it blooms in ,march in the southern part and ,may and ,june in the northern part of its range4 ,the narrow pods are slightly curved and nearly an inch long4 ,there are several hamosas with similar pods which are common in the state4 ,texas ,climbing ,vetch 7,vicia texana7 has prostrate branches1 #a-b ft4 long1 and divided leaves terminating in branched tendrils by which the branches climb over the low plants with which they come in contact4 ,clusters of the dainty1 pale bluish-purple flowers appear in late ,march and ,april1 the plants forming masses of bloom along roadsides in the sandy regions of the state from ,central ,texas to ,arkansas and ,mississippi4 ,many of the climbing vetches are planted for cover crops1 and one is a garden bean4 ,many of the garden beans belong to the ,phaseolus group1 among these being the tepary bean 7,phaseolus acutifolius latifolius71 a native bean from ,west ,texas to ,arizona4 ,illustration3 ,,coral-,,bean ,coral-,bean 7,erythrina herbacea7 grows in woods along the coast from ,texas to ,north ,carolina4 ,it has erect1 herbaceous stems growing from a woody root4 ,the flowers appear before the leaves in spike-like clusters at the ends of the branches4 8,erythrina0 is from the ,greek1 meaning 8red0 and refers to the color of the flowers1 which are over an inch long and have the upper petal wrapped around the other petals4 ,the leaves are #f-h in4 long and slender-stalked2 they are divided into #c broad leaflets4 ,the coral-bean belongs to a group of highly ornamental tropical plants4 ,it does well in cultivation in ,southern and ,central ,texas but is not suitable for a cut-flower1 as the flowers soon drop off4 ,the red beans are often used for necklaces4 ,when the pods begin to open1 the clusters may be gathered for winter decorations4 ,the coral-tree 7,erythrina cristagalli7 from ,brazil is common in cultivation and has broader and showier flowers than the coral-bean4 ,,geranium ,,family 7,geraniaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,crane',s ,,bill ,,stork',s ,,bill ,leaves simple or compound2 sepals #d-e2 petals mostly #e2 stamens #e1 #aj1 or #ae1 more or less united at base2 carpels #c-e1 prolonged into styles4 ,crane's ,bill4 ,texas ,geranium 7,geranium texanum7 is very much like the ,carolina geranium4 ,the small white flowers are inconspicuous1 but the seed capsules with their long beaks resembling the crane's bill are very noticeable4 ,the scientific name is from the ,greek meaning 8crane40 ,the ,texas geranium differs from the ,carolina geranium in having pitted seed and fewer flowers4 ,the cultivated geraniums belong to the ,pelargonium group4 ,stork's ,bill4 ,pine ,needle 7,erodium texanum7 has fruits similar to the ,texas geranium1 but the beaks are much longer1 #a-b in4 long4 ,the short-stalked flowers are quite showy while they are open1 but they close in the heat of the day4 ,the wine-red petals are marked with delicate purple veins4 ,the low spreading branches are #b-ab in4 long4 ,this plant grows on rocky limestone hillsides from ,texas to ,california and blooms in ,april and ,may4 ,pin-,clover4 ,filaree4 ,alfilaria 7,erodium cicutarium7 has finely-divided1 lacy leaves and small pink flowers4 ,it is used in some places as a forage crop4 ,,flax ,,family 7,linaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,prairie ,,flax ,leaves simple2 sepals usually #e1 free or united at base2 petals usually #e1 soon falling2 stamens #e1 united at base2 styles #c-e1 thread-like2 capsules #c-e-;celled4 ,blue ,prairie ,flax 7,linum lewisii7 has lovely sky-blue flowers1 #a-a in4 across4 ,the petals are veined with purple and drop off in the heat of the day or upon being disturbed4 ,this flax is a slender1 branched plant with a perennial root4 ,it is very abundant on the prairies in the vicinity of ,ft4 ,worth and ,dallas1 blooming there in ,may1 and ranges to ,arizona and ,southern ,canada4 ,it may grow #a-b ft4 high1 but in ,texas it is often only about #h in4 high4 ,this flax is very much like the ,european perennial flax 7,linum perenne7 and the cultivated flax 7,linum usitatissimum71 from which flax fiber is obtained4 8,linum0 is the ancient ,latin name for the flax plants4 ,many of them are showy plants of horticultural importance2 for even though the flowers last only a few hours1 the plants bear a profusion of blooms4 ,they are valuable for ,texas gardens1 as they do best in sunny places4 ,flaxes may often be identified by the dropping off of the petals4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,prairie ,,flax ,yellow ,prairie ,flax 7,linum sulcatum7 is a leafy1 much-branched plant1 #h-af in4 tall1 with large yellow petals1 orange-red and veined at the base4 ,the leaves are narrow1 about #a inch long4 ,the flaxes have #e styles1 sometimes united1 as in this plant1 and sometimes separate1 but often remaining on the capsule until the seeds are shed4 ,the yellow flaxes are sometimes separated from the blue-flowered ones and called ,cathartolinum4 ,there are many of them in the state1 most of them so closely related that only an expert can distinguish them4 ,they bloom from ,march until ,june4 ,in the southern part the commonest one is the dwarf flax 7,linum multicaule71 which has its stems densely covered with short leaves4 ,linum rigidum is a large-flowered flax with stiff stems common on prairies from ,texas to ,southern ,canada4 ,it has been reported as poisonous to sheep in the ,pecos ,valley4 ,,wood-,,sorrel ,,family 7,oxalidaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,drummond',s ,,wood-,,sorrel ,leaves digitately or pinnately divided2 sepals #e2 petals #e2 stamens #aj1 slightly united at base2 ovary #e-;celled2 styles #e1 free2 fruit a capsule4 ,drummond's ,wood-,sorrel 7,oxalis drummondii7 is also called sour-grass1 vinegar-grass1 oxalis1 and violet wood-sorrel4 ,it grows in dry soil from ,central ,texas to ,new ,mexico1 blooming in the late summer and fall4 ,it has flowers like the violet wood-sorrel with similar basal leaves growing from a bulb4 ,as a rule1 the plants and flowers are larger and the leaflets are crescent-shaped4 ,oxalis flowers usually open in bright sunlight1 and the leaves close at night4 ,violet ,wood-,sorrel 7,oxalis violaceae7 is very abundant in the woods of ,east ,texas and on into the ,western ,united ,states4 ,the plants are generally about six inches high4 ,children often eat the leaves1 but a considerable quantity will cause violent convulsions4 ,the poisoning is due to the presence of oxalic acid crystals1 which give a sour taste to the leaves4 ,the bulbs of many wood-sorrels are potted in the fall to provide house flowers in ,february and ,march4 ,drummond's wood-sorrel makes an excellent border plant4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,wood-,,sorrel ,yellow ,wood-,sorrel 7,oxalis texana7 is a large flowered wood-sorrel in ,east ,texas4 ,the golden-yellow petals are about in4 long4 ,the flower stalk is about twice the length of the stem and leaves4 ,it differs from the large-flowered wood-sorrel of the ,southern ,states 7,oxalis macrantha7 by having smooth instead of hairy stamen filaments4 ,many of the yellow wood-sorrels are common weeds throughout the state4 ,there are many different species4 ,the white or pink-flowered wood-sorrel 7,oxalis acetosella7 is considered by many people as the shamrock of ,ireland2 but others consider white clover 7,trifolium repens7 as the true shamrock4 ,dichondra-,leaved ,wood-,sorrel 7,oxalis dichondraefolia7 is a low plant of ,southern ,texas and ,mexico which has pale yellow flowers like the yellow wood-sorrels1 but the leaflets differ in being rounded and entire and resemble the leaves of the dichondras 7see page #aja74 ,,milkwort ,,family 7,polygalaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,milkwort ,,white ,,milkwort ,,purple ,,milkwort ,flowers pea-shaped2 sepals #e1 the #b inner larger and often petal-like2 petals #c or #e1 the lower concave1 often fringed2 stamens #h1 united1 opening by apical pores2 fruit a #b-;celled capsule4 ,pink or ,bitter ,milkwort 7,polygala polygama7 is a showy-flowered milkwort growing in sandy woods in ,east ,texas4 ,it has erect branches with slender clusters of pink flowers about in4 long and horizontal branches under the soil bearing closed flowers which are self-fertilized4 ,it blooms in ,texas in ,april4 ,white ,milkwort 7,polygala alba7 has densely-flowered spikes of greenish-white flowers1 the buds often tinged with purple4 ,a drug obtained from the dried root is used as an irritant4 ,like the closely related ,seneca snake-root 7,polygala senega71 it probably contains saponin1 which will dissolve the red blood-corpuscles4 ,the roots of the latter are used in medicine to produce vomiting and as an antidote for snake-bite4 ,the white milkwort is common on prairies and chalky slopes from ,montana to ,mexico from ,april to ,july4 ,purple ,milkwort 7,polygala puberula7 grows in the mountains of ,west ,texas1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 ,it has much larger seed capsules than the two preceding4 ,the capsule is one of the chief features for identifying the milkworts1 being #b-;celled and flattened4 ,,spurge ,,family 7,euphorbiaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,bull ,,nettle ,flowers staminate and pistillate1 often borne in an involucre2 sepals sometimes reduced or absent2 petals usually absent2 stamens #a to #a1jjj2 styles free or united at base2 fruit usually a #c-lobed capsule4 ,bull ,nettle 7,cnidoscolus texanus71 also called tread-softly1 spurge-nettle1 and 8mala mujer0 7bad woman71 is a vicious plant thickly clothed with stinging hairs and bearing clusters of tubular white flowers quite similar to the tuberose in appearance and fragrance4 ,the plants grow #b-c ft4 high4 ,the upper flowers bear stamens1 and the flowers in the lower forks of the cluster produce seeds4 ,the seed-capsules resemble those of other members of the spurge family in being nearly ball-shaped and deeply three-lobed4 ,the seeds are large1 edible1 and very palatable4 ,the plants are very abundant in waste places and sandy soil from ,texas to ,arkansas and ,oklahoma1 blooming from late spring until fall4 ,some familiar commercial products are obtained from members of the spurge family2 e4g41 rubber1 tapioca1 and castor oil4 ,in horticulture1 the cactus-like spurges and the ,christmas poinsettia are well-known favorites4 ,the ,chinese tallow-tree 7,sapium sebiferum7 is used as an ornamental tree1 its leaves being very decorative in the fall4 ,illustration3 ,,snow-,,on-,,the-,,mountain ,snow-on-the-,mountain4 ,ghost-,weed 7,euphorbia bicolor7 grows in great abundance on the plains of ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 ,louisiana1 and ,texas1 being especially thick along dry creek margins4 ,the plants are lovely in late ,august and ,september1 their showy appearance being due to the green and white leaves surrounding the flower clusters4 ,it bears rather unusual flowers which yield a poisonous honey4 ,the green calyx-like structure is an involucre bearing numerous flowers1 each consisting of a single stamen or pistil4 ,around the top of the involucre are #d-e small glands each bearing a white appendage which is mistaken for the petals4 ,the cultivated snow-on-the-mountain 7,euphorbia marginata7 has broader and shorter leaves4 ,it is native on hillsides of ,central ,texas north to ,minnesota4 ,texas ,croton 7,croton texensis7 is a weed1 #b-c ft4 high1 growing in conspicuous masses1 particularly in the western part of the state4 ,the flowers are inconspicuous among the gray-green foliage1 the widely branched stems bearing numerous linear leaves4 ,the fragrant leaves and stems from some of the crotons are gathered and dried by the ,mexicans to use for tea or meat seasoning4 ,,holly ,,family 7,aquifoliaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,yaupon ,trees or shrubs1 mostly evergreen2 sepals #c-f2 petals #d-e2 stamens #d-e1 opposite petals2 carpels #c or more2 fruit a drupe4 ,yaupon4 ,cassine 7,ilex vomitoria7 with dark glossy evergreen leaves and red berries forms lovely hedges along the highways and fields and is scattered through woods in ,central and ,east ,texas1 ranging to ,virginia4 ,the berries1 an excellent bird food1 usually remain on the shrubs until the small white flowers appear in late ,march or ,april4 ,the plant forms a dense widely-branched shrub1 which is of slow growth and very desirable for hedges4 ,as the berries are produced on separate bushes from the pollen-bearing flowers1 care should be taken to plant those producing berries if ornamental shrubs are desired4 ,cassine tea is made from the leaves1 but it is bitter and contains much caffein and tannin4 ,like the ,american holly1 which grows in ,east ,texas1 the yaupon is being exterminated for ,christmas decorations4 ,the deciduous holly 7,ilex decidua7 has larger leaves1 which are shed in the early fall1 and larger orange-red berries1 which remain on the shrub or tree until late winter4 ,,buckeye ,,family 7,aesculaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,buckeye ,leaves digitate2 calyx tubular1 #e-lobed2 petals #d-e1 unequal2 stamens #e-h1 inserted on disk2 capsules leathery1 usually #c-;celled2 seeds large1 shining4 ,southern ,buckeye 7,aesculus discolor7 is a handsome shrub or small tree with showy spike-like clusters of deep red or yellow flowers4 ,the yellow-flowered shrub formerly known as ,aesculus octandra is now called variety flavescens4 ,the finely-toothed leaves are a glossy dark green above and whitish beneath4 ,the red flowers have a red tubular calyx and #d red petals1 and the yellow variety has all-yellow flowers4 ,seldom more than #b large brown seed develop in the #c-lobed leathery capsule4 ,the seeds and young shoots of buckeyes are usually considered poisonous1 those of the horse chestnut 7,aesculus hippocastanum7 being especially so4 ,soap may be obtained from the roots and a black dye from the wood4 ,western ,buckeye 7,aesculus arguta7 is a yellow-flowered buckeye with leaves divided into #g-i leaflets4 ,it is found along streams in the western part of the state north to ,iowa and ,missouri4 ,the buckeyes bloom in ,march or ,april4 ,they shed their leaves quite early in the fall and are conspicuous in the winter because of their large buds4 ,,mallow ,,family 7,malvaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,mallow ,,large-,,flowered ,,sida ,leaves mostly palmately nerved2 sepals #c-e1 more or less united2 petals #e2 stamens numerous1 united into a column2 style branched above4 ,indian ,mallow 7,abutilon incanum7 is a much branched plant1 commonly #b-d ft4 tall1 with rather small ovate leaves1 and yellow flowers nearly an inch across4 ,it is a profuse bloomer in the summer and fall4 ,like other abutilons1 it is sometimes called flowering maple because of the maple-like leaves1 and may be easily recognized by the seed-capsules1 which are about inch high and divided into #g-i cells4 ,the flowers are typical of the mallow group1 having #e separate petals and numerous stamens united in a tube around the styles4 ,the plants grow in dry soil from ,arkansas to ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,large-,flowered ,sida 7,sida texana7 is a common perennial plant in the sandy regions of ,south ,texas4 ,the slender1 erect stems bear a few linear-oblong leaves1 paler below1 and long slender-stalked flowers4 ,the flowers are pale orange-yellow and have the irregularly-lobed petals characteristic of the sidas4 ,the mallow family includes the commercial plants cotton and okra1 and numerous ornamentals1 such as hibiscus1 hollyhock1 and althea4 ,illustration3 ,,copper ,,mallow ,,red ,,star-,,mallow ,copper ,mallow 7,sphralcea pedatifida7 is often confused with the following mallow1 but may be distinguished by its thin leaves clothed with a few star-shaped hairs1 the #c linear leaves 7bractlets7 under the calyx1 and the seed capsules1 which have one seed in each division completely filling the cell4 ,both have upper leaves divided into #e parts and lower leaves into #c parts4 ,this plant is a low1 spreading perennial which forms clumps about #a ft4 broad4 ,it grows in sandy or gravelly soil1 ,southwestern ,texas1 in ,april and ,may4 ,several copper mallows are very abundant in the ,southwest4 ,red ,star-,mallow 7,malvastrum coccineum7 also has star-shaped hairs on the leaves1 but they are very dense and give the leaves a gray1 scurfy appearance4 ,the cells are usually #a-seeded with an empty terminal portion above4 ,the plant is also called prairie mallow1 red false mallow1 and rose moss4 ,it grows in low clumps1 spreading or erect1 on prairies from ,texas to ,southern ,canada and blooms from ,may to ,august4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,apple ,mexican ,apple4 ,turk's ,cap 7,malvaviscus drummondii7 is also called red mallow4 ,the showy red flowers somewhat resemble a ,turkish fez4 ,the broad petals remain closely wrapped around one another at the base but spreading above2 the stamen column is conspicuously prolonged beyond the petals4 ,the red apple-like fruits are nearly an inch broad and half as high4 ,they have a delicious flavor and may be eaten raw or cooked4 ,the fruits ripen in the late summer and fall1 a few weeks after the blooms appear4 ,they begin to dry soon after ripening and split into sections1 scattering the seeds which are borne in the center4 ,the plants are perennial1 the leafy stems branching and spreading1 forming a clump which is commonly #b-c feet high4 ,growing abundantly in shade along streams in the central and southern parts of the state and in moist woods in ,east ,texas1 it ranges from ,florida to ,mexico4 ,it is a desirable plant for cultivation and is hardier but not as showy1 as the large-flowered ,turk's cap 7,malvaviscus grandiflora71 a ,mexican plant now widely cultivated for ornamental purposes in ,south ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,hollyhock ,,wine ,,cup ,wild ,hollyhock4 ,wine ,cup4 ,fringed ,poppy-,mallow 7,callirrho digitata7 grows in dry soil from ,illinois and ,kansas to ,texas1 blooming in ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,it is a perennial1 #a-a ft4 high1 with smooth1 erect1 gray-green stems topped by the flower cluster4 ,the cup-shaped flowers are on slender stalks1 the lower longer than the upper4 ,the upper leaves are divided into #a-c linear divisions and the lower into #e-g divisions4 ,the petals vary in color from cherry-red to pink and white1 often being quite fringed across the top4 ,the slightly yellow stamens are borne in a dense oblong column from which the #aj red styles appear after the flower has been opened several days4 ,wine ,cup4 ,red ,poppy-,mallow 7,callirrho involucrata7 is the common poppy-mallow throughout the state and ranges from ,minnesota to ,mexico1 a solitary flower standing erect from a prostrate branch4 ,the five-pointed leaves are more or less divided or lobed1 sometimes with very linear divisions4 ,covering acres and acres of the southern coastal prairie in ,march and ,april1 and more or less common on the drier prairies1 this wine cup is a favorite flower4 ,white and pink forms of it exist1 but the wine-red color is predominant4 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,rose4 ,,pavonia ,rock ,rose4 ,pavonia4 ,pink ,mallow 7,pavonia lasiopetala7 has attractive1 deep-pink flowers1 which are broadly spreading1 about #a in4 wide4 ,the plant is branching and shrubby1 commonly growing about #b ft4 high1 with ovate or rounded leaves #a-b in4 long4 ,it is not extremely showy but makes an excellent low shrub for the garden and will produce an abundance of blossoms from late spring until fall4 ,it is found in dry1 rocky woods from ,central ,texas to ,mexico4 ,pavonia gets its name from the botanist1 ,j4 ,pavon1 who worked particularly with ,south ,american plants4 ,several ,south ,american species are in cultivation4 ,the ,texas pavonia is being introduced in gardens and rivals the shrubby althea as a summer bloomer1 but the plants and flowers are much smaller4 ,,violet ,,family 7,violaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,missouri ,,violet ,,lance-,,leaved ,,violet ,small or leafy stipules on leaves2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 the lower usually larger and spurred2 flowers often cleistogamous2 fruit usually a capsule4 ,missouri ,violet 7,viola missouriensis7 grows in low grounds and moist woods from ,missouri to ,louisiana and ,texas1 the flowers blooming in ,texas in ,march and ,april4 ,they are very much like the common cultivated violet 7,viola odorata7 introduced from ,europe4 ,water or ,lance-,leaved ,violet 7,viola lanceolata7 is a small violet found in swampy places in ,east ,texas and north to ,nova ,scotia4 ,it resembles the white violet1 ,viola vittata1 so abundant on the ,coastal ,plain1 which has narrower leaves and is taller4 ,about twenty different violets have been reported from the state1 mostly from the eastern part4 ,the bird's-foot violet 7,viola pedata7 comes into ,east ,texas4 ,it has large flowers1 #a-a in4 across1 the #c lower petals much lighter than the dark purple upper ones4 ,it resembles the cultivated pansy1 which1 however1 has been derived from ,viola tricolor of ,great ,britain4 ,the native violets bloom from ,february to ,may4 ,,loasa ,,family 7,loasaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,prairie-,,lily ,,stiff ,,nuttallia ,usually herbs which are clothed with rough1 bristly hairs2 sepals usually #e1 calyx tube joined to ovary2 petals usually #e2 stamens numerous1 the outer petal-like2 ovary inferior4 ,prairie-,lily4 ,showy ,mentzelia 7,mentzelia decapetala7 is a handsome-flowered plant which ranges from the ,panhandle to ,southern ,canada4 ,the large flowers1 #c-e inches across1 greatly resemble those of the cactus group and have the same tendency to open in the afternoon4 ,the stout1 branching plant grows #b-b feet high4 ,the stems are quite conspicuous1 as they soon become white and shining2 the leaves are noticeable because they cling very closely to the clothing by means of barbed hairs4 ,this clinging characteristic is responsible for the ,mexican name of 8buena mujer0 7good woman71 applied to this and other similar species4 ,stiff ,nuttallia 7,mentzelia stricta7 has smaller1 paler flowers1 but otherwise it is very much like the showy mentzelia except for the small leaves on the seed capsule4 ,it grows in sandy soil1 blooming in the summer and fall4 ,other common names include stick-leaf1 poor-man's patches1 star flower1 and good woman4 ,bartonia aurea of garden culture is a member of the group which was introduced from ,california4 ,illustration3 ,,low ,,prickly ,,pear ,,texas ,,prickly ,,pear ,,cactus ,,family 7,cactaceae7 ,succulent herbs and shrubs2 stems usually spiny and leafless2 sepals and petals not differentiated1 few or many2 stamens many2 ovary inferior2 fruit pulpy1 often edible4 ,devil's ,tongue4 ,low ,prickly ,pear 7,opuntia humifusa7 grows in dry1 rocky or sandy soil from ,texas to ,missouri1 the flowers blooming in ,may and ,june and the fruits ripening to a rose-red in the late summer and fall4 ,the flat-jointed stems are often oval but vary in shape and in the number of large spines growing from the spine cushions scattered over the stems4 ,sometimes no spines are present1 but often #a-b occur along the margins4 ,numerous short leaves1 which are present only in the spring in this and other cacti1 grow from the spine cushions4 ,the spine cushions also bear dense clusters of slender1 short brown spines4 ,the flowers are yellow with red centers1 #c-d in4 broad1 widely spreading4 ,like many other cacti1 they open in bright sunlight4 ,the plant is low and has tuberous roots4 ,texas ,prickly ,pear4 ,lindheimer's ,cactus 7,opuntia lindheimeri7 has flowers which are yellow upon opening but which take on a lovely saffron-red the next day4 ,flowers of both colors are often present on the same joint4 ,the large purple pear-shaped fruits are edible and ripen in the summer and fall4 ,the plants often grow in large clumps and attain a great height4 ,the spine cushions of the oval joints bear #b-c rather short1 stout1 stiff spines4 ,it is the common prickly pear from ,central ,texas south into ,mexico4 ,the pencil cactus or tasajillo 7,opuntia leptocaulis71 conspicuous for its small stems and bright red fruits1 is abundant in the state and ,mexico4 8,cholla10 or walking-stick cactus 7,opuntia imbricata71 with long slender stems and purple flowers1 is common on western plains4 ,the cactus family has numerous representatives in ,texas1 but drastic legislation is needed to save some of the natural beauty spots of the western part of the state4 ,the showy 8viznaga0 or barrel-cactus1 used in making cactus candy1 is almost exterminated in the vicinity of ,el ,paso2 and cactus fanciers are making great ravages on many others4 ,the fruits of many are edible2 the young leaves of the prickly pears are cooked for greens2 and the stems are used for cattle feed after the spines have been burned4 ,,loosestrife ,,family 7,lythraceae7 ,illustration3 ,,lance-,,leaved ,,loosestrife ,leaves opposite or whorled2 sepals #d-f1 united into a tube2 petals #d-f1 or absent1 attached on calyx tube2 stamens few or many2 ovary superior4 ,lance-,leaved ,loosestrife 7,lythrum lanceolatum7 grows in low grounds or swamps from ,texas to ,oklahoma and ,south ,carolina4 ,the loosestrife family is close kin to the evening-primrose family and has #d-f petals borne above the seed capsule4 8,lythrum0 is from the ,greek meaning 8gore0 and refers to the red-purple color of some of the flowers4 ,the common name of loosestrife comes from an old legend that they free from strife4 ,the plant has slender stems #b-d ft4 high and numerous flowers borne in loose spikes4 ,the short1 narrow leaves are seldom more than #a-b in4 long4 ,the delicate petals are somewhat darker veined and do not last long4 ,it blooms in the late spring and summer4 ,crape ,myrtle 7,lagerstroemia indica71 native of ,china or ,india1 is widely cultivated in the state and is being planted along highways4 ,it has escaped cultivation in the woods in ,east ,texas4 ,it is a shrub or small tree which is covered during the summer months with a profusion of white1 pink1 lavender1 or rose flowers4 ,,evening-,,primrose ,,family 7,epilobiaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,erect ,,evening-,,primrose ,calyx joined to ovary and often produced beyond it2 petals usually #d2 stamens usually #d or #h2 ovary inferior2 seeds numerous4 ,erect ,evening-,primrose 7nothera heterophylla7 grows in sandy soil in ,florida and on the edge of post oak woods in ,south-central ,texas4 ,the plants bloom in ,april and ,may4 ,it is very much like the rhombic evening-primrose 7nothera rhombipetala7 but has slenderer1 shorter stems and is not often branched4 ,the petals are similar1 and their rhombic shape easily distinguishes both of these plants from other evening-primroses4 ,the rhombic primrose grows #b-c feet high and is very abundant throughout the sandy area of ,north-central ,texas to ,minnesota and ,indiana4 ,there are many yellow evening-primroses very much alike in flower which are usually called buttercups1 a name first applied to the crowfoots4 ,the flowers usually have four showy petals which last only a day1 opening in the late afternoons and closing in the heat of the following day4 ,the seed capsules are usually long and narrow and are borne below the petals4 ,the fireweed is a well-known member of this group4 ,the water evening-primrose 7,jussia diffusa7 is abundant in ponds in ,central and ,east ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,evening-,,primrose ,pink ,evening-,primrose4 ,pink ,buttercup 7,hartmannia tetraptera7 blooms best in ,april1 but a few scattered plants may continue to bloom through the summer months4 ,it is a perennial plant which does well in cultivation4 ,white1 pink1 blush1 and other shades were introduced by ,childs in #ahib from seeds collected in ,texas and were known as the ,mexican evening-primrose4 ,the earlier flowers are usually much larger than those which bloom late in the season4 ,the flowers are cup-shaped1 #b-d inches broad1 with #d broad petals marked with deeper-colored veining and greenish-yellow at the base4 ,the sepals are united into a narrow tube above the seed capsule and below the petals4 ,this tube is about as long as the capsule1 sometimes a little shorter4 ,the sepals do not overlap1 are slow about splitting1 and are pushed to one side of the flower by the opening petals4 ,the seeds are borne in a club-shaped capsule which is prominently ridged1 the slender base being as long as the enlarged seed-bearing portion4 ,the stems are usually trailing and branched at the base1 sometimes forming clumps two or more feet broad4 ,the leaves are quite variable in shape but are generally oblong and narrowed at the base1 with margins ranging from entire to deeply lobed and divided4 ,the group name honors ,emanuel ,hartmann of ,louisiana2 8tetraptera0 is from the ,greek meaning 8four-winged0 and refers to the shape of the seed-capsule4 ,the plants in this group are sometimes placed with the yellow evening-primroses of the nothera group1 but characteristics other than color separate them4 ,showy ,primrose 7,hartmannia speciosa7 is a large-flowered white primrose found on plains and prairies from ,north ,texas to ,missouri4 ,the seed-capsules are narrowed at the base but are not stalked1 and the calyx tube is longer than the capsule4 ,rose ,primrose 7,hartmannia rosea7 is a small-flowered primrose found in ,southern and ,southwestern ,texas and ,mexico4 ,the flowers are small1 an inch or more broad1 with rounded deep-pink petals4 ,the calyx tube is much shorter than the long-stalked capsule4 ,illustration3 ,,flutter-,,mill ,missouri ,primrose4 ,flutter-,mill4 ,broad-,winged ,evening-,primrose 7,megapterium missouriense7 clings to the side of a gravelly cliff or grows on rocky limestone hillsides from ,missouri to ,colorado and ,texas4 ,the flowers bloom in ,texas in ,april and ,may1 opening in the afternoon and closing the next morning4 ,the plants grow in low clumps about a foot high4 ,numerous flowers are borne on the stem along with the slender leaves4 ,four broad yellow petals make up the cup-shaped portion of the flower above the slender calyx-tube1 which is #d-f in4 long4 ,the seed-capsules at the base of the flower develop four broad papery wings and reach at maturity a width of #c in4 ,these broad wings are responsible for the scientific name of the plant4 ,the capsules are easily blown about by the wind1 and the seeds are widely scattered4 ,the evening-primroses usually produce large1 thready masses of pollen4 ,every child is initiated into a buttercup fraternity at some period in his life by being invited to smell of the flower and having his nose smeared with the profuse pollen4 ,illustration3 ,,square-,,bud ,,primrose ,square-,bud ,primrose4 ,day ,primrose4 ,creamcups 7,meriolix spinulosa7 has yellow cup-shaped flowers which last only twenty-four hours but which are open during the day4 ,it may readily be distinguished from other evening-primroses by the slender woody stems which soon become reddish or straw-colored4 ,the stems grow #a-a ft4 high with clusters of flowers at the top4 ,the flowers are nearly two inches broad and have four petals4 ,the short1 broad sepals are winged on the back and make the buds appear square and pointed4 ,another distinguishing feature is the disk-shaped stigma which is sometimes yellow and sometimes black or dark brown4 ,in the evening-primroses previously mentioned1 the stigma is divided into four narrow lobes4 ,the plants grow on gravelly hillsides from ,arkansas to ,mexico4 ,the slender capsules are over an inch long4 ,several other day primroses are found in the state4 ,they are all sometimes grouped with the notheras4 ,illustration3 ,,large-,,flowered ,,gaura ,,wild ,,honeysuckle ,large-,flowered or ,lindheimer's ,gaura 7,gaura lindheimeri7 is1 like other members of this group1 called kisses and wild honeysuckle because of its sweet fragrance4 ,most of them produce an abundance of nectar and make excellent honey plants4 ,this is the handsomest member of the group in ,texas and is known in cultivation as a hardy plant4 ,it is native to the prairies of ,southeast ,texas and ,louisiana and blooms from ,march to ,may4 ,the four white petals have the group characteristic of turning fan-wise toward the upper side of the flower1 and the #h long stamens and the long style hang toward the lower part4 ,only a few flowers open at one time around the spike1 but numerous buds are densely crowded above the open flowers4 ,this plant has erect-ascending branches and grows #b-e feet high4 ,prairie ,gaura4 ,wild ,honeysuckle 7,gaura brachycarpa7 sometimes grows #b-c feet high1 but is usually much lower4 ,with favorable rains1 the flowering spikes grow quite long4 ,this gaura may be recognized by its stalkless #d-;angled seed capsules4 ,it blooms on ,texas prairies in ,april and ,may4 ,many other gauras are found in the state4 ,,dogwood ,,family 7,cornaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,flowering ,,dogwood ,leaves usually opposite2 sepals usually #d1 calyx tube joined to the ovary2 petals usually #d1 or absent2 stamens #d1 alternate with the petals2 ovary inferior2 fruit a drupe4 ,flowering ,dogwood 7,cornus florida7 grows from ,massachusetts to ,ontario1 ,texas1 and ,mexico1 but few people realize that it grows very luxuriantly and is widespread in the woods of ,east ,texas4 ,the beauty of the dogwood is not in the flowers1 as one might expect1 but in the four broad white floral leaves 7bracts7 which surround the flower-cluster4 ,these bracts are a creamy white but are often tinged with pink4 ,the minute greenish-white flowers have four petals and bloom in ,march before the leaves appear4 ,the oblong scarlet fruits1 about half an inch long1 ripen in the fall4 ,it is said that dogwood gets its name from the fact that the bark of an ,english dogwood was used to treat mangy dogs4 ,another source for the name is given in a recent magazine which shows a photograph of a section of wood from a dogwood tree4 ,by means of the growth rings of the tree1 the section depicted the head of a swimming dog4 ,among the useful substances obtained from the tree are quinine from all parts1 scarlet dye from the bark1 and wood for tools4 ,enough quinine is obtained by chewing the twigs to ward off malarial fever4 ,illustration3 ,,small-,,flowered ,,dogwood ,rough-,leaved ,cornel4 ,small-,flowered ,dogwood 7,cornus asperifolia7 is hardly recognized as a dogwood because it does not have showy floral bracts4 ,the rough leaves become very lovely in the fall as the veins take on a reddish-purple color4 ,it is a very common shrub in thickets along streams or in moist ground from ,texas to ,southern ,ontario4 ,the flowers bloom in ,texas from ,april to ,june1 and the white fruits mature in the fall4 ,the fruits are about inch in diameter and contain #b seeds with a stony coat which is covered by a thin pulp4 ,the dogwood family includes several other trees and shrubs which are common in ,texas4 ,black gum 7,nyssa sylvatica7 has #b-c blue oval fruits about half an inch long in a cluster4 ,it is one of the first trees in ,east ,texas whose foliage takes on an autumnal coloring4 ,lindheimer's garrya 7,garrya lindheimeri71 an evergreen shrub with thick leathery leaves1 is very abundant in the hills of ,central and ,west ,texas4 ,it bears dense clusters of small blue berries less than inch in diameter4 ,,carrot ,,family 7,umbelliferae7 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,lace ,furrowed stems2 leaves usually much divided1 sheathing at the base2 sepals #e1 calyx tube joined to ovary2 petals #e2 stamens #e2 ovary inferior2 fruit #b-;celled1 prominently ribbed and often with resin canals4 ,prairie ,lace4 ,dwarf ,queen ,anne's ,lace 7,bifora americana7 is the pride of the ,north ,texas prairie in late ,april and ,may4 ,it is also found in ,oklahoma and ,arkansas4 ,in favorable seasons it grows in great masses with the ,indian blankets and the false coreopsis4 ,the umbrella-clusters of white flowers are very showy4 ,the plants do not have oil tubes1 as do most members of the carrot family1 and so lack the strong scent common to many4 ,it usually grows about a foot high and is widely branched at the top4 ,the leaves are finely divided with numerous thread-like divisions4 ,the flowers are one-fourth inch broad and have five notched petals which are broader than long4 ,the fruits have two ball-shaped divisions1 each about one-eighth inch in diameter and faintly ridged4 ,illustration3 ,,false ,,purple ,,thistle4 ,,eryngo ,false ,purple ,thistle4 ,eryngo 7,eryngium leavenworthii7 is not a true thistle1 but it is popularly known as one4 ,the ancient ,greeks had the same idea1 for the name 8,eryngium0 is their name for a kind of thistle4 ,correctly speaking it is a purple carrot1 as it belongs to a large group of the carrot family1 some of which are widely cultivated abroad for their striking purple foliage4 ,the flowers are clustered in an oblong head1 quite different from the dainty flower clusters of ,queen ,anne's lace4 ,other common names of this group include sea-holly1 rattlesnake master1 and button snake-root1 the two latter from their accredited property of curing snake-bites4 ,candelabrum plant is a name sometimes given which is very appropriate because of its branching habit of growth4 ,the plants grow one to three feet high1 usually in dense masses along roadsides and fields and on prairies from ,central ,texas to ,kansas4 ,in ,august the gray-green foliage of the plants is quite conspicuous against darker greens1 but it gradually takes on a royal purple hue4 ,few plants can rival it for beauty in late ,august and ,september4 ,the dense heads of purple flowers with their long1 slender dark-blue stamens add to the vividness4 ,the dried plants are often kept for winter decoration1 but the purple does not remain so intense4 ,the stems are branched at the top1 the flower heads growing on short stalks in the forks of the branches4 ,the deeply lobed leaves clasp the stem1 the leaf segments bearing many spiny-teeth4 ,a tuft of small1 rigid1 spiny leaves grows out of the top of the flower head4 ,several eryngoes are found in the state4 ,the yucca-leaved eryngo 7,eryngium aquaticum7 grows in the summer in sandy areas or low grounds from ,texas to ,minnesota and ,connecticut4 ,it bears little resemblance in habit of growth or coloring to the purple thistle4 ,most of the long leaves are clustered at the base1 and a stout flower stalk bears at the top several head-like clusters of white flowers4 ,the carrot family is a large group of plants1 most of which have lacy1 fern-like leaves and dainty umbrella-clusters of small flowers and fruit which separates into two ribbed #a-seeded divisions4 ,the plants are usually rich in oil tubes1 and some contain deadly poisons4 ,illustration3 ,,beggar',s ,,ticks ,beggar's ,ticks4 ,seed-,ticks4 ,bird's ,nest ,carrot 7,daucus pusillus7 is probably more familiar in fruit than in flower4 ,the clusters of seeds resemble a bird's nest4 ,the fact that the seeds are covered with several rows of barbed prickles makes them very difficult to remove from clothing4 ,their presence in wool renders it inferior in quality4 ,it is very abundant throughout the state from ,april to ,june and occurs in most of the ,southern and ,western ,states4 ,the small white flowers grow in a dense1 lace-like cluster at the top of slender stems #a-b ft4 high4 ,the leaves are finely divided4 ,the flower cluster is long-stalked and is surrounded by a circle of the green leaves2 thus the flowers as well as the seeds have a nest-like appearance4 ,wild ,carrot4 ,queen ,anne's ,lace 7,daucus carota71 the ancestor of the garden carrot1 was introduced from ,europe and may be found in scattered places over the state4 ,it is a larger plant than the beggar's ticks1 with very wide-spreading and dainty flower clusters4 ,it does not bloom until summer4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,dill ,wild ,dill4 ,prairie ,parsley 7,pleiotaenia nuttallii7 is a conspicuous plant on prairies throughout the state and ranges to ,michigan and ,alabama4 ,the flowers bloom in ,april and ,may1 and the seeds mature and fall in ,june and ,july4 ,the stiff1 stout stems1 commonly two feet high1 become dry and brown but remain standing through the winter months4 ,the upper leaves are not divided so much as the lower1 which are deeply divided and have broad segments4 ,the flowers are small and greenish-yellow and grow in clusters about #b inches broad4 ,the foliage and seeds were used for seasoning by pioneers4 ,it is very much like the cultivated dill 7,anethum graveolens71 a native of ,southeastern ,europe4 ,the latter is taller and has leaves with threadlike divisions4 ,other well-known members of the carrot family include the parsnip1 parsley1 myrrh1 chervil1 caraway1 and celery4 ,the well-known poison hemlock 7,conium maculatum71 by which ,socrates met his death1 is a native of ,europe but may now be found in ,north and ,south ,america4 ,it grows in great abundance along the streams of the ,edwards ,plateau between ,fredricksburg and ,austin4 ,,heath ,,family 7,ericaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,tree-,,huckleberry ,herbs or shrubs2 sepals #d-e2 corolla urn-shaped or cylindric1 #d-e-lobed2 stamens #h or #aj2 anthers opening by terminal pores2 ovary superior or inferior4 ,tree-,huckleberry4 ,farkleberry 7,batodendron arboreum7 is also known as upland-huckleberry1 sparkleberry1 and gooseberry4 ,the name is ,greek and means 8blackberry tree40 ,the huckleberries are often placed in a family separate from other heaths4 ,the tree-huckleberry is a shrub or small tree1 very abundant in the woods of ,east ,texas and the ,southern ,states4 ,the dainty1 drooping sprays of white bell-shaped flowers remind one of the lily-of-the-valley4 ,the shining oval leaves are short-stalked1 #a-b in4 long4 ,the black berries are not edible4 ,well-known members of the heath family include the trailing arbutus1 cranberry1 blueberry1 bean-berry1 winter-green1 rhododendron1 and azalea4 ,thickets of the pink azalea or swamp-honeysuckle 7,azalea nudiflora7 occur in a few places in ,east ,texas4 ,in the mountains of ,southwest ,texas may be found the arbutus-tree1 madroa1 or naked ,indian1 so called because of its red wood and scaling bark4 ,its small1 red fleshy fruits look like strawberries4 ,stagger-bush 7,neopieris mariana7 is a common shrub in swampy places4 ,,primrose ,,family 7,primulaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,water-,,pimpernel ,,shooting ,,star ,leaves often basal2 sepals usually #e1 often leafy2 corolla tubular1 #e-lobed2 stamens #e1 opposite the petals2 ovary superior2 fruit a capsule4 ,texas ,water-,pimpernel4 ,brookweed 7,samolus cuneatus7 is a plant found wherever springs or moist ledges occur in limestone hills of ,texas4 ,the plants have a basal rosette of broad rounded leaves4 ,the slender stems are #f-ab inches high and bear a few leaves which are narrowed at the base4 ,the #e-lobed white flowers are short and bell-shaped and appear from ,april to ,september4 ,the pink water-pimpernel 7,samolus ebracteatus7 grows in sandy soil along the coast4 ,shooting ,star 7,dodecatheon stanfieldia7 is a rare plant and should be afforded protection4 ,it is found in rich1 moist soil from ,central ,texas to ,louisiana4 ,the flowers are very much like those of ,dodecatheon meadia but are larger and have broader petals4 ,the primrose family is represented in horticulture by many primroses from ,asia1 cyclamens from ,greece to ,syria1 and the cowslip from ,europe4 ,the scarlet pimpernel 7,anagallis arvensis7 is found on sandy prairies in ,south ,texas in the spring4 ,,ebony ,,family 7,ebenaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,persimmon ,trees or shrubs2 leaves usually leathery2 calyx #c-aa-lobed2 petals united1 #c-g2 stamens #f-ad1 or more2 ovary superior4 ,mexican ,persimmon 7,diospyros texana7 is also called 'possum plum1 8chapote10 and black persimmon4 ,it is a shrub or small tree found in river-valleys and on limestone hills from ,central ,texas to ,mexico4 ,it may be easily recognized by its smooth1 light-gray bark1 small leaves1 and creamy heath-like flowers4 ,the bell-shaped flowers are in dense clusters on the tree which has pollen-bearing flowers1 whereas the seed-bearing flowers1 which grow on a separate tree1 are larger and fewer in number4 ,the black fruits ripen in ,august1 when the pulp becomes juicy but somewhat insipid4 ,the black wood is hard and1 like other species of ebony1 takes an excellent polish4 ,it is used for making tools4 ,the ,mexicans use a black dye obtained from the fruits in dyeing sheep-skins4 ,the common persimmon 7,diospyros virginiana7 is found wild from ,connecticut to ,east ,texas1 where the sprouts are vicious pests in plowed lands4 ,,gentian ,,family 7,gentianaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,mountain ,,pink ,leaves opposite2 calyx usually tubular1 #e-lobed2 petals united at base1 #d-ab2 stamens as many as petals2 ovary superior4 ,mountain ,pink4 ,showy ,centaury 7,erythraea beyrichii7 grows on gravelly limestone hills in ,texas and ,arkansas4 ,the stems are branched near the base and often form hemispherical clumps a foot in diameter which are covered with pink flowers in ,june4 ,the plants are being rapidly exterminated for ornamental purposes1 for they are very showy and the flowers will last two weeks or more4 ,the flowers have a united tubular corolla with #e lobes4 ,the scientific name is from the ,greek meaning 8red40 ,the flowers of some species are red1 but those in ,texas are pink4 ,the ,texan centaury 7,erythraea texense7 is a very small plant with small flowers4 ,it is found from ,texas to ,missouri in ,june and ,july4 ,buckley's centaury or pink gentian 7,erythraea calycosa7 is found in moist soil in the western part of the state4 ,it is a tall1 slender plant #a-b ft4 high4 ,it ranges from ,missouri to ,mexico4 ,the centaury plants were formerly valued as a medicine for fever4 ,they were gathered and dried at flowering time4 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,gentian4 ,,bluebell ,purple ,gentian4 ,bluebell 7,eustoma russellianum7 is also called ,russell's eustoma1 ,texas bluebell1 blue gentian1 blue marsh lily1 and bosque blue gentian4 ,the latter name is used in ,el ,paso1 where the purple gentian grows on the flood plain of the ,rio ,grande ,river4 ,it is one of the loveliest flowers in the state1 sometimes occurring in great profusion on moist prairies from ,mexico to ,colorado and ,louisiana4 ,it is especially abundant in ,southeast ,texas1 where it is gathered in wholesale quantities by florists4 ,it is an excellent cut-plant1 the flowers lasting for several days and new buds continually opening4 ,few people have had success in transplanting the purple gentian into their gardens4 ,only recently has there been a report of seeds successfully germinated4 ,it is said that soaking for #dh hours in water will produce germination4 ,each flower produces a number of very minute seeds4 ,the large1 bell-shaped flowers1 #b-c inches broad1 are a bluish-purple2 in fading1 they spread widely and take on more of the blue tinge4 ,they are constricted into a short narrow tube at the base4 ,inside1 the flowers are marked with yellow at the base and have purple markings in the throat4 ,the five stamens with large anthers are attached to the corolla tube4 ,at the time the pollen is shed1 the anthers lie in a horizontal position around the style4 ,the stigmas are interesting4 ,there are two diamond-shaped lobes which are erect until they are ready to receive pollen1 and then they take a horizontal position4 ,the calyx has five linear lobes which are united at the base with a colorless membrane4 ,the oblong capsules are about half an inch long4 ,the plants are very smooth and are erect1 with a few erect branches4 ,the leaves are ovate-oblong and are usually #a-b inches long4 8,eustoma0 means 8open mouth01 referring to the large throat of the flower4 ,the smaller bluebell in ,southern ,texas and ,northern ,mexico is ,eustoma gracile4 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,texas ,,star ,pink ,texas ,star4 ,prairie ,sabbatia 7,sabbatia campestris7 is also known as meadow pink1 rose pink1 pink prairie gentian1 marsh pink1 and sea star4 ,it ranges from ,missouri and ,kansas to ,texas and is found on moist prairies throughout ,central ,texas from ,april to ,june4 ,it is particularly abundant on southern coastal prairies where it makes a showy landscape display with phlox1 coreopsis1 and other plants in ,march and ,april4 ,the sabbatias are named in honor of two ,italian botanists1 ,l4 and ,c4 ,sabbati4 ,the plants are low1 #c-ab inches high1 and have wing-angled stems and short smooth leaves about -#a inches long4 ,the flowers are about #a inches broad1 much larger than those of the mountain pink1 and more cup-shaped4 ,they are usually deep pink in color1 but purplish-pink and white forms may occasionally be noted4 ,around the throat are yellow1 star-shaped markings over the white base of the petals4 ,the long1 linear calyx lobes are quite conspicuous when the flower is in bud or after the corolla has wilted4 ,,dogbane ,,family 7,apocynaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,texas ,,star ,plants with milky juice2 sepals usually #e2 corolla tubular1 #e-lobed2 stamens usually #e1 inserted on corolla tube and alternate with the lobes2 ovary superior2 fruit mostly of #b spreading follicles4 ,blue ,texas ,star4 ,texas ,dogbane4 ,blue-,star 7,amsonia texana7 belongs to a group named in honor of ,charles ,amson1 a colonial physician4 ,the stems are usually unbranched1 #h-ab inches high1 and are covered with narrow linear leaves4 ,like that of other amsonias1 the tubular throat is lined with white hairs4 ,the name of twin-pods might be given to the amsonias4 ,the numerous seeds are borne in two narrow1 erect pods which are united at the base and split along the inner sides4 ,the pods are #c-d inches long4 ,the plant is perennial1 growing in low clumps on limestone hillsides of ,texas4 ,the plants in ,north ,texas form a conspicuous bluish-green line on low hills1 when the flowers bloom in late ,march and ,april4 ,the oleander1 periwinkle1 and vinca are well-known members of the dogbane family4 ,they all have a milky sap which is quite poisonous in the oleander1 ,indian hemp1 and others4 8,bane0 is the common word in ,northern ,europe for 8murderer0 and is applied to poisonous plants4 ,,milkweed ,,family 7,asclepiadaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,green-,,flowered ,,milkweed ,leaves usually opposite or whorled2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 usually reflexed and with a #e-lobed crown2 stamens #e1 the pollen united into #a or #b waxy masses in each sac2 carpels #b1 free except for the united disk-like stigma4 ,green-,flowered ,milkweed4 ,silkweed 7,asclepiodora decumbens7 is a widespread plant from ,arkansas to ,utah and ,northern ,mexico4 ,it is found on the central and western plains1 blooming in early spring and sometimes again in the fall4 ,the stout1 leafy stems1 topped by the ball-shaped heads of flowers form conspicuous clumps about a foot high4 ,the flowers have a sweet nectar which draws many insect visitors4 ,they bloom in ,april and early ,may1 and the large warty pods mature in a few weeks4 ,as the seeds bear a tuft of hairs at one end1 they are easily scattered by the wind and other agents4 ,it is one of the first plants to appear on burned-over areas4 ,the milkweeds get their name from the bitter milky sap4 ,the flowers are quite different from other flowers in that there is a crown between the petals and the stamens4 ,in many the pollen is borne in two pear-shaped masses with a thread-like connection4 ,in the green-flowered milkweed1 purple hoods are attached to the crown and hang over the pollen-sacs4 ,illustration3 ,,butterfly-,,weed ,butterfly-,weed4 ,pleurisy-,root 7,asclepias tuberosa7 is a well-known plant in dry fields from ,maine and ,ontario to ,northern ,mexico4 ,in ,texas it is found in the sandy areas of the eastern and central parts4 ,it blooms in the late spring and summer4 ,other common names include orange milkweed1 orange-root1 ,indian posy1 and orange swallow-wort4 ,the leaves are poisonous to stock1 but the honey is not considered poisonous4 ,the monarch butterfly is a voracious feeder on the plant4 ,it was at one time valued for its medicinal properties1 but is now little used4 ,several plants are known by the common name of 8swallow-wort0 and are so called because they bloom in the spring when the swallows appear4 ,the leafy stems often grow one to two feet high4 ,at the top of the stem are several clusters of small orange-colored flowers4 ,the petals hang down when the pollen is ready to be shed4 ,there is a crown of five erect1 orange-colored hoods around the flat stigma4 ,,dichondra ,,family 7,dichondraceae7 ,illustration3 ,,carolina ,,dichondra ,,pretty ,,dodder ,herbs with creeping stems2 sepals #e2 corolla bell-shaped1 #e-lobed2 stamens #e2 carpels #b1 separate4 ,carolina ,dichondra4 ,ground ,ivy 7,dichondra carolinensis7 is1 of course1 not even kin to the ivy1 but it does form a green carpet over the ground in places4 ,it is widely scattered in the state and in many other localities4 ,the greenish-white flowers are small and inconspicuous under the round leaves and are almost buried in the soil4 ,the leaves are about an inch broad and are slender stalked4 ,the plant is a perennial which is often hard to remove from lawns4 ,the silvery-leaved dichondra 7,dichondra argentea7 occurs in ,west ,texas4 ,,dodder ,,family 7,cuscutaceae7 ,pretty ,dodder4 ,love ,vine4 ,strangle-,weed 7,cuscuta indecora7 may be noted in conspicuous orange or gold masses covering other plants4 ,it is a leafless parasitic vine bearing small clusters of white flowers4 ,the flowers are less than one fourth inch broad and have the petal-tips turned inward4 ,there are many dodders in the state1 and each kind is parasitic only on certain plants4 ,the pretty dodder attacks the wild verbena and other herbs and low shrubs from ,illinois to ,texas and other parts of ,america4 ,,morning-,,glory ,,family 7,convolvulaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,bindweed ,,purple ,,morning-,,glory ,plants twining or erect2 sepals #e2 corolla mostly funnelform1 #e-lobed2 stamens #e1 on corolla tube2 ovary superior2 fruit usually a ball-shaped capsule separating into #b-d lobes4 ,texas ,bindweed 7,convolvulus hermannioides7 has small white morning-glory flowers with a dark-red center4 ,they are seldom more than an inch broad4 ,the spreading or twining vines reach a length of several feet4 ,the leaves are very variable in shape and often have spreading lobes at each side of the base like the hoary bindweed 7,convolvulus incanus74 ,both grow on ,texas plains1 but the hoary bindweed is widely distributed from ,kansas and ,arkansas to ,mexico4 ,the ,texas bindweed may be distinguished by the ear-like projections at the base of the sepals4 ,the flowers bloom from ,april to ,august4 ,purple ,morning-,glory4 ,bindweed4 ,tie-,vine 7,ipomoea trifida7 is a lovely but pernicious vine of ,texas1 ,mexico1 and tropical ,america4 ,the roots are perennial and very difficult to eradicate from cotton and corn fields4 ,it blooms from spring to fall1 the flowers opening only in the morning4 ,the morning-glory group is very large1 and many showy forms are found in ,texas4 ,the sweet potato 7,ipomoea batatas7 and others are valued for their tuberous roots4 ,illustration3 ,,standing ,,cypress ,,blue ,,gilia ,,white ,,gilia ,,phlox ,,family 7,polemoniaceae7 ,mostly annual and perennial herbs2 calyx #e-lobed2 corolla tubular1 #e-lobed2 ovary usually #c-;celled2 style often #c-parted2 stamens #e1 inserted on corolla-tube2 capsules small4 ,standing ,cypress4 ,red ,gilia 7,gilia rubra7 might also be called torch flowers1 for the tall spikes with their masses of red tubular flowers make flaming spots of color on the edges of the post oak woods in ,may and ,june4 ,it is sometimes known as ,indian plume1 ,texas plume1 or red ,texas star4 ,the plants are usually unbranched and grow two to three feet high2 however1 if the top of the stem is removed or injured near the time of flowering1 it will branch into several flowering spikes4 ,the stems are pale green and quite leafy with the finely dissected leaves4 ,the narrow tubular flowers are over an inch long and have broad spreading lobes which1 on their inner surface1 are a pale orange-red dotted with a darker red4 ,the flowers1 which resemble those of the cypress vine1 are closely clustered on the stem1 those at the top opening first4 ,the capsules are nearly an inch long and contain numerous papery seeds4 ,blue ,gilia4 ,golden ,eye 7,gilia rigidula71 differing markedly from the red gilia in the shape of the flowers1 has a short1 broadly flaring corolla with a conspicuous yellow center4 ,the flowers are nearly an inch broad4 ,the plants are perennial and are often widely branched at the base1 forming clumps nearly a foot broad4 ,the blue gilia is found on hills and stony plains from ,central ,texas to ,mexico and ,new ,mexico and blooms from ,march to ,october4 ,white ,gilia4 ,long-,flowered ,gilia 7,gilia longiflora7 has slender1 erect stems1 #a-b feet high1 terminated by a flat-topped cluster of tubular white flowers4 ,the flowers have a narrow tube1 about #a inches long1 and #e broad1 spreading lobes4 ,the leaves have threadlike divisions4 ,the plants are very showy when they are in bloom and are especially abundant in sandy regions of ,northwest ,texas in the late summer and fall4 ,few flower groups show such a decided red1 white1 and blue as the gilias4 ,the group is a large one1 mostly of ,western ,north ,america1 and is named in honor of the ,spanish botanist1 ,philipp ,salvador ,gil4 ,some of the gilias are known in cultivation and are considered hardy plants of easy culture4 ,the standing cypress may be grown from seeds planted in ,august or ,september1 or plants may be transplanted in the spring4 ,illustration3 ,,drummond',s ,,phlox ,drummond's ,phlox 7,phlox drummondii7 has rightly been called 8,texan pride40 ,a drive late in ,april through the post oak sandy region east of ,austin to the ,brazos ,river and southeast to ,victoria will disclose it in all its glory4 ,the seeds were collected by ,thomas ,drummond in #ahcd and sent to ,w4 ,j4 ,hooker in the spring of #ahce4 ,hooker1 an eminent botanist1 described it from the plants grown from those seeds in the ,kew ,gardens in ,london4 ,according to his description1 the plants were mostly of a brilliant rose-red with more or less purple in the flowers of some plants and darker red eyes in nearly all4 ,it is quite probable that ,drummond collected his seeds in the vicinity of ,gonzales1 the western limit of his ,texas trip1 where today wild phloxes which match his description occur in great profusion4 ,the seeds collected may have included some from hybrid plants1 as red phloxes with a white eye are found on the eastern edge of the red-phlox area1 and the dark-eyed purple and red are found on its western limits in close proximity to the 8phlox purple0 variety4 ,the plant has long been a horticultural favorite1 and more than #bjj varieties have been described1 few of which excel the native varieties in size or coloring4 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,phlox ,purple ,phlox 7,phlox drummondii-purple varieties7 grows in sandy soil in ,central ,texas4 ,the variety with the white throat and red-star eye is common in the southeastern part of the state4 ,it is especially abundant in ,wilson and ,karnes ,counties1 where extensive masses of purple may be noted in open sandy places among mesquite and post oak trees4 ,this is a very vigorous phlox and produces large stems and flowers4 ,studies are being made to determine whether these purple phloxes are varieties of ,drummond's phlox or should be called by other names4 ,the variety with the purple throat and the two white marks at the base of each corolla lobe grows northwest of the range of the red-flowered ,drummond's phlox4 ,it blooms from ,april to ,june and seems to withstand cold better than any of the annual phloxes except the dwarf phlox4 ,illustration3 ,,heller',s ,,phlox ,,berlandier',s ,,phlox ,,tharp',s ,,phlox ,berlandier's ,phlox 7,phlox glabriflora7 differs from ,drummond's phlox in many particulars4 ,the flowers are usually a bluish-lavender which at a distance suggests the wild verbena4 ,like the other phloxes on this page1 it has both stem and leaves clothed with scattered1 long1 soft hairs4 ,the large corolla is marked with white at the base of the lobes and has a short1 smooth tube4 ,the vigorous plants branch profusely and often form masses two and three feet broad4 ,this phlox may be found on sandy prairies south of ,kingsville and west of ,hebbronville in the winter and spring months but is at its best in ,february and ,march4 ,it was first collected by ,louis ,berlandier at several places along the southern coast in #ahbh and #ahbi4 ,heller's ,phlox 7,phlox helleri7 is a close relative of ,berlandier's phlox but has a hairy corolla-tube1 smaller flowers1 and shorter leaves4 ,it is found from ,march to ,may in sand near the coast around ,copano1 ,aransas1 and ,nueces bays4 ,slender ,phlox 7,phlox tharpii7 has a long1 hairy corolla-tube1 and the slender stems are usually unbranched4 ,only four flowers are borne in a cluster4 ,it is very abundant in ,frio and ,dimmit ,counties in ,april4 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 in describing a peccary hunt south of ,uvalde in ,april1 #aijd1 mentions these fields of purple4 ,illustration3 ,,roemer',s ,,phlox ,,dwarf ,,phlox ,roemer's ,phlox 7,phlox roemeriana7 has lovely flowers which vary in color from deep rose to phlox purple or pink4 ,it is the only annual phlox marked with yellow around the eye or throat4 ,its large capsule1 containing #ab or #ae seeds1 is another conspicuous feature and shows its relationship with the perennial phloxes of ,west ,texas4 ,it forms a lovely display with bluebonnets and low prairie spider-worts in the limestone hill region in ,april and early ,may4 ,dwarf ,phlox 7,phlox tenuis7 is the smallest and most widely distributed of the annual phloxes1 ranging from the south-central coast to ,louisiana and into ,southern ,oklahoma4 ,it is found on the coastal prairie and in sandy soil along the edges of post oak woods from ,march to ,may4 ,the plants are usually six to eight inches high and unbranched1 but branched varieties are known4 ,the flowers are about half an inch broad1 with narrow lobes which are marked with two reddish-purple lines at their base4 ,illustration3 ,,large-,,flowered ,,prairie ,,phlox ,,prairie ,,phlox ,prairie ,phlox4 ,prairie ,sweet ,william 7,phlox pilosa7 has a delightful fragrance common in lesser degrees to many of the phloxes4 ,the widespread prairie phlox was named in #agec from plants taken to ,france from ,virginia4 ,the stems are low and have a few opposite leaves which are pointed and widely spreading4 ,the flat-topped clusters of pale pink1 blue1 white1 or purple flowers bloom in ,march and ,april in ,texas4 ,the stems and flower clusters are clothed with soft hairs4 ,large-,flowered ,prairie ,phlox 7,phlox villosissima7 grows in a strange environment for a phlox4 ,charles ,wright found it in #ahdi on the gravelly bars of the ,nueces ,river1 where it still grows4 ,it is also found on other rivers in ,southwest ,texas4 ,it has long1 woody roots reaching toward the necessary moisture4 ,the flowers are very large1 and only a few are open at a time4 ,it differs from the prairie phlox in its shorter and more numerous leaves1 its larger flowers with their broader lobes1 and alternate branches in the flower cluster4 ,the prairie phloxes are perennial and are easily grown in ,southwest gardens4 ,,water-,,leaf ,,family 7,hydrophyllaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,baby ,,blue-,,eyes ,,purple ,,phacelia ,flowers usually in curled clusters2 calyx deeply #e-lobed2 petals united1 usually #e2 stamens #e1 on corolla-tube2 ovary superior2 styles #b4 ,baby ,blue-,eyes4 ,flannel ,breeches 7,nemophila phacelioides7 forms a lovely carpet on banks and in moist woods near the prairie regions of ,texas and ,arkansas4 ,the dainty flowers are about one inch broad1 with #e broadly-spreading lobes of lavender1 paler at the base4 ,the leaves are divided into #e-i broad segments which are irregularly toothed4 ,it is not known in cultivation1 but a similar plant from ,california is used to cover beds in which bulbs are planted4 ,purple ,phacelia 7,phacelia patuliflora7 is a low1 spreading annual growing on sandy prairies in the southern part of the state4 8,patuliflora0 means 8spreading flower0 and refers to the royal purple corollas which are widely spreading and nearly an inch broad4 ,it is the handsomest phacelia among the fifteen or more species found in the state4 ,it blooms from ,february to ,may4 ,blue nama 7,nama ovatum7 is a water-leaf growing in ponds and streams of ,east ,texas and blooming in the summer4 ,it has lovely sky-blue flowers nearly an inch broad and spiny stems4 ,sand bells 7,nama hispidum7 has small1 reddish-purple1 bell-shaped corollas4 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,curls ,blue ,curls4 ,fiddle-,neck 7,phacelia congesta7 is also known as spider-flower1 caterpillars1 snail-flower1 and wild heliotrope4 ,it has curled flower clusters and lavender-blue flowers very much like those of some of the heliotropes and borages4 ,a ,california borage is also called fiddle-neck4 ,the flowers are tubular at the base with #e broadly spreading lobes4 ,the #e spreading stamens extending from the flowers are responsible for the name of 8spider-flower40 ,the erect1 unbranched stems may be seen on gravelly limestone slopes or in open woods from ,central to ,southwestern ,texas4 ,the large1 thin leaves are finely divided and clothed with soft hairs4 ,in woods the plants may grow #a-b ft4 high1 but on rocky slopes they are seldom more than a foot high4 ,the flowers bloom in ,april and ,may1 a long blooming season resulting from the numerous flowers which open as the curling stems unfold4 ,it is an annual plant which does well in cultivation and makes a lovely addition to the flower garden4 ,nearly a hundred phacelias are found in ,western ,north ,america4 ,the name is from the ,greek meaning 8cluster40 ,most of them are showy plants1 but few are known in cultivation4 ,,borage ,,family 7,borraginaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,heliotrope ,,bindweed ,,heliotrope ,leaves usually alternate2 flowers often in curled clusters2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 united2 stamens #e1 on corolla-tube2 ovary often deeply #d-lobed2 fruit a drupe or of #d nutlets4 ,southern ,heliotrope 7,cochranea anchusaefolia7 grows in limestone soil from ,central ,texas to ,florida and tropical ,america4 ,it may often be found from spring to fall in the shelter of mesquite or prickly pear4 ,the white-flowered sea-heliotrope 7,heliotropium curassavicum7 is very abundant in saline soil in ,south and ,west ,texas4 ,plains heliotrope 7,heliotropium tenellum7 does not have curled clusters of flowers but has a few small white ones borne on short branches4 ,it is widespread in the ,south-central ,united ,states4 ,bindweed ,heliotrope 7,heliotropium convolvulaceum7 has white flowers quite similar to those of the bindweed1 about one inch broad4 ,it is found in sandy soil in ,south and ,west ,texas to ,california and ,nebraska from spring to fall4 ,the plant has widely branching stems1 about a foot long1 and the foliage is somewhat rough-hairy4 ,the heliotropes get their name from ,greek words which mean 8sunturning40 ,illustration3 ,,golden ,,puccoon ,golden ,puccoon4 ,narrow-,leaved ,puccoon 7,lithospermum linearifolium7 is another harbinger of spring on the prairies4 ,the scattered plants may be found throughout ,texas to ,british ,columbia and ,indiana4 ,several slender stems grow from a long1 thick black root4 ,the plant gets its name from the ,greek word meaning 8stone-seed0 and refers to the hard nutlets of the fruit4 ,in the narrow-leaved puccoon1 the nutlets are ovoid1 white1 shining1 and more or less pitted4 ,the flowers have a narrow tube with #e spreading lobes which have crinkled margins4 ,orange ,puccoon 7,lithospermum gmelinii7 is a striking woodland plant of the ,eastern ,states which is widespread in ,east ,texas4 ,it can be easily identified by its showy yellow-orange flowers4 ,the clustered stems1 #a-a feet high1 grow from a deep root4 ,it blooms in ,april and ,may4 ,most of the puccoons have a red root from which a dye is obtained4 ,some of the ,european forms have blue flowers and are known in cultivation4 ,,verbena ,,family 7,verbenaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,large-,,flowered ,,vervain ,,slender ,,vervain ,branches often #d-;angled2 leaves opposite2 flowers often whorled2 calyx #e-lobed2 petals #d-e1 united2 calyx and corolla often #b-lipped2 stamens #d1 on corolla-tube2 ovary often #d-;celled4 ,slender ,vervain 7,verbena halei7 was1 until a few years ago1 considered the same as the ,european vervain 7,verbena officinalis71 but it is now recognized as a different plant4 ,misty-looking purple patches on the roadside ahead usually turn out to be masses of the slender vervain4 ,it is a perennial which takes on renewed blooming activity from early spring until fall1 but usually only scattered plants bloom after ,june4 ,it is very abundant in this state and other ,southern ,states4 ,the flowers are small and scattered along the slender branches at the top of the stem4 ,the upper leaves are narrow1 those of the mid-stem divided2 and the lower are broad and irregularly toothed4 ,large-,flowered ,vervain 7,verbena plicata7 shows some variation in color from white to lavender1 the flowers commonly being a bluish-lavender4 ,the flowers are about half an inch broad and grow in long showy spikes4 ,the plants are perennial1 and numerous stems form erect clumps #a-b ft4 high4 ,it is especially handsome southwest of ,san ,antonio and ranges into ,mexico4 ,it blooms from ,february to ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,plains ,,verbena ,wild or ,plains ,verbena 7,verbena bipinnatifida7 is sometimes called sweet ,william1 a name which properly belongs to the blue woodland phlox 7,phlox divaricata7 or to the clove pink4 ,there is only a faint fragrance to the wild verbena4 ,along highways and in the fields the wild verbena blooms in great profusion from spring until the plants are killed by a severe freeze4 ,the flower stalks often grow quite long and are topped by a flat cluster of flowers around the new buds4 ,the old calyx tubes surrounding the small nutlets remain on the stalk for many weeks4 ,children delight in pulling off the purple tubular corollas so that they can suck the abundant nectar from the tube and then string them together for a necklace1 which they make by inserting the base of one tube into the throat of the adjoining corolla4 ,the wild verbena is a perennial plant with many prostrate branches4 ,the leaves are thick1 rough1 and divided into narrow segments4 ,it is one of the most familiar plants of the ,south ,plains region1 ranging from ,missouri and ,arizona to ,northern ,mexico4 ,it is seldom used in gardens1 but it is one of the plants used by the highway department for roadside planting4 ,where it has been used in gardens for low border mass effects1 it has been a delight throughout the warm months with its showy1 profuse blooms4 8,verbena0 is the ,latin name for a sacred plant4 ,there are nearly one hundred species of verbenas1 one of which is ,european and the others ,american4 ,about twenty-five of these are found in ,texas1 part of them belonging to the vervain group4 ,the plains verbena and the slender vervain are the ones most widely distributed4 ,among other very lovely verbenas found in the state are ,wright's verbena in ,west ,texas and ,lambert's verbena in ,east ,texas4 ,a ,south ,american verbena 7,verbena venosa71 with brilliant purple flowers1 has escaped cultivation in ,southeast ,texas4 ,wright's ,verbena 7,verbena wrightii7 is quite similar to the plains verbena but has larger flowers of a reddish-purple color4 ,the plants are larger1 and the foliage is coarser4 ,lambert's ,verbena 7,verbena canadensis7 has ovate leaves which are toothed or lobed but not divided4 ,the flowers are a reddish-purple and have a white eye surrounded by a line of black4 ,this is a handsome verbena which does well in cultivation but is little used4 ,garden hybrids have been reported from it4 ,the origin of the common garden verbena is not definitely known4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,mulberry ,french ,mulberry 7,callicarpa americana7 is a low shrub #c-f ft4 high1 also known as the ,bermuda mulberry or sour-bush4 ,it is easily recognized in the fall by the clusters of reddish-purple berries and large ovate leaves #c-f in4 long4 ,the showy berries are responsible for the scientific name which means 8beautiful fruit40 ,it grows in woods of sandy areas from ,central ,texas to ,florida and ,virginia1 and also in the ,west ,indies4 ,the variety with white fruit is not so common as the purple-fruited variety4 ,the flowers are inconspicuous1 pale pink or white4 ,the shrub is well-known in cultivation but is not so hardy as the ,japanese callicarpa4 ,the verbena family includes many tropical and sub-tropical shrubs1 some of which are widely cultivated in ,texas4 ,lantana 7,lantana camara7 has orange and yellow flowers and is a profuse summer bloomer4 ,the common lilac lantana in cultivation was introduced from ,brazil1 but there are two native lilac lantanas in ,southern ,texas4 ,lavender1 or vitex1 introduced from ,europe1 is an excellent shrub for summer bloom4 ,,mint ,,family 7,labiatae7 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,skullcap ,stems usually #d-;angled2 leaves opposite2 calyx #e-lobed1 often #b-lipped2 corolla #d-e-lobed1 usually #b-lipped2 stamens #d or #b1 on corolla-tube2 fruit of #d nutlets4 ,prairie ,skullcap 7,scutellaria resinosa7 turns its saucy flowers upward and covers the dense clumps with a purple glow4 ,the tubular flowers are nearly an inch long and #b-lipped1 with two short lobes forming the velvety1 arched upper lip and with three broad lobes forming the spreading lower lip4 ,the middle lobe is marked by a conspicuous white spot dotted with purple4 ,numerous stems grow from a woody1 perennial root on rocky prairies and limestone slopes from ,texas to ,arizona and ,nebraska4 ,the many skullcaps in the state are easily distinguished from other mints by the crest on the upper surface of the calyx4 ,most of them have small oval or rounded leaves1 and all have purple flowers4 ,they get their scientific name from the ,latin word meaning 8dish10 referring to the shape of the calyx4 ,the mint family is a large one1 well represented in ,texas4 ,the ,european horehound 7,marrubium vulgare7 has become a pernicious weed in the pastures of ,central ,texas4 ,rosemary1 sage1 thyme1 lavender1 majoram1 and the mints are familiar members of the mint family4 ,illustration3 ,,slender ,,dragon-,,head ,,brazos ,,mint ,slender ,dragon-,head or ,lion's ,heart 7,physostegia intermedia7 has spikes of delicate lavender flowers4 ,the slender stems1 #a-c ft4 high1 grow from perennial roots in moist soil on prairies from ,texas and ,louisiana to ,missouri and ,kentucky from ,april to ,july4 ,the physostegias are rapidly growing in favor as garden flowers1 as different species will produce blooms throughout the season1 if the flowering spikes are cut and not allowed to seed4 ,brazos ,mint 7,brazoria scutellarioides7 is a lovely little annual found on the plains of ,central ,texas4 ,the plants are usually less than a foot high and seldom branched1 but the dense spikes of lavender flowers make it quite conspicuous during favorable seasons4 ,although the name indicates a resemblance to the skullcap1 it might be mistaken for a dwarf physostegia4 ,the corollas have much the same delicate lavender coloring1 but the flaring calyx more closely resembles that of the ,texas salvia4 ,it is also called twin-flower1 wild lilac1 and honey plant4 ,brazoria truncata1 with larger and paler flowers1 is very abundant in sandy soil in ,central ,texas1 being especially common in ,gonzales ,county4 ,this plant was first collected near the ,brazos ,river1 a fact commemorated in the scientific name of 8,brazoria40 ,illustration3 ,,henbit ,,prairie ,,pennyroyal ,henbit4 ,dead ,nettle 7,lamium amplexicaule7 is a troublesome weed on lawns everywhere in the state and in most of the ,united ,states4 ,it is a winter annual introduced from ,europe and ,asia4 ,the flowers often begin to bloom in ,december and continue until ,march or ,april4 ,the stems branch from the base1 and the flowers grow in stalkless clusters with the upper leaves4 ,prairie ,pennyroyal4 ,lemon ,mint4 ,mexican ,tea 7,hedeoma drummondii7 is a low perennial plant characterized by the lemon-like odor of the foliage1 the narrow1 tubular lavender corollas1 and the bulging finely-ribbed tubular calyx4 ,the flowers and leaves are about half an inch long4 ,the low1 bushy clumps grow on rocky plains and hillsides throughout ,texas1 the flowers blooming during the late spring and summer4 ,a tea made from the foliage1 either fresh or dried1 is considered of value for its soothing effect4 ,a few leaves in iced tea add a piquant flavor4 ,the name is from the ,greek and means 8sweet smell40 ,the ,american pennyroyal is ,hedeoma pulegioides4 ,the leaves and flowering tops are collected in ,july and ,august and dried4 ,it yields an oil used in medicine4 ,illustration3 ,,pale ,,wild ,,bergamot ,pale ,wild ,bergamot 7,monarda fistulosa mollis7 is a very lovely member of the horsemint group4 ,the slender stems are branched at the top1 each branch having a terminal cluster of lavender flowers4 ,the flowers are tubular and two-lipped1 #a-a in4 long1 the upper lip narrow and the lower broad and three lobed4 ,the upper lip is clothed with soft hairs4 ,the wild bergamot grows in the states east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 and several varieties are known4 ,in ,texas it grows in moist woods in the eastern part and along streams in ,north ,texas4 ,it is a perennial which is sometimes cultivated4 ,the stems are usually about two feet high4 ,the leaves are short-stalked and lance-shaped1 the margins having a few short teeth4 ,the leaves have a pleasant aroma and are used in flavoring tea4 ,medicinally they are used as a stimulant and as a remedy for colic pains4 ,the brilliant1 scarlet-flowered ,oswego tea 7,monarda didyma7 of the ,eastern ,states is not native to ,texas4 ,it is used as a substitute for tea4 ,illustration3 ,,green ,,horsemint ,green or ,white ,horsemint 7,monarda punctata7 differs from the wild bergamot in having numerous clusters of flowers at the top of the stem4 ,these clusters are surrounded by many short1 drooping floral leaves which are blotched with white or occasionally have a purplish tinge4 ,the yellow corollas are dotted with purple and are about an inch long4 ,the calyx tube is ribbed1 and the lobes are short and triangular4 ,in growth habit and shape of leaves it is very much like the purple horsemint1 but in flower it is readily distinguished by the yellow flowers and green and white floral leaves4 ,the plants are perennial1 much-branched1 and somewhat downy4 ,they are found in the ,eastern and ,central ,states and bloom in ,texas from late ,may to ,july4 ,dwarf ,horsemint 7,monarda clinopodioides7 is another horsemint of sandy plains in ,texas and ,oklahoma4 ,the plants are usually less than a foot high4 ,they have white corollas1 and the short bracts are purplish-brown with hairy margins4 ,this horsemint is not so widespread as the green and purple horsemint4 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,horsemint ,purple ,horsemint4 ,lemon ,monarda 7,monarda citriodora7 is lovely not only because of its dainty flowers but especially because of the floral leaves or bracts surrounding the flowers4 ,these bracts take on a reddish-purple color and may be marked with white and green4 ,the purple varies from rosy tints to a royal hue4 ,the flowers grow in whorls or rosettes at the top of the stem1 new ones appearing with continued growth until there may be ten or more clusters on a stem4 ,the corollas are narrow1 tubular1 and two-lipped1 varying in color from lavender to white and commonly marked with small purple dots4 ,the tubular calyx has five very narrow lobes1 which are hairy and as long as the tube2 the throat of the calyx is closed by a dense ring of white hairs4 ,growing in erect clumps one to two feet high1 the plants form conspicuous patches along highways and cover many pastures4 ,the leaves are short-stalked and narrowed at both ends1 the margins being sharply toothed4 ,the purple floral leaves are oblong1 with the midrib prolonged into a slender bristle or awn4 ,these numerous bracts curve downward and overlap1 the lower ones being longer4 ,the purple horsemint is common on plains from ,mexico to ,missouri and ,kansas and ranges eastward to ,florida4 ,it blooms from ,may to ,august but is most profuse in ,june4 ,the monardas are ,north ,american plants named in honor of ,nicolas ,monardes1 a ,spanish physician and botanist4 ,some are valued for their perfume oils1 and some have a slight medicinal value4 ,the purple horsemint is rich in nectar1 but the honey produced is not of the first quality4 ,the dried plants are used in hens' nests to drive off mites and fleas4 ,plains ,lemon ,monarda 7,monarda pectinata7 is the common horsemint on the dry western plains in the state and ranges to ,arizona and ,nebraska4 ,the flowers are pink or white but are not spotted with purple4 ,the floral leaves are lance-shaped4 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,sage ,,red ,,sage ,prairie ,sage 7,salvia pitcheri7 grows in scattered clumps throughout the central prairie region from ,texas to ,illinois and ,minnesota4 ,because of its sky-blue1 tubular1 #b-lipped flowers1 it is one of the plants most easily identified4 ,the gray-green leaves have the characteristic sage odor and can be used for sage tea4 ,the plants are two to three feet high and bloom from late spring to ,november4 ,red ,sage or ,salvia4 ,indian ,fire 7,salvia coccinea7 is a hardy plant in cultivation and blooms nearly all the year4 ,it is native to the ,gulf ,states1 in ,texas growing in woods near the coast4 ,the red flowers are nearly an inch long4 ,there are nearly five hundred salvias known4 ,three ,european species are cultivated for their leaves1 and many others are grown for ornamental purposes4 ,the common bedding salvia is ,salvia splendens1 native of ,brazil4 ,the handsomest flower in the state is the red-flowered ,salvia regla1 found in a few mountain canyons in ,west ,texas4 ,cancer weed 7,salvia lyrata7 is the common salvia of ,east ,texas woods4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,sage ,,blue ,,sage ,blue ,sage4 ,blue ,salvia 7,salvia farinacea7 is a lovely plant which is native and abundant in the limestone regions of the state4 ,it has long been known in cultivation1 being especially adapted for rock gardens and highway plantings4 ,it blooms with renewed activity after every rain from ,april to ,november4 ,the corollas are usually purple but vary to blue and white4 ,they have a narrow upper lip which is velvety with violet hairs on its outer surface4 ,the calyx is velvety with violet-gray hairs4 ,the stems grow from perennial roots and form clumps two to three feet high4 ,texas ,salvia4 ,texas ,sage 7,salviastrum texanum7 blooms from ,march to ,may1 growing in a low bushy clump #ab-ah inches high on limestone hillsides from ,central ,texas to ,new ,mexico4 ,the spikes are densely covered with lavender flowers about an inch long4 ,unlike the true salvias1 it has a flaring calyx which is densely bearded in the throat4 ,,potato ,,family 7,solanaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,nightshade ,leaves alternate2 calyx #d-f-lobed2 petals united1 #e2 stamens #e1 on corolla-tube1 anthers often opening by apical pores2 ovary #b-;celled2 fruit a capsule or berry4 ,purple ,nightshade 7,solanum elaeagnifolium7 is sometimes called silver-leaved nightshade or 8trompillo40 ,although bearing lovely star-shaped lavender flowers1 the purple nightshade is considered a pernicious weed in fields and gardens4 ,it grows from deep1 woody perennial roots and blooms profusely even in seasons of drouth from ,may to ,october4 ,it is found on plains from ,missouri to ,texas and ,arizona4 ,the branched plants grow #a-c ft4 high and are more or less covered with prickles4 ,the yellow fruits resemble small tomatoes and remain on the old stalks for months4 ,they are said to be poisonous4 ,torrey's ,nightshade 7,solanum torreyi7 is a plant similar to the purple nightshade1 but it has broader1 irregularly-toothed leaves and larger flowers and seldom grows as high4 ,the solanum group comprises nearly a thousand species and includes many well-known plants1 among which are the ,irish potato and the egg-plant4 ,bitter-sweet and ,jerusalem cherry are cultivated for their showy fruits4 ,several members of the group are said to be very poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,,buffalo-,,bur ,buffalo-,bur4 ,yellow ,nightshade 7,solanum rostratum7 is a common weed in waste places and on prairies from ,tennessee to ,mexico1 but the spreading plants are often covered with their yellow star blossoms4 ,children call them sticker-weeds because of the vicious prickles on the foliage4 ,they are also called tread-softly1 ,texas nettle1 prickly potato1 and bumble-bee bush1 the latter name being given because of the numerous bee visitors4 ,the name of buffalo-bur dates back to the days when buffaloes roamed the plains1 the prickly fruits clinging to the shaggy coats of the huge beasts4 ,the yellow flowers which bloom from ,may to ,october resemble those of the purple nightshade in shape and size4 ,the stamens of the nightshades shed their pollen through small openings at the top of the pollen-sac4 ,the buffalo-bur has one stamen very much larger than the other four4 ,the leaves are once or twice divided into broad rounded segments4 ,the berries are enclosed in the enlarged and spiny calyx4 ,illustration3 ,,low ,,ground ,,cherry ,,purple ,,ground ,,cherry ,low ,ground ,cherry 7,physalis mollis7 is a common weed throughout the state and ranges to ,arkansas1 ,mexico1 and ,california4 ,the flowers and fruits are usually hidden beneath the leaves4 ,the fruit1 a berry very much like a small tomato1 is enclosed in the enlarged sac-like calyx4 ,the scientific name is from the ,greek word meaning 8bladder0 and refers to the inflated calyx4 ,some ground cherries are cultivated for their fruits which are edible and are used for making preserves and pies4 ,purple ,ground ,cherry 7,physalis lobata7 flaunts its gay purple flowers for all to see4 ,the plant has low1 spreading branches which are covered with purple blooms1 one inch broad4 ,it ranges from ,mexico to ,kansas and ,california1 blooming in ,texas from spring to fall4 ,the potato family includes the tomato and tobacco plants4 ,wild tobacco 7,nicotiana repanda7 is very abundant in the southern part of the state4 ,the white flowers resemble those of the cultivated petunia1 which also belongs to this family4 ,,figwort ,,family 7,scrophulariaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,paint-,,brush ,,cenizo ,leaves alternate1 opposite1 or whorled2 sepals1 #d-e2 corolla tubular1 #d-e-lobed1 #b-lipped2 stamens often #d1 in pairs on corolla-tube1 sterile stamen often present2 ovary #b-;celled1 superior4 ,purple ,paint-,brush 7,castilleja purpurea7 grows on limestone slopes and rocky prairies in ,north-central ,texas4 ,the low stems grow from a woody perennial root4 ,the flowers and floral leaves are both conspicuously colored1 varying from rose to purple4 ,the divided leaves are a lovely ashy-gray4 ,leucophyllum4 ,white ,leaf4 ,cenizo 7,leucophyllum texanum7 covers hillsides in the southern and southwestern parts of the state4 ,the low bushes seldom grow more than three or four feet high4 ,it is a startling and lovely sight to see a hillside which was a mass of gray transformed overnight into a delicate hue of lavender4 ,this happens shortly after heavy rains1 and for this reason the plant is sometimes called barometer bush4 ,leucophyllum has been widely introduced as a shrub in ,texas gardens1 where the ashy-gray leaves are quite effective against dark green shrubbery4 ,the name is ,greek and means 8white leaf40 ,illustration3 ,,scarlet ,,paint-,,brush ,scarlet ,paint-,brush 7,castilleja indivisa7 is also called ,indian paint-brush1 painted-cup1 entire-leaved paint brush1 and ,indian pink4 ,one of the most inspiring landscape displays of native flowers is formed by the scarlet paint-brush4 ,it is found in sandy soil from the northeastern to southwestern parts of the state and blooms from ,march to ,may but is at its best in ,april4 ,the paint-brush display of red is equalled or excelled only by that of two other wild-flower favorites--the red ,drummond's phlox in south-central sandy regions and the beautiful gaillardia of black land prairies4 ,the intense scarlet-red is due to the coloring of the broadened floral leaves 7bracts7 at the tip of the stem4 ,these bracts almost hide the inconspicuous cream-colored flowers which are about an inch long4 ,the bracts are oblong1 the tips being broader than the base and deeply stained with scarlet4 ,the scarlet paint-brush is an annual plant1 commonly six to twelve inches high1 and is sometimes branched at the base4 ,the leaves are rough-nerved and wavy-margined4 ,occasionally the leaves have two linear basal lobes somewhat like those of the eastern or swamp scarlet paint-brush 7,castilleja coccinea71 which has similar flower clusters but grows in swampy places4 ,the castillejas are mostly ,western ,american plants1 some being parasitic on the roots of other plants4 ,they are named in honor of ,d4 ,castillejo1 a ,spanish botanist4 ,in addition to the scarlet and purple paint-brushes1 several other castillejas are found in the state4 ,lindheimer's paint-brush 7,castilleja lindheimeri7 is very much like the purple paint-brush1 but it has red or orange bracts4 ,it is a perennial plant which grows on limestone hillsides of ,southwest-central ,texas4 ,the woolly-stemmed paint-brush 7,castilleja lanata7 has woolly-gray stems and leaves and red flower clusters4 ,it may be noticed in chaparral thickets and canyons in ,west ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,toad-,,flax ,,small-,,flowered ,,beard-,,tongue ,small-,flowered ,pentstemonor or ,beard-,tongue 7,pentstemon laxiflorus7 grows in the sandy soil of post oak woods in ,central and ,east ,texas4 ,the slender stems are #a-b ft4 high and are topped by slender-stalked flower clusters4 ,the corollas are a pale lavender1 about an inch long4 ,this is a very common plant in the state and has been given various names by botanists1 the latest one being laxiflorus4 ,it is a close relative1 probably a variety1 of the slender beard-tongue 7,pentstemon gracilis7 of moist prairies from ,minnesota to ,oklahoma4 ,texas ,toad-,flax 7,linaria texana7 has pale blue flowers similar to those of the ,canada toad-flax4 ,the corollas have a slender spur about half an inch long4 ,the slender stems are #a-b feet high1 growing from a cluster of basal leaves which are finely divided into somewhat rounded segments4 ,it is widespread in sandy soil from ,florida to ,california and blooms early in the spring4 ,many other figworts are found in the state4 ,the nearest relative to the garden snapdragon is the climbing snapdragon 7,maurandia antirrhiniflora74 ,mullein is widespread in the state4 ,the common monkey-flower is ,mimulus glabratus4 ,illustration3 ,,large-,,flowered ,,beard-,,tongue ,large-,flowered ,beard-,tongue or ,pentstemon 7,pentstemon cobaea7 is also known as false foxglove1 dew flowers1 fairy thimbles1 wild belladonna1 and balmony4 ,it was called 8balmony0 by early settlers1 who made a tea from the leaves to be used as a laxative4 ,several erect stems from perennial roots grow on the rocky slopes of prairies from ,texas to ,missouri and ,kansas4 ,it blooms in ,texas in ,april and ,may4 ,the flowering spikes of bell-shaped flowers are large and showy4 ,the corollas are usually pale1 tinged with reddish-purple and marked with darker lines4 ,the fifth stamen is sparingly bearded4 ,the stems are #a-a feet high1 and the flowers are #a-b inches long4 ,the leaves are broad and partly clasping at the base1 the margins usually indented with sharp teeth4 ,it is thought that the common garden pentstemon is a hybrid derived from this beard-tongue and ,hartwig's pentstemon1 a ,mexican plant4 ,illustration3 ,,scarlet ,,pentstemon ,scarlet ,pentstemon or ,beard-,tongue4 ,murray's ,pentstemon 7,pentstemon murrayanus7 is a very lovely plant growing in sandy soil in post oak woods of ,central and ,east ,texas and ,arkansas4 ,the plants are three feet high1 the reddish stems having a few opposite1 clasping leaves1 those on the upper part being united and cup-shaped4 ,the foliage is very smooth and has a somewhat downy covering4 ,the flowering upper portion of the stem is often over a foot long and bears a profusion of tubular scarlet flowers about an inch long4 ,the stamens extend beyond the corolla1 and the fifth stamen is not bearded4 ,the long slender style remains on the capsule long after the corollas have fallen away4 ,the flowers usually bloom the latter part of ,march in ,south ,texas and the middle of ,april in ,north ,texas4 ,the plants are quite hardy and may be successfully transplanted or grown from seeds1 but should be planted in sandy soil4 8,pentstemon0 is ,greek meaning 8five stamens40 ,nearly all members of the figwort family have only four stamens1 but the pentstemons have five2 however1 the fifth stamen does not bear a pollen-sac and is often bearded4 8,beard-tongue0 refers to this bearded stamen4 ,there are nearly a hundred and fifty species of pentstemons1 about thirty of them being found in ,texas4 ,with the exception of one found in ,southeastern ,asia1 they are all ,north ,american plants4 ,murray's pentstemon is quite similar to two red-flowered pentstemons of the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,these two are likewise tall1 vigorous plants and have showy clusters of flowers4 ,torrey's pentstemon 7,pentstemon barbatus torreyi7 has narrow pointed leaves1 and the superb pentstemon 7,pentstemon superbus7 has broad oblong leaves4 ,the common blue-flowered pentstemon in ,west ,texas is ,pentstemon fendleri1 with leaves nearly as broad as long4 ,,trumpet-,,creeper ,,family 7,bignoniaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,desert ,,willow ,leaves opposite1 mostly compound2 flowers showy1 often #b-lipped2 calyx tubular1 #e-lobed2 petals #e1 united2 stamens #d or #b1 in pairs on corolla-tube2 capsules often long1 with winged seeds4 ,desert ,willow 7,chilopsis linearis71 also called flowering willow1 willow-leaved catalpa1 and 8mimbre10 is a common shrub along water courses from ,west ,texas to ,southern ,california and ,northern ,mexico4 ,when it is not in flower or fruit1 it may be mistaken for the black willow 7,salix nigra71 which has similar leaves4 ,the delicate1 lavender1 trumpet-shaped flowers are about two inches long4 ,white and pale-lavender forms occur4 ,it is a shrub or small tree frequently cultivated for ornament in ,texas and ,california4 ,it blooms from ,may through the summer months4 ,mexicans use the wood for fence-posts and the branches for baskets4 ,a tea made from the flowers is used as a remedy for heart and lung diseases4 ,several other members of this family are native to the state and are well-known in cultivation4 ,among these are the red-flowered trumpet-creeper 7,campsis radicans71 the yellow-red cross-vine 7,bignonia capreolata71 the catalpa found in ,east ,texas woods1 and the yellow-elder 7,tecoma stans7 in ,south ,texas and the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,,acanthus ,,family 7,acanthaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,flame ,,acanthus ,leaves opposite2 calyx #d-e-lobed2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 united1 sometimes #b-lipped2 stamens on tube1 #b or #d in #b pairs2 fruit a capsule1 often club-shaped1 opening elastically4 ,flame ,acanthus 7,anisacanthus wrightii7 is covered with scarlet flowers from early summer until frost4 ,it is a low1 widely branched shrub1 about #b feet high1 found in rocky soil of the mountains of ,west ,texas4 ,the corollas have a narrow tube and five narrow1 spreading lobes which are nearly equal but somewhat #b-lipped4 ,the two stamens and the style extend beyond the corolla4 ,the small leaves are ovate-lanceolate in shape and are #a-b inches long4 ,the flame acanthus is an excellent garden shrub for dry regions and has been known in cultivation for some time4 ,this species is named in honor of ,charles ,wright1 an early collector of ,texas plants and one of the first teachers in the state4 ,wright was a ,yale graduate who collected plants in ,texas from #ahcg to #aheb for ,dr4 ,asa ,gray of ,harvard ,university4 ,he accompanied a baggage train to ,el ,paso in #ahdi1 and in #ahea he joined the ,graham ,boundary ,survey4 ,on both of these trips he collected many plants not previously known to science4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,petunia ,wild ,petunia4 ,ruellia 7,ruellia nudiflora7 has flowers very much like those of the cultivated petunia1 a member of the potato family4 ,it is a very common plant in ,central and ,south ,texas1 growing in open woods or on rich prairies4 ,it frequently takes possession of lawns and flower beds4 ,the plants are erect1 #ab-af inches high1 and have few branches4 ,the few leaves are oval1 narrowed at the base1 wavy-margined1 and blunt or rounded at the apex4 ,the forking flower clusters have one to five flowers open at the same time4 ,the flowers do not last very long4 ,leaves and stem are often marked with red or purple4 ,the delicate1 funnel-shaped corollas have five spreading lobes and are about two inches long4 ,the four stamens are inclosed in the tube4 ,the seed-capsules are nearly an inch long and turn brown as they mature4 ,this ruellia was formerly confused with ,ruellia tuberosa1 a tropical plant with tuberous roots4 ,the ruellias belong to a large group of plants with about #bjj species most of which are found in tropical ,south ,america4 ,they are named for ,jean de la ,ruelle1 an early ,french physician and botanist4 ,there are several other ruellias widely distributed in the wooded sections of the state4 ,the hairy ruellia 7,ruellia ciliosa7 is abundant on the prairies in ,texas and the ,eastern ,states4 ,miss ,eaton1 in an article in the ,national ,geographic in #aibe1 reports that carpenter-bees use circular pieces of the corolla to plug off their nesting cells made in tunnels in soft wood4 ,drummond's ruellia 7,ruellia drummondiana7 is found in woods in ,central ,texas4 ,the flowers are rather small and are nearly hidden by the leaves4 ,,plantain ,,family 7,plantaginaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,tallow-,,weed ,,red-,,seeded ,,plantain ,herbs2 leaves basal2 calyx #d-lobed2 corolla papery1 #c-d-lobed2 stamens #d1 on corolla-tube2 capsule 7in ours7 opening by a horizontal division4 ,tallow-,weed4 ,wright's ,plantain 7,plantago wrightiana7 is a common plant on prairies from ,texas to ,arizona and blooms from ,april to ,june4 ,it is called tallow-weed because cattle fatten on the plants4 ,the stems are #f-h in4 high1 and the numerous basal leaves are half as long1 narrow1 smooth1 and dark green4 ,the small #d-lobed flowers have a stiff1 papery white corolla with spreading lobes4 ,the small capsules open by a lid4 ,red-,seeded ,plantain or ,ribwort 7,plantago rhodosperma7 has broad leaves1 #c-e-ribbed1 and narrow spikes of flowers4 ,the leaf-rosettes are often a foot broad4 ,the corolla lobes are erect and are closed over one another4 ,the ribwort is a very common weed in sandy soil from ,missouri to ,texas and ,arizona4 ,there are many other plantains in the state1 all more or less abundant4 ,the group has retained the old ,latin name4 ,scilla-seed1 a laxative in recent use1 is obtained from a ,south ,american plantain4 ,the seeds of the lance-leaved plantain are sold as food for birds4 ,,madder ,,family 7,rubiaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,small ,,bluet ,,least ,,bluet ,leaves opposite or whorled2 in ours1 sepals and petals usually #d1 but may be #d-aj1 calyx joining ovary wall2 stamens #d-aj1 on corolla-tube2 ovary inferior1 #b-e-;celled4 ,small ,bluet 7,houstonia patens7 has violet-blue flowers which are among the first blossoms of spring4 ,they dot golf courses and sandy meadows from ,texas to ,virginia and ,illinois in ,february and ,march4 ,the bluets are also called innocence and angel-eyes4 ,least ,bluet 7,houstonia minima7 is a smaller plant than the small bluet1 but the flowers are a little larger and are pale pink4 ,they bloom at the same time of year and may often be found together4 ,the least bluet ranges from ,texas to ,illinois and ,kansas4 ,the madder-family is mainly tropical but is represented in ,texas by nearly forty species4 ,nearly all of these have inconspicuous1 #d-lobed white flowers and include many bedstraws and bluets1 the button-weed1 and button-bush4 ,from some members of the family valuable commercial products--coffee1 quinine1 and a red dye--are obtained2 the cape-jasmine or gardenia is a well-known ornamental plant4 ,illustration3 ,,bouvardia ,,baby',s ,,breath ,baby's ,breath4 ,narrow-,leaved ,houstonia 7,houstonia angustifolia7 is not the garden plant 7,gypsophila paniculata7 which is known as baby's breath1 but it is equally dainty4 ,the stems grow from woody perennial roots and form erect clumps about a foot high4 ,the small flowers are borne in flat-topped clusters and vary in color from white to pale pink or lavender4 ,this plant is widely distributed on prairies from ,illinois to ,texas and ,florida4 ,bouvardia 7,bouvardia ternifolia7 is a low shrub1 #b-f ft4 high1 which grows in the mountains west of the ,pecos ,river to ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,the leaves are short and grow in whorls of #c's or #d's4 ,the narrow1 red tubular flowers are about one inch long4 ,the ,bouvardias were once popular as greenhouse plants but are little used now4 ,this one was introduced into ,england more than one hundred years ago4 ,,honeysuckle ,,family 7,caprifoliaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,coral ,,honeysuckle ,usually shrubs2 leaves opposite2 calyx joining ovary wall1 #e-lobed2 corolla #e-lobed1 tubular and often #b-lipped2 stamens #d-e1 on corolla-tube2 ovary inferior2 fruit a fleshy berry4 ,southern ,woodbine4 ,coral or ,trumpet ,honeysuckle 7,lonicera sempervirens7 is quite common in the woods of ,east ,texas and other ,southern ,states1 blooming in ,texas in late ,march and continuing until fall4 ,it is an evergreen vine that has been widely introduced into cultivation4 ,the flowers are not so conspicuously two-lipped as in the white honeysuckle1 the corolla-lobes being nearly equal4 ,the scarlet berries are inch long1 ripening in the summer4 ,this is one of a number of plants which are commonly called woodbine4 ,the group was named in honor of ,adam ,lonitzer1 an early ,german botanist4 ,the black haw 7,viburnum prunifolium7 is very abundant in ,texas woods4 ,the showy ball-like clusters of white flowers appear with the leaves in ,april and ,may1 following the dogwood and red haws4 ,the ,american elder 7,sambucus canadensis7 is found along streams in ,central and ,east ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,honeysuckle ,white ,honeysuckle 7,lonicera albiflora7 is a straggling bush which usually grows in the shelter of a tree4 ,the pale broad1 oval leaves are opposite and united at their bases1 the uppermost pair being cup-shaped and surrounding the cluster of flowers borne at the tip of the stem4 ,the fragrant flowers are less than an inch long with a narrow tube and #e lobes1 the lower lobe long and narrow and the #d upper shorter1 very much like those of the common cultivated ,japanese honeysuckle4 ,the five spreading stamens extend conspicuously beyond the corolla4 ,this plant blooms in ,april and ,may4 ,it is scattered throughout the central and western parts of the state1 being especially abundant in the western mountains1 and ranges to ,arkansas and ,arizona4 ,the ,japanese honeysuckle has escaped cultivation in places along the bayous of ,east ,texas4 ,,valerian ,,family 7,valerianaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,lamb',s ,,lettuce ,leaves opposite2 calyx of several bristles or absent2 petals #b-e1 partly united2 stamens usually #d1 on corolla-tube2 ovary inferior1 #c-;celled but only #a cell fertile4 ,lamb's ,lettuce4 ,texas or ,dwarf ,corn ,salad 7,valerianella amarella7 is one of the first white-flowered spring plants1 growing in such abundance that the prairies are white with the blooms4 ,it is a much smaller plant than the dwarf ,queen ,anne's lace which is so lovely late in ,april and ,may4 ,in the field it is usually about #f in4 high but grows a little higher in cultivation when used as a border plant4 ,it is easily identified by its flat-topped clusters of flowers grouped in squares at the end of the widely forking branches4 ,the smooth foliage is yellow-green in color4 ,there are several corn salads which grow in moist places in the state4 ,the dwarf corn salad may readily be distinguished from these1 as its minute seed-pod is covered with woolly hairs4 ,the ,european corn salad is cultivated1 and the leaves are used for salad4 ,,gourd ,,family 7,cucurbitaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,balsam ,,gourd ,tendrils mostly present1 stems often prostrate2 flowers usually unisexual2 calyx tubular1 #e-lobed2 petals united or separate2 stamens usually #c1 one anther always #a-;celled1 the other two #b-;celled2 ovary inferior4 ,wild ,balsam ,gourd 7,ibervillea lindheimeri7 has bright scarlet balls about an inch in diameter and makes conspicuous spots of color on fences in the fall4 ,the vine is slender1 bearing small yellow flowers in the spring4 ,the fruits are green at first1 turning orange and then a scarlet red4 ,sometimes they are a little longer than broad and pointed at the end4 ,the few leaves are thick and deeply #c-e-lobed4 ,it ranges from ,texas to ,california4 ,the garden balsam 7,impatiens balsamina7 bears no relation to this plant4 ,the vines in cultivation known as balsam apple and balsam pear are1 however1 members of the gourd family and were introduced from the ,old ,world tropics4 ,watermelons1 cantaloupes1 cucumbers1 squashes1 pumpkins1 and gourds are well-known members of the gourd family4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,gourd ,wild ,gourd4 ,mock ,orange 7,cucurbita foetidissima7 has long trailing stems which are often #ae feet long and may be #be feet long4 ,it is readily distinguished by its large gray-green triangular leaves which are somewhat #c-e-lobed4 ,the leaf-blades are #d-ab inches long1 and the leaf-stalk is about half the length of the blade4 ,the star-shaped yellow flowers1 about three inches broad1 are almost hidden by the leaves1 the staminate and pistillate flowers being borne on different plants4 ,the ovoid gourds1 which at first are green variegated with a lighter green1 turn quite yellow at maturity4 ,the resemblance of the yellow fruit to oranges has given rise to the common name1 mock orange4 ,the gourds are about three inches long4 ,they are not edible1 as the pulp is fibrous and bitter4 ,mexicans use the plant as a soap substitute by mashing the gourds or the roots in water4 ,they call it 8chilicoyote0 or 8calabacilla40 ,the pumpkins and squashes1 whose origin is somewhat obscure1 are close relatives of the gourd4 ,,bell-,,flower ,,family 7,campanulaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,venus' ,,looking-,,glass ,,western ,,venus' ,,looking-,,glass ,juice usually milky2 leaves alternate2 calyx tube joined to ovary1 #c-aj-lobed2 corolla tubular or bell-shaped1 sepals and petals usually #e2 stamens #e2 ovary inferior1 #b-aj-;celled4 ,venus' ,looking-,glass 7,specularia perfoliata7 is a very common ,american plant blooming in ,texas in the early spring4 ,like the later flowers of many violets1 the first flowers never open and are self-fertilized4 ,the later flowers have a showy #e-lobed purple corolla about an inch long4 ,the seeds are dispersed from a small opening in the lower part of the capsule4 ,the leaves are small and clasping1 usually broader than long4 ,western ,venus' ,looking-,glass 7,specularia leptocarpa7 has flowers very much like the preceding1 but the stamens and calyx lobes are longer4 ,the long1 slender capsules have the opening pore near the top4 ,the showy flowers appear in late ,april and ,may4 ,this plant is abundant on the northern prairies of ,texas and ranges to ,missouri and ,montana4 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,lobelia ,,texas ,,harebell ,texas ,harebell4 ,bluebell 7,campanula reverchonii7 is one of the rarer plants in the state1 and care should be taken to preserve it4 ,it is lovely against the granite rocks and boulders of ,central ,texas4 ,the dainty1 slender plants are often much branched and have blue flowers about half an inch long4 ,the bluebell of ,scotland is a renowned member of the group2 ,canterbury bells and the balloon-flower are well-known in gardens4 ,,lobelia ,,family 7,lobeliaceae7 ,juice often milky2 sepals #e2 corolla #a-b-lipped1 united2 stamens #e1 anthers joined into a tube4 ,prairie ,lobelia 7,lobelia brachypoda7 grows on sandy prairies in ,southern ,texas and the adjacent part of ,mexico4 ,it is very abundant west of ,falfurrias in ,march4 ,the ,texas lobelias may usually be recognized by the five united stamens which have gray anthers bearded at the top4 ,the plants often have a milky sap containing a poisonous alkaloid which is used in medicine4 ,the red cardinal flower 7,lobelia splendens7 is rather widely scattered in moist places throughout the state but is rare enough to need protection4 ,,composite ,,family 7,compositae7 ,illustration3 ,,baldwin',s ,,ironweed ,flowers crowded into heads surrounded by bracts2 outer flowers often strap-shaped and are called ray flowers2 inner flowers are tubular and are called disk flowers2 sometimes flowers are all of one type2 calyx usually modified into bristles or awns 7pappus72 petals united1 tubular1 #d-e-lobed2 stamens #e1 anthers united into a tube2 styles #b-lobed2 ovary #a-;celled1 inferior4 7,see p4 xii47 ,baldwin's ,ironweed 7,vernonia baldwinii7 has broad1 flat-topped clusters of purple heads4 ,it forms a pleasing contrast to the abundant yellow flowers of the summer months4 ,the plant is a hardy perennial and grows in ditches and river bottoms from ,central ,texas to ,iowa4 ,the stems are #c-d feet high and conspicuously leafy4 ,the ironweeds get their common name from the fact that the stems are very hard and difficult for farmers to chop down4 ,about one-fifth of the plants found in ,texas belong to the composite family4 ,it is generally divided into groups or tribes1 the more important being the ironweed1 mist-flower1 aster1 everlasting1 sunflower1 bitterweed1 dog-fennel1 and thistle groups4 ,the composites in this book are grouped together in tribes in the above order1 but the tribes are not separated or differentiated4 ,identification of composites is much easier if the resemblance to a particular group can be noted4 ,illustration3 ,,blue ,,mist-,,flower ,,bluff ,,thoroughwort ,bluff ,thoroughwort 7,eupatorium ageratifolium7 is a widely branched shrub of the rocky hillsides of ,central and ,west ,texas4 ,the bushes are covered with flat-topped clusters of pale-pink or white flowers4 ,the long1 protruding styles1 which are divided into two recurved parts1 have given the name of mist-flower to this and other plants of the group4 ,milk-sick plant 7,eupatorium ageratoides7 is a closely related plant which causes in cattle a disease called 8trembles40 ,the milk from affected cows will cause sickness and death among humans4 ,the late-flowering thoroughwort 7,eupatorium serotinum7 is very abundant in river bottoms throughout the state4 ,yankee-weed 7,eupatorium compositifolium7 grows in big feathery clumps often #aj feet high4 ,it is a pernicious weed in ,east ,texas and soon covers cut-over pine lands4 ,the dried flower-tops of several species were used by pioneers as fever medicines4 ,one of these plants was called ,joe-pye weed in honor of the ,indian doctor1 ,joe ,pye4 ,blue ,mist-,flower 7,conoclinium coelestinum7 is sometimes called ageratum and is used for a summer and fall border plant4 ,it grows in moist1 shaded places from ,central ,texas to ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,blazing ,,star ,,dwarf ,,goldenrod ,,tall ,,goldenrod ,prairie ,blazing ,star4 ,button ,snakeroot 7,laciniaria punctata7 is sometimes called liatris from the scientific group to which these plants are sometimes referred4 ,a similar prairie blazing star is called gay-feather4 ,on the dry prairies in the western part of the state the blazing star has short stems and short spikes of flowers2 but where moisture is more abundant1 the plants are one to two feet high4 ,the plant does well in cultivation and is easily grown from the seed4 ,it ranges from ,southern ,canada to ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,the stems are closely covered with the narrow leaves1 which are marked with minute glandular dots4 ,the spikes are densely covered with long1 narrow heads of purple flowers4 ,there are only a few star-shaped tubular flowers in a head4 ,the seeds are widely scattered by their crown of plumose bristles4 ,the lovely spikes are often dried for winter bouquets4 ,many eastern blazing stars are found in the woods of ,east ,texas1 where they make showy displays from ,july to ,october4 ,they are called snakeroots from their reputed property of curing snake-bites4 ,a tea made from the plant will cause profuse perspiration2 the perspiration was probably responsible for the reported snake-bite cures4 ,they are also called devil's bit or devil's bite1 because of the bitten-off appearance of the rootstock4 ,the rootstock was considered such a powerful remedy for human ills that the devil bit off a part for spite4 ,tall ,goldenrod 7,solidago altissima7 grows #b-h ft4 high1 has rough leaves which are sharply toothed and prominently triple-nerved1 and is topped by dense clusters of yellow flowers4 ,most of the goldenrods are widely distributed in ,north ,america2 the tall goldenrod is abundant in dry soil from ,maine to ,nebraska and ,texas4 ,gray1 ,field1 or ,dwarf ,goldenrod 7,solidago nemoralis7 has flower heads all turned to one side of the branches which top the slender wand-like stems4 ,the stems are one half to two feet high4 ,this is one of the most abundant goldenrods in the central and western parts of the state from ,july to ,november and ranges from ,canada to ,florida and ,arizona4 ,in ,texas the goldenrods are usually found only in moist soil1 many eastern species growing profusely in ,east ,texas4 ,the three-nerved goldenrod 7,solidago trinervata7 is the common one in ,southwest ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,stiff ,,goldenrod ,stiff or ,hard-,leaved ,goldenrod 7,solidago rigida7 is one of about thirty-five goldenrods found in the state4 ,it belongs to the type which is responsible for the common name1 as the yellow flowers are in heads arranged in rod-like clusters at the top of the stem4 ,the scientific name of 8,solidago10 meaning 8to make whole10 had its origin in the healing properties of certain species4 ,the stiff goldenrod grows in dry rocky or sandy soil east of the ,rocky ,mountains from ,southern ,canada to ,texas4 ,it grows #a-b feet high and has broad leaves #a-b inches long4 ,lindheimer's goldenrod 7,solidago lindheimeriana7 is a similar stout1 leafy-stemmed plant which is abundant in ,central ,texas and ranges to ,kansas and ,mexico4 ,bigelow's goldenrod 7,solidago bigelovii7 is another species with rod-like clusters4 ,it is found in the mountainous regions of ,west ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,broom-,,weed ,broom-,weed4 ,kindling-,weed 7,amphiachyris dracunculoides7 is a pasture pest in the southern part of the ,great ,plains region4 ,the slender stem is unbranched near the base1 but above the middle the numerous spreading branches form a flat-topped plant which bears many small heads of yellow flowers4 ,the plants are often #b-d feet high and grow in dense masses4 ,it has been used as a broom by early settlers1 ,mexicans1 and children at play4 ,the resinous foliage of the dried plants was also highly valued for kindling fires4 ,the broom-weed is closely related to the rabbit-brush which is so abundant in ,west ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,texas rabbit-brush 7,gutierrezia texana7 of ,west ,texas is so much like the broom-weed that only a close observer can distinguish them4 ,both have #e-h flowers with strap-shaped corollas in the outer part of the head and a few tubular flowers in the center2 both bloom in the late summer and fall4 ,illustration3 ,,camphor ,,daisy ,,texas ,,gumweed ,camphor ,daisy 7,heterotheca subaxillaris71 so called because of the camphor-like odor of the rough foliage1 is a common summer pest to the farmer4 ,the plants often grow #c feet high and are much branched1 bearing heads of golden-yellow flowers nearly an inch across4 ,the upper leaves are broad and clasping1 but the lower are narrowed at the base4 ,the scientific name refers to the dissimilar fruits of the ray and disk flowers1 those of the ray flowers having no bristles4 ,it ranges from ,delaware to ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,texas ,gumweed 7,grindelia texana7 belongs to a group easily recognized because of its sticky1 bur-like heads and thick leaves4 ,this one is common on rocky limestone slopes in ,central ,texas in the fall and ranges to ,southwest ,missouri4 ,the wand-like stems1 covered with the overlapping leaves1 are topped by large heads of yellow flowers4 ,many gumweeds are found in ,texas4 ,some of them were used to relieve colds1 asthma1 and rheumatism4 ,illustration3 ,,big ,,gumweed ,big ,gumweed4 ,saw-,leaf ,daisy 7,prionopsis ciliata7 is easily recognized by its straight1 stiff stalks which are closely covered with broad oval leaves4 ,dense masses of the sentinel-like plants may be seen along fence-rows in ,north-central and ,west ,texas in ,august and ,september4 ,it ranges north to ,kansas and ,missouri4 ,the stems are topped by short clusters of large heads1 #b-c inches broad4 ,the leaves are thick1 gummy1 and closely beset with bristle-tipped teeth4 ,sometimes an injury to the stem may cause it to become widely branched4 ,the scientific name means 8resembling a saw0 and refers to the leaf-margins4 ,it is not a true gumweed but has similar bur-like heads4 ,it differs from the gumweeds in having several unequal hair-like bristles on the seed1 whereas the seeds of gumweeds have #b-h stiff bristles4 ,illustration3 ,,yellow ,,sleepy ,,daisy ,yellow ,sleepy ,daisy 7,xanthisma texanum7 is a yellow daisy with lazy habits1 for the heads do not open until noon4 ,it is close kin to the white lazy daisy 7,aphanostephus skirrobasis71 and the two may often be found growing in the same fields4 ,the large heads of lemon-yellow flowers are quite showy and attractive1 #a inches broad1 solitary at the ends of the branches4 ,the ray flowers are narrow1 about one inch long1 and conspicuously lance-shaped at the tips4 ,this plant blooms in the late spring and summer and is found on sandy prairies or open woods in ,central ,texas4 ,it is an annual1 the stem branched above1 commonly about #a-a feet high4 ,the leaves are glossy green1 somewhat narrow1 and one to two inches long4 ,it has been introduced into cultivation in the ,north and ,east4 ,the name is ,greek1 meaning 8dyed yellow40 ,illustration3 ,,berlandier',s ,,golden ,,aster ,,iron ,,flower ,berlandier's ,golden ,aster 7,chrysopsis berlandieri7 is common on roadside banks and prairies of ,central and ,west ,texas4 ,growing from a perennial root1 the branched stems sprawl in clumps about a foot broad and are thick with yellow heads soon after a heavy rain4 ,the heads are nearly an inch broad1 the flowers all yellow4 ,the leaves are whitish and somewhat woolly4 ,it blooms in the summer and fall4 ,spiny-,leaved ,yellow ,aster4 ,iron ,flower 7,sideranthus spinulosus7 has yellow heads much like the preceding1 but the leaves are quite different1 being divided into narrow segments which are bristle-pointed rather than spiny as the name indicates4 8,sideranthus0 means 8iron flower40 ,it is very abundant on prairies and hills in the western part of the state and ranges to ,canada and ,mexico4 ,it blooms from ,march to ,october4 ,the iron flowers are often called gold daisies4 ,the southern iron flower 7,sideranthus australis7 is common in ,southwest ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,lazy ,,daisy ,,oak-,,leaved ,,fleabane ,,daisy ,white ,lazy ,daisy 7,aphanostephus skirrobasis7 grows very abundantly in sandy soil in spring and summer4 ,it ranges from ,kansas to ,mexico and ,florida4 ,the morning traveller does not appreciate its beauty1 for it is truly a lazy daisy1 not opening its heads until nearly noon4 ,the plants are usually branched and grow #f-ah inches high4 ,the large1 showy heads are #a-b inches across and are usually long-stalked4 ,unlike those of many other daisies1 the seeds are not topped by slender bristles but have an inconspicuous crown1 as is denoted by the scientific name1 which is ,greek for 8faint crown40 ,oak-,leaved ,fleabane ,daisy 7,erigeron quercifolius7 is very abundant in the spring in the ,east ,texas woods and ranges through the ,southern ,states4 ,the lower leaves resemble oak leaves1 but those on the stem are narrow and pointed4 ,the numerous fleabane daisies in the state may be readily recognized by means of the many1 very narrow ray flowers which are usually white1 pale pink1 or pale lavender4 ,kiss-me-and-,i'll-tell-you 7,erigeron annuus7 is a taller daisy and is very abundant in ,east ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,dwarf ,,white ,,aster ,,dwarf ,,blue ,,aster ,dwarf ,blue ,aster 7,keerlia bellidiflora7 is a shade-loving1 sprawling plant growing in moist soil in ,central ,texas4 ,its small heads1 less than half an inch across1 have the aster habit of closing at night and opening in bright light4 ,the outer ray flowers are bluish-lavender1 and the tubular inner flowers are yellow4 ,it blooms from late ,march to ,may4 ,dwarf ,white ,aster 7,chaetopappa asteroides7 is a very small and wiry plant1 growing two to ten inches high and becoming much branched with age4 ,the small narrow heads with white rays and yellow disk flowers are less than half an inch broad4 ,the leaves are narrow1 commonly broader about the middle1 and about half an inch long4 ,the scientific name refers to the bristles on the seed4 ,it is very abundant in sandy soil throughout the state and ranges to ,missouri and ,mexico4 ,it blooms from ,march until early summer4 ,illustration3 ,,roadside ,,aster4 ,,blackweed ,blackweed4 ,roadside ,aster 7,aster exilis7 is probably the least showy of the asters but is very abundant in ,texas4 ,it ranges from ,kansas to ,texas and ,florida4 ,the white1 daisy-like heads may be noted against the dark-green foliage in roadside ditches1 or it may appear as a violet haze along the highway4 ,although it is considered one of the common lawn pests in the fall1 yet even there it is a thing of beauty2 for when the slender stems are cut1 numerous branches spread out from the base1 and soon the grass is studded with the tiny white or lavender heads4 ,keepers of bees on the coastal prairie highly prize it as the source of their most palatable honey4 ,spiny ,aster 7,aster spinosus7 is quite similar to the roadside aster and has inconspicuous leaves which are sometimes reduced to spines4 ,the flower heads are less than an inch broad with white outer flowers4 ,it forms dense growths in river bottoms and along irrigation ditches and is especially abundant in the vicinity of ,el ,paso4 ,illustration3 ,,late ,,purple ,,aster ,,tansy ,,aster ,late ,purple ,aster 7,aster patens7 shows its lovely heads in ,october and ,november along the edges of post oak woods throughout the state4 ,it is easily recognized by the short1 broad1 and roughened leaves on the wand-like stems4 ,the illustration given is that of variety gracilis which is abundant in the vicinity of ,fort ,worth4 ,many asters are found in the state1 but very few make a conspicuous floral display except along the coastal plain and river bottoms4 ,tansy ,aster4 ,dagger-,flower 7,machaeranthera tanacetifolia7 has leaves much like those of the spiny-leaved yellow aster1 but the purple-flowered heads are much larger and very showy1 #a-b inches broad4 ,the heads are surrounded by bracts with green spreading tips4 ,the inner tubular flowers are yellow but soon turn reddish-brown4 ,it ranges from ,nebraska to ,mexico and ,california4 ,this is one of the loveliest flowers on the western plains1 blooming from ,may to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,,oil ,,willow ,narrow-,leaved ,baccharis4 ,oil ,willow 7,baccharis angustifolia7 looks very much like the black willow1 to which1 however1 it bears no relationship4 ,the leaves of baccharis have a resinous texture1 and the flowers appear in the late summer and fall4 ,the pollen-bearing flowers are not borne on the same shrub with the seed-bearing flowers4 ,the flowers1 all small1 inconspicuous1 whitish1 and tubular1 are borne in a narrow head of ovate bracts which soon turn brown4 ,it is called the oil willow by some of the older residents because it is said to be an indicator of oil1 just as the black willow is said to be a good indicator of water4 ,it is also called brittle willow1 false willow1 and resin willow4 ,it grows in brackish marshes throughout the state and may be found eastward to ,north ,carolina4 ,the soft white plumy bristles on the seed give the shrub the feathery appearance of the ,yankee-weed4 ,along the coast in the southeastern part1 the groundsel-tree or pencil-tree 7,baccharis halimifolia7 is a lovely sight in the fall4 ,illustration3 ,,large ,,rabbit ,,tobacco ,,small ,,rabbit ,,tobacco ,large ,rabbit ,tobacco 7,filago prolifera7 is a low plant less than six inches high with a few short branches at the top of the stem and sometimes a few at the base4 ,the flowers are small and inconspicuous1 being borne in woolly1 rather flattened heads which are about half an inch broad4 ,it blooms from ,january to ,june and ranges from ,texas to ,south ,dakota4 ,small ,rabbit ,tobacco 7,filago nivea7 is a smaller plant but is more densely clothed with woolly hairs4 ,the minute1 ball-like heads are clustered together4 ,both of these plants are also known as poverty-weed1 chewing gum1 and ladies' tobacco4 ,poverty-weed is a suitable name for them in the sheep-grazing section of ,central ,texas which has been heavily over-grazed4 ,in many pastures they take the place of grasses as a ground cover4 ,the leaves may be chewed for gum4 ,the rabbit tobacco is closely related to the cudweeds and everlastings4 ,the plantain-leaved everlasting grows in moist woods in ,east ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,southern ,,marsh ,,fleabane ,southern ,marsh ,fleabane 7,pluchea purpurascens7 grows only in marshes or in continually moist places4 ,the flowers are more rose-colored than purplish1 as the name would indicate1 and the tawny bristles on the seeds soon give a brownish tint to the heads4 ,it often grows in pleasing combination with the blue mist-flower4 ,it ranges from ,texas to ,florida and tropical ,america and blooms in the summer and fall4 ,the plants are commonly about two feet high1 the stems being unbranched below and very leafy4 ,the broad leaves are pointed at the tip and narrowed into stalk-like bases except on the upper part of the stem4 ,the leaf-margins are irregularly toothed4 ,the fragrant flowers are borne in small oblong heads in a flat-topped cluster4 ,the cudweeds are closely related to the marsh fleabane4 ,they are particularly abundant in the mountains of ,west ,texas1 the loveliest one being ,wright's cudweed or everlasting 7,gnaphalium wrightii71 which has white flowers and foliage4 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,daisy ,,blackfoot ,,daisy ,prairie ,blackfoot ,daisy4 ,mountain ,daisy4 ,rock ,daisy 7,melampodium cinereum7 is very abundant on limestone slopes and in dry soil from ,texas to ,arkansas1 ,kansas1 and ,arizona4 ,the scientific name is from the ,greek words meaning 8black foot0 and refers to the blackened roots and stalks4 ,blackfoot ,daisy 7,melampodium ramosissimum7 grows from a black woody base and has many branched stems which form a dense rounded mound one to two feet broad4 ,after sufficient rainfall from early spring until winter1 this mound is covered by the saucy heads of white daisy-like flowers4 ,the heads are about three-fourths inch across and have an outer row of #h-aa broad white ray-flowers4 ,this is the most vigorous one of the blackfoot daisies and makes an excellent plant for the rock garden4 ,it grows in ,southwest ,texas4 ,the seeds are enclosed in a thickened cornucopia-like floral bract which has a flaring rim and many warty projections4 ,illustration3 ,,prairie ,,zinnia ,,texas ,,star ,,daisy ,texas ,star ,daisy4 ,lindheimer's ,daisy 7,lindheimera texana7 shows its star-like flower heads early in the spring while the plants are low and the leaves are closely clustered4 ,by ,june the plants are tall and widely branched above4 ,this plant honors by its name ,ferdinand ,j4 ,lindheimer1 an early settler of ,new ,braunfels and editor of the 8,neu ,braunfelser ,zeitung40 ,lindheimer began his collection of ,texas plants in #ahcf and continued until his death in #ahgi4 ,with the assistance of ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann of ,st4 ,louis and ,dr4 ,asa ,gray of ,harvard ,university1 ,lindheimer's collections between #ahdb and #aheb1 representing more than #adjj species of plants1 were classified and distributed to the leading herbaria of ,europe and ,america4 ,a part of this collection is owned by the ,university of ,texas ,herbarium4 ,prairie ,zinnia 7,zinnia grandiflora7 grows in low1 rounded clumps from ,kansas to ,mexico and ,arizona and blooms from ,june to ,september4 ,the bright yellow ray flowers are nearly round and remain on the seeds4 ,with age they become papery1 and the yellow disk flowers turn reddish-brown4 ,the common zinnia in cultivation was introduced from ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,cut-,,leaved ,,daisy4 ,,engelmann',s ,,daisy ,cut-,leaved ,daisy4 ,engelmann's ,daisy 7,engelmannia pinnatifida7 is closely related to the sunflowers but has the daisy habit of closing the flower heads at night and opening them in bright sunlight4 ,it is one of the commonest plants on prairies from ,kansas to ,louisiana and ,arizona and grows in dense patches along roadsides and pastures from ,april to ,july4 ,the rough1 hairy plants grow one to three feet high and are topped by broad clusters of long-stalked1 showy yellow heads which are #a-b inches broad4 ,the divided leaves are short-stalked on the lower part of the stem and on the upper part have clasping basal lobes4 ,this daisy honors the name of ,dr4 ,george ,engelmann1 an eminent botanist of ,st4 ,louis1 who died in #ahhd4 ,illustration3 ,,niggerhead ,niggerhead4 ,thimble ,flower 7,ratibida columnaris7 is also called ,mexican hat1 niggertoe1 8gallitos10 long-headed or prairie cone-flower1 and black-eyed ,susan1 though the last term is erroneously used4 ,it is a very handsome plant1 which is widely distributed on plains from ,southern ,canada to ,arizona1 ,texas1 and ,tennessee4 ,in ,south ,texas it is at its best in ,april and ,may2 in ,north ,texas it is lovely in late ,may and ,june4 ,numerous erect stems grow from a woody perennial root and are commonly two to two and a half feet high4 ,the long-stalked heads terminate the branches4 ,the leaves are finely divided into long narrow segments1 both leaves and stem being somewhat rough4 ,the showy flowers have drooping1 velvety rays which are entirely yellow or reddish-brown or partly colored yellow and brown4 ,the small tubular flowers are brown and are borne on a thimble-shaped or columnar disk which varies greatly in size on different flowers1 sometimes being nearly two inches long1 but it is usually about an inch long4 ,the disk is gray-green before the flowers open4 ,the dwarf niggerhead 7,ratibida tagetes7 is quite similar to the large niggerhead in growth habit and coloring1 but it is a smaller plant and has smaller flowers4 ,it is found from ,kansas to ,mexico on dry plains and blooms a month later than the large niggerhead4 ,the niggerhead belongs to a small group of showy ,american plants4 ,it was introduced into ,european gardens many years ago1 whence it later made its way back to ,american gardens4 ,the niggerhead group is closely related to the black-eyed ,susan and other cone-flowers4 ,several giant yellow-flowered cone-flowers grow in ,east ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,,clasping-,,leaved ,,cone-,,flower ,,black-,,eyed ,,susan ,clasping-,leaved ,cone-,flower 7,dracopis amplexicaulis7 makes a showy display in roadside ditches from ,central ,texas to ,louisiana and ,missouri4 ,it is a handsome plant with smooth branched stems one to two feet high4 ,the slightly drooping rays commonly have brown spots at the base but may be all yellow4 ,it is often called niggerhead or black-eyed ,susan1 but it may be distinguished from the latter by the thimble-shaped heads1 which are green before the brownish disk flowers open4 ,in ,south ,texas it is at its best the latter part of ,april1 but in ,north ,texas ,june is its best month4 ,black-,eyed ,susan 7,rudbeckia hirta7 is a common daisy of the plains region from ,southern ,canada to ,texas and ,florida4 ,it is a rough1 hairy plant which grows from one to three feet high4 ,closely resembling it is ,rudbeckia bicolor1 which has shorter ray flowers marked with a reddish-brown base4 ,the ray flowers of ,rudbeckia hirta may also show a dark base4 ,both are widely cultivated4 ,the group was named in honor of ,claus ,rudbeck1 a ,swedish botanist4 ,illustration3 ,,sampson',s ,,root4 ,,purple ,,cone-,,flower ,sampson's ,root4 ,narrow-,leaved ,purple ,cone-,flower 7,echinachea angustifolia7 is easily recognized by the spreading or somewhat drooping rose-colored rays4 ,the heads terminate the stiff1 unbranched stems which1 like the narrow leaves1 are very rough and bristly4 ,the stems grow one to two feet high and are scattered on limestone hillsides but may occasionally be found in dense patches along the roadsides4 ,the leaves have three prominent nerves4 ,the scientific name is derived from the ,greek and refers to the stiff reddish-brown chaff on the flower head4 ,this chaff obscures the brown disk flowers and remains on the heads long after the seeds have fallen4 ,this plant is hard to distinguish from the pale purple cone-flower 7,echinachea pallida71 which grows in the woods in the eastern part of the state4 ,the latter has longer and more drooping ray flowers4 ,the purple cone-flowers are well known in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,,ragweed4 ,,lyre-,,leaved ,,parthenium ,ragweed4 ,lyre-,leaved ,parthenium 7,parthenium lyratum7 blooms from early spring until fall in ,southwest ,texas4 ,this is a smaller plant than the common parthenium 7,parthenium hysterophorus71 which is widespread in the ,gulf ,states and tropical ,america4 ,the latter is a widely branched plant two to three feet high and grows in dense masses4 ,they have similar flower clusters with small heads of greenish-white flowers4 ,neither of these is the ragweed or bloodweed commonly associated with hay fever2 however1 the common parthenium is listed as a poisonous plant4 ,wild quinine or feverfew 7,parthenium integrifolium71 used as a pioneer drug to relieve fever1 has been reported from the state4 ,several shrubby partheniums are found in ,west ,texas4 ,the most important member of the group is the silver-leaved guayule or rubber plant 7,parthenium argentatum71 found in ,west ,texas and ,mexico4 ,it is a commercial source of rubber but is not yet profitable1 as the plants are of slow growth4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,sunflower ,common ,sunflower 7,helianthus annuus7 has been known in cultivation for many years but is considered native from ,minnesota to ,texas and ,mexico4 ,it is the state flower of ,kansas4 ,the stout1 erect stems are widely branched above the base and are very sticky1 #b-aj feet high4 ,the flower heads1 #c-f inches broad1 have many yellow ray flowers about an inch long and numerous tubular disk flowers4 ,it is grown commercially for its fiber and seeds4 ,the seeds make an excellent food for poultry and furnish an oil used in making soap1 candles1 and salad dressing4 ,two other sunflowers are widely distributed in the state4 ,the orange sunflower 7,helianthus cucumerifolius7 grows in the sandy post oak belt1 and the blue-weed 7,helianthus ciliaris7 is very abundant in ,west ,texas4 ,the latter is a low1 branching perennial which is poisonous to sheep4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,coreopsis ,,golden ,,wave ,,calliopsis ,texas ,coreopsis 7,coreopsis nuecensis7 was first described from plants found on the lower part of the ,nueces ,river4 ,it is quite widespread on the southern coastal prairie from ,march to ,may4 ,it may be distinguished from other annual species of coreopsis by the circle of reddish-brown marks near the base of the yellow rays4 ,the leaves are mostly basal and long-stalked4 ,golden ,wave4 ,drummond's ,coreopsis 7,coreopsis drummondii7 has showy1 long-stalked heads1 about #b in4 broad4 ,they are borne on widely branched plants about a foot high4 ,the leaves are divided into broad segments1 and both leaves and stems have scattered soft hairs4 ,it is very abundant on sandy coastal prairies in ,april and ,may and is well known in cultivation4 ,calliopsis4 ,prairie ,coreopsis 7,coreopsis cardaminefolia7 is a late-blooming annual plant1 the flowers appearing in ,north ,texas about the middle of ,june4 ,it ranges from ,kansas to ,mexico and ,louisiana4 ,this plant greatly resembles the golden coreopsis 7,coreopsis tinctoria71 which is abundant on the coastal prairies in ,march and ,april4 8,coreopsis0 is derived from the ,greek1 meaning 8bug-like10 and refers to the seed4 ,the plants are often called tickseeds4 ,illustration3 ,,false ,,coreopsis ,false ,coreopsis4 ,fine-,leaved ,thelesperma 7,thelesperma trifidum7 is sometimes erroneously called black-eyed ,susan4 ,it closely resembles the coreopsis when the flowers are in the bud stage4 ,the flowers may readily be distinguished from those of the coreopsis because the ray flowers are not marked with a brown spot at the base and are divided into three equal lobes at the tip4 ,the ray flowers of the coreopsis are commonly divided into four lobes1 the two lateral being shorter than the two middle lobes4 ,the leaves are finely divided into long1 narrow segments4 ,this is one of the most widely distributed plants on the prairies from ,mexico to ,colorado1 ,south ,dakota1 and ,missouri4 ,the yellow of ,central ,texas landscapes in late ,april and ,may is due to thelesperma4 ,scattered plants continue to bloom through the summer and fall4 ,the plants grow #a-b feet high and become widely branched4 ,the disk flowers are a reddish-brown4 ,illustration3 ,,plains ,,paper-,,flower ,plains ,paper-,flower 7,psilostrophe villosa7 is another western plant which has foliage covered with a dense white woolly coat of hairs4 ,this hairy coat is a plant device for enabling it to withstand dry growth conditions4 ,there are only three or four ray flowers which are much broader than long and are conspicuously three-lobed4 ,the heads are densely clustered on short branches at the top of the stems1 which are from six inches to two feet high4 ,near ,el ,paso is found the lovely western paper-flower or ,cooper's psilostrophe 7,psilostrophe cooperi74 ,it grows in spreading clumps about two feet broad and bears long-stalked heads over an inch wide4 ,as the flowers are bright yellow and remain lovely for months1 they are often gathered for winter bouquets4 ,eventually they become white and papery4 ,psilostrophe tagetinae has somewhat larger flowers than the plains paper-flower and is probably the most abundant paper-flower in the state4 ,when cattle graze upon it for several weeks1 they suffer a slow poisoning4 ,the marigold is a close relative1 both the ,african and ,french marigolds being derived from ,mexican plants introduced into cultivation about #aegc4 ,illustration3 ,,four-,,nerved ,,daisy ,,silver-,,leaf ,,daisy ,actinella ,daisy4 ,four-,nerved ,daisy 7,tetraneuris linearis7 grows with small tufts of narrow leaves from a woody perennial root4 ,the heads1 which are borne on stalks #b-h inches long1 close at night4 ,the plants often bloom throughout the year in ,central and ,south ,texas4 ,they grow on rocky limestone hillsides in ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,the broad1 four-nerved ray flowers form a close border around the conic disk1 which is covered with small yellow tubular flowers4 ,the veins of the outer flowers1 which give rise to the scientific name1 are sometimes purplish4 ,silver-,leaf ,daisy 7,bahia dealbata7 is common in the western part of the state into ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,it grows #a-b feet high from a woody perennial root and often blooms throughout the year4 ,the long-stalked heads are a little over an inch broad with #i-ab yellow ray flowers4 ,on the silvery-gray stem the few leaves are commonly opposite1 broad and short-stalked1 with a pair of lateral lobes near the base4 ,illustration3 ,,huisache ,,daisy ,,bitterweed ,huisache ,daisy 7,amblyolepis setigera7 is so called because it often forms a carpet of gold under huisache 7pronounced wee satch71 mesquite1 or other chaparral bushes in ,southwest-central ,texas from ,march to ,june4 ,it is also called honey or butterfly daisy and clasping-leaved bitterweed4 ,it has the strong scent common to the bitterweed1 but is fragrant in drying4 ,the plants are often loosely branched1 growing #f-ab inches high1 and the yellow heads are about #a inches broad4 ,sneezeweed4 ,fine-,leaved ,bitterweed 7,helenium tenuifolium7 is often found in pastures which have been over-grazed4 ,it has a strong-scented foliage which gives milk a bitter flavor4 ,the ball-shaped mound of disk-flowers 7reminding one of camomile7 and the few drooping ray flowers1 which have a broad #c-toothed edge and a narrow base1 are characteristic of the group4 ,the seeds are small and are said to cause sneezing when they are thrown into the air4 ,the bitterweed blooms from ,may to ,october and ranges from ,texas to ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,blanket ,indian ,blanket4 ,firewheel4 ,beautiful ,gaillardia 7,gaillardia pulchella7 is the pride of ,texas prairies4 ,the landscape becomes a vivid red and yellow in ,april1 ,may1 and early ,june when the firewheels are in bloom4 ,it is a highly-prized cultivated plant1 and many varieties have been developed4 ,there are several species of gaillardias and many of them are native to ,texas4 ,the beautiful one is the most widespread1 ranging from ,texas to ,louisiana1 ,nebraska1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 ,the gaillardias are named for a ,french botanist1 ,gaillard4 ,the heads are usually two or three inches across and are long-stalked4 ,each head has #aj-bj broad ray flowers which are sometimes all red but usually are marked with a brilliant yellow across the three lobes4 ,the upper leaves are lance-shaped1 and the lower are oblong and marked with a few teeth or lobes4 ,it is an annual plant which is widely branched and grows one to one and a half feet high4 ,illustration3 ,,tiny ,,tim ,tiny ,tim4 ,spreading ,thyme-,leaf 7,thymophylla polychaeta7 is found on sandy prairies from ,south ,texas to ,mexico and ,new ,mexico4 ,there are several thyme-leaf species in the state4 ,they may be recognized by their scented foliage and the cup-like base of the flower heads1 the bracts of the head being marked with large yellow or orange glands4 ,there is something appealing about the tiny ,tim1 as the name would indicate4 ,the branching stems with their lacy green leaves form rosettes which are dotted with the yellow daisy-like flowers4 ,dwarf ,thyme-,leaf4 ,tiny ,tim 7,thymophylla pentachaeta7 clings to cliffs and rocky hillsides4 ,it is a perennial plant with short stems four to six inches high4 ,the leaves are short and needle-like and are borne in dense clusters around the stem4 ,the flower heads are about half an inch broad4 ,tiny ,tim ranges from ,texas to ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,dog',s ,,camomile ,dog ,fennel4 ,mayweed4 ,dog's ,camomile 7,anthemis cotulla7 is a strong-scented herb widely scattered in ,america1 naturalized from ,europe4 ,it is very abundant in sandy soil in the eastern part of the state4 ,the plants are widely branched and bear numerous heads about an inch broad4 ,the rays are broad and wide and the disk flowers are yellow4 ,it begins to bloom in ,texas in ,march1 but the plants are at their best in ,may and ,june4 ,it is close kin to the ,european camomile1 which is used medicinally1 a soothing tea being made from the dried ball-shaped heads of yellow flowers4 ,closely related to camomile and yarrow are the artemisias1 which include many species known as dusty miller1 wormwood1 sage-brush1 and purple sage4 ,the silvery wormwood or thread-leaved sage-brush 7,artemisia filifolius7 is very abundant in the sandy areas of ,west ,texas and throughout the ,rocky ,mountain ,states and ,mexico4 ,it blooms from ,july to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,,yarrow ,yarrow4 ,woods ,milfoil 7,achillea millefolium7 was named in honor of ,achilles1 to whom is attributed the discovery of its healing properties4 ,it is supposed to stop bleeding1 relieve spasms1 produce sweating1 and act as a tonic4 ,the woods milfoil is widely distributed in woods in the ,united ,states1 ,europe1 and ,asia4 ,it makes a nice garden plant1 for the lacy fern-like leaves remain green all winter4 ,the stems grow one to two feet high and are topped by the flat flower-cluster4 ,the ray flowers are white or sometimes pale pink or lavender1 and the disk flowers are pale yellow4 ,plains ,yarrow4 ,woolly ,milfoil 7,achillea lanulosa7 grows in moist places on the plains from ,texas to ,canada1 ,mexico1 and ,california4 ,it is very much like the woods yarrow but differs in that it has fewer gray-green leaves and round-topped flower clusters4 ,its blooming season is a little later than that of the woods yarrow1 which blooms in ,april and ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,squaw-,,weed ,texas ,squaw-,weed4 ,clasping-,leaved ,groundsel 7,senecio ampullaceus7 is an annual plant which grows so abundantly on the sandy prairies of ,texas that it forms a carpet of gold for miles and miles4 ,it is one of the earliest spring flowers to bloom in such showy profusion4 ,the plants commonly grow #a-b feet high1 being branched above and forming flat-topped flower-clusters which are often a foot broad4 ,when quite young1 the plants are densely white-woolly but become smooth and shining with age4 ,the irregularly toothed leaves are #c-f inches long and have a broad clasping base4 ,the groundsel belongs to one of our largest groups of plants1 some #abjj species being widely distributed over the earth4 ,fine-leaved or woolly groundsel 7,senecio filifolius7 has woolly leaves divided into narrow segments4 ,the large heads are often in bloom throughout the year in ,west ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,star ,,thistle ,american ,star ,thistle4 ,basket ,flower 7,centaurea americana7 is often called spineless thistle because the leaves do not bear spines as do the leaves of its close relative1 the purple thistle4 ,it is also known as powder puffs1 sweet sultan1 and 8cardo del valle40 ,it is a hardy annual which is widely cultivated4 ,basket flower is the name under which it is known in cultivation--a name which refers to the stiff1 straw-colored bracts of the flower head4 ,these bracts are not spiny but are divided at the tip into finger-like projections4 ,before the flowers are fully opened1 the heads resemble a shaving-brush1 and this is a common name frequently applied to this and other thistles4 ,all the flowers are tubular and divided into five long narrow lobes4 ,in one variety the fully-opened flower cluster has an outer border of numerous lavender flowers with cream-colored flowers in the center4 ,there is another variety which has outer flowers a deep rose or reddish purple and center flowers pale pink or rose2 sometimes there is little difference in shade between the inner and outer flowers4 ,the stems are usually branched and grow about two feet high4 ,they are marked with wing-like ridges and are covered with the overlapping1 ascending leaves4 ,in ,texas the flowers begin to bloom in ,may and continue into ,june1 being at their best the first week in ,june4 ,after the flowering season1 the foliage becomes yellow and dried1 and the old stalks remain conspicuous in the fields for several months4 ,the star thistle is found on plains from ,missouri to ,louisiana1 ,mexico1 and ,arizona4 ,the variety which has reddish-purple flowers is very abundant in the vicinity of ,waco and ,fort ,worth4 ,the scientific name meaning 8of the ,centaurs0 refers to the use by the ,centaurs of certain species for healing4 ,the cornflower or bachelor's button 7,centaurea cyanus7 is a well-known garden annual4 ,illustration3 ,,wavy-,,leaved ,,thistle ,,purple-,,thistle ,wavy-,leaved ,thistle 7,carduus undulatus7 is the common prairie thistle and is particularly abundant in the vicinity of ,fort ,worth4 ,it grows only #a-b feet high1 and the upper leaf-surfaces are yellow-green4 ,the heads are nearly twice as large as those of the purple thistle1 and the flowers are a lovely lavender color4 ,it ranges from ,southern ,canada to ,texas and ,arizona and blooms in ,texas from ,april to ,june4 ,purple ,thistle 7,carduus austrinus7 is the common thistle in the south-central part of the state4 ,it is a tall1 much branched plant1 #c-d feet high1 with long-stalked heads of purple flowers4 ,the stems are white-woolly1 and the leaves are white-felty beneath and dark-green above1 wavy-margined1 lobed or divided1 the segments being tipped with spines4 ,the heads are about #a inches high and broad4 ,the numerous light purple flowers are all tubular with narrow lobes4 ,the thistles belong to a large group1 its most renowned representative being the ,scotch thistle4 ,illustration3 ,,nodding ,,thistle ,nodding ,thistle4 ,silver ,puffs4 ,sunbonnet ,babies 7,thrysanthema nutans7 lacks the spines of the true thistles1 but other characters show that this interesting little plant is closely related to the thistle group4 ,the leaves form a basal rosette from which grows the slender1 leafless flowering stalk bearing the nodding flower head4 ,the lyre-shaped leaves are wavy-margined1 dark-green above and white-felty below1 #b-d inches long4 ,the stalk is sometimes #ae inches long but is commonly about #h inches high4 ,the creamy-white flowers are rather inconspicuous1 but as the seeds mature1 the soft white bristles spread into a showy whorl4 ,the plants are found in scattered places in rich soil from ,central ,texas to ,mexico4 ,closely kin to the nodding thistle is the desert holly 7,perezia nana71 which has salmon-pink flowers and holly-like leaves4 ,it is a low plant seeking the shelter of creosote bush1 yucca1 and other shrubs in ,west ,texas4 ,,chicory ,,family 7,cichoriaceae7 ,illustration3 ,,purple ,,dandelion ,plants with milky juice2 all flowers strap-shaped1 in dense heads1 surrounded by involucral bracts2 corolla #e-lobed2 stamens #e2 ovary inferior4 ,purple ,dandelion4 ,flowering ,straw 7,lygodesmia texana7 can nearly always be found in the prairie sections of the state from spring to fall1 but the lovely flowers seldom make a showy display along the roadsides4 ,only one head blooms at a time on the slender forking stems1 and that remains open only in the mornings4 ,the heads are made up of #h-ab pale purple strap-shaped corollas1 with the lavender styles conspicuously erect in the center4 ,the tip of the corolla is divided into five minute lobes4 ,the stems are almost leafless but have a cluster of short-lobed1 narrow gray-green leaves at the base4 ,small-,flowered ,straw 7,ptiloria pauciflora7 is a white-flowered chicory with low spreading stems4 ,it is abundant in ,west ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,false ,,dandelion ,many-,stemmed ,false ,dandelion 7,sitilias multicaulis7 has lemon-yellow flower heads which closely resemble those of the true dandelion1 but the plants grow much taller and are often widely branched4 ,from early spring through ,june1 the false dandelion is very abundant on the coastal and western prairies4 ,the heads are made up of several rows of strap-shaped corollas4 ,the fruits are narrow and have attached a spreading tuft of bristles which makes the head in fruit look like a puff ball of lace4 ,this tuft is a parachute device for scattering the seeds far and wide4 ,white ,dandelion 7,pinaropappus roseus7 has flower heads very much like those of the yellow dandelions1 but the flowers vary in color from white to pale pink1 and the heads are larger4 ,it is very abundant in ,march and ,april in ,southwest-,central ,texas4 ,several garden plants belong to the chicory family1 among them being lettuce1 salsify1 and chicory4 ,the orange hawkweed is often cultivated for ornament4 ,,finding ,,lists ,the following lists are given to assist the reader in identifying plants4 ,several special groupings are first given according to conditions and habit of growth4 ,if the plant sought does not qualify for these lists1 then the longer seasonal and color lists should be consulted4 ,several wide-spread plants which the author had to omit because of lack of space have been mentioned in the lists2 these may be recognized by the absence of a page reference4 ,several related species1 not mentioned in the text and which may be recognized as close relatives of those illustrated although they may differ in color and season of growth1 have been included in the lists4 ,opposite each name is given the number of the page on which the plant is described and a symbol which designates the place of growth4 ,the section of the state is not given in the lists1 as prairie plants are much the same throughout the state as are the plants in the sandy soil of post oak woods4 ,however1 climatic conditions of moisture and temperature limit the range of many plants1 and the text should be consulted for the distributional range4 ,the time of flowering in ,central ,texas has been taken as the basis for listing the plants according to seasonal distribution4 ,quite frequently the season in ,north ,texas will be a month later than that of ,central ,texas1 and in ,south ,texas it will be a month earlier4 ,hence it may be necessary to consult the lists for adjoining seasons if the desired plant is not found in the first list to be checked4 ,some plants1 especially many herbaceous perennials on the western plains1 have flowering seasons in both spring and fall2 others bloom throughout the warmer months after heavy rains4 ,if a plant cannot be located in the fall list1 the spring list should be consulted4 ,the month of ,april shows the greatest profusion of flowers in nearly all parts of the state4 ,at some of the wild flower exhibits held at the ,university of ,texas1 nearly #ejj species from ,central and ,southeast ,texas have been shown at one time4 ,therefore the reader is warned not to expect to find every flower he picks up among the #beg illustrations given in these pages4 ,the plants are listed in the following color groups3 red and orange1 pink and rose1 blue1 white1 yellow1 purple1 and green4 ,under white flowers are grouped those delicately tinted with green1 yellow1 blue1 pink1 or lavender4 ,blue flowers are seldom a true blue but are usually a combination of blue and purple which may be interpreted by some people as blue and by others as purple4 ,hence if a plant considered as blue-flowered cannot be found in the blue list1 then the purple list should be consulted4 ,,finding ,,lists ,the reader may find the following distribution of pages and symbols helpful in identifying plants3 #b-af ,mostly lily-like1 succulent plants4 #ag-ia ,petals of flowers usually not united4 #ib-aea ,petals usually united into tubular1 bell-shaped1 funnelform1 or salverform corollas4 #aeb-aic ,composites3 many tubular flowers1 often of two types1 growing in a head-like cluster4 ,p ,prairies4 ,pc ,coastal prairies4 ,ps ,sandy prairies4 ,pb ,blackland prairies4 ,l ,limestone hills4 ,w ,woods and thickets4 ,wo ,post oak woods4 ,wp ,pine woods4 ,m ,water or moist places4 ,c ,chaparral4 ,t ,trans-,pecos or mountainous region4 7,see map p4 xvi7 ,,air ,,plants ,spanish moss ,ball moss ,,water ,,plants ,,red ,iris1 #ae ,,pink ,pogonia1 #af ,smartweed1 #ah ,,blue ,iris1 #ae ,water lily1 #bd ,nama1 #aaa ,,white ,arrowhead1 #b ,spider lily1 #ab ,water lily1 #bd ,violet1 #gd ,water pimpernel1 #ic ,water pennywort ,water mist-flower ,bur-head ,,yellow ,spatterdock1 #bd ,water lily1 #bd ,buttercups1 #bg ,pitcher-plant1 #ci ,sedum1 #dj ,water primrose1 #gi ,bur-marigold ,bladderwort ,yellow-eyed grass ,,purple ,water hyacinth1 #f ,pickerel-weed1 #f ,iris1 #ae ,bladderwort ,mud-plantain ,,shrubs ,,or ,,small ,,trees ,,red ,buckeye1 #fh ,indigo plant1 #ed ,coral bean1 #eh ,flame acanthus1 #aci ,bouvardia1 #add ,coral honeysuckle1 #ade ,mexican apple1 #ga ,,pink ,prairie rose1 #db ,redbud1 #dg ,dalea1 #ee ,pavonia1 #gc ,mexican buckeye ,,blue ,texas mountain laurel1 #ea ,,white#b ,yucca1 #i ,rose1 #da ,dewberry1 #dc ,mesquite1 #de ,yaupon1 #fg ,dogwood1 #he1 #hf ,tree-huckleberry1 #ib ,mexican persimmon1 #id ,french mulberry1 #aah ,honeysuckle1 #adf ,mist-flower1 #aec ,false willow1 #aff ,,yellow ,agarita1 #cj ,buckeye1 #fh ,huisache1 #dd ,retama1 #ej ,porophyllum ,sea ox-eye ,flourensia ,gymnolomia ,damiana ,creosote bush ,yellow elder1 #ach ,,purple ,texas mountain laurel1 #eb ,walking-stick cactus1 #ha ,cenizo1 #aca ,desert willow1 #ach ,dalea1 #ee ,eve's necklace ,,early ,,spring ,,red ,,and ,,orange-,,red ,buckeye1 #fh-,w ,poppy mallow1 #gb-,p ,copper mallow1 #gj-,pb ,,pink ,,and ,,rose ,mexican buckeye1 ,l1 ,t ,redbud1 #dg-,w1 ,l ,pink prairie star1 #ih-,ps1 ,m ,least bluet1 #adc-,ps ,,blue ,anemone1 #be-,w1 ,p ,mountain laurel1 #eb-,l ,small bluet1 #adc-,ps1 ,m ,lobelia1 #aea-,ps ,,white ,anemone1 #be-,w1 ,p ,acacia1 ,c ,blackfoot daisy1 #afi-,l1 ,p ,dwarf white aster1 #afc-,w1 ,ps ,spanish bayonet1 #i-;,,ct ,peppergrass1 #cf-,p ,crow-poison1 #h-,p ,whitlow-grass1 #cf-,p ,chickweed1 ,ps1 ,w ,violet1 #gd-,m1 ,pc ,,yellow ,agarita1 #cj-,,lc ,scrambled eggs1 #ce-,p ,huisache1 #dd-;,c ,buckeye1 #fh-,w1 ,l ,small squaw-weed1 ,p ,tansy mustard1 #cg-,p ,dwarf flax1 #fa-,ps ,golden puccoon1 #aad-,pb ,bladderpod1 #cg-,p ,four-nerved daisy1 #aha-,p1 ,l ,big squaw-weed1 #ahg-,ps ,lindheimer's daisy1 #agj-,pb ,huisache daisy1 #ahb-,ps ,,purple ,anemone1 #be-,w1 ,p ,mountain laurel1 #eb-,,lc ,ground plum1 #ef-,pb ,purple wood-sorrel1 #fb-,w ,poppy mallow1 #gb-,pb ,violet1 #gd-,wp1 ,m ,small bluet1 #adc-,ps ,venus' looking-glass1 #aej-,p ,,spring ,,red ,,and ,,orange-,,red ,buckeye1 #fh-,w ,poppy mallow1 #gb-,pb ,copper mallow1 #gj-,ps ,red star-mallow1 #gj-,p ,cross-vine1 #ach-,wp ,coral bean1 #eh-,w ,leather flower1 #bi-,w ,standing cypress1 #ajd-,wo ,paint brush1 #acb-,ps ,red sage1 #abf-,w ,gaura1 ,ps ,beard-tongue1 #acg-,wo ,indian blanket1 #ahc-,pb ,sand-bur1 #ea-,pb ,red-brown iris1 #ae-,m ,coral honeysuckle1 ,w ,butterfly weed1 #ajj-,wo1 ,ps ,scarlet pimpernel1 #ic-,ps ,,pink ,,and ,,rose ,sensitive briar1 #df-,pb ,purple paint-brush1 #aca-,pb1 ,l ,wild onion1 #h-,pb ,pogonia1 #af-,m ,prickly poppy1 #cb-,ps ,pink milkwort1 #afd-,w ,pink buttercup1 #ha-,pb ,pink prairie star1 #ih-,pc1 ,m ,prairie phlox1 #aaj-,w ,lemon mint1 #aba-,m ,baby's breath1 #add-,pb ,purple coneflower1 #age-,w1 ,l ,sand verbena1 #ai-,ps ,,blue ,carolina larkspur1 #be-,w ,celestial1 #ac-,p1 ,wo ,bluebonnet1 #ec-,p1 ,l ,blue gilia1 #aje-,p1 ,l ,spiderwort1 #d-,pb1 ,w ,dayflower1 #e-,p1 ,w ,psoralea1 ,p ,blue-eyed grass1 #ad-,p1 ,w ,blue ,beard-tongue1 #acg-,p ,,white ,larkspur1 #be-,pb ,wild rose1 #da-,pb1 ,w ,dewberry1 #dc-,w ,blackberry1 #dc-,w ,poppy mallow1 #gb-,pb ,beggar's ticks1 #ij-,pb ,camomile1 #ahe-,w1 ,ps ,prairie lace1 #hg-,pb ,death camass1 #g-,pb ,beargrass1 #i-,p1 ,t ,spanish bayonet1 #i-;,,cl ,arrowhead1 #b-,m ,chickweed1 #bc-,ps ,peppergrass1 #cf-,p1 ,w ,violet1 #gd-,w1 ,m1 ,pc ,dogwood1 #he-,w ,cornel1 #hf-,w ,rain-lily1 #aj-,w1 ,p ,spider-lily1 #aa-,m ,ladies'-tresses1 #af-,m1 ,w ,angel trumpet1 #bj-,p ,prickly poppy1 #cb-cc-,p ,greggia1 #ch-,t ,white milkwort1 #fd-,pb1 ,l ,plantain1 #adb-,p ,baby's breath1 #add-,l1 ,pb ,honeysuckle1 #adf-,l1 ,t ,blackfoot daisy1 #afi-,l1 ,pb ,dwarf white aster1 #afi-,p1 ,w ,lazy daisy1 #afb-,ps ,fleabane daisy1 #afb-,w1 ,pc ,lamb's lettuce1 #adg-,pb1 ,l ,lobelia1 #aea-,pc ,rabbit tobacco1 #afg-,p ,nodding thistle1 #aia-,w ,water pimpernel1 #ic-,m ,farkleberry1 #ib-,w ,gaura1 #hd-,p ,evening primrose1 #ha-,p ,mexican persimmon1 #id-,l ,yaupon1 #fg-,w ,,yellow ,wild dill1 #ia-,pb ,two-leaved senna1 #dh-,pb1 ,l ,retama1 #ej-,m ,bush pea1 #ec-,wo1 ,p ,niggerhead1 #agc-,pb ,englemann's daisy1 #aga-,pb ,tansy mustard1 #cg-,p ,coreopsis1 #agh-,ps1 ,pc ,false coreopsis1 #agi-,pb ,buttercups1 #bg-,m ,evening primroses1 #gi-,p ,square-bud primrose1 #hc-,pb1 ,l ,flutter-mill1 #hb-,l ,coneflower1 #agd-,p ,blackeyed ,susan1 #agd-,ps ,flax1 #fa-,p1 ,l ,yellow star grass1 #aa-,wp ,pitcher-plant1 #ci-,m ,mexican poppy1 #cd-,p ,bladderpod1 #cg-,p ,stonecrop1 #dj-,l1 ,p ,dwarf blue-eyed grass1 #ad-,m ,squaw-weed1 #ahg-,ps ,ground cherry1 #acj-,w1 ,p ,wild balsam1 #adh-,w1 ,pb ,huisache daisy1 #ahb-,ps ,indian blanket1 #ahc-,ps ,false dandelion1 #aic-,pb ,,purple ,leather flower1 #bi-,w ,marsh leather flower1 #bi-,pc ,milk vetch1 #eg-,pb ,climbing vetch1 #eg-,ps ,poppy mallow1 #gb-,pb ,wood-sorrel1 #fb-,w ,purple paint-brush1 #aca-,pb1 ,l ,blue sage1 #abg-,pb1 ,l ,texas sage1 #abg-,pb1 ,l ,ground cherry1 #acj-,pb ,large beard-tongue1 #ace-,p1 ,l ,small beard-tongue1 #acd-,w1 ,pc ,toadflax1 #acd-,p1 ,w ,venus' looking-glass1 #aej-,p ,lobelia1 #aea-,pc1 ,ps ,purple coneflower1 #age-,w1 ,l ,purple thistle1 #aij-,p1 ,m ,purple dandelion1 #aib-,pb1 ,l ,spiderwort1 #d-,p1 ,w ,dayflower1 #e-,l1 ,m ,wild hyacinth1 #f-,m ,pickerel-weed1 #f-,m ,wild onion1 #h-,p ,blue-eyed grass1 #ad-,p1 ,w ,virginia iris1 #ae-,m ,rose poppy1 #cb-,p ,stork's bill1 #ei-,l1 ,pb ,,green ,milkweed1 #ajj-,p ,,late ,,spring ,,and ,,summer ,,red ,,and ,,orange-,,red ,copper mallow1 #gj-,pb ,leather flower1 #bi-,w ,standing cypress1 #aje-,wo 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#ada ,wild quinine1 #agf ,willow1 flowering1 #ach ,willow1 oil1 #aff ,willow1 resin1 #aff ,windflower1 #be ,wine-cup1 #gb ,woodbine1 ,southern1 #ade ,wood-sorrel1 #fb-fc ,wool-crape1 #c ,wright1 ,charles1 #aci ,x ,xanthisma1 #afj ,xanthoxalis1 #fc ,y ,yankee-weed1 #aec1 #aff ,yarrow1 #ahf ,yaupon1 #fg ,yellow-elder1 #ach ,yellow star grass1 #aa ,yucca1 #i1 xv ,z ,zephyranthes1 #aa1 xv ,zinna1 #agj ,zygadenus1 #g1 xv ,,footnotes #a,outline and localities used by permission of the ,texas ,almanac4 #b,there are numerous white-flowered shrubs in the state1 but only those illustrated are included here4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typographical errors4 --,added heading 8,,finding ,,lists0 corresponding to ,table of ,contents4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4