file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #ecfci-;h4htm  
or #ecfci-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#ecfci_/pg#ecfci-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ecfc
i_/ecfci-;h4zip7         ,images ( !    
orig9al pages are available ?r\gh       
,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see                  
https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/la/wordso
nevolu#jj;haeciala   ,transcrib]'s note3
        ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9
 italics 7italics74        ,m details ( 
transcription c be f\nd at ! end ( !    
book4      ,,la/ ,,words ,,on           
,,evolution   ,illu/ration3 ,brunli*    
,tes* 7,emil ,tes*71 ,h(phot4 ,j5a4     
,publi%$ by ,a4 ,ow5  ,co41 ,london4    
,ern/ ,haeckel4   ,,la/ ,,words ,,on    
,,evolution  ,a ,popul> ,retrospect &   
,summ>y  by  ,,ern/ ,,haeckel  ,pr(essor
 at ,j5a ,univ]sity  ,translat$ f !     
,second ,edition by ,joseph ,mc,cabe  ,)
 ,portrait & ,?ree ,plates              
,london ,a4 ,ow5  ,co4 #bh ,reg5t       

,/reet1 ,s4,w4 #aijf     ,,cont5ts      
,,page    ,,introduction                
#g    ,,preface                         
#aa     ,,*apt] ,i    ,,! ,,controv]sy  
,,ab\t ,,creation    ,evolution & ,dogma
                                     #ae
    ,,plate ,i4--,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! 
,v]tebrates          #ag     ,,*apt]    
,,ii    ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,ov] ,,our       
,,g5ealogical ,,tree    ,our            
,ape-,relatives & ! ,v]tebrate-,/em     
#di    ,,plate ,,ii4--,skeletons ( ,five
 ,an?ropoid ,apes            #ea        
,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,ov] 
,,! ,,s\l    ,! ,ideas ( ,immortality & 
,god                        #hc         
,,plate ,,iii4--,embryos ( ,?ree        
,mammals                    #he         
,,app5dix    ,,evolution>y ,,tables     
,geological ,ages & ,p]iods             
#aae    ,man's ,g5ealogical ,tree--,fir/
 ,half                  #aaf    ,man's  
,g5ealogical ,tree--,second ,half       
#aag    ,classification ( ! ,primates   
#aah    ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,primates

                      #aai              
,explanation ( ,g5ealogical ,table #a4  
#abj     ,,po/script    ,evolution &    
,jesuitism                              
#aba     ,,introduction   ,a few mon?s  
ago ! s5sational ann\ncem5t 0 made t    
,pr(essor ,haeckel _h ab&on$ ,d>w9ism & 
giv5 public support to ! tea*+ ( a      
,jesuit writ]4 ,!re 0 some?+ piquant 9 !
 sugge/ion t ! ,d>w9 ( ,g]many _h       
recant$ ! conclusions ( fifty ye>s (    
labori\s /udy4 ,nor c\ld p =get t only  
two ye>s be=e ,haeckel _h writt5 ) "s   
feel+ ab\t ! p>tial recantation ( "s ( 8
 colleagues4 ,_m ( our j\rnals boldly   
decl9$ to ins]t ! romantic news1 :i*    
came ?r\gh "o ( ! *ief int]national     
press ag5cies4 ,o!rs drew ! att5tion (  
_! read]s1 9 jubilant editorial notes1  
to ! lively prospect x op5$ out4 ,to !  
_m inquiries address$ to me z ! apo/le (
 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 z ,sir ,oliv]      
,lodge dubs me 9 a g5ial lett]1 ,i      
timidly repres5t$ t ev5 a ,g]man report]
 sometimes drank4 ,b ! correction       

quickly came t ! telegram _h exactly    
rev]s$ ! position tak5 up by ! great    
biologi/4 ,x is only j to ! hon\rable   
call+ ( ! report] to add t1 accord+ to !
 !ory curr5t 9 ,g]many1 ! message 0     
tamp]$ ) by subtle & ubiquit\s          
,jesui/ry4 ,did !y n p5etrate ev5 into !
 cul9>y s]vice at ,hatfield8  ,i h      
pleasure 9 n[ introduc+ ! ?ree fam\s    
lectures deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel  
at ,b]l91 & ! read] w see ! grotesqu5ess
 ( ! orig9al ann\ncem5t4 ,!y are ! la/  
public deliv]ance t ! ag$ pr(essor w ev]
 make4 ,8 enfeebl$ heal? =bids u to hope
 t 8 decision may yet be undone4 ,he is 
n[ condemn$1 he tells me1 to rema9 a    
passive spectator ( ! t5se drama 9 :i*  
he has play$ s prom95t a "p = half a    
c5tury4 ,= him ! r$ rays fall level on !
 sc5e & ! p ab\t him4 ,x may be t !y    
light up too luridly1 too falsely1 !    
situation 9 ,g]many2 b ! read] w und]/& 
h[ a ,lib]al ( ,haeckel's temp] mu/ feel
 8 c\ntry to be betwe5 ,scylla &        
,*>ybdis--betwe5 an increas+ly cle>     

alt]native ( ,ca?olicism or             
,socialism--) a helmsman at ! :eel ^:   
vag>ies inspire no confid5ce4  ,!       
,engli% read] w c>e to be in/ruct$ on ! 
anti!sis ( ,vir*[ & ,haeckel :i* gives  
po9t to ^! lectures1 & :i* is (t5       
misrepres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,vir*[1 !    
greate/ pa?ologi/ & "o ( ! lead+        
an?ropologi/s ( ,g]many1 _h mu* to d ) !
 inspir+ ( ,haeckel's ,moni/ic views 9 !
 fifties4 ,l sev]al o!r prom95t ,g]man  
?9k]s1 ,vir*[ subsequ5tly ab&on$ !      
positive ,moni/ic position = "o (       
agno/icism & scepticism1 & a long &     
bitt] conflict ensu$4 ,x is h>dly too   
mu* to say t ,vir*['s ultra-timid res]ve
 9 reg>d to ! evolution ( man & o!r     
que/ions has di$ ) him4 ,ap>t f "o or   
two less prom95t an?ropologi/s1 & !     
curi\s di/9ction drawn by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4  
,wallace1 sci5ce has accept$ ! fact (   
evolution1 & has1 inde$1 accept$ ! ma9  
l9es ( ,haeckel's ance/ral tree ( !     
human race4  ,9 any case1 ,haeckel _h ! 
spl5did rev5ge ( surviv+ 8 old tea*] &  

almo/ lifelong oppon5t4 ,b]l9 _h = ye>s 
be5 dom9at$ by ! sceptical temp] (      
,vir*[ & ,du ,bois-,reymond4 ,! ard5t   
evolutioni/ & oppon5t ( ,ca?olicism 0   
impati5t ( a res]ve t he felt to be an  
ana*ronism 9 sci5ce & an effective      
support ( reaction>y ideas4 ,x 01 !re=e1
 ) a peculi> satisfaction t he receiv$ !
 invitation1 aft] ,vir*['s dea?1 to     
address ! ,b]l9 public4 ,among ! _m &   
di/+ui%$ hon\rs t h be5 heap$ ^u him 9 !
 la/ t5 ye>s ?is 0 felt by him to hold a
 high place4 ,he c\ld at la/ submit     
freely1 9 ! capital ( 8 c\ntry1 !       
massive f\ndations & ! impos+ /ructure (
 a doctr9e :i* he holds to be no less   
e/abli%$ 9 sci5ce ?an valuable 9 ! g5]al
 cause ( progress4  ,! lectures are     
reproduc$ "h n solely because ( ! int]e/
 ar\s$ 9 !m by ! ,jesuit telegram4 ,!y  
conta9 a v valuable summ>y ( 8          
conclusions1 & include ! late/ sci5tific
 confirmation4 ,r>ely has ! great       
biologi/ writt5 9 su* cle> & unte*nical 
phrases1 s t ! g5]al read] w easily le>n

 ! outl9es ( 8 mu*-discuss$ ,monism4 ,to
 clos] /ud5ts1 :o are at times impati5t 
( ! ,lam>ckian phraseology (            
,haeckel--to all1 9 fact1 :o w\ld l to  
see h[ ! same evolution>y tru?s are     
express$ )\t reliance on ! inh]itance ( 
acquir$ *>act]s--,i may take !          
opportunity to say t ,i h translat$1 = !
 same publi%]s1 ,pr(essor ,gu5!r's      
,d>w9ism & ! ,problems ( ,life1 :i* w   
%ortly be 9 _! h&s4    ,,joseph         
,,mccabe4    ,novemb]1 #aije4           
,,preface   ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 #aije1
 ,i receiv$ f ,b]l9 a v unexpect$       
invitation to deliv] a popul> sci5tific 
lecture at ! ,academy ( ,music 9 t city4
 ,i at fir/ decl9$ ?is flatt]+          
invitation1 ) ?anks1 s5d+ !m a copy ( a 
pr9t$ decl>ation1 dat$ #ag? ,july1      
#aija1 :i* ,i _h made frequ5t use (1 to 
! effect t ,i c\ld n deliv] any m public
 lectures1 on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( my      
heal?1 my advanc$ age1 & ! _m lab\rs t 7
 /ill incumb5t on me4  ,i 0 p]suad$ to  
make "o dep>ture f ?is fix$ resolution1 

fir/ly1 by ! press+ entreaties ( _m     
intimate fri5ds at ,b]l94 ,!y repres5t$ 
to me h[ important x 0 to give an acc\nt
 myself to ! educat$ ,b]l9 public ( !   
*ief evolution>y conclusions ,i _h      
advocat$ = =ty ye>s4 ,!y po9t$ out      
emphatically t ! increas+ reaction 9    
high] circles1 ! gr[+ audacity (        
intol]ant or?odoxy1 ! prepond]ance (    
,ultramontanism1 & ! dang]s t ?is       
involv$ = fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ,g]many1 = ! 
univ]sity & ! s*ool1 made x imp]ative to
 take vigor\s action4 ,x happ5$ t ,i _h 
j be5 foll[+ ! int]e/+ ef=ts t ! ,*ur*  
has lately made to ent] into a peaceful 
compromise ) its deadly enemy1 ,moni/ic 
sci5ce4 ,x has decid$ to accept to a    
c]ta9 ext5t1 & to accommodate to its    
cre$ 79 a di/ort$ & mutilat$ =m7 !      
doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* x has vehem5tly
 oppos$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,?is rem>kable    
*ange ( front on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* militant
 seem$ to me s int]e/+ & important1 & at
 ! same "t s mislead+ & mis*iev\s1 t ,i 
*ose x z ! subject ( a popul> lecture1 &

 accept$ ! invitation to ,b]l94  ,aft] a
 few days1 :5 ,i _h writt5 my disc\rse1 
,i 0 advis$ f ,b]l9 t ! applications =  
admission 7 s num]\s t ! lecture mu/    
ei!r be repeat$ or divid$ into two4 ,i  
*ose ! latt] c\rse1 z ! mat]ial 0 v     
abundant4 ,9 compliance ) an urg5t      
reque/1 ,i repeat$ ! two lectures 7#ag? 
& #ah? ,april72 & z dem&s = fre%        
lectures cont9u$ to rea* me1 ,i 0       
p]suad$ to add a f>ewell lecture 7on    
#ai? ,april71 9 :i* ,i dealt ) a numb] (
 important que/ions t _h n be5          
adequately treat$4  ,! noble gift (     
effective oratory has be5 d5i$ me by    
,nature4 ,?\gh ,i h taught =            
eighty-eight t]ms at ! little ,univ]sity
 ( ,j5a1 ,i h nev] be5 able to ov]come a
 c]ta9 n]v\sness ab\t appe>+ 9 public1 &
 h nev] acquir$ ! art ( express+ my     
?\ghts 9 burn+ language & ) appropriate 
ge/ure4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 ,i h r>ely 
cons5t$ to take "p 9 sci5tific & o!r    
congresses2 ! few spee*es t ,i h deliv]$
 on su* occasions1 & are issu$ 9        

collect$ =m1 7 drawn f me by my deep    
int]e/ 9 ! great /ruggle = ! triumph (  
tru?4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ?ree ,b]l9            
lectures--my la/ public addresses--,i _h
 no design ( w9n+ my he>]s to my op9ions
 by means ( oratory4 ,x 0 r my int5tion 
to put be=e !m1 9 connect$ =m1 ! great  
gr\ps ( biological facts1 by :i* !y     
c\ld1 on imp>tial consid]ation1 conv9ce 
!mselves ( ! tru? & importance ( ! !ory 
( evolution4  ,read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 !
 evolution-controv]sy1 z ,i "h describe 
x1 w f9d 9 my e>li] works 7,! ,hi/ory ( 
,creation1 ,! ,evolution ( ,man1 ,!     
,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 & ,! ,wond]s (    
,life7 a ?or\gh treatm5t ( ! views ,i h 
summ>ily pres5t$4 ,i d n belong to !    
amiable gr\p ( m5 ( compromise1 b am 9 !
 habit ( giv+ c&id & /raight=w>d        
expression to ! convictions :i* a       
half-c5tury ( s]i\s & labori\s /udy has 
l$ me to =m4 ,if ,i seem to be a        
tactless & inconsid]ate fight]1 ,i pray 
y to rememb] t conflict is ! fa!r ( all 
?+s1 & t ! victory ( pure reason ov]    

curr5t sup]/ition w n be a*iev$ )\t a   
trem5d\s /ruggle4 ,b ,i reg>d ideas only
 9 my /ruggles3 to ! p]sons ( my        
oppon5ts ,i am indiff]5t1 bitt]ly z !y h
 attack$ & sl&]$ my own p]son4  ,al?\gh 
,i h liv$ 9 ,b]l9 = _m ye>s z /ud5t &   
tea*]1 & h always be5 9 communication ) 
sci5tific circles !re1 ,i h only once   
be=e deliv]$ a public lecture 9 t city4 
,t 0 on ,! ,division ( ,lab\r 9 ,nature 
& ,human ,life 7#ag? ,decemb]1 #ahfh74  
,i 01 !re=e1 some:at gratifi$ to be able
 to speak !re aga9 7& = ! la/ "t71 aft] 
?irty-six ye>s1 especially z x 0 9 ! v  
spot1 ! hall ( ! ,academy ( ,music1 9   
:i* ,i _h he>d ! lead]s ( ! ,b]l9       
,univ]sity speak fifty ye>s ago4  ,x is 
) great pleasure t ,i express my cordial
 ?anks to ^? :o invit$ me to deliv] ^!  
lectures1 & :o did s mu* to make my /ay 
9 ! capital pleasant2 & also to my _m   
he>]s = _! amiable & sympa!tic att5tion4
    ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4    ,,j5a1 #i?     
,may1 #aije4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,!        
,,controv]sy ,,ab\t ,,creation          

,,evolution ,,& ,,dogma   ,,explanation 
,,( ,,plate ,i  ,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,(
 ,,! ,,v]tebrates       ,! g5etic       
relation%ip ( all v]tebrates1 f ! e>lie/
     acrania & fi%es up to ! apes & man1
 is prov$ 9 its     ma9 l9es by !       
concordant te/imony ( paleontology1     
comp>ative anatomy1 & embryology4 ,all  
compet5t &     imp>tial zoologi/s n[    
agree t ! v]tebrates are all     desc5d$
 f a s+le /em1 & t ! root ( ?is is      
to be s\ght 9 ext9ct pre-,silurian      
,acrania 7#a71 some:at     simil> to !  
liv+ lancelet4 ,! ,cyclo/oma 7#b7       
repres5t     ! transition f ! latt] to !
 ,fi%es 7#c72 & !     ,dipneu/s 7#d7 !  
transition f ^! to ! ,amphibia     7#e74
 ,f ! latt] h be5 develop$ ! ,reptiles  
7#f7     on ! "o h&1 & ! ,mammals 7#g7  
on ! o!r4 ,!     mo/ important bran* (  
?is mo/ advanc$ class is !     ,primates
 7#h72 f ! half-apes1 or lemurs1 a      
direct l9e     leads1 ?r\gh ! baboons1  
to ! an?ropoid apes1 &     ?r\gh ^! on  
to man4 7,cf4 ! tables on pp4 #aae-abj74

     ,fur!r in=mation w be f\nd 9 *apt]s
 xxiv4-xxvii4 (     ! ,hi/ory (         
,creation1 & *apt]s xxi4-xxiii4 ( !     
,evolution ( ,man4   ,,plate ,i4        
,illu/ration3 ,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,(  
,,! ,,v]tebrates   ,,la/ ,,words ,,on   
,,evolution   ,,*apt] ,i  ,,!           
,,controv]sy ,,ab\t ,,creation          
,,evolution ,,& ,,dogma   ,! controv]sy 
ov] ! idea ( evolution is a prom95t     
feature 9 ! m5tal life ( ! n9ete5?      
c5tury4 ,x is true t a few great ?9k]s  
_h spok5 ( a natural evolution ( all ?+s
 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!y _h1 inde$1   
p>tly inve/igat$ ! laws t control ! bir?
 & dea? ( ! _w1 & ! rise ( ! e>? & its  
inhabitants2 ev5 ! creation-/ories & !  
my?s ( ! old] religions betray a p>tial 
influ5ce ( ^! evolution>y ideas4 ,b x 0 
n until ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! idea (     
evolution took def9ite %ape & 0         
sci5tifically gr\nd$ on v>i\s classes ( 
evid5ce2 & x 0 n until ! la/ ?ird ( !   
c5tury t x won g5]al recognition4 ,!    
intimate connection t 0 prov$ to exi/   

betwe5 all bran*es ( k1 once ! cont9uity
 ( hi/orical developm5t 0 realis$1 & !  
union ( !m all ?r\gh ! ,moni/ic         
philosophy1 are a*ievem5ts ( ! la/ few  
decades4  ,! great majority ( ! old]    
ideas t ?\ghtful m5 _h =m$ on ! orig9 & 
nature ( ! _w & _! own frame 7 f> remov$
 f ! notion ( self-developm5t4 ,!y      
culm9at$ 9 m or less obscure            
creation-my?s1 :i* g5]ally put 9 !      
=egr\nd ! idea ( a p]sonal ,creator4 ,j 
z man has us$ intellig5ce & design 9 !  
mak+ ( 8 weapons & tools1 8 h\ses & 8   
boats1 s x 0 ?\ght t ! ,creator _h      
fa%ion$ ! _w ) art & intellig5ce1       
accord+ to a def9ite plan4 ,among ! _m  
leg5ds ( ?is k9d ! anci5t ,semitic /ory 
( creation1 famili> to u z ! ,mosaic    
n>rative1 b drawn = ! mo/ "p f          
,babylonian s\rces1 has obta9$ a v great
 influ5ce on ,european culture ow+ to ! 
g5]al acceptance ( ! ,bible4 ,! belief 9
 miracles1 t is involv$ 9 ^! religi\s   
leg5ds1 0 b\nd to come 9 conflict1 at an
 e>ly date1 ) ! evolution>y ideas (     

indep5d5t philosophical rese>*4 ,on ! "o
 h&1 9 ! preval5t religi\s tea*+1 we _h 
! sup]natural _w1 ! miracul\s1          
teleology3 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! nasc5t      
sci5ce ( evolution1 only natural law1   
pure reason1 me*anical causality4 ,e /ep
 t 0 made by ?is sci5ce br\ght into     
great] relief its inconsi/5cy ) !       
pr$om9ant religion4#a  ,if we glance = a
 mom5t at ! v>i\s fields 9 :i* ! idea ( 
evolution is sci5tifically appli$ we f9d
 t1 fir/ly1 ! :ole univ]se is conceiv$ z
 a unity2 secondly1 our e>?2 ?irdly1    
organic life on ! e>?2 f\r?ly1 man1 z   
its highe/ product2 & fif?ly1 ! s\l1 z a
 special immat]ial entity4 ,?us we h1 9 
hi/orical succession1 ! evolution>y     
rese>* ( cosmology1 geology1 biology1   
an?ropology1 & psy*ology4  ,! fir/      
compreh5sive idea ( cosmological        
evolution 0 put =? by ! fam\s critical  
philosoph] ,immanuel ,kant1 9 #agee1 9 !
 great "w ( 8 e>li] ye>s1 ,g5]al        
,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 or an     
,attempt to ,conceive & to ,expla9 !    

,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se me*anically1 accord+
 to ! ,newtonian ,laws4 ,?is rem>kable  
"w appe>$ anonym\sly1 & 0 d$icat$ to    
,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o1 h[ev]1 nev] saw  
x4 ,x 0 little notic$1 & 0 soon entirely
 =gott51 until x 0 exhum$ n9ety ye>s    
aft]w>ds by ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,note
 p>ticul>ly t on ! title-page /ress is  
laid on ! me*anical orig9 ( ! _w & its  
explanation on ,newtonian pr9ciples2 9  
?is way ! /rictly ,moni/ic "* ( ! :ole  
cosmogony & ! absolutely univ]sal rule (
 natural law are cle>ly express$4 ,x is 
true t ,kant speaks mu* 9 x ( ,god & 8  
wisdom & omnipot5ce2 b ?is is limit$ to 
! affirmation t ,god creat$ once = all !
 un*angeable laws ( nature1 & 0 h5ce=w>d
 b\nd by !m & only able to "w ?r\gh !m4 
,! ,dualism :i* became s pron\nc$       
subsequ5tly 9 ! philosoph] ( ,ko5igsb]g 
c\nts = v little "h4  ,! idea ( a       
natural developm5t ( ! _w occurs 9 a    
cle>] & m consi/5t =m1 & is provid$ ) a 
firm ma!matical basis1 =ty ye>s         
aft]w>ds1 9 ! rem>kable ,mcanique ,cle/e

 ( ,pi]re ,laplace4 ,8 popul>           
,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde 7#agif7 
de/roy$ at its roots ! leg5d ( creation 
t _h hi!rto prevail$1 or ! ,mosaic      
n>rative 9 ! ,bible4 ,laplace1 :o _h    
become ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 ,c\nt1 &    
,*ancellor ( ! ,s5ate1 "u ,napoleon1 0  
m]ely hon\rable & consi/5t :5 he repli$ 
to ! emp]or's "q1 ,:at room !re 0 = ,god
 9 8 sy/em83 ,sire1 ,i _h no ne$ = t    
unf\nd$ hypo!sis4 ,:at /range m9i/]s !re
 are sometimes6#b ,! %rewdness ( ! ,*ur*
 soon recognis$ t ! p]sonal ,creator 0  
de?ron$1 & ! creation-my? de/roy$1 by   
?is ,moni/ic & n[ g5]ally receiv$ !ory (
 cosmic developm5t4 ,nev]!less x ma9ta9$
 t[>ds x ! attitude :i* x _h tak5 up    
#bej ye>s e>li] 9 reg>d to ! closely    
relat$ & irrefutable sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4
 ,x endeav\r$ to conceal ! tru? z long z
 possible1 or to oppose x ) ,jesuitical 
me?ods1 & f9ally x yield$4 ,if ! ,*ur*es
 n[ sil5tly admit ! ,cop]nican sy/em & !
 cosmogony ( ,laplace & h ceas$ to      
oppose !m1 we mu/ attribute ! fact1     

p>tly to a feel+ ( _! spiritual         
impot5ce1 p>tly to an a/ute calculation 
t ! ignorant masses d n reflect on ^!   
great problems4  ,9 ord] to obta9 a cle>
 idea & a firm conviction ( ?is cosmic  
evolution by natural law1 ! et]nal bir? 
& dea? ( millions ( suns & />s1 "o ne$s 
"s ma!matical tra9+ & a lively          
imag9ation1 z well z a c]ta9 compet5ce 9
 a/ronomy & physics4 ,! evolution>y     
process is mu* simpl]1 & m readily      
grasp$ 9 geology4 ,e %[] ( ra9 or wave (
 ! sea1 e volcanic eruption & e pebble1 
gives u a direct pro( ( ! *anges t are  
con/antly tak+ place on ! surface ( our 
planet4 ,h[ev]1 ! hi/orical significance
 ( ^! *anges 0 n prop]ly appreciat$     
until #ahbb1 by ,k>l von ,h(f ( ,go?a1 &
 mod]n geology 0 only f\nd$ 9 #ahcj by  
,*>les ,lyell1 :o expla9$ ! :ole orig9 &
 composition ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 !  
=mation ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! p]iods ( !     
e>?'s developm5t1 9 a connect$ sy/em by 
natural laws4 ,f ! imm5se ?ickness ( !  
/ratifi$ rocks1 :i* conta9 ! fossilis$  

rema9s ( ext9ct organisms1 we discov]$ !
 enorm\s l5g?--runn+ into millions (    
ye>s--( ! p]iods dur+ :i* ^! s$im5t>y   
rocks 7 deposit$ 9 wat]4 ,ev5 ! duration
 ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?--t is to    
say1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! plant & animal  
population ( our planet 0 develop+--mu/ 
itself be put at m ?an a hundr$ million 
ye>s4 ,^! results ( geology &           
paleontology de/roy$ ! curr5t leg5d ( ! 
six days' "w ( a p]sonal ,creator4 ,_m  
attempts 7 made1 x is true1 & are /ill  
be+ made1 to reconcile ! ,mosaic        
sup]natural /ory ( creation ) mod]n     
geology4#c ,all ^! ef=ts ( believ]s are 
9 va94 ,we may say1 9 fact1 t x is      
precisely ! /udy ( geology1 ! reflection
 x entails on ! enorm\s p]iods (        
evolution1 & ! habit ( seek+ ! simple   
me*anical causes ( _! con/ant *anges1 t 
contribute v consid]ably to ! advance ( 
enlight5m5t4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is 7or1    
possibly1 because ( ?is71 geological    
in/ruction is ei!r greatly neglect$ or  
entirely suppress$ 9 mo/ s*ools4 ,x is  

c]ta9ly em95tly calculat$ 79 connection 
) geography7 to enl>ge ! m9d1 & acqua9t 
! *ild ) ! idea ( evolution4 ,an educat$
 p]son :o kn[s ! elem5ts ( geology w    
nev] exp]i5ce ennui4 ,he w f9d ev]y:]e 9
 surr\nd+ nature1 9 ! rocks & 9 ! wat]1 
9 ! des]t & on ! m\nta9s1 ! mo/         
in/ructive /imuli to reflection4  ,!    
evolution>y process 9 organic nature is 
mu* m difficult to grasp4 ,"h we mu/    
di/+ui% two diff]5t s]ies ( biological  
developm5t1 :i* h only be5 br\ght into  
prop] causal connection by means ( our  
biog5etic law 7#ahff72 "o s]ies is f\nd 
9 embryology 7or ontog5y71 ! o!r 9      
phylog5y 7or race-developm5t74 ,9       
,g]many evolution always meant          
embryology1 or a "p ( ! :ole1 until =ty 
ye>s ago4 ,x /ood = a microscopic       
exam9ation ( ! wond]ful processes by    
means ( :i* ! elaborate /ructure ( !    
plant or animal body is =m$ f ! simple  
se$ ( ! plant or ! egg ( ! bird4 ,until 
! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! errone\s  
view 0 g5]ally receiv$ t ?is m>vell\sly 

complicat$ /ructure exi/$1 completely   
=m$1 9 ! simple ovum1 & t ! v>i\s organs
 _h m]ely to gr[ & to %ape !mselves     
indep5d5tly by a process ( evolution 7or
 unfold+71 be=e !y ent]$ into activity4 
,an able ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,casp> ,fri$ri*
 ,wolff 7son ( a ,b]l9 tailor71 _h      
already %[n ! error ( ?is pre-=mation   
!ory 9 #agei4 ,he _h prov$1 9 8         
diss]tation = ! doctorate1 t no trace ( 
! lat] body1 ( its bones1 muscles1      
n]ves1 & fea!rs1 c be f\nd 9 ! h5's egg 
7! commone/ & mo/ conv5i5t object =     
/udy71 b m]ely a small r\nd disk1       
consi/+ ( two ?9 sup]impos$ lay]s4 ,he  
_h fur!r %[$ t ! v>i\s organs are only  
built up gradually out ( ^! simple      
elem5ts1 & t we c trace1 /ep by /ep1 a  
s]ies ( real new gr[?s4 ,h[ev]1 ^!      
mom5t\s discov]ies1 & ! s\nd !ory (     
epig5esis t he bas$ on !m1 7 :olly      
ignor$ = fifty ye>s1 & ev5 reject$ by ! 
lead+ au?orities4 ,x 0 n until ,ok5 _h  
re-discov]$ ^! important facts at ,j5a  
7#ahjf71 ,p&] _h m c>efully di/+ui%$ !  

g]m9al lay]s 7#ahag71 & f9ally ,c>l     
,ern/ von ,ba] _h happily comb9$        
obs]vation & reflection 9 8 classical   
,animal ,embryology 7#ahbh71 t          
embryology atta9$ ! rank ( an indep5d5t 
sci5ce ) a s\nd empirical base4  ,a     
little lat] x secur$ a well-m]it$       
recognition 9 botany also1 especially   
ow+ to ! ef=ts ( ,mat?ias ,s*leid5 (    
,j5a1 ! di/+ui%$ /ud5t :o provid$       
biology ) a new f\ndation 9 ! cell !ory 
7#ahch74 ,b x 0 n until ! middle ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury t p g5]ally recognis$ t !
 ovum ( ! plant or animal is itself only
 a simple cell1 & t ! lat] tissues &    
organs gradually develop f ?is elem5t>y 
organism by a repeat$ cleavage (1 &     
division ( lab\r 91 ! cells4 ,! mo/     
important /ep 0 !n made ( recognis+ t   
our human organism also develops f an   
ovum 7fir/ discov]$ by ,ba] 9 #ahbg71 9 
virtue ( ! same laws1 & t its embryonic 
developm5t resembles t ( ! o!r mammals1 
especially t ( ! ape4 ,ea* ( u 01 at !  
beg9n+ ( 8 exi/5ce1 a simple globule (  

protoplasm1 surr\nd$ by a membrane1 ab\t
 #a_/abj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) a firm]  
nucleus inside x4 ,^! important         
embryological discov]ies confirm$ !     
rational conception ( ! human organism t
 _h be5 atta9$ mu* e>li] by comp>ative  
anatomy3 ! conviction t ! human frame is
 built 9 ! same way1 & develops simil>ly
 f a simple ovum1 z ! body ( all o!r    
mammals4 ,ev5 ,l9n _h already 7#agce7   
giv5 man a place 9 ! mammal class 9 8   
fam\s ,sy/em ( ,nature4  ,diff]5tly f ^!
 embryological facts1 :i* c be directly 
obs]v$1 ! ph5om5a ( phylog5y 7!         
developm5t ( species71 :i* are ne$$ to  
set ! =m] 9 _! true light1 are usually  
outside ! range ( imm$iate obs]vation4  
,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! c\ntless species (   
animals & plants8 ,h[ c we expla9 !     
rem>kable relation%ips :i* unite simil> 
species into g5]a & ^! into classes8    
,l9n answ]s ! "q v simply ) ! belief 9  
creation1 rely+ on ! g5]ally accept$    
,mosaic n>rative3 ,!re are z _m diff]5t 
species ( animals & plants z !re 7      

diff]5t =ms creat$ by ,god 9 ! beg9n+4  
,! fir/ sci5tific answ] 0 giv5 9 #ahji  
by ! great ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,lam>ck4 ,he  
taught1 9 8 sugge/ive ,philosophie      
,zoologique1 t ! resemblances 9 =m &    
/ructure ( gr\ps ( species are due to   
real aff9ity1 & t all organisms desc5d f
 a few v simple primitive =ms 7or1      
possibly1 f a s+le "o74 ,^! primitive   
=ms 7 develop$ out ( lifeless matt] by  
spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! resemblances (  
relat$ gr\ps ( species are expla9$ by   
inh]itance f common /em-=ms2 _!         
dissimil>ities are due to adaptation to 
diff]5t environm5ts1 & to v>iety 9 !    
action ( ! modifiable organs4 ,! human  
race has aris5 9 ! same way1 by         
trans=mation ( a s]ies ( mammal         
ance/ors1 ! ne>e/ ( :i* are ape-l       
primates4  ,^! great ideas ( ,lam>ck1   
:i* ?rew light on ! :ole field ( organic
 life1 & 7 closely approa*$ by ,goe! 9 8
 own speculations1 gave rise to ! !ory t
 we n[ "k z trans=mism1 or ! !ory (     
evolution or desc5t4 ,b ! f>-see+       

,lam>ck 0--z ,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff _h  
be5 fifty ye>s be=e--half a c5tury be=e 
8 "t4 ,8 !ory obta9$ no recognition1 & 0
 soon :olly =gott54  ,x 0 br\ght into ! 
light once m 9 #ahei by ! g5ius ( ,*>les
 ,d>w91 :o _h be5 born 9 ! v ye> t !    
,philosophie ,zoologique 0 publi%$4 ,!  
sub/ance & ! success ( 8 sy/em1 :i* has 
gone by ! "n ( ,d>w9ism 79 ! wid] s5se7 
= =ty-six ye>s1 are s g5]ally kn[n t ,i 
ne$ n dwell on !m4 ,i w only po9t out t 
! great success ( ,d>w9's epo*-mak+     
works is due to two causes3 fir/ly1 to !
 fact t ! ,engli% sci5ti/ mo/ +5i\sly   
work$ up ! empirical mat]ial t _h       
accumulat$ dur+ fifty ye>s into a       
sy/ematic pro( ( ! !ory ( desc5t2 &     
secondly1 to ! fact t he gave x !       
support ( a second !ory ( 8 own1 ! !ory 
( natural selection4 ,?is !ory1 :i*     
gives a causal explanation ( !          
trans=mation ( species1 is :at we ought 
to call ,d>w9ism 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,we _c 
g "h into ! "q h[ f> ?is !ory is        
ju/ifi$1 or h[ f> x is correct$ by m    

rec5t !ories1 su* z ,weismann's !ory (  
g]m-plasm 7#ahdd71 or ,de ,vries's !ory 
( mutations 7#aijj74 ,our conc]n is r ) 
! unp>allel$ influ5ce t ,d>w9ism1 & its 
application to man1 h _h dur+ ! la/ =ty 
ye>s on ! :ole prov9ce ( sci5ce2 & at ! 
same "t1 ) its irreconcilable opposition
 to ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*es4  ,! ext5sion (
 ! !ory ( evolution to man 01 naturally1
 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & mom5t\s           
applications ( x4 ,if all o!r organisms 
arose1 n by a miracul\s creation1 b by a
 natural modification ( e>li] =ms (     
life1 ! presumption is t ! human race   
also 0 develop$ by ! trans=mation ( !   
mo/ man-l mammals1 ! primates ( ,l9n--! 
apes & lemurs4 ,?is natural inf]5ce1 :i*
 ,lam>ck _h drawn 9 8 simple way1 b     
,d>w9 _h at fir/ explicitly avoid$1 0   
fir/ ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by ! gift$       
zoologi/1 ,?omas ,huxley1 9 8 ?ree      
lectures on ,man's ,place 9 ,nature     
7#ahfc74 ,he %[$ t ?is "q ( que/ions is 
unequivocally answ]$ by ?ree *ief       
witnesses--! natural hi/ory ( !         

an?ropoid apes1 ! anatomic &            
embryological relations ( man to !      
animals imm$iately bel[ him1 & ! rec5tly
 discov]$ fossil human rema9s4 ,d>w9    
entirely accept$ ^! conclusions ( 8     
fri5d eight ye>s aft]w>ds1 &1 9 8       
two-volume "w1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man &      
,sexual ,selection 7#ahga71 furni%$ a   
numb] ( new pro(s 9 support ( ! dread$  
desc5t ( man f ! ape4 ,i myself !n      
7#ahgd7 complet$ ! task ,i _h begun 9   
#ahff1 ( det]m9+ approximately ! :ole   
s]ies ( ! ext9ct animal ance/ors ( !    
human race1 on ! gr\nd ( comp>ative     
anatomy1 embryology1 & paleontology4    
,?is attempt 0 improv$1 z our k advanc$1
 9 ! five editions ( my ,evolution (    
,man4 ,9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s a va/         
lit]ature on ! subject has accumulat$4  
,i mu/ assume t y are acqua9t$ ) !      
cont5ts ( "o or o!r ( ^! works1 & w turn
 to ! "q1 t especially engages our      
att5tion at pres5t1 h[ ! inevitable     
/ruggle betwe5 ^! mom5t\s a*ievem5ts (  
mod]n sci5ce & ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*es has 

run 9 rec5t ye>s4  ,x 0 obvi\s t bo? !  
g5]al !ory ( evolution & its ext5sion to
 man 9 p>ticul> mu/ meet f ! fir/ ) !   
mo/ det]m9$ resi/ance on ! "p ( !       
,*ur*es4 ,bo? 7 9 flagrant contradiction
 to ! ,mosaic /ory ( creation1 & o!r    
,biblical dogmas t 7 involv$ 9 x1 & are 
/ill taught 9 our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,x is
 cr$itable to ! %rewdness ( ! !ologians 
& _! associates1 ! metaphysicians1 t !y 
at once reject$ ,d>w9ism1 & made a      
p>ticul>ly en]getic resi/ance 9 _!      
writ+s to its *ief consequ5ce1 ! desc5t 
( man f ! ape4 ,?is resi/ance seem$ ! m 
ju/ifi$ & hopeful z1 = sev5 or eight    
ye>s aft] ,d>w9's appe>ance1 few        
biologi/s accept$ 8 !ory1 & ! g5]al     
attitude among/ !m 0 "o ( cold          
scepticism4 ,i c well te/ify to ?is f my
 own exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,i fir/ op5ly        
advocat$ ,d>w9's !ory at a sci5tific    
congress at ,/ett9 9 #ahfc1 ,i 0 almo/  
alone1 & 0 blam$ by ! great majority =  
tak+ up s]i\sly s fanta/ic a !ory1 !    
dream ( an aft]-d9n] nap1 z ! ,gtt+]    

zoologi/1 ,kef]/e91 call$ x4  ,! g5]al  
attitude t[>ds ,nature fifty ye>s ago 0 
s diff]5t f t we f9d ev]y:]e to-day1 t x
 is difficult to convey a cle> idea ( x 
to a "y sci5ti/ or philosoph]4 ,! great 
"q ( creation1 ! problem h[ ! v>i\s     
species ( plants & animals came into !  
_w1 & h[ man came into be+1 did n exi/  
yet 9 exact sci5ce4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 no  
"q ( x4  ,sev5ty-sev5 ye>s ago ,alex&]  
von ,humboldt deliv]$1 9 ?is v spot1 !  
lectures :i* aft]w>ds made up 8 fam\s   
"w1 ,cosmos1 ! ,elem5ts ( a ,physical   
,description ( ! ,_w4 ,z he t\*$1 9     
pass+1 ! obscure problem ( ! orig9 ( !  
organic population ( our planet1 he c\ld
 only say resign$ly3 ,! my/]i\s &       
unsolv$ problem ( h[ ?+s came to be does
 n belong to ! empirical prov9ce (      
objective rese>*1 ! description ( :at   
is4 ,x is in/ructive to f9d ,johannes   
,mll]1 ! greate/ ( ,g]man biologi/s 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury1 speak+ ?us 9 #aheb1 9 8 
fam\s essay1 ,on ! ,g5]ation ( ,snails 9
 ,holo?urians3 ,! entrance ( v>i\s      

species ( animals into creation is      
c]ta9--x is a fact ( paleontology2 b x  
is sup]natural z long z ?is entrance _c 
be p]ceiv$ 9 ! act & become an elem5t ( 
obs]vation4 ,i myself _h a numb] (      
rem>kable conv]sations ) ,mll]1 :om ,i  
put at ! head ( all my di/+ui%$ tea*]s1 
9 ! summ] ( #ahed4 ,8 lectures on       
comp>ative anatomy & physiology--! mo/  
illum9at+ & /imulat+ ,i ev] he>d--_h    
captivat$ me to su* an ext5t t ,i ask$ &
 obta9$ 8 p]mission to make a clos] /udy
 ( ! skeletons & o!r prep>ations 9 8    
spl5did museum ( comp>ative anatomy 7!n 
9 ! "r w+ ( ! build+s ( ! ,b]l9         
,univ]sity71 & to draw !m4 ,mll] 7!n 9 8
 fifty-f\r? ye>7 us$ to sp5d ! ,sunday  
aft]noon alone 9 ! museum4 ,he w\ld walk
 to & fro = h\rs 9 ! spaci\s rooms1 8   
h&s beh9d 8 back1 buri$ 9 ?\ght ab\t !  
my/]i\s aff9ities ( ! v]tebrates1 ! holy
 enigma ( :i* 0 s =cibly impress$ by !  
r[ ( skeletons4 ,n[ & aga9 my great ma/]
 w\ld turn to a small table at ! side1  
at :i* ,i 7a /ud5t ( tw5ty ye>s7 0 sitt+

 9 ! angle ( a w9d[1 mak+ consci5ti\s   
draw+s ( ! skulls ( mammals1 reptiles1  
amphibians1 & fi%es4  ,i w\ld !n beg him
 to expla9 p>ticul>ly difficult po9ts 9 
anatomy1 & once ,i v5tur$ to put ! "q3  
,mu/ n all ^! v]tebrates1 ) _! id5tity 9
 int]nal skeleton1 9 spite ( all _!     
ext]nal diff]5ces1 h come orig9ally f a 
common =m8 ,! great ma/] nodd$ 8 head   
?\ghtfully1 & said3 ,ah1 if we only knew
 t6 ,if ev] y solve t riddle1 y w h     
accompli%$ a supreme "w4 ,two mon?s     
aft]w>ds1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahed1 ,i _h to  
accompany ,mll] to ,heligol&1 & le>n$ "u
 8 direction ! beautiful & wond]ful     
inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,z we fi%$ toge!r 9
 ! sea1 & caught ! lovely m$us1 ,i ask$ 
him h[ x 0 possible to expla9 _!        
rem>kable alt]nation ( g5]ations2 if !  
m$us1 f ! ova ( :i* polyps develop      
to-day1 mu/ n h come orig9ally f ! m    
simply organis$ polyps8 ,to ?is         
precoci\s "q1 ,i receiv$ ! same resign$ 
answ]3 ,ah1 t is a v obscure problem6   
,we "k no?+ :atev] ab\t ! orig9 (       

species4  ,johannes ,mll] 0 c]ta9ly "o (
 ! greate/ sci5ti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 
,he takes rank ) ,cuvi]1 ,ba]1 ,lam>ck1 
& ,d>w94 ,8 insight 0 pr(\nd & p5etrat+1
 8 philosophic judgm5t compreh5sive1 & 8
 ma/]y ( ! va/ prov9ce ( biology 0      
enorm\s4 ,emil du ,bois-,reymond happily
 comp>$ him1 9 8 f9e commemorative      
address1 to ,alex&] ! ,great1 ^: k+dom 0
 divid$ into sev]al indep5d5t realms at 
8 dea?4 ,9 8 lectures & works ,mll]     
treat$ no less ?an f\r diff]5t subjects1
 = :i* f\r sep>ate *airs 7 f\nd$ aft] 8 
dea? 9 #aheh--;human anatomy1           
physiology1 pa?ological anatomy1 &      
comp>ative anatomy4 ,9 fact1 we ought   
really to add two m subjects--zoology & 
embryology4 ,( ^!1 also1 we le>n$ m f   
,mll]'s classic lectures ?an f ! (ficial
 lectures ( ! pr(essors ( ^? subjects4  
,! great ma/] di$ 9 #aheh1 a few mon?s  
be=e ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace 
made _! fir/ communications on _! new   
!ory ( selection 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nan 
,society4 ,i d n d\bt 9 ! lea/ t ?is    

surpris+ answ] ( ! riddle ( creation    
w\ld h pr(\ndly mov$ ,mll]1 & h be5     
fully admitt$ by him on mature          
reflection4  ,to ^! lead+ ma/]s 9       
biology1 & to all o!r anatomi/s1        
physiologi/s1 zoologi/s1 & botani/s up  
to #aheh1 ! "q ( organic creation 0 an  
unsolv$ problem2 ! great majority reg>d$
 x z insoluble4 ,! !ologians & _!       
allies1 ! metaphysicians1 built         
triumphantly on ?is fact4 ,x af=d$ a    
cle> pro( ( ! limitations ( reason &    
sci5ce4 ,a miracle only c\ld acc\nt = ! 
orig9 ( ^! +5i\s & c>efully design$     
organisms2 no?+ less ?an ! ,div9e wisdom
 & omnipot5ce c\ld h br\ght man into    
be+4 ,b ?is g5]al resignation ( reason1 
& ! dom9ance ( sup]natural ideas :i* x  
enc\rag$1 7 some:at p>adoxical 9 ! ?irty
 ye>s betwe5 ,lyell & ,d>w91 betwe5     
#ahcj & #ahei1 s9ce ! natural evolution 
( ! e>?1 z conceiv$ by ! great geologi/1
 _h come to be univ]sally recognis$4    
,s9ce ! e>li] ( ^! dates ! iron         
necessity ( natural law _h rul$ 9       

inorganic nature1 9 ! =mation ( !       
m\nta9s & ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 
,9 organic nature1 on ! contr>y1 9 !    
creation & ! life ( animals & plants1 p 
saw only ! wisdom & p[] ( an intellig5t 
,creator & ,controll]2 9 o!r words1     
ev]y?+ 0 rul$ by me*anical causality 9 !
 inorganic _w1 b by teleological f9ality
 9 ! realm ( biology4  ,philosophy1     
/rictly s call$1 paid little or no      
att5tion to ?is dilemma4 ,absorb$ almo/ 
exclusively 9 metaphysical & dialectical
 speculations1 x look$ ) supreme        
contempt or indiff]5ce on ! enorm\s     
progress t ! empirical sci5ces 7 mak+4  
,x affect$1 9 its "* ( purely m5tal     
sci5ce1 to build up ! _w out ( its own  
head1 & to h no ne$ ( ! spl5did mat]ial 
t 0 be+ labori\sly ga!r$ by obs]vation &
 exp]im5t4 ,?is is especially true (    
,g]many1 :]e ,hegel's sy/em ( absolute  
idealism _h secur$ ! highe/ reg>d1      
p>ticul>ly s9ce x _h be5 made obligatory
 z ! royal ,/ate-philosophy (           
,prussia--ma9ly because1 accord+ to     

,hegel1 9 ! ,/ate ! ,div9e w itself & ! 
mon>*ical con/itution alone repres5t !  
developm5t ( reason2 all o!r =ms (      
con/itution are l[] /ages ( ! developm5t
 ( reason4 ,hegel's ab/ruse metaphysics 
has also be5 greatly appreciat$ because 
x has made s ?or\gh & consi/5t a use ( !
 idea ( evolution4 ,b ?is pret5d$       
evolution ( reason float$ f> above real 
nature 9 ! pure e!r ( ! absolute _s1 & 0
 devoid ( all ! mat]ial balla/ t !      
empirical sci5ce ( ! evolution ( ! _w1 !
 e>?1 & its liv+ population1 _h meantime
 accumulat$4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n h[
 ,hegel himself decl>$1 ) humor\s       
resignation1 t only "o ( 8 _m pupils _h 
und]/ood him1 & ?is "o _h misund]/ood   
him4  ,f ! high] /&po9t ( g5]al culture 
! difficult "q =ces itself on u3 ,:at is
 ! real value ( ! idea ( evolution 9 !  
:ole realm ( sci5ce8 ,we are b\nd to    
answ] t x v>ies consid]ably4 ,! facts ( 
! evolution ( ! individual1 or (        
ontog5y1 7 easy to obs]ve & grasp3 !    
evolution ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? & ( ! m\nta9s

 9 geology seem$ to h an equally s\nd   
empirical f\ndation2 ! physical         
evolution ( ! univ]se seem$ to be       
e/abli%$ by ma!matical speculation4 ,!re
 0 no long] any s]i\s "q ( creation1 9 !
 lit]al s5se1 ( ! delib]ate action ( a  
p]sonal ,creator1 9 ^! great prov9ces4  
,b ?is made p cl+ to ! idea m ?an ev] 9 
reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! c\ntless species ( 
animals & plants1 & especially !        
creation ( man4 ,?is transc5d5tal       
problem seem$ to be entirely beyond !   
range ( natural developm5t2 & ! same 0  
?\ght ( ! "q ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! s\l1
 ! my/ic entity t 0 appropriat$ by      
metaphysical speculation z its subject4 
,*>les ,d>w9 sudd5ly br\ght a cle> light
 into ?is d>k *aos ( contradictory      
notions 9 #ahei4 ,8 epo*-mak+ "w1 ,!    
,orig9 ( ,species1 prov$ conv9c+ly t ?is
 hi/orical process is n a sup]natural   
my/]y1 b a physiological ph5om5on2 & t !
 pres]vation ( improv$ races 9 ! /ruggle
 = life _h produc$1 by a natural        
evolution1 ! :ole wondr\s _w ( organic  

life4  ,to-day1 :5 evolution is almo/   
univ]sally recognis$ 9 biology1 :5 ?\s&s
 ( anatomic & physiological works are   
bas$ on x e ye>1 ! new g5]ation c h>dly 
=m an idea ( ! viol5t resi/ance t 0 (f]$
 to ,d>w9's !ory & ! impassion$ /ruggles
 x provok$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,*ur*es  
at once rais$ a vigor\s prote/2 !y      
rightly reg>d$ _! new antagoni/ z !     
deadly enemy ( ! leg5d ( creation1 & saw
 ! v f\ndations ( _! cre$ ?reat5$4 ,!   
,*ur*es f\nd a p[]ful ally 9 ! duali/ic 
metaphysics t /ill claims to repres5t ! 
real ideali/ philosophy at mo/          
univ]sities4 ,b mo/ dang]\s ( all to !  
"y !ory 0 ! viol5t resi/ance x met almo/
 ev]y:]e 9 its own prov9ce ( empirical  
sci5ce4 ,! prevail+ belief 9 ! fixity & 
! indep5d5t creation ( ! v>i\s species 0
 mu* m s]i\sly m5ac$ by ,d>w9's !ory ?an
 x _h be5 by ,lam>ck's trans=mism4      
,lam>ck _h said sub/antially ! same ?+  
fifty ye>s be=e1 b _h fail$ to conv9ce  
?r\gh ! lack ( effective evid5ce4 ,_m   
sci5ti/s1 "s ( great di/9ction1 oppos$  

,d>w9 because ei!r !y _h n an adequate  
acqua9tance ) ! :ole field ( biology1 or
 x seem$ to !m t 8 bold speculation     
advanc$ too f> f ! secure base (        
exp]i5ce4  ,:5 ,d>w9's "w appe>$ 9      
#ahei1 & fell l a fla% ( lightn+ on !   
d>k _w ( (ficial biology1 ,i 0 engag$ 9 
a sci5tific exp$ition to ,sicily & tak5 
up ) a ?or\gh /udy ( ! graceful         
radiol>ians1 ^? wond]ful microscopic    
m>9e animals t surpass all o!r organisms
 9 ! beauty & v>iety ( _! =ms4 ,!       
special /udy ( ?is rem>kable class (    
animals1 ( :i* ,i aft]w>ds describ$ m   
?an #d1jjj species1 aft] m ?an t5 ye>s (
 rese>*1 provid$ me ) "o ( ! solid      
f\ndation-/ones ( my ,d>w9ian ideas4 ,b 
:5 ,i return$ f ,mess9a to ,b]l9 9 !    
spr+ ( #ahfj1 ,i knew no?+ z yet (      
,d>w9's a*ievem5t4 ,i m]ely he>d f my   
fri5ds at ,b]l9 t a rem>kable "w by a   
crazy ,engli%man _h attract$ great      
att5tion1 & t x turn$ upside d[n all    
previ\s ideas z to ! orig9 ( species4   
,i soon p]ceiv$ t almo/ all ! exp]ts at 

,b]l9--*ief among/ !m 7 ! fam\s         
microscopi/1 ,ehr5b]g2 ! anatomi/1      
,rei*]t2 ! zoologi/1 ,pet]s2 & !        
geologi/1 ,beyri*--7 unanim\s 9 _!      
condemnation ( ,d>w94 ,! brilliant      
orator ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 ,emil du     
,bois-,reymond1 hesitat$4 ,he recognis$ 
t ! !ory ( evolution 0 ! only natural   
solution ( ! problem ( creation2 b he   
laugh$ at ! application ( x z a poor    
romance1 & decl>$ t ! phylog5etic       
inquiries into ! relation%ip ( ! v>i\s  
species _h ab\t z mu* value z ! rese>* (
 philologi/s into ! g5ealogical tree ( !
 ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,! di/+ui%$ botani/1    
,alex&] ,braun1 /ood q alone 9 8 full & 
w>m ass5t to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,i f\nd
 com=t & enc\ragem5t ) ?is de> &        
respect$ tea*]1 :5 ,i 0 deeply mov$ by !
 fir/ read+ ( ,d>w9's book1 & soon      
completely conv]t$ to 8 views4 ,9       
,d>w9's great & h>moni\s conception (   
,nature1 & 8 conv9c+ e/abli%m5t (       
evolution1 ,i _h an answ] to all ! d\bts
 t _h beset me s9ce ! beg9n+ ( my       

biological /udies4  ,my fam\s tea*]1    
,rudolf ,vir*[1 :om ,i _h met at        
,wrtzburg 9 #aheb1 & 0 soon associat$ ) 
9 ! mo/ fri5dly relations z special     
pupil & admir+ assi/ant1 play$ a v      
curi\s "p 9 ?is great controv]sy4 ,i am1
 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ^? eld]ly m5 :o h foll[$  
,vir*['s developm5t1 z man & ?9k]1 ) !  
greate/ int]e/ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,i
 di/+ui% ?ree p]iods 9 8 psy*ological   
metamorphoses4 ,9 ! fir/ decade ( 8     
academic life1 f #ahdg to #aheh1 ma9ly  
at ,wrtzburg1 he effect$ ! great re=m ( 
m$ic9e t culm9at$ brilliantly 9 8       
cellul> pa?ology4 ,9 ! foll[+ tw5ty ye>s
 7#aheh-ahgg7 he 0 *iefly occupi$ )     
politics & an?ropology4 ,he 0 at fir/   
fav\rable to ,d>w9ism1 !n sceptical1 &  
f9ally reject$ x4 ,8 p[]ful & det]m9$   
opposition to x dates f #ahgg1 :51 9 is 
fam\s spee* on ,! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce 9 ! 
,mod]n ,/ate1 he /ruck a heavy bl[ at t 
fre$om1 d5\nc$ ! !ory ( evolution z     
dang]\s to ! ,/ate1 & dem&$ its         
exclusion f ! s*ools4 ,?is rem>kable    

metamorphosis is s important1 & has _h s
 mu* influ5ce1 yet has be5 s errone\sly 
describ$1 t ,i w deal ) x some:at fully 
9 ! next *apt]1 especially z ,i h !n to 
treat "o *ief problem1 ! desc5t ( man f 
! ape4 ,= ! mom5t1 ,i w m]ely recall !  
fact t 9 ,b]l91 ! metropolis (          
intellig5ce1 z x has be5 call$1 ! !ory (
 evolution1 n[ g5]ally accept$1 met ) a 
m /ubborn resi/ance ?an 9 mo/ ( our o!r 
lead+ educational c5tres1 & t ?is       
opposition 0 due above all to ! p[]ful  
au?ority ( ,vir*[4  ,we c only glance   
briefly "h at ! victori\s /ruggle t !   
idea ( evolution has conduct$ 9 ! la/   
?ree decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!     
viol5t resi/ance t ,d>w9ism enc\nt]$    
ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 its e>ly ye>s 0 p>alys$ 
t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ decade4 ,9 ! ye>s  
#ahff-ahgd _m works 7 publi%$ 9 :i* n   
only 7 ! f\ndations ( ! !ory            
sci5tifically /r5g!n$1 b its g5]al      
recognition 0 secur$ by popul> treatm5t 
( ! subject4 ,i made ! fir/ attempt 9   
#ahff1 9 my ,g5]al ,morphology1 to      

pres5t connect$ly ! :ole subject (      
evolution & make x ! f\ndation ( a      
consi/5t ,moni/ic philosophy2 & ,i !n   
gave a popul> summ>y ( my *ief          
conclusions 9 ! t5 editions ( my ,hi/ory
 ( ,creation4 ,9 my ,evolution ( ,man ,i
 made ! fir/ attempt to apply !         
pr9ciples ( evolution ?or\ghly &        
consi/5tly to man1 & to draw up a       
hypo!tical li/ ( 8 animal ance/ors4 ,!  
?ree volumes ( my ,sy/ematic ,phylog5y  
7#ahid-ahif7 conta9 a full] outl9e ( a  
natural classification ( organisms on ! 
basis ( _! /em-hi/ory4 ,!re h be5       
important contributions to ! sci5ce (   
evolution 9 all its bran*es 9 ! ,d>w9ian
 p]iodical1 ,cosmos1 s9ce #ahgg2 & a    
numb] ( admirable popul> works help$ to 
spread ! sy/em4  ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ important
 & mo/ welcome advance 0 made by sci5ce 
:51 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ! idea (        
evolution p5etrat$ into e bran* (       
biology1 & 0 recognis$ z fundam5tal &   
indisp5sable4 ,?\s&s ( new discov]ies & 
obs]vations 9 all sections ( botany1    

zoology1 proti/ology1 & an?ropology1 7  
br\ght =w>d z empirical evid5ce (       
evolution4 ,?is is especially true ( !  
rem>kable progress ( paleontology1      
comp>ative anatomy1 & embryology1 b x   
applies also to physiology1 *orology 7! 
sci5ce ( ! di/ribution ( liv+ ?+s71 &   
cology 7! description ( ! habits (      
animals74 ,h[ mu* our horizon 0 ext5d$  
by ^!1 & h[ mu* ! unity ( our ,moni/ic  
sy/em ga9$1 c be se5 9 any mod]n manual 
( biology4 ,if we comp>e !m ) ^? t gave 
u extracts ( natural hi/ory =ty or fifty
 ye>s ago1 we see at once :at an enorm\s
 advance has tak5 place4 ,ev5 ! m remote
 bran*es ( an?ropological sci5ce1       
e?nography1 sociology1 e?ics1 &         
jurisprud5ce1 are ent]+ into clos]      
relations ) ! !ory ( evolution1 & c no  
long] escape its influ5ce4 ,9 view ( all
 ?is1 x is ridicul\s = !ological &      
metaphysical j\rnals to talk1 z !y d1 ( 
! failure ( evolution & ! dea?-b$ (     
,d>w9ism4  ,our sci5ce ( evolution won  
its greate/ triumph :51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 

tw5tie? c5tury1 its mo/ p[]ful oppon5ts1
 ! ,*ur*es1 became reconcil$ to x1 &    
endeav\r$ to br+ _! dogmas into l9e ) x4
 ,a numb] ( timid attempts to d s _h be5
 made 9 ! prec$+ t5 ye>s by diff]5t     
free-?9k+ !ologians & philosoph]s1 b )\t
 mu* success4 ,! di/9ction ( accompli%+ 
?is 9 a compreh5sive & well-in=m$ mann] 
0 res]v$ = a ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,eri*       
,wasmann ( ,luxemburg4 ,?is able & le>n$
 entomologi/ _h already e>n$ "s         
recognition 9 zoology by a s]ies (      
admirable obs]vations on ! life ( ants1 
& ! captives t !y always keep 9 _!      
homes1 c]ta9 v small insects :i* h      
!mselves be5 curi\sly modifi$ by        
adaptation to _! peculi> environm5t4 ,he
 %[$ t ^! /rik+ modifications c only be 
rationally expla9$ by desc5t f o!r      
free-liv+ species ( insects4 ,! v>i\s   
pap]s 9 :i* ,wasmann gave a ?or\ghly    
,d>w9ian explanation ( ! biological     
ph5om5a fir/ appe>$ 7#aija-aijc7 9 !    
,ca?olic p]iodical1 ,/imm5 aus          
,m>ia-,laa*1 & are n[ collect$ 9 a      

special "w entitl$1 ,mod]n ,biology & ! 
,!ory ( ,evolution4  ,?is rem>kable book
 ( ,wasmann's is a ma/]piece (          
,jesuitical sophi/ry4 ,x really consi/s 
( ?ree entirely diff]5t sections4 ,!    
fir/ ?ird gives1 9 ! introduction1 :at  
is1 = ,ca?olics1 a cle> & in/ructive    
acc\nt ( mod]n biology1 especially !    
cell-!ory1 & ! !ory ( evolution 7*apt]s 
i4-viii474 ,! second ?ird1 ! n9? *apt]1 
is ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! "w4 ,x has !   
title3 ,! ,!ory ( ,fixity or ! !ory (   
,evolution8 ,"h ! le>n$ entomologi/     
gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! results ( 8 
prolong$ /udies ( ! morphology & !      
cology ( ! ants & _! captives1 !        
myrmecophil4 ,he %[s imp>tially &       
conv9c+ly t ^! complicat$ & rem>kable   
ph5om5a c only be expla9$ by evolution1 
& t ! old] doctr9e ( ! fixity &         
indep5d5t creation ( ! v>i\s species is 
q unt5able4 ,) a few *anges ?is n9?     
*apt] c\ld figure z a useful "p ( a "w  
by ,d>w9 or ,weismann or "s o!r         
evolutioni/4 ,! succe$+ *apt] 7! la/    

?ird7 is flagrantly inconsi/5t ) ! n9?4 
,x deals mo/ absurdly ) ! application ( 
! !ory ( evolution to man4 ,! read] has 
to ask himself :e!r ,wasmann really     
believes ^! confus$ & ridicul\s notions1
 or :e!r he m]ely aims at befogg+ 8     
read]s1 & s prep>+ ! way = ! acceptance 
( ! conv5tional cre$4  ,wasmann's book  
has be5 well criticis$ by a numb] (     
compet5t /ud5ts1 especially by ,es*]i* &
 ,franc4 ,:ile fully recognis+ 8 great  
s]vices1 !y insi/ v /rongly on ! great  
mis*ief wr\ght by ?is smuggl+ ( !       
,jesuitical _s into biology4 ,es*]i*    
po9ts out at l5g? ! gl>+ inconsi/5cies &
 ! obvi\s untru?s ( ?is ecclesia/ical   
evolution4 ,he summ>ises 8 criticism 9 !
 words3 ,if ! !ory ( evolution c really 
be reconcil$ ) ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* only 9
 ! way we f9d "h1 ,wasmann has cle>ly   
prov$ t any su* reconciliation is       
impossible4 ,because :at ,wasmann gives 
"h z ! !ory ( evolution is a ?+ mutilat$
 beyond recognition & incapable ( any   
vitality4 ,he tries1 l a good ,jesuit1  

to prove t x does n t5d to und]m9e1 b to
 give a firm f\ndation to1 ! /ory (     
sup]natural creation1 & t x 0 really n  
,lam>ck & ,d>w91 b ,/4 ,augu/9 & ,/4    
,?omas ( ,aqu91 :o f\nd$ ! sci5ce (     
evolution4 ,god does n int]f]e directly 
9 ! ord] ( ,nature :5 he c act by means 
( natural causes4 ,man alone con/itutes 
a rem>kable exception2 because ! human  
s\l1 be+ a spiritual entity1 _c be d]iv$
 f matt] ev5 by ! ,div9e omnipot5ce1 l !
 vital =ms ( ! plants & animals 7p4     
#bii74  ,9 an in/ructive article on     
,jesuitical ,sci5ce 79 ! ,frank=t ,freie
 ,wort1 ,no4 #bb1 #aijd71 ,r4 ,h4 ,franc
 gives an int]e/+ li/ ( ! prom95t       
,jesuits :o are n[ at "w 9 ! v>i\s      
bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,z he rightly says1 ! 
dang] consi/s 9 a sy/ematic introduction
 ( ! ,jesuitical _s into sci5ce1 a      
p]si/5t p]v]sion ( all its problems &   
solutions1 & an a/ute und]m9+ ( its     
f\ndations2 to speak m precisely1 !     
dang] is t p are n suffici5tly consci\s 
( x1 & t !y1 & ev5 sci5ce itself1 fall  

into ! clev]ly prep>$ pit ( believ+ t   
!re is su* a ?+ z ,jesuitical sci5ce1 ! 
results ( :i* may be tak5 s]i\sly4#d    
,:ile fully recognis+ ^! dang]s1 ,i     
nev]!less feel t ! ,jesuit ,fa!r        
,wasmann1 & 8 colleagues1               
h--unwitt+ly--done a v great s]vice to !
 progress ( pure sci5ce4 ,! ,ca?olic    
,*ur*1 ! mo/ p[]ful & widespread ( !    
,*ri/ian sects1 sees itself compell$ to 
capitulate to ! idea ( evolution4 ,x    
embraces ! mo/ important application ( !
 idea1 ,lam>ck & ,d>w9's !ory ( desc5t1 
:i* x _h vigor\sly combat$ until tw5ty  
ye>s ago4 ,x does1 inde$1 mutilate !    
great tree1 cutt+ (f its roots & its    
highe/ bran*2 x rejects spontane\s      
g5]ation or ar*igony at ! bottom1 & !   
desc5t ( man f animal ance/ors above4 ,b
 ^! exceptions w n la/4 ,imp>tial       
biology w take no notice ( !m1 & !      
religi\s cre$ w at l5g? det]m9e t ! m   
complex species h be5 evolv$ f a s]ies (
 simpl] =ms accord+ to ,d>w9ian         
pr9ciples4 ,! belief 9 a sup]natural    

creation is re/rict$ to ! production ( !
 e>lie/ & simple/ /em-=ms1 f :i* !      
natural species h tak5 _! orig92        
,wasmann gives t "n to all species t are
 demon/rably desc5d$ f a common /em-=m2 
9 o!r words1 to :at o!r classifi]s call 
/ems or phyla4 ,! #d1jjj species ( ants 
9 8 sy/em1 :i* he believes to be        
g5etically relat$1 are compris$ by him 9
 "o natural species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man  
=ms "o isolat$ natural species =        
himself1 )\t any connection ) ! o!r     
mammals4  ,! ,jesuitical sophi/ry t     
,wasmann betrays 9 ?is +5i\s di/9ction  
betwe5 sy/ematic & natural species is   
also f\nd 9 8 philosophic ,?\ghts on    
,evolution 7*ap4 viii471 8 di/9ction    
betwe5 philosophic & sci5tific          
evolution1 or betwe5 evolution 9 "o /em 
& 9 sev]al /ems4 ,8 rem>ks 79 *ap4 vii47
 on ! cell & spontane\s g5]ation are    
simil>ly m>r$ by sophi/ry4 ,! "q (      
spontane\s g5]ation or ar*igony--t is to
 say1 ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic life 
on ! e>?1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult       

problems 9 biology1 "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! mo/ 
di/+ui%$ /ud5ts betray a /rik+ weakness 
( judgm5t4 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,s*midt1 ( ,j5a1
 has lately writt5 an able & popul>     
little "w on t subject4 ,9 8 ,spontane\s
 ,g5]ation & ,pr(essor ,re9ke 7#aijc71  
he has %[n to :at absurd consequ5ces !  
ecclesia/ical ideas lead on ?is v "q4 ,!
 botani/ ,re9ke1 ( ,kiel1 is n[ reg>d$  
among/ religi\s p z ! *ief oppon5t (    
,d>w9ism2 = _m cons]vatives ?is is      
because he is a memb] ( ! ,prussian     
,h]r5haus 7a v intellig5t body1 (       
c\rse674 ,al?\gh he is a /rong          
evangelical1 _m ( 8 my/ic d$uctions     
agree surpris+ly ) ! ,ca?olic           
speculations ( ,fa!r ,wasmann4 ,?is is  
especially ! case ) reg>d to spontane\s 
g5]ation4 ,!y bo? decl>e t ! fir/       
appe>ance ( life mu/ be trac$ to a      
miracle1 to ! "w ( a p]sonal deity1 :om 
,re9ke calls ! cosmic intellig5ce4 ,i h 
%[n ! unsci5tific "* ( ^! notions 9 my  
la/ two works1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 
& ,! ,wond]s ( ,life4 ,i h drawn        

att5tion especially to ! widely         
di/ribut$ mon]a ( ! *romacea            
class--organisms ( ! simple/ type       
conceivable1 ^: :ole body is m]ely an   
unnucleat$1 gre51 /ructureless globule (
 plasm 7,*roococcus72 _! :ole vital     
activity consi/s ( gr[? 7by =m+ plasm7 &
 multiplication 7by divid+ into two74   
,!re is little !oretical difficulty 9   
conceiv+ ! orig9 ( ^! new simple mon]a f
 inorganic comp\nds ( album51 or _! lat]
 trans=mation into ! simple/ nucleat$   
cells4 ,all ?is1 & a good deal m t w n  
fit 9 8 ,jesuitical frame1 is %rewdly   
ignor$ by ,wasmann4  ,9 view ( ! great  
influ5ce t ,ca?olicism /ill has on      
public life 9 ,g]many1 ?r\gh ! ,c5tre   
p>ty1 ?is *ange ( front %\ld be a great 
ga9 to education4 ,vir*[ dem&$ z late z 
#ahgg t ! dang]\s doctr9e ( evolution   
%\ld be exclud$ f ! s*ools4 ,! ,m9i/]s (
 ,in/ruction ( ! two *ief ,g]man ,/ates 
gratefully adopt$ ?is w>n+ f ! lead] ( !
 progressive p>ty1 =bade ! tea*+ (      
,d>w9ian ideas1 & made e ef=t to *eck ! 

spread ( biological k4 ,n[1 tw5ty-five  
ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! ,jesuits come =w>d1 &  
dem& ! opposite4 ,!y recognise op5ly t !
 hat$ !ory ( evolution is e/abli%$1 &   
try to reconcile x ) ! cre$6 ,:at an    
irony ( hi/ory6 ,& we f9d mu* ! same    
/ory :5 we read ! /ruggles = fre$om (   
?\ght & = ! recognition ( evolution 9 ! 
o!r educat$ c\ntries ( ,europe4  ,9     
,italy1 its cradle & home1 educat$ p    
g5]ally look ^u ! papacy ) ! mo/ pr(\nd 
disda94 ,i h sp5t _m ye>s 9 ,italy1 & h 
nev] met an educat$ ,italian ( su*      
bigot$ & n>r[ views z we usually f9d    
among/ educat$ ,g]man                   
,ca?olics--repres5t$ ) success 9 !      
,rei*/ag by ! ,c5tre p>ty4 ,x is pro(   
en\gh ( ! reaction>y "* ( ,g]man        
,ca?olics t ! ,pope himself describes !m
 z 8 mo/ vigor\s soldi]s1 & po9ts !m out
 z models to ! fai?ful ( o!r nations4 ,z
 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,*ur* %[s1 !  
*>latan ( ! ,vatican is ! deadly enemy (
 free sci5ce & free tea*+4 ,! pres5t    
,g]man ,emp]or ought to reg>d x z 8 mo/ 

sacr$ duty to ma9ta9 ! tradition ( !    
,re=mation1 & to promote ! =mation ( !  
,g]man p 9 ! s5se ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4  
,in/ead ( ?is we h to look on ) heavy   
he>ts :ile ! ,emp]or1 badly advis$ &    
misl$ by ^? 9 influ5ce ab\t him1 suff]s 
himself to be caught clos] & clos] 9 !  
net ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 & sacrifices to 
x ! intellig5ce ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,9   
,septemb]1 #aijd1 ! ,ca?olic j\rnals    
ann\nc$ triumphantly t ! adoption (     
,ca?olicism by ! ,emp]or & 8 ,*ancellor 
0 close at h&4#e  ,! firmness ( ! belief
 9 conv5tional dogmas1 :i* hamp]s !     
progress ( rational enlight5m5t 9       
or?odox ,prote/ant circles z well z     
,ca?olic1 is (t5 admir$ z an expression 
( ! deep emotion ( ! ,g]man p4 ,b its   
real s\rce is _! confusion ( ?\ght & _! 
cr$ulity1 ! p[] ( cons]vative tradition1
 & ! reaction>y /ate ( political        
education4 ,:ile our s*ools are b5t "u !
 yoke ( ! cre$s1 ^? ( our neighb\rs are 
free4 ,france1 ! pi\s daught] ( ! ,*ur*1
 gives anxi\s mom5ts to h] ambiti\s "m4 

,%e is break+ ! *a9s ( ! ,concordat1 &  
tak+ up ! "w ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ,g]many1
 ! bir?place ( ! ,re=mation1 ! ,rei*/ag 
& ! ,gov]nm5t vie ) ea* o!r 9 smoo?+ !  
pa?s = ! ,jesuits1 & fo/]+1 in/ead (    
suppress+1 ! intol]ant _s ( ! sect>ian  
s*ool4 ,let u hope t ! late/ episode 9 !
 hi/ory ( evolution1 its recognition by 
,jesuitical sci5ce1 w br+ ab\t ! rev]se 
( :at !y int5d--! sub/itution ( rational
 sci5ce = bl9d fai?4     ,,*apt] ,,ii   
,,! ,,/ruggle ,,ov] ,,our ,,g5ealogical 
,,tree  ,,our ,,ape-,,relatives ,,& ,,! 
,,v]tebrate-,,/em   ,,explanation ,,(   
,,plate ,,ii  ,,skeletons ,,( ,,five    
,,an?ropoid ,,apes      ,^! skeletons ( 
! five liv+ g5]a ( an?ropomorpha     are
 r$uc$ to a common size1 9 ord] to %[   
bett] !     relative proportions ( !    
v>i\s p>ts4 ,! human skeleton     is    
#a_/bj? natural size1 ! gorilla #a_/ah?1
 ! *impanzee     #a_/g?1 ! orang #a_/g?1
 ! gibbon #a_/i?4 ,"y specim5s (     !  
*impanzee & orang h be5 select$1 because
 !y     approa* ne>] to man ?an ! adult4

 ,no "o ( ! liv+     an?ropoid apes is  
ne>e/ to man 9 all respects2 ?is _c     
be said ( ei!r ( ! ,african 7gorilla &  
*impanzee7 or     ! ,asiatic 7orang &   
gibbon74 ,?is anatomic fact is expla9$  
phylog5etically on ! gr\nd t none ( !m  
are direct     ance/ors ( man2 !y       
repres5t div]g5t bran*es ( !     /em1 ( 
:i* man is ! cr[n4 ,h[ev]1 ! small      
gibbon is     ne>e/ relat$ to !         
hypo!tical common ance/or ( all !       
an?ropomorpha to :i* we give ! "n (     
,pro?ylobates4     ,fur!r in=mation w be
 f\nd 9 my ,la/ ,l9k &     ,evolution ( 
,man 7*ap4 xxiii474   ,,plate ,,ii4     
,,skeletons ,,( ,,five ,,an?ropoid      
,,apes4  ,illu/ration3  #a_/bj ,,man    
7,homo7  #a_/ah ,,gorilla  #a_/g ,"y    
,,*impanzee 7,an?ropi!cus7  #a_/g ,"y   
,,orang 7,satyrus7  #a_/i ,,gibbon      
7,hylobates7   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,!        
,,/ruggle ,,ov] ,,our ,,g5ealogical     
,,tree  ,,our ,,ape-,,relatives ,,& ,,! 
,,v]tebrate-,,/em   ,9 ! previ\s *apt]  
,i tri$ to give y a g5]al idea ( !      

pres5t /ate ( ! controv]sy 9 reg>d to   
evolution4 ,comp>+ ! v>i\s bran*es (    
?\ght we f\nd t ! old] my?ological ideas
 ( ! creation ( ! _w 7 driv5 long ago   
out ( ! prov9ce ( inorganic sci5ce1 b t 
!y did n yield to ! rational conception 
( natural developm5t until a mu* lat]   
date 9 ! field ( organic nature4 ,"h !  
idea ( evolution did n prove completely 
victori\s until ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?    
c5tury1 :5 its mo/ zeal\s & dang]\s     
oppon5t1 ! ,*ur*1 0 =c$ to admit x4     
,h5ce ! op5 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,jesuit1    
,fa!r ,wasmann1 des]ves c>eful att5tion1
 & we may look =w>d to a fur!r          
developm5t4 ,if 8 =ce ( conviction & 8  
moral c\rage are /rong en\gh1 he w g on 
to draw ! normal conclusions f 8 high   
sci5tific atta9m5ts & leave ! ,ca?olic  
,*ur*1 z ! prom95t ,jesuits1 ,c\nt      
,ho5sbroe* & ! able geologi/1 ,pr(essor 
,r5>d ( ,gh5t1 "o ( ! work]s on !       
deep-sea deposits 9 ! ,*all5g]          
exp$ition1 h lately done4 ,b ev5 if ?is 
does n happ51 8 recognition ( ,d>w9ism1 

9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ian belief1 w rema9 a     
l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,8 +5i\s &
 v ,jesuitical attempt to br+ toge!r !  
opposite poles w h no v mis*iev\s       
effect2 x w r t5d to ha/5 ! victory ( ! 
sci5tific conception ( evolution ov] !  
my/ic beliefs ( ! ,*ur*es4  ,y w see ?is
 m cle>ly if we g on to consid] !       
important special problem ( ! desc5t (  
man f ! ape1 & its irreconcilability ) !
 conv5tional belief t ,god made man     
accord+ to ,8 own image4 ,t ?is ape or  
pi!coid !ory is an irresi/ible d$uction 
f ! g5]al pr9ciple ( evolution 0 cle>ly 
recognis$ =ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 ,d>w9's 
"w appe>$1 by ! %rewd & vigilant        
!ologians2 x 0 precisely 9 ?is fact t !y
 f\nd _! /ronge/ motive = vigor\s       
resi/ance4 ,x is q cle>4 ,ei!r man 0    
br\ght into exi/5ce1 l ! o!r animals1 by
 a special creative act1 z ,moses & ,l9n
 taught 7an embodi$ idea ( ! ,creator1 z
 ! fam\s ,agassiz put x s late z #aheh72
 or he has be5 develop$ naturally f a   
s]ies ( mammal ance/ors1 z is claim$ by 

! sy/ems ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w94  ,9 view ( !
 v great importance ( ?is pi!coid !ory1 
we w fir/ ca/ a brief glance at its     
f\nd]s & !n summ>ise ! pro(s 9 support (
 x4 ,! fam\s ,fr5* biologi/1 ,jean      
,lam>ck1 0 ! fir/ sci5ti/ def9itely to  
affirm ! desc5t ( man f ! ape & seek to 
give sci5tific pro( ( x4 ,9 8 spl5did   
"w1 fifty ye>s 9 advance ( 8 "t1 !      
,philosophie ,zoologique 7#ahji71 he    
cle>ly trac$ ! modifications & advances 
t mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! trans=mation ( ! 
man-l apes 7! primate =ms simil> to !   
orang & ! *impanzee72 ! adaptation to   
walk+ upright1 ! consequ5t modification 
( ! h&s & feet1 & lat]1 ! =mation (     
spee* & ! atta9m5t ( a high] degree (   
intellig5ce4 ,lam>ck's rem>kable !ory1 &
 ?is important consequ5ce ( x1 soon fell
 into oblivion4 ,:5 ,d>w9 br\ght        
evolution to ! front aga9 fifty ye>s    
aft]w>ds1 he paid no att5tion to !      
special conclusion4 ,he 0 cont5t to make
 ! foll[+ brief prophetic obs]vation 9 8
 "w3 ,light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 & !    

hi/ory ( man4 ,ev5 ?is innoc5t rem>k    
seem$ s mom5t\s to ! fir/ ,g]man        
translator ( ! "w1 ,bronn1 t he         
suppress$ x4 ,:5 ,d>w9 0 ask$ by        
,wallace :e!r he w\ld n g m fully into  
x1 he repli$3 ,i ?9k ( avoid+ ! :ole    
subject1 z x is s mu* involv$ 9         
prejudice2 ?\gh ,i q admit t x is !     
highe/ & mo/ int]e/+ problem = ! ?9k]4  
,! fir/ ?or\gh works ( importance on !  
subject appe>$ 9 #ahfc4 ,?omas ,huxley 9
 ,engl&1 & ,c>l ,vogt 9 ,g]many1        
endeav\r$ to %[ t ! desc5t ( man f ! ape
 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( ,d>w9ism1 &  
to provide an empirical base = ! !ory by
 e available argum5t4 ,huxley's "w on   
,man's ,place 9 ,nature 0 p>ticul>ly    
valuable4 ,he fir/ gave conv9c+ly1 9    
?ree lectures1 ! empirical evid5ce on ! 
subject--! natural hi/ory ( ! an?ropoid 
apes1 ! anatomical & embryological      
relations ( man to ! next l[e/ animals1 
& ! rec5tly discov]$ fossil human       
rema9s4 ,i !n 7#ahff7 made ! fir/       
attempt to e/abli% ! !ory ( evolution   

compreh5sively by rese>* 9 anatomy &    
embryology1 & to det]m9e ! *ief /ages 9 
! natural classification ( ! v]tebrates 
t mu/ h be5 pass$ ?r\gh by our e>li]    
v]tebrate ance/ors4 ,an?ropology ?us    
becomes a "p ( zoology4 ,9 my ,hi/ory ( 
,creation ,i fur!r develop$ ^! e>ly     
evolution>y sket*es1 & improvem5ts 7    
made 9 ! successive editions4  ,9 !     
meantime1 ! great ma/]1 ,d>w91 _h decid$
 to deal ) ?is *ief evolution>y problem 
9 a special "w4 ,! two volumes ( 8      
,desc5t ( ,man appe>$ 9 #ahga4 ,!y      
conta9$ an able discussion ( sexual     
selection1 or ! selective influ5ce (    
sexual love & high psy*ic activities    
connect$ !re)1 & _! significance 9 reg>d
 to ! orig9 ( man4 ,z ?is "p ( ,d>w9's  
"w 0 aft]w>ds attack$ ) p>ticul>        
virul5ce1 ,i w say t1 9 my op9ion1 x is 
( ! greate/ importance1 n only = ! g5]al
 !ory ( evolution1 b also = psy*ology1  
an?ropology1 & /hetics4  ,my own feeble 
e>ly ef=ts 7#ahff71 n only to e/abli% ! 
desc5t ( man f ! ne>e/ relat$ apes1 b   

also to det]m9e m precisely ! long s]ies
 ( our e>li] & l[] v]tebrate ance/ors1  
_h n at all satisfi$ me4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i
 _h _h to leave unansw]$ 9 my ,g5]al    
,morphology ! v int]e/+ "q3 f :i*       
inv]tebrate animals ! v]tebrate /em     
orig9ally came4 ,a cle> & unexpect$     
light 0 ?r[n on x "s "t aft]w>ds by !   
a/\nd+ discov]ies ( ,k[alevsky1 :i*     
reveal$ an ess5tial agreem5t 9 embryonic
 developm5t betwe5 ! l[e/ v]tebrate     
7,amphioxus7 & a l[ly tunicate          
7,ascidia74 ,9 ! succe$+ ye>s1 ! num]\s 
discov]ies 9 connection ) ! =mation ( ! 
g]m9al lay]s 9 diff]5t animals s mu*    
enl>g$ our embryological outlook t ,i 0 
able to prove ! complete homology ( !   
two-lay]$ ga/rula 7a cup-%ap$ embryonic 
=m7 9 all ! tissue-=m+ animals 7metazoa7
 9 my ,monograph on ! ,sponges4 ,f ?is  
,i inf]r$1 9 virtue ( ! biog5etic law1 !
 common desc5t ( all ! metazoa f "o & ! 
same ga/rula-%ap$ /em-=m1 ! ga/ra4 ,?is 
hypo!tical /em-=m1 to :i* man's e>lie/  
multicellul> ance/ors also belong1 0    

aft]w>ds prov$ by ,monticelli's         
obs]vations to be /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,!    
evolution ( ^! v simple tissue-=m+      
animals f /ill simpl] unicellul> =ms    
7protozoa7 is %[n by ! correspond+      
processes t we witness 9 :at is call$ ! 
segm5tation ( ! ovum or ga/rulation1 9 !
 developm5t ( ! two-lay]$ g]m f ! s+le  
cell ( ! ovum4  ,enc\rag$ by ^! great   
advances ( mod]n phylog5y1 & ) ! support
 ( _m new discov]ies 9 comp>ative       
anatomy & embryology1 9 :i* a numb] (   
di/+ui%$ obs]v]s 7 at "w1 ,i 0 able 9   
#ahgd to v5ture on ! fir/ attempt to    
trace cont9u\sly ! :ole /ory ( man's    
evolution4 ,9 do+ s1 ,i took my /& on ! 
firm gr\nd ( ! biog5etic law1 seek+ to  
give a phylog5etic cause = ea* fact (   
embryology4 ,my ,evolution ( ,man1 :i*  
made ! fir/ attempt to accompli% ?is    
difficult task1 0 mat]ially improv$ &   
enl>g$ z new & important discov]ies 7   
made4 ,! late/ edition 7#aijc #aijd 9   
,engli%7 conta9s ?irty *apt]s di/ribut$ 
9 two volumes1 ! fir/ ( :i* deals )     

embryology 7or ontog5y71 & ! second ) ! 
developm5t ( species 7or phylog5y74     
,?\gh ,i 0 q consci\s t !re 7 b\nd to be
 gaps & weak po9ts 9 ^! fir/ attempts to
 frame a natural an?ropog5y1 ,i _h hop$ 
!y w\ld h "s influ5ce on mod]n          
an?ropology1 & especially t ! fir/      
sket*es ( a g5ealogical tree ( ! animal 
_w w\ld prove a /imulus to fre% rese>* &
 improvem5t4 ,9 ?is ,i 0 mu* mi/ak54 ,! 
dom9ant s*ool ( an?ropology1 especially 
9 ,g]many1 decl9$ to suff] !            
introduction ( ! !ory ( evolution1      
decl>+ x to be an unf\nd$ hypo!sis1 &   
describ$ our c>efully prep>$ ance/ral   
trees z m]e figm5ts4 ,?is 0 due1 9 !    
fir/ place1 to ! great au?ority ( !     
f\nd] & presid5t 7= _m ye>s7 ( ! ,g]man 
,an?ropological ,society1 ,rudolf       
,vir*[1 z ,i briefly po9t$ out 9 !      
previ\s *apt]4 ,9 view ( ! great reg>d t
 is felt = ?is di/+ui%$ sci5ti/1 & !    
ext5t to :i* 8 p[]ful opposition prev5t$
 ! spread ( ! !ory1 x is necess>y to    
deal m fully ) 8 position on ! subject4 

,i am /ill fur!r con/ra9$ to d ?is      
because ( ! errone\s views ( x t are    
circulat+1 & my own fifty ye>s'         
acqua9tance ) my em95t tea*] enables me 
to put !m "r4  ,n "o ( ,vir*['s num]\s  
pupils & fri5ds c appreciate m ?an ,i d 
8 real s]vices to m$ical sci5ce4 ,8     
,cellul> ,pa?ology 7#aheh71 8 ?or\gh    
application ( ! cell-!ory to ! sci5ce ( 
disease1 is1 9 my op9ion1 "o ( ! greate/
 advances made by mod]n m$ic9e4 ,i _h ! 
good =tune to beg9 my m$ical /udies at  
,wrzburg 9 #aheb1 & to sp5d six valuable
 t]ms "u ! p]sonal guidance ( f\r       
biologi/s ( ! fir/ rank--,alb]t ,kllik]1
 ,rudolf ,vir*[1 ,franz ,leydig & ,c>l  
,geg5baur4 ,! great /imulus t ,i receiv$
 f ^! di/+ui%$ ma/]s 9 e bran* (        
comp>ative & microscopic biology 0 !    
/>t+-po9t ( my :ole tra9+ 9 t sci5ce1 & 
enabl$ me subsequ5tly to foll[ ) ease ! 
high] intellectual flight ( ,johannes   
,mll]4 ,f ,vir*[ especially ,i le>n$1 n 
only ! analytic art ( c>eful obs]vation 
& judici\s appreciation ( ! detail$     

facts ( anatomy1 b also ! syn!tic       
conception ( ! :ole human frame1 !      
pr(\nd conviction ( ! unity ( our       
nature1 ! insep>able connection ( body &
 m9d1 to :i* ,vir*[ gave a f9e          
expression 9 8 classic essay on ,!      
,ef=ts to br+ ab\t ,unity 9 ,sci5tific  
,m$ic9e 7#ahdi74 ,! lead+ articles :i*  
he wrote at t "t = ! ,j\rnal (          
,pa?ological ,anatomy & ,physiology1 :i*
 he _h f\nd$1 conta9 mu* new insight    
into ! wond]s ( life1 & a numb] (       
excell5t g5]al reflections on _!        
significance--pregnant ideas t we c make
 direct use ( = ,moni/ic purposes4 ,9 ! 
controv]sy t broke out betwe5 empirical 
rationalism & mat]ialism & ! old]       
vitalism & my/icism1 he took ! side ( ! 
=m]1 & f\ght toge!r ) ,jacob ,moles*ott1
 ,c>l ,vogt1 & ,ludwig ,b*n]4 ,i owe !  
firm conviction ( ! unity ( organic &   
inorganic nature1 ( ! me*anical "* ( all
 vital & psy*ic activity1 :i* ,i h      
always held to be ! f\ndation ( my      
,moni/ic sy/em1 9 a great measure to    

,vir*['s tea*+ & ! exhau/ive            
conv]sations ,i _h ) him :5 ,i 0 8      
assi/ant4 ,! pr(\nd views ( ! nature ( !
 cell & ! indep5d5t individuality ( ^!  
elem5t>y organisms1 :i* he advanc$ 9 8  
great "w ,cellul> ,pa?ology1 rema9$     
guid+ pr9ciples = me 9 ! prolong$ /udies
 t ,i made ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds ( !      
organisation ( ! radiol>ia & o!r        
unicellul> proti/s2 & also 9 reg>d to ! 
!ory ( ! cell-s\l1 :i* foll[$ naturally 
f ! psy*ological /udy ( x4  ,8 life at  
,wrtzburg 0 ! mo/ brilliant p]iod (     
,vir*['s indefatigable sci5tific lab\rs4
 ,a *ange took place :5 he remov$ to    
,b]l9 9 #ahef4 ,he !n occupi$ himself   
*iefly ) political & social & civic     
int]e/s4 ,9 ! la/ respect he has done s 
mu* = ,b]l9 & ! welf>e ( ! ,g]man p t ,i
 ne$ n enl>ge on x4 ,nor w ,i g into 8  
self-sacrific+ & (t5 ?ankless political 
"w z lead] ( ! progressive p>ty2 !re are
 diff]5ces ( op9ion z to its value4 ,b  
we mu/ c>efully exam9e 8 peculi>        
attitude t[>ds evolution1 & especially  

its *ief application1 ! ape-!ory4 ,he 0 
at fir/ fav\rable to x1 !n sceptical1 & 
f9ally decid$ly ho/ile4  ,:5 !          
,lam>ckian !ory 0 br\ght to light aga9  
by ,d>w9 9 #ahei1 _m ?\ght t x 0        
,vir*['s vocation to take ! lead 9      
def5d+ x4 ,he _h made a ?or\gh /udy ( ! 
problem ( h]$ity2 he _h realis$ ! p[] ( 
adaptation ?r\gh 8 /udy ( pa?ological   
*anges2 & he _h be5 direct$ to ! great  
"q ( ! orig9 ( man by 8 an?ropological  
/udies4 ,he 0 at t "t reg>d$ z a det]m9$
 oppon5t ( all dogmas2 he combat$       
transc5d5talism ei!r 9 ! =m (           
ecclesia/ical cre$s or an?ropomorphism4 
,aft] #ahfb he decl>$ t ! possibility ( 
a transition f species to species 0 a   
necessity ( sci5ce4 ,:5 ,i op5$ ! fir/  
public discussion ( ,d>w9ism at ! ,/ett9
 sci5tific congress 9 #ahfc1 ,vir*[ &   
,alex&] ,braun 7 among ! few sci5ti/s :o
 w\ld admit ! subject to be important & 
des]v+ ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,:5 ,i s5t  
to him 9 #ahfe two lectures t ,i _h     
deliv]$ at ,j5a on ! orig9 & g5ealogical

 tree ( ! human race1 he will+ly receiv$
 !m among/ 8 ,collection ( ,popul>      
,sci5tific ,lectures4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m   
long conv]sations ,i _h ) him on !      
matt]1 he agre$ ) me 9 ! ma91 ?\gh ) !  
prud5t res]ve & cool scepticism t       
*>act]is$ him4 ,he adopts ! same mod]ate
 attitude 9 ! lecture t he deliv]$ to ! 
,artisans' ,union at ,b]l9 9 #ahfi on   
,human & ,ape ,skulls4  ,8 position     
def9itely *ang$ 9 reg>d to ,d>w9ism f   
#ahgg onw>d4 ,at ! ,sci5tific ,congress 
t 0 !n held at ,muni* ,i _h1 at ! press+
 reque/ ( my ,muni* fri5ds1 und]tak5 !  
fir/ address 7on #ah? ,septemb]7 on     
,mod]n ,evolution 9 ,relation to ! :ole 
( ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is address ,i _h         
sub/antially advanc$ ! same g5]al views 
t ,i aft]w>ds enl>g$ 9 my ,monism1      
,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 & ,wond]s ( ,life4
 ,9 ! ultramontane capital ( ,bav>ia1 9 
sight ( a great univ]sity :i*           
emphatically describes itself z         
,ca?olic1 x 0 some:at bold to make su* a
 confession ( fai?4 ,! deep impression t

 x _h made 0 indicat$ by ! lively       
manife/ations ( ass5t on ! "o h&1 &     
displeasure on ! o!r1 t 7 at once made 9
 ! ,congress itself & 9 ! ,press4 ,on ! 
foll[+ day ,i dep>t$ = ,italy 7accord+  
to an arrangem5t made long be=e74 ,vir*[
 did n come to ,muni* until two days    
aft]w>ds1 :5 he deliv]$ 7on #bbnd       
,septemb]1 9 response to entreaties f p 
( position & influ5ce7 8 fam\s          
antagoni/ic spee* on ,! ,fre$om (       
,sci5ce 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate4 ,! gi/ ( !    
spee* 0 t ?is fre$om ought to be        
re/rict$2 t evolution is an unprov$     
hypo!sis1 & ought n to be taught 9 !    
s*ool because x is dang]\s to ! ,/ate3  
,we mu/ n tea*1 he said1 t man desc5ds f
 ! ape or any o!r animal4 ,9 #ahdi1 ! "y
 ,moni/1 ,vir*[1 _h emphatically decl>$ 
?is conviction1 t he w\ld nev] be induc$
 to d5y ! !sis ( ! unity ( human nature 
& its consequ5ces2 n[1 tw5ty-eight ye>s 
aft]w>ds1 ! prud5t ,duali/ic politician 
entirely d5i$ x4 ,he _h =m]ly taught t  
all ! bodily & m5tal processes 9 ! human

 organism dep5d on ! me*anism ( !       
cell-life2 n[ he decl>$ ! s\l to be a   
special immat]ial entity4 ,b ! cr[n+    
feature ( ?is reaction>y spee* 0 8      
compromise ) ! ,*ur*1 :i* he _h f\ght s 
vigor\sly tw5ty ye>s be=e4  ,! "* (     
,vir*['s spee* at ,muni* is be/ se5 9 ! 
delight ) :i* x 0 at once receiv$ by !  
reaction>y & cl]ical pap]s1 & ! pr(\nd  
conc]n ( all ,lib]al j\rnals1 ei!r 9 !  
political or ! religi\s s5se4 ,:5 ,d>w9 
read ! ,engli% translation ( ! spee*    
he--g5]ally s g5tle 9 8 judgm5ts--wrote3
 ,vir*['s conduct is %ameful1 & ,i hope 
he w "s day feel ! %ame4 ,9 #ahgh1 ,i   
made a full reply to x 9 my ,free       
,sci5ce & ,free ,tea*+1 9 :i* ,i        
collect$ ! mo/ important press op9ions  
on ! matt]4#f  ,f ?is v decid$ turn at  
,muni* until 8 dea?1 tw5ty-five ye>s    
aft]w>ds1 ,vir*[ 0 an indefatigable & v 
influ5tial oppon5t ( evolution4 ,9 8    
annual appe>ances at congresses he has  
always conte/$ x1 & has ob/9ately clung 
to 8 /atem5t t x is q c]ta9 t man does n

 desc5d f ! ape or any o!r animal4 ,to !
 "q3 ,:5ce does he come1 !n8 he _h no   
answ]1 & retir$ to ! resign$ position ( 
! ,agno/ic1 :i* 0 common be=e ,d>w9's   
"t3 ,we d n "k h[ life arose1 & h[ !    
v>i\s species came into ! _w4 ,8        
son-9-law1 ,pr(essor ,rabl1 has tri$ to 
draw att5tion once m to 8 e>li]         
conception1 & has decl>$ t ev5 9 lat]   
ye>s ,vir*[ (t5 recognis$ ! tru? (      
evolution 9 private conv]sation4 ,?is   
only makes x ! m regrettable t he always
 said ! contr>y 9 public4 ,! fact rema9s
 t ev] s9ce ! oppon5ts ( evolution1     
especially ! reaction>ies & cl]icals1 h 
appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ,vir*[4  ,!     
:olly reaction>y sy/em t ?is l$ to has  
be5 well describ$ by ,rob]t ,drill      
7#aijb7 9 8 ,vir*[ z a ,reaction>y4 ,h[ 
little qualifi$ ! great pa?ologi/ 0 to  
appreciate ! sci5tific bases ( ! pi!coid
 !ory is cle> f ! absurd /atem5t he     
made1 9 ! op5+ spee* ( ! ,vi5na         
,congress ( ,an?ropologi/s1 9 #ahid1 t  
man might j z well be claim$ to desc5d f

 a %eep or an elephant z f an ape4 ,any 
compet5t zoologi/ c see f ?is ! little k
 ,vir*[ _h ( sy/ematic zoology &        
comp>ative anatomy4 ,h[ev]1 he reta9$ 8 
au?ority z presid5t ( ! ,g]man          
,an?ropological ,society1 :i* rema9$    
imp]vi\s to ,d>w9ian ideas4 ,ev5 su*    
vigor\s controv]siali/s z ,c>l ,vogt1 & 
su* sci5tific p>tisans ( ! ape-man (    
,ne&]?al z ,s*aafhaus51 c\ld make no    
impression4 ,vir*['s au?ority 0 equally 
great = tw5ty ye>s 9 ! ,b]l9 ,press1 bo?
 ,lib]al & ,cons]vative4 ,!             
,kreutzzeitung & ! ,evangelis*e         
,kir*5zeitung 7 delight$ t ! le>n$      
progressi/ 0 cons]vative 9 ! be/ s5se ( 
! ^w z reg>ds evolution4 ,! ultramontane
 ,g]mania rejoic$ t ! p[]ful            
repres5tative ( pure sci5ce _h1 ) a few 
/rokes ( 8 cudgel1 r$uc$ to impot5ce !  
absurd ape-!ory & its *ief protagoni/1  
,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,! ,national-,zeitung   
c\ld n suffici5tly ?ank ! free-?9k+1    
popul> lead] = hav+ lift$ f u = ev] !   
oppressive m\nta9 ( ! !ory ( simian     

desc5t4 ,! editor ( ! ,volks-,zeitung1  
,b]n/e91 :o has done s mu* = ! spread ( 
k 9 8 excell5t popul> manuals ( sci5ce1 
ob/9ately refus$ to admit articles t    
v5tur$ to support ! errone\s ape-!ory   
refut$ by ,vir*[4  ,x w\ld take up too  
mu* space to attempt to give ev5 a g5]al
 survey ( ! rem>kable & enorm\s         
lit]ature ( ! subject t has accumulat$ 9
 ! la/ ?ree decades 9 ! %ape ( ?\s&s (  
le>n$ treatises & popul> articles4 ,!   
great] "p ( ^! works h be5 writt5 "u !  
influ5ce ( conv5tional religi\s         
prejudice1 & )\t ! necess>y acqua9tance 
) ! subject1 t c only be obta9$ by a    
?or\gh tra9+ 9 biology4 ,! mo/ curi\s   
feature ( !m is t mo/ ( ! au?ors re/rict
 _! g5ealogical int]e/s to ! mo/ manlike
 apes1 & d n deal ) _! orig91 or ) !    
deep] roots ( our common ance/ral tree4 
,!y d n see ! wood = ! trees4 ,yet x is 
f> easi] & saf] to p5etrate ! great     
my/]ies ( our animal orig91 if we look  
at ! subject f ! high] /&po9t (         
v]tebrate phylog5y & g deep] into !     

e>li] records ( ! evolution>y hi/ory ( !
 v]tebrates4  ,s9ce ! great ,lam>ck     
e/abli%$ ! idea ( ! v]tebrate at !      
beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7#ahja71 & 8  
,p>isian colleague1 ,cuvi]1 %ortly      
aft]w>ds recognis$ ! v]tebrates z "o ( 8
 f\r *ief animal gr\ps1 ! natural unity 
( ?is advanc$ section ( ! animal _w has 
n be5 conte/$4 ,9 all ! v]tebrates1 f ! 
l[e/ fi%es & amphibians up to ! apes &  
man1 we h ! same type ( /ructure1 ! same
 *>act]i/ic disposition & relations ( ! 
*ief organs2 & !y diff] mat]ially f !   
correspond+ features 9 all o!r animals4 
,! my/]i\s aff9ities ( ! v]tebrates     
induc$ ,goe!1 #adj ye>s ago1 long be=e  
,cuvi]1 to make prolong$ & labori\s     
/udies 9 _! comp>ative anatomy at ,j5a &
 ,weim>4 ,j z he _h1 9 8 ,metamorphosis 
( ,plants1 e/abli%$ ! unity (           
organisation by means ( ! leaf z !      
common primitive organ1 he1 9 !         
metamorphosis ( ! v]tebrates1 f\nd ?is  
common elem5t 9 ! v]tebral !ory ( !     
skull4 ,& :5 ,cuvi] e/abli%$ comp>ative 

anatomy z an indep5d5t sci5ce1 ?is bran*
 ( biology 0 develop$ to su* an ext5t by
 ! classic rese>* ( ,johannes ,mll]1    
,c>l ,geg5baur1 ,ri*>d ,ow51 ,?omas     
,huxley1 & _m o!r morphologi/s1 t       
,d>w9ism f\nd its mo/ p[]ful weapons 9  
?is ars5al4 ,! /rik+ diff]5ces ( ext]nal
 =m & int]nal /ructure t we f9d 9 !     
fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 &   
mammals1 are due to adaptation to !     
v>i\s uses ( _! organs & _! environm5ts4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! a/oni%+ agreem5t 9 _!  
typical "*1 t p]si/s 9 spite ( _!       
diff]5ces1 is due to inh]itance f common
 ance/ors4  ,! evid5ce ?us af=d$ by     
comp>ative anatomy is s cog5t t anyone  
:o goes imp>tially & att5tively ?r\gh a 
collection ( skeletons c conv9ce himself
 at once ( ! morphological unity ( !    
v]tebrate /em4 ,! evolution>y evid5ce ( 
comp>ative ontog5y1 or embryology1 is   
less easy to grasp & less accessible1 b 
n less important4 ,x came to light at a 
mu* lat] date1 & its extreme value 0    
only made cle>1 by means ( ! biog5etic  

law1 "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,x %[s t e        
v]tebrate1 l e o!r animal1 develops f a 
s+le cell1 b t ! c\rse ( its embryonic  
developm5t is peculi>1 & *>act]is$ by   
embryonic =ms t are n f\nd 9 !          
inv]tebrates4 ,we f9d 9 !m especially ! 
*ordula1 or *orda-l>va1 a v simple      
worm-%ap$ embryonic =m1 )\t limbs1 head1
 or high] s5se-organs2 ! body consi/s   
m]ely ( six v simple primitive organs4  
,f ^! are develop$ /eadily ! hundr$s (  
diff]5t bones1 muscles1 & o!r organs t  
we aft]w>ds di/+ui% 9 ! mature          
v]tebrate4 ,! rem>kable & v complex     
c\rse ( ?is embryonic developm5t is     
ess5tially ! same 9 man & ! ape1 & 9 !  
amphibians & fi%es4 ,we see 9 x1 9      
accordance ) ! biog5etic law1 a new &   
important witness to ! common desc5t (  
all v]tebrates f a s+le primitive =m1 ! 
*orda4  ,b1 important z ^! argum5ts (   
comp>ative embryology are1 "o ne$s _m   
ye>s' /udy 9 ! unfamili> & difficult    
prov9ce ( embryology be=e "o c realise  
_! evolution>y =ce4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 n 

a few embryologi/s 7especially ( ! mod]n
 s*ool ( exp]im5tal embryology7 :o d n  
succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,x is o!rwise ) !       
palpable pro(s t we take f a remote     
sci5ce1 paleontology4 ,! rem>kable      
fossil rema9s & impressions ( ext9ct    
animals & plants give u directly !      
hi/orical evid5ce we ne$ to und]/& !    
successive appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! 
v>i\s species & gr\ps4 ,geology has     
firmly e/abli%$ ! *ronological ord] ( ! 
s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* h be5 successively  
=m$ ( mud at ! floor ( ! ocean1 & has   
d$uc$ _! age f ! ?ickness ( ! /rata1 &  
det]m9$ ! relative date ( _! =mation4 ,!
 va/ p]iod dur+ :i* organic life has be5
 develop+ on ! e>? runs to _m million   
ye>s4 ,! numb] is v>i\sly e/imat$ at    
less ?an a hundr$ or at sev]al hundr$   
million ye>s4#g ,if we take ! small]    
numb] ( #bjj million ye>s1 we f9d !m    
di/ribut$ among/ ! five *ief p]iods ( ! 
e>?'s organic developm5t 9 su* a way t !
 e>li] or ar*eozoic p]iod absorbs ne>ly 
"o half4 ,z ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ?is      

p]iod1 *iefly gneisses & cry/all9e      
s*i/s1 are 9 a metamorphos$ condition1 !
 fossil rema9s 9 !m are unrecognisable4 
,9 ! next succe$+ /rata ( ! paleozoic   
p]iod we f9d ! e>lie/ rema9s ( fossilis$
 v]tebrates1 ,silurian primitive fi%es  
7sela*ii7 & ganoids4 ,^! are foll[$1 9 !
 ,devonian sy/em1 by ! fir/ dipneu/     
fi%es 7a transitional =m f ! fi%es to ! 
amphibia74 ,9 ! next1 ! ,c>bonif]\s     
sy/em1 we f9d ! fir/ t]re/rial or       
f\r-foot$ v]tebrates--amphibians ( !    
ord] ( ! /egocephala4 ,a little lat]1 9 
! ,p]mian rocks1 ! e>lie/ amniotes1     
l[ly1 liz>d-l reptiles 7tocosauria71    
make _! appe>ance2 ! w>m-blood$ birds & 
mammals are /ill want+4 ,we h ! fir/    
traces ( ! mammals 9 ! ,triassic1 !     
e>lie/ s$im5t>y rocks ( ! mesozoic age2 
^! are ( ! monotreme sub-class          
7panto!ria & allo!ria74 ,!y are succe$$ 
by ! fir/ m>supials 7prodidelphia7 9 !  
,jurassic1 ! ance/ral =ms ( ! plac5tals 
7mallo!ria71 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,see p4    
#aae4  ,b ! ri*e/ developm5t ( ! mammal 

class takes place 9 ! next or ,t]ti>y   
age4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its f\r p]iods--!     
eoc5e1 oligoc5e1 mioc5e1 & plioc5e--!   
mammal species increase /eadily 9 numb]1
 v>iety1 & complexity1 d[n to ! pres5t  
"t4 ,f ! l[e/ common ance/ral gr\p ( !  
plac5tals proce$ f\r div]g5t bran*es1 ! 
legions ( ! c>nassia1 rod5ts1 ungulates1
 & primates4 ,! primate legion surpasses
 all ! re/4 ,9 ?is ,l9n long ago includ$
 ! lemurs1 apes1 & man4 ,! hi/orical    
ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s /ages ( v]tebrate    
developm5t make _! successive appe>ance 
corresponds entirely to ! morphological 
ord] ( _! advance 9 organisation1 z we h
 le>n$ x f ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy &
 embryology4  ,^! paleontological facts 
are among ! mo/ important pro(s ( !     
desc5t ( man f a long s]ies ( high] &   
l[] v]tebrates4 ,!re is no o!r          
explanation possible except evolution = 
! *ronological succession ( ^! classes1 
:i* is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! morphological
 & sy/ematic di/ribution4 ,!            
anti-evolutioni/s h n ev5 attempt$ to   

give any o!r explanation4 ,! fi%es1     
dipneu/s1 amphibians1 reptiles1         
monotremes1 m>supials1 plac5tals1       
lemurs1 apes1 an?ropoid apes1 & ape-m5  
7pi!can?ropi71 are insep>able l9ks ( a  
long ance/ral *a91 ( :i* ! la/ & mo/    
p]fect l9k is man4 7,cf4 ! tables pp4   
#aaf-aah47  ,"o ( ! paleontological     
facts ,i h quot$1 namely1 ! late        
appe>ance ( ! mammal class 9 geology--is
 p>ticul>ly important4 ,?is mo/ advanc$ 
gr\p ( ! v]tebrates comes on ! /age 9 ! 
,triassic p]iod1 9 ! second & %ort] half
 ( ! organic hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,x is      
repres5t$ only by l[ & small =ms 9 !    
:ole ( ! mesozoic age1 dur+ ! dom9ation 
( ! reptiles4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long p]iod1  
:i* is e/imat$ by "s geologi/s at #h-aa1
 by o!rs at #bj or m1 million ye>s1 !   
dom9ant reptile class develop$ its _m   
rem>kable & curi\s =ms2 !re 7 swimm+    
m>9e reptiles 7halisauria71 fly+        
reptiles 7pt]osauria71 & colossal l&    
reptiles 7d9osauria74 ,x 0 mu* lat]1 9 !
 ,t]ti>y p]iod1 t ! mammal class atta9$ 

! weal? ( l>ge & advanc$ plac5tal =ms t 
secur$ its pr$om9ance ov] ?is m rec5t   
p]iod4  ,! _m & ?or\gh inve/igations    
made dur+ ! la/ few decades into !      
ance/ral hi/ory ( ! mammals h conv9c$   
all zoologi/s :o 7 engag$ 9 !m t !y may 
be trac$ to a common root4 ,all !       
mammals1 f ! l[e/ monotremes & m>supials
 to ! ape & man1 h a l>ge numb] ( /rik+ 
*>act]i/ics 9 common1 & ^! di/+ui% !m f 
all o!r v]tebrates3 ! hair & gl&s ( !   
sk91 ! fe$+ ( ! "y ) ! "m's milk1 !     
peculi> =mation ( ! l[] jaw & ! e>-bones
 connect$ !re)1 & o!r features 9 !      
/ructure ( ! skull2 also1 ! possession (
 a knee-cap 7patella71 & ! loss ( !     
nucleus 9 ! r$ blood-cells4 ,fur!r1 !   
complete diaphragm1 :i* entirely        
sep>ates ! pectoral cavity f ! abdom9al1
 is only f\nd 9 ! mammals2 9 all ! o!r  
v]tebrates !re is /ill an op5           
communication betwe5 ! two cavities4 ,! 
monophyletic 7or s+le7 orig9 ( ! :ole   
mammalian class is !re=e n[ reg>d$ by   
all compet5t exp]ts z an e/abli%$ fact4 

,9 ! face ( ?is important fact1 :at is  
call$ ! ape-"q loses a good deal ( !    
importance t 0 =m]ly ascrib$ to x4 ,all 
! mom5t\s consequ5ces t foll[ f x 9     
reg>d to our human nature1 our pa/ &    
future1 & our bodily & psy*ic life1     
rema9 undi/urb$ :e!r we d]ive man       
directly f "o ( ! primates1 an ape or   
lemur1 or f "s o!r bran*1 "s unkn[n l[] 
=m1 ( ! mammalian /em4 ,x is important  
to po9t ?is out1 because c]ta9 dang]\s  
attempts h be5 made lately by           
,jesuitical zoologi/s & zoological      
,jesuits to cause fre% confusion on !   
matt]4  ,9 a ri*ly illu/rat$ & widely   
read "w t ,hans ,kraem] publi%$ a few   
ye>s ago1 "u ! title1 ,! ,univ]se &     
,man1 an able & le>n$ an?ropologi/1     
,pr(essor ,klaats* ( ,heidelb]g1 deals )
 ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human race1 & 
admirably describes ! primitive hi/ory (
 man & 8 civilisation4 ,h[ev]1 he       
d5\nces ! idea ( man's desc5t f ! ape z 
irrational1 n>r[-m9d$1 & false2 he      
gr\nds ?is sev]e c5sure on ! fact t none

 ( ! liv+ apes c be ! ance/or (         
humanity4 ,b no compet5t sci5ti/ _h ev] 
said any?+ s fooli%4 ,if we look clos]  
into ?is fight ) w9dmills1 we f9d t     
,klaats* holds sub/antially ! same view 
( ! pi!coid !ory z ,i h done s9ce #ahff4
 ,he says expressly3 ,! ?ree an?ropoid  
apes1 ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang1    
seem to div]ge f a common root1 :i* 0   
ne> to t ( ! gibbon & man4 ,i _h long   
ago giv5 ! "n ( ar*iprimas to ?is s+le  
hypo!tical root-=m ( ! primates1 :i* he 
calls ! primatoid4 ,x liv$ 9 ! e>lie/ "p
 ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & _h probably be5   
develop$ 9 ! ,cretace\s f old] mammals4 
,! v =c$ & unnatural hypo!sis by means (
 :i* ,klaats* goes on to make ! primates
 dep>t v widely f ! o!r mammals1 seems  
to me to be q unt5able1 l ! simil>      
hypo!sis t ,alsb]g1 ,wils]1 & o!r       
an?ropologi/s :o d5y our pi!coid desc5t1
 h lately advanc$4  ,all ^! attempts h a
 common object--to save man's privileg$ 
position 9 ,nature1 to wid5 z mu* z     
possible ! gulf betwe5 him & ! re/ ( !  

mammals1 & to conceal 8 real orig94 ,x  
is ! famili> t5d5cy ( ! p>v5u1 :i* we s 
(t5 notice 9 ! ari/ocratic sons (       
en]getic m5 :o h won a high position by 
_! own ex]tions4 ,?is sort ( vanity is  
acceptable en\gh to ! rul+ p[]s & !     
,*ur*es1 because x t5ds to support _!   
own fossilis$ pret5sions to a ,div9e    
image 9 man & a special ,div9e grace 9  
pr9ces4 ,! zoologi/ or an?ropologi/ :o  
/udies our g5ealogy 9 a /rictly         
sci5tific _s takes no m notice ( ^!     
t5d5cies ?an ( ! ,almana* de ,go?a4 ,he 
seeks to discov] ! nak$ tru?1 z x is    
yield$ by ! great results ( mod]n       
sci5ce1 9 :i* !re is no long] any d\bt t
 man is really a desc5dant ( ! ape--t is
 to say1 ( a long ext9ct an?ropoid ape4 
,z has be5 po9t$ out ov] & ov] aga9 by  
di/+ui%$ support]s ( ?is op9ion1 ! pro(s
 ( x are exceptionally cle> &           
simple--mu* cle>] & simpl] ?an !y are 9 
reg>d to _m o!r mammals4 ,?us1 =        
in/ance1 ! orig9 ( ! elephants1 !       
armadilloes1 ! sir5a1 or ! :ales1 is a  

mu* m difficult problem ?an ! orig9 (   
man4  ,:5 ,huxley publi%$ 8 p[]ful essay
 on ,man's ,place 9 ,nature 9 #ahfc1 he 
gave x a frontispiece %[+ ! skeletons ( 
man & ! f\r liv+ an?ropoid apes1 !      
,asiatic orang & gibbon1 & ! ,african   
*impanzee & gorilla4 ,plate ,,ii4 9 !   
pres5t "w diff]s f ?is 9 giv+ two "y    
specim5s ( ! orang & ! *impanzee1 &     
rais+ _! size to correspond ) ! o!r ?ree
 skeletons4 ,c&id comp>ison ( ^! five   
skeletons %[s t !y are n only v l ea*   
o!r g5]ally1 b are id5tical 9 !         
/ructure1 arrangem5t1 & connection ( all
 ! p>ts4 ,! same #bjj bones compose !   
skeleton 9 man & 9 ! f\r tailless       
an?ropoid apes1 our ne>e/ relatives4 ,! 
same #cjj muscles s]ve to move ! v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,! same hair cov]s ! 
sk92 ! same mamm>y gl&s provide food = !
 "y4 ,! same f\r-*amb]$ he>t acts z     
c5tral pump ( ! circulation2 ! same #cb 
tee? are f\nd 9 our jaws2 ! same        
reproductive organs ma9ta9 ! species2 ! 
same gr\ps ( neurona or ganglionic cells

 compose ! wondr\s /ructure ( ! bra91 & 
accompli% t highe/ function ( ! plasm   
:i* we call ! s\l1 & _m /ill believe to 
be an immortal entity4 ,huxley has      
?or\ghly e/abli%$ ?is pr(\nd tru?1 & by 
fur!r comp>ison ) ! l[] apes & lemurs he
 came to =mulate 8 important pi!cometra 
pr9ciple3 ,:atev] organ we take1 !      
diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes 
are slight] ?an ! correspond+ diff]5ces 
betwe5 ! latt] & ! l[] apes4 ,if we make
 a sup]ficial comp>ison ( our skeletons 
( ! an?ropomorpha1 we c]ta9ly notice a  
few sali5t diff]5ces 9 ! size ( ! v>i\s 
p>ts2 b ^! are purely quantitative1 &   
are due to diff]5ces 9 gr[?1 :i* 9 turn 
are caus$ by adaptation to diff]5t      
environm5ts4 ,!re are1 z is well kn[n1  
simil> diff]5ces betwe5 human be+s2 _!  
arms are sometimes long1 sometimes %ort2
 ! =ehead may be high or l[1 ! hair ?ick
 or ?91 & s on4  ,^! anatomic pro(s ( ! 
pi!coid !ory are mo/ happily supplem5t$ 
& confirm$ by c]ta9 rec5t brilliant     
discov]ies 9 physiology4 ,*ief among/ ^!

 are ! fam\s exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,hans     
,fri$5?al at ,b]l94 ,he %[$ t ! human   
blood acts poison\sly on & decomposes ! 
blood ( ! l[] apes & o!r mammals1 b has 
n t effect on ! blood ( ! an?ropoid     
apes4#h  ,f previ\s transfusion         
exp]im5ts x _h be5 le>n$ t ! aff9ity (  
mammals is connect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t )  
_! *emical blood-relation%ip4 ,if ! liv+
 blood ( two ne>ly relat$ animals ( !   
same family1 su* z ! dog & ! fox1 or !  
rabbit & ! h>e1 is mix$ toge!r1 ! liv+  
blood-cells ( ea* species rema9         
un9flu5c$4 ,b if we mix ! blood ( ! dog 
& ! rabbit1 or ! fox & ! h>e1 a /ruggle 
= life imm$iately takes place betwe5 !  
two k9ds ( blood-cells4 ,! wat]y fluid  
or s]um de/roys ! blood-cells ( ! rod5t1
 & vice v]s4 ,x is ! same ) specim5s ( !
 blood ( ! v>i\s primates4 ,! blood ( ! 
l[] apes & lemurs1 :i* are close to !   
common root ( ! primate /em1 has a      
de/ructive effect on ! blood ( !        
an?ropoid apes & man1 & vice v]s4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! human blood has no injuri\s   

effect :5 x is mix$ ) t ( ! an?ropoid   
apes4  ,9 rec5t ye>s ^! int]e/+         
exp]im5ts h be5 cont9u$ by o!r          
physiologi/s & physicians1 su* z        
,pr(essor ,uhl5hu? at ,greifswald &     
,nuttall at ,london1 & !y h prov$       
directly ! blood-relation%ip ( v>i\s    
mammals4 ,nuttall /udi$ !m c>efully 9   
#ijj diff]5t k9ds ( blood1 :i* he te/$  
by #af1jjj reactions4 ,he trac$ !       
gradation ( aff9ity to ! l[e/ apes ( !  
,new ,_w2 & ,uhl5hu? cont9u$ z f> z !   
lemurs4 ,by ^! results ! aff9ity ( man &
 ! an?ropoid apes1 long e/abli%$ by     
anatomy1 has n[ be5 prov$               
physiologically to be 9 real            
blood-relation%ip4#i  ,n less important 
are ! embryological discov]ies ( !      
deceas$ zoologi/1 ,emil ,sel5ka4 ,he    
made two long j\rneys to ! ,ea/ ,indies1
 9 ord] to /udy on ! spot ! embryology (
 ! ,asiatic an?ropoid apes1 ! orang &   
gibbon4 ,by means ( a numb] ( embryos t 
he collect$ he %[$ t c]ta9 rem>kable    
peculi>ities 9 ! =mation ( ! plac5ta1 t 

_h up to t "t be5 consid]$ z exclusively
 human1 & reg>d$ z a special di/9ction (
 our species1 7 f\nd 9 j ! same way 9 ! 
closely relat$ an?ropoid apes1 ?\gh n 9 
! re/ ( ! apes4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ^! & o!r  
facts1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! desc5t ( man f     
ext9ct ,t]ti>y an?ropoid apes is prov$ j
 z pla9ly z ! desc5t ( birds f reptiles1
 or ! desc5t ( reptiles f amphibians1   
:i* no zoologi/ hesitates to admit      
to-day4 ,! relation%ip is z close z 0   
claim$ by my =m] fell[-/ud5t1 ! ,b]l9   
anatomi/1 ,rob]t ,h>tmann 7) :om ,i sat 
at ! feet ( ,johannes ,mll] fifty ye>s  
ago71 9 8 admirable "w on ! an?ropoid   
apes 7#ahhc74 ,he propos$ to divide !   
ord] ( primates into two families1 !    
prim>ii 7man & ! an?ropoid apes71 &     
simian 7! real apes1 ! cat>rh9e or      
ea/]n1 & ! platyrrh9e or we/]n apes74   
,s9ce ! ,dut* physician1 ,eug5 ,dubois1 
discov]$ ! fam\s rema9s ( ! fossil      
ape-man 7pi!can?ropus erectus7 elev5    
ye>s ago 9 ,java1 & ?us br\ght to light 
! miss+ l9k1 a l>ge numb] ( works h be5 

publi%$ on ?is v int]e/+ gr\p ( !       
primates4 ,9 ?is connection we may      
p>ticul>ly note ! demon/ration by !     
,/rassburg anatomi/1 ,gu/av ,s*walbe1 t 
! previ\sly discov]$ ,ne&]?al skull     
belongs to an ext9ct species ( man1 :i* 
0 midway betwe5 ! pi!can?ropus & ! true 
human be+--! homo primig5us4 ,aft] a v  
c>eful exam9ation1 ,s*walbe at ! same "t
 refut$ all ! biass$ objections t ,vir*[
 _h made to ^! & o!r fossil discov]ies1 
try+ to repres5t !m z pa?ological       
abnormalities4 ,9 all ! important relics
 ( fossil m5 t prove our desc5t f       
an?ropoid apes ,vir*[ saw pa?ological   
modifications1 due to uns\nd habits1    
g\t1 rickets1 or o!r diseases ( !       
dwell]s 9 ! diluvial caves4 ,he tri$ 9 e
 way to impair ! =ce ( ! argum5ts = our 
primate aff9ity4 ,s 9 ! controv]sy ov] !
 pi!can?ropus he rais$ ! mo/ improbable 
conjectures1 m]ely = ! purpose ( de/roy+
 its significance z a real l9k betwe5 ! 
an?ropoid apes & man4  ,ev5 n[1 9 !     
controv]sy ov] ?is important ape-"q1    

amateurs & biass$ an?ropologi/s (t5     
repeat ! false /atem5t t ! gap betwe5   
man & ! an?ropoid ape is n yet fill$ up 
& ! miss+ l9k n yet discov]$4 ,?is is a 
mo/ p]v]se /atem5t1 & c only arise ei!r 
f ignorance ( ! anatomical1             
embryological1 & paleontological facts1 
or incompet5ce to int]pret !m aright4 ,z
 a fact1 ! morphological *a9 t /ret*es f
 ! lemurs to ! e>li] we/]n apes1 f ^! to
 ! ea/]n tail$ apes1 & to ! tailless    
an?ropoid apes1 & f ^! direct to man1 is
 n[ un9t]rupt$ & cle>4 ,x w\ld be m     
plausible to speak ( miss+ l9ks betwe5 !
 e>lie/ lemurs & _! m>supial ance/ors1  
or betwe5 ! latt] & _! monotreme        
ance/ors4 ,b ev5 ^! gaps are            
unimportant1 because comp>ative anatomy 
& embryology1 ) ! support (             
paleontology1 h dissipat$ all d\bt z to 
! unity ( ! mammalian /em4 ,x is        
ridicul\s to expect paleontology to     
furni% an unbrok5 s]ies ( positive data1
 :5 we rememb] h[ scanty & imp]fect its 
mat]ial is4  ,i _c g fur!r "h into !    

int]e/+ rec5t rese>* 9 reg>d to special 
aspects ( our simian desc5t2 nor w\ld x 
greatly advance our object1 because all 
! g5]al conclusions z to man's primate  
desc5t rema9 intact1 :i*ev] way we      
con/ruct hypo!tically ! special l9es (  
simian evolution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is    
int]e/+ = u to see h[ ! mo/ rec5t =m (  
,d>w9ism1 s happily describ$ by ,es*]i* 
z ecclesia/ical evolution1 /&s 9 reg>d  
to ^! great que/ions4 ,:at does its     
a/ute/ repres5tative1 ,fa!r ,eri*       
,wasmann1 say ab\t !m8 ,! t5? *apt] ( 8 
"w1 9 :i* he deals at l5g? ) !          
application ( ! !ory ( evolution to man1
 is a ma/]piece ( ,jesuitical sci5ce1   
calculat$ to ?r[ ! cle>e/ tru?s into su*
 confusion & s to misrepres5t all       
discov]ies z to prev5t any read] f =m+ a
 cle> idea ( !m4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is t5?  
*apt] ) ! n9?1 9 :i* ,wasmann repres5ts 
! !ory ( evolution z an irresi/ible tru?
 on ! /r5g? ( 8 own able /udies1 we c   
h>dly believe t !y bo? came f ! same    
p5--or1 r1 we c only und]/& :5 we       

recollect ! rule ( ! ,jesuit            
,congregation3 ,! end ju/ifies ! means4 
,untru? is p]mitt$ & m]itori\s 9 !      
s]vice ( ,god & 8 ,*ur*4  ,! ,jesuitical
 sophi/ry t ,wasmann employs 9 ord] to  
save man's unique position 9 ,nature1 & 
to prove t he 0 imm$iately creat$ by    
,god1 culm9ates 9 ! anti!sis ( 8 two    
natures4 ,! purely zoological conception
 ( man1 :i* has be5 e/abli%$ beyond "q  
by ! anatomical & embryological         
comp>ison ) ! ape1 is said to fail      
because x does n take into acc\nt ! *ief
 feature1 8 m5tal life4 ,x is psy*ology 
t is be/ fitt$ to deal ) ! nature &     
orig9 ( man4 ,all ! facts ( anatomy &   
embryology t ,i h ga!r$ toge!r 9 my     
,evolution ( ,man 9 pro( ( ! s]ies ( 8  
ance/ors are ei!r ignor$ or miscon/ru$ &
 made ridicul\s by ,wasmann4 ,! same is 
done ) ! in/ructive facts ( an?ropology1
 especially ! rudim5t>y organs1 :i*     
,rob]t ,wi$]%eim has quot$ 9 8 ,man's   
,/ructure z a ,witness to 8 ,pa/4 ,x is 
cle> t ! ,jesuit writ] lacks compet5ce 9

 ?is dep>tm5t2 t he has only a          
sup]ficial & inadequate acqua9tance )   
comp>ative anatomy & embryology4 ,if    
,wasmann _h /udi$ ! morphology &        
physiology ( ! mammals z ?or\ghly z ^? (
 ! ants1 he w\ld h conclud$1 if he 7    
imp>tial1 t x is j z necess>y to admit a
 monophyletic 7or s+le7 orig9 = ! =m] z 
= ! latt]4 ,if1 9 ,wasmann's op9ion1 !  
#d1jjj species ( ants =m a s+le natural 
sy/em--t is to say1 desc5d f "o orig9al 
species--x is j z necess>y to admit !   
same hypo!sis = ! #f1jjj 7#b1djj liv+ & 
#c1fjj fossil7 species ( mammals1       
includ+ ! human species4  ,! sev]e      
/rictures t ,i h pass$ on ! sophisms &  
trick]y ( ?is ecclesia/ical evolution   
are n direct$ aga9/ ! p]son & ! "* (    
,fa!r ,wasmann1 b ! ,jesuitical sy/em   
:i* he repres5ts4 ,i d n d\bt t ?is able
 naturali/ 7:o is p]sonally unkn[n to   
me7 has writt5 8 book 9 good fai?1 & has
 an hon\rable ambition to reconcile !   
irreconcilable contradictions betwe5    
natural evolution & ! /ory ( sup]natural

 creation4 ,b ?is reconciliation (      
reason & sup]/ition is only possible at 
! price ( a sacrifice ( ! reason itself4
 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! case ( all ! o!r       
,jesuits--,fa!rs ,ca?re91 ,braun1       
,besm]1 ,cornet1 ,l9smei]1 &            
,muck]mann--^: ambigu\s ,jesuitical     
sci5ce is aptly dealt ) 9 ! article (   
,r4 ,h4 ,franc t ,i m5tion$ be=e 7,no4  
#bb ( ! ,freie ,wort1 #af? ,febru>y1    
#aijd1 ,frank=t74  ,?is int]e/+ attempt 
( ,fa!r ,wasmann's does n /& alone4     
,signs are multiply+ t ! ,*ur* militant 
is ab\t to ent] on a sy/ematic campaign4
 ,i he>d f ,vi5na on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 
t on ! previ\s day 7:i* happ5$ to be my 
bir?day71 a ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,giese1 _h1 9
 a well-receiv$ address1 admitt$ n only 
evolution 9 g5]al1 b ev5 its application
 to man1 & decl>$ x to be reconcilable )
 ,ca?olic dogmas--& ?is at a cr[d$ meet+
 ( cate*i/s6 ,x is important to note t 9
 a new ,ca?olic cyclopdia1 ,b5zig]'s    
,libr>y ( ,sci5ce1 ! fir/ ?ree volumes  
7issu$ at ,e9si$eln & ,cologne1 #aijd7  

deal v fully & ably ) ! *ief problems ( 
evolution3 ! fir/ ) ! =mation ( ! e>?1 !
 second ) spontane\s g5]ation1 ! ?ird ) 
! !ory ( desc5t4 ,! au?or ( !m1 ,fa!r   
,m4 ,g&]1 makes mo/ rem>kable           
concessions to our !ory1 & endeav\rs to 
%[ t !y are n inconsi/5t ) ! ,bible or !
 dogmatic treatises ( ! *ief fa!rs &    
s*oolm54 ,b1 ?\gh !re is a pr(use       
exp5diture ( sophi/ical logic 9 ^!      
,jesuitical ef=ts1 ,g&] w h>dly succe$ 9
 mislead+ ?\ghtful p4 ,"o ( 8 *>act]i/ic
 positions is t spontane\s g5]ation 7z !
 developm5t ( organis$ liv+ ?+s by      
purely mat]ial processes7 is            
inconceivable1 b t x might be made      
possible by a special ,div9e arrangem5t4
 ,9 reg>d to ! desc5t ( man f o!r       
animals 7:i* he grants71 he makes !     
res]ve t ! s\l mu/ 9 any case h be5     
produc$ by a special creative act4  ,x  
w\ld be useless to g ?r\gh ! innum]able 
fallacies & untru?s ( ^! mod]n ,jesuits 
9 detail1 & po9t out ! rational &       
sci5tific reply4 ,! va/ p[] ( ?is mo/   

dang]\s religi\s congregation consi/s   
precisely 9 its device ( accept+ "o "p (
 sci5ce 9 ord] to de/roy ! o!r "p m     
effectively ) x4 ,_! ma/]ly act (       
sophi/ry1 _! equivocal probabilism1 _!  
m5daci\s res]vatio m5talis1 ! pr9ciple t
 ! high] aim sanctifies ! wor/ means1 ! 
p]nici\s casui/ry ( ,liguori & ,gury1 ! 
cynicism ) :i* !y turn ! holie/         
pr9ciples to ! gratification ( _!       
ambition1 h impress$ on ! ,jesuits t    
black "* t ,c>l ,ho5sbroe* has s well   
expos$ rec5tly4  ,! great dang]s t m5ace
 real sci5ce1 ow+ to ?is smuggl+ into x 
( ! ,jesuitical _s1 mu/ n be und]valu$4 
,!y h be5 well po9t$ out by ,franc1     
,es*]i*1 & o!rs4 ,!y are all ! great] 9 
,g]many at ! pres5t "t1 z ! ,gov]nm5t & 
! ,rei*/ag are work+ toge!r to prep>e ! 
way = ! ,jesuits1 & to yield a mo/      
p]nici\s influ5ce on ! s*ool to ^!      
deadly enemies ( ! free _s ( ! c\ntry4  
,h[ev]1 we w hope t ?is cl]ical reaction
 repres5ts only a pass+ episode 9 mod]n 
hi/ory4 ,we tru/ t "o p]man5t result ( x

 w be ! recognition1 9 pr9ciple1 ev5 by 
! ,jesuits1 ( ! great idea ( evolution4 
,we may !n re/ assur$ t its mo/         
important consequ5ce1 ! desc5t ( man f  
o!r primate =ms1 w press on victori\sly1
 & soon be recognis$ z a b5efic5t &     
helpful tru?4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,!    
,,controv]sy ,,ov] ,,! ,,s\l  ,,!       
,,ideas ,,( ,,immortality ,,& ,,god     
,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,iii         
,,embryos ,,( ,,?ree ,,mammals ,,at     
,,?ree ,,correspond+ ,,/ages ,,(        
,,developm5t      ,! embryos ( man 7,m71
 ! an?ropoid ape 7gibbon1 ,g71 &     !  
bat 7rh9olophus1 ,b7 c h>dly be di/+ui%$
 9 !     e>li] /age 7! upp] r[71 al?\gh 
! five c]ebral     vesicles1 !          
gill-clefts1 & ! ?ree high] s5se-organs 
are already visible4 ,on ! curv$ dorsal 
surface we see !     sections ( !       
primitive v]tebr4 ,ev5 lat]1 :5 ! two   
pairs ( limbs h appe>$ 9 ! =m ( r\ndi%  
f9s 7!     middle r[71 ! diff]5ces are n
 great4 ,x is n until     a fur!r       
developm5t ( ! limbs & head has tak5    

place     7l[e/ r[7 t ! *>act]i/ic =ms  
are cle>ly se54 ,x     is p>ticul>ly    
notable t ! primitive bra91 ! organ (   
! m9d1 ) its five c]ebral vesicles1 is !
 same 9 all4   ,,plate ,,iii4           
,illu/ration3 ,,embryos ,,( ,,?ree      
,,mammals  7,at ?ree correspond+ /ages (
 developm5t74  ,b  ,,bat 7,rh9olophus7  
,g  ,,gibbon 7,hylobates7     ,m  ,,man 
7,homo7   ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,!            
,,controv]sy ,,ov] ,,! ,,s\l  ,,!       
,,ideas ,,( ,,immortality ,,& ,,god     
,?\gh x 0 my orig9al int5tion to deliv] 
only two lectures1 ,i h be5 mov$ by     
sev]al reasons to add a supplem5t>y "o4 
,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i notice ) regret t ,i
 h be5 compell$ by pressure ( "t to     
leave unt\*$ 9 my e>li] lectures1 or to 
treat v inadequately1 sev]al important  
po9ts 9 my !me2 !re is1 9 p>ticul>1 ! v 
important "q ( ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,9 !   
second place1 ,i h be5 conv9c$ by ! _m  
contradictory press-notices dur+ ! la/  
few days t _m ( my incomplete           
obs]vations h be5 misund]/ood or        

mis9t]pret$4 ,&1 ?irdly1 x seem$        
advisable to give a brief & cle> summ>y 
( ! :ole subject 9 ?is f>ewell lecture1 
to take a %ort survey ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 &
 future ( ! !ory ( evolution1 &         
especially its relation to ! ?ree great 
que/ions ( p]sonal immortality1 ! fre$om
 ( ! w1 & ! p]sonality ( ,god4  ,i mu/  
claim ! read]'s pati5ce & indulg5ce ev5 
to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ! previ\s       
*apt]s1 z ! subject is "o ( ! mo/       
difficult & obscure t ! human m9d       
approa*es4 ,i h dealt at l5g? 9 my rec5t
 works1 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se & ,!    
,wond]s ( ,life1 ) ! controv]sial       
que/ions ( biology t ,i treat cursorily 
"h4 ,b ,i w\ld l to put be=e y n[1 9 a  
g5]al survey1 ! p[]ful argum5ts t mod]n 
sci5ce employs aga9/ ! prevail+         
sup]/ition 9 reg>d to evolution1 & to %[
 t ! ,moni/ic sy/em ?r[s a cle> light on
 ! great que/ions ( ,god & ! _w1 ! s\l &
 life4  ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s ,i h tri$ to
 give a g5]al idea ( ! pres5t /ate ( !  
!ory ( evolution & its victori\s /ruggle

 ) ! old] leg5d ( creation4 ,we h se5 t 
ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ organism1 man1 0 n    
br\ght into be+ by a creative act1 b    
gradually develop$ f a long s]ies (     
mammal ance/ors4 ,we also saw t ! mo/   
man-l mammals1 ! an?ropoid apes1 h      
sub/antially ! same /ructure z man1 & t 
! evolution ( ! latt] f ! =m] c n[ be   
reg>d$ z a fully e/abli%$ hypo!sis1 or1 
r1 an hi/orical fact4 ,b 9 ?is /udy we  
_h 9 view ma9ly ! /ructure ( ! body &   
its v>i\s organs4 ,we t\*$ v briefly on 
! evolution ( ! human m9d1 or !         
immat]ial s\l t dwells 9 ! body = a "t1 
accord+ to a v5]able tradition4 ,to-day 
we turn *iefly to ! developm5t ( ! s\l1 
& consid] :e!r man's m5tal developm5t is
 controll$ by ! same natural laws z t ( 
8 body1 & :e!r x also is insep>ably b\nd
 up ) t ( ! re/ ( ! mammals4  ,at ! v   
?re%old ( ?is difficult prov9ce we      
enc\nt] ! curi\s fact t !re are two     
radically di/9ct t5d5cies 9 psy*ology at
 our univ]sities to-day4 ,on "o side we 
h ! metaphysical & pr(essional          

psy*ologi/s4 ,!y /ill cl+ to ! old] view
 t man's s\l is a special entity1 a     
unique indep5d5t individuality1 :i*     
dwells = a "t only 9 ! mortal frame1    
leav+ x & liv+ on z an immortal _s aft] 
dea?4 ,?is duali/ic !ory is connect$ ) !
 doctr9e ( mo/ religions1 & owes its    
high au?ority to ! fact t x is associat$
 ) ! mo/ important e?ical1 social1 &    
practical int]e/s4 ,plato gave prom95ce 
to ! idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 9     
philosophy long ago4 ,desc>tes at a lat]
 date gave emphasis to x by ascrib+ a   
true s\l to man alone & refus+ x to !   
animals4  ,?is metaphysical psy*ology1  
:i* rul$ alone = a consid]able p]iod1   
began to be oppos$ 9 ! eighte5?1 & /ill 
m 9 ! n9ete5?1 c5tury by comp>ative     
psy*ology4 ,an imp>tial comp>ison ( !   
psy*ic processes 9 ! high] & l[] animals
 prov$ t !re 7 num]\s transitions &     
gradations4 ,a long s]ies ( int]m$iate  
/ages connects ! psy*ic life ( ! high]  
animals ) t ( man on ! "o side1 & t ( ! 
l[] animals on ! o!r4 ,!re 0 no su* ?+ z

 a %>p divid+ l9e1 z ,desc>tes suppos$4 
,b ! greate/ bl[ 0 dealt at ! pr$om9ant 
metaphysical conception ( ! life ( ! s\l
 ?irty ye>s ago by ! new me?ods (       
psy*ophysics4 ,by means ( a s]ies ( able
 exp]im5ts ! physiologi/s1 ,!odor ,fe*n]
 & ,ern/ ,he9ri* ,web] ( ,leipsic1 %[$ t
 an important "p ( ! m5tal activity c be
 measur$ & express$ 9 ma!matical =mul j 
z well z o!r physiological processes1   
su* z muscul> contractions4 ,?us ! laws 
( physics control a "p ( ! life ( ! s\l 
j z absolutely z !y d ! ph5om5a (       
inorganic nature4 ,x is true t          
psy*ophysics has only p>tially realis$ !
 v high expectations t 7 ent]ta9$ 9     
reg>d to its ,moni/ic significance2 b ! 
fact rema9s t a "p ( ! m5tal life is j z
 unconditionally rul$ by physical laws z
 any o!r natural ph5om5a4  ,?us         
physiological psy*ology 0 rais$ by      
psy*ophysics to ! rank ( a physical &1 9
 pr9ciple1 exact sci5ce4 ,b x _h already
 obta9$ solid f\ndations 9 o!r prov9ces 
( biology4 ,comp>ative psy*ology _h     

trac$ connect$ly ! long gradation f man 
to ! high] animals1 f ^! to ! l[]1 & s  
on d[n to ! v l[e/4 ,at ! l[e/ /age x   
f\nd ^? rem>kable be+s1 invisible ) !   
nak$ eye1 t 7 discov]$ 9 /agnant wat]   
ev]y:]e aft] ! inv5tion ( ! microscope  
79 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury7 & 
call$ infusoria4 ,!y 7 fir/ accurately  
describ$ & classifi$ by ,gottfri$       
,ehr5b]g1 ! fam\s ,b]l9 microscopi/4 ,9 
#ahch he publi%$ a l>ge & beautiful "w1 
illu/rat+ on #fd folio pages ! :ole     
realm ( microscopic life2 & ?is is /ill 
! base ( all /udies ( ! proti/s4        
,ehr5b]g 0 a v ard5t & imag9ative       
obs]v]1 & succe$$ 9 communicat+ 8 zeal =
 ! /udy ( microscopic organisms to 8    
pupils4 ,i /ill recall ) pleasure !     
/imulat+ excursions t ,i made fifty ye>s
 ago 79 ! summ] ( #ahed7 ) my tea*]1    
,ehr5b]g1 & a few o!r pupils--includ+ my
 /ud5t-fri5d1 ,f]d9& von ,ri*?(51 !     
fam\s geograph]--to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s
 at ,b]l94 ,equipp$ ) f9e nets & small  
glasses1 we fi%$ 9 ! ponds ( !          

,zoological ,g>d5s & 9 ! ,spree1 &      
caught ?\s&s ( invisible                
micro-organisms1 :i* !n ri*ly rew>d$ our
 curiosity by ! beautiful =ms & my/]i\s 
movem5ts !y disclos$ "u ! microscope4   
,! way 9 :i* ,ehr5b]g expla9$ to u !    
/ructure & ! vital movem5ts ( 8         
infusoria 0 v curi\s4 ,misl$ by !       
comp>ison ( ! real infusoria ) !        
microscopic b highly organis$ rotif]s1  
he _h =m$ ! idea t all animals are alike
 advanc$ 9 organisation1 & _h indicat$  
?is errone\s !ory 9 ! v title ( 8 "w3 ,!
 ,infusoria z ,p]fect ,organisms3 a     
,glance at ! ,deep] ,life ( ,organic    
,nature4 ,he ?\ght he c\ld detect 9 !   
simple/ infusoria ! same di/9ct organs z
 9 ! high] animals--/oma*1 he>t1 ov>ies1
 kidneys1 muscles1 & n]ves--& he        
int]pret$ _! psy*ic life on ! same      
peculi> pr9ciple ( equally advanc$      
organisation4  ,ehr5b]g's !ory ( life 0 
entirely wrong1 & 0 radically de/roy$ 9 
! h\r ( its bir? 7#ahch7 by ! cell-!ory 
:i* 0 !n =mulat$1 & to :i* he nev]      

became reconcil$4 ,once ,mat?ias        
,s*leid5 _h %[n ! composition ( all !   
plants1 tissues1 & organs f microscopic 
cells1 ! la/ /ructural elem5ts ( ! liv+ 
organism1 & ,!odor ,s*wann _h done !    
same = ! animal body1 ! !ory atta9$ su* 
an importance t ,kllik] & ,leydig bas$  
on x ! mod]n sci5ce ( tissues1 or       
hi/ology1 & ,vir*[ con/ruct$ 8 cellul>  
pa?ology by apply+ x to diseas$ human   
be+s4 ,^! are ! mo/ important advances (
 !oretical m$ic9e4 ,b x 0 /ill a long "t
 be=e ! difficult "q ( ! relation ( ^!  
microscopic be+s to ! cell 0 answ]$4    
,c>l ,!odor von ,siebold _h already     
ma9ta9$ 79 #ahde7 t ! real infusoria & !
 closely relat$ rhizopods 7 unicellul>  
organisms1 & _h di/+ui%$ ^! protozoa f !
 re/ ( ! animals4 ,at ! same "t1 ,c>l   
,naegeli _h describ$ ! l[e/ alg z       
unicellul> plants4 ,b ?is important     
conception 0 n g5]ally admitt$ until "s 
"t aft]w>ds1 especially aft] ,i br\ght  
all ! unicellul> organisms "u ! head (  
proti/s 7#ahgb71 & def9$ _! psy*ic      

functions z ! cell-s\l4  ,i 0 l$ to make
 a v close /udy ( ^! unicellul> proti/s 
& _! primitive cell-s\l ?r\gh my rese>* 
on ! radiol>ia1 a v rem>kable class (   
microscopic organisms t float 9 ! sea4  
,i 0 engag$ mo/ ( my "t = m ?an ?irty ( 
! be/ ye>s ( my life 7#ahef-hg7 9 /udy+ 
!m 9 e aspect1 & if ,i came ev5tually to
 adopt a /rictly ,moni/ic attitude on   
all ! great que/ions ( biology1 ,i owe x
 = ! mo/ "p to my innum]able obs]vations
 & un9t]rupt$ reflections on ! wond]ful 
vital movem5ts t are disclos$ by ^!     
smalle/ & fraile/1 & at ! same "t mo/   
beautiful & v>i$1 ( liv+ ?+s4  ,i _h    
und]tak5 ! /udy ( ! radiol>ia z a k9d ( 
s\v5ir ( my great ma/]1 ,johannes ,mll]4
 ,he _h lov$ to /udy ^! animals 7( :i*  
only a few species 7 discov]$ = ! fir/  
"t 9 ! ye> ( my bir?1 #ahcd7 9 ! la/    
ye>s ( 8 life1 & _h 9 #ahee set up !    
special gr\p ( ! rhizopods 7protozoa74  
,8 la/ "w1 :i* appe>$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?
 7#aheh71 & conta9$ a description ( #ej 
species ( radiol>ia1 w5t ) me to !      

,m$it]ranean :5 ,i made my fir/ long    
voyage 9 ! summ] ( #ahei4 ,i 0 s =tunate
 z to discov] ab\t #aej new species (   
radiol>ia at ,mess9a1 & bas$ on ^! my   
fir/ monograph ( ?is v in/ructive class 
( proti/s 7#ahfb74 ,i _h no suspicion at
 t "t t fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds ! deep-sea 
f9ds ( ! fam\s ,*all5g] exp$ition w\ld  
br+ to light an incalculable weal? ( ^! 
rem>kable animals4 ,9 my second         
monograph on !m 7#ahhg71 ,i 0 able to   
describe m ?an #d1jjj diff]5t species ( 
radiol>ia1 & illu/rate mo/ ( !m on #adj 
plates4 ,i h giv5 a selection ( !       
prettie/ =ms on t5 plates ( my ,art-=ms 
9 ,nature4  ,i h n space "h to g into ! 
=ms & vital movem5ts ( ! radiol>ia1 ( ! 
g5]al import ( :i* my fri5d1 ,wilhelm   
,bls*e1 has giv5 a v attractive acc\nt 9
 8 v>i\s popul> works4 ,i mu/ re/rict   
myself to po9t+ out ! g5]al ph5om5a t   
be> ^u our p>ticul> subject1 ! "q ( !   
m9d4 ,! pretty fl9ty skeletons ( !      
radiol>ia1 :i* enclose & protect ! s(t  
unicellul> body1 are rem>kable1 n only =

 _! extraord9>y gracefulness & beauty1 b
 also = ! geometrical regul>ity &       
relative con/ancy ( _! =ms4 ,! #d1jjj   
species ( radiol>ia are j z con/ant z ! 
#d1jjj kn[n species ( ants2 &1 z !      
,d>w9ian ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,wasmann1 has   
conv9c$ himself t ! latt] h all desc5d$ 
by trans=mation f a common /em-=m1 ,i h 
conclud$ on ! same pr9ciples t ! #d1jjj 
species ( radiol>ia h develop$ f a      
primitive =m 9 virtue ( adaptation &    
h]$ity4 ,?is primitive =m1 !            
/em-radiol>ian 7,actissa7 is a simple   
r\nd cell1 ! s(t liv+ protoplasmic body 
( :i* is divid$ into two diff]5t p>ts1  
an inn] c5tral capsule 79 ! middle ( :i*
 is ! solid r\nd nucleus7 & an out]     
gelat9\s envelope 7calymma74 ,f ! out]  
surface ( ! latt]1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( f9e
 plasmic ?reads radiate2 ^! are mobile &
 s5sitive processes ( ! liv+ int]nal    
sub/ance1 ! plasm 7or protoplasm74 ,^!  
delicate microscopic ?reads1 or         
pseudopodia1 are ! curi\s organs t      
effect ! s5sations 7( t\*71 ! locomotion

 7by pu%+71 & ! ord]ly con/ruction ( !  
fl9ty h\se2 at ! same "t1 !y ma9ta9 !   
n\ri%m5t ( ! unicellul> body1 by seiz+  
infusoria1 diatoms1 & o!r proti/s1 &    
draw+ !m )9 ! plasmic body1 :]e !y are  
dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,! radiol>ia       
g5]ally reproduce by ! =mation ( spores4
 ,! nucleus )9 ! protoplasmic globule   
divides into two small nuclei1 ea* ( :i*
 surr\nds itself ) a quantity ( plasm1 &
 =ms a new cell4  ,:at is ?is plasm8    
,:at is ?is my/]i\s liv+ sub/ance t we  
f9d ev]y:]e z ! mat]ial f\ndation ( !   
wond]s ( life8 ,plasm1 or protoplasm1   
is1 z ,huxley rightly said ?irty ye>s   
ago1 ! physical basis ( organic life2 to
 speak m precisely1 x is a *emical      
comp\nd ( c>bon t alone accompli%es !   
v>i\s processes ( life4 ,9 its simple/  
=m ! liv+ cell is m]ely a s(t globule ( 
plasm1 conta9+ a firm] nucleus4 ,! inn] 
nucle> matt] 7call$ c>yoplasm7 diff]s   
some:at 9 *emical composition f ! out]  
cellul> matt] 7or cytoplasm72 b bo?     
sub/ances are compos$ ( c>bon1 oxyg51   

hydrog51 nitrog51 & sulphur2 bo? belong 
to ! rem>kable gr\p ( ! album9ates1 !   
nitrog5\s c>bonates t are di/+ui%$ = !  
extraord9>y size ( _! molecules & !     
un/able arrangem5t ( ! num]\s atoms 7m  
?an a ?\s&7 t compose !m4  ,!re are1    
h[ev]1 /ill simpl] organisms 9 :i* !    
nucleus & ! body ( ! cell h n yet be5   
diff]5tiat$4 ,^! are ! mon]a1 ! :ole    
liv+ body ( :i* is m]ely a homog5e\s    
p>ticle ( plasm 7! *romacea & bact]ia74 
,! well-kn[n bact]ia :i* n[ play s      
important a "p z ! causes ( mo/ dang]\s 
infecti\s diseases1 & ! ag5ts (         
putrefaction1 f]m5tation1 etc41 %[ v    
cle>ly t organic life is only a *emical 
& physical process1 & n ! outcome ( a   
my/]i\s vital =ce4  ,we see ?is /ill m  
cle>ly 9 our radiol>ia1 & at ! same "t  
!y %[ u unmi/akably t ev5 ! psy*ic      
activity is su* a physico-*emical       
process4 ,all ! diff]5t functions ( _!  
cell-s\l1 ! s5se-p]ception ( /imuli1 !  
movem5t ( _! plasm1 _! nutrition1 gr[?1 
& reproduction1 are det]m9$ by !        

p>ticul> *emical composition ( ea* ( !  
#d1jjj species2 & !y h all desc5d$1 9   
virtue ( adaptation & h]$ity1 f ! common
 /em-=m ( ! nak$1 r\nd p>5t-radiol>ian  
7,actissa74  ,we may in/ance1 z a       
peculi>ly int]e/+ fact 9 ! psy*ic life (
 ! unicellul> radiol>ia1 ! extraord9>y  
p[] ( memory 9 !m4 ,! relative con/ancy 
) :i* ! #d1jjj species transmit ! ord]ly
 & (t5 v complex =m ( _! protective     
fl9ty /ructure f g5]ation to g5]ation c 
only be expla9$ by admitt+ 9 ! build]s1 
! invisible plasma-molecules ( !        
pseudopodia1 a f9e pla/ic s5se (        
di/ance1 & a t5aci\s recollection ( !   
ar*itectural p[] ( _! fa!rs4 ,! f9e1    
=mless plasma-?reads are always build+  
afre% ! same delicate fl9ty %ells ) an  
arti/ic trellis-"w1 & ) protective      
radiat+ ne$les & supports always at !   
same po9ts ( _! surface4 ,! physiologi/1
 ,ewald ,h]+ 7( ,leipsic71 _h spok5 9   
#ahgj ( memory z a g5]al function (     
organis$ matt]4 ,i myself _h tri$ to    
expla9 ! molecul> features ( h]$ity by !

 memory ( ! plasma-molecules1 9 my essay
 on ,! ,p]ig5esis ( ! ,pla/idules       
7#ahge74 ,rec5tly "o ( ! able/ ( my     
pupils1 ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,semon 7(      
,muni*1 #aijd71 made a pr(\nd /udy (    
,mneme z ! pr9ciple ( con/ancy 9 !      
*anges ( organic ph5om5a1 & r$uc$ !     
me*anical process ( reproduction to a   
purely physiological base4  ,f !        
cell-s\l & its memory 9 ! radiol>ia &   
o!r unicellul> proti/s1 we pass directly
 to ! simil> ph5om5on 9 ! ovum1 !       
unicellul> />t+-po9t ( ! individual     
life1 f :i* ! complex multicellul> frame
 ( all ! hi/ona1 or tissue-=m+ animals &
 plants1 is develop$4 ,ev5 ! human      
organism is at fir/ a simple nucleat$   
globule ( plasm1 ab\t #a_/abe in* 9     
diamet]1 b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye z a
 t9y po9t4 ,?is /em-cell 7cytula7 is =m$
 at ! mom5t :5 ! ovum is f]tilis$1 or   
m+l$ ) ! small male sp]matozoon4 ,! ovum
 transmits to ! *ild by h]$ity ! p]sonal
 traits ( ! "m1 ! sp]m-cell ^? ( ! fa!r2
 & ?is h]$it>y transmission ext5ds to ! 

f9e/ *>act]i/ics ( ! s\l z well z ( !   
body4 ,! mod]n rese>* z to h]$ity1 :i*  
occupies s mu* space n[ 9 biological    
lit]ature1 b 0 only />t$ by ,d>w9 9     
#ahei1 is direct$ imm$iately to !       
visible mat]ial processes (             
impregnation4  ,! v int]e/+ & important 
ph5om5a ( impregnation h only be5 kn[n  
to u 9 detail = ?irty ye>s4 ,x has be5  
%[n conclusively1 aft] a numb] (        
delicate inve/igations1 t ! individual  
developm5t ( ! embryo f ! /em-cell or   
f]tilis$ ovum is controll$ by ! same    
laws 9 all cases4 ,! /em-cell divides & 
subdivides rapidly into a numb] ( simple
 cells4 ,f ^! a few simple organs1 !    
g]m9al lay]s1 are =m$ at fir/2 lat] on !
 v>i\s organs1 ( :i* !re is no trace 9 !
 e>ly embryo1 are built up out ( ^!4 ,! 
biog5etic law tea*es u h[1 9 ?is        
developm5t1 ! orig9al features ( !      
ance/ral hi/ory are reproduc$ or        
recapitulat$ 9 ! embryonic processes2 & 
^! facts 9 turn c only be expla9$ by !  
unconsci\s memory ( ! plasm1 ! mneme ( !

 liv+ sub/ance 9 ! g]m-cells1 &         
especially 9 _! nuclei4  ,"o important  
result ( ^! mod]n discov]ies 0 !        
prom95ce giv5 to ! fact t ! p]sonal s\l 
has a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 & t we c det]m9e
 ! precise mom5t 9 :i* ?is takes place2 
x is :5 ! p>5t cells1 ! ovum &          
sp]matozoon1 coalesce4 ,h5ce :at we call
 ! s\l ( man or ! animal has n          
pre-exi/$1 b beg9s its c>e] at ! mom5t (
 impregnation2 x is b\nd up ) ! *emical 
con/itution ( ! plasm1 :i* is ! mat]ial 
vehicle ( h]$ity 9 ! nucleus ( ! mat]nal
 ovum & ! pat]nal sp]matozoon4 ,"o _c   
see h[ a be+ t ?us has a beg9n+ (       
exi/5ce c aft]w>ds prove to be immortal4
  ,fur!r1 a c&id exam9ation ( ! simple  
cell-s\l 9 ! unicellul> infusoria1 & ( !
 dawn ( ! individual s\l 9 ! unicellul> 
g]m ( man & ! high] animals1 proves at  
once t psy*ic action does n necess>ily  
po/ulate a fully =m$ n]v\s sy/em1 z 0   
previ\sly believ$4 ,!re is no su* sy/em 
9 _m ( ! l[] animals1 or any ( ! plants1
 yet we f9d psy*ic activities1          

especially s5sation1 irritability1 &    
reflex action ev]y:]e4 ,all liv+ plasm  
has a psy*ic life1 & 9 ?is s5se ! psy*e 
is a p>tial function ( organic life     
g5]ally4 ,b ! high] psy*ic functions1   
p>ticul>ly ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1    
only appe> gradually 9 ! high] animals1 
9 :i* 79 consequ5ce ( a division ( lab\r
 among ! organs7 ! n]v\s sy/em has      
assum$ ^! functions4  ,x is p>ticul>ly  
int]e/+ to glance at ! c5tral n]v\s     
sy/em ( ! v]tebrates1 ! great /em ( :i* 
we reg>d ourselves z ! cr[n+ po9t4 ,"h  
aga9 ! anatomical & embryological facts 
speak a cle> & unambigu\s language4 ,9  
all v]tebrates1 f ! l[e/ fi%es up to    
man1 ! psy*ic organ makes its appe>ance 
9 ! embryo 9 ! same =m--a simple        
cyl9drical tube on ! dorsal side ( !    
embryonic body1 9 ! middle l9e4 ,!      
ant]ior section ( ?is m$ull>y tube exp&s
 into a club-%ap$ vesicle1 :i* is !     
beg9n+ ( ! bra92 ! po/]ior & ?9n]       
section becomes ! sp9al cord4 ,! c]ebral
 vesicle divides1 by transv]se          

con/rictions1 into ?ree1 !n f\r1 &      
ev5tually five vesicles4 ,! mo/         
important ( ^! is ! fir/1 ! c]ebrum1 !  
organ ( ! highe/ psy*ic functions4 ,! m 
! intellig5ce develops 9 ! high]        
v]tebrates1 ! l>g]1 m volum9\s1 & m     
specialis$ does ! c]ebrum become4 ,9    
p>ticul>1 ! grey mantle or cortex ( !   
c]ebrum1 its mo/ important "p1 only     
atta9s 9 ! high] mammals ! degree (     
quantitative & qualitative developm5t t 
qualifies x to be ! organ ( m9d 9 !     
n>r[] s5se4 ,?r\gh ! fam\s discov]ies ( 
,paul ,fle*sig elev5 ye>s ago we 7      
enabl$ to di/+ui% eight fields 9 !      
cortex1 f\r ( :i* s]ve z ! int]nal      
c5tres ( s5se-p]ception1 & ! f\r t lie  
betwe5 ^! are ! ?\ght-c5tres 7or        
association-c5tres7 ( ! high] psy*ic    
faculties--! association ( impressions1 
! =mation ( ideas & concepts1 induction 
& d$uction4 ,?is real organ ( m9d1 !    
phronema1 is n yet develop$ 9 ! l[]     
mammals4 ,x is only gradually built up 9
 ! m advanc$1 exactly 9 proportion z _! 

intellig5ce increases4 ,x is only 9 !   
mo/ intellig5t =ms ( ! plac5tals1 !     
high] ungulates 7horse1 elephant71 !    
c>nivores 7fox1 dog71 & especially !    
primates1 t ! phronema atta9s ! high    
grade ( developm5t t leads u f !        
an?ropoid apes direct to ! savage1 & f  
him to civilis$ man4  ,we h le>n$ a good
 deal ab\t ! special significance ( !   
v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra91 z organs ( specific
 functions1 by ! progress ( ! mod]n     
sci5ce ( exp]im5tal physiology4 ,c>eful 
exp]im5ts by ,goltz1 ,munk1 ,b]n>d1 & _m
 o!r physiologi/s1 h %[n t ! normal     
consci\sness1 spee*1 & ! int]nal        
s5se-p]ceptions1 are connect$ ) def9ite 
areas ( ! cortex1 & t ^! v>i\s p>ts ( ! 
s\l are de/roy$ :5 ! organic areas      
connect$ ) !m are injur$4 ,b 9 ?is      
respect ,nature has unconsci\sly giv5 u 
! mo/ in/ructive exp]im5ts4 ,diseases 9 
^! v>i\s areas %[ h[ _! functions are   
p>tially or totally ext+ui%$ :5 !       
c]ebral cells t compose !m 7! neurona or
 ganglionic cells7 are p>tially or      

entirely de/roy$4 ,"h aga9 ,vir*[1 :o 0 
! fir/ to make a c>eful microscopic /udy
 ( ! f9e/ *anges 9 ! diseas$ cells1 & s 
expla9 ! nature ( ! disease1 did pione] 
"w4 ,i /ill rememb] v well a spectacle (
 ?is k9d 79 ! summ] ( #ahee1 at         
,wrzburg71 :i* made a deep impression on
 me4 ,vir*['s %>p eye _h detect$ a small
 suspici\s spot 9 ! c]ebrum ( a lunatic1
 ?\gh !re seem$ to be no?+ rem>kable    
ab\t x on sup]ficial exam9ation4 ,he h&$
 x to me = microscopic exam9ation1 & ,i 
f\nd t a l>ge numb] ( ! ganglionic cells
 7 affect$1 p>tly by fatty deg5]ation & 
p>tly by calcification4 ,! lum9\s rem>ks
 t my great tea*] made on ^! & simil>   
f9ds 9 o!r cases ( m5tal disord]1       
confirm$ my conviction ( ! unity ( !    
human organism & ! insep>able connection
 ( m9d & body1 :i* he himself at t "t   
expressly %>$4 ,:5 he ab&on$ ?is        
,moni/ic conception ( ! psy*ic life =   
,dualism & ,my/icism tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds
 7especially aft] 8 ,muni* spee* 9      
#ahgg71 we mu/ attribute ?is p>tly to 8 

psy*ological metamorphosis1 & p>tly to !
 political motives ( :i* ,i spoke 9 !   
la/ *apt]4  ,we f9d ano!r s]ies ( /rong 
argum5ts 9 fav\r ( our ,moni/ic         
psy*ology 9 ! individual developm5t ( ! 
s\l 9 ! *ild & ! "y animal4 ,we "k t !  
new-born *ild has z yet no consci\sness1
 no intellig5ce1 no indep5d5t judgm5t & 
?\ght4 ,we foll[ ! gradual developm5t ( 
^! high] faculties /ep by /ep 9 ! fir/  
ye>s ( life1 9 /rict proportion to !    
anatomical developm5t ( ! cortex ) :i*  
!y are b\nd up4 ,! inquiries into !     
*ild-s\l :i* ,wilhelm ,prey] began 9    
,j5a tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 8 c>eful      
obs]vations ( ! m5tal developm5t ( man 9
 8 e>ly ye>s1 & ! supplem5t>y rese>* (  
sev]al m rec5t physiologi/s1 h %[n1 f ! 
ontog5etic side1 t ! s\l is n a special 
immat]ial entity1 b ! sum-total ( a     
numb] ( connect$ functions ( ! bra94 ,:5
 ! bra9 dies1 ! s\l comes to an end4    
,we h fur!r pro( 9 ! /em-hi/ory ( ! s\l1
 :i* we ga!r f ! comp>ative psy*ology ( 
! l[] & high] mammals1 & ( savage &     

civilis$ races4 ,mod]n e?nography %[s u 
9 actual exi/5ce ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i*
 ! m9d rose to its pres5t height4 ,! mo/
 primitive races1 su* z ! ,v$dahs (     
,ceylon1 or ! ,au/ralian natives1 are v 
little above ! m5tal life ( ! an?ropoid 
apes4 ,f ! high] savages we pass by a   
complete gradation ( /ages to ! mo/     
civilis$ races4 ,b :at a gulf !re is1   
ev5 "h1 betwe5 ! g5ius ( a ,goe!1 a     
,d>w91 or a ,lam>ck1 & an ord9>y        
phili/h9e or ?ird-rate (ficial4 ,all ^! 
facts po9t to "o conclusion3 ! human s\l
 has only rea*$ its pres5t height by a  
long p]iod ( gradual evolution2 x diff]s
 9 degree1 n 9 k9d1 f ! s\l ( ! high]   
mammals2 & ?us x _c 9 any case be       
immortal4  ,t a l>ge numb] ( educat$ p  
/ill cl+ to ! dogma ( p]sonal           
immortality 9 spite ( ^! lum9\s pro(s1  
is ow+ to ! great p[] ( cons]vative     
tradition & ! evil me?ods ( in/ruction t
 /amp ^! unt5able dogmas deep on ! gr[+ 
m9d 9 e>ly ye>s4 ,x is = t v reason t ! 
,*ur*es /rive to keep ! s*ools "u _! p[]

 at any co/2 !y c control & exploit !   
adults at w1 if indep5d5t ?\ght &       
judgm5t h be5 /ifl$ 9 ! e>li] ye>s4     
,?is br+s u to ! int]e/+ "q3 ,:at is !  
position ( ! ecclesia/ical evolution ( !
 ,jesuits 7! late/ c\rse ( ,d>w9ism71 z 
reg>ds ?is great "q ( ! s\l8 ,man is1   
accord+ to ,wasmann1 ! image ( ,god & a 
unique1 immat]ial be+1 diff]+ f all o!r 
animals 9 ! possession ( an immortal    
s\l1 & !re=e hav+ a totally diff]5t     
orig9 f !m4 ,man's immortal s\l is1     
accord+ to ?is ,jesuit sophi/ry1        
spiritual & s5sitive1 :ile ! animal s\l 
is s5sitive only4 ,god has implant$ 8   
own _s 9 man1 & associat$ x ) an animal 
s\l = ! p]iod ( life4 ,x is true t      
,wasmann believes ev5 man's body to h   
be5 creat$ directly by ,god2 b1 9 view (
 ! ov]:elm+ pro(s ( our animal desc5t1  
he leaves op5 ! possibility ( a         
developm5t f a s]ies ( o!r animals1 9   
:i* case ! ,div9e _s w\ld be brea!d into
 him 9 ! end4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 :o 7  
mu* occupi$ ) ! introduction ( ! s\l    

into ! human embryo1 tell u t ! immortal
 s\l ent]s ! s\lless embryo on ! =tie?  
day aft] conception 9 ! case ( ! boy1 & 
on ! eightie? day 9 ! case ( ! girl4 ,if
 ,wasmann supposes t !re 0 a simil>     
introduction ( ! s\l 9 ! developm5t ( ! 
race1 he mu/ po/ulate a mom5t 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ! an?ropoid apes :5 ,god s5t 8 _s    
into ! hi!rto unspiritual s\l ( ! ape4  
,:5 we look at ! matt] imp>tially 9 !   
light ( pure reason1 ! belief 9         
immortality is :olly inconsi/5t ) !     
facts ( evolution & ( physiology4 ,!    
ontog5etic dogma ( ! old] ,*ur*1 t ! s\l
 is introduc$ into ! s\lless body at a  
p>ticul> mom5t ( its embryonic          
developm5t1 is j z absurd z !           
phylog5etic dogma ( ! mo/ mod]n         
,jesuits1 t ! ,div9e _s 0 brea!d into ! 
frame ( an an?ropoid ape at a c]ta9     
p]iod 79 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod71 & s conv]t$ x
 into an immortal s\l4 ,we may exam9e & 
te/ ?is belief z we w1 we c f9d 9 x no?+
 b a piece ( my/ic sup]/ition4 ,x is    
ma9ta9$ solely by ! great p[] (         

tradition & ! support ( ,cons]vative    
gov]nm5ts1 ! lead]s ( :i* h no p]sonal  
belief 9 ^! revelations1 b cl+ to !     
practical conviction t ?rone & alt> mu/ 
support ea* o!r4 ,!y un=tunately ov]look
 ! circum/ance t ! ?rone is apt to      
become m]ely ! foot/ool to ! alt>1 & t !
 ,*ur* exploits ! ,/ate = its own1 n !  
,/ate's1 good4  ,we le>n fur!r1 f !     
hi/ory ( ?is dogma1 t ! belief 9        
immortality did n f9d its way into      
sci5ce until a comp>atively late date4  
,x is n f\nd 9 ! great ,moni/ic natural 
philosoph]s :o1 six c5turies be=e ! "t (
 ,*ri/1 ev9c$ a pr(\nd insight into !   
real nature ( ! _w4 ,x is n f\nd 9      
,democritus & ,emp$ocles1 9 ,s5eca &    
,lucretius ,c>us4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ! old] 
,ori5tal religions1 ,buddhism1 ! anci5t 
religion ( ! ,*9ese1 or ,confucianism2 9
 fact1 !re is no "q ( individual        
p]si/5ce aft] dea? 9 ! ,p5tateu* or !   
e>li] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7:i* 7    
writt5 be=e ! ,babylonian ,exile74 ,x 0 
,plato & 8 pupil1 ,ari/otle1 t f\nd a   

place = x 9 _! duali/ic metaphysics2 &  
its agreem5t ) ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an  
tea*+ secur$ = x a v widespread         
acceptance4  ,ano!r psy*ological dogma1 
! belief 9 man's free-w1 is equally     
inconsi/5t ) ! tru? ( evolution4 ,mod]n 
physiology %[s cle>ly t ! w is nev]     
really free 9 man or 9 ! animal1 b      
det]m9$ by ! organisation ( ! bra92 ?is 
9 turn is det]m9$ 9 its individual "* by
 ! laws ( h]$ity & ! influ5ce ( !       
environm5t4 ,x is only because ! app>5t 
fre$om ( ! w has su* a great practical  
significance 9 ! prov9ce ( religion1    
morality1 sociology1 & law1 t x /ill =ms
 ! subject ( ! mo/ contradictory claims4
 ,!oretically1 det]m9ism1 or ! doctr9e (
 ! necess>y "* ( our volitions1 0       
e/abli%$ long ago4  ,) ! belief 9 !     
absolute fre$om ( ! w & ! p]sonal       
immortality ( ! s\l is associat$1 9 !   
m9ds ( _m highly educat$ p1 a ?ird      
article ( fai?1 ! belief 9 a p]sonal    
,god4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is belief1 (t5 
wrongly repres5t$ z an indisp5sable     

f\ndation ( religion1 assumes ! mo/     
widely v>i$ %apes4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x  
is an op5 or cov]t an?ropomorphism4 ,god
 is conceiv$ z ! ,supreme ,be+1 b turns 
out1 on clos] exam9ation1 to be an      
idealis$ man4 ,accord+ to ! ,mosaic     
n>rative1 ,god made man to 8 own image &
 lik5ess1 b x is usually ! rev]se2 ,man 
made ,god accord+ to 8 own image &      
lik5ess4 ,?is idealis$ man becomes      
creator & ar*itect & produces ! _w1 =m+ 
! v>i\s species ( plants & animals l a  
modell]1 gov]n+ ! _w l a wise &         
all-p[]ful mon>*1 &1 at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1
 rew>d+ ! good & puni%+ ! wick$ l a     
rigor\s judge4 ,! *ildi% conceptions (  
?is extramundane ,god1 :o is set ov]    
aga9/ ! _w z an indep5d5t be+1 ! p]sonal
 creator1 ma9ta9]1 & rul] ( all ?+s1 are
 q incompatible ) ! advanc$ sci5ce ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury1 especially ) its two    
greate/ triumphs1 ! law ( sub/ance & !  
law ( ,moni/ic evolution4  ,critical    
philosophy1 moreov]1 long ago pron\nc$  
its doom4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mo/ fam\s  

critical ?9k]1 ,immanuel ,kant1 prov$ 9 
8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason t absolute  
sci5ce af=ds no support to ! ?ree c5tral
 dogmas ( metaphysics1 ! p]sonal ,god1 !
 immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! fre$om ( ! w4 
,x is true t he aft]w>ds 79 ! c\rse ( 8 
duali/ic & dogmatic metamorphosis7      
taught t we mu/ believe ^! ?ree great   
my/ic =ces1 & t !y are indisp5sable     
po/ulates ( practical reason2 & t !     
latt] mu/ take prec$5ce ov] pure reason4
 ,mod]n ,g]man philosophy1 :i* clam\rs =
 a return to ,kant1 sees 8 *ief         
di/9ction 9 ?is impossible              
reconciliation ( pol> contradictions4 ,!
 ,*ur*es1 & ! rul+ p[]s 9 alliance ) !m1
 accord a welcome to ?is diametrical    
contradiction1 recognis$ by all c&id    
read]s ( ! ,knigsb]g philosoph]1 betwe5 
! two reasons4 ,!y use ! confusion t    
results = ! purpose ( putt+ ! light ( ! 
cre$s 9 ! d>kness ( d\bt+ reason1 &     
imag9e t !y save religion 9 ?is way4    
,:il/ we are engag$ ) ! important       
subject ( religion1 we mu/ refute !     

*>ge1 (t5 made1 & r5ew$ ( rec5t ye>s1 t 
our ,moni/ic philosophy & ! !ory (      
evolution t =ms its *ief f\ndation      
de/roy religion4 ,x is only oppos$ to ^?
 l[] =ms ( religion t are bas$ on       
sup]/ition & ignorance1 & w\ld hold     
man's reason 9 bondage by empty =malism 
& belief 9 ! miracul\s1 9 ord] to       
control x = political purposes4 ,?is is 
*iefly ! case ) ,romanism or            
,ultramontanism1 t pitiful c>icature (  
pure ,*ri/ianity t /ill plays s         
important a "p 9 ! _w4 ,lu!r w\ld turn 9
 8 grave if he c\ld see ! pr$om9ance ( !
 ,roman ,c5tre p>ty 9 ! ,g]man ,empire  
to-day4 ,we f9d ! papacy1 ! deadly enemy
 ( ,prote/ant ,g]many1 controll+ its    
de/9y1 & ! ,rei*/ag submitt+ will+ly to 
be l$ by ! ,jesuits4 ,n a voice d we he>
 rais$ 9 x aga9/ ! ?ree mo/ dang]\s &   
mis*iev\s in/itutions ( ,romanism--!    
obligatory celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 !        
confessional1 & indulg5ces4 ,?\gh ^!    
lat] in/itutions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* h no?+
 to d ) ! orig9al tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* & pure

 ,*ri/ianity2 ?\gh _! immoral           
consequ5ces1 s prejudicial to ! life ( !
 family & ! ,/ate1 are kn[n to all1 !y  
exi/ j z !y did be=e ! ,re=mation4      
,un=tunately1 _m ,g]man pr9ces fo/] !   
ambition ( ! ,roman cl]gy1 mak+ _!      
,canossa-j\rney to ,rome1 & b5d+ ! knee 
to ! great *>latan at ! ,vatican4  ,x is
 also v regrettable t ! increas+ t5d5cy 
to ext]nal %[ & fe/ive p>ade at :at is  
call$ ! new c\rt does grave injury to   
real & inn] religion4 ,we h a /rik+     
in/ance ( ?is ext]nal religion 9 ! new  
ca!dral at ,b]l91 :i* _m w\ld h u reg>d 
z ,ca?olic1 n ,prote/ant & ,evangelical4
 ,i (t5 met 9 ,india prie/s & pilgrims  
:o believ$ !y 7 pleas+ _! ,god by turn+ 
pray]-:eels1 or sett+ up pray]-mills t 7
 set 9 motion by ! w9d4 ,"o might       
utilise ! mod]n inv5tion ( automatic    
ma*9es = ! same purposes1 & set up pray+
 automata 9 ! new ca!dral1 or           
indulg5ce-ma*9es t w\ld give relief f   
light] s9s = "o m>k %ill+1 & f grav] s9s
 = tw5ty m>ks4 ,x w\ld prove a great    

s\rce ( rev5ue to ! ,*ur*1 especially if
 simil> ma*9es 7 set up 9 ! o!r *ur*es t
 h lately be5 erect$ 9 ,b]l9 at a co/ ( 
millions ( m>ks4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to 
h sp5t ! money on s*ools4  ,^!          
obs]vations on ! m repell5t *>act]s (   
mod]n or?odoxy & piety may be tak5 z "s 
reply to ! %>p attacks to :i* ,i h be5  
expos$ = =ty ye>s1 & :i* h lately be5   
r5ew$ ) great viol5ce4 ,! spokesm5 (    
,ca?olic & ,evangelical beliefs1        
especially ! ,romani/ ,g]mania & !      
,lu!ran ,rei*sbote1 h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9   
deplor+ my lectures z a desecration (   
?is v5]able hall1 & 9 damn+ my !ory (   
evolution--)\t1 ( c\rse1 mak+ any       
attempt to repute its sci5tific tru?4   
,!y h1 9 _! ,*ri/ian *>ity1 ?\ght fit to
 put s&wi*-m5 at ! doors ( ?is room1 to 
di/ribute scurril\s attacks on my p]son 
& my tea*+ to ^? :o ent]4 ,!y h made a  
g5]\s use ( ! fanatical calumnies t !   
c\rt *apla91 ,/ck]1 ! !ologian1 ,lo(s1 !
 philologi/1 ,d5n]t1 & o!r oppon5ts ( my
 ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 h dissem9at$1 &  

to :i* ,i make a brief reply at ! end ( 
t "w4 ,i pass by ! _m untru?s ( ^!      
zeal\s protagoni/s ( !ology4 ,we m5 (   
sci5ce h a diff]5t conception ( tru? f t
 :i* prevails 9 ecclesia/ical           
circles4#aj  ,z reg>ds ! relation (     
sci5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 ,i w only po9t   
out t x is q irreconcilable ) ! my/ic & 
sup]natural ,*ri/ian beliefs1 b t x     
fully recognises ! high e?ical value (  
,*ri/ian morality4 ,x is true t ! highe/
 comm&s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1          
especially ^? ( sympa?y & bro!rly love1 
are n discov]ies ( its own2 ! gold5 rule
 0 taught & practis$ c5turies be=e ! "t 
( ,*ri/4 ,h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity has !      
di/9ction ( prea*+ & develop+ x ) a fre%
 =ce4 ,9 its "t x has _h a b5eficial    
influ5ce on ! developm5t ( civilisation1
 ?\gh 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,roman ,*ur*  
became1 ) its ,inquisition1 its         
wit*-dr[n+1 its burn+ ( h]etics1 & its  
religi\s w>s1 ! bloodie/ c>icature ( !  
g5tle religion ( love4 ,or?odox         
hi/orical ,*ri/ianity is n directly     

de/roy$ by mod]n sci5ce1 b by its own   
le>n$ & zeal\s !ologians4 ,! enlight5$  
,prote/antism t 0 s effectively advocat$
 by ,s*lei]ma*] 9 ,b]l9 eighty ye>s ago1
 ! lat] works ( ,feu]ba*1 ! inquiries   
into ! life ( ,jesus ( ,david ,/rauss & 
,erne/ ,r5an1 ! lectures rec5tly deliv]$
 "h by ,delitzs* & ,h>nack1 h left v    
little ( :at /rict or?odoxy reg>ds z !  
indisp5sable f\ndations ( hi/orical     
,*ri/ianity4 ,kal?(f1 ( ,brem51 goes s  
f> z to decl>e t all ,*ri/ian traditions
 are my?s1 & t ! developm5t (           
,*ri/ianity is a necess>y outcome ( !   
civilisation ( ! "t4  ,9 view ( ?is     
broad5+ t5d5cy 9 !ology & philosophy at 
! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 x is an    
un=tunate ana*ronism t ! ,m9i/]s (      
,public ,in/ruction ( ,prussia & ,bav>ia
 sail 9 ! wake ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 &    
seek to in/il ! _s ( ! ,jesuits 9 bo?   
l[] & high] education4 ,x is only a few 
weeks s9ce ! ,prussian ,m9i/] ( ,wor%ip 
made a dang]\s attempt to suppress      
academic fre$om1 ! palladium ( m5tal    

life 9 ,g]many4 ,?is increas+ reaction  
recalls ! sad days ( ! eighte5? &       
n9ete5? c5turies1 :5 ?\s&s ( ! f9e/     
citiz5s ( ,g]many migrat$ to ,nor?      
,am]ica1 9 ord] to develop _! m5tal p[]s
 9 a free atmosph]e4 ,?is selective     
process =m$ a bless+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 b x 0 c]ta9ly v injuri\s to ,g]many4   
,l>ge numb]s ( weak & s]vile *>act]s &  
sycophants 7 ?us fav\r$4 ,! fossilis$   
ideas ( _m ( our lead+ juri/s seem to   
take u back sometimes to ! ,cretace\s & 
,jurassic p]iods1 :ile ! palozoic       
rhetoric ( our !ologians & synods ev5   
goes back to ! ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s    
epo*s4  ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n take too       
s]i\sly ! anxiety t ?is increas+        
political & cl]ical reaction causes u4  
,we mu/ rememb] ! va/ res\rces (        
civilisation t are se5 to-day 9 our     
enorm\s int]national int]c\rse1 & mu/ h 
confid5ce 9 ! helpful ex*ange ( ideas   
betwe5 ea/ & we/ t is be+ effect$ daily 
by our means ( transit4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many !
 d>kness t n[ prevails w at l5g? give   

place to ! dazzl+ light ( ! sun4 ,no?+1 
9 my op9ion1 w contribute m to t end ?an
 ! unconditional victory ( ! idea (     
evolution4  ,beside ! law ( evolution1 &
 closely connect$ ) x1 we h t great     
triumph ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! law (         
sub/ance--! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] 
7,lavoisi]1 #aghi71 & ( ! cons]vation ( 
en]gy 7,rob]t ,may]1 #ahdb74 ,^! two    
laws are irreconcilable ) ! ?ree c5tral 
dogmas ( metaphysics1 :i* s _m educat$ p
 /ill reg>d z ! mo/ preci\s treasures ( 
_! spiritual life--! belief 9 a p]sonal 
,god1 ! p]sonal immortality ( ! s\l1 & !
 lib]ty ( ! human w4 ,b ^! great objects
 ( belief1 s intimately b\nd up ) numb]s
 ( our treasur$ a*ievem5ts &            
in/itutions1 are n on t acc\nt driv5 out
 ( ! _w4 ,!y m]ely cease to pose z tru?s
 9 ! realm ( pure sci5ce4 ,z imag9ative 
creations1 !y reta9 a c]ta9 value 9 ! _w
 ( poetry4 ,"h !y w n only1 z !y h done 
hi!rto1 furni% ?\s&s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ l(ty
 motives = e bran* ( art--sculpture1    
pa9t+1 or music--b !y w /ill h a high   

e?ical & social value 9 ! education ( ! 
"y & 9 ! organisation ( society4 ,j z we
 d]ive arti/ic & e?ical inspiration f ! 
leg5ds ( classical antiquity 7su* z !   
,h]cules my?1 ! ,odyssey & ! ,iliad7 & !
 /ory ( ,william ,tell1 s we w cont9ue  
to d 9 reg>d to ! /ories ( ! ,*ri/ian   
my?ology4 ,b we mu/ d ! same ) !        
poetical conceptions ( o!r religions1   
:i* h giv5 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms to !          
transc5d5tal ideas ( ,god1 fre$om1 &    
immortality4  ,?us ! noble w>m? ( art w 
rema91 toge!r )--n 9 opposition to1 b 9 
h>mony )--! spl5did light ( sci5ce1 "o (
 ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ! human    
m9d4 ,z ,goe! said3 ,he :o has sci5ce & 
art has religion2 he :o has n ^! two _h 
bett] h religion4 ,our ,moni/ic sy/em1 !
 connect+ l9k betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 
br+s ,god & ! _w into unity 9 ! s5se t  
,goe! will$1 ! s5se t ,sp9oza cle>ly    
express$ long ago & ,giordano ,bruno _h 
seal$ ) 8 m>tyrdom4 ,x has be5 said     
repeat$ly ( late t ,goe! 0 an or?odox   
,*ri/ian4 ,a few ye>s ago a "y orator   

quot$ him 9 support ( ! wond]ful dogmas 
( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,we may po9t out 
t ,goe! himself expressly said he 0 a   
decid$ non-,*ri/ian4 ,! great hea!n (   
,weim> has giv5 ! cle>e/ expression to 8
 ,pan!i/ic views 9 8 noble/ poems1      
,fau/1 ,prome!us1 & ,god & ! ,_w4 ,h[   
c\ld s vigor\s a ?9k]1 9 ^: m9d !       
evolution ( organic life ran ?r\gh      
millions ( ye>s1 h %>$ ! n>r[ belief ( a
 ,jewi% prophet & en?usia/ :o s\ght to  
give up 8 life = humanity #a1ijj ye>s   
ago8  ,our ,moni/ic god1 ! all-embrac+  
ess5ce ( ! _w1 ! ,nature-god ( ,sp9oza &
 ,goe!1 is id5tical ) ! et]nal1         
all-inspir+ en]gy1 & is "o1 9 et]nal &  
inf9ite sub/ance1 ) space-fill+ matt]4  
,x lives & moves 9 all ?+s1 z ! ,gospel 
says4 ,& z we see t ! law ( sub/ance is 
univ]sal1 t ! cons]vation ( matt] & (   
en]gy is insep>ably connect$1 & t !     
ceaseless developm5t ( ?is sub/ance     
foll[s ! same et]nal iron laws1 we f9d  
,god 9 natural law itself4 ,! w ( ,god  
is at "w 9 e fall+ drop ( ra9 & e gr[+  

cry/al1 9 ! sc5t ( ! rose & ! _s ( man4 
,,app5dix  ,,evolution>y ,,tables       
#a4--;,,geological ,,ages ,,& ,,p]iods  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,ages 9 !                               
,approximate l5g?    ,organic ,hi/ory   
,p]iods (       ,v]tebrate      (       
,paleontological     ( ! ,e>?4          
,geology          ,fossils4             
,p]iods4                                
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#a4 ,laur5tian                          
,i4 ,ar*eozoic age                      
#eb million ye>s       7primordial7     
,no fossil        ,s$im5t>y /rata       
#b4 ,huronian        rema9s (           
#fc1jjj ft4 ?ick                        
v]tebrates             ,age (       #c4 
,cambrian                               
inv]tebrates                            
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#d4 ,silurian      ,fi%es               

,,ii4 ,paleozoic age  #e4 ,devonian     
,dipneu/s         #cd million ye>s      
7prim>y7                                
,s$im5t>y /rata      ,age ( fi%es   #f4 
,c>bonif]\s ,amphibia          #da1bjj  
ft4 ?ick                                
#g4 ,p]mian       ,reptiles             
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#h4 ,triassic      ,monotremes          
,,iii4 ,mesozoic age                    
#aa million ye>s        7second>y7   #i4
 ,jurassic      ,m>supials              
,s$im5t>y /rata     ,age ( reptiles     
#ab1bjj ft4 ?ick                        
#aj4 ,cretace\s    ,mallo!ria           
,pro-plac5tals                          
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#aa4 ,eoc5e        ,prosimi             
,lemurs                                 
#ab4 ,oligoc5e     ,cynopi!ca      ,,iv4
 ,c5ozoic age                           
,baboons                7t]ti>y7        
#c million ye>s     ,age ( mammals  #ac4

 ,mioc5e       ,an?ropoides   #c1fjj ft4
 ?ick                                   
,man-l apes                             
#ad4 ,plioc5e      ,pi!can?ropi         
,ape-m5                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
,v4 ,an?ropozoic   #ae4 ,glacial        
,pre-hi/oric man     age 7quat]n>y7     
#cjj1jjj ye>s       ,age ( man    #af4  
,po/-glacial  ,savage &       ,s$im5t>y 
/rata                                   
civilis$ man     little ?ickness        
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------         
#b;,a4--,,man',s ,,g5ealogical          
,,tree--,fir/ ,half  ,,e>li] ,,ance/ral 
,,s]ies1 ,,)\t ,,fossil ,,rema9s1 ,,be=e
 ,,! ,,silurian ,,p]iod                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------   ,*ief    
,/ages4      ,ance/ral       ,liv+      
,relatives  ,pale-,onto-,mor-           
,/em-,gr\ps4     ( our ,ance/ors4       
onto-g5y4phol-                          

logy4     ogy4                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,/ages  
#a-e3   #a4 ,,mon]a           #a4       
,,*romacea       ,o   ,i8   ,i          
,,proti/-     7,plasmodoma7             
7,*roococcus7                           
,,ance/ors   )\t nuclei                 
,phyco*romacea               ,unicellul>
   #b4 ,,alg>ia          #b4            
,,paulotomea      ,o   ,i8   ,i         
organisms    ,unicellul> alg            
,palmellacea                            
) nuclei        ,eremospha]a            
#c4 ,,lobosa           #c4 ,,am,,b9a    
,o   ,,ii   ,,ii                        
,unicellul>         ,amba               
7,amboid7           ,lecocyta           
#a-b3        ,rhizopods                 
,plasmodom\s   #d4 ,,infusoria          
#d4 ,,flagellata      ,o    8   ,,ii    
,protophyta     7,unicellul>7           
,euflagellata                     #c-e3 
,zoomonades                ,plasmophag\s
  #e4 ,,bla/,,ades       #e4            

,,catallacta      ,o   ,,iii  ,,iii     
,protozoa       ,multicellul>           
,magospha]a                             
cell-colonies       ,volvoc9a           
,bla/ula8                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#f4 ,,ga/r,,ades       #f4 ,,ga/rula    
,o   ,,iii  ,,iii   ,/ages #f-aa3       
) two       ,hydra1 ,olyn?us1           
,,inv]tebrate    g]m9al lay]s           
,or?onectida                  ,,metazoa-
     #g4 ,,platodes ,i4      #g4        
,,cryptoc,,la      ,o    8    ,i        
,,ance/ors       ,platod>ia             
7,convoluta7                   #f-h3    
7)\t nephridia7     7,proporus7         
,cl5t]ia1    #h4 ,,platodes ,,ii4       
#h4 ,,rhabdoc,,la      ,o    8    ,i    
)\t anus      ,platod9ia                
7,vortex7                anus or        
7) nephridia7       7,monotus7          
body-cavity                             
#i4 ,,prov]malia      #i4 ,,ga/rotri*a  
,o    8    ,i                           

,rotatoria         ,tro*ozoa            
,primitive worms       ,tro*ophora      
#i-aa3     #aj4 ,,frontonia       #aj4  
,,ent]opneu/a   ,o    8    ,i           
,v]malia1   7,rhyn*elm9!s7              
,balanoglossus              ) anus &    
,sn\t$ worms      ,cephalodiscus        
body-cavity  #aa4 ,,pro*ordonia    #aa4 
,,copelata        ,o   ,,ii   ,,ii      
,worms ) *orda    ,app5dic>ia           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
#ab4 ,,acrania ,i4      #ab4 ,,l>v ,,(  
,o   ,,iii  ,,ii                        
7,prospondylia7          ,,amphioxus    
,/ages #ab-ae3 #ac4 ,,acrania ,,ii4     
#ac4 ,,leptoc>dia     ,o    ,i   ,,iii  
,,monorrh9a-     ,lat] skull-less       
,amphioxus                  ,,ance/ors  
animals                7,lancelet7      
,e>lie/      #ad4 ,,cyclo/oma ,i4   #ad4
 ,,l>v ,,(        ,o   ,,iii  ,,ii      
v]tebrates1      7,ar*icrania7          
,,petromyzon                )\t jaws    
#ae4 ,,cyclo/oma ,,ii4  #ae4            

,,m>sipobran-    ,o    ,i   ,,iii    or 
pairs (      ,lat] r\nd-           ,,*ia
                     limbs1 )    m\!d   
animals         ,myx9oides              
s+le                                    
,petromyzontes               no/ril     
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#b;,b4--,,man',s ,,g5ealogical          
,,tree--,second ,half  ,,lat] ,,ance/ral
 ,,s]ies1 ,,) ,,fossil ,,rema9s1        
,,beg9n+ ,,9 ,,! ,,silurian             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,geological       ,/em-,gr\ps (    ,liv+
 ,relatives  ,pale-,onto-,mor-          
,p]iods4         ,ance/ors4      ( our  
,ance/ors4 onto-g5y4phol-               
logy4     logy4                         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#af4 ,,sela*ii        #af4 ,,notidanides
      ,i   ,,ii   ,,iii   ,silurian     
,primitive fi%es   ,*lamydosela*us      
,prosela*ii        ,heptan*us           

#ag4 ,,ganoides        #ag4             
,,accip5s]ides  ,,ii    ,i   ,,ii       
,silurian         ,plat$ fi%es          
,/urgeon1                               
,proganoides           ,polypt]us       
#ah4 ,,dipneu/a       #ah4 ,,neodipneu/a
     ,i   ,,ii   ,,ii   ,devonian       
,paladipneu/a        ,c]atodus1         
,protopt]us                             
#ai4 ,,amphibia        #ai4             
,,phan]obran*ia ,,iii  ,,iii  ,,iii     
,c>bonif]\s   ,/egocephala     &        
,salam&r9a                              
7,proteus1 ,triton7                     
#bj4 ,,reptilia        #bj4             
,,rhyncocephalia  ,,iii  ,,ii   ,,ii    
,p]mian         ,proreptilia            
,primitive liz>ds                       
,hatt]ia                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#ba4 ,,monotrema       #ba4             
,,orni?odelphia   ,i   ,,iii  ,,iii     
,triassic         ,promammalia          
,e*nida                                 

,orni?orhyncus                          
#bb4 ,,m>supialia     #bb4 ,,didelphia  
,i   ,,ii   ,,ii   ,jurassic            
,prodidelphia        ,didelphys1        
,p]ameles                               
#bc4 ,,mallo!ria     #bc4 ,,insectivora 
,,iii   ,i    ,i   ,cretace\s           
,pro*oriata         ,er9aceida          
7,ictopsida7                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#bd4 ,,lemuravida      #bd4             
,,pa*ylemures    ,,iii   ,i8  ,,ii      
,old] ,eoc5e    ,e>li] lemurs           
7,hypopsodus7                           
,d5t4 #c1 #a1 #d1 #c    7,adapis7       
#be4 ,,lemurogona      #be4             
,,autolemures     ,,ii    ,i8  ,,ii     
,lat] ,eoc5e    ,lat] lemurs            
7,eulemur7                              
,d5t4 #b1 #a1 #d1 #c       7,/5ops7     
#bf4 ,,dysmopi!ca    #bf4 ,,platyrrh9   
,i    ,i   ,,ii   ,oligoc5e       ,we/]n
 apes        7,an?ropops7               
,d5t4 #b1 #a1 #c1 #c    7,homunculus7   

#bg4 ,,cynopi!ca     #bg4 ,,papiomorpha 
,i    ,i   ,,iii   ,old] ,mioc5e        
,baboons 7tail$7    7,cynocephalus7     
#bh4 ,,an?ropoides    #bh4 ,,hylobatida 
,i    ,,ii  ,,iii   ,lat] ,mioc5e       
,an?ropoid apes         ,hylobates      
7tailless7           ,satyrus           
#bi4 ,,pi!can?ropi  #bi4 ,,an?ropi!ca   
,,ii   ,,iii  ,,iii   ,plioc5e          
,ape-l m5           ,*impanzee          
7alalispee*less7         ,gorilla       
#cj4 ,,hom9es         #cj4 ,,w$dahs     
,i   ,,iii  ,,iii   ,plei/oc5e          
7loquaces)          ,au/ralian          
spee*7           natives                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
#c4--;,,classification ,,( ,,!          
,,primates    ,,transcrib] ,,note3 ,?is 
#d-;column ,table has be5 split into two
 p>ts4     ,! fir/ "p has columns #a1 #b
 & #c4 ,! second "p has columns     #b1 
#c & #d 7#b & #c are repeat$ f ! fir/   
"p74  ,n4,b4-- 99 indicates ext9ct =ms1 
liv+ gr\ps1  ! hypo!tical /em-=m4 ,cf4  

,hi/ory ( ,creation1 *ap4 xxvii42       
,evolution ( ,man1 *ap4 xxiii4    ,fir/ 
,"p                                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,ord]s4                ,sub-,ord]s4     
,families4                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,i                                      
,,prosimiae            #a4 ,,lemuravida 
#a4 ,,pa*ylemures99        ,lemurs      
7,palalemures7     7,hypopsod9a7        
7,hemipi!ci7             ,e>ly lemurs   
,! orbits imp]-       7g5]ali/s7        
,d5t4 #ddc4a4d4c_/c4a4d4c   fectly      
sep>at$        ,orig9ally )             
,primitive d5tition   f ! temporal      
claws on all or          depression by a
         mo/ f+]s3 lat]   #b4           
,,necrolemures   bony ar*4 ,womb        
transition to nails4  7,anaptomorpha7   
d\ble or two-horn$4   ,t>sus primitive4 
,plac5ta diffuse1 9-                    
,d5t4 #djb4a4d4c_/b4a4d4c   deciduate 7z

 a rule74                        ,r$uc$ 
d5tition   ,c]ebrum relatively          
small1 smoo?1 or                        
#c4  ,,autolemures   little furr[$4     
7,lemurida7                             
#b4 ,,lemurogona                        
7,neolemures7      ,d5t4                
#cfb4a4c4c_/b4a4c4c                     
,mod]n lemures        ,specialis$       
d5tition                                
7speciali/s7                            
,all f+]s usually   #d4 ,,*irolemures   
h nails 7except    7,*iromyida7         
! second toe74                          
,t>sus modifi$4      ,d5t4              
#aha4j4a4c_/a4j4j4c                     
,rod5t d5tition                         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,ii                                    
#e4 ,,arctopi!ca       ,,simiae         
#c4 ,,platyrrh9ae               ,apes   
,flat-nos$ apes       ,d5t4             
#cbb4a4c4b_/b4a4c4b   7,pi!ci or        
,hesp]opi!ca      ,nail on hallux only  

simiales7             ,we/]n apes       
,orbits completely     7,am]ican7       
#f4 ,,dysmopi!ca   sep>at$ f !          
,no/rils lat]al1        temporal        
depression     ) wide p>tition   ,d5t4  
#cfb4a4c4c_/b4a4c4c   by a bony septum4 
#c premol>s           ,nails on all f+]s
   ,womb simple1 pe>-                   
%ap$4 ,plac5ta                          
#g4 ,,cynopi!ca   discoid1 deciduate4   
,c]ebrum relatively                     
,d5t #cbb4a4b4c_/b4a4b4c   l>ge & mu*   
,g5]ally ) tail   furr[$4               
#d4 ,,cat>rh9ae        & *eek-p\*es     
,n>r[-nos$          ,sacrum ) #c or     
apes                  #d v]tebr         
,eopi!ca                                
,ea/]n apes          #h4 ,,an?ropomorpha
                           7,arctogoea7 
,europe1 ,asia1 &     ,d5t4             
#cbb4a4b4c_/b4a4b4c                     
,africa4               ,no tail or      
*eek-p\*es                              
,no/rils =w>d1     ,sacrum ) #e         
) n>r[ septum    v]tebr                 

#b premol>s                             
,nails on all                           
f+]s                                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,second ,"p                             
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,sub-,ord]s4             ,families4     
,g5]a4                                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,ar*iprimas    #a4 ,,lemuravida         
#a4 ,,pa*ylemures99                     
,lemuravus99      7,palalemures7        
7,hypopsod9a7             ,e>ly ,eoc5e  
,e>ly lemurs                            
,pelycodus99      7g5]ali/s7       ,d5t4
 #ddc4a4d4c_/c4a4d4c    ,e>ly ,eoc5e    
,orig9ally )       ,primitive d5tition  
,hypopsodus99    claws on all or        
,late ,eoc5e    mo/ f+]s3 lat]   #b4    
,,necrolemures             transition to
 nails4  7,anaptomorpha7                
,adapis99    ,t>sus primitive4          

,plesiadapis99                          
,d5t4 #djb4a4d4c_/b4a4d4c  ,necrolemur99
                          ,r$uc$        
d5tition                                
,eulemur                          #c4   
,,autolemures          ,hapalemur       
7,lemurida7              ,lepilemur     
#b4 ,,lemurogona                        
,nycticebus      7,neolemures7          
,d5t4 #cfb4a4c4c_/b4a4c4c  ,/5ops       
,mod]n lemures        ,specialis$       
d5tition     ,galago      7speciali/s7  
,all f+]s usually   #d4 ,,*irolemures   
,*iromys    h nails 7except             
7,*iromyida7             7,claws on all 
! second toe74                          
f+]s except    ,t>sus modifi$4          
,d5t4 #aha4j4a4c_/a4j4j4c   fir/7       
,rod5t d5tition                         
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
#e4 ,,arctopi!ca          ,hapale    #c4
 ,,platyrrh9ae                          
,midas    ,flat-nos$ apes       ,d5t4   
#cbb4a4c4b_/b4a4c4b     ,hesp]opi!ca    

,nail on hallux only          ,we/]n    
apes                                    
,calli?rix    7,am]ican7            #f4 
,,dysmopi!ca          ,nyctipi!cus      
,no/rils lat]al1                        
,cebus    ) wide p>tition   ,d5t4       
#cfb4a4c4c_/b4a4c4c  ,mycetes    #c     
premol>s           ,nails on all f+]s   
,ateles                                 
#g4 ,,cynopi!ca           ,cynocephalus 
,c]copi!cus                             
,d5t #cbb4a4b4c_/b4a4b4c   ,inuus       
,g5]ally ) tail       ,semnopi!cus      
#d4 ,,cat>rh9ae        & *eek-p\*es     
,colobus    ,n>r[-nos$          ,sacrum 
) #c or #d        ,nasalis    apes      
v]tebr                     ,eopi!ca     
,hylobates    ,ea/]n apes          #h4  
,,an?ropomorpha        ,satyrus         
7,arctogoea7                            
,pliopi!cus99    ,europe1 ,asia1 &      
,d5t4 #cbb4a4b4c_/b4a4b4c  ,gorilla     
,africa4               ,no tail or      
*eek-p\*es  ,an?ropi!cus    ,no/rils    
=w>d1     ,sacrum ) #e                  

,dryopi!cus99    ) n>r[ septum    v]tebr
                  ,pi!-    #b premol>s  
can?ropus99    ,nails on all            
,homo    f+]s                           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
#d4--;,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,( ,,!      
,,primates  ,illu/ration3 ,an?ropomorpha
   ,,explanation ,,( ,,g5ealogical      
,,table #a  ,,*ronometric ,,r$uction ,,(
 ,,biog5etic ,,p]iods  ,! enorm\s l5g? (
 ! biog5etic p]iods 7i4e41 ! p]iods dur+
 :i* organic life has be5 evolv+ on our 
planet7 is /ill v diff]5tly e/imat$ by  
geologi/s & paleontologi/s1 a/ronom]s & 
physici/s1 because ! empirical data ( ! 
calculation are v incomplete & admit    
great diff]5ces ( e/imate4 ,h[ev]1 mo/  
mod]n exp]ts av] t _! l5g? runs to #ajj 
& #bjj million ye>s 7"s say d\ble ?is1 &
 ev5 m74 ,if we take ! less] figure (   
#ajj millions1 we f9d ?is di/ribut$ ov] 
! five *ief p]iods ( organic geology v  
mu* z is %[n on ,table #a4 ,9 ord] to   
get a cle>] idea ( ! va/ duration ( ^!  

evolution>y p]iods1 & to appreciate !   
relative %ortness ( ! hi/orical p]iod1  
,dr4 ,h4 ,s*midt 7,j5a7 has r$uc$ !     
#ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s to a day4 ,9 ?is s*eme
 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( creation-day are    
di/ribut$ z foll[s ov] ! five           
evolution>y p]iods3      ,i4 ,ar*eozoic 
p]iod 7#eb million ye>s7         #ab;h4 
#cjm4    ,,ii4 ,paleozoic p]iod 7#cd    
million ye>s7          #h;h4   #gm4     
,,iii4 ,mesozoic p]iod 7#aa million     
ye>s7           #b;h4  #chm4    ,,iv4   
,c5ozoic p]iod 7#c million ye>s7        
#dcm4     ,v4 ,an?ropozoic p]iod 7#ja-jb
 million ye>s7        #bm4  ,if we put !
 l5g? ( ! hi/oric p]iod at #f1jjj ye>s1 
x only makes five seconds (             
creation-day2 ! ,*ri/ian era w\ld am\nt 
to two seconds4     ,,po/script         
,,evolution ,,& ,,jesuitism   ,!        
relation ( ! !ory ( evolution to ! tea*+
 ( ! ,jesuits is 9 _m respects s        
important & s liable to misund]/&+ t ,i 
h felt x v desirable to make x cle> 9 ! 
pres5t "w4 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly %[$ t ! 

two doctr9es are diametrically &        
irreconcilably oppos$1 & t ! attempt ( !
 mod]n ,jesuits to reconcile ! two      
antagoni/s is m]e sophi/ry4 ,i wrote )  
special ref]5ce to ! works ( ! le>n$    
,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,eri* ,wasmann1 n only   
because t writ] deals ) ! subject m ably
 & compreh5sively ?an mo/ ( 8           
colleagues1 b because he is m compet5t  
to make a sci5tific def5ce ( 8 views on 
acc\nt ( 8 long /udies ( ! ants & 8     
g5]al k ( biology4 ,he has made a       
vigor\s reply to my /rictures 9 an op5  
lett] to me1 :i* appe>$ on #bnd ,may1   
#aije1 9 ! ,b]l9 7or ,roman7 ,g]mania1 &
 9 ! ,klnis*e ,volkszeitung4  ,!        
sophi/ical objections t ,wasmann raises 
to my lectures1 & 8 mislead+ /atem5t ( !
 mo/ important problems1 oblige me to   
make a brief reply 9 ?is ,po/script4 ,x 
w be impossible1 ( c\rse1 to meet all 8 
po9ts "h1 & conv9ce him ( _! futility4  
,n ev5 ! cle>e/ & mo/ rigor\s logic     
makes a man a mat* = a ,jesuit2 he      
adroitly employs ! facts !mselves = !   

purpose ( conceal+ ! tru? by 8 p]v]se   
mis/atem5ts4 ,x is va9 to hope to       
conv9ce my oppon5t by rational argum5t1 
:5 he believes t religi\s fai? is high] 
?an all reason4 ,a good idea c be =m$ ( 
8 position f ! conclusion ( ! elev5?    
*apt] ( 8 "w1 ,mod]n ,biology & ! ,!ory 
( ,evolution 7p4 #cjg74 ,!re c nev] be a
 real contradiction betwe5 natural k &  
sup]natural revelation1 because bo? h _!
 orig9 9 ! same ,div9e _s4 ,?is is a f9e
 comm5t on ! incessant /ruggle t natural
 sci5ce is compell$ to ma9ta9 aga9/     
sup]natural revelation1 & t fills ! :ole
 philosophical & !ological lit]ature ( !
 la/ half c5tury4  ,wasmann's or?odox   
position is %[n mo/ cle>ly by ! foll[+  
/atem5t3 ,! !ory ( evolution1 to :i* ,i 
subscribe z a sci5ti/ & a philosoph]1   
re/s on ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian       
doctr9e :i* ,i hold to be ! only true   
"o3 ',9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & 
! e>?4' ,un=tunately1 he does n tell u  
h[ he conceives ?is creation out ( no?+1
 & :at he means by ,god & heav5s4 ,i    

w\ld recomm5d him to consult            
,troelslund's excell5t "w1 ,! ,idea (   
,heav5 & ( ! ,_w4  ,almo/ at ! same "t t
 ,i 0 deliv]+ my lectures at ,b]l91     
,wasmann 0 giv+ a s]ies ( ?or\ghly      
,jesuitical lectures on ! subject at    
,luc]ne4 ,! ,ca?olic ,luc]ne j\rnal1    
,vat]l&1 describes ^! lectures z a "w ( 
emancipation & a critical mom5t 9 !     
intellectual /ruggle4 ,x quotes ! foll[+
 s5t5ce3 ,at ! highe/ /age ( ! !i/ic    
philosophy ( evolution is ,god1 !       
omnipot5t creator ( heav5 & e>?2 next to
 him1 creat$ by him1 is ! immortal s\l (
 man4 ,we rea* ?is conclusion1 n only by
 fai?1 b by inductive & /rictly         
sci5tific me?ods4 ,! sy/em t is re>$ on 
! !i/ic doctr9e ( evolution is ! sole   
rational & truly sci5tific sy/em2 !     
a!i/ic position is irrational &         
unsci5tific4  ,9 ord] to see ! untru? ( 
?is & ! succe$+ /atem5ts ( ! mod]n      
,jesuits1 we h to rememb] t !           
,*ur*es--bo? ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic--h   
vigor\sly combat$ ! !ory ( evolution )  

all _! p[] = ?irty ye>s1 ev] s9ce ! fir/
 appe>ance ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! %rewd cl]gy   
saw m cle>ly ?an _m ( our nave          
philosoph]s t ,d>w9's !ory ( desc5t is !
 inevitable key-/one ( ! :ole !ory (    
evolution1 & t ! desc5t ( man f o!r     
mammals is a rigor\s d$uction f x4 ,z   
,k>l ,es*]i* well says3 ,hi!rto we read 
9 ! faces ( our cl]ical oppon5ts only   
hatr$1 bitt]ness1 contempt1 mock]y1 or  
pity 9 reg>d to ! new invad] ( _!       
dogmatic /ructure1 ! idea ( evolution4  
,n[ 7s9ce ,wasmann's apo/asy7 !         
assurances ( ! ,ca?olic j\rnals1 t !    
,*ur* has admitt$ ! !ory ( evolution =  
decades1 make u smile4 ,evolution has n[
 press$ on to its f9al victory1 & ^! p  
w\ld h u believe t !y 7 nev] unfri5dly  
to x1 nev] %riek$ & /orm$ aga9/ x4 ,h[1 
!y say1 c\ld anyone h be5 s fooli%1 :5 !
 !ory ( evolution puts ! wisdom & p[] ( 
! creator 9 a nobl] light ?an ev]4 ,we  
f9d a simil> diplomatic retreat 9 !     
popul> "w ( ! ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,m>t9 ,g&]1
 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 7#aijd73 ,?us !     

mod]n =ms ( matt] 7 n imm$iately creat$ 
by ,god2 !y are effects ( ! =mative     
=ces1 :i* 7 put by ! creator 9 !        
primitive matt]1 & gradually came into  
view 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :5 !   
ext]nal conditions 7 giv5 9 ! prop]     
comb9ation4 ,t is a rem>kable *ange (   
front on ! "p ( ! cl]gy4  ,we see !     
a/oni%+ sy/em ( ! ,jesuits1 & ( ! papacy
 ( :i* !y are ! bodygu>d1 n only 9 ?is  
impossible jumble ( evolution & !ology1 
b also 9 o!r passages ( ,wasmann1 ,g&]1 
,gutb]let1 & _! colleagues4 ,! s]i\s    
dang]s t ?reat5 our s*ools1 & ! :ole (  
our high] culture1 f ?is ,jesuitical    
%am-sci5ce1 h be5 well po9t$ out lately 
by ,c\nt von ,ho5sbroe* 9 ! preface to 8
 fam\s "w1 ,! ,papacy 9 its ,social &   
,intellectual ,activity 7#aija74 ,!     
papacy1 he says1 9 its claim to a ,div9e
 au?ority1 transmitt$ to x by ,*ri/1    
end[$ ) infallibility 9 all que/ions (  
fai? & morals1 is ! greate/1 ! mo/      
fatal1 ! mo/ successful error 9 ! :ole (
 hi/ory4 ,?is great error is girt ab\t  

by ! ?\s&s ( lies ( its support]s2 ?is  
error & ^! lies "w = a sy/em ( p[] &    
dom9ation1 = ultramontanism4 ,! tru? c b
 /ruggle aga9/ x4444 ,n[h]e d we f9d s  
mu* & su* sy/ematic ly+ z 9 ,ca?olic    
sci5ce1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & !      
papacy2 n[h]e are ! lies &              
misrepres5tations m p]nici\s ?an "h2 !y 
h become "p & p>cel ( ! ,ca?olic        
religion4 ,! facts ( hi/ory tell pla9ly 
en\gh t ! papacy is any?+ b a ,div9e    
in/itution2 t x has br\ght m curses &   
ru91 m bloody turmoil & pr(anation1 into
 humanity's holie/ ( holies1 religion1  
?an any o!r p[] 9 ! _w4  ,?is sev]e     
judgm5t on ! papacy & ,jesuitism is ! m 
valuable z ,c\nt von ,ho5sbroe* 0       
himself 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,jesuit          
,congregation = =ty ye>s1 & le>n$       
?or\ghly all its tricks & intrigues4 ,9 
mak+ !m public1 & bas+ 8 *>ges on num]\s
 (ficial docum5ts1 he has done great    
s]vice to ! cause ( tru? & civilisation4
 ,i 0 m]ely repeat+ 8 well-f\nd$ v]dict 
:51 at ! close ( my fir/ lecture1 ,i    

describ$ ! papacy z ! greate/ sw9dle !  
_w has ev] submitt$ to4  ,a curi\s irony
 ( ,fate gave me an opportunity1 ! same 
ev5+1 to exp]i5ce 9 my own p]son !      
correctness ( ?is v]dict4 ,a ,b]l9      
report] telegraph$ to ,london t ,i _h   
fully accept$ ! new !ory ( ,fa!r        
,wasmann1 & recognis$ ! error (         
,d>w9ism2 t ! !ory ( evolution is n     
applicable to man on acc\nt ( 8 m5tal   
sup]iority4 ,?is welcome intellig5ce    
pass$ f ,london to ,am]ica & _m o!r     
c\ntries4 ,! result 0 a flood ( lett]s f
 zeal\s adh]5ts ( ! !ory ( evolution1   
int]rogat+ me z to my un9telligible     
*ange ( front4 ,i ?\ght at fir/ t !     
telegram 0 due to ! misund]/&+ or !     
error ( a report]1 b ,i 0 aft]w>ds in=m$
 f ,b]l9 t ! false message 0 probably   
due to a delib]ate corruption by "s     
religi\s p]son :o ?\ght to r5d] a s]vice
 to 8 fai? by ?is untru?4 ,he _h        
sub/itut$ support$ = refut$1 & error =  
tru?4  ,! /ruggle = ! triumph ( tru?1 9 
:i* ,i h _h ! mo/ curi\s exp]i5ces dur+ 

! la/ =ty ye>s1 has br\ght me a numb] ( 
new impressions ?r\gh my ,b]l9 lectures4
 ,! flood ( calumnies ( all k9ds t !    
religi\s press 7especially ! ,lu!ran    
,rei*sbote & ! ,ca?olic ,g]mania7 p\r$  
ov] me exce$$ any t _h gone be=e4 ,dr4  
,s*midt gave a selection f !m 9 ! ,freie
 ,wort 7,no4 #d1 p4 #add74 ,i h already 
po9t$ out1 9 ! ,app5dix to ! popul>     
edition ( ! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se ,g]man 
edition1 :at unwor?y means are employ$  
by my cl]ical & metaphysical oppon5ts = 
! purpose ( br++ my popul> sci5tific    
works into disrepute4 ,i c only repeat  
"h t ! calumniation ( my p]son does n   
move me1 & does n injure ! cause ( tru? 
:i* ,i s]ve4 ,x is j ?is unusually l\d  
al>m ( my cl]ical enemies t tells me my 
sacrifices h n be5 9 va91 & t ,i h put !
 mode/ key-/one to ! "w ( my life--,!   
advancem5t ( k by ! spread ( ! idea (   
evolution4       ,,! ,,end       ,pr9t$ 
by ,c[an  ,co41 ,limit$1 ,p]?4          
,,footnotes3  #a ,! ^w evolution is /ill
 us$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways 9 v>i\s sci5ces

 t x is important to fix x 9 ! g5]al    
significance :i* we "h give x4 ,by      
evolution1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 ,i und]/& !  
unceas+ mutations ( sub/ance1 adopt+    
,sp9oza's fundam5tal conception (       
sub/ance2 x unites insep>ably 9 itself  
matt] & =ce 7or en]gy71 or nature & m9d 
7 ! _w & ,god74 ,h5ce ! sci5ce (        
evolution 9 its broad] range is ! hi/ory
 ( sub/ance1 :i* po/ulates ! g5]al      
validity ( ! law ( sub/ance4 ,9 ! latt] 
are comb9$ ! law ( ! con/ancy ( matt]   
7,lavoisi]1 #aghi7 & ! law ( !          
cons]vation ( en]gy 7,rob]t ,may]1      
#ahdb71 h[ev] v>i$ may be ! *anges ( =m 
( ^! elem5ts 9 ! _w-process4 ,cf4 ,*apt]
 ,,xii4 ( ,! ,riddle4  #b ,c]ta9 or?odox
 p]iodicals h lately endeav\r$ to d5y   
?is fam\s a!i/ical confession ( ! great 
,laplace1 :i* 0 m]ely a c&id d$uction ( 
8 spl5did cosmic sy/em4 ,!y say t ?is   
,moni/ic natural philosoph] ackn[l$g$ ! 
,ca?olic fai? on 8 dea?-b$2 & 9 pro( (  
?is !y (f] u ! lat] te/imony ( an       
,ultramontane prie/4 ,we ne$ n po9t out 

h[ unc]ta9 is ! love ( tru? ( ^! heat$  
p>tisans4 ,:5 te/imony ( ?is k9d t5ds to
 ! good ( religion 7i4e41 _! own good71 
x is held to be a pi\s "w 7pia fraus74  
,on ! o!r h&1 x is int]e/+ to recall !  
reply ( a ,prussian ,m9i/] ( ,religion1 
,von ,z$litz1 #abj ye>s ago1 to !       
,breslau ,consi/ory1 :5 x urg$ t ^? :o  
believe mo/ are ! be/ subjects4 ,he     
wrote 9 reply3 ,8 maje/y ,fr$]ick !     
,great is n dispos$ to re/ ! security ( 
8 ,/ate on ! /upidity ( 8 subjects4  #c 
,see1 = in/ance1 ,moses & ,geology1 or  
,h>mony ( ! ,bible ) ,sci5ce1 by ,samuel
 ,k9ns 7#ahhb74 ,9 ?is "w ! pi\s        
,biblical a/ronom] executes ! mo/       
incr$ible & ,jesuitical manuvres 9 ord] 
to br+ ab\t an impossible reconciliation
 betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,biblical n>rative4  
#d ,! eel-l sophi/ry ( ! ,jesuits1 :i*  
has be5 br\ght to su* a wond]ful pit* 9 
_! political sy/em1 _c1 z a rule1 be met
 by argum5t4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration (  
?is 0 giv5 by ,fa!r ,wasmann himself 9 8
 controv]sy ) ! physician1 ,dr4 ,julian 

,m>cuse4 ,! sci5tific ,wasmann _h gone s
 f> 9 8 zeal = religion z to support a  
d[nright sw9dle ( a miracul\s cure 9    
hon\r ( ! ,"m ( ,god ( ,oo/ack] 7!      
,belgian ,l\rdes74 ,dr4 ,m>cuse succe$$ 
9 expos+ ! :ole a/\nd+ /ory ( ?is pi\s  
fraud 7,deuts*e ,/imm51 ,b]l91 #aijc1   
iv4 ,jahrg41 ,no4 #bj74 ,in/ead ( giv+ a
 sci5tific refutation1 ! ,jesuit repli$ 
) sophi/ic p]v]sion & p]sonal invective 
7,sci5tific 8 ,supplem5t to ,g]mania1   
,b]l91 #aijb1 ,no4 #dc1 & #aijc1 ,no4   
#ac74 ,9 8 f9al reply1 ,dr4 ,m>cuse     
said3 ,i h accompli%$ my object--to let 
?\ghtful p see once m ! k9d ( ideas t   
are f\nd 9 ! _w ( dead & lit]al fai?1   
:i* tries to put ! crude/ sup]/ition &  
rev]5ce = ! my? ( miracul\s cures 9 !   
place ( sci5ce1 tru? & k 7,deuts*e      
,/imm51 #aijc1 v4 ,jahrgang1 ,no4 #c74  
#e ,:ile ^! pages are 9 ! press !       
j\rnals ann\nce a fre% humiliation ( !  
,g]man empire t w cause great grief4 ,on
 ! #i? ( ,may ! nation celebrat$ !      
c5t5>y ( ! dea? ( ,fri$ri* ,s*ill]4 ,)  

r>e unanimity all ! political p>ties (  
,g]many1 & all ! ,g]man associations    
abroad1 came toge!r to d hon\r to !     
great poet ( ,g]man idealism4 ,pr(essor 
,!obald ,ziegl] deliv]$ a v f9e address 
at ,/rassburg ,univ]sity4 ,! ,emp]or1 :o
 happ5$ to be 9 ! t[n1 0 invit$1 b did n
 att5d2 in/ead ( do+ s1 he held a       
milit>y p>ade 9 ! vic9ity4 ,a few days  
aft]w>ds he sat at table ) ! ,g]man     
,ca?olic c>d9als & bi%ops1 among/ !m be+
 ! fanatical ,bi%op ,b5zl]1 :o decl>$ t 
a ,*ri/ian cemet]y 0 desecrat$ by !     
int]m5t ( a ,prote/ant4 ,at ^! fe/ive   
d9n]s ,g]man ,ca?olics always give !    
fir/ toa/ to ! ,pope1 ! second to !     
,emp]or2 !y rejoice at pres5t t !       
,emp]or & ,pope are allies4 ,b ! :ole   
hi/ory ( ! papacy 7a pitiful c>icature (
 ! anci5t ,ca?olic fai?7 %[s cle>ly t !y
 are natural & irreconcilable enemies4  
,ei!r emp]or mu/ rule or pope4  #f ,!   
manuscript lett] 9 :i* ! g5tle ,d>w9    
expresses s sev]e a judgm5t on ,vir*[ is
 pr9t$ 9 my ,cambridge lecture1 ,! ,la/ 

,l9k4 ,my answ] to ,vir*['s spee* is    
conta9$ 9 ! second volume ( my ,popul>  
,lectures1 & has lately appe>$ 9 !      
,freie ,wort 7,april1 #aije74  #g ,9 8  
presid5tial spee* at ! la/ meet+ ( !    
,briti% ,association1 ,pr(essor ,d>w9   
said3 ,x does n seem unreasonable to    
suppose t #ejj to #a1jjj million ye>s   
may h elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( ! moon4      
,trans4  #h ,see acc\nt ( simil>        
exp]im5ts 9 ! ,lancet1 #ah? ,janu>y1    
#aijb4 ,trans4  #i ,wasmann meets ^!    
conv9c+ exp]im5ts ) m]e ,jesuitical     
sophi/ry4 ,( ! same "* is 8 attack on my
 ,evolution ( ,man1 & on ! in/ructive "w
 ( ,rob]t ,wi$]%eim1 ,man's ,/ructure z 
a ,witness to 8 ,pa/4  #aj ,i may rem9d 
^? :o ?9k t ! hall ( ! ,musical ,academy
 is desecrat$ by my lectures1 t x 0 9 ! 
v same place t ,alex&] von ,humboldt    
deliv]$1 sev5ty-sev5 ye>s ago 7#ahbh71 !
 rem>kable lectures t aft]w>ds made up 8
 ,cosmos4 ,! great travell]1 ^: cle> m9d
 _h recognis$ ! unity ( ,nature1 & _h1 )
 ,goe!1 discov]$ !re9 ! real k ( ,god1  

endeav\r$ to convey 8 ?\ghts 9 popul> =m
 to ! educat$ ,b]l9 public1 & to e/abli%
 ! univ]sality ( natural law4 ,x 0 my   
aim to e/abli%1 z reg>ds ! organic _w1  
precisely :at ,humboldt _h prov$ to exi/
 9 inorganic nature4 ,i want$ to %[ h[ !
 great advance ( mod]n biology 7s9ce    
,d>w9's "t7 enables u to solve ! mo/    
difficult ( all problems1 ! hi/orical   
developm5t ( plants & animals 9         
humanity4 ,humboldt 9 8 day e>n$ ! mo/  
lively approval & gratitude ( all       
free-?9k+ & tru?-seek+ m51 & !          
displeasure & suspicion ( ! or?odox &   
cons]vative c\rti]s at ,b]l94           
99      99      99      99      99      
99     ,transcrib]'s note3    ,9 ,tables
 #b;,a & #b;,b1 ',ontog5y' column1 ! "* 
6 0 us$ 9   ! orig9al text4 ,?is 0      
probably a pr9t]'s error1 & has be5     
replac$ ) ,i4  ,s 6 66 & 666 are        
display$ z ,i ,,ii & ,,iii4    ,notation
 = d5tition 9 ,table #b;,b 7p4 #aag71   
:]e l[] d5tition is   assum$ ! same z   
upp]1 is un*ang$2 = example #c1 #a1 #d1 

#c4   ,9 ,table #c 7p4#aah7 x is giv5 z 
a fraction1 & repres5t$ 9 !   etext z   
upp]_/l[]2 = example #dd                
#c4a4d4c_/c4a4d4c4    ,table #c has be5 
split into two p>ts 9 ! etext4          
,obvi\s typographical errors &          
punctuation errors h be5   correct$ aft]
 c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9   
! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 
,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all      
misspell+s 9 ! text1   & inconsi/5t or  
ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 
manlike1 man-l2 paleozoic1 palozoic2    
to-day2 unspiritual2 in/il4    ,pg #dd1 
',*ri/a9 sects' replac$ by ',*ri/ian    
sects'4    ,pg #ec1 ',philosophie       
,zoologique 7#ahii7' replac$ by         
',philosophie ,zoologique 7#ahji7'4     
,pg #ec1 '& ! *ampanzee7' replac$ by '& 
! *impanzee7'4    ,pg #gb1 'famil>      
t5d5cy' replac$ by 'famili> t5d5cy'4    
,pg #hh1 'acurately describ$' replac$ by
 'accurately describ$'4    ,pg #aae1    
'#e4 ,jurassic' replac$ by '#i4         
,jurassic'4    ,pg #abc1 'irrational &  

insci5tific' replac$ by 'irrational &   
unsci5tific'4