,transcrib]'s ,note ,text prec$$ by a c>et symbol & enclos$ 9 curly braces 0 sup]script$ 9 ! orig9al book2 text enclos$ 9 equals signs 0 9 boldface2 & text enclos$ 9 und]scores 0 9 italics4 ,,! ,,g5tle ,,art ,,( ,,fak+ ,! ,new ,art ,libr>y 8,! admirable ,new ,art ,libr>y40--,connoisseur4 ,,new ,,volume4 ,p]spective4 ,z appli$ to pictures1 ) a section deal+ ) ar*itecture4 #dgb ,illu/rations4 #ahs4 nett4 ,by ,,rex ,,vicat ,,cole4 8,makes p]spective q fasc9at+4--,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 8,an indisp5sable book to ! /ud5t ( art40--,daily ,graphic4 ,,rec5tly ,,issu$4 ,wat] ,col\r ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,ri*4 #fj ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,mr4 ,ri*'s "w has plac$ him among ! comp>atively few wat]-col\ri/s ( to-day :o c\nt1 & ! "w ( 8 /ud5ts proves t he c tea*40--,saturday ,review4 ,! ,arti/ic ,anatomy ( ,trees4 ,by ,,rex ,,vicat ,,cole4 ,ov] #ejj ,illu/rations4 #aes4 nett4 8,l all ! volumes ( ! ,new ,art ,libr>y1 ?or\gh 9 its tea*+1 em95tly practical 9 its mann] ( pres5t+ x1 & spl5didly illu/rat$40--,connoisseur4 ,! ,practice & ,sci5ce ( ,draw+4 ,by ,,h>old ,,spe$4 #if ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,no "w on ,art has be5 publi%$ 9 rec5t ye>s :i* might be m advantage\sly plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a "y /ud5t4 ,e page %[s robu/ common s5se express$ 9 a cle> /yle4444 ,we imag9e t ,mr4 ,spe$ is an admirable tea*]1 & cordially recomm5d 8 treatise40 --,a!num4 ,! ,practice ( ,oil ,pa9t+ & ,draw+4 ,s4 ,j4 ,,solomon1 ,r4,a4 #hj ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 8,if /ud5ts 7 to foll[ 8 in/ructions1 & /ill m1 to he$ 8 w>n+s1 _! pa9t+ w\ld soon %[ a great increase 9 effici5cy40--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,human ,anatomy = ,art ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,sir ,,alfr$ ,,d[n+ ,,fripp1 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 #aei ,illu/rations4 #aes4 nett4 8,comb9es ! be/ sci5tific & arti/ic in=mation40--,connoisseur4 ,modell+ & ,sculpture4 ,by ,,alb]t ,,t(t1 ,a4,r4,c4,a41 ,m4,s4,b4,s4 ,) #aai ,illu/rations4 #aes4 nett4 8,w be f\nd an invaluable aid to ! /ud5t4444 ,takes ! /ud5t /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! v>i\s te*nical processes1 ! text be+ supplem5t$ by ov] a hundr$ excell5t illu/rations40--,/udio4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,suppos$ ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,poet ,,ba/ian9i ,,b5ivi5i4 ,a direct ca/ f ! orig9al n[ 9 ,p>is & =m]ly kept 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,,! ,,g5tle ,,art ,,( ,,fak+ ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,produc+ ,,imitations ,,spuri\s ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,by ,,ricc>do ,,nobili ,,au?or ,,( 8,a ,,mod]n ,,antique0 8,le d]ni] mot de l'art je le tr\ve dans la contrefaon0 ,,sa9te-,,beuve ,,) #ca ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,seeley ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aibb ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,m>y ,s4 ,,%ep>d ,,) ,,! ,,devot$ ,,affection ,,( ,a ,,son ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,preface 8,collectomania0 may ) "s reason be look$ ^u z a com$y 9 :i* ! lead+ p>ts are tak5 by ! ,collector1 ! ,deal]1 & ! ,fak]1 support$ by m9or b n less int]e/+ *>act]s1 su* z imitators1 re/or]s1 middlem51 et hoc g5us omne1 ea* ( :om c\ld tell m ?an "o attractive tale4 ,9 analys+ ! ,fak] "o mu/ dissociate him f ! common =g]2 8 semi-arti/ic vocation places him q ap>t f ! ord9>y c\nt]feit]2 he mu/ be /udi$ amid 8 prop] surr\nd+s1 & ) ! correct local col\r+1 s to speak1 & 8 critic may p]*ance f9d "s slight modicum ( excuse = him4 ,beside him /& ! ,imitator1 f :om ! fak] (t5 orig9ates1 ! tempt] :o turns ! clev] imitator into a fak]1 & ! middleman :o lures on ! unw>y collector ) plausible tales4 ,x is n ! object ( ?is volume to /udy ! ,fak] by himself1 b to trace 8 c>e] ?r\gh ! ages 9 8 appropriate surr\nd+s1 & comp>e ! me?ods adopt$ by him at v>i\s p]iods ( hi/ory1 s f> z !y may be obta9$4 ,e?ically1 !re is a /rict l9e drawn betwe5 ! imitator & ! =g]1 b 9 practice ?is l9e is by no means rigid4 ,_m imitators place _! goods be=e ! public z imitations2 o!rs tacitly p]mit _! "w to be sold z g5u9ely antique1 influ5c$ no d\bt by ! fact t ?\gh possibly ! imitation & ! orig9al may possess equal m]it1 ! "o is h&icapp$ by mod]nity1 ! o!r is hall[$ by age4 ,! inexp]i5c$ & unw>y collector is 9 mo/ cases ! innoc5t orig9ator ( fraud2 if !re 7 no buy] !re w\ld be no sell]4 ,too (t5 fa%ion leads folly1 & s fictiti\s values are creat$1 & z dem& increases s1 too1 d ! s\rces ( supply1 b unhappily !y are frequ5tly n legitimate4 ,,ricc>do ,,nobili4 ,,ville ,,m>ie1 ,,via ,,dante ,,da ,,ca/iglione #c1 ,,flor5ce4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,fak+ ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans ,,z ,,art ,,collectors #ag ,,ii4 ,,collectomania ,,9 ,,rome #bd ,,iii4 ,,rapaci\s ,,roman ,,collectors #cf ,,iv4 ,,rome ,,z ,,an ,,art ,,emporium #dd ,v4 ,,increase ,,( ,,fak+ ,,9 ,,rome #eg ,,vi4 ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,consequ5t ,,*anges #fc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,p]iod #fh ,,viii4 ,,imitation1 ,,plagi>ism1 ,,& ,,fak+ #hc ,,ix4 ,,collectors ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #aja ,x4 ,,collect+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,engl& #ajg ,,xi4 ,,maz>9 ,,z ,a ,,collector #aad ,,xii4 ,,"s ,,notable ,,fr5* ,,collectors #abi ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,collector ,,& ,,! ,,fak] ,,xiii4 ,,collectors ,,& ,,collections #ace ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,collector',s ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,enemies #aej ,,xv4 ,,imitators ,,& ,,fak]s #afe ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,qualities ,,( ,,imitators #aha ,,xvii4 ,,fak]s1 ,,=g]s ,,& ,,! ,,law #aid ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,fak$ ,,atmosph]e ,,& ,,public ,,sales #bjg ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,fak$ ,,article ,,xix4 ,,! ,,make-,,up ,,( ,,fak$ ,,antiques #bbe ,,xx4 ,,fak$ ,,sculpture1 ,,bas-,,reliefs ,,& ,,bronzes #bcd ,,xxi4 ,,fak$ ,,pott]y #bdf ,,xxii4 ,,metal ,,fakes #bfc ,,xxiii4 ,,wood ,,"w ,,& ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts #bgi ,,xxiv4 ,,velvets1 ,,tape/ries ,,& ,,books #bhg ,,xxv4 ,,summ+ ,,up #cja ,,index #caa ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,suppos$ ,portrait ( ! ,poet ,ba/ian9i ,b5ivi5i ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,m>cus ,aurelius #dh ,diom$es ) ! ,palladium #gb ,imitations ( ! ,antique #hh ,m>syas #if ,! ,sp9>io #abj ,a ,*ild4 ,by ,f]rante ,lamp9i #acf ,san ,giovanni #acf ,a?lete #add ,! ,battesimo #aeb ,bac*us #aeb ,! ,resurrection #ahd ,piet #ahd ,a ,portrait #aib ,a ,*ild4 ,by ,donatello #bjj ,an ,imitation ( ,roman ,"w #bdj ,an ,imitation ( ,sixte5?-c5tury ,"w #bdj ,a ,mantelpiece #bff ,a ,lamp #bff ,plaquettes by ,v>i\s ,arti/s #bgb ,europa on ! ,bull #bhh ,,! ,,g5tle ,,art ,,( ,,fak+ ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,fak+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans ,,z ,,art ,,collectors ,:y ! ,greeks by n be+ collectors 9 ! mod]n s5se 7 sp>$ fak+ 9 art--,h[ ! ,romans became int]e/$ 9 art --,g5esis ( _! art collections--,! fir/ collectors & _! me?ods--,not$ citiz5's indictm5t aga9/ art plund]+ ( ,roman conqu]ors--,attitude ( not$ writ]s t[>ds art1 & art collect+4 ,! collector1 ! *ief patron ( fak]y1 be+ some:at ( a selfi% lov] ( art1 x is q natural t ! ,greeks1 :o saw 9 art a gr& means ( public education & enjoym5t1 _c be call$ art collectors 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 h>dly room = %am art 9 a c\ntry :]e art z ! direct emanation ( public _s 0 rigor\sly ma9ta9$ = ! sake ( ! p4 ,x 0 ! temples t became art emporiums--museums t ev]yone 0 all[$ to enjoy--or free in/itutions1 l ! p9aco!ca ( ! ,acropolis1 ! collection ( c>v$ /one at ! ,p>!non1 ! gymnasium ( ! ,areopagus1 conta9+ a collection ( bu/s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ philosoph]s4 ,) ?is public _s 9 ! enjoym5t ( art ,delphi ga!r$ a fam\s picture gall]y 9 ! oracul> temple &1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 possess$ no few] ?an ?ree ?\s& /atues1 "o ( !m be+ ! fam\s gold5 ,apollo4 ,f ?is temple ,n]o c>ri$ (f five hundr$ bronze /atues1 & lat] on ,con/ant9e remov$ _m ( ! rema9+ works ( art to ,con/ant9ople4 ,an id5tical _s ( public enjoym5t ( art _h turn$ ! temples ( ,juno 9 ,olympia1 ( ,m9]va 9 ,plata & ,syracuse into v]itable museums ( art &--curiosities also4 ,! temple ( ,m9]va at ,lyndon 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 = in/ance1 conta9$ a cup ( electrum 7amb]7 (f]$ by ,hel5 ( ,troy1 :i* 0 said to h a cavity cut to ! exact %ape ( ! bosom ( ! beautiful wife ( ,p>is 7,pl9y1 ,,xxxiii1 #bc74 ,t ! ,greeks at _! highe/ hi/orical level did n indulge 9 ! private & arti/ic delights ( ! collector may also be ga!r$ f ! poor con/ruction ( _! usual dwell+-h\ses4 ,x is well kn[n t ?ieves1 m especially 9 ,a!ns1 7 call$ 8wall break]s10 & obta9$ ?is odd nickname f _! peculi> me?od ( ent]+ h\ses1 namely1 by mak+ a hole ?r\gh ! wall r ?an tr\bl+ to unlock ! door4 ,su* flimsy dwell+s c h>dly h %elt]$ ! treasures ( an art collection4 ,?us simplicity ( cu/oms & a cle>ly def9$ mann] ( enjoy+ art1 sav$ ! ,greeks to a great ext5t f a regul> trade 9 antiques ) all its /range & deplorable etcet]as4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we h no in=mation z to any?+ t might be call$ a private art collection 9 ,a!ns1 ?\gh q consi/5tly1 consid]+ _! extreme passion = k1 ! ,greeks _h f9e private libr>ies1 su* z ^? ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us4 ,b ev5 ^!1 ?\gh conta9+ ! r>e/ & mo/ preci\s works1 7 true libr>ies1 n collections ( elaborate volumes4 ,! mania = f9e b9d+s ( co/ly mat]ials 0 lat] on ! caprice ( ! le>n$ ,roman1 n ( ! ,greek4 ,! home ( ! 8collector10 & consequ5tly ( 8 fai?ful companion1 ! fak]1 0 ,rome4 ,! ,roman 0 n a born lov] ( art4 ,9 fact dur+ ! e>ly & primitive p]iod ( its exi/5ce ,rome _h n only be5 some:at negative z reg>ds art1 b 0 ev5 r av]se f its enjoym5t4 ,x took c5turies = ! ,roman to ov]come ! belief t matt]s ( art 7 trifl+ amusem5ts t might be left z toys to _! conqu]$ p4 ,?us = a long "t ,romans saw 9 ! enjoym5t ( art ! *ief s\rce ( ! weak5+ & deg5]ation ( ! enemies !y _h subjugat$4 ,spr++ f a prog5y ( soldi]s & agriculturi/s1 born to conqu] ! _w1 ! ,roman citiz5 assum$ z an aphorism ! ,virgilian say+ t 8 sole duty 0 to subjugate enemies1 by grant+ !m p>don or humiliat+ _! pride4 ,?us ! e>ly ,romans n only %[ great ignorance z to m>vels ( art1 b ev5 contempt = !m4 ,:5 art treasures 7 br\ght to ,rome z booty = ! fir/ "t by ,m>cellus f conqu]$ ,sicily ! ,s5ate c5sur$ su* an innovation4 ,fabius ,maximus1 call$ ! 8%ield ( ,rome10 rose among o!rs 9 prote/1 say+ t aft] ! siege ( ,t>5tum1 he1 unlike ,m>cellus1 _h br\ght home only gold & valuable plund]4 ,z = /atues1 m especially images1 he _h pref]r$ to leave to ! conqu]$ p 8_! enrag$ gods40 ,9 fact ! only /atue ,fabius took away f ,t>5tum 0 ! ,h]cules ( ,lysippus1 a bronze colossus :i* mu/ h appeal$ to him ei!r = its h]oic size or ! l>ge quantity ( mat]ial4 ,a type ( ! e>ly ignorant ,roman art collector is giv5 by ,lucius ,mummius1 ! g5]al :o de/roy$ ,cor9?1 & ( :om ,velleius ,pat]culus tells 7,i1 #ac7 t 9 s5d+ to ,rome :at might be /yl$ ! arti/ic booty ( ! de/roy$ city he consign$ ! /atues & pa9t+s to ^? 9 *>ge ( ! transport ) ! w>n+ t %\ld ! goods be lo/ !y w\ld be held responsible & w\ld h to reproduce !m all at _! own exp5se4 ,ev5 :5 ) ! progress ( "t art 0 f9ally appreciat$ 9 ,rome1 ! old contempt = x 0 transf]r$ 9 a way f ! product to ! mak]4 ,?us ) ! feel+ t seems to *>act]ize ! p>v5u 9 art1 & ) inexplicable inconsi/5cy1 ! ,roman lov] ( art p]si/$ 9 see+ 9 ! arti/ ei!r a slave or a good-=-no?+1 & nev] = a mom5t reg>d$ ! arti/ z wor? ! consid]ation he grant$ to art4 ,not)/&+ 8 belief ( be+ a lov] ( art & an intellig5t connoisseur1 ,cic]o calls /atues & pa9t+s toys to amuse *ildr5 7oblectam5ta pu]orum74 ,9 8 f\r? oration1 ,9 ,v]rem1 he c&idly confesses t he fails to und]/& ! importance atta*$ by ,greeks to ^? arts :i* ! ,romans mo/ rightly despise4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 :o liv$ at ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 t is to say :5 ,rome _h fully complet$ its education 9 art1 calls ! pr(ession ( ! pa9t] a vile occupation 7sordidum /udium71 & wond]s h[ ,fabius1 a ,roman & patrician1 c br+ himself to sign 8 pa9t+ ) full "n & qualification1 8,fabius ,pictor0 7,,viii1 #ad1 #f74 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s 7,no4 #hh7 ,s5eca1 ! contempor>y ( ,n]o1 /ates t sculpture & pa9t+ are unwor?y to be classifi$ z lib]al arts4 ,petronius1 ! magi/] elegantiorum ( ,rome1 two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! de/ruction ( ,cor9?1 t is to say :5 ,rome _h rea*$ its maturity 9 ! und]/&+ ( art1 calls ,apelles1 ,phidias & o!r fam\s arti/s ( ,greece1 crack-bra9$ 7grculi delirantes74 ,) su* an innately negative s5se ( art & /rong racial prejudice1 x is n surpris+ t :5 br\ght to an appreciation ( art by circum/ances1 ! ,romans1 ?\gh will+ & fully prep>$ to pay extravagant prices = works ( art1 %\ld /ill reta9 _! old contempt = arti/s1 ^? grculi delirantes :o _h come to beautify ! ,capital z slaves or tempt$ by ga94 ,z a result ( ?is peculi> feel+ & 9 full contra/ ) ! ,greek s5tim5t :i* has h&$ d[n to po/]ity a great deal ab\t ! arti/s :o liv$ 9 ,a!ns & ! hon\rs !y receiv$1 ,rome has pres]v$ = u h>dly a "n ( pa9t]1 sculptor or ar*itect4 ,& !y mu/ h be5 legion if we consid] ! magnitude ( ! "w accompli%$4 ,vitruvius 7,,vii1 #ae7 in=ms u t ,damophilus1 ,gorgas1 ,agesilas1 ,pasiteles & o!r arti/s 7 call$ to ,rome by ,julius ,cs>1 & t s _m ,greek arti/s 7 9 ,rome t :5 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,olympicus 0 to be f9i%$ 9 ,a!ns ! citiz5s 7 oblig$ to s5d to ,rome1 z none ( _! ar*itects 7 to be f\nd 9 ,greece4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace h[ ! ,romans gradually became collectors ( art1 & h[ !re gradually develop$ 9 ,rome a :ole _w ( lov]s ( art ) all its true & fictiti\s en?usiasms1 furni%+ a gr\p ( v>i$ types ( collectors n altoge!r dissimil> f ^? ( our mod]n society ( lov]s ( art4 ,z we h said1 conque/ & booty furni%$ ! fir/ articles ( virtu4 ,at fir/ /atues & objects ( art ( all k9ds 7 br\ght to ,rome )\t discrim9ation1 !n education gradually progress$1 ta/e develop$ & plund] became m enlight5$4 ,fulvius ,nobilior1 to quote "o ( ! _m conqu]ors :o br\ght arti/ic w> booty to ,rome1 enri*$ x ) #bhe bronze /atues1 #bcj m>ble ones1 & #aab p\nds ( gold ornam5ts4 ,foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans at fir/ pres5t$ /atues & pa9t+s to v>i\s temples z ornam5ts4 ,lat] on1 ) m discrim9ation & less gre$1 ,roman (ficials proce$$ to a sy/ematic spoliation ( ,greece & ! ,ori5t ( _! treasures ( art4 ,/atues & pa9t+s foll[$ 9 ! triumphs ( ,roman g5]als z did slaves & prison]s ( w>4 ,occasionally return+ (ficials br\ght home ) !m pillag$ arti/ic mem5toes ( ! place !y _h be5 rul+ 9 ! "n ( mighty ,rome4 ,?us ,fulvius1 consul 9 ,ambracia1 br\ght home ! f9e/ /atues ( t c\ntry4 ,"o ( ^! mem5toes 0 excavat$ 9 ! ye> #ahfg2 x bore ! naive & c&id confession ( ! consul3-- ,m>cus ,fulvius ,m>ci ,filius ,s]vii ,nepos ,nobilior ,consul ,ambracia ,cepit ,hav+ c>ri$ (f ! /atues ( ! ,n9e ,muses 9 8 conque/ ( ,ambracia1 ?is same ,fulvius ,nobilior plac$ !m 9 ! temple ( ,h]cules4 ,at ?is "t ,roman conqu]ors _h progress$1 & !y already travell$ ) exp]ts & advis]s4 ,fulvius ,nobilior 0 accompani$ by ! poet ,ennius 7,/rabo1 ,b4 ,x1 #e71 ^: sugge/ion x may h be5 to place ,h]cules 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,n9e ,muses play+ ! lyre l an ,apollo1 a metamorphosis ( ! god %[+ t ! ,roman _h f9ally h>moniz$ 8,/r5g?10 8 *ief & mo/ *]i%$ quality1 ) ! g5tl] feel+s ( an und]/&+ ( art4 ,?is 8,h]cules ,musagetes0 seems to symbolize a fir/ conque/ ( art ov] ! rude1 /urdy ,roman "*4 ,dep>t+ f ! e/abli%$ rule ( pres5t+ _! arti/ic plund] to ! temples aft] x _h foll[$ 9 _! triumphs to enhance ! importance ( _! conque/1 9 "t ! g5]als began to keep "p ( ! spoil !mselves4 ,9 ?is way 7 ! fir/ private collections 9 ,rome =m$4 ,! real arti/ic education ( ! ,romans dates f ?is "t4 ,! passion & ambition to enri* & embelli% private h\ses help$ to tea* :at 0 wor? consid]ation4 ,sulla1 :o plund]$ ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 is said to h acquir$ a sure eye = valuable objets de virtu2 ,v]res1 :o ) an excell5t eye _h robb$ & collect$ all t came )9 8 rea*1 0 p]haps ,rome's be/ connoisseur ( art4 ,he & ,sulla 7 practically ! fir/ to organize t enlight5$ mann] ( plund]+ subjugat$ c\ntries t f9ally made ,rome ! fir/ emporium ( art 9 ! _w4 ,naturally1 ^! e>ly ,roman collectors r>ely b\ght _! articles ( virtu4 ,:5 !y c\ld n obta9 by pillage !y _h ready to h& a spe$y & co]cive means ( gratify+ _! arti/ic crav+4 ,sulla plac$ on ! proscription li/ ! names ( all possessors ( arti/ic objects :o 7 s unwise z to refuse to give !m up to him4 ,m>k ,antony did ! same to ,v]res4 ,! latt] paid ) 8 life 8 refusal to (f] ! despotic ,triumvir "s fam\s vases ( ,cor9?ian bronze :i* he sorely long$ to h 9 8 collection4 ,x 01 we repeat1 9 ,sulla's "t t ! passion = collect+ arose among ! ,romans1 n only guid$ by an arti/ic s5se ( discrim9ation1 b ) all ! peculi> *>act]i/ics t seem to att5d ! developm5t ( ?is passion4 ,sulla's collection--to :i* ! spoils ( ! temple ( ,apollo 9 ,delphi & ( ! temples ( ,jupit] 9 ,elis & sculapius 9 ,epidaurus1 consid]$ ! ri*e/ emporium ( art 9 ,greece1 _h contribut$--mu/ h be5 magnific5t & )\t an equal--except1 p]haps1 t ( ,v]res1 ,sulla's pupil1 :o surpass$ 8 ma/] 9 ! art ( plund]+1 & sack$ ,sicily ( all ! isl& possess$ ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,collectomania ,,9 ,,rome ,collectomania develops--,rampant p>v5uism 9 ,rome--,extravagant prices paid = art & curio--,fak+ arrives--,good & fooli% collectors z se5 by writ]s & satiri/s ( ! "t --,art deal+--,! sept1 %ops & auction rooms4 ,su* 0 ! e>lie/ type ( ! real collector ( art 9 ,rome1 a fir/ phase 9 a city :]e ! passion = art 01 g5]ally speak+1 r>ely g5u9e4 ,?is phase l$ fir/ to ! acquisition ( :at might be /yl$ some?+ betwe5 ambition & love ( display4 ,!n ! trade 9 objects ( art ev5tually appe>$1 & z a logical consequ5ce1 imitation & fraudul5t art f9ally _h _! scope4 ,fictiti\s ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 (t5 sign$1 z 9 mod]n times1 ) ! =g$ names ( not$ arti/s1 7 already on ! m>ket be=e ,cic]o's "t4 8,odi falsas inscriptiones /atu>um ali5>um0 7,i hate ! =g$ inscriptions on /atues n "o's own71 rem>ks ,cic]o1 :o al?\gh some:at ( a collector himself nev] miss$ a *ance to ridicule ! pret5ti\s amateur lo/ 9 hy/]ical ec/asy be=e imitations suppos$ to be orig9al works1 or ( fann+ ! art lov]'s pseudo-en?usiasm = ! "w ( ,polycletus1 :i* 0 extremely fa%ionable at "o "t among art collectors4 ,?us =g]y receiv$ a great impulse :5 art rea*$ its climax 9 ,rome & multipli$ ! numb] ( collectors1 dragg+ aft] x 9 its triumphal m>* weal? & all ! fickle =ces ( weal?4 ,ta/e 9 art1 !n1 became app>5tly m exclusive1 or r1 accord+ to ,qu9tilian1 m un/able 9 its /&>ds4 8,n[adays10 says ! ,lat9 rhetorician & critic1 8!y pref] ! *ildi% mono*rome works ( ,polycletus & ,aglphon to ! m expressive & m rec5t arti/s40 ,yet1 v likely n und]/&+ ?is n unusual love = ! ar*aic & ! odd1 s common 9 collectors ( all ages1 ,qu9tilian _c expla9 ! pref]5ce = "w he consid]s gross1 except by fa%ion or :at we %\ld call to-day a snobbi% s5tim5t4 ,criticiz+ ! art 9 vogue1 he adds1 9 fact3 8,i %\ld call ?is art *ildi% comp>$ to t ( mo/ illu/ri\s arti/s :o came aft]w>ds1 b 9 my judgm5t x is1 ( c\rse1 only pret5sion0 7,,xii1 #aj74 ,x is evid5t t ) ! ,romans z ) u--! times are n entirely dissimil>2 inde$ b = art critics1 ! new mod]n fad1 !y might be call$ id5tical--prices paid = works ( art1 or simple curiosities1 became freaki% & fabul\s1 go+ up or d[n 9 a s+le p]iod accord+ to fickle fa%ion4 ,! mom5t>y passion = murrh9es1 = in/ance1 tempt$ a collector to pay = "o ( ^! cups ( fluor-sp> a sum approximat+ to #ad1bjj4 ,ano!r mania succe$$1 t ( tables made ( citrus1 a species ( r>e wood1 possibly ,?uja1 gr[n on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,ca!gus inve/$ 9 "o ( ^! fa%ionable tables a sum equival5t to twelve ?\s& p\nds4 ,!n at ano!r "t wr\ght silv] becomes ! rage1 & prices = ?is article soon rea*$ absurd figures4 ,:5 ,*rysogon1 ,sulla's weal?y fre$man1 0 bidd+ at an auction = a silv] autepsa 7a plate w>m]71 p /&+ outside ! auction room imag9$ he 0 buy+ a f>m f ! high sum he (f]$4 ,z might be expect$1 high prices tempt$ bra9less p>v5us4 ,!re 7 _m 9 ,rome l t ,demasippus ( :om ,horace said1 8,insanit vet]es /atuas ,demasippus em5do0 7,sat41 #c71 ! type ( a snobbi% vision>y & %am art-seek] :o b\ght r\ghly c>v$ /atues1 supply+ _! defects ) 8 fancy1 & :o1 9 speak+ ( 8 hi/orical pieces1 /at$ t to be admitt$ into 8 v *oice/ collection a bas9 mu/ at lea/ h s]v$ ,sisyphus1 son ( olus1 z a foot-ba?6 ,next to ?is fooli% type ( collector ( art ,rome possess$ a great _m o!r *>act]s1 :o1 l ^? ( to-day1 might be classifi$ z odd specim5s ( art lov]s4 8,isn't ,euctus a bore ) 8 hi/orical silv]80 asks ,m>tial1 add+ t he w\ld r eat (f ! common e>!nw>e ( ,saguntus ?an he> all ! gabble conc]n+ ,euctus' table-silv]4 8,?9k ( x6 ,8 cups belong$ to ,laom$on1 k+ ( ,troy4 ,&1 m9d1 to obta9 ^! r>ities ,apollo play$ ^u 8 lyre & de/roy$ ! wall ( ! city by induc+ ! /ones to foll[ him by 8 music40 ,b conc]n+ ?is odd type ( collector ,m>tial m]its quotation4 8,n[1 :at d y ?9k ( ?is vase80 asks ,euctus ( 8 table companions4 8,well1 x belong$ to old ,ne/or himself4 ,d y see t "p all worn away1 !re :]e ! dove is8 ,x 0 r$uc$ to t /ate by ! h& ( ! k+ ( ,pylos40 ,!n %[+ "o ( ^? mix+ b[ls t ,lat9s call$ crat]1 8,?is 0 ! cause ( ! battle betwe5 ! f]oci\s ,rheucus & ! ,lapi?40 ,naturally e cup has its p>ticul> hi/ory4 8,?is is ! v cup us$ by ! sons ( ,eacus :5 (f]+ mo/ g5]\s w9e to _! fri5d--,t is ! cup f :i* ,dido drank to ! heal? ( ,by?ias :5 %e (f]$ him t supp] 9 ,phrygia40 ,f9ally1 :5 he has bor$ 8 gue/s to dea?1 ,euctus (f]s !m1 9 ! cup f :i* ,pyramus us$ to dr9k1 8w9e z "y z ,a/yanax40 ,trimal*o is s well kn[n t we are disp5s$ f a detail$ illu/ration4 ,petronius mu/ h drawn f life ?is capital "* ( 8 ,satyricon4 ,l ,euctus1 ,trimal*o extols ! hi/orical m]its ( 8 articles ( virtu2 he has ! same mania = invit+ p to 8 table & =c+ !m to admire 8 r>ities4 ,he talks v mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! type quot$ by ,m>tial4 ,?us he in=ms 8 gue/s t 8 ,cor9?ian vases are ! be/ & mo/ g5u9e 9 exi/5ce1 because !y 7 made at 8 ord] by a workman nam$ ,cor9?4 ,z a side explanation ( ?is rem>k1 fe>+ t ! gue/ might suppose he did n "k ! hi/orical orig9 ( ! metal1 he adds3 8,yes1 yes1 ,i "k all ab\t x4 ,don't take me = an ignoramus4 ,i "k ! orig9 ( ?is metal p]fectly well4 ,x 0 at ! capture ( ,troy1 :5 ,hannibal1 a %rewd brig& by ! way1 ?rew on to a burn+ pyre all ! /atues ( gold & silv] & bronze4 ,! mixture ( ! metals produc$ ! alloy f :i* goldsmi?s h made plates1 vases & figures4 ,f ?is1 ( c\rse1 comes ! "n ( ,cor9? to designate ?is mix-up ( ?ree metals1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is no m any ( ! ?ree60 ,trimal*o also possesses a cup ) a bas-relief repres5t+ ,cass&ra cutt+ h] *ildr5's ?roats4 ,n cont5t ) ?is gorge\s hi/orical blund]1 & =gett+ t he is talk+ ( ! bas-relief ( a cup1 ,trimal*o adds z an arti/ic comm5t t ! bodies ( ,cass&ra's *ildr5 are s life-l t "o might suspect !y _h be5 ca/ f nature4 ,cont9u+ our comp>ison ) ,euctus we may add t ,trimal*o also possesses a r>e pit*] ) a bas-relief repres5t+ ,ddalus putt+ ,niobe inside ! wood5 horse ( ,troy6 ,:5 he has f9i%$ maim+ hi/ory1 & ! gue/s h pati5tly li/5$ to 8 fanta/ic tales1 l a true p>v5u1 ,trimal*o nev] fails to add1 8,m9d1 x is all massive preci\s metal1 x is all my v own z y see1 & n to be sold at any price40 ,except = ! word+1 a trifl+ diff]5ce--! ^w 8exp5sive0 w\ld play a conspicu\s "p ) ! ,trimal*o ( to-day1 decorat$1 be x und]/ood1 ) 8preci\s10 8r>e10 8unique0 & all ! re/ ( ! ar*-sup]latives ( mod]n idioms--su* collectors h n be5 lo/ to our day4 ,b !re are o!r types wor? quot+4 ,!y w c]ta9ly help u to und]/& ! "p play$ by art imitations & =g]y among ! ,romans1 & h[ ! exi/5ce ( fraud 0 9 "s way ju/ifi$1 t 9 ! end ! "o *iefly responsible = ! exi/5ce ( fak+ 0 ! collector himself4 ,?is und]/&+ w be greatly aid$ by a glimpse at ! sept1 antiquity or simple bric--brac %ops1 t 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 /reets ( anci5t ,rome l !y are n[adays4 ,l to-day1 too1 sales ( art 7 effect$ by auctions or by private deal+1 ! latt] 9 %ops or ?r\gh ! usual g-betwe51 ! s-call$ c\rti] ( our "t4 ,public auctions 7 ann\nc$ by plac>ds or a simple writ+ on ! walls4 ,an idea ( :at ^! ann\ncem5ts 7 l is giv5 by ! foll[+ "o f ,plautus' ,m5*me3 8,)9 sev5 days1 9 ! morn+1 sale ( ,m5*me4 ,!re w be sold slaves1 furniture1 h\ses1 f>ms4 ,e article b\ght mu/ be paid = at ! "t ( buy+40 ,z 9 our days1 an exhibition ( ! goods prec$$ ! auction4 ,^! %[s 7 held 9 appropriate rooms adorn$ ) porticos1 call$ atria auction>ia4 ,9 speak+ ( su* exhibitions & comm5t+ ^u "s special "o1 ,cic]o rem>ks1 ,auctionis v]o mis]abilis adspectus 7,phil41 ,,ii1 #bi74 ,curi\sly en\gh ! auction sales ( ! ,urbs 7 provid$ ) an employ ^: function seems to h surviv$ 9 ! public sales ( ,p>is4 ,! ,lat9 prco is some?+ l ! ,fr5* crieur ^: (fice x is at public auctions to extol & praise ! objects (f]$ = sale4 ,x mu/ be said t ! prco1 h[ev]1 0 n only a simple crieur b at times a sort ( director ( ! sale1 ?us comb9+ ! functions ( commissaire priseur1 exp]t & crieur1 b x 0 c]ta9ly 9 ! latt] function t 8 ability be/ contribut$ to ! success ( ! sale4 ,"s ( ^! employs mu/ h enri*$ !mselves l regul> commissaires priseurs4 ,horace 7,i4 ,ep41 #g7 describes "o ( ^! crieurs z indulg+ 9 luxury1 mak+ money easily & scatt]+ x l wat]1 all[+ himself e k9d ( pleasure & yield+ trem5d\sly to fa%ion4 ,a curi\s description1 sugge/+ t ?is ,vulteius ,m5as ( ,horace mu/ h _h ! lucky c>e] ( "s ( ! ,p>isian auction employs & _c h be5 indiff]5t to t =m ( gay self-indulg5ce t ,p>isians call3 ,faire la bombe4 ,speak+ ( auctions & ! way ,romans dispos$ ( _! goods to ! highe/ bidd]1 x is wor? :ile to ref] to :at ,suetonius tells u happ5$ at ! sale held by ,caligula1 :o be+ %ort ( money ?\ght fit "o day to put up to auction ev]y?+ 9 ! royal palace t 0 ei!r useless or consid]$ out ( fa%ion1 quidquid in/rum5ti vet]is aul erat4 ,accord+ to ,suetonius n only 0 ! ,emp]or himself pres5t at ! auction1 b he put prices on ! v>i\s objects1 bidd+ on !m z well4 ,an old prtor1 ,aponius ,saturn9us1 became sleepy dur+ ! sale1 & 9 doz+ kept on nodd+ 8 head4 ,caligula notic$ x1 & told ! auctione] n to lose sight ( t buy] & to put up ! price ea* "t ,saturn9us nodd$4 ,:5 ! old man f9ally awoke he realiz$ t )\t kn[+ x he _h b\ght at ! ,imp]ial auction ab\t #hj1jjj wor? ( goods 7,cal41 #ci74 ,pl9y relates an amus+ /ory1 :i* %[s t !n1 z n[1 ! auctione] 0 all[$ to gr\p objects4 8,at a sale10 he says1 8,!onius1 ! crieur1 made a s+le lot ( a f9e bronze c&elabra1 & a slave nam$ ,clesippus1 humpback$ & extremely ugly4 ,! c\rtesan ,gegania b\ght ! lot = #ej1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #djj74 ,! same night at supp] %e %[$ h] acquisitions1 exhibit+ ! nak$ slave to ! gibes ( ! gue/s4 ,!n yield+ to a freaki% passion1 made ( him h] lov] & heir4 ,clesippus ?us became extremely weal?y & wor%ipp$ ! c&elabra ) a devotion z ?\gh x 7 8 god0 7,,xxxiv1 #f74 ,z /at$ above1 o!r sales g5]ally took place 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,rome :]e antiqu>ies & bric--brac deal]s _h assembl$ _! %ops4 ,a great _m ( ^! m]*ants _h ga!r$ 9 ! ,via ,sacra or ! ,septa ( ! ,villa ,publica1 or ,septa ,julia4 ,^? p>ts ( ,roman /reets call$ ,sept1 :]e antiqu>ies & bric--brac deal]s _h _! d5s1 7 ! amateur's fool's p>adise & trap1 & v likely !y 7 z invit+ & picturesque z simil> places 9 mod]n ,european t[ns to-day4 ,^! %ops & %[s1 x is said1 (f]$ real r>ities at times1 su* z bronzes ( g9a by ,myron1 ,delos bronzes by ,polycletus1 g5u9e r>ities 9 ,cor9?ian bronze1 m>vels 9 *isell+ sign$ by ,boe?us or ,mys4 ,! sept n only exhibit$ arti/ic pieces b also %am r>ities t _h won public appreciation 9 a mom5t ( fa%ion4 ,among ^! 0 a c]ta9 k9d ( c&elabra %ap$ l a tree ) "o or m bran*es4 ,conc]n+ ^! c&elabras :i* 7 almo/ made to supplant ! m arti/ic ones by a fad1 ,pl9y rem>ks1 8,arborum mala f]5tium modo luc5tes0 7l trees be>+ %9+ apples71 & /ates ) cau/ic hum\r t al?\gh _! "n bore a common etymology ) ! ^w c&ela 7c&le71 a *eap means ( light+1 !y 7 sold at prices equival5t to ! ye>ly appo9tm5t ( a milit>y tribune 7,pl941 ,,xxxiv1 #h74 ,speak+ ( c&elabras1 x may be /at$ t ! f9e/ ev] se5 9 ,rome belong$ to ,v]res1 be+ "p ( ! va/ plund] ( ,sicily he accumulat$ :5 /ation$ !re by ,rome z proconsul4 ,?is fact prompt$ ! s>ca/ic rem>k 9 ,cic]o's indictm5t ( ! proconsul1 t ,v]res _h 9 8 tricl9ium a c&elabra ca/+ light :]e d>kness w\ld h be5 m appropriate4 ,?is ri* c&elabra mu/ h be5 ( a /atuesque /yle1 ! k9d ,lucretius describes3-- ,si non aurea sunt juv5um simulacra p] des ,lampadas ignif]as manibus ret95tia dextris 7,,ii1 #bd74 7,figures ( y\?s hold+ light$ lamps 9 _! "r h&s47 ,naturally x 0 n only a s+le speciality1 valu$ ?r\gh fa%ion or fad1 t 0 to be f\nd on ! m>ket1 x 0 a regul> emporium ( antiquities 9 art1 & ( all k9ds ( bric--brac4 ,besides murrh9es1 tables ( citrus & o!r specialities !re 7 pa9t+s ( all s*ools & sizes1 d[n to m9iatures1 an art n unkn[n to ! ,romans4 ,!re 7 also sculpture1 c]amics1 f9e pieces ( ,rhegium & ,cum1 ,maltese tape/ries1 ,ori5tal embroid]ies1 etc4 ,9 fact1 mix$ ) a good deal t 0 dubi\s1 ^! places also (f]$ f9e treasures1 z ,m>tial says3-- ,hic ubi ,roma suas aurea vexit opes4 7,"h :]e gold5 ,rome br\ght h] treasure47 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! p mov+ 9 ?is milieu 7 n dissimil> f ^? :o indulge 9 articles ( virtu 9 our enlight5$ times1 or :o are some:at ( a victim to ! collector passion4 ,su* a milieu1 n to be f\nd 9 ,a!ns :]e ! passion = art 0 g5u9e & ess5tial1 0 q consi/5t 9 ,rome :]e improvis$ ,crsuses & ri* p>v5us ab\nd$2 p>v5us :o1 l _m ( ! collectors ( our times1 took to buy+ objects ( art z a fad or hobby4 ,?is type ( collector is easily recogniz$ & 9 its grotesqu5ess is n ess5tially diff]5t f "s ( our mod]n society4 ,x is true t ,rome also produc$ _m g5u9e lov]s ( art1 _m fir/-rate connoisseurs & collectors su* z ,agrippa1 magnific5t collectors ( ! calibre ( ,cs>1 ke51 intellig5t1 lov]s ( art1 z gre$y z unscrupul\s1 su* z ,sulla1 ,v]res & ,m>k ,antony1 b z 9 ,am]ica to-day1 ! magnitude ( quickly-made =tunes1 ! impetus ( a passion sudd5ly ar\s$ )\t any previ\s prep>ation1 produc$ only a few types ( ! true collector4 ,z 9 ,am]ica n[1 = "o ,qu9cy ,%aw1 h[ _m a--,trimal*o & ,euctus4 ,ne$less to say1 ! art m>ket g5]ally foll[s ! incl9ation ( ! cli5t1 x tries to meet 8 ta/e1 :ims & fads1 x may be scrupul\s or unscrupul\s accord+ to circum/ances &1 p>ticul>ly 9 art & antiques1 ^! circum/ances *iefly dep5d ^u ! great despotic rul] ( all m>kets1 ! cli5t4 ,?us 9 ! sept1 side by side ) ,firm9ius1 ,clodius & ,gratianus1 deal]s enjoy+ an undisput$ reputation 9 ! sigill>ia 7image m>ket7 & o!r qu>t]s :]e antiqu>y %ops 7 ga!r$1 !re 7 to be not$ types l ! ,milonius ( :om ,m>tial says3-- 8,r>e /uffs1 *isell$ silv]1 cloaks1 togas1 preci\s /ones1 !re is no?+ y don't sell1 ,milo1 & y\r cli5ts inv>iably c>ry _! acquisitions away ) !m6 ,aft] all y\r wife is ! be/ article 9 y\r emporium1 always b\ght & nev] tak5 away f y\r %op0 7,,vii-,,xii1 #ajb74 ,! :ole gamut ( oddities ) :i* ! collect+ mania ab\nds 7 really to be f\nd 9 ! sept4 ,!re 0 ! p>ticul> collector :o has no eyes b = "o c]ta9 ?+1 no en?usiasm b = ! objects specializ+ 8 p>ticul> hobby1 z ,horace rem>ks 9 8 8,satires0 ab\t p :o h ei!r ! passion = silv] pieces or bronzes3 ,hunc capit arg5ti spl5dor1 /upet ,albius are4 7,?is "o ! glitt] ( silv] holds1 ,albius /&s dumb be=e bronze47 ,s5eca in=ms u t 9 8 "t !re 0 an amateur ) ! hobby ( collect+ ru/y fragm5ts1 ano!r :o _h gone s crazy ov] small vases ( ,cor9?ian bronze t he sp5t 8 days h&l+ ! pieces ( 8 collection1 tak+ !m d[n f ! %elves1 putt+ !m back aga9 & cont9ually arrang+ & re>rang+ !m 7,de ,brev4 ,vit41 ,,xii74 ,m>tial tells u ( a man :o made a collection ( pieces ( amb] conta9+ fossiliz$ insects1 & ( ano!r collector :o boa/$ t he _h a fragm5t ( ! %ip ,argo among ! r>e pieces ( 8 collection4 ,!re 0 also ,cl>9us1 a debau*ee1 accord+ to ,m>tial1 :o vaunt$ himself ^u possess+ samples ( all ! goldsmi?'s art ( 8 "t4 8,b10 rem>ks ,m>tial1 8?is man's silv] _c be pure60 ,ano!r type not$ by ,m>tial makes "o realize t !re is a species ( collector t w nev] die4 ,( 8,paullus0 ,m>tial1 obs]ves3 8444 8 fri5ds1 l 8 pa9t+s & 8 antiques3 all = %[0 7,,xii1 #fi74 ,codrus1 quot$ by ,juv5al1 is ! ne$y collector4 ,he keeps 8 books 89 an old basket :]e mice all[ !mselves ! luxury ( nibbl+ ! works ( div9e ,greece40 ,he sleeps 8on a pallet %ort] ?an 8 little wife40 ,8 collection & furniture are all 9 8 b$room1 ! only room he has = liv+ & sleep+ 91 & conspicu\s are six cups1 a small cant>ium on a console ) a figure ( ,*iron ! ,c5taur bel[ x 7,,iii74 ,eros is ano!r type1 t ( ! m\rnful collector4 ,?is is ! way ,m>tial describes ?is n unusual type3-- 8,eros weeps e "t he comes across "s f9e murrh9e ( jasp] or a f9ely m>k$ table ( citrus4 ,he sighs & sighs f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 = he is n ri* en\gh to buy all ! objects ( ! septa40 ,& "h ,m>tial comm5ts1 8,h[ _m are l ,eros )\t %[+ x1 & h[ _m bant] him = 8 te>s & sighs & yet 9 _! he>ts feel l him60 7,x1 #hj74 ,mamurra1 ano!r type h&$ d[n to u by ! inexhau/ible ,m>tial1 nev] misses a day )\t visit+ ! septa4 8,sp5ds h\rs 9 gadd+ ab\t1 reviews ! r[s ( "y slaves :i* he dev\rs ) ! eye ( a critic1 n1 if y please1 ! common ones b ! *oice/ samples1 ^? t are n on %[ to e "o1 n to common p l u10 adds ,m>tial4 8,:5 he has _h en\gh ( ?is %[1 he goes to exam9e ! furniture2 !re he discov]s "s ri* tables 7orbes1 r\nd tables7 hidd5 "u "s cov]+2 !n he ord]s t "s pieces ( ivory furniture he wi%es to exam9e be tak5 d[n f ! highe/ spot2 aft]w>ds he passes on to exam9e a hexacl9on1 a c\* us$ 9 ! tricl9ium1 ) six places1 v5e]$ ) tortoise-%ell1 & measures x f\r times4 ,:at a pity x is n big en\gh to mat* 8 citrus table6 ,a m9ute lat] he goes to smell a bronze3 ,does x really smell ( ! ,cor9?ian alloy8 ,( c\rse he is ready to criticize ev5 y\r /atues1 ,o ,polycletus6 ,!n ^? two rock cry/als are n pure1 "s are a trifle nebul\s1 o!rs are m>r$ by slight imp]fections4 ,ah6 "h's a murrh9e4 ,he ord]s ab\t a doz5 to be put aside4 ,he goes to h&le "s old cups z if he w\ld weigh ! m]it ( ea* "o1 m especially t ( ,m5tor4 ,he goes to c\nt ! em]alds on a gold5 vase1 & ! enorm\s pe>ls we see dangl+ toge!r on ! e>s ( our elegant ladies4 ,aft]w>ds he goes to look ev]y:]e on e side = real s>donyx2 8 speciality is to collect l>ge & r>e pieces ( jasp]4 ,f9ally1 ab\t ! elev5? h\r ( ! day1 ,mamurra is completely exhau/$1 he mu/ g home4 ,he buys = an z 7less ?an ?ree f>?+s7 two b[ls & takes !m ) him0 7,,ix1 #ei74 ,tongilius is ! pond]\s1 important collector4 ,he goes ?r\gh ! places :]e ! antiques are sold 9 an ov]-siz$ palanqu9 & ) 8 cortge & tra9 ( foll[]s upsets ev]ybody & ev]y?+4 ,juv5al1 by :om 8 "* is h&$ d[n to u1 rem>ks r s>ca/ically3 ,spondet enim ,tyrio /lat>ia purpura filo1 ,et tam5 e/ illis hoc utile 7,sat4 ,,vii74 ,lic9ius is ! type ( ! lunatic lov] ( art4 ,he has a f9e collection1 is weal?y & c buy ! mo/ exp5sive objects ( virtu1 b he is f> f happy4 ,8 mania is ! fe> t 8 r>ities may be /ol5 or become ! prey ( fire4 ,he keeps ho>ds ( slaves wat*+ 8 preci\s curios1 night & day4 8,at night10 says ,juv5al1 8a cohort ( gu>dians sits up ) buckets ( wat] ready to h& 9 case ( em]g5cies2 ! poor man is 9 cont9ual fe> = 8 /atues1 8 amb] figures1 8 ivory & tortoise-%ell v5e]$ furniture40 ,naturally1 9 contra/ to ! fooli% type ( collector :o seems to h k9dl$ ! v]ve ( ,roman satiri/s1 ! true amateur 0 to be f\nd1 & mo/ select collections ( art 7 kn[n 9 ,rome4 ,among ^! also ! city af=d$ all ! types ( ! true collector1 ! selfi% "o :o nev] %[$ 8 collection to anyone1 & ! man :o ga!r$ objects ( art *iefly to %>e ! enjoym5t ( !m ) o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! latt] wi%$ ! public to h ! b5efit ( _! pur*ases1 & adorn$ porticoes & public places ) _! collections4 ,accord+ to ,/atius1 ,v9dex is ! real connoisseur4 8,:o c compete ) him10 rem>ks ! poet 9 8 ,silv1 lib4 ,,iv1 8:o possesses s sob] an eye8 ,he is deeply v]s$ 9 ! te*nical proc$ure ( all ! arti/s ( antiquity1 & :5 a "w be>s no signature he c decide at sight to :i* ma/] x belongs4 ,he w po9t y out a bronze t has co/ ! le>n$ ,myron _m a day's & night's "w1 ! m>ble to :i* ,praxiteles' untir+ *isel has giv5 life1 ! ivory poli%$ by ! h& ( ,phidias1 ! bronzes ( ,polycletus :i* seem to brea! life on com+ out ( ! furnace1 he c see ! arti/ic l9e1 ! true m>k ( all au!ntic ,apelles40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,rapaci\s ,,roman ,,collectors ,"s collectors' hobbies--,sulla idoliz$ /atuette--,v]res ! mo/ rapaci\s ( ,roman art collectors--,m>k ,antony & 8 spe$y me?ods--,cic]o z an art lov]--,pompey ! unselfi% art lov]--,julius ,cs>4 ,%rewd & impassive connoisseurs l ,sulla also _h _! hobbies & fancies4 ,sulla's p>ticul> fancy 0 a little /atue ( ,apollo he _h pillag$ f ! temple ( ,delphi4 ,?is /atue 0 m to him ?an all ! re/ ( ! preci\s ?+s =m+ 8 unique collection4 ,f ?is little god1 call$ by ,w9ckelmann 8,sulla's private travell+ god10 he nev] sep>at$4 ,he us$ to kiss x dev\tly & seems to h consult$ x 9 great em]g5cies4 ,at times he us$ to c>ry x 9 8 brea/1 says ,plut>*4 ,we may note by ! way t ?is ,apollo 0 n consid]$ by connoisseurs ! be/ piece ( ,sulla's collection1 ! real gem 0 8 ,h]cules1 a "w by ,lysippus4 ,! /ory ( ?is ,h]cules is told by ,m>tial & ,/atius1 :o in=m u t x measur$ a little less ?an a ,roman foot1 ab\t n9e in*es4 ,not)/&+ its mode/ dim5sions ! /atuette 0 modell$ ) su* gr&eur & maje/ic s5tim5t z to cause ,/atius to comm5t1 8p>vusque vid]i1 s5tirique +5s0 7small 9 appe>ance1 b imm5se 9 effect74 ,x repres5t$ ,h]cules 9 a smil+ly s]5e attitude1 seat$ on a rock1 hold+ a club 9 8 "r h& & 9 ! o!r a cup4 ,x 0 9 fact "o ( ^? /atuettes :i* ,romans call$ by ! ,greek ^w epitrapezios1 & :i* 7 plac$ on d9+-tables z ! g5ius loci ( ! repa/4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is gem ( ,sulla's collection is uncommon1 & its vicissitudes mo/ rem>kable4 ,! /atue 0 orig9ally a gift made by ,lysippus to ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,?is sov]eign & conqu]or 0 s atta*$ to ,lysippus' pres5t t he c>ri$ ! /atue ) him :]ev] he w5t4 ,:5 dy+ he indulg$ 9 a t\*+ adieu to ! *]i%$ /atuette4 ,aft] ,alex&]1 ! little ,h]cules fell into ! h&s ( ano!r conqu]or1 ,hannibal4 ,x is n kn[n h[ he came to be ! possessor ( ,lysippus' "w1 b x may be expla9$ by ! fact t ,hannibal1 be+ a collector ( art & some:at ( a connoisseur &1 above all1 z ,cornelius ,nepos /ates1 a great admir] ( ,greek art1 0 a ke5-ey$ hunt] aft] r>ities 9 art4 ,h[ev]1 be t z x may1 ,hannibal seems to h be5 possess$ by ! same fancy z ,alex&]1 = he c>ri$ ! little /atue ) him on all 8 p]egr9ations1 & ev5 took x to ,bi?ynia1 :]e1 z hi/ory in=ms u1 he de/roy$ himself by poison4 ,at 8 dea? ! ,h]cules pass$1 9 all probability1 into ! h&s ( ,prusias at ^: c\rt ,hannibal di$4 ,a c5tury lat] ! /atue reappe>$ 9 ,sulla's collection4 ,v likely x came into ,sulla's possession z a pres5t f ,k+ ,nicom$es1 :o ow$ gratitude to ,sulla = ! re/itution ( ! ?rone ( ,bi?ynia4 ,aft] ,sulla's dea? x is difficult to locate ?is preci\s /atue ( 8 fam\s collection4 ,presumably x pass$ f "o collector to ano!r1 & nev] left ,rome4 8,p]haps10 says ,/atius1 8x f\nd its place 9 m ?an "o ,imp]ial collection40 ,! /atue reappe>s (ficially1 h[ev]1 "u ,domitian4 ,at ?is "t x is 9 ! possession ( ! above-quot$ ,v9dex1 a ,gaul liv+ 9 ,rome1 a fri5d ( ,m>tial & ,/atius & "o ( ! be/ art connoisseurs ( 8 "t4 ,at ,v9dex's dea? ! /atuette disappe>s aga91 & no m5tion ( x has ev] be5 made s9ce by any writ]4 ,:at may ! fate h be5 ( ?is *ef-d'uvre ( ,lysippus :i* pass$ f "o collection to ano!r = m ?an f\r c5turies8 ,among gre$y lov]s ( art1 ) a connoisseur's eye z good z 8 s\l 0 unscrupul\s1 ,v]res takes ! prize4 ,he _h le>n$ ! rapaci\s trade ( art loot+ "u ,sulla4 ,lat] on1 n be+ p[]ful en\gh nor d>+ to g to ! l5g? ( ! ,dictator by plac+ reluctant amateurs on ! li/ ( proscrib$1 he /udi\sly s\ght to ga9 8 end by all =ms ( viol5ce & vexati\s me?ods4 ,:5 9 ,sicily z proconsul1 he actually despoil$ & d5ud$ e temple 9 ! isl&4 8,i defy y10 says ,cic]o 9 8 indictm5t ( ,v]res1 8to f9d n[ 9 ,sicily1 ?is ri* prov9ce1 s old1 ) opul5t families & cities1 a s+le silv] vase1 a bronze ( ,cor9? or ,delos1 "o s+le preci\s /one or pe>l1 a s+le "w 9 gold or ivory1 a s+le bronze1 m>ble or ivory /atue2 ,i defy y to f9d a s+le pa9t+1 a tape/ry1 t ,v]res has n be5 aft]1 exam9$ &1 if pleas+ to him1 pillag$40 ,z = private prop]ty1 :5 he he>d ( a citiz5 possess+ "s object t excit$ 8 cupidity1 to ,v]res all means ( extortion seem$ good1 includ+ torture & fu/igation4 ,8 passion 0 ( su* an uncontrollable nature t ev5 :5 invit$ to d9n] by 8 fri5ds he c\ld n resi/ scrap+ ) 8 knife ! f9e bas-reliefs ( ! silv] plates & hid+ !m 9 ! folds ( 8 toga4 ,yet ?is gre$y1 unscrupul\s amateur1 :om ,cic]o m]cilessly indict$ 9 8 ,9 ,v]rem1 0 su* a lov] ( ! objects ( 8 collection t he fac$ dea? r ?an give up "s f9e vases ( ,cor9?ian bronze :i* ,m>k ,antony _h dem&$ f him z a =c$ gift4 ,m>k ,antony1 :o foll[$ ,sulla's me?ods 9 =m+ "o ( ! f9e/ ( collections1 01 l 8 viol5t pr$ecessors1 a type ( collector :i* f9ds no c\nt]p>t 9 our times4 ,8 f9e libr>y _h co/ _m victims1 8 ta/e be+ r eclectic1 !re seems to h be5 no security 9 ,rome = any k9d ( amateur :o happ5$ to possess r>e & int]e/+ curios4 ,nonius 0 proscrib$ because he refus$ to "p ) a r>e opal1 a preci\s /one ( ! size ( a hazelnut4 8,:at an ob/9ate man1 t ,nonius10 rem>ks ,pl9y 7,,xxxvii1 #ba7 mo/ c&idly1 8to be s atta*$ to an object = :i* he 0 proscrib$6 ,animals are c]ta9ly wis] :5 !y ab&on to ! hunt] t "p ( _! body = :i* !y are be+ *as$40 ,m>k ,antony 0 n s good a connoisseur z ,v]res1 b hav+ no less a passion = collect+ art & be+ no less unscrupul\s & m 9 a position to use viol5ce )\t ! risk ( be+ accus$ be=e ! ,roman citiz5s1 z happ5$ to ,v]res 9 ! end1 !re 0 no limit to 8 s*emes4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,ph>salia he manag$ to seize all ,pompey's arti/ic prop]ty1 z well z 8 furniture & g>d5s1 & aft] ,cs>'s murd] ,antony1 to :om we owe "o ( ! f9e/ orations ev] conceiv$1 ! "o he deliv]$ be=e ! dead body ( 8 fri5d1 lo/ no "t 9 plund]+ ,cs>'s prop]ty & transport+ to 8 g>d5s all ! objects ( art ,cs> _h left to ! p ( ,rome4 ,! in=mation comes f ,cic]o ) ^! words3 8,! /atues & pictures :i* ) 8 g>d5s ,cs> bequea!d to ! p1 he 7,antony7 c>ri$ (f p>tly to 8 g>d5 at ,pompeii1 p>tly to 8 c\ntry-h\se40 ,speak+ ( ?is collection1 x is believ$ t ! colossal ,jupit] n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum n only belong$ to ,m>k ,antony1 b 0 ! "w ( ,myron :i* ! ,triumvir _h /ol5 f ,samos4 ,%\ld ?is be s1 ! p$igree ( ?is /atue is "o ( ! few t c be actually trac$ ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,br\ght to ,rome by ,m>k ,antony1 ?is ,jupit] 0 lat] plac$ 9 ! ,capitol by ,augu/us4 ,! f9e /atue 0 !n pass$ f "o emp]or to ano!r1 to s9k into ! g5]al oblivion ( art at ! end ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x reappe>s 9 ,rome 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 !n 9 ! possession ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,antio*1 ,du*ess ( ,cam]9o4 ,! /atue 0 greatly mutilat$1 hav+ lo/ bo? legs & arms4 ,! ,du*ess pres5t$ :at rema9$ ( ?is fam\s ,jupit] to ,p]ronet de ,granvelle4 ,subsequ5tly c>d9al & m9i/] ( ,*>les ,v1 on 8 retirem5t to 8 native c\ntry1 ,p]ronet de ,granvelle took ! ,jupit] to ,besanon & plac$ x 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 ca/le4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiv took ,besanon1 ! magi/rates ( ! city (f]$ ! ,fr5* mon>* :at he might o!rwise h tak51 ! /atue ( ,jupit]4 ,transf]r$ f ,besanon to ,v]sailles1 ?is magnific5t /atue :i* by r>e *ance _h escap$ s]i\s damage dur+ ! b>b>ian ages f9ally met two au!ntic b>b>ians 9 ! arti/s *>g$ ) its re/oration4 ,to clean (f ! old pat9a f ! /atue--?9k ( x--,gir>don _h a lay] ( m>ble tak5 (f ) ! *isel1 & ,dr\illy1 n p]ceiv+ t ! god _h be5 =m]ly 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 or m probably n *oos+ to notice ! fact z n appeal+ to 8 arti/ic conception1 made ! ,jupit] a /&+ /atue by adju/+ & cutt+ ! p>ts o!rwise 9 ! way = ?is k9d ( adaptation4 ,! only "p ( ! /atue t does n seem to h suff]$ any damage is ! head4 ,ev5 ,brutus & ,cassius appe> n to h be5 indiff]5t to ! collector passion4 ,brutus1 m especially1 us$ to devote to ! collect+ ( art ! less agitat$ mom5ts ( 8 tr\bl$ life4 ,! gem ( 8 collection 0 consid]$ to be a bronze by ,/rongylion4 ,pl9y tells u t ?is /atue ( ,brutus 0 call$ 8! "y ,philippian10 ,/rongylion fecit pu]um1 quem am&o ,brutus ,philippi5sis cognom9e suo illu/ravit 7,,xxxiv1 #ai74 ,cic]o may be quot$ z a type ( ! inconsi/5t art collector4 ,a man ( dubi\s arti/ic ta/e & snobbi% t5d5cies b :o becomes a true art lov] :5 he specializes 9 t "p ( art collect+ m closely 9 keep+ ) 8 /udies4 ,?us 9 8 lett] to ,atticus he reveals 8 love ( books & old ,greek works1 & h[ fond he 0 ( good b9d+s1 etc4 ,z a collector ( art ,cic]o leaves "o d\btful z to 8 ta/e & connoisseur%ip1 qualities to :i* he seems to lay claim 9 m ?an "o ( 8 spee*es4 ,:5 he writes to 8 fri5d ,atticus1 8 good c\nsellor1 ! man *>g$ to buy art = him1 he does n express himself ei!r z a real lov] ( art or a g5u9e connoisseur4 8,buy me any?+ t is suit$ = ! decoration ( my ,tusculum10 he writes to ,atticus4 8,h]ma!na might be an excell5t ornam5t = my ,academy1 ,h]mes are plac$ n[ 9 all ,gymnasia4444 ,i h built ex$ras accord+ to ! late/ fa%ion4 ,i %\ld l to put pa9t+s !re z an ornam5t10 etc4 ,9 ,p>adoxa1 a collection ( philosophical ?\ghts call$ ,socratic 9 /yle by ,cic]o1 9 :i* he says he has call$ a spade a spade1 ,socratica longeque v]issima1 ,cic]o has ! c\rage to write ! foll[+ p>agraph 9 def5ce ( ,c>neades1 :o ma9ta9$ t a head ( a ,faun _h be5 f\nd 9 ! raw m>ble ( a qu>ry at ,*ios3-- 8,"o calls ! ?+ imag9>y1 a freak ( *ance1 j z if m>ble c\ld n conta9 ! =ms ( all k9ds ( heads1 ev5 ^? ( ,praxiteles4 ,x is a fact t ^! heads are made by tak+ away ! sup]flu\s m>ble1 & 9 modell+ !m ev5 a ,praxiteles does n add any?+ ( 8 own1 because :5 mu* m>ble has be5 tak5 away "o rea*es ! real =m1 & we see ! accompli%$ "w :i* 0 !re be=e4 ,?is is :at may h happ5$ 9 ! qu>ry ( ,*ios40 ,! gamut ( art collectors w\ld n be complete )\t quot+ a few samples ( wor?y art lov]s :o ei!r und]/ood art1 l ! ,greeks1 z a means ( public enjoym5t1 or 9 "s way %[$ g5u9e & mo/ praisewor?y qualities z true collectors ( art4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! great ,pompey really felt any pleasure 9 collect+ art pieces1 or :e!r he simply did x to +ratiate himself ) ! public4 ,b z a matt] ( fact 8 attitude t[>ds ! enjoym5t ( art 0 c]ta9ly ( a mo/ unselfi% "*4 ,?\gh he v sumptu\sly embelli%$ 8 g>d5s on ! ,janiculum1 ?is 0 no?+ comp>$ ) ! public build+s he enri*$ ) r>e /atues1 pa9t+s1 etc4 ,8 !atre 0 a magnific5t emporium ( art ( :i* we possess "s samples 9 ! colossal ,melpom5e ( ! ,l\vre ,museum & ! bronze ,h]cules excavat$ "u ,pius ,,ix1 n[ "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( ! ,vatican collection4 ,bo? ^! /atues 7 f\nd buri$ on ! spot :]e once ! monum5tal !atre ( ,pompey _h /ood4 ,b ! arti/ic glories ( ?is !atre 7 p]haps ev5 surpass$ by ! int]m9able portico ,pompey con/ruct$ & adorn$ = ! b5efit ( ! public4 ,?is spot1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,prom5ade ( ,pompeius1 became "o ( ! fa%ionable walks ( ,rome4 8,y disda910 asks ,prop]tius ( 8 lady love1 8! %ady colonnades ( ,pompey's portico1 its magnific5t tape/ries & ! f9e av5ue ( leafy plane-trees80 7,,iv1 #h74 ,& 9 ano!r place ,cyn?ia =bids h] p>am\r ?is prom5ade ) ! words3 8,i prohibit y ev] to /rut 9 y\r be/ f9]ies 9 t prom5ade40 ,pl9y 7,,xxxv1 #i71 says t ,pompey _h "s fam\s pa9t+s 9 8 gall]ies & seems to h be5 m especially /ruck by a "w by ,polygnotus1 repres5t+ 8a man on a ladd]10 & a l&scape by ,pausias4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! *>act]i/ics t seem to h attract$ ,pl9y 9 ! two works d n po9t to ! not$ writ] z a great art critic4 ,he says t ! rem>kable side ( ,polygnotus' pa9t+ 0 t ! behold] c\ld n tell :e!r ! man on ! ladd] 0 asc5d+ or desc5d+1 & t ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ,pausias' "w consi/$ 9 two black ox5 outl9$ on a d>k l&scape4 ,cs>1 :o %[$ himself to be a bett] connoisseur ?an 8 rival ,pompey1 & :o1 be+ ( a m ref9$ nature1 w\ld n1 z did ,pompey1 h indulg$ 9 ! gratification ( p>ad+ ! *lamys ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 a triumphal c> drawn by f\r elephants1 sp5t consid]able sums on ! embelli%m5t ( ,rome ) art4 ,he also1 l _m collectors ( art1 _h 8 hobbies1 c>ry+ ) him ?r\gh 8 v>i\s campaigns an endless numb] ( preci\s mosaic tables1 & always keep+ 9 8 t5t a f9e "w ( a ,greek arti/1 a /atue ( ,v5us1 ) :om he claim$ relation%ip4 ,?\gh he %[$ eclectic ta/e 9 8 gifts to ! t[n & temples1 he 0 9 private1 l a true connoisseur & ref9$ lov] ( art1 some:at ( a speciali/1 be+ extremely fond ( cameos & cut /ones4 ,( ^! he _h six di/9ct collections t held ! admiration ( all ! connoisseurs ( ! city4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 n only a passionate seek] aft] antiques1 mo/ boldly acquir+ preci\s /ones1 curiosities1 /atues1 pictures by old ma/]s 7gemmas1 t]eumata1 signa1 tabulas op]is antiqui animosissime comp>asse71 z ,suetonius tells u1 b also ! ev]-ready patron ( mod]n art4 ,9 ?is "* he paid #hj tal5ts 7ab\t #af1jjj7 = a pa9t+ by ,timonacus4 ,damophilus & ,gorgas1 pa9t]s1 sculptors & decorators1 work$ = him to embelli% ! ,ar5a he built 9 ,rome1 an edifice capable ( hold+ #bejj spectators4 ,_m arti/s work$ at 8 ,=um1 a monum5t to 8 "n = :i* he paid a sum equival5t to tw5ty million liras = ! gr\nd alone4 ,mean:ile he 0 also busy embelli%+ o!r cities ( ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,greece1 & ev5 ,asia4 ,suetonius /ates t ,cs> s5t a company ( arti/s & work]s to rebuild de/roy$ ,cor9? & to replace its /atues on _! p$e/als4 ,be+ a mo/ unselfi% k9d ( lov] ( art1 ,cs> 0 "o ( ! few :o did n yield to ! mom5t>y fa%ion t l$ patricians to s5d _! art pieces out ( ,rome1 to embelli% & decorate _! c\ntry h\ses & magnific5t villas4 ,?is peculi> fa%ion t exil$ s _m f9e /atues f ,rome1 leads u to speak ( ano!r noble type ( collector1 ,m>cus ,agrippa1 :o1 l ,cs>1 n only set a good example by keep+ all 8 treasures ( art 9 ,rome1 mo/ly = ! enjoym5t ( ! public1 b prote/$ aga9/ ! new cu/om1 & held meet+s & lectures to dissuade weal?y ,romans f s5d+ away f ! city _! *ef-d'uvres4 ,su* 0 ! _s *>act]iz+ ,agrippa z a lov] ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,rome ,,z ,,an ,,art ,,emporium ,rome an art emporium--,e ri* man is m or less a collector-- ,*rysogon1 ,sulla's fre$man1 competes ) patricians--,scaurus' extravagant display--,! type ( a crack collector z describ$ by ,petronius ,arbit]--,! ,roman palaces h special rooms = art ga!r+s--,! ,p9aco!ca1 ! ,libr>y1 ! ,exh$ra1 etc41 accord+ to ! rules ( ,vitruvius--,fa%ion creates new di/9ctions 9 ! appreciation ( art & curios--,! craze = ,cor9?ian bronze & ! classification ( bronze 8pat9e0 --,! hobby ( murrh9es & citrus tables4 ,we d n "k h[ _m private collections !re 7 9 ,rome :5 ! collectomania f9ally took ! city by /orm4 ,a li/ ( ,roman collectors 9 ! fa%ion ( ! mod]n "w 7,ritz-,pacot7 w\ld be mo/ int]e/+ & enlight5+4 ,h[ev]1 judg+ f ! /atues & ! public build+s we "k to h be5 replete ) objects ( art1 we ga!r t z an emporium ( art ,rome mu/ h atta9$ a magnitude unequall$ 9 pa/ or pres5t times4 ,:y ?is great collection ( art did n trans=m ! ,romans into ! mo/ arti/ic p ! _w has ev] se51 is a my/]y only to be solv$ by hypo!sis4 ,ei!r ! ,romans 7 innately refractory to ! ref9em5ts ( true art1 or1 l to all n\veaux ri*es1 ! field ( art m]ely af=d$ room = faddi/s1 hobbyi/s & fa%ion seek]s1 &1 only z sporadic cases1 a few real lov]s ( good art4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 )\t discuss+ ! causes1 ! effect 0 c]ta9ly gigantic3 art f e l& f\nd its way to ,rome1 :i* by =ce ( circum/ances ?us became a monum5tal syn!sis ( art4 ,ev5 at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ,rome c\nt$ #aj basilicas1 #aa =ums1 #aa !rmes1 #ah aqu$ucts1 #h bridges1 #cg city gates1 #bi milit>y roads lead+ to all p>ts ( ! kn[n _w1 #b ar5as1 #h !atres1 #b circuses1 #cg triumphal ar*es1 #e obelisks1 #b colossal /atues1 #bb eque/rian /atues1 #dbc temples ) /atues ( ! gods--eighty ( ^! be+ 9 solid gold & sev5ty-sev5 9 ivory4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! above /ati/ics only give a fa9t idea ( ! magnific5ce ( ,rome1 = ! #dbc /reets & #agij private palaces not$ 9 ! same /ati/ics z exi/+ 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e 7 9 a measure respectively op5-air museums & repositories ( private collections ( art1 z no patrician mansion1 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 0 complete )\t a place :]e pa9t+s & objects ( art c\ld be exhibit$ ) advantage4 ,cic]o all[s u a peep at ! collections & gorge\s palaces own$ by notable ,romans z well z _! /yle ( liv+4 ,9 8 oratio 7,pro ,roscio ,am]9o7 he speaks ( ,*rysogon 9 ^! words3 8,look at ,*rysogon :5 he comes d[n f 8 f9e mansion on ! ,palat9e6 ,he owns a *>m+ villa1 :]e he goes to re/1 j at ! gates ( ,rome4 ,he also owns ext5sive doma9s1 all magnific5t & all ne> ! city4 ,8 palace ov]fl[s ) vases ( ,delos & ,cor9?ian bronze4 ,he keeps !re ! fam\s au!psa b\ght by him "s "t ago at su* a price t on he>+ ! auctione]'s voice repeat ! bid1 ! pass]s-by imag9$ a f>m 0 be+ (f]$ = sale4 ,:at %all we say ( 8 *isell$ silv]8 8 preci\s /uffs8 8 pa9t+s8 /atues8 m>bles8 ,h[ _m ( su* ?+s d y ?9k he owns8 ,j imag9e :at has be5 pillag$ f s _m opul5t families 9 times ( tr\ble & rap9e2 & all = ! repletion ( "o s+le palace40 ,:5 "o ?9ks t ?is ,*rysogon1 ,sulla's fre$man1 _h ! *ance to amass su* an accumulation ( art1 x is n difficult to imag9e ! arti/ic weal? t mu/ h be5 acquir$ by ,scaurus1 ! t]rible ,sulla's unscrupul\s son-9-law1 ! embezzl]1 ! deplor$ & deplorable ,roman dile :om ,cic]o def5d$ be=e ! tribunal ) ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 easy eloqu5ce4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,,xxxvi71 ,scaurus n only own$ "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t palaces on ! ,palat9e1 b _h 8 mansion cr[d$ ) r>e ?+s 9 true ,roman fa%ion4 ,) a ,sulla = fa!r-9-law1 a ,metella1 ! pur*as] ( proscrib$ citiz5s' goods1 = "m1 a ,scaurus1 ! magna p>s ( ! ,s5ate & ,m>ius' =m] fri5d & help] 9 ! spoliation ( prov9ces1 = fa!r1 he c h _h no difficulty1 z ,pl9y in=ms u1 9 ga!r+ ! unequall$ treasures t 7 /or$ 9 8 palace4 ,! wond]s ( ! treasures ( 8 art emporium are all ! m easily expla9$1 too1 :5 we consid] t he n only inh]it$ a l>ge =tune1 b m ?an d\bl$ x by speculations4 ,to give "s idea ( 8 fatu\s munific5ce1 we may /ate t ?is ,roman multi-millionaire built1 = "o mon?'s p]=mance1 a !atre 9 ! city1 to hold eighty ?\s& spectators1 & adorn$ ! edifice ) ?ree ?\s& /atues & ?ree hundr$ & sixty columns4 ,among ! preci\s ?+s ( ,scaurus' collection 7 a great numb] ( pa9t+s by ,pausias1 works int5d$ by ! arti/ = 8 native t[n ( ,sycione1 if ! ,romans _h _h mild] me?ods ( collect+ art4 ,ev5 ^? ,romans1 & !y 7 _m1 :o 7 n consid]$ collectors 9 ! prop] s5se1 own$ f9e works ( art4 ,! ,s]vilius1 :o _h l>ge g>d5s on ! ,palat9e ne> ! pres5t ,porta ,san ,paolo1 _h :at a mod]n connoisseur might call a few extra pieces4 ,!re 0 a ,triptolemus1 a ,flora & a ,c]es by ,praxiteles1 a f9e ,ve/a ) two ,ve/als by ,scopas & an ,apollo by ,calamis4 ,x may be m5tion$1 by ! way1 t x 0 to ?is fam\s g>d5 ,n]o retir$ on ! day prec$+ 8 dea?1 x 0 "h 9 ! ,s]vilian mansion t he 0 ab&on$ by 8 s]vants1 p>asites & c\rti]s1 "h t he w&]$ desolate & despond5t be=e resort+ to flight4 ,on ! spot =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,s]vilian g>d5s a mosaic 0 discov]$1 n[ 9 ,san ,giovanni 9 ,lat]ano1 repres5t+ an unswept floor ) ! rema9s ( a luxuri\s d9n]4 ,"o might fancy ?is mosaic to h belong$ to "o ( ^? ,roman ,tricl9ia & _! not$ orgies1 or1 hav+ ! imag9ation ( ,amp]e1 ! hi/orian1 to ! place :]e ,s]vilia _h supp$ ) h] lov]1 ,julius ,cs>4 ,hi/ory tells u t ?is matron1 ! "m ( ,brutus1 0 ( ! pure blood--"o might use ! mod]n expression1 blue blood--( ! g5s ,s]vilia4 ,= ! sake ( ! col\r1 we _c refra9 f giv+ ! description ( a true collector ( art z relat$ 9 all its sugge/ive reality 9 ! ,satyricon1 ! only kn[n fiction ( ,roman times1 a "w :i*1 ?\gh fiction1 seems close to nature & a mo/ fai?ful int]pretation ( ! arti/ic m]its & oddities ( ,roman life4 8,i ent]$ ! ,p9aco!ca1 :]e m>vels ( all k9ds 7 ga!r$4 ,!re 7 works by ,zeuxis :i* seem$ to h triumph$ ov] all ! affronts ( age1 sket*es by ,pro?og5es t appe>$ to dispute m]its ) nature h]self1 works t ,i did n d>e to t\* b ) a sort ( religi\s fe>4 ,!re 7 "s mono*romes by ,apelles :i* mov$ me to holy rev]5ce4 ,:at delicacy ( t\* & :at precision ( draw+ 9 ! figures6 ,ah6 ! pa9t] ( ! v s\l ( ?+s4 ,"h on ! w+s ( an eagle a god rais+ himself high] ?an ! air2 !re innoc5t ,hylas repuls+ a lascivi\s ,naiad2 fur!r on ,apollo curs+ 8 murd]\s h&44440 ,at a c]ta9 mom5t ! own] ( ! collection1 app>5tly1 arrives4 ,he is ( a type n yet ext9ct3 ! man :o lives = 8 collection1 ! man s engross$ 9 8 *]i%$ objects z to =get & neglect o!r pleasures 9 life1 social obligations1 etc4 8,a :ite-hair$ old man arriv$10 ! au?or ( ! ,satyricon goes on to relate1 88 torm5t$ expression seem$ to h]ald gr&eur4 ,8 g>m5ts 7 ( t neglect$ "* :i* is (t5 di/9ctive ( lit]>y p :o h n be5 spoilt by weal?4444 8,i ?\ght ( que/ion+ him4 ,he 0 m ( a connoisseur ?an myself 9 ! epo*s ( ! pa9t+s & _! subjects2 "s ( ! latt] incompreh5sible to me4 #8,:at is ! reason1' ,i ask$ him :ile we 7 speak+ ( pa9t+1 #8= ! weak5+1 ! great decad5ce ( ! f9e arts n[adays2 m especially ( pa9t+ :i* seems to h disappe>$ & to h left no trace ( pa/ glory8' ,he answ]$1 #8,! passion = money1 t is ! cause ( ! great *ange4 ,ye>s ago :5 m]it1 ?\gh left to />ve1 0 glorifi$ & appreciat$1 art fl\ri%$4444 ,!n1 only to m5tion sculpture1 ,lysippus 0 p]i%+ ( hung] at ! feet ( ! v /atue he 0 int5t ^u p]fect+2 ,myron1 t m>vell\s arti/ :o c\ld ca/ 9 bronze ! life ( m5 & animals1 ,myron 0 s poor t at 8 dea? no "o 0 to be f\nd to accept 8 inh]itance4 ,we ( our "t1 giv5 ov] to orgies1 w9e & wom51 h no en]gy left to /udy ! f9e art pieces "u our v eyes4 ,we pref] to abuse & sl&] antiquity4 ,only vice n[adays f9ds great ma/]s & pupils6444 ,d y believe t 9 our day any g to ! temple to pray = ! heal? ( _! body8 ,be=e all else1 ev5 be=e rea*+ ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 ! "o w promise an (f]+ to ! gods if 8 ri* relation dies & makes him 8 heir1 ! o!r1 if he discov]s a treasure1 & ano!r if he %all a*ieve ! disp]sal ( 8 ?ird million 9 heal? & safety4444 ,& are y surpris$ t pa9t+ langui%es1 :5 9 ! eyes ( e man an +ot ( gold is a ma/]piece t _c be equall$ by any?+ t ,apelles1 ,phidias & all ! crack-bra9$ ,greeks h be5 able to produce4'0 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,a ,x,v,ith ,c5tury copy by ,l4 ,del ,duca ( ! eque/rian /atue 9 ,rome 7,campidoglio74 ,) ! gr[? ( fa%ion1 a collection ( art became ! necess>y complem5t ( a weal?y mansion4 ,! ne$ !n arose to give ?is collection ! noble/ place 9 ! palace1 a room ap>t to enhance its importance4 ,?is new view br\ght ab\t a new ar*itectural di/ribution ( ! ,roman patrician mansion1 n only on acc\nt ( ! family life & obligations ( a weal?y class ( citiz5s1 b because ! well-to-d ,roman _h obligations t[>ds art & antiquity4 ,9 ! ,roman mansion we ?us f9d fir/ ! atrium1 a l>ge hall op5 to fri5ds1 cli5ts & visitors at l>ge4 ,! p]i/yle is ! second c\rty>d1 & is res]v$ = ! family4 ,9 ! atrium ! dome/ic gods 7 g5]ally plac$ & records conc]n+ ! family1 includ+ g5ealogical trees 7/emmata74 ,) "t ^! atria became regul> museums1 z !y 7 excell5t places = decoration & ! display ( art1 be+ ! op5 c5tral "p ( ! h\se gird$ by a colonnade4 ,an idea ( ! importance ( ^! atria may be ga!r$ f t ( ,scaurus' palace1 :i* _h ?irty-eight columns #ab y>ds high1 made ( ! same k9ds ( r>e m>ble t fac$ ! walls--,egyptian gre51 old yell[ or ,ori5tal alaba/]1 ,african m>ble & o!r r>e k9ds br\ght f ,syria & ,numidia4 ,scaurus' atrium appe>s to h be5 hung r\nd ) tape/ries1 embroid]$ ) gold1 illu/rat+ my?ological sc5es4 ,alt]nat+ ) ^! r>e tape/ries 7 panopli & family portraits4 ,?\gh p]haps ! fav\rite spot1 ! atrium 0 n ! only place = ! arti/ic display ( ! ,romans4 ,_! palaces also conta9$ ,oeci1 magnific5t gall]ies us$ = receptions1 & ! ,exh$r1 :i* 7 rooms = conv]sation1 g5]ally ( a m sob] decoration4 ,9 ! ,tricl9ia !re 7 kept works 9 preci\s metals & ! f9e/ pieces ( furniture4 ,!re 0 also ! ,sacr>ium1 a private %r9e :]e preci\s pieces ( art 7 (t5 hidd54 ,v]res f\nd 8 fam\s canephoros 7basket-be>]s7 by ,polycletus1 ! ,cupid ( ,praxiteles & ! ,h]cules ( ,myron 9 ! sacr>ium ( ,heius ( ,mess9a4 ,!re 0 also a room 9 ,roman mansions set ap>t = ! libr>y1 & "s _h special nooks = su* collections z gems & cameos4 ,! place :]e ! be/ pa9t+s 7 %[n 0 call$ ! ,p9aco!ca1 & 0 always built t[>ds ! nor? s t ! light f ! w9d[s %\ld be )\t mu* v>iation1 & above all because a nor!rn exposure left no *ance = ! sun's rays to ent] & spoil ! effect ( ! pa9t+4 ,! ,roman collector ( books v (t5 w5t 9 = elegant b9d+s & all ! %[y & decorative side ( a libr>y4 ,s5eca deplores ! fact t :ile e elegant h\se 9 ,rome conta9$ a libr>y1 _m ( ^! collections ( books 7 simply = %[4 ,too _m collectors1 n dissimil> 9 ?is f our bibliomaniacs ( to-day1 _h quantities ( works !y did n c>e to read4 8,:at is ! use ( hav+ s _m ?\s& volumes10 cries ,s5eca1 8! lifetime ( _! own]s w\ld h>dly suffice to read ! titles ( ! works4444 ,!re is a man ) sc>cely ! lit]>y k ( a s]f1 & he is buy+ volumes1 n to read !m1 b z an ornam5t = 8 d9+-room6 ,!re is ano!r :o is pr\d ( 8 libr>y only because x is 9 c$> & ivory2 he has ! mania ( buy+ books t no "o looks =4 ,he is always gap+ among 8 volumes1 :i* he has b\ght solely = _! titles4 ,lazy p1 :o nev] read1 are likely to be f\nd ) complete collections ( ! works ( orators or hi/orians1 books ^u books4 ,"o c\ld really =give ?is mania if x _h orig9at$ 9 a real passion = read+1 b all ^! f9e works1 ! great creations ( div9e g5ius1 works ornam5t$ ) ! portraits ( _! au?ors1 d b s]ve to decorate ! walls0 7,tranq41 ,,ix74 ,a l>ge libr>y 0 ! desire ( ,horace4 ,he wrote to ,lellius3 8,d y "k my daily pray]8--,great ,gods6 let me keep ! little ,i own1 less if x is y\r pleasure2 let me live accord+ to my *oice ! days y\r indulg5ce has grant$ me2 let me h pl5ty ( books1 "o ye>'s income 9 advance t ,i may n be oblig$ to live day by day f h& to m\?4444 ,z reg>ds ! peace ( my he>t & my happ9ess1 t is my affair0 7,sat41 ,,ii1 #f74 ,su* contr>ieties h a g5u9e e*o 9 our society :]e ! bibliomaniac is r>ely a lit]>y man or ev5 slightly int]e/$ 9 lit]ature4 ,bibliomaniacs collect$ volumes = ! mo/ "p ei!r because "s ( !m 7 consid]$ r>e1 & !re=e adv]tis$ ! high price paid = !m1 or because !y might s]ve z a decorative %[1 b ! collect+ ( g5]al art & curios1 ) a few exceptions1 appe>s to h be5 vacu\s & freaki%4 ,ev5 specialization1 :i* is held to be progress 9 mod]n times1 b z a matt] ( fact m (t5 m]ely repres5ts ! triumph ( erudition ov] art & ta/e1 ex]cis$ 9 ,rome ! mom5t>y tyranny ( fa%ion4 ,an example ( ?is specialization is giv5 u by ! craze 9 ,rome = ,cor9?ian bronze4 ,)\t ent]+ into a discussion ab\t ! leg5d ( its orig91 & simply h9t+ t !re are /rong pro(s t ! alloy exi/$ long be=e ! siege ( ,cor9?1 we are safe 9 say+ t ! craze 9 ,rome = ,cor9?ian bronze 0 "o ( ^? freaks ( fa%ion t has _h1 p]haps1 no e*o 9 all ! aft]-hi/ory ( 8collectomania40 ,e amateur 0 at t "t b\nd to h at lea/ "o vase ( ! covet$ metal4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7,,xxxiv1 #a1 #b1 #c7 9 8 "t ?is metal 0 equal to gold 9 value4 ,9 ord] to obta9 two vases ( ?is preci\s metal ,m>k ,antony ord]$ ! assass9ation ( ! own]1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,m>k ,antony 0 accus$ ( us+ gold5 vessels = ! l[e/ s]vices ( 8 h\sehold4 ,octavianus1 suppos$ to be a collector ( mild passions & a man :o c]ta9ly did give up all su* hobbies on becom+ emp]or1 0 also v fond ( ! fa%ionable metal--cor9?iorum prcupidus--& did n scruple to adopt ! me?ods ( ,sulla & ,m>k ,antony to gratify 8 ultra-fa%ionable ta/e4 ,times 7 !n ripe = all =ms ( deg5]ation4 ,connoisseurs1 l ^? ( to-day1 began to discuss pat9a4 ,z x requir$ ye>s = ,cor9?ian bronze to assume ! prop] pat9a--,nobilis rugo1 ,horace calls x--x 0 natural t ?is alloy %\ld h ! pref]5ce ov] all o!r k9ds ( bronze4 ,b !re 7 gradations ( col\r ev5 9 ?is metal & value 0 discrim9at$ accord+ to ! quality ( ! pat9a4 ,( ^! pat9 ! ,roman collector recogniz$ five diff]5t k9ds4 ,ap>t f ^! v>y+ degrees ( m]it1 ! connoisseur1 ,pl9y tells u1 c\ld tell ! quality ( ! alloy f its weight & det]m9e ! excell5cy ( ! pat9a by its smell4 ,ano!r craze 9 ,rome t greatly fo/]$ imitation & =g]y 0 t ( murrh9es1 cups ( a my/]i\s mat]ial :i* 0 m valu$ ?an any o!r r>e /one or rock cry/al1 ?\gh a cup ( ! latt]1 accord+ to ,pl9y 7,,xxxvii71 easily fet*$ #aej1jjj se/]ces1 an am\nt equival5t to #abjj4 ,z a rule1 always accord+ to ,pl9y1 = "o ( ^! cups a bigg] price 0 paid ?an = a slave4 ,if ! ,romans1 unlike ! ,am]icans1 _h no detectives at fe/ivals & banquets1 !y c]ta9ly took precautions to gu>antee ! safety ( ! treasures display$ & to gu>d aga9/ ! possible gre$ ( "s gue/4 8,:]eas ,virro dr9ks f pat]as ( b]yl10 rem>ks ,juv5al1 speak+ to a p>asite1 8no "o w\ld tru/ y ) ev5 a simple gold5 cup1 or1 if p]*ance !y d let y use "o1 be sure a gu>dian ne> y has previ\sly c\nt$ ! preci\s /ones /udd+ x & foll[s ) 8 eye ! movem5ts ( y\r f+]s & y\r %>p nails40 ,"o c really n refra9 f giv+ ?is gorge\s pat* ( ,roman col\r z ,juv5al himself puts x3-- 444 ,ipse capaces ,heliadum cru/as et 9quales b]yllo ,virro t5et phialas3 tibi non committitur aurum2 ,vel1 si qu&o datur1 cu/os affixus ibidem1 ,qui num]et gemmas unguesque obs]vet acutos 7,v4 #ch74 ,"o may be sure t ! man *>g$ ) wat*+ 0 likely to d 8 duty ) ! utmo/ solicitude4 ,c>elessness 9 h&l+ ^! preci\s pieces t 7 us$ to decorate ,roman tables 0 n easily ov]look$4 ,an anecdote w illu/rate ?is4 ,v$ius ,pollio1 a ,roman nobleman1 possess$ "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ collections ( ^! cry/als4 ,"o day :5 ,augu/us 0 d9+ at ?is fav\rite's h\se1 a slave broke "o ( ! preci\s cry/al cups4 ,v$ius imm$iately ord]$ ! slave to be ?r[n alive into ! pond ( lampreys4 ,disgu/$ at su* an ord]1 ,augu/us n only made a fre$man ( ! slave b ord]$ t ,v$ius' :ole collection ( cry/als %\ld be brok5 be=e 8 eyes & ?r[n into ! pond ( lampreys4 ,b z we h said above1 ! craze = murrh9es surpass$ ! craze = ! preci\s cry/al1 ?\gh comp>+ ! two1 we are b\nd to add1 ) no arti/ic ju/ification4 ,:at ^! murrh9es 7 made ( is n exactly kn[n4 ,"s ( ! s*ol>s ( our day believe !y 7 artificial1 a mixture ( clay ) myrrh1 h5ce1 p]haps1 ! "n4 ,w9kelmann is incl9$ to ?9k !y 7 made ( a k9d ( agate1 & ,m>iette & de ,caylus respectively believe !m to h be5 "m-(-pe>l1 or fluor-sp>1 or porcela94 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! peculi> sub/ance ( ! murrh9es we quote f ,pl9y3 8,! mat]ial ( ! murrh9es is 9 blocks no l>g] ?an an ord9>y glass1 & a /ratum no ?ick] ?an ! m>ble ( a small console4 ,!re is no real spl5d\r 9 ?is mat]ial1 b in/ead ( spl5d\r :at "o might call brilliancy4 ,:at gives ! murrh9es _! price is ! v>iety ( _! t9ts1 ! col\r ( ! ve9+1 ei!r purple or pure :ite1 sometimes %ad+ (f into nuances1 rea*+ 9 "s species ! hue ( blaz+ purple4 ,! :ite samples %ade into roseate or milky tones4 ,"s amateurs are fond ( freaki% accid5talities or reflex iridesc5t *anges l ! ra9b[1 o!rs pref] opaque effects4 ,transp>5cy & pale hues are consid]$ defects1 z also opaque gra9s inside ev5 if !y d n alt] ! surface1 l tum\rs1 spread+ 9 ! human body4 ,! quality ( ! od\r helps to set ! price on ! /uff0 7,,xxxvii1 #h74 ,x is to be not$ t :ile ?is r vague description ( ,pl9y's w\ld seem on ! "o h& to po9t to ! agate or any fluor-sp>1 ! addition ( ! od\r t5ds to de/roy ?is hypo!sis4 ,9 any case murrh9es became ! rage ( ! ,roman collector1 & ! fa%ion be+1 z usual1 imp]ative1 no "o 0 consid]$ elegant or correct :o did n own at lea/ "o sample ( ! preci\s cups4 ,"o ( ^! cups :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y's e/imate1 c\ld n conta9 m ?an a measure ( liquid1 less ?an half a gallon1 _h co/ ! l>ge sum ( #gj tal5ts 7#ae1djj74 ,add+ t ! cup _h belong$ to a consul1 & t ! edge ( x 0 nibbl$1 ,pl9y rem>ks t 8su* damage is ! reason ( ! increas$ price1 !re is n 9 all ,rome a murrh9e :i* c boa/ ( a m illu/ri\s orig90 7,,xxxvii1 #g74 ,?is consul1 :o lov$ 8 cup s mu* z to nibble x on putt+ x to 8 lips1 ?is collector1 ^: "n is unkn[n to u1 us$ up all 8 patrimony on 8 hobby ( collect+ murrh9es4 ,he possess$ s _m ( !m1 ,pl9y adds1 t 8"o might h fill$ ) !m ! private !atre t ,n]o _h con/ruct$ 9 8 g>d5s on ! o!r bank ( ! ,tib]40 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ murrh9es 0 t :i* 0 consid]$ ! gem ( ,petronius' collection4 ,he _h paid #cjj tal5ts 7#ff1jjj7 = x4 ,kn[+ h[ mu* ,n]o covet$ ?is preci\s cup & wi%+ to baffle 8 plans1 be=e de/roy+ himself ,petronius ord]$ 8 slaves to break x to pieces1 s t x %\ld n fall into ! h&s ( ! man he dete/$4 ,a rival craze 9 ,rome to t ( murrh9es 0 ! passion = tables ( citrus4 ,"h too !re is unc]ta9ty z to ! nature ( ?is r>e wood call$ citrus4 ,app>5tly x grew at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,atlas 9 ,africa1 & 0 9 all probability a ?uja4 ,to obta9 ! prop] gra9 x 0 fell$ at ! root & cut into planks ( a l5g? to furni% ! bo>d ( ! table4 ,pl9y seems to ?9k t ,cic]o--! snob collector--set ! example ( extravagance 9 ^! tables4 ,! "o he b\ght at ! fancy price ( #djjj ,engli% sov]eigns 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ,pl9y's "t & w5t "u ! "n ( ! ,cic]oniana4 ,cic]o's price1 h[ev]1 0 surpass$ by ,as9ius ,gallus & ,ce!gus1 ! =m] pay+ #a1ajj1jjj se/]ces = 8 citrus table & ! latt] #a1djj1jjj se/]ces4 ,yet accord+ to ,cic]o1 ! citrus table t ,v]res _h plac$ 9 8 tricl9ium 0 ! f9e/ & mo/ valuable ,rome _h ev] se54 ,ne$less to add t 9 ?is article1 too1 collectors _h _! pref]5ces1 t !re 0 citrus & citrus1 t ! preci\s tables 7 valu$ accord+ to ! gra9 ( ! wood & ! pat9a4 ,!re 7 f\r qualities among ! mo/ appreciat$4 ,! tigr9es1 ! pan!r9es & ! pavon9es 7 ^? tables ( :i* ! gra9 & knots ( ! wood resembl$ ! coats ( ! two animals 9 ! case ( ! two fir/1 :]eas ! wood ( ! la/ %[$ knots l ! eyes ( a peacock's tail4 ,! f\r? quality 0 call$ apiates1 = 9 ^! tables ! wood look$ l a mass ( d>k se$s1 or m accurately a sw>m ( bees--h5ce ! "n4 ,! collectomania & ?ir/ = display mu/ h n only fav\r$ ! trade 9 spuri\s pieces ( *eap imitation b1 h caus$ 9 ! *aos ( ta/es at times an equal confusion 9 g5]al reason+4 ,?us wise m5 & philosoph]s appe> to h indulg$ 9--:at %all we say8--r amateuri% consid]ations1 indicat+ ! reason+ p[]s ( a dilettante4 ,cic]o at "o "t gibes at collectors & at ano!r boa/s ( be+ a collector himself4 ,s5eca1 ! wise ,s5eca1 ! cool-head$ philosoph]1 0 no bett]4 ,=gett+ t 8 tricl9ium 0 adorn$ ) five hundr$ f9e1 tripod-l tables ) ivory feet1 he writes z a comm5t3 8,i l a simple table ) no?+ rem>kable ab\t its gra91 "o t is n celebrat$ 9 ! city = hav+ belong$ to a succession ( lov]s ( fa%ion40 ,& !n 8444 mat]ial consid]ations to :i* a pure s\l m9dful ( its orig9 %\ld give no weight40 ,at "o "t fa%ion dem&$ t citrus %\ld be us$ 9 v5e]+1 an art 9 :i* ! ,romans 7 extremely skilful1 us+ all k9ds ( r>e woods1 ivory & tortoise-%ell4 ,furniture v5e]$ ) tortoise-%ell1 especially1 fet*$ an extremely high price & 0 9 consid]able vogue = a "t4 ,! fact 0 suffici5t to prompt ,s5eca to ?is odd comm5t3 8,is x possible t p are s ready to pay mo/ extravagant prices = ! %ell ( su* an unclean & lazy animal60 ,! prices paid = art 7 only too (t5 creat$ by fa%ion1 z %[n by ! arti/ic milieu ( ,rome we h be5 try+ to outl9e1 & yet ! *>act]s we h pass$ 9 review 9 our recon/ruction ( ! pa/ d n seem altoge!r dissimil> f "s ( our pres5t-day lov]s ( art4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,increase ,,( ,,fak+ ,,9 ,,rome ,increase ( ,fak+--,imitation preci\s /ones--,cameos--,re/or]s & copyi/s4 ,x is evid5t t 9 a society l t ( ,rome & an arti/ic milieu su* z we h tri$ to depict1 compris+ a few good collectors among a :ole ho>d ( fools sett+ up z full-fl$g$ connoisseurs1 deception & fak]y mu/ h be5 rampant4 ,! l>ge pr(its promis$ by a trade 9 %am art mu/ h help$ to p]fect ^? enslav$ ,greeks 9 me?ods ( tak+ an arti/ic rev5ge ^u _! oppressors4 ,romans1 especially 9 art matt]s1 mu/ h seem$ to !m m]e p>v5us4 ,! practis$ eclectic qualities & adaptability ( ^? grculi delirantes 7crazy paltry ,greeks71 s active 9 ,rome1 mu/ h help$ matt]s4 ,9 "t !re 0 no?+ !y c\ld n produce = ! b5efit ( _! patrons1 & (t5 to su* p]fection z to deceive ev5 ke5-ey$ connoisseurs4 ,z a consequ5ce1 already 9 ,rome ! imitation ( art & curios produc$ a c]ta9 p]plex$ feel+ ev5 among p :o claim$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! bus9ess ( buy+ art & antiques4 ,pl9y1 :o 0 some:at ( a connoisseur1 m especially 9 bronzes1 writes to a fri5d t he has b\ght a *>m+ /atuette ( ,cor9?ian bronze1 & 9 confess+ t he likes x1 8no matt] :e!r mod]n or antique10 seems to reveal ! cauti\s attitude ( a man :o does n wi% to be caught 9 error1 a fe> & unc]ta9ty t v able =g]s _h creat$ 9 ,rome4 ,beyond a few h9ts & gibes ab\t c]ta9 collectors & art lov]s & a few comm5ts ( ,pl9y & o!rs we h no detail$ acc\nt ( ! "p t imitation & fak+ play$ 9 ,rome1 b x is to be presum$ t ! latt] especially f\nd num]\s & ev]-ready cli5ts1 & t x 0 able & prosp]\s beyond ! dreams ( mod]n art dup+4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y ! fav\rite article1 ! "o to :i* fak]s & =g]s gave _! utmo/ c>e & att5tion1 0 ! article t 0 9 vogue at ! mom5t & !re=e promis$ ! bigge/ return4 ,?us murrh9es did n escape ?is fate1 !y 7 imitat$ ) obsidian4 ,pl9y also adds t all k9ds ( preci\s /ones 7 imitat$ 9 ,rome1 n only by col\r$ glass b also by a selection ( /ones t1 ?\gh r>e1 7 ( less value comp>atively ?an ! types !y imitat$4 ,! mo/ e/eem$ k9ds ( s>donyx 7 c\nt]feit$ by jo9+ v>i\s pieces ( ! *eap] jasp]s or onyx1 clev]ly alt]nat+ r$1 :ite & black1 & jo9+ ! pieces 9 su* a mann] t x 0 mo/ difficult1 ,pl9y tells u1 = a connoisseur to detect a fraud4 ,! same writ]1 :o gives valuable h9ts on ! imitation ( preci\s /ones1 says t 9 8 "t !re 7 ev5 books f :i* "o c\ld le>n ! art ( c\nt]feit+ preci\s /ones1 t all ( !m c\ld be imitat$1 topaz1 lapis lazuli1 & ame?y/2 t amb] c\ld be col\r$1 obsidian us$ to c\nt]feit hyac9?s1 sapphires1 etc4 ,speak+ ( ! s>donyx1 m especially1 ,pl9y says1 8no fraud br+s s mu* money z ?is40 ,9 ?is l9e !re 7 also o!r k9ds ( fraud4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pr(itable 0 ! imitation ( preci\s /ones ) pa/e ones4 ,!re are "s imitation cameos t are a puzzle ev5 to-day4 ,comm5t+ ^u ?is fraud1 ,w9kelmann b5evol5tly po9ts out t we owe to ?is unscrupul\s comm]ce ( false cameos ! pres]vation ( ! ca/s ( "s preci\s orig9als n[ lo/4 ,! m>vell\s "p ( ^! imitation cameos is t ! fak] 0 n only able to imitate ! pla9 /one ( ! orig9al b all its *>act]i/ic ve9+ & peculi>ities4 ,) reg>d to bronzes & o!r metal works x is to be presum$ t n only c\ld ! ,nobilis rugo ( ,horace be easily c\nt]feit$1 z x is to-day1 b ! "w z well4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] gives u valuable h9ts ab\t ! p]plexity t fak]y _h g5]at$ among ! connoisseurs ( 8 "t4 ,! ,greek arti/s 9 p>ticul> %[$ !mselves mo/ v]satile1 !y reproduc$ 9 ,rome ! mo/ e/eem$ orig9als & c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t imitate ! mo/ appreciat$ types ( art4 ,z5odorus1 = example1 copi$ = ,g]manicus a cup by ,calamis 9 su* p]fect imitation ( ! *isell+ t ! copy c\ld n be told f ! orig9al4 ,fraudul5t ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 (t5 ) ! =g$ signature ( "s great arti/1 z at pres5t times1 7 already on ! m>ket 9 ,cic]o's "t4 ,8 8,odi falsas inscriptiones /atu>um ali5>um0 is eloqu5t en\gh4 ,phdrus seems to complete ,cic]o's in=mation ab\t ,roman art fak+4 8,x is 9 ?is way10 he says1 speak+ ( fak$ pa9t+s & sculpture1 8t "s ( our arti/s c realize bett] prices = _! "w3 by c>v+ ! "n ( ,praxiteles on a mod]n m>ble1 ! "n ( ,scopas on a bronze /atue1 t ( ,myron on a silv]-piece1 & by putt+ ! signature ( ,zeuxis to a mod]n pa9t+40 ,we d n int5d to conf\nd fak]s ) hone/ re/or]s ( works ( art1 b 9 ,roman times1 z is (t5 ! case 9 our own1 fak+ le>n$ no small lesson f ! deft h& ( ! re/or]4 ,! same may be said = imitators & copyi/s :o ev5 9 anci5t ,rome foll[$ _! trade op5ly ) no int5tion ( *eat+4 ,copyi/s 9 p>ticul> 7 v active & _! "w 0 c]ta9ly appreciat$ by a c]ta9 class ( citiz5s4 ,! fact is prov$ by ! num]\s copies ( ,greek ma/]pieces t h be5 une>!d 9 ,rome & else:]e4 ,:5 an orig9al 0 n to be _h1 a copy 0 (t5 ord]$4 ,lucullus s5t an arti/ expressly to ,a!ns to make a copy = him ( a "w by ,pausias1 ! portrait ( ,glyc]a1 ! arti/'s lady love4 ,re/or]s ( works ( art 71 9 ,rome z else:]e1 ! ne>e/ relatives ( fak]s2 _! ability to imitate antiquity mu/ h prov$ a great temptation1 & ! enorm\s sums paid = c]ta9 objects1 & ! gross ignorance ( "s ( ! buy]s1 mu/ h pav$ ! way to m ?an "o passage f hone/y to di%one/y4 ,!re 7 _m re/or]s' work%ops 9 ,rome1 & "o has be5 discov]$ ne> ! ,=um1 :]e app>5tly new limbs & heads 7 provid$ = damag$ /atues4 ,_m an antique /atue has come d[n to u already repair$4 ,ev&] ,aulanius1 says ,pl9y 7,,xxxvi1 #e71 re/or$ ! head ( ,diana1 9 ! temple ( ,apollo1 on ! ,palat9e4 ,l mod]n re/or]s1 _! =efa!rs ( ,rome _h n always ! delicate h& ne$$ = su* op]ations4 ,:5 ! ,prtor ,julius ord]$ ! clean+ ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! temple ( ,apollo x 0 done 9 su* a r\gh mann] t all ! *>m ( ! works disappe>$4 ,a fact t may h induc$ "s good connoisseur to advise leav+ unt\*$ ! ,v5us ,anadyom5e ( ,apelles1 ! ma/]piece plac$ by ,cs> 9 ! temple ( t goddess1 & to let x be damag$ by age r ?an all[ ! sacrilegi\s h& ( a re/or] to maim ! div9e pa9t+ ( ! ,greek arti/4 ,f :at we h be5 p]us+ we may conclude t ! ,roman arti/ic _w 0 n entirely diff]5t f ! arti/ic _w ( to-day4 ,c]ta9ly ! city mu/ h be5 ( a magnific5ce ( :i* no conception is giv5 by its gr&iose ru9s4 ,b ! arti/ic life1 & ! n>r[ pa? ( ! collector1 7 some:at simil> to ^? ( to-day4 ,"s ( ! *>act]s we h quot$ w\ld seem to be alive to-day1 a *ange ( "n & a milieu ( m mod]n col\r+ & !y w\ld provide gr\nd = an action = libel4 ,we feel q famili>1 9 fact1 ) ! *>act]s describ$ by ,s5eca4 ,ev5 to-day ! _w possesses collectors ( ru/y nails & o!r wor?less objects--m]e cult ( feti%ism4 ,we feel no less acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! o!r types to :om ,m>tial pays 8 att5tion4 ,! man :o ga!rs ants fossiliz$ 9 amb]1 ! collector ( relics :o glories 9 own+ a fragm5t ( ! ,argonauts' %ip1 might bo? be alive to-day4 ,s might ,lyc9ius ! dem5t$1 ,codrus ! p5uri\s & dissatisfi$1 ,eros ! en?usia/ & dream]4 ,!y /ill exi/ & are well repres5t$ 9 _! v>i\s %ades ( fooli%ness d[n to t ,mamurra :o us$ to upset all ! %ops ( ! ,roman antiqu>ies )\t buy+ a s+le ?+4 ,w\ld y resuscitate ,tongilius to our mod]n society j sub/itute a bright motor-c> = 8 ri* & cumb]some lectica &1 = a c]ta9ty1 ! "n ( "s mod]n collector ( art1 "s up-to-date ,mc5as1 w come to y\r m9d4 ,( c\rse1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,cook _h n yet alight$ to relieve it9]ant humanity f _m tr\bles1 t\ri/s exi/$ ev5 at ! "t :5 ,rome did n possess ! mod]n type ( travell]4 ,accord+ to ,titus ,livius _m =eign]s us$ to visit ! temples ( ,porta ,cap5a1 regul> museums ( art4 ,! t\ri/s ( t "t foll[$ a r\t9e1 z we c ga!r f ,pl9y & o!r writ]s4 ,!y 7 tak5 to ! ,palat9e1 to ! ,via ,sacra to admire ! temple ( ,apollo ) its p]i/yle ( fifty-two columns1 adorn$ by ! simulacra ( ! ,danaides & fifty eque/rian /atues1 "o ( ! f9e/ sights 9 ,rome & :i* inspir$ ,horace ) an ode4 ,?is temple ( ,luni m>ble ) ivory doors1 surm\nt$ by a quadriga 9 gild$ bronze c>ry+ ! god1 0 also a museum1 conta9+ among o!r ?+s a f9e collection ( gems1 & a room l9$ ) silv] 9 :i* ! ,sibyll9e ,books 7 kept4 ,! ,domus ,aurea1 ! pa9t+s ( ,apelles exhibit$ 9 ! ,=um ( ,augu/us1 ! temple ( ,v5us1 "o ( ! f9e/ emporiums ( art1 t ( ,c]es :i* conta9$ ! celebrat$ 8,bac*us0 ( ,ari/ides ( ,!bes1 ! 8,m>sias0 9 ! temple ( ,concord1 & 9 ! ,capitol ! 8,!seus0 ( ,zeuxis1 9 ,pompey's portico ! 8,soldi]0 by ,polygnotus1 9 ! temple ( ,peace ! 8,h]o0 by ,timante & ano!r fam\s "w by ,protog5es4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse fooli% t\ri/s :o1 l to-day1 insi/$ on be+ f$ ) m or less au!ntic anecdotes ( relics ( an impossible "*1 :o believ$ ! unbelievable4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,procopius1 :o evid5tly believ$ ! g5u95ess ( ! relic1 _m t\ri/s w5t to see ! boat1 /ill moor$ 9 ! riv]1 f :i* neas _h l&$ 9 ,italy1 etc4 ,?is k9d ( t\ri/ mu/ h inspir$ ,lucian ) ! comm5t t ,greek guides 9 ,rome might h />v$ b = ! nons5se & leg5ds ) :i* !y enri*$ _! descriptions ( ! city4 8,b :at ( t10 rem>ks ,lucian1 8visitors l to he> su* ?+s1 & d n seem int]e/$ 9 ! tru? ev5 if (f]$ to !m free ( *>ge40 ,! revival ( ! pa/ ne$$ ?is slight t\* to %[ t ! arti/ic _w ( two ?\s& ye>s ago 0 n1 aft] all1 dissimil> to t ( our enlight5$ days4 ,ne$ we repeat t ! ph5om5on ( art fak+ = ! b5efit ( fooli% lov]s ( art g5]ally appe>s :5 ! passion = collect+ takes t ,byzant9e attitude :i* makes x ripe = decay & deg5]ation1 :5 mania1 fa%ion & snobb]y *iefly hold ! gr\nd in/ead ( ta/e & g5u9e love ( art1 9 fact :5 ! p>v5us or ! lunatic subm]ge ! intellig5t collector4 ,x foll[s consequ5tly t ! decl9e ( ,collectomania h]alds ! decl9e ( ,=g]y4 ,! latt]1 its err& ov] ) ! cessation ( ! dem& = antiques & curios1 disappe>s to await a fre% *ance4 ,b ! fake-fe/ival & c>nival w revive1 phnix-l1 ) ! awak5+ ( a new arti/ic _w--j z ?\gh fak+ at c]ta9 mom5ts answ]$ to a sore ne$ ( society4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,consequ5t ,,*anges ,decad5ce ( art & consequ5t *ange 9 ! arti/ic milieu-- ,byzant9e art--,its new views d n seem to fav\r old ways-- ,art patronage & collectomania t5d to disappe>--,! m$ieval p]iod--,"* ( ! collections--,no imitators b a few =g]s4 ,! *ange affect+ ! _w ) ! decad5ce ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 logically b\nd to /amp ! successive c\rse ( art ) ! inevitable d[nfall ( pa/ glory4 ,) ! ,*ri/ian era a new society _h aris5 & also a new art1 entirely symbolic1 no m satisfi$ ) ! e>ly plag>isms1 app>5tly lisp+ a new tongue b ready to dispel all pagan s5tim5t 9 art1 to e/abli% ! elem5ts ( a new expression & purpose m 9 h>mony ) ! reborn civilization4 ,) an art t ,ta9e consid]s 8aft] five c5turies to be unable to repres5t man except seat$ or /&+ erect10 symbolic & calligraphic at ! same "t1 !re seem$ to be no room = amateurs & collectors ( ! old type4 ,!re may h be5 sporadic cases1 ?\gh ,con/ant9e's sev]e c5sure ( all ! cults ( ! pa/ d\btlessly made x a d>+ act at t "t to pr(ess wor%ip = old traditions 9 art4 ,collectomania v likely became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,!re mu/ h be5 deal]s 9 art & antiques1 z we c ga!r f ! ,dige/1 & transactions betwe5 arti/s & cli5ts1 z c be se5 f a clause ( ! ,ju/9ian laws1 b no?+ l !re 7 9 ! anci5t ,roman _w t _h be5 disp]s$ by ! new civilization4 ,?is clause ,ju/9ian 0 =c$ to add to a law on arti/ic prop]ty1 z judges _h s lo/ all s5se ( art appreciation t 9 a dispute betwe5 a pa9t] & ! man :o _h furni%$ ! bo>d on :i* ! "w 0 pa9t$1 !y decid$ t ! pa9t+ belong$ to ! "o :o own$ ! bo>d4 ,ju/9ian 0 =c$ to d ju/ice by /at+ t if a qu>rel arose betwe5 ! arti/ & ! "o :o furni%$ ! bo>d ! own] ( ! "w 0 ! arti/1 z ! value ( ! bo>d c\ld n be comp>$ ) ! arti/ic "o4 8,?9k10 he concludes1 8( comp>+ ! value ( ! "w ( ,apelles or ,p>rhasius ) ! price ( a bo>d ( v small value40 ,! "t = lov]s ( art1 = private speculations & ! all b consequ5t fak+1 & all ! *>act]i/ic figures ( an art m>ket _h disappe>$4 ,9 ! e>ly m$ieval p]iod !re seems to h be5 no scope = fak+ & =g]y4 ,! collector1 if ! type !n exi/+ is entitl$ to ! "n1 0 l no?+ t _h be5 se5 be=e or has s9ce appe>$4 ,! objects treasur$ g5]ally _h m intr9sic value ?an real arti/ic m]it4 ,a collection repres5t$ a simple =m ( bank+1 a s\nd & good inve/m5t tak+ ! place ( :at ! ,fr5* call 8p]sonal prop]ty40 ,) su* views1 goldsmi?s' "w1 /udd$ & ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones1 or ri* embroid]ies 9 gold1 naturally _h ! pref]5ce4 ,articles ( virtu !n _h a solid value1 & :ile suitable = pr9cely display1 c\ld be turn$ into money at any mom5t4 ,! craze = manuscripts1 r>e p5man%ip1 & e>ly illum9at$ p>*m5ts may repres5t an exception1 b only1 app>5tly1 z su* objects--ap>t f _! r>ity1 skill & supreme pati5ce 9 m9iature "w--7 ( su* an e/abli%$ value z to be reg>d$ l preci\s gems4 ,! m$ieval collections ( art & preci\s ?+s give a true expression ( ^? unsafe & unc]ta9 times & 7 9 h>mony ) ! erratic c>e] ( ! mon>*s & pot5tates ^: peculi> mode ( life (t5 necessitat$ ! pack+ ( ! :ole museum into a c(f] & dragg+ x ) !m 9 _! pilgrimages1 w>s1 etc4 ,?is n only 9 "s way expla9s ! pref]5ce giv5 to goldsmi?s' "w b ! fact t ! dim5sions ( sculpture _h to be r$uc$1 & pa9t+1 :5 n = *ur* decoration1 0 mo/ly re/rict$ to m9iatures1 illum9ation1 & designs = tape/ries & embroid]ies4 ,clovis1 ! 8,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+10 z ,pope ,ana/asius call$ him1 is suppos$ to h be5 an eag] collector ( r>e & preci\s objects4 ,tradition claims t a sa9t "o day broke "o ( 8 r>e/ cups ( jasp] all /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 & see+ ,clovis' sorr[ at su* a loss1 pick$ up ! fragm5ts & pray+ ov] !m1 p]=m$ a miracle1 h&+ to ! mon>* ! cup re/or$ to "o piece z be=e4 ,clotaire1 ! son ( ,clovis1 _h 9 8 mansion at ,bra9e a secret room ) *e/s full ( jewell]y & preci\s vases4 ,*ilp]ic _h a real ambition to collect r>e objects ( virtu4 ,= ?is purpose he s5t ev]y:]e = all t might be wor?y ( 8 collection4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs tells u t he _h a ,jew z advis]1 a man call$ ,priseus4 ,x is said t :5 ,*ilp]ic exhibit$ at ,nog5t-sur-,m>ne ! pres5ts (f]$ him by ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius ,,ii1 to %[ t !y did n surpass 9 spl5d\r ! be/ pieces ( 8 own treasure1 he exhibit$ close to !m "o ( 8 preci\s cups1 a gold5 vase /udd$ ) r>e /ones & weigh+ fifty p\nds4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 betwe5 #efj & #ehj1 ,sa9t ,radegond1 ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ,?ur+ia1 receiv$ ! poet & canon ,=tunatus 9 h] conv5t ( ,poiti]s & gave him a d9n] ) ! table cov]$ 9 roses & ! ri*e/ ornam5t$ silv] plates & preci\s jasp] cups4 ,su* a treat inspir$ ! poet ) "o ( 8 f9e ,lat9 poems4 ,dagob]t 0 n only an enlight5$ collector ( preci\s ?+s b s extremely fond ( arti/ic 8vaisselle0 t :5 ,sis9&e1 a ,go?ic k+1 wi%$ to induce ! ,franki% mon>* to jo9 him 9 8 political s*emes he promis$ ,dagob]t a f9e gold plate weigh+ five p\nds 8& m preci\s /ill = ! beauty ( ! workman%ip40 ,aft] a long lapse ( "t1 9 :i* ! only museums ( ! art ( ! "t seem to h be5 ! *ur*es1 "u ,*>lemagne & 8 successors private collections ( treasures1 art & f9e pieces ( "w aga9 seem to acquire importance4 ,! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is owns an vangliaire ( r>e arti/ic value1 illum9at$ by a monk nam$ ,godescal ( ! ye> #gha4 ,! ,bible & ,psalt] ( ,*>les ! ,bald are said to h be5 ! "w ( ! monks ( ,sa9t-,m>t9 de ,t\rs1 & are consid]$ a m>vel ( illum9ation4 ,toge!r ) ^! books1 n[ kept 9 ! ,librairie ,nationale ( ,p>is1 ,*>les pres5t$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is a fam\s cup kn[n 9 8 "t z ,ptolemy's cup1 a f9e "w c>v$ f a piece ( preci\s s>donyx4 ,9 ! w ( ?is mon>*'s bro!r1 ! ,m>quis ( ,friuli1 a docum5t dat$ #hgj1 !re is1 among o!r legacies1 ! enum]ation ( arms /udd$ ) preci\s /ones1 clo!s 9 silk & gold embroid]ies1 silv] vases & ivory cups1 f9ely *isell$1 & a libr>y 9 :i* among o!r notable works are ! writ+s ( ,sa9t ,basil1 ,sa9t ,isidore & ,sa9t ,cyprian4 ,f ?is "t =w>d a collection ( r>e ?+s & preci\s jewels is q a necess>y apanage ( k+s & pr9ces1 b z we h said1 x mo/ly consi/$ ( small objects 9 :i* art almo/ inv>iably seems to h play$ a second>y rle1 & 9 consid]+ ! art x is (t5 h>d to "k :e!r to admire m ! m9iaturi/'s pati5ce or 8 workman%ip4 ,lat] on ! cult ( pagan art seems to h be5 reviv$ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! son ( ,b>b>ossa1 b ev5 at ?is "t ! case is some:at ( an exception4 ,"u patrons ( art :o 7 z a rule absolute mon>*s or iron rul]s & all-p[]ful pr9ces1 fak]y w\ld h play$ a dang]\s & mo/ sorr[ful "p1 nor 0 !re any inducem5t to indulge 9 any ( ! trick]y t _h *>act]iz$ ! _w ( lov]s ( art dur+ ! ,roman decad5ce4 ,a risky game at any "t1 x might h entail$ "o ( ^? exempl>y puni%m5ts :i* *>act]iz$ ! f]oci\s ,middle ,ages4 ,co9 c\nt]feit+ 0 naturally ! lea/ arti/ic =m ( deceit1 & be+ a less haz>d\s v5ture seems to h tempt$ ability 9 all ages4 ,x repres5ts a l9k betwe5 m pr(ici5t p]iods ( art sw9dl+4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly fak]s c]ta9ly plant$ ! se$ f :i* sprang ! ar*-deceiv]s & clev] m$alli/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re lies ,rom5a1 :]e ,i falsifi$ ,! alloy t is ) ! ,bapti/ /amp$ ,= :i* on e>? ,i left my body burn$4 ,^! words ,dante puts into ! m\? ( ,ma/ro ,adamo da ,brescia1 a skilful c\nt]feit] ( co9s :om he met 9 hell4 ,adamo 0 burn$ at ! /ake ne> ! ca/le ( ,rom5a 9 ! ,cas5t9o1 = hav+ ca/1 by ord] ( ! ,c\nt ( ,rom5a1 ! gold5 flor9 ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,ab\t ?is "t c\nt]feit co9+ tempt$ ! mo/ div]se classes ( p4 ,x _h a long li/ ( devotees1 includ+ ev5 a k+ ( ,france :o hon\r$ ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce ) n a few ( 8 sw9dl+ specim5s ( ! gold5 flor94 ,m>o/ica1 a village 9 ! ,v5etian doma9s1 *all5g$ & defeat$ ! p[]ful ,republic ( ! lagoon by flood+ ! ,v5etian m>ket ) ! mo/ deceptive samples ( false co9age4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,p]iod ,initiation ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod--,newly born passion = ! antique--,! ,mc5as & ! collector--,plagi>ians1 imitators & fak]s--,cola di ,ri5zi1 ar*ologi/--,a collection ( ! f\rte5? c5tury--,arti/s1 writ]s & travell]s hunt+ = antiques--,niccoli1 ! ,m$icis1 ,c>d9al ,sc>ampi & o!rs--,! ,m$ici collection disp]s$ by ! ,flor5t9e mob4 ,! ,r5aissance fak]s ( art h a some:at nobl] p$igree :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r epo*s4 ,! e>ly arti/s f :om !y sprang 7 n actual imitators ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 b 7 inspir$ by !m to reproduce t pagan expression :i* _h deeply affect$ _! arti/ic temp]am5t4 ,7 ^! arti/s do+ x purely = art's sake1 or _h !y ! hope t _! "w might pass z antique8 ,! answ] to ?is is p]haps to be d$uc$ f ! "* ( ! age n yet fully ripe = arti/ic deception4 ,! s5tim5t =1 & cult (1 ! antique 7 c]ta9ly gr[+ dur+ ?is e>ly "p ( ! ,r5aissance2 !y did n come 9 a sudd5 bur/1 b _h be5 gradually develop+ 9 ! previ\s ye>s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 already 9 ! transitional p]iod :i* prep>$ ! highe/ arti/ic accompli%m5t ( ! ,r5aissance1 collections & collectors 7 becom+ n only eclectic 9 ta/e1 b seem to h be5 guid$ by a real arti/ic fondness = ! art ( ! pa/4 ,x is no m a "q ( solid silv] & jewels1 b ( /atues & pa9t+s4 ,catalogues no long] read l t ( ,*>les ,,vi ( ,france3 8,inv5toire des joyaux1 vaiselle d'or et d'arg5t e/ant au ,l\vre et en la ,ba/ille ,p>is app>t55t feu le roy ,*>les10 foll[$ by a monoton\s enum]ation ( jewels1 vaiselle1 etc41 b are l t ( ! ,m$ici collection1 & include all ! mo/ v>i$ expressions ( art--sculpture1 pa9t+s1 m$als1 c>v+1 cameos1 r>e jewels1 etc4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ad? c5tury we "k t ,cola di ,ri5zi1 ! ,roman ,tribune1 collect$ inscriptions4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s tells u t ,cola 8occupi$ himself e day ) inscriptions cut into m>ble1 :i* 7 to be f\nd r\nd ,rome4 ,no "o c\ld deciph] ! anci5t epitaphs l him4 ,he translat$ all ! anci5t writ+s & gave ! "r int]pretation to ^! m>bles40 ,x 0 betwe5 ! ye>s #acdd-dg t ,cola compil$ a "w on ,roman inscriptions1 re-edit$ a c5tury lat] by ,signorili 9 8 ,descriptio urbis ,rom4 ,oliv] ,=za1 or ,=zetta1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #acce1 seems to h own$ ! fir/ complete collection ( :i* we h notice4 ,=zetta 0 a weal?y citiz5 ( ,treviso4 ,we "k t 9 ! above ye> ( #acce he came to ,v5ice to buy sev]al pieces = 8 collection1 manuscripts ( ! works ( ,s5eca1 ,ovid1 ,sallu/1 ,cic]o1 ,titus1 ,livius1 etc41 goldsmi?s' "w1 fifty m$als t _h be5 promis$ him by a c]ta9 ,simon1 cry/als1 bronzes1 f\r /atues 9 m>ble1 o!rs repres5t+ lions1 horses1 nude figures1 etc4 ,! latt] seem to h belong$ to an e>li] collector nam$ ,p]5zolo4 ,to po9t out t ev5 outside ,italy ta/e _h *ang$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 we may quote ! foll[+ description h&$ d[n to u by ,guilleb]t de ,metz4 ,x gives a full acc\nt ( ! collection ( ,jacques ,du*ie1 a ,p>isian1 & indicates t at ?is e>ly "t ,p>is mu/ h possess$ m ?an "o ( ^! collections ( art & curios4 8,! h\se ( ma/] ,du*ie 9 ! rue des ,pr\velles10 says ,guilleb]t de ,metz1 8! door ( :i* is c>v$ ) m>vell\s arti/ry2 9 ! c\rty>d !re 7 peacocks & div]se fancy birds4 ,! fir/ hall is adorn$ ) div]se pictures & in/ructive texts fix$ to & hung on ! walls4 ,ano!r hall fill$ ) all mann] ( in/rum5ts1 h>ps1 organs1 viols1 guit>s1 psalt]s1 & o!rs1 ^u all ( :i* ! said ma/] ,jacques knew h[ to play4 ,ano!r hall 0 furni%$ ) *ess tables & o!r div]se k9ds ( games1 great 9 numb]4 ,item1 a beautiful *apel :]e !re 7 /&s to place books ^u1 m>vell\sly wr\ght1 :i* _h be5 s5t f div]se places f> & ne>1 to ! "r & to ! left4 ,item1 a /udy ! walls ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) preci\s /ones & ) spices ( sweet od\r4 ,item1 sev]al o!r rooms ri*ly furni%$ ) b$s & ) +5i\sly c>v$ tables & adorn$ ) ri* hang+s & clo? ( gold4 ,item1 9 ano!r l(ty room 7 a great numb] ( cross-b[s1 "s ( :i* 7 pa9t$ ) beautiful figures4 ,"h 7 /&>ds1 bann]s1 p5nons1 b[s1 pikes1 swords1 lances1 battle-axes1 iron & lead arm\r1 pavais1 %ields1 buckl]s1 cannon & o!r eng9es1 ) arms 9 abundance1 &1 briefly1 !re 7 also all mann] ( w> implem5ts4 ,item1 !re 0 a w9d[ ( wond]ful workman%ip1 ?r\gh :i* y put a holl[ iron mask ?r\gh :i* y c\ld look out & speak to ^? outside1 if occasion arose1 )\t mak+ y\rself kn[n4 ,item1 above ! :ole h\se 0 a squ>e room ) w9d[s on e side f :i* "o c\ld ov]look ! t[n4 ,& :5 x came to eat+1 food & dr9k 7 s5t up by a pulley1 because x w\ld h be5 too high up to c>ry4 ,& above ! p9nacles ( ! h\se 7 beautiful gilt figures4 ,?is ma/] ,jacques ,du*ie 0 a h&some man #8de honne/e hebit' & v di/+ui%$2 he kept well-mann]$ & well-tra9$ s]vants ( pleas+ c\nt5ance1 among :om 0 a ma/] c>p5t] :o 0 con/antly at "w at ! mansion40 ,b ,italy at ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury 0 f> m advanc$4 ,!re 0 no "q "h ( collectors ( dubi\s ta/e or odd fancy = ! simply curi\s2 on ! contr>y we are confront$ by real connoisseurs & g5u9e lov]s ( art1 intellig5t & eag] hunt]s aft] all sorts ( articles ( virtu ( pa/ art2 & also enlight5$ art patrons :o 7 munific5t t[>d _! contempor>y pa9t]s1 sculptors & lit]>y m54 ,ta/e _h *ang$1 & "s t5d5cies m]ely outl9$ at ! "t :5 religion seem$ to absorb all ! activities ( art1 7 n[ 9 full gr[?4 ,t :i* 9 ! art ( ! ,cosmati appe>$ to be a ,byzant9e ap+ ,roman art1 all t seem$ plagi>ism ( ?is classic art 9 ,nicola ,pisano1 takes an int]e/+ly diff]5t c\rse ) ,donatello1 ,brunellesco1 & all ( ^? arti/s :om a wrong conv5tion calls ! =]unn]s ( ! ,r5aissance in/ead ( call+ !m ! real creators ( t great arti/ic movem5t4 ,! passion = ! antique 0 reviv+4 ,x 0 no long] a "q ( sporadic cases b r ( a wide-spread+ ta/e4 ,roman art 0 9 ! air4 ,besides ,ri5zi1 ?is cult ( antique memories _h already claim$ 8 fri5d ,petr>* & ! le>n$ ,dondi1 a physician f ,padua1 :o visit$ ,rome 9 ! ye> #acge to cr[n a long c\rse ( /udy devot$ to ! antique4 ,9 a lett] address$ to 8 fri5d ,guglielmo da ,cremona1 ,giovanni proclaims ! sup]iority ( antique art & is c]ta9 t mod]n arti/s w be ! fir/ to recognize ! fact & le>n f x4 ,poor & h>d-work+1 ,dondi regrets t 8 pr(ession1 8 ail+ pati5ts1 take s mu* ( 8 "t4 ,b = ! pr(ession1 8,i w\ld rise z high z ! />s10 he naively decl>es4 ,ciriaco d',ancona1 ano!r great eag] collector & intellig5t hunt] aft] f9e ?+s1 visits ! ,ori5t & ,greece 9 se>* ( manuscripts & relics ( art2 ,francesco ,squ>cione comes f ! ,ea/1 br++ to 8 native ,padua f9e ,greek works1 & is p]haps ! fir/ arti/ to devote himself to antiques1 j z ,niccolo ,niccoli1 a ,flor5t9e lov] ( art1 repres5ts at ?is "t ! le>n$ amateur ( ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,al9>i ,,diom$es ,,) ,,! ,,palladium4 ,an imitation ( ! antique by ,donatello's ,s*ool 787 & a free copy ( ,niccoli's cameo1 a ,greek "w4 ,palazzo ,riccordi1 ,flor5ce4 ,niccoli is really "o ( ! f9e/ types ( collectors4 ,born at a "t :5 ,flor5ce dem&$ t ea* citiz5 %\ld belong to "o or o!r ( ! factions t kept civil w> alive 9 ! city1 he nev]!less manag$ to keep free f all civil /rife4 ,8 h\se 0 ! temple ( art & ( neutrality4 ,a fri5d ( ! p[]ful & weal?y ,m$icis1 :o by ! way tru/$ to 8 infallible eye z a connoisseur :5ev] r>e ?+s 7 (f]$1 ,niccoli nev] took advantage ( ?is unusual position1 b kept himself f> f all ambition & 0 possess$ by ! sole desire to collect art1 /udy old manuscripts1 & be an ev]-oblig+ help] to /ud5ts4 ,! fri5ds & admir]s :o came 9 flocks = advice1 to borr[ 8 r>e manuscripts1 or to visit 8 f9e emporium ( art1 7 always well receiv$4 ,niccolo ,niccoli 0 born 9 ! ye> #acfc4 ,! son ( a ri* ,flor5t9e m]*ant he 0 =c$ 9 8 y\? to give all 8 activities to comm]ce4 ,lib]at$ f ! tie ( a pr(ession = :i* he _h no call1 he f9ally gave himself to 8 *]i%$ /udy ( art & lit]ature1 att5d+ ! lessons ( ,luigi ,m>sigli & ,emanuele ,*rysoloras4 ,8 /udies 7 ?us ! /epp+-/one to ! collect+ ( antiquities4 ,9 ! ye> #adad 8 fame _h already ext5d$ beyond ! city walls4 ,! ,*ancellor ( ! city ( ,padua address$ him 9 a lett] z 8cl>issimus vetu/atis cultor40 ,not)/&+ 8 great weal?1 su* 0 8 passion t b = ! discreet help ( ! ,m$ici1 ! p[]ful ,cosimo & 8 bro!r ,lor5zo1 :o became ,niccoli's b5evol5t bank]s1 on m ?an "o occasion ?is enlight5$ amateur might h be5 =c$ to sell 8 preci\s collection1 or at lea/ d t :i* is mo/ hateful to ! true lov] ( art1 sell ! be/ t ye>s ( pati5t "w _h ga!r$ toge!r4 ,:at is mo/ surpris+ is ! fact t ,niccoli manag$ to make "o ( ! f9e/ collections ( art ( 8 day almo/ )\t leav+ 8 native city4 ,we "k ( him z go+ once to ,padua to secure a r>e manuscript ( ,petr>*1 & lat] on z accompany+ 8 fri5d & protector1 ,cosimo ,m$ici1 to ,v]ona1 a trip ! latt] und]took 9 ! ye> #adbj4 ,) ,cosimo aga9 he visit$ ,rome1 to be horrifi$ at ! mutilation inflict$ ^u ! ,et]nal ,city by b>b>ians ( all ages & d5om9ations4 ,yet )\t mov+ f 8 native city1 ke5-ey$ ,niccoli manag$ to se>* ! _w ) ! help ( ag5ts & fri5ds--"s ( !m1 no d\bt1 ! practis$ s]vants ( ! ,m$icis4 ,!re 0 h>dly a r>e ?+ discov]$1 no matt] :]e1 b ! fact came to ,niccoli's e>s1 & ! 8f9d0 g5]ally f\nd its way to ?is enlight5$ ,flor5t9e's collection4 ,once he ev5 _h ! =tune to discov] a f9e sample ( ,greek art 9 ,flor5ce1 a few /eps f ! door ( 8 h\se4 ,x 0 ! well-kn[n cameo :i* he attribut$ to ,polycletus & :i* 0 aft]w>ds s (t5 reproduc$ by ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,niccoli discov]$ ?is r>e piece ( *alc$ony hang+ r\nd ! neck ( a /reet ur*94 ,he ask$ him :o 8 fa!r 0 & f\nd him to be a poor workman4 ,he w5t to see him1 & to ! man's surprise (f]$ = ! /one ! r\nd sum ( #e gold5 ducats4 ,x is curi\s to trace ! migrations ( ,niccoli's 8calc$onio10 z ! piece 0 call$ lat]4 ,:5 ,c>d9al ,sc>ampi--! ,patri>* ( ,aquileia & ! mo/ passionate collector ( 8 "t--came to ,flor5ce1 he w5t to visit ,niccoli & 8 collection4 ,!re he became s enam\r$ ( ! 8calc$onio0 t he propos$ to buy x4 ,niccoli1 :o c\ld h>dly refuse ! fav\r to ! p[]ful & influ5tial ,c>d9al1 cons5t$ to "p ) ! r>e piece = #bjj ducats4 ,lat] on ! 8calc$onio0 ent]$ ! collection ( ,pope ,paul ,,ii1 to pass f9ally to t ( ,lor5zo il ,magnifico4 ,9 an inv5tory belong+ to ! ,m$ici family ! gem is valu$ at #aejj gold5 flor9s4 ,n dissimil> f c]ta9 mod]n & old] types ( collectors1 ,niccoli 0 :at might be call$ a /range "*4 ,:ile sp5d+ l>ge sums ( money on 8 articles ( virtu1 he 0 almo/ p>simoni\s 9 8 h\sehold1 al?\gh he lik$ to dr9k f r>e cups & set 8 table mo/ ri*ly ) all sorts ( preci\s vases4 ,"o ( 8 peculi>ities 0 always to be dress$ 9 p9k4 ,he _h an endless w>drobe ( ^! rosy-hu$ g>m5ts & 0 z preoccupi$ ) !m z he 0 ) ! r>e objects ( 8 collection4 ,^! & o!r oddities 7 naturally ! subject ( gibes & s>casm f fri5ds & unfri5dly humani/s1 b ,niccoli nev] answ]$ "o writt5 l9e1 cont5t to retaliate ) 8 witty & cutt+ tongue4 ,he c]ta9ly _h ! be/ ( x 9 ?is curi\s duel1 = he =c$ ,aurispa & ,filelfe to leave ! t[n1 & also1 p]haps n ?r\gh 8 s>ca/ic tongue alone b ?r\gh "s ,m$icean intrigue1 compell$ 8 enemies1 ,emanuel ,*rysoloras1 8 =m] tea*]1 & ,gu>9o to make !mselves v sc>ce 9 ! city4 ,niccolo ,niccoli's "n br+s u /raight to t ( 8 protectors1 ! ,m$icis1 ! family :o z collectors ( art & fo/]]s ( lit]ature & philosophy surpass$ e "o ( _! age4 ,c>d9al ,sc>ampi's collection1 t ( ,pietro ,b>be1 aft]w>ds ,paul ,,ii1 & ev5 ! mo/ complete ( all1 t ( ,niccoli1 become r m9or />s :5 comp>$ ) ! arti/ic treasures ga!r$ by ! ,m$icis = g5]ations4 ,?is illu/ri\s ,flor5t9e family seems to h be5 = c5turies no?+ b a succession ( patrons ( ! f9e arts4 8,no art collection10 says ,eug5e ,mntz 9 8 ,les ,collections des ,mdicis1 8has m deeply influ5c$ ! art ( ! ,r5aissance1 no collection has pass$ ?r\gh m trials ?an ! "o ( ?is family4 ,t5 g5]ations ( en?usia/ic amateurs h giv5 !mselves to its enri*m5t2 ! greate/ arti/s1 ,donatello1 ,ghib]ti1 ,v]roc*io1 ! two ,lippi1 ,ghirl&aio1 ,botticelli1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael h s\ght inspiration & models 9 ! ,m$ici collection4 ,?is :ile1 by an unacc\ntable contradiction1 all ! revolutions t tr\bl$ ! city ( ,flor5ce seem to h cont9ually ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( su* an ine/imable ga!r+40 ,to be conv9c$ ( ! extreme importance ( ! ,m$ici collection "o has b to reflect t :at n[ rema9s ( x 9 ! ,flor5t9e museums or 9 well-kn[n private h&s is only ! smalle/ "p ( ^? pa/ treasures1 :i* has manag$ to survive ! pillage ( ! collection 9 ! ye> #adid1 :5 ,pi]o ,m$ici fl$ & ! ,m$ici palace 0 sack$ by ! populace & ! rema9+ effects sold & disp]s$ by ord] ( ! ,commune4 ,:at 0 lat] recov]$ by ! family 0 only a small "p ( ! collection4 ,an idea ( ! magnitude ( ! ,m$ici museum ( art c be ga9$ by p]us+ ! accurate inv5tories /ill rema9+ 9 ! ,flor5t9e ar*ives1 ! li/ ( ! objects left by ,cosimo ! ,eld] to 8 son ,pi]o & ! catalogue ( ! collection belong+ to ,lor5zo il ,magnifico1 & f9ally ! acc\nt ( _! money4 ,a brief /udy ( ! "* ( ! two mo/ important collectors ( ! ,m$ici family1 ,cosimo & ,lor5zo il ,magnifico1 w enable u to judge ( ! quality & t5d5cies ( ! amateur ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! "t 9 :i* ,cosimo liv$ & ! fact t he _h sp5t a long p]iod 9 exile1 a mis=tune br\ght ^u him by jeal\sy1 gave 8 incl9ations z an amateur a diff]5t c\rse f :at !y might o!rwise h _h4 ,?us1 :ile on ! "o h& ,cosimo nev] lo/ a *ance to help arti/s & to acquire f9e works ( art1 he 0 %rewd en\gh to d s )\t o/5tation1 to avoid ar\s+ enmity f adv]s>ies4 ,b = ?is peculi> feel+ ,cosimo's palace1 ! pres5t ,palazzo ,ricc>di1 "o ( ! mo/ sumptu\s monum5ts ( ,flor5ce1 might h be5 /ill m impos+1 display+ great] ar*itectural weal?4 ,x is kn[n t ,brunelles*i's project 0 privately pref]r$ by ,cosimo1 b he did n d>e to ar\se old jeal\sies by too sumptu\s a display4 ,mi*elozzo's design 0 *os5 z ! m mode/ ( ! two & ?us bett] fitt$ = ! 8b\rgeois pr9ce0 ( ,flor5ce4 ,not)/&+ ! necessity = caution ev5 9 lib]ality1 ,cosimo enc\rag$ ,poggio ,bracciol9i & _m o!rs 9 _! intellig5t se>* = manuscripts & r>e p>*m5ts4 ,he _h ,niccoli z an invaluable advis] & help]1 & left to 8 son ,pi]o "o ( ! f9e/ collections ( antiques4 ,8 gr&son1 ,lor5zo il ,magnifico1 0 m free-h&$4 ,times _h *ang$1 ! ,m$ici family1 ?\gh )\t h]aldic title1 0 n[ ma/] ( ! city1 & ! spl5d\rs ( a man ( ta/e1 su* z ,lor5zo1 & 8 prodigal incl9ations1 knew no re/ra9t :atev]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cosimo & ,lor5zo lay p]haps 9 ! fact t ! =m] c\ld n d half :at he might h done4 ,comp>+ ,niccoli & ,lor5zo1 "o might say t ! =m] talli$ m ) ! mod]n int]pretation ( ! ^w collector1 :ile ! latt]1 z be+ f> too eclectic a lov] ( all sorts ( arti/ic expression1 0 m cut out = ! "p ( an enlight5$ ,mc5as1 a pr9ce-amateur & a g5]\s patron ( art & lit]ature4 ,"o c h>dly ev5 imag9e ! ,magnifico classify+ 8 cameos z did ,niccoli1 or giv+ a semi-sci5tific & rational ord] to 8 objects ( virtu1 b1 runn+ on ! same l9es z ,cosimo1 ,lor5zo inve/$ 9 ! rle ( patron ( art & lov] ( ! antique1 9 :i* he display$ su* magnific5ce z to fully des]ve 8 appellation4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ^! two ,m$icis1 /at$ by contempor>ies z be+ m gre$y = fame ?an money4 ,an e/imation fully ju/ifi$1 especially 9 ! case ( ,lor5zo1 :o 9 8 ,ricordi notes t 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r sp5t #ffc1gee flor9s 9 ! space ( ?irty ye>s & rejoices 9 ! fact4 ,! sum quot$ am\nts to r m ?an a million francs2 h[ _m mod]n heirs w\ld feel l ,lor5zo il ,magnifico8 ,l ,niccoli & ,cosimo1 ,lor5zo possess$ ! excell5t quality1 mo/ uncommon 9 a collector1 ( lett+ fri5ds & admir]s h full b5efit ( 8 collection4 ,m ?an ! gratification ( an egoti/ic desire to possess r>e & beautiful ?+s1 he saw 9 8 arti/ic pursuits a great means ( education & a help to ! arti/s ( 8 "t4 ,accord+ to ! ta/e ( 8 age1 ,lor5zo 0 v p>tial to ,greek & ,roman art1 to all t conc]n$ pa/ civilization4 ,a page ( ,plato or ! beautiful =m ( a ,greek m>ble ar\s$ 9 him feel+s ( emotion m ?an any mod]n expression4 ,n only did he fill 8 palace ) f9e pieces ( sculpture b 8 villas also appe> to h be5 replete ) !m4 8,he 0 bur/+ ) joy10 ,valori1 "o ( 8 contempor>ies tells u1 8:5 he receiv$ ! bu/ ( ,plato s5t him by ,girolamo ,roscio40 ,?is passion = ! antique1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t ,lor5zo f enc\rag+ ! arti/s ( 8 own "t or f tak+ a deep int]e/ 9 _! art4 ,eclectic 9 ta/e1 z a collector he nev]!less _h "s pref]5ces4 ,9 a lett] to 8 son ,giulio1 ! future ,leo ,x1 on 8 promotion to ! ,c>d9alate1 he gives advice z to ! k9d ( art :i* is mo/ 9 keep+ ) ecclesia/ical ta/e1 b z a matt] ( fact epitomizes 8 own p5*ant z a collector ( art4 ,urg+ 8 son to give pref]5ce to antique /atu>y1 he disc\rages him f becom+ a collector ( jewels1 tape/ries & embroid]ies4 8,love 9 pref]5ce10 he recomm5ds1 8f9e antique ?+s & books0--qual*e g5tilezza di cose anti*e4 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t seems to /& ap>t f ! lov]s ( art ( 8 "t n only on acc\nt ( 8 culture & intellig5ce1 8 broad eclectic views & g5u9e cult ( e expression ( beauty1 b z be+ a r>e type ( ! gr& seigneur1 /hete & humani/4 ,paul ,,ii is a passionate collector ( art1 b m a s*ol> ?an an arti/1 ) him k is supreme2 ,c>d9al ,sc>ampi is1 z ,ciriaco ,d',ancona calls him1 an ar*ologi/1 & ,niccoli1 z an eag] & intellig5t se>*] ( objects1 w\ld make a good type ( antiqu>y ( our day1 b ,lor5zo displays int]e/ 9 e k9d ( elevat$ human expression2 8 "* seems to con=m to 8 noble motto1 ,nul ne sait qui n'essaye 7nobody kn[s :o does n try74 ,8 reputation z a connoisseur & exp]t 9 art spread af>4 ,pr9ces & mon>*s ask$ 8 advice4 ,lor5zo is n only prodigal 9 ?is respect1 b also 9 ! arti/ic ?+s ( 8 collection :i* he s5ds z pres5ts4 ,to ,ma?ias ,corv9us he s5t a bu/ by ,v]roc*io1 to ! ,c\nt ( ,madaloni ( ,naples a f9e horse's head--n[ 9 ! museum ( t city--a r>e piece ( "w :i* until lately 0 tak5 = ,greek b is n[ attribut$ to ,donatello4 ,! ,duke ( ,calabria asks him = an ar*itect1 & he s5ds him "o2 9 ! ye> #adhh he s5ds to ,f]d9&1 k+ ( ,naples1 a f9e plan ( a palace by ,giuliano da ,sangallo1 & lat] he introduces ,leon>do da ,v9ci to ,lodovico il ,moro1 ,filipp9o ,lippi to ,c>d9al ,c>afa1 ,sansov9o to ! k+ ( ,portugal4 ,9 connection ) odd reque/s t came to ,lor5zo f pr9ces & mon>*s !re is a que] "o f ,l\is ,,xi4 ,! ,fr5* k+ asks ! ,magnific5t to l5d him = a :ile ! miracul\s r+ ( ! ,flor5t9e patron sa9t1 ,san ,zanobi1 pl$g+ himself to re/ore ! r+ to ! own]s--v likely ! ,girolami ( ,flor5ce--& begg+ ,lor5zo to tell him h[ & 9 :at way x mu/ be worn to p]=m ! miracle1 cure 8 g\t & re/ore him to heal?4 ,?r\gh 8 love ( art & 8 munific5ce t[>ds arti/s ,lor5zo became practically bankrupt1 & c]ta9ly _h no scruples ab\t us+ public funds = 8 private purposes4 ,n t he 0 fond ( p]sonal display1 on ! contr>y he dete/$ outlays t _h no public utility or did n fo/] "s progress4 ,r9ucc9i1 ano!r ( 8 contempor>ies1 tells u ( ,lor5zo's indiff]5ce to p]sonal luxury & ( 8 dislike = society functions4 8,all ! ?+s t 9 old5 days10 says ,r9ucc9i1 8gave grace & reputation to ! citiz5s2 l w$d+s1 dances & ftes & h&some clo!s1 he condemn$ !m all & did away ) !m ?r\gh 8 example & 8 words40 ,a detail$ description ( 8 "* z a collector & ! quality ( 8 passion is n s eloqu5t ( ,lor5zo's p>ticul> p5*ant z 8 ,ricordi4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ^! words conc]n+ 8 mission to ,rome at ! elevation to ! ,holy ,see ( ,c>d9al ,della ,rov]e4 8,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #adga1 ,i 0 s5t z ambassador to att5d ! coronation ( ,pope ,sixtus4 ,i 0 ! recipi5t ( _m hon\rs 9 ,rome & br\ght back f ! city two antique bu/s1 ! portraits ( ,augu/us & ,agrippa1 giv5 to me by ! ,pope4 ,i also br\ght ) me ! c>v$ cup ( *alc$ony & _m cameos & m$als40 ,x mu/ be said t 9 =m+ 8 collection ! ,magnifico nev] lo/ sight ( ,rome & its treasures4 ,he _h _m ag5ts 9 ! ,et]nal ,city excavat+ & look+ = antiques to add to 8 collection4 ,8 int]c\rse ) ^! accomplices1 ! ruses employ$1 ! adroit managem5t ( influ5tial prelates oppos$ to ,lor5zo's s*emes1 & griev$ t r>e ?+s %\ld leave ,rome1 =m an int]e/+ *apt] ( diplomacy4 ,glyptography 0 giv5 pref]5ce 9 ,lor5zo's collection4 ,"s ( 8 cameos & engrav$ preci\s /ones are n[ ! r>e/ ?+s 9 our mod]n museums4 ,!n came a f9e collection ( co9s & m$als1 #bc1jjj pieces 9 all1 & ano!r ( ,etruscan vases4 ,8 /atues1 :i* ,v]roc*io & o!r arti/s 7 (t5 *>g$ to repair1 fill$ to ov]fl[+ 8 palazzo 9 ,flor5ce & 8 villas4 ,to 8 assi/ance came n only special ag5ts1 b fri5ds z well4 ,a magnific5t vase 0 obta9$ by ,lor5zo f ,v5ice1 & x 0 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( 8 lit]>y fri5d ,politiano t ! r>e f9d got into ! ,magnifico's collection4 ,politiano writes f ,v5ice to 8 fri5d & patron on ,june #bj?1 #adia1 t ,mess] ,zac*>ia has j receiv$ f ,greece una t]ra cotta antiquissima & t he believes x to be wor?y ( ,lor5zo's collection4 ,antonio ,yvane writ+ to ,donato ,acciaioli says t a little /atue ( ,h]cules has be5 f\nd at ,luni1 & t x & o!r antiques excavat$ are to be s5t to ,lor5zo4 ,"o ( 8 ag5ts s5t him a m>ble /atue ) an ,etruscan inscription2 f ,si5a1 ,lor5zo receives a bu/ t s5ds him into raptures1 & he imm$iately wi%es to buy x4 ,to give an idea ( 8 appreciation & will+ness to pay :atev] x might be wor?1 we quote "p ( 8 lett] dat$ ,may #ae?1 #adij1 address$ to ,&rea da ,foiano !n at ,si5a4 8,s] ,&rea1 ,i receiv$ y\r lett] la/ night1 & ) x ! head :i* y s5t me & :i*1 on acc\nt ( its be+ f9e & hav+ mu* ( ! antique beauty1 ,i w\ld mo/ will+ly buy f him :o owns x1 if he w "p ) x = :at x is wor?40 ,?\gh !re is no docum5t to support ! fact1 ?is bu/ is possibly ! "o t ,p4 della ,valle says 0 s5t f ,si5a to ,lor5zo1 repres5t+ a head ( ,jupit]1 ( su* a "* t beheld f "o side x _h a b5ign expression1 & f ! o!r a t]rify+ "o4 ,naples also contribut$ its %>e to ! ,m$icean collection1 f :5ce arrive ! portraits ( ,fau/9a & ,scipio ,africanus1 a f9e bu/ ( ,hadrian & a sleep+ ,cupid4 ,^! la/ two /atues 7 convey$ to him by ,giuliano da ,sangallo1 :o "u ,lor5zo's directions _h ask$ !m ( ! k+ ( ,naples4 ,z a collector & type ( antiqu>y n disda9+ a good b>ga91 & p]haps influ5c$ by ! l9eage ( %rewd bank]s1 f :i* he sprang1 ,lor5zo made m ?an "o good /roke ( bus9ess4 ,f ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv he manag$ to buy ! arti/ic treasure ( ! ,holy ,see at su* a ridicul\s price z to ar\se prote/s f ! ,pontifical acc\ntants4 ,! deal1 :i* 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh by ,lor5zo's uncle1 ,giovanni ,tornabuoni1 caus$ a sc&al t only ! ,pope's au?ority manag$ to sil5ce1 & ! ,m$ici collection became enri*$ by _m f9e pieces4 ,among !m1 ! s-call$ 8,tazza ,f>nese10 n[ "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( ! ,naples ,museum1 to :i* ! inv5tory ( ! collection gives a value ( #aj1jjj ducats1 & ! r>e ,greek "w kn[n z ! 8,rape ( ! ,palladium10 rat$ by ! same inv5tory at ! sum ( #aejj ducats4 ,?is celebrat$ cameo _h =m]ly belong$ to ,niccoli4 ,donatello copi$ x = "o ( 8 m$allions ( ! ,m$ici palace4 ,!re 7 o!r deal+s betwe5 ! ,m$ici & ! ,holy ,see1 b we fail to "k h[ advantage\s !y may h be5 = ei!r side4 ,9 ! ye> #adfj ! ,m$ici sold a piece ( tape/ry to ,pope ,pius ,,ii = ! n inconsid]able sum ( #abjj gold5 ducats1 & lat] on1 ?r\gh ! above-quot$ ag5t1 ,giovanni ,tornabuoni1 9 ! ye> #adhd sev]al y>ds ( common tape/ry 7 sold to ! ,pope by ! ,m$icis4 ,we h spok5 at great] l5g? ( ,lor5zo il ,magnifico z he appe>s to u to symbolize ! type ( ,mc5as & collector ( 8 epo*1 b all ,italian pr9ces 7 m or less art lov]s & collectors at t "t1 z well z be+ %rewd b>ga9 driv]s on occasion4 ,z an example ( ?is1 "o is l$ /raight to ,isabella d',e/e & h] h>d deal+s ) ,mantegna4 ,intellig5t1 ke5-ey$ & a good connoisseur1 ,isabella _h set h] he>t on a ,fau/9a antica 9 ! possession ( ! ,paduan pa9t]1 b did n wi% to pay ! price dem&$ by ! arti/4 ,negotiations 7 c>ri$ on = q a "t4 ,kn[+ ,mantegna's /raight5$ circum/ances1 ,isabella coolly & almo/ cruelly wait$ ! fav\rable mom5t to take be/ advantage ( ! arti/'s di/ress+ situation4 ,press$ by all sorts ( ne$s1 ! ag$ arti/ f9ally decides to "p ) 8 be/ antique1 ! portrait ( ,fau/9a1 a "w ( art he ador$4 ,consci\s ( hav+ s]v$ ! h\se ( ,gonzaga mo/ fai?fully & kn[+ ,isabella's intellig5ce & admiration = 8 bu/ ( 8,fau/9a antica10 z he calls x1 he det]m9$ to (f] h] ! "w = a hundr$ ducats4 ,9 8 lett] dat$ f ,mantua1 ,janu>y #ac?1 #aejf1 he tells ,isabella all 8 tr\bles & h[ h>d x is = him to "p ) 8 *]i%$ bu/1 b also h[ glad he w\ld be if %e w take x1 or z he says3 8,s9ce ,i h to deprive myself ( x1 ,i w\ld r y _h x ?an any o!r ,"l or ,lady 9 ! _w40 ,to ?is pitiful lett]1 end+ ) ! t\*+ appeal3 8,i recomm5d myself to y\r ,excell5cy _m & _m times10 ,isabella replies lat] by s5d+ "o ( h] ag5ts1 ^: lett] to h] is full ( an a/ute _s ( b>ga9+ & runs z foll[s3 8,9 compliance ) :at y\r ,signoria writes me1 ,i w call to-morr[ morn+ on ,mess] ,&rea ,mantegna & w act z %rewdly z possible ab\t ! ,fau/9a 7f> l'op]a con pi de/ro e acconcio modo sap]7 & w in=m y\r ,excell5cy ( ! result at once4 ,giovanni ,cal&ra ,mantua1 ,july #ad?1 #aejf40 ,a second lett] f ,giovanni ,cal&ra in=ms ,isabella t ! arti/ is obdurate z to ! price4 ,t ?\gh he is 9 extreme ne$ he hates to "p ) 8 ,fau/9a di m>mo antica & asks p>don = ! refusal1 t he hopes to f9d 8 price ) ,monsignor ,vescovo di ,gonzaga1 :o has ! reputation1 ,cal&ra /ates1 to be ke5 on ^! ?+s4 ,deal+s ?r\gh ! ag5t g on1 till "o day ! latt] ann\nces to ! ,m>*esa ,isabella ,gonzaga t %e has become ! possessor ( ! ,fau/9a antica1 :i* is already %ipp$ to h] 7,m&o p] bur*iello a po/a la ,fau/9a a ,s4,v471 provid$ %e agrees to ! price2 if n ! ag5t begs t ! bu/ may be s5t back1 9 accordance ) 8 promise giv5 to ! pa9t]1 %\ld ! price n be agre$ ^u 7acci possi disobblig> la f$e data a ,m4 ,&rea ,mantegna74 ,negotiations betwe5 ,isabella ,gonzaga & ! p5uri\s arti/ :o _h cov]$ ) glory ! pr9ce he _h s]v$ & _h decorat$ ) magnific5t frescoes ! room ( ,isabella's mansion1 la/$ f ,janu>y #ac?1 #aejf1 to ,augu/ #bnd ( ! same ye>4 ,^! are b a few incid5ts ( ! day4 ,all ,italy 0 collect+4 ,excitem5t ov] antiques _h n[ become a mania1 & ?is is p]haps ! be/ ju/ification = imitators to h turn$ into fak]s4 ,at ?is p]iod art collect+ rang$ f its highe/ vot>ies1 ,lor5zo ,m$ici1 ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ,e/e1 ,gonzaga1 ,s=za1 ,arragona1 d[n to common citiz5s :o 7 e>ne/ & intellig5t collectors4 ,"o ?+ to be not$ 9 ?is epo* is ! total abs5ce ( ! p>v5u collector s fully repres5t$ 9 ! ,roman p]iod4 ,!re may be an occasional case ( snobb]y1 l t ( ,c>d9al di ,san ,giorgio1 :o refus$ to keep 9 8 h\se an excell5t imitation ( ,mi*elangelo1 because1 ?\gh hav+ deceiv$ him & _m o!rs1 x 0 n actually g5u9e1 al?\gh f> bett] ?an "s ( ! rubbi% ( 8 collection :i* conta9$ indiscrim9at+ly any?+ t _h be5 une>!d 9 ,rome1 b a ,tongilius1 a ,euctus1 & above all a ,trimal*o1 d n seem to h exi/$ 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,if !y did1 !y 7 surely m9or *>act]s & q outside ! _w ( real amateurs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,imitation1 ,,plagi>ism ,,& ,,fak+ ,! arti/s' passion = ! antique--,brunelles*i1 ,donatello & _! foll[]s--,flor5ce1 ! ,s*ool ( ,padua1 ,v5ice-- ,imitation1 plagi>ism & fak+--,! plaquettes & _! curi\s trans=mations ( "s ,greek & ,roman orig9als--,! "* ( ! imitations & t ( ! int5d$ victims4 ,!re is no occasion "h to lose oneself 9 argum5ts z to :e!r ! arti/ 0 ! primal cause ( ! awak5+ ( ! ta/e = ! antique1 or :e!r x 0 a m]e syn!tic translation ( a s5tim5t already awak5$ ?r\gh complex causes1 ! ma9 "o be+1 p]haps1 classic lit]ature4 ,classicism1 lately develop$ into an entirely pagan /hetic s5tim5t1 a comb9ation ( ,philhell5ic & ,lat9 t5d5cies1 may z well h influ5c$ art z life 9 g5]al--a s5tim5t t at ! mom5t ( its maturity ar\s$ ana!matic prote/ f ,savon>ola & a mom5t>y reaction ( pietism4 ,h[ev]1 ! prea*+ ( ! fri> & 8 colossal bonfire ( art treasures 9 ,piazza della ,signoria 7 m]e incid5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ,flor5t9e t5d5cies ( art4 ,! ,piagnoni 9 ,flor5ce may h conv]t$ ,botticelli & a few o!r arti/s1 b ! pagan s5tim5t 0 n dispell$4 ,= ! arti/ ( ! la/ "p ( ! ,x,vth c5tury ,san ,giorgio & ,p]seus 71 if n id5tical1 to be treat$ ) ! same arti/ic s5tim5t4 ,! real evolution1 9 our op9ion1 beg9s ) ,brunelles*i & ,donatello4 ,9 ! ye> #adjd ^! two arti/s und]took a j\rney to ,rome4 ,= ! progress ( art ?is is a memorable date4 ,! real influ5ce ( ,greek & ,roman art on ! arti/ic movem5t imm$iately prec$+ ! ,r5aissance beg9s at t date4 ,x is und5iable t ev5 be=e ?is "t my?ological subjects _h become famili> to bo? pa9t]s & sculptors1 arti/s prec$+ ,donatello & ,brunelles*i1 su* z ,pi]o di ,giovanni ,t$esco1 ,nicolo di ,pi]o ,lamb]ti 7call$ il ,pela7 & ev5 ,nanni & ,antonio di ,banco1 %[ slight traces ( ,roman art at times--ev5 to ! way ( work+ ! m>ble1 z 9 ! ornam5ts ( ! nor? door ( ! ,duomo 9 ,flor5ce1 by ,giovanni ,t$esco--b !y are fa9t & unc]ta9 traits1 leav+ "o undecid$ :e!r !y be attributable to ,roman influ5ce or a m]e inh]itance f ! ,romanesque blunt-edg$ way ( work+ m>ble4 ,! ye>s sp5t 9 ,rome by ,donatello & ,brunelles*i seem to h m\ld$ ! /yle ( ^! two arti/s entirely anew1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! =m]4 ,! citiz5s ( ,rome 7 m or less surpris$ at ! p]si/5cy ) :i* ! two arti/s endeav\r$ to une>? fragm5ts ( old /atues1 & suppos+ !m to be animat$ by a m]e m]c5>y hope1 t ( f9d+ "s treasure1 !y call$ ! two /ud5ts quelli del tesoro 7treasure-seek]s74 ,x is und5iably true t h[ev] pr(itable _! se>* = old co9s & m>ble relics1 _! copies & /udy ( anci5t art 7 9 _! sum total m valuable ?an ! solid gold !y br\ght back ) !m to ,flor5ce4 ,! results are pla9ly visible 9 ,brunelles*i's ar*itecture & ,donatello's sculpture1 & ! influ5ce t _! art ex]cis$ ov] _! contempor>ies & foll[]s4 ,z we h said1 aft] 8 soj\rn 9 ,rome1 ,donatello1 p>ticul>ly1 seems to h imm]s$ 8 art 9 a ba? ( pa/ paganism4 ,8 art is no fak]y1 nor is x %e] plagi>ism ( ! antique1 b x is all p]meat$ ) ,greek & ,roman rem9isc5ces1 & comes at times s close to ! ,grco-,roman art t x misleads connoisseurs4 ,speak+ ( ,donatello's art ,l\is ,c\rajod1 a well-kn[n connoisseur1 obs]ves3 8,he ent]$ s deeply into ! _s ( antiquity1 t "s ( 8 re/orations ( /atues are v puzzl+1 & x is difficult to di/+ui% 8 h&iwork f t ( ! orig9al40 ,9 fact ! fam\s horse's head ( ! ,naples ,museum 0 catalogu$ z a ,greek bronze be=e x 0 rec5tly attribut$ to ,donatello or 8 s*ool4 ,no "o c fail to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ,donatello's putt9o & ! 8,infant ) ! ,goose10 a typical example ( ,grco-,roman art4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to be affect$ by ! new s5tim5t 9 art 0 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,ghib]ti n only became enam\r$ ( ! antique1 b 0 seiz$ by ! passion ( collect+ ! be/ antiques 9 m>ble & bronze4 ,y may be sure t collectors ( ?is calibre1 unlike ! ,roman samples1 talk$ v little ( pat9a & a great deal ( =m1 t _! en?usiasm 0 ( a high] alloy ev5 ?an t ( pres5t-day collectors1 :o are r>ely arti/s or ev5 real lov]s ( art4 ,polycletus & ,lysippus 7 ,ghib]ti's idols1 & ,greek art 8 wor%ip2 = ! era ( ,imp]ial ,rome he _h no en?usiasm4 ,8 cult = ! ,greek w5t s f> z to induce him to reckon "t by ! ,olympiads 9 8 *ronology4 ,in/ead ( tell+ u t a c]ta9 arti/ di$ :5 ,m>t9 ,v 0 pope1 or 9 ! ye> s & s1 ,ghib]ti /ates amaz+ly t ! ev5t took place 9 ! #dch? ,olympiad6 ,x is n surpris+ t an arti/ l ,ghib]ti1 & su* a lov] ( ,greek art z he 01 %\ld be able to classify ,greek art at sight1 to discrim9ate x f dubi\s ,roman products & all ! art t s closely resembles c]ta9 ,greek p]iods4 ,t ! wor%ip ( pagan art 0 practis$ by arti/s ) no risk to !mselves may be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t ! "t ( religi\s intol]ance _h pass$4 ,intol]ance1 compreh5sible p]haps 9 ! e>ly times ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 x 0 a crime = an arti/ to g to ! =ms ( ! pa/1 _h gradually sunk into tradition by ! dawn ( ! new era :i* pav$ ! way to ! ,r5aissance 9 art & to humani/ic t5d5cies1 ! mo/ tol]ant & unprejudic$ p]iod ( pa/ civilization4 ,lov]s ( art 9 ?is p]iod appe> to possess a c]ta9 ref9em5t ( feel+ t ! ,romans did n h1 !y /& m z fri5ds to ! arti/1 e/eem him m1 & ?us _! pursuit has a wid] scope4 ,ev5 ,ghib]ti1 ) all ! re/rictions plac$ on 8 ta/e by 8 infatuation = ! antique1 01 accord+ to ,vas>i :o describes 8 collection1 no n>r[ speciali/ 9 ! s mu* prais$ mod]n mean+ ( ! ^w1 namely1 a collector :o may be useful to ! hi/ory ( art & to k at l>ge1 b :o does n z a rule possess a sp>k ( love = art or arti/ic feel+4 ,z is (t5 ! case to-day1 ! heirs ( ^! old collectors 7 at times m gre$y = money ?an a reputation = art4 ,_m f9e collections 7 scatt]$ to ! f\r w9ds1 :i* 0 also ! fate met$ out to ,ghib]ti's collection by 8 relatives & heirs4 ,=tunately a few pieces ( ?is /up5d\s collection h be5 sav$3 a f9e torso ( a ,satyr c n[ be se5 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,!re are o!r pieces too t h come d[n to u1 b ! f9e/ works1 ^? attribut$ to ,polycletus1 among !m a r>e ornam5t$ vase1 are n[ lo/4 ,! new arti/ic feel+ p]petuat$ itself 9 ar*itecture f ,brunelles*i to ,alb]ti4 ,! latt] built = ,malate/a :at purport$ to be a *ur*1 b :i* is 9 fact no?+ b a temple to ,love1 :i* ! tyrant ( ,rim9i erect$ & d$icat$ to ! memory ( 8 lady-love1 ,isotta ,atti4 ,! revolution 9 sculpture effect$ by ,donatello seems to be felt 9 ,padua & ,v5ice4 ,imitations ( all sorts1 & probably fak$ antiques1 date f ?is "t4 ,x is difficult to decide :e!r ,donatello's g5u9e pagan s5tim5t1 8 second arti/ic nature1 0 solely due to 8 passion or to a desire to accommodate ! g5]al ta/e = ! antique2 ,italian arti/s are f> too v]satile4 ,h[ev] t may be1 he 0 no fak]2 ! art ( ! fak] fl\ri%$ :5 imitators _h lo/ all arti/ic p]sonality1 becom+ m]e craftsm5 cat]+ z usual to a mom5t>y mania4 ,!n 0 ! "t "o saw ,fil>ete indulg+ 9 mo/ absurd m$als & portraits ( dubi\s1 v dubi\s1 hi/orical correctness2 ,riccio 9 ,padua fabricat+ & flood+ ! m>ket ) *>m+ little bronzes 9 :i* ! imitation is s evid5t t x br+s up ! "q z to :at ! art ( ,&rea ,briesco 7call$ il ,riccio7 might h be51 _h he *anc$ to be born at ano!r epo*4 ,vellano also alt]nates f9e pieces ( "w ) little bronzes t mu/ h be5 9 great vogue ) collectors ( antiques4 ,x is to be not$ t ! mania is n conf9$ to ,italy1 x takes t c\ntry by /orm because ( its trem5d\s arti/ic activity & ! fact t 9 art x is ! =emo/ c\ntry ( ! "t2 b o!rs 7 affect$ too4 ,france is ! fir/ z be+ ! ne>e/ tribut>y to ,italian supremacy 9 art4 ,!re are _m examples ( :at we h said1 b p]haps "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t is ! decoration ( ! ca/le ( ,gaillon1 :]e !re are "s m$allions ) portraits ( ,roman emp]ors ( a mo/ my/ify+ "*4 ,?\gh ! "w ( ,italians ( ! end ( ! ,quattroc5to !y 7 classifi$ z antique 7antiqualles7 only a few ye>s lat]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,an evid5t pro( t ,quattroc5to imitations 7 n always direct$ by arti/ic fancy1 b r by ! love ( ga9 by means ( fraud & fak]y1 is giv5 by ! fact t "s ( ! /atuettes imitat+ ! antique 7 ca/ ) brok5 limbs4 ,! ,ambras collection ( ,vi5na has "o ( ^! curi\s specim5s--a *>m+ figure1 a female nude4 ,?is piece has evid5tly be5 ca/ )\t arms1 ! clay model hav+ be5 mutilat$ be=e ! =m 0 tak5 = ! ca/4 ,9 ! ,prado ( ,madrid !re is also a bronze /atue ( ! ,r5aissance1 possibly a ca/ f ! antique1 ! peculi>ity ( :i* is t ! arms h be5 add$ aft]w>ds1 z ?\gh 9 re/oration4 ,! metal ( ! arms is ( a diff]5t alloy & ! modell+ ( ^! p>ts purports to be ( a mu* lat] date ?an ! re/ ( ! /atue4 ,! fir/ pieces to %[ a positive "* ( fak]y are imitations ( old co9s & m$als4 ,!n small bronzes call$ plaquettes1 (t5 pa/i*es ( antique models1 :5 n actually reproductions f old cameos4 ,! ,r5aissance has also produc$ _m bronze /atuettes t seem to h _h no o!r purpose ?an to take 9 ! amateur--to gratify 8 dem& = antiques by laun*+ spuri\s products ^u ! m>ket4 ,! arti/s responsible = !m repres5t :at might be /yl$ ! ari/ocracy ( fak]s2 !re is no?+ banal ab\t !m1 _! "w is g5]ally good1 s mu* s t ^! imitations h n[ acquir$ a value p] se4 ,antonio ,pollaiolo1 ! ,flor5t9e sculptor1 is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ imitators ( ! antique4 ,! ,flute ,play] ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,flor5ce is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ examples ( ?is /atem5t4 ,h]cules & ,antu is also a rem>kable "w by ?is arti/1 ?\gh ! o!r is sup]ior on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,( ! ,flute ,play] !re are copies ( ! same p]iod 9 ! ,cluny ,museum & at ,avignon4 ,curi\sly en\gh ?is /atuette tempt$ ev5 ! p5cil ( ,raphael1 :o reproduc$ x 9 a sket*-book n[ kept 9 ! ,academy ( ,v5ice4 ,z soon z he _h left ! goldsmi?'s %op1 ,&rea del ,v]roc*io />t$ ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 activity 9 8 new c>e] z a sculptor1 & made 8 way1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 by ca/+ small figures 9 bronze4 ,we "k v little ( ^! small /atuettes ( ,v]roc*io's1 beyond attribution1 b1 ,vas>i says1 ,v]roc*io 0 tempt$ to make !m :ile 9 ,rome1 because he saw h[ appreciat$ 7 antique /atuettes1 s mu* s t ev5 fragm5ts fet*$ fancy prices4 ,be+ an excell5t craftsman ) ! *isel1 & skill$ 9 ! ca/+ ( metals1 ,v]roc*io w\ld seem to h be5 fully equipp$ = cat]+ to ! dem& ( ! amateurs ( 8 "t4 ,vellano1 9 8 imitations ( ! antique1 seems at times to h ev5 be5 tempt$ to c\nt]feit ,egyptian art4 ,8 art 9 imitat+ is eclectic & mo/ v]satile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,imitations ,,( ,,! ,,antique4 ,by ,mod]no1 ,x,v,ith ,c5tury4 ,&rea ,briesco seems to possess ! brusque t\* ( "s antique sculptors comb9$ ) ! mania ( ,roman foppi%ness 9 ov]-drap+ 8 /atuettes4 ,!y are inv>iably array$ 9 gorge\s consul> arm\r1 elaborate togas1 imp]ial s&als1 & h1 z a rem>kable contra/1 wild1 vulg> faces 9 complete di%>mony ) ! ri* decoration ( ! co/umes4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ?is arti/ models horses or simple nude figures he gets clos] to ! orig9als & is evid5tly an excell5t & dang]\s imitator4 ,! bronzes ( ! ,paduan s*ool t may1 ) m or less c]ta9ty1 be attribut$ to ,riccio1 are endless & 9 "s ( !m ! int5tion ( fak+ is evid5t4 ,jacopo ,sansov9o1 ! presum$ au?or ( ! bronze /atuette ( ,meleag] ( ! ,p\rtales collection 9 ,b]l91 does n seem to take ! tr\ble to disguise ! orig9 ( 8 plagium4 ,mi*elangelo 0 too great a p]sonality z an arti/ & too highly gift$ to be tempt$ to hide 8 g5ius & wa/e 8 f9e en]gies on imitation ( ! antique4 ,yet ! /ory ( 8 ,sleep+ ,cupid1 sold 9 ,rome z an antique1 is v in/ructive4 ,?\gh well kn[n x s]ves admirably to illu/rate ! "* ( ! amateurs contempor>y to ! great sculptor4 ,! anecdote ca/s a c]ta9 ju/ifi$ suspicion t ! collectors ( ! ,r5aissance & e>ly sixte5? c5tury mu/ h be5 dup$ on a l>g] scale ?an we are l$ to suppose f ! scanty in=mation we possess on ! subject4 ,vas>i in=ms u t ,mi*elangelo sculptur$ f a piece ( m>ble a life-siz$ sleep+ ,cupid1 t 9 ?is "w he _h imitat$ ! antique to a surpris+ ext5t2 s mu* s t :5 ! "w 0 %[n to ,lor5zo di ,pi]francesco de' ,m$ici ! latt] advis$ ! sculptor to s5d ! "w to ,rome & sell x z an antique1 z 8by ?is means he c\ld obta9 a f> bett] price40 ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 ! ,cupid1 m>vell\sly arrang$ & col\r$ l an old piece ( sculpture1 0 tak5 to ,rome1 buri$ 9 a v9ey>d & !n 8discov]$0 & sold z an antique to ,c>d9al ,san ,giorgio1 :o paid #bjj ducats = ! "w 7a ducat 0 wor? ab\t #is474 ,vas>i adds t ! p]son :o _h act$ z g-betwe5 9 ! affair tri$ to *eat ,mi*elangelo by say+ t ! ,c>d9al _h only paid him #cj scudi 7a scudi 0 wor? ab\t #ds471 & he !n comm5ts on ! ,c>d9al's poor ta/e 9 n giv+ ! ,cupid due consid]ation aft] he _h discov]$ t x 0 mod]n4 ,he says3 8,n recogniz+ ! m]it ( ! "w1 :i* consi/s 9 p]fection1 :]e9 ! mod]ns are z good z ! anci5ts10 ! ,c>d9al did n "k h[ lucky he 0 to own a g5u9e "w by ,mi*elangelo 9 ! place ( heav5 kn[s :at poor product ( "s mode/ ma/] ( antiquity4 ,condivi repeats ! /ory1 :i* has giv5 ample food = popul> fancy & folklore1 add+ t ! irate ,c>d9al caus$ ! man to be arre/$ &1 giv+ him back ! ,cupid1 claim$ & receiv$ ! sum paid = x4 ,! fact t ,mi*elangelo1 :o w5t to ,rome 9 ! ye> #adif1 wrote 9 ,july1 #adif1 to ,lor5zo di ,pi]francesco de' ,m$ici t he _h paid a visit to ! ,c>d9al di ,san ,giorgio1 %[s t ! prelate did n be> ! arti/ a grudge = ! joke4 ,9 ?is lett] ,mi*elangelo tells ,lor5zo ,m$ici t he has tri$ 9 va9 to get ! ,cupid back f ,baldass>re ,milanese1 ! deal] & g-betwe5 9 ! affair ( ! ,c>d9al1 b see+ t ! man is ob/9ate 9 8 refusal to give back ! /atue he has be5 advis$ to use ,c>d9al ,san ,giorgio's au?ority4 ,condivi says t 9 "s unkn[n way ?is /atue pass$ into ! h&s ( ,duke ,val5t9o1 & f9ally became ! prop]ty ( ! ,m>*ioness ( ,mantua1 :o own$ x at ! "t ,condivi1 ! hi/orian & ,mi*elangelo's pupil1 0 writ+4 ,aft] ! small /atuettes1 ,roman bu/s are a s\rce ( "s excell5t imitations4 ,( ^! works1 bo? 9 m>ble & bronze1 _m museums possess good examples4 ,! ,uffizi ,gall]y has two or ?ree good ones2 besides ^! ! _m re/or$ bu/s & /atues ( ?is same ,gall]y speak ( ! *>act]i/ic pliability & plagi>ism 9 art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,a f9e bu/ 9 bronze ( a hypo!tical ,roman emp]or1 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,b>on ,davilli]1 is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,x is evid5tly ! "w ( an arti/ ( ! v]satile & prolific ,paduan s*ool4 ,?is v s*ool ( ,padua1 /r5g!n$ by ! adv5t ( ,vittore ,camelio1 ,cav9o1 de ,bassiano1 & o!r capable fak]s ( art--we feel we ne$ n scruple to use ! ^w 9 association ) ^! names--is *iefly responsible = ^? co9s1 m$als & small bronzes t x w\ld be naive to say 7 made solely = ! sake ( imitat+4 ,! imitations ( bas-reliefs prep>$ p]haps ! popul>ity ( ^? small bronze bas-reliefs call$ plaquettes :i* seem to h meant s mu* to ! collector ( ! "t4 ,we ev5 f9d ! angelic ,m9o1 ! la/ ,r5aissance arti/ :o %\ld h attempt$ to paganize 8 sweetly ascetic art1 try+ 8 h& at ^! m>ble bas-reliefs ( ,roman emp]ors1 re-edit$ = ! b5efit ( amateurs4 ,^! bas-reliefs already seem to h inveigl$ arti/s into palm+ !m (f ) fanta/ic tales1 giv+ !m :at might be call$ a %ampoo ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,brunswick ,museum !re is a bas-relief 9 m>ble1 evid5tly ap+ antique art1 repres5t+ an ,ari/otle 9 an absurd po9t$ headge> & ) ! foll[+ inscription3-- 7sic7 ,a replica ( ?is bronze belong$ to ,*>les ,timbal's collection1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,monsieur ,gu/ave ,dreyfus2 a ?ird1 ) an id5tical inscription1 is kept 9 ! ,mod5a ,museum2 a f\r? is 9 ! ,corr] ,museum ( ,v5ice2 &1 f9ally1 a fif? sample ( ?is fanta/ic ,ari/otle is 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ! ,b>gello ( ,flor5ce4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re 0 a companion-piece to ?is ,ari/otle1 ! portrait ( ,plato1 :i* has come d[n to u 9 mat]ial o!r ?an bronze1 b :i* mu/ h once be5 ! p5dant ( ! ,ari/otle1 z !re are clay reproductions ( bo? portraits1 ! ,ari/otle be+ id5tical to ! ones already quot$4 ,( ,plato !re are sev]al bas-reliefs 9 m>ble1 "o 9 ! ,bav>ian ,museum ( ,muni*1 ano!r 9 ! ,museum ( ,arezzo1 & ano!r 9 ! ,prado4 ,9 ! latt] museum !re is also an ,ari/otle 9 m>ble ) its freaki% head-cov]+1 long hair & a long be>d2 ( ,plato !re are two m>ble bas-reliefs1 two m$allions4 ,9 ! l>g] "o !re is ! inscription3-- ,a curi\s fact to be notic$ is t ( ^! two portraits ,ari/otle's mu/ h caught public fancy m ?an t ( 8 philosophical companion4 ,n only because ( ! num]\s reproductions ( ! "o orig9al b because x mu/ h be5 popul> already 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xii1 be+ reproduc$ 9 clay 9 a m$allion ( ! ca/le ( ,alluye at ,blois4 ,9 ?is race = popul>ity 9 a =eign c\ntry & f a spuri\s orig91 ,plato seems to h lo/ ne>ly half a c5tury1 z we f9d a reproduction 9 ! ca/le ( ,ec\5 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* l&$ f9ally 9 ! ,museum ( ,fr5* ,monum5ts1 :]e ,balt>d r5am$ x z ! portrait ( ,jean ,bullant4 ,no /range transition :5 "o consid]s t a ca/ ( ! orig9al ,plato 01 = q a long "t1 %[n 9 ! ,l\vre z ! portrait ( ,philib]t ,delorme4 ,! ,l\vre has a que] m>ble m$allion1 a "w ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( a ,roman ,imp]ator ,caldusius1 & a m$allion ( ,cato is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,beauvais4 ,:5 ,vespasiano da ,bi/icci tells u t ,niccoli 8_h 9 8 h\se an inf9ite numb] ( m$als 9 bronze & silv] & gold1 & _m antique brass figures1 & _m m>ble heads1 & o!r valuable ?+s10 we c believe t !y 7 g5u9e1 b :5 x is a "q ( a lat] collection ( old m>ble heads1 bas-reliefs & m$als1 we wond] h[ _m an ,emp]or ,caldusius x conta9$4 ,?is curi\s trade 9 & mania = pa/i*e 0 assi/$1 x mu/ be add$1 by ! trem5d\s skill t ! arti/s ( all p]iods ( ! ,r5aissance seem to h possess$ 9 m\ld+1 reca/+1 & compos+ "o piece f two or ?ree orig9als4 ,we "k t ,v]roc*io us$ to make pla/] ca/s ( liv+ p1 & ! cu/om ( mak+ bu/ portraits & m$allions f dea? masks 0 q common 9 ! ,quattroc5to & lat]4 ,su* po/-mortem reproductions 7 (t5 ably disguis$ by ! modell+ /ick1 :ile at o!r times !y %[$ only too pla9ly _! gha/ly orig94 ,a regul> riot ( fak]y1 comb9$ ) ! mo/ fanta/ic metamorphoses ( ,greek & ,roman orig9als1 exi/$ = ! b5efit ( crazy numismati/s1 gre$y collectors ( m$als & amateurs ) a fancy = small bronze bas-reliefs4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ! imitation ( co9s 0 mo/ v>i$2 "s are q excell5t reproductions ( ! antique ones1 o!rs aga9 %[ ! art & /yle ( ! arti/ & 8 p]iod b fa9tly disguis$4 ,"s ( ^! latt] are at any rate *>m+ works ( art4 ,! co9s1 m$als & small bronzes seem to emphasize ! ,r5aissance mania = ! antique4 ,n[1 = in/ance1 aft] giv+ ! portrait ( ,adam1 ,eve1 ,noah & ,ham1 ,%em & ,japhet1 ! ,promptu>ium iconum insigniorum a seculo hom9um1 publi%$ 9 ,lyons by ,guillaume ,reville 7#aeec71 gives o!r engrav+s purport+ to be au!ntic portraits ( v>i\s p]sonages ( antiquity4 ,z a matt] ( fact _m ( ^! portraits are copi$ f old m$als t 7 circulat+ at ! "t1 ! "w ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,mr4 ,c\rajod1 ! =m] curator ( ! ,l\vre ,museum1 0 able to prove ?is by f9d+ "s ( ! m$als f :i* ! portraits ( ! ,promptu>ium iconum _h be5 copi$4 ,^! portray ,antigone1 ! lieut5ant ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ! k+ ( ,phrygia1 ,lysima*us1 k+ ( ,?race4 ,! fir/1 an ,italian bronze ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is *>act]i/ic = ! ef=t made by ! arti/ to c\nt]feit ! ,ori5tal /yle he may h notic$1 p]haps1 9 o!r co9s ( ! "t4 ,b1 z we h said1 :]e ! fancy ( ! fak] really ran riot 0 9 ^? small bronzes ( v>i\s orig9 & /ill m v>i\s purpose1 n[adays call$ plaquettes4 ,^! bronzes 7 sometimes ca/ f ! =m ( an old cameo1 at o!rs !y imitat$ or ap$ a l orig91 & :e!r !y may h be5 us$ z buttons1 pommels ( ! hilts ( swords1 or simply be5 dem&$ by collectors1 !y 7 = ! mo/ "p imitations ( ! antique4 ,9 ^! works ! metamorphoses ( ! orig9al are at times s num]\s & s absurd z to puzzle ! mod]n collector & cause him to speculate on ! acum5 ( "s ( ! connoisseurs ( ! pa/4 ,) "s ( ^! small bronzes ! metamorphosis is n 9 ! =m b 9 ! inscription t sometimes accompanies ! plaquette1 b on o!r occasions ! subject & ! figures are consid]ably alt]$4 ,z an example ( ! =m] we may quote ! suppos$ portrait ( ,julius ,cs> ( ! ,c\rajod collection4 ,9 ?is case ! plaquette be>s ! inscription 8,,ivllivs ,c4 4 ,,pp 4 ,,pm401 :i* has caus$ ! wrong nam+ ( ?is bas-relief1 = an id5tical plaquette1 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,b>d9i ( ,flor5ce1 seems to indicate t x mu/ be a "q ( ,cic]o4 ,! second inscription runs ?us1 8,m4 ,,tvllivs 4,c4,p4,p4,p4,m40 ,z = ! second me?od1 ! alt]ation ( ! =m & subject ( a plaquette1 ! fancy display$ by ! mak]s bord]s ^u ! grotesque4 ,to beg9 ) a mild =m ( metamorphosis1 let u foll[ ! subject ( ,apollo & ,m>syas 9 its trans=mation f ! orig9al cameo t 0 9 ! collection ( ,lor5zo il ,magnifico &1 accord+ to ,muntz1 is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 toge!r ) _m o!rs f ! same collection4 ,9 ?is cameo ! god is on ! "r1 play+ ! lyre held 9 8 left h&1 ,m>syas to ! left has 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him1 betwe5 ! two figures kneels ,olympus 7a pupil ( ,m>syas7 int]c$+ = 8 doom$ ma/]4 ,! suppos$ orig9al 9 ! ,naples ,museum be>s b "o inscription1 8,,lavr ,,m$410 evid5tly /&+ = ,lor5zo ,m$ici1 b ,ghib]ti tells u t on ?is cornelian 8ar\nd ! said figures 7 antique lett]s spell+ ! "n ( ,n]o40 ,!re is no?+ /range 9 ?is1 nor 9 ! presupposition t ! cameo _h be5 ,n]o's private seal1 z "o kn[s he 0 fond ( play+ ! lyre1 b :at ca/s "s d\bt on ! au!nticity ( ! ,naples cornelian /one is ! fact t ! ,b]l9 ,museum possesses a bronze plaquette1 evid5tly a reproduction f "s antique cameo1 ) ! inscription to :i* ,ghib]ti alludes1 8,,n]o-,,avgv/vs-,,g]manicvs-,p-,m-,,tr- ,p-,,imp-,,pp-40 ,! cornelian /one kept 9 ! ,naples ,museum has no inscription & = ?is reason is suppos$ by "s to be a reproduction f ! orig9al ord]$ by ,lor5zo ,m$ici4 ,! plaquette ( ! ,b]l9 collection is ?\ght to be ca/ f ! orig9al ,greek cornelian /one1 ?\gh !re are o!r reproductions 9 v>i\s museums1 "o = in/ance 9 ! ,l\vre v simil> to ! "o ( ,b]l91 ano!r 9 ! collection ( ,c\rajod1 ) ! inscription1 8,,prud5tia4 ,,puritas4 ,,t]tiom4 ,,qvod4 ,,ignoro40 ,mr4 ,c\rajod also own$ two m copies ( ?is subject1 "o simil> to ! "o ( ! ,l\vre ) ! addition ( a bord]1 ! o!r ( l>g] dim5sions ) ! figure re/+ on a gr\nd 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t4 ,a bas-relief ( ?is subject1 us$ z an ornam5t ( ! pommel ( a sword hilt & v simil> to ! o!r plaquettes 0 9 ! ,davilli] collection4 ,n4 ,s*lif] & ,giovanni ,boldu 7#adeg7 treat$ ! fav\rite subject ) a c]ta9 plagi>ism ( ! ,greek model4 ,9 ,boldu's bas-relief ,apollo is 9 ! usual attitude1 b ! o!r figure has disappe>$4 ,!re are _m o!r plaquettes1 ) small v>iations1 9 private collections4 ,!re is also a plaquette ( ?is subject 9 ! ,dreyfus collection1 9 :i* ,apollo has become a woman & ,m>syas is play+ ! flute4 ,evid5tly ! subject mu/ n only h be5 popul> among collectors b mu/ h caught ! fancy ( arti/s z ! composition ( ,apollo & ,m>syas is reproduc$ 9 a bas-relief ( a f9e door =m]ly 9 ,cremona & n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,! "o at ,naples is repeat$ almo/ id5tically 9 a cornelian ( ! ,cab9et des ,m$ailles1 9 a portrait ( a "y girl1 attribut$ to ,botticelli1 9 ! ,/a$el ,museum ( ,frankfurt2 on ! frontispiece ( a "w execut$ = ,ma?ias ,corv9us2 on a frontispiece ( ! ,s=ziade1 t r>e "w kept 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,ricc>di 9 ,flor5ce2 on a majolica di% ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 n[ 9 ! ,corr] ,museum 9 ,v5ice4 ,!re is a plagi>ism ( ?is subject 9 a "w by ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! foll[+ examples1 h[ev]1 are p]haps m typical ( an int5tional trans=mation1 a some:at rev]s$ case & an exception to ! rule 9 ?is sort ( fak+1 namely a ,*ri/ian subject turn$ into a pagan "o = ! b5efit ( ! fifte5?-c5tury amateurs4 ,!re /ill exi/ 9 ,san ,pietro 9 ,v9coli 9 ,rome1 two bas-reliefs repres5t+ two incid5ts 9 ! life ( ! sa9t :o has giv5 ! *ur* its "n1 "o :5 he is arre/$ & put to prison1 ! o!r :5 he is *a9$ 9 8 cell & lib]at$ by ! angels4 ,! two bas-reliefs1 wrongly attribut$ to ,pollaiolo1 7 ord]$ f "s ,roman arti/ 9 ! ye> #adgg by ,sixtus ,,iv1 !n a simple c>d9al4 ,( ea* ( ^! bas-reliefs !re is a modifi$ reproduction1 "o 9 ! ,l\vre & ! o!r 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & ! modifications ( bo? are su* z to make p believe !m to be pagan subjects & antique "w4 ,9 ! reproduction kept 9 ! ,l\vre ! trans=mation ( ! subject )\t mu* alt]ation ( ! "w is s evid5t t we c see h[ easily old collectors 7 tak5 9 by ^! curi\s pieces ( truquage4 ,( a m naive1 b no less effici5t "* is ! trans=mation inflict$ ^u ! bas-relief ( ,k5s+ton4 ,"h 9 ord] to trans=m ! miracul\s lib]ation ( ,sa9t ,pet] into ! free+ ( a ,roman s5ator x has suffic$ to clip ! angel's w+s1 bo? inside ! prison--! "w be+ divid$ into two diff]5t mom5ts ( ! action--& :]e ! sa9ts u%] ! apo/le into ! /reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,al9>i ,,m>syas ,an excell5t "w by ,pollajolo aft] ! antique4 ,!re is no reason to disbelieve ! supposition t ?is piece ( fak+ 0 p]petrat$ to cat] = ! mania ( ! art lov] ( ! "t4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,l\vre bas-relief 0 consid]$ an antique till b rec5tly1 & t ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* ent]$ ! collection wrongly labell$ z ! "w ( ,ghib]ti1 0 believ$1 be=e #ahfc1 :5 x 0 acquir$ by ! ,museum1 to be a "w ( ! classic ,grco-,roman p]iod4 ,z = ov] ?ree c5turies !y h pass$ z g5u9e "w ( ! ,roman ,empire1 x is n reasonable to suppose t ! amateurs ( ! "t 7 wis] ?an ! succe$+ g5]ations ( connoisseurs :o believ$ ! "w to be antique4 ,?is fact is eloqu5tly br\ght out 9 ! case ( ! "w pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 z ?is bas-relief 0 n hidd5 b has q a long & well-e/abli%$ p$igree4 ,among o!r migrations we c trace x to ,malmaison 9 a sort ( select collection ( objects com+ f ,italy4 ,edme ,dur& b\ght x z an antique & 9 ! belief t x 0 antique kept x 9 8 collection4 ,! ,l\vre ,museum also b\ght x = an antique & = q a long "t classifi$ x 9 ! catalogue 7,n4 #bhj7 z an ,etruscan bronze4 ,x w\ld take too long to trace all ! trans=mations ( small bronzes made = ! b5efit ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?-c5tury amateurs1 ! _m reproductions ) *anges4 ,( ! metamorphoses to :i* plaquettes 7 subject we c m5tion ano!r curi\s example 9 :i* a ,crucifixion has become a ,rape ( ! ,sab9es1 & z a case 9 :i* a popul> subject has caus$ _m reproductions1 we quote ! ,palladium ( ! ,niccoli collection :i* has be5 reproduc$ by ,donatello1 ,nicolo ,flor5t9o1 etc4 ,! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius also seems to h be5 a *]i%$ subject = small /atuettes f t by ,fil>ete giv5 to ,pi]o ,m$ici 9 ! ye> #adfe to reproductions ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,( all ! workm5 ( t f]tile p]iod runn+ betwe5 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ,mod]no 0 ! mo/ active & v]satile4 ,!re is h>dly a my?ological subject t has n be5 treat$ by him4 ,8 imitation ( ! antique is at times q conv9c+1 m especially t belong+ to ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,lat] on :5 he ent]s into :at might be /yl$ 8 matur$ sixte5?-c5tury temp]am5t1 he seems to suff] f ! same tr\ble z ! imitators ( ! fir/ ?ird ( ! said c5tury1 namely1 ov]-poli% & mann]ism1 :i* mu/ 9 fact h be5 consid]$ an improvem5t 9 imitation4 ,val]io ,belli1 a sculptor & fam\s cutt] ( preci\s /ones & rock cry/al1 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 reproduc+ ! subject ( 8 own c>v+ 9 ! small bronze bas-reliefs t n[ play su* an important "p 9 mod]n collections ( plaquettes1 & :i* 9 times gone by mu/ h be5 ! delight also ( pa/ collectors4 ,!y (t5 bore 8 signature1 :i* speaks eloqu5tly = ! fact t !re 0 no int5tion to dupe anyone4 ,!re 7 also o!r arti/s :o evid5tly _h a h& 9 fak+ antiques4 ,!y belong m or less to v>i\s s*ools1 b *iefly to ^? ( ,padua & ,v5ice4 ,! ,paduan s*ool is 9 ?is respect =tifi$ by ! names ( ,vittore ,camelio1 ,cav9o1 ,bassiano4 ,almo/ e bronze f\nd] is associat$ ) an imitator ( ! antique1 ei!r a mak] ( /atuettes1 ink/&s1 p]fume vases1 or plaquettes ( v>i\s sizes & use4 ,?us = a second "t ,italy became a gorge\s m>ket ( imitation1 v (t5 9 itself su* good art z to be wor?i] ?an ! art c\nt]feit$4 ,"o ( ! la/ ( ^! imitators 0 ,tiziano ,aspetti1 to :om1 rightly or wrongly1 small bronzes ( private collections are attribut$4 ,f ! ,anonimo ,morelliano "o ga!rs t !re 0 a p]iod 9 :i* a g5tleman c\ld h>dly af=d to d )\t a little collection ( antiques4 8,! bronze figur9es are mod]n by v>i\s ma/]s & are d]iv$ f ! antique10 rem>ks ?is ,anonimo ( ,morelli1 z ?\gh expla9+ t !re 7 "s collectors p]fectly satisfi$ ) ?is & p]haps ! sil5t accomplices ( a f9e piece ( fak+4 ,! ,anonimo tells u t !re 7 _m su* pieces 9 ! collections ( ei!r ignorant or accommodat+ collectors & art lov]s1 9 ! h\se ( ,m>co ,bonavido ( ,padua1 & t ( a ri* m]*ant ( ! same city1 ! sculptor ,alviso2 9 ,v5ice1 9 ! collections ( ,odoni & ,zuanno ,ram4 ,!y are (t5 m+l$ ) g5u9e antiques1 :i* fact causes ! ,anonimo1 :o evid5tly ?9ks himself ei!r a connoisseur or a well-in=m$ *ronicl]1 to say "h & !re1 8! _m bronze figur9es are mod]n10 or 8! _m m$als are ( mod]n bronze10 or 8! m$als are mo/ ( !m antique40 ,preci\s confessions1 z "o c see4 ,we "k b vaguely ( imitations 9 pa9t+1 b an assembly ( su* v]satile arti/s c h>dly h refra9$ f imitat+ ! "w ( "s ma/]4 ,besides1 ! v tea*] at ! head ( a s*ool did n seem to res5t x ev5 if a pupil sign$ ! "n ( 8 ma/]4 ,b z reg>ds imitat+ ! antique1 !re 7 h>dly any samples to imitate4 ,! grotesques ( ! old ,roman ru9s may h sugge/$ to m ?an "o arti/ a new type ( decoration2 b ?is plagi>ism1 if x c be call$ s1 ?\gh n )\t influ5ce on fifte5? & sixte5?-c5tury art1 f\nd no practical issue ) fak]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an incid5t 9 :i* a piece ( fak+ sav$ to ,flor5ce a ma/]piece ( ,raphael4 ,x is relat$ by ,vas>i 9 ,&rea del ,s>to's life4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i :5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,mantua1 came to ,flor5ce he greatly admir$ ! portrait ( ,pope ,leo ,x1 ! magnific5t pa9t+ n[ hang+ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce4 ,8 admiration turn$ to su* gre$y desire ( possession t :5 he rea*$ ,rome he begg$ ! !n all-p[]ful ,clem5t ,,vii to procure x = him4 ,! ,pope agre$ to ! ,duke's reque/ & ord]$ ,ottaviano ,m$ici1 !n resid+ 9 ,flor5ce1 to h ! pa9t+ pack$ & s5t to ,mantua to ,duke ,fr$]ick4 ,ottaviano ,m$ici1 a lov] ( art & a ,flor5t9e1 hat+ to deprive 8 city ( su* a "w1 0 yet n incl9$ to resi/ ! wi% ( ! ,pope & resort$ to a ruse4 ,he in=m$ ! ,pope t ! pa9t+ %\ld be s5t to ! ,duke1 accord+ to ,8 ,hol9ess' ord]s1 z soon z ! frame _h be5 repair$4 ,! ,duke ( ,mantua 0 also in=m$ t ! frame ne$$ regild+ & t ! pa9t+ %\ld be %ipp$ z soon z ! repairs 7 f9i%$4 ,) ?is excuse ,ottaviano ,m$ici ga9$ ! necess>y "t & ord]$ f ,&rea del ,s>to an exact copy ( ,raphael's "w1 a copy t all exp]ts w\ld mi/ake = ! orig9al4 ,! "w 0 done to su* p]fection t ev5 ,ottaviano ,m$ici1 :o 0 an art connoisseur1 c\ld n tell ! orig9al f ! copy3 ! pseudo-,raphael 0 s5t (f1 ! ,duke 0 dup$ & "o ( ! f9e/ portraits by ,raphael 0 sav$ to ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,vas>i !re are comm5ts "h & !re :i* lead u to ?9k t _m o!rs may h be5 dup$ by ! v]satility ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?-c5tury pa9t]s4 ,we "k t ,bell9i's pupils f9i%$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( "s ( ! great ,v5etian ma/]'s works1 t ,cal*> imitat$ ,titian s closely z to be tak5 = ! great ,vecelli1 b we d n "k to :at ext5t lov]s ( art ( ! "t may h be5 dup$4 ,z = sculpture1 we may close ?is /udy by quot+ :at ,vas>i writes 9 ! life ( ,vellano4 8,s great is ! p[] ( c\nt]feit+ ) love & c>e any object1 t1 m (t5 ?an n1 if ! /yle ( "o ( ^! arts ( ours be well imitat$ by ^? :o delight 9 ! "w ( :oev] x be1 ! ?+ t imitates s closely resembles ! ?+ imitat$1 t no diff]5ce c be detect$1 except by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye40 ,( ,ghib]ti1 a collector & v]satile sculptor1 ,vas>i tells t 8he took mu* pleasure 9 imitat+ ! dies ( anci5t co9s & m$als40 ,:i* comm5t amply ju/ifies ! obs]vation t ! le>n$ ,milanesi adds to ! life ( ,val]io ,belli1 :o at times1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 =got to add 8 signature1 & 0 extremely clev] 9 c\nt]feit+ antiques1 f :i* ability 8he d]iv$ v great b5efit40 8,antique m$als10 says ,milanesi1 87 v mu* 9 dem& ab\t ?is "t1 consequ5tly =g]s & imitators ab\nd$2 !y _h 9 fact multipli$ to great numb]s & fo/]$ ! art ( c\nt]feit+ to its highe/ p]fection40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,collectors ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,collectors ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,"* ( ! "t & ! arti/'s attitude t[>ds ! antique--,cell9i re/ores antique /atues--,new ,roman ma/]piece discov]$ 9 ,rome--,decad5ce ( art--,a prote/ ( ,raphael aga9/ daily de/ructions ( ,roman relics--,fir/ laws prohibit+ exportation ( ,roman f9ds --,b>b>ic attitude ( a ,b>b]9i--,fir/ law aga9/ ! exportation ( pa9t+ ma/]pieces4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 c5turies 9 art _c be sep>at$ l horses 9 /able-boxes4 ,!re are p]iods betwe5 "o *ange & ano!r1 transitional times t make x impossible to fix any date :atsoev]4 ,?us we may say1 )\t /at+ a date1 t ! sixte5? c5tury n only felt ! b5efit ( ! ,quattroc5to = a c]ta9 "t1 b 0 itself actually ,quattroc5to = a score ( ye>s or m4 ,! m5 ( ! pa/ _h n vani%$2 ,riccio1 = in/ance1 "o ( ! mo/ active imitators ( ! antique1 di$ 9 #aecc4 ,b :5 ! sixte5? c5tury began to outl9e its own "*1 ! cult ( art1 art patronage & ! passion = collect+ f9e ?+s are se5 to h tak5 ano!r turn4 ,! ,c9quec5to has ( c\rse magnific5t patrons ( art1 & almo/ e pr9ce collects some?+ or o!r4 ,life is /ill imbu$ ) p>tiality = ! antique4 ,lor5z9o ,m$ici 9 play+ ,brutus & actually kill+ 8 c\s91 ,duke ,alex&] ,m$ici1 is recon/ruct+ an old h]oic attitude 9 8 le>n$1 pagan m9d2 ,filippo ,/rozzi--or :oev] plann$ 8 suicide--makes "o ?9k ( "s h]o ( ,plut>* :5 he is f\nd dead1 app>5tly by 8 own h&1 ) a l9e ( ,virgil1 ,exori>e aliquis no/ris ex ossibus ultur 7may an av5g] arise f my bones71 writt5 9 8 own blood at 8 side4 ,pa9t+ /ill deals ) subjects f ,roman hi/ory & s does sculpture1 b arti/s h lo/ all compreh5sion ( !m1 a fact /ill m evid5t ) reg>d to ,biblical subjects4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t x is suffici5t to quote ! pa9t+ ( ,paolo ,v]onese1 n[ 9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice1 repres5t+ ,jesus 9 ! h\se ( ,levi1 "o ( ! arti/'s ma/]pieces1 9 :i* ,*ri/ is 9 ! company (--,v5etian g5tlem5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b if 9 ?is pa9t+ disreg>d = ! ,ori5tal side ( ! sc5e is c>ri$ to an extreme1 x mu/ be said t ,titian & ,t9toretto1 & a great _m o!r pa9t]s ( ! "t1 7 no bett]4 ,?is trait1 :i* c]ta9ly orig9at$ 9 ! good p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance & :i* we n[ f9d 9 its full developm5t1 indicates t 9 its m significant & ripe/ expression ! ,c9quec5to is ! logical decl9e ( a pa/ triumph 9 art1 ! victim1 z x 71 ( tradition--( tradition & a few arti/ic p]sonalities1 su* z ,raphael & ,mi*elangelo1 :o turn$ a new leaf 9 art1 awak5$ a new feel+1 a new ov]p[]+ s*ool4 ,mi*elangelo1 especially1 ) 8 fasc9at+ & inimitable /yle draws a legion ( foll[]s1 fo/]+ an art t dur+ ! great sculptor's life already is ripe = decad5ce4 ,enlight5$ collectors ab\nd 9 ?is p]iod1 _! collections increase daily1 b are !y really lov]s ( art z _! pr$ecessors 71 are !y wor%ipp]s ( ! antique l ! bygone collectors8 ,?is is :at we ask4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury :5 art is a tradition ( ! f> pa/1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 almo/ a tradition ( ! rec5t pa/1 life seems to h tak5 ! selfsame attitude3 p are n real lov]s ( art1 b are s m]ely by tradition4 ,e well-br$ g5tleman ( ! ,c9quec5to 0 oblig$ to h ! air ( und]/&+ art4 ,ma*iavelli might h add$ an int]e/+ *apt] to 8 ,pr9cipe to demon/rate h[ important x 0 = a pr9ce to be int]e/$ 9 art1 ev5 ?\gh1 p]*ance1 utt]ly indiff]5t to x 9 reality4 ,:5 giv+ in/ructions 9 8 ,cortegiano1 z to :at a g5tleman ( 8 "t ought to "k1 ,ca/iglione adds t he mu/ le>n to pa9t4 8,ev5 if ?is art af=ds y no pleasure10 advises ,ca/iglione1 8x w give y a bett] und]/&+ ( ?+s1 & a cle>] appreciation ( ! excell5cy ( anci5t & mod]n /atues1 vases1 monum5ts1 m$als1 cameos1 c>v+s1 & o!r su* objects40 ,9 a ^w1 ably or o!rwise1 ) natural disposition or n1 x 0 "p ( good bre$+ = a g5tleman ( ! sixte5? c5tury to be int]e/$ 9 art & play ! connoisseur4 ,x is f ?is t ! ,c9quec5to suff]s4 ,! pat5t pr9ce-patron ( art1 ! /ock g5tleman-collector ab\nds1 ! g5u9e lov] ( art is r>e4 ,a pr9ce's h\se or t ( a simple p]son ( good /&+ 0 consid]$ incomplete if )\t a collection ( "s sort4 ,yet :ile ! arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h c]ta9ly d]iv$ no small b5efit f _! pr$ecessors' passion = ! antique1 !y _h become f> too individual1 f> too engross$ 9 _! own art to be susceptible to ! art ( ! pa/4 ,mi*elangelo1 ! arti/ :o liv$ practically ?r\gh bo? c5turies1 ! sculptor ^: g5ius1 trem5d\s & ov]-individual1 0 nev]!less responsible = ! decad5ce ( sculpture1 is a good example ( ?is4 ,he c1 l _m ano!r ,italian arti/1 %[ 8 v]satility & skill by imitat+ an art o!r ?an 8 own1 z he did ) ! ,sleep+ ,cupid t deceiv$ ,c>d9al ,san ,giorgio1 b :5 ! arti/ is g5u9e & gives 8 own arti/ic temp]am5t full play1 craft & virtuosity disappe>1 rem9isc5ce is impossible4 ,ev5 :5 ! subject & peculi> quality ( ! "w sugge/ imitation & turn ?\ght to ! antique1 ,mi*elangelo rema9s true to 8 own gr& s\l4 ,8 ,brutus exemplifies ! po9t4 ,x 0 a ,roman subject ( classical times1 & ,mi*elangelo might easily h be5 infect$ by ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ & ! =ms he _h admir$ :5 int]e/$ 9 ! excavation ( anci5t /atues 9 ,rome4 ,yet 8 ,brutus is m ,dantesque 9 its tragic l9es ?an ,roman4 ,cell9i1 to illu/rate ano!r aspect1 is a diff]5t case4 ,he c repair antiquities = 8 patron1 ,cosimo ,m$ici1 fairly well1 b he1 also1 is too highly individual to make an excell5t imitation ( ! antique4 ,he tells u t he cons5t$ to repair 8 illu/ri\s patron's ,ganym$e because x 0 a f9e ,greek "w1 &1 prone z he is to self-praise1 he tells h[ /up5d\sly he c d x2 b he does n l su* "w1 he calls x arte da ,ciabatt9i 7cobbl]-"w74 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t he is too mu* alive to 8 "t1 has too /rong an expression ( 8 own art to be skilful 9 imitations4 ,9 fact x happ5$ t he _h to try 8 h& at a portrait ( ,cosimo ,i1 9 ! guise ( a ,roman emp]or4 ,! portrait ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany w nev] deceive any art simpleton1 9 spite ( its elaborate cuirass fit = ,augu/us4 ,cell9i is too delightfully c9quec5tesque4 ,! same may be said ( him z a m$alli/4 ,yet 9 "s ( ,cell9i's "w1 especially 8 m$als1 ! idea ( imitat+ ! ,romans mu/ h be5 9 8 m9d1 & no d\bt he 0 conv9c$ ( 8 success4 ,yet he belong$ to ! gr\p t by _! p]sonality influ5c$ o!rs1 & :5 try+ 8 h& at imitation q cong5ial to 8 own arti/ic temp]am5t he makes some?+ t is at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ,cell9i4 ,^! arti/s nev]!less admire ! art ( ! pa/1 ?\gh ) no dang] ( infection4 ,mi*elangelo is entranc$ :5 ! ,laocon is discov]$ 9 a v9ey>d ne> ! ,!rm ( ,titus1 & goes ) 8 fri5d ,sangallo to see t ! preci\s /atue be c>efully une>!d4 ,p>tly = ! sake ( ga91 & p>tly1 maybe1 = ! love ( art1 ,cell9i (t5 goes to ! ,roman ,campagna to see :at 8c]ta9 ,lomb>d yokels0 h uncov]$ 9 _! daily spad+ ( ! soil4 ,raphael prote/s1 9 a fam\s docum5t address$ to ,leo ,x1 aga9/ ! cont9ual de/ruction ( ,roman relics4 ,8 words are wor? repeat+4 ,aft] decl>+ t ! ,go?s & ,v&als h n done s mu* damage to ,rome z 8 contempor>ies1 ,raphael concludes by say+ t f> too _m popes h all[$ ,roman edifices to be ru9$ simply by p]mitt+ ! excavation ( pozzolana 7clay7 f ! gr\nd ^u :i* _! f\ndations re/1 t /atues & m>ble ornam5ts are daily burn$ 9 ov5s & turn$ into mort>1 t ,rome1 9 fact--! ,rome ( ,raphael's "t--is built ) naught b mort> made f old /atues1 ! sacr$ m>bles ( pa/ glories4 ,*>act]i/ic also is ! fact t ?is c\ntry sees ! fir/ protective laws aga9/ ! exportation ( antique art4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate ! consid]ation 9 :i* relics ( pa/ art 7 held 9 ,rome4 ,judg+ by ! way x 0 appli$1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?is act s]ves to %[ t !re 0 no m g5u9e a passion = old & preci\s antiques 9 ! ,c9quec5to ?an 9 ! c5tury be=e4 ,! ,roman laws ( ! sixte5? c5tury are sev]e1 met+ out puni%m5ts to all & sundry d>+ to c>ry ! produce ( excavations beyond ! ,papal doma9s2 b o!rwise de/ruction goes on gaily1 !re seems to be no discrim9ation z to :at ought to be sav$ f ! doom ( de/ruction & :at is n wor? keep+4 ,s :ile edict aft] edict is promulgat$ 9 ord] to safegu>d ! excavation ( /atues 9 ,rome & else:]e1 edicts (t5 full ( old-fa%ion$ magniloqu5ce1 8,prohibition conc]n+ ! exportation ( m>ble or metal /atues1 figures1 antiquities & su*like10 ! be/ build+s 9 ,rome 7 all[$ to fall into utt] ru9 )\t a prote/4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s rea*$ ! climax ( absurdity 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :5 ,urban ,,viii1 ( ! ,b>b]9i family1 decl>$ ! ,coliseum a public qu>ry1 :]e ! citiz5s might g = ! /ones !y ne$$ = new con/ructions--an act /ill commemorat$ 9 ! prote/ ( all lov]s ( art ) ! prov]bial pun1 ,quod non fec]unt b>b>i fec]unt ,b>b]9i 7,:at b>b>ians did n d1 ! ,b>b]9i did74 ,f ?is curi\s inconsi/5cy 9 ! appreciation ( art ev5 ,tuscany1 ! cradle ( ! ,r5aissance1 is n immune4 ,a ,m$icean law int5d$1 l ! ,roman "o1 to prev5t ! exportation ( ma/]pieces & r>e works ( art1 makes no m5tion ( preci\s relics ( ,roman or ,etruscan orig91 nor ev5 ( ! f9e pieces ( sculpture t 7 (t5 excavat$1 b consid]s only ! pa9t+s ( c]ta9 arti/s ( ! pa/ s*ool ( ! ,r5aissance & ^? ( o!r contempor>y arti/s1 z be+ wor? keep+1 s ! law decl>es1 = ! glory & dignity ( ,flor5ce4 ,! regulations are giv5 9 a second decree1 along ) a li/ ( ! names ( ! arti/s conc]n$1 dead & liv+4 ,_! "w mu/ n be tak5 out ( ,tuscany4 ,! li/ is v in/ructive1 = x passes ov] "s ( ! be/ arti/s1 su* z ,botticelli1 ,cr$i1 ! ,pollaiolos & o!rs1 & prohibits ! export ( ! "w ( arti/s t are ei!r unkn[n to u or are ( su* m$iocrity t x is surpris+ _! "w %\ld h be5 e/eem$ above ! av]age ( _! day4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ^! li/s1 ! fir/ t 0 made4 #a4 ,mi*elangelo ,buon>roti4 #b4 ,raffaelo da ,urb9o4 #c4 ,&rea del ,s>to4 #d4 ,me*]9o 7874 #e4 ,il ,rosso ,fior5t9o4 #f4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #g4 ,il ,franciabigio4 #h4 ,p]9o del ,vaga4 #i4 ,jacopo da ,puntormo4 #aj4 ,tiziano4 #aa4 ,francesco ,salviati4 #ab4 ,angelo ,bronz9o4 #ac4 ,daniello da ,volt]ra4 #ad4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo di ,san ,m>co 7,della ,porta74 #ae4 ,fra ,ba/4 ,del ,piombo4 #af4 ,filippo di ,fra ,filippo4 #ag4 ,antonio da ,correggio4 #ah4 ,il ,p>migian9o4 ,)\t insi/+ ^u a comm5t t might appe> p>adoxical1 :at k9d ( collectors ( art c be expect$ f p :o place 9 ! same li/ ( m]it ,leon>do1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 ) ,cec*9 ,salviati1 ,p]9o del ,vaga1 to say no?+ ( ! n[ =gott5 ,me*]9o1 a pa9t] ^: well-des]v$ oblivion saves u f judg+ 8 poor "w4 ,9 ano!r li/ o!r names are add$4 ,!y are no less grotesque--,santi di ,tito ,ligozzi1 ,jacopo da ,empoli1 etc1 9 f> too good company4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,collect+ ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,engl& ,passion = collect+ art travels to ,france--,! ,flor5t9e ,republic & ! fate ( a /atuette by ,mi*elangelo--,italy supplies antiques to ,france & o!r c\ntries--,! fair ( ,frankfurt--,a fam\s sale--,9 ,engl& ! passion = collect+ art & curios may h orig9at$ 9 ,france4 ,:ile ! passion 9 ,italy = collections ( art /ill goes on enri*+ museums m ?r\gh ! impetus ( ! pa/ ?an f a g5u9e cult1 & produces occasionally1 toge!r ) _m illu/ri\s patrons ( contempor>y art1 "s old type ( collector fond ( ! antique ) ! *>act]i/ic gre$ = all k9ds ( r>ities1 ,france1 & lat] almo/ e o!r nation ( ,europe1 awak5s to ! passion = art & curios4 ,x is no long] a "q ( mon>*s & pr9ces1 z 0 ! case 9 ,italy1 nobles & ! b\rgeois z well come to ! =e4 ,ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,france may quote ! names ( ,groli] & ,rob]tet1 bo? f9anci]s employ$ at ,c\rt1 bo? lov]s ( f9e ?+s4 ,! =m] is a speciali/ 9 r>e editions & f9e b9d+s1 ! latt] a ke5-ey$1 eclectic collector1 z may be ga!r$ f ! inv5tory ( 8 excell5t collection kept 9 8 ca/le ( ,bury4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ,italy /ill rema9s a sort ( ,el ,dorado ( f9e art & ! inexhau/ible m9e to :i* collectors come = _! f9ds4 ,! ,fr5* _h discov]$ ?is fact f ! "t !y came to ,italy ) ,*>les ,,viii4 ,lat] on ,groli] visits ,italy & takes back ) him "s ( its treasures4 ,:5 he has no opportunity to come to ,italy himself1 8 fri5ds & ag5ts cont9ue ! se>* = him2 !y "k 8 ta/e & 8 speciality & are v al]t 9 ! hunt = f9e & r>e editions4 ,rob]tet b>ga9$ ) ! ,flor5t9e ,republic to ex*ange 8 political influ5ce = a /atuette by ,mi*elangelo4 ,! ,republic _h great int]e/ 9 rema9+ fri5ds ) ! ,fr5* mon>* & accept$ ! b>ga91 & z ! /atuette _h be5 left unf9i%$ by ,mi*elangelo1 :o _h mov$ to ,rome by ?is "t1 ,b5$etto da ,rovezzano is *>g$ to f9i% ! "w & ca/ x4 ,?is /atuette ( a ,david 0 plac$ by ,rob]tet 9 ! c\r d'honneur ( 8 ca/le & aft]w>ds1 9 ! ye> #afcc1 remov$ to ! ca/le ( ,vill]oy1 & x is n[ lo/4 ,only a design ( ?is /atue1 by ! great ,mi*elangelo1 is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum1 & f ?is we c ga!r h[ ! /atue look$4 ,:at 0 n b\ght 0 c>ri$ away f ,italy aft] ! fa%ion ( ! old ,roman conqu]ors4 ,9 ! ye> #aebg a %ip arriv$ at ,val5cia load$ ) arti/ic & valuable booty f ! fam\s 8,sack ( ,rome40 ,curi\sly en\gh1 consid]+ ! age1 ! ,spani% municipal au?orities ( ,val5cia did n grant ! vessel p]mission to unload h] c>go4 ,?is fact1 quot$ by ,b>on ,davilli] 9 8 ,hi/oire des faences hispano-moresques1 is comm5t$ on by ,edmond ,bonnaff1 a ,fr5* collector ( our times1 ?us3 8,i love to ?9k t ! capta9 *ang$ 8 c\rse & f\nd m hospitable municipalities on ! ,fr5* coa/40 ,! ri* arti/ic booty promis$ by ,italy made x almo/ obligatory = an or?odox ,fr5* amateur to und]take a j\rney to ,italy4 ,x is surpris+ t ! ,voyages de ,montaigne en ,allem&e et en ,italie1 #aehj-ha1 makes no allusion to ?is fad & conta9s v few comm5ts on art4 ,h[ev] ri* ,montaigne's "w may be 9 valuable obs]vations on ! life ( ! "t1 we %\ld nev]!less h desir$ him to h a t\* ( ! art lov] 9 him1 a lean+ to ! arti/ic & beautiful1 & we w\ld will+ly h ex*ang$ a few words ) him on ! art & collections ( art 9 ! ,italy ( 8 day1 in/ead ( 8 long1 detail$ descriptions ( 8 cures & 8 et]nal se>* = m$ic9al spr+s1 etc4 ,an important annual meet+1 "o t ! true collector 0 likely to visit1 0 ! fair ( ,frankfurt4 ,accord+ to ,h4 ,e/i5ne ?is mu/ h be5 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ art m>kets ( ,europe4 ,italy1 says ,e/i5ne1 contribut$ all k9ds ( antiques1 fai5ces1 old m$als1 books & brocades2 ,g]many furni%$ wr\ght iron & arti/ic pr9ts1 ,fl&]s s5t tape/ry1 ,milan its f9e arms1 ,v5ice goods f ! ,ea/4 ,e/i5ne also /ates t ,spa9 us$ to s5d to ?is fair ,am]ican products1 weapons1 co/umes1 %ells & silv]-"w4 ,x 0 n a m>ket exclusively = ! g5u9e1 z copies & imitations 7 to be f\nd !re = ! economical or ! fooli%1 easily dup$ amateur4 ,above all !re 7 ^? deplorable ca/s f f9e orig9als t h ev] s9ce deceiv$ s _m collectors & :i* s enrag$ ! good ,palissy1 :o lam5ts ! fact & /igmatizes x ) ! say+ t x *eap5s & (f5ds sculpture1 8mespris en la sculpture cause de la meul]ie40 ,?is glimpse ( ! creation ( a m>ket ( antique art & bric--bracs ( high quality w\ld n be complete )\t "s typical sale ( a fam\s collection4 ,among o!rs t took place t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we may quote a notable "o1 ! sale ( ,claude ,g\ffi] 78,seigneir de ,boisy10 duc de ,reannes & ,gr&-cuy] de ,france71 an intellig5t g5tleman :o1 ) 8 "m ,hlne de ,h>ge/-,g5lis1 is responsible = "o ( ! f9e/ types ( ,fr5* pott]y1 ! fai5ce d',oiron4 ,besides sp5d+ consid]able sums ( money on ! factory ( ?is w>e1 ,g\ffi] 0 su* a lib]al patron ( art & arti/s t he ru9$ himself 9 ! gratification ( 8 noble passion4 ,at 8 dea? ! cr$itors seiz$ ^u 8 r>e collections & objets de virtu & put !m up to auction4 ,?is sale 0 n only ! arti/ic ev5t ( ! day b1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important sale ( ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,all ,p>is ( ! "t seems to h be5 !re4 ,plates1 pa9t+s1 works ( art1 bibelots1 t\te la curiosit1 pass$ m]cilessly "u ! hamm] ( ! auctione]--:i* by ! way 0 n a hamm]1 a usage orig9at+ 9 ,engl&1 b z a rule a b>guette1 a small rod1 ) :i* ! auctione] /ruck a metal b[l4 ,no?+ 0 sp>$ by ! cr$itors1 ev5 ! we>+ app>el & furs ( ! deceas$ 7 (f]$ to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,( ^!1 /range to say1 ! ,duke d',aumule 7,claude de ,lorra91 ?ird son ( ,claude1 fir/ ,duc de ,guise7 b\ght a second-h& manteau de c]imonie ) ! evid5t int5tion ( we>+ x at ,c\rt4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 ?is sale took place only tw5ty-five days aft] ! tragic night ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 7,septemb]1 #ah?1 #aegb71 an ev5t t did n prev5t ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis f appe>+ at ! sale ) h] ladies-9-wait+1 to dispute ) o!r buy]s ! spoils ( ! deceas$ g5tleman4 ,"o ( ! conspicu\s buy]s at ?is auction 0 a ,flor5t9e liv+ 9 ,p>is1 ,luigi ,ghiacceti1 call$ by ! ,fr5*m5 le seigneur d',adjacet or d',adj\te4 ,beside 8ung h>nois d'homme d'armes complect1 grav et dorr moresque0 he b\ght _m o!r ?+s1 ! portrait ( ,h5ry ,,ii & also 8sixty pictures pa9t$ 9 oils40 ,?is ,flor5t9e 0 n only an e/eem$ collector ( 8 "t1 b a man ( ta/e :o _h built "o ( ! f9e/ mansions 9 ,p>is1 :i* he %[$ to visitors1 toge!r ) 8 f9e museum1 8= a s\10 s says ,sauval1 ! *ronicl] quot$ above4 ,:ile ,france appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ c\ntry to foll[ ,italy 9 ! arti/ic movem5t1 ab\t ?is "t1 z we h said1 all ,european nations _h m or less p]fect$ _! ta/e & acquir$ ! love = art collect+4 ,! ,engli% invasion ( ,france is p]haps responsible = ! awak5+ ( ?is passion 9 ,engl&4 ,w>ton 7,hi/4 ( ,poetry1 ,,ii1 #bed7 is ( ! op9ion t aft] ! battle ( ,cressy 7#acdf7 ! victori\s army br\ght home su* treasures t !re 0 n a family 9 ,engl&1 mode/ ?\gh x might be1 t did n own "s "p ( ! preci\s booty1 furniture1 furs1 silk /uffs1 tape/ries1 silv] & gold works1 etc41 ! pillage ( ! ,fr5* cities4 ,m ?an two c5turies lat]1 "p ( ?is arti/ic booty may h come back to ,france4 ,gilles ,corrozet tells u t on ! ,mgiss]ie1 ! quay con/ruct$ by ,francis ,i1 :]e arti/ic sales usually took place1 89 ! ye> "o ?\s& five hundr$ & fifty1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 !re 7 publicly sold 9 ! ,mgiss]ie sev]al images1 alt>-pieces1 pa9t+s & o!r *ur* ornam5ts1 :i* _h be5 br\ght & sav$ f ! *ur*es ( ,engl&40 ,imitation & fak+ d n seem to f9d suitable patrons at ?is "t4 ,collectors are cold & me?odical1 & a well-e/abli%$ comm]ce 9 antiques1 an abundance ( objects (f]$ = sale1 seem to h preclud$ a dem& = o!r fakes ?an ^? ( ! pa/1 & a few clumsy imitations4 ,! imitations ( ?is p]iod are h>dly conv9c+4 ,re/or]s ( ! antique 7 )\t skill1 :i* fact pla9ly tells t _! patrons 7 n excessively p>ticul>4 ,!y 7 satisfi$ ) a ,roman bu/1 repair$ by a sculptor :o does n give himself ! tr\ble to disguise 8 own art4 ,ab\t ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 t is to say :5 ! m]its & dem]its ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h del9eat$ !mselves & _h rea*$ ! summit ( ! curve t anticipates decl9e1 ! "w ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael & a few o!rs--if !re 7 any o!rs ( t calibre--produc$ _! natural effect4 ,to be a sculptor meant to copy all ! defects ( ,mi*elangelo1 to indulge 9 ov]-ripe =ms1 turgid muscles & exub]ance 9 g5]al2 to be a pa9t] did n mean s mu* s]vility because ,raphael's influ5ce 0 less ext5d$1 b v few escap$ imitat+ or recall+ ! pa9t+ ( ! f9e ma/] ( ,urb9o1 m especially z ! public 0 naturally atta*$ to ,raphaelite traditions4 ,?is 0 s mu* ! case t n only 0 ,giulio ,romano accept$1 & a legion ( o!r pa9t]s :o aim$ m or less successfully to imitate ,raphael1 b lat] ! hon\r t %\ld h belong$ to ,raphael 0 giv5 to ,sogliani simply because he _h deceiv$ ! public by 8 craft & virtuosity1 w9n+ ! "n ( ,raphael re9c>nat$4 ,9 our op9ion1 "p ( ! en]gy t 0 ke5ly giv5 9 old5 times to ! imitation ( ! antique 0 n[ be/[$ on 8fak+40 ,x is true t ,france 0 com+ to ! =e ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ) indisputable sup]iority 9 art1 :ile ,italy turns to inevitable decad5ce4 ,france _h _h a 8s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau0 dispos$ to ex]cise ! tyranny ( g5ius1 b ,rosso 0 n ,raphael1 & ! ,italian influ5ce1 ?\gh ( great b5efit to ! ,fr5* s*ool1 01 aft] all1 a m]e pass+ incid5t 9 ! c\rse ( art 9 t c\ntry4 ,yet x is surpris+ t ev5 9 ,france1 at a mom5t :5 ! mania = collect+ art 0 on ! increase1 ! collector does n seem to h be5 ei!r victimiz$ or annoy$ by fak+4 ,x mu/ be said ?\gh1 ) ,edmond ,bonnaff1 t 8! ,fr5* buy]s 7 reg>d$ some:at z novices1 & ev]yone did 8 be/ to exploit !m40 ,! ,fr5* art lov]1 ) all 8 progress & enlight5m5t1 0 at ?is "t naive1 & easily exploit$ by trick]y4 ,x is easy to imag9e t if fak+ did n become z rampant z be=e1 x mu/ h be5 because x did n pay z =m]ly4 ,yet ,h4 ,e/i5ne rem>ks on ?is subject3 8,to-day ! _w is full ( buy]s ( old lumb] 7antiquailles71 at ^: exp5se _m rogues are prosp]+4 ,= s little d !y "k h[ to di/+ui% ! antique f ! mod]n1 t no soon] d !y he> ! ^w :i* s (t5 makes !m dip _! f+]s into _! purse1 etc40 ,by ?is rem>k1 ev5 )\t o!r docum5ts1 "o is entitl$ to conclude t ev5 at ?is p]iod1 :i* seems to h be5 less giv5 ?an ! o!rs to imitation & fak+1 victims exi/$ & 7 ready1 l ! novice or ! unwise to-day1 to pay fancy prices support$ by a "n4 ,al?\gh rank+ second 9 ! movem5t ( art--,france1 ,engl& & ,g]many h ris5 up & improv$ _! ta/e1 indulg+ 9 ! true patronage ( art--,italy is /ill ! inexhau/ible s\rce ( antiques1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! decad5ce afflict+ ! c\ntry _h de/roy$ ! real love ( art 9 ! collector4 ,italian villas & palaces are replete ) pa9t+s1 ! be/ (t5 9 g>rets1 ! bad art ( ! "t 9 full hon\r 9 ! important rooms4 ,! ,b>occo1 ) its gorge\s errors & few m]its1 is ab\t to prep>e ! fun]al ( ,italian art4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury is approa*+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,maz>9 ,,z ,a ,,collector ,collectors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,france--,l\is ,,xiii --,ri*elieu--,maz>9 & 8 advis]s--,l\is ,,xiv z an art lov]--,vaillant's /range case--,sanson1 ! hangman1 collect+ pictures--,! second collection ( ,c>d9al ,maz>9 --,its p>tial de/ruction ?r\gh ! ,c>d9al's nephew--,! m$ailles insol5tes "u ,l\is ,,xiv--,epigrams on collectors --,duke ( ,orleans' ill-fat$ collection4 ,we mu/ n[ give our att5tion to ,france z ! mo/ prom95t c\ntry 9 all t conc]ns collections ( art1 because ! same conditions appe> "h t are vani%+ f ,italy4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,p>is _h a well-e/abli%$ m>ket ( antiquities1 au!ntic & spuri\s ma/]pieces1 articles ( virtu1 etc42 !re 7 also collectors ( all types1 deal]s & ! :ole assemblage ( wise & fooli%1 hone/ & di%one/1 peculi> to ! comm]ce :5 x f9ds its prop] m>ket4 ,broadly speak+1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury e ,p>isian seems to h be5 a collector ( some?+ or o!r4 ,pa9t+ z a rule is giv5 ! pref]5ce4 ,x is ab\t ?is "t t ,italy1 h[ev] ri* ?r\gh ! daily excavation ( antique works ( sculpture1 no long] seem$ to suffice to ! gre$y dem& ( ,france4 ,peiresse s5t 8 emiss>ies to ,m\nt ,a?os1 ,syria & ,africa 9 se>* ( f9ds1 ,tav]ni]1 ,?v5et1 ,lucas1 ,*>d9 & ,gallant sc\r$ ! _w 9 que/ ( antiquities & r>ities bo? = !mselves & = ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,vaillant1 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t ( ^! hunt]s1 w5t to ! ,ea/1 s5t by ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o too has jo9$ ! r+ ( collectors & 9 a k+ly way play$ ! rle ( art amateur4 ,on 8 return j\rney ,vaillant 0 caught by pirates1 b manag+ to escape emb>k$ = ,europe4 ,on ! way to ,france ! vessel = ! second "t met ! corsairs4 ,!y 7 se5 9 ! di/ance & 7 expect$ to attack at any mom5t4 ,! %ip 0 able to escape1 b fe>+ to be caught aga9 & ( los+ ! valuable collection ( co9s & m$als he 0 br++ to ,europe1 ,vaillant swall[$ tw5ty ( ! be/ pieces 9 ord] to save !m f any possible dang] ( be+ tak54 ,?is odd /ory1 ) its consequ5ces1 is relat$ 9 detail by ,m4 ,weiss 9 8 ,biographie ,univ]selle1 ) su* ,fr5* frankness z to =bid any attempt at translation4 ,besides mon>*s1 ! pr9ces1 noblem5 & simple middle class ( all conditions seem$ to be collectors at ?is p]iod4 ,! passion = collect+ numb]s names su* z ,ri*elieu & ,maz>91 among antiqu>ies1 amateurs & deal]s 7 ,jaba* & o!rs4 ,! numb] & importance ( art collections1 z well z ( intellig5t art lov]s 9 ,france dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 c be ga!r$ f ! _m publications on ?is c5tury4 ,!y are _m1 & mo/ ( ! contempor>y ones are q docum5t>y & important = ! numb] ( collectors !y m5tion4 ,we may quote among !m ! ,it9]>ium ,galli1 #afab1 by ,j ,z9z]l+1 a ,g]man sign+ himself ,jodocus ,s9c]us1 ,abraham ,golnitz's ,ulysses ,belgico-,gallico1 a "w writt5 9 #afca deal+ ) ! collections ( m$als & pa9t+ t ! au?or f\nd 9 ,france dur+ 8 j\rney4 ,!re is also ! ,voyage p\r l'in/ruction et la commodit tant des ,franois que des trang]s1 pr9t$ 9 #afci & repr9t$ by ,v]di]1 ) int]e/+ additions1 9 ! ye> #afhg4 ,john ,evelyn1 ! ,engli% di>i/1 visit$ ,france 9 ! ye> #afdc & gave an acc\nt ( _m collections ( art & _! cab9ets1 :i* 0 p>tially republi%$ 9 ! ,voyage de ,li/]1 9 an edition ( ! ye> #ahgh4 ,we c enum]ate fur!r ! ,trait des plus belles biblio?ques1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #afdd by ,pre ,l\is-,jacob1 ! libr>ian ( ,c>d9al de ,retz & ( ,presid5t ,du ,h>lay2 ! ,li/e anonyme des curieux des div]ses villes1 etc4 ,9 ^! works ?\s&s ( names ( collectors ( art1 :e!r speciali/s or n1 are m5tion$1 n only ^? resid+ 9 ,p>is b 9 all t[ns ( ! prov9ces4 ,collectomania 0 becom+ epidemic6 ,! li/ ( sev5te5?-c5tury collectors ( art has ! odd hon\r ( includ+ ! "n ( ,*>les ,sanson1 ! hangman ( ,p>is1 & great-gr&fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,sanson1 ! execution] ( ! hautes uvres at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,accord+ to in=mation giv5 by ,grammont1 :o relat$ to ! ,fr5* k+ 8 adv5ture ) ,sanson1 ! man :o _h be5 nom9at$ public execution] 9 ,p>is by a decision ( ,p>liam5t dat$ ,augu/ #aa?1 #afhh1 possibly ! fir/ ,sanson to ent] ! undesirable pr(ession1 ?is man 0 n only a collector ( pa9t+s b also a speciali/2 & logically s4 ,grammont relates h[ he 0 "o day hunt+ = pa9t+s at ! fair ( ,sa9t ,g]ma91 :5 he came across ,sanson ) ,=e/1 a pa9t] & art deal]4 ,! hangman 0 haggl+ ov] ! price ( a few works he wi%$ to add to 8 collection4 ,"o ( ! canvasses repres5t$ a wife m]cilessly sc\rg+ h] husb&1 ano!r 0 ! portrait ( ,m4 ,t>dieu1 ! deceas$ 8,lieut5ant ,crim9el10 a man ,sanson _h kn[n v well & to :om he ow$ a c]ta9 gratitude1 because1 z he rem>k$ to ,grammont1 :5 liv+ he _h made him hang & torture s _m p t 8 skill & effici5cy 7 ga9$ ?r\gh ! "w done 9 ,m4 ,t>dieu's "t4 ,a ?ird pa9t+ he f9ally decid$ to buy repres5t$ ,japanese tortur+ sev]al mission>ies to dea?4 ,he c&idly decl>$ t 8spectacles ( ?is k9d appe>$ *>m+ to him0 & t he int5d$ to hang ! pa9t+ 9 8 b$room4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is n only ! _m sales ( collections ( art 9 ,france1 ,engl& & else:]e1 b ! appe>ance = ! fir/ "t ( pr9t$ catalogues1 prep>$ ei!r = ! sale or z a simple illu/rative docum5t ( c]ta9 collections4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ catalogue ( ,france be>s ! title1 ,roole des m$ailles et autre antiquitez du cab9et de ,monsieur ,dup]i]1 g5tilhomme d',aix1 & aft] ?is _m collectors foll[ ! example4 ,ev5 ! le>n$ ,m>olles is tempt$ to give to ! public 8 ,catalogue de livres d'e/ampes et de figures de taille d\ce4 ,to complete ! *>act]i/ics ( ! reviv$ m>ket ( antiques & articles ( virtu 9 ,france1 n[ exub]ant 9 its v>i\s expressions1 we may note ! adv5t ( ! s-call$ amateur m>*&4 ,! 8private deal]10 a g5tleman ) a collection :o deals secretly 9 antiques & at ! same "t plays ! gr& seigneur scorn+ comm]ce1 has be5 p]fect$ s9ce1 & ! mod]n "o is p]haps m intellig5t1 %rewd]1 m ! gr& seigneur1 b less frank & f> m dang]\s4 ,x may be said1 by ! way1 t ! art critic has n yet put 9 an appe>ance z a disguis$ deal]1 ! w>drobe ( ! ambigu\s trade n hav+ yet suppli$ ! mask4 ,!re 0 no repres5tative at ?is "t ( ! type ( ,pietro ,aret9o--:y n call him "o ( ?is species--:o 9 ! sixte5? c5tury extoll$ pa9t+s = arti/s 9 ex*ange = pa9t+s & sold 8 lit]>y eulogies to pr9ces & mon>*s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic collectors ( ! epo* is1 p]haps1 ,maz>91 a m]*ant & intrigu] on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r a passionate collector & an epic type ( ! lov] ( art4 ,a brief sket* ( 8 life & ( ! vicissitudes ( 8 collections ( art are wor? giv+4 ,maz>91 9 a way1 s ?or\ghly imp]sonates 8 "t1 t to portray him z a collector helps to ?r[ light on ! milieu 9 :i* he liv$4 ,hi/ory h&$ ,maz>9 d[n to u z a politician & capital intrigu]1 etc41 b only few "k ( him z a lov] ( art4 ,z a collector ,maz>9 recalls ! %rewde/ k9d ( ! old ,roman type4 ,! times are *ang$ & ! old ways ( ,sulla & ,m>k ,antony no long] possible4 ,viol5ce & proscription li/s w\ld n be tol]at$1 b )\t ! extreme me?ods ( a ,roman proconsul1 ,maz>9 possesses ! cunn+ ( a ,v]res4 ,l ! latt] he also f9ds ?+s by in/9ct & has ! unb\nd$ passion ( a true collector4 ,we are unc]ta9 at times :e!r ,maz>91 :o 0 )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ appreciative collectors ( 8 day1 possess$ t r>e six? s5se t goes "u ! "n ( ! collector's t\*1 b he 0 nev]!less a man ( ta/e & an art lov] ( unusual promptitude 9 ! use ( ! ability ( o!rs4 ,l _m a g5u9e & gre$y collector ( ,roman times1 ,maz>9 0 p]si/5t & obdurate 9 ! c>ry+ ?r\gh ( ! mo/ complex & disc\rag+ plans 9 ord] to secure objects = 8 collection4 ,9 ,rome once he saw a pa9t+ ( ,correggio1 ! ,sposalizio4 ,x belong$ to ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :o _h made up 8 m9d nev] to "p ) ! ma/]piece4 ,to become possess$ ( x ,maz>9 made use ( a ruse4 ,he ask$ ,anne ( ,au/ria to dem& ! pa9t+ f ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 kn[+ t /ubborn z ! ,c>d9al might be he w\ld n refuse a fav\r to ! ,que5 ( ,france4 ,9 fact1 ,b>b]9i came to ,p>is himself to pres5t ! pa9t+ to ,anne ( ,au/ria4 ,! epilogue ( ?is maz>9ade is relat$ by ,bri5ne z foll[s3 8,to d prop] hon\r to ! gift1 ! ,que5 hung ! picture 9 h] b$room 9 ! pres5ce ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 b h>dly _h he left 7il n'eut pas le dos t\rn7 ?an %e took ! pa9t+ & gave x to ,maz>940 ,bri5ne ends 8 acc\nt ) ! obs]vation t ,maz>9 8_h conduct$ ?is l5g?y intrigue to get possession ( a picture40 ,consid]+ t intrigu+ 0 second nature ) ,maz>9 we mu/ say t ,correggio's ,sposalizio 0 wor? ! tr\ble ( su* a maz>9ade4 ,z a collector ( art1 bric--brac & preci\s ?+s g5]ally1 ,c>d9al ,maz>9 _h an unusually lucky c>e]4 ,contr>y to ! rule t exacts a v high price = exp]i5ce 9 collect+1 ,maz>9 seems to h be5 fav\r$ by =tune f ! v fir/2 z = scruples1 if !y are kn[n to a few connoisseurs he knew none4 ,he 0 sc>cely kn[n4 ,8 pr(ession--if 8 occupation may be s call$--0 to move betwe5 ,rome & ,p>is1 to play to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "p ( a c\ri] betwe5 ! two cities1 ! navette 7weav]'s %uttle7 betwe5 ! ,roman ,/ate & its intrigu]s 9 ,p>is4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( 8 life ,maz>9 us$ to l& 9 ! ,fr5* capital at ! h\se ( ! ,*avignys1 :]e he (t5 arriv$ 8cov]$ all ov] ) dirt0 7t\t crott74 ,pass+ ,monf]rato on "o ( 8 j\rneys he b\ght a ros>y1 ! beads ( :i* 7 suppos$ to be glass1 b 7 9 fact preci\s /ones1 em]alds1 sapphires1 rubies & diamonds4 ,! ros>y ,maz>9 b\ght = a m]e song 0 sold 9 ,p>is = t5 ?\s& ducats4 ,8 reputation z an excell5t bric--brac hunt]1 ) a f9e eye = works ( art1 rea*$ ,ri*elieu & ?is secur$ to ,maz>9 ! protection ( ! omnipot5t ,c>d9al2 ! re/ is kn[n4 ,maz>9 really rema9$ a 8private deal]0 all 8 life1 a fact t 8 oppon5ts c\ld n =get4 ,m ?an "o maz>9ade alludes to ! ,c>d9al's deal+s4 ,ev5 :5 writ+ to pot5tates or diplomats on ! mo/ important political s*emes1 ,maz>9 nev] lo/ sight ( 8 hobby4 ,9 8 lett] to ,c>d9al ,grimaldi on ! importance ( wat*+ our 8affairs 9 ,italy0 he rem9ds him1 by ! way1 to be on ! look out = good books & good pa9t+s1 etc4 ,?r\gh a well-organiz$ network ( ag5ts & political fri5ds he receiv$ objects = 8 collection almo/ daily4 ,*iefly f ,rome1 ,flor5ce & o!r cities ( ,italy1 /atues1 pa9t+s1 furniture arriv$ 9 a cont9ual /ream at ! ,c>d9al's palace4 ,8 libr>y numb]$ twelve ?\s& volumes 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! ,fronde1 h[ev]1 is no long] satisfi$ ) gib+ ! ,c>d9al ) maz>9ades on 8 buy+ ( books )\t be+ able to read !m4 ,8 oppon5ts1 antagoni/ic to ! ,c>d9al's policy1 f9ally rose up boldly aga9/ him4 ,maz>9 0 oblig$ to fly f ,p>is4 ,by a decree ( ,p>liam5t 8 goods 7 seiz$ & sold4 ,:atev] criticism may be pass$ on ! ,c>d9al's %ady policy1 ! de/ruction ( 8 collection & libr>y is an unp>donable s9 & an arti/ic loss4 ,maz>9 does n seem to h be5 disc\rag$ by ?is unexpect$ contretemps4 ,le>n+ t ,jaba* 0 go+ to ,london to be pres5t at ! sale ( ! collection ( ,*>les ,i1 he ask$ him to buy pa9t+s = him1 & ?r\gh ?is fri5d 0 able to secure = a new gall]y ! ,v5us by ,titian1 ! ,antiope & ! ,m>syas by ,correggio1 ! ,deluge by ,c>racci1 z well z tape/ries ( ine/imable value4 ,two ye>s lat] ,maz>9 triumphantly ent]$ ,p>is aga91 0 re9/at$ 9 8 =m] p[]1 & />t$ a new libr>y1 :ile recon/itut+ 8 disp]s$ gall]y2 & :5 he di$ 8 collection conta9$1 accord+ to an inv5tory ( ! ye> #affa1 #edf pictures1 ( :i* #bhc 7 ( ! ,italian s*ool1 #gg ,g]man or ,dut*1 #gg ,fr5* & #aji ( v>i\s s*ools4 ,! ,italian s*ool includ$ names su* z ,raphael1 ,titian1 ,correggio1 ,t9toretto1 ,sol>io1 ,guido ,r5i1 ! ,c>racci1 ,dom5i*9o1 ,bassano1 ,albani1 etc4 ,_m ( ^! works are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum & ne>ly all 8 /atues1 #cej 9 numb]1 h also pass$ to ! ,l\vre & are n[ kept 9 ! ,galrie des ,antiques4 ,! inv5tory also in=ms u t ! ,c>d9al left tw5ty-"o cab9ets1 "s 9 ebony1 o!rs v5e]$ ) tortoise-%ell & ivory1 & a l>ge quantity ( m>ble tables & ,v5etian glass1 *&eli]s 9 rock cry/al1 & irons 9 silv] or gild$4 ,! preci\s /ones 7 valu$ at #chg1jad francs1 ! silv] ( ! *apel at #be1iie1 ! plates 9 silv]1 gold or gild$ 7#gfa pieces7 at #cdg1igb1 etc4 ,! same inv5tory also notes #daa f9e pieces ( tape/ry e/imat$ at #fcb1jjj1 p]haps :at a s+le piece ( ! be/ w\ld co/ n[adays1 b an enorm\s sum consid]+ ! "t4 ,!re 7 also #df ,p]sian rugs ( unusual l5g?1 #ba complete 8ameublem5ts0 9 velvet1 sat91 gold embroid]$ silk1 etc4 ,! libr>y includ$ #ej1jjj volumes & #djj manuscripts4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,! ,,sp9>io4 ,a *]i%$ ,roman subject ( ! imitators ( ! ,x,vth & ,x,v,ith ,c5turies4 ,sev]al museums h simil> imitations4 ,!re is a f9e orig9al 9 ,naples ,museum4 ,bri5ne1 :o 0 a collector himself on a small] scale1 & :o fill$ at ! "t ! position ( secret>y to ! ,c>d9al1 relates ) a c]ta9 pa?os ! la/ mom5ts ( ?is frantic art collector1 & h[ dur+ 8 la/ illness he griev$ to leave 8 *]i%$ ma/]pieces4 8,i 0 walk+10 says ,bri5ne1 89 ! small gall]y 9 :i* is ! wooll5 tape/ry repres5t+ ,scipio--! ,c>d9al did n possess a f9] "o4 ,by ! noise ( 8 slipp]s ,i he>d him com+1 %uffl+ along l a suff]+ man or a convalesc5t4 ,i hid myself beh9d ! tape/ry & he>d him say1 #8,i mu/ leave all ?is6' ,be+ v weak he /opp$ at e /ep1 lean+ fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r2 gaz+ at ! v>i\s objects ( 8 collection1 & 9 a voice t came f 8 he>t1 he kept on repeat+ #8,i mu/ leave all ?is6' ,!n turn+ 8 head to ano!r side--#8& also t6 ,:at tr\ble ,i _h to buy all ^! ?+s4 ,h[ c ,i leave !m )\t regret8--,i %all n be able to see !m :]e ,i am go+4' ,i gave a sigh1 ,i c\ld n help x1 & he he>d me4 #8,:o is !re8' #8,x is ,i1 ,monseigneur----' #8,come "h1' he said to me 9 a doleful tone4 ,he 0 nude1 only cov]$ ) 8 robe de *ambre de camelot l9$ ) petit-gris4 ,he said1 #8,give me y\r h&1 ,i am s weak2 ,i c h>dly be> x----' ,!n return+ to 8 fir/ idea1 #8,d y see1 my fri5d1 t f9e pa9t+ by ,correggio1 t ,v5us by ,titian & t incomp>able ,deluge by ,c>racci--,i "k t y too love & und]/& pa9t+4 ,alas1 my de> fri5d1 ,i mu/ leave all ?is4 ,good-bye1 de> pa9t+s t ,i h lov$ s mu*1 t h co/ me s high a price6'0 7,bri5ne1 ,memoires1 ,,ii1 ,,xiv74 ,^! ?ree pa9t+s1 ,correggio's ,sposalizio1 ,titian's ,v5us1 & ,c>racci's "w1 are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum4 8,que j'ai tant aims et qui m'ont tant c\t60 ,! second "p ( ! sad exclamation w\ld inde$ seem to belong to ?is %rewd adv5tur]1 b ^? n kn[+ to :at l5g?s ! passion = collect+ c g1 w\ld h>dly imag9e t a man ( ,maz>9's temp]am5t c\ld love1 really love1 any?+ on e>? b p[] & intrigue4 ,z a mo/ rem>kable contra/ to ?is passionate love = beautiful ?+s1 ,de/9y orda9$ t ! great] "p ( ! ,c>d9al's /atues & pa9t+s %\ld fall into ! h&s ( 8 nephew & heir1 ,arm&-,*>les de la ,porte1 ,duc de la ,meill]aye1 ! husb& ( ,maz>9's niece1 ,hort5se ,manc9i4 ,?is nephew1 :o on becom+ ! ,c>d9al's heir 0 all[$ to take 8 uncle's "n & titles1 0 bigot$ to ! la/ degree4 ,idiotically depriv$ ( all arti/ic s5se he ?\ght x 8 duty to de/roy ! art collection1 to purge ! _w ( ! (f5ce (f]$ to morality by nude sculpture1 to rid society ( ! ,c>d9al's pa9t+s ) _! %ock+ my?ological subjects4 ,sa9t-,evremont relates h[ ?is fanatic iconocla/ left 8 mansion at ,v9c5nes "o day ) ! delib]ate int5tion to de/roy ! f9e gall]y left to him by ! ,c>d9al1 & h[ on 8 arrival 9 ,p>is he ent]$ ! place :]e x 0 kept & tak+ a hamm] out ( a mason's h& proce$$ to sma% /atue aft] /atue & de/roy pa9t+s4 ,b ! /atues & works ( art 7 altoge!r too _m to be de/roy$ s+le-h&$1 s he arm$ half a doz5 s]vants ) hamm]s & ord]$ !m to help him 9 8 arti/ic hecatomb4 ,x 0 inde$ =tunate t ^u ! ,c>d9al's dea? ,l\is ,,xiv made up 8 m9d to buy "s ( ! be/ pa9t+s1 & t "s ( ! /atues _h also be5 tak5 away f ?is /range curator ( ,maz>9's museum1 or !re w\ld be v little left to-day ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s collections ( ,p>is4 ,"s ( ! /atues n[ 9 ! ,l\vre /ill %[ ?is fanatic nobleman's abuse ( ! hamm]1 m especially ! "o be>+ ! title 8,le ,gnie du repos et]nel40 ,! mon>*s ( ?is "t b\ght pa9t+s1 /atues & f9e ?+s1 %>+ en?usiasm ) private citiz5s4 ,h[ev]1 !y play$ _! "p well & ! attitude ( ! art lov] gave !m a f9i%+ t\*4 ,yet 9 less dang]\s & despotic an age ! p5 ( a ,molire might h tri$ its cau/ic ability on "s ( ^! types4 ,l\is ,,xiii is1 aft] all1 b a mild art lov]1 at lea/ s he appe>s by ! side ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis :o le>n$ ! "p ( ,mc5as at ! c\rt ( ,tuscany4 ,he collects arms & _h a cab9et ( *oice weapons1 among o!r curios1 8 grosse ,vitri1 a c>b9e ( r>e m]it left him by ,vitri4 ,we "k ( ?is collection ( ,l\is ,,xiii because x is record$ t :5 ,conc9i1 ! ,flor5t9e intrigu] :om ,m>ie de ,mdicis _h creat$ ,m>*al d',ancre1 0 kill$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,l\vre1 8! k+1 :o 0 9 8 cab9et des armes1 he>d ! noise ( ! pi/ols40 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 8 wife1 "o ( ! few wom5 to dete/ roses & :o c\ld n ev5 be> to see ?is magnific5t ,que5 ( ,fl[]s pa9t$ 9 a picture1 _h a passion = f9e book-b9d+s1 & ,monsieur ,ga/on d',orlans sport$ m$als & also r>e books4 ,z = ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! be/-/ag$ k+ ( 8 "t1 he 0 app>5tly ready to buy any?+ t w\ld add magnific5ce to 8 c\rt & be 9 keep+ ) 8 rle ( ,roi ,soleil4 ,not)/&+ 8 m or less decorative magnific5ce1 h[ev]1 ?is mon>* 0 at times a h>d b>ga9]1 & l ,isabella d',e/e1 knew h[ to take advantage ( ne$y or impecuni\s cli5ts4 ,8 transactions ) ,jaba* to buy f him ! f9e/ art collection 9 ,france are sc&al\s1 nor c ^! transactions be solely attribut$ to ,colb]t1 :o 0 = a long "t ! g-betwe5 9 ?is affair4 ,jaba* 0 a ,g]man by bir? & ,p>isian by election1 a ri* bank]1 ! director ( ! ,compagnie des ,indes ,ori5tales1 intellig5t & a mo/ passion$ art collector4 ,) great c>e & exp5se he _h =m$ ! f9e/ collection ( 8 "t4 ,lat]1 ?r\gh bus9ess rev]ses1 8 unb\nd$ lib]ality to arti/s & ! extravagant prices he paid = 8 ma/]pieces1 ,jaba* f9ally f\nd himself =c$ to "p ) 8 collection1 & ent]$ into negotiations ) ,l\is ,,xiv :o knew its imm5se value4 ,deal+s dragg$ on = a long "t1 & e day ,jaba* 0 m press$ by 8 cr$itors4 ,not)/&+ 8 necessit\s condition he rebell$ at ! absurd price (f]$ & wrote to ,colb]t to beg ! k+ to treat him 8z a ,*ri/ian1 & n z a ,moor40 ,f9ally ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! ,roi ,soleil1 ?\gh 9 ?is affair a planet c]ta9ly t did n %9e 9 g5]osity1 ga9$ 8 po9t & = ! absurdly paltry sum ( #bjj1jjj livres became ! own] ( ! r5[n$ ,jaba* collection1 compos$ ( no few] ?an #aja pa9t+s1 a great _m ( !m ma/]pieces1 & #eedb draw+s4 ,x is suffici5t to say t 9 ?is ,jaba* collection 7 works by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ! ,sa9t ,john1 ! 8,conc]t *amptre0 by ,giorgione--"o ( ! few au!ntic works ( ?is ma/]--! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/1 ! ,pilgrims ( ,emmaus & ! ,mi/ress ( ,titian by ,titian1 all ( :i* n[ belong to ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,) a k+ :o play$ ! connoisseur & collect$ objects ( art & virtu1 no g5tleman ( ! ,fr5* c\rt w\ld ackn[l$ge indiff]5ce t[>ds art1 or be )\t a c]ta9 hobby ( 8 own1 collect+ "s "o ?+ 9 p>ticul>1 be+ 9 fact :at is g5]ally def9$ z a speciali/4 ,speak+ ( 8,la ,mode0 9 8 ,les ,*>actres1 ,la ,bruyre la%es ! collect+ craze ( 8 "t )\t m]cy4 ,8 ,*apt] ,,xiii treats ( fads & fa%ions1 & 9 x he tells ( ! ridicul\s freaks ( collectors & clev]ly po9ts out h[ utt]ly depriv$ ( g5u9e mean+ 7 ! arti/ic pursuits ( su* amateurs4 ,nev]!less1 ) its good sides & its bad1 ! epidemic spread1 & n only 9 ,france1 b 9 o!r c\ntries z well4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 conf9e our /udy ( ?is epo* to ,france z = ! purposes ( ?is brief rsum ( ! collect+ craze ,france 0 ahead ( ! o!r c\ntries1 & ?us by ! side ( ! wise & g5u9e lov] ( art1 possess$ all ! o!r degrees ( ,collectomania4 ,?\gh con=m+ to fa%ion1 e "o has 8 own views on ! matt]1 s t !re are dream]s & speculators on all k9ds ( antiques1 b pa9t+ is giv5 ! pref]5ce4 8,pictures are bullion10 writes ! fat ,c\langes to 8 cold-blood$ & well-behav$ c\s91 ,mme4 de ,svign1 8y c sell !m at twice _! price :5ev] y l40 ,9 fact dur+ "o ( 8 j\rneys to ,italy1 ,c\langes1 :o _h caught ! collect+ fev]1 made a consid]able sum ( money 9 buy+ & sell+ pictures1 s mu* money t x spoilt 8 ta/e =1 z a *ronicli/ says1 8,! treasure1 :i* he saw pil$ up at ! ,hotel de ,guise awoke 9 him m exp5sive ta/es40 ,8 wife1 ,m>ie-,angelique du ,gue-,bagnol1 collect$ r>ets curieuses4 ,mme4 de ,svign tells u ( h] delight :5 %e saw 9 h] c\s9's h\se a look+-glass t _h be5 own$ by ,que5 ,m>gu]ite4 ,at ?is epo* ! art & curio m>ket compris$ all sorts ( odd *>act]s &1 z might be expect$1 ! subject gave ample food to writ]s & *ronicl]s = skits4 ,la ,bruyre is n alone 9 mak+ sport ( ! obsess$ art collector & crazy curio-hunt]4 ,f ,molire to ! ,italian ,goldoni ! antiqu>y & 8 victim are capital subjects4 ,poetry also contributes its s>casm4 ,9 ,france "s ( ! m9or & ju/ly obscure poets are v useful 9 ! recon/ruction ( our milieu4 ,!re are ev5 *ronicles writt5 9 v]se4 ,= in/ance1 ,m>ie-,?rse1 ! wife ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 goes to see ,cat]9e ,h5riette ,belli] de ,beauvais1 ! fir/ lady ( ! b$*amb] ( ! que5 d[ag] ,anne ( ,au/ria1 a lady :o is evid5tly collect+ art4 ,! poetical *ronicle at once in=ms ! public t3-- ,m]cr$i1 notre augu/e ,re9e ,fut *ez madame de ,beauvais ,p\r de son aimable palais ,voir les m]veilles tonnantes ,et r>ets surpr5antes4444 ,we w sp>e ! read] ! description ( ! collection giv5 9 a sort ( litany ( praise1 a sequ5ce ( l9es l ! foll[+3-- ,tant de belles orfevr]ies ,tant d'clatantes pi]r]ies 99 99 99 99 99 ,tant de vases si prcieux1 ,tant de bu/es et tant d'images1 etc4 ,le ,maisel ,prieur des ,ro*es is crazy = books1 & l a true bibliomaniac he nev] reads 8 books1 :i* are g5]ally b\ght = ! title1 etc4 ,?is ( c\rse is m ?an en\gh = 8 introduction into "o ( ^! rhym+ *ronicles1 call$ ,rymaille3-- ,les livres ,des ,ro*es en belle c\v]ture1 ,mais leur ,mai/re n'en donne ,sci5ce ny ,lecture4 ,pa9t+s be+ giv5 ! pref]5ce1 !y are also ! *]i%$ subject = v]se4 ,impassion$ speciali/s :o collect ! works ( a s+le arti/ & sp5d a lifetime 9 do+ x are a capital subject4 ,!re is also an ,arcadia among art collectors1 wor?y ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a regul> ,arcadia ) pseudo-names1 etc4 ,"o ( ^! rhym$ *ronicles records ! v>i\s names assum$ by ! collectors & amateurs ( ! ,arcadia4 ,z we h said1 _m ( ^! collectors ( pa9t+s are speciali/s possess$ ( ! hobby ( collect+ ! works ( a s+le ma/]4 ,p\ss9 is at "o "t ! mo/ fa%ionable1 & :ile ! ,p\ss9i/s are among ! mo/ impassion$ 9 proclaim+ ! m]its ( _! arti/1 !re are also o!r 8i/s40 ,gam>re1 ,sieur de ,creze1 lieut5ant des *asses1 is app>5tly at ! head ( ! ,p\ss9i/s4 ,8 ,arcadian "n is ,pantolme4 ,! wid[ ( ,lescot--! jewell] :o 0 "o ( ,maz>9's advis]s & 0 s5t by ! ,c>d9al to ,spa9 9 se>* ( f9e ?+s--collects pa9t+s1 b happ5s to be a ,rub5i/4 ,h[ev]1 9 due "t %e is conv]t$ by ,pantolme 7,gam>re7 to ! ,p\ss9i/ p]suasion & des]ts ! ,flemi% art ( ,rub5s & />ts a new collection z a ,p\ss9i/4 ,%e is call$ ,ir5e 9 ! ,banquet des ,curieux4 ,x w\ld take long to g ov] all ! pleasantries ( ! curio-hunt]s ( ?is "t4 ,bizot1 nam$ ,lub9 9 ! ,banquet des ,curieux1 is a type ( collector we h already introduc$3-- ,lub91 amateur d'antiquailles1 ,de livres anci5s et de vielles mdailles1 ,philosophe sans jugem5t1 ,curieux sans raisonnem5t1444 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r odd *>act]s h escap$ record 9 rhyme4 ,a ,sieur ,bas9 de ,limeville ( ,blois is a well-kn[n collector ( m$als4 ,he sp5t 8 :ole life 9 buy+ no?+ b m$als4 ,yet no "o ev] saw 8 collection2 z soon z !y 7 b\ght ! m$als 7 put away 9 8 cab9et1 decl>es an in=mant ( ! "t4 ,8 cab9et is provid$ ) an iron door & a lock ) a key ( mo/ complex make4 ,at 8 dea? ! heir tri$ to op5 ! door b ! key refus$ to op51 !re be+ "s special h&l+ beside ! difficulty ( ! lock4 ,! man :o _h made ! key 0 dead & ! case 0 s hopeless t ! heir 0 =c$ to ent] ,sieur de ,limeville's cab9et ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! wall4 ,inside ! cab9et !re 0 f\nd among a mass ( cobwebs a dirty sack fill$ ) ! preci\s m$als1 ! collection to :i* ! deceas$ _h giv5 8 :ole life4 ,la ,bruyre tells ( a man :o sp5t all 8 ye>s hunt+ = a bad et*+ ( ,callot4 ,he knew ! "w 0 ! poore/ ev] done by ! arti/1 t x 0 n wor? ! tr\ble1 b he nev]!less gave 8 :ole "t & activity to ! se>* = t et*+ because x 0 ! only "w ( ,callot t he did n possess4 ,jacob ,spoon1 a doctor ( m$ic9e & an intellig5t b odd individual :o di$ 9 ! ye> #afhe1 decl>es t 9 8 native city ( ,lyons e "o is collect+ some?+ or o!r4 ,!n1 & p]haps z a physician he 0 9 a position to "k1 he says t collect+ is a disease1 contagi\s ?\gh n fatal4 ,!re is no ne$ ( special docum5ts to say t fak+ mu/ h work$ ) a c]ta9 ease 9 su* a _w4 ,bri5ne tells u t :5 ,c>d9al ,maz>9 receiv$ objects f ,italy1 ,jaba* & ,magn>d 7 *>g$ to exam9e !m & v (t5 m ?an "o piece ( fak+ 0 discov]$1 v successful c\nt]feits 7,memoires de ,bri5ne1 ,*ap4 ,,ix74 ,!re is no in/ance to my k ( any s5t5ce pass$ by tribunal ^u fak]s at ?is "t :5 ev]y?+ seems to h be5 decid$ by ! almighty1 p[] ( ,l\is ,,xiv or ! ev]-ready ,p>liam5t4 ,yet ! police ( ,l\is ,,xiv seem to h "o int]e/ 9 ! collect+ ( art4 ,!y mu/ wat* t ! books1 pr9ts & pa9t+s1 etc41 (f]$ = sale conta9 no?+ immoral or :at we %\ld call n[adays subv]sive4 ,by ?is duty ! police ( ,l\is ,,xiv become speciali/s1 go+ 9 *iefly = m$als4 ,9 ! ye> #afif ,pont*>tra9 wrote to ,m4 de la ,reynie 8to s5d a man to wat* ! sale ( ,abb ,bizot & be on ! look out = ! mdailles insol5tes ( ! said cab9et40 ,aft] o!r injunctions1 he !n adds3 8,x is ,8 ,maje/y's wi% t ! m$als incurr+ suppression %\ld be put into a sack1 ?is to be seal$ & tak5 to ! m9t44440 ,x is cle> f ?is t ov] & above int]e/ 9 bad co9s & fak$ m$als ! police ( ! ,roi ,soleil 7 on ! look out = a p>ticul> hi/orical co9 be>+ "s unfri5dly allusion to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & _! e>ne/ ef=ts to suppress x _h naturally made x s r>e t x k9dl$ ! ambition ( numismati/s & collectors at l>ge4 ,! eighte5? c5tury might be call$ ! p]iod ( sales ( art collections4 ,ev]y:]e auctions 7 held ( well-kn[n collections2 9 ,holl& alone we c regi/] #ahe catalogues ( art sales f #agjj to #agej4 ,?is may be call$ a sort ( record1 h[ev]1 z ,france 9 ! same p]iod ( "t c\nts only ?irty catalogues4 ,foll[+ ! art sales 9 ,p>is we f9d t f #agea to #agfj an av]age ( f\r sale catalogues a ye> is rea*$4 ,f #agfa to #aggj ! av]age increases to ?irte52 f #agga to #agge to tw5ty-eight1 & f #aggf to #aghe to =ty-two ea* ye>4 ,?is is ! climax2 at ?is po9t art sales 7 social functions & ! auction room a place :]e society met4 ,collections are disp]s$ & new ones =m$1 & ! transf]5ce ( ma/]pieces f "o collection to ano!r ?r\gh ! auction room acquires unusual rapidity4 ,su* a /ate ( affairs inspires ,?ibaudeau ) ! foll[+ reflection4 7,?ibaudeau4 ,prface du ,trsor de la ,curiosit47 8,x is l a game ( %uttlecock 9 :i* ! b\rgeoisie & nobility ?r[ ma/]pieces to ea* o!r & ) su* swiftness t "o really does n "k to :om !y belong40 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 f ! v beg9n+1 numb]s collectors su* z ,crozat1 :o _h a palace 9 ,rue ,ri*elieu & a collection ( #ai1jjj draw+s1 #djj pa9t+s & #adjj cameos1 etc41 ,comtesse de ,v]rue & ,baudelet4 ,! ,duke ( ,orleans' gall]y includes #dgh pa9t+s1 ( :i* ?ree 7 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #ae by ,raphael1 #ca by ,titian1 #ai by ,paul ,v]onese1 #aj by ,correggio1 #ab by ,p\ss91 & _m o!rs ( ! ,dut*1 ,spani% & o!r s*ools4 ,?is collection ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ,france aft] t ( ,c>d9al ,maz>91 seems to h be5 pursu$ by ! same ill-luck z ! latt]4 ,! ,reg5t's son1 ) deplorable prud]y1 de/roy$ all ! pa9t+s ) nude figures2 z = ! re/ ( ! collection1 x 0 sold lat] to "s ,engli% amateurs by ,philippe-,egalit4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,"s ,,notable ,,fr5* ,,collectors ,speculation1 f9ancial disa/]s--,_m collections *ange h&s-- ,fak]s busy = newly-enri*$ collectors--,voltaire plays ! sil5t p>tn] to art & curio deal]s--,wond]ful une>?+s ( ,dr4 ,hub]--,collectors ( ! "t3 ,mme4 ,pompad\r1 ,c>d9al ,s\bise1 ,male%]bes & o!rs--,int]space ( ! ,revolution --,napoleon revives "s ( ! spe$y me?ods ( ! ,romans-- ,italian museums & gall]ies plund]$ by 8 ,imp]ial ag5ts4 ,f ?is e>ly p]iod we ent] t ( ! art sales1 :i*1 z we h already said1 seem *>act]i/ic ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,f9ancial disa/]s & speculations disp]se m ?an "o =tune & u%] new-com]s into ! _w ( f9ance4 ,?is is ! "t :5 ma/]pieces beg9 to *ange h&s s rapidly4 ,! _s ( collect+ is sup]c$$ by t ( comm]ce1 & fak+ appe>s "u new =ms1 ^? ) no o!r trick]y beyond :at comm]ce ) its intrigue & deceit c supply4 8,all amateurs10 writes a contempor>y 9 ! ,*ronique ,sc&aleuse1 8are n[ mix$ up ) brocantage 7bric--brac74 ,!re is n a collector :o does n sell or ex*ange 7troque71 ei!r on acc\nt ( un/able ta/e1 or = ! sake ( ga91 or to retaliate 8 own bad b>ga9 ^u "s "o gre5] ?an himself40 ,ev5 ,voltaire1 betwe5 an epigram & a satire1 f\nd himself implicat$ 9 brocantage1 only1 m %rewd ?an ,cic]o1 he sav$ appe>ances by an associate1 ! ,abb ,m\ss9ot1 he rema9+ ! sleep+ p>tn]4 ,voltaire's "n & 8 bant] ov] natural hi/ory & explanations ( geological ph5om5a--,buffon1 ! au?or ( a ,natural ,hi/ory t ,voltaire call$ 8n at all natural10 0 "o ( 8 victims1 he hav+ repli$ to ,buffon's le>n$ hypo!sis ) reg>d to "s sea-%ells f\nd on ! summit ( ! ,alps t ! %ells might h be5 lo/ by pilgrims on _! way to ,rome--recalls to our m9d an eighte5?-c5tury successful piece ( fak+ & practical joke play$ on an erudite collector1 ,dr4 ,l\is ,hub] ( ,wrtzburg4 ,9 ! ye> #agbg two doctors ( ! t[n prep>$ a surprise = ,hub]1 a surprise by :i* 8 collection ( fossils 0 to be enri*$ by "s extraord9>y specim5s4 ,speculat+ on ! en?usiasm & good fai? ( ! le>n$ doctor & impassion$ collector1 ! two accomplices fabricat$ fossils ( fanta/ic animals & ! mo/ impossible %ells4 ,! imitations 7 g5]ally modell$ 9 clay ) ! addition ( a h>d5+ sub/ance4 ,incr$ible z x may s\nd1 "s ( !m repres5t$ ants & bees ( ! mo/ h]oic proportions1 crabs ( new l9e & %ape1 etc4 ,^! 7 c>efully buri$ 9 gr\nd ( suitable "* :]e ,pr(4 ,hub] _h be5 se5 to excavate4 ,! re/ is easily div9$4 ,:at is n easy to und]/&1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t aft] hav+ made sev]al ( ^! mo/ incr$ible discov]ies ,dr4 ,hub] ?\ght fit to publi% a "w1 consi/+ ( a hundr$ folios1 writt5 9 ,lat9 & issu$ "u ! auspices ( ,pr(essor ,brang]4 ,! book1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,franconia1 _h tw5ty-two illu/rations reproduc+ ) extreme exactitude ,dr4 ,l\is ,hub]'s fanta/ic ant$iluvian f9d4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! le>n$ ,faculty ( ,sci5ce ( ,wrtzburg assembl$ to hon\r ,dr4 ,hub] & ! doy5 ( ! ,faculty pron\nc$ a spee* 9 praise ( 8 discov]y4 ,:at foll[$ c be easily d$uc$4 ,only 8 good fai? sav$ ! deceiv$ collector f ! sore exp]i5ces ( a mod]n %am discov]] ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! curio _w1 h[ev]1 /ill c\nts "s good art lov]s & s]i\s collectors1 su* z ,g]sa9t1 ,basant1 :om ! ,duc de ,*oiseul us$ to call le m>e*al de ,saxe de la curiosit on acc\nt ( 8 d>+ & successful inroads on ! art m>ket1 :]e1 by ! way1 ?\gh no blood is %$ no less /rategy is ne$$ ?an on ! battlefield4 ,!re are o!r names wor? quot+ 9 ?is c5tury ( decad5ce1 ,gloomy & 8 fri5d ,remy1 pa9t] & deal] 9 pictures & o!r curios1 ,julliot1 ,langli]1 ,paillet1 ,regnault-,delal&e1 ,pi]re ,lebrun & 8 son1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lebrun1 :o m>ri$ ! fam\s arti/ ,mlle4 ,vige1 & own$ ! well-kn[n ,salle ,lebrun1 (t5 us$ = celebrat$ sales4 ,o!r names might be quot$1 ,la ,m>quise de ,pompad\r1 ,c>d9al ,s\bise1 ,gir>dot de ,prefond1 ,fontette1 ,male%]bes1 ,m>quis de ,paulmy1 etc4--!n1 ! ,revolution comes1 ! anci5 rgime disappe>s & ) x ! da9ty furniture1 foppi% dress1 & ! supremacy ( an art m>ket :i* ) all its oddities 7 su* p]haps z _h nev] be5 se5 s9ce ! "t ( ! orgy ( curio-hunt+ ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,?is supremacy1 depriv$ ( _m ( its idiosyncrasies1 tempor>ily cross$ ! ,*annel & w5t to ,engl& accompani$ by _m ( ! treasures t deal]s & refugees manag$ to save f ! cataclysm ( #aggi4 ,napoleon may be quot$ z an exceptional art collector--if ev] su* a "n c belong to a man utt]ly depriv$ ( a s5se ( art b %rewd en\gh to und]/& ! mighty support giv5 to sov]eigns by art--= 9 ! process ( "t ! man =m$ m ?an "o art collection by me?ods t 9 _! dra/ic "* greatly resembl$ ^? adopt$ by ,roman g5]als & proconsuls4 ,?is /atem5t is eloqu5tly support$ by facts & numb]s4 ,"h is a laconic writ+ ( ,napoleon 9 :i* he in=ms ! ,directory ( 8 fir/ arti/ic 8f9ds0 9 ,italy4 ,speak+ ( 8 ag5ts1 he /ates3 8,!y h already seiz$3 fifte5 pa9t+s f ,p>ma1 tw5ty f ,mod5a1 tw5ty-five f ,milan1 =ty f ,bologna1 t5 f ,f]r>a40 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 8 fir/ exp]im5t z a novice collector4 ,o!r ?+s 7 to foll[1 ! ,m$ici ,v5us f ,flor5ce1 ! ,roman ,horses f ,v5ice1 & all ! be/ works ( art f ! ,italian museums1 & ^! b fo/] m eclectic desires 9 ?is /range art lov]1 :o :ile preoccupi$ ) ! problem ( transport+ heavy /atues f ,rome & h>ve/+ antiques & ,r5aissance "w1 indiscrim9ately ord]s to be tak5 to ,france ) ! arti/ic booty ! votive p5 t ,ju/us ,lipsius left to ! sanctu>y ( ,loretto & ! votive image left by ,montaigne to ! same sanctu>y4 ,! anecdote ( ,lucius ,mummius ( ignorant memory is "h repeat$ 9 a way1 = ! (ficials act+ "u ,napoleon's ord]s h no?+ to say ab\t ,montaigne's ex-voto1 b :5 x comes to ! p5 ( ,lipsius ^! wor?ies gleefully rem>k3 8,la plume de ,ju/e ,lipse qui avoit t e/ime c9q huitimes1 c'e/ tr\ve pes] six huitimes0 7! p5 ( ,ju/e ,lipse :i* 0 suppos$ to weigh five-eigh?s1 has be5 f\nd to weigh six-eigh?s74 ,f ! ,revolution to ! "t ( ,napoleon's dom9ion is ! p]iod 9 :i* ! passion = art collect+ is lea/ felt4 ,fak+1 ( c\rse1 is an art t does n pay & ?us has no raison d'tre4 ,yet fak+ passes f ! field ( art to t ( real life1 ! new ,republic apes ,roman cu/oms4 ,david ! arti/ is fak$ into a ,tribune :ile busy pa9t+ ,romans t seem to h be5 br\ght out ( a hot-h\se & he sket*es semi-,roman co/umes = ! new (ficials ( ! ,republic1 g>m5ts t ) all ! foppi%ness ( ! 8old regime0 _h ,roman ,consul> swords1 ,imp]ial *lamys 7mantle71 fak$ busk9s or ornam5t$ co?urnus 7boots worn by trag$ians74 ,x is ?is fak+ ( life t feels ! ne$ ev5 to alt] ! cal5d>1 *ang+ ! ,roman etymology ( ! names ( ! mon?s into m res\nd+ ,lat9esque appellations4 ,at home 9 ?is /ag$ drama ( life1 ,napoleon1 ! fri5d ( ,talma & ,david1 cont9ues ! gr&iose fak+ ) a sort ( complex etiquette & a v5e] ( ari/ocracy1 :i* makes "o sadly ?9k ( ! tru? ( ! words pron\nc$ by ,c\ri] on ,g5]al ,bonap>te's elevation to ! ?rone3 ,he aspires to desc5d4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is peculi> & r negative _w ! *ronicle ( ! curieux may conta9 "s glori\s names1 & ^! no d\bt prep>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! return ( ! cult ( art 9 ,france1 ! reappe>ance ( devot$ collectors & enlight5$ amateurs4 ,we may !n "n successively art lov]s & intellig5t collectors su* z ,l5oir1 ,du ,somm]ville & ,sauvageot1 ,revoil ,willem94 ,& aft] !m arti/s1 collectors & deal]s ( ! calibre ( ,mlle4 ,delaunay1 ,escudi]1 ,mont=t1 ,r\ssel1 ,beurdeley1 ,h5ry ,gr&jean1 ,mannheim1 ! fir/ ( a dyna/y ( hone/ & intellig5t deal]s2 !n almo/ 9 our own times ,b>on ,davilli]s1 ,bonnaff1 ,emile ,peyre & o!rs4 ,b art collect+ is n[ no long] an acc5tuat$ *>act]i/ic ( ,france nor ( ,engl&1 ,g]many & o!r ,european c\ntries :i* h a tradition & h come to ! =e1 b o!r new & p[]ful ,/ates h jo9$ ! conte/1 ca/ new types ( collectors & creat$ a new psy*ology 9 ! art _w :i* w =m ! second "p ( ?is book4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,collector ,,& ,,! ,,fak] ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,collectors ,,& ,,collections ,collectors & collections--,v>i\s k9ds--,mean+ ( ! ^w curieux--,v>i\s types ( collectors3 ! arti/1 ! s*ol>1 ! eclectic & ! speciali/--,a l>ge class ( collectors z def9$ by ,la ,bruyre--,! ultra-mod]n collector--,! art & curio m>ket--,! ?ree /ages ( ! collector's c>e]--,! collector's t\*--,! ela/icity ( prices & an op9ion ( ,c4 ,t4 ,y]kes--,g]sa9t's advice & ,s*legel's op9ion--,a ,lat9 say+ re-edit$ by ,edmond ,bonnaff4 8,la collection c'e/ l'homme10 a well-kn[n ,fr5* lov] ( art & fir/-rate connoisseur us$ to say4 ,n[adays ?is trans=mation ( ,buffon's ?readb>e say+ is only p>tially true4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m correct to put x 9 ! pa/ t5se1 z a new type ( virtuoso has aris54 ,a collector ( ! mo/ rec5t br& pref]s to buy collections 8ready-made40 ,su* collections all ga!r$ 9 good ord] 9 ! h\ses ( ^! new collectors speak v eloqu5tly ( ! own]'s f9ancial p[]1 b say no?+ ( 8 ta/e1 ability1 or love = ! arti/ically f9e & beautiful4 ,h[ev]1 ?is be+ some:at ( a rec5t *ange br\ght ab\t by casual circum/ances ) h>dly any claim z an arti/ic ph5om5on1 ?is /udy c be conf9$ = ! pres5t to t normal p]iod1 b>ely pa/1 :5 ! art & curio collector 0 really a 8collector0 & above all a lov] ( art z well z a passionate hunt] aft] f9e ?+s4 ,f ! /udy ( ?is semi-pa/ _w ( art x w be easy to proce$ to a comp>ative analysis ( ! up-to-date "o1 to ! new species ( collector :o 9 no way comes "u ! def9ition 8,la collection c'e/ l'homme40 ,9 ! =ego+ review ( collectors & collections1 x has mo/ly be5 a "q ( art collectors1 ) only incid5tal ref]5ce to o!r k9ds ( art lov]s4 ,curios1 h[ev]1 imply _m o!r ?+s4 ,! ,fr5* ^w curieux1 :i* has (t5 be5 us$ = lack ( a bett] expression1 has a wid] mean+4 ,! ^w curieux1 :i* might be translat$ by ! ,engli% ^w 8curi\s10 )\t los+ mu* ( its mean+1 may h orig9at$ 9 ! ,lat9 curiosis1 ?\gh x is d\btful :e!r ! ,romans ev] appli$ ?is ^w to connoisseurs ( art or o!r collectors4 ,! fact t ! arti/ic _w 0 !n divid$ into lov]s ( ! beautiful & faddi/s or fools1 t erudites _h n yet appe>$1 may h r5d]$ new words ( def9itions useless4 ,:5 speak+ ( 8 fri5d ,/atius z a connoisseur & virtuoso1 ,pl9y uses ! ,greek ^w 7fri5d ( ! beautiful71 a ^w t might really be us$ to def9e ! true & g5u9e collector4 ,! ,fr5* ^w curieux appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 a diction>y by ,rob]t ,e/i5ne 7#aeca7 & is def9$ ung homme curieux d'avoir ou savoir *oses antiques b lat] on1 presumably f its probable ,italian orig91 ! ^w acquires a wid] s5se1 a s5se t ev5 f9ds an e*o 9 ,%akespe>e1 & s also ! old mean+ ( g5tilezza z us$ by ,lor5zo ,m$ici has a resonance1 accord+ to ,lacroix du ,ma9e1 9 ! ,fr5* g5tillesses ou g5tilles curiositez4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ild4 ,by ,f]rante ,zamp9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,san ,,giovanni4 ,by ,f]rante ,zamp9i4 ,not)/&+ ?is limitation1 = _m ! ^w curieux has ! wide/ mean+ & includes all k9ds ( collectors4 ,trev\x' def9ition 8res s+ul>es1 eximi r>0 ) ,mill9's broad5+ comm5t 8t\t ce qui peut piqu] la curiosit p> la s+ul>it des =mes ou des usages0 7all t may excite curiosity 9 /rang5ess ( =m or use71 is ! prop] "o1 reg>dless ( ,mme4 de ,g5lis1 :o z late z #ahah goes back to ! old mean+ & includes "u curiosit ! entirely sci5tific ,natural ,hi/ory collections4 ,x mu/ be said t ! di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific & arti/ic pursuits is n always cle>ly def9$4 ,sci5ce m+les ) art ) undisput$ "r1 & sci5tific pursuits at times h arti/ic int]e/4 ,! two seem ei!r to alt]nate _! rights or %>e !m 9 ! fields t lie betwe54 ,9 ! arti/ic field1 or r 9 t :i* tallies ) ,mill9's def9ition ( la curiosit !re are two q typical classes ev5 ?\gh !y _c be sep>at$ by a %>p l9e ( delimitation on acc\nt ( l9k+ subdivisions4 ,! "o includes ! art collector alone & ! se>*] = ! beautiful1 ! o!r ^? ga!r+ ! re/1 ?+s :i* = 8/rang5ess ( =m or use0 pres5t a c]ta9 int]e/ to ! collector4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^? ( ! fir/ class possess ! impulsiv5ess t g5]ally *>act]izes intuitive & non-le>n$ exp]i5ce 9 art1 & ^? ( ! second comb9e arti/ic & sci5tific int]e/s4 ,! "o has a t5d5cy to consid] & value objects 9 a diff]5t mann] f ! o!r3 ! arti/ic temp]am5t has a p5*ant = syn!sis1 ! sci5tific is incl9$ t[>ds analytic me?ods4 ,:ile ! collector ( ! fir/ class has a direct purpose--! se>* = :at is arti/ically f9e1 ! o!r is less absolute1 & = him objects h :at may be call$ a relative value1 ! value ( ! s]ies4 ,9 collect+ co9s or m$als1 ! latt] m especially1 art plays an undisput$ "p1 b sci5ce claims ! "r ( classification1 ?us plac+ a relative value ( no second>y importance4 ,z a consequ5ce1 = in/ance1 a m$alli/ is likely to speak ( ! r>e 9 place ( ! f9e1 or at times use "o ^w = ! o!r4 ,x may be t 9 ! eyes ( a numismati/ a sample ( inf]ior art acquires great value ?r\gh its r>ity & ?r\gh ! place t x may occupy 9 ! s]ies ( 8 collection4 ,!re are "s collections consequ5tly 9 :i* ! be/ arti/ic samples are =c$ to play a second>y "p1 ! object ( ! collection be+ classification1 j z %ells1 m9]als & o!r purely sci5tific ga!r+s w\ld be arrang$4 ,?is peculi> tyranny ( sci5ce may ev5 f9d scope = action 9 expressions ( art1 :]e sci5ce & erudition %\ld h no claim4 ,9 museums ( pa9t+ & sculpture ! hi/ory ( art dem&s t ! objects %\ld be classifi$ accord+ to epo*s1 s*ools1 etc4 ,! man int5t ^u su* classification (t5 becomes s engross$ 9 ?is "o sci5tific side z to gr[ indiff]5t to ^? arti/ic consid]ations :i* give ! pa9t] & ! real lov] ( art ! joy art is int5d$ to give4 ,ev5 connoisseur%ip is (t5 too ta9t$ by erudition1 & ! curators ( museums are v r>ely /hetes4 ,at ! sight ( a f9e "w ( art1 a connoisseur is v (t5 s int5t ^u discov]+ ! "n ( its au?or1 ! probable s*ool & ! epo*--all =ms ( classification--t he =gets he is be=e a "w ( art1 t is to say1 an expression ( human s5tim5t1 :i* :e!r good or bad 0 creat$ solely to ar\se arti/ic emotion 9 ! behold]4 ,! arti/1 :ile creat+ x1 _h c]ta9ly n 9 m9d ! hi/ory ( art & all its erudite p>aph]nalia4 ,!re are two o!r di/9ctions 9 art collect+1 di/9ctions s closely alli$ to ! above classes t !y %>e ! respective *>act]i/ics 9 a v simil> mann]4 ,!y are repres5t$ by ! eclectic collector & ! speciali/1 two di/9ct ord]s bo? useful 9 a way1 bo? belong+ to ! arti/ic sph]e4 ,! eclectic is well def9$ by ,g]sa9t z 8an amateur ^: passion presupposes ta/e & s5tim5t02 ! o!r1 ! speciali/--g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ p]fect$ 8 ta/e by dropp+ 8 initial eclecticism--is a collector :o has re/rict$ ! field ( 8 activity by graft+1 s to speak1 ! purity ( 8 arti/ic p5*ant on some?+ t t5ds to dim9i% ! broad outlook ( an eclectic lov] ( art1 & ?is 9 ord] to enl>ge ! possibilities ( rese>* & in=mation4 ,?us al?\gh ! speciali/ has v (t5 pass$ ?r\gh an initial p]iod ( eclectic w&]+1 :5 he becomes a speciali/ he is v apt to =get 8 pa/ en?usiasm = any?+ b 8 *os5 speciality4 ,%[ a f9e ,limoges enamel to a collector ( m$als or a m$al to a collector ( enamels & y w realize ! tru? ( ! /atem5t4 ,( c\rse he w und]/& ! beauty ( ! "w--?\gh n inv>iably--b he w take no int]e/ 9 x4 ,:ile hav+ p]fect$ 8 ta/e 9 "s s+le bran* ( art1 ! speciali/ has unque/ionably atrophi$ all arti/ic qualities 9 o!r directions4 ,?is !ory naturally becomes m or less ela/ic accord+ to ! g5re & ! "* ( ! art lov]4 ,a man :o is a speciali/ on c]ta9 epo*s is h>dly a speciali/ 9 ! true s5se1 b r an eclectic :o has re/rict$ 8 pursuits s z to recon/ruct 9 8 m9d ! :ole arti/ic expression ( a c]ta9 age3 ! m$alli/ & su* l collectors h n su* a wide scope & _! pursuits g5]ally come to be *>act]iz$ by me?od1 ord] & a :ole ,indian file ( hi/oric & erudite consid]ations4 ,! t\t ensemble ( an eclectic's h\se pres5ts a v decorative appe>ance1 t ( ! speciali/ does n always1 be+ mo/ly encumb]$ ) glass cab9ets or pieces ( furniture ) %elves adapt$ to 8 speciality4 ,! eclectic collector w (t5 speak ( ! beauty ( a c]ta9 f9d f a purely arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! speciali/ w gr[ poetic ov] ! p]fect ca/1 pat9a1 etc4 ,! speciali/ 9 m$als w (t5 %[ y two or ?ree specim5s ( ! same m$al only di/+ui%$ by ! col\r ( ! pat9a or diff]5ces ( no arti/ic value1 & *ronological consid]ations weigh ) numismati/s4 ,! speciali/ mu/ !re=e frequ5tly recur to sci5tific me?ods4 ,9 ,p>is !re is a loose belief t an art lov] :o is an eclectic reveals a some:at prov9cial s5tim5t1 & t to be *>act]iz$ z a true ,p>isian "o mu/ be a speciali/ 9 "s "o ?+4 ,?is belief naturally implies t ! speciali/ has ref9$ 8 ta/e & acquir$ di/9ction f ! grossness & obtus5ess ) :i* eclecticism is libell$4 ,yet ?is is h>dly true1 ! be/ ,fr5* collectors1 su* z ,davilli]s1 ,piot & o!rs1 7 always enlight5$ eclectics 9 _! v>i\s pursuits ?\gh hav+ a b5t t[>ds specialization4 ,nev]!less1 we repeat t di/9ctions _c be made ) ma!matical precision4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 arti/ & erudite1 eclectic & speciali/ w\ld seem to h be5 well def9$ only by ,bonnaff 9 8 *>act]i/ic say+3 8,! fir/ ?r[s himself ^u 8 knees be=e ,beauty2 ! o!r asks h] = h] passports40 ,nei!r ( ! two me?ods ensures infallibility4 ,! arti/ic collector1 a lov] at fir/ sight1 may be deceiv$ by an imitation possess+ "* & g5]al effect suffici5t to pass 9 8 eyes = an orig9al2 ! erudite ) 8 bra9 9 ! place ( 8 he>t1 :o dem&s 8passports0 be=e mak+ up 8 m9d1 may be dup$ by a =g$ 8passport10 by an imitation1 t is to say1 9 :i* ! details are respect$ ev5 to ! sacrifice ( ! totality :i* s greatly appeals to arti/s4 ,!re is "o m k9d ( art & curio collector1 p]haps ! mo/ num]\s ( all4 ,!y h be5 well def9$ by ,la ,bruyre m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,?is p>ticul> type ( art lov] is on ! look out n = :at he really loves b = t :i* af=ds him gratifications o!r ?an ^? art is int5d$ to give4 8,x is n an amusem5t10 says ! au?or ( ,les ,c>actres 9 8 *apt] on ,fa%ion1 8b a passion (t5 s viol5t t x lags beh9d love & ambition only z reg>ds ! paltr9ess ( its object40 ,pass+ !n f ! description ( ! effect to ! cause1 ,la ,bruyre proce$s3 8,la curiosit is a ta/e = :at "o possesses & :at o!rs d n possess1 an atta*m5t to :atev] is ! vogue or ! fa%ion2 x is n a passion felt g5]ally = r>e & fa%ionable ?+s1 b only = "s special ?+ t is r>e & above all 9 fa%ion40 ,to ?is la/ category1 ) a few slight modifications1 belongs ! type ( collector :o might be call$ ultra-mod]n to di/+ui% him f 8 mod]n confrres ( ye/]day1 a type t c lay no claim :atev] to ! def9ition 8,la collection c'e/ l'homme10 because he nev] tr\bles himself to hunt = works ( art or curios1 nev] exp]i5ces ! joys ( discov]y1 exp]i5ces no?+ p]haps1 b be+ *eat$ by deal]s1 fri5ds & exp]ts4 ,! ultra-mod]n collector is1 ( c\rse1 amply suppli$ ) money1 & relies *iefly on 8 *eque-book4 ,he is always f> f ! spot :]e he might le>n wisdom1 yet n s f> z to be beyond ! pale ( ! deceit & trick]y ( ! m>ket ( la curiosit4 ,?is late/ v>iation c>ries "o direct to ! mod]n ,am]ican type ( collector4 ,n because ! type does n exi/ 9 o!r c\ntries1 b because ,am]ica has furni%$ ! *ampion specim5s :o ?r\gh ! magnitude ( _! speculations 9 art- & curio-hunt+ h /amp$ ! type4 ,yet ev5 9 ,am]ica1 :]e art lov]s l ! late ,qu9cy ,%aw1 ,/an=d ,:ite1 ,h4 ,walt]s1 etc41 h be5 kn[n1 ! ultra-mod]n type repres5ts a v rec5t & a/oni%+ novelty4 ,"o conv]sation on art ) ?is mod]n collector is g5]ally suffici5t to reveal all abs5ce ( real passion4 ,^! gre$y buy]s ( works ( art & curios h (t5 h>dly ! "t to give ev5 a glance at _! glamor\s pur*ases4 ,!y h c]ta9ly n ! enjoym5t t o!r collectors h4 ,:5 !y %[ _! collections1 a common way ( solicit+ admiration is to rec\nt ! unreasonable & extravagant prices paid4 ,:at are !y aft]8 ,:at is _! ma9 object 9 ransack+ old ,europe = arti/ic ma/]pieces to be c>ri$ (f by ! %e] =ce ( money8 ,lovesque says "o is a connoisseur by /udy1 an art lov] by ta/e1 & a curieux by vanity1 to :i* ,imb]t wisely adds3 8or speculation40 ,mak+ e possible exception1 vanity & speculation /ill appe> to rule alt]nately ! ultra-mod]n collector4 ,we d n d5y t _m ( !m may be animat$ by ! noble desire to leave _! collections to _! c\ntries1 b yet on clos] /udy ! attraction = ! great] numb] ( !m seems to be ei!r a modification ( _! f9ancial int]e/s1 namely1 sport & speculation comb9$1 or an incl9ation to sp5d money lavi%ly1 ev]y?+ be+ too easily possible by reason ( _! great money p[]4 ,9 a humor\s toa/ at an ,am]ican d9n]1 ,/anley1 ! explor]1 said t a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is nev] at re/ till he has f\nd some?+ t he actually _c af=d to buy4 ,! def9ition fits ! millionaire art collector ) m correctness & exactitude4 ,9 ?is field he %[s himself a regul> blas ( buy+ possibilities--& 8 passion = art & curios may to "s ext5t br+ him out ( 8 torpidity by ! extra magnitude ( ! inve/m5t4 ,z ,b]n>d ,%aw says1 a millionaire c buy fifty motor-c>s b c only drive "o at a "t4 ,he c buy food = a :ole city b has only "o /oma* to dige/ x1 secure all ! seats 9 ! !atre b c only occupy "o1 etc4 ,b to own a "w by ,mi*elangelo or ,raphael is a diff]5t tale2 x af=ds "o ! s5sation ( own+ & driv+ a hundr$ or m motor-c>s all at ! same "t 9 a sort ( mod]n--ultra-mod]n--triumphal m>* ( glory to ! up-to-date ,olympus ( ! privileg$1 :]e fame is highly season$ ) self-adv]tisem5t1 & sup]latives ! daily +r$i5t ( reputation4 ,= o!rs ! mod]n :im ( collect+ works ( art may repres5t a div]sion f bus9ess1 or a way 9 :i* 8to a/oni% ! natives40 ,f ?is type we come to ! old =ms ( fooli%ness1 ! ,trimal*os1 ,euctuses & ,paulluses1 etc41 :o h *ang$ ! anci5t palanqu9 c>ri$ by slaves = a brightly col\r$ motor ( sixty or n9ety horse-p[]4 ,"o reason :y ?is mod]n type ( collector is s commonly deceiv$ is because he g5]ally lives 9 a sort ( fool's p>adise ( art trump]y sep>at$ f ! real art m>ket by a little und]/ood feel+ ( ari/ocratic pride4 ,! art collector ( old5 times us$ to m+le ) deal]s1 le>n f !m :]e & :at to buy1 tramp+ f place to place1 ! =m] ,el ,dorado ( ! 8f9d40 ,! mod]n species w\ld consid] x b5ea? him to h any?+ to d ) common deal]s or to att5d a public sale ev5 = ! sake ( int]e/ 9 art4 ,h[ c !y ga9 exp]i5ce8 ,!y may engage an exp]t4 ,no d\bt a good exp]t c assi/ !m1 b ! real collector c>ries 8 exp]i5ce 9 8 pocket1 = ! exp]t1 l ! g5d>mes ( ! well-kn[n ,fr5* op]etta1 arrives always too late4 ,sometimes a legion ( exp]ts are n able to save "o f deception4 ,a well-kn[n ,am]ican collector on a visit to ,italy ) 8 small c\rt ( exp]ts 0 once (f]$ 9 ,flor5ce a cry/al cup suppos$ to h be5 cut by ,val]io ,vic5t9o4 ,) ! full approval ( ! exp]ts ! cup 0 b\ght = ! n inconsid]able sum ( f\r ?\s& doll>s4 ,! h&some f9d turn$ out to be ! "w ( a fak] practis+ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy & ! :ole s*eme plann$ by a non-,flor5t9e deal]4 ,! fancy prices paid = antiques to-day & ! peculi> idiosyncrasies ( ?is new species ( collector h q logically some:at *ang$ ! "* ( ! comm]ce1 h giv5 ano!r tonality to ! milieu 9 :i* ! art lov] moves4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! trade 9 antiques & curios is n[ f> less int]e/+ ?an =m]ly4 ,! antiqu>y & deal] ( yore 7 mo/ int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic4 ,_! bus9ess c\ld be def9$ by ! ,horatian adage1 ,omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci 7he w9s ! praise ( all :o m+les ! useful ) ! pleasant71 = :ile !y _h a ke5 eye to bus9ess1 !y also possess$ ! passion & intellig5t und]/&+ ( art4 ,! real antiqu>y h>dly exi/s to-day1 at be/ he is repres5t$ by "s old *ampion1 ! solit>y survivor ( a pa/ g5]ation4 ,! mod]n v>iety1 ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$1 is no?+ b an ord9>y deal]4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t trad]s & antiqu>ies l old ,manheim & ! re/ ^: intellig5t criticism & le>n+ 0 ( su* assi/ance to ! collector are no m4 ,! vulg> jobb]y ( ! deal] ( to-day may ev5tually f9d its ju/ification 9 ! commonplace1 un9tellig5t & gross cli5tele ^u :i* x practises4 ,) few exceptions1 ! ability ( ?is pseudo-antiqu>y ( to-day is m ! ability ( a common jobb] ?an ( an intellig5t man4 ,! trade has lo/ to a great ext5t ! old arti/ic sav\r1 bluff has succe$$ capability4 ,! new /rategy is bas$ ^u kn[+ be=e o!rs :5 "s new ,crsus has become a vot>y ( art1 ^u gett+ 9 t\* ) him be=e he has lo/ 8 money or 8 illusions2 x relies also ^u :at ! ,fr5* call 8puff+ :at he has to sell10 & a ke5 insight into ! cli5t's weak side1 ! ability to fan 8 pride & ambition4 ,( c\rse1 z /at$ above1 !re are happy exceptions1 m]*ants /ill hon\r+ ! trade :o deal ) absolute rectitude1 & w\ld be a%am$ to resort to ! a=esaid indirect me?ods to conclude a sale1 b nev]!less 8! gods are dep>t+0 & ! er/:ile deal] plus antiqu>y1 ?is int]e/+ figure once af=d$ by ! art & curio m>ket1 has vani%$4 ,to :atev] ord] a collector may belong--exception be+ made = ! ultra-mod]n type :o1 g5]ally speak+1 has 9 our op9ion h>dly any claim to ! title ( art collector or ev5 simple curio-hunt]--!re g5]ally exi/s a prep>atory /age 9 8 c>e]4 ,no matt] h[ ! mania or passion has be5 caught1 !re are ?ree /ages 9 its c\rse t c v r>ely be suppress$4 ,! g5esis ( ! passion is seldom spontane\s1 !re is g5]ally an infective cause t helps ! developm5t ( ! fev] = antiques & curios4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,a?lete4 ,imitation ( ,roman ,"w by an unkn[n arti/ ( ! #ae? ,c5tury4 ,x is attribut$ to ,pollajolo4 8,i believe10 says ,major ,h4 ,b+ ,hall 9 8 book ,! ,adv5tures ( a ,bric--brac ,hunt]1 8my fri5d ,mrs4 ,haggleton's ta/e = collect+ ! plate ( ,que5 ,anne's era orig9at$ 9 ! fact ( h] aunt hav+ left h] a teapot ( t admirable p]iod ( ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,engl&4 ,! teapot inspir$ an ard5t desire to possess o!r articles ( ! same /yle4 ,! lady mildly comm5c$ ) salt-spoons1 & became 9 due c\rse ! pr\d own] ( mu/>d-pots1 salt-cell>s1 & "o l>ge piece ( sidebo>d plate1 :i* f ! day %e pur*as$ x to t ( h] dea? e night fai?fully accompani$ h] to h] b$room4 ,my old ba*elor fri5d ,crok]1 aga91 began collect+ ,w$gwood because "s "o _h told him he possess$ a v f9e specim52 :ile to my c]ta9 k he 0 z ignorant ( its value & exquisite design z 8 own footman c\ld h be540 ,!re are naturally wor?i] causes1 f> high] & m pleas+ motives to lead a man ( ref9$ ta/e to become a real practical collector--or dream] accord+ to circum/ances--b ! g5esis above-quot$1 to :i* might be add$ ! hav+ ( a collector among fri5ds or relations1 is ! mo/ common4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 :5 ! passion is g5u9e & consequ5tly gives pro( ( be+ ( a "* t promises success & satisfaction1 !re is no cure = x1 x becomes *ronic almo/ inv>iably4 ,! fir/ /age ^u :i* ! collector or simple bric--brac hunt] is likely to ent] might be call$ ! rosy p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,he is g5]ally incl9$ to optimism1 he dreams ( no?+ b ma/]pieces & a/oni%+ f9ds1 to su* an ext5t t he sees *efs-d'uvre ev]y:]e4 ,if he owns capital1 ?is is ( c\rse 8 mo/ p]il\s p]iod2 if he has no capital1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u 8 wisdom1 8 cr$it1 or ! possibility ( borr[+ money4 ,naturally we are only ref]r+ to ! mo/ acute cases1 temp]am5ts v>y1 & ! infection may be m or less dang]\s accord+ to ! disposition ( ! individual4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 9 ?is ,collectomania fev]1 ! fir/ "t :at might be call$ a *ill is tak51 improvem5t sets 91 convalesc5ce p]haps4 ,*ills 9 ! pur*as+ ( curios & antiques (t5 mean an awak5+ ( suspicion ( be+ *eat$4 ,a v bad *ill1 ague 9 fact1 is usually exp]i5c$ ) ! fir/ bad b>ga91 :51 ignorant ( possible dang]s1 "o consid]s oneself a full-fl$g$ connoisseur & adds to "o's private collection a pseudo-ma/]piece1 realiz+ too late t ! purse has be5 consid]ably light5$ by a r\nd sum paid =--rubbi%4 ,!re is h>dly a m sudd5 & effectual me?od ( le>n+ wisdom4 ,"s le>n at once1 o!rs are obdurate & ne$ a :ole sequ5ce ( misadv5tures be=e realiz+ t !y h be5 *eat$1 or becom+ aw>e t !y !mselves are *iefly responsible = be+ *eat$4 ,^! latt] ov]-*eat$ ones1 m especially1 ei!r ab&on ! amusem5t 9 a mom5t ( despond5cy or1 if !y p]si/1 ent] ^u ! second /age ( prep>atory tra9+1 a /age mo/ly *>act]iz$ by scepticism & di/ru/4 ,at ?is mom5t y might (f] ! neophyte a g5u9e ,titian = a m]e song &1 bl9d$ by fe>1 he is likely to believe x a copy2 (f] him ! mo/ au!ntic m$al by ,pisanello1 ! v "o he desir$1 & he w hesitate4 ,hesitation & col\r-bl9dness are metaphorically ! ma9 *>act]i/ics at ?is "t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good-natur$ type :o oscillates1 p5dulum-l1 betwe5 "o /age & ano!r1 f en?usiasm to depression4 ,em]g+ f ?is second /age ( semi-despond5cy1 ! neophyte is 9 all probability rega9+ a c]ta9 equilibrium & realizes above all t ! buy+ ( antiquities & curios is no easy matt] to be h&l$ by ! fir/ new-com]1 ev5 ?\gh well-/ock$ ) money4 ,?is is a sali5t po9t 9 real progress1 & f ?is "t ea* ye> w add exp]i5ce & connoisseur%ip4 ,if ! art lov] possesses ! s-call$ collector's t\*1 x is at ?is p>ticul> /age he w discov] t su* a gift )\t /udy & practice does n lead to infallibility4 ,speak+ ( ?is quality :i* e beg9n] believes himself to possess1 x _c be d5i$ t !re are p :o d h a c]ta9 happy intuition ( ?+s1 an almo/ miracul\s six? s5se1 fully te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( :at ! ,engli% call ! collector's t\* & ! ,fr5* "n le flair1 b1 alas6 x is s v r>e4 ,?9k ( x1 rhabdomancy 9 art6 ,an amateur's education is 9 mo/ cases sl[ & by no means an easy conque/4 ,!re are no books t c tea* him ! practical side1 ! safe & important side4 ,book-le>n+ is c]ta9ly ( great assi/ance z second>y matt] & completely subord9at$ to ! education ( ! eye4 ,"s ( ! be/ art connoisseurs1 ^? ( ! sure/ t\*1 come f an ignorant class ( work]s1 su* z ! celebrat$ ,c\vreur ( ,p>is or ! ,milanese ,basil9i1 a =m] c>t] :o 0 (t5 consult$ by ,morelli1 ! ,italian art critic & inv5tor ( ! analytical me?od1 a connoisseur ( undisput$ m]it4 ,an antiqu>y ( repute & art deal] ( ! old s*ool claims t ! p]fect+ ( ! eye resembles ! focuss+ ( a photographic app>atus1 ) ! diff]5ce t 9 photography "o c le>n h[ to focus ) almo/ ma!matical precision1 :]eas 9 connoisseur%ip x is a cont9ual focuss+ = :5 :at looks l a supreme conque/ is rea*$1 ! eye becomes /ill m p]fect & exact+4 ,simil> progress *>act]izes ! prop] valuation ( prices1 ! mo/ ela/ic side ( ! trade4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t z soon z an object leaves ! %op to ent] ! collection ( a collector ( repute1 x increases 9 value1 because x is presum$ to be g5u9e & *oice1 hav+ be5 select$ by an art lov] ( cultivat$ ta/e4 ,!n1 too1 away f ! *aos ( ! %op & 9 a good light a "w ( art %[s at its be/4 ,9 e bran* ( comm]ce !re are %ops & %ops1 ,piccadilly & ,*eapside mean ! same also 9 ! _w ( curio & bric--brac4 ,9 conclusion1 ap>t f ! pleasure af=d$ by ! pursuit ( f9e objects1 !re is h>dly a bett] way = a collector to inve/ 8 money1 provid$ he kn[s h[ to d x2 & !re is no worse bus9ess1 none s unreliable & ha/ily ru9\s z curio hunt+ if "o is n a true & real hunt]4 ,:at to buy z safe inve/m5ts is told by ,g]sa9t1 a deal] & connoisseur ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he says t 8by /ick+ to :at is beautiful & f9e "o has ! satisfaction ( becom+ ! possessor ( ?+s t are always valuable & pleas+4 ,i d>e say t go+ 9 = ! beautiful dim9i%es ! probabilities ( be+ dup$1 z (t5 happ5s to ^? :o are cont5t ) ! m$iocre or are tempt$ by l[ prices4 ,x is v r>e t a fir/-rate "w ( art does n realize at lea/ ! price paid = x4 ,! m$iocre is likely to lead to a loss40 ,?is advice1 h[ev]1 tacitly presupposes ! collector to be able to tell ! f9e f ! m$iocre1 to be1 9 a ^w1 ei!r an arti/ or a connoisseur4 ,) ?is "p ( connoisseur%ip we propose to deal 9 ano!r *apt] at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,at pres5t we w\ld /ate t ! safe/ ?+ = an art & curio collector to d1 :atev] 8 ambition1 is to become acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s ways ( ! peculi> milieu into :i* he is ab\t to ent]1 to tra9 8 eye z mu* z possible1 to be diffid5t at fir/ & to h a passionate love = 8 int]e/+ pursuit4 ,x w !n be = ! collector a s\rce ( no common enjoym5t & a mo/ pleas+ occupation1 an occupation some:at ju/ify+ ! foll[+ lyricism ( ,s*legel3 8,!re is no m pot5t antidote to l[ s5suality ?an ! adoration ( ! beautiful4 8,all ! high] arts ( design are ess5tially *a/e )\t respect to ! object4 8,!y purify ! ?\ghts z trag$y purifies ! passions4 ,_! accid5tal effects are n wor? consid]ation2 !re are s\ls to :om ev5 a ve/al body is n holy40 ,z ! rev]se to ! ideal side let u w>n ! neophyte t ! supreme joy ( art-hunt+ is (t5 embitt]$ by ! jeal\sy ( colleagues1 & t b5evol5ce 9 ! environm5t 9 :i* ! collector moves is z r>e z ! c]amics ( ,h5ry ,,ii & ! pa9t+ ( ,mi*elangelo2 s mu* s t ,edmond ,bonnaff 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 re-edit+ an old ,lat9 say+ into3-- 8,homo hom9i lupus1 fm9a fm9 lupior1 curiosus curioso lupissimus0 7,a man aga9/ man is l a wolf1 woman aga9/ woman /ill m s1 b mo/ ( all is curio-hunt] aga9/ curio-hunt]47 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,collector',s ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,enemies ,curio-trad+--,! collector's fri5ds1 semi-fri5ds & enemies --,! antiqu>y1 ! s-call$ private deal]1 ! deal]1 bric--brac v5dor & o!rs ( ! species--,art critics & exp]ts--,c\rti]s & o!r g-betwe5s4 ,madame ,roll& writes 9 h] fam\s ,memoirs t "o ( h] greate/ objections to a c]ta9 suitor 0 ! fact t he 0 a trad]4 8,9 comm]ce10 said ?is brilliant victim ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 8"o is suppos$ to buy at a l[ figure & sell at an exagg]at$ price1 a s*eme usually dem&+ ! aid ( lies40 ,leav+ ) ,mme ,roll& ! responsibility ( su* an ass]tion1 x is q safe to say t ! trade 9 antiques1 ! fl\ri%+ comm]ce 9 curios1 is a trade1 if ev] !re 0 "o1 9 :i* objects are b\ght *eap & sold at a high price1 ) a /ock ( lies z a necess>y asset4 ,naturally ! /atem5t does n imply t e deal] is a confirm$ li>1 ready to take advantage ( ! incauti\s & unskill$ novice ?r\gh misrepres5tation4 ,yet ev5 at its be/ ! "* ( ! trade 9 our day is su* t x is difficult to score success )\t--:at %all we say8--flav\r+ opportunity ) fanta/ic tales1 )\t fir+ ! cli5t's en?usiasm ) "s =m ( mirage1 namely1 trick+ 8 good fai? to entice him )9 ! orbit (--fai?4 ,po9t out to a buy]1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( an object t h be5 skilfully re/or$1 & n9e times out ( t5 ! cu/om] w drop ! :ole bus9ess4 ,x is incr$ible ! am\nt ( /uff ev5 a good art lov] w swall[1 if prop]ly (f]$ by a p]son he tru/s1 j z x is incr$ible to see h[ ! enhanc+ ( m]its )--grey lies1 w help ! conclusion ( a good r\nd piece ( bus9ess4 ,"o mu/ h _h a glimpse at ! make-up1 h tak5 a peep beh9d ! sc5es to become aw>e t ! m impos+ ! transaction1 ! m div]t+ & g5ial is ! com$y play$ be=e ! cu/om]1 :o1 at fir/ a spectator1 9 due "t w be call$ 9 mo/ cases to take 8 "p 9 ! play1 ! "p ( ! dup$4 ,!re are me?ods to "w up public en?usiasm greatly resembl+ ^? adopt$ by ! s*em+ capitali/ 9 ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,an ,engli% curio deal] ( unque/ionably high repute realiz$ l>ge pr(its on ,dresd5 *9a by ! artful way he put be=e ! public an article app>5tly out ( fa%ion ) collectors ( c]amics4 ,= two or ?ree ye>s he b\ght all ! ,meiss5 w>e )9 rea* until he _h accumulat$ a l>ge quantity at extremely l[ figures4 ,!n he began s5d+ pieces to not$ auction sales1 :]e he inv>iably s5t ag5ts to buy !m 9 aft] runn+ ! objects up to an extravagant price4 ,?is trick gradually built up a reputation = ,meiss5 *9a1 "s not$ collector began to take an int]e/ 9 x1 o!rs foll[$ 9 8 wake4 ,:5 ,meiss5 w>e became ! rage & prices 7 accord+ly high1 ! %rewd deal] got rid ( 8 /ock at an a/oni%+ pr(it4 ,no?+ absolutely di%one/1 "o may obs]ve4 ,yet )\t /opp+ to ask :e!r ! action comes )9 ,mme4 ,roll&'s hyp]bolic conception ( hone/y1 x _c be d5i$ t 9 ! f9e art & curio trade :at might be def9$ z ! /ag+ "p is ! mo/ important1 ev5 if x f9ds its greate/ ju/ification 9 cli5ts :o foll[ "o ano!r 9 ta/e l s _m %eep4 ,! trade 9 curios may be m specifically outl9$ by ! /udy ( ! dramatis p]son tak+ "p 9 x4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! artifice practis$ by ! ,london antiqu>y ( good repute is r an anodyne =m ( misrepres5tation4 ,su* trade tricks diff] f ! commonplace ones *>act]iz+ unclean deal+ 9 o!r bran*es ( comm]ce2 !re is a smack ( g5ius ab\t !m :i* might at times plead = ! p>don t ,draconian laws accord$ to well-?\ght-out & tal5t$ =ms ( !ft4 ,a picture ( ! clev] plots & amus+ intrigues plann$ to ! detrim5t ( ! mod]n collector w\ld dem& ! p5 ( a ,molire4 ,only ! illu/rator ( ,monsieur ,t>tuffe c\ld give ! prop] col\r+ to su* inconceivable plays4 ,^! plays are h>dly new1 h[ev]4 ,!y h be5 con/antly act$ & re-act$ ) cr$itable success & enliv5+ innovations4 ,=m]ly fools alone 7 ! victims1 r>ely real collectors4 ,to-day x is diff]5t1 ) ! adv5t ( ! new type old di/9ctions h disappe>$4 ,"s among ! _m art collectors are intellig5t 9 _! "w1 & f> f be+ beg9n]s4 ,!y are outsid]s1 h[ev]4 ,let !m look )9 ! p5etralia1 into ! my/]ies1 ! hidd5 secrets ( ! trade s c>efully conceal$ f !m1 & !y w le>n h[ little exagg]ation !re is 9 ! say+ t a l>ge portion ( ! bus9ess 9 antiques & curios is ta9t$ ) fraud1 *>latanism1 etc41 & t ev5 "s ( ! be/ collectors ( our "t h be5 deceiv$ to su* an ext5t t !y live surr\nd$ by _! objects ( virtu z 9 a %am ,el ,dorado4 ,"o ( ! late ,ro?s*ilds1 a man kn[n traditionally & de facto z a connoisseur1 a type ( g5u9e collector1 us$ to say t all ! objects ( 8 collection 71 l ,cs>'s wife1 above suspicion4 ,yet by ! side ( ! f9e/ ma/]pieces !re 7 "s 9 t collection :i* 71 metaphorically speak+1 wives t ,cs> w\ld c]ta9ly h repudiat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,reali ,,! ,,battesimo4 ,a ,bas-relief by ,sig4 ,natali1 ( ,flor5ce1 b\ght by ! ,l\vre z "w ( ,v]roc*io4 ,sig4 ,natali1 a f9e imitator ( ! ,quattroc5to1 l ,sig4 ,zamp9i1 sells 8 products z g5u9e mod]n "w ev5 if ! connoisseurs decide to believe !m antique4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,bac*us4 ,by ,,donatello4 8,i w\ld no m admit =g]ies to my collection ?an ,i w\ld all[ my wife to we> pa/e diamonds10 0 ! boa/ ( a well-kn[n collector ( bronzes 9 ,p>is to a p>ty ( connoisseurs lun*+ ) him4 8,b excuse me10 retort$ a moraliz+ fri5d :o 0 dy+ to reveal ! tru? to ! 8great speciali/10 8no "o is safe n[adays4 ,!re10 po9t+ to a bronze figure1 8t is1 :at %all ,i say8 a pa/e diamond6 ,t object is a fake4 ,i c tell y :]e x 0 ca/4 ,x 0 (f]$ me v likely by ! same fell[ t mu/ h palm$ x (f on y44440 ,!re 0 no trial1 h[ev]1 because ! great bronze speciali/ recov]$ 8 money f ! deal]--b1 alas6 n 8 unblemi%$ reputation4 ,su* /ories are n /range :5 x is consid]$ t museums are regul>ly infe/$ by =g]ies & spuri\s objects & t ^! h be5 admitt$ to public collections ) ! full approbation ( le>n$ curators & clev] speciali/s4 ,x is easy to e/imate h[ rampant & ke5 fak+ mu/ be n[ t incr$ible prices are paid = articles ( virtu4 ,h[ ! antiqu>y1 ! deal]1 ! g-betwe5 & o!r *>act]s 9 ?is _w ( deception may prove to be1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! fri5d or ! enemy ( ! curio collectors1 is readily und]/ood4 ,discrim9ation1 sometimes too late1 w tea* :o is a help] & :o n4 ,! antiqu>y is g5]ally a deal] :o has no %op1 b keeps objects ( art 9 8 ta/efully furni%$ h\se1 all[+ 8 private %[ to be visit$ only by :om he *ooses4 ,he is z x 7 ! ari/ocrat ( ! trade1 ! "o :o is presum$ to ask & get ! highe/ prices4 ,?is select deal]'s success is accord+ to 8 ability1 integrity or ! reputation = tru/wor?9ess he enjoys among collectors4 ,we w\ld repeat t ! 8private deal]0 belongs to ?is high bran* ( ! trade )\t any def9ite division4 ,v (t5 he is a disguis$ trad] ) ! gr& air ( a g5tleman--an air t has to be paid = by ! cli5t1 :o is less likely 9 su* a sph]e to attempt to drive ! h>d b>ga9 t is peculi> to ! humble bric--brac %ops4 ,! be/ & mo/ reliable antiqu>ies & private deal]s mu/ logically be reckon$ among ! fri5ds ( ! art lov]4 ,! latt] is likely to pay !m a/oni%+ prices1 b he also pays = security4 ,he kn[s t ! deal]'s exp]i5ce is absolutely at 8 s]vice1 & t if by mis*ance an object is n :at x has be5 repres5t$ to be1 ! hone/ deal] w make x good4 ,to end ) a brief classification1 x may be not$ t !re are deal]s ^: %ops h private rooms 9 ! re> :]e trade c be c>ri$ on 9 ! same way z ) a deal] :o has no %op4 ,f ?is d\ble-fac$ =m we pass to ! real %opkeep]1 ! va/] class rang+ f ! v5dor :o c af=d to fill 8 w9d[ ) ! *oice/ samples d[n to ! mode/ curio %op1 ! b5evol5t h>b\r ( ! humbl] modes ( express+ art4 ,) ! exception ( ! unassum+ curio %op1 :i* is /ill un*ang$ ?\gh less replete ) int]e/+ ?+s & q d5ud$ ( tempt+ 8f9ds10 ! disappe>ance 9 ! deal] ( 8 =m] arti/ic s5tim5t has fom5t$ 9 ! trade ! _s ( association4 ,tru/s & alliances h be5 =m$ by big firms1 ?\gh ! advantage to ! amateur is to be d\bt$4 ,at "o "t su* a ?+ 0 v uncommon1 if n impossible1 be+ app>5tly prev5t$ by ! deal]'s orig9ality & arti/ic temp]am5t4 8,monsieur1 je ne suis pas le g5d>me de la curiosit10 old ,manheim us$ to say to ! novice %[+ him objects n pur*as$ f 8 gall]y4 ,?is 0 ! old attitude ( ! trade4 ,we d n mean t all behav$ l ,manheim 9 refus+ to play ! "p ( 8policeman ( curio-deal+10 o!rs may h tak5 ! opportunity to run d[n an article sold by a neighb\r1 b !re 0 no probability ( an object pass+ f "o firm to ano!r 9 se>* ( bett] success1 or go+ f ,p>is to ,london & vice v]sa to f9d ! prop] atmosph]e or ! suitable k9d ( knav]y4 ,psy*ologically speak+ ?is is speculat+ on a faddism simil> to t :i* induces ! ,p>isian d&y to s5d 8 %irts to ,london to be iron$1 & at ! same "t sugge/s an inv]t$ game to ! ,london snob :o may believe t ,p>isian />* is )\t an equal = %irt fronts4 ,! _s ( association & a p]fect$ k ( ! idiosyncrasies ( ! mod]n buy] h l$ to ! discov]y t "s objects %[ to bett] advantage 9 ,p>is & t o!rs ga9 9 ! sombre grey atmosph]e ( ,london1 t ea* backgr\nd has its peculi> value & may be turn$ to acc\nt respectively 9 ! realization ( high] figures4 ,!re are ev5 special cases :5 to fet* ! be/ price an object mu/ be s5t to its bir?place :]e ! freaki% or immature cli5t's fancy may be tickl$ to advantage4 ,! :ole ( ?is complex game 9 mod]n curio-deal+ may be summ$ up 9 ! s+le maxim3 8,f9d ! vuln]able spot1 ! ,a*illes' heel ( y\r cli5t1 & y are safe40 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! ,a*illes' heel ( ! mod]n collector may be ( a m complex anatomy b is ( m ext5d$ proportions ?an t ( ! ,greek h]o4 ,z soon z a /> ( fir/ magnitude bur/s =? ^u ! f9ancial sky to rise ^u ! arti/ic "o1 all ! =ces ( ! latt] quickly le>n dynamic precision1 ! ext5t ( possibilities4 ,:e!r erratic or n1 ! orbit ( ! new /> w be /udi$ ?r\gh\t its c\rse ) a/ronomical exactitude4 ,to cont9ue ! metaphorical image x may be add$ t %\ld ! new /> prove to be ( sol> magnitude a :ole planet>y sy/em ( cupidity & gre$y desire w soon be =m$ )9 its gold5 rays4 ,f n[ =w>d x is ( ?is %ady brilliancy ( ! planet>y sy/em ( ! curio _w t we int5d to speak4 ,! hone/ deal] ne$s nei!r our praise nor def5ce1 he c take c>e ( himself1 & ! e/eem he enjoys pla9ly divides him f ! sph]e ^u :i* we are ent]+1 ! prec9ct ( an art & curio inf]no :i* might be> ,dante's sup]scription3 8,?r\gh me is ! way to ! city dol5t40 ,z ! ma9 pr9ciple ( curio-deal+ is to buy at a l[ figure & sell at ! highe/ price possible1 x is evid5t t :5 ?is apoph!gm falls into ! h&s ( ! unscrupul\s1 ! art ( buy+ & sell+ takes on mo/ ,ma*iavellian hues4 ,! infrequ5cy ( good b>ga9s1 :i* are becom+ r>] e day1 has lately fo/]$ ! activity ( competition1 mak+ ! art ( buy+ a %rewd1 unscrupul\s game1 9 :i* ! deal]1 ) 8 num]\s emiss>ies1 is prep>$1 ,proteus-l1 to inve/ himself ) e imag9able "p4 ,if an object _c be secur$ 9 a direct mann]1 ! deal] w indulge 9 side-play1 call$ 9 ! ,italian argot ( ! trade1 di mattonella4 ,:5 deal]s are n admitt$ & x is important t ! object %\ld be inspect$ be=e ! conclusion ( a bus9ess transaction1 ! antiqu>y or %opkeep]1 namely ! buy]1 is g5]ally c>eful to hide 8 pr(essional quality4 ,he is (t5 introduc$ z a =eign casual visitor int]e/$ 9 art4 ,if ! pret5d$ =eign] does n succe$ 9 obta9+ ! object because ! own]1 p]haps a g5tleman1 has dem&$ a big price1 !n o!r *>act]s1 ! decoys 9 ! play1 may be put ^u ! /age to say t ! object is n wor? ! price1 t x has be5 injur$ 9 re/oration1 etc4 ,sometimes ! pseudo-=eign] assumes ! "p ( a novice naively confess+ t he is n v]s$ 9 antiques1 b %\ld ,pr(essor ,s-&-s give a fav\rable op9ion he w\ld will+ly remit ! price4 ,! re/ is left to ! %am pr(essor4 ,( ! self-disguis+ t5d5cy ( a not$ ,italian antiqu>y :5 9 se>* = ! ev]-r>] good b>ga9s1 ! foll[+ amus+ /ory is told4 ,a noble family ( ,pisa 7 induc$1 by f9ancial circum/ances1 to "p ) "s ( _! valuable works ( art & made ! condition t no antiqu>y or deal] 0 to be mix$ up 9 ! transaction4 ,a c]ta9 ,flor5t9e antiqu>y not$ = craft & trick]y1 9 p>ticul>1 0 to be exclud$4 ,! said antiqu>y got w9d ( ! unusual opportunity & manag$ to visit ! palace 9 ! guise ( a /rang]4 ,he saw a c]ta9 "w ( art & a b>ga9 0 /ruck ) ,c\nt ,z41 ! head ( ! family1 to ! satisfaction ( !m bo?4 ,z ! antiqu>y 0 ab\t to leave ! nobleman said1 confid5tially1 8,don't let anyone "k ab\t ?is affair1 nor t ,i am sell+ ?+s4 ,i h a p>ticul> objection to deal]s1 above all to a c]ta9 intrigu] & ?ief----0 ,"h he nam$ ! v man he 0 address+4 ,:5 b>ga9s are made on ! plan ( ex*ang+ "o object = ano!r1 !y are no less disa/r\s = ! unw>y & ignorant own]4 ,!re are ,madonnas by good ,r5aissance arti/s t c\ntrym5 & villag]s h gladly b>t]$ = *eap mod]n *romo-l pa9t+s wor? only a few francs1 old arti/ic /uccos & bas-reliefs secur$ = "s *eap piece ( pla/]-ca/1 pieces ( old damask ex*ang$ by ignorant prie/s = a few y>ds ( br&-new %9+ sat9ette4 ,ev5 su* ex*anges necessitate at times c]ta9 wiles1 su* z /ories by 8g-betwe5s10 g>b$ z monks or prie/s1 pos+ z b5evol5t fri5ds ( ! *ur* or "s o!r meek "*4 ,a philodramatic society1 own+ a small !atre1 once us$ a piece ( f9e ,flemi% tape/ry z a drop curta94 ,d>k & unattractive to ! untra9$ eye1 ! curta9 0 hung = lack ( a bett]4 ,x 0 objectionably heavy to raise or l[]4 ,to make ?+s easi] & light]1 a ,mc5as ( ! dramatic art (f]$ to ex*ange ! old clumsy curta9 = a new "o pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ /yle4 ,! proposal 0 accept$ ) en?usiasm1 & aft] "s "t x 0 casually f\nd out by "o ( ! actors t _! =m] curta9 _h be5 sold 9 ,p>is to a ,fr5* collector = a sum t w\ld h built ! ne$y society a palatial !atre4 ,if a deal] does n succe$ 9 secur+ a "w ( art he is apt to spoil all *ances = o!rs by :at is kn[n z mett]e il bavagl9o1 t is1 metaphorically1 to tie a bib r\nd ! neck ( ! object4 ,! game is play$ by en?usia/ically prais+ ! article t x has n be5 possible to acquire4 ,:5 a c]ta9 k9d ( deal] f9ds t 8 (f] has n be5 accept$ he becomes artful1 admitt+ t he has t5d]$ all he is able to give1 b t he hone/ly recognizes ! article to be wor? m4 ,proce$+s n[ evolve mu* z foll[s3 8,h[ mu* d y ?9k x is really wor?80 asks ! own] ) legitimate curiosity4 8,a deal] ri*] ?an myself might pay s & s1 b !n an outsid]1 ( c\rse44440 ,"h ! trick/] is n likely to e/imate ! "w b w vaguely convey an idea ( its imm5se value by tell+ ( rec5t sales :]e millions h be5 paid = works ( art4 ,! result is t ! own] loses all balance z reg>ds ! value ( 8 object1 & 9 all probability w nev] sell x = ! simple reason t he raises ! price e "t ! sum dem&$ is rea*$4 ,a doctor 9 ,lucca :o possess$ a passable ,mae/ro ,giorgio1 a c]amic piece t may h be5 wor? t5 ?\s& francs1 0 unacqua9t$ ) its value & w\ld h be5 will+ to sell x = five francs4 ,he receiv$ an (f] ( fifty francs = x1 & ?9k+ x g5]\s = a crack$ bit ( e>!nw>e1 became suspici\s4 ,v soon ! deal] bid a ?\s& francs1 !n gradually work$ up to ?ree ?\s&1 ! price he _h made up 8 m9d n to pass4 ,!n :5 ! 8bib0 0 prop]ly b\nd r\nd ! article he boldly (f]$ fifty ?\s&--naturally int5d+ to turn x all into a joke %\ld ! (f] be accept$ 9 good fai?4 ,! ca/le-build] di$ dream+ ( millions1 ( c\rse be=e hav+ p>t$ ) 8 di%4 ,! heir sold x = a mod]ate sum1 s mod]ate a "o t x might h rais$ a po/hum\s prote/ f ! dead doctor4 ,9 l mann]1 b ?is "t by way ( a joke1 an antiqu>y p]suad$ a c\ntryman t a brass di% he own$1 = :i* he _h refus$ ! few francs t x 0 wor?1 0 priceless1 t !re 0 gold 9 ! alloy & t ! *isell+ 0 a lo/ process 9 ! art ( work+ brass4 ,! specim5 0 r>issimo1 he said4 ,z a f9i%+ t\* & to give x a flav\r ( ,boccaccio-l hum\r1 he occasionally s5t fri5ds to play ! "p ( anxi\s buy]s1 (f]+ high] & high] sums4 ,gradually deal]s ent]$ into ! _s ( ! joke & on pass+ ! village nev] fail$ to (f] a few hundr$ francs m = ! n[ celebrat$ di%4 ,?is trick is also call$ in*iod>e un oggetto 7to nail d[n an object71 & is v>i\sly d5om9at$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,italy1 ! curio-deal]s' argot v>y+ accord+ to di/rict4 ,! slang peculi> to ! trade has n a wide vocabul>y1 b comprises a few phrases & words by :i* ! initiat$ c express an op9ion ^u "s special ?+ or ! arti/ic value ( a c]ta9 object )\t be+ und]/ood by ! outsid]4 ,= in/ance1 ! ^w musica is indicative ( fak$ objects1 n z a s+le ^w b set 9 a colloquial phrase4 ,a deal] :o wants 8 aide-de-camp or g-betwe5 to "k t ! object 9 "q is mod]n & n wor? wa/+ "t ov]1 yet w\ld convey ?is op9ion 9 ! pres5ce ( ! proprietor )\t lett+ him und]/&1 is likely to w>n 8 colleague 9 "s su* a way z ?is1 8,be=e ,i =get x1 rem9d me to buy t piece ( music10 or any o!r phrase 9 :i* music comes 9 naturally4 ,to /ate t a price is too high1 t !re is no m>g9 = bus9ess1 or maybe ev5 risk1 ! deal] w use ! ^w bagn>si 7to get wet74 ,x may also be m]ely h9t$ z1 = in/ance1 8,h y y\r umbrella80 if x %\ld be ra9+1 or 9 good wea!r1 8,no ne$ = umbrellas40 ,r ?an conta9+ a weal? ( words ! j>gon is fanciful & pliable1 =m+ a sort ( summ>y esp]anto :i* ) a few words furni% ! freemasonry ( ! trade ) multi=m expressions4 ,! complem5t>y *>act]s to :i* we h allud$ 9 our bird's-eye view ( ! curio m>ket are liable to ex*ange _! functions accord+ to ! moral pr9ciples direct+ _! actions1 & 9 ?is peculi> *ameleon-l attitude *ange col\r & hide1 f fri5d%ip to enmity1 assi/+ ! collector 9 8 pursuit1 namely1 ( help+ ! deal] to dupe him4 ,9 broad t]ms !y include art critics1 exp]ts1 g-betwe5s & _m metamorphoses ( ! mo/ v>iegat$ ag5ts4 ,to ^! =ces mu/ be add$ ! sil5t help t is g5]ally op]ative 9 fav\r ( ! deal]4 ,^! are drawn f ! multi=m & num]\s guilds ( ! re/or]1 & f ! que/ionable side ( ! trade1 namely1 fak]s1 assum$ own]s1 noblem5 or pseudo-noblem5 will+ to l5d pat]nity & p$igree to works ( art1 smuggl]s & o!r deg5]ate =ms ( crim9al & semi-crim9al activity4 ,speak+ ( ! fri5ds & enemies ( ! collector ^: co-op]ation is m or less op5ly app>5t & ( a less my/]i\s "*1 x may be said t ! art critic & exp]t once repres5t$ two entirely di/9ct =ms ( int]e/ 9 art4 ,a c]ta9 rec5t evolution ( ! art critic t5ds to int]m+le ! two gr\ps4 ,! art critic ( ye>s ago 01 z a rule1 ei!r a lit]>y man :o _h a notion t he knew all ab\t art by simple in/9ct1 or a s*ol> :o1 hav+ /udi$ ! hi/orical "p ( art1 imag9$ t ?is k 0 m ?an suffici5t to label him a connoisseur4 ,! victims ( ?is misund]/&+ 7 n only ! art critics !mselves b museums & public in/itutions tru/+ to _! k ( art & giv+ !m po/s z curators or advis]s1 ?us ?r[+ _! gates wide op5 to fak+--z erudition )\t eye or exp]i5ce seems to possess t deceitful =m ( sugge/ion :i* s r>ely affects ! cold1 ke5 intuition ( ! real connoisseur4 ,t sci5ti/s fall an easy prey to sugge/ion & are prone to d>+ or mislead+ hypo!ses 9 art or ar*ology is beyond "q4 ,x is p]haps 9 ! nature ( _! analytical "w to t5d to rema9 purely & simply analytical4 ,num]\s & int]e/+ anecdotes c\ld be repeat$4 ,a case ( ar*ological sugge/ive fancy is told by ,paul ,eudel4 ,a piece ( pott]y 0 br\ght to a memb] ( ! ,acadmie des ,inscriptions z x bore a r cryptic sequ5ce ( lett]s t _h prov$ puzzl+ to o!r au?orities4 ,! pot ) ! lett]s 9 "q1 ,m4 ,j4 ,d4 ,d41 _h be5 excavat$ ne> ,dijon4 ,z soon z ! ,academici5 saw ! lett]s he _h no hesitation 9 pron\nc+ x to be a ,roman vase1 a small amphora us$ z an ex-voto4 ,! lett]s1 he said1 repres5t$ ! initials ( ! ,lat9 invocation3-- ,,magno ,,jove ,,deorum ,,deo4 ,be+ a "q ( a votive (f]+1 no?+ w\ld be m consi/5t ?an ! words1 8,to ! great ,jupit]1 ! god ( gods40 ,un=tunately su* a spl5did piece ( inductive le>n+ 0 %att]$ :5 an ord9>y art deal] exam9$ ! j> & decl>$ x to be any?+ b anci5t1 a mu/>d-pot 9 fact1 ! initials mean+ ,,m\t>de ,,jaune ,,de ,,dijon4 ,= a consid]able "t an inscription f\nd on a worm-eat5 piece ( a sign-bo>d puzzl$ ! _w ( erudites4 ,! inscription1 evid5tly ! "w ( a je/]1 ran ?us3-- ,i4,c4,i44444444444444444,e444444444,s4 ,t4,l44444444444444,e44,c4,h444444444,e4 ,m4444444444444444444,i4,n444444,d44,e4 ,s4,a4444444444444444,n44,e444444444,s4 ,ne$less to say _m explanations ( ! oblit]at$ lett]s 7 prompt$ by ! le>n$ sugge/ive fancy ( pr(essors1 & _m int]e/+ recon/ructions ( ! anci5t inscription 7 giv54 ,! riddle1 h[ev]1 0 n solv$ till "s "o p]fectly unacqua9t$ ) ! art ( read+ old inscriptions happ5$ to read ! lett]s /raight (f )\t reg>d to spac+1 furni%+ ! foll[+ true explanation3-- ,,ici ,,e/ ,,le ,,*em9 ,,des ,,anes4 ,?is is ! way = asses6 has s9ce become a byword 9 lampoon+ bl9d erudition4 ,?\gh art 0 n 9 "q "h1 ! anecdote nev]!less illu/rates a t5d5cy ( inductive sci5ce1 a mania1 namely1 = hypo!sis & explanations :i* 9 ! case ( art (t5 enc\rages ! blund]s ( auto-sugge/ion4 ,a great di/9ction betwe5 practical & le>n$ op9ion is t ! =m] r>ely gives at fir/ sight ! "n ( ! au?or ( a pa9t+ or /atu>y1 :]eas ! latt] almo/ inv>iably baptizes works ( art4 ,h>dly has a le>n$ art critic ca/ 8 eye ^u a "w & out pops ! "n ( ! arti/1 ! s*ool1 etc4 ,let him talk & y w soon discov] t 8 conclusions are n bas$ *iefly on ! p]fect$ comp>ative "w ( 8 eye1 b ^u notions t book-read+ has mass$ 9 8 head4 ,he w ref] to ! n[ almo/ prohibit$ & ?readb>e au?ority ( ,vas>i--:at w\ld an art critic d )\t ,vas>i ei!r to abuse or quote--say+ t su* & su* an arti/ pa9t$ s & s1 & speak ( ! influ5ces ( ma/]s & s*ools1 g ?r\gh a li/ ( quotations f ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle d[n to m mod]n writ]s1 display any am\nt ( borr[$ wisdom b no orig9ality2 f9ally1 ?r\gh lack ( a tra9$ eye1 he w gr[ poetic & en?usia/ic imp>tially be=e a g5u9e "w or a fak$ ma/]piece4 ,7 n curio deal]s a r close-m\!d guild1 !y might divulge "s int]e/+ incid5ts ) reg>d to ?is subject1 & prove t ?\gh ! case is uncommon !re are 9 ?is trade n only fak]s ( great ma/]s b ma/] fak]s ( public op9ion z well4 ,( ! exp]t1 ,h5ry ,ro*e=t says3 8,at fir/ ?is "n exp]t appe>s to awake 9 u ! maje/ic idea ( sci5ce & au?ority4 ,a dang]\s op9ion to ent]ta940 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is no control1 =1 z ,ro*e=t goes on to rem>k3 8,:o c prev5t a citiz5 f call+ himself1 = in/ance1 an exp]t 9 pictures80 ,! dang]\s vagu5ess ( ! pr(ession1 ! facility ) :i* ! title is acquir$1 toge!r ) ! multitud9\s (fices x fills1 make ( ! exp]t a p]il\s companion at times4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5 ! magniloqu5ce ( ! title is ju/ifi$1 ?r\gh unque/ionable ability1 support$ by a reputation ( unta9t$ hone/y1 ! exp]t may be ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable assi/ance a collector c desire4 ,8 ability mu/ !n be paid = at :at x is wor?4 ,b ev5 :5 highly paid x is *eap comp>$ ) ! blund]s ! exp]t is likely to save ! collector--^? co/ly blund]s t are s (t5 an integral "p ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! c>e]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at an ignorant exp]t1 9 8 supreme disda9 = le>n+1 is capable ( say+ :5 t5d]+ in=mation1 is incr$ible4 ,ro*e=t has made an amus+ collection ( blund]s by exp]ts :5 call$ ^u to pron\nce an op9ion on matt]s 9 :i* practice c\nts = no?+4 ,! anecdotes 7 ga!r$ by ! ,fr5* writ] 9 ! public auction rooms ( ,p>is :]e ! exp]t has an (ficial function4 ,"h he is prep>$ to furni% details & useful h9ts reg>d+ ! objects put up = sale1 to enhance _! importance4 ,a collector confid$ to ! c>e ( an exp]t1 ,monsieur ,f----1 a pa9t+ ( a religi\s subject repres5t+ a sc5e f ! ,apocalypse4 ,giv+ ?is in=mation1 ! own] ask$ ! exp]t to put ! pa9t+ up to auction at ! fir/ important sale4 ,accord+ to arrangem5t1 ,monsieur ,f---- includ$ ! "w among o!r canvasses at a public sale & pr9t$ 9 ! catalogue z a description ( ! subject3 ,tableau de sa9tet d'aprs l',apocalypse 7,sacr$ picture aft] ,apocalypse74 8,d'aprs l',apocalypse860 que/ion$ "s "o :5 ! "w 0 (f]$ = sale4 ,to :i* ! unaba%$ exp]t promptly repli$3 8,yes1 sir1 ,apocalypse2 a ,g]man pa9t] n v well kn[n 9 ,p>is b highly e/eem$ abroad40 ,ano!r su* catalogue1 ! product ( a no less imag9ative exp]t1 ann\nc$ a canvas on sale to be ! portrait ( ,l\is ,,xv by ,velasquez6 ,a figure ( a woman wa%+ di%es1 attribut$ by ! exp]t to ,rub5s on acc\nt ( ! exub]ant rotundity ( ! model1 ne$$ p]haps a fur!r ju/ification = ?is d>+ attribution1 = x 0 decorat$ ) ! foll[+ a/oni%+ comm5t3 8,portrait ( ,rub5s' wife40 7,x is g5]ally kn[n t ,rub5s m>ri$ 8 cook47 ,! rec5t mania ( ! collector to possess ma/]pieces has turn$ ! exp]t to a mo/ v]satile =m ( activity 9 ord] to please ?is exact+ fancy ( ! buy]4 ,a pa9t+ becomes 8( ! s*ool0 ( ?is or t arti/ :5 x is really too bad to be> ev5 ! uncompromis+ qualification1 8attribut$ to s-&-s40 ,x is difficult to tell :5 a man ceases to be an exp]t & becomes inve/$ ) ! "p ( c\rti]1 because 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! v>i\s functions ( ! curio _w1 !re is no def9ite & pla9 del9eation betwe5 ! "o capacity & ! o!r4 ,! c\rti] is naturally suppos$ to "k all ab\t ! trade1 to possess ! necess>y elem5ts = appreciation ( arti/ic value & to make o!rs appreciate x4 ,8 *ief mission1 h[ev]1 is to smoo? ov] bus9ess difficulties t might arise betwe5 ! sell] & ! buy]4 ,z may be logically expect$1 ! metamorphoses ( ?is p]sonage are inf9ite & may be useful or n to ! collector accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 conclusion1 ! g-betwe5 is n only (t5 a necess>y complem5t b may at times be us$ to great advantage4 ,! difficulty lies 9 kn[+ h[ to *oose ! "r sort4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,imitators ,,& ,,fak]s ,! deal]'s sil5t p>tn]s--,! important & int]e/+ guild ( re/or]s--,! imitator an unwill+ accomplice--,on ! %ady side ( sil5t activity--,aga9 ! fak]--,! patrician :o supplies ! p$igrees--,! smuggl] & 8 ways--,! 8black b&0--,wise tactics4 ,we n[ ent] ! dep>tm5t ( ! curio deal]'s sil5t help]s1 ! manifold activities assembl$ "u ! broad if n indef9ite "n ( re/or]4 ,a brief glimpse into ?is "p ( ! trade w lead u to ano!r arti/ic division1 t ( ! imitator1 & ^! two la/ classes ( an unque/ionable "* w s]ve admirably to h]ald & u%] into t deep]1 d>k] /ratum ( ! comm]ce 9 :i* ! fak] repres5ts ! pr9cipal "*4 ,t ! re/or] %\ld be call$ ! curio deal]'s sil5t p>tn] is q correct z a true def9ition4 ,! day "o ( ^! mute confidants %\ld feel incl9$ to boa/1 he w\ld f9d no m]cy f ! deal] & no gratitude f ! dup$ or disappo9t$ collector ^: eyes he _h op5$ by reveal+ ! tru?4 ,?is 0 fully exemplifi$ by a clev] re/or] ( pa9t+s1 employ$ by an ,italian antiqu>y at =ty francs a day--no mean pay--on acc\nt ( 8 unusual ability 9 ! imitation & re/oration ( works by ,botticelli m especially1 z well z = o!r pa/i*es4 ,?9k+ to />t a pr(itable bus9ess ( 8 own z an art re/or] & t 8 m]its w\ld be valu$ p] se1 he disclos$ ! secret ( ! made-up ,botticellis to a ri* collector & let out t he himself to all practical purposes _h pa9t$ ! gem ( ! gall]y4 ,he 0 promptly dis*>g$ by 8 employ] & ! collector to :om he _h told ! tru? became 8 wor/ enemy4 ,! activity ( ! re/or] is naturally multif>i\s1 _m-sid$ z is ! trade 9 curios4 ,8 me?ods w be bett] expla9$ :5 art fak+ is describ$4 ,! proc$ure 9 imitat+1 re/or+ & fak+ is m or less id5tical1 ?\gh 9 fak+ x is m syn!tically p]fect ?an :5 limit$ to re/or+ v>i\s articles ( virtu4 ,!re are p :o consid] re/oration a bless+1 o!rs ! rev]se1 a regul> curse2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( works ( art ( no mean m]it4 ,)\t d\bt ! re/or+ ( works ( art has at times greatly contribut$ to _! pres]vation1 & m ?an "o ma/]piece has come d[n to u1 ?anks solely to "s clev] re/or] :o at ! "r "t prev5t$ its complete ru94 ,?is is ! good side ( ! pr(ession1 b z = its rev]se1 ! art ( re/or+ has1 ?r\gh ! ignorance ( work]s1 greatly damag$ well-kn[n works ( art by ! repa9t+ or oblit]at+ ( diff]5t p>ts1 (t5 help+ deception by embelli%+ bad art into deceitful good art4 ,9 ?is way ! art ( re/or+ has prov$ a bridge to fak]y4 ,re/oration at its be/ & 9 ! true arti/ic _s nev] cons5ts to falsify any "p ( ! "w4 ,lies1 ev5 9 art1 no matt] h[ well !y may be told1 rema9 lies4 ,arti/ically & e?ically speak+ ! op]ations ( ! re/or] %\ld be conf9$ to "w int5d$ to save a "w ( art f ! ravages ( "t4 ,^! op]ations are _m1 mo/ v>i$ & n at all easy4 ,!y dem& long practice1 a deft h&1 pati5ce & skill z well4 ,! process ( re/oration may mean1 = in/ance1 ! transf]5ce ( ! lay] ( pa9t f a rott$ panel to a new "o or to canvas1 ! consolidation ( a ceil+ pa9t+ or o!r det]iorat+ =ms1 rev>ni%+ &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 clean+4 ,9 sculpture or?odox re/orations appe> to be ( a m limit$ "*1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to collect+ brok5 pieces & surface clean+4 ,( c\rse ! repair+ ( limbs & miss+ p>ts has its importance if done ) great arti/ic discrim9ation4 ,accord+ to responsible art critics ! re/oration ( pa9t+s may consi/ ( repa9t+ ! miss+ & oblit]at$ p>ts & t ( sculpture 9 ! replac+ ( lo/ fragm5ts only :5 decorative p>ts are conc]n$1 important = ! bett] compreh5sion ( ! :ole b n express+ any m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! arti/4 ,:5 9 ! s]vice ( ! antiqu>y1 ! art ( re/or+ has no su* scruples or limitations4 ,z a matt] ( fact its limits !n re/ ) su* re/rictions z ! deal]'s consci5ce may impose1 & x mu/ be confess$ t ?is is r a n>r[ & at ! same "t v ela/ic b\nd>y4 ,! diff]5t views z to re/oration are epitomiz$ by ! curi\s di/9ction made by connoisseurs & deal]s1 :5 judg+ betwe5 ! two clev]e/ re/or]s ( ,italy4 ,! up%ot is3 ,if y h a pa9t+ t ne$s repair+ & y wi% to re/ore x to its =m] /ate g to ,cav5aghi1 b if p]*ance y are int]e/$ to sell x g to--! o!r "o4 ,disproportion & ov]do+ 9 re/oration turns ?is v legitimate art at times into %e] fak+4 ,a bu/ ( a ,roman emp]or1 = example1 t may h be5 f\nd headless & :i* ! re/or] completes into a ,julius ,cs> by copy+ ! head ( ! great ,roman dictator f ano!r /atue1 repres5ts a =m ( fak+4 ,yet1 7 our programme "o ( disclos+ ! names ( sa9ts & s9n]s in/ead ( t ( po9t+ out s9s1 we c\ld designate m ?an "o deal] ( good repute :o s9c]ely ?9ks1 we may assume1 t 8 =m ( d>+ & attractive re/oration _c be call$ fak+4 ,ano!r r que/ionable =m ( re/oration is t ( compos+1 say furniture or any o!r ornam5tal goods1 f old bits or fragm5ts tak5 f v>i\s rott5 objects4 ,!re is no d\bt t a ta/eful artific] c d effective "w by compos+ a table out ( two or ?ree brok5 ones1 b n[adays su* is ! abuse ( ! me?od t we are only surpris$ t ! trick is n m easily discov]$4 ,"s ( ^! gross & ha/ily put toge!r compositions ( un$ucat$ deal]s mu/ c\nt ^u cli5ts n only ignorant1 b utt]ly depriv$ ( good ta/e4 ,! fak+ qualities ( ?is me?od are prov$1 = z soon z ! buy] kn[s ( ! admixture he refuses to buy ! object4 ,yet su* trick]y is g5]ally admitt$ 9 ! trade4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a ju/ification = ?is me?od ( re/or+ antiques :5 ! "* ( ! article is decorative1 z 9 c]ta9 pieces ( furniture1 m>ble or /one "w1 su* z *imney-pieces1 ornam5t$ doors & s =?4 ,yet ev5 9 su* cases hone/y w\ld seem to claim t ! buy] be w>n$ z to ! ext5t ( ! re/oration4 ,nev]!less ! temptation to keep ! secret mu/ be great1 consid]+ h[ r>ely su* pat*work is discov]$ ev5 by exp]ts1 & h[ easily x calls =? ! praise & en?usiasm ( art critics4 ,ano!r =m ( re/oration ( a mo/ que/ionable "*1 z ! decorative nature ( ! object _c be claim$ z an excuse1 is t1 by :i* a pa9t+ is trans=m$ or embelli%$ by repa9t+ l>ge miss+ portions m or less fanta/ically1 or by supply+ ! arti/ic quality t is want+4 ,su* "w is ei!r done by totally repa9t+ ! miss+ p>ts1 or by veil+ & repa9t+ "h & !re1 s z to give ! "w ! attractiv5ess ( a ma/]piece4 ,naturally 9 ! va/ field cov]$ by ! que/ionable g5ius ( ?is deceptive art1 limits are set by ! great] or less] capacity ( ! re/or]1 j z ! quality ( ! re/oration det]m9es :e!r he is to be call$ a pr(essional repair] ( pa9t+s or a fak]4 ,x is incr$ible :at an am\nt ( "w is execut$ n[adays int5d$ to give a coquetti% "* to a daub1 or to enhance ! value ( a fairly good pa9t+4 ,ev5 _m ma/]pieces sold 9 rec5t times h be5 to our k decorat$ ) fanta/ic backgr\nds ( ca/les & qua9t l&scapes1 & mottoes & coats-(-arms h be5 add$ to portraits4 ,a b>rel ( alcohol--_s1 x is kn[n1 dissolves fre% v>ni% & mod]n ret\*+--w\ld accompli% wond]s ) fam\s ma/]pieces ( rec5t acquisition & cause _m a disillusionm5t to ! curators ( museums4 ,z reg>ds ! juggl+ ( poor or defici5t works ( :at is g5]ally call$ a s*ool1 into a trompe-l'il1 mak+ "o believe x to be a pa9t+ by ! ma/] ( ! said s*ool1 %\ld ,italian export (ficials be incl9$ to make public :at is int5d$ to rema9 private1 _m an a/oni%+ c\p de ?tre w\ld reveal ! true nature ( suppos$ ma/]pieces b\ght by unw>y collectors z g5u9e *efs-d'uvre4 ,a memb] ( ! bo>d ( exportation expla9$ to ! au?or1 h[ x happ5s1 t ! (ficials are frequ5tly l$ into ! p5etralia ( ! make-up ( a pseudo-ma/]piece4 ,sometimes ! "w is done s well t x w\ld deceive ! v (ficials & exp]ts ( ! export bureau4 ,9 ?is case ! antiqu>y1 :o has sold ! pa9t+ & is desir\s t x %\ld rea* its de/9ation )\t h9drance f ! export (fice1 pays a visit to ! inspector & %[s him a photograph ( ! suppos$ ma/]piece1 z x appe>$ be=e its coquetti% re/oration4 ,aft] ?is graphic pro( ! (fice has no?+ m to say & p]mission to export is grant$4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,commission d n consid] !mselves to be responsible to collectors4 ,b !y d dem& docum5ts z gu>antees1 & two photos1 "o tak5 be=e re/oration & "o aft]1 are g5]ally exact$ & kept 9 ! (fice4 ,"o ( ! ,commission %[$ u "s ( ^! photographs1 two 9 numb] = ea* object1 be=e & aft] ! re/oration4 ,"o c\ld h>dly believe ! miracles accompli%$ 9 ?is l9e4 ,bottic9i easily becomes a ,botticelli aft] a few c>esses by a clev] h&1 & we "k cases 9 :i* a m$iocre "w by ,ridolfo ,ghirl&aio has be5 turn$ into a ,raphael4 ,^! photographs are exact$ by ! inspectors z a protection f any possible accusation f ! c5tral dep>tm5t locat$ 9 ,rome4 ,:5 ! ,press gives an elaborate acc\nt ( "s ,am]ican hav+ captur$ a ma/]piece1 giv+ facts & details & ! reproduction ( ! *ef-d'uvre1 add+ t x comes f ,italy1 :5 ,london art magaz9es g into ec/asies ov] "s newly-acquir$ f9d1 & wond] h[ ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t came to all[ su* a magnific5t 8f9d0 to slip ?r\gh its f+]s & cross ! fronti]1 ! ,c5tral ,(fice 9 ,rome naturally becomes al>m$ & dem&s an explanation f ! local (fice responsible = ! exportation p]mit4 ,z a conv9c+ answ] ! two photographs are !n s5t to ,rome1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! case is dismiss$4 ,! v>i\s export (fices1 ^: *ief duty x is to imp$e ! exodus ( f9e works ( art1 d n consid] !mselves "u any obligation to prev5t %am ma/]pieces f leav+ ,italy4 ,! imitator1 a type to figure lat] z a help to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! fak]1 occasionally becomes an involunt>y or accid5tal accomplice 9 deception4 ,8 complete equipm5t1 8 excell5t "w1 :i* b = 8 rectitude & scruples might turn him into a =midable fak]1 are frequ5tly exploit$ by o!rs1 :o1 on com+ into possession ( "s ( 8 good imitations laun* !m ^u ! collector _w1 j z !y might any species ( fak$ works ( art4 ,_m ( ! not$ ba/>d ma/]pieces 9 museums are ! "w ( imitators t h be5 palm$ (f by tricky deal]s )\t ! cons5t or k ( ! arti/1 & x has (t5 be5 ! latt] :o has help$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! fraud4 ,!re are also cases :5 simple plagi>ism or *ance simil>ity has be5 turn$ to advantage by %rewd p4 ,! fact t ,tr\illeb]t's pa9t+ greatly resembl$ ,corot1 0 suffici5t to give corrupt deal]s ! *ance to pass (f ,tr\illeb]t's l&scapes z works by ! fam\s ,fr5* ma/]4 ,?is 0 done1 ( c\rse1 9 spite ( ,tr\illeb]t's prote/s1 :o nev] ?\ght ( imitat+ ,corot4 ,x is curi\s :5 "s "w ( a clev] imitator or g5ial fak] falls 9 ! c\rse ( "t into ! h&s ( ! re/or] to be repair$--!re are circum/ances 9 :i* mod]n pa9t+s may ne$ repair4 ,some?+ /ill m extraord9>y happ5$ to a clev] re/or] & imitator liv+ 9 ,si5a :o receiv$ f ,engl& "o ( 8 own pa9t+s--"o ( 8 fir/ imitations ( ,lor5zetti--obvi\sly damag$ & entru/$ to him = re/oration4 ,!re are o!r *>act]s :i* w =m ! subject ( a m p>ticul> /udy4 ,^! individuals belong to ! %ady side ( ! comm]ce & h no r$eem+ po9ts :atev]4 ,!y comprise fak]s1 =g]s1 smuggl]s1 deceiv]s at l>ge1 & ! :ole clan includ$ 9 ! vague & broad t]m 8! black b&10 z "s collectors call !m4 ,! fak] is ! ,deus ex ma*9a 9 ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( deception4 ,fak]s are n only ^? :o furni% spuri\s works ( art & well-imitat$ articles ( virtu1 b also ^? :o help 9 any =m or mann] to dispose ( %am objects4 ,?us ! p>ts play$ by masqu]ad+ ari/ocrats1 l5d+ _! names & swe>+ to heirlooms1 ! debas$ patricians help+ to build ! reputation ( an arti/ic product1 are =ms ( fak+1 z well z o!rs :i* aim at *eat+ or deflect+ public op9ion or a g5u9e appreciation--=ms ( fak+ t w be m cle>ly outl9$ :5 deg5]ate v>ieties ( art sales are describ$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ cl&e/9e help]s ( art & curio-deal+ & "o :o is 9 close contact ) ! d>k side ( ! comm]ce is ! smuggl]1 a g5u9e speciali/ n resembl+ o!r smuggl]s b ) *>act]i/ics ( 8 own wor? notice4 ,ne$less to say smuggl+ has no raison d'tre 9 su* c\ntries z h no cu/om laws to regulate ! export ( arti/ic goods nor put duty ^u _! entrance )9 ! prec9ct ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is also obvi\s t ! dual =m ( su* legislation1 laws to prev5t exportation1 & importation dues1 has produc$ two correspond+ k9ds ( smuggl+1 ! "o aim+ to baffle prohibitive laws on exportation1 & ! o!r try+ to und]value arti/ic goods g5]ally tax$ ad valorem4 ,italy be+ ! classical c\ntry ( art treasures :i* h be5 exploit$ = c5turies1 & ! fir/ to issue laws & p5alties on ! subject1 x is naturally ahead 9 ! cryptic art ( smuggl+4 ,! high t>iff ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b rec5tly aboli%$1 & ! incr$ible prices paid by ! citiz5s = antiques & works ( art 9 g5]al1 make x ! c\ntry be/ adapt$ to illu/rate ! bran* ( smuggl+ :i* aims at avoid+ ,cu/om ,h\se dues4 ,:5 read+ old & mod]n laws promulgat$ aga9/ illicit exportation ( works ( art1 "o _c help wond]+ h[ su* d>+ /ill exi/s1 & h[ !re %\ld /ill be p will+ to brave ! sev]ity ( ^! laws4 ,! ,m$icis1 x is kn[n1 prescrib$ puni%m5ts 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! ,papal laws t foll[$ 7 if any?+ ev5 m ,draconian1 to say no?+ ( ! iron laws ( ! =m] k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 ! sev]e/ ( !m all4 ,mod]n gov]nm5ts may n impose prison & galley s freely ^u ! culprit1 b !y are no less h>d on ! transgressor4 ,money f9es are c]ta9ly exce$+ly heavy1 !y am\nt at times to l>ge =tunes4 ,! pres5t laws on ! export ( art f ,italy h a prev5tive "* :i* ! old regulations _h n4 ,e own] ( a "w ( art is himself ev5tually responsible1 & is b\nd to br+ x be=e ! inspectors ( ! ,export ,(fice1 :o aft] close exam9ation give or )hold p]mission to pass ! fronti]4 ,:5 p]mission is grant$ !re is a tax to be paid av]ag+ betwe5 #e p] c5t & #bj p] c5t ad valorem1 accord+ to ! inspector's e/imate1 & %\ld ! object leave ! c\ntry aft] p]mission has be5 refus$1 ! own] is held responsible & may be call$ be=e ! tribunal to answ] = 8 action & to pay damages4 ,an ,italian adage runs3 ,fatta la legge trovato l'+anno1 :i* 9 a free translation may be r5d]$3 ,make a law & ! means ( evasion are f\nd4 ,?is is some:at ! fate ( ! protective laws reg>d+ art 9 ,italy1 ! m /r+5t & circumspect !y are ! law-break] app>5tly becomes correspond+ly bold] & m a/ute4 ,! way 9 :i* ,italian au?orities h be5 hoodw9k$ at times1 po9ts to ! magnitude atta9$ by ! %rewd activity ( ! law-break]s1 & to h[ _! art has almo/ be5 turn$ into a sci5ce1 ev5 call+ 9 ! aid ( psy*ology--9 ?is case a deep /udy ( ! faulty idiosyncrasies ( ! (ficials4 ,a few skirmi%es betwe5 ! two p>ties conc]n$ w s]ve to demon/rate ! v>iety ( ! modus op]&i adopt$ by ! law-break]s & _! f9al success ov] an easily conqu]$ oppon5t4 ,9 ! case ( a pa9t+ ( unusual arti/ic value1 a "w t has n be5 put ^u ! prohibit$ li/ ( ! (ficial catalogue1 & ! reproduction ( :i* is unkn[n to ! au?orities1 b :i* might1 nev]!less1 by its good qualities cat* ev5 ! g5]ally inexp]i5c$ eye ( ! inspectors--mo/ly art critics ( ! lit]>y species--! "w is trans=m$ into a daub )\t damage to ! pa9t+ or *ange to any ess5tial "p4 ,! process is exactly ! rev]se ( t help+ a poor pa9t+ by clev] re/oration & additions4 ,"h x is a "q ( r$uc+ a good "w to an app>5tly bad "o1 obta9able *iefly by veil+ ! good qualities ( ! "w1 alt]+ good draw+ by clev]ly introduc+ (f5sive disproportion ( limbs1 etc4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! "w int5d$ to embelli% a pa9t+ & t aim+ to d ! rev]se4 ,! =m]1 ) ! idea ( facilitat+ ! sale1 is p]man5t1 ! latt] is only tempor>y1 j to get p]mission to export4 ,?is latt] "w mu/ be execut$ 9 su* a way t x c be wa%$ out )\t damage to ! "w aft] ! pa9t+ has safely cross$ ! fronti]4 ,= ?is op]ation a coat ( glue is g5]ally giv5 z a prep>ation1 !n ! modifications are pa9t$ 9 ) temp]a on ! lay] ( glue1 :i* is easily dissolv$ 9 wat]1 toge!r ) ! ret\*+ :5 ! "w is to be re/or$ to its orig9al /ate4 ,simil> treatm5t is also giv5 to /atues1 bu/s & bas-reliefs1 m especially :5 ( mat]ial t all[s ! addition ( p>ts t c be remov$ aft]w>ds )\t damage to ! orig9al4 ,h[ well ! "w is done & h[ successful x proves is h>dly cr$ible4 ,security lies 9 ! fact t %\ld a "q be rais$ aft]w>ds :5 ! "w has be5 sold to "s not$ collector outside ! c\ntry1 no?+ c be said or done1 z p]mission has be5 grant$ & !re is no pictorial pro( t ! "w _h be5 done = ! occasion4 ,naturally ?is me?od is n ( daily or common occurr5ce1 nor1 z we h /at$1 c x be appli$ to well-kn[n works ! photographs ( :i* c\ld be obta9$ to contradict evid5ce4 ,sometimes m is und]tak5 ?an ret\*+ or app>5tly maim+ ! arti/ic qualities ( a "w4 ,"o antiqu>y :o int5d$ to s5d (f a pa9t+ t might be deta9$ at ! ,export ,(fice1 pa/$ pap] ov] ! picture1 & !n aft] ! usual coat ( glue pa9t$ 9 temp]a a v m$iocre l&scape4 ,) ?is he obta9$ ! export p]mit & pack$ 8 "w z prescrib$ by law be=e ! eyes ( ! au?orities1 aft] :i* ! case 0 seal$ by !m & safely s5t on its way to ! fronti]4 ,leav+ ! endless tricks :i* might be gr\p$ m or less ) ! above we w take up o!r curi\s ways ( elicit+ p]mission1 me?ods %[+ ! deceiv] to be z good an obs]v] ( human nature z he is a true psy*ologi/4 ,a not$ bric--brac deal] ent]$ ! ,export ,(fice br++ a ,della ,robbia ) him4 ,accord+ to cu/om :5 (ficial inspection is s\ght1 ! bas-relief 0 pack$ ready = ! p]mit & seal ( ! (fice4 ,tak+ (f ! lid ( ! case1 ! deal] h&$ ! docum5ts to ! inspector to be sign$4 8,y mu/ take u = fools10 said ! latt]1 /ruck by ! beauty ( ! "w4 8,d y really ?9k we all[ su* works to leave ! c\ntry80 8,well1 don't say any?+ & ,i'll expla9 ?+s--look "h40 ,! bas-relief 0 tak5 f ! case & ) a pocketknife ! deal] scrap$ a piece ( pla/] f ! app>5tly ag$ back1 %[+ n only fre%ly bak$ clay b ! m>k ( a well-kn[n mod]n factory ( c]amics4 8,mod]n6 ,i confess ,i %\ld nev] h ?\ght x40 8,keep our secret10 plead$ ! bric--brac deal]4 8,y see !y g to ,am]ica40 ,satisfi$ t 8 pr(essional hon\r 0 safe ) ! deal]1 :o w\ld naturally n expose ! blund]1 & n consid]+ x )9 ! sph]e ( 8 activity to see t ,am]icans 7 n fool$ z he himself _h be51 ! inspector grant$ p]mission1 provid$ ! docum5ts %\ld be hone/ly endors$ by ! decl>ation 8mod]n40 ,lat] on ! deal] pres5t$ himself ) a simil> "w4 ,! case 0 h>dly op5$ :5 ! same inspector exclaim$1 8,oh ^! ,am]icans6 ,ano!r cuckoo40 8,well1 z y /op ! g5u9e we h to cont5t ourselves ) s5d+ (f imitations10 obs]v$ ! deal] ) int5tional flatt]y4 8,!y seem to prosp]10 laugh$ ! inspector1 sign+ ! pap]s & seal+ ! case = exp$ition4 ,ne$less to expla91 ?is "t x 0 a g5u9e ,della ,robbia1 s5t (f ) all ! requisite legal pap]s1 & labell$ by ! man ( law z a mod]n "w4 ,"s ye>s ago an antiqu>y ( ,rome1 ! own] ( a /atue ( f9e ,greek workman%ip1 knew t if ! "w %\ld be pres5t$ to ! ,export ,(fice1 p]mission w\ld be refus$4 ,! /atue _h be5 excavat$ 9 ?ree sep>ate p>ts & subsequ5tly recompos$1 & x 0 ?\ght wise to take x ap>t aga9 & s5d x (f 9 t /ate4 ,! head1 ! f9e/ piece1 0 tak5 across ! fronti] z luggage by a t\ri/1 ! torso 0 s5t out ( ,rome to get ! p]mission f ! (fice ( ano!r city1 & ! legs 7 ! only "p to leave ! capital ) free & unsuspect+ p]mission f ! ,c5tral ,(fice4 ,a m>ble /atue1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,art 9 ,b]l91 a "w ( h]oic proportions1 pass$ ! fronti] 9 two p>ts1 ea* piece pack$ 9 sep>ate trunks su* z are us$ by ladies4 ,! /atue _h be5 sawn 9 two along ! l9e ( ! drap]y 9 su* a way t :5 ! two p>ts 7 unit$ ! jo9 c\ld h>dly attract att5tion4 ,t ! great weight %\ld n ar\se suspicion ! two m>ble blocks 7 holl[$ out & ?us consid]ably light5$4 ,! two p>ts ( ! /atue 7 fir/ convey$ to ,p>is1 t hav5 ( smuggl$ goods1 :]e !y 7 reunit$ & ! recon/ruct$ /atue 0 f9ally s5t to its de/9ation4 ,?\gh clev]ly put toge!r ! jo9t is noticeable to an exp]i5c$ eye ^u close inspection4 ,"o wond]s :e!r ! au?orities ( ! ,museum ev] discov]$ t _! f9e specim5 ( ,roman ,r5aissance1 :i* _h be5 b\ght 9 a s+le piece 9 ,italy1 ) ! assurance t x 0 ! deal]'s affair to get x to ,b]l91 _h be5 deliv]$ 9 two pat*$ pieces almo/ z holl[ z a pla/]-ca/4 ,ano!r curi\s =m ( smuggl+1 :i* mu/ be class$ among ! sugge/ive me?ods1 consi/s ( p]turb+ & influ5c+ ! op9ion ( ! ,export ,(fice employ or1 if necess>y1 t ( 8 imm$iate sup]ior1 v (t5 ! curator ( a museum or ! highe/ au?ority on arti/ic matt]s 9 ! prov9ce4 ,?is sort ( innu5do is accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,sometimes a confrre w drop into ! (fice z if by accid5t :5 ! case is !re ready = exam9ation1 & on see+ ! object w exclaim1 8,t awful ?+1 sold at la/60 ,he w naturally be ask$ to expla9 :at he kn[s ab\t x4 ,he may say t x 0 (f]$ to him1 b t he _h refus$ x because repa9t$ & re/or$ by s-&-s4 ,he is likely to conclude by say+1 8,ask ! man :o re/or$ ----0 ( c\rse1 ano!r conf$]ate4 ,?\gh x may appe> nave & clumsy to ! outsid]1 ?is latt] me?od has be5 kn[n to "w extremely well4 ,x is only to be expect$1 too1 :5 ! dep? & calibre ( ,italian (ficial wisdom on art matt]s is tak5 into consid]ation1 ! po/ ( inspector be+ fill$ *iefly by scribbl]s or art critics1 seek+ ,gov]nm5t employm5t2 or p]haps !y may be /ud5ts fre% f a rec5tly in/itut$ univ]sity c\rse on art1 _! ma9 equipm5t be+ hi/orical /udies4 ,!re is no "q b t !y are excell5tly in=m$1 s f> z art erudition is conc]n$1 b !y lack exp]i5ce1 & ! tr\ble is t ! *ief requisite 9 an (fice su* z ! ,export ,(fice is a long exp]i5c$ & sure eye1 ) a ?or\gh k ( ! trade 9 curios1 & its peculi> res\rces 9 deceit4 ,"o ^w ( d\bt let fall at ! "r mom5t works wond]s :5 deal+ ) p ^: lack ( practical k is s appall+4 ,we recall ! case ( an inspector :o felt unc]ta9 z to ! arti/ic value ( a pa9t+ & f9ally resort$ to ! exp]i5ce ( 8 imm$iate sup]ior1 ! curator ( a museum & a well-kn[n art writ]4 ,on exam9+ ! "w ! latt] pron\nc$ x to be a good specim5 ( ! ,f]r>a s*ool1 & decl>$ t p]mission c\ld n be grant$4 ,! own] & w\ld-be export]1 an antiqu>y 9 great fav\r1 call$ on ! curator1 :o _h _h ! pa9t+ transf]r$ to 8 own private room ) a view to mak+ a c>eful exam9ation4 ,he direct$ ! curator's att5tion to ! repa9t$ & repair$ condition ( ! "w4 ,p]suad$ f9ally t ! pa9t+ 0 no?+ b a %ock+ piece ( mod]n re/oration ! curator grant$ p]mission4 ,a fri5d :o 0 pres5t & notic$ ! deal]'s satisfi$ smile1 ask$ him aft]w>ds :e!r ! "w 0 really s bad z he _h repres5t$ to ! curator4 8,n a s+le ret\*10 0 ! answ]1 8mo/ g5u9e40 8,b y conv9c$ him4 ,y po9t$ out ! re/or$ p>ts40 8,yes1 sugge/ion is "o ( our mo/ =midable weapons10 ass5t$ ! antiqu>y1 d\bl+ 8 crafty smile4 8,yes4 ,sugge/ion is "o ( our be/ accomplices40 ,al?\gh recogniz+ t _m ( ! employs ( ! ,export ,(fice are q unfitt$ = _! difficult task1 ?r\gh _! p>ticul> =m ( education1 we are ready to admit t to decide almo/ at sight1 :at may safely leave ! c\ntry & :at mu/ be reta9$1 is no easy affair4 ,imitations at times are s p]fect t ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye1 )\t mature & well-pond]$ exam9ation ( ! object1 is apt to be dup$4 ,"s ye>s ago "o ( ! sons ( ,pr(essor ,co/ant9i1 a well-in=m$ antiqu>y ( ,flor5ce1 made a copy ( an ,antonello de ,mess9a t 0 9 8 fa!r's collection4 ,! copy 0 und]tak5 to oblige an ,engli% fri5d1 & be+ pa9t$ on an old worm-eat5 panel ( wood1 s clev]ly imitat$ ! orig9al z to be mi/ak5 = x4 ,:5 ! "w 0 to be export$ ! (ficial refus$ 8 p]mission on ! gr\nd t x 0 by a great ma/] & mu/ consequ5tly rema9 9 ,italy4 ,h[ev]1 z ! "y arti/ insi/$ 9 8 decl>ation t x 0 a copy made by himself1 appeal 0 made to ! curator ( ! ,uffizi ,gall]y ( ,flor5ce1 ,pr(essor ,ridolfi4 ,! latt] confirm$ ! inspector's v]dict1 reit]at+ ! prohibit+ injunction1 & a sort ( consultation 0 held1 ) ! aid ( ,pr(essor ,sup9o1 curator ( ! ,national ,museum1 ,pr(essor ,elia ,volpi1 a highly e/eem$ antiqu>y ( ,flor5ce1 & a ,g]man arti/1 act+ re/or] ( pa9t+s at ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,!y unanim\sly decl>$ ! "w to be old4 ,"s attribut$ x to ,antonello himself1 o!rs to 8 s*ool1 !re 0 no suspicion ( mod]nism4 ,! :ole affair 0 aft]w>ds settl$ z x %\ld h be5 f ! fir/4 ,pr(essor ,co/ant9i invit$ ,pr(essor ,ridolfi & ! o!rs to see ! orig9al pa9t+ at 8 h\se4 ,:5 ! high t>iff on import$ works ( art & curios 0 /ill 9 =ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 smuggl]s reli$ *iefly on und]valuation1 z or?odox smuggl+1 namely introduction into ! c\ntry )\t any paym5t ( duty1 0 h>dly possible "u ! vigilance ( ,argus-ey$ ,cu/om ,h\se (ficials4 ,?us ! gr& art ( smuggl+ works ( art & antiques ( repute1 always pliable to circum/ances1 reli$ ma9ly ^u ! ignorance ( ! s-call$ apprais]s4 ,at fir/ a legal e/imate enclos$ ) ! docum5ts accompany+ ! goods f _! place ( dep>ture 0 suffici5t & v r>ely discuss$4 ,gradually ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,cu/om ,h\se ag5ts grew suspici\s1 & to support ! l[ valuation x became necess>y to adju/ ! objects1 9 v mu* ! same way z 0 done to obta9 export p]mission1 f ! ,italian (fice4 ,"o ( ! tricks practis$ 9 ! case ( furniture is to take (f all ornam5tal & c>v$ p>ts by disjo9t+ or saw+ & !n poli%+ or 9 "s way adju/+ ! place left b>e4 ,! ornam5ts are s5t sep>ately to be replac$ :5 ! piece ( furniture is safely beyond ! rea* ( ! ,cu/om ,h\se laws4 ,cu/om ,h\se (ficials all ! _w ov] are g5]ally reckon$ by tra9$ smuggl]s to be v poor judges ( art4 ,!y consid] !m capable ( mak+ a great fuss ov] ! wrong article & lett+ ! dutiable ones slip ?r\gh _! f+]s4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d happ5$ at ! ,cu/om ,h\se ( ,b]cy1 ,p>is1 :]e1 ) no int5tion ( smuggl+ or deceiv+ ! (ficials1 ,dazzi1 an ,italian deal]1 came to pay duty 9 a sort ( topsy-turvy way4 ,toge!r ) o!r ?+s1 ,dazzi 0 import+ into ,france a box ( mod]n bronzes1 imitat+ objects ( ,pompeiian excavation & coat$ ) an indec5t pat9a1 gre5 z a liz>d's sk91 & a piece ( sev5te5?-c5tury silk damask1 :i* accord+ to ,fr5* law %\ld h be5 duty free z only antique goods ( ! eighte5? c5tury & onw>ds pay4 ,aft] a long confabulation ! apprais] ( ! ,cu/om ,h\se decid$ t be+1 z he ?\ght1 ( mod]n fabric1 ! damask mu/ pay duty & t ! bronzes1 suppos$ by him to be two ?\s& ye>s old1 might ent] free ( duty4 ,dazzi saw t ?is que] ex*ange 0 to 8 advantage & submitt$ to ! /range v]dict )\t fur!r obs]vation4 ,9 ,italy1 ! law on exportation1 int5d$ to prev5t ! exodus ( f9e works ( art1 is (t5 turn$ to advantage by %>p deal]s :o manage to h _! m$iocre goods deta9$ at ! ,export ,(fice1 & :5 exportation has be5 f9ally p]mitt$ make use ( ! mom5t>y det5tion to enhance ! m]its ( ! object export$4 ,?is trick has be5 practis$ to su* an ext5t t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 x is n unusual to he> an amateur extol "s bit ( rubbi% ) ! rem>k1 8,x 0 /opp$ by ! ,italian inspectors1 b my man manag$ to get x ?r\gh by greas+ ! paw----0 ,an imitation ( ! "w ( ,bellano1 a bas-relief 9 clay1 0 9 cu/ody at ! ,export ,(fice & aft]w>ds all[$ to pass1 be+ recogniz$ z mod]n4 ,?is 0 q en\gh to adv]tise ! "w z excell5t1 s excell5t t x 0 held up at ! ,italian ,export ,(fice4 ,! bas-relief is n[ %[n 9 ! collection ( a ,new ,york amateur1 & ! romantic tale ( ! refus$ p]mit adds flav\r & draws p>ticul> att5tion to ! ma/]piece1 & yet----6 ,?is is m or less ! d>k side ( ! traffic 9 curios & ! v>i\s que/ionable =ces t _m collectors call 8! black b&40 ,z w be %[n lat]1 ! 8black b&0 is a ,p>isian expression1 d5ot+ a m re/rict$ field ( activity4 ,h[ is ! beg9n] to cope ) su* odds8 ,to become acqua9t$ ) ! peculi> milieu to be avoid$ 9 ! comm]ce ( antiques requires "t1 to le>n to detect re/orations & repairs1 we mean undue repairs1 is an art 9 itself t dem&s consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,to sum up1 :ile /riv+ daily to become m effici5t1 rely+ z little z possible on ! help ( o!rs1 or kn[+ h[ to *oose ! "r sort ( aid1 x is mo/ important to be circumspect1 to assume 9 pr9ciple t ! beg9n] is likely to be dup$ at ! />t1 & to believe t !re is m wisdom ?an p are ready to ?9k 9 ! advice ( ,paul ,eudel1 ,soyez a?es en objets d'art 7,be sceptical 9 art objects674 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,qualities ,,( ,,imitators ,sculptors--,a few notable examples--,ba/ian9i's art & ! adv5tures ( 8 ,girolamo ,b5ivi5i--,a mod]n imitation ( ,r5aissance art ent]$ at a ,muni* museum z a g5u9e antique --,! sculptor's art & me?od--,! ,v]roc*io1 ,robbia & ,co41 ,ltd4--,signor ,natali's art & ,signor ,bonaf$i's pat9a-- ,v>i\s me?ods ( w\ld-be mak]s ( old ma/]s--,pa9t+ --,! ,si5ese imitative s*ool--,mr4 ,salt+'s exp]i5ce-- ,pr(essor ,ezio ,m>zi's imitation ( ! ,flemi% s*ool--,/one & ornam5tal "w--,pr(essor ,orl&9i's art--,iron "w-- ,weapons1 etc4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( art1 ! creator ( 8f9ds10 ! imitator ( ma/]pieces1 & fak] ( %am 8*efs-d'uvre0 are n attractive p]sonalities4 ,! value ( _! art--if x des]ves s noble a title--is likely to vani% z soon z ! s*eme is detect$ & to leave u ) some?+ ( ! disillusionm5t exp]i5c$ :5 view+ a set ( /age sc5]y by broad daylight4 ,! simple imitator1 ! man :o hone/ly decl>es 8 "w to be mod]n1 ?\gh ( a high] moral /&>d ?an 8 comrade ! =g]1 is no m likely to w9 our admiration4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 arti/ically speak+1 is t ! "o is apt to irritate u f ! fir/1 ! o!r only aft] we h be5 8tak5 910 ! fir/ *eats himself alone :5 he believes 8 pat*work to be good art1 ! second is ready to deceive any & ev]yone :o cr$its 8 arti/ic lies4 ,high above ^! two classes1 h[ev]1 /& a few gift$ be+s :o seem to h actually imbib$ ! arti/ic qualities ( ,r5aissance art to su* an ext5t z to h atta9$ a new & g5u9e p]sonality--mod]n 9 date b old & fai?ful to ! pa/ 9 creative conception4 ,9 ?is case1 imitation becom+ creative1 z we h said1 x rises to ! rank ( real art4 ,up to ! pres5t1 s9ce ,ba/ian9i's excell5t "w 0 fir/ laun*$1 _m ( ! imitators :o foll[$ & :o h successfully dup$ museums & art lov]s1 belong to ! commonplace ord]4 ,_! success is *iefly due to ! defici5cy & lack ( practice among curators1 collectors & connoisseurs at l>ge4 ,! m rec5t imitations t h deceiv$ "s ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eyes 9 ,flor5ce1 ,muni* & ,p>is h reveal$ ! names ( two sculptors1 ,zamp9i & ,natali1 :o ap>t f _! imitative ability may1 l ,ba/ian9i1 be /udi$ & admir$ p] se4 ,bo? ^! arti/s h "s po9ts 9 common ) ! sculptor :o puzzl$ all ! ,fr5* connoisseurs ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,bo?1 l ,ba/ian9i & o!r good & hone/ imitators1 h made ! =tunes ( o!rs1 n _! own2 l him1 too1 h sold _! products z mod]n1 only to realize t z soon z believ$ antique !y rea*$ fabul\s figures4 ,! portrait bu/ ( ,girolamo ,b5ivi5i--= :i* ,ba/ian9i receiv$ #cej francs--0 f9ally sold to ! ,l\vre = #ad1jjj francs4 ,be=e l&+ 9 ! ,p>is ,museum x _h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,freppa--a ,flor5t9e antiqu>y--,nolives1 a connoisseur :o travell$ 9 ,italy 9 se>* ( 8f9ds10 & ,nieuw]k]que1 ,pr9cess ,ma?ilde ,bonap>te's all-p[]ful protg1 :o 0 responsible = its acquisition by ! ,museum4 ,?is classic piece ( fak]y is wor? recall+ 9 all its details1 toge!r ) ! /ir succe$+ ,ba/ian9i's decl>ation ( himself z ! au?or ( ! ,b5ivi5i bu/ & ! humiliat+ figure cut by ! (ficially recogniz$ connoisseurs & art critics aft] ! dn\em5t4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al mode adopt$ by imitators & fak]s ( copy+ ! v>i\s p>ts "h & !re f ,r5aissance "w1 weld+ !m into a w\ld-be t\t ensemble ( orig9ality1 ,ba/ian9i _h s imbib$ ! "* ( ! fifte5? c5tury t he 0 able to "w )\t imm$iate sugge/ions o!r ?an ! influ5ce ( ! recollections & skill he _h acquir$ by copy+ f good old models 9 8 prep>atory p]iod4 ,?us ! "w 0 done /raight f nature1 ! model *os5 be+ an old man nicknam$ ! ,priore1 employ$ 9 a cig> factory4 ,:5 ! clay 0 /ill fre%1 /ruck by ! unusual ,r5aissance /yle ( ! bu/1 someone sugge/$ ! "n by :i* x 0 f9ally *ri/5$1 & ,ba/ian9i inscrib$ ! words3 ,,hi],,mus ,,b5ivi5i4 ,! "n ( ,girolamo ,b5ivi5i1 ,savon>ola's poet fri5d1 0 9 keep+ ) ! au/]e features ( ! portrait1 & ! mode/ employ ( ! ,flor5t9e cig> factory well repres5t$ "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s types ( ,republican ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ,nolives exhibit$ ,ba/ian9i's "w 9 #ahfg z a specim5 ( ,r5aissance sculpture at ! ,retrospective ,art ,%[ ( ! ,palais des ,*amps lyses1 an influ5tial art critic wrote3 8,we h n kn[n ,b5ivi5i1 b are prep>$ to swe> t ?is portrait mu/ be extremely l him4 ,:o is ! arti/ t modell$ x8 ,we are almo/ tempt$ to label ! "w ) a /r+ ( names f ! glori\s p]iod ( ,flor5t9e art40 ,not+1 incid5tally1 t ! art critic's temptation to g ?r\gh a long litany ( names by way ( attribution is simply delightful1 we may /ate t ! illu/ri\s writ] 0 n ! only "o to be caught & dup$ by ,ba/ian9i's capital "w4 ,! supposititi\s ,girolamo ,b5ivi5i _h turn$ ! heads ( all ! art intellectuals ( ,p>is4 ,lat] on1 :5 ,nolive's collection 0 put up to auction ! bu/ 0 acquir$1 z we h already /at$1 by ,nieuw]k]que = ! sum ( #ac1fjj francs & 0 f9ally plac$ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,x is said t1 believ+ ! bu/ to be antique1 ,nolives wrote to ,ba/ian9i bant]+ him ^u 8 gross error 9 lett+ su* a /up5d\s 8f9d0 slip f 8 h&s4 ,f9ally ! "n ( ,ba/ian9i z ! au?or ( ! bu/ leak$ out4 ,admiration began to cool1 op9ions z to ! g5u95ess ( ! "w 7 divid$ & a long polemic ov] ! case ensu$4 ,:5 ,ba/ian9i1 up to !n an obscure ,flor5t9e arti/1 f9ally decl>$ 9 a lett] s5t to ! ,diritto1 an ,italian newspap]1 t he himself 0 ! au?or ( ! ,b5ivi5i1 he 0 suppos$ to be an impo/]4 ,among o!rs to conte/ ,ba/ian9i's ass]tion 0 ! tal5t$ sculptor ,lequesne1 :o w5t s f> z to call ! ,flor5t9e arti/ a li>1 ma9ta9+ t ! m5 :o c\ld m\ld clay into su* =ms z t ( ! bu/ 7 no m ( ?is _w1 hav+ long s9ce disappe>$4 ,at ! end ( 8 invective aga9/ ! ,flor5t9e sculptor1 ,m4 ,lequesne swore t %\ld ,ba/ian9i be able to prove himself to be ! sculptor ( ! ,b5ivi5i1 he himself w\ld be will+ to s]ve su* a sculptor1 if only to mix 8 clay4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to foll[ ! long & spicy polemic f :i* ,ba/ian9i 0 p]=ce to issue triumphantly4 ,pamphlets & articles 7 writt5 on bo? sides1 ,ba/ian9i himself tak+ "p 9 ! controv]sy & %[+ himself to be a wit wor?y ( ^? old ,flor5t9es :om ,dante designates z hav+ a 8spirito bizz>ro40 ,irrefutable pro(s--! fir/ pla/]-ca/ ( ! head :i* _h be5 kept by ! sculptor1 witnesses :o _h se5 ,ba/ian9i at "w1 ! assurance ( ! model & 8 true resemblance to ! pseudo-,b5ivi5i--cut %ort all possibility ( fur!r discussion4 ,! actual au?or ( ! ,r5aissance bu/ t _h puzzl$ ! le>n$ public ( ! ,fr5* capital1 0 beyond all d\bt ,ba/ian9i4 ,naturally ?is 0 n ,ba/ian9i's fir/ essay4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfd a bu/ by him1 an effigy ( ,savon>ola1 _h be5 exhibit$ at ! ,palazzo ,ricc>di 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is "w1 too1 0 tak5 = antique4 ,v9c5zo ,capponi1 a ,flor5t9e deal]1 secur$ x = #fdj francs & sold x = t5 ?\s&4 ,ano!r "w1 a *>m+ type ( ,flor5t9e y\?1 a girl s++1 0 sold to ,m4 d\>d ,&r ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,resurrection4 ,by ,signor ,f]rante ,zamp9i1 b\ght at ,muni* z "w ( ! ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,zamp9i 0 a clev] ,italian arti/1 :o possess$ ! r>e gift ( imitat+ ,r5aissance "w4 ,he nev] deceiv$ anyone ) 8 imitations1 b 8 "w pass+ ?r\gh sev]al h&s ev5tually deceiv$ ! connoisseurs ( ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,piet4 ,by ,sig4 ,f]rante ,zamp9i4 ,ba/ian9i's imitations are ( su* excell5cy t !y are n[ held 9 high e/eem by collectors & are b\ght by museums at extremely h&some prices4 ,! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum has "o ( ! mo/ complete collections ( ,ba/ian9i's art1 :]e ! :ole range ( ?is g5ial imitator ( ! ,r5aissance c be se5 almo/ au complet4 ,signor ,f]rante ,zamp9i1 ^: imitations deceiv$ ! museum ( ,muni* & _m good connoisseurs & speciali/s1 work$ ) diff]5t me?ods4 ,! ,piet--! l>ge lunette :i* toge!r ) o!r works deceiv$ ! art au?orities ( ,muni* s completely--_h pass$ 9 ,flor5ce f ! /udio ( ,f]rante ,zamp9i to ! well-kn[n ateli] ( ,signor ,bonaf$i1 a pa9t] ( uncommon tal5t ^: ability 9 col\r+ & 9 giv+ a prop] pat9a to clay is unrivall$4 ,?is "w 0 aft]w>ds sold 7= ! sum ( #abjj francs71 z mod]n1 to ,pr(essor ,paol9i1 a viol9i/1 :o also sold x = mod]n to a ,g]man1 & f9ally1 ?r\gh a /r+ ( collectors1 ! ,piet l&$ 9 ! ,muni* ,museum = #ad1jjj francs4 ,x is said t ! discov]y ( its mod]n au?or%ip 0 due to a successful antiqu>y ( ,flor5ce1 a collector :o has %>p5$ 8 natural al]tness aft] a sad exp]i5ce :5 he b\ght a bronze by a liv+ ,g]man arti/ z ,quattroc5to "w1 & :o is 9 a position to "k m ?an "o hi/oire ?r\gh a regul> network ( in=mants4 ,on ?is occasion 8 in=mant1 x seems1 0 close to h& 9 ! p]son ( 8 pack]4 ,z = o!r antiqu>ies :o _h _h no =ew>n+ f k9d in=mants1 !y h be5 m or less tak5 9 by ,signor ,zamp9i's works :i* h appe>$ n[ & !n on ! m>ket s9ce ! ye> #aijd4 ,less exception seems to h be5 tak5 to ! "w ( ! o!r mod]n imitator1 ,signor ,natali4 ,8 imitations1 made previ\sly to 8 be/ "o1 b\ght by ! ,l\vre ,museum1 appe> to h travell$ v f>2 "s ( !m are /ill 9 undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( hon\r z ,r5aissance "w 9 private collections4 ,f]rante ,zamp9i's fir/ "w 0 a portrait ( a lady1 a f9ely execut$ head evid5tly made "u ! direct impression ( ^? bu/s attribut$ to ,laurana1 ^? t ,c\rajod insi/$ ^u call+ dea? masks4 ,?is piece1 h[ev]1 _h no =tune 9 ! _w ( antiques1 x travell$ f place to place1 & f9ally1 z fai?ful z a c>ri]-pigeon1 return$ to ! man :o _h b\ght x f ! sculptor4 ,a /rik+ly f9e clay head foll[$4 ,x closely resembl$ ! portrait ( ,colleoni1 ?\gh giv+ ! g5]al ( ! ,v5etian ,republic a m ag$ appe>ance ?an t ( ! eque/rian /atue 9 ,v5ice3 x 0 readily b\ght z a ,v]roc*io4 ,s9ce !n ,zamp9i has produc$ sev]al works ( 8 peculi> art4 ,al?\gh !y h realiz$ l>ge sums ( money 8 own ga9s 7 b small4 ,a curi\s pro( ( ,zamp9i's excell5ce 9 imitat+ ! ,quattroc5to is giv5 by ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,a ,fr5* collector b\ght f a ,flor5t9e deal] a g5u9e piece ( ,r5aissance1 & a "w by ,zamp9i4 ,aft] tak+ ! two pur*ases to ,p>is ! collector s5t back ! real article z a fake1 keep+ ! ,zamp9i bu/ z a recogniz$ au!ntic object ( art4 ,a ,muni* pr9cess possesses "o ( ! f9e/ works ( our sculptor :i* /ill defies all evid5ce--ev5 n[ aft] ! ,muni* disclosures h enlight5$ ! ,bav>ian connoisseurs4 ,pr(essor ,x4 ( ,flor5ce1 a connoisseur ^: ability is beyond "q & ^: exp]i5ce is highly e/eem$ among art lov]s1 b\ght a clay bu/ by ,zamp9i1 believ+ x to be "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,"s "t aft] he _h transf]r$ ! object to 8 collection ! clay began to peel (f & %[ signs ( ! progressive scal+ usually call$ sbullett>e4#a #a 8,sbullett>e0 signifies ! scal+ ( t]ra-cotta by :i* x becomes full ( little holes1 z ?\gh pitt$ by small-pox4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f bulletta 7a nail or tack71 ! poor victim look+ z ?\gh nails _h be5 r\ghly drawn out4 ,zamp9i1 x mu/ be said1 (t5 uses ,impruneta clay 7t us$ by della ,robbia71 & he 0 n aw>e t to prev5t scal+--a ph5om5on t may set 9 mon?s aft] ! "w is bak$--?is peculi> e>? mu/ be moi/5$ z soon z x leaves ! ov54 ,_h ?is be5 done ! "w w\ld h be5 sav$ t curi\s scal+ :i* 9 ! end told ! tru? ab\t ! bu/4 ,b = ?is un=ese5 circum/ance ! "w might /ill be play+ its "p 9 ! _w ( antiques4 ,pr(essor ,x41 h[ev]1 knew t antique bu/s are n liable to suff] f ?is peculi> k9d ( small-pox & call$ ! g-betwe5 :o _h help$ 9 ! conclusion ( ! bus9ess & a fri5d :o _h %>$ 8 admiration & to !m he confid$ 8 suspicions4 ,! bu/ !n disappe>$ = "s "t4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! same fri5d ( ,pr(essor ,x4 :o _h admir$ ! bu/ be=e x began to scale1 0 call$ 9 to admire x aga9 9 ! collection ( ,pr(essor ,y41 ano!r not$ connoisseur1 :o _h b\ght x z antique4 ,= reasons ( 8 own1 possibly s z n to spoil ! new own]'s pleasure1 ! fri5d did n reveal ! secret ( ! make-up4 ,b ,impruneta clay seem$ det]m9$ ! tru? %\ld become manife/ to all1 9 spite ( circum/ances4 ,)9 a few days ! "w t _h already be5 attribut$ to ,v]roc*io by ! new own]1 began to peel once m1 & ! secret ( its mod]n date 0 reveal$ a second "t4 ,pr(essor ,y41 :o is an hone/ deal] & a connoisseur ( su* ability z to be able to af=d a blund] )\t loss ( a well-des]v$ reputation1 laugh$ at ! clev] joke play$ ^u him & buri$ ! ,v]roc*io 9 8 cell>--! ,erebus to :i* all hone/ antiqu>ies relegate _! bad b>ga9s4 ,! bas-relief :i* has be5 b\ght by ! ,l\vre at a l>g] figure ?an any o!r rec5t acquisition ( ?is nature1 is ! "w ( a "y sculptor1 ,natali1 a ,flor5t9e :o has lately em]g$ z a clev] imitator ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! newspap]s h already spok5 ( ! la/ "p play$ by ! suppos$ ,v]roc*io 9 ! ,museum1 & ! magnific5t sum paid = x4 ,:at is n g5]ally kn[n is t ! curator's eyes 7 op5$--wisdom & k are (t5 wak5$ 9 ?is way6--by an anonym\s lett] writt5 f an aggriev$ w\ld-be p>tn] 9 ! affair :o _h be51 z x 71 8cut (f ) a %ill+0 9 ! h&some transaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh ,ba/ian9i1 ,zamp9i & ,natali seem to exploit a common field & to "w ) id5tical aims1 !y s ess5tially diff] 9 ! quality & "* ( _! "w z to des]ve a brief comp>ison4 ,ba/ian9i1 :o fl\ri%$ :5 connoisseur%ip 0 yet )\t ! p[]ful aid ( photography1 appe>s 9 "s way at a disadvantage :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 & ?is al?\gh 8 qualities z a mod]n sculptor1 ev5 ?\gh academic1 7 p]haps ( a m solid "* ?an !irs4 ,ap>t f 8 ,b5ivi5i1 8 ,savon>ola bu/ & a few heads ( ag$ p 9 :i* ! sculptor reveals 8 be/ & /ronge/ qualities z an imitator ( ! ,quattroc5to1 8 "w is ( a p]plex$ &1 consequ5tly1 weak] nature4 ,we v mu* d\bt :e!r "s ( 8 female heads n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum c\ld deceive 9 ^! days ev5 a m$iocre connoisseur4 ,9 ,ba/ian9i's m9or works "o is likely to f9d ! explanation ( ?is curi\s arti/ic temp]am5t--he 0 a lov] ( mod]n life & prid$ himself ^u cook+ mac>oni fit to make a ,neapolitan blu%1 he claim$ to be ! be/ ball play] 7giocatore di pallone7 ( 8 day & c\ld pass f mod]n art to antique imitations ) a facility t a/oni%es u4 ,9 8 less important works an oscillat+ m9d is evid5t1 sw++ l a p5dulum betwe5 mod]n & antique art4 ,x is cle> t ! two arti/ic p]sonalities work$ alt]nately 9 ,ba/ian9i's m9d1 leav+ no deep or p]man5t impression4 ,?is arti/'s imitations1 consequ5tly1 be> e symptom ( imm$iate sugge/ion--fugitive impressions clev]ly caught & bl5d$ into a surpris+ly h>moni\s :ole1 ?anks to 8 uncommon skill 9 modell+4 ,x is ?is happy t\t ensemble 7summ+ up ( qualities & circum/ances7 t rais$ ! arti/ above ! level ( ! obvi\s imitator1 m especially :5 modell+ c]ta9 heads ! "* ( :i* w\ld seem to tally ) ! orig9al impression--"s e>ly s\v5ir or fir/ "w 9 copy+ maybe--he _h receiv$ f ! ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,) ,f]rante ,zamp9i ! arti/ic evolution is some:at rev]s$4 ,a man ( taciturn disposition1 incl9$ to dream & ( my/ic t5d5cies1 he mu/ h cogitat$1 lov$ & long+ly c>ess$ 8 idea be=e giv+ x =m4 ,rebell+ aga9/ any academic yoke x 0 n long be=e he began an int]c\rse ( s5tim5t ) ! "w ( ! pa/1 que/ion+ ^? old ma/]s z to ! reason :y _! s5tim5t %\ld cla% ) s*ola/ic tuition4 ,he mu/ h actually saturat$ 8 m9d ) old =ms be=e tak+ up ! modell+ /ick4 ,to see him work+ )\t a model1 )\t a sugge/ion ev5 to aid 8 creation1 made "o almo/ believe t ?r\gh "s mesm]ic p[] ! s\l ( an old ma/] _h pass$ into 8 own1 & t he 0 enjoy+ at ! mom5t all ! glori\s fre$om ( irresponsibility4 ,?us :ile ,ba/ian9i work$ 9 a well-light$ /udio1 fill$ ) pla/]-ca/s ( ! creations ( ,v]roc*io1 ,pollajuolo & o!r great ma/]s1 ,zamp9i models 9 a small room1 work+ 9 ! fa9te/ ( lights1 surr\nd$ by b>e grey walls4 ,) bl9ds almo/ drawn1 ?is sculptor holds t he c dom9ate ! masses ) security & be 9 clos] t\* ) 8 vision4 ,p]haps ! great unity ( 8 "w really is due 9 "p to ?is unusual me?od ( modell+1 a me?od :i*1 :ile x p]mits him to detect errors ( mass1 & to correct ! g5]al l9es ( composition1 at ! same "t h>monizes into a happy ensemble ! *>act]i/ics ( ! old] /yle he imitates4 ,x may be said also t :ile ,ba/ian9i r>ely attempt$ compositions 9 bas-relief1 conf9+ 8 ma9 "w ( imitation to heads1 ,zamp9i boldly attacks ! difficulties ( l>ge bas-reliefs & gr\p$ figures4 ,?\gh ,zamp9i's works vaguely sugge/ rem9isc5ces--ei!r 9 composition or 9 =m--?is sculptor mu/ be cr$it$ ) an unusual p[] ( syn!sis1 & we are n surpris$ t ! ,muni* au?orities 7 deceiv$ by 8 art4 ,natali's workman%ip is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,?is "y arti/--! au?or ( ! ,baptism1 ! lunette b\ght by ! ,l\vre z a "w ( ,v]roc*io--%[s great v]satility ev5 :5 n imitat+ ! old ma/]s1 & he is1 above all1 a virtuoso--a true product ( ,lat9 facility4 ,b x mu/ be add$ t :ile ! lunette ( ! ,l\vre %[s happy composition1 ) *>m+ details "h & !re 9 its int]pretation1 x does n possess ! intimate qualities1 ! ess5tial unity1 ( ,zamp9i's "w4 ,! latt] may be tak5 = ,v]roc*io or n1 accord+ to ! ability or appreciation ( ! critic2 b ,natali's lunette might be mod]niz$ z 8,v]roc*io & ,co410 or 7s9ce 9 ! angels ! mann] ( ,&rea ,robbia alt]nates ) ,v]roc*io7 we might ev5 g a /ep fur!r & describe ! composite result z 8,v]roc*io1 ,robbia & ,co41 ,ltd40 ,n only because ,natali occupies a room 9 ,bonaf$i's /udio1 & appe>s to "w "u ?is arti/'s sup]vision--at lea/ x 0 s :5 we _h occasion to /udy ! "w ( ?is excell5t imitator--b direct f ! "w 9 ! lunette ( ! ,baptism "o feels incl9$ to look on ?is "y arti/ z end[$ ) ! defects & good qualities ( a pa9t] indulg+ 9 pla/ic "w4 ,! composition1 = in/ance1 h>moni\s & ri*1 ) a happy sugge/ion ( light & %ade1 lacks ! directness ( =m peculi> to sculptors1 & ! modell+ %[s "h & !re--& ?is ev5 consid]+ ! task ! arti/ has impos$ ^u himself ( imitat+ ,quattroc5to "w--! flatness & dryness ( a pa9t] :o models )\t pla/ic insight or preoccupation4 ,^! *>act]i/ics1 ^! pictorial qualities :i* are n to be se5 9 ,signor ,natali's mod]n "w1 are p]haps ! disguise ) :i* he sometimes veils 8 t\*--! t\* ( a mod]n sculptor4 ,?\gh admir+ ?is excell5t imitation1 we mu/ say we are surpris$ at ! fact t x 0 n soon] detect$ z mod]n "w4 ,f ,bonaf$i1 a pa9t] possess+ great facility 9 execution & uncommon v]satility z an imitator1 ! m]e association ( ideas easily leads "o to ! ,si5a imitators :o h = ye>s held ! privilege ( be+ ! /ronge/ imitators ( e>ly ,quattroc5to "w4 ,joni & o!rs h1 unwitt+ly1 deceiv$ m ?an "o connoisseur4 ,"o ( ^! ,si5ese products 0 b\ght by ,mr4 ,salt+ = tw5ty ?\s& lire4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! imitation b\ght by ,mr4 ,salt+ z "w ( ! old ,si5ese s*ool is "o ( ! be/ t mod]n ,si5a has ev] produc$4 ,yet anyone already acqua9t$ ) t k9d ( "w1 & :o _h se5 at lea/ "o specim5 out ( ! _m t h met ) good success among ungu>d$ collectors1 w\ld n h f\nd x difficult to detect ! fir/-rate imitation t s triumphantly ent]$ ! ,salt+ collection4 ,x is said t ,mr4 ,salt+ got 8 money back1 & ! pa9t+ 0 return$ to ! deal]2 a rem>kable occurr5ce & a pro( ( good fai?1 z usually :5 ! collector f9ds he has be5 dup$ & is n dispos$ to keep x quiet1 ! v5dor is ei!r n to be f\nd or he has tak5 prud5t measures & good c>e to be on ! safe side legally4 ,9 our op9ion ! draw+ ( ! ,si5ese imitator is too caligraphic1 x reproduces too closely1 namely1 ! =ms ( well-kn[n orig9als1 & ?is :ile ! composition is n always free f plagi>isms t are too easily recognizable4 ,"s ( ! lat] arti/s ( ,flor5ce1 & else:]e1 h broad5$ ! te*nique1 appe>+ less s]vile because bett] v]s$ 9 ! qualities ( ! old ma/]s1 & ?r\gh ?is deep] insight _! "w is m conv9c+ & syn!tic4 ,"o ( ^! *>act]i/ic work]s is ,pr(essor ,ezio ,m>zi ( ,flor5ce1 an imitator ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 :o has nev] sold 8 panels z antique1 b ^: "w1 x is said1 ?r\gh o!rs1 has p5etrat$ into m ?an "o collection1 :]e x is held to be g5u9e & above suspicion4 ,8 ,t5i]s1 n[ hon\r$ z su*1 are _m1 & if ,m>zi in/ead ( be+ /ation>y 9 ,flor5ce l mo/ ( 8 compatriots :o1 g5]ally speak+1 nev] travel1 %\ld indulge 9 "o ( ^? erratic trips ( :i* ,am]icans are s fond1 visit+ collections "h & !re1 he w\ld h good cause to laugh 9 8 sleeve4 ,l _m ( 8 ,italian bro!rs ( ! bru%1 ,ezio ,m>zi has eclectic t5d5cies & a mo/ v]satile workman%ip4 ,b :at places him ap>t f 8 confrres :o also imitate ! art ( ! pa/1 is ! fact t :5 he *ooses to be ,ezio ,m>zi 9 8 pa9t+1 t is to say to pa9t some?+ ( 8 own1 giv+ a true expression ( 8 own p]sonality1 he c d s )\t infection f rem9isc5ces ( 8 workman%ip z an imitator4 ,9 a ^w1 ,m>zi is a pa9t] ( m>k1 extremely orig9al & fully temp]am5tal--a r>e ?+ among imitators ( o!r p's art4 ,z reg>ds 8 plagi>i/ic indulg5ces1 he has tri$ ! mo/ v>i$ & dissimil> s*ools ( ! pa/1 successfully too4 ,8 pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 = ,dut* or ,flemi% art has f9ally prevail$4 ,possibly at 8 fir/ essays ,m>zi 0 ! obvi\s sort ( imitator1 s]vile to direct sugge/ion ( =m1 disguis+ arti/ic !fts f old ma/]s by ! usual well-mat*$ mosaic1 b n[ ?is inevitable prep>atory p]iod is dismiss$ & surpass$4 ,:5 imitat+ ,t5i]s ?is arti/ is really compos+ ,dut* sc5es )\t a scrap ( sugge/ion 9 8 /udio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait4 ,an imitation ( ,dut* ,s*ool by ,pr(4 ,ezio ,m>zi an ,italian arti/1 :o does 8 "w ) no app>5t s5se ( plagi>ism1 b :o is s v]satile 9 ,dut* ,s*ool t b = 8 hone/ deal+ he might prove a dang] to amateurs4 ,:ile ,m>zi af=ds u a good type ( ! imitator 9 pa9t+ & ,ba/ian9i & ,zamp9i %[ u ! be/ possibilities ( assum$ *>act]s 9 sculpture1 ,pr(essor ,orl&9i ( ,flor5ce imitates ,quattroc5to ornam5tal sculpture ) capital results4 ,we c repeat "h ! same comm5t pass$ on ,m>zi's art3 8 works1 too1 are sold z mod]n1 b1 alas1 h[ _m ornam5tal *imneypieces & w\ld-be ag$ lavabos n[ decorat+ rooms1 are ,orl&9i's "w1 al?\gh o/5tati\sly %[n z pure productions ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,n s pure1 ?\gh1 always1 = ,pr(essor ,orl&9i is at times =c$ to fall 9 ) ! cu/om]'s ambition & ?us all[s himself to give full play to ov]-ornam5tation1 produc+ a sort ( ,quattroc5to usus ,am]icanus4 ,/ill1 :5 left to 8 own arti/ic b5t we "k ( no "o :o c turn out ( ! ,fiesole /one an ari/ocratic-look+ *imneypiece m closely resembl+ ! "w ( ,desid]io da ,settignano4 ,z a brief obs]vation x may be add$ t ,pr(essor ,orl&9i is a sculptor ( ! old s*ool :o deals *iefly ) h>d mat]ials4 ,?is fact greatly contributes to give 8 art t /]n sobriety ( l9e t is a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! ,r5aissance arti/4 ,9 ! pres5t flood ( imitations x has be5 urg$ t hone/ arti/s %\ld put _! signatures to _! mod]n antiques1 ?us prev5t+ ! dang] repres5t$ by imitations :5 laun*$ on ! m>ket by able impo/]s4 ,!re are a few :o d sign _! productions1 b we mu/ say su* an act does n w9 ! des]v$ success4 ,! buy] seems to dem& a c]ta9 am\nt ( illusion :i* w\ld inevitably be de/roy$ by a signature 9 full sight4 ,besides1 suppos+ t to prev5t any possible fak]y all imitators %\ld decide to sign _! "w1 :at gu>antee w\ld su* a movem5t repres5t8 ,no?+ is easi] to erase ?an a signature on a pa9t+1 & s f> z a sculptor is conc]n$ x is a baby trick to cov] ! arti/'s m>k4 ,comm]ce has its risks1 risks plac+ an elective /igma on any ent]prise1 r5d]+ x m difficult & elim9at+ ! incapable4 ,9 our arti/ic milieu su* risks are d\bl$1 ?us :ile 8imitation10 & its black si/] 8fak+10 repres5t a =midable dang]1 !y also1 ?r\gh ! said magnifi$ risk1 conf] ^u ! elect ones1 ! true connoisseurs1 ! exclusiv5ess ( an ari/ocratic ca/e4 ,& yet1 unlike ! beg9n]1 ^! sup]ior be+s :o h 9 a way le>n$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce h[ to cope ) dang]\s odds repeat ) ,bonnaff3 8,d n tru/ ! collector :o nev] makes a mi/ake4 ,! /ronge/ is he :o makes ! fewe/ mi/akes40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,fak]s1 ,,=g]s ,,& ,,! ,,law ,fak+ & fak]s--,views ( art =g]s--,too great a productiv5ess aids ! exposure ( fak]s--,! *9k 9 ! arm\r ( sil5ce & my/]y--,collector's view ( ! dang]\s trade 9 c\nt]feit$ objects--,laws & tribunals-- ,grotesque cases 9 c\rt--,m4 ,*asles' autographs--,a collector :o lacks a ,rameses--,! fak] = ga9 & ! "o = fun-- ,"s moral consid]ations on fabricators ( mod]n antiques4 ,moral consid]ations ap>t1 ! fak] ( objects = collections is f> m int]e/+ a p]sonage ?an "s ( 8 dup$ victims4 ,8 arti/ic p]sonality sep>ates him f ! common] class1 ! peculi>ity ( 8 trade1 :ile n r$eem+ ! disreputabl5ess ( 8 conduct1 conf]s ^u him ! poetical nimbus ( art & my/]y1 j z an undef9$ feel+ ( h]oism or *ivalry may1 to an imag9ative m9d1 turn an old-fa%ion$ brig& into a classical type ( buccane]4 ,^! mute work]s1 :o actually e>n _! money by false pret5ces1 delud+ & deceiv+ ) call\s en]gy 9 :at a comm]cial m9d might call 8_! l9e ( bus9ess10 are n infrequ5tly p ( scruples & probity 9 all o!r respects1 m5 to :om cr$it might be giv5 ) safety4 ,z we h /at$ be=e1 ! collector is p>tially responsible if excell5t imitators sometimes turn into fak]s4 ,ask ! =g] h[ x 0 t he became su*1 & n9e times out ( t5 y w ei!r he> t he 0 tir$ ( see+ o!rs make indec5t pr(its out ( 8 "w1 or t he 0 prompt$ by ! consid]ation t !re 7 fools ready to pay t5 times ! value ( 8 "w1 provid$ he did n claim au?or%ip1 & w\ld pret5d 8 "w 0 antique4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 :5 que/ion$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( _! fraudul5t pr(ession1 "s w speak ( _! transition f hone/y to di%one/y ) ! retic5ce ( a woman gone a/ray2 o!rs1 p]haps ! l>g] numb]1 are boa/ful & incl9$ to glory 9 ! success accord$ to _! fakes4 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld has writt5 9 8 ,maximes t x is easi] to deceive oneself ?an o!rs4 ,! vaunt+ class ( fak]s h some:at rev]s$ ! t]ms ( ?is say+1 _! common t5et be+ t x is easi] to *eat o!rs ?an to *eat oneself4 ,?is maxim1 h[ev]1 gives ! fak] undue confid5ce & a too prolific activity 9 creat+ %am ma/]pieces1 & ev5tually contributes to ! exposure ( 8 fraud & ! f9al ru9 ( :at he consid]s1 & :at has prov$ to be1 a mo/ remun]ative bus9ess4 ,_m discov]ies ( falsifi$ *efs-d'uvre are due to ov]-productiv5ess ( ! fak]4 ,8 self-confid5ce augm5t+ 8 activity to al>m+ proportions1 x naturally increases ! probability ( discov]y4 ,h[ev]1 ! fak] is p]=ce a close-m\!d fell[1 always on 8 gu>d & v r>ely tak51 z "o might say1 by surprise4 ,nev]!less he too possesses :at might be call$ 9 fanciful metaphor ! ,a*illes' vuln]able spot :]e 8 sil5ce may be attack$3 x is 8 pride t mu/ be tickl$4 ,x 0 an aim ( m9e 9 ! pa/ to trace =g]y 9 art to its orig94 ,n exactly z a hobby b 9 ! belief t 9 ^! days x is important to "k h[ works ( art are imitat$ & fak$1 t x is "p ( mod]n connoisseur%ip 9 fact4 ,to-day "o mu/ le>n h[ to detect =g]ies j z "o mu/ le>n h[ to admire g5u9e art4 ,=g]y museums1 intellig5tly organiz$1 w\ld be f> m int]e/+--& m orig9al--to-day ?an ! v>i\s gall]ies ( f9e arts4 ,on m ?an "o occasion aft] hav+ trac$ ! =g]1 ! above sy/em ( flatt]+ 8 vanity has extort$ an unexpect$ confid5ce4 ,to give an in/ance3 "s "t ago ! ,italian m>ket began to be infe/$ by good imitations ( bronze figures ( ! type ( ! ,paduan s*ool4 ,an antiqu>y1 f :om ,i h ! /ory1 trac$ ! =g] to ,mod5a & call$ ^u ! fell[ :om he held 9 suspicion4 ,at fir/ he _h no clue1 b f9ally1 becom+ fri5dly1 he happ5$ to surprise a confession f him "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,x mu/ be not$ t a fak] w talk freely on ! subject ( =g]y1 nev] presum+ to be discov]$ & always z an outsid]4 ,speak+ ( imitations1 ! antiqu>y express$ 8 surprise at ! sure modell+ & mo/ conv9c+ pat9a ( "s rec5t imitations he _h se54 ,he expla9$ t ! imitation 0 really s good t he himself _h be5 deceiv$ by a small gr\p repres5t+ a nymph & satyr4 ,circum/ances alone _h sav$ him at ! la/ mom5t f be+ tak5 9 & giv+ 8 op9ion by attribut+ ! bronze to ,&rea ,briosco4 ,! piece to be sure 0 conv9c+ en\gh to pass = "o ( ! be/ works ,briosco ev] conceiv$4 ,x 0 really wor? ! extravagant sums collectors are will+ to pay = ,briosco's piece1 call$ il ,riccio1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 mod]n4 8,p]haps x 0 wor? x10 rem>k$ ! arti/ ) ! *>act]i/ic rebelli\s acc5t peculi> to successful fak]s4 ,?is fir/ bur/ ( self-pride1 prop]ly n\ri%$ by ! o!r ) eulogies ( ! great arti/ :o _h modell$ ! gr\p1 drew =? ! desir$ disclosure4 ,:5 ! antiqu>y rem>k$3 8,t gr\p ought to br+ a big price4 ,if collectors 7 n1 g5]ally speak+1 s utt]ly depriv$ ( true arti/ic s5se1 if !y 7 n----0 8,su* a pack ( fools & snobs10 int]rupt$ ! arti/4 ,! *9k 9 ! arm\r ( sil5ce 0 n[ discov]$4 ,?\gh )\t giv+ a h9t z to 8 craft or ! recipe ( 8 wond]ful pat9a1 ^u promise ( sil5ce ) reg>d to 8 "n1 he pr\dly ackn[l$g$ au?or%ip ( ! bronze gr\p suppos$ to be ( ! s*ool ( ,padua1 & f9ally (f]$ to %[ o!r pieces ready to ent] ! _w ( fakes1 f9i%$ & ready to g & play ! "p ( ma/]pieces ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,:5 ! arti/ 0 ask$ h[ he manag$ to dispose ( 8 fak$ goods1 he av]r$ t t "p ( ! bus9ess belong$ to ! deal]4 ,a speciali/ l himself1 he said1 _h no?+ to d ) t side4 ,! only compact he _h made 0 ) 8 own consci5ce1 be+ p]fectly aw>e t he 0 h&somely paid & t 8 ag5t realiz$ ?ree times z mu*4 ,accord+ to him1 ev5 museums 7 buy+ spuri\s works ( art1 & labell+ !m ) pomp\s attributions1 kn[+ all ! :ile t !y 7 n au!ntic4 ,we quote ?is z a m]e incid5t to %[ ! view & sup]cili\s attitude tak5 by ! fak] ) reg>d to 8 art4 ,incid5tally & f ! same s\rce came ! in=mation t "s well-imitat$ octagonal tables t _h fet*$ high prices 9 ! antique furniture m>ket z real ,quattroc5to "w 7 made 9 ,bologna1 & t ! old pat9a & blunt corn]s 7 acquir$ by real use1 ! tables be+ l5t = a "t to *eap re/aurants & ! %ops ( sausage-deal]s4 ,! bronze fak] ( ,mod5a possess$ "o ( ^! tables :i* %[$ a casual knife cut & ! abuse ( age4 ,to make ! piece m h&somely sugge/ive1 ^u ! top ( ! table !re _h be5 r\ghly scrat*$ ) a nail a squ>e ( ! geometrical l9es ( ! old game ( 8,filetto40 ,"o c\ld easily "w up "o's fancy be=e t p]petrat$ abuse & imag9e cr[ds ( lansquesnets or invet]ate dice-?r[]s4 ,:5 ask$ :y he did n put 8 signature to su* excell5t "w z 81 t x w\ld c]ta9ly be valu$ on its own m]its1 he %ook 8 head & repeat$ ! refra9 s (t5 he>d f successful fak]s t ! "t ( ! old-fa%ion$ intellig5t & art-lov+ collectors _h pass$1 t collect+ 0 n[adays no?+ b a fad1 t ! mod]n collector is only a pret5d]4 ,9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion he ref]r$ to ! !n rec5t incid5t4 8,see :at happ5$ to ,donatello's putt9o 9 ,london40 ,= ^? :o may h =gott5 ! incid5t1 we w recall h[ a little bronze /atue by ,donatello 0 va9ly (f]$ = sale to ! ,london deal]s4 ,?is /atue 0 miss+ f ! bapti/]y ( ,san ,francesco ( ,si5a4 ,! /atuette repres5t$ a putt9o 7boy7 &1 h>dly a foot high1 _h be5 /ol5 f ! *ur* at ,si5a 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x my/]i\sly f\nd its way to ,london1 :]e x 0 9 all probability buri$ & =gott5 9 "s private collection = ?ree-score ye>s or m4 ,:5 ! =gott5 /atue sudd5ly em]g$ f its nook ( oblivion x 0 (f]$ = sale simply z an old bronze1 b be+ tak5 = a mod]n imitation x fet*$ no dec5t price4 ,a ,bond ,/reet speciali/ refus$ x at two ?\s& francs4 ,! ,donatello 0 f9ally b\ght = #ab1jjj francs by ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 ?is be+ ab\t ! fiftie? "p ( its pres5t value4 ,x is curi\s to he> ! v>i\s op9ions ent]ta9$ by collectors & art lov]s conc]n+ fak+ & its al>m+ & increas+ success4 ,an old collector :o _h1 no d\bt l s _m ( 8 colleagues1 le>n$ 8 lesson ?r\gh be+ dup$1 unhesitat+ly decl>$ t fak+ is a gr& art ) a reason = exi/5ce z x seems to meet a real ne$ ( society1 ! ne$ ( be+1 z x 71 delud$ & *eat$ by elegance4 ,que] e?ics answ]+ to ! ,lat9 say+3 ,vulgus vult decipi1 ergo decipiatur 7,! cr[d likes to be deceiv$1 let x be deceiv$674 ,a =m] curator ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum us$ to pay due tribute to ! art ( good imitators & fak]s1 :o _h succe$$ 9 deceiv+ ! vigilant eye ( ! gu>dians ( museums1 by /at+ t imitations are really too good to be mi/ak5 = antiques1 mu* bett]1 inde$1 ?an "s ( ! examples ( ! art !y w\ld falsify4 ,! really exp]i5c$ collector is incl9$ to look ^u fak+ z a huge joke to be play$ on gre5horns & ! inexp]i5c$1 ev5 al?\gh "s ( ! sil5t torp$oes ( fak+ d triumphantly succe$ 9 hitt+ p :o are iron-clad ) k4 ,novices take two opposite views ( ! matt]4 ,"o class is positively a%am$ ( hav+ be5 8tak5 910 & hides ! fact by conceal+ ! pro( ( 8 ignorance 9 a d>k corn] ( ! h\se2 ! o!r1 view+ ! deception 9 a m bus9ess-l way1 has rec\rse to ! c\rts ) m or less happy results4 ,! latt] class is naturally incl9$ to fav\r ! greate/ possible sev]ity ( ! law4 ,9 "s ( ! cases 9 :i* ! tribunals are call$ ^u to pass judgm5t1 "o is incl9$ to wond] :e!r 9 pron\nc+ a sev]e s5t5ce on ! culprit1 ! magi/rates d n feel l laugh+ up _! sleeve at ! sup9e fooli%ness ( ! pla9tiff4 ,! case ( ,m4 ,*asles1 a celebrat$ & highly e/eem$ ma!matician & memb] ( ! ,p>is ,in/itut1 furni%es u ) pro( ( h[ a man c be great 9 8 own speciality1 yet likely to be tak5 9 "u peculi> & r a/oni%+ circum/ances4 ,monsieur ,*asles _h app>5tly tak5 to autograph-hunt+1 "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s pursuits a m]e dilettante c dream (4 ,8 c>e] at ! beg9n+ 0 p]haps t ( any o!r neophyte1 & except = ! a/oni%+ sequ5ce1 might belong to ! trite record ( daily happ5+s on ! unsafe side ( curio-hunt+4 ,! celebrat$ ma!matician _h h>dly ga!r$ 8 fir/ autographs :5 to 8 mis=tune he met ) a c]ta9 ,vra9-,lucas1 an impo/] ^: tal5t fitt$ to p]fection ! ov]-tru/+ ma!matician4 ,b = ! docum5t>y evid5ce ( ! trial 7quot$ by ,paul ,eudel 9 8 book1 ,le ,truquage71 x w\ld be utt]ly incr$ible t anyone1 p>ticul>ly a le>n$ man1 c\ld be gull$ to su* an ext5t4 ,yet on ! #af? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfi1 ,monsieur ,*asles appe>$ be=e ! ,p>is ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice z a pla9tiff1 & ! public discussion ( ! case--:i* end$ 9 ! condemnation ( ! def5dant1 ,vra9-,lucas1 to two ye>s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #ejj francs ) co/s--cle>ly divulg$ h[ ! em95t pr(essor _h be5 ! victim ( le sieur ,vra9-,lucas1 a semi-le>n$ man ( unque/ionable tal5t & a /up5d\s & f]tile p[] ( inv5tion4 ,= ! total sum ( #adj1jjj francs he _h sold to 8 cli5t w\ld-be au!ntic autographs & pret5d$ indisputable orig9al manuscripts--really ! mo/ extraord9>y pieces a collector ev] dreamt (6 ,among o!r ?+s !re 0 includ$3 a private lett] ( ,alex&] ! ,great address$ to ,ari/otle2 a lett] ( ,cleopatra to ,julius ,cs>1 in=m+ ! ,roman ,dictator t _! son 8,ces>ion0 0 gett+ on v well2 a missive ( ,laz>us to ,/4 ,pet]2 also a l5g?y epi/le address$ to ,laz>us by ,m>y ,magdal54 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! lett]s 7 writt5 9 ,fr5* & 9 :at might be /yl$ an eighte5?-c5tury j>gon1 t ,alex&] address$ ,ari/otle z ,mon ,ami & ,cleopatra scribbl$ to ,cs>3 ,notre fils ,ces>ion va bi54 ,laz>us1 no less a s*ol> 9 ! ,gallic idiom1 & to :om1 maybe1 a miracul\s resurrection _h prompt$ a new p]sonality1 writes to ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! _s ( a rhetorician & a prig1 speak+ ( ,cic]o's oratory & ,cs>'s writ+s1 gett+ excit$ & ana!matic on ,druidic rites & _! cruel habit de sacrifi] des hommes saulvaiges4 ,m>y ,magdal51 :o beg9s h] lett] ) a mon trs aim frre ,laz>us1 ce que me m&ez de ,petrus l'apo/re de notre d\x ,jesus1 is suppos$ to be writ+ f ,m>seilles & ?us w\ld appe> to be ! only "o out ( ! _m :o c logically indulge 9 ,fr5*1 ! j>gon-b\illabaisse t ,vra9-,lucas l5t to ! gallant array ( 8 p]sonages4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,*ild4 ,by ,donatello1 ^: ta/e 9 /atu>y 0 *iefly =m$ 9 ,rome4 ,aft] su* a practical joke play$ on ! excell5t good fai? ( ,m4 ,*asles1 "s ( ! o!r autographs seem tame4 ,! package1 h[ev]1 also conta9$ scraps jott$ d[n by ,alcibiades & ,p]icles1 a full confession ( ,judas ,isc>iot's crime writt5 by himself to ,m>y ,magdal5 be=e pass+ ! rope r\nd 8 neck2 a lett] ( ,pontius ,pilate address$ to ,tib]ius express+ 8 sorr[ = ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,o!r a/\nd+ pieces ( ?is n[ fam\s collection 73 a passport sign$ by ,v]c+etorix1 a poem ( ,abel>d & "s love-lett]s address$ by ,laura to ,petr>*1 z well z _m o!r hi/orical docum5ts d[n to a manuscript ( ,pascal & an ex*ange ( lett]s betwe5 ! ,fr5* sci5ti/ & ,newton on ! laws ( gravitation1 ! ,fr5*man claim+ ! discov]y z 8 own4 ,! latt] manuscript caus$ a memorable polemic betwe5 ! savants ( ,london & ,p>is1 a regul> t\rnam5t ( clev] argu+ among ! s*ol>s ( ! two c\ntries1 :i* f9ally l$ to ! discov]y ( ! huge fraud ( :i* ,m4 ,*asles 0 ! assign$ b unresign$ victim4 ,! *ance way ! impo/ure 0 expos$ makes "o wond] h[ x 0 possible = ! case to h ! hon\r ( s]i\s discussion among sci5ti/s4 ,among o!r hi/orical blund]s is ! supposition t ,newton c\ld h ex*ang$ lett]s ) ,pascal on ! laws ( gravitation4 ,! =m] be+ b n9e ye>s old :5 ,pascal di$1 he _h c]ta9ly n yet giv5 8 m9d to ! obs]vations br++ ab\t 8 m>vell\s discov]y4 ,fur!r1 z an example ( gravitation1 ,pascal relates t he has notic$ h[ 9 a cup ( c(fee ! bubbles are attract$ t[>d ! edge ( ! receptacle4 ,x is kn[n t c(fee 0 import$ into ,france "s n9e ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! great ,fr5* philosoph] & ma!matician4 ,leav+ ! man :o does really arti/ic "w we are n[ introduc$ to ! majority ( ! class1 m]e fabricators ( arti/ic pa/i*es1 :i* not)/&+ complete abs5ce ( m]itori\s qualities are nev]!less effective decoys = unw>y art lov]s4 ,to ?is legion belong1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ m$iocre pa9t]s & sculptors1 ^? ^: *ief cunn+ lies 9 ! transf]5ce ( age to _! mod]n fabrications4 ,!y are guid$ 9 _! "w mo/ly by a consid]able am\nt ( practice 9 re/or+ old pa9t+s1 m>bles1 /uccoes1 & s =?4 ,!re is also a peculi> type ( impo/or :o plays 8 tricks solely = ! fun ( x1 a curi\s type :o = ! joy ( hav+ *eat$ "s "o1 w d5y himself ! pleasure ( reveal+ 8 "n & glory 9 8 success4 ,to ?is /amp mu/ h belong$ ,m4 ,a4 ,maillet1 a di/+ui%$ *emi/ :o 9 #ahfd took ! tr\ble to publi% a book on ant$iluvian excavations1 = no o!r purpose evid5tly ?an to fool s*ol>s giv5 to t p>ticul> /udy4 ,ne$less to say ! volume met ) a/oni%+ success4 ,among reproductions ( g5u9e ant$iluvian relics1 ! em95t *emi/ int]sp]s$ 8 writ+ ) spuri\s & fanta/ic illu/rations ( pret5d$ f9ds ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,!y consi/$ ( c>v$ bones ) figures1 symbols & my/]i\s writ+s4 ,to say t no polemic or le>n$ appreciation ( ! volume foll[$ its publication w\ld be to sl&] ! too easily k9dl$ en?usiasm ( le>n$ speciali/s4 ,z usual ! polemic reveal$ ! true "* ( ! volume1 b be=e rea*+ its conclusion !re 0 m ?an "o reputation sulli$ & m ?an "o sci5ti/ :o lo/ ca/e4 ,! p]plexity & *aotic confusion caus$ by ! publication 0 felt by ,m4 ,a4 ,maillet to be ample recomp5se = 8 lab\r & exp5se4 ,! jovial fak]1 :o is out solely = ! fun ( mak+ game ( "s "o1 is no mod]n inv5tion4 ,notably 9 ,italy x is n uncommon to f9d a ,greek or ,lat9 inscription1 trac$ c5turies ago1 ) no app>5t purpose ?an t ( puzzl+ po/]ity1 or putt+ hi/orians (f ! sc5t4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a /ill m rem>kable =m ( fak+1 z ! au?or n only d]ives no pr(it :atev] f 8 tr\ble1 b is n at all likely to be pres5t to enjoy ! result ( 8 dup]y4 ,ev5 among ^! my/]i\s help]s ( ! trade 9 curios--^? :o "w = _! liv+--!y are r>ely depriv$ ( t faceti\s _s t gives !m a reli% = "s brilliant case ( deception4 ,_! joy is n :olly p]meat$ by v5al consid]ations4 ,!re is no "q b t "s fak]s g to "w l true sportsm54 ,he>+ !m boa/1 or describe "s ( _! successful com$ies 9 :i* !y h be5 au?or1 actor & manag] all 9 "o1 x is n difficult to d$uce t ! only g5u9e ?+ to spur _! imag9ation & activity is ! desire to *eat any & ev]ybody will+ to be conv9c$ by !m or _! "w4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( "s ( ^! com$ies1 :i* (t5 necessitate ! help ( ! fak]'s bosom fri5d1 ! deal] or g-betwe51 are pluck & an uncommon k ( ! psy*ology ( collectors4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance psy*ology w\ld appe> to h actually made ! impossible become possible4 ,! /ory ( ! =g$ ,rameses is /ill float+ z a tradition 9 ! gossipy _w ( antiquities 9 ,p>is4 ,9 8 "w1 ,le ,truquage1 ,paul ,eudel relates ! anecdote 9 all its amus+ detail4 ,a ,p>isian collector 01 x seems1 ! happy own] ( ! mo/ complete collection ( ,egyptian f9e art objects4 ,n a specim5 0 miss+ app>5tly4 ,b1 z ,eudel obs]ves1 8,is a collector ev] ready to call 8 collection complete80 ,a collection is l a lit]>y "w :i* nev] seems to g beyond ! 8preface10 & !re is no limit to x4 ,! collector 9 "q _h1 h[ev]1 set 8 limit1 decid+ t 8 collection might be consid]$ complete z soon z he _h secur$ "o ( ^? s]5e-look+1 colossal ,egyptian /atues ) :i* to ornam5t & complete ! c\rty>d ( ! mansion h\s+ 8 collection4 ,to be ri*1 to h a fix$ desire & to blaz5 =? "o's p>ticul> hobby is a dang]\s comb9ation ( +r$i5ts 9 ! _w ( curio-deal+1 especially ) ! ev]-ready & active fak] close to h&4 ,to gratify ?is collector's hobby an in=mant turn$ up "o day to report t ne> ,!bes a spl5did /atue ( h]oic proportions _h be5 discov]$4 ,x 0 said to be ! effigy ( a ,rameses 9 all its impassive beauty4 ,hav+ k ( ! collector's p5*ant ! in=mant's ag5t 9 ,egypt _h kept back ! secret ( ! discov]y4 ,9 ?is way ! collector 0 giv5 ! fir/ refusal1 ! /atue 0 all ready to be %ipp$1 ! :ole at ! reasonable price ( a hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,z usual ! proposal 0 accompani$ ) conv9c+ docum5ts1 /amp$ lett]s1 descriptive memor&a & s =?4 ,)9 view ( a long-desir$ ornam5t1 ! collector 0 easily induc$ to take "p 9 ! transaction to be c>ri$ on ) ! usual secrecy1 ^u ! condition t ! /atue %\ld be tak5 /raight to 8 h\se on its arrival1 & 9 su* a way z to preclude all k on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,anyone unacqua9t$ ) ! psy*ology ( collectors--some?+ t nev] happ5s to fak]s--might be incl9$ to imag9e t ! s*em] w\ld try to ha/5 ! conclusion ( ! bus9ess s elaborately plann$1 = fe> ! buy] might *ange 8 m9d or h 8 eyes op5$ 9 "s way4 ,b our man knew t ! collector w\ld speak to no "o1 le/ he might lose ! r>e *ance (f]$ him1 & also t ! long] ! delay1 ! m ob/acles met ) or surm\nt$1 ! ke5] w\ld he become to possess ! exceptional 8f9d40 ,f9ally1 :5 ! arrival ( ! /atue 0 ann\nc$ & x rea*$ ! ,p>is railway /ation 9 due "t1 ! collector1 suspici\s & afraid l all true art lov]s1 insi/$ t x %\ld be convey$ to 8 h\se by night4 ,aft] s mu* picturesque my/]y ! dn\em5t came1 z usual1 too late & 9 ! mo/ banal mann]4 ,! fraud 0 expos$ on ! v day ( ! exhibition1 & ! enrag$ collector />t$ an en]getic se>* = ! culprits1 b ! birds _h fl[n--he only f\nd ! empty cage1 namely ! ateli] 9 a neighb\r+ /reet :]e 8 ,rameses _h be5 giv5 bir?4 ,! debris ( ! w\ld-be ,ori5tal granite /ill /rew$ ! floor4 8,sic transit----0 ,! fak] & ! =g] are n prone to rep5tance4 ,vra9-,lucas1 :o _h made himself notori\s by *eat+ ,m4 ,*asles1 _h h>dly rega9$ 8 lib]ty aft] s]v+ 8 t]m be=e he 0 aga9 call$ to answ] = ano!r fraud4 ,= a poor prov9cial prie/ he _h falsifi$ a :ole g5ealogical tree4 ,paul ,eudel relates ( "o ,ori5tal fak] :o prov$ himself z imp5it5t z res\rceful4 ,clev] & gift$ ) ! peculi> %rewdness ( ! ,ori5tal1 he made 8 fir/ c\p by sell+ to ! ,g]man ,emp]or "s ,moabite pott]y :i* _h c]ta9ly nev] be5 on ! %ores ( ! ,jordan nor on ! coa/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,?is clev] piece ( trick]y 0 rec5tly discov]$ by ! em95t ,ori5tali/ ,m4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau4 ,back 9 ,j]usalem & sil5t = a "t1 he next appe>$ 9 ,europe (f]+ ! savants a mo/ a/oni%+ relic4 ,q unaba%$ by ! exposure ( ! ,moabite pott]y1 he w5t /raight to ,b]l9 to (f] "s old passages ( ! ,bible ( mo/ au!ntic "*4 ,!y 7 writt5 on n>r[ /rips ( lea!r suppos$ to h be5 f\nd on a mummy4 ,s*ol>s exam9$ ! preci\s relics ) c>e & sil5tly conclud$ to decl9e to ent] into ! b>ga94 ,! preci\s docum5t1 ?\gh evid5tly =g$1 _h be5 falsifi$ on a piece ( v old lea!r1 ! only "p unque/ionably ag$4 ,! surpris+ "p 0 t ! culprit 0 n at all disc\rag$ by ! fir/ collapse ( 8 s*eme b w5t to ,london1 :]e he (f]$ 8 ,biblical f9d to ! ,briti% ,museum = ! trifl+ sum ( a million p\nds /]l+4 ,! plan v ne>ly succe$$4 ,daily pap]s became excit$ ov] ! discov]y ( ! r>e ,moabite manuscript1 a docum5t dat+ f at lea/ ! eigh? or n9? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,g9sburg1 :o set himself to ! task ( deciph]+ ! obscure & indi/9ct *>act]s ( ! worn-out lea!r /rips1 recogniz$ 9 !m a fragm5t ( ! fif? book ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,:5 ,m4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau came to exam9e ! docum5t he decl>$ x = _m reasons to be a d>+ =g]y4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ! /rips c\ld n h enwrapp$ a mummy1 z nei!r ,hebrews nor ,phnicians _h ! cu/om ( embalm+ _! dead1 ! lea!r said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,pale/9e c\ld h>dly h )/ood = s long ! action ( a damp climate4 ,su* pres]vation w\ld only be possible 9 ! dry climate ( ! des]t or "s "o ( ! fav\r$ p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 discov]$ at ! same "t t ! /rips ( ! fam\s manuscript _h be5 cut f a piece ( lea!r "s two c5turies old--! eras$ orig9al *>act]s /ill be+ traceable--^u :i* ! ,biblical fragm5ts _h be5 copi$ 9 ! ,moabite alphabet4 ,! arti/ ) a va/] range & wid] scope = dup+ is1 )\t d\bt1 ! "o work+ on arti/ic frauds1 z ! proportion /&s at "o collector ( manuscripts to a ?\s& art collectors4 ,x is immat]ial to him :e!r he meets speciali/s or eclectics 9 ?is l>ge field--!y are all good game4 ,! facility ) :i* he is ?us able to dispose ( 8 w>es makes him /ill m refractory to re=m4 ,sil5t1 (t5 obscure1 always my/]i\s1 he claims = 8 activity :at mu/ appe> to him a noble ju/ification3 he p>adoxically believes himself to be a real factor ( 8 cli5t's happ9ess4 ,b = him "s ( ! collectors w\ld f9d x trem5d\sly difficult to possess ma/]pieces1 & if !y die happy )\t realiz+ t !y h be5 fool$1 :]e is ! diff]5ce8 ,aft] all1 9 ?is fool's p>adise !y are happy & undi/urb$--s v few realize ei!r t !y h be5 totally dup$ by a fake or p>tially *eat$ by ov]-re/oration4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n collectors too (t5 resemble t type ( art lov]3 444 ,qui croit t5ir les pommes d',hesp]ides ,et presse t5drem5t un navet sur son coeur4#b #b 44 3 ,:o ?9ks he holds ! apples ( ! ,hesp]ides ,:il/ press+ t5d]ly a turnip to 8 he>t4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,fak$ ,,atmosph]e ,,& ,,public ,,sales ,! art ( produc+ a fak$ atmosph]e--,private sales ( fak$ objects ( art--,real & spuri\s noblem5 z elem5ts 9 creat+ ! desir$ atmosph]e = an antique--,! v>i\s & endless possibilities 9 private deal+--,public sales-- ,auction sales--,v>i\s *>act]s among frequ5t]s ( public sales--,la ,b&e ,noire--,! trick ( ! sale catalogue z a pro( ( au!nticity1 etc4--,! "p play$ 9 public sales by ,pet] ,funk & ! trans=mations ( ?is helpful p]sonage4 ,9 mo/ cases ! art =g] is provid$ ) an indisp5sable accessory 9 ! p]son ( a co-work] :o helps to dispose ( ! arti/'s que/ionable product advantage\sly4 ,?is may be done by "o ag5t or by _m1 accord+ to circum/ances1 b ! _s ( ! mission is always ! same1 to /eep fak+1 namely1 9 ano!r k9d ( fak]y1 no less illusive & delusive1 ! deception t s]ves to misguide judgm5t ?r\gh false in=mation ab\t "s p>ticul> object ( art1 or to create a mislead+ sugge/ion ar\nd ! "w ( art (f]$ = sale4 ,! trick might be t]m$ 8produc+ a fak$ atmosph]e10 9 pla9 words ! creation ( a false atmosph]e ( g5u95ess is an additional fak]y to ! success ( a fak$ object ( art or curio1 & x is a mo/ multi=m species ( impo/ure & a v dang]\s adjunct to ! already deceptive trade4 ,s multif>i\s is ! deception practis$ t an attempt to classify x 9 its div]sity w\ld probably fail to illu/rate 9 full ! metamorphoses ( ?is supplem5t to ! art ( fak+4 ,z ?is support to fak+ is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! sale ( objects ( art1 our inve/igation c be broadly divid$ accord+ to ! k9d ( sale1 private or public1 ! latt] g5]ally tak+ ! =m ( an auction4 ,9 private sales ! limit is n s mu* set by ! sell]'s consci5ce z 8 inv5tive p[]s1 & 8 m or less f]tile imag9ation4 ,8 me?od relies ma9ly on ! p[] ( sugge/ion br\ght ab\t by false in=mation or1 z we h said1 by ! sil5t mislead+ glam\r ( a pseudo-environm5t4 ,! =m] works pr9cipally ) ! decoy ( inv5t$ docum5ts calculat$ to l5d c]ta9 objects an appe>ance ( hi/orical wor?1 or wrongly to magnify _! arti/ic importance4 ,x is n always ! docum5ts t are fitt$ to ! fak$ art1 sometimes ! case is rev]s$ & ! arti/ creates "w to fit a g5u9e docum5t4 ,! same is done ) signatures1 m especially 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,!re are all k9ds ( speciali/s 9 ! _w ( fak+ :o c imitate arti/s' signatures1 m>ks & s =?1 b1 alas1 x is n said t to a g5u9e signature our v]satile & imag9ative arti/ _c supply a g5ial piece ( fraud ! only g5u9e "p ( :i* is repres5t$ by ! signature4 ,?is is (t5 p]=m$ by pa9t+ ov] works t h be5 defac$1 ei!r p>tially or completely1 & yet by "s *ance /ill be> ! arti/'s signature 9 "o corn]--g5]ally ! lea/ abus$ spot ( a pa9t+ :e!r on canvas or panel4 ,! same trick is c>ri$ out ) equal facility 9 sculpture4 ,to illu/rate :at at fir/ sight w\ld seem m complex ?an fitt+ a pa9t+ to a signature1 x is suffici5t to recall ! false ,clodion gr\p1 sold 9 p]fectly good fai? by ,m4 ,maillet du ,b\llay to ,mme4 ,boiss1 also a deal]1 ^: exp]i5ce1 l t ( _m o!rs1 _h a noisy sequel 9 ,c\rt4 ,m4 ,maillet du ,b\llay _h b\ght ! clay gr\p "s ye>s previ\sly4 ,! subject1 a satyr ) a nymph1 0 ( ! k9d t ! ,fr5* call un peu le/e4 ,= five ye>s ,mme4 ,boiss f\nd no buy]4 ,x 0 aft] ?is long p]iod ( actual possession t %e discov]$ ! clay /atuette to be n by ,clodion b 9 all probability ! "w ( a not$ fak] ( ,clodions1 ,lebroc1 & t a small bit be>+ ! signature & date1 bo? by ! h& ( ,clodion1 _h be5 clev]ly ins]t$ at ! side ( ! gr\p4 ,! l9e ( ! jo9 _h be5 conceal$ by col\r & pat9a4 ,! pur*ase money1 h[ev]1 0 n refund$ z ! ,c\rt accept$ ! !ory advanc$ by ,m4 ,s5>d1 act+ = ,m4 ,b\llay1 t ,mme4 ,boiss _h aft] all enjoy$ ! possession ( ! gr\p = five ye>s & _h p]haps put =w>d h] claim because %e _h n be5 able to sell x on acc\nt ( its objectionable "*4 ,9 ! cases :5 ! docum5ts are ! orig9al ones & ! "w ( art is n1 ! arti/ naturally creates 8 "w 9 accordance ) ! indications giv5 9 ! docum5ts4 ,! occurr5ce is n common1 b x has nev]!less tak5 place4 ,we h he>d ( a man ord]+ a portrait to be pa9t$ to fit a detail$ description ( "o ( 8 ance/ors giv5 9 an old lett]4 ,! ,flor5t9e 8,priori/i0 & old di>ies c well be us$ = ! purposes ( su* sugge/ion4 ,an old family *ronicle record$ a m>riage ) "s detail1 suffici5t at any rate to inspire an art c\nt]feit] to model a small bas-relief repres5t+ ! sc5e4 ,:5 ! "w 0 suitably coat$ ) old pat9a1 put into a sixte5?-c5tury frame & an old worm-eat5 bo>d fa/5$ to ! back1 ! au!ntic docum5t 0 c>efully pa/$ on z pro( ( g5u95ess4 ,possible comb9ations ( ?is sort ( s*eme are endless & c be appli$ to almo/ e expression ( curio-deal+4 ,:at we h /yl$ 8fak+ ! milieu10 9 ord] to enhance ! value ( a g5u9e article or to give additional effect to a falsifi$ "o1 trades ^u ! fact t a collector pref]s to buy f a private h\se r ?an a %op4 ,?is (t5 appeals to him z conv9c+ pro( t ! article is g5u9e1 & x also appe>s to conf] a high] value by comp>ison ) ! surr\nd+s 9 a %op4 ,to hum\r ?is peculi> trait 9 ! collector1 environm5ts h be5 fak$ z well z objects ( art1 & 9 ! evil gr& art we are illu/rat+ !y furni% to-day m (t5 ?an n ! prop] dignity :i* aids highly pr(itable sales effect$ ?r\gh private transaction4 ,:5 a "w leaves ! fak]'s h&s !re are _m ways 9 :i* to give bir? to ! false & illusive dignity design$ to l5d importance & an air ( g5u95ess4 ,"o ( ! simple/ me?ods is to provide ! "w ) a respectable passport 9 ! p]son ( a patrician1 real or fak$1 accord+ to opportunities4 ,?is decoy is prep>$1 ( c\rse1 to swe> t ! object has be5 9 8 family = c5turies4 ,:5 ! mansion is really old & ! family ( anci5t l9eage1 success is practically assur$4 ,h[ a man ( noble bir? c l5d 8 "n to su* deception c only be expla9$ by a =m ( deg5]acy :i*1 un=tunately1 is n extremely r>e 9 our times4 ,x is kn[n to be practis$ ) bo? g5u9e works & ) =g]ies4 ,9 ! =m] case x helps ! comm& ( an extravagant price1 t w\ld nev] be rea*$ 9 a %op or ?r\gh ! h&s ( a deal]2 9 ! latt]1 work+ ?r\gh sugge/ion1 x s]ves to dispel any l+]+ d\bt f ! buy]'s m9d4 ,:5 x appe>s difficult to br+ (f ! deal1 9 ! case ( =g]y1 ! object is tak5 to ! c\ntry by pref]5ce & plac$ 9 "s old villa or mansion ) ! connivance ( a g5u9e nobleman1 :o w receive a secret visit f ! pur*as]--all acts 9 ! antiqu>ian _w1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 sav\r ( my/]y & secrecy--& play ! dignifi$ "p ( a memb] ( a "t-hon\r$ family :o collect$ works ( art 9 ye>s pa/4 ,a %am nobleman may also give himself out z ,c\nt ,s-&-s & safely act ! "p = a day or ev5 a few h\rs4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is c\rse ( work+ by sugge/ion is v dang]\s to ! pur*as]2 by its sil5t & conv9c+ me?od art antiqu>ies ( skill & vet]an connoisseurs h be5 deceiv$4 ,ano!r application ( ?is deceptive s*eme1 t relies on a fav\rable environm5t to help fraud1 is ! s5d+ ( c\nt]feit objects to remote c\ntry places suppos$ to be unexplor$4 ,?is also is bas$ ^u a psy*ological peculi>ity ( "s collectors1 :o /ill hope & believe t !re are yet unse>*$ regions 9 ! _w ( antiques1 oases t h escap$ ! ev]-vigilant eye ( ! trad]4 ,z a matt] ( fact if any?+ l neglect$ corn]s exi/ :]e "o may hope = a 8f9d10 !y are 9 l>ge cities1 su* z ,p>is or ,london1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 :]e ev5 ,italian antiqu>ies g at times to hunt = :at x w\ld be hopeless to seek 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,be x und]/ood1 ! above two ways ( dispos+ 9 private ( pret5d$ g5u9e antiquities are likely to be comb9$4 ,! nobleman :o *>itably h\ses ! ma/]piece t ! amateur is aft]1 completes ! /age-l effect ( ! hat*$ environm5t1 ) %am docum5ts1 etc4 ,among public sales x is1 z we h said1 ! auction sale t (f]s ! greate/ possibilities to ^? :o falsify an 8atmosph]e0 to put ! cli5t on ! wrong track s pr(itable to ! fak]4 ,z may readily be se51 a false environm5t & any tamp]+ ) ! elem5ts t g to ! =mation ( a "r op9ion z reg>ds an objet d'art1 inv>iably lead n only to ! acquisition ( ! wrong ?+ b to ! paym5t ( an exorbitant price = its wor?lessness4 ,mu* t is amus+ & t w\ld br+ home ?is po9t c\ld be writt5 on public sales4 ,en\gh to fill a bulky volume c\ld be cull$ f :at has tak5 place at ! atrium auction>ium to ! mod]n ,hotel ,dr\ot or ! hi/orical sale-room /ill extant & busy 9 ,london4 ,cic]o tells u t "o ( ! fir/ auctions to be held 9 ,rome 0 ! sale ( prop]ty t ,sulla _h seiz$ f proscrib$ ,romans4 ,he also tells u ) 8 usual rhetorical emphasis t all ,pompey's prop]ty 0 put up to auction & dispos$ ( to ! highe/ bidd] by 8! prco's lac]at+ voice40 ,?is great sale includ$ a l>ge portion ( ,mi?radates' treasure1 ! catalogue ( :i* co/ ?irty days' "w to ! ,roman (ficials :o took ! objects 9 *>ge4 8,at ?is sale10 adds ,cic]o ) r$\bl$ emphasis1 8,rome =got h] /ate ( slav]y & freely broke into te>s40 ,x may be1 b ,m>k ,antony1 to be sure1 took advantage ( ?is suppos$ public emotion & _h all ! valuable lots knock$ d[n to himself at ridicul\sly l[ figures4 ,"s ( !m1 x is said1 7 nev] paid = at all by ?is audaci\s triumvir4 ,ano!r fam\s auction sale 9 ,rome 0 t ( ,juba1 k+ ( ,numidia1 :o left 8 treasure to ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius4 ,caligula 0 8 own auctione]1 & 9 ?is way dispos$ ( furniture 9 8 imp]ial palace t he consid]$ out ( fa%ion4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by ,m>cus ,aurelius :o sold 9 ! public squ>e d$icat$ to ,trajan ! jewels & o!r preci\s objects =m+ "p ( ,hadrian's private effects4 ,9 ord] to pay 8 troops1 ,p]t9ax put up to public auction all ,commodus' prop]ty1 a mo/ confus$ m$ley ( imp]ial effects1 an omnium ga!rum rang+ f ! deceas$ emp]or's gorge\s robes to ! gladitorial array he us$ 9 ! circus1 & f 8 c\rt je/] to 8 slaves4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! sale 0 ,commodus' orig9al & int]e/+ collection ( coa*es1 an odd assemblage t %\ld h be5 capable ( /irr+ ev5 ,julius ,cs>'s blas m9d1 :o1 x is said us$ to att5d sales 9 que/ ( emotion4 ,!y af=d$ him a c]ta9 /imulation1 = ,suetonius speaks ( him z r a ra% & unwise bidd]4 ,caligula's coa*es 7 ( all k9ds & %apes1 !re 7 "s = summ] ) complex contrivances to %elt] f ! sun & cool ! air by means ( v5tilators1 & "s = w9t] devis$ 9 su* a way z to give protection f cold w9ds4 ,o!rs 7 fitt$ ) a device t w\ld n[ be call$ a spe$omet]1 a contrivance = measur+ ! di/ance cov]$ by ! vehicle4 ,! mania = sales w5t s f> ) ! ,romans t at ! dea? ( ,p]t9ax1 ! empire itself 0 put up to auction & knock$ d[n to ! highe/ bidd]1 ,didius ,julianus4 ,al?\gh n s complex z ! mod]n h\ses ( public sale1 ! ,roman atrium auction>ium 0 n simplicity itself4 ,! orig9al auction sales ( ! ,romans consi/$ ( ! disposal ( w> spoils to ! highe/ bidd]1 9 ! op5 air on ! battlefield or 9 a squ>e ( "s conqu]$ city4 ,9 ord] to indicate ! spot :]e ! sale 0 to take place a lance 0 driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,! "n ( sub ha/a 0 !re=e giv5 to ^! rudim5t>y auction sales1 :i* is ! etymology ( ! ,italian ^w a/a1 /ill us$ = auctions4 ,! tabul auction>i1 giv+ daily notice ( ! numb] & description ( objects (f]$ = sale1 7 9 "s way ! =]unn]s ( ! mod]n catalogue1 j z ! prco mu/ be consid]$ z ! ance/or ( ! auctione] or1 maybe1 ! crieur4 ,!re 7 also amanu5ses :o wrote d[n prices & pur*as]'s "n z ea* lot 0 sold4 ,m>tial tells ( a curi\s incid5t at an auction 9 :i* a girl slave 0 (f]$ = sale4 ,:5 ! bidd+ fail$ to elicit a high] (f]1 ,gellianus1 ! celebrat$ auctione]1 end$ 8 eulogy ( ! beauty ( ! human m]*&ize by giv+ ! "y slave a c\ple ( kisses4 8,:at happ5$80 says ,m>tial 9 conclusion4 8,a buy] :o _h j made a bid ( #fjj se/]ces on ! girl1 imm$iately )drew 8 (f]40 ,times are *ang$4 ,x is no long] a "q ( sell+ slaves 9 our mod]n atrium auction>ium1 b ! auction room itself has nev]!less rema9$ ab\t ! same1 a great place ( int]e/1 an assemblage ( types su* z old ,tongilius1 ,lic9ius & ,paullus :o1 reviv$ & mod]niz$1 ga!r 9 our sale-rooms1 elb[+ ! cr[ds ( bidd]s1 among :om are %rewd1 clev] buy]s1 true1 impassion$ collectors1 cool & self-possess$ cu/om]s4 ,! auction room is no less freaki% ?an 9 old5 times4 ,!re may be1 9 fact1 reason 9 ! refusal to bid = "y slaves t ! buy] consid]s defil$ by ! kisses ( ! auctione]1 ev5 if he 7 a ,gellianus1 ! man la mode2 b we c f9d none1 = in/ance1 9 :at happ5$ "s ye>s ago at ! celebrat$ ,ca/ellani sale 9 ,rome4 ,on acc\nt ( ,ca/ellani's high reputation among collectors & ! f9e ?+s (f]$1 ?is sale ga!r$ to ,rome a cosmopolitan cr[d ( connoisseurs4 ,:ile a f9e ,cafaggiolo vase 0 "u ! hamm]1 ! employ :o 0 exhibit+ x to ! public dropp$ x & x broke to pieces4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! accid5t ! object _h j be5 sold to ! la/ bidd]1 :o naturally en\gh1 imm$iately decl>$ 8 (f] cancell$1 z he _h made a bid on a s\nd vase & n a heap ( debris4 ,! auctione] !n propos$ to put ! fragm5ts ( ! vase up to auction & a fre% />t 0 made4 ,/range to say ! second bidd+ rea*$ a high] figure ?an ! vase _h fet*$ :5 (f]$ to ! public intact & 9 all its faultless beauty4 ,b = ! consid]ation t ! second sale may h tempt$ "s :o regrett$ t !y _h let slip ! *ance to bid on ! f9e ,cafaggiolo1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to d$uce t 9 ! _w ( curios an object acquires m wor? ! m x is damag$4 ,x is true t :ile a brok5 *9a vase is practically wor?less1 a piece ( fai5ce does n lose value by be+ brok5 & put toge!r aga91 if x does n actually rise 9 value1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ca/ellani ,cafaggiolo4 ,?\gh to an outsid]1 ! auction room may d\btlessly appe> v simple 9 me*anism1 x is r a complex affair2 its atmosph]e has eng5d]$ any am\nt ( side speculation4 ,?is is ! m m>k$ 9 su* sale-rooms z h1 by reason ( ! importance ( ! sales held 9 !m1 9 a way f]tiliz$1 z x 71 e k9d ( speculation4 ,ro*e=t1 ^: passion = bric--brac took him to ! ,hotel ,dr\ot almo/ daily1 has a good deal to say on ?is subject4 ,9 8 amus+ book on auction sales 9 ! celebrat$ ,p>isian sale-room--a book1 by ! way1 :i* is n[ almo/ out ( pr9t--! witty ,fr5*man deals at l5g? ) ! odd *>act]s & sil5t speculations t h1 all unnotic$ & unmole/$1 graft$ !mselves ^u ! popul> in/itution ( ! ,rue ,dr\ot & o!r auction sale rooms4 ,z = ! types ( frequ5t]s1 !y are ( all k9ds & ! mo/ nondescript "*4 ,fir/ comes ! collector 9 all 8 mo/ int]e/+ & amus+ p]sonifications4 ,ro*e=t divides ! amateurs hang+ ab\t auction rooms into ?ree di/9ct classes1 :i* he subdivides into g5res & s\s-g5res1 to use ! writ]'s own t]ms4 ,accord+ to ,ro*e=t's classification1 ! fir/ class consi/s1 broadly speak+1 ( p]sons :o pay m = an object ?an x is wor?2 ! second is compos$ ( collectors :o g5]ally buy a ?+ = :at x is wor?2 ! ?ird & la/ comprises ^? :o pay less = a ?+ ?an x is wor?4 ,ro*e=t aptly obs]ves t ! ?ree divisions resemble ! classes ( a s*ool1 ! /ud5ts pass+ f ! l[e/ to ea* ( ! m advanc$ classes4 ,! collectors ( ! fir/ gr\p1 all fre%m5 )\t exception1 are sep>at$ by ,ro*e=t into s9c]e art lov]s & m]e poseurs4 ,speak+ ( ! s9c]ity ( collectors & premis+ t s9c]ity does n always imply an intellig5t k ( art1 ,ro*e=t wittily rem>ks3 8,!re are p :o ) ! greate/ self-confid5ce buy a daub = a ,titian40 8,suffice x to say10 adds ! writ]1 8t at ! sale ( ,m4 ,patureau's collection1 a ,virg9 ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 possibly a ,eckh\t or ,govrt ,fl9ck1 0 sold = a ,murillo at ! price ( #de1ejj francs40 ,9 ?is fooli% acquisition ins9c]ity is out ( ! "q1 poseurs1 snobs & ! l r>ely c>ry _! foppi%ly g>b$ ins9c]ity to ! l5g? ( pay+ su* high prices = m]e p>ade4 ,9 ref]5ce to real connoisseurs1 to quote ,ro*e=t aga91 :o 0 c]ta9ly mo/ well in=m$ on ! subject1 he says t !y are s r>e t x is sc>cely wor? :ile to speak ( !m4 ,! mo/ g5u9e liv+ expon5t ( ! species is already a fake among fak+3 becom+1 namely1 ! own] ( exp5sive curios n = art's sake b *iefly 9 ord] to be able to ask 8 fri5ds3 8,by ! way1 h y se5 my collection80 or 8! la/ ma/]piece ,i h b\ght10 etc4 ,! poseur1 h[ev]1 9 8 flippant & manifold attitudes1 may be c]ta9 t s*emes ( deception are multi=m & always a mat* = any inc>nation ( ?is type4 ,he is ! prey1 & !re are all k9ds ( sn>es wait+ = him1 j z !re are _m ways ( cat*+ birds4 ,a collector :o does n belong to ! g5]al class ( collectors is ! private deal]1 :o all too (t5 jo9s =ces ) ! 8black b&0 ( ! sale-rooms4 ,among ! buy]s at ! ,hotel ,dr\ot1 !re are to be f\nd1 says ,ro*e=t1 all mann] ( orig9als4 ,take = in/ance ! maquilleur1 :o is a regul> gods5d to re/or]s ( pa9t+s4 ,! maquilleur is a pur*as] ( pa9t+s :o c nev] br+ himself to leave a canvas 9 ! /ate he b\ght x4 ,if x is ! portrait ( an old woman1 he is sure to take ! "w to a re/or] to see if ! wr9kles c possibly be smoo!d out1 if x is a l&scape he inv>iably has *anges to sugge/4 ,:5 ! canvas has be5 duly maquill he (t5 takes x back to ! auction room to try 8 *ances ) "s novice4 ,by ! side ( ?is "* is ! 8clean]10 ! man :o insi/s ^u clean+ e pa9t+ t falls into 8 h&s4 ,on com+ into 8 possession ! "w may be z bright & fre% z ! v>ni% ( a newly pa9t$ motor-c>1 x makes no diff]5ce1 he w clean x all ! same4 8,clean+ spells dea? to pictures1 j z sp9a* spells dea? to butt]10 wisely says ! ,fr5* writ] 9 conclusion1 lay+ d[n a humor\s aphorism imply+ t to clean pa9t+s practically means to ru9 !m4 ,! v anti!sis ( ! clean] is ! defil] ( pictures4 ,diametrically oppos$ to ! =m]1 :o wor%ips soap1 dye & o!r cleans+ mat]ials1 he no soon] becomes ! own] ( a pa9t+ ?an he proce$s1 z he says1 to conf] ! prop] age ^u ! "w1 by a coat ( dirt1 ! w\ld-be pat9a ( age1 :i* he ennobles & hon\rs ) v>i\s names3 h>moniz+1 ton+1 etc4 ,curi\s z x may s\nd1 f among all ! que] legion ( auction room que/ionables1 ?is memb] is less dang]\s to art ?an _m o!rs1 especially 8 p5dant1 ! clean]4 ,?is is readily und]/ood :5 "o consid]s t a skill$ h& may remove any artificial pat9a1 :i* is frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! pigm5t ( ! pa9t+ by a h>d lay] ( old v>ni%1 )\t any s]i\s damage to ! "w ( art1 :ile ! clean+ ( an old pa9t+ proves m or less ru9\s to its arti/ic qualities4 ,9 fact1 ! use ( /rong *emical means ei!r to remove ag$ dirt or c5t5nial v>ni% br+s away "s ( ! col\r z well4 ,! damage done by clean+ ) spirits1 or o!r /rong me?ods1 is exce$+ly great to "s ( ! ,dut* pa9t+s1 f9i%$ to a great ext5t by veil+ ) delicate lay]s ( transp>5t pigm5t dilut$ 9 v>ni%4 ,v5etian works1 ! col\rs ( :i* d n always )/& ! dissolv5t prop]ties ( reag5ts1 suff] irrep>ably f clean+4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ,les ,petits ,my/res de l',htel des ,v5tes x is by no means impossible t ! manipulations ( ^! two art fi5ds may br+ x ab\t t a "w be b\ght & clean$ by ! clean]1 !n put on sale aga9 & b\ght by a defil]1 to reappe> at ! auction room cov]$ ) fre% b soil$ & old-look+ pat9a4 ,^! two *>act]s1 l ! maquilleur1 are *iefly hobbyi/s & r>ely associate4 ,!re are o!r oddities1 su* z re/or]s1 provid]s ( docum5ts1 simple intrigu]s & unscrupul\s bus9ess m5 :o club toge!r4 ,"o ( _! common s*emes is to create pseudo-collections1 suppos$ to h belong$ to "s not$ p]son4 ,su* collections are (t5 compos$ only a few days be=e ! auction sale & labell$ z ! prop]ty ( ,conte ,x4 or ,b>on ,d41 or /yl$ anonym\sly1 z hav+ belong$ to a 8well-kn[n collector10 or m (t5 uncompromis+ initials designate ! pseudo-own] ( ! works ( art put up to auction4 ,! pr(its to be ga9$ by comm5d+ "o's own goods & runn+ d[n ^? 9 competition ) !m is acc\ntable = o!r /range pr(essions t fl\ri% 9 ! /uffy atmosph]e ( auction rooms4 ,! competition betwe5 g5u9e collections belong+ to g5u9e collectors & ^! fak$ ones impels ! s*em] to extol ! importance ( ! latt]1 :i* has d\bl$ & discipl9$ ! activities ( _m /range help]s & que] pr(essions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important p]sonages ( ?is unnumb]$ company ( frauds is ! ere9teur4 ,he is1 z ! ,fr5* ^w indicates1 a man ^: "p 9 ! bus9ess is to hang ab\t auction rooms1 & run d[n works f :i* he has no?+ to ga91 or1 imp]sonat+ ! "* ( a dis9t]e/$ outsid]1 to praise works ! sale ( :i* w br+ him pr(it1 :e!r directly or indirectly4 ,?is defam] or prais] ( works ( art accord+ to ord]s1 puts himself 9 ! way ( possible cli5ts1 makes _! acqua9tance1 & clev]ly manages to influ5ce _! op9ion z ?\gh incid5tally4 ,he may pass himself (f z a simple art lov]1 a deal]1 or any o!r suitable "*4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! ere9teur is n always s v5al z to sell 8 praises or defamation1 he is n always :at might be call$ pr(essional4 ,!re exi/ a numb] ( p :o sl&] m]ely = its own sake1 urg$ ei!r by jeal\sy1 evil disposition or a t5d5cy to gossip4 ,at important auction sales ?is ov]-c\rte\s p]sonage is f> m dang]\s ?an ! man :o does 8 "w sy/ematically & z a pr(ession1 likely to be spott$ by ! public4 ,"o ( ^! art sl&]]s came v ne> inflict+ a deadly bl[ to ! successful sale ( a ,donatello bronze put up to auction 9 ,london at a well-kn[n art sale-room4 ,on ! day ! objects 7 on view1 ! "w--:i* by ! way belong$ to an ,italian antiqu>y :o enjoys ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! be/ ( connoisseurs--0 mu* admir$ by ,engli% art lov]s & possible buy]s4 ,a ,fr5* art writ] & connoisseur pos$ be=e ! bronze & rem>k$ t x 0 a clev] fake1 possibly an imitation ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! comm5t pass$ f m\? to m\?1 & z ! ,fr5* critic 0 kn[n to und]/& ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ^? pres5t express$ d\bts z to its au!nticity4 ,to c\nt]act ?is unexpect$ *eck ! antiqu>y hurri$ly ?rew himself into a cab & visit$ ! mo/ s]i\s frequ5t]s ( ! auction room dur+ ! few h\rs prec$+ ! sale & ?us _h "t to conv9ce !m4 ,a new atmosph]e soon prevail$ & ! ,donatello rea*$ ! record price ( #fjjj4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ t ! ,fr5* critic _h _h a qu>rel ) ! ,italian antiqu>y1 h5ce ! spiteful comm5t4 ,"s ( ^! misrepres5t]s are n cont5t ) go+ ab\t ! sale-room 9 se>* ( opportunities to injure by runn+ d[n a "w or prais+ rubbi% to ! disadvantage ( good ?+s4 ,!y pass judgm5t1 fav\rable or ! rev]se1 at ! v mom5t a c]ta9 object is (f]$ = sale1 an act :i*1 /rictly speak+1 is aga9/ ! law--b ! hidd5 practices ( auction room intrigu]s are m or less baffl+ to protective laws1 l all ! wor?y memb]s ( ! 8black b&10 ^: *ief purpose 9 att5d+ auction sales is to promote :at is call$ ! 8knock-out40 ,?is is a s*eme ( comb9$ =ces to hamp] ! natural c\rse ( bidd+ & to oblige ! unw>y to r5\nce competition or to pay an exagg]at$ price4 ,9 its simple/ & mo/ s*ematic =m ! knock-out works z foll[s4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( deal]s1 g-betwe5s or o!r promiscu\s plott]s1 b& toge!r 9 a secret society = ! purpose ( disc\rag+ buy]s n belong+ to _! set4 ,?\gh secret because ( ! law1 ! society is 9 fact notori\s among _m ( ! regul> frequ5t]s ( auction rooms z be+ bo? imp]i\s & obnoxi\s4 ,?is is n only c>ri$ on 9 ,p>is b 9 o!r cities too1 :]e auction sale p>asites manage to evade regulations & escape ! vigilant eye ( ! law4 ,by ?is sy/em ! way is op5$ to any memb] ( ! society to 8cure0 an outsid] ( ambition or hope to buy advantage\sly at a sale4 ,if ,x41 a new-com]1 (f]s = "s object its value1 or ev5 a trifle m1 he w nev]!less lose ! object or be =c$ to bid to a fooli% figure1 z "o ( ! conspirators w bid aga9/ him & if he happ5s to be ob/9ate he w pay de>ly1 b if by mis*ance ! object is left to 8 oppon5t aft] ! fev] ( bidd+ has inflat$ ! price1 ! society makes good ! loss su/a9$ by its memb]4 ,divid+ ! money losses among ! memb]s ( ! society1 consid]ably less5s ! loss ( ! bidd] :o has run ! price up to an extravagant figure1 9 ord] to 8puni%0 "s "o !y consid] an invad]4 ,! division ( 8damages0 is g5]ally effect$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! sale all ! objects b\ght by ! p>tn]s are put up to auction a second "t among ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,at ?is second sale ! goods are likely to be dispos$ ( at _! real comm]cial value4 ,if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! total returns ( ?is second sale are inf]ior to ^? ( ! auction room1 ! diff]5ce1 paid to keep 9 =ce ! rule ( 8puni%+10 is jo9tly borne by ! co-op]ators1 & ?us ! co/ ( ?is 8*a/isem5t0 game am\nts to a small tax t ea* p>tn] ( ! 8black b&0 v will+ly pays4 ,! 8black b&10 z x is call$ 9 ,p>is1 is s p[]ful t _m n belong+ to ! society (t5 cons5t to deal ) ! memb]s4 ,sometimes !y ask "o ( !m to buy on _! behalf4 ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be a trifl+ commission to pay1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage1 b 9 ! end x comes consid]ably *eap]4 ,su* transactions are naturally aga9/ ! disposition ( ! laws on auction sales1 & are inv>iably made )\t ! cons5t or k ( ! directors ( ! sale-room1 & x mu/ be und]/ood t if discov]$ !re may be repression & an unexpect$ & brusque recall to ! /rict obs]vance ( ! law4 ,h5ce ! fluctuat+ success ( su* societies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 not)/&+ ! trammels ( regulations1 appe> to prosp]4 ,"o way ( fak+ reputations1 z x might be call$1 by :i* an object is sold at a high] price ?an x w\ld rea* "u ord9>y conditions1 is to li/ x 9 ! catalogue ( a =?com+ sale ( "s not$ collection4 ,! 8fak$ reputation0 "h consi/s 9 ! fact t ! "n & reputation ( ! collector :o _h =m$ ! collection be/[s lu/re ^u ! object ins]t$ 9 ! sale4 ,?is illegal proce$+1 :i* well-kn[n & reputable sale-rooms w n c\nt5ance1 has occasion$ endless lawsuits ) ! usual unc]ta9 results1 z ! illegitimacy ( ! object is n always easy to prove4 ,ano!r me?od ( fak+ ! reputation ( a c]ta9 "w ( art is ! foll[+4 ,suppose a deal] possesses a v m$iocre picture ( little value & wi%es to h docum5t>y pro( t ! "w has co/ him a good price1 in/ead ( a l[ sum1 he has only to s5d ! pa9t+ to ! auction room & ask 8 comrades to run ! bidd+ up to a c]ta9 figure1 !n by buy+ 9 8 own prop]ty & pay+ ! p]c5tage due to ! auctione] he )draws ! picture ) ! receipt1 ! docum5t he desir$4 ,by ?is trick1 :5 an opportunity pres5ts itself to sell ! "w1 he is able to produce :at looks l a conv9c+ pro( ( 8 hone/y & squ>e deal+4 8,y see1 sir1 ,i am go+ to be v c&id & s9c]e ) y4 ,"h1 let me %[ y :at ,i myself paid = ?is pa9t+10 he w say1 & %[ ! receipt ( ! public auction sale4 ,n infrequ5tly ! responsibility ( ! attribution is left to ! own] ( ! "w ( art1 by :i* means objets d'art are (t5 *ri/5$ ) names ( a mo/ fanta/ic pat]nity4 ,?is is easily done2 take = in/ance a canvas t might or might n be righte\sly baptiz$ 8,s*ool ( ,leon>do40 ,! "w is pres5t$ by ! own] to be sold by auction & decl>$ z a ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & 9 ! catalogue x w naturally be put d[n to ,leon>do4 ,:5 ! own] goes to buy 9 8 own canvas1 he has1 ( c\rse1 no int]e/ to run ! price up to a fancy figure1 8 sole aim is to be able to %[ to "s future buy] a catalogue ) ! attribution pr9t$--&1 curi\sly en\gh1 pr9t$ attributions w\ld appe> to c>ry undisput$ weight6 ,x is nev]!less a bait only = gre5horns1 ) :om its effect r>ely fails4 ,to prev5t objects put up to auction f be+ knock$ d[n at an unreasonably l[ figure x is an accept$ sy/em to place a res]ve price ^u !m1 to write d[n :5 consign+ ! goods1 namely1 a c]ta9 sum repres5t+ ! l[e/ figure at :i* ! object may be sold4 ,! auctione] keeps ?is price 9 pectore1 on 8 private li/1 t is to say4 ,:5 ! article is put up = sale x is ei!r (f]$ /raight away = ! price quot$ or ! latt] is l$ up to by by-bidd+4 ,if ?is proves to be impossible1 ! object is b\ght 9 & ! own] has m]ely a slight p]c5tage to pay on ! la/ bid & c )draw 8 prop]ty4 ,?us :ile an auction sale always pres5ts haz>ds1 ! res]ve price is a gu>antee aga9/ ! risks ( flagg+ mom5ts4 ,! room may *ance to be des]t$ ( its be/ public ?r\gh un=ese5 circum/ances1 en?usiasm may sudd5ly cool unacc\ntably1 & = ^! & o!r reasons a res]ve price is !re=e a legitimate def5ce4 ,/range to say1 ev5 ?is hone/ & recogniz$ safegu>d has be5 turn$ to cunn+ abuse4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! res]ve price1 at lea/1 has br\ght into be+ t que/ionable p]sonage nicknam$ 9 ,engli% auction rooms ,pet] ,funk1 a mo/ undesirable 8fak] ( situations40 ,! fact t ! res]ve price giv5 to ! auctione] is (t5 disclos$ to int]e/$ collectors1 & t x may be divulg$ by auction-room cl]ks & s become kn[n1 induc$ collectors ) objets de virtu on sale to s5d fri5ds or ag5ts secretly1 9 ord] to run up ! bidd+ to a c]ta9 figure4 ,! "n long s9ce giv5 to ?is complac5t1 secret p>tn] %amm+ ! art buy] is ,pet] ,funk4 8,funkism10 if "o may be all[$ to co9 a neologism1 c]ta9ly has its "r to exi/5ce & orig9at$ 9 ! legitimate desire to protect objects f fall+ at ridicul\s prices 9 depress$ mom5ts ( ! sale1 b x has n[ become a regul> curse1 especially at fir/-class auctions1 :]e by reason ( ! great int]e/s at /ake1 ! sy/em c be work$ to its full magnitude & no exp5se sp>$4 ,z an example--& "o t to our k work$ greatly to ! advantage ( ! sell] & n at all to t ( ! buy]1 f :om 8funkism0 robs all *ance ( ! 8fair play0 :i* %\ld be ! dom9ant note 9 auctions--we may quote ! sale ( an ,italian collection at ,*ri/ie's at :i*1 c]ta9ly )\t ! k or ev5 suspicion ( ! auctione]s1 ,pet] ,funk play$ havoc "u e =m & guise4 ,to make sure t ! ke5-ey$ collectors %\ld n discov] ! pseudo-collectors1 ! latt] 7 all import$ f ! ,cont95t & giv5 /rict injunctions to buy at ! /at$ price1 to bid )\t comm5t & to indulge 9 none b commonplaces 9 conv]sation ) ! public1 ! deal] employ+ !m kn[+ h[ impossible x is = a non-collector or a feign$ art lov] to say ?ree words ab\t a "w ( art1 )\t giv+ himself away4 ,a good appe>ance1 natural bidd+ )\t emphasis or !atrical pose1 an occasional 8yes0 or 8may-be0 or 8hem0 :5 que/ion$1 & a :ole /r+ ( uncompromis+ banalities1 ^! are ! /ock-9-trade ( an improvis$ ,pet] ,funk1 :o may n be s capable z ! pr(essional "o b has ! advantage ( be+ less easily detect$4 ,a clev] ,pet] ,funk kn[s ! "r mom5t to run up a price1 judg+ f 8 competitor's en?usiasm up to :at sum he c safely bid be=e ab&on+ ! game1 & by c\nt+ on 8 oppon5t's ra%ness & impulsiv5ess runs him up to bids :i* he aft]w>ds regrets4 ,risky z x is1 r>ely does an object rema9 9 ! h&s ( ,pet] ,funk1 & if x does1 ! own] w supply him ) ! money & )draw ! article1 pay+ ! auctione]'s dues1 a comp>atively mode/ p]c5tage4 ,^! comb9$ =ces 9 ! auction room secretly work+ z a sequ5ce ( traps caus$ a well-kn[n ,fr5* collector to propose z an inscription to be put ov] ! door ( "o ( ^! dang]\s d5s3 8,ici il y a des piges l\ps40 ,x is n meant by ?is t all auction rooms are infe/$ by brig&s1 :o leave no *ance = fair-play1 & t all :o ev] ent] !m come out regrett+ ! attempt to buy by a sy/em t appeals to ! public = its squ>e deal+4 ,n at all1 ! be/ arti/ic inve/m5ts are (t5 made at public sales1 b r>ely1 alas1 by ! inexp]i5c$ novice :o has b a limit$ k ( art1 & is besides :olly unfamili> ) ! ways ( auction rooms4 ,?is d\ble =m ( ignorance ne$s ! w>n+ t !re are traps1 s t coolness & wisdom may ent] ! bra9 ( ! en?usia/ic beg9n]1 two necess>y items 9 ga9+ exp]i5ce at a reasonable price4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,fak$ ,,article ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,make-,,up ,,( ,,fak$ ,,antiques ,pa9t+s1 draw+s1 et*+s1 etc4--,h[ ! art ( fak+ necess>ily borr[s te*nique & exp]i5ce f ! re/or]-- ,old & mod]n ways ( imitat+ ! te*nique ( pa9t+--,new pictures on old canvases & old pa9t+s repa9t$ & doctor$ --,sugge/ions = imitat+ ! prep>ation ( panel or canvas --,imitat+ *>act]i/ic pa9t+s 9 impa/o--,veil+ & v>ni%+--,imitat+ ! crack+ ( v>ni%--,old draw+s --,te*nique ( ! prop] abuse to give an appe>ance ( age to draw+s--,et*+s--,fre% m>g9s to old pr9ts1 etc4 ,op9ions z to ! re/oration ( objects ( art are ( a mo/ v>i$ "*2 m especially 9 ! case ( pa9t+1 an art ( r complex te*nique4 ,! v>i\s op9ions ab\t ! re/oration ( pa9t+s may1 h[ev]1 be classifi$ into ?ree di/9ct categories4 ,"o might be said to be entirely 9 fav\r ( ! process1 "o entirely disc\nt5anc+ x1 & betwe5 !m "o :i* is p]missible z x has to d only ) me*anical me?ods calculat$ to re9=ce pigm5t1 or ! canvas or panel1 & is n conc]n$ ) :at might be call$ ! arti/ic side ( ! art1 su* z ret\*+ or fill+ 9 ! miss+ p>ts ( a pa9t+4 ,speak+ ( c]ta9 re/orations ( 8 "t1 ev5 ,vas>i rem>ks 9 ! ,life ( ,luca ,signorelli1 t 8x w\ld be f> bett] = a ma/]piece to rema9 ru9$ by "t ?an to h x ru9$ by ret\*+ by an inf]ior h&40 ,bald9ucci tells u h[ ,guido ,r5i object$ to ! ret\*+ ( old pa9t+s1 m especially ! "w ( good ma/]s1 & t he inv>iably refus$ to d x himself1 no matt] h[ mu* a cli5t 0 dispos$ to (f] = ! "w4 ,milizia1 ! ar*itect & writ]1 says t to ret\* an old pa9t+1 p>ticul>ly a f9e "w ( art1 is to pave ! way = future & wid] de/ruction1 z 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! ret\*+ w %[ itself & !n ano!r act ( b>b>ity w h to be p]petrat$4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( a well-kn[n ,flor5t9e antiqu>y & fam\s re/or] ( pa9t+s = ! ,am]ican m>ket1 a picture has no?+ to ga9 f ! h& ( ! re/or]4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 op9ion is t3 8,z soon z a re/or] lays h&s on a pa9t+ he ru9s x40 ,! class we h plac$ betwe5 ! two extremes1 ! "o us+ a c]ta9 discrim9ation1 accept+ su* me?ods z are int5d$ m]ely to pres]ve ! "w )\t encroa*+ ^u its arti/ic m]its1 su* z furni%+ a fre% panel or canvas to a pa9t+1 remov+ old & det]iorat$ v>ni%1 etc41 be+ ! wise "o is1 ( c\rse1 repres5t$ by ! m9ority4 ,ne$less to say1 ! ma9 =ces ( ! class support+ re/oration 9 its extreme =m are drawn f ! ranks ( re/or]s or au?ors ( works tea*+ ! gr& art ( resuscitat+ ma/]pieces1 su* m5 z ,m]ime1 ,v]gnaud1 ,prange1 ,deon1 ,=ni & ,secco ,su>do4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 does n hesitate to call re/oration a magic art & depicts ! re/or] z a regul> miracle-work]4 ,we d n propose 9 ?is *apt] to foll[ ! v>i\s me?ods ( re/or+ pa9t+s accord+ to ! "* ( ! "w1 fresco1 temp]a or oil1 b simply to indicate "s ( ! re/oration processes t are useful to fak]s 9 deceiv+ inexp]i5c$ collectors4 ,9 ! case ( fak+ up an old pa9t+ ( weak or defective "*1 into ! delusive sugge/ion ( a "w ( good quality1 ! process consi/s pr9cipally ( br++ ! =m into prop] %ape by veil+ & ton+ ! crude p>ts ( ! col\r+4 ,?is "w1 ! success ( :i* *iefly dep5ds ^u ! skill & v]satility ( ! =g]1 is g5]ally effect$ by fir/ remov+ ! old v>ni% ) a solv5t4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( solv5ts :i* c be us$1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! v>ni%1 ! mo/ common1 h[ev]1 is alcohol4 ,x mu/ be v pure1 conta9+ ! m9imum ( wat]4 ,ord9>y alcohol is likely to produce opaque1 :ite pat*es1 a ph5om5on call$ by ! ,fr5* re/or] *anci1 & v difficult to oblit]ate once x has appe>$4 ,be+ "o ( ! /ronge/ solv5ts & ( dang]\s & too rapid action at times1 ! alcohol is g5]ally mix$ ) turp5t9e to ! proportion ( half-&-half to />t )4 ,!n1 accord+ to ! great] or less] solubility ( ! v>ni%1 ! proportion ( alcohol is gradually increas$4 ,?is mixture1 call$ la mi/a by ,italian antiqu>ies1 may be sub/itut$1 z we h said1 by v>i\s solv5ts--pota%1 soda1 ammonia1 etc4--accord+ to ! nature or h>dness ( ! v>ni% to be dissolv$4 ,"s re/or]s also resort to me*anical me?ods to remove old v>ni%4 ,^! me?ods1 too1 are v>i\s4 ,if ! v>ni% is h>d x c be crack$ by pressure f ! ?umb1 a long op]ation requir+ no small am\nt ( pati5ce & skill4 ,if x possesses suffici5t ela/icity to )/& ?is process1 x is g5]ally remov$ ) a /eel blade 9 ! =m ( an eras]4 ,! latt] op]ation is n only v difficult b v sl[1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! pa9t+ possesses arti/ic qualities t mu/ n be impair$ by ! removal ( ! v>ni%4 ,?is fir/ op]ation successfully accompli%$1 ! arti/ /eps 9 & proce$s to help ! "w1 say ( su* & su* a s*ool1 to resemble ! pa9t+ ( ! ma/] ( ?is s*ool z mu* z possible4 ,! process is naturally execut$ by ! aid ( a m or less complete collection ( photographs ( ! "w ( ! ma/] ! fak] int5ds to imitate4 ,! ret\*+ may foll[ ! mo/ v>i$ me?ods4 ,to take ! mo/ common case1 t ( oil pa9t+1 ! new "w c be c>ri$ out ) oil col\rs previ\sly kept on blott+-pap] to dra9 (f ! oil :i* is !n sub/itut$ ) turp5t9e to give ! col\rs _! lo/ fluidity2 x may also be effect$ ) temp]a col\rs or ) col\rs ! fluid elem5t ( :i* consi/s only ( v>ni%4 ,! use ( temp]a is pref]r$ by re/or]s because1 al?\gh x pres5ts ! extreme difficulty ( *ang+ hue :5 v>ni%$ & consequ5tly dem&s no little exp]i5ce to judge ! requisite hue or tone1 /ill once laid d[n x is n likely to *ange ) "t z oil ret\*+ on old pa9t+s g5]ally does4 ,! mix+ ( col\r ) v>ni% alone has ! advantage ( keep+ ! prop] tone f beg9n+ to end4 ,?is me?od is extremely useful n only 9 ! pa9t+ ( miss+ p>ts b also to veil & tone :at has be5 pa9t$ 9 temp]a if ?is is n entirely h>moni\s ) ! re/ aft] v>ni%+4 ,ne$less to add1 ^? col\rs ! fluid "p ( :i* is suppli$ by v>ni% are unalt]able z !y d n conta9 any oil :atev]4 ,"o ( ! difficulties 9 h&l+ ^! pigm5ts is ! lack ( fluidity1 h5ce turp5t9e may be add$ ) advantage4 ,h[ev]1 z ! above me?ods ( ret\*+ are n pro( aga9/ *emical te/s1 alcohol be+ ! prop] solv5t ) :i* to d away ) add$ t\*es to old pa9t+s :i* h be5 done ) ei!r oil or v>ni% col\rs1 ! %rewd] fak]s ei!r mix amb] v>ni% ) ! col\rs or give ! fre% t\*es a solid coat+ ( ?is v>ni%1 :i* :5 well prep>$ is suppos$ to be insoluble & n easily act$ ^u by solv5ts4 ,al?\gh m ?an "o special "w on ! art ( re/or+ gives recipes = ! prep>ation ( ?is v>ni%1 9 practice v few "k h[ to prep>e x 9 ! prop] way4 ,we h "h presuppos$ t ! picture 0 9 good ord]1 t !re 7 no miss+ p>ts ( importance1 or r t1 ) panel or canvas unimpair$1 ! "w only requir$ to be ret\*$ by ! arti/1 a r>e case1 z :5 ! pa9t has vani%$ ! prep>ation ( ! panel or canvas has g5]ally vani%$ ) x1 on acc\nt ( its adhesiv5ess4 ,we d n propose to give ! v>i\s recipes = ! pla/] dress+ =m+ ! prep>ation ( ! panel or canvas4 ,!y are diff]5t accord+ to "t & c\ntry & c be f\nd 9 special works on pa9t+4 ,"u ord9>y conditions x is v easy to sub/itute ! miss+ prep>ation1 j z x is easy to give x ! prop] surface ei!r by pumice or skill$ coat+ ) ! bru%1 b 9 ! case ( a pa9t+ on canvas x is v seldom t !re are n big holes "r ?r\gh x4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 su* cases is to recanvas ! "w1 to l9e x1 namely1 ) ano!r canvas :i* is pa/$ to ! old "o & flatt5$ ) an iron till p]fectly dry4 ,! miss+ "p mu/ !n be fill$ 91 imitat+ ! weave ( ! canvas on :i* ! "w is pa9t$4 ,no easy matt] ?is1 z ! diff]5t weaves ( canvases are z *>act]i/ic z signatures3 no two are ev] alike4 ,! new canvas %[+ ?r\gh ! hole is !re=e ei!r cov]$ ) a pat* ( canvas tak5 f "s com] ( ! pa9t+ to be re/or$1 or x is giv5 ! same appe>ance by press+ a piece ( ! old canvas ^u ! fre% prep>ation ( ! "p miss+1 ?us m\ld+ ! texture ( ! ?reads4 ,?is mu/ be done skilfully 9 su* a way t ! p>allel l9es ( ! ?reads mat*4 ,!re are "s clev] fak]s :o imitate ! old canvas by /rokes ( a h>d bru% ^u ! fre% prep>ation ( ! new pieces1 reproduc+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! canvas by actually copy+ f ! orig9al "p4 ,:5 a pa9t+ is f9i%$ !re are v>i\s me?ods by :i* an appe>ance ( age may be giv5 or re/or$ to x4 ,f asphalt to liquorice hundr$s ( ?+s are us$1 ei!r dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e or wat]1 glue1 album51 etc4 ,veil+ ) v>ni%1 col\r$ ) ! prop] pigm5t1 g5]ally gives ! f9i%+ t\*4 ,! imitation ( old & crack$ v>ni% is simple en\gh4 ,fir/ "o mu/ give ! canvas a coat ( dilut$ glue1 !n v>ni% be=e ! glue is q dry4 ,z ! und]lay] ( glue dries quickly & has a %r9k+ capacity disproportionate to t ( ! v>ni%1 x is easy to und]/& t ! result w be a crack+ ( ! v>ni%4 ,a close or a co>se network ( cracks is obta9$ by increas+ or decreas+ ! inequality ( %r9kage betwe5 ! two lay]s1 or by ha/5+ or ret>d+ ! dry+ ( ! upp] lay] by artificial means4 ,al?\gh comp>atively easy1 ^! op]ations nev]!less dem& no little exp]i5ce to be cr[n$ ) due success4 ,if a pa9t+ has be5 repa9t$ only 9 ! p>ts t 7 miss+1 & ! old v>ni% has n be5 remov$ f ! re/ ( ! picture1 x is a "q ( n only giv+ ! v>ni% ( ! new spots cracks l ! old v>ni%1 b ^! mu/ imitate z closely z possible ^? ( ! orig9al "p ( ! pa9t+4 ,9 su* cases a ne$le is us$ to make ! cracks on ! newly v>ni%$ p>ts4 ,:5 ! grooves h be5 made 9 ! v>ni% !y are fill$ 9 ) wat] & col\r or soot to give !m ! desir$ appe>ance ( age4 ,su*1 r\ghly1 is ! me?od mo/ly 9 use = oil pa9t+s4 ,) ! necess>y v>iations1 & ! use ( ! prop] m$ium1 ! same me?od also answ]s = temp]a4 ,x is r>e t frescoes are imitat$ or ret\*$1 b 9 su* cases fre% *eese is us$ z ! vehicle = ! col\r1 & :5 dry x n only acquires ! quality ( insolubility b also ! opaque hue ( ! fresco4 ,z f> z te*nique is conc]n$1 ! imitator does n f9d x easy to imitate ! "w ( ^? arti/s :o pa9t 9 impa/o1 t is to say ) a ?ick lay] ( pigm5t1 ! consequ5t *>act]i/ic /rokes ( ! bru% requir+ no little exp]i5ce = reproduction 9 all _! =ce1 "* & *>act]i/ics4 ,?r\gh long /udy & practice "s f9ally succe$ 9 imitat+ ! "w ( su* pa9t]s z ,rembr&t or ,frans ,hals1 b su* cases are extremely r>e4 ,=ni1 :o has writt5 a "w on ! re/oration ( pa9t+s1 sugge/s a me?od ( imitat+ impa/o pa9t+ ) its *>act]i/ic bru% /rokes :i*1 9 our view1 c only be appli$ 9 ! case ( repair+ a "p miss+ 9 "s old pa9t+4 ,=ni's me?od consi/s ( fir/ reproduc+ ! peculi>ities ( ! bru% /rokes 9 a pla/] composition closely resembl+ t ( ! prep>ation ( ! canvas1 & !n giv+ ! prop] col\r+4 ,accord+ to ,=ni ?is me?od has ! advantage ( giv+ ! impression ( a frank & vigor\s /yle ( pa9t+ su* z is usual ) ! impa/o te*nique1 & yet x has be5 a*iev$ sl[ly & pati5tly4 ,"o ( ! side-bus9esses ( picture fak+ is ! provid+ ( suitable signatures4 ,:5 "o consid]s t pa9t+s g5]ally be> ! arti/'s signature1 m especially 9 rec5t times1 x w\ld be /range if ?is bran* ( ! %ady trade did n numb] speciali/s :o c imitate signatures to p]fection1 z well z reproduce arti/s' special monograms4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ old draw+s & sket*es may be imitat$4 ,j z 9 ! case ( fak+ a pa9t+1 ! arti/ tries fir/ to become famili> ) ! "w he wi%es to imitate4 ,x is !n usually execut$ on old pap] & :5 f9i%$ soak$ 9 dirty wat]1 dri$ & sc\r$ ) pumice to give x ! app>5t abuse ( age4 ,"s imitators1 h[ev]1 d n give !mselves ! tr\ble to f9d ! prop] pap]1 & x is n unusual to see imitations on mod]n pap]1 or w\ld-be sixte5?-c5tury1 "w on pap] be>+ ! mill-m>k ( two or ?ree c5turies lat]4 ,b ^! ( c\rse are ! gross imitations only int5d$ to dupe ! mo/ nave ( beg9n]s4 ,pr9ts are also imitat$1 & n[adays to p]fection ) ! help ( me*anical aids1 :5 !y h to reproduce an excell5t orig9al4 ,! age+ process is ! same z t us$ = draw+s4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce betwe5 !m to be not$1 x is t 9 ! case ( old pr9ts or et*+s ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! m>g9 c\nts = mu*4 ,an et*+ ) its orig9al pap] m>g9 is f> m valuable ?an "o t has be5 cut to fit a frame or = any o!r purpose4 ,h5ce "o p>ticul> bran* ( fak+ ( ! pr9ts is to refurni% pap] m>g9s to ^? specim5s t h lo/ !m4 ,! "w is m or less successful accord+ to ! skill ( ! fak]1 b is usually effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! et*+ is cut all r\nd ! edge reasonably ne> ! pr9t$ "p1 !n a l>ge piece ( old pap] is cut to fit ! et*+ z a frame & ! two edges are br\ght & held toge!r = "s "t by a pap] l9+ at ! back4 ,! crack ( ! jo9 betwe5 ! old et*+ & ! new m>g9 is fill$ 9 ) pa/e ( ! same composition z ! pap] & smoo!d ev5 by a me*anical process4 ,x is ( c\rse ne$less to add t su* a me?od is n likely to take 9 a true collector1 b ! fak] kn[s t fooli% cli5ts are sometimes num]\s & 8 be/ support]s4 ,m9iature "w is easy to imitate1 n only on acc\nt ( its te*nique1 9 :i* orig9ality has a comp>atively small rle to play1 b because x ne$s h>dly any pat9a or age+4 ,pa/els & wat] col\rs1 m especially ! latt]1 appe> to be a little out ( ! =g]'s l9e4 ,yet pa/el1 ) its peculi> te*nique1 af=ds possibilities = fak+4 ,copies ( not$ orig9als h n escap$ ! speculative _s ( ! c\nt]feit]4 ,!y are g5]ally sold z contempor>y copies or antique copies1 & !y seem to comm& high] prices1 ev5 if an old copy is at times f> inf]ior to a mod]n "o4 ,9 ! fak+ ( mod]n1 or semi-mod]n art1 ! te*nique int5d$ to conf] age & v5]ability to ! "w f9ds no place4 ,9 su* cases1 x is easy to und]/&1 ! ma9 craft lies 9 imitat+ ! /yle ( ! ma/] c\nt]feit$4 ,speak+ ( su* imitations1 we may note t fak]s contempor>y ) ! arti/ are p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s to ! neophyte1 & z imitations h always exi/$ m or less1 & are by no means only ! product ( ! gre$ ( mod]n fak]s & deal]s1 a collector is (t5 tak5 9 by a false ,corot or a false ,r\sseau1 9 :i* ! only legitimate ?+ is p]haps ! date1 ! =g]y hav+ be5 p]petrat$ dur+ ! ma/]'s lifetime4 ,naturally1 ! imitation is n always made = ! purpose ( *eat+1 b almo/ always ) ! hope ( becom+ z popul> z a c]ta9 ma/] by imitat+ 8 /yle4 ,x is v (t5 ! "w ( pupils1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,watteau imitations by ,lancret & ,pat]4 ,x is kn[n t ! "w ( ,paul ,pott] has be5 imitat$ by ,klomp1 t ,jacob van ,huysum has c\nt]feit$ ! "w ( ,breughel & ( ,w\w]mans1 t ,con/ant9 ,nets*] made pl5ty ( money copy+ ,v&yke ,*>les ,i portraits1 & t ,t5i]s ! ,y\ng] sold false ,titians4 ,to g back to pr9ts & et*+s be=e clos+ ?is *apt] "o mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 old imitations & mod]n ones4 ,a good connoisseur is nev] at a loss to detect signs ( c\nt]feit1 b !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce ( crit]ion ne$$ 9 judg+ old imitations ( et*+s & mod]n imitations4 ,9 old pr9ts involunt>y discrepancies are sure to occur z !y h be5 reproduc$ by h&1 & ! connoisseur mu/ !re=e be acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,^! v>iations are m or less kn[n to exp]ts1 :]eas 9 ! case ( a mod]n purely me*anical reproduction1 a magnify+ glass & te*nical exp]i5ce are ! *ief requirem5ts4 ,m>co ,d5te's reproduction ( ,m>cantonio's "w & ! copies ( ,callot's et*+s by "s ( 8 pupils are examples ( ! imp]fections ( old imitations1 details hav+ be5 omitt$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,fak$ ,,sculpture1 ,,bas-,,reliefs ,,& ,,bronzes ,fak$ sculpture--,clay "w--,! false ,tanagras--,imitation ( ,r5aissance "w--,bas-reliefs & bu/s--,bak$ clay & /ucco-duro--,! ,clodions--,bronzes--,! importance ( pat9a--,! pat9a ( ,pompeiian bronzes & excavat$ bronzes --,r5aissance pat9a & t ( lat] times--,gild$ bronzes --,m>ble "w & its g5]al col\r+--,sculpture 9 wood & ivory--,! ,c]opla/ica4 ,we mu/ repeat t 9 sculpture also1 fak+ borr[s l>gely f ! art ( re/or+4 ,inde$ x is no exagg]ation to say t ne>ly all bran*es ( ! fak]'s art turn = help to ! re/or]'s me?ods4 ,& "h aga91 z 9 pa9t+1 we are also imm$iately confront$ by two =ms ( trick]y2 "o is ! creation ( a mod]n object 9 imitation ( ! antique s z to deceive ! collector1 & ! o!r ! recon/ruction ( "s fanta/ic piece ( =g]y f an inf]ior object1 or "o greatly damag$ by ov]-re/oration4 ,to speak ( ov]-re/oration is 9 su* cases to use a euphemism4 ,we c (f] an example %[+ h[ ?is ov]-re/oration ( objects is no?+ b a =m ( fak+ highly flav\r$ ) diff]5t v>ieties ( deception4 ,a ri* ,am]ican b\ght a m>ble /atue "s ye>s ago repres5t+ a fam\s ,roman empress4 ,x 0 b\ght n only because ! ,roman art appeal$ to him b z ! portrait ( t p>ticul> ,roman empress4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! :ole /atue _h be5 fak$ by ! addition ( new portions to a headless1 limbless torso1 :i* 0 ! only g5u9ely antique "p4 ,we mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t ! new head giv5 to ! half-fak$ /atue 0 extremely well done4 ,x _h be5 copi$ f a well-kn[n model & except t ! pat9a ( ! m>ble 0 n s p]fect z might h be5 expect$ f a great ma/] 9 trick]y1 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ collector might h be5 deceiv$4 ,clay "w is p]haps ! mo/ popul> =m ( pla/ic art among ! fak]s ( antiques4 ,z x has ! special advantage ( be+ made f ca/s ( orig9als1 x does n pres5t any real te*nical difficulty1 & x dem&s no exp5sive additions & may be giv5 col\r & pat9a ) comp>ative ease4 ,( c\rse _m ( ^! advantages are also %>$ by bronzes1 /ucco1 & all productions work$ f an orig9al model 9 clay or any o!r pla/ic sub/ance1 su* z wax1 pa/il9e1 etc4 ,tanagra figur9es und\bt$ly hold ! fir/ place 9 ! l>ge class ( fak$ clay "w4 ,!re has be5 an un9t]rupt$ succession ( =g]s 9 ?is l9e f ! "t ,tanagra "w fir/ came into fa%ion ) collectors1 to ! /ock imitations n[ sold 9 ,p>is & /ill b\ght = g5u9e ,tanagras by ov]-nave collectors4 ,! old ,b>on ,ro?s*ild1 :o _h a f9e collection ( ,tanagra figur9es & no small exp]i5ce z a connoisseur1 us$ to say t :5 x is a "q ( a ,tanagra "o mu/ see x excavat$1 & ev5 t n[adays is h>dly a gu>antee ( g5u95ess4 ,! imitations are g5]ally ca/ f good orig9als1 & z ! clay %r9ks consid]ably 9 dry+ & bak+1 ! imitation is usually small] ?an ! orig9al & c !re=e easily be detect$ :5 confront$ ) a g5u9e piece4 ,"s ( ! m advanc$ imitators h some:at obviat$ ?is diff]5ce ( dim5sion by me*anical me?ods ( exp&+ m\lds1 b ! "w 9 su* cases is n s p]fect z o!rwise & :at is ga9$ on ! "o h&1 namely1 a dim5sion id5tical to t ( ! orig9al1 is lo/ on ! o!r1 z me?ods ( tak+ ov]-siz$ m\lds f orig9als are g5]ally imp]fect4 ,a fl\ri%+ product ( ! ,italian m>ket are bas-reliefs & clay bu/s 9 imitation ( ,r5aissance "w4 ,:5 n ! "w ( clev] arti/s :o model direct f ! clay1 hav+ /udi$ & ma/]$ ! old /yle1 x is ! product ( mis]able me*anical deception aid$ by ability to disguise its pat*work nature1 ! trick]y & g5]al sleight-(-h& ( ! wily art ( fak+4 ,9 ! case ( bas-reliefs !y are (t5 compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts belong+ to diff]5t orig9als1 sometimes orig9als unkn[n to connoisseurs & art critics4 ,?is me?od has be5 appli$ to ! imitation ( ,r5aissance t]ra-cotta bu/s4 ,a bu/ b\ght at a high figure f a ,v5etian antiqu>y _m ye>s ago & believ$ to be g5u9e ,quattroc5to "w 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ to h be5 made f ! ca/ tak5 f ! face ( a recumb5t figure on a tomb 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro e ,paolo1 to :i* _h be5 add$ ! back "p ( ano!r bu/1 ! :ole f9ally set ^u a pair ( %\ld]s ca/ f ano!r orig9al ( ! p]iod4 ,! monum5t f :i* ! face _h be5 m\ld$ 0 s high up on ! wall ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro e ,paolo t no "o knew ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is orig9al & ! o!r p>ts ( ! fak$ object _h also be5 tak5 f little kn[n orig9als4 ,! fraud 0 discov]$ 9 ,p>is "s "t aft] ! bu/ _h ent]$ a not$ collection1 a lawsuit ensu$ & ! collector ev5tually recov]$ ! money he _h paid4 ,italian art ( ! fifte5? c5tury has produc$ _m clay bas-reliefs1 app>5tly f "o & ! same orig9al & yet pres5t+ slight diff]5ces1 additions & modifications evid5tly made aft] ! clay _h left ! m\ld b :5 x 0 /ill fre%4 ,?is fact has greatly incit$ ! fancy ( ,italian =g]s & l>gely contribut$ to ! confusion ( art critics & ! dup+ ( m ?an "o collector4 ,^! bas-reliefs repres5t sacr$ subjects = ! mo/ "p1 & sometimes x is n m]ely a "q ( putt+ a rose 9 ! ,madonna's h& or a little bird into ^? ( ! ,infant ,jesus1 9 ord] to lay claim to due orig9ality1 b ! modifications are s radical t ! :ole appe>ance ( ! "w is *ang$4 ,x is g5]ally done z foll[s4 ,a good pla/]-m\ld is made f a good orig9al1 & a clay reproduction =m$ f ?is m\ld1 :i* is !n modifi$ & *ang$ :ile /ill fre%4 ,%\ld ! "w to be dive/$ ( its orig9al "* repres5t1 say1 a ,madonna & ,*ild1 ! arti/ may proce$ to alt] its size by modify+ ! bord]2 !n1 to trans=m ! subject1 he may make an addition on "o side1 ( ! heads ( ! ox & ass1 tak5 ( c\rse f ano!r orig9al4 ,to *ange ! pose ( ! ,madonna ! clay is g5]ally cut beh9d ! head & neck ) a f9e wire & !n ! position ( ! head c be alt]$ at pleasure2 f be+ erect1 = in/ance1 x c be incl9$1 or vice v]sa4 ,by ! same me?od1 & no small am\nt ( skill1 arms & h&s c be giv5 new attitudes1 etc4 ,! f9al result is a "w :i* passes z an orig9al among fooli% art lov]s :o collect s]ies4 ,/ucco duro imitations are produc$ by almo/ id5tical me?ods4 ,^! compositions are g5]ally made ( pla/]1 :i* h>d5s z x dries aft] be+ p\r$ into a m\ld4 ,:5 ! orig9al is to be modifi$ a fir/ model ( clay or "s o!r s(t modell+ mat]ial is indisp5sable1 ( c\rse1 & f ?is a m\ld is !n tak5 = ! ca/+ ( ! /ucco duro4 ,to col\r & give a pat9a ei!r to bak$ clay or /ucco is comp>atively easy4 ,! col\r+ is giv5 ) temp]a col\rs1 ! pat9a ) t9t$ wat]1 = :i* tobacco1 soot1 etc41 may be us$1 appli$ ) smoky & greasy h&s4 ,a coat ( b5z9e 9 :i* a small quantity ( wax has be5 dissolv$ is f9ally laid on ) a bru% & ! :ole poli%$ ) a bru% or wool4 ,z we h said1 h[ev]1 fak]s are especially p>tial to clay "w4 ,x requires little outlay1 ! f9i%$ "w c be fir$ at small exp5se1 ! col\r+ & pat9a c be giv5 8at home10 n ne$+ ! special light ( a /udio1 etc4 ,n only 9 ! case ( ,r5aissance "w has ?is me?od be5 ! fav\r$ "o b 9 o!r types ( art =g]y1 ! eighte5?-c5tury t]ra-cottas1 = in/ance1 ! lovely "w ( ,clodion1 ,falconnet1 ,m>91 etc4 ,p>is is glutt$ ) imitations ( ,clodion's clay gr\ps4 ,"s ( !m are suffici5tly good to puzzle ! be/ connoisseurs4 ,z we h se51 a pseudo-,clodion sold ye>s ago 9 p]fect good fai? by ,m4 ,du ,b\llay to ,mme4 ,boiss caus$ a complicat$ lawsuit & _m inconclusive discussions among art critics & connoisseurs ( ! calibre ( ,eugne ,guillaume1 ,*apu1 ,millet1 ,c>ri] ,belleuse1 & speciali/s on ,clodion's "w su* z ,?iac\rt4 ,x 0 f9ally e/abli%$ t ! bit be>+ ,clodion's "n 0 au!ntic & _h be5 inset 9 a gr\p ( mu* lat] date1 a spuri\s orig9al1 b ev5 ?is 0 n absolutely prov$ & simply (f]$ z ! mo/ acceptable hypo!sis4 ,z ,paul ,eudel rem>ks1 to decide ! matt]1 8,clodion w\ld h to raise ! /one ( 8 sepul*re & to rise f 8 tomb 9 ord] to supply an irrefutable solution40 ,! initial process = fak+ antique bronzes is v simil> to t us$ 9 clay & /ucco =g]ies4 ,by initial process we mean1 ( c\rse1 ! way ! m\ld is made = ca/+ ! bronze4 ,:5 ! pseudo orig9al has be5 modell$ 9 clay1 ! =m ( x is naturally tak5 to obta9 a matrix ( "s h>d] mat]ial1 & f ?is matrix is tak5 ! m\ld t is us$ = ! ca/4 ,!re is also ano!r sy/em ( ca/+ bronzes greatly 9 vogue among fak]s1 m especially = small objects1 :i* is call$ cire p]du4 ,x is a simplifi$ me?od1 consi/+ ( modell+ ! object 9 wax1 !n tak+ its m\ld1 :i* is empti$ by melt+ ! wax4 ,! details ( ^! two me?ods ( ca/+ bronze1 ! ord9>y ca/+ & ! cire p]du process1 c be f\nd 9 any te*nical "w on bronze ca/+ & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,! pat9a ( bronzes pres5ts a difficulty 9 addition to ! arti/ic difficulties ( creat+ a conv9c+ pseudo-orig9al1 difficulties common to clay1 /ucco1 &1 9 fact1 all fak$ sculpture4 ,pat9a1 ! nobilis rugo ( ,horace1 is ! peculi> oxidization acquir$ by bronze ) age4 ,= ! connoisseur1 ! pat9a is n only a "p ( ! arti/ic t\t ensemble ( a bronze object--s mu* s t !re are collectors m impress$ by ! beauty ( ! pat9a ?an by ! arti/ic value ( ! piece--b x is ! *ief indication ( ! au!nticity ( ! "w4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 great importance 0 atta*$ to ! nobilis rugo by ! ,roman connoisseurs also1 especially 9 ! case ( ! fam\s ,cor9?ian bronze4 ,?is metal 0 classifi$ into five qualities by ! ,roman amateur accord+ to five diff]5t hues or pat9as dep5d+ ^u ! proportion ( gold & silv] 9 ! alloy4 ,roman art lov]s made a regul> /udy ( bronze pat9a & ( ! composition ( ! bronze ( art objects4 ,! compon5ts ( ?is k 7 n only ga!r$ f ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 bronze1 b by its relative weight & ! od\r ( ! metal4 ,t ! od\r ( an alloy %\ld h be5 made a te/ to judge ( its compon5t p>ts is v possible z ! smell ( bronze & brass is ess5tially diff]5t1 & !re is no reason :y a practis$ ,roman nose %\ld n h di/+ui%$ slight diff]5ces accord+ to ! proportion ( ! v>i\s metals 9 ! alloy4 ,"o reason1 ap>t f arti/ic motives1 :y ! collector gives ! pat9a s mu* consid]ation is1 z we h said1 because ! pat9a n[adays is "o ( ! safe/ guides 9 buy+ antique bronzes4 ,:il/ ! arti/ic qualities ( c]ta9 objects may be reproduc$ ) skill or trick]y1 pat9a ( a really g5u9e & entirely conv9c+ appe>ance is suppos$ to be beyond ! fak]'s art4 ,our own & o!r p's exp]i5ce leads u to d\bt ?is1 b su*1 z a matt] ( fact1 is ! common belief among collectors4 ,fak$ pat9a1 x is true1 is less transp>5t & dull] ?an ! g5u9e1 & x c easily be detect$ by %99ess at ! po9ts & %>p edges ( a bronze :]e x is difficult to fix ! imitation pat9a1 b1 we w\ld repeat1 !re are bronzes 9 ,naples & "s ( ! cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy t h deceiv$ ! be/ connoisseurs1 & samples may be se5 9 ne>ly all ! important museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,almo/ all works treat+ specially ( metal ca/+ give v>i\s me?ods = obta9+ a prop] pat9a accord+ to ! diff]5t hues "o may wi% to give ! bronze4 ,yet mod]n me?ods ( col\r+ & oxidiz+ bronze d n seem to satisfy ! antiqu>y &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fak] ( antique bronzes4 ,all mod]n me*anical me?ods produce f9e col\r+ )\t brilliancy1 col\r+ t does n seem to possess ! vibrant quality ( old pat9a1 oxidation t appe>s to be too sup]ficial to %[ ! dep? ( col\r+ peculi> to pat9a obta9$ by ! sl[ process ( age4 ,to obta9 su* an effect ! fak] resorts to ! mo/ v>i$ & out-(-!-way me?ods1 & :5 possible tries to ha/5 ! sl[ oxidation ( age by greas+ & smok+ ! object1 putt+ x 9 damp places & treat+ x ) acids4 ,(t5 ! mo/ v>i$ me?ods are us$ 9 conjunction or alt]nately ) a pati5ce & p]si/5ce wor?y ( a m hon\rable cause1 b practis$ ) ev]-great] ke5ness1 alas1 ) ! promise ( mu* ga94 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful pat9as are obta9$ n only by duly work+ at ! col\r+ & oxidation ( ! metal1 b by compos+ ! alloy 9 su* a way z to fav\r ! production ( a conv9c+ pat9a lat] on4 ,naturally1 ! diff]5ces ( ! pat9a ( old bronzes dep5d n only ^u ! v>i\s conditions to :i* ! "w may h be5 expos$ ?r\gh age1 b also ^u ! col\r+ or k9d ( artificial oxidation t may h be5 giv5 x ^u leav+ ! f\ndry4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,an ,,imitation ,,( ,,roman ,,"w4 ,late/ "p ( ,x,i,vth ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,an ,,imitation ,,( #af,,? ,,c5tury ,,"w4 ,?us :il/ an antique bronze br\ght up f ! bottom ( ! sea may h ! peculi> pat9a ( age acquir$ "u ^! special conditions & ano!r /atue expos$ only to atmosph]ic oxidation may %[ ! diff]5t hue belong+ to ! effect ( air1 !re are bronzes :i* h be5 col\r$ ^u leav+ ! f\ndry1 & ev5 :5 age has giv5 brilliance to ! pat9a !y be> ! *>act]i/ics diff]5tiat+ ! s*ool or arti/4 ,! mo/ difficult to imitate are ! excavat$ ,greek1 ,roman or ,etruscan bronzes1 especially :5 ! humidity ( ! soil or "s peculi> condition has produc$ a k9d ( pat9a possess+ ! appe>ance ( enamel4 ,among ! artificial hues ( ,r5aissance bronze1 ! br[ni% t9t ( ! ,paduan s*ool is *>act]i/ic1 & wor?y ( note are "s ( ! blacki% specim5s ( ,v5etian bronze1 z well z ! :ole emporium ( samples ( ! v]satile ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,"s ( ^! pat9 are reproduc$ fairly well1 & n[ t ,gianbologna & 8 s*ool are beg9n+ to be appreciat$1 we w\ld /ate t fak+ is successfully /udi$ to produce ! r$di% pat9a ( "s ( ! n always exquisite b yet inv>iably int]e/+ little bronzes ( ,tacca ,sus9i ,francavilla & o!rs4 ,x 0 once believ$ by "s collectors t gild$ bronze c\ld n be imitat$1 t ! galvanopla/ic me?od 0 z recognizable z any false & badly made co94 ,we d\bt ?is1 = we fail to see :y ! old sy/em ( gild+ ) m]cury c\ld n be appli$ to imitations4 ,x is some:at sl[] & m exp5sive1 b ! pr(it1 z usual1 makes x wor? :ile 9 ! eyes ( ! fak]4 ,gild+ is c]ta9ly imitat$ to p]fection on mod]n pieces purport+ to be ! "w ( ,fr5* arti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & "s ( ! c\nt]feits ( ,guti]rez' & ,caffi]i's "w h ev5 ! v>ni% t 0 at "o "t consid]$ inimitable4 ,! great progress made 9 imitat+ pat9a1 has r5d]$ ! collect+ ( bronzes "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s bran*es ! collector c *oose4 ,9 ! case ( m>ble1 /one or o!r h>d mat]ial t has to be *isell$1 ! fak] g5]ally />ts 8 "w along ! l9es ( ! sculptor1 t is to say1 he models ! orig9al 9 clay1 ca/s x 9 pla/] & transf]s x to ! m>ble by ! usual me?ods4 ,!n :5 ?is arti/ic "p has be5 accompli%$ successfully1 ! m>ble or /one mu/ be giv5 ! appe>ance ( antiquity & ! pat9a belong+ to age4 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ by two di/9ct op]ations1 "o relat+ to ! =m1 ! o!r to ! col\r & ! :ole peculi> h>monization ( tone & poli% call$ pat9a4 ,z reg>ds ! =m1 mod]n sculpture be+ some:at too precise & %>p-edg$1 ! *ief aim ( ! op]ation is to de/roy ^! qualities1 z well z to conf] ^u ! object ! abuse t is suppos$ to be trac$ ^u an antique dur+ its long pilgrimage ?r\gh ! ages4 ,! m>ble is !re=e skilfully *ipp$ "h & !re ) mallet & *isel1 s& & acid are appli$ to dull ! ov]-%>p tool+1 & sometimes to cause corrosion1 etc4 ,! pr9ciple accept$1 x is easy to und]/& t ways ( age+ sculpture are multipli$1 & v>y accord+ to ! illusion ! fak] int5ds to convey4 ,! fact t old ,greek & ,roman "w is n id5tical ) ,r5aissance productions 9 appe>ance1 z ! =m] are g5]ally excavat$ :ile ! latt] come d[n to u ?r\gh a long succession ( own]s1 is suffici5t to %[ t !re are slight diff]5ces :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,= col\r+ m>ble & /one1 a g5]al tone is usually giv5 at fir/ :i* is int5d$ to de/roy ! crud5ess ( ! new mat]ial1 especially 9 ! case ( m>ble4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ways is to wa% ! object ) wat] conta9+ a c]ta9 quantity ( gre5 vitriol4 ,:5 appli$ be=e ! /one has lo/ its p]meability1 ?is solution p5etrates deeply1 p>ticul>ly 9 m>ble1 & ! col\r+ is n easily de/roy$ or wa%$ out by long exposure to atmosph]ic action4 ,"s use nitrate ( silv] also :5 a diff]5t hue is to be giv51 b ! solution m5tion$ fir/1 :i* conf]s ! prop] ivory tone to ! m>ble1 is ! mo/ common4 ,naturally1 a tone giv5 by ^! means is too uni=m & monoton\s to be tak5 = ! col\r+ ( old age1 s ! arti/ calls 8 tal5t & exp]i5ce into play to produce ! desir$ v>iation2 !re is1 9 fact1 no o!r tea*+ b exp]i5ce & ta/e4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 ! col\r+ ( /one1 & p>ticul>ly m>ble1 ! arti/ has an almo/ complete palette at 8 disposal1 = 9 ?is bran* *emi/ry supplies ne>ly e hue possible4 ,we may rem>k by ! way t ! art ( col\r+ m>ble 0 already well und]/ood 9 ! days ( anci5t ,greece1 & x is a fact t m ?an "o /atue ( t p]iod %[s signs ( col\r+ wond]fully pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ages4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e m>ble dye+ is /ill a fl\ri%+ art1 x is done ) v few col\rs3 v]digris1 gamboge1 dragon's-blood1 co*9eal1 r$wood & logwood4 ,ne>ly all vegetable dyes are suitable1 & _m coal-t> col\rs1 if prop]ly us$1 give a v fa/ & beautiful col\r to m>ble4 ,x is ess5tial = ! solution ( all dyes to be made ) alcohol or e!r1 & only su* anil9es may be employ$ z are soluble 9 fat4 ,"s solutions may be appli$ direct to ! m>ble1 :atev] its temp]ature2 o!rs require ! heat+ ( ! m>ble1 to increase its p]meability & consequ5t faculty ( imbib+ ! col\r+ solution4 ,! quality & condition ( ! m>ble mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ! m>ble has n be5 poli%$ prop]ly1 or has be5 t\*$ ) greasy h&s1 a pat*y effect or /a9s w result4 ,rubb+ ) flannel & ! mod]ate use ( encau/ic1 give ! f9i%+ t\*es1 :5 ! "* ( ! pat9a requires ! %9y effect s (t5 se5 9 old m>bles4 ,objects sculptur$ 9 wood repres5t no *ange ( te*nique = ! =g] ( antiques z f> z ! c>v+ is conc]n$4 ,! =g]'s ability to imitate ! "w ( an old ma/] is purely arti/ic1 & _c1 ( c\rse1 be a*iev$ by any special me?od2 b ! art ( giv+ ! object a conv9c+ appe>ance ( age is fairly me*anical1 dep5d+ ^u ! use ( alkali1 p]manganate ( pota% & o!r sub/ances4 ,! process be+ some:at complex & common1 z a matt] ( fact1 to all k9ds ( wood c>v+1 x w be giv5 9 detail :5 imitation antique furniture & ! me?ods ( produc+ x are describ$2 fak$ furniture be+1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ productive bran*es ( ! obscure trade ( c\nt]feit antiques4 ,sometimes arti/ic figures or bas-reliefs 9 wood are ei!r col\r$ or gild$4 ,9 ! case ( poly*romatic "w1 ! wood is g5]ally coat$ ) a pla/] prep>ation to receive ! col\r1 & ! te*nique = age+ or giv+ a pat9a is t already describ$ = /ucco or clay "w2 9 ! case ( gild+1 ! appe>ance ( age is giv5 to ! new gold by col\r veil+1 also liquorice juice & burnt pap] are us$ ) advantage appli$ to ! gold ) a s(t bru%4 ,ivory "w too1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s fields to neophytic ent]prise1 requires no special te*nique 9 c\nt]feit+ z f> z ! arti/ic creation is conc]n$4 ,x mu/ also be tempt+ to ! c>v] z a mat]ial1 = c]ta9 nave effects ( primitive art seem aid$ by ! ess5tial qualities ( ! ivory1 its fibr\s con/itution 9 p>ticul>4 ,"o may safely say t !re is n[adays h>dly a s+le g5u9e ,byzant9e ,*ri/2 !re are1 h[ev]1 pl5ty on ! m>ket ( c\rse4 ,! old cracks ( antique ivory are v easily imitat$4 ,!re is m ?an "o me?od = produc+ !m1 ! mo/ common is to plunge ! piece into boil+ wat] & !n dry quickly be=e a fire4 ,! op]ation c ( c\rse be repeat$ until ! desir$ effect is atta9$4 ,"h also smoke & tobacco-juice c p]=m miracles4 ,sometimes ivory pieces are plac$ 9 a f]m5t+ heap ( f]tiliz] or wet hay4 ,! me?ods are1 9 fact1 mo/ v>i$1 & an inv5tive _s seems ( great assi/ance to ! fak] 9 devis+ new s*emes e day4 ,we n[ come to ! la/ class ( ?is *apt]1 c]opla/ics1 :i* includes all =ms ( modell$ wax1 small bas-reliefs suppos$ to h be5 ! orig9als ( plaquettes1 little family portraits 9 col\r$ wax1 etc4 ,9 ?is bran*1 pat9a & complicat$ me?ods to atta9 an appe>ance ( age h>dly come into consid]ation1 a m]e t\* ( ! h& is at times suffici5t to /a9 ! wax1 & "w ( ?is k9d takes ! col\r+ s readily aft] x is modell$ t no craft is ne$$ 9 imitat+ old wax "w1 provid$ ! arti/ is able to imitate ! antique h&iwork4 ,besides1 wax portraits h be5 = ! mo/ "p kept "u glass & h come d[n to u z fre% z ?\gh made ye/]day1 n only ^? ( a c5tury or two ago b also ^? t h rea*$ a mo/ respectable c5t5nial age4 ,wax "w is "o ( ! easie/ to imitate & "o ( ! mo/ difficult to detect :5 imitat$4 ,we are !re=e incl9$ to advise ! fre%man collector to ab/a9 f buy+ ?is k9d ( "w1 unless irrefutable docum5t>y evid5ce is (f]$ 9 ! %ape ( a well-au!nticat$ p$igree ( ! "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,fak$ ,,pott]y ,fak$ pott]y--,old unglaz$ types--,arti/ic & sci5tific int]e/ 9 pott]y--,ori5tal glaz$ pott]y--,greek & ,etruscan half-glaz$ vases--,fai5ce & its v>i\s types-- ,italian factories1 ,cafaggiolo1 ,urb9o1 etc4--,iridesc5t glazes1 ,hispano-,moresque1 ,d]uta & ,gubbio--,fr5* pott]y--,fak$ ,palissy & imitations ( ,h5ri ,,ii--,o!r types ( ,fr5* fai5ce--,*9a1 ! old & mod]n composition ( *9a-- ,v>i\s ways ( fak+ *9a ( good m>ks--,half-fak$ pieces --,blund]s 9 m>ks--,glasses & enamels4 ,pott]y pres5ts "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ fields = imitation & fak+4 ,! endless types & specialities ( ?is class seem to h spurr$ ! v]satile g5ius ( ! imitator4 ,broadly speak+1 & age ap>t1 pott]y may be divid$ into two classes3 "o 9 :i* glaz+ does n appe>1 & "o 9 :i* ?is important elem5t ( c]amics l5ds an entirely diff]5t "* to ! product4 ,! fir/ class m especially1 if n exclusively1 may be gr\p$ into two types accord+ to "*3 ^? t int]e/ ! sci5ti/ 9 p>ticul>1 & ^? t come m into ! doma9 ( ! arti/ & art lov]4 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood t !re is no def9ite l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two4 ,fak+1 h[ev]1 ) a great _s ( imp>tiality1 makes no di/9ctions & is ready to meet its cli5ts on ! sci5tific or arti/ic field1 & fully prep>$ to accommodate ! sci5ti/ ) an arti/ic b5t or ! arti/ possess+ ! le>n$ prop5sities ( ! hi/orian4 ,?us ,mexican idols & ,p]uvian pott]y1 z well z ! productions ( savage tribes1 are imitat$ & copi$ ) ! same int]e/ z ! unglaz$ vases ( ,samos1 ,greek clay urns & ,roman lamps4 ,:at regulates ! increase ( ! =g]'s activities & spurs 8 g5ius is1 z we h said1 ! dem& = an article & its price4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ !n 9 ! fact t "s r indiff]5t types ( pott]y ( savage tribes1 or incomplete aborig9al specim5s1 %\ld h be5 fak$ z ?\gh !y pres5t$ ! int]e/ ( a *ef-d'uvre4 ,n altoge!r ( ?is class1 b c]ta9ly ( limit$ int]e/ s f> z art is conc]n$1 are ! ,mexican articles :i* h be5 among ! mo/ exploit$ by ^? :o "k t ^! k9ds ( relics are 9 great dem& by sci5ti/s z well z collectors :o h a passion = specialities4 ,9 ! ,exhibition ( #ahgh1 a gr\p ( sci5ti/s put ! incauti\s ^u _! gu>d by exhibit+ a :ole s]ies ( fak$ ,mexican idols1 pott]y & s =?4 ,b z ! articles1 especially at t "t1 7 9 great vogue1 ! w>n+ 0 n suffici5t = speciali/s & collectors1 & ! %[ ( fak$ ,mexican art prov$ su* a success t x /irr$ ! hone/y or cynicism1 we h>dly "k :i*1 ( a ,p>isian deal] :o conceiv$ ! notion to adv]tise 8 w>es3 8,=g]ies ( ,mexican idols1 #e-be francs40 ,unglaz$ ,ori5tal & ,grco-,roman pott]y1 ) its f9e =ms & decorative "*1 has n only prov$ an attraction to ! collector b v tempt+ to ! fak] :o f9ds no great difficulty 9 imitat+ x4 ,! way to r5d] su* pott]y antique-look+ is easy4 ,acids may play _! "p "h too1 b !y are h>dly necess>y z ! por\s nature ( ! clay makes x able to absorb any k9d ( hue1 tone & dirt if buri$ 9 specially prep>$ gr\nd or 9 a b$ ( f]tiliz]4 ,curi\sly en\gh f "o po9t ( view1 ! imitation ( ?is e>ly art g5]ally fl\ri%es on ! v spot :]e ! orig9als are excavat$1 & /ill m odd is x t on m ?an "o occasion ^? dup$ 7 ! v ones suppos$ to be good connoisseurs & :o took direct int]e/ 9 ! excavations4 ,?us x is t !re is an abundance ( fak$ ,samos1 ,rhodes & o!r specim5s1 9 collections n[ h\s$ 9 museums4 ,a sup]ficial inspection ( ! ,cesnola collection 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york1 ought to be suffici5t to prove t ev5 connoisseurs z good z ,cesnola1 are n q safe 9 ?is speciality aga9/ ! trick]y ( mod]n imitators4 ,) ,greek1 ,campanian or ,etruscan pott]y t be>s a peculi> poli% or glaz+ ! nature ( :i* is /ill a my/]y to c]ami/s ! case is some:at diff]5t2 good imitations are r>e4 ,naturally !re _c be includ$ among conv9c+ imitations ^? ^u :i* a lead glaze has be5 us$1 z su* imitations are cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( %9+ glaze & are only int5d$ = v]ie/ neophytes :o h presumably nev] se5 an orig9al4 ,successful imitations are ei!r f9i%$ ) a v ?9 & non-%9+ glaze or an encau/ic poli%4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r encau/ic has be5 us$1 "o has only to rub ! piece ) a clo? soak$ 9 b5z9e1 :i* w soon turn x opaque4 ,9 ! pott]y museum ( ,svres !re is an int]e/+ s]ies ( fak$ ,greek & ,etruscan vases1 urns1 etc4 ,x comprises "s good specim5s ( ! "w ( ,t\*>d1 an imitator fl\ri%+ ab\t ! ye> #ahce1 o!r pieces by ! ,giu/9iani ( ,naples1 & "s ( ! mo/ successful fakes ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( pott]y1 ! pieces by ,krieg f ! ,rhe9zab]n factory4 ,^! pieces 7 sold to ! ,svres ,museum z g5u9e1 by a ,bav>ian1 9 ! ye> #ahcg4 ,we are told t a good me?od 9 imitat+ ,etruscan pott]y is to "w ) engobe1 add+ a well-gr\nd frit to ! b>bot9e t conta9s ! elem5ts ( a glaze4 ,to our k all imitations ( ?is k9d are want+ 9 appe>ance & x is safe to ass]t t !y c\ld h>dly receive s]i\s consid]ation f a true connoisseur4 ,z reg>ds glaz$ ,ori5tal c]amics1 !re are to be not$ "s good imitations ( ,p]sian "w &1 above all1 imitations ( ! *>act]i/ic pott]y ( ,rhodes4 ,factories = ^! c]amics are almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,p]haps ! be/ imitations come f a factory 9 ,p>is4 ,imitations f ?is factory h succe$$ 9 deceiv+ m ?an "o connoisseur4 ,a well-kn[n curator ( a ,b]l9 museum b\ght "o ( ^! samples z g5u9e1 pay+ eighty p\nds = x1 & an antiqu>y ( ,flor5ce1 q a speciali/ 9 c]amics1 v ne>ly committ$ ! same mi/ake1 b by good luck he 0 w>n$ by a fri5d :o _h be5 taught by h>d exp]i5ce t ?is ,ori5tal pott]y is a product ( v ,we/]n orig94 ,curi\sly en\gh ! manufactur]s d n sell _! produce = any?+ b imitations2 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! usual frauds 9 :i* ! m>ket 9 antiques ab\nds1 ^! pieces are evid5tly palm$ (f on unw>y collectors outside ,france4 ,ori5tal pott]y is usually s well pres]v$1 ?anks to its h>d glaze1 t ! fak] is sp>$ all complicat$ processes to give ! piece an appe>ance ( age4 ,! glaz$ "w ( ,hispano-,moresque pott]y pres5ts a m or less successful field to imitators4 ,! lu/r\s glaze ( v>i\s hues does n seem to (f] difficulties to ! mod]n c]ami/1 :o has le>n$ h[ to use ! my/]i\s co-op]ation ( smoke 9 ! s-call$ muffle glaze4 ,yet :5 confront$ ) orig9als1 :i* are becom+ r>] & r>] 9 ! m>ket e day1 ! be/ ( imitations leaves room = m$itation z ! g5u9e is usually a v uncom=table neighb\r to ! c\nt]feit4 ,! ,italian ,r5aissance ) its v>i\s & int]e/+ types has yield$ a f9e crop ( imitations4 ,9 fact plagi>ism 0 already rampant :5 ! old factories1 n[ ext9ct1 7 9 full activity4 ,?us on m ?an "o occasion ,fa5za has copi$ ,cafaggiolo1 & ! models ( ,urb9o1 ,pes>o & ,ca/eldurante are (t5 int]*ang$1 :ile ! factory ( ,savona seems to h bl5d$ its unmi/akable individuality ) ! models ( all ! mo/ successful factories4 ,cafaggiolo1 ,gubbio & ,d]u?a are p]haps ! types ( old ,italian pott]y to :i* ! fak] has giv5 pref]5ce4 ,!re are "s mod]n imitations ( ,cafaggiolo made by a c]ami/ ( ,flor5ce s well done t !y h deceiv$ ! be/ connoisseurs ( ,p>is & ,b]l94 ,b = ! fact t we h pl$g$ ourselves to po9t out ! s9s & n ! s9n]s or _! victims1 we c\ld enum]ate a r int]e/+ li/ ( illu/ri\s victims to ?is clev] imitator ( ,cafaggiolo1 :o is /ill at "w 9 ,flor5ce & m dang]\s e day by reason ( ! p]fect+ ( 8 deceitful art4 ,!re are also old imitations ( ,cafaggiolo1 made by ! ,sicilian factory ( ,caltagirone1 & if "o ?+ surprises u m ?an ano!r x is t good collectors %\ld buy ?is type freely z g5u9e4 ,!y are app>5tly bl9d to ! grossness ( ! imitation & above all to its d>k1 dirty blue :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! beautiful col\r ( a g5u9e ,cafaggiolo4 ,ano!r *]i%$ type (f]+ great enticem5t to ! ,italian fak]1 ev5 ?\gh n imitat$ successfully en\gh to take 9 ! real exp]t1 is ! "w ( ,della ,robbia4 ,imitations ( ?is "w1 copies f good orig9als & hone/ly sold z su*1 are to be se5 at "o ( ! mo/ important pott]ies ( ,flor5ce1 ,cantagalli1 a firm ( almo/ hi/orical reputation4 ,be+ int5d$ to be sold z reproductions1 copies or imitations1 no pat9a is giv5 to ^!4 ,x is n only 9 ,italy t ,italian fai5ce has be5 freely imitat$ b also 9 o!r c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ,france4 ,among ! successful imitators we may quote ,joseph ,dev]s1 :o made su* good imitations ( ,italian fai5ce t he _h ! hon\r to sell "s ( 8 specim5s to ! ,svres ,museum 9 #ahea4 ,look+ n[ at ^! imitations ( ,della ,robbia1 made s successfully by ,dev]s 9 #ahea1 "o wond]s h[ !y c\ld h be5 tak5 = g5u9e by exp]i5c$ connoisseurs4 ,! lu/re "w ( ,mae/ro ,giorgio ,&reoli & ,d]u?a has be5 imitat$ by _m factories1 b1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts put =? & ! progress made 9 discov]+ ! secret ( lu/r\s glaz+1 ! imitations1 especially ( ,mae/ro ,giorgio1 are defici5t4 ,9 ! ,gubbio "w ( ! be/ epo* a special fir+ mu/ h be5 us$1 especially = ! r$ hue1 :i* is s orig9al & *>act]i/ic t x seems to defy imitation4 ,t ! ,mae/ro ,giorgios mu/ h be5 glaz$ at a l[ temp]ature1 at any rate = ! production ( ! iridesc5t effect ( ! col\rs1 may be conclud$ f an incid5t t occurr$ 9 ,gubbio ye>s ago4 ,on ! spot :]e ,mae/ro ,giorgio is suppos$ to h _h 8 furnace = fir+ 8 ma/]pieces1 "s debris ( f9e ,gubbio "w 0 f\nd4 ,by *ance a woman put "o ( ^! pieces t _h app>5tly n receiv$ ! la/ fir+ = ! iridesc5t hue into ! w>m+ pan ) :i* %e 0 w>m+ h] h&s1 & ! mod]ate heat ( ! a%es 0 suffici5t to produce ! iridesc5t effect4 ,imitators ( ?is k9d ( "w use v>i\s me?ods1 b "o ( ! mo/ common is muffl$ glaze1 specially prep>$ & aid$ by smoke :i* envelopes ! piece :5 inc&esc5t & ! glaze ab\t to melt4 ,9 ,france ! h>d-glaz$ "w ( ,palissy 0 naturally an inc5tive to ! imitator's v]satile aptitude1 & lat] on to ! fak]'s4 ,be+ z e/eem$ = 8 "w1 z ill-treat$ = 8 religi\s convictions1 ,palissy _h _m imitators 9 8 own "t1 mo/ly among 8 pupils or en?usia/ic foll[]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,palissy di$ 9 ! ,ba/ille )\t reveal+ ! secret ( 8 glaze or ! composition ( 8 clay1 s ev5 8 foll[]s c\ld only grope 9 ! d>k1 to use ! expression by :i* ,palissy def9$ 8 long & ardu\s rese>*1 be=e he discov]$ ! secret ( 8 m>vell\s pott]y4 ,p]haps because plagi>i/s are1 aft] all1 always plagi>i/s1 ! fact rema9s t none ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5?-c5tury imitators rea*$ ! level ( ! ma/]4 ,h[ev]1 false ,palissys are legion n[4 ,!y are ( all k9ds & ! orig9als be+ n[ practically (f ! m>ket1 museums1 z usual1 ab\nd+ 9 pseudo-,palissys1 s a comp>ison ) an orig9al is n always possible4 ,ap>t f 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 ,palissy 0 copi$ & imitat$ at ,avon ne> ,fonta9ebleau 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury dur+ ,l\is ,,xiii reign4 ,demm91 a real au?ority on ,palissy c]amics1 m5tions _m false ,palissys n[ 9 museums1 "s ( !m regul> pa/i*es1 sugge/$ f well-kn[n pr9ts ( a lat] date ?an ,palissy4 ,accord+ to ,demm91 "s ( ^! pieces are 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ! motives ( ! composition1 old-fa%ion$ g>d5s1 be+ tak5 f engrav+s 9 ! /yle ( ,l5otre1 possibly dat+ betwe5 #afjc & #afch4 ,9 mod]n times !re are to be not$ imitations by ,alfr$ ,corplet1 a re/or] ( pott]y :o fill$ ! m>ket aft] ! ye> #aheb ) passable imitations1 sold z su*1 ( ,palissy "w4 ,= a long "t he _h be5 a re/or] ( brok5 & damag$ ,palissy "w & ?us he _h _h opportunity to /udy ! "w ( ! ma/] closely1 & at "o "t 8 imitations fet*$ high prices4 ,a4 ,m4 ,pull also imitat$ ,palissy "w ab\t ! ye> #ahgh1 z well z ,b>bizet ,bro!rs1 ( :om a plat reptiles is kept 9 ! ,svres ,museum4 ,"s firms ev5 reproduce sea-fi% :i* are nev] f\nd on g5u9e ,palissys1 z ! ma/] only m\ld$ su* animals & fi% z he f\nd 9 ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,!re are _m fak]s :o /ill love to imitate ! "w ( ,palissy1 & if we may give advice to ! inexp]i5c$ collector we w\ld say3 8,don't g aft] ,palissys n[adays1 z a f9d 9 ?is l9e is almo/ an impossibility2 good orig9als are ei!r kept 9 well-kn[n collections or jeal\sly gu>d$ 9 museums40 ,h5ry ,,ii fai5ce1 ! te*nique ( :i* is z mu* a my/]y z ,b]n>d ,palissy's glaze1 has also be5 imitat$1 b1 ) ! exception ( a few specim5s1 ! imitations are s co>se t !y c\ld h>dly be dang]\s ev5 to ! neophyte :o _h p]*ance "s slight acqua9tance ) orig9als4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,palissy1 h[ev]1 ,h5ry ,,ii c]amics d n ab\nd on ! m>ket & su* a ?+ z a f9d is n to be hop$ =4 ,m common are ! imitations ( ,r\51 ,m\/i]s1 d[n to ! c]amics ( ! ,revolution4 ,! latt] 7 at "o "t 9 su* dem& t a v comm]cial type 0 produc$ :i* c be imitat$1 ( c\rse1 ) ease4 ,9 ?is field also1 !re=e1 d n get excit$ too quickly ov] "s trucul5t subject ) ! conspicu\s date ( ! ,t]ror4 ,naturally among ^! subjects1 ! assiettes au confesseur & la guillot9e1 depict+ ! execution ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 are too tempt+ to =g]s n to be giv5 a c]ta9 pref]5ce among ! fak$ pott]y ( ! ,revolution4 ,we w\ld po9t out1 fur!r1 t ! pott]y ( all p>ts ( ! _w has inv>iably be5 fak$ or imitat$1 z soon z a promise ( success 0 pres5t$ to ! imitator & ( ga9 to ! fak]1 b x is n ! purpose ( ?is "w to make a long exposition ( ! c\ntless types ( fak+1 :i* w\ld consid]ably increase its bulk & risk monotony by an endless li/ ( names & almo/ id5tical facts ) ! usual dramatis p]son--! *eat] & ! *eat$4 ,to give an appe>ance ( age to pott]y1 especially glaz$ pott]y1 !re are v>i\s me?ods1 z we h already said4 ,sometimes x is n only a "q ( det]m9+ :e!r an object is g5u9e or n1 b z pott]y is apt to be "o ( ! mo/ re/or$ articles ( antiquity (f]$ to ! collector1 ! art lov] mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! means ( detect+ :i* p>ts ( a piece ( pott]y h be5 re/or$1 (t5 ov]-re/or$4 ,!re are two ways ( re/or+ pott]y :]e p>ts are miss+4 ,"o is to make ! miss+ "p 9 clay1 bake x1 & glaze & col\r x to imitate ! g5u9e "p ( ! object4 ,:5 ?is is done ! new "p is cem5t$ to ! old1 & ! piece is suppos$ to h be5 only brok5 & m5d$1 a fact :i* does n less5 ! value ( ! object 9 ! eyes ( ! collector s mu* z incomplet5ess w\ld4 ,z ?is op]ation is an extremely difficult "o :i* only a few speciali/s c p]=m--!re is a ,flor5t9e c]ami/ :o does x to p]fection--& v exp5sive z well1 only really f9e pieces ( pott]y are re/or$ 9 ?is way z a rule4 ,ord9>y pieces are repair$ z foll[s4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! object are c>efully cem5t$ toge!r & ! miss+ p>ts are !n suppli$ ) pla/]4 ,"s use pla/] mix$ ) glue1 o!rs "s simil> composition1 9 fact any s(t sub/ance w d if x w h>d5 aft] x has be5 modell$ & prop]ly %ap$4 ,:5 ! miss+ p>ts h be5 fill$ 9 & c>efully poli%$ ) s&-pap]1 !y are prep>$ = oil pa9t ) a light coat+ ( a weak solution ( glue4 ,aft] ?is ! arti/ pa9ts 9 ! miss+ patt]n ) oil col\rs & a bru%1 copy+ f ! orig9al p>ts ( ! object4 ,?is f9i%$1 ! glaze is imitat$ by a coat ( v>ni%4 ,incr$ible z x may s\nd1 9 ! h&s ( a clev] arti/ ?is r clumsy me?od produces an almo/ complete illusion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easy to asc]ta9 :at p>ts h be5 repair$4 ,! new p>ts are w>m] to ! t\* ?an ! glaz$ pott]y1 & !y w also smell ( turp5t9e or oil pa9t4 ,%\ld an old m5d+ h lo/ all smell1 ! heat ( ! h& is suffici5t to revive x4 ,place y\r f+] = a "t on ! "p y suspect1 & !n smell x & y w be able to detect :e!r ! "p has be5 repa9t$ ) oil col\rs4 ,a piece repair$ by ! o!r me?od is naturally m difficult to detect2 an exp]i5c$ eye1 h[ev]1 w notice "s slight diff]5ces 9 col\r & =m betwe5 ! old & ! new p>ts1 & sometimes ! jo9 is n q p]fect1 a defect t is (t5 rem$i$ by fill+ 9 ! crack ) a ma/ic imitat+ ! glaz$ gr\nd ( ! piece4 ,?is r>ely occurs1 h[ev]1 z a good repair] c g5]ally calculate to a nicety ! %r9kage ( ! "p to be add$ & makes su* a neat & p]fect fit t only an exp]i5c$ eye c detect x4 ,9 ! case ( a purely mod]n imitation1 ! fak]'s art consi/s1 z usual1 9 giv+ ! piece a conv9c+ appe>ance ( age1 once ! actual mak+ has be5 p]=m$4 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ by exposure to app>5t ill-usage1 by greas+ & smok+ ! object1 !n clean+ x & repeat+ ! op]ation ov] & ov] aga9 till ! dirt has p5etrat$ into all ! cracks1 or by bury+ x 9 a manure-heap & lett+ x rema9 till x has lo/ all fre%ness4 ,!re are also *emical ways by :i* ! glaze is eat5 & its composition alt]$4 ,x is a fact t fluoric acid readily eats ! glaze j z x dissolves glass1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! lead 9 ! glaze "u ! =m ( silicate *anges "u ! action ( hydrosulphuric acid4 ,cracks or a regul> network ( craquelage are g5]ally produc$ on new c]amics by ! same pr9ciple z !y are obta9$ on oil pa9t+s1 namely1 by produc+ artificially a diff]5ce 9 ! %r9kage capacity ( two sup]impos$ lay]s4 ,9 oil pa9t+ x is ! lay] ( pigm5t & ( v>ni%1 9 ! case ( pott]y ! two lay]s are repres5t$ by ! bak$ clay & ! glaze4 ,if ! clay has a small] %r9kage ?an ! glaze1 9 ! second fir+ ( ! piece to melt ! glaze1 ! latt] w dry 9 a network ( cracks l ^? on ,*9ese or ,japanese vases1 :i* are reproduc$ by ?is me?od4 ,rev]s+ ! game1 ! glaze peels (f "h & !re 9 dry+ & produces ! imp]fections sometimes desir$ on imitations ( old & damag$ pott]y4 ,an artificial disproportion betwe5 ! %r9kage ( ! clay & ! glaze is usually obta9$ by modify+ ! quality ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,does ! clay %r9k m 9 ! fir+ ?an is desir$1 ! c]ami/ g5]ally mixes x ) non-%r9k+ elem5ts su* z p[d]$ brick1 or ev5 ano!r k9d ( clay :i* he kn[s mu/ %r9k less on acc\nt ( its composition1 al?\gh x may n be suitable 9 col\r & quality4 ,by ?is same modification ( ! composition ! %r9kage ( ! glaze is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,glazes are g5]ally compos$ ( a comb9ation ( silex1 furni%$ by s&1 & oxide ( lead ) ! addition ( "s flux su* z borax4 ,) an increas$ quantity ( silex 9 ! composition ( ! glaze ! %r9kage capacity is dim9i%$4 ,consequ5tly a pr$om9ance ( ! o!r elem5ts1 lead1 flux1 etc41 produces ! opposite effect1 namely1 giv+ ! glaze a great] %r9kage capacity4 ,"s workm5 pref] to modify ! quality ( ! clay to obta9 ! desir$ craquelage1 o!rs f9d x m practical to modify ! glaze4 ,a full acc\nt ( fak$ *9a w\ld probably fill a bulky volume4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t e k9d ( arti/ic *9a wor? imitat+ has tempt$ ! fak]1 ) disa/r\s results to ! unw>y collector4 ,we h m5tion$ "s ( ! mo/ not$ =g]ies ( fai5ce1 m]ely to %[ :at a happy hunt+-gr\nd c]amics h be5 to ! fak] ( all times1 & ) *9a ?is is d\bly ! case4 ,f ! e>ly attempts ( ,bottg]1 ^? r>e specim5s ( r>e *9a1 d[n to almo/ mod]n samples ( ,svres !re has be5 a long succession ( types t h kept g5]ations ( fak]s & imitators incessantly busy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,curi\sly en\gh & ) no int5tion ( *eat+1 z f> z *9a is conc]n$1 not$ factories h !mselves greatly add$ to ! confusion betwe5 orig9als & copies by becom+ _! own plagi>i/s1 z x 71 by imitat+ old k9ds4 ,?us ! ,meiss5 factory n[ puts ^u ! m>ket types ( old ,dresd5 v satisfactory to p n intimately famili> ) ! f9e old models ( ! factory4 ,! same has be5 done at ,svres1 ,doccia & o!r factories4 ,!n1 too1 9 "s cases ! plagi>ism is furni%$ ) di/+ui%+ m>ks t h increas$ ! confusion--= ! neophyte collector1 be x und]/ood4 ,x is well kn[n1 = in/ance1 t be=e clos+ its doors t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,capodimonte factory sold all ! models ( ! factory to ,g9ori's not$ *9a works at ,doccia1 & toge!r ) ! models ! "r to use ! ,n surm\nt$ by a cr[n :i* 0 ! ,capodimonte factory m>k4 ,g9ori's factory has ev] s9ce reproduc$ imitation ,capodimonte ) ! m>k ( ! ,royal ,neapolitan factory4 ,( c\rse ! pieces may be sold by ! firm z ,g9ori w>e & n z ,capodimonte1 b once on ! m>ket !y are sure to come into ! possession ( "s unscrupul\s deal] :o w palm !m (f z ,capodimonte4 ,a good connoisseur1 h[ev]1 c tell1 almo/ at sight1 ! real ,capodimonte f ! ones ,g9ori's factory has be5 turn+ out = m ?an a c5tury4 ,! latt] are n s f9e 9 =m or col\r1 & al?\gh made f ! same m\ld are n s well f9i%$ & ret\*$ z ! real ,capodimonte4 ,ap>t f ?is1 a l>ge contribution to imitations ( highly reput$ *9a is made by small] factories t f9d x conv5i5t & pr(itable to copy pieces ( celebrat$ m>ks4 ,"s ( ^! factories ev5 g s f> z to imitate ! m>k1 r5d]+ ! deception p]fect4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( deceit 9 ! m>ket = arti/ic *9a1 peculi> to ?is p>ticul> bran*4 ,_m factories are 9 ! habit ( dispos+ ( su* arti/ic pieces z are n consid]$ altoge!r up to ! reputation ( ! factory4 ,^! pieces are (t5 b\ght by clev] workm5 :o embelli% !m ) skill & pati5ce1 & !n sell !m pr(itably4 ,if ! m>k is miss+ x is add$ ) muffl$ col\rs4 ,to obviate ?is irregul>ity "s ( ! be/ factories ei!r erase ! m>k on ! :eel1 or cut c]ta9 l9es 9 ! glaze :i* indicate t ! piece is g5u9e b n recogniz$ by ! factory z up to its /&>d ( arti/ic value4 ,( c\rse ev5 a mod]ately exp]t collector kn[s ! indelible sign made ov] ! g5u9e m>k1 b !re1 nev]!less1 seem to be p :o buy su* pieces "u ! impression t !y are g5u9e fir/-rate ,dresd51 :]eas no o!r claim c be made ?an t ! :ite backgr\nd & ! m>k are au!ntic1 bo? bak$ a gran fuoco z ! decoration is g5]ally muffl$ "w & c be execut$ by any skill$ workman :o has built a muffle 9 8 own h\se4 ,n[adays defective pieces are de/roy$ by reputable firms2 b ye>s ago !y 7 n only sold (f1 b ev5 giv5 to ! v factory m51 :o took !m home1 decorat$ !m & put !m on ! m>ket z g5u9e pieces4 ,"s ( ^! curi\s fakes are naturally almo/ z good z ! g5u9e article1 be+ at times ! "w ( ! same arti/ & ! defect ( ! fir/ fir+ is n always visible z a slight curve 9 a di%1 or a t9y speck 9 ! glaze ( a vase1 is a suffici5t blemi% = ! piece to be ?r[n aside by ! factory4 ,:]e ! fak] does n always display 8 usual %>pness is 9 ! falsification ( m>ks ( not$ factories4 ,he is apt to make gross mi/akes by copy+ a m>k f an orig9al )\t kn[+ ! hi/orical *>act]i/ics ( ! m>ks ( c]ta9 factories1 _! peculi>ities & ev5tual *anges4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,svres m>k4 ,x is kn[n t in/ead ( dat+ ! pieces 9 figures1 ! ,svres factory began 9 ! ye> #agec to m>k ! pieces ) an ,a betwe5 ! entw9$ initials ( ! ,k+'s "n1 & t ea* successive ye> 0 m>k$ by ! ,fr5* alphabet till ! lett] ,z 0 rea*$ 9 #aggf1 aft] :i* ! alphabet 0 repeat$ aga91 d\bl+ ea* lett]1 ?us3-- #agec ,a #aggf ,z #aggg ,,aa #agic ,,zz ,x is1 h[ev]1 n unusual to see a fak$ piece ( ,svres imitat+ ! "w ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury wrongly m>k$ z to date1 ! fak] hav+ evid5tly copi$ ! m>k f an orig9al1 unaw>e t x repres5t$ a date z well4 ,?is incr$ible ignorance c only be expla9$ by ! fact t _m ( ^! clev] imitators1 are arti/s altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) any in=mation outside _! imitative art4 ,!re are also o!r difficulties 9 ! imitation ( ,svres & its m>ks1 m especially ! pieces ( ! above s]ies1 ( :i* ! fak] appe>s to be unaw>e4 ,beside ! factory m>k1 9 ! alphabet s]ies p>ticul>ly1 !re is always ! special m>k ( ! arti/ :o did ! decoration4 ,^! m>ks are g5]ally n v conspicu\s1 initials1 dots1 l9es1 etc41 & belong to speciali/s1 m9iature portrait pa9t]s1 l&scapi/s or simple decorators4 ,by copy+ ! old m>ks me*anically )\t kn[+ ! in=mation c>ri$ by ! arti/'s initials or m>ks1 ! fak] is liable to attribute a piece ( fak$ l&scape pa9t+ to a portraiti/ & vice v]sa4 ,errors ( ?is k9d are m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,9 fak$ *9a !re is no "q ( pat9a or devices by :i* to conf] an appe>ance ( age to ! piece1 nor ( artificial breakages =1 by a freak ( connoisseur%ip & contr>y to fai5ce1 repair$ *9a has lo/ 9 a great _m cases all arti/ic & monet>y value4 ,we n[ turn to glassw>e & enamels z be>+ a c]ta9 aff9ity 9 ! doma9 ( fak$ art & antiquities ) ! glaz$ pott]y already illu/rat$4 ,! museum ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9 conta9s specim5s ( fak$ ,roman glass ) iridesc5t effect produc$ by ! que] s*eme ( /ick+ fi% scales to "o side1 :i* z e "o kn[s are iridesc5t4 ,a mo/ nave =m ( fak+ to :i* lat] progress 9 ! gr& & arti/ic pr(ession ( dup+ unwise collectors h>dly r5d]s x necess>y = imitators to h rec\rse4 ,phnician glass1 ! little sc5t bottles1 ! s-call$ la*rymatories or te>-bottles1 furni% a l>ge s\rce ( pr(it to ! fak]4 ,!y d n comm& high prices1 & appeal to ! less fa/idi\s class ( collectors1 t\ri/s1 & are sure ( f9d+ pur*as]s4 ,int]m5t 9 e>? or manure gives ! desir$ iridesc5t quality to ! glass 9 "t4 ,f ^! antique types we w proce$ to o!rs ( m rec5t times :i* dem& m c>e & skill to imitate1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! art z ! peculi> defects ( c]ta9 k9ds4 ,:ile ,cologne di/+ui%es h]self ) imitations ( specim5s ( old glass1 ! s-call$ product ( excavation1 & o!r cities ( ,g]many reproduce old national types1 ,italy has reviv$ old ,murano ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success1 z well z v>i\s k9ds ( ,quattroc5to & lat] samples4 ,^! imitations are n always made ) ! int5tion to deceive & _! success dep5ds ^u ! class ( collector4 ,he :o has p]fect$ 8 ta/e f9ds t al?\gh !y may approximate to ! old orig9als mat]ially1 arti/ically !y are want+4 ,! excess ( precision t belongs to mod]n reproductions some:at less5s ! arti/ic effect & =ms "o ( ! sali5t diff]5ces betwe5 old & new4 ,b ^! aft] all are n dang]\s1 !y repres5t ! cabotage on ! sea ( deceit2 !re are also f9e pieces ( real arti/ic value t are imitat$ by arti/s ( e nation su* z old ,bohemian *efs-d'uvre1 ,murano *&eli]s1 ! latt] sometimes compos$ ( old & mod]n p>ts4 ,cut glass is ano!r bran* 9 :i* ! skilful imitator has triumph$4 ,! "w ( ,val]io ,belli & o!rs is s well imitat$ t ev5 ! be/ connoisseurs are deceiv$4 ,) reg>d to enamels we w\ld repeat ! usual refra91 d n buy !m until y "k :5ce !y come1 & until y h trac$ at lea/ two or ?ree c5turies ( well-au!nticat$ p$igree4 ,!re are ord9>y imitations 9 ! antique m>ket :i* are q easily di/+ui%$1 b !re are o!rs1 regul> *efs-d'uvre ( art & craft1 t defy & h1 9 fact1 defi$ exp]i5ce & k4 ,n all imitations are by ,laud9 or ,noailh]1 ^: "w may be ( int]e/ to ! accommodat+ ta/e ( lov]s ( imitations1 b !re are products ( a high] grade1 un=tunately = collectors & museums1 & ^! are n sold z imitations1 b good r\nd sums h be5 paid = !m & !y h1 9 a way1 ru9$ ! reputation ( m ?an "o collector & exp]t4 ,! te*nique ( ! "w is id5tical ) t ( ! pa/1 & ! process = giv+ an appe>ance ( age v mu* resembles t already describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ?\gh !re are "s fak]s :o claim to h f\nd a pat9a t _c be dissolv$1 be+ incorporat$ ) ! enamel z a glaze obta9$ 9 ! second fir+4 ,! _m lawsuits & summonses at ! ,c\rts ) respect to ! buy+ & sell+ ( c\nt]feit enamels1 are ample pro( t fak+ is rampant also1 9 ?is int]e/+ bran* ( art collect+4 ,x suffices to say t among ! illu/ri\s victims ( fak$ enamels !re is to be includ$ ! eld] ,b>on ,ro?s*ild1 or le ,b>on ,alphonse z he 0 briefly call$ among antiqu>ies4 ,! fir/ ( 8 bad exp]i5ces 9 fak$ enamel 0 reveal$ to ! weal?y ,b>on by ,mr4 ,mannheim1 "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ hone/ connoisseurs ( ,p>is1 !n tak+ 8 fir/ /eps 9 ! traffic ) antiques4 ,f ! fir/1 ,mannheim _h an excell5t eye & he discov]$ t a place ( hon\r 0 be+ giv5 to a false piece 9 ,b>on ,alphonse's r>e s]ies ( *oice/ enamels4 ,at fir/ he did n d>e to reveal ! secret1 b aft] hav+ ga9$ ! c]titude t n only ! "o piece1 b o!rs also1 ( ! collection 7 m or less clev] fakes1 he took ! opportunity to speak t 0 (f]$ "o day by ! ,b>on's praise ( ?is f9e piece ( enamel4 ,at fir/ ! ,b>on 0 ( c\rse ob/9ate 9 8 unbelief1 b ^u a f9al te/ & ! op9ion ( o!r exp]ts1 ,mannheim's good eye f9ally triumph$4 ,! *ef-d'uvre & o!r spuri\s pieces = :i* ! multi-millionaire _h paid a =tune disappe>$ f ! collection4 ,long aft] ! above exp]i5ce ) :i* ,mannheim's "n 0 connect$1 ,ro?s*ild b\ght an alt>-piece ( imm5se value & great arti/ic m]it4 ,?is f9e enamel _h be5 sold to ! ,b>on by a ,london deal]1 :o _h evid5tly b\ght ! piece z an antique & did n scruple to sell ! r>ity to 8 be/ cli5t = "o million lire4 ,hav+ be5 told by 8 deal] t ! enamel _h orig9ally come f ,vi5na1 ,b>on ,ro?s*ild "o day po9t$ x out to an ,au/rian atta*1 8 gue/1 comm5t+ ^u its beauty & 8 own good =tune 9 hav+ x 9 8 possession4 ,he conclud$ by express+ 8 surprise t ,au/ria %\ld let su* a f9e "w ( art cross ! fronti]4 ,! atta* said no?+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r gue/s1 & only :isp]$ to 8 ho/ 8,i w come to-morr[ to tell y :at ,i ?9k ( y\r f9d60 ,! next day1 9 fact1 he return$ & reveal$ to ! ,b>on h[ he _h be5 deceiv$ 9 :at he ?\ght to be a preci\s orig9al1 z x 0 no?+ b a copy ( a well-kn[n alt>-piece pres]v$ 9 ,vi5na4 ,he 0 ev5 able to "n ! man :o _h made ! copy ( ! preci\s enamel1 a c]ta9 ,w]n+] :o _h secretly made a reproduction :ile re/or+ ! orig9al4 ,! ,b>on claim$ & obta9$ 8 million f ! ,london deal]1 ^: good fai? 9 ?is affair 0 beyond "q1 & a w>rant 0 issu$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,w]n+]4 ,! deal] did n recov] ! price he _h paid b ,mr4 ,w]n+] 0 s5t5c$ to five ye>s' imprisonm5t1 ample "t 9 :i* to m$itate ^u ! repreh5sible side ( 8 allur+ art4 ,z usual we mu/ conclude ! illu/ration ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ! trade ) a w>n+1 = if ,b>on ,ro?s*ild _h to regret ! acquisition ( exp5sive enamels1 & he is n ! only conspicu\s connoisseur to d s1 :at is ! fate likely to ov]take ! fir/ exploits ( a neophyte 9 ! field6 ,if n assi/$ by a fir/-rate exp]t1 ! fre%man _h bett] n m$dle ) enamels = a long "t1 b assuage 8 passion by go+ & admir+ well-kn[n & au!ntic pieces 9 fam\s museums4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,metal ,,fakes ,metal "w--,! bronze family3 brass1 copp]1 & _! v>i\s col\rs & pat9--,beat5 iron "w--,arms & arm\r-- ,artificial ru/ & *emical oxidation--,:5 ! imitators ( arms & arm\r us$ /eel & :5 iron--,ca/ iron pieces-- ,*emical te/s--,difficulties 9 ! connoisseur%ip ( arms & ! /ory ( ?ree %ields--,old & mod]n imitations-- ,silv] "w--,its col\r & oxidization--,:y arti/ic pieces 9 preci\s metal are 9 dang] ( be+ de/roy$--,fa%ion "o ( ! dang]s ( silv] plate--,h[ f> reliance may be plac$ 9 m>ks--,gold "w--,! ti>a ( ,saitaf]nes--,jewels & _! extreme r>ity--,imitations & =g]ies ( all ages-- ,advice to ! non-initiat$ 9 ! art ( buy+ jewels4 ,:5 speak+ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w ab\t ! me?ods ( conf]r+ an appe>ance ( age to newly ca/ bronze1 we rem>k$ t ! fak]'s be/ accomplice 9 ! age+ process 0 *emi/ry4 ,! col\r+ & bronz+ ( metals 9 fact is usually accompli%$ by "o ( two me?ods1 by ! action ( *emicals or by ! application ( bronze p[d]s r5d]$ impalpable & us$ z a pigm5t4 ,! latt] me?od is mo/ly us$ 9 mod]n indu/rial art1 b has1 nev]!less1 be5 appli$ 9 imitat+ antiques & 9 disguis+ m5d$ p>ts1 etc4 ,x is (t5 us$ ) success 9 ! case ( imitations ( excavat$ objects :i* g5]ally h a blui%-gre5 pat9a4 ,?is may be imitat$ to deceive ! eye ( ! beg9n] only1 by ! application ( gre5-bronze lacqu] ( a dull lu/re1 or ( gre5 v>ni%4 ,! gre5 ( ! bronze col\r is be/ prep>$ by mix+ ,frank=t black ) *rome yell[4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 b *eap & n always conv9c+ exp$i5ts1 ! real way to give tone & col\r to bronze & o!r metals is by resort to *emi/ry4 ,a br[n col\r on bronze1 = in/ance1 may be obta9$ by prep>+ a s& ba? l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! article to be bronz$4 ,:5 ! object has be5 cleans$ f all grease by dipp+ 9 boil+ pota% lye1 x is treat$ ) :ite v9eg>4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y op]ation ! object is wip$ ?or\ghly dry & !n rubb$ ) a l95 rag moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ?is coat+ is p]fectly dry--a qu>t] ( an h\r is suffici5t--! article mu/ be heat$ 9 ! s& ba? until x has acquir$ a blui% t9t1 & a f9al rubb+ ) a l95 rag soak$ 9 olive oil w *ange ! blue col\r to br[n4 ,recipes & processes are endless & s ri* 9 hues t almo/ any tone may be obta9$4 ,to any int]e/$ 9 ?is bran* ( imitat+ old metals we c b sugge/ ! excell5t book1 ,! ,metal ,work]'s ,h&y ,book1 edit$ by ,william ,t4 ,brannt4 ,z we h said1 !re are _m me?ods by :i* to give ! prop] pat9a to metals1 & a good deal ( my/]y1 "s fak]s & imitators claim+ to be 9 possession ( unreveal$ secrets4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air = a long "t1 copp] & bronze acquire a f9e br[n or gre5 pat9a :i*1 z e collector kn[s1 greatly enhances ! m]its ( an arti/ic piece 9 ^! two metals4 ,a p]fect imitation ( ! result ( a long process ( "t is n an easy matt]1 9 fact an almo/ impossible task4 ,=m]ly ! pat9a ( a bronze 0 9 a way ! f9al te/ ( au!nticity1 b n[adays !re are mod]n imitations ( s deceptive a "* t ! be/ connoisseurs are tak5 94 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n me?ods by :i* old pat9a is imitat$ on copp] & bronze1 is to foll[ z closely z possible ! process by :i* ! g5u9e pat9a is produc$4 ,?us ! action ( ra91 int]m5t1 imm]sion 9 "s p]meat+ sub/ance t w g5]ate hydrosulphuric acid are call$ into s]vice by ^? will+ to wait a comp>atively long "t = ! desir$ effects4 ,o!rs accel]ate ! above process by increas+ ! proportion ( ! natural conducive elem5ts4 ,! objects are also treat$ ) wat] conta9+ ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 etc41 expos$ to ! int5se & direct action ( vap\r or vaporiz$ acid 9 ord] to produce ^? basic salts t =m a c]ta9 pat9a4 ,to obta9 ! mala*ite k9d ( pat9a t g5]ally *>act]izes objects f\nd 9 ! gr\nd1 ! imitator g5]ally bru%es ! metal ov] ) a v weak solution ( cupric nitrate to :i* a small quantity ( common salt 9 solution may be add$4 ,:5 completely dry x is aga9 bru%$ ov] ) a liquid consi/+ ( "o hundr$ p>ts ( weak v9eg>1 five ( sal-ammoniac & "o ( oxalic acid1 & ! application is repeat$ aft] ! fir/ has dri$4 ,9 ab\t a week's "t ! metal w h acquir$ a gre5-br[n col\r t may be poli%$ ) encau/ic if ! pat9a is to h a %9y appe>ance4 ,su* is ! leitmotiv1 m or less1 ( ! processes = obta9+ ! gre5 or br[n-gre5 pat94 ,"s dip ! object 9 cupric acid & !n place x 9 a room 9 :i* an excess ( c>bonic acid is produc$1 by o!rs pref]5ce is giv5 to "o or ! o!r elem5t accord+ to ! tone & col\r desir$4 ,brass articles are coat$ ) gre5 pat9a by a solution conta9+ #aej p>ts ( v9eg> to :i* has be5 add$ t5 p>ts ( copp] dissolv$ 9 tw5ty ( nitric acid4 ,an application ( ?is liquid is g5]ally made on ! object4 ,! br[n pat9a usually *>act]iz+ old m$als is obta9$ 9 _m ways4 ,"o is by heat+ ! m$al at ! flame ( a _s lamp & !n bru%+ x ) graphite4 ,to col\r a numb] ( m$als at ! same "t1 "s imitators dissolve ?irty p>ts ( v]digris & ?irty p>ts ( sal-ammoniac 9 t5 ( wat]1 add+ wat] to ! solution till a precipitate is no long] =m$4 ,!n ! m$als are plac$ 9 a %all[ di% )\t t\*+ "o ano!r & ! boil+ solution is p\r$ ov] !m4 ,! m$als are all[$ to rema9 9 ! solution till !y h acquir$ ! desir$ t9t1 :i* %\ld be a f9e br[n4 ,gre5 or blui% pat9 may also be giv5 to bronze or copp] by triturat$ copp] c>bonate us$ z a pa9t ) a pale _s v>ni%1 %ellac or s&>ac1 & appli$ ) a bru%4 ,v]digris g5]ally gives a blui% t9t & cry/alliz$ v]digris a pale gre5 t9t4 ,! two tones c be m+l$ to obta9 "s special hue4 ,iron "w is p]haps "o ( ! easie/ to imitate & give an appe>ance ( antiquity4 ,z f> z ! actual "w is conc]n$1 x re/s entirely ^u ! skill & arti/ic ta/e ( ! work]4 ,pat9a on iron is ei!r caus$ simply by ru/ or by a sl[ process ( oxidation :i* conf]s a ri*1 d>k tone to iron4 ,!re is also a special pat9a se5 on iron t has be5 "u wat] = a long "t1 b ?is is r>e 9 imitations & v difficult to obta94 ,! ru/y coat+ on iron c be produc$ by almo/ any prep>ation capable ( oxidiz+ ! surface or trans=m+ x into basic salt provid$ a r$ col\r results1 z ) nitric or hydro*loric acid1 = in/ance4 ,! br[n pat9a is (t5 obta9$ by oil+ ! piece & expos+ x to ! direct action ( flame4 ,! two me?ods may be alt]nat$ & ! corrosion ( ! acid "h & !re adds "* to ! piece4 ,me?ods are s v>i\s1 h[ev]1 t ! way to obta9 a conv9c+ pat9a is p]haps conta9$ 9 ! dictum ( an ,italian antiqu>y3 8,to inflict ^u ! object t is to be turn$ into an antique e possible indignity & abuse40 ,! pat9a 9 imitations ( old iron "w is s well reproduc$ n[adays t ev5 exp]ts are unable to di/+ui% ! real f ! unreal ) c]ta9ty1 s mu* s t m ?an "o has _h rec\rse to an analysis ( ! composition ( ! iron 9 ord] to decide :e!r ! object 7 mod]n or antique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lamp ,,design$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,orl&9i1 ,jun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mantel-,,piece4 ,by ,pr(4 ,orl&9i1 an hone/ imitator ( ! ,r5aissance1 :o is responsible = _m f9e pieces ( ornam5tal "w & _m good re/orations ( antique works4 ,?is ju/ifies ! v]dict ( ,moreau1 an exp]t & celebrat$ arti/ 9 iron1 :o :5 call$ ^u to decide :e!r a c]ta9 arti/ic key exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,_w ,exhibition ( #ahgh 7 really ( anci5t workman%ip1 repli$ t he c\ld n tell unless he 7 all[$ to break ! key & exam9e ! gra9 ( iron4 ,italy is "o ( ! c\ntries :]e ! imitation ( old iron is traditional4 ,9 old5 times x 0 ! "w ( ,cap>ra & o!r arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance t 7 imitat$1 n[adays old models are reproduc$ = ! b5efit ( ! t\ri/1 & "s are conceiv$ 9 ! old /yle ) extreme p]fection = ^? collectors :o g 9 = orig9als & :o buy ?is mod]n "w z g5u9e *efs-d'uvre ( ! ,quattroc5to & ,c9quec5to4 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 & ! t[n ( ,urb9o furni% ! ,italian m>ket ) ! be/ imitations ( old c&elabra1 &irons1 gates1 lamps1 & keys2 9 fact ev]y?+ t is likely to attract ! t\ri/ or please ! collector4 ,ne>ly e c\ntry possesses good imitators ( arti/ic old iron1 :i* is p]haps due to ! fact t su* imitations d n require any great arti/ic ability1 nor is ! coat ( ru/ on mod]n iron a matt] incurr+ exp5se or complicat$ me?ods4 ,! mo/ difficult 9 ?is field are ! imitations ( arms ( all k9ds1 :i* require a skilful workman & (t5 a f9i%$ arti/ 9 iron "w4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( fak+ x is n only a "q ( reproduc+ old weapons ( a national "*1 b ! =g] frequ5tly turns 8 att5tion to imitat+ arms ( exotic type4 ,we all "k t ,con/ant9ople is ! place p> excell5ce = imitations ( old ,ori5tal arms & arm\r1 b v few are aw>e t :5 !y buy an ,ori5tal poign>d or ,turki% gun ornam5t$ ) passages f ! ,koran 9 ,africa1 = in/ance1 !y are buy+ goods made 9 ,g]many4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,g]man factories supply ,ori5tal m>itime m>kets ) all _! f9e arms4 ,we /ill recollect ! amazem5t ( an ,am]ican t\ri/ :o on return+ f a fair ne> ,tangi]s %[$ ! hotel-keep] 8 f9d1 a f9e ,morocco knife ) a c>v$ scabb>d 9 brass1 & 0 told t x 0 ,g]man4 ,z he p]si/$ 9 8 incr$ulity1 ! hotel-keep] %[$ him ! mate ( 8 b>ga91 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to him by ! ,g]man comm]cial travell] :o _h lodg$ 9 8 hotel4 ,z usual1 collectors ( ! g5re be+ div]se z to ta/e & calibre z connoisseurs1 ! accommodat+ fak] has goods to suit ! v>i$ scale ( 8 cli5ts1 or r !re are fak]s ( arms & arm\r l ! ,v5etian rubbi% :i* is = easily pleas$ gre5horns1 & o!rs produc+ f9e goods = ! man ( exquisite ta/e su* z ! product ( ,vi5na1 ,belgium1 ,france1 & sundry ,italian arti/s ( =g$ /eel4 ,we h purposely made a di/9ction by say+ sundry ,italian arti/s1 because :ile ! imitation ( arms 9 o!r c\ntries assumes ! "* ( factory "w ( extremely good quality1 9 ,italy ! arti/ :o =ges /eel1 *isels x & imitates old weapons1 is usually a solit>y work] 9 8 own home1 a fact t makes him f> m dang]\s to ! collector4 ,^! arti/s are (t5 simply imitators ( ! old /yle ^: "w is sold by o!rs z antique4 ,"o ( !m us$ to live 9 ,lucca ^: imitations ( old dagg]s c9qu$ee or l+ue di bove h become fam\s4 ,ano!r 9 a t[n ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 imitates ,negroli & ,milanese "w ) uncommon success4 ,_m ( ^! arti/s1 :o imitat$ & copi$ old damasc5$ "w to p]fection1 ) no ?\ght ( *eat+1 h execut$ f9e "w t c /& ^u its own m]its s to say4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! "w ( ,zuloaga1 ! fa!r ( ! pa9t] ( t "n1 & ( ano!r ,spani>d ( repute 9 ! arti/ic _w1 ,m>iano ,=tuny4 ,?is excell5t pa9t] 0 also a fir/-rate *isell] & good arti/ 9 damasc5$ "w4 ,he imitat$ ! ,moresque /yle to p]fection4 ,at ! sale t took place aft] 8 dea?1 "o ( 8 productions1 a damasc5$ sword1 fet*$ ! price ( #ae1jjj francs1 & 0 sold ) no o!r recomm5dation ?an t ( be+ a mod]n imitation ( ! antique by ,m>iano ,=tuny4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ! well-kn[n amateur ,b>on ,davilli]1 ,=tuny speaks ( a fl\ri%+ factory ne> 8 /udio 9 :i* excell5t imitations ( arm\r 7 made1 *iefly rep\ss %ields4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t if su* a judge z ,=tuny call$ ! imitation ( ?is ,roman "w excell5t1 "s ( !m are at pres5t enri*+ well-kn[n collections4 ,!re is a sc>city ( g5u9e pieces on ! m>ket1 9 fact h>dly a s+le f9e ,c9quec5to sword or halb]d is to be se5 9 %ops n[ or is = sale4 ,! few /ill obta9able are poor specim5s z a rule1 & ?is fact ought to put ! neophyte on 8 gu>d :5 he is (f]$ "s gorge\sly ornam5t$ sword1 pike1 ranseur or p>tisan lavi%ly *as$ & gild$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ye>s ago an elegant lady 0 ask$ :y ! fair sex pref]r$ to dress elaborately r ?an 9 ! /yli% simplicity ( tailor-made g[ns1 to :i* %e repli$1 8,p]haps because x is less exp5sive40 ,9 a way ! f9e pla9 swords & unornam5t$ pieces ( arm\r are m difficult to fake2 !y w\ld seem to dem& ! same eye = =m z a p]fectly cut1 well-fitt+1 simple tailor-made g[n4 ,?is comb9$ ) ! collector's *eap ta/e 9 arms may be ! reason :y ! fak] gives pref]5ce to imitations load$ ) *as$ or damasc5$ ornam5tation1 & enri*$ ) gild+ & elaborate arabesques4 ,! r>ity ( imitations ( f9e weapons *>act]iz$ by elegant l9es1 simplicity & sobriety ( ornam5t1 sugge/$ to ! au?or "s ye>s ago ! solution to a difficult problem prop\nd$ by ,b>on ,na?aniel ,ro?s*ild4 ,:5 call$ to ,b>on ,ro?s*ild's magnific5t mansion 9 ,vi5na1 ,i f\nd ?is ri* & sagaci\s collector _h receiv$ two f9e swords t 7 be+ (f]$ = sale4 ,"o 0 simplicity itself1 ! o!r ov]-ornam5t$ & lavi%ly gild$ on blade & hilt4 8,:i* d y advise me to buy8 ,i mu/ decide betwe5 ! two40 ,to be frank1 !y bo? look$ g5u9e to me1 b ! ,b>on's "q r\s$ a suspicion 9 my m9d t "o ( ! two swords 0 a =g]y4 8,i %\ld buy ?is "o10 ,i answ]$1 po9t+ to ! sword almo/ depriv$ ( ornam5t4 8,y h a good eye10 complim5t$ ! ,b>on4 8,! o!r sword is an imitation1 "o ( ! mo/ admirable ,i h ev] se540 ,my disc]nm5t1 h[ev]1 0 m]ely bas$ on ! accept$ aphorism t ! comb9ation 9 art ( simplicity & extreme elegance is difficult to imitate1 o!rwise :o kn[s b :at ,i might n h select$ ! fak$ sword4 ,x mu/ be add$ "h1 t an imitation c v r>ely be> close comp>ison ) a g5u9e piece4 ,! proximity ( ! g5u9e article is always r disa/r\s to ! fake1 & nev] m s ?an 9 ! case ( arms & arm\r4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 ! mod]n me?ods ( work+ & ornam5t+ /eel4 ,^! me?ods n only produce a diff]5ce 9 ! raw & work$ /eel t connoisseurs claim to di/+ui%1 b ! ornam5tation itself is wr\ght by o!r means4 ,engrav$ ornam5ts1 especially on pieces t d n aim to deceive fir/-rate connoisseurs1 are r>ely done by ! old me?od b pref]ably by acids4 ,damasc5+1 su* z is r>ely done n[ ev5 9 ! ,ea/1 0 a skilful & complicat$ op]ation by :i* /eel blades & arm\r 7 inlaid ) gold or silv] ornam5tations4 ,! designs 7 fir/ cut deep into ! /eel ) a bur91 !n ! gold or silv] 0 beat5 9 ) a hamm]1 n only until ! surface 0 smoo?1 b until ! inset 0 securely work$ into & held by all ! irregul>ities ( ! groove4 ,su* "w is n[ imitat$ by gild+ ov] a r %all[ groove obta9$ by ! action ( nitric acid4 ,! sombre %9e ( old /eel is g5]ally reproduc$ by a ?9 coat ( encau/ic4 ,! sum total ( ^! diff]5ces1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 loss ( arti/ic s5se 9 ! art1 are ! causes p]haps ( ! disa/r\s effect ^u fak]y ( a close proximity ) g5u95ess1 z above not$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is 9 common cases1 =1 z we h said1 !re are sporadic work]s 9 /eel :o produce pieces t baffle ! be/ connoisseurs--z an arti/ic object _c always be te/$ by break+ x & exam9+ ! texture ( ! metal1 :i* w\ld be ! safe/ me?od at pres5t4 ,"h aga9 we are =c$ to advise ! new-com] 9 ! field ( connoisseur%ip dur+ 8 se>* = arms 9 8 fir/ en?usia/ic /age1 to use m ?an "o gra9 ( salt ) :at he he>s1 & sev]al p\nds ( scepticism :5 he comes across :at w\ld seem to be a real f9d4 ,= ov] ?irty ye>s arms1 we mean f9e specim5s1 h practically disappe>$ f ! m>ket4 ,pi/ols1 guns & weapons ( a late epo* may /ill be se51 b n swords ( ! ,quattroc5to & e>ly ,c9quec5to4 ,also 9 ?is field ! semi-fak$ article has ! usual luck ( fet*+ a good price ) ! majority ( collectors4 ,pla9 old pi/ols are (t5 embelli%$ ) all k9ds ( mo/ s$uctive additions4 ,mottoes are engrav$ or inlaid 9 silv] on blades orig9ally simple b depriv$ ( ! elegant simplicity to :i* we h already allud$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ! *eap articles ( ! trade2 b ! /ory ( ?ree %ields1 a well-kn[n incid5t /ill rec\nt$ among ,p>is collectors1 (f]s ample pro( t !re are also 9 ?is field imitations t defy ! be/ connoisseurs1 z we h already said1 & gladly repeat1 9 ord] to r5d] our w>n+ to ! novice all ! m emphatic4 ,"o ( ^! skill$ imitators fl\ri%$ sev]al ye>s ago 9 ,italy's *ief rival 9 antiquities & fak+4 ,we ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ,spa94 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree id5tical %ields1 all ( :i* came to ,p>is1 0 palm$ (f on ,mr4 ,didi]-,petit1 an excell5t connoisseur1 :o paid ! good r\nd sum ( #djj = ?is f9e piece ( imitation4 ,x 0 rep\ss "w ) a my?ological subject 9 ! c5tre1 8,jove fulm9at+ ! ,titans40 ,! p]son to be /ruck d[n really1 h[ev]1 0 poor ,mr4 ,didi]-,petit1 r ?an ! ,titans1 = on realiz+ t he _h be5 fool$ he di$ ( grief or apoplexy1 br\ght on by 8 disillusion1 & w\nd$ pride z a connoisseur4 ,"u ! auctione]'s hamm] at a subsequ5t sale1 ! fam\s %ield fet*$ #bj4 ,! second1 ( id5tical make1 0 v ne>ly pass$ (f on ,b>on ,davilli]1 p]haps ! mo/ e/eem$ connoisseur ( 8 "t4 ,b>on ,davilli] 0 (f]$ ! r>e piece 9 ,spa94 ,he 0 /ruck at fir/ by its beauty & appe>ance ( au!nticity z well z ! plausible /ory by :i* ! own] expla9$ 8 possession ( su* a valuable object4 ,! b>ga9 0 /ruck at #cbj &1 happy ov] 8 piece ( good luck1 ,b>on ,davilli]1 l a true collector1 ha/5$ to convey 8 f9d safely to 8 home 9 ,p>is4 ,notic+ at ! ,cu/om ,h\se t ! (ficial treat$ 8 preci\s f9d ) indiff]5ce1 he became suspici\s1 & 8 suspicion ( hav+ be5 *eat$ grew to c]ta9ty be=e ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,x w\ld take long to rec\nt ! circum/ances by :i* ,b>on ,davilli] recov]$ 8 #cbj1 suffice x to say t he did recov] !m & ! ,spani>d replac$ ! fak$ %ield 9 ! panoply f :5ce ! ,b>on _h tak5 x d[n1 swe>+ all ! "t t x 0 g5u9e ev5 ?\gh ! ,b>on _h se5 ano!r l x1 t !re might be tw9s among articles ( virtu1 etc4 ,b !re 0 /ill ! ?ird ( ! %ield triplet fat$ to come to ,p>is1 b\ght by ! well-kn[n exp]t call$1 or r nicknam$1 ,c\vreur4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is ?ird exp]t f "o & ! same city 0 also a speciali/ 9 arms1 z ,b>on ,davilli] might h be5 consid]$1 _h 8 imm5se k n conf]r$ ^u him ! "* ( a speciali/ 9 almo/ e bran* ( connoisseur%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plaquettes ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,arti/s4 ,imitations ( ,roman "w4 ,:]e did ,c\vreur buy ?is ?ird %ield8 ,f ! v man :o tri$ to *eat ,b>on ,davilli]4 ,x appe>s x 0 n ! same %ield z ! ,b>on's1 ?\gh ( id5tical workman%ip1 = !re 7 trifl+ diff]5ces betwe5 x & ! fake ,no4 #b to rea* ,p>is4 ,c\vreur _h paid a f9e price = 8 f9d1 #hjj4 ,he nev] recov]$ 8 money & creat$ a sc&al by pres5t+ ! piece = exhibition at ! ,_w's ,%[ ( #ahgh1 insult+ ! judges ^u _! refusal to place x among ! g5u9e pieces4 ,?us he liv$ & di$ ma9ta9+ t all :o believ$ ! piece to be a fake 7 fools4 ,?is /ory only goes to prove t 9 e bran* ( imitation or fak+ !re exi/ "s arti/s ( unusual tal5t able almo/ to atta9 p]fection4 ,^? :o rememb] ! /ory ( ! fam\s ,gladius ,rogi]i quot$ by ,paul ,eudel 9 8 amus+ book1 ,le ,truquage1 & all ! discussion held 9 ,c\rt ov] ?is suppos$ sword ( ! valiant ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,sicily1 are aw>e h[ a good connoisseur su* z ,m4 ,basilewski & a well-in=m$ deal] l ,m4 ,nolivos c be tak5 9 by a f9e piece ( fak+1 & h[ a legion ( exp]ts may give contr>y evid5ce z to ! au!nticity ( an object4 ,& if ?is c\ld happ5 9 ,p>is1 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ cities z to connoisseur%ip1 & among a cot]ie ( speciali/s1 x may be imag9$ :at possibilities = deception are (f]$ by ,am]ica1 t ,el ,dorado ( fak]s4 ,:ile speak+ ( fir/-rate imitations by fak]s consci5ti\s en\gh to use /eel1 we may add t !re are successful imitations 9 :i* iron & ca/ iron h be5 sub/itut$ = ! or?odox metal = weapons4 ,! le>n$ ,demm9 decl>es t 8! ca/+ :i* =g]y has made x v difficult to recognize0 is a s\rce ( no little emb>rassm5t to collectors4 ,he sugge/s t :5 !re is a suspicion t a piece is ca/1 an unimportant "p ( x %\ld be fil$ &1 z usual1 ! texture ( ! mat]ial be exam9$4 ,if "u ! magnify+ glass ! gra9 appe>s co>s] & v %9y1 ! piece has be5 ca/4 ,to tell iron f /eel ,demm9 sugge/s t a drop ( sulphuric acid dilut$ ) wat] %\ld be appli$4 ,if ! action ( ?is liquid turns ! metal black x is /eel1 if a gre5i% m>k is made t c be easily wa%$ away ) wat]1 !n x is iron4 ,! black /a9 is produc$ on /eel because ! acid eats into ! iron & n ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! composition ( /eel4 ,be=e clos+ ! topic ( arms & arm\r1 we may obs]ve t m>ks on ^! pieces1 :e!r engrav$ or impress$1 are h>dly a gu>antee1 z m>ks c be z easily imitat$ on ^! articles z on any o!r k9d ( arti/ic imitation4 ,9 ! case ( weapons !y h ev5 be5 imitat$ by work]s contempor>y ) ! arti/ !y fraud5tly copy1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! high reputation ( c]ta9 m>ks4 ,! "w ( a ,missaglia1 ,dom5ico or ,filippo ,negroli1 h[ev]1 is n only atte/$ by ! /amp$ "n or sigla b by ! inimitable sum total ( _! art4 ,_m imitators h made a great /udy ( copy+ impress$ m>ks1 b h neglect$ or fail$ to copy ! individual *>act]i/ics t be> witness to an arti/ z mu* z 8 signature4 ,9 ! imitation & fak+ ( anci5t art 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 ! me?ods & ! results all diff] s little t we fe> to gr[ monoton\s 9 ?is brief sket* ( ! que/ionable trade :5 n[ ent]+ ano!r class ( metal "w1 t ( silv] & gold4 ,! preci\s metals require no recipe = pat91 z pat9 play no "p4 ,?is is especially s 9 ! case ( gold1 b z nave collectors ( all bran*es ( art pres5t ! same idiosyncrasies1 x is evid5t t ! g5]al tr5d ( trick]y 9 ! human com$y is m or less id5tical1 :5 all[ance is made = ! diff]5t mat]ials peculi> to ea* p>ticul> art4 ,inde$ ! :ole matt] might be r$uc$ to a simple equation ) no unkn[n quantity1 namely a fool on "o side & on ! o!r a fraud :i* works out to a positive & disa/r\s result = ! =m]4 ,9 ! case ( silv]1 al?\gh !re is n exactly a "q ( pat9a prop]ly s-call$1 !re is c]ta9ly a "q ( col\r+ or oxidiz+1 = old silv]1 z ev]yone kn[s1 nev] keeps ! brightly %9+ appe>ance ( a new piece4 ,x r improves ) "t by ! acquisition ( a l[1 pleas+ tonality :i* has a mo/ fav\rable effect1 a sort ( pleas+ light & %ade1 :i* ! flat negative %99ess ( a new piece r>ely possesses4 ,9 ,engl& ! cons]vatism ( ! upp] classes has pres]v$ "s really g5u9e silv] articles ) duly au!nticat$ p$igree4 ,9 ,france ! _s ( ! ,revolution may be responsible to a c]ta9 ext5t = ! sc>city ( ri* pieces ( arti/ic silv]1 only long be=e ! ruit hora ( ! ,revolution v>i\s circum/ances _h r5d]$ ! life ( arti/ic silv] prec>i\s1 risks to :i* all arti/ic objects 9 preci\s metals are liable4 ,_m f9e pieces ( silv]1 9 fact1 7 co9$ into money dur+ ,l\is ,,xiv's "t1 :5 ! ,/ate became a f9ancial wreck "u ! glori\s reign ( ! ,roi ,soleil4 ,*ang+ fa%ion & ta/e also1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ! silv] 0 = use & n collections1 contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( old types ( silv]-plate to make way = new ones m 9 keep+ ) ! new =ms dictat$ by fa%ion or alt]$ ta/e4 ,to ! comb9$ effect ( f9ancial di/ress & *ang+ ta/e ,italy also owes ! de/ruction ( old silv] t w\ld o!rwise h come d[n to u intact1 j z n[adays plat$ silv] is likely to pass undi/urb$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ,italy1 to he> t "s ari/ocratic family _h anci5t silv] melt$ d[n a few ye>s ago1 to make new & commonplace table spoons & =ks4 ,a lady f ,si5a :o did ?is = a :im1 kept "o piece ( ! old silv] s]vice & 0 mu* a/oni%$ to le>n lat] t ?is "o piece alone w\ld h fet*$ a sum suffici5t to buy ! covet$ new set ( table silv]4 ,9 ,italy1 & m especially 9 ,tuscany1 ! heavy taxes levi$ by ,napoleon dur+ ! occupation =c$ _m ,flor5t9e families to get rid ( _! silv]-plate4 ,z a matt] ( fact 9 ,italy & else:]e f9e pieces are v r>e n[adays4 ,yet a few ye>s ago fickle fa%ion help$ sev]al p ( good ta/e to =m excell5t collections1 ga!r+s ( arti/ic pieces t ! art lov] w\ld seek 9 va9 to-day4 ,t 0 ! happy "t1 :5 old-fa%ion$ & yet arti/ic silv] 0 h>dly reckon$ above ! intr9sic value ( ! metal x conta9$4 ,fifty or s ye>s ago x 0 n uncommon = "o ( ! few collectors ( arti/ic silv] to come across "s arti/ic beauty (f]$ at s mu* a gramme1 g5]ally a v mod]ate figure slightly above ! curr5t price ( ! metal or at times at ! actual value ( ! silv]4 ,to quote "o in/ance out ( _m4 ,9 #ahee1 at ! sale held aft] ! dea? ( ,mlle4 ,maz5c\rt1 "s p>ticul>ly f9e flambeaux & o!r pieces ( silv] 7 sold at ! price ( #bj c5times a gramme4 ,su* conditions expla9 h[ ,b>on ,pi*on1 a collector ( ta/e1 0 able to buy = ! mod]ate sum ( #cjj francs an arti/ic b[l :i* 0 sold at 8 dea? = #ad1jjj francs1 a price t c\ld easily be surpass$ n[adays4 ,un=tunately = ! true collector1 n only has old silv] become fa%ionable1 b x has become fa%ionable to be a collector ( arti/ic silv]1 & ?us real connoisseur%ip & ignorant gre$y weal? h />t$ ! usual competition t inevitably creates an artificial /&>d ( values1 all too apt to g5]ate fak+4 ,fak$ silv]1 9 fact1 came at once triumphantly to ! front 9 =ms ( all k9ds1 entirely new pieces successfully p>ad+ z old1 7 laun*$ ^u ! m>ket z well z pla9 old pieces deck$ out ) ! heavy ornam5tation likely to suit ! ta/e ( ! p>v5u4 ,!re 0 also ! usual piecemeal ( diff]5t au!ntic p>ts1 jo9$ toge!r m or less h>moni\sly by mod]n "w1 9 fact all t ! fak]'s g5ius & v]satility is able to produce4 ,silv] m>ks1 :i* on g5u9e pieces gu>antee ! quality ( ! metal & ! au!nticity ( ! piece z ! "w ( a c]ta9 arti/1 factory or m9t1 c1 un=tunately1 be imitat$ ) success4 ,9 fact ! fak] :o is a good psy*ologi/ & kn[s t ! neophyte amateur relies l>gely ^u 8 k ( m>ks1 g5]ally exp5ds great c>e ^u ! imitation ( ! v>i\s hall-m>ks4 ,?\gh1 z we h already said1 silv] has no pat9a prop]ly s-call$1 !re is ! tone & col\r :i* has to be imitat$4 ,to dull silv]--to give x1 we mean1 ! lead5-br[ni% col\r acquir$ by age--a mixture ) sulphur or *lor9e is us$4 ,a solution ( p5tasulphide ( potassium--! liv] ( sulphur ( ! %ops--is g5]ally us$4 ,liv] ( sulphur is prep>$ by ?or\ghly mix+ & heat+ toge!r two p>ts ( well-dri$ pota% & "o ( sulphur p[d]4 ,?is mixture also takes effect on cuprif]\s silv]1 b ! result is n s f9e4 ,a velvety black is obta9$ by dipp+ ! article into a solution ( m]cur\s nitrate previ\s to oxidization4 ,?is me?od is us$ :5 a half poli% is to be giv5 to ! silv]1 leav+ ! d>k tones 9 ! grooves4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s ( dipp+ ! article into *lor9e wat]1 a solution ( *loride ( lime1 or into eau de ,javelle4 ,special works on metals also give _m o!r me?ods & x is = ! imitator to *ose ! be/ adapt$ = ! p>ticul> case & to use 8 arti/ic crit]ion to obta9 a conv9c+ effect4 ,pass+ on to gold1 m especially 9 jewell]y1 we may say t imitators & fak]s h wr\ght havoc by fill+ ! m>ket ) spuri\s products4 ,imitation 9 ?is bran* ranges f copy+ ! old art ( work+ gold1 ( :i* ! fam\s ti>a ( ,saitaph]nes1 b\ght by ! ,l\vre1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples1 to ! small piece ( jewell]y ) imitat$ enamels or m or less g5u9e /ones4 ,9 ?is l9e !re is some?+ to suit all ta/es1 f ! eag] connoisseur1 difficult to please1 /ill on ! look out = ! m>vell\s jewell]y ( ! ,r5naissance & e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 to ! less exclusive1 satisfi$ ) lat] epo*s d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is no way ( help+ ! neophyte to collect jewell]y1 n only because f9e old pieces are extremely r>e1 b because no advice or !oretical h9ts c help ! disc]nm5t ( ! g5u9e article1 only s\nd & well-te/$ exp]i5ce1 ga9$ (t5 at great co/1 is ( any real avail4 ,9 ?is bran* also !re are imitations t are entirely new & o!rs1 l ! above-said ti>a1 t h become su* by ! prepond]ance ( re/or$ p>ts1 or because ! latt] are ! mo/ important arti/ically speak+4 ,9 ! ti>a ( ,saitaph]nes ! g5u9e "p1 if g5u9e1 is ! upp] portion ( ! dom$ ti>a1 :i* is said to h be5 an anci5t dr9k+ cup rev]s$ & plac$ at ! top ( ! ti>a4 ,_m well-imitat$ r+s are really old worn-out r+s us$ = ! circle1 to %[ t !y h be5 us$1 on :i* ! arti/ic sett+ ( ! jewel or o!r ornam5tal "p has be5 sold]$4 ,9 conclusion1 :5 y w\ld buy old jewell]y buy z if x 7 mod]n & pay ! price ( imitations1 !n if by "s r>e *ance y are mi/ak5 y w exp]i5ce ! unique pleasure ( possess+ a 8f9d10 b nev] rev]se ! process1 = if y buy an anci5t piece ( jewell]y y w c]ta9ly realize 9 due "t t x is really mod]n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,c>v$ wood--,arti/ic furniture--,wood /a9+ & pat9a-- ,! m]its ( elb[-grease--,pa9t$ & lacqu]$ furniture --,v5e] & inlaid "w--,musical in/rum5ts--,imitations & fak]s ( musical in/rum5ts--,connoisseur%ip ( musical in/rum5ts tw(old--,attribution & labels--,"s good imitators--,! viol9 z example--,! re/oration & odd adv5tures ( well-kn[n musical in/rum5ts--,leg5ds & anecdotes t help--,analysis ( =m & ( s\nd--,ross9i's say+4 ,! f9e/ pieces ( fak$ furniture are v r>ely entirely new1 sometimes !y are old pieces to :i* ri* ornam5ts h be5 add$2 at o!r times1 & ?is is ! mo/ common occurr5ce1 !y are put toge!r f fragm5ts belong+ to two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r diff]5t pieces1 ! p>ts & debris1 9 fact1 ( old brok5 furniture4 ,!re is also ! entirely new fake imitat+ old furniture1 b ?is is r>ely z conv9c+ z ! o!r :i* is ! really dang]\s type ev5 = an exp]i5c$ collector4 ,impress$ by ! great am\nt ( fak$ furniture glutt+ ! ,p>is m>ket1 ,paul ,eudel says1 89 pr9ciple !re is no m su* a ?+ z antique furniture4 ,all t is sold is false or t]ribly repair$40 ,9 ,italy1 t inexhau/ible m9e ( pa/ art1 x is /ill possible to f9d g5u9e pieces1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! collector does n insi/ ^u hav+ ^? fir/-rate pieces n[ belong+ to museums or collections =m$ sev]al ye>s ago4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ,italy1 z 9 e o!r c\ntry1 mod]n productions ( antique furniture = ! novices 9 ! collector's c>e]4 ,?is furniture may be c>v$ out ( old pieces ( wood or ord9>y wood4 ,9 bo? cases x is g5]ally necess>y to give an old col\r+ to ! wood1 = :i* !re are a v>iety ( me?ods accord+ to ! desir$ effect1 tone1 col\r1 etc4 ,_m use walnut-juice1 o!rs p]manganate ( pota%1 & /ill o!rs ! m dra/ic sy/em ( burn+ ! surface ( ! wood ) acid4 ,! old way ( imitat+ worm-holes 0 to use buck%ot1 a ridicul\s me?od :i* nev]!less _h its vogue & app>5tly satisfi$ ! gross eye ( "s collectors4 ,n[adays worm-holes are made ) an in/rum5t t imitates !m to p]fection1 al?\gh !y d n g s deep z ! g5u9e ones1 & ?is diff]5ce1 by ! way1 is "o ( ! te/s to tell real worm-holes f spuri\s ones4 ,z new furniture t imitates old is g5]ally too %>p-edg$ & neatly f9i%$1 x is usually subject$ to a regul> c\rse ( ill-treatm5t4 ,fr5* deal]s call ?is process 8avil] un meuble10 & x consi/s ( p\nd+ ) heavy /icks1 rubb+ ) s&-pap]1 pumice1 etc4 ,! f9i%+ t\*1 t peculi> poli%$ surface *>act]iz+ anci5t furniture1 is usually giv5 by friction ) wool aft] a slight coat+ ( b5z9e 9 :i* a little wax has be5 dissolv$4 ,! less wax us$ & ! m elb[-grease1 ! m w ! poli% resemble t ( real old furniture & ! m difficult does x become to detect ! deceit4 ,if mu* wax has be5 us$ ! scrat* ( a ne$le is suffici5t to reveal ev5 ! ?9ne/ lay]1 b if x is s imp]ceptible z to /& ?is te/ x is v difficult to tell ! real f ! imitation4 ,! poli%$ p>ts ( an old piece ( furniture are n casual b ! result ( long use4 ,prom95t p>ts are naturally1 !re=e1 ! ones to get s poli%$ r ?an o!r p>ts4 ,i rememb] witness+ a curi\s sight "o day :5 admitt$ to ! sanctum ( a well-kn[n antiqu>y4 ,half a doz5 /ools _h be5 repair$1 mo/ g5]\sly repair$1 a new pat9a _h be5 giv5 & n[ !y 7 to receive ! la/ t\*es1 ! poli%$ p>ts t add su* *>m to old furniture4 ,! workman :o _h half f9i%$ ! job kept pass+ & repass+ close to ! /ools :i* he _h arrang$ 9 a r[1 rubb+ 8 legs aga9/ ea* "o4 ,i ask$ him ! mean+ ( ! p]=mance & he answ]$ t z !re 7 no %>p edges on ! l[] "p ( ^? sixte5?-c5tury walnut /ools1 he want$ to f9d out :]e & to :at ext5t !y w\ld be mo/ poli%$ by use4 ,n hav+ a g5u9e /ool f :i* to copy1 he _h resort$ to ?is means s z to make no mi/ake4 ,i v ne>ly ask$ him if he ?\ght ev]yone 0 ! same height & _h ! same l5g? ( leg4 ,b z ! "w proce$$ ,i ga!r$ f ! practical application ( 8 me?od1 bett] ?an ,i c\ld h done f any explanation1 t he 0 endeav\r+ to get a m]e h9t1 :]e to beg9 to rub ) 8 pad1 9 ord] to produce t vague pat* ( holl[s "o notices sometimes 9 *ur* b5*es4 ,! same pati5ce is necess>y 9 mak+ imitation worm-holes1 :i* are s cunn+ly di/ribut$1 s conv9c+ly work$ 9 _! erratic mann] ( pi]c+ wood z to sugge/ to ,edmond ,bonnaff ! f9e bit ( s>casm3 8,des v]s savants *>gs de f\ill] le bois neuf la dem&e40 ,t piecemeal k9d ( furniture1 ! p>ts ( :i* are unque/ionably antique b ( v>i\s orig9s1 be+ ! rema9s ( m ?an "o piece ( furniture--l'assemblage1 z ! ,fr5* call x--may prove a dang] to ! be/ connoisseurs if done well & ) ta/e4 ,9 c]ta9 respects ! piece is g5u9ely antique1 b n exactly z ! collector und]/&s ! ^w1 h5ce its fraudul5cy entitles x to be classifi$ among fakes4 ,x is incr$ible :at an indu/ri\s antiqu>y is able to d 9 ! way ( piec+ furniture toge!r4 ,?is consi/s n m]ely ( f9d+ a top = table-legs1 or legs = a table-top1 b !re is no limit to ! inv5tion ( ?is piecemeal furniture4 ,a wood5 door may furni% ! back ( a ?rone :5 well mat*$ ) a ri* old c(f]2 ! gild$ ornam5tation ( an alt> may be trans=m$ into ! head ( a ,l\is ,,xv b$1 & s on4 ,9 ! same way a simple piece ( furniture may be enri*$ by atta*+ ornam5ts1 coats ( arms1 etc4 ,! :ole is inv>iably ton$ & h>moniz$ by means ( "o ( ! above-m5tion$ me?ods4 ,naturally1 ignorance ( /yle sometimes leads "s fak]s to extremely amus+ blund]s1 b x mu/ be confess$ ! cases are r>e1 & ?is piecemeal furniture has be5 palm$ (f on too _m connoisseurs1 & graces too _m well-reput$ collections to be dismiss$ ) a smile ( incr$ulity4 ,7 antiqu>ies m dispos$ to talk or less indulg5t t[>ds ! conceit ( collectors1 x might be le>nt t all ! ri* furniture sold dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s to museums & collectors belongs to ?is composite ord]4 ,a special bran* ( ! imitation ( antique furniture is inlaid "w1 ! ,fr5* m>quet]ie & ,italian t>sia1 by :i* designs are trac$ ^u ! surface by inlay+ wood1 ivory or metal4 ,!re are v>i\s epo*s & /yles ( inlaid furniture4 ,"o may beg9 ) ! geometrical patt]ns ( ! ,trec5to or ! cappucc9o ( ab\t ! same "t & lat]1 & gradually pass ?r\gh ! _m /yles & me?ods to ! complex ornam5tation ( ,buhl's "w4 ,! e>ly "w1 includ+ ! cappucc9o1 a peculi> inlaid ivory "w ) geometric patt]ns1 is v well imitat$ 9 ,italy :]e re/or]s ( ?is k9d ( furniture g5]ally turn into good imitators1 & become at times imp5it5t fak]s ( ! mo/ fanta/ic w\ld-be old /yle4 ,skill 9 inlay+ wood & ivory accord+ to diff]5t epo*s & ! ord9>y collector's love ( ornam5t$ furniture h sugge/$ to "s imitators ! mo/ absurd comb9ations ( /yles1 a riot ( incongruity & incompatibility4 ,x is n r>e to see f9e *airs t w\ld o!rwise be ta/eful b = ! heavy ornam5tation ( inlaid wood or ivory arabesques1 grotesques1 etc4 ,! outrage ( hav+ a fifte5?-c5tury1 inlaid aft] ! /yle & designs ( at lea/ a c5tury lat]1 is n uncommonly excus$ by ! explanation t x appeals to ! tawdry ta/e ( cu/om]s & t ! article comm&s a high] price by ! addition ( ! heavy incongru\s ornam5tation4 ,?is peculi> =m ( deg5]ation 9 ta/e1 ! passion = excessive ornam5tation1 is also :at (t5 m>s ! imitations ( sev5te5?- & eighte5?-c5tury pa9t$ furniture1 imitations ( ! ,v5etian /yle especially be+ g5]ally v c>elessly f9i%$ b ov]*>g$ ) gild+ & *eap bits ( pa9t$ ornam5tation4 ,fr5* imitations 9 ?is l9e are n s debas$ z "s ,italian1 b l !m !y are n v conv9c+1 z x is almo/ impossible to imitate ! ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury gild+1 & ! c>v+ ( ?is epo* %[s su* neatness & is s clean cut t ! gild$ p>ts assume an appe>ance ( metal1 a quality t ! mod]n indu/ry ( antiques does n f9d conv5i5t or is unable to imitate4 ,! ,fr5* ,buhl also is (t5 imitat$ ) celluloid in/ead ( tortoise-%ell & c only succe$ 9 attract+ ! v easily satisfi$ collector4 ,?is is ! case ) "s o!r *eap imitations ov]*>g$ ) ord9>y gild$ bronze4 ,by ! side ( ^! specim5s1 h[ev]1 ,fr5* art also c\nts "s excell5t imitations done by real arti/s1 :i* if n successful 9 deceiv+ exp]i5c$ collectors are nev]!less regul> *efs-d'uvre 9 ! art ( imitat+ ! f9e/ & ri*e/ pieces ( ! ,l\is ,,xv & ,l\is ,,xvi /yles4 ,! simplicity & purity ( l9e t *>act]iz$ ,engli% /yles f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to ! be/ p]iod ( ! next1 help$ to keep ! imitators ( ?is c\ntry )9 b\nds4 ,_! fancy 9 any case 0 less inv5tive & less disa/r\sly ent]pris+ ?an t ( ! *eap imitators ( ,italian furniture4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject1 we may say t _m ( ! walnut panels 9 furniture1 :i* appe> to be s elaborately c>v$1 are n c>v$ at all b burnt into ! desir$ patt]ns4 ,! process consi/s ( mak+ a good ca/ iron matrix f a f9e bas-relief1 !n heat+ x & press+ x ^u ! wood by a special proc$ure by :i* all ! sup]flu\s wood is burnt away & ! re/ takes ! %ape ( ! m\ld4 ,?is me?od n only gives ! wood ! desir$ =m 9 p]fect imitation ( c>v+1 b ! burn+ /a9s x to a f9e br[n tone v mu* resembl+ old wood1 aft] :i* an application ( oil or encau/ic is suffici5t to give x a semblance ( pat9a4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is book we h not$ t 9 ,bologna m especially imitations ( old tables are plac$ = a "t 9 *eap re/aurants :]e1 ?r\gh grease1 dirt & r\gh we> & te>1 !y acquire t f9e pat9a s highly e/eem$ 9 anci5t wood4 ,su* pieces are n only f\nd 9 t[ns b are h\s$ "h & !re ab\t ! c\ntry1 sometimes 9 old palaces & villas1 or else 9 out ( ! way nooks4 ,! =m] sy/em gives ! allur+ s5sation ( buy+ some?+ really wor? :ile1 & at fir/ h&1 f its hi/orical own]2 ! latt] t a real f9d has be5 discov]$1 t f9d :i* is ! et]nal fata ,morgana ( fre%man collectors4 ,imitations ( musical in/rum5ts v>y accord+ to ! /yle ( ! in/rum5t & its musical quality4 ,9 "s fakes ! musical quality is ( m9or importance to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! arti/ic prop]ties & ornam5tation be+ ! *ief consid]ation ) ! collector4 ,9 o!r in/rum5ts ! quality ( ! tone is ( importance1 s t ?\gh ! =m may n be neglect$1 ! fak] mu/ be> 9 m9d t 8 imitation w h to /& a d\ble te/3 x mu/ satisfy ! e> & /& ! exam9ation ( an exp]i5c$ eye4 ,! fir/ class includes collectively su* in/rum5ts z are no long] 9 use & are highly ornam5t$ ) c>v+1 inlaid "w or gild+ su* z lutes1 ar*ilutes1 h>ps1 virg9als1 sp9ets1 etc42 ! second comprises in/rum5ts /ill 9 use su* z viol9s1 'cellos1 etc4 ,! ornam5tal1 /range & obsolete in/rum5ts are ! ones t fak]s *iefly furni% to ! ord9>y trade4 ,naturally ! trade 9 imitat+ in/rum5ts = ! m]e curio hunt] & non-musical collector1 is n s remun]ative z o!r bran*es ( ! %ady art ( fak+4 ,! numb] ( collectors 9 ?is bran* is comp>atively re/rict$1 _m ( !m tal5t$ & n easily dup$ z is ! case 9 all bran*es n enjoy+ popul>ity4 ,! t\ri/ w\ld r g home ) a pa9t+ or fak$ bronze ( ,naples or else:]e1 ?an c>ry an in/rum5t he _c play1 :i* w probably be an encumbrance & du/-cat*] 9 ! small rooms ( big cities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ complicat$ ab\t ?is bran* ( fak+4 ,x is usually an easy matt] = a guit> or m&ol9e mak] to inve/ 9 ! small am\nt ( mat]ial ne$$1 & to turn 8 h& to ! "w4 ,x mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt t ^! work]s are v (t5 repair]s ( anci5t in/rum5ts :]eby !y le>n to make _! imitations te*nically correct1 ?\gh ?is is by no means always ! case4 ,we h1 inde$1 se5 appall+ exceptions1 pianos ( an e>ly p]iod trans=m$ into sp9ets1 lutes ) grotesque & impossible f+]-bo>ds1 etc4 ,"s c>eless & c]ta9ly unmusical imitators g s f> z to make in/rum5ts t c\ld nev] be play$1 & ev5 put common wire in/ead ( gut /r+s1 :i* makes "o wond] :at k9d ( collector x c be :o delights 9 su* delusions4 ,our int5tion is to deal only ) ! arti/ic side ( musical in/rum5ts1 s we lay no claim to real connoisseur%ip ( musical in/rum5ts1 m especially z reg>ds ! family ( /r+$ in/rum5ts :i* f9ds its be/ & mo/ complete expression 9 ! viol94 ,yet ! fact t ! great discov]ies h g5]ally be5 made by ignorant m5 l ,t>isio1 n necess>ily f9e musicians1 goes to %[ t connoisseur%ip ( =m has its importance1 greatly resembl+ aft] all1 ! connoisseur%ip ( o!r bran*es 9 its summ+ up ( v>i\s analyses into a f9al syn!sis ( =m & "*4 ,true1 9 a good viol9 !re is r>ely any ornam5tation1 or if !re is1 x /ill m r>ely furni%es a clue2 b al?\gh all is entru/$ to simplicity ( l9e & =m 9 its mo/ ari/ocratic & elem5tal expression1 !re /ill seems to be en\gh to tell ( ! 8t\* ( a vani%$ h&40 8,h[ int]e/+10 ju/ly rem>ks ,olga ,rac/]1 8x is to obs]ve an exp]t spell+ out ! "n ( an old fiddle by ! aid ( ?is #8t\* ( a vani%$ h&4' ,h[ eag]ly he seeks x & f9ds x ) ! help ( t alphabet :i* lies conceal$ 9 ! col\r1 %ape1 height & curves ( an old viol940 ,toge!r ) ! difficulty ( fak+ in/rum5ts ! syn!sis ( connoisseur%ip 9 ?is l9e c\ld n be bett] express$4 ,z = ! quality ( ! tone1 ! exp]t relies purely & simply ^u 8 e>1 no book or h9ts ( a practical "* c assi/ ! exp]t to p]fect 8 e>4 ,all dep5ds ^u natural disposition & ! exp]i5ce ( a well-tra9$ organ 9 ?is mo/ important "p ( connoisseur%ip ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,:5 ,ross9i 0 ask$ :at is requir$ to make a good s+]1 he said3 8,?ree ?+s1 voice1 voice1 voice40 ,! quotation fits "h = ! *ief requirem5t ( a good connoisseur ( musical in/rum5ts z reg>ds _! musical quality consi/s ( a triply good e>4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,velvets1 ,,tape/ries ,,& ,,books ,olla ,podrida3 ,g5u9e & fak$ antique /uffs--,! peculi> k necess>y to an exp]t on /uffs--,! difficulty 9 imitat+ ,r5aissance velvet--,collectors ( co/umes-- ,collections ( dolls--,tape/ries--,repairs & fak$ p>ts or qualities--,book collect+--,two k9ds ( book collectors --,! fak+ ( editions & r>e b9d+s--,! ext5d$ & ambiti\s activity ( ! art ( fak+--,fak$ a]olites6 ,assembl+ 9 ?is *apt] a v>iety ( objects "u ! title ( m9or bran*es ( art collect+1 we d n use ! t]m arti/ically1 b m]ely because ^! bran*es app>5tly attract few] art lov]s ?an ! o!rs1 & ! activity ( ! fak] is m re/rict$ 9 _! case4 ,9 _m ( ^! bran*es1 too1 ! art ( collect+ & connoisseur%ip is r$uc$ to te*nical k & arti/ic s5tim5t plays a v second>y "p4 ,if !re is any "o bran* ( collect+ 9 :i* x is necess>y to be a speciali/ to ensure success1 t bran* is unque/ionably antique /uffs4 ,arti/ic s5tim5t & good ta/e are ( comp>atively slight assi/ance comp>$ ) te*nical k1 & !y may ev5 at times produce two dang]\s psy*ological elem5ts only too (t5 responsible = collectors' blund]s3 en?usiasm & sugge/ion4 ,! te*nician ) k ( ! diff]5t qualities ( mat]ials1 ) an eye = ! v>i\s peculi>ities ( ! weave & col\r1 & s\nd in=mation z to ! "* ( ! v>i\s patt]ns1 etc41 is d\btlessly ! be/ equipp$ z a connoisseur ( /uffs4 ,?is may s\nd absurd to ! outsid]1 especially to arti/s1 :om we h ourselves f\nd to be ov]-confid5t z to _! qualities1 _! pictorial eye1 _! full acqua9tance ) =m4 ,yet too _m ( ^! arti/s1 n be+ collectors or exp]ts1 h b\ght mod]n goods z antique1 old furniture re-cov]$ ) mod]n brocade t no exp]t w\ld = a mom5t h tak5 z be+ ( ! same date z ! furniture4 ,we ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ^? mod]n imitations g5]ally ! easie/ to detect1 h[ev] artfully !y h be5 col\r$ & ag$ to give !m ! appe>ance ( g5u9e antiquity4 ,! detection ( mod]n products (f]s no difficulty to ! exp]t4 ,!y may look extremely conv9c+ to ! un9itiat$ or beg9n]1 z !y possess :at may be t]m$ a g5]al impression ( antiquity1 b to ! tra9$ eye ( ! exp]t !re are too _m ess5tial diff]5ces2 & !y lack1 above all1 a "* t 9 ! case ( a l>ge quantity ( /uff & n a m]e sample1 is inimitable4 ,= ! ,jaqu>d ma*9e is n ! old weav+ loom1 ! mat]ial us$ is produc$ ) great] c>e & precision :i* gives ! fabric a diff]5t look ev5 :5 ! co>s5ess ( anci5t textiles has be5 imitat$1 ! col\rs are diff]5t & s is ! *emical process = dye+ ! ?read1 etc4 ,! sum total ( ^! elem5t>y diff]5ces ) :i* ! art ( imitation _c cope1 is :at reveals to ! exp]t almo/ at sight ! antiquity or mod]nity ( ! product4 ,9 conclusion1 ) ! exception ( "s r>e samples ( small pieces1 ! mod]n imitation ( anci5t /uffs is b a successful optical illusion4 ,imitations t c\nt at lea/ a c5tury ( age1 on ! contr>y1 prove dang]\s puzzles to exp]ts & connoisseurs ( ?is speciality1 ^! imitations hav+ be5 made 9 almo/ exactly ! same way z ! orig9als1 be=e weav+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$1 & :5 ! ?read 0 spun & dy$ 9 ! simple old way be=e anil9e dyes _h furni%$ beautiful b mo/ un/able col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,al9>i ,,europa ,,on ,,! ,,bull4 ,by ,&rea ,brios*i call$ 8,il ,riccio40 ,imitation ( ! ,antique1 ,padua ,s*ool4 ,9 ,france1 "u ,l\is ,,xiii1 ,r5aissance patt]ns 7 admirably copi$1 z well z ^? ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! reproduction ( old designs is n conf9$ to ,italy & ,france alone4 ,9 ne>ly e c\ntry !re h be5 imitators ( ! be/ samples ( anci5t /uffs1 damasks1 brocades & velvets4 ,z reg>ds imitation1 ! m complex ! patt]n 9 design & col\r+1 ! easi] x c be reproduc$ ) success4 ,9 fact pla9 velvet is ! mo/ difficult to imitate4 ,no "o1 n ev5 9 ! pa/1 has ev] reproduc$ ! f9e velvets ( ! ,quattroc5to & e>ly ,c9quec5to ) complete success4 ,me?ods ( age+ mod]n /uffs :i* h n ! advantage ( ! g5u9e hues ( age ( old imitations1 greatly resemble 9 g5]al l9es ^? adopt$ to give an appe>ance ( age to o!r objects4 ,if ! col\r+ is crude & too new look+1 ! /uff is expos$ to atmosph]ic action1 ra91 dew & sun%9e4 ,ne$less to add1 ?is treatm5t mu/ be foll[$ ) c>e & discrim9ation o!rwise ! fabric may be r$uc$ to a rag z well z to an appe>ance ( age4 ,to h>monize ! col\rs & give !m a m fad$ look1 "s put ! goods into a ba? ( slightly t9t$ liquid1 ?us obta9+ on ! fabric :at 9 pa9t+ is t]m$ velatura4 ,o!rs put ! liquid into an atomiz] & /eam x on to ! /uff4 ,?is process has ! advantage ( giv+ alt]nate hues )\t any %>p delimitation betwe5 !m4 ,^! me?ods1 h[ev]1 by :i* ! arti/ c display v>iation1 are n conv5i5t or possible 9 ! case ( l>ge quantities ( fabric1 nor is ! result conv9c+ 9 ! proximity ( ! orig9al4 ,"o does n ne$ to be an exp]t1 9 fact1 to see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! new on a piece ( furniture or 9 a room :]e imitations h be5 us$ to supply :at 0 lack+4 ,to make imitations m conv9c+1 m especially 9 ! case ( small pieces1 "s antiqu>ies /it* on b&s be=e discol\r+ ! /uff1 :i* are aft]w>ds tak5 (f leav+ p>ts ) fre%] col\rs1 z (t5 happ5s 9 really antique pieces t h belong$ to ecclesia/ical copes1 etc4 ,/rict ord] hav+ be5 disp5s$ ) 9 ?is *apt]1 & z1 aft] all1 fabrics are involv$1 we may "h t\* ^u ! subject ( dress & pa/ co/umes4 ,! r>ity ( su* collections dep5ds n only ^u ! fact t ! roomy space ( a museum is indisp5sable = _! display b l>gely ^u ! sc>city ( pa/ c5tury co/umes4 ,?is bran* ( collect+ is v useful to ! hi/ory ( fa%ion & national co/umes1 b x mu/ be consid]$ t to be ( int]e/ to ! collector a dress mu/ be at lea/ =ty ye>s old1 & v few g>m5ts atta9 t age n[adays4 ,ei!r !y are alt]$ to con=m to fa%ion1 or unpick$ or giv5 away until !y h run ?r\gh ! scale ( society & end 9 rags4 ,! r>ity ( ! g5u9e article appe>s to correspond ) ! r>ity ( collectors ( ?is l9e1 & !re is !re=e no "q ( fakes1 unless "o %\ld take s]i\sly c]ta9 comic incid5ts & consid] z a collector ! simpleton :o buys ! ca/-(f co/umes ( an elegant fancy dress ball z g5u9e articles1 ^? poor imitations1 ) no pret5ce at be+ any?+ else1 ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 & o!r hi/orical g>m5ts4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! subject ( co/umes1 we may speak ( ano!r k9d ( collection t is also v useful to ! hi/ory ( pa/ usages & fa%ions1 t ( dolls & toys ( pa/ c5turies4 ,dolls & *ildr5's toys are n an inv5tion ( to-day4 ,x is safe to say t _! exi/5ce c be trac$ almo/ z f> z ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,! ,romans us$ to bury dolls & toys ) ! bodies ( _! little ones or place !m 9 ! fun]eal urn1 a usage t has pres]v$ = u specim5s ( ^! t9y objects t h drawn smiles f "y lips clos$ & seal$ c5turies ago4 ,toge!r ) ^! relics are o!r images t illu/rate ! hi/ory ( co/umes l ! dolls1 ! /atuettes (f]$ to temples & *ur*es z ex-votos & ^? us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! old presepio 7bir? ( ,*ri/ sc5e71 ! ,*ri/mas ,eve repres5tations ( ! ,be?lehem sc5e4 ,^! wood5 dolls & /atuettes are n only arti/ic 9 !mselves1 b are dress$ 9 /uffs ( _! epo* v (t5 cut 9 ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,"s ( ^! collections h really be5 excell5t comm5t>ies on ! hi/ory ( fa%ion & dome/ic cu/oms ( pa/ ages4 ,among ! few important collections we may quote z an example t ( ,mme4 ,ag>1 exhibit$ by ?is celebrat$ ,fr5* arti/ sev]al ye>s ago 9 ! ,palais de l',indu/rie n[ demoli%$4 ,mme4 ,ag>'s collection 0 v complete & illu/rative ( fa%ion & life 9 ,holl& c5turies ago4 ,! collection _h orig9ally belong$ to ! infant pr9cess1 ! daught] ( ,william ( ,orange & ,nassau4 ,n only 0 x extremely arti/ic1 conta9+ sev]al int]iors ( ,dut* h\ses ) inmates & accurate details sugge/+ a pa9t+ by ,t]burg or ,t5i]s1 b x repres5t$ all k9ds ( expression ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,dut* life4 ,mme4 ,ag> came into possession ( ?is f9e collection "u ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,return+ f "o ( h] arti/ic t\rs 9 ,belgium %e visit$ ! city ( ,gh5t & f\nd ! collection 9 ! h&s ( a g5tleman to :om %e _h be5 introduc$ ^u h] arrival4 ,%e (f]$ to buy x1 b ! own] refus$ all (f]s decl>+ t he did n wi% to "p ) ! preci\s collection4 ,h[ev]1 aft] hav+ he>d ,mme4 ,ag> at ! !atre "o ev5+1 he 0 s tak5 by h] art t he wrote to ! actress ! v same night1 8,come to fet* my toys4 ,i (f] !m to y1 !y are y\rs40 ,!re is no "q ( fakes 9 ?is bran* ei!r4 ,! difficulty 9 f9d+ old /uffs & l95 ) :i* to g>b ! figures is suffici5t to disc\rage ! trade1 especially :5 "o rememb]s h[ few cu/om]s ! imitator c\ld hope to attract4 ,! art ( tape/ry weav+ is ! mo/ complete ( ! class4 ,al?\gh te*nique may play its "p 9 con/itut+ exp]t k1 x is c]ta9ly subord9ate to ! arti/ic qualities necess>y to p]fect connoisseur%ip4 ,fak+ plays no "p 9 ?is field1 at lea/ n ! conspicu\s "p t x plays 9 pa9t+ & o!r arti/ic products likely to attract ri* amateurs4 ,?is is easily und]/ood :5 "o takes into consid]ation ! "t1 pati5ce & money ne$ful to ! mak+ ( tape/ry2 x co/s some?+ l eighty p\nds a squ>e y>d4 ,! imitator also kn[s t x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t & money to fake old tape/ries z any exp]t c tell mod]n "w f old4 ,! app>atus has h>dly und]gone any ess5tial *ange x is true1 b ! mat]ials are s diff]5t f =m]ly t fairly tol]able imitations c only be giv5 9 ! case ( repairs to old pieces4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great co/ ( mod]n tape/ry ! few exi/+ factories ei!r belong to ! ,/ate or pot5tates1 or !y are support$ by ! lavi% enc\ragem5t ( "s mod]n ,mc5as4 ,z we h said1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( mod]n & anci5t tape/ry does n lie 9 a diff]5ce ( process1 un*ang$ 9 ess5tials s9ce ! ,egyptian dyna/ies1 b r 9 ! impossibility ( obta9+ mat]ials l ! old ones4 ,al?\gh "s unscrupul\s deal]s d palm (f ov]-repair$ pieces ( tape/ry on fooli% novices1 ! repair ( tape/ry is no fak+ aft] all1 = ! decorative "* ( ! fabric fully ju/ifies ! m5d+ & re/oration ( miss+ p>ts &1 unlike pa9t+1 ! "w does n be> an individual impr9t4 ,x is our duty1 h[ev]1 to w>n ! neophyte t repairs are v seldom po9t$ out by deal]s & t x is absolutely necess>y = ! collector to tra9 8 eye 9 ord] to be able to detect ! mod]n p>ts f ! old & to "k h[ mu* mu/ be b\ght z antique & h[ mu* z mod]n4 ,?is is n s difficult z x may appe>4 ,! mod]n p>ts are work$ 9 ) ! ne$le & al?\gh ! ?reads h g5]ally be5 specially dy$1 z ! usual col\rs n[ on sale are v r>ely suitable1 !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! f9al effect4 ,no?+ to (f5d ! eye1 ev5 :5 closely exam9$1 b en\gh to w>n ! exp]t ( ! size ( ! repair$ piece4 ,sometimes ! repair] ( tape/ries uses a me?od :i* 9 our op9ion comes "u ! head ( fak+4 ,?is consi/s ( re-col\r+ fad$ p>ts ) wat]-col\rs or temp]a4 ,"s ( ?is t\*+ up is really clev]ly done1 at o!r times x is s clumsy t "o wond]s h[ ev5 a novice c be tak5 94 ,if !re is any suspicion t ! tape/ry has be5 col\r$1 a practical te/ is ! displacem5t ( ! ?reads ) a ne$le z ! fre% col\rs are g5]ally laid on ) a bru% & nev] p5etrate betwe5 ! ?reads :]e ! old fad$ col\r is visible4 ,incr$ible z x may seem1 "s tape/ries are t\*$ up ) pa/el4 ,?is 0 sometimes done ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to disguise defects & crud5ess ( tone & n[ x is practis$ to deceive ! eye by mak+ a bett] mat* betwe5 ! old & ! new p>ts4 ,( c\rse pa/el "w is easily detect$ if "o is all[$ to rub ! "p1 b ?is is n always feasible1 especially at public sales :]e ! tape/ry is hung on ! wall1 sometimes v high up1 on purpose to defy close inspection4 ,!re is also a me?od ( fix+ ! pa/el ret\* ) an atomiz] & a c]ta9 liquid sold 9 ,p>is1 b ev5 ^! means are n s effective z milk & temp]a1 & h>d rubb+ ) a :ite clo? w always reveal ! deception :5 pa/el has be5 us$4 ,rugs1 p>ticul>ly ,ori5tal rugs1 belong 9 a way to ! same family z tape/ry & may be classifi$ ) x4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]3 be+ less complicat$ 9 "* & = ! mo/ "p adorn$ only ) geometrical patt]ns & rudim5t>y arabesques1 rugs are imitat$ ) great] facility4 ,?+s d n *ange s quickly 9 ! ,ea/ z 9 ,we/]n c\ntries1 & !re ! old weav+ app>atus is /ill 9 use & mat]ials are only j beg9n+ to be import$ f ,europe4 ,a l>ge field is ?us op5$ up to imitation1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t to fak+ also4 ,x is nev]!less h>d to deceive exp]ts & speciali/s4 ,ke5-ey$ & accu/om$ to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds1 & to judge ( age1 !y are also able to detect mod]n frauds4 ,b1 alas1 good exp]ts are r>e & conceit$ collectors ab\nd1 & = ?is reason fraud is rampant & remun]ative1 ev5 9 ?is field4 ,^? buy+ rugs = ! sake ( hav+ a collection & n to furni% _! h\ses ) a com=table & highly arti/ic luxury are advis$ to place !mselves 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t4 ,x w save "t & tr\ble4 ,an eclectic collector1 h[ev] gift$1 w r>ely cons5t to g deeply into ?is bran*1 z ! ma/]y ( x implies great sacrifice ( "t & ! bor$om ( le>n+ a difficult language1 ?+s t prove no ob/acle to ! passionate lov] ( ! speciality1 b t$i\s & irksome to ! g5]al art lov]4 ,foll[+ an erratic c\rse 9 ?is *apt]1 we w n[ pass on to books1 manuscripts & autographs1 a bran* ) _m devotees & all k9ds ( collectors1 9 :i* trick]y & fak+ f9d an almo/ incr$ibly l>ge sph]e ( action4 ,book collectors are ( two k9ds1 ! "o :o prizes ! "w = ! r>ity ( ! edition1 & ! o!r :o is attract$ by ! b9d+4 ,! =m] is ! true book collector1 ! latt] is really only a collector ( r>e & arti/ic b9d+s4 ,! two pref]5ces d n mutually exclude "o ano!r1 ( c\rse1 & :5 f\nd toge!r (f] ! mo/ complete k9d ( book collector4 ,x might be imag9$ t imitations 9 ?is bran* w\ld be conf9$ to su* pieces z only require ! fak]'s %rewdness & imitative skill & n ! great am\nt ( "w & money dem&$ by ! reproduction ( a :ole edition1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,z soon z fa%ion--sov]eign & despotic 9 ?is dep>tm5t also1 ta/e & art be+ second>y--sets a value on :at is call$ a r>e edition1 false ones f9d t ! "w pays & imitations are ?r[n ^u ! m>ket at once4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a speciality 0 made 9 ,lyons ( reproduc+ all ! r>e editions ( ,rac9e's works1 :ile ,r\5 acquir$ a c]ta9 notoriety 9 fak+ old volumes ( ,molire ) e detail c>efully & accurately copi$--quality ( ! pap]1 ! type1 decorative initials1 tailpieces1 etc4 ,t ! lab\r 0 wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se is amply prov$ by ! high prices t "s orig9al editions h fet*$4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,molire's works1 dat$ #affi1 0 sold 9 ,p>is = #ae1jjj francs4 ,at ,m4 ,guy ,pellion's sale sep>ate works be>+ v>i\s dates 7 sold--,le ,t>tufe1 #affi1 = #bbjj francs1 ,le ,misan?rope = #abbj francs1 & few volumes bel[ ?is price4 ,fa%ion hav+ set extravagant prices--! orig9al edition ( ,molire's works 0 sold at #gj to #ajj francs apiece at ,b]t9's sale1 #ahhe--old incomplete editions h be5 complet$1 & = ! late-com]s n 9 "t = ?is half-g5u9e article1 full & fir/-class imitations are provid$4 ,miss+ pages ( r>e volumes1 incunabula or preci\s1 highly priz$ editions1 are (t5 suppli$ by ! mo/ skilful p5 & ink "w4 ,x is surpris+ to see h[ well ! clev] calligraphic arti/ c imitate ! pr9t$ *>act]s1 & h[ c>efully & fai?fully ! miss+ pages are copi$ f "s complete edition4 ,9 a damag$ edition x is g5]ally ! frontispiece t is miss+ or ! ornam5tal title on ! fir/ page4 ,"s ( ! latt] are true works ( art & require mo/ arti/ic p5man%ip = _! reproduction4 ,! illusion is1 nev]!less1 (t5 complete4 ,paul ,eudel tells an amus+ /ory ( an exp]t :o _h n notic$ t "o ( ! pages ( a c]ta9 "w 0 a clev] piece ( p5man%ip add$ lat]1 b to :om ! secret 0 reveal$ by circum/antial evid5ce :i* sav$ him f be+ *eat$4 ,! "w 0 s admirably done t ! exp]t _h n detect$ x to be p5 "w1 till he happ5$ to notice a worm-hole 9 ! p>*m5t ( t page :]eas ! prec$+ & foll[+ pages bore no hole4 ,z x 0 impossible = a worm to rea* a page 9 ! middle ( ! book )\t bor+ ?r\gh ! o!rs1 he surmis$ t ! hole mu/ h be5 !re :5 ! page 0 done1 t ! page 0 a lat] addition 9 fact4 ,once suspici\s1 x is easy to asc]ta9 ! tru?4 ,a clos] exam9ation %[$ ,m4 ,p\rquet1 su* 0 ! "n ( ! exp]t1 t ! page 9 "q 0 h& "w1 & n pr9t4 ,x is true t n[adays1 by means ( photo-me*anical reproductions old books1 *>act]s & illu/rations c be imitat$ to p]fection1 & !re are also mills t c supply all sorts ( old-fa%ion$ pap] to ord]1 z ne> z possible to a giv5 sample4 ,exp]ts claim1 h[ev]1 t su* fakes are only dang]\s = ! inexp]i5c$ collector1 t a magnify+ glass reveals ! action ( ! acid 9 a sort ( scallop$ edge to ! ink l9es1 & t1 al?\gh well imitat$1 ! pap] has a diff]5t gra9 :5 closely exam9$1 etc4 ,b x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t fakes are n z a rule int5d$ to baffle ! skill ( ! exp]t b r to take advantage ( ! inexp]i5c$4 ,! exp]t :o gives 8 att5tion *iefly to ! b9d+s ( ! books ne$s to be m ( an arti/ ?an ! o!r4 ,we "k t editions1 too1 h _! elegancy1 =ms & ta/eful simplicity ne$+1 z x 71 an arti/ically tra9$ eye to enjoy _! beauty & appreciate _! value1 b comp>$ ) bookb9d+ _! arti/ic quality seems to be ( a m re/rict$ k9d4 ,9 bookb9d+1 art 9 all its decorative eloqu5ce appe>s to claim full rights4 ,!re are b9d+s ( pa/ c5turies--m especially 9 ,p>is1 :]e bookb9d+ has always be5 a gr& art--t are really *efs-d'uvre4 ,z usual x is ! unw>y :o 9 ?is bran* also pays ! highe/ tribute to fak]y4 ,f ! ,groli] b9d+s d[n to ! la/ specim5s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 imitation has a wide field ( action = its v]satility1 b accord+ to exp]ts ! mo/ exploit$ p]iod is t runn+ f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to ! end ( ! eighte5?1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult to imitate & yet "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 v>i\s ways ( fak+ old b9d+s4 ,_m h tri$ to fake ! :ole1 beg9n+ ) ! fabrication ( ! ornam5ts cut 9 iron :i* are us$ to /amp ! gilt ornam5ts on lea!r or p>*m5t4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! connoisseurs ( ,p>is1 :]e ^! imitations appe> to f9d _! be/ m>ket1 !y are f> f conv9c+1 be+ only int5d$ = su* z seek a c]ta9 decorative quality )\t pret5d+ to be exp]ts or collectors4 ,speciali/s say !re are imitations ( a f> m dang]\s "*1 ^? compos$ ( v>i\s g5u9ely antique p>ts1 ^? rely+ ^u "s au!ntic elem5t 9 ! process ( mak+1 & orig9al b9d+s fitt$ to o!r books :i* ?us embelli%$ & enri*$ fet* high] prices4 ,! fir/ ( ! above op]ations kn[s no limits b ^? set by ! mat]ial1 x may be a "q ( us+ old lea!r or ag$ p>*m5t1 or ( us+ old labels1 or ( tak+ advantage ( ! *>act]i/ic col\r$ l9+ pap]s t mod]n indu/ry reproduces fairly well4 ,"h we h1 9 fact1 ! usual composite /yle ) :i* a fanciful b9d+ is made or a book put toge!r out ( v>i\s elem5ts t are p]fectly g5u9e1 b belong to diff]5t s\rces4 ,! second mann] ( fak+ 9 decorat+ ! cov] ( a book is to use "s old iron /amps = ! impress on ! lea!r ( ! b9d+4 ,"s ( ^! old implem5ts t h escap$ de/ruction are n[ us$ to advantage1 especially to /amp decorative coats ( arms on imitation antique b9d+s1 s t ! buy] %\ld ?9k ! books h come /raight f ! =m] libr>y ( a nobleman4 ,! fak] has us$ ?is trick successfully ) ,am]icans p>ticul>ly4 ,9 ?is way ! /amps ( ! ,sacr de ,l\is ,,xv1 :i* are1 app>5tly1 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 h be5 us$ z a decoy on f9e b9d+s1 z well z t ( ! ,rohan-,*abot family coat ( arms p]petuat+ ! supposition t books belong+ to t illu/ri\s family are /ill on ! m>ket4 ,! ?ird me?od is call$ 9 ,fr5* rembotage & consi/s1 z we h said1 ( transf]r+ cov]s f "o book to ano!r4 ,!re are "s good editions t h lo/ _! cov]s & "s wor?less books ) f9e b9d+s--fak]y repairs ?is inju/ice ( fate by transf]r+ ! good b9d+ to ! m m]itori\s book1 a simple act ( ju/ice inv>iably rew>d$ 9 ! _w ( fak]y by ! l>ge sum t c be ask$ = ! edition ?us treat$4 ,!re are naturally _m ways to discov] ! b9d+s t h 9 "o way or o!r receiv$ ! pat]nal & n at all dis9t]e/$ c>ess ( ! fak]1 b ! be/ & safe/ way--%all we ev] tire ( repeat+ x--is to tra9 "o's eye to t helpful syn!sis ( judgm5t call$ exp]i5ce4 ,newly col\r$ & pat9at$ lea!r does n /& rubb+ ) a damp clo? l ! old does1 mod]n gild+ & mod]n /amp+ imitat+ antique designs are heavi] & less clean cut z well z n s ri*--qualities be/ und]/ood by comp>+ mod]n "w ) ! old1 = al?\gh ! diff]5ces are slight !y are1 nev]!less1 pla9 to ! exp]i5c$ eye accu/om$ to comp>+ old & new4 ,ev5 rembotage1 ! mo/ difficult to detect1 may be f\nd out by exam9+ ! way "o "p is jo9$ to ! o!r1 ! peculi>ities ( ! "w1 etc4 ,all t c be said1 h[ev]1 to put ! neophyte on 8 gu>d :o may imag9e t h9ts f books or special works on ! subject are suffici5t to assi/ him1 is3 ,g sl[1 & if y are really anxi\s to h a good collection & prep>$ to pay good prices1 9 ! beg9n+ ask ! man :o kn[s = 8 help--,exp]to cr$e4 ,x is obvi\s t no arti/ic temp]am5t1 ta/e or k ( art is necess>y 9 ord] to become a collector ( autographs4 ,?is class ( collector1 :o may boa/ an un9t]rupt$ l9e f s*ol>s to speciali/s1 has nei!r ! assi/ance nor complicity ( art4 ,consequ5tly ! fak]1 :o inevitably foll[s suit1 mu/ h a k ( hi/ory 9 ord] to avoid hi/orical blund]s1 he mu/ be acqua9t$ ) p>ticul>s connect$ ) ! p]sonage ^: autograph is to be =g$1 & above all mu/ be an exp]t imitator ( o!r p's h&-writ+1 9 fact 9 him ! art ( =g+ signatures mu/ be br\ght to ! highe/ p]fection1 = "h docum5ts are to be =g$1 a succession ( calligraphic *>act]s & idiosyncrasies f> m difficult ( execution ?an a m]e signature on a false *eque4 ,! aptitude ( a bank cl]k gives promise ( a good exp]t 9 ?is subject4 ,/udies ( v>i\s pap]s accord+ to epo* is n ( su* assi/ance "h to ! exp]t z 9 ! case ( books1 = !re is /ill pl5ty ( old-fa%ion$ pap] on ! m>ket1 en\gh ( x at lea/ to be> a few l9es f a celebrat$ man1 ! *ief quality ne$$ is exp]i5ce ga9$ by comp>+ orig9als ) =g]ies1 or bett] /ill su* famili>ity ) a giv5 man's h&-writ+ t its g5u95ess c be judg$ at sight1 z a bank cl]k does ) a signature4 ,!re are "s arti/s also 9 ?is class1 b n only is x r>]1 b _! "w deals less ) autographs prop]ly s-call$ ?an old docum5ts mo/ly on p>*m5t ) illum9ations1 etc4 ,/amp-collect+ h>dly comes )9 our sph]e1 & repres5ts r a m9or dep>tm5t ( connoisseur%ip4 ,sev]al books h be5 writt5 on ! subject1 _m ) valuable h9ts z to prices & ) reproductions ( ! be/ samples1 etc4 ,we w\ld w>n our read]s :o may p]*ance be int]e/$1 t e /amp ( value has be5 fak$1 t1 /range to say1 "s ( ^! fifty-ye>-old fakes fet* h&some prices & fl\ri%+ factories h be5 e/abli%$ to supply n only ! r>e specim5s already ackn[l$g$ z su*1 b to produce at a few h\rs' notice any sample despotic fa%ion may sudd5ly raise to ! rank ( a r>ity4 ,art plays s small a "p t ! way to become an exp]t on ! subject is to become an--exp]t4 ,beyond ?is1 :i* is only 9 appe>ance an idem p] idem1 !re is v little to be done4 ,exp]i5ce consi/s ( be+ famili> ) ! orig9al1 ! k9d ( pap] us$1 ! col\rs1 peculi>ities & also defects1 p>ticul>ly ! defects1 z :5 ! /amps 7 pr9t$ t are n[ r>e1 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 9 its infancy comp>$ ) our times4 ,!re is no occasion to speak ( m9or fancy collections t1 z usual1 =m l9ks betwe5 ! true collector & ! man ) a mania4 ,ev5 9 ^! m9or bran*es !re may be m ?an "o int]e/+ collection1 su*1 = in/ance1 z t ( ,g5]al ,v&amme :o left 8 relatives no few] ?an sixty ?\s& pipes1 & ,b>on ,osc> de ,watt]ville's & o!rs4 ,art plays no great "p 9 ^! m9or expressions ( curio-collect+ & sci5ce also occupies b a limit$ field4 ,"o axiom may be giv51 h[ev]1 :i* holds good = all classes ( collect+1 :e!r arti/ic1 sci5tific1 or any?+ else1 & t is t z soon z ! prices ( c]ta9 articles come "u ! nom5clature ( fancy prices1 ?r\gh fa%ion or m]it1 ! fak] is ready to h&4 ,9 ! ,p>is _w ( fak]s1 a l>g] _w ?an ! outsid] may imag9e1 an amus+ anecdote is told4 ,le>n+ ! high prices paid by a/ronom]s = bolides1 an invet]ate fak] call$ ^u a well-kn[n *emi/ to propose a p>tn]%ip = ! production ( imitations ( meteorites4 ,ev5 if an inv5tion1 ! anecdote gives ! full size ( ! fak]'s _s ( ent]prise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,summ+ ,,up ,) "s %[ ( reason ,swift affirm$ t all sublun>y happ9ess consi/s 9 be+ well deceiv$4 ,we are p]fectly aw>e t ?is book does n support ,swift's e?ics ( happ9ess1 = :ile agree+ t ! ,engli% satiri/'s !ory may hold good on a great _m occasions1 we claim an exception = collectors z a class4 ,9 ! _w ( art1 art lov]s & collectors1 to be well deceiv$ means to be liv+ 9 a fool's p>adise1 a mo/ co/ly dwell+ :i* promises no et]nal joy4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! happ9ess d]iv$ f be+ well deceiv$ 9 ?is case is g5]ally n only ( v %ort duration b inflicts sm>t+ w\nds to pride & pocket4 ,9 ! _w at l>ge !re seems to exi/ a c]ta9 b5evol5ce t[>ds delud$ ones1 :i* makes x at times possible = ! well deceiv$ to be ! only "o ( 8 ent\rage unaw>e t he has be5 dup$4 ,9 ! _w ( collectors su* a ?+ is almo/ an impossibility =1 to quote a well-kn[n ,fr5* art lov]3 8,aft] pictures by ,mi*elangelo & specim5s ( ,m$ici w>e1 ! r>e/ ?+ to f9d ) collectors is k9dl9ess40 ,! same art lov] assures u t 9 ?is peculi> _w n only is k9dl9ess 7bi5veillance7 r>e1 b ! opposite s5tim5t has be5 develop$ almo/ to ! po9t ( g5ius4 ,collectors1 especially fir/-rate collectors :o h f9ally em]g$ into fame ?r\gh ! complex resultant ( a good eye1 %rewdness & extreme skill 9 f5c+ ) /rong competitors1 h a regul> tal5t = flav\r+ bitt] pills = deceiv$ fri5ds & comrades ) tr\blesome innu5does & sm>t+ disclosures1 =1 z ! above-quot$ connoisseur decl>es1 !y h a way ( prais+ ) 8praise t exasp]ates & ) homicidal complim5ts10 & !re is a type ( collector :o kn[s 8 rep]tory by he>t1 a man :o is a 8toreador raff9--il massacre arti/em5t40 ,:at ! neophyte c d to avoid be+ 8arti/ically0 massacr$1 z ! ,fr5* connoisseur puts x semi-euphemi/ically1 is difficult to say4 ,books & special treatises may expla9 ! nature ( ! deceit1 po9t out ! dang]s await+ him & %[ h[ traps are laid & h[ !y "w1 b to pret5d to become a truly safe buy] on ! security ( k ga!r$ f books & manuals w\ld be l attempt+ ! asc5t ( "s dang]\s peak on ! /r5g? ( wisdom drawn f works on ,alp9e climb+4 ,! rudim5ts ( ! art d n conc]n s mu* ! k ( h[ to buy z ( h[ n to buy1 h[ to resi/1 namely1 ! fir/ impulse1 :i* 9 an inexp]i5c$ art lov] proves to be "o ( ! wor/ dang]s4 ,! sl[1 prud5t me?od mu/ be le>nt ( n li/5+ to fir/ impulses till ! fir/ impulses are support$ by some?+ bett] ?an ! innate conceit ( a beg9n]4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t !re may be occasions :5 ev5 a beg9n] may h cause to regret n hav+ li/5$ to a fir/ impulse1 b su* a ?+ is fur!r f ! g5]al rule ?an ! beg9n] claims1 & 9 any case x pays 9 ! long run to let a good *ance slip r ?an risk becom+ ! possessor ( "s exp5sive w\ld-be *ef-d'uvre4 ,9 addition1 dur+ ! e>ly /ages 9 p>ticul>1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( scepticism mu/ temp] a too ready belief 9 :at ! deal] has to say or %[1 9 support ( 8 ass]tion4 ,!re w come a "t :5 exp]i5ce w help ! collector to detect m easily ?an at fir/ allur+1 sugge/ive in=mation1 etc4 ,naturally x is n all deal]s :o are on ! wat* to take advantage ( ! beg9n]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are m hone/ deal]s 9 ! antique m>ket ?an "o w\ld ?9k1 b ! tr\ble is t ! di%one/ ones seem to be to ! =e1 to be ev] !re ready to confront ! inexp]i5c$ novice1 & _! noisy deceits become f> m kn[n ?an good1 hone/ deal+1 caus+ p]plexity 9 "s collectors s t x may be !y disbelieve ! man :o is tell+ ! tru? & give cr$5ce to ! li>1 :o be+ a p]fect ma/] 9 ! art ( misrepres5tation1 seems to be hone/y itself4 ,"h1 too1 ! det]m9ation to be r sceptical z to docum5ts1 lett]s1 p$igrees & m]cantile evid5ce may lead ! beg9n] to miss "s good opportunity1 b ! case is r>e & su* losses are z a rule amply cov]$ 9 ! summ+ up ( ! total co/ ( appr5tice%ip1 ?r\gh n hav+ paid = exp]i5ce ! extravagant price usually dem&$4 ,9 due "t ! art lov]'s ability to disc]n betwe5 deal+ & deal+ w be %>p5$1 & he w be able to def5d himself bett]4 ,?is m]ely conc]ns deal+ & exp]i5ce 9 di/+ui%+ ! g5u9e f ! fake4 ,b ev5 suppos+ p]fection has be5 atta9$ 9 ?is "p1 ! fact does n necess>ily imply qualification z a connoisseur1 collector1 exp]t or ev5 simple lov] ( art4 ,a collection may be compos$ ( g5u9e articles & yet be a poor "o1 utt]ly devoid ( arti/ic m]it or ev5 comm]cial value ( importance4 ,to h paid a high price is no gu>antee ( m]it4 ,!re are1 z a matt] ( fact1 p]fectly g5u9e pa9t+s = :i* extravagant fancy prices h be5 paid1 b :i* 9 ! eyes ( a true connoisseur are n wor? ! nail !y hang on4 ,x is almo/ impossible to conceive t exp]i5ce 9 di/+ui%+ ! g5u9e f ! false %\ld be acquir$ )\t ! atta9m5t ( "s arti/ic progress prompt+ discrim9ation betwe5 poor art & m$iocre1 & m$iocre art & f9e art1 yet ?is arti/ic side is ! mo/ difficult to develop to t p]fection & semi-intuition ( ! beautiful1 s necess>y to ! real & fir/-rate connoisseur4 ,by :at me?od ?is arti/ic side may be p]fect$ 9 ! collector is /ill m difficult to tell1 = 9 ?is direction exp]i5ce only c\nts to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,9 fact z reg>ds ?is arti/ic education ( ! connoisseur we are incl9$ to repeat ) ,ta9e1 9 8 ,philosophie de l',art3 8,precepts8 ,well1 two might be giv53 fir/ to be born ) g5ius--t is y\r p>5ts' affair1 n m9e2 second to "w a good deal to br+ x out1 & t is n my bus9ess ei!r40 ,"h too1 !n1 actual me?ods are out ( ! "q4 ,!y are1 p]=ce1 ( su* a g5]al "* z to be no m use ?an tell+ a bl9d man to keep 9 ! middle ( ! road because !re are dit*es on ei!r side4 ,x is1 fur!r1 n uncommon = contr>y sy/ems to lead to equally happy results accord+ to ! p]son employ+ !m4 ,"o antiqu>y :5 undecid$ z to ! g5u95ess ( a pa9t+ us$ to h a photograph ( x tak51 =1 he said1 he c\ld easily detect ! traits ( =g]y on see+ ! "w 9 black & :ite ) all col\rs elim9at$1 or1 to put x 9 8 own words3 ,! fak$ side sweats out4 ,ano!r connoisseur held exactly ! contr>y !ory1 decl>+ t he c\ld tell no?+ f photos b ne$$ ! col\rs to help to detect ! g5u95ess or fraud ( ! pa9t+4 ,p]haps ! =m] _h an arti/ic temp]am5t bas$ *iefly ^u ! *>m ( =m :ile ! latt] 0 :at 9 art is t]m$ a col\ri/4 ,9 addition1 at times ano!r mislead+ cause may be add$ :i* comes "u ! =m ( int]v5+ sugge/ion & may put ev5 a highly gift$ arti/ic temp]am5t (f ! sc5t4 ,p]haps an example w be/ illu/rate ?is peculi> int]f]5ce1 :i* is n only ( a circum/antial ord]1 z we h se5 9 ano!r "p ( ?is book1 b may be ! result ( an unconsci\s p>ti pris4 ,"s ye>s ago :5 ,mr4 ,/an=d ,:ite import$ works ( art & antiques = 8 millionaire patrons1 a ,mr4 ,x41 :o own$ a f9e mansion on ,fif? ,av5ue1 v mu* admir$ an e>ly fifte5? c5tury s+le &iron t 0 among ! import$ goods4 ,he wi%$1 h[ev]1 to h a pair4 ,! sugge/ion t a mod]n copy %\ld be made f ! only rema9+ orig9al at fir/ disgu/$ him1 = ev]yone kn[s h[ easily ,am]ican collectors buy imitations = orig9als & h[ disgu/$ !y are if ! deal] hone/ly says t a c]ta9 "w is an imitation4 ,on be+ assur$ t ! imitation %\ld be p]fect1 ! new piece 0 f9ally ord]$ & ! antiqu>y arrang$ = an arti/ically exact copy ( ! anci5t &iron to be made 9 ,italy4 ,h[ev]1 possibly because n wi%+ to be suspect$ ( concoct+ 8mod]n antiques10 or = "s o!r reason1 ! ,italian firm s5t a p]fect copy ( ! orig9al 9 a br& new condition1 sugge/+ t a c]ta9 ,italian arti/ liv+ 9 ,new ,york %\ld give x ! prop] pat9a z he 0 fully initiat$ 9 ! cryptic art ( mak+ new objects look z old z might be desir$4 ,! art critic *os5 to come & judge ( ! f9al result ( ! "w 01 z ! arti/ knew1 r di/ru/ful ( ,italians & _! tricks1 z he put x4 ,! ,italian arti/ did ! "w z well z x c\ld be done1 & kn[+ t x 0 go+ to be judg$ side by side ) ! orig9al1 ! h>de/ te/ t c be inflict$ ^u an imitation1 he manag$ to *eat ! art critic by be+ excessively frank & hone/1 tak+ advantage ( 8 prejudice aga9/ ,italians & a probable mom5t>y m5tal attitude4 ,! two pieces 7 %[n 9 ! arti/'s ateli]1 ! imitation be+ plac$ by ! arti/ 9 ! full light & ! orig9al 9 ! mo/ b5evol5t corn]1 f> f ! w9d[ 9 a half-%ade4 ,! fir/ ?\ght t pass$ ?r\gh ! art critic's bra9 z he ent]$ ! /udio 0 t ! 8tricky ,italian0 _h put ! imitation :]e ! light 0 less /rong & ! %ade m b5evol5tly helpful4 8,v good10 he rem>k$1 8b ( c\rse ev5 :5 n 9 ! full light an imitation is always an imitation40 8,b t is ! orig9al10 repli$ ! arti/1 = to make 8 positive ass]tion ! m def9ite ! critic _h be5 po9t+ to ! wrong piece4 ,a /ony sil5ce foll[$4 ,! /ory ends "h & we d n "k :e!r ! critic ev] =gave ! arti/ 8 hone/ trick4 ,kn[+ t ! art critic 0 a real connoisseur1 a good exception to ! class1 we are q sure t 8 judgm5t 0 p]v]t$ by ! preconceiv$ notion t ! ,italian _h plac$ ! imitation 9 ! %ade & ?us _h h>dly let 8 arti/ic temp]am5t & k ( art come into play 9 =m+ an op9ion1 or r ! op9ion 0 already =m$1 & too quickly express$1 by a semi-subconsci\s process ( reason+ t _h no?+ 9 common ) art judgm5t4 ,s _m are ! special cases1 & s little ! assi/ance g5]ally giv5 to new-com]s1 t ! safe/ me?od 9 conclusion is to h no actual me?od1 to wat* & /udy "o's own temp]am5t1 value ! fir/ results objectively1 to be ready to le>n z mu* z possible f exp]i5ce "u :atev] =m x comes & f9ally1 l 9 s _m cases ( human life & possibilities1 to "w out "o's own salvation4 ,9 ?is way1 ev5 if n call$ to ! ,olympus ( ! elect1 ! art lov] w c]ta9ly r$uce 8 bad b>ga9s to a m9imum--bad b>ga9s 9 ! way ( buy+ ! wrong ?+s z f> z ! g5u95ess ( ! article is conc]n$ z well z ) reg>d to its arti/ic wor?4 ,) ?is he mu/ re/ satisfi$ =1 z we gladly repeat once m ) ! ,ne/or ( ,fr5* connoisseurs3 8,bew>e ( ! collector :o nev] makes a mi/ake2 ! /ronge/ is he :o makes ! fewe/ mi/akes40 99 99 99 99 99 ,z we h se51 ! g5us curieux 7curio-hunt]7 comprises a mo/ complex & multi=m assembly ( types4 ,f ! di/ant ages ( ,roman dom9ion d[n to our times1 collectomania has produc$ *>act]s graduat$ 9 orig9ality f ! grotesque to ! tragic1 ! false to ! g5u9e1 ! sordid or wick$ l ,m>k ,antony & ,v]res to noble repres5tatives l ,julius ,cs>1 ,augu/us & ,agrippa4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! noble type ( collector & ! usefulness ( 8 mission h g5]ally escap$ ! obs]vation ( writ]s ( all ages4 ,!y seem to h be5 quick] to see ! grotesque side ( collectomania ?an its utility4 ,m>tial1 ,juv5al1 ,pl9y1 ,s5eca & o!rs are n dissimil> 9 _! rem>ks f--say1 ,molire & ,la ,bruyre4 ,s /rong is ! incl9ation to place ! types 9 a grotesque sett+1 to make !m ! t>get ( witty sallies1 t !y v (t5 mi/ake oddities = signs ( idiocy1 idiosyncrasies & peculi>ities = craz9ess1 &1 c>ry+ _! analysis no fur!r1 !y let loose ! ve9 ( _! satire on p ^: passion = collect+ has be5 ( extreme use to ! intellectual _w1 greatly assi/+ progress & ! civilization ( humanity4 8,j l a donkey behold+ a lyre10 gibes an old ,greek epigram 9 allusion to collectors :o1 :ile buy+ eag]ly1 give s little "t1 or none at all1 to ! enjoym5t ( ! arti/ic m]its ( _! acquisitions4 ,address+ "o ( 8 contempor>ies :o _h a passion = collect+ manuscripts & volumes b no incl9ation to read !m1 ,lucian rem>ks3 8,:y s _m lit]>y works8 ,d y collect !m 9 ord] to lie on ! le>n$ ?\ghts ( o!rs1 or to pa/e ! p>*m5t ( ! volumes to y\r sk98 ,) x all y w n become a jot m le>n$2 a monkey is always a monkey1 ev5 ?\gh cov]$ ) gild$ g>m5ts40 ,to foll[ up ! special case ( book-collect+ to :i* ,lucian's rem>k casually leads u1 ! same s5tim5t z t ( ! ,greek writ] 0 ent]ta9$ c5turies lat] by ,petr>* & ,rob]t ,e/i5ne4 ,! =m] 0 a poet & bibliophile1 ! latt] a fam\s pr9t]1 au?or ( ! ,!sauros l+u lat94 ,! two did n sp>e satires on ! m]e collector ( books4 ,a l attitude is tak5 t[>ds ,maz>9 by a m$iocre poet ( ,la ,fronde1 :o reproa*es ! ,c>d9al ) collect+ books )\t read+ !m2 ! same reproa* t contempor>y writ]s make to ,magliabe*i1 a passionate collector ( r>e editions :o nev] w5t fur!r 9 a book ?an ! title-page4 ,yet1 to conf9e ourselves to ^! alone1 to ,maz>9 is due "o ( ! f9e/ libr>ies ( ,p>is :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 & by 8 c>eful1 pati5t "w1 ,magliabe*i 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,magliabe*iana1 n[ ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,flor5ce1 a m>vel & model ( hi/orical "* to o!r m mod]n in/itutions ( ! k9d4 ,^! two p]si/5t & passionate book collectors h c]ta9ly contribut$ m to sci5ce & its progress ?an _m ( ^? s*ol>s :o made fun ( _! hobby4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t collect+1 aft] all1 is a passion1 at times a deep & firmly root$ "o1 & t passion1 l love1 9 its mo/ exalt$ expression does n repres5t normality1 b :ile on ! "o h& pres5t+ qualities ( an intuitive "*1 c be c\pl$ ) oddities & idiosyncrasies1 frequ5tly ! inevitable h]itage ( orig9ality4 ,hannibal :o /or$ 8 money 9 ! holl[ ( ! bronze /atues ( 8 collection1 ,sulla :o put to dea? citiz5s to seize _! r>e pieces ( art1 & ,julius ,cs> :o travell$ ) 8 *]i%$ objects ( virtu1 are kn[n to u z collectors mo/ly ?r\gh _! peculi>ities1 ! amus+ anecdotal side ( a passion1 c]ta9 to be exploit$ by a writ]1 be he *ronicl] or hi/orian4 ,yet1 to g back to ! unju/ifi$ & indiscrim9at+ _s ( satiri/s1 bo? ( anci5t & m rec5t times1 :i* t5ds to consid] ! collector a maniac or fool1 _m a ,greek & ,roman *ef-d'uvre ( art has nev]!less be5 sp>$ to our admiration by ! pati5t p]si/5ce & art-lov+ c>e ( collectors4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be int]e/+ to foll[ ! passage ( "s ( ! mo/ not$ specim5s ( pa/ art4 ,if "o c\ld trace ! true hi/ory ( ea* "o ( ^! objects 9 all its details1 x w\ld p]haps give u ! hi/ory ( ! collect+ passion toge!r ) tangible pro( ( its m]its & utility4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 n only be int]e/+ b also in/ructive to "k ! vicissitudes ( "s ( ! works ( art t h come d[n to u4 ,! few h9ts exi/+ z to ! l9eage ( own]s ( "s ( ! mo/ fam\s pieces ( ,greek & ,roman art1 c]ta9ly promise int]e/ ev5 ?\gh m>r$ at times by ! fact t mu* ( ! in=mation re/s ^u ! vague au?ority ( tradition1 or is /rongly d\bt$ by mod]n criticism4 8,we owe1 x is m ?an possible1 ! ,v5us ( ! ,h]mitage to ,cs>2 ! well-kn[n #8,:ett]' has almo/ c]ta9ly be5 sav$ to our admiration by ,lucullus1 j z ,cic]o may be ?ank$ = ! #8,demo/h5es' & ! collect+ passion ( ,sallu/ has h&$ d[n to u ! #8,faun1' ! #8,h]maphrodite' & ! #8,vase' ( ! ,villa ,borghese40 ,^! rem>ks ( a well-kn[n ,fr5* collector :o ma9ly notes works conta9$ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum might be ext5d$ to _m o!r collections1 especially ^? ( ,rome1 :]e sev]al ( ! works ( art h old hi/orical records ( undisput$ "*4 ,f ! ,r5aissance d[n to our own days ! p$igrees ( celebrat$ works ( art are n only sur]1 b pres5t at times a less int]rupt$ l9e ( desc5t4 ,) su* x is n uncommon to f9d a r>e object pass f "o collector to ano!r1 receiv+ ! same c>e & consid]ation z ?\gh pass+ f fa!r to son z a *]i%$ heirloom--& x is1 9 fact1 pass+ f "o to ano!r memb] ( ! same family1 ! family b\nd by an id5tical burn+ passion1 t ( collect+4 ,z to ! ess5ce ( ?is passion1 s (t5 conf\nd$ ) mania--a mi/ake call+ =? ! foll[+ comm5t f a ,fr5* collector3 8444 confondre la #8manie' avec la curiosit1 c'e/ pr5dre l'hy/]ie p\r l'am\r1 #8la ,belle ,hel5' p\r l',iliade0--we %\ld l to quote ,g]sa9t1 "o ( ! few m5 :o z art deal] & collector 9 "o1 :at might be /yl$ private deal] 9 mod]n phrase1 imp]sonat$ ! passion1 z we h said1 9 its highe/ expression among ! _m collectors ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ,g]sa9t1 "o ( ^! maniacs 91 say1 ,la ,bruyre's op9ion1 0 a repres5tative ( ^? passionate collectors :o subord9ate e o!r passion ( mank9d to ! "o !y h made ! sole aim ( _! lives4 8444 ,a curieux10 says ?is unilat]al lov] b n hobbyi/ collector1 8has ! advantage ( n fall+ an easy prey to ! _m passions s famili> to ! human family3 ! curiosit fills all ! empty spaces ( 8 leisure mom5ts4 ,ent]ta9$ by 8 *]i%$ possessions1 he has "t only = work+ at ! advance ( 8 curiosit1 & 8 cab9et becomes ! c5tre ( all 8 pleasures1 & ! seat ( all 8 passions40 ,! outsid] & half-way-insid] w agree t ?is is a trifle too mu*2 b1 aft] all1 ! great collectors :o h left to ! museums ( _! c\ntries =tunes t w\ld h be5 lo/ b = _! int5se passion--treasures ( art left by ! ignorant to ! doom ( decay--h all felt1 m or less1 ! burn+ passion describ$ by ,g]sa9t1 9 ! passage quot$ :i* goes on to ass]t t a true p>adise awaits ! p]fect collector1 :o is nev] bor$1 & nev] ! prey ( sple54 ,)\t discuss+ ! promises held out by ,g]sa9t1 z ! p]fect collector is1 to our k1 r>e1 let u /ate t our book does n hope to urge any read] on to ! p]fection t u%]s into ,g]sa9t's bliss1 b if ! brief glimpse we h giv5 ( ,collectomania ) its pleasures & dang]s %\ld conv9ce "s really passionate lov] ( art t collect+ has a nobl] aim ?an t ( m]e pleasure1 if we %\ld disc\rage a ,tongilius or ,paullus1 or if ?is "w %\ld sc>e "s mod]n ,cl>9us & d away ) a noisy1 useless up-to-date ,trimal*us1 we %all feel t ! purpose ( ! book has be5 ju/ifi$ to "s ext5t4 ,,index4 ,adamo da ,brescia1 c\nt]feit] ( co9s1 #fg ,adv5tures ( a ,bric--brac ,hunt]1 #add ,ag>'s1 ,mme41 collection ( dolls1 #bia ,agesilas1 #ba ,aglphon1 #be ,agrippa z an art lov]1 #ca ,alb]ti1 #hf ,alcohol z a solv5t1 #bbg ,alex&] ! ,great1 #cg ,alluye1 ca/le (1 #ib ,alt> piece1 ,ro?s*ild's fak$1 #bfb ,amateur m>*&1 !1 #aag ,amb] v>ni%1 #bbh ,ambras collection1 !1 #hg ,am]ican collector1 !1 #ada ,&irons1 /ory ( !1 #cje ,&rea da ,foiano1 #gi ,&rea del ,s>to1 #ii ,&reoli1 ,mae/ro ,giorgio1 #bej ,anne ( ,au/ria1 #abc ,anonimo ,morelliano1 !1 #ih ,antiqu>y1 old & mod]n1 !1 #adc1 #aec ,antique1 passion = !1 #ga ,antiques1 ! collection (1 9 ,italy1 #hb ,apelles1 #bj ,apollo & ,m>syas1 #id ,apollo1 ,sulla's /atue (1 #cf ,apollo1 temple (1 at ,delphi1 #bc1 #fa ,apollo1 ! gold51 #ah ,aponius ,saturn9us1 prtor1 #bi ,ar*ological sugge/ion1 #afj ,aret9o1 ,pietro1 #aag ,ari/otle1 #ah ,ari/otle1 bas-relief (1 #ia ,arm\r1 fak$1 #bfi ,arms1 ! imitation (1 #bfg ,art collect+1 spread (1 9 ,europe1 #aaj ,art critic1 !1 #afj ,art1 influ5ce ( ,greek & ,roman1 #hc ,art 9 ,rome1 #bj ,art museums 9 ,rome1 #fa ,art sales1 #abh ,arti/ & erudite1 #adj ,arti/ic w> booty1 #ba ,arti/s z connoisseurs1 #bhh ,arti/s at ,rome1 /atus (1 #bj ,aspetti1 ,tiziano1 #ih ,a!ns1 #ah ,atria auction>ia1 #bh1 #bab ,atrium1 !1 #dh ,atticus1 #dj ,auction room1 atmosph]e ( !1 #bad ,augu/us & ,v$ius ,pollio1 #eb ,autographs1 =g$1 #bjj1 #bih ,bald9ucci1 #bbe ,b>b]9i1 ,c>d9al1 #aah ,b>bizet ,bro!rs1 #beb ,b>guette1 la1 #aaj ,b>occo1 !1 #aac ,bas-reliefs1 bronze1 #ia1 #bce ,basant1 #aca ,basil9i1 #adg ,ba/ian9i1 #ahb1 #ahh ,belli1 ,val]io1 #ih1 #ajj ,bell9i1 #ajj ,b5ivi5e1 ,girolamo1 ,ba/ian9i's bu/ (1 #ahc ,biblical subjects1 #ajb ,bibliomaniacs1 ,roman1 #ej ,biographie ,univ]selle ( ,m4 ,weiss1 #aae ,bi/icci1 ,v4 da1 #ib 8,black ,b&10 !1 #aga1 #ahj1 #bai ,boe?us1 #cj ,boiss1 ,mme41 #bji ,bolides1 fak+1 #cjj ,bonaf$i1 ,signor1 #ahe ,bonnaff1 ,edmond1 #ajh1 #aab1 #adi1 #aic ,bookb9d+s1 #bif ,book collectors1 ,roman1 #di ,books1 #bid ,bracciol9i1 ,poggio1 #ge ,brass articles1 pat9a =1 #bfe ,bric--brac1 #acj ,bric--brac %ops 9 ,rome1 #bi ,bri5ne1 #aai ,briesco1 ,&rea1 #hg1 #hh ,bronze & o!r metals1 to give tone & col\r to1 #bfd ,bronzes1 #cj1 #hi1 #bch ,brunelles*i1 #ge1 #hc ,brunellesco1 #ga ,brunswick ,museum1 !1 #ia ,brutus z a collector1 #dj ,brutus ( ,mi*elangelo1 #ajc ,buffon1 #aca ,bullant1 ,jean1 #ib ,cafaggiolo1 #bdi ,calamis1 #df1 #ei 8,calc$onio10 ,niccoli's1 #gc ,cal*>1 #ajj ,caligula1 #bi ,caligula z an auctione]1 #bab ,callot's bad et*+1 #abg ,camelio1 ,vittore1 #ia ,cameos1 c\nt]feit1 #eh ,c&elabras1 #cj ,canvas = re/or+ pa9t+s1 #bbi ,capodimonte factory1 !1 #bef ,cappucc9o1 #bhb ,c>d9al di ,san ,giorgio1 #hb1 #hi ,c>ncades1 #da ,c>racci1 8,! ,deluge0 by1 #abj ,ca/ellani sale1 !1 #bac ,ca/iglione1 #ajc ,catalogues1 fir/ pr9t$1 #aaf ,ca!gus1 #be ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici1 #aaj ,cav5aghi1 #afg ,cav9o1 #ia ,cell9i1 #ajc ,c]opla/ics1 #bdd ,cesnola collection1 #bdh ,*>les ! ,bald1 ,bible & ,psalt] (1 #ff ,*>les ,,vi1 catalogue (1 #fh ,*asles1 ,m41 #aii ,*eese z a vehicle = col\r1 #bcj ,*emi/ry's aid to fak+1 #bfc ,*ilp]ic1 a collector1 #fe ,*ri/ian & pagan subjects1 #if ,*ri/ianity & art1 #fc ,*ronique ,sc&aleuse1 #acj ,*rysogon1 #be ,*rysoloras1 ,emanuele1 #gb ,claywork fakes1 #bce ,cic]o & ,art1 #ai2 imitation & fraud1 #bd2 pubilc auctions1 #bh2 a collector ( d\btful ta/e1 #dj1 #da2 ,*rysogon1 #de2 citrus tables1 #ed2 public sales1 #baa ,c9quec5to art1 #ajb2 velvet1 #bhi ,c9quec5to collectors1 #ajb ,ciriaco d',ancona1 #ga ,citrus or ?uja1 #ed2 qualities1 #ee ,citrus tables1 craze =1 #be1 #ed ,cl>9us1 #cb ,classification1 #ach 8,clean+10 #baf ,cli5t & art m>ket1 #ca ,clodion's clay gr\ps1 #bjh1 #bch ,clodius1 #ca ,clotaire1 a collector1 #fe ,clovis1 a collector1 #fe ,craquelage1 on pott]y1 #bee ,cressy1 influ5ce ( ! battle (1 #aaj ,crieur1 !1 #bh ,crozat1 #abi ,coa*es1 ,commodus' collection (1 #bab ,codrus1 ! ne$y collector1 #cb ,co9 c\nt]feit+1 #fg1 #ib ,cola di ,ri5zi1 #fi ,collection1 a =m ( bank+1 #fd ,collector1 !3 ! home ( !1 #ah2 & satiri/s1 #cb2 types (1 #cd2 rapaci\s1 #cg1 #ch2 ultra-mod]n1 #ada ,collectors & collections1 #ace ,collector's t\*1 !1 #adf ,col\r+ m>ble1 #bdb ,comm]ce & art collect+1 #acj ,commodus' effects1 sale (1 #bab ,conc9i1 #abc ,condivi1 #ij ,connoisseur%ip & erudition1 #ach ,conqu]ors z collectors ( art treasures1 #bb ,con/ant9e1 #ah1 #fc ,con/ant9ople & ,ori5tal arms1 #bfg ,copyi/s 9 ,rome1 #ei2 ,greek1 #ei ,cor9?ian bronze1 #cj1 #ea1 #bci ,cornelius ,nepos' /atuette ( ,h]cules1 #cg ,corplet1 ,alfr$1 #beb ,correggio1 ! ,m>syas & ! ,antiope by1 #aai ,corr] ,museum1 #ia ,corv9us1 ,ma?ias1 #if ,cosimo ,i1 #ajd ,co/ant9i1 ,pr(41 #agh ,co/umes & dress1 #bij ,c\langes1 #abd ,c\nt]feit co9+1 #fg ,c\nt]feit+1 imitation1 & =g]y 9 ,rome1 #eh ,c\rajod1 ,l\is1 #hd1 #ib ,c\rti]1 !1 9 ,rome1 #bh2 mod]n1 #afd ,c\vreur1 #adg ,curieux1 mean+ (1 #acf ,cu/om ,h\se (ficials1 #agi ,cut glass1 #bfj ,dagob]t1 #fe ,damasc5+1 #bgj ,damophilus1 #ba1 #dc ,david1 /atuette by ,mi*elangelo1 #ajh ,davilli] collection1 !1 #ij1 #ie1 #ajh1 #adj ,dazzi1 ! 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