,the ,catholic ,world ,a ,monthly ,magazine of ,general ,literature and ,science ,vol4 ,,xix4 ,april #ahgd to ,september #ahgd ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house4 ,new ,york #ahgd ,,contents ,contents4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aji4--;,april1 #ahgd4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,,iv4 ,intrinsic ,principles of ,substance and ,suppositum4 ,on ,hearing ,the 8,o ,salutaris ,hostia40 ,on ,the ,wing3 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,a ,national ,or ,state ,church4 ,the ,captive ,bird4 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,,xix4 ,home ,rule ,for ,ireland4 ,sonnet3 ,good ,friday4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,x4 ,the ,descent of ,avernus4 ,a ,looker,back4 ,,iii4 ,the ,temple4 ,was ,origen ,a ,heretic8 ,social ,shams4 ,to ,s4 ,joseph3 ,on ,the ,day ,of ,my ,first ,mass4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,vi4--,king ,ruli4 ,epigram4 ,the ,widow's ,mites4 ,old ,versus ,new4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aaj4--,may1 #ahgd4 ,the ,coming ,transit ,of ,venus4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,v4 ,intrinsic ,principles ,of ,complex ,beings4 ,principles of substantial compounds4 ,principles of accidental compounds4 ,principles of attributes and properties4 ,the ,butterfly4 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,,xx4 ,,xxi4 ,fragment ,of ,early ,english ,poetry4 ,self,education4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,ii4 ,there ,was ,no ,room ,for ,them ,in ,the ,inn4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,i4 ,f4 ,louage's ,philosophy4 ,easter4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,a ,harvest of ,thorns4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti4 ,for ,ever4 ,visit ,to ,an ,artist's ,studio4 ,visions4 ,a ,word ,for ,women4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aaa4--;,june1 #ahgd4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,,vi4 ,principles of ,nominal ,realities4 ,principles of possible being4 ,principles of real relation4 ,principles of real distinction4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,ii4 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,concluded4 ,,xxii4 ,,xxiii4 ,public ,worship4 ,the ,answered ,prayer4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,iii4 ,the ,female ,religious ,of ,america4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,epigram on ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,a ,taper ,lighted1 ,and ,a ,taper ,blown ,out4 ,material ,faith4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,i4 ,cora4 ,charles ,x4 ,at ,holyrood4 ,new ,publications4 ,a ,criticism4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aab4--;,july1 #ahgd4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,i4 ,flippancy ,and ,scholasticism4 ,,ii4 ,tergiversation ,and ,jugglery4 ,,iii4 ,creation4 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,fourteenth4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,,ix4 ,anglican ,orders4 ,i4 ,the ,nag's ,head ,story4 ,the ,lambeth ,register4 ,barlow's ,status4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,the ,jesuit ,martyrs ,of ,the ,commune4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,iii4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,,ii4 ,one ,corpus ,christi4 ,relatio ,itineris ,in ,marylandiam4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,iv4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,vii4 ,the ,philosophers ,of ,the ,dragon's ,bower4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aac4--;,august1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,iv4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 ,the ,rock ,of ,rest4 ,anglican ,orders4 ,,ii4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,v4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,who ,will ,remember8 ,church ,music4 ,comparison ,of ,waves ,with ,flowers4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,,iii--,concluded4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xiv--,uprooting ,thorns4 ,madame ,du ,deffand4 ,cain1 ,what ,hast ,thou ,done ,with ,thy ,brother8 ,the ,legend ,of ,vallambrosa4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,viii4 ,snifkin4 ,new ,publications4 ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,vol4 ,,xix41 ,no4 #aad4--,september1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,v4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,,xiii4 ,,xiv4 ,,xv4 ,pius ,,vi4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,church ,music4 ,concluded4 ,a ,week ,in ,wordsworth's ,haunts4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,vi4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,hymn ,of ,the ,flowers4 ,kathleen ,waring4 ,new ,publications4 ,footnotes ,cover ,page ,,contents4 ,anglican ,orders1 #dfg1 #faj4 ,artist's ,studio1 ,visit to an1 #bgc4 ,assunta ,howard1 #gfe4 ,cain1 ,what ,hast thou ,done with thy ,brother8 #fih4 ,charles ,x4 at ,holyrood1 #dai4 ,church ,music1 #fed4 ,coming ,transit of ,venus1 ,the1 #ade4 ,comparison of ,waves with ,flowers1 #ffb4 ,craven's ,the ,veil ,withdrawn1 #afb1 #ccc1 #ded1 #eig1 #gda4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti1 #bfc4 ,deffand1 ,mme4 du1 #fic4 ,discussion with an ,infidel1 ,a1 #dcc1 #fcg1 #hbc4 ,education1 ,self1 #aih4 ,farm of ,muiceron1 ,the1 #ci1 #ahg1 #cjh4 ,father ,louage's ,philosophy1 #bca4 ,female ,religious of ,america1 ,the1 #cfb4 ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle1 ,a1 #djh1 #ebf1 #ffc4 ,grapes and ,thorns1 #fh1 #bdg1 #chh1 #dhj1 #fga4 ,hello's ,cain1 ,what hast thou ,done with thy ,brother8 #fih4 ,home ,rule for ,ireland1 #ed4 ,infidel1 ,a ,discussion with an1 #dcc1 #fcg1 #hbc4 ,ireland1 ,home ,rule for1 #ed4 ,jesuit ,martyrs of the ,commune1 ,the1 #eje4 ,kathleen ,waring1 #hdc4 ,looker,back1 ,a1 #ajb4 ,madame du ,deffand1 #fic4 ,matter1 #egh1 #gba4 ,music1 ,church1 #fed1 #ghe4 ,national1 ,a1 or ,state ,church1 #bi4 ,odd ,stories1 #acg1 #egj1 #gad4 ,old versus ,new1 #adj4 ,on the ,wing1 #ae1 #bji1 #cdg1 #eda1 #fbb1 #hjg4 ,origen3 ,was he a ,heretic8 #aji4 ,philosophy1 ,f4 ,louage's1 #bca4 ,pius ,,vi41 #gee4 ,principles of ,real ,being1 ,the1 #a1 #agc1 #bhi4 ,public ,worship1 #cbb4 ,relatio ,itineris in ,marylandiam1 #ecg4 ,rheil's ,the ,farm of ,muiceron1 #ci1 #ahg1 #cjh4 ,rosetti1 ,dante ,gabriel1 #bfc4 ,self,education1 #aih4 ,social ,shams1 #abe4 ,southern ,flight1 ,a1 #ae1 #bji1 #cdg1 #eda1 #fbb1 #hjg4 ,switzerland in #ahgc1 #cge1 #eeg4 ,veil ,withdrawn1 ,the1 #afb1 #ccc1 #ded1 #eig1 #gda4 ,visit to an ,artist's ,studio1 #bgc4 ,was ,origen a ,heretic8 #aji4 ,week in ,wordsworth's ,haunts1 ,a1 #gie4 ,word for ,women1 ,a1 #bgg4 ,poetry4 ,answered ,prayer1 #ccb4 ,antar and ,zara1 #bbf1 #cjc1 #eba1 #eib1 #gce4 ,butterfly1 ,the1 #ahf4 ,captive ,bird1 ,the1 #ch4 ,cora1 #dah4 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 #dej4 ,easter1 #bdf4 ,epigram on ,abraham ,lincoln1 #chg4 ,epigram3 ,the ,widow's ,mites1 #aci4 ,for ,ever1 #bgb4 ,fragment of ,early ,english ,poetry1 #aig4 ,hymn of the ,flowers1 #hda4 ,legend of ,vallambrosa1 ,the1 #gaj4 ,material ,faith1 #djg4 ,one ,corpus ,christi1 #ecf4 ,on ,hearing the 8,o ,salutaris ,hostia60 #ad4 ,rock of ,rest1 ,the1 #fji4 ,sonnet3 ,good ,friday1 #fg4 ,there was no ,room for ,them at the ,inn1 #bbe4 ,to ,s4 ,joseph1 #acf4 ,visions1 #bgf4 ,who ,will ,remember8 #fec4 ,new ,publications4 ,adeline de ,chazal1 #hfj4 ,alexander the ,great1 #hei4 ,amelia2 or1 ,the ,triumph of ,piety1 #heh4 ,archdall's ,monasticon ,hibernicum1 #gai4 ,baltimore ,gun ,club1 ,the1 #ege4 ,bgin's ,la ,sainte ,ecriture et ,la ,regle de ,foi1 #gai4 ,bellasius' ,cherubini1 #gai4 ,blessed ,margaret ,mary ,alacoque1 #hee4 ,buckley's ,sermons1 ,lectures1 etc41 #bhf4 ,castaniza's ,the ,spiritual ,conflict1 #hef4 ,catholic ,church1 ,the1 in its ,relations to ,human ,progress1 #ege4 ,catherine ,hamilton1 #dcb4 ,catherine of ,genoa1 #egc4 ,cherubini3 ,memorial ,illustrative of his ,life1 #gai4 ,children of ,mary1 #egf4 ,christian ,cemetery in the ,x,i,xth ,century1 ,the1 #egc4 ,church and the ,empires1 ,the1 #hei4 ,commonitory1 ,the1 of ,s4 ,vincent of ,lerins1 #gai4 ,complete ,pronouncing ,gazetteer1 ,a1 #gbj4 ,conferences on the ,spiritual ,life1 #adc4 ,consoling ,thoughts of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 #bhf4 ,conway's ,the ,sacred ,anthology1 #egd4 ,count de ,montalembert's ,letters to a ,schoolfellow1 #bha4 ,coxe's ,catholics and ,roman ,catholics1 #ege4 ,curtius' ,history of ,greece1 #dca4 ,deharbe's ,a ,full ,catechism1 #gah4 ,de ,vere's ,alexander the ,great1 #hei4 ,dialogues of ,s4 ,gregory1 #ege4 ,dictionary of the ,english ,language1 ,a1 #gbj4 ,dr4 ,coxe's ,claims to ,apostolicity ,reviewed1 #bha4 ,dubois' ,madame ,agnes1 #dcj4 ,ecclesiastical ,antiquities of ,london1 #adc4 ,essay ,contributing to a ,philosophy of ,literature1 ,an1 #heh4 ,fairplay's ,notes of the ,wandering ,jew1 #add4 ,farm of ,muiceron1 ,the1 #dcj4 ,favre1 ,b4 ,peter1 ,the ,life of1 #adb4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,s41 ,consoling ,thoughts of1 #bhf4 ,franco's ,tigranes1 #ege4 ,french ,prisoner in ,russia1 ,the1 #dca4 ,full ,catechism of the ,catholic ,religion1 ,a1 #gah4 ,fullerton's ,rosemary1 #hfj4 ,fullerton's ,short ,stories1 #hfj4 ,garside's ,b4 ,margaret ,mary ,alacoque1 #hee4 ,garside's ,the ,helpers of ,holy ,souls1 #hfj4 ,gaume's ,the ,christian ,cemetery1 #egc4 ,glory and ,sorrow1 #dcb4 ,grapes and ,thorns1 #hef4 ,gregory1 ,s41 ,dialogues of1 #ege4 ,hedley's ,who is ,jesus ,christ8 #dca4 ,helpers of ,holy ,souls1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,history of ,greece1 #dca4 ,hodge's ,what is ,darwinism8 #dbi4 ,holy ,places1 #gah4 ,in ,six ,months1 #bha4 ,lancicius' ,meditation1 #dca4 ,lasserre's ,the ,month of ,mary of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 #gah4 ,letter,books1 ,the1 of ,sir ,amias ,poulet1 #egf4 ,letters to a ,schoolfellow1 #bha4 ,lewis' ,life of ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 #dbi4 ,life and ,doctrine of ,s4 ,catherine of ,genoa1 #egc4 ,life of ,b4 ,peter ,favre1 ,s4,j41 #adb4 ,life of ,s4 ,thomas of ,villanova1 #egc4 ,mc,mullen's ,snatches of ,song1 #bhg4 ,madame ,agnes1 #dcj4 ,manning's ,sin and its ,consequences1 #dca4 ,may ,papers1 #dcb4 ,meditations for ,every ,day in the year1 #dca4 ,meditations on the ,holy ,eucharist1 #bhg4 ,meline's ,in ,six ,months1 #bha4 ,monasticon ,hibernicum1 #gai4 ,montagu's ,on ,some ,popular ,errors1 #egc4 ,moriarty's ,the ,catholic ,church1 etc41 #ege4 ,morris' ,the ,letter,books of ,sir ,amias ,poulet1 #egf4 ,neptune ,outward ,bound1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,new ,manual of the ,sacred ,heart1 ,the1 #dca4 ,noel's ,the ,red ,flag1 etc41 #add4 ,notes of the ,wandering ,jew1 #add4 ,novena to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 #bhg4 ,o',sullivan's ,school ,hygiene1 #egf4 ,olmstead's ,de l',autorit2 ou1 ,la ,philosophie du ,personnalisme4 ,lettre au ,rev4 ,pre ,j4 ,f4 ,hecker1 etc41 #gag4 ,on ,some ,popular ,errors1 etc41 #egc4 ,paradise of ,god1 #bhh4 ,personal ,reminiscences1 #egf4 ,philippe's1 ,brother1 ,meditations1 #bhg4 ,pope1 ,the1 and the ,emperor1 #dca4 ,pride of ,lexington1 ,the1 #adb4 ,purbrick's ,may ,papers1 #dcb4 ,ramsay's ,bishop ,grant1 #hee4 ,ravignan's ,conferences1 #adc4 ,red ,flag1 ,the1 etc41 #add4 ,report of a ,committee on a ,new ,bellevue,hospital1 #bhj4 ,rheil's ,the ,farm of ,muiceron1 #dcj4 ,rivire's ,holy ,places1 #gah4 ,rosemary1 #hfj4 ,ryan's ,dr4 ,coxe's ,claims1 #bha4 ,sacred ,anthology1 ,the1 #egd4 ,school ,hygiene1 #egf4 ,selim1 ,pacha of ,salonica1 #dcb4 ,seton's ,the ,pride of ,lexington1 #adb4 ,short ,stories1 #hfj4 ,sin and its ,consequences1 #dca4 ,sketches of ,illustrious ,soldiers1 #gai4 ,snatches of ,song1 #bhg4 ,spiritual ,conflict and ,conquest1 #hef4 ,state ,charities ,aid ,association1 #bhj4 ,sweeney's ,the ,pope and the ,emperor1 #dca4 ,sylvia1 and ,other ,dramas1 #egf4 ,theologia ,moralis ,novissimi ,ecclesi ,doctoris ,s4 ,alphonsi1 in ,compendium ,redacta1 etc41 #egf4 ,thomas and ,baldwin's ,gazetteer1 #gbj4 ,thomas's ,dictionary of ,biography1 #gbj4 ,thomas ,grant1 ,first ,bishop of ,southwark1 #hee4 ,thomas1 ,s41 of ,villanova1 ,life of1 #egc4 ,tigranes1 #ege4 ,true to ,trust1 #bha4 ,twelve ,tales for the ,young1 #egf4 ,universit ,laval3 ,sixime ,centenaire de ,s4 ,thomas d',aquin ,s4 ,hyacinthe et ,quebec1 #bha4 ,verne's ,the ,baltimore ,gun ,club1 #ege4 ,virtues of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 ,the1 #bhh4 ,what is ,darwinism8 #dbi4 ,who is ,jesus ,christ8 #dca4 ,wilberforce's ,the ,church and the ,empires1 #hei4 ,wilson's ,illustrious ,soldiers1 #gai4 ,wood's ,ecclesiastical ,antiquities1 #adc4 ,worcester's ,dictionary1 #gbj4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aji4--;,,april1 #ahgd4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,,iv4 ,intrinsic ,principles of ,substance and ,suppositum4 ,we have briefly shown in the preceding article that a complete being1 to be a substance and a suppositum1 requires no positive addition to its three intrinsic principles1 but needs only to be left to itself4 ,this is1 in our opinion1 an obvious truth4 ,but as there are philosophers of high repute who do not fully share the same opinion1 and1 on the other hand1 the notions of substance and of suppositum are both intimately connected with some theological truths which cannot be well explained without a distinct knowledge of what these two notions really imply1 we deem it expedient to enter into a closer examination of the subject1 that we may better understand by the light of reason1 and confirm by the weight of authority1 the traditional doctrine on substance and suppositum1 their essential constitution1 formal distinction1 and supernatural separability4 ,substance is very commonly described as 8that which is in itself and by itself0--quod in se et per se subsistit4 ,this definition exhibits the 8predicamental0 substance--that is1 a substance ultimately complete1 which is at the same time a suppositum also1 according to ,aristotle's comprehensive conception of substance4 ,and it is for this reason that such a definition is made up of two members2 of which the first--viz41 8that which exists in itself0--strictly applies to substance as such2 whilst the second--viz41 8that which subsists by itself0--strictly refers to the suppositum as such1 and exhibits substance as possessing its own natural subsistence or suppositality4 ,philosophers1 when speaking of things as existing in their natural state and condition1 are wont to say indiscriminately that substance is a being which 8exists in itself10 or a being which 8subsists by itself40 ,this they can do without any danger of error so long as they keep within the bounds of pure nature2 since1 in the natural order1 anything that exists in itself subsists by itself1 and vice versa4 ,but natural things can1 by supernatural interference1 be raised to a mode of existence transcending their natural condition1 as we know by divine revelation2 and in such a case1 the mode of substance and the mode of the suppositum must be1 and accordingly are1 most carefully distinguished from one another4 ,thus we know by faith that in ,christ our ,lord there is the true substance of a human body and of a human soul2 and nevertheless we know that his human nature does not subsist by itself1 but by the ,divine ,person of the ,word4 ,the obvious inference is that a nature which exists in itself does not necessarily subsist by itself2 in other terms1 the formality of substance and the formality of the suppositum are entirely distinct from one another1 and the one can remain without the other4 8,what makes substance to be essentially a substance10 as ,suarez remarks1 8is not its subsisting actually by itself1 but its having an essence to which subsistence is naturally due--viz41 an essence which is of itself a sufficient principle of subsistence407#a7 ,from this we learn that the words per se esse1 or 8to subsist by itself10 are inserted in the definition of substance1 not to show what substance as such is1 but only to point out what is naturally due to substance--viz41 what accompanies it in its natural mode of existing4 ,substance as such would therefore be sufficiently characterized by the words1 8that which is in itself40 ,let us now inquire what is the legitimate meaning of these last words4 ,a thing is said to exist in itself which not only has in itself what is needed for its own sustentation1 but is moreover actually unsustained by anything lying under it1 while it is itself the first subject of all its appurtenances4 ,such is the legitimate and traditional meaning of the words1 8to exist in itself40 ,hence substance may be legitimately defined as 8a being which by its intrinsic constitution has no need of being supported by a subject1 and which is not actually supported40 ,a living author1 however1 in a valuable work to which ,i have no access at this moment1 and from which1 therefore1 ,i do not make any quotation verbatim1 asserts that substance 8up to the present day0 has always been understood to mean 8a thing which by its intrinsic constitution has no need of being supported by a subject10 without taking into consideration its actual mode of existing4 ,we shall presently show that this assertion is not true1 and that this pretended definition is essentially incomplete4 ,meanwhile1 let us observe that the precise difference between our definition and this new one consists in this only3 that whilst the first presents substance as having no actual support1 the second presents it as having no need of actual support1 whether it be supported1 at least supernaturally1 or not4 ,this difference1 of course1 would amount to nothing1 and might be entirely overlooked1 if things could not exist but in their natural condition2 for anything which is in no need of support will naturally exist unsupported4 ,but as philosophy is the handmaid of theology1 we must remember that natural things can be raised to a supernatural state1 and thus change their mode of existing2 and in such a case the difference between the two said definitions may amount to much2 because1 if a thing which is naturally in no need of support be actually supported1 then1 according to the first definition1 that thing thus actually supported would cease to exist as a substance1 whilst1 according to the second definition1 it would still continue to exist as a substance1 as it would still have no need of support4 ,hence the importance of ascertaining which of the two definitions we are authorized to hold according to the traditional doctrine of philosophers and theologians4 ,and first1 ,aristotle1 at the head of the peripatetic school which held its sway for centuries1 defines substance to be ultimum subjectum--8the last subject0--that is1 the undermost subject2 by which he unquestionably means that substance is something which not only lies underneath 7subjacet71 but is moreover the 8last0 thing which lies underneath4 ,in other terms1 substance1 according to ,aristotle1 must have nothing lying under it1 and1 while supporting all its appurtenances1 is itself actually unsupported4 ,hence it is1 that quantity1 for instance1 though lying under some figure and supporting it1 is no substance at all2 for1 though it is a subject1 it is not the undermost4 ,this definition of the ,greek philosopher has been universally accepted and made use of by ,christian as well as pagan philosophers of all times1 though many of them called the first subject what ,aristotle had called the last--a change which does not affect the meaning of the definition1 since what is last in the analytic is first in the synthetic process4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that both ,aristotle and his followers do not define substance simply as that which has no need of support1 but as that which is actually unsupported4 ,s4 ,john ,damascene1 in the fourth chapter of his ,dialectics1 defines substance to be 8that which is in itself in such a manner as not to exist in anything else027#b7 and after a few lines1 8,substance10 he says1 8is that which has its existence in itself1 and not in anything else027#c7 and again in another chapter of the same work1 8,substance10 he says1 8is anything which subsists by itself and has its own being1 not in any other thing1 but in itself407#d7 ,according to these definitions1 which are identical1 substance is a thing which not only is able to support itself1 but actually supports itself to the exclusion of any other distinct supporter4 ,this is quite manifest2 for1 if substance1 in the opinion of this great doctor and philosopher1 had been only a thing having no need of support1 how could he require so pointedly and explicitly the actual mode of existing in itself and not in anything else8 ,s4 ,ambrose admits a notion of substance quite identical with that of ,aristotle and of all the ancients1 and employs it even in speaking of ,god himself4 8,god10 says he1 8inasmuch as he remains in himself1 and does not subsist by extrinsic support1 is called a substance407#e7 ,god1 of course1 does not fall under the predicament of substance1 as philosophers know2 and yet the substantiality even of his nature1 according to this holy doctor1 implies the actual absence of extrinsic sustentation47#f7 ,s4 ,thomas1 as we might expect1 teaches the very same doctrine4 8,substance10 says he1 8is a thing whose quiddity requires to exist unsupported by anything else0--cui convenit esse non in alio27#g7 and he adds that this formality 7esse non in alio7 is a mere negation2 which is evident4 ,and in another place1 8,substance10 says he1 8does not differ from being by any difference which would imply a new nature superadded to the being itself2 but the name of substance is given to a thing in order to express its special mode of existing407#h7 ,two things1 then1 or two constituents1 are needed1 according to ,s4 ,thomas1 that we may have a substance3 a physical being and a special mode of existing4 ,the physical being is a positive reality1 a nature perfectly constituted1 both materially and formally1 whilst the special mode is a mere negation2 but1 though a mere negation1 is that which causes the thing to be a substance1 as the name of substance is given to the thing in order to express its special mode of existing4 ,therefore the thing itself apart from such a special mode cannot be a substance1 any more than a sixpence apart from its rotundity can be a circle4 ,toletus includes in his definition of substance both the thing and the special mode of existing4 ,he says3 8,the first substance is a sensible nature which is not predicated of any subject nor exists in any subject407#i7 ,suarez says even more explicitly1 8,it is not necessary for the essence of substance that it should have its own subsistence1 but that it should have the mode of substance407#aj7 ,we cannot1 then1 overlook1 and much less discard1 this special mode without destroying the essential notion of substance as such4 ,now1 he who defines substance to be simply a thing which has no need of support overlooks and discards this special mode2 hence he destroys the essential notion of substance as such4 ,balmes1 in his ,fundamental ,philosophy1 says3 8,in the notion of substance1 two other notions are implied--to wit1 that of permanence and that of noninherence4 ,noninherence is the true formal constituent of substance1 and is a negation2 it is grounded1 however1 on something positive--that is1 on the aptitude of the thing to exist in itself without the need of being supported by another407#aa7 ,this passage establishes very clearly the common doctrine that the aptitude of a thing to exist without being supported is not the formal constituent of substance1 but only the ground on which the proper formal constituent of substance 7noninherence7 is conceived to be possible4 ,ferraris1 a modern ,italian ,thomist1 in his course of philosophy1 says explicitly that substance is destroyed if its 8perseity0--per se esse--be taken away47#ab7 ,the word 8perseity0 stands here for the 8special mode0 of ,s4 ,thomas1 the 8mode of substance0 of ,suarez1 the 8noninherence0 of ,balmes1 etc4 ,liberatore has the following3 8,going back to the notion of substance1 we may consider three things which are implied in it3 the first1 that it exists1 not in any manner whatever1 but in itself2 the second1 that it consists of a determinate reality or essence1 from which its determinate active powers arise2 the third1 that it is in possession of itself--sui juris--with regard to its manner of existing4 ,of these three things1 the first exhibits properly and precisely the notion of substance2 the second presents the concept of nature2 the third expresses the notion of suppositum407#ac7 ,the preceding quotations1 to which others might be added1 are more than sufficient1 in our opinion1 to refute the assertion that substance at all times was considered simply as a thing having no need of support2 for we have seen that the most prominent philosophers and theologians of all times uniformly consider the actual negation of support as an essential principle of substance4 ,sanseverino1 a very learned modern philosopher of the ,thomistic school1 treating in his ,logic of the predicament of substance1 establishes the fact that1 according to the common teaching of the scholastics1 8not the essence of the thing1 but its mode of existing1 formally constitutes the predicament of substance40 ,although that special mode of existing is not implied in the essential concept of the thing1 inasmuch as it is a thing1 yet1 according to the doctrine of the schoolmen1 the same special mode is implied1 as a formal constituent1 in the essential concept of the same thing1 inasmuch as it falls under the predicament of substance2 so that1 in the constitution of substance1 the essence of the thing is to be ranked as its material1 and the special mode of existing as its formal1 principle4 ,and the learned writer sums up all this doctrine in one general conclusion of ,henry of ,ghent1 which runs thus3 8,every predicament arises out of two constituents1 of which one is the thing which is to be put under the predicament1 the other is its mode of being which determines the predicament1 and by these same constituents are the predicaments distinguished from one another07#ad7--;a doctrine explicitly taught by ,s4 ,thomas himself47#ae7 ,and here let us reflect that1 if all the schoolmen1 as ,sanseverino with the authority of his philosophical erudition declares1 affirm that the mode of substance1 the noninherence1 the negation of support1 is an essential constituent of substance as such1 we are free to conclude that to affirm the contrary is to give a false notion of substance2 while to say that philosophers have at all times1 or at any time1 taught the contrary1 is to give a very false statement of facts4 ,this may suffice to convince the student that the essential formality of substance as such is the negation of actual support4 ,and now let us inquire what is the formal constituent of suppositum4 ,suppositum and substance1 though not identical1 are similarly constituted4 ,the positive entity of both is the same1 and the difference between them arises entirely from the different character of their negative formality1 as we are going to explain4 ,for the essence or nature of every created being is naturally accompanied by two negations1 of which neither is essential to it1 while either of them1 absolutely speaking1 can be made to disappear4 ,the first is the negation of anything underlying as a supporter and acting the part of a subject2 and it is to this negation1 as we have proved1 that any complete nature formally owes its name and rank of substance4 ,the second is the negation of anything overlying1 so to say1 and possessing itself of the created being in such a manner as to endue it with an additional complement and a new subsistence2 and it is to this negation that a complete nature formally owes its name and rank of suppositum4 ,the complete nature1 or the thing in question1 when considered apart from these two negations1 does not1 therefore1 convey the idea either of substance or of suppositum1 but exhibits a mere potency of being either or both2 as it is evident that there cannot be a substance without the formal constituent of substance1 nor a suppositum without the formal constituent of suppositum4 ,this doctrine1 which is so simple and clear1 and which fully explains the true meaning of those phrases1 8it exists in itself10 and 8it subsists by itself10 can be confirmed by what ,s4 ,thomas teaches on the subject4 ,and since we have already said enough in regard to the mode of substance1 we shall give only what he says concerning subsistence or suppositality4 ,that the words per se--8by itself0--which strictly exhibit the formality of the suppositum1 are the expression of a mere negation1 is admitted by ,s4 ,thomas in a passage above mentioned4 ,this would lead us immediately to conclude that the formal constituent of suppositum1 in the judgment of the holy doctor1 is a mere negation4 ,but we may find a more perspicuous proof of this in those passages where he explains how the human nature in ,christ subsists without the human personality4 ,the absence of the human personality in ,christ does not depend1 says he1 8on the absence of anything pertaining to the perfection of the human nature--but on the addition of something that ranks above the human nature1 to wit1 on the union of the human nature with a divine ,person407#af7 ,and again3 8,the divine ,person1 by his union1 prevented the human nature from having its own personality407#ag7 ,it is manifest from these two passages that1 according to ,s4 ,thomas1 the absence of the human personality in ,christ is to be accounted for by the addition of something above the human nature1 and not by the suppression or subtraction of any positive entity belonging to the human nature4 ,if1 then1 the absence of the human personality entails no absence of positive reality1 it is obvious that the human personality is not a positive reality1 but a real negation4 ,such is ,s4 ,thomas's doctrine1 endorsed by ,scotus and many others4 ,there are1 however1 some philosophers and theologians1 ,suarez among others1 who consider personality as something positive2 and we must briefly discuss the grounds of their opinion4 ,they say that1 if the human personality is nothing positive1 human person will be the same reality as human nature1 and therefore the one will not be really distinct from the other2 and if so1 the one cannot be assumed without the other4 ,how1 then1 can we say that the ,eternal ,word assumed the human nature without the human person8 ,we reply that all negation which belongs to a real being is a real negation1 and constitutes a real mode of being4 ,accordingly1 although the human personality is only a negation1 the nature existing under that negation really differs from itself existing without that negation1 no less than a body at rest really differs from itself in movement1 although rest is only a negation of movement4 ,and this suffices to show that the objection is wholly grounded on the false supposition that nothing is real which is not positive4 ,they affirm that subsistence or suppositality gives the last complement to the nature1 as it terminates it and makes it subsistent4 ,hence subsistence1 as they infer1 must add something positive to the nature2 which it cannot do unless it be a positive reality4 ,we deny the assumption altogether4 ,subsistence1 in fact1 gives no complement whatever to the nature1 but1 on the contrary1 presupposes the complete nature1 which1 when simply left to itself1 cannot but be subsistent by itself1 and therefore is said to have its own subsistence4 ,it is not subsistence that causes the thing to subsist2 it is the thing which abides by itself that1 in consequence of this same abiding by itself1 has subsistence1 and is called subsistent2 just in the same manner as it is not rest that causes the body to be at rest1 but the concrete resting2 as rest is evidently the consequence of the resting4 ,hence this second objection1 too1 is based on a false assumption4 ,another of their reasons is the following3 ,in ,god1 personality is a positive reality1 therefore in creatures also2 for the created person is a participation of divine person1 which is a positive reality4 ,we do not see how this assertion can be true4 ,in ,god there are three ,persons1 but neither of them is participated or communicated to creatures4 ,indeed1 creatures bear in themselves a faint imitation of the three divine ,persons1 inasmuch as they involve three intrinsic principles in their constitution1 as we have explained in the preceding article2 but these three principles are not three persons4 ,yet1 if divine personality were in any way communicable to creatures1 creatures would subsist in three persons2 for how could the personality of the ,father be communicated in any degree without the personality of the ,son and of the ,holy ,ghost being communicated in the same degree8 ,personality in ,god is a relative entity1 and cannot be conceived without its correlative2 and consequently1 if the human personality were a participation of divine personality1 it would be impossible for man to be a single person2 whence it appears that human personality is not a communication of divine personality1 and is not even analogous to it4 ,what we call a human person is nothing but a human individual nature which is sui juris--that is1 not possessed by a superior being1 but left to itself and free to dispose of its acts4 ,it therefore imitates1 not the divine ,persons1 but the divine absolute ,being1 inasmuch as it is independent in disposing of everything according to his will4 ,now1 independence1 even in ,god1 implies the negation or absence of any necessary connection or conjunction with anything distinct from the divine nature4 ,it is but reasonable1 then1 to hold that the human nature also exists free and independent by the very absence or negation of personal union with a higher being4 ,we remark1 however1 that such a negation in ,god is a negation of imperfection1 while in creatures an analogous negation is a negation of a higher perfection1 since it is the negation of their union with a more perfect nature4 ,it has been argued1 also1 that to be a person is better than not to be a person2 whence it would follow that personality is a perfection4 ,on the other hand1 negations are not perfections2 hence personality cannot be a negation4 ,to this we answer that the proposition1 8to be a person is better than not to be a person10 can be understood in two different manners4 ,it may mean that to have a nature which is capable of personality1 and is naturally personal1 is better than to have a nature incapable of personality2 and in this sense the proposition is true1 for it is certainly better to have the nature of man than the nature of an ox4 ,this1 however1 would not show that personality is a positive formality4 ,but the same proposition might be taken to mean that to have one's natural personality is better than to exist without it1 in consequence of hypostatic union with a higher being2 and in this sense1 which is the sense of the objection1 the proposition is evidently false4 ,for the whole perfection of the human person is the perfection of its nature2 so that human personality1 instead of being a new perfection1 is only an exponent of the perfection and dignity of human nature1 which is such that the same nature can naturally guide itself and control its actions4 ,we therefore concede that human personality is a formality of a perfect nature1 but we cannot admit that it is a perfection of itself4 ,if human personality were a perfection of human nature1 we would be compelled to say that human nature is less perfect in ,christ than in all other men2 for1 though the ,eternal ,word assumed the whole human nature1 he did not assume that pretended perfection1 human personality4 ,but ,s4 ,paul assures us that ,christ's human nature 8is like ours in all things1 except sin40 ,we cannot therefore suppose that the human nature is less perfect in him than in other men2 and this leads us to the conclusion that human personality is not a positive perfection4 ,some have pretended that the mystery of the ,incarnation would become quite inexplicable if the human person were nothing more than the human nature left to itself4 ,their reason is that by the ,incarnation the human nature is separated from the human person2 which they deem to be impossible if the person is nothing else than the nature alone4 ,this is1 however1 a manifest paralogism4 ,if1 in fact1 the human person is the human nature left to itself1 the nature assumed by the ,word will certainly not be a human person1 since it is clear that the nature thus assumed is not left to itself4 ,this suffices to show the inconsistency of the objection4 ,let us add that it is not entirely correct to say that by the ,incarnation the human nature is separated from the human person2 it would be more correct to say that the human nature is prevented from having that natural subsistence which would make it a human person4 ,lastly1 it has been said that1 if the human nature which has been assumed by the ,eternal ,word was entirely complete1 the union of the ,word with it could not be intimate and substantial4 ,hence1 according to this reasoning1 there must have been something wanting in the human nature assumed1 which something has been supplied by the hypostatic union4 ,we cannot but repeat1 with ,s4 ,thomas1 that the human nature assumed by the ,word is absolutely perfect1 and therefore exempt from any deficiency which could have been supplied by the hypostatic union4 ,and as for the reason alleged1 we say that it is grounded on a false supposition4 ,the union of the ,word with the human nature is not a conspiration of the divine and the human into oneness of substance1 for the thing would be impossible2 and therefore it is not wholly correct to say that the union is substantial4 ,the proper term is hypostatic--that is1 personal2 for1 in fact1 the human nature conspires with the divine ,word into oneness of person1 the two natures or substances remaining entirely distinct4 ,now1 the oneness of person is not obtained by supplying any deficiency in the human nature1 but by adding1 as ,s4 ,thomas teaches1 to the perfect human nature that which is above it--that is1 by the ,word taking possession of it in his own person4 ,such are the principal reasons advanced by those who consider human personality1 and suppositality in general1 as a positive mode4 ,we think we have answered them sufficiently4 ,we cannot better conclude this controversy than by inviting the same philosophers to take cognizance of the following argument4 ,the mode of suppositum1 as well as the mode of substance1 is not an accidental but a substantial mode1 as all agree1 and every one must admit4 ,now1 no substantial mode can be positive2 and therefore neither the mode of suppositum nor the mode of substance can be positive4 ,the minor of this syllogism can be proved thus3 ,positive modes are nothing but positive actualities or affections of being2 and unless they are mere relative denominations 7which is not the case with substantial modes71 they must result from the positive reception of some act in a real subject4 ,this is an obvious truth1 for nothing is actual but by some act2 and all acts which are not essential to the first constitution of the being are received in the being already constituted as in a real subject4 ,and since all acts thus received are accidental1 hence all the positive modes intrinsic to the being must be accidental modes2 and no substantial mode can be positive4 ,therefore whatever is positive in the suppositum and in the substance belongs to the nature of the being which has the mode of suppositum or of substance1 whilst the modes themselves are mere negations4 ,this truth1 however1 should not be misunderstood4 ,when we say that 8to be in itself0 or 8to be by itself0 is a mere negation1 we do not refer to the verb 8to be02 we only refer to the appendage 8in itself0 or 8by itself40 ,to be is positive1 but belongs to the nature as such1 as it is the essential complement of all being1 whether substance and suppositum or not4 ,the negation consists1 in the one case1 in not being sustained by an underlying supporter1 and1 in the other1 in not being taken possession of by an overlying superior being4 ,indeed1 when we unite the verb to be with either of the two negations1 we unite the positive with the negative4 ,but the positive comes in as determinable1 while the negative comes in as determinant4 ,hence the resultant determination or formality is only the actuality of a negation4 ,now1 the actuality of a negation1 though it is real inasmuch as it is the affection of a positive being1 yet it is negative2 for all actuality is denominated by its formal principle1 and such a principle1 in our case1 is a negation4 ,a writer in a ,catholic periodical has ventured to say that if the formality of substance 7and the same would also apply to the suppositum7 is negative1 then substance 8will consist merely in a negation40 ,it is surprising that a philosopher has not seen the absurdity of such a conclusion4 ,substance is not to be confounded with its formality4 ,there are many positive things which involve a negation4 ,in an empty pocket1 emptiness is a negation2 ignorance in the ignorant is a negation2 and limit in all things finite is a negation4 ,yet no one will say that an empty pocket1 an ignorant pupil1 or a finite being 8consist merely in a negation02 and therefore1 although the formality of substance is a negation1 it does not follow that substance is a mere negation4 ,it now remains for us to show that neither of the two aforesaid negations is essential to any created being1 and that a created being can therefore1 absolutely speaking1 exist1 at least supernaturally1 without either of them4 ,our first proof is drawn from the fact that neither the one nor the other negation is reckoned among the essential constituents of created beings4 ,all complete nature1 by common admission1 consists 8of essence and existence0--ex essentia et esse--the existence being the formal complement of the essence1 and the essence itself involving1 as its principles1 an act with its corresponding term1 as the readers of our last article already know4 ,accordingly1 there is nothing essential in a complete being besides its act1 its term1 and its complement2 and therefore neither the mode of substance nor the mode of suppositum is essential to a complete created being4 ,our second proof is drawn from the notion of existence4 8,to exist strictly and simply10 says ,suarez1 8means only to have a formal entity in the order of nature2 and therefore things existing are equally susceptible of the mode of being which consists in leaning on a supporter1 and of the opposite mode which excludes all support407#ah7 ,this is a tangible truth2 for although a complete being possesses in its own constitution what is required for its own existence1 yet it has nothing in its constitution which implies the necessity of existing in itself and by itself4 ,it can indeed1 and will naturally1 be in itself without anything underlying as a supporter1 since it sufficiently supports itself on its own term2 but it contains nothing that would make impossible the subintroduction of a supernatural supporter4 ,and1 again1 a complete being can subsist by itself without further completion1 since it is sufficiently complete by its formal complement2 but it contains nothing which would exclude the possibility of its acquiring a further completion and a supernatural subsistence4 ,a third proof might be drawn from the fact that our own bodies exist indeed in themselves1 but do not subsist by themselves1 as their material nature is taken possession of by a spiritual being--the soul--and subsists by its subsistence4 ,from this fact1 which is alluded to in ,s4 ,athanasius' ,symbol as an image of the assumption of the human nature by the ,word1 we might show that suppositality can1 even naturally1 be supplanted by the union of a lower with a higher nature4 ,but we will not develop this proof1 as it requires too long an explanation and many new considerations1 which cannot be embodied in the present article4 ,last1 but not least1 it is evident that all negations which are not included in the essence of a thing can be supplanted by the position of their contrary4 ,hence the mode of substance and the mode of suppositum1 which are negations1 and are not included in the essence of created things1 can be supplanted by the intervention of a supernatural power4 ,as we must here keep within the bounds of philosophy1 we abstain from discussing other cognate questions which can be safely answered only by a direct appeal to dogmatic definitions and theological arguments4 ,we may1 however1 state that the old scholastic theologians and the fathers of the church1 both ,greek and ,latin1 admitted that the mode of substance1 as well as the mode of suppositum1 can be made to disappear from the thing to which it naturally belongs in the manner above explained4 ,for their common doctrine on the mysteries of the ,incarnation and of the ,holy ,eucharist is1 that the two mysteries are analogous to one another17#ai7 and admit of a parallel mode of reasoning for their explanation4 ,the analogy more or less explicitly pointed out by them involves the admission of a principle which may be expressed in the following words3 8,as the whole human nature can exist in ,christ without the mode of human person1 which is excluded by the hypostatic union of the ,word with it1 so can the whole sensible nature 7species7 of bread exist in the ,holy ,eucharist without its mode of substance1 which is excluded by the substantive presence of ,christ's body under it40 ,this traditional doctrine has been almost ignored in these latter centuries by those who were anxious to explain everything according to a special system of natural philosophy1 and who little by little formed a new theory of the sacramental species2 but the physical system on which these theologians took their stand having given way1 and their new theory having lost its plausibility1 we are of opinion that instead of seeking for new explanations1 as some do1 it is more prudent to fall back on tradition1 and take into consideration the authorized teachings of our old polemic writers1 of those especially who so valiantly fought against ,berengarius and other heretics in behalf of the ,eucharistic dogma4 ,before we conclude1 we wish to make a few remarks on some ambiguous expressions which may be a source of error in speaking of substance and of suppositum4 ,we have said that ,aristotle includes in his first category the suppositum as well as the substance1 and that for this reason the words1 8by itself10 8to support10 8to subsist10 have been promiscuously applied to the substance as well as to the suppositum4 ,this has been done not only in philosophy1 but even in theology4 ,thus we read in good authors that the divine ,person of the ,word 8supports0 or 8sustains0 ,christ's human nature4 ,yet these words1 as also 8sustentation10 when applied to subsistence1 must have a meaning which they have not when applied to substance2 and it is plain that to employ the same words in both cases may give rise to serious mistakes4 ,some authors1 besides overlooking the distinction to be made between 8existing in itself0--esse in se--and 8subsisting by itself0--per se subsistere--confound also with one another their opposites--viz41 8to exist in something else0--esse in alio--and 8to subsist by something else0--per aliud subsistere4 ,suarez1 for instance1 though usually very accurate in his expressions1 says that 8the mode of existing by itself and without dependence on any supporter has for its opposite to exist in something else207#bj7 which is not correct1 for the divinity of ,christ exists in his humanity1 and nevertheless does not depend on it as a supporter4 ,it would be more correct to say that the mode of subsisting by itself has for its opposite to subsist by something else4 ,and it is evident that to subsist by something else is not the same as to exist in it4 ,to get rid of all such ambiguous phrases1 we observe that the word 8sustentation10 as compared with any created nature1 can have three different meanings1 according as we apply it to the act1 the term1 or the complement of the created being4 ,when sustentation is considered in connection with the act or the formal principle of a being1 it means positive conservation2 for all contingent being comes out of nothing by the positive production of an act1 and needs to be kept out of nothing by the positive conservation of the same act1 as we know from special metaphysics4 ,when sustentation is considered in connection with the intrinsic term of a being1 it means underlying2 and in this sense we say that substance sustains its accidents4 ,this meaning of the word 8sustentation0 is most conformable to its etymology2 and thus1 if anything is lying under any reality in that manner in which substance lies under its accidents1 we shall say very properly that it sustains that reality4 ,in this sense1 sustentation and support may be taken as synonymous4 ,when sustentation is considered in connection with the formal complement of a being1 it means overlying in such a manner as to superinduce a new complement and a new subsistence4 ,such is the manner in which the ,person of the ,word sustains ,christ's humanity4 ,this kind of sustentation implies hypostatic union and supercompletion4 ,we might1 therefore1 divide sustentation into conservative1 substantive1 and hypostatic4 ,the first is usually called conservation2 the second might keep the name of sustentation2 whilst the third might perhaps be fitly styled personalization1 as this word seems adequately to express the nature of personal sustentation4 ,as to the phrases1 8to be in itself0 and 8to be by itself10 we have seen that their distinction is most important4 ,it may be useful to add that1 even in ,god1 to be in himself and to be by himself are to be distinguished by a distinction of reason indeed1 but which is grounded on a real foundation4 ,god is essentially a se1 in se1 and per se--that is1 of himself1 in himself1 and by himself4 ,these three attributes are absolute1 and belong to the divine nature as an absolute reality2 but as in this absolute reality there are intrinsic relations of personalities1 we may reflect that1 in this relative order1 to be of himself can be considered as owing especially to ,god the ,father1 who does not proceed from any other person1 but is himself the first principle of their procession2 to be in himself can be considered as having a special reference to ,god the ,son1 in whom the whole entity of the ,father is found as in the substantial term of his eternal generation2 and1 lastly1 to be by himself can be explained by reference to the ,holy ,ghost1 who is the essential complement of the ,blessed ,trinity1 as that is said to be by itself which is ultimately complete in its own entity4 ,accordingly1 ,god1 as existing essentially of himself--a se--has no need or capability of conservation2 as existing essentially in himself--in se--he has no need or capability of sustentation2 and as existing essentially by himself--per se--he has no need or capability of supercompletion4 ,but with contingent beings the case is quite different4 ,and first1 contingent beings are not 8of themselves10 as they are from ,god2 and for this reason they have an essential need of conservation1 as we have stated1 so far as their essential act is concerned4 ,secondly1 although they naturally exist 8in themselves10 yet this their mode of existing is not the result of an essential necessity1 but only of a natural ordination1 which ,god can supersede4 ,they exist in themselves when the term of their own essence is their undermost support2 for then the whole essence supports itself in a natural manner1 and is a natural substance4 ,thirdly1 although created beings naturally 8subsist by themselves10 yet this manner of existing is not the consequence of an essential necessity1 but only of a natural ordination1 which can be superseded by the ,creator4 ,they subsist by themselves when the formal complement of their essence is their ultimate complement2 for then the whole being is left to itself as a natural suppositum4 ,these explanations will be of some assistance1 we hope1 to the philosophical student in forming a correct judgment as to the formal constituents of substance and suppositum1 and as to the manner of speaking about them with proper discrimination4 ,we wish we had handled the subject in a better style and a less monotonous phraseology2 but it was our duty to aim at preciseness rather than ornament4 ,if there is any part of philosophy in which precision is more necessary than in another1 it is that which treats of the principles of things2 and if we succeed in presenting such principles in their true light1 we shall deem it a sufficient apology for the dryness of our philosophical style4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,on ,hearing ,the 8,o ,salutaris ,hostia407#ba7 ,song of the soul1 whose clearly ringing rhythm ,throbs through the sacred pile1 ,and lengthened echoes swell thy solemn anthem ,past chancel1 vault1 and aisle1 ,an occult influence through thy numbers stealing1 ,a strange1 mysterious spell1 ,wakes in the longing heart a wondrous feeling1 ,a joy no tongue can tell2 ,a dreamy peace1 a sense of unseen glory1 ,wells through thy thrilling praise1 ,and calls a fairy vision up before me1 ,a dream of brighter days4 ,i hear the seraphs' sweettongued voices pleading1 ,the cherubim's accord1 ,and see the sunrobed shadows softly thridding ,the gardens of the ,lord4 ,i linger on the sight1 and growing weary ,of earthly dross and sin1 ,sadly1 yet hoping1 like the wistful peri1 ,i long to enter in6 ,the rolling echoes peal ,whilst glorious above ,the face of ,god smiles on the storied altar1 ,well pleased1 and rich with love4 ,and through the living air and slumbrous music1 ,and through the chancel broad1 ,the ,heart of ,jesus glows in mystic splendor1 ,and lights us unto ,god6 ,on ,the ,wing3 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,what induced us to pick our way on foot from the railway carriage to the ,htel du ,parc et ,bordeaux1 near eleven o'clock at night1 on our arrival at ,lyons1 ,i cannot possibly conceive4 ,it was the #c;d of ,january that we performed this unnecessary penance2 and the only explanation ,i can give is that we were all rather dazed by the long journey from ,paris1 and had forgotten that of course there was waiting at the station an omnibus to carry on the passengers4 ,we had been silent and sleepy for some hours1 when the bright lights twinkling up and down the heights of the city of ,lyons1 and across the bridges1 and1 corruscating at the station1 had roused us all up1 and made us exclaim at the fairy sight4 ,i had seen it again and again2 but ,i always look out eagerly for the first peep at that tossedabout town after night has closed in1 and ,i know none more brilliant and picturesque4 ,i thought we all looked rather rueful as we entered the hotel1 and that it suddenly struck us we had come on foot1 and might therefore look too economically inclined to suit the views of the buxom lady who advanced to meet us4 ,i saw her cast rather a doubtful eye to the rear2 but her face brightened when she found we had at least been able to afford a porter to carry such luggage as we might want for one night4 ,we had no valid reason to give in reply to her anxious enquiries as to why we had not availed ourselves of the hotel omnibus2 which very soon afterwards came rattling into the yard1 quite empty1 the guard and coachman viewing us indignantly4 ,madame1 finding we had nothing to say for ourselves1 compassionately furnished each with a candle1 and allowed us to gather together our scattered wits in sleep4 ,the 8we0 consisted of brother ,frank1 sister ,mary1 and ,i2 also of ,ann1 our maid4 ,i suppose ,i must describe the party4 ,i wish ,i could draw them instead4 ,frank is dressed all over in a gray tweed4 ,i sometimes tell him he looks like a gray parrot2 but that is absurd1 because he is so extremely taciturn1 which gray parrots are not4 ,he makes a capital courier4 ,he always knows what we poor women shall want1 and how much we can do1 which is a great comfort to me2 because1 as ,mary is delicate1 and we are travelling on her account1 ,i should be so worried if ,frank insisted on doing fourteen hours of railroad per diem4 ,he is such a good fellow that he would never wish us to overtask ourselves4 ,but then he is so strong that ,i know it must seem very extraordinary to him that we should be such poor creatures1 and get tired out so soon4 ,i sometimes wonder what has made ,frank so tender and gentle1 and so considerate4 ,perhaps it is the being so much with ,mary4 ,she makes everybody gentle who comes near her4 ,somehow she seems to stroke everybody's fur the right way1 no matter how ruffled they were before4 ,poor ,mary6 she has for many years been a widow1 after a brief and unhappy married life1 and having lost both her children1 a girl and a boy4 ,she is the eldest of us three1 but has a marvellous knack of looking the youngest and the brightest4 ,she has been very beautiful1 and is so still in many ways4 ,now ,i come6 ,but how shall ,i describe myself8 ,the more ,i think of it1 the more impossible ,i find it4 ,as ,i am the relater of our adventures1 ,i suppose my readers will form for themselves some idea of what ,i am like4 ,so ,i will only say that my name is ,jane1 and that ,i am an old maid1 but that ,i do not feel old4 ,as to my looks1 ,i really do not know what to say4 ,i am not always altogether dissatisfied with them2 but then1 on the other hand1 when ,i am inclined to judge them leniently1 the unlucky feeling comes over me that it is solely owing to my hat1 or the way my hair is done1 or some fortuitous circumstance upon which ,i cannot reckon as a permanency1 and which may be gone before any one else has had the time to observe it4 ,so that though ,i have my lucky moments1 ,i have little or no capital to go on4 ,now1 ,mary1 with her large1 soft eyes1 her exquisite mouth1 and beautiful teeth1 attracts strangers wherever she goes2 although she is always insisting upon it she is quite an old woman4 ,and now comes ,ann4 ,she is about my age1 but does not at all consider herself an old maid1 and therefore always contradicts me when ,i speak of myself in such disparaging terms4 ,i generally say something in reply about the observation being six for me and half a dozen for herself4 ,but this she does not like4 ,ann is a very good girl1 and a capital maid4 ,she has pretty1 fuzzy black hair1 and bright though small black eyes2 she has a very white skin1 and a neat figure4 ,but she does not like travelling1 and is especially disgusted when the scenery is very bold and magnificent4 ,mountains are her abhorrence1 distant views her antipathy4 ,this is far from being our first journey2 and whenever we have found ourselves in the railway carriage from ,dover to ,london ,bridge1 ,ann invariably remarks how lovely the country is as we dash through the flat green fields and monotonous cherry gardens of simple ,kent4 ,and her admiration culminates when we pass any gentlemen's seats4 ,the absence of striking features1 the unbroken1 unaccidental horizon1 the universal green1 and the level lines1 give ,ann a sensation of peace and repose2 while ,i1 who have something of an artist's soul1 am feeling how very difficult it would be to get an effective subject or a 8nice bit of color0 out of the platitudes of dear ,england's quiet homesteads4 ,we were off the next day by daylight1 ,i feeling like a swallow flying south2 and very soon we perceived in the clear air a warmer glow than any to be had the other side of ,lyons4 ,even the desert region of ,la ,crau seemed full of charms to me4 ,the dim1 gray expanse of thicklying stones that ,hercules persuaded by his prayers the angry ,jove to shower down on the ,ligurians1 broken only by thin tufts of mint and scant rosemary1 themselves also of a gray green1 and leading on over thousands of acres to the blue distant hills that were blushing into rosy hues when we crossed the desert1 were not without delightful 8points10 which ,i could have transferred to my sketchbook had time allowed me4 8,la ,belle ,provence0 is a very journalire beauty1 and requires a bright sun to clothe her in sparkling jewels1 and to dye her dress in blue and violet and rosemadder1 to be worthy of the name that centuries have agreed to give her4 ,when there are no lights1 there is apt to be an air of desolation and barrenness4 ,those hills1 arrayed in many tints1 give back the lights from rocky and unproductive cliffs2 but down in the valleys1 with the exception of ,la ,crau1 the culture is rich and varied4 ,the first stunted olivetrees as we approached ,marseilles were welcome less on their own account--for they are miserable specimens--than for the association of ideas connected with their pallid leaves1 and because they gave promise of the large ones that would gladden our eyes further on4 ,the station of ,hyres is a few miles from the town4 ,we had ordered a carriage to meet us2 and all the way ,mary was looking out for the large umbrella pine that she remembered so well years ago1 when there was no railway so far south4 ,it had been the great landmark on the road from ,hyres to ,toulon4 ,we measured our rides and walks in that direction by the great pine4 ,there it stood1 the same as ever1 and brought back all ,hyres and the two winters spent there1 besides other shorter visits1 to our memory with one rush4 ,all else was changed4 ,new houses had sprung up on all sides4 ,mme4 ,susanne's old tumbledown hotel1 where ,mary had stopped for a few days on her weddingtour1 is changed into a magnificent building with caryatides supporting the faade like a ,genoese palace2 and the palms on ,la ,place des ,palmiers1 which ,i had known in their babyhood1 have grown to a size that would not disgrace ,arabia4 ,the hotel we went to stands in what used to be ,le ,jardin ,frassinet4 ,it had been full of orangetrees when we first knew it1 as had all the other gardens in the place4 ,but one very severe winter having greatly injured the trees1 the inhabitants have given up the cultivation of oranges1 and have planted peachtrees instead1 much to the detriment of the beauty of ,hyres4 ,i found ,mary1 the day after our arrival1 gazing wistfully at a group of tall cypress and one palmtree that had marked the boundary of the gardens belonging to the house where she lived with her children the second time she came here4 ,we missed her soon afterwards1 and refrained from following her1 for we knew she wanted to visit alone the scenes of some joys and many sorrows long ago passed away--so far as anything is really past which is worthy the name of joy or sorrow4 ,she came back with her hands full of the little1 dark1 mottled arum and its lancehead leaves that grow so profusely on the hills and by the roadside4 ,they are of a dingypurple hue1 shaded off into white2 and we exclaimed against them as she put them in a glass1 alleging that they had an unpleasant odor4 8,i know they have10 she answered2 8but their quaint1 twisted shape1 and blossoms like the head of a snake1 are so full of memories that ,i rather like the smell than otherwise40 ,after that we let her enjoy her arums alone1 for we knew how much that meant4 ,doubtless she had been wandering about1 recalling visions of the past3 the dead--the lost1 but not dead1 that worse separation6--and all the tangled maze of the years that are gone4 ,mary's bouquet of arums was redeemed by a handful of the sweet white alyssum2 and these two flowers1 with a few of the bold faced1 unflinching daisies of ,provence1 so unlike our modest northern flowers1 were all the wild blossoms we could hope to find in ,january4 ,we could not leave ,hyres without performing a pilgrimage to ,notre ,dame de ,consolation1 the old church on a hill overlooking the coast4 ,the ascent is marked by the ,way of the ,cross rudely painted in small niches of masonry by the side of the road4 ,when we were last here1 there was a daily ,mass said by a hermitpriest4 ,he had some years previously tried his vocation at the ,carmelites'1 and had not succeeded4 ,but the impulse to seek utter solitude was too strong to be resisted2 and for a long time he had lived in the surrounding mountains1 a veritable hermit1 subsisting upon the poorest fare1 which was brought to him at regular intervals by the peasants4 ,whether he had erected a hut for himself1 or lived in a cave1 ,i never learnt2 but when the bishop of the diocese became aware of the fact1 he thought it to be regretted that a priest should not celebrate ,mass1 and proposed to him that he should live in one of the small rooms of the deserted convent which is attached to the ,church of ,our ,lady of ,consolation1 take care of the church1 and say ,mass4 ,this offer he gladly accepted2 and there he resided for some time4 ,we used to go sometimes1 on a bright spring morning1 to attend his ,mass4 ,our breakfast was packed in a basket1 and hung to the pommel of my donkey's saddle1 to be eaten afterwards on the top of the low1 semicircular wall which encloses a piece of ground in front of the church4 ,i always looked with a special interest1 not altogether unmingled with curiosity1 at the slight1 bent figure of the priest1 who could not be more than forty years of age1 as he emerged from the door of the sacristy1 and1 with eyes so cast down that they seemed closed1 passed by us to the altar4 ,who shall say what had called up that deep thirst for utter solitude and silence which had driven him to so extreme a life8 ,was it some calamity1 or some crime1 or only--as is far more probable--that strange instinct which is implanted in the nature of some men to flee their kind1 and be alone with themselves--an instinct which possibly many have felt stirring within them at odd moments1 but which1 when touched by divine grace1 grows into a wonderful and exceptional vocation2 once more common1 in the early days of ,christianity1 when the whole world lay in pagan luxury and gilded vice1 and which even our subduing1 taming1 commonplace civilization fails in some rare cases to smother in the soul8 ,what became of the hermit of ,our ,lady of ,consolation ,i could never learn4 ,perhaps the solitude seemed incomplete when ladies could attend his ,mass1 and picnic afterwards on his premises4 ,at any rate1 he has been gone for many years2 and ,mass is only said on certain feasts1 when the peasantry come in crowds1 and bring flowers and offerings to the ,madonna1 as represented by a peculiarly ugly and darkcolored wooden statue1 which has grown to be very precious to those who have obtained special favors in answer to their prayers offered here4 ,many years ago1 ,mary1 in her ,protestant days1 had brought a lace veil1 the gift of a ,russian prince1 who was leaving ,hyres with a sick wife1 and who wanted prayers for their safe journey2 thereby producing a curious admixture of heretical1 schismatical1 and ,catholic feeling which no doubt had each their separate value and acceptance before ,god1 being all offered in simplicity and good faith2 for it was with no unwilling hands that1 mounted on one of the priedieux in the church1 she had arranged the veil over the statue1 and then knelt to say a prayer for the prince's intention4 ,the church is full of votive offerings4 ,the walls are entirely covered from roof to floor4 ,as many of them have been put up by sailors1 they more or less have reference to the dangers of the deep4 ,there is a model of a ship hanging up near the entrance1 probably because its larger copy was saved from wreck4 ,the pictures representing recovery from sickness or preservation from peril are often extremely grotesque1 and might provoke a smile were it not that they carry one's thoughts direct to the faith and gratitude they represent4 ,i had often wandered through the deserted rooms and cells of the old convent4 ,there is no glass left in some of the windows2 but the weather is kept out by the external wooden shutters which are universal in the south4 ,there is a lovely view from all sides4 ,in front1 the sea1 with ,les ,isles d',or 7the ,golden ,islands7 hemming it in as if it were a large lake1 save to the left1 where it opens out into the wide ocean4 ,these islands form some of those originally called ,les ,larins1 which name included the group before the coast of ,cannes4 ,and in most of them the first religious houses for men were established by ,s4 ,honorius1 though only one island1 that on which he and all his monks were martyred by the ,saracens1 bears his name4 ,les ,isles d',or1 or ,les ,isles d',hyres1 as they are also called1 are now but sparsely inhabited4 ,years ago1 8when we were young10 we had landed on one of these islands1 where stands a fort1 and a few soldiers are stationed4 ,there are also a halfdozen of cottages1 inhabited by fishermen and shepherds4 ,we were a joyous band1 and had sailed from the mainland in the admiral's cutter1 the ,french fleet riding at anchor off our coast4 ,as we scrambled up the sandy beach1 and pushed our way through the tangled undergrowth of myrtle1 heath1 cytisus1 and leutisca1 we found ourselves face to face with the solitary sentinel pacing in front of the blind walls of the low but solidlooking fort4 ,his face broke into smiles1 and1 with a saucy gleam in his dark eyes1 he said to the foremost gentlemen of our party1 8,comment1 ,messieurs6 vous nous en menez toutes ces belles dames8 ,mais vous allez rvolutionner notre pauvre cur407#bb7 ,we could find no remains of monastic houses on the islands2 but there are traces of walls close to the sea1 on the mainland1 which are said to be the remains of a convent of nuns who met with a severe punishment for an illtimed jest4 ,possibly they were not all that as nuns they might have been4 ,at any rate1 they seem to have found their life occasionally dull2 and when the longing for a little excitement became irrepressible1 the abbess would toll the great bell of the convent1 which by rights was never used save to ring the ,hours and the ,angelus1 or to summon the neighbors for aid when any of the frequent panics about the landing of the marauding ,saracens threatened the safety of the ,sisters4 ,the jest had been played too often1 and when at length the oftexpected ,saracens really came1 the poor nuns rang their bell in vain4 ,no one appeared to the rescue1 and the ,saracens had it all their own way1 and the convent was destroyed4 ,the sea must have encroached since those days1 for the waters wash over the scanty ruins1 and ,i have picked my way along the foundations with little salt lakes lying between4 ,far to the left lie ,les ,salines1 where they evaporize the seawater in shallow square spaces1 and thus obtain a coarse gray salt4 ,they say that sometimes flamingoes may be shot among this marshy land2 but ,i could never obtain one1 though ,i know it abounds in wild fowl of every description4 ,the deep orangecolored boughs of the large willowtrees give a peculiar charm to the distant landscape in the winter when the leaves are off2 and close upon the edge of the shore is a fine wood of umbrella pines1 whereof three giants1 standing apart from the rest1 had been great favorites of ours4 ,we had looked out eagerly on our arrival for our three pines4 ,alas6 one was missing4 ,years ago these three solitary1 magnificent trees had had a strange fascination for me4 ,i wanted to find my way to where they stood2 but it was beyond the marshes1 and near the salines4 ,there was no direct road1 and no one could tell me how to get there2 not even the young ,french naval officers1 who used to come often and spend the evening with us1 and who must have landed not so very far from where they stood4 ,the craving to see my three pines face to face grew1 however1 too strong to be resisted2 and so one day ,i set off on donkeyback1 taking ,ann with me1 and resolved that ,i would not return till ,i had accomplished my end4 ,great were our difficulties4 ,we had to thread our way along narrow raised paths through the marshes1 just wide enough for our donkeys to tread2 and as1 of course1 we dared not leave these paths1 which did not wind1 but turned at right angles1 we as often seemed to be going away from the pines as the reverse4 ,at one moment we were pursued by a couple of savage dogs1 who tore after us from the open yard of a farmhouse1 and who were so very angry at our intrusion that escape along our narrow way1 and with our leisurely steeds1 seemed questionable4 ,at length ,i found myself at the base of a high sandbank1 on which the yellow seathistle1 with its glaucous leaves1 found a scanty subsistence and a doubtful roothold4 ,this ,i had to scramble up1 while for every ten inches ,i made in advance ,i slid back six4 ,at last ,i was at my longdesired goal1 and my three giants were really magnificent to behold4 ,it was on my fourth visit to ,hyres1 with intervals of years between1 that ,i accomplished this feat1 and ,i had always looked at my pines the first thing in the morning1 when the strip of sea between the mainland and the isles was still lying gray in the early light4 ,then1 again1 ,i watched for the red glow of the setting sun on their smooth stems1 painted1 as it were1 in burnt sienna4 ,again1 on moonlit nights ,i had looked for their broad1 deep black crests1 falling like an inkspot on the silver sea4 ,and now at last1 when they had almost become to me like some mystery1 meaning more than met the eye1 ,i could throw my arms about them1 and lay my hot cheek on their noble trunks4 ,it was not till then ,i knew how tired ,i was4 ,i could not delay long with my old friends4 ,i do not remember anything about the getting home1 save that the dogs who had so guarded my garden of the ,hesperides1 and stood between me and the fulfilment of my desire1 now that ,i had accomplished the feat1 let me return in silence4 ,i was very weary2 but ,i was thoroughly contented and satisfied4 ,and now one of my old friends was laid low6 ,how he came to his end ,i know not4 ,but ,i felt that he had died1 not that he had been cut down2 and for a moment a strange1 weird melancholy stole over me at finding ,i had outlived a noble tree4 ,it seemed as if ,i must be very old to have done that1 and that it was hardly natural4 ,i remember ,i asked myself then1 at the very time of my culte of the pinetrees1 and ,i have repeated the question since1 whether there was not in my feelings something of that dim instinct which binds man in an obscure affinity with all nature1 down to its lower strata and its primeval developments4 ,as man contains something of all in his own being1 so must he have a sympathy with all2 for1 as has been wisely said1 man is a universe in himself1 with another universe to wait on him4 ,most people have a special attraction to some race of animals4 ,some have a love for1 and a power over1 the horse and the dog greater than others2 and this not always nor only as the results of habit1 but as a natural gift4 ,certain flowers have a peculiar attraction for many people1 in preference to others equal in beauty and perfume4 ,all these preferences may point to hidden laws of affinity1 of which we know very little more than the bare fact that all in creation finds its portion in each man1 and that in his own single self he is chemical1 vegetable1 animal1 and spiritual4 ,i am afraid to say any more1 lest my readers should think ,i believe we are in general descended from the little openmouthed seasquirts called ascidians1 but that ,i claim for myself in particular some higher origin in the shape of a conifer great grandfather4 ,i assure them it is nothing of the kind4 ,with regard to my sympathy with animals1 of course1 being an old maid1 ,i ought to prefer cats and gray parrots4 ,on the contrary1 ,i prefer dogs1 and ,frank is the only gray parrot ,i ever thought of loving4 ,before leaving ,hyres1 ,i made a sketch from the top of the hill 7which in my younger days1 for want of knowing better1 ,i used to call the mountain7 on which stand the picturesque ruins of the old chteau which formerly belonged to the ,french branch of the huge family of ,fox2 who1 varying their name1 if not their nature1 according to the sky under which they flourished1 had taken root in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany in the old feudal times4 ,they possessed certainly a magnificent abode at ,hyres1 and probably kept all the neighborhood in awe4 ,it is a glorious situation4 ,it overlooks a long stretch of the road to ,toulon as that winds through the fertile1 wellcultivated valley2 and to the right rises the rocky summit of ,le ,coudon1 the point of land that first strikes the sailor's eye as he leaves the coast of ,africa1 and which on exceptionally clear days is dimly visible even from the coast itself4 ,next to it comes ,le ,phare ,pharon1 a lower mountain crowned by a fort4 ,i know few views which combine such an exquisite variety of form and color as this4 ,the small corktrees and the stunted oaks1 equally beautiful1 whether wearing their russet leaves through the brief winter1 or almost matching the corktrees in darkgreen foliage2 the olives1 here of a very respectable size1 with their gnarled trunks and fantastic shapes2 and then the patches of vividgreen corn1 winter peas1 and the green artichokes2 the undulation of the land1 assuming every shade from deep violet to light red--make altogether one of the loveliest views ,i know anywhere4 ,but then1 ,i am bound to acknowledge that there are not many such in the neighborhood of our muchloved ,hyres1 and that1 on the whole1 the simple little place has far less beauty to recommend it than many of the towns along the ,riviera4 ,its great merit for invalids arises from the air being a good deal softer than at most of the seacoast resorts of the sick4 ,mary could sit out for hours in the open air at ,hyres1 when at ,cannes1 and even at ,san ,remo1 she could only have driven in a close carriage2 for1 in spite of the brilliant sunshine in those places1 the air is apt to be too exciting both for irritable lungs and susceptible nerves4 ,one reason--probably the principal reason--for this is that ,hyres is three miles from the sea1 and more in the mountains than are the towns of the ,riviera generally4 ,we had a lovely afternoon journey from ,hyres to ,cannes2 passing numerous little bays and creeks where the blue waters lay in deep repose1 or fringed with tiny wavelets that but kissed the shingly shore1 and died in a gleam of light4 ,as you looked down on them from the railwaycarriage1 you felt you might have seen a mermaid combing her seagreen hair1 or a cupid astride a dolphin1 as quite an expected vision4 ,the intense blue sky and deeper blue sea1 the varioustinted rocks1 and perhaps a solitary pine hanging over1 and near by a group of the same1 with their dense crowns of evermurmuring boughs1 through which the evening air sings like the hum of winged insects1 were each so full of harmonious and yet gorgeous color that they leave on the mind the impression of a ,greek idyl1 full of serene beauty--mere beauty1 it may be--but intense1 placid1 and eternal4 ,there are scenes in nature that are like the forms in ,greek art4 ,they are one2 and they are typical4 ,no wide view1 albeit glorious1 can produce this effect1 however much it may appeal to the imagination4 ,but a rockbound cove on the ,mediterranean1 with its sparse vegetation and its depth of color1 is as suggestive of thoughts beyond itself as is the pure grace of a ,greek statue4 ,it belongs to another world than ours1 and to a region of thought rarely lighted on in these times1 and then by a few only4 ,when ,i question myself of the 8why10 ,i am at a loss to answer4 ,perhaps it lies in the fact that1 to produce this abstract effect on the mind1 the objects in nature must be few1 simple1 and perfectly beautiful of their kind4 ,then they recall ,greek art1 in which there is no multiplicity1 no overlaying1 but which represents as absolutely a pure idea as it is possible for art to do4 ,it is without subtlety1 as it is without crowding4 ,it can be felt better than described1 for the feeling is too deep for words4 ,nothing in ,english scenery1 no accidental combination of beauty1 has ever brought the ,greek geist before my mind4 ,never for a second1 amid the birchen groves and flowerfringed lanes of my own land1 had ,i thought of old ,greece and the old ,greek feeling4 ,pantheism would not be the natural religion of our northern skies4 ,never had ,i so strongly felt the tie between nature and art1 and1 as a necessary sequence1 between nature and ,grecian thought1 till ,i had wandered on the pale sands by the calm blue waters of the tideless sea4 ,it is like a floating essence1 too intangible for words4 ,if ,i could express it1 the expression would perforce be brief and veiled4 ,i would sing my idyl to a threestringed lute1 or paint my white nymph against a whiter sky4 ,it was essential to ,mary not to live close to the sea1 therefore we engaged apartments at ,cannes in one of the hotels situated among the hills1 and full a mile and a half from the coast4 ,it so happened that nearly all the people whom we met at the tabled'hte were ,english like ourselves1 or rather ,british1 for some came from the ,emerald ,isle2 and amongst these a family of three charming girls1 full of the spirit and humor of the race4 ,they had with them an elderly maid1 who had been their nurse1 and whose quaint sayings afforded us much amusement while we were there4 ,she had joined them only just before we arrived1 bringing out the third sister1 who had shown symptoms of delicacy like the second1 and both were under the supreme care of the elder sister4 ,mrs4 ,o',brien had managed her journey in foreign parts very cleverly1 though making every inch of the way under protest at the heathenish customs and abominable practices of these 8foreigners10 as she deigned to call the ,french in their own land4 ,it had been with the greatest difficulty that she had1 on leaving ,ireland1 been prevented from taking with her a large boxful of household stores1 which1 as she expressed it1 would be such a comfort to 8those poor darlints1 just starvin' in foreign parts1 with nothing but kickshaws and gimcracks to keep the life in them40 ,in spite of all the remonstrances of her master1 she had actually succeeded in so far cheating the customhouse that she had smuggled 8jist a nice little hand of pork1 salted down at home10 among the young ladies' linen4 ,norah flew into our room1 amid fits of laughter1 to show it to us1 and to consult upon how we could possibly get it boiled4 ,we could not insult the hotel by asking that it might appear at the tabled'hte2 and a hand of pork was rather a peculiar dish for three young ladies to keep up in their bedroom for private eating4 ,on the other hand1 ,mrs4 ,o',brien would never recover it if her eleemosynary offering were discarded4 ,it ended in my explaining the state of the case1 under seal of secrecy1 to the landlady2 and then we actually held a supernumerary feast in our drawingroom1 at a late hour1 all to show ,mrs4 ,o',brien that her kindness was appreciated4 ,we did not sleep particularly well that night1 and the rest was made into sandwiches and eaten on our next excursion up the mountains4 ,mary and ,mrs4 ,o',brien became great friends2 for ,mary's sympathetic nature and marvellous control of countenance at once drew the old lady out1 and prevented her discovering how intensely amused her listener was4 ,amongst other topics1 she was very eloquent upon the subject of the ,prince of ,wales' recovery from his serious illness1 declaring how she1 8as is a nurse myself1 know well what a fine healthy man he must have been born ever to have got over the like of that4 ,and now1 sure1 we must pray that nothing may happen to the blessed1 darlint prince2 for if he were to be taken1 the country would be just ruined1 and nothing left us but the constitution60 ,she would talk by the hour of her 8darlint0 young ladies1 sometimes blaming their conduct1 sometimes extolling them to the skies4 ,occasionally1 to tease her1 they would pretend to walk lame1 and tell her that was all the fashion1 and was called the ,alexandra limp4 8,och6 now1 honeys1 you1 with straight limbs as ,god has made you1 mocking at the darlint princess1 as may be isn't lame at all4 ,if ,i saw you mocking at me1 as is no princess1 but is blind1 and me groping round the table1 don't you think1 honeys1 as ,i should feel it80 ,then turning to ,mary3 8,ah6 your honor1 they was always as wild as a litter o' pigs on a windy day1 good luck to them4 ,i've seen them all come into the world1 bless their hearts1 one after the other1 pretty nigh as fast as nature would let them4 ,and a nice handful ,i've had wid them1 too1 bringing the most of them up by hand like a weaned calf4 ,children's stomachs is just like sponges4 ,but if you overdo the binding1 may be you'll give them obdurate bowels40 ,mary bore even this without a smile2 but we all laughed together when the morning after her arrival she found the nice little boy ,celestin1 who brought in the lamp and the basket of wood1 and helped in the house generally1 and who could not have been above fifteen1 innocently aiding ,marie1 the housemaid1 in making the beds4 ,she could not understand a word of ,french1 and of course he knew no ,english2 but she seized him by the collar1 and ejected him violently from the room1 exclaiming1 8,get out o' that1 you young varmint60 and protesting that he should never touch one of her 8darlints' sheets in this heathenish land1 where they made no difference between a man and a woman1 but put the men to make the beds and the women to tend the cattle40 ,the end of it was that she took the bedmaking into her own hands1 though she never got reconciled to the mattresses stuffed with the outer sheaths of the ,indian corn1 or the pillows with wool4 8,that pillow is as hard as a dog's head1 and won't do for my young lady2 and the other's as limp as a dead cat10 she remarked aloud to herself one day that ,elina was going to bed early with a bad headache4 ,by degrees we became rather well acquainted with the other visitors at the hotel1 which arose1 no doubt1 from the fact of our all being fellow countrymen4 ,for a long time ,mary was the only married woman of the party2 and with the exception of the three merry ,irish girls1 the ladies were all old maids like myself4 ,frank found ,cannes rather slow1 as he expressed it1 and spent the greater part of the six weeks we were there in making excursions in the neighborhood1 stopping away three or four days at a time4 ,it was long before we got thoroughly comfortable with any of our fellowsojourners in a strange land4 ,in the first place1 we were the only ,catholics1 and most of the others were very decided ,protestants1 and so rather shunned us at first4 ,some of them especially objected to ,mary1 and seemed to think that her good looks and her accurate ,french pronunciation were rather offensive than otherwise4 ,it made no sort of difference to her1 and ,i am sure she never even found it out4 ,one day1 as ,i was coming downstairs1 ,miss ,marygold was crossing the wide passage which went from the entrance to the diningroom door4 ,as ,i passed her1 she tossed her head1 and said1 8,i have just met your sister1 ,miss ,jane1 going out for a walk1 and looking about fiveandtwenty4 ,i must say ,i think it must be very inconvenient not to show one's age better than that40 8,at any rate10 said ,i1 8it is an inconvenience1 ,miss ,marygold1 that many would be happy to share with her40 ,and ,i swept along the wide passage lined with oleanders1 myrtle1 and cypress in large pots1 sat down to the piano in the public salon1 and dashed through the overture of 8,robert le ,diable0 with much brilliancy of execution4 ,i afterwards found out that both the ,miss ,marygolds strongly objected to a little red bow which ,mary was apt to fasten in her hair when we went down to dinner4 ,their own coiffures resembled either a doll's apron stuck on the top of her head1 or a small 8dressimprover0 of stiff lace4 ,i suppose they thought there was some virtue in wearing what was at once ugly and ridiculous4 ,no one1 on first arriving at ,cannes1 can form any idea of the exquisite beauty that will be within their easy reach as soon as they get beyond the long1 straight street parallel with the flat coast4 ,the town itself has no pretensions to beauty1 except from the picturesque1 fortified old church1 standing high above the town1 and whose mouldering walls assume so many different tints against the darkviolet background of the ,estrelle2 that beautiful line of mountains that runs far out into the sea1 and forms the most prominent object of the scenery4 ,the market is held down the one long street1 where it opens on the small garden and esplanade by the shore4 ,this is planted with magnificent planetrees1 and nothing can be more picturesque than the groups of peasantwomen1 with their brightcolored kerchiefs crossed over their shoulders1 and their thick woollen skirts1 sitting each at her little booth of cakes1 or sweets1 or household utensils1 and especially the charming little crocks1 pots1 and pans of native manufacture4 ,at a short distance from ,cannes1 at ,valory1 there is a very fine establishment of pottery works1 well worthy of a visit4 ,the native clay produces the most beautiful colors2 and as the numerous visitors at ,cannes have taken pains to supply the manufactory with very good models taken from the antique and from some of the best specimens of ,minton and ,staffordshire china1 the result is most satisfactory4 ,we found that they are in the habit of sending very large crates of gardenvases1 besides smaller and more delicate articles1 all over ,europe4 ,the road along the coast towards ,antibes is bordered by beautiful villas with gardens running down towards the sea1 and generally laid out in terraces4 ,even now1 in the month of ,january1 they were full of roses1 geraniums1 ageratum1 and violets in bloom4 ,part of this picturesque spot is called ,california1 on account of the bright yellow blossom of the mimosa1 which1 when fully out1 is truly 8a dropping well of gold40 ,the light1 feathery flower covers the whole tree1 and there is scarcely a leaf to be seen4 ,the beautiful eucalyptus1 or blue gumtree1 is much cultivated here4 ,the peculiar variety of its foliage1 the lower and older leaves being almost heartshaped1 and the upper ones often a foot in length1 and hardly two inches wide1 makes it very remarkable4 ,the lower leaves are of a blue green1 shading off into deep bronze1 and the new shoots are almost yellow4 ,it is quite recently that this beautiful tree has been transplanted from ,australia to ,europe2 but as it makes twenty feet in a year1 there are already magnificent specimens4 ,it has a highly aromatic gum2 and it is supposed that in time it will greatly supersede the use of quinine1 having medicinal properties which resemble that invaluable remedy1 while it will be less expensive4 ,when ,mary is suffering from one of her neuralgic headaches1 nothing relieves her so much as steeping the long leaves of the eucalyptus in hot water1 and holding her head over the perfumed steam4 ,a branch hung near the bed is also1 they say1 conducive to sleep4 ,the beauties of the position of ,cannes are far outdone by that of the little town of ,cannet1 distant about three miles1 and built among the mountains1 and where the air is softer4 ,nothing can exceed the loveliness of the view from the ,place1 shaded by splendid planetrees1 of the half deserted little town1 or the same view seen from the terrace of the one ,pension1 where we found every preparation for receiving guests1 but which was locked up and entirely empty4 ,you overlook numerous orange gardens of the most vivid green1 the starry blossoms and golden fruit gleaming amid the foliage4 ,then1 far down the valley1 and clothing an amphitheatre of hills and mountains1 are groves of olives1 with their soft velvet folds1 mass overlapping mass of tender1 dim green1 shimmering all over with silver touches1 as the air stirred the branches1 and turned upwards the inner lining of the leaves--after which all other foliage is apt to look crude and hard4 ,the blue sea lies beyond1 and the sharp1 purple outline of the ,estrelle2 while to the right the mountains fade off further and further1 ending in snowcapt heights4 ,from amid the dense1 soft shadows of the valley rise the old tower of the church and the picturesque cupolas of the strange ,moorish villa where poor ,rachel1 the famous ,french tragedian1 breathed her last1 and which is fast falling to decay4 ,it is no longer let to strangers2 but we made our way through the tangled gardens and wilderness of orangetrees4 ,everything looked tumbling to pieces4 ,the house itself is in ruin2 and being painted in bright colors externally1 and chiefly built of wood1 at least in the ornamental parts1 it looks like the castoff decorations of a dismal theatre4 ,two white pigeons were picking up the scattered grain in the little1 untidy court4 ,a few mutilated plaster figures of gods and goddesses near the entrance added to the tawdry and unreal aspect of the whole4 ,it was as if the poor actress had selected it to die in for its scenic effect1 and so had closed her life on a mute and deserted stage4 ,i fancied ,i could see her lithe form and her sinuous glide 7for she never seemed to walk like a common mortal7 along the veranda4 ,i could recall the intense passion of her matchless voice as she thrilled you through with the words3 8,je ne me verrai point prfrer de rivale4 ,enfin1 tous tes conseils ne sont plus de saison3 ,sers ma fureur1 none1 et non pas ma raison40 ,and then she came here1 alone1 to die6 ,as ,i turned away from the place1 so beautiful even in its desolation1 ,i wondered if the rumor might be true which was prevalent at the time--that her maid1 a ,french ,catholic1 seeing her poor mistress in a state of coma just before her death1 had dared to baptize her--and thus give us a largehearted hope for the woman and the ,jewess4 ,we drove through the narrow1 sharpangled streets of the little town of ,cannet to the church in the valley4 ,the streets were so narrow1 and the turnings were so sharp1 that it always seemed that our horses were in one street while we and the carriage were in another4 ,three little children1 with bright1 dark eyes and tangled hair1 hung over a wall1 each with a rose in its mouth4 ,they looked as if they would drop the flowers1 and themselves after1 into our laps4 ,the church was very clean and well cared for2 full of tawdry decorations1 but fresh and neat1 as if all were often renewed by loving hearts1 if not by cultivated taste4 ,m4 le ,cur is very old1 and has not sufficient help for the wants of so large a parish2 and there are no ,sisters to teach the children4 ,they seem a simple people2 and if only there were a habitable house1 what pleasure might be found in living in this earthly paradise1 and working amongst them6 ,it is said that the ,englishman carries ,bass' pale ale and ,warren's blacking with him whereever he goes1 to say nothing of ,harvey's sauce4 ,at any rate1 he has established his own special amusements at ,cannes1 with no apparent consciousness of their incongruity with the scene around them4 ,of course we took our share1 though denouncing and protesting all the way at the horrors of pigeonshooting4 ,we drove over sandy lanes close to the shore1 through groups of pinetrees on either side2 a glorious panorama of mountains and snowclad peaks beyond1 the darkblue sea1 and the purple ,estrelle4 ,there was a vulgar booth and a shed1 and some rickety benches like those at a country fair4 ,we sat down1 facing three boxes1 in which the innocent birds were concealed until the moment--unknown1 of course1 to the sportsman himself--when1 bursting open1 the pigeons spread their wings at liberty1 to be perchance instantly killed by a clever shot4 ,i acknowledge that ,i tried not to look1 and that my heart gave a spasmodic leap every time ,i heard the clap of the lid of the box and then the sharp shot4 ,i looked at the pinetrees and the faroff mountains1 with the many tinted1 undulating middle distances1 and tried to forget the coarseness and cruelty of the scene ,i was supposed to have come to as an amusement4 ,the nuts and the gingerbread were wanting1 and ,aunt ,sally was distinguished by her absence2 but there was nevertheless a milder reflection of everything that might have graced this same kind of scene in ,england2 and so the ,english gentleman of the ,x,i,xth century1 brought by fortuitous circumstances into a new and exquisitely beautiful land1 was doing his best to make himself 8at home10 and to inspire the natives and foreigners with his own tastes4 ,i am fond of sport1 though ,i am but an old maid2 but somehow this does not strike me as being sport in the true acceptation of the word4 ,and ,i sat wondering how long it will be before my own brave countrymen1 who are already addicted to battues1 will build onestoried1 round summerhouses in their woods1 painted inside with arabesques1 ,cupids1 ,venus1 and ,diana1 and having six or eight small windows all round it2 then1 seated in a large gilt fauteuil1 with a bottle of choice ,chambertin by his side1 he will languidly pop his short gun at the thrushes or the finches as they flutter from bough to bough before him2 and so1 at the end of a couple of hours1 saunter home with a bagful of 8game10 wearied with the exertions of la chasse au tire1 like the gentlemen in ,france in the times of ,la ,rgence4 ,the ,duc de ,p4 was there1 and the ,duc de ,c41 and the ,duke of ,h41 and actually one of the men--what may they be called8--who preside over the pigeonshooting at ,hurlingham1 and who had been got over to ensure everything being en rgle4 ,what more could any one want8 ,i wondered to myself whether the extraordinary beauty and sublime majesty of the surrounding scene had anything to do with enhancing the pleasure of the pigeonshooters2 whether1 in short1 the successful slaughter of the poor birds was rendered more enjoyable by the fact of its taking place under a sky and in a spot fraught with exquisite beauty2 noble and serene1 vast and varied4 ,and if not1 why did they not stop among the cockney flats of ,hurlingham8 ,when all was over and we returned home1 ,i actually found myself semi conscious of a sort of pride that the best shot1 in this decidedly trying proof of skill1 was an ,englishman6 ,so much for the inconsistency of human1 especially of female1 nature4 ,we are in the land of perfumes4 ,acres of roses1 violets1 and other scented flowers are cultivated solely for the perfume manufactories at ,grasse1 a few miles from ,cannes4 ,of course1 this is not the time of year to benefit by this exceptional form of farming2 but in the spring it must be lovely4 ,we are preparing to leave ,cannes1 and1 as ,i write these lines1 ,frank silently lays a sheet of paper by my side4 ,and ,i see--a ,sonnet4 ,,the ,,olive,,tree4 ,that dusky tree grows in a noted place-- ,a garden on the rocky mountain's side1 ,o'erlooking 7in the evening of its pride7 ,the doomd city of the chosen race4 ,there1 as the swathing evening mists efface ,temple and fane1 in sunset glory dyed1 ,and round the city walls the shadows glide1 ,beneath the dappled gloom our hearts may trace ,the ling'ring footsteps of the ,holy ,one4 ,our ,master walks alone2 and who can know ,all the deep myst'ry of his awful woe1 ,as on the earth sinks ,god's eternal ,son8 ,but ever shall the graygreen olivetree ,recall the image of his agony4 ,a ,national ,or ,state ,church4 ,fiftythree peers protested against the disestablishment of the ,protestant ,church in ,ireland1 8because it is impossible to place a church disestablished and disendowed1 and bound together only by the tie of a voluntary association1 on a footing of equality with the perfect organization of the ,church of ,rome40 ,mr4 ,disraeli had previously said the same thing in the ,house of ,commons3 8,the discipline1 order1 and government of the ,roman ,catholic ,church are not voluntary4 ,they are the creation of the simple will of a sovereign pontiff0 7if he means ,jesus ,christ1 the phrase is ,catholic71 8and do not depend at all on the voluntary principle4444 ,i maintain that as long as his ,holiness the ,pope possesses ,rome1 the ,roman ,catholic religion1 in whatever country it is found1 is an establishment40 ,in fact1 there is a great deal of truth in these remarks4 ,how1 indeed1 can undisciplined guerrillas contend against a welltrained army of veterans8 ,how can a number of voluntary associations1 like so many insurance or stock companies1 liable at any moment to disband1 with no cohesive power1 compete with a grand organization whose charter is divine1 whose officers are divinely appointed1 and whose laws bind in conscience in spite of adverse imperial1 royal1 or republican legislation8 ,the peers were right2 ,mr4 ,disraeli is partially right4 ,no sect or combination of sects can for any length of time1 in a fair field1 compete with the ,catholic ,church4 ,hence the cry of the sects in this country for state aid4 ,the ,catholic ,church never asked for it except as a matter of justice or restitution4 ,whenever it was bestowed on her institutions1 it was because they deserved it4 ,if much was given to her1 it was because her hierarchy or her religious orders1 inspired by divine zeal1 had founded and organized charitable institutions while the sects were asleep1 lacking even in sufficient philanthropy1 not to say charity1 to provide for the wants of their own suffering members4 ,the ,catholic ,church built and organized her asylums1 schools1 and other institutions1 tried to support them1 and did bravely support them1 as she still does in this country1 by the voluntary contributions of generous ,christians1 before the state gave anything4 ,the sects did very little4 ,they were too indolent1 too deficient in vitality1 to do much4 ,they begged from the state4 ,they threw the burden on the state2 so that1 whereas in ,catholic times there were no state poor houses1 state asylums1 or state charities1 now they swarm4 ,protestantism is too cold a system to warm the hearts of men into lifegiving charity2 so it depends1 except in rare cases1 on the state for the support of the poor and the orphans4 ,the money is taken from the public treasury for the support of schools1 asylums1 and kindred institutions47#bc7 ,such being the case1 who can blame ,catholics for receiving a portion of their own taxes to help their own institutions1 mainly supported on the voluntary system8 ,are not the frequenters of ,catholic schools and the inmates of ,catholic institutions the children and citizens of the state as well as others8 ,will the state educate or support as cheaply as the church has done1 or make as good citizens as she makes8 ,if ,catholic charitable institutions are abolished1 if ,catholic schools are broken up1 how much will it annually cost the state for the building of new institutions and for their maintenance8 ,are the ,sisters of ,charity as safe custodians of the morality of orphans as the spinsters and political hirelings of the state institutions8 ,are teachers and matrons who work primarily from a religious motive as apt to discharge their duty faithfully as those who labor primarily for the 8consideration0 attached to their services8 ,well do the gentlemen who attack the ,catholic ,church know how futile it is for any sect to strive against her unless backed up by state aid2 and hence1 perhaps1 the cry which has recently resounded throughout our country for a national or state church--a national ,protestant church in opposition to the neverceasing progress of ,catholicity4 ,the late 8,evangelical ,alliance0 publicly endorsed the cry of a national church4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,fremantle1 ,m4,a41 of ,london1 an ecclesiastical functionary of the national church of ,england1 in 8a manner10 as the report in the ,tribune has it1 8quick and energetic1 and1 as he warmed to his subject1 eloquent to a degree which elicited great applause10 on ,october #i1 #ahgc1 at a meeting of the 8,alliance10 urged on his hearers the advantages and necessity of having a national church1 8the true ruling elders0 of which should be 8our statesmen1 our judges1 and our officers who bear the supreme mandate of the whole ,christian community40 ,with laconic pith1 he said3 8,the ,christian nation is a church40 ,the applause elicited by his remarks was no doubt due to the fact that his auditors remembered how admirably the ,christian 8statesmen0 in ,congress and our late ,vice,president1 some of our 8judges10 our 8,evangelical0 bankers and merchants1 represented the interests of the ,alliance in their respective avocations6 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,menzies1 of ,edinburgh1 emissary of the national church of ,scotland1 seconded and approved the doctrines of his ,episcopalian brother4 ,in vain did a sturdy ,american1 the ,hon4 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,curry1 ,,ll4,d41 of ,richmond1 try to defend the ,american system and the principles of our ,constitution against these wellfed and wellpaid gentlemen4 ,the rubicund foreigners of the church establishments of ,denmark1 ,sweden1 and ,germany came to the rescue of their ,english and ,scottish brethren4 ,they had preached to the 8,alliance0 in favor of the tithes1 taxes1 and intolerance of their own establishments1 and were not willing to allow ,mr4 ,curry to oppose them4 ,the very president of the 8,alliance10 himself an ,american1 was obliged to coerce the honorable gentleman into silence4 ,his voice was drowned in an 8evangelical0 chorus of national churchmen4 ,we are no longer1 then1 astonished to read that the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stoughton1 of ,england1 was greeted in a ,protestant ,sundayschool in this city with the anthem of 8,god save the ,queen40 ,it was not a religious hymn1 mark it well1 but an anthem in praise of the head of a church establishment1 who is more than pope1 for she is impeccable as well as infallible1 according to the axiom of ,english law that 8the king can do no wrong40 ,no longer are we surprised to learn that the head of another national church1 the wouldbe pope,emperor of ,germany1 gave the 8,evangelical ,council0 his blessing2 that several of our highest magistrates1 unless they are belied1 have been secretly leagued against the ,catholic ,church in favor of a state ,protestantism4 ,newspapers of reputed rank have been continually striving to create a ,protestant public spirit in the state1 and thus1 as it were1 to prepare the way for an absolute union of church and state on a ,protestant basis4 ,indeed1 we have a national1 or at least a state1 church already2 although it has so far been administered to us only in homopathic doses4 ,have we not a state school system with a ,protestant ,bible on its rostrum8 ,have we not 8,juvenile ,asylums10 8,soldiers' and ,sailors' ,homes10 state charitable institutions all controlled on the ,protestant system1 conducted to a great extent by ,protestant clergymen8 ,are not the ,bibles used in them ,protestant8 ,are not the schoolbooks essentially sectarian in which such expressions as 8gorbellied monks10 the 8glorious ,reformation10 the 8great and saintly ,martin ,luther10 are frequent8 ,have we not a ,protestant ,indian policy and a ,protestant 8,freedman's ,bureau08 ,it is true you cannot call the colorless ,protestantism of these institutions peculiarly ,methodist1 or peculiarly ,episcopalian1 or peculiarly ,baptist2 but it is nevertheless ,protestantism4 ,we have a name for it4 ,the late 8,evangelical ,alliance0 gives it to us4 ,the word 8,evangelicalism0 will express the ,protestantism of our incipient national and state churches4 ,we defy any impartial visitor to the socalled 8non sectarian0 state institutions to deny that their chief male officers1 superintendents1 guardians1 and teachers have been chosen on account of their 8,evangelicalism40 ,every one that knows the inner working of our state institutions for charitable purposes is aware that they are mere pastures in which ,evangelical ministers are retired on salaries of thousands a year taken from the state pocket4 ,the desire for having a state or national church is growing stronger4 ,german imperialism1 or pagan ,roman ,csarism revived1 has given an impetus to it in ,europe1 in order to create a foreign public opinion to sanction its own persecutions of the ,catholic ,church at home4 ,switzerland has been moved by the pull of the ,german wire4 ,perhaps the same influence is at work in our republic4 ,or is it that a certain class of the ,protestant clergy1 dreading starvation if left depending on the bounty of flocks that are losing their ,christianity and its generous impulses1 envious of the portly frames and plethoric purses of the foreigners of the ,european establishments who lately visited our shores and banqueted at our expense1 long to draw nutriment from the bosom of an established mother1 rather than risk death from marasmus at the breasts of a dry and barren voluntary system8 ,if this be the cause of the growing 8,evangelicalism0 of the sects1 of their effort to combine for the purpose of giving us a national church1 let us devoutly pray that the next delegates from abroad will be as spare in person and purse as our own country parsons4 ,for the sake of our republican institutions1 may his divine and imperial majesty of ,germany and her gracious ecclesiastical majesty of ,england send hither no more of their rotund and jocund functionaries1 to make the hearts of our ,evangelical clergymen yearn after the fleshpots of ,egypt6 ,or can it be that the venerable heads of our 8,evangelical0 mayors1 governors1 and their compeers1 returning in their senility1 as is not uncommon with decaying brains1 to their early loves1 are striving to restore the state establishments of the old ,puritan colonies8 ,the recollection that all the original colonies except ,catholic ,maryland had a state church has not yet died out among these 8,evangelical0 ancients4 ,they remember that so late even as #agic an attempt was made even in ,new ,york to saddle an ,episcopalian establishment on the back of our state1 and this1 too1 at a time when the members of the ,holland ,reformed ,churches were in the proportion of fifteen to one ,churchof,englander6 ,perhaps ,governor ,dix has an agreeable recollection of this beauteous trait in the character of his sect4 ,perhaps he remembers how well she had battened on the flesh and blood of the ,irish people for centuries1 though her votaries were not one twentieth part of the ,irish population4 ,in #afdc1 the 8orthodox0 ,episcopalian colony of ,virginia expelled two ,new ,england ,puritan ministers2 while the ,new ,england ,puritans1 by way of 8,evangelical0 retaliation1 sent back to ,old ,england two professors of ,anglicanism4 ,the poor ,quakers were driven out by all the colonies except ,catholic ,maryland4 ,indeed1 even our modern 8,evangelicals0 had not the courtesy to invite them to their 8,alliance40 ,in ,virginia1 the man who refused to have his child baptized was fined two thousand pounds of tobacco4 ,in the colonies of ,massachusetts and ,new ,haven1 for a time only church members could exercise the full powers of citizenship4 ,the legislatures of the ,new ,england colonies convoked even the church synods4 ,these were truly 8,evangelical0 times1 and after these do the 8,evangelicals0 hanker4 ,so late even as #aggi tithes were collected by law in some of the colonies4 ,in fact1 it was only in #ahah that the separation of church and state was effected in ,connecticut4 ,but in those days the ,catholics were few1 and nobody feared them4 ,if they had been as numerous and formidable then as they are now1 the disestablishment would never have been accomplished4 ,these were the halcyon days when1 in the words of ,rev4 ,mr4 ,fremantle1 already quoted1 8the ,christian nation was a church10 8the true ruling elders of which were statesmen1 judges1 and officers who bore the supreme mandate of the whole ,christian community40 ,what a yearning there is for the return of those good times when none but 8,evangelicals0 may hold office to defraud the revenue1 invest in ,crdit ,mobilier stock1 or manage banking houses for the purpose of swindling credulous 8,evangelical0 depositors6 ,it is timely to warn all good citizens against the ,protestant effort to restore the statechurch system of the early colonies4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,campbell1 ,d4,d41 of ,new ,brunswick1 at one session of the 8,alliance0 said3 8,revolution has everywhere borrowed the force of its political ideas from the ,protestants of the ,x,v,ith century40 ,never was language more correct4 ,rebellion against lawful authority1 the overthrow of legitimate governments1 the subversion of civil society1 the destruction of law and order in modern times1 are all traceable to ,protestant principles4 ,nor can you ever tell where they will stop4 ,as there is no fixity or certainty or unalterable code of doctrine or morals in ,protestantism1 a statesman can never tell when its councils will be impelled by whim1 fanaticism1 or prejudice4 ,there is no telling but that the ,protestant assembly which to day favors the state tomorrow will be in revolt against it4 ,it has been on the side of unbridled license1 of the extreme of liberty2 and1 again1 it has been the creature1 the slave1 the blind instrument of despotism4 ,a statesman always knows what to expect from the ,catholic ,church and her assemblies4 ,her principles are patent1 her system plain1 her doctrines unchanging1 her secondary discipline modifiable according to law or necessity1 but only by the spiritual power4 ,she is always conservative1 never revolutionary4 ,she gives to ,csar what belongs to him1 but no more4 ,she makes a reserve in her allegiance to the state3 she reserves the rights of ,god1 the rights of conscience4 ,she must obey ,god rather than men when men try to alter or subvert ,god's revelation4 ,if the state wishes to persecute her1 it may begin at once4 ,she has nothing to hide from the state2 and she will alter nothing of her doctrines4 ,if the state dislikes her1 at any rate she is an open foe4 ,but ,protestantism is a fickle subject4 ,like the ancient pagans1 she admits the supremacy of the state over her2 admits that the church is only a voluntary corporation subordinate to the state2 yet practically she is never to be depended on4 ,fickle by nature1 the state can never tell when a fit of madness may seize on her2 when her imagination may be possessed by some idea subversive alike of good order and even of morality4 ,we all know the history of the ,anabaptists and ,antinomians in ,germany2 the deeds of violence of the ,independents in ,england4 ,protestantism1 like a wanton filly1 carries the state as a rider1 but always at the risk of its neck4 ,let our statesmen1 then1 beware of the attempt which is being made to give us1 if not a national1 at least a state church4 ,the threat has been made that when slavery was abolished1 the next thing to undertake would be the destruction of the ,catholic ,church by the establishment of a state church4 ,it is easy to show that a national church is essentially opposed to our ,american principles1 and that consequently all attempts to establish one are anti,american4 ,on this point many rationalists and infidels agree with ,catholics1 as they logically must when they argue from sound principles of pure reason or of pure politics4 ,the ,catholic religion recognizes the competency of reason in its own sphere1 and admits its logical inerrancy4 ,all the principles of the natural1 political1 metaphysical1 or moral order known with certainty even by those who do not believe in revelation at all1 are the common property of the ,catholic ,church2 for although she insists on the subordination of reason to faith1 she asserts emphatically the autonomy of reason1 and condemns those who would abridge its powers4 ,hence true statesmen who judge our ,federal or ,state constitutions from the viewingpoint of reason alone agree with ,catholics in opposition to the socalled 8,evangelicals10 the chief of whom believe in 8total depravity10 the loss of free will1 and unmerited damnation4 ,the ablest lawyers in the country teach that the fundamental idea of our civil government is that there shall be no interference of the state in church affairs4 ,absolute independence of the church2 no interference of the state in religious matters--such is the ,,american ,,idea4 ,it is expressly laid down in the first amendment to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states that ,congress shall have no power to legislate on religious questions4 ,the ablest commentary perhaps ever written on the ,constitution is the ,federalist2 some of the best articles in which were written by ,alexander ,hamilton1 whose son has recently published them4 ,the teaching of this great man is that the framers of the ,constitution were especially anxious to eschew church establishments or state religions in the policy of our republic4 ,indeed1 some of the leading authors of the ,constitution were rationalists1 and more afraid of ,protestant sectarian interference in state affairs than they were of the ,catholic ,church1 which in their days was not strong enough to be feared4 8,our theory is10 writes ,gerrit ,smith1 8that the people shall enjoy absolute freedom in politics and religion40 ,of course this freedom could not exist if we had a state church4 ,mr4 ,smith1 whose intelligence and ,americanism no one can dispute1 in his celebrated letter on the school question17#bd7 from which the above phrase is taken1 adds3 8,a lawyer than whom there is no abler in the land1 and who is as eminent for integrity as for ability1 writes me3 #8,i am against the government's being permitted to do anything which can be entrusted to individuals under the equal regulation of general laws4' 0 ,how few of the 8,evangelicals0 would be willing to act on this correct interpretation of our ,constitution8 ,how could they so easily give up the government pap that nourishes the ,methodist preachers of the 8,freedman's ,bureau0 and the 8,indian ,bureau10 not to speak of the other countless branches of our homopathic national church8 ,the attempt to establish a state church is also opposed to most of our ,state constitutions1 and notably to that of ,new ,york4 ,the first constitution of this ,state was so essentially hostile to a church establishment that it contained an article incapacitating any minister of the ,gospel from holding any office1 civil or military4 ,tradition has it that some ,episcopalian minister1 playing the political marplot in the preliminary convention1 had so annoyed ,mr4 ,jay that he had the article inserted4 ,in #ahdf1 this article was expunged2 and ever since our ,state legislature1 our public offices1 and even our judiciary1 have been afflicted by ambitious1 incompetent1 sometimes even illiterate1 and always bigoted1 political preachers4 ,they are always striving to inflict on us more and more of their bigotry1 while their acts show that one of their chief aims is to gratify the 8,evangelical0 appetite for power4 ,we must especially guard our ,state constitution from the treacherous assaults of the sects4 ,even now their express provisions are violated or evaded47#be7 ,they are easily modified47#bf7 ,some of them are not inconsistent with a church establishment1 and may at any moment become the prey of 8,evangelical0 bigotry or fanaticism4 ,catholics are by conviction opposed to a change in the character of our ,federal and ,state--we speak of ,new ,york--constitutions4 ,they do not conflict with the ,,catholic ,,idea4 ,there is nothing in or out of the ,syllabus that is opposed to our system of government4 ,this we shall now proceed to show4 ,pius ,,ix41 on ,december #ag1 #ahfj1 in an allocution condemned a proposition which begins with these words3 8,national churches may be established40 ,it is number #cg in the ,syllabus4 ,we know that it will be objected to us that the ,pope also condemns the attempt to separate church and state in countries in which they are by law united1 and the abstract principle that they ought to be separate4 ,it is true that where church and state have been united1 not by force1 but by the nature of things and the sanction of laws1 it is condemnable to attack their union as iniquitous or improper2 but it is also true that it is not always obligatory or expedient on the part of the state1 as such1 to establish a church1 build its institutions1 and salary its clergy out of a common fund4 ,the ,roman pontiffs1 in the height of their temporal power1 never compelled the ,jews to build with their money ,catholic churches and pay the salaries of ,catholic priests4 ,let us historically examine the character of the union of church and state in the ,catholic countries of ,europe1 and we shall find how just1 fair1 and honorable such an union becomes4 ,what was the title to most of the ,catholic church property in ,europe8 ,none better4 ,the barbarian baron or king1 grateful to the priest1 the monk1 or the bishop who had civilized him and taught him to save his soul1 generously built a church or a monastery and endowed it4 ,legacies1 donations1 free gifts--these were the means by which the bishopric and monasteries grew rich4 ,no title to property is better than this1 which a thousand years had sanctioned4 ,of course every new donation increased the power of the church4 ,the temporalities of the church had natural influence in the state4 ,the abbots and bishops were peers of the realm4 ,the church lived on her own resources--neither asked nor received anything from the state except protection and liberty4 ,before the ,reformation1 this was the character of the close union between the church and state4 ,after the ,reformation1 when the church had lost her power chiefly through the corrupting influence of the kings and barons on the bishops and abbots1 despite the protests and the efforts of the popes1 the politicians confiscated the church property4 ,this confiscation was simply robbery1 for the church corporations1 as well as individuals1 had rights which the state was bound to respect4 ,but it happened1 as it often happens1 that wicked kings or mercenary and unprincipled politicians used the political machinery of the state legally to rob the church4 ,they abused the right of eminent domain4 ,gov4 ,dix himself1 in his annual message for #ahgd1 limits the exercise of this right4 8,the right10 says he1 8of every individual to be secured in the undisturbed enjoyment of his property lies at the foundation of all responsible government4 ,it is1 indeed1 one of the primary objects for which governments are instituted4 ,to this fundamental rule there is but one proper exception4 ,if private property is needed for public use1 it may be taken by making just compensation to the owner2 but the use must be one which is common to all1 or which is indispensable to the accomplishment of some object of public necessity4 ,this right of eminent domain1 as it is denominated1 is an incident of sovereignty1 and it is one of the most arbitrary of all the powers of government407#bg7 ,it is unquestionably the 8most arbitrary of all the powers of government10 if we consider how many are the demagogues1 political traders1 and mercenary corruptionists who help to make the laws in parliaments1 congresses1 or ,state legislatures to regulate the property of respectable people2 and how often the executive power in the state1 be it imperial1 regal1 presidential1 or gubernatorial1 is wielded by despotic and corrupt hands4 ,imagine a parliament of ,communists using the right of eminent domain of the state against the lands and tenements owned by the ,trinity ,church corporation of ,new ,york2 or an assembly of 8,evangelicals0 legislating in regard to ,catholic church property6 ,the state in ,france1 for instance1 during the ,revolution stripped the church of her lawful possessions2 ,napoleon endeavored to bring order back to the ,republic by reestablishing the church4 ,but it is plain that the salary allowed by his concordat in ,a4,d4 #ahja to the clergy1 and the revenue allowed by the state for the maintenance of church edifices1 was not a tithe of the interest accruing from the property stolen by the state from the church4 ,the sum now allowed to support the ,catholic clergy of ,france is1 therefore1 only a fraction of restitution money due to them by the state4 ,so it is in other countries in which the state1 after confiscating the church property1 salaries the clergy4 ,the church in those countries does not get her due4 ,she asks no favor from them2 she does not even get her rights4 ,the propositions in the ,syllabus referring to the union of church and state must be explained in the light of these facts4 ,the ,catholic ,church does not go to ,china or to ,turkey1 and say to the governments of those countries3 8,you must establish me here2 you must build my temples and schools and asylums40 ,no1 she claims no right of eminent domain over the pockets of infidels2 and even when she converts them1 she only asks their voluntary aid4 ,all she asks is liberty to work and protection in her legitimate duties4 ,she and her converts will do the rest4 ,this was all she asked of the ,roman emperors2 this she asked of the medival kings4 ,if they gave her liberty and protection1 she thanked them1 blessed them1 worked for them1 and civilized them4 ,if they refused1 still she blessed them and worked in spite of them2 for she must 8obey ,god rather than men40 ,she might with justice ask more than this in ,prussia or ,england or ,sweden2 for there she might ask back her stolen property4 ,but in this country she only asks a fair field and no favor4 ,contrast her conduct with that of ,protestantism4 ,protestantism goes to the state begging on her knees2 admitting the state's supremacy over her2 confessing that she is the humble servant of the king2 and asks his gracious bounty4 ,she will gladly sit on the foot of his throne as his slave1 though a dangerous and treacherous one1 if he will only smile on her1 clothe and feed her4 ,she will even stoop to become the receiver of stolen goods4 ,is it not so8 ,where is there a national ,protestant church really established that is not living on property stolen by the state from the ,catholic ,church8 ,look to ,england and ,scotland4 ,are not the ,protestant establishments in those lands the possessors of illgotten goods--of lands and churches iniquitously stolen from the ,catholic ,church8 ,surely the orthodox ,catholic laity of the middle ages who gave these demesnes to the monasteries and churches never intended that the king should turn them over to a heretical establishment4 ,the ,prussian establishment is a theft from beginning to end2 for every one knows that the apostate head of the ,catholic religious order which ruled the duchy of ,brandenburg1 and laid the foundation of the ,prussian power1 had no right to transfer the property of his order to a ,protestant clergy4 ,who could defend such a proceeding8 ,would our 8,evangelical0 brethren approve the conduct of a ,protestant board of trustees or vestrymen who1 on being converted1 or a majority of them being converted1 to the ,catholic faith1 should by a trick transfer the property of their congregation1 their church1 or college to the ,catholic authorities to be used for ,catholic purposes8 ,how1 then1 can they approve the conduct of the ,english1 ,german1 and ,scandinavian clergy who have received the lands and buildings taken from the ,catholics by violence and regal usurpation8 ,there is truly a very great difference between the ,protestant and ,catholic church establishments of ,europe--a difference in origin1 as well as in the manner of their continuance--and this difference is by no means flattering to the honesty or manliness of the sects4 ,correctly1 therefore1 did we say that ,catholic principles as well as true ,american principles are opposed to a state church establishment in this country1 and that nothing in the ,syllabus condemns our system of government4 ,it is time1 therefore1 for all true ,american citizens to unite under the ,catholic standard of opposition to national or state church establishments4 ,the rights of conscience1 the rights of religion1 are the rights of ,god4 ,they are not national1 but universal2 that is1 catholic4 ,we are not willing to come back to the pagan rgime of ,roman ,csarism1 and admit the ruler of the state or the state itself as supreme master of religion as well as of politics4 ,the 8,evangelical0 semipaganized ,protestants of ,germany may bow the knee to the modern ,csar1 and admit him to be supreme pontiff2 but they must keep their despotism at home4 ,the ,swiss 8,evangelicals0 may revive the ancient ,spartan worship of the state1 and assert its supremacy in spiritual matters2 but they must keep their statolatry from our shores4 ,the true ,american1 like the true ,catholic1 will bow the knee to no idol1 not even to the state1 much as he may love it4 ,he adores only his ,god4 ,the state shall not interfere with his conscience1 or dare to come between him and his ,god1 no matter how much these foreign 8,evangelical0 emissaries may wish it4 ,he is ,catholic1 even when he least suspects it4 ,he hates despotisms1 as the ,catholic ,church does2 he suspects that ,german 8,evangelicalism0 is only a livery stolen to cover unbelief1 as the ,catholic ,church knows it to be4 ,he suspects the sincerity of those foreign 8,evangelical0 emissaries and their native hypocritical associates who preach in favor of statechurch establishments2 he suspects them as traitors to ,american liberty or as seekers for notoriety or a full purse4 ,when his suspicions have been clearly proven correct1 he will turn from the sects in disgust1 to love the grand old church which can be controlled by no national or state limits1 and which has been battling all her lifetime against emperors and kings for the very principles of liberty that constitute the glory and the greatness of our republic4 ,the ,captive ,bird4 ,from the ,french of ,marie ,jenna4 ,he is all yours--'tis true--for life or death1 ,the hollow of your hand contains his fate1 ,you have the power to still his dulcet breath ,and make the grove he dwelt in desolate4 ,you hold him6--,he is weak and you are strong1 ,but pity may his liberty restore4 ,let him to shade and summer still belong1 ,it is so sweet to live--with wings to soar6 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,from ,the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,,xix4 ,now1 to quiet your mind--for you must be as shocked as ,i am at all these horrors--we will speak1 if you please1 of our friend ,jean,louis4 ,on the afternoon of the day which proved the last for the innocent ,barbette1 ,jeannet1 knowing that the woodcutters would be dismissed1 and that consequently he would have some leisure time1 went off to the ,luguets' to have a little consoling conversation with good ,solange4 ,he kept no secrets from her1 and expected great relief in recounting faithfully all that had happened2 but1 on entering1 he instantly perceived something new had occurred in the house4 ,the men were out at work2 ,mme4 ,luguet was seated by the fire1 weeping bitterly2 and ,solange1 sitting on a stool at her feet1 was speaking to her in an angelic voice of her desire to enter a convent4 ,jeannet discreetly wished to withdraw4 8,don't go10 said ,solange to him2 8isn't it so1 mother8 ,jeannet will not disturb us80 8,no1 dear2 on the contrary1 my child1 ,i am happy to see you1 ,jean,louis4 ,is it true that you will be free to accompany ,solange to ,paris80 8,alas6 ,mme4 ,luguet10 replied ,jeannet1 8why should ,i not be free1 having neither family nor friends1 save only you and yours8 ,the only roof that sheltered me from infancy is henceforward forbidden to me1 without counting that1 before many hours1 the only thing that ,i can call my own--on condition that ,god leaves it to me--and that is my life1 may be taken also40 8,what has happened80 asked ,solange4 8,you speak in a quiet1 serious tone that frightens me40 8,i have done my duty1 dear ,solange1 and often in this world1 after performing an act of conscience and justice1 any consequence may be expected40 ,and he related that1 having discovered the criminal dealings of ,isidore with the brigands of ,la ,martine1 he had been obliged to threaten the future husband of ,jeannette1 and give him warning that he must leave the country4 8,but10 cried ,solange1 8that is just what ,i hoped2 this fortunate event divine ,providence has allowed1 that ,jeannette might be saved4 ,rejoice1 then1 ,jeannet1 instead of indulging in such gloomy ideas40 8,you are very kind to think so10 replied ,jean,louis sadly2 8but ,i1 ,solange1 see things differently4 ,jeannette1 already so irritated1 will not pardon me for saving her at the expense of ,isidore1 who is not the man to let himself be crushed like a wolf caught in a snare4 ,much will be said against me2 ,i will be rashly judged1 and less than ever will ,i have the right to present myself at ,muiceron4 ,no1 no2 from that dear spot ,i am for ever separated4 ,i have been already accused of jealousy2 shall ,i expose myself to ,jeannette's reproaches that ,i have denounced ,isidore to prevent her marriage80 8,i acknowledge10 said ,solange1 8that your reflections are just4 ,the truth will one day be known1 but it will take time2 ,i see it as well as you40 8,i must expect the vengeance of the ,perdreaux10 continued ,jean,louis1 8as well as of their friends1 whose violent passions ,i know1 and who will not leave me in peaceable possession of their secrets4 ,michou has discharged the workmen2 apparently1 they went off contented4 ,but ,isidore1 meanwhile1 received my letter2 no doubt before this he has communicated it to his cutthroat companions1 and the easiest thing for all of them will be to get rid of me at the shortest notice40 8,my ,god60 said ,solange1 8why didn't you think of all that before writing the letter8 ,at least1 you need not have signed it40 8,i thought of all that10 replied ,jeannet1 smiling2 8but even if ,i had been sure of risking my life in saving ,jeannette1 ,i would not have stopped4 ,her father and mother preserved my existence1 ,solange1 and therefore it belongs to them4 ,and as for not signing such a letter1 thank ,god6 you think so because you are a woman1 that you love me1 and that you feel ,i am in danger2 but if you were in my place1 you would think as ,i do40 8,my children10 said ,mme4 ,luguet1 8you are both right4 ,but my advice is that just now you had better plan for the future than discuss the past40 8,tell us what shall be done1 mother10 said ,solange4 8,in the first place1 ,jean,louis must not return to the wood tonight2 isn't that so80 8,don't think of such a thing10 cried ,jeannet1 as he rose hastily from his chair4 8,did ,i come here to hide80 8,be still10 said ,solange with authority2 8don't be so proud4 ,we all know you are brave1 who1 then1 can accuse you of flying from danger8 ,but courage does not consist in throwing yourself headlong in the midst of it1 but in providing against it40 8,i will return10 said ,jeannet1 8,michou expects me40 8,you will not return1 my child10 said ,mme4 ,luguet4 8,i will direct you for one day2 my age and friendship permit me4 ,i order you to remain with us tonight40 8,but10 said ,jean,louis1 8tomorrow the danger will be still greater2 and1 my good mother1 you surely cannot count on keeping me a prisoner80 8,when you came in10 said the good woman1 8,solange was asking my permission to leave home4 ,it was very painful for me to decide1 and ,i sought to gain time from the good ,god--a little time only1 to become more courageous2 for never will ,i be so bold as to refuse to give my child to the ,lord4 ,well1 what you have just related makes me think the good ,god has directed all with his own voice4 ,my dear children1 you will leave tomorrow40 ,solange threw herself on her knees1 and laid her head on her mother's hands1 which she kissed1 weeping4 ,jean,louis turned pale4 ,his courage1 which prompted him to face the danger1 and his desire to oblige his friends1 struggled violently in his heart4 8,listen to me10 said he4 8,i gave my word to ,solange that ,i would accompany her2 but circumstances have changed since then4 ,cannot ,pierre take my place8 ,they have gossiped about ,solange and me1 dear ,mme4 ,luguet2 what will they say when they hear we have gone off together80 8,pierre60 cried ,solange2 8but he knows nothing1 nor my father either4 ,my mother alone has my secret2 otherwise1 it would be impossible for me to leave40 8,it is true10 said ,mme4 ,luguet2 8my men are good ,christians1 but not pious enough to understand ,solange's wishes4 ,however1 with the blessing of ,god1 ,i will manage them4 ,it is decided that ,i will tell the father she has only gone for a fortnight1 to see how she likes it2 there will be a fuss at first1 and then we will go to see her2 and if1 as ,i believe1 the good ,god will take her entirely to himself1 then the sight of her happiness will satisfy all our hearts40 ,thus spoke that good ,christian woman2 and to the shame of many great ladies of the city1 who show themselves so unreasonable under similar circumstances1 ,i must say1 with truth1 she was not the only one in our village you might have heard speak in the same manner4 ,jean,louis could urge no further objection4 ,the public stage1 which would carry them to the nearest railway station1 passed the ,luguets' house every morning at six o'clock4 ,at that time of year1 it was still dark1 and the men1 who rose at four1 that they might go to the barn and comb the hemp1 went to bed very early in the evening4 ,pierre and his father entered and supped1 without anything being said before them1 and ,solange and her mother found themselves again alone with ,jeannet as the village clock struck eight4 ,it was then that ,jeannet wrote the short note to ,jacques ,michou which we have already read2 he ran and placed it in the box in the suburbs of the village1 and quickly returned1 as ,solange had told him she would be half dead with fear during his absence1 and that she would pass the time on her knees1 saying her rosary4 ,you see it was very evident the ,lord and his angels watched over these good people4 ,at this very hour1 when it would have been so easy to have attacked ,jean,louis1 he came and went through the wood1 without incurring any risk1 while the unfortunate ,isidore uselessly committed a great crime4 ,good ,mme4 ,luguet and her daughter remained up until late in the night1 busy making up ,solange's little bundle1 in praying1 and often embracing each other1 mingling their tender and holy kisses and tears4 ,jeannet aided them to the best of his ability1 admiring the courage of heart1 which was worth more than that of the head and arms4 ,then the two women retired for a little rest1 and he1 in his turn1 ended by falling asleep in his chair4 ,at five o'clock1 ,solange came herself to awaken him1 and told him1 in a low voice1 that she had made her poor mother promise the night before not to get up1 and so she had just kissed her softly for the last time without disturbing her sleep4 ,at that instant could be seen the heroism of that holy soul in thus wishing to bear alone the weight of the sacrifice4 ,her face1 without ceasing to be calm1 was bathed in tears1 and from time to time she kissed a little crucifix suspended from her neck1 in order to sustain her brave heart4 8,come10 said she at last1 8it is time1 ,jeannet2 let us say the ,our ,father together1 and then we will leave40 8,courage1 ,solange10 said ,jean,louis1 much moved2 8the good ,god will bless you40 ,they repeated the prayer1 and went out noiselessly1 and just then was heard the jingling of the bells on the horses of the country stage4 ,solange was well wrapped up in her black cloth cloak1 with the hood drawn down over her face4 ,jean,louis carried her little bundle1 in which she had slipped two of ,pierre's shirts2 for the good ,jeannet carried all his baggage on his back--to wit1 a woollen vest1 a blouse1 and his plaid scarf4 ,but1 as we have already seen1 it was not his habit to think of himself4 ,they arrived safely at ,paris that very day1 rather late in the evening1 to be sure2 and little did they dream of the great rumpus going on at that very time in our poor neighborhood4 ,all along the route the strong family resemblance between ,solange and ,jeannet made every one think them brother and sister2 and by good luck1 owing to the severity of the weather1 none of the travellers in the coach belonged to the village or its environs1 so that they reached the station without the risk of being recognized4 ,the ,sister,superior of the ,sisters of ,charity had been notified several days before of the coming of ,solange by our cur1 who was the good child's confessor2 but they had left home so suddenly1 ,jeannet was obliged to find a refuge for his companion the first night4 ,happily1 in ,paris all is at your service--people and things--where there is money1 and our children were rich with ,solange's savings2 therefore1 there was no difficulty in finding respectable lodgings1 where they passed the night in two beautiful rooms1 well furnished1 the like of which they had never thought existed1 at least for their use4 ,the next day their first action was to go and hear ,mass1 after which1 having inquired the way to the ,convent of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 which is situated in a very pious quarter of the city1 they went there with hearts rather saddened2 and one hour later ,jeannet found himself alone in the vast city4 ,but no one is alone in this world when he carries in his heart faith in the ,lord4 ,all the children of ,god belong to one family1 and feel in their souls a fraternal tenderness for each other4 ,jeannet1 on taking ,solange to the convent1 found a mother in the good superioress1 who received them both4 ,she made him relate his story to her in a few words1 and1 learning that he was alone in the world and desirous of some engagement1 she gave him the address of a good priest who passed his life in aiding young workingmen who1 owing to unfortunate circumstances or lack of employment1 ran the risk of becoming dissipated from the want of a helping hand4 ,he was called ,abb ,lucas2 and as he is now dead1 and enjoying1 ,i trust1 the celestial happiness well merited by his great devotion1 ,i do not think it indelicate to tell his name4 ,he received ,jeannet with great kindness1 and the good boy soon won his heart with his frankness and amiability4 ,the abb tried his hand1 and seeing that he wrote well1 and turned off a very good letter under dictation1 advised him not to think of joining a regiment1 as the conscription would be after him soon enough without his running to seek it4 ,therefore1 he took him in his own house1 and employed him with his correspondence1 of which there was never any deficiency1 owing to the great number of men who daily claimed his charitable assistance4 ,the arrangement was perfectly to ,jeannet's taste1 who applied himself to his new occupation with joy and confidence2 and you can well imagine that ,solange was very happy1 and redoubled her prayers that her dear school fellow might come as triumphantly out of his hearttroubles as he had been preserved from the dangers that threatened his life4 ,she immediately wrote home1 informing ,m4 le ,cur of all these little events1 but left it to his great wisdom to decide whether he should tell more or less of everything to the ,ragaud family1 ,michou1 and ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,this should make us thoroughly understand the true virtue of this good child2 for she had not been ignorant of the base insinuations made in relation to her and ,jean,louis1 and what ugly conjectures would be based upon their departure1 ,pierre joining with the rest1 at least at the first news4 ,these things go straight to the heart of a good1 honest girl1 and ,solange1 being of a quick1 nervous temperament1 had suffered martyrdom from all this gossip without speaking of it1 except to ,god4 ,it was to him1 then1 that she remitted the care of her full justification1 as she knew many persons would not have believed anything she might have said4 ,this beautiful tranquillity of soul is not an ordinary thing1 and our cur judged rightly that it proceeded from great holiness1 as in the end he did not fail to speak of it1 with profit to his hearers1 in his ,sunday sermons4 ,this excellent pastor1 who had been careful to keep clear of the whole affair before the downfall of the ,perdreaux1 contenting himself with praying and awaiting the good pleasure of the ,lord1 reappeared like an angel of consolation when nothing was left but tears to wipe away1 hatreds to calm1 simpletons to make hold their tongues1 and truths to make known4 ,it was wonderful to see how he forgot his great age and infirmities to fulfil his task1 which was not the easiest in the world4 ,with the chteau it was quickly done4 ,in a conversation of two hours with ,m4 le ,marquis1 who was a man of great good sense--except in what touched his political hopes--he made the scales fall from his eyes1 and decided his departure2 and as1 after all the villany of the ,perdreaux1 our master's fortune had not suffered as much as might have been expected--as it was very great1 and could have stood a much larger rent--our good pastor reserved his pity and real work for a corner of the country where it was infinitely more needed4 ,you can guess that ,i wish to speak of ,muiceron4 ,there truly sorrow1 shame1 and unhappiness were at their height4 ,so many blows at once had crushed the ,ragauds1 who no longer dared go out1 and remained at home1 devoured with grief4 ,the old farmer1 struck on the tender side of his pet sin1 which was vanity1 thought really that heaven and earth had fallen upon his shoulders1 and that he should only leave his home for the cemetery4 ,pierrette1 long accustomed to receive implicitly her husband's opinions1 thought also nothing wiser could be done2 and as for ,jeannette1 overwhelmed with grief to see herself abandoned by all her friends at the same time1 although apparently the strongest1 it looked as though she would go the first to the grave1 so plainly did her pallor and hollow eyes show the ravages of internal grief4 ,all the joy and life of rural labor had disappeared from around this house1 formerly so happy4 ,the door was closed1 the shutters also1 save one or two in the back rooms1 where these poor people kept themselves hidden1 afraid to speak1 as they knew one subject of conversation was alone possible1 and just then no one would approach it4 ,the passersby1 seeing the house shut up1 and not supposing all the inhabitants were dead1 ended by feeling uneasy as they passed the buildings1 but not one ventured to inquire about them1 not even ,ragaud's most intimate acquaintances4 ,it is only truth to add that these1 understanding well the sorrow that reigned within those silent walls1 acted thus from respect1 and not from indifference4 ,big ,marion went twice a week to the market in ,val,saint1 to buy provisions needed for immediate use1 and returned at a gallop1 to shut herself up with her master's family4 ,since ,muiceron had belonged to the ,ragauds1 it was certainly the first time any food had been cooked but the beef and poultry raised and killed on the place4 ,poor ,pierrette1 like all good housekeepers1 had always prided herself upon supplying the table with the fruit of her labors2 for with us1 a farmer's wife who buys even a pound of butter or loaf of bread passes1 with good reason1 for a spendthrift2 but1 alas6 selflove was no longer thought of1 and ,la ,ragaude cared little what was said of her management1 after she knew tongues could wag about affairs of much greater importance4 ,poor woman6 she must have been fearfully depressed4 ,judge how the chickens ran wild1 scratching up the gravel during the day1 and perching on the trees1 stiff with snow1 during the night1 at the risk of freezing4 ,the pig1 so fat it could no longer stand on its legs--as for a fortnight its true place would have been in the salttub--continued uselessly to eat his allowance4 ,the hens that recommenced to lay deposited their eggs at random1 without any one taking the trouble to go after them1 notwithstanding the little coricoco of warning1 which showed that they never failed to cluck at the right time most faithfully4 ,but ,marion could not see after everything2 and besides1 as she had always been very stupid during the time that all were well and happy at ,muiceron1 she became more and more stupid and bewildered after affairs went so badly4 ,such was the miserable condition in which our cur found his old friends on the first visit which he made them1 about two weeks after ,barbette's funeral1 with the sole object of raising them from the deep despondency into which they had fallen since the terrible shock4 ,pierrette received him in the big parlor1 which was very dark1 as the shutters were closed1 and for a quarter of an hour he could get nothing out of her but sobs2 then ,ragaud came in1 looking thin and miserable1 as much from want of air and exercise as from shame2 and finally ,jeannette1 who1 with a remnant of her old pride1 tried to keep from weeping1 but was nearly suffocated in the effort4 8,my children10 said the dear1 good man1 8,god tries those whom he loves1 and ,i certainly do not approve of your shutting yourselves up in this manner1 so as to avoid the society of your neighbors and friends1 on account of a sentiment which doubtless you think good1 but which ,i call honor ill placed--that is to say1 wicked pride1 to speak frankly40 8,alas60 said ,pierrette1 8who wishes to speak to us now80 8,whom have you offended80 replied the cur4 8,and why has the esteem in which you have long been held diminished80 8,monsieur10 said ,ragaud1 8my daughter was on the point of marrying a revolutionist and an assassin4 ,that is enough to kill a family like ours40 8,i acknowledge10 said the cur quietly1 8you could have made a better choice2 but1 in reality1 since all has ended without your playing any other part in this unfortunate affair than that of victims1 ,i do not see why you should hide yourselves from the eyes of the world as though you were criminals40 8,as for me10 said ,ragaud1 8,i can never reappear again in public1 and support the looks and words of the people around1 who certainly despise us40 8,ragaud10 replied the cur1 8when a man's shoe hurts him1 he usually sits down by the roadside1 and looks to see whether it is a thorn or a flint that causes the pain2 then he takes it out1 and all is over4 ,but if1 instead of that1 he continues walking1 his foot would swell1 the wound would inflame1 and the cure would no longer be easy4 ,do you understand me80 8,not at all10 said ,ragaud4 8,nor ,i either10 added ,pierrette1 still continuing to weep4 8,well10 said ,m4 le ,cur1 8it means that a wise man like you who fears anything of that kind should seek after the cause1 to see if by chance it would not be as easy to drive such an idea out of his head as to take a thorn out of a shoe4 ,and1 between ourselves1 it is precisely your case4 ,far from despising you1 each and every one in the neighborhood only feels for you compassion1 sympathy1 and kindness1 which they would willingly show in words and actions4 ,i am constantly asked about you1 and all desire you to return to the common life4 ,they do not come to disturb you1 through pure discretion2 but for which1 your house would be well filled4 ,but as long as you live like wolves in their den1 the pain increases in your heart1 and soon it will be with you as with the man1 wounded in the foot1 who will continue to walk--you cannot be cured40 8,m4 le ,cur is right10 said ,jeanne2 8we must reappear1 dear father40 8,without counting10 resumed the pastor1 8that you are not acting as ,christians when you show so much pride4 ,a ,sunday has passed1 and you were not seen at ,mass1 and nevertheless it is an obligation4 ,do you1 then1 intend to neglect your religious duties80 8,i would go to church if no one were there10 said ,ragaud4 8,is it you1 my friend1 whom ,i hear speak thus80 replied the cur sadly4 8,so you prefer the esteem of men to the blessing of ,god8 ,and you1 ,pierrette1 whom ,i have always known as such a good parishioner1 have you the same miserable ideas80 ,the ,ragauds lowered their heads without replying4 ,they felt they were wrong1 especially for the bad example given their daughter4 ,little ,jeanne1 on her side1 came to a resolute decision4 8,father and mother10 said she1 8,m4 le ,cur makes me understand all my sins2 for it is on my account you are thus borne down with grief4 ,i1 then1 must be the first to trample pride under foot4 ,well1 then1 ,i will go to ,val,saint on ,sunday1 and assist at ,mass and ,vespers in our usual place40 8,you shall not go alone1 my poor child10 said ,pierrette4 8,that is right10 said the cur2 8,i expected as much4 ,as for you1 my dear ,ragaud1 as ,i know you to be truly honorable1 you will not1 ,i suppose1 allow these two women to bravely fulfil their duty1 and leave you behind80 8,i will see2 ,i can't promise any thing10 answered ,ragaud4 8,i count upon you10 said the cur1 pretending to take these words as an engagement1 8and ,i beg that you will come after ,mass and dine with me2 ,germaine will have a nice dish of larks1 which will not be much expense1 as in this snowy weather they only cost five cents a dozen40 8,monsieur10 said ,ragaud1 who felt greatly relieved by this pleasant conversation1 which he very much needed1 8commence by taking supper with me this evening2 it will be a charitable deed to stay with people who are so unhappy40 8,willingly10 replied the cur2 8but with these closed shutters and cold rooms1 that make me think of a tomb1 ,i will not have any appetite4 ,you must change all that1 and let in some light4 ,come1 madame1 show us if you still can turn a spoon in the saucepan40 ,pierrette could not repress a pleased smile at this apostrophe1 and all her old occupations and favorite habits came back to her at the remembrancer1 which tickled her heart4 ,just as in nurserytales a wicked fairy enchants a house for a time1 and suddenly a good one comes1 and with a wave of her wand changes affairs2 at ,muiceron1 which appeared desolate and dead1 the words of the cur restored the old life and animation which were so pleasant to behold in the former prosperous days4 ,ragaud made a great fire to drive out the close1 damp smell2 ,pierrette threw open the shutters with a quick hand1 and1 seeing her garden ruined by the poultry1 she blushed from shame1 and grumbled aloud at her neglect4 ,that was a true sign that her courage had returned4 ,during this time1 ,jeannette and ,marion got out the linen for the table1 wiped the dishes1 gray with dust1 and prepared the fricasse1 which consisted1 for this meal1 of a ragout of wild rabbits that ,m4 le ,cur looked at with a mischievous twinkle in his eye1 as he knew well this game could only be the result of poaching4 8,there10 said he1 trying to the best of his ability to cheer up his poor friends1 8is a dish which does you honor1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 and that will be perfectly delicious if you will put a glass of white wine in the sauce4 ,but if you will let me give you a word of advice1 don't feed those little animals with cabbage40 8,why not80 said ,pierrette1 astonished1 thinking that ,m4 le ,cur mistook the game for a tame rabbit4 8,oh6 yes10 said he1 8that animal smells of cabbage1 unless ,i have lost the sense of smelling2 and it spoils the taste very much40 8,but1 monsieur10 answered ,pierrette1 half offended1 8this is a wild rabbit1 caught in the wood of ,la ,sange40 8,not possible60 cried ,m4 le ,cur1 feigning great astonishment4 8,and since when has the farm of ,muiceron1 which ,i have always seen the best supplied in the country with poultry1 sheep1 pigeons1 and all other productions1 been reduced to buy game stolen from its master for food80 8,marion bought it10 said ,pierrette2 8the poor girl goes after provisions1 and don't look far2 she brings back what she finds1 without thinking of evil40 8,so ,marion is mistress of the house now80 said the cur4 8,my dear friends10 he added1 8this is a little incident which carries a great moral with it4 ,i wish no further evidence to prove to you how much your grief1 just at the bottom1 is hurtful and wrong in reality4 ,when ,i came in1 ,pierrette1 ,i was pained at the disordered appearance of everything around4 ,in a little while ,muiceron will resemble the estate of an idle1 lazy man who lets the ground lie fallow4 ,what an example for the neighborhood1 who looked upon you as models6 ,come1 come1 you must change all this1 my good children4 ,commence your work2 there is enough to do4 ,i bet1 ,ragaud1 your horses have not been curried for two weeks80 8,alas6 monsieur1 you are half right--not curried as they should be10 answered ,ragaud in a penitent tone4 8,i must have lost more than six dozen eggs10 said ,pierrette1 looking down4 8,i know nothing about the eggs10 resumed ,m4 le ,cur2 8but as for your chickens1 who have not had a grain of food but the gravel they have scratched1 they are so lean ,i wouldn't eat one of them if you gave it to me40 ,these reproaches piqued the selfrespect of our good people more than any number of long and learned speeches uttered in a severe tone4 ,pierrette was deeply contrite for her faults4 ,on setting the table1 she could not keep from the eyes of ,m4 le ,cur1 who spied everything designedly1 the sixpound loaf of white bread which ,marion had that very morning brought home from the baker's4 ,this loaf1 that was long and split in the middle1 was not the least in the world like the bread made in the house1 and proved that ,pierrette had not kneaded the dough for a long time4 ,our cur would not let the bread pass unnoticed any more than the rabbit stew1 said it was dry and tasteless--which was true--and seized this opportunity also to make his friends promise to resume their ordinary train of life4 ,the supper was not very gay1 it must be acknowledged1 but passed off quietly1 and thus this visit of the cur1 which was followed by many others1 began to bring back peace in those hearts so crushed with sorrow4 ,the following ,sunday1 ,jeannette1 according to her promise1 went to ,val ,saint1 accompanied by her parents4 ,she appeared neither too proud nor too subdued1 but just between the two--that is to say1 she moved along with a look of perfect modesty1 which won every one's respect1 and made all the hats come off as she approached the church4 ,unfortunately1 it is too true that human nature is apt to rejoice over the misfortunes of others4 ,it is as though each one said1 at the sight of a thwack received by his neighbor1 8,so much the more on his back1 so much the less on mine40 ,and ,i do not conceal from you that the people of ,val,saint were not exempt from this culpable weakness4 ,on this very occasion even they were disposed to be severe2 for1 in fact1 the ,ragauds' misfortunes were a little their own fault2 and each one observed that if the parents had not been too proud and ambitious of making their daughter a young lady1 she would not have been exposed to choose for husband a scoundrel whom they thought a gentleman4 ,however1 sincere pity replaced every other sentiment when they saw this afflicted family reappear in broad daylight in such an humble attitude2 and poor ,ragaud1 who had made a violent effort to come1 gradually recovered his ease at the sight of the kind faces that surrounded him4 ,during the ,mass1 his old heart recovered its balance while praying to ,god4 ,he felt that affliction is a good means of becoming better1 because it draws the soul to its ,creator1 whom we are too often tempted to forget in the days of uninterrupted happiness2 and when the divine office was ended1 he could without difficulty stop in the village square1 and shake hands with several of his friends4 ,then they went to the pastoral residence1 where the cur received them joyfully1 and they ate with relish the dish of larks1 which was done to a turn4 ,at the dessert1 the ,ragauds looked like people restored to life1 so much balm had that genial morning infused into their blood4 ,jeannette alone did not share the general happiness1 and her bitter sadness1 which could not be disguised1 in spite of the care she took to smile and speak at the right time1 was visible to all4 ,it must be said to her praise that her vanity1 which had been so crushed1 was the least wound of her heart2 she felt there another so much deeper1 so much more painful1 nothing1 she thought1 could ever cure it4 ,where was ,jean,louis8 ,what had become of that brother she had driven out so roughly and unjustly8 ,her great seclusion since the terrible event had prevented her hearing a single word about him1 and she dared not question any one4 ,as for the ,ragauds1 father and mother1 they never mentioned him either1 but for another reason4 ,ignorant that ,jeannette had turned the poor boy out of the house1 they were still firmly convinced of his jealousy2 and as they believed him to be employed on some farm in the neighborhood1 they were very much incensed at his prolonged absence1 which1 in view of the present circumstances1 appeared the act of an ungrateful and hard heart4 ,m4 le ,cur1 who knew all1 and had ,solange's letter in his pocket1 designedly prolonged the grief of ,jeannette and the mistake of the ,ragauds1 in order that the lesson might be duly profitable to all4 8,you see10 said he1 8everything has happened as ,i foresaw4 ,fearing to displease you1 ,i did not invite any one to our little entertainment2 but understand well1 my children1 if ,i had had fifty vacant places at my table1 ,i would have had great difficulty in choosing my guests2 so many would have desired the pleasure of dining with you1 ,i would have been afraid of exciting jealousy40 8,m4 le ,cur10 said ,ragaud1 8,i thank you1 and hope that your kindness was not mistaken4 ,i speak the truth when ,i say that1 but for you1 ,i would have died rather than ever again have shown my face in public40 8,well1 now that it is all over1 let us talk of our friends10 replied the cur4 8,are you not curious to hear some news80 ,no one replied2 the tender chord was again touched4 8,i do not conceal the fact10 said ,ragaud1 8that more than one of those so called friends have pained us by their neglect40 8,let us be just10 said the cur2 8do you forget that your house was so tightly closed no one dared knock at the door8 ,i even hesitated to visit you1 and yet you cannot doubt my affection for you4 ,why1 then1 should others have been bolder80 8,oh60 said ,ragaud1 8any one that wished could easily have found his way in4 ,you had no difficulty1 dear monsieur40 8,that ,i grant1 but ,i was in the country4 ,do you know how many of your best friends are here yet8 ,in the first place1 the whole of the chteau are in ,paris40 8,yes1 ,i know it10 said ,jeanne4 8,my godmother did not bid me goodby40 8,she was very sick1 my daughter2 you must not illjudge her40 8,and ,michou80 asked ,ragaud4 8,michou was at ,mass1 directly behind you10 said the cur2 8and if he did not show himself1 it was from delicacy2 but he is not far off1 and will come at the first signal40 8,and ,solange80 asked ,jeanne1 in such a low tone she scarcely could be heard4 ,that was the name the cur was waiting for4 ,he looked at ,jeanne in a serious manner4 8,solange10 said he1 8left also on that unfortunate day1 and knew nothing of it4 ,she1 ,jeanne ,ragaud1 was your most faithful friend1 and is so still4 ,you have calumniated her1 my daughter4 ,i know it2 but ,i hope you have sincerely repented2 above all1 when you hear that she is now at the novitiate of the ,sisters of ,charity40 8,ah6 is it possible80 cried she1 clasping her hands4 8,dear ,solange6 how unjust ,i have been to her60 8,have you not been unjust to others also1 my child80 asked the cur with gentleness4 8,confess it1 ,jeannette2 you should do so from a sense of justice40 ,jeannette hid her face in her hands1 and burst into tears4 ,the question had pierced her soul4 8,m4 le ,cur10 said ,pierrette1 8,i know of whom you wish to speak2 but he1 ,i believe1 has not left the country1 and his conduct1 therefore1 is scarcely excusable40 8,ask your daughter10 replied the cur2 8she1 undoubtedly1 can answer that question40 ,and as ,jeannette could not speak on account of her tears1 he continued3 8,what could he do1 poor boy6 but disappear when the only roof that could shelter him refused to receive him4 ,he is no longer here1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 that child who loved you so dearly1 and who had proved it so well4 ,an inconsiderate word has driven him from your arms1 and1 having no other resource in this world1 he is going to become a soldier1 doubtless in the hope of dying honorably in fighting for his country40 8,never did ,i drive off ,jean,louis1 monsieur10 said good ,pierrette2 8no1 never1 ,i can truly swear40 8,nor ,i10 said ,ragaud2 8and at this very moment ,i am ready to redeem him from the conscription40 8,however1 he is gone10 replied the cur2 8and he1 like ,solange1 did not know you were in trouble40 8,oh60 cried ,jeanne1 falling on her knees1 8,i did it all4 ,heaven has justly punished me4 ,tell me where he is1 ,m4 le ,cur2 he will not refuse to pardon me1 ,i am so unhappy40 8,what did you do80 asked ,pierrette4 8,alas6 all this worry has turned the poor child's head4 ,of what do you wish to accuse yourself1 my daughter80 ,old ,ragaud1 who was not easily moved1 approached the little thing and placed his hand on her head4 ,he was very much affected to see her thus1 kneeling and weeping1 in the posture of a guilty person4 ,he looked at ,m4 le ,cur1 who looked at ,jeannette1 and ,pierrette looked at all three4 ,then that young girl did something very touching and unusual4 ,she wiped her eyes1 and1 without rising1 commenced in a sweet1 low voice the true confession of all her past conduct1 not sparing herself1 as was right and just1 and yet neither showing excitement nor too great bitterness against herself1 which was the mark of sincere repentance4 ,as she spoke1 her face regained its color1 and her eyes shone with holy joy2 for the ,lord1 who saw her laudable intention1 rewarded her with great interior relief for doing what for many others would have been the greatest mortification4 ,when she had finished1 she remained with her hands clasped1 and her head bent low1 before her parents and ,m4 le ,cur2 but no person broke the silence4 ,of the three witnesses of this affecting scene1 two wept behind their handkerchiefs1 and the third1 wishing to preserve his gravity as pastor1 was too much moved to articulate a word4 8,father10 continued ,jeannette in the same humble and firm tone1 8judge me1 now that you know how guilty ,i am4 ,it is to you ,i speak1 in presence of my mother and ,m4 le ,cur1 and ,i am ready to submit to whatever punishment you may inflict upon me4 ,i have deprived you of a son who made you happy1 that you might keep a daughter who has only drawn misery and sorrow on your house4 ,but that daughter is still capable of loving you2 let her remain with you1 that she may make reparation for her sins4 ,i know ,i do not deserve it10 added she after a moment's silence4 8,my daughter10 said ,m4 le ,cur1 8you have done well4 ,rise2 the good ,god pardons you1 and your parents also1 very certainly40 8,o my poor darling6 most surely10 said ,pierrette1 pressing her child to her breast4 8,and you1 ,ragaud1 will you not embrace your daughter80 asked ,m4 le ,cur4 ,the good farmer1 you may well think1 had no desire to be severe4 ,he kissed ,jeannette with great tenderness1 and made her sit down by him4 ,but his heart was much troubled2 now that he understood his injustice towards ,jean,louis1 and his rash judgment1 and remembering how easy it would have been for him to have prevented his departure by speaking a friendly word at the right time1 he reproached himself as bitterly as ,jeannette had done2 and if his paternal dignity had not prevented him from humiliating himself before his child1 he would have been tempted to confess in his turn4 8,m4 le ,cur10 said he1 8if ,god one day will let us know where ,jean,louis is1 do you think he would consent to return80 8,hem60 said the cur1 8he is proud2 that remains to be seen44440 8,oh6 ,i would beg him so hard10 replied ,jeanne4 8,in the first place1 my child1 we must put our hands on him2 and there is the difficulty4 ,jeannet is not a boy to change his resolution like a weathercock that turns to every wind4 ,and if he has enlisted1 you will have to run after his regiment40 8,poor child60 said ,ragaud1 8he don't know that he has a little fortune stowed away in a safe place1 and that it increases every year4 ,if it should cost three thousand francs1 ,i will redeem him1 no matter where1 no matter when40 8,father10 said ,jeanne1 8before leaving ,m4 le ,cur1 let me ask you one favor in his presence40 8,speak1 my child1 ,i promise it to you in advance10 answered the good man4 8,that you will never speak to me of marriage10 replied the little thing in a firm voice1 8and that you will let me assist my mother in all her labors in the fields40 8,and when mademoiselle comes back80 asked the cur1 with a spice of mischief4 8,oh6 ,i understand too well that my place is no longer at the chteau2 all our troubles have come from my having lived there too long10 said she4 8,jeanne ,ragaud10 said ,m4 le ,cur1 8always think so1 and conform your conduct to your words2 and if you will persevere in your resolution1 in the name of the ,lord ,i promise you that these trials will pass1 and that you will yet have many happy days40 ,m4 le ,cur pronounced these words in such a serious tone they all three felt wonderfully comforted4 ,we can truly say that this ,sunday was one of the happiest days in the life of the ,ragauds4 ,they went back to ,muiceron with courage and peace in their souls1 and on the next day each one set to work to repair the damage that two weeks of discouragement and gloom had introduced into that poor forlorn house4 ,the days passed rapidly between work and household duties faithfully accomplished4 ,gradually the remembrance of the recent misfortunes lost its bitterness1 and they were even able to speak of them sometimes to ,jacques ,michou1 who came frequently to visit his friends4 ,as the police sought in vain for ,isidore1 people ended by letting him drop2 and1 as always happens1 each one having resumed his usual course of affairs1 they came to the conclusion that perhaps he was not so guilty as had seemed at first sight2 so that1 but for their ignorance as to the fate of ,jean,louis1 one month after the catastrophe the ,ragauds appeared as happy and tranquil as before4 ,m4 le ,cur was not so ignorant1 being kept fully informed by ,jean,louis1 who wrote to him regularly1 but left to his wisdom to confide what he chose to the family at ,muiceron4 ,he preferred to keep a strict silence1 for the very good reason that he wished to prove1 by a long trial1 the sincerity of ,jeannette's conversion4 ,thank ,god6 on that side there was nothing to apprehend4 ,solange1 with her great charity of soul1 had not been mistaken in thinking ,jeannette's head weaker than her heart4 ,misfortune had so purified and strengthened the little creature1 ,jean ,louis would have loved her more than ever1 could he have seen her thus changed2 for although nothing is perfect in this world1 ,i can truly say1 without exaggeration1 she was now as near perfection as could be expected of anything human4 ,pierrette1 who at first wished to spare her little hands1 so unaccustomed to work1 did not wish her to undertake any of the heavier labor2 but ,jeannette was so quick and ready1 the hardest and most difficult tasks were always accomplished by the time her mother came to give directions4 ,she was the first at the stables in the morning1 which she never left until all was in order1 the fresh milk placed aside1 and the cream taken off that of the evening before2 on churning days she prepared the wheels of the machine1 which would afterwards be turned by ,marion4 ,it was she also who measured the ashes for the lye used in the big wash the fifteenth of every month2 and every week gave out the flour1 half wheat1 half rye1 for the family bread4 ,so great was her zeal she even wished to knead the dough1 and put the loaves in the oven1 which is terribly hard work2 but this time ,pierrette showed her authority1 and declared she would sooner give up baking at home than see her daughter wear herself out at the kneadingtrough like a baker's soninlaw4 ,from time to time1 ,m4 le ,cur visited ,muiceron at unusual hours1 so that his appearance would be entirely unexpected1 and always found ,jeannette busy with her household labors1 or1 if it was late in the day1 seated by the window1 mending the clothes and linen of the family4 ,her dress was always very simple1 even on ,sunday1 and you may well think that mademoiselle's beautiful dresses were left hanging in the closet without being even looked at occasionally4 ,for another girl it would have been advisable economy to make some use of them by altering the style1 so as to fit them for the farm2 but ,jeannette was too rich for any one to accuse her of extravagance for not using them1 and it was every way better she should not reappear in costumes that would recall a time which1 although passed1 still left a painful memory4 ,she generally wore a serge skirt1 striped in black and white1 with a woollen basque which corresponded2 and her ,indian neckerchief from ,rouen1 covered with little bouquets of bright flowers1 crossed in front1 under her apron1 was in no way more pretentious or coquettish than that of her mother ,pierrette4 ,she even wore the cap of our countrygirls1 which consists of a headpiece of linen1 with long ends of lawn1 which they cross above the head on the days they wish to appear very fine4 ,coquettes know how to make themselves very elegant by adding embroidery and lace2 but ,jeanne ,ragaud1 who could have bought out a mercer's shop1 thought no longer of beautifying herself1 much less her cap4 ,thus dressed1 she looked more like a quiet little outdoor sister of some convent than the sole heiress of a large estate4 ,she was told so sometimes1 which highly delighted her1 as she wished to appear in everything totally different from what she had been4 ,it needed a little courage to act thus before the eyes of the whole commune4 ,jeannette knew that after being called for ten years the vainest1 silliest little peacock in the country1 she was now looked upon as an exaggerated devotee2 and1 what was worse1 some said she had thrown herself into the arms of the good ,god because her marriage had been broken off4 8,wait and see10 said the busy tongues2 8only let her dear ,perdreau come back1 and all the fine dresses will be taken from the hooks1 as before his departure40 ,for they were persuaded she adored him1 and that she still preserved1 in the bottom of her heart1 a tender remembrance1 mingled with regret1 which only waited an opportunity to show itself4 ,now1 one's nature is not changed1 no matter how great is the desire to correct it1 and you know that ,jeannette was passionate and excitable4 ,she therefore had much to suffer1 and did suffer in silence1 thinking that all these mortifications would aid her to expiate her sins1 and to merit from the good ,god the favor of ,jean,louis' return1 which now was the sole object of all her thoughts1 desires1 and prayers4 ,to see again the friend of her childhood2 to soothe together the declining years of her old parents2 to converse with him as in old times2 to resume the gentle friendship1 which now was so ardently desired by her poor little heart2 to ask his pardon2 and to make him so happy that he would forget the past--this was what this repentant1 loving child thought of by day1 and dreamt of all night1 waking or sleeping4 ,as her conversion had not deprived her of penetration1 she quickly guessed that the good cur knew every movement of ,jean,louis from ,a to ,z2 and it was amusing to see the way in which she would turn and turn again her questions1 in the most innocent manner1 so as to obtain some enlightenment on the subject4 ,but our cur read this young soul like an open book1 and1 although he admired all that the ,lord was working in it for her good1 pursued the trial1 and1 under the manner of an old grandfather1 kindhearted and tender1 did not allow her to gain from him one foot of ground4 ,however1 occasionally he pretended to be surprised1 taken by storm4 ,it was when he would see the little thing sadder than usual1 and ready to be discouraged4 ,then he would loose the string two or three inches--that is to say1 he would say a word here and there1 to make it appear he would speak openly at his next visit2 and when that day came1 he played the part of a person very much astonished that anything was expected from him4 ,however1 like everything else1 this had to come to an end4 ,half through pity1 half through wisdom1 the dear cur thought--as he said himself--that if the bow was too much bent1 it would break2 so one morning1 having finished his ,mass and eaten his frugal breakfast1 he went to ,muiceron1 with the intention of conversing seriously with the ,ragauds1 and telling them all that he knew of good ,jean,louis4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,home ,rule ,for ,ireland4 ,the term ,home ,rule as applied to ,british politics1 in its local signification1 has been a very unfamiliar one to ,american readers until quite recently1 and even yet it is not generally recognized as the watch word of a powerful and growing political party in and outside of the ,english ,parliament1 which has its headquarters in ,ireland1 and numerous ramifications extending throughout the principal cities and towns of ,england1 ,wales1 and ,scotland4 ,in its leading features and designs this new organization may be said to be in fact the revival by another generation of the one formerly founded and led by ,o',connell1 and1 like its prototype1 is established for the purpose of effecting by constitutional means the abrogation of the treaty of union between ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 which was so delusively concocted and ratified1 in the name of those countries1 at the close of the last century2 and the consequent reconstruction of the ,irish ,parliament on a footing of equality with that of ,england4 ,it is by no means what might be called a revolutionary movement1 for it seeks neither to pull down nor destroy1 by force or conspiracy1 those bulwarks which society has raised for its own protection against lawless and unscrupulous demagogues2 its object is simply to restore1 as far as desirable and practicable1 the old order of things1 and to redress1 even at this late day1 an act of flagrant wrong and injustice done three quarters of a century ago to a long misgoverned people1 by restoring to them the right and power to regulate their own domestic affairs1 subject1 of course1 to the authority of the common sovereign of the ,united ,kingdoms4 ,the history of the treaty and acts of legislative union between ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 and of the motives which conduced to the formation of the conspiracy against the independence of an entire nation2 of the plots formed in the fertile brain of ,mr4 ,pitt against the civil and religious liberties of the sister kingdom1 and but too successfully carried out by ,castlereagh1 ,cooke1 and other officials in ,dublin1 has never been sufficiently studied1 even in this country1 where every measure affecting the freedom of mankind1 in what part of ,christendom soever1 possesses peculiar interest4 ,this defective knowledge of a subject comparatively modern may be attributed partly to the fact that we ,americans have been too much in the habit of looking at foreign politics through ,english spectacles1 and in part because there seems to be a principle in human nature which inclines us to ignore1 if not despise1 the sufferings of the needy and unfortunate4 ,vanquished nations are regarded generally as are poor relations whom no one cares to know or acknowledge4 ,and yet the circumstances which eventually led to the destruction of the ,irish ,parliament were almost contemporary with1 and to a certain degree grew out of1 our own ,revolution4 ,the causes that effected the severance of the ,north ,american colonies from the mother country1 and facilitated the consummation of our aspirations for independence1 operated1 paradoxical as it may seem1 to bind ,ireland firmer in the chains of alien thraldom1 as well as to extinguish the last spark of her freedom4 ,it is generally conceded that the ,irish ,parliament1 from its inception in the ,x,i,vth century till #aghb1 was not only not the legitimate legislative representative of even a moiety of the people of that country1 but was actually a very efficient instrument in the hands of their enemies4 ,at first it was merely an irregular gathering of the nobles and chief men of the 8,pale0--a term applied for hundreds of years after the invasion to four or five counties on the eastern and southeastern seaboard1 over which the ,anglo,normans held sway4 ,whenever a raid on the native chieftains was projected1 or a scheme of spoliation to be adopted1 it had long been the custom of the lord deputy1 or other representative of ,english authority1 to summon the heads of ,anglo,irish houses and a few of the principal burghers of the larger towns and cities within his jurisdiction1 to meet him at ,dublin1 ,drogheda1 or ,kilkenny1 and1 having given the motley gathering the sonorous title of parliament1 to demand the enactment of new statutes against the 8,irish enemy10 or to extort fresh levies of men and money for his incursions into the interior4 ,gradually1 however1 those erratic assemblies began to assume form and regularity1 and even to display a certain independence of action distasteful to the governing power4 ,as ,english conquest in ,ireland gradually widened its sphere1 particularly in ,leinster and ,munster1 the number of members who attended those sessions increased2 and as the descendants of the invaders1 having lost the attachment of their forefathers to ,england1 naturally evinced a desire to legislate for themselves1 it was thought desirable in ,london to nip in the bud a flower which might insensibly expand into national independence4 ,accordingly1 in the reign of the seventh ,henry1 the ,irish ,parliament being still weak and yielding1 a bill was passed by it acknowledging the dependence of that body on the king of ,england and his council4 ,this act1 called after its originator1 ,poynings1 most effectually repressed the aspirations of the only representative body in the kingdom1 and produced the desired results4 ,but as if this were not enough1 we find subsequently1 in the reign of ,william and ,mary especially1 instances of the ,english ,parliament legislating directly for ,ireland2 and in the sixth of ,george ,i4 there was passed a declaratory act which1 if any vestiges of freedom or manhood yet remained in the ,irish ,parliament1 most effectually destroyed them4 ,these efforts1 thus made from time to time to destroy the liberty and efficiency of the ,parliament1 naturally disgusted a great many of its members who had the least spark of selfrespect or personal honor left1 and drove them from the nation's councils2 those who remained being almost without exception government officials or newlyarrived and needy adventurers1 ignorant of the character1 wants1 and wishes of the people1 who hoped1 by the display of extraordinary zeal and sycophancy1 to push their fortunes and find favor in the eyes of the ,castle authorities4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 that a body composed of such elements should have unhesitatingly voted away the royalty of the ancient kingdom to ,henry ,,viii41 whose predecessors never claimed a higher title than that of lord2 that at the bidding of the same monster1 it officially and almost unanimously declared for the ,reformation1 and with equal alacrity1 in the reign of his daughter ,mary1 explicitly repudiated everything it had done a few years previously4 ,yet it still bore the semblance of a national legislature2 and1 gradually yielding to the influence of a growing public opinion1 some good men1 ,catholics as well as ,protestants1 were again to be found among its members in the subsequent reigns1 until that of ,william ,,iii41 when1 by an unconstitutional law of the ,english ,parliament1 the former were for ever excluded1 and never during its existence was one of that proscribed faith allowed to sit on its benches4 ,from this reign also may be dated the many cruel penal enactments1 over one hundred in number1 which disgraced its statutebooks2 though1 to do its members justice1 they never went so far in ferocity and ingenuity as did their brethren of ,london at the same period and even long previously4 ,but though fourfifths of the people were disfranchised and their co religionists denied a seat in the ,parliament1 that body was again gradually approaching the assertion of its right of selflegislation4 ,a new generation had sprung up during the later half of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century who knew not ,william of ,orange nor the bitter anti,irish prejudices that characterized his followers4 ,the bold1 incisive1 and satirical writings of ,swift1 the learned disquisitions of ,molyneux1 and the homely but vigorous appeals of ,lucas1 had not been without their effect on the young students of ,trinity and other colleges1 fresh from the study of the lessons of human liberty so frequently found in classic lore2 and the consequence was that when they entered the ,parliament as members1 confident in their position as gentlemen of fortune1 and selfreliant1 not only from their aristocratic connections1 but from their innate sense of mental superiority1 language began to be heard and applauded which1 for elegance1 grace1 and manliness1 had never been equalled in that hall before4 ,the outbreak of our ,revolution1 the broad principles of justice and humanity laid down in the speeches and writings of our ancestors1 and the trumpet toned ,declaration of ,independence occurring at the same time1 gave an impetus and a clarity of ideas on questions of government which1 up to that time1 had assumed neither form nor consistency4 ,the first symptoms of active agitation for their political rights may be said to have sprung up at this period among the ,irish of all conditions and creeds1 but more especially in ,ulster and the cities of ,dublin1 ,cork1 and ,limerick--the homes of manufactures and the centres of produce1 exports1 etc4 ,their grievances were of two classes3 restriction on foreign trade1 and parliamentary dependence and corruption4 ,under the first head1 it was charged1 and with great truth1 that ,irish merchants were prohibited by ,english laws from trading with ,france1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,holland1 many of the ,west ,india ,islands1 and the whole of ,asia1 for the purpose of benefiting their rivals in ,england2 thus utterly crippling the manufacturing interests of the country1 and completely stopping the exportation to these markets of farm products1 of which she had even then a superabundant supply4 ,this limitation of commerce had long been not only the principal cause of the impoverishment of the nation1 but a fruitful source of clamor and popular discontent1 which had invariably been unheeded by the dominant power as long as it was able to repress them by the strong arm4 ,at length1 however1 a change was about to take place4 ,soon after our ,war of ,independence broke out and the ,french alliance was cemented1 ,england was obliged to withdraw from ,ireland nearly the whole of her military and naval forces1 thus leaving the latter undefended by either regulars or militia1 and at any moment open to attack from the allies4 ,indeed1 ,paul ,jones several times appeared on the coast1 and in #aggihj the ,franco,spanish fleets were absolute masters of the ,channel4 ,the people1 kept in a constant state of alarm1 at last determined to arm for mutual protection2 and thus was originated that shortlived but remarkable body of citizen soldiery known as the ,irish ,volunteers4 ,the movement began in ,belfast in ,august1 #aggh1 and before two years elapsed it had spread over the whole country1 and counted on its muster rolls nearly one hundred thousand men1 fully armed and equipped at their own expense4 ,noblemen1 judges1 magistrates1 and prominent members of ,parliament were proud to serve in the ,volunteers as company or field officers2 and ,lord ,charlemont1 one of the most accomplished and liberal members of his order1 accepted the office of commanderinchief4 ,the external security of the island having thus been amply provided for1 attention was naturally turned to internal evils4 ,various meetings of ,volunteers were held in the several counties1 and strong resolutions passed in favor of the freedom of foreign trade4 ,the ,castle authorities were not in a position to resist a demand so made2 the ,irish ,parliament1 led by such men as ,grattan1 ,flood1 and other nationalists1 voted in favor of the immediate emancipation of commerce2 and the ,british premier1 ,lord ,north1 in ,december1 #aggi1 submitted three propositions to the ,english ,parliament to permit the export of glass and woollens from ,ireland1 and permission for her to trade with the ,american colonies1 ,africa1 and the ,west ,indies4 ,during the following ,february1 a bill embodying these provisions was introduced by the ministry1 and passed with little opposition4 ,this point gained1 the ,volunteers set to work to free the ,irish ,parliament itself from all dependence on the ,london ,privy ,council and the ,parliament of the sister kingdom4 ,in ,april1 #aghj1 ,grattan moved his ,declaration of ,rights1 which avowed1 among other truths1 8that his most excellent majesty1 by and with the consent of the lords and commons of ,ireland1 are the only power competent to enact the laws to bind ,ireland40 ,this resolution was1 however1 opposed on technical grounds1 and withdrawn4 ,during the following year1 ,mr4 ,yelverton asked leave to bring in a bill virtually repealing ,poynings' law1 which was granted by a vote of #afg against #cg1 though later in the session ,flood's motion of a similar purport was defeated by a majority of #gb4 ,the people1 who had anxiously watched the action of their representatives1 were now in a ferment of excitement1 and numerous meetings of civilians and ,volunteers were held throughout the provinces1 the most noteworthy of which was the convention of the ,ulster ,volunteers at ,dungannon1 ,february #ae1 #aghb4 ,this powerful assembly passed a series of manly resolutions in favor of the right of the subject to bear arms1 to express his opinions freely on political affairs1 and to worship ,god according to the dictates of his conscience2 but the one most to the point read as follows3 8,resolved1 unanimously1 ,that a claim of any body of men other than the king1 lords1 and commons of ,ireland to make laws to bind this kingdom is unconstitutional1 illegal1 and a grievance40 ,this was followed up by like meetings in the other sections of the country1 at which similar resolutions were adopted4 ,a few days after there was a change of ministry in ,england1 and of course a change of policy4 ,messages were sent in the name of the king to both ,parliaments1 ordering them to take into their most serious consideration 8the discontents and jealousies prevailing among his loyal subjects of ,ireland1 in order to such a final adjustment as may give mutual satisfaction to both kingdoms40 ,the answer of the ,irish ,parliament to this demand met with no opposition on the question of its adoption1 though it declared emphatically 8that there is no body of men competent to make laws to bind this nation except the king1 lords1 and commons of ,ireland2 nor any other parliament which hath any authority or power of any sort whatever in this country save only the ,parliament of ,ireland40 ,there was no mistaking or avoiding this expression of public opinion1 endorsed as it had been by a national army able and willing to second their demands2 so in ,may1 #aghb1 the act of sixth ,george ,i4 was repealed in the ,english ,parliament1 and the old objectionable law of ,poynings simultaneously suffered a similar fate in that of ,ireland4 ,irish trade was now free1 and ,irish legislation independent at least of alien dictation2 but another great task lay before the ,volunteers1 which unless accomplished1 their wellwon victories were likely to prove barren indeed4 ,this was the purification of their own ,house of ,commons1 and the right of representation for the people at large4 ,that the popular branch of the legislature wanted reformation badly may be judged from the status of its members as given by contemporary writers4 ,only seventytwo of them were returned by vote2 one hundred and thirtythree sat for 8nomination0 or 8close0 boroughs1 absolutely controlled by a few peers2 ninetyfive were similarly sent to the ,parliament by about fifty commoners2 so that1 out of the three hundred members of the house1 two hundred and twentyeight were wholly and solely dependent for their seats on less than half their own number4 ,when we consider1 also1 that of those creatures at least onehalf were officials1 pensioners1 or expectants of pensions and government favors1 we can well imagine how little reliance could be placed on their integrity or honesty in a struggle between a hostile1 inimical power and the people2 and it must also be remembered that at that time neither the right of representation nor of suffrage was allowed to the ,catholics1 who comprised seventy or eighty per cent4 of the entire population4 ,the ,volunteers1 therefore1 set to work to do for their countrymen what fifty years afterwards was at least partially effected by the ,emancipation and ,reform ,acts for the ,united ,kingdoms4 ,they again held meetings1 passed resolutions1 and even called a national convention to meet in ,dublin during the ,parliamentary session of #aghcd4 ,one hundred and sixty delegates accordingly met in the ,rotunda amid the general congratulations of the citizens and the high hopes of the nation4 ,but1 alas6 this sanguine confidence in the manliness and liberality of the delegates soon received a shock so rude that its effects were felt in the most remote parts of the island1 and carried with them gloom and dismay to the masses of the people4 ,the ,volunteers were an essentially1 and it might be said an exclusively1 ,protestant organization from the beginning1 but it was earnestly supported by the ,catholics from a feeling that unrestricted trade and legislative independence were national boons of the first importance1 as well as from an apparently wellfounded trust that1 these being obtained1 the abrogation of the penal laws and the right of representation would speedily follow4 ,they could not believe that an influential but very small minority1 seeking liberty for themselves1 would persistently deny it to the large majority of their countrymen4 ,they were now about to be undeceived4 ,one of the very first resolutions passed at the convention read as follows3 8,resolved1 ,that the ,protestant inhabitants of this country are required by the statute law to carry arms and to learn the use of them10 etc42 and1 lest any doubt should remain of the bigotry and narrowmindedness which pervaded the representatives of the ,volunteers1 the plan of reform1 as drawn up by ,flood and subsequently adopted1 was made to read thus3 8,that every ,protestant freeholder or leaseholder1 possessing a freehold or leasehold for a certain term of years of forty shillings' value1 resident in any city or borough1 should be entitled to vote at the election of a member for the same40 ,the limitation of the right to bear arms and to vote to ,protestants only was the destruction of the moral as well as physical power of the ,volunteers1 and a deathblow to the longings and aspirations of the patriotic ,catholics4 ,it was more than a blunder1 it was a crime--a piece of rank1 selfish hypocrisy1 which ill became men who had the words of freemen on their lips1 but1 it appears1 the feelings of tyrants in their hearts4 ,in vain did the ,irish ,catholics protest in a series of resolutions2 in vain did the ,earl of ,bristol1 then ,protestant ,bishop of ,derry1 vehemently advocate the claims of the people to something like religious and social equality4 ,the convention was deaf to all remonstrance and entreaty1 and blindly rushed to its own destruction4 ,it had taken the only step that could have gratified its enemies1 and1 by throwing away the friendship and support of the vast majority of the population1 it left itself exposed and naked to the attacks and machinations of the ,castle authorities4 ,pending the ,american war1 ,england looked with fear and anxiety on that large body of armed men that could at any time1 and with little risk1 sever the connection between the two countries1 for she was powerless to resist them2 yet1 when somewhat recovered from her humiliating defeats in her quondam colonies1 she turned all her attention and used all her art to destroy not only the ,volunteers1 but the ,parliament that had recognized and fostered them4 ,she was determined1 if possible1 that such a dreaded contingency should not occur again4 ,the convention1 as we have seen1 had rejected the moderate demands of the ,catholics1 many of whom1 despairing of justice in that quarter1 naturally looked to the government for some modification of their disabilities2 while the ,parliament1 always under official control1 took advantage of the occasion to sow division and discord among its members4 ,when ,flood1 fresh from the ,rotunda1 moved for leave to bring in a reform bill embodying the plans of the convention1 it was refused by a majority of eighty in a total vote of two hundred and thirtyfour4 ,the history of ,ireland from this time till the close of the century could well be blotted out1 for the sake of human nature1 from the annals of the race4 ,the ,volunteers1 who ought not only to have been the defenders of the country from foreign enemies1 but the protectors of the civil rights of their countrymen at home1 after the scornful rejection of their claims by ,parliament and the adjournment of their convention1 ceased to be either feared or respected4 ,many of their most prominent officers went over to the government1 others of more advanced views joined the secret society known as the ,united ,irishmen4 ,the ,english authorities1 having thus succeeded in their first project even beyond their expectations1 applied themselves with extraordinary industry to carry out the second4 ,agrarian outrages became more frequent2 8,peepo'day boys0 and 8,defenders0 terrified the peaceful farmers of one or other side2 ,orangemen were petted and armed1 while ,catholic bishops and priests were deluded with false promises2 the royal grant to ,maynooth ,college was increased at the same time that martial law was proclaimed in the most peaceful ,catholic districts2 and churches were being burned to the ground unrestrictedly by those who wore the king's livery4 ,at the general election1 which took place in #agij1 the most scandalous means were adopted to secure a thoroughly subservient majority in the lower house2 and1 lest this should not be sufficient1 new peers were created through corrupt influence1 in order that the lords might not offer any opposition to the behests of the ,castle4 ,it is difficult to imagine the scenes of outrage1 rapine1 private revenge1 and general consternation which grew out of a persistence in so wily and nefarious a policy4 ,supported secretly by the authorities1 the ,orangemen became utterly regardless of the lives of their ,catholic neighbors2 while they1 with a choice only between the oppression of an armed faction of bigots on one side1 and the tender mercies of ,english law on the other1 naturally inclined to the latter as the lesser of two evils1 and began to long for imperial protection4 ,there were many1 however1 who joined the ,united ,irishmen1 and here again arose another division4 ,that society was a sworn secret organization1 and1 as such1 the hierarchy and the priesthood were bound to condemn it1 no matter how much they may have sympathized with its aims1 and to denounce all who were in its ranks4 ,but notwithstanding the state of fear1 confusion1 and disruption to which the country was reduced1 the ,english officials still feared to bring before the ,parliament the question of a union4 ,a blow must first be struck that would drive terror into the hearts of the whole people2 so terrible and sanguinary that even the greatest lover of his country's independence would1 it was hoped1 gladly desire peace and order1 even at the price of ,british connection4 ,this was done in #agih4 ,the ,united ,irishmen proposed to resort to armed insurrection and an appeal for ,french support1 but as yet had committed no overt act of treason4 ,the government1 which had all along been cognizant of their schemes and movements1 resolved to anticipate them by driving the country into premature rebellion2 its tactics differing1 however1 in various localities4 ,to ,wexford1 always a very peaceful1 ,catholic county1 where there were very few ,united ,irishmen1 they sent the infamous ,north ,cork militia1 whose cruelty was only surpassed by their abject cowardice4 ,these miscreants were to a man ,orangemen1 and their line of march to the town of ,wexford1 for miles on both sides1 was marked by the ruins of burned chapels and the corpses of slaughtered peasantry4 ,it was only then that the people of that country rose up in arms1 seeking 8the wild justice of revenge10 and waged on the murdrous brood a war which1 for bravery and decisiveness during the time it lasted1 has few parallels in modern history4 ,in ,dublin1 the chiefs of the intended insurrection were suddenly seized1 imprisoned1 and many of them finally executed4 ,the ,presbyterians of ,ulster1 the originators of the ,united system1 were hurried into untimely outbreaks by the knowledge of the discovery of their designs1 and1 after three or four detached efforts at rebellion1 were easily put down by the militia and regular troops4 ,then came the judicial murders1 drumhead courtsmartial1 torture and death4 ,no man1 no matter how innocent1 considered himself safe1 and no woman was free from insult and outrage4 ,the spirit of the government seemed to be infused into all its officials from the highest judge on the bench to the lowest constable1 and that spirit was one of terrorism and slaughter4 ,ireland was now prostrate1 defenceless1 and bleeding from every artery and vein1 and this was considered a fitting time to rob her of her ,parliament1 and snatch from her enervated grasp the last remnant of her independence4 ,the measure was introduced into both ,parliaments almost simultaneously1 at first with doubtful success1 but afterwards carried with little difficulty1 except the expenditure of enormous sums by the government in bribing and pensioning members4 ,the most alluring prospects were held out to the ,catholics to induce them to support the measure out of ,parliament--they had no voice inside of it--but1 to their credit be it said1 not even a moiety of them were deceived by such treacherous proposals4 ,they were assured that1 after the union1 ,english capital would flow free as water into the country2 that protection for their persons and property against ,orange fanatics would be fully guaranteed2 and that many of the more oppressive clauses in the penal code would be repealed--all of which1 it is unnecessary to say1 were conveniently forgotten by ,pitt and his successors once the abominable bargain had been closed4 ,the act of union passed the ,irish ,house of ,commons ,june #g1 #ahjj1 and the ,house of ,lords on the #acth of the same month1 to take effect on the #ast of ,january following4 ,the deed was at last accomplished1 and ,ireland1 deceived1 betrayed1 and dejected1 sank down into the lethargy of despair till once more aroused to action by the magnificent genius of the great agitator1 ,o',connell4 ,for a long time he dared not hope or ask for a repeal of the union1 but confined himself to the removal of ,catholic disabilities1 as the operation of the nefarious penal laws was elegantly called2 though occasionally1 in his more comprehensive speeches1 he alluded to the future possibility of such a demand4 ,emancipation gained1 the ,reform ,bill carried1 and the tithe1 poor law1 and other questions of minor importance more or less satisfactorily disposed of1 ,o',connell turned his serious attention to the restoration of the ,irish ,parliament4 ,he initiated the movement in #ahdj1 but for some time with very little appearance of making it in any sense a national one4 ,the people were supine1 and those who should have been their leaders rested content with comparative religious equality and the friendship of the ,whigs1 who1 when in power1 were always generous of petty offices to the poor relations and dependants of those who could influence elections in their favor4 ,but the great ,liberator1 though he had nearly reached that term of threescore and ten allotted as the span of man's life1 was still full of vigor and determination4 ,he travelled through every part of ,ireland1 arousing the dormant1 reassuring the timid1 arguing with the disputatious1 and hurling his anathemas against those who1 from cowardice or venality1 refused to join in the crusade against ,english influence in ,ireland4 ,his success was more than wonderful4 ,the hierarchy unanimously declared in favor of 8repeal10 the priesthood almost without exception became his warmest and most efficient supporters1 and of course the mass of the people1 always on the right side when properly led1 greeted him everywhere with the wildest applause4 ,money poured in from all sides to help the national cause2 not ,ireland and the ,british ,islands alone contributing their quota1 but the continent of ,europe and the evergenerous people of ,america lavishly advanced funds for the purpose of aiding the people in obtaining self government4 ,then came the year #ahdc--the year of the monster meetings at central and timehonored localities1 such as ,mallow1 ,tara1 ,mullaghmast1 and ,clontarf1 where assembled countless thousands of welldressed1 wellconducted1 and unarmed peasantry1 to listen to the voice of their champion and his co laborers1 and to demand in peaceful terms the restoration of their filched legislative rights4 ,the ,british government was decidedly alarmed1 and with good cause4 ,it tried to stem the torrent of popular opinion by the most extravagant distribution of patronage1 by landlord intimidation1 the denunciations of a venal press1 and even by intrigues at the court of ,rome2 but all to no effect4 ,rendered desperate1 it even projected a general massacre at ,clontarf2 but this savage project was defeated by the judicious conduct of the repeal leaders4 ,next it evoked the terrors of the law2 for in ,ireland1 unlike most free or partially free countries1 the law has actual terrors for the good1 but very little for the wicked4 ,o',connell and eight of his associates1 including his son ,john1 three editors1 and two ,catholic priests1 were arrested1 indicted for 8conspiracy10 tried1 and all1 on the #cjth of ,may1 #ahdd1 were sentenced to imprisonment1 with the exception of ,f4 ,tierney1 who had died before the trial4 ,the effect on the country was the reverse of what was expected4 ,o',connell's popularity1 if possible1 increased1 the repealers became more numerous1 and several ,protestant gentlemen of fortune and influence1 who had hitherto held aloof1 joined the association4 ,but when three months had elapsed1 and the decision of the packed ,dublin jury and the rulings of the stipendiary ,english judges were set aside by the ,house of ,lords1 led by ,brougham1 the enthusiasm of the people knew no bounds4 ,these indeed were the halcyon days of ,ireland4 ,never were her people so numerous1 prosperous1 and contented1 so full of thankfulness for the present and hope in the future4 ,of the nine millions of her population1 at least twothirds were active repealers or in sympathy with their cause4 ,no nation1 in fact1 was ever more unanimous on any public question than were the ,irish of the years #ahdde1 and never was the country so free from crime of every degree4 ,much of this enviable condition was to be attributed to the oftrepeated admonition of ,o',connell1 that 8he who commits a crime gives strength to the enemy02 more1 perhaps1 to the unceasing admonitions and personal presence of the priesthood at the monster gatherings2 but most1 we think1 to the workings of ,f4 ,mathew's beneficent projects4 ,it was a fortunate coincidence that the ,apostle of ,temperance and the great ,liberator were contemporaries4 ,for the one teetotaler the first could show1 the other could point out an ardent repealer4 ,but a change was impending that1 amid the sunshine and gladness of the hour1 was undreamt of--a change that was to spread woe and desolation over the face of the fair island4 ,famine1 gaunt and hideous famine1 with her attendants1 pestilence and death1 was knocking at the door1 and would not be denied admittance4 ,the first symptoms of the failure of the potato crop1 then almost exclusively the food of five or six millions of people1 appeared as early as #ahde1 and1 though it created much alarm and distress in certain neighborhoods1 was not of so widespread a nature as to excite general anxiety till the close of that year and the beginning of the next4 ,o',connell1 the mayors and corporations of the large cities1 and many other prominent persons1 lay and clerical1 having exhausted all the resources of private charity1 strenuously but vainly urged on the government the necessity of taking some steps to save the lives of the people4 ,they represented1 and truly1 that the grain crop alone of the country was sufficient to feed twice the number of inhabitants1 and asked that its exportation might be prohibited2 that a large portion of the imperial revenue was raised in ,ireland1 and suggested that a portion of it might be expended there on useful public works1 and thus afford employment to the famishing and needy2 that a great part of the lands then unproductive might be reclaimed with benefit to the holders1 and proposed that the government ought to loan money to the landlords for that purpose1 to bear interest1 become a first lien on the land1 and to be repaid at the expiration of a certain number of years4 ,their appeals were answered by coercion and arms acts1 and by the repeal of the ,corn ,laws1 by which the ,irish producer1 who was obliged to sell his cereals in ,english markets in order to pay his rent1 found himself undersold by importers from the great grainproducing countries1 like ,russia and the ,united ,states4 ,in truth1 ,england did not want to stay the famine1 for it was her best and only ally against the repeal movement2 and the 8providential visitation10 as it was blasphemously called by her politicians and clerical demagogues1 was allowed to take its course4 ,thus unchecked1 the dire destroyer swept on from county to county during the years #ahdfghi1 till the island1 so fair to view in #ahdd1 became almost a deserted graveyard1 and its inhabitants who had neither sunk beneath its curse nor fled the country became a nation of paupers4 ,it is now proven by trustworthy statistics that during those five years over one million fled for ever from their homes1 and that at least a million and a third perished on their own soil1 amid plenty1 from want of food and the ravages of the fatal typhus6 ,no wonder1 then1 that the great repeal organization drooped1 quarrelled1 and finally ended a lingering and impotent existence a few years after4 ,the bone and sinew of the land1 who had given vitality and strength to its labors1 were either far across the ,atlantic or rotting in paupergraves4 ,no wonder1 also1 that its great founder and chief1 overburdened with years1 but more by national misfortunes1 should have sickened at the sights around him1 and1 fleeing from the ills he could not cure1 should have died on a foreign soil1 far from his beloved fatherland4 ,but though the famine had mortally wounded the repeal movement1 its demise was hastened by dissensions among the leaders themselves4 ,in #ahdf1 in a discussion on the expediency of the use of moral force solely as a means of obtaining national redress of grievances1 hot and personal remarks fell from the lips of the speakers on both sides2 great excitement was created among the audience1 and finally ,o',brien and many of the ablest and most active of the repeal writers and speakers withdrew1 and formed what was called the ,confederation or 8,young ,ireland0 party4 ,though thoroughly honest1 hightoned1 and brilliant as orators and journalists1 the ,young ,irelanders could never win any appreciable amount of popular support2 and though up to ,february1 #ahdh1 when the ,french ,revolution threw ,europe into a ferment of excitement1 they never contemplated armed resistance1 the people generally looked upon them with suspicion1 and refused their co operation4 ,in the summer of that year1 however1 they did make an attempt at revolution1 and1 as might have been expected1 miserably failed4 ,thus the 8,association0 and the 8,confederation0 disappeared almost at the same time2 and now that a quarter of a century has passed1 and a new generation has come to the front1 we find the principles and aims of the original organization revivified and incorporated into what is called the 8,home ,rule ,league40 ,in its demands1 this association is more moderate than was ,o',connell4 ,he wanted repeal of the treaty and act of union1 pure and simple1 and the restoration of the national legislature as it was in #aghb1 with the emancipation and other kindred acts superadded4 ,the ,home ,rulers1 if we may judge from the resolutions passed at a very large conference held lately in ,dublin1 only ask for a parliament to regulate their domestic affairs1 leaving to the ,british imperial ,parliament full power and authority over all matters concerning the entire empire1 or1 in other words1 placing ,ireland in the same position with regard to the lawmaking power as that now held by ,canada1 except the right of ,ireland to send a proportional number of members to the imperial assembly4 ,the success of such a scheme in ,ireland would naturally lead to the restoration of the old ,scotch ,parliament1 and possibly to imperial representation for ,canada and other transmarine colonies of ,great ,britain4 ,hence the widespread interest it has excited throughout the empire4 ,the objections to the homerule plan1 as far as we can gather them from the ,english and ,tory ,irish press--for the politicians have carefully avoided its discussion--are principally three3 ,i4 ,the confusion and possible conflict of authority which might arise from having two coordinate legislative assemblies under the same government4 ,,ii4 ,that the people of ,ireland are unable to govern themselves1 and1 as the last ,parliament was lost by the corruption and venality of its members1 a restored one would be open to the same deleterious influences4 ,,iii4 ,that as the ,catholics1 from their numbers1 would necessarily have a majority in the ,commons1 the rights of property and the guaranteed privileges of their ,protestant fellowsubjects would be in danger4 ,,iv4 ,that the granting of legislative power would be only a step to complete independence4 ,to these objections it is answered1 first1 that as the advocates of home rule merely require power to regulate affairs purely domestic1 and not touch on those within the jurisdiction of an imperial ,parliament1 there would be little possibility of a collision of the two bodies2 secondly1 they admit the premises1 but deny the conclusion regarding the probability of bribery and corruption1 for the conditions are altered4 ,the rotten and presentation boroughs1 from whence the tools of the ,castle sprung1 have been swept away by the ,reform ,bill1 and landlord influence has received a decided check by the adoption of the ballot4 ,they further allege that the ,catholics now1 particularly since the ,encumbered ,estates ,act was passed1 are the most numerous body of landholders in the kingdom1 and are consequently conservative1 and would be exceeding jealous of any agrarian law that might be proposed2 that the late ,church ,disestablishment and ,land ,acts have done away with many of the causes of quarrel between ,catholics and ,protestants growing out of tithes1 endowments1 etc42 and triumphantly point to the numerous ,protestant gentlemen1 many of whom are clergymen1 who have joined their movement4 ,as to the idea of total separation1 they very properly retort that if ,ireland will not rest satisfied with the concession of her just demands1 it is not likely that she will be more loyal to the crown as long as they are withheld4 ,this repeal movement1 in another shape1 like its predecessor1 had a very obscure birth and a small christening4 ,about three years ago1 a few gentlemen met in a private room in the city of ,dublin to chat over political affairs1 amongst whom was ,isaac ,butt1 a member of ,parliament1 and a lawyer of large experience and great eminence in his profession1 who suggested the outlines of the present plan of operation4 ,like most hardy plants1 its growth was at first slow1 but it has recently sprung up a hale1 hearty tree1 with boughs overshadowing all classes and creeds at home1 and roots extending through the sister island and its dependencies4 ,from the first the leadership has been accorded to ,butt1 who1 though by no means a man of the gigantic calibre of ,o',connell1 is still a very competent political guide and an energetic organizer4 ,though a ,protestant and a great favorite with the more liberal sectarians1 he seems to enjoy the confidence and friendship of many of the ,catholic bishops and a large number of the priesthood1 particularly those of the venerable ,archbishop ,mc,hale1 whose name we find appended prominently to the call for the late conference in the capital4 ,with ,butt are such men as ,sir ,john ,gray1 ,mr4 ,mitchell,henry ,sullivan1 ,dease1 ,major ,o',reilly1 ,digby1 ,synan1 ,murphy1 ,blennerhassett1 the ,o',connor ,don1 and other prominent laymen2 while the ,catholic clergy in great numbers1 headed by ,dean ,o',brien1 of ,limerick1 are active sympathizers4 ,the ,home ,rulers count in their ranks in ,ireland alone about sixty members of ,parliament1 besides nearly half that number representing ,english constituencies4 ,sir ,charles ,gavan ,duffy1 one of the most profound and the best organizing minds that ,ireland has produced for many generations1 is1 it is said1 about to return from ,australia1 and again enter the ,british ,parliament as the representative of an ,irish constituency4 ,duffy is a ,catholic1 a man of varied and remarkable experience in public affairs1 and would be a most valuable acquisition to the nationalists in council or ,parliament4 ,the movement1 as we have stated1 is not merely confined to ,ireland4 ,it is nearly as popular and has almost as many supporters in ,england and ,scotland2 and in every liberal newspaper published in those countries that reaches us we find reports of numerous meetings in the principal towns and cities1 and even villages1 of ,great ,britain4 ,the ,english ,catholic press particularly favor it1 and this adds greatly to its strength4 ,a late number of the ,london ,tablet says in reference to the homerule conference3 8,we can all know at present what is demanded under the name of home rule2 and we may frankly say at once that we have been agreeably impressed by the moderation and evident thoughtfulness which have presided over the preparation and adoption of the various resolutions that embody the proposed homerule constitution4 ,it is superfluous to say that there is not a trace of revolution about them4444 ,what1 however1 is not superfluous to say is that the new programme of the ,home ,rulers appears to us to have discarded with discrimination almost everything which could prejudice their cause1 and to have retained almost everything calculated to render their project acceptable to the ,british public and imperial ,parliament40 ,the ,weekly ,register1 on the same subject1 makes the following sensible remarks3 8,from ,tuesday to ,friday1 both inclusive1 hundreds of ,irishmen from the north and from the south1 from the east and from the west1 ,protestants and ,catholics1 alumni of ,maynooth and of ,trinity ,college1 met in the ,rotunda to discuss the expediency of demanding of the imperial ,parliament such a modification of the act of legislative union as will allow the people of ,ireland to manage their purely domestic concerns without in the least interfering with matters of an imperial character2 and during these memorable four days1 as we have already observed1 the most admirable temper was manifested and the most perfect order maintained1 or rather observed2 for the chairman had throughout only to listen like others and put the question4 ,the principal1 if not the sole1 ground of difference of opinion was the constitution of the domestic ,parliament4 ,to some members of the conference the ,house of ,lords seemed a difficulty4 ,undoubtedly there cannot be in these realms any ,parliament without a ,house of ,lords1 and there ought not to be4 ,equally certain is it that differences--serious differences--will sometimes arise between the ,irish peers and the ,irish commons4 ,but does nothing of the sort ever occur in the imperial ,parliament8 ,yet1 notwithstanding the dissensions1 occasionally of a very violent character1 that happen between the ,houses at ,westminster1 the constitution works and the business of the empire is done1 not always in the best fashion1 we admit1 but still so to keep the vessel of state well afloat40 ,many of the bishops and clergy in ,england1 also1 are warm sympathizers1 if not active advocates1 of the proposed repeal1 as the following extract from a recent letter of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,turner1 late ,bishop of ,salford1 will in part demonstrate4 ,with regard to home rule1 writes that prelate1 8it seems to me that some measure of home rule for ,ireland is certain4 ,it is but a question of time and amount4 ,parliament will1 sooner or later1 be obliged to grant it1 if only for the despatch of imperial business4 ,a strong feeling prevails in favor of large powers of local and municipal selfgovernment even in ,england1 and the extension of this principle must inevitably come to ,ireland40 ,we cannot but agree with the good bishop in his views of the necessity of some change in the parliamentary system of the ,united ,kingdoms1 at least as far as ,ireland is concerned1 and trust1 sincerely trust1 that his predictions will be justified by events1 and that very quickly4 ,with a home government1 a denominational plan of education1 and a fostering public opinion for ability and native genius1 which would surely follow1 that longsuffering but faithful island might in the near future equal1 or even excel1 the glories that shone around her in her first ages of ,christianity4 ,sonnet3 ,good ,friday4 ,behold the highest ,good6 there on the cross ',tis pictured on a canvas so sublime ,that ,god's own thought1 conceived before all time1 ,is fitly told2 the universe at loss ,to fathom it1 its mighty forces toss ,in darkened struggles that do wildly chime ,in thund'rous mutt'rings with the monstrous crime ,that man conceives2 yet all the varied dross ,of nature's agitations but compose ,the adjuncts to that central ,form1 where ,god1 ,enthroned in pain1 all suffering doth enclose ,in one brief day1 that never might be trod ,a path more hard than that did interpose ',twixt ,pilate's hall and ,calvary's bloodstained sod4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,x4 ,the ,descent of ,avernus4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house of ,yorke40 ,it was ,annette who told ,miss ,pembroke the result of the trial1 taking it on herself as a sort of mission4 ,without saying a word on the subject to each other1 perhaps without defining it clearly in their own minds1 they had yet acted on an impression that she was to be treated with peculiar delicacy and tenderness in the matter4 ,as young ,mrs4 ,gerald came down the street toward her motherinlaw's home1 she saw ,miss ,pembroke approaching her slowly from the opposite direction1 a child at either side4 ,she was just coming from her school1 and these two little ones lived in the neighborhood1 and were privileged to walk home with their teacher1 each holding in its little hands1 for warmth1 a fold of her large sable cloak4 ,it was a still1 frosty day1 with a sparkling depth of cloudless blue overhead1 and a spotless carpet of newlyfallen snow1 white as swan's down1 underneath4 ,but the midair1 rosy now with sunset1 imparted a tinge of violet to the sky and a soft blush to the earth4 ,sleighs1 with their gay bells1 flew to and fro1 the drivers muffled to the eyes from the stinging cold2 and the planks of the sidewalk crackled under the steps that trod them4 8,what a motherly look she has60 ,annette ,gerald said to herself1 as she stood waiting at the gate1 and watching her friend4 ,honora had quite a matronly appearance1 indeed1 in the thick furs she always wore in winter4 ,she was fond of warmth1 and scarcely quick enough in her motions to resist the cold of a northern climate by means of exercise alone1 and the cap1 muff1 boa1 and mantle made her look like a ,juno exiled to the court of ,odin4 ,the cold melancholy of her expression1 the face as untouched with color as a white camellia1 was in keeping with the fancy4 ,she did not hasten when she saw a visitor waiting for her1 nor give any smile or word of welcome4 ,if there was a sign of emotion1 it was in the slight gesture with which she detached herself from her two little attendants1 who1 for the first time1 missed the leavetaking they prized so much4 ,they had been wont to be stroked on the cheeks1 with a gentle 8,goodby02 and1 running1 hand in hand1 down the street1 to turn at the first corner1 and see their teacher wave her hand to them as she stood on the piazza4 8,my dear ,annette1 why did you not go in1 instead of freezing here in the snow80 she said1 and seemed too much occupied in opening the gate to be able to look in her friend's face1 though her disengaged hand held that of her visitor closely4 8,oh6 ,i never feel the cold in this still weather10 ,annette said lightly4 8,besides1 ,i do not like to enter alone a deserted house4 ,there is no one here but the servant4 ,mamma ,gerald is with us1 and we persuaded her to stay to dinner4 ,i wish you would go up too40 ,they had entered the house4 ,miss ,pembroke paused a moment at the foot of the stairs1 then led the way up to her chamber4 ,evidently she knew that there were tidings for her1 and suspected that they were not good4 8,i shall not dine at home today10 she said1 catching sight of the servant4 ,but she did not1 apparently1 mean to go out1 for she deliberately removed her wrappings1 and put them away2 then seated herself beside her friend1 and looked at her with an expression that bade her speak out her errand1 whatever it might be4 8,it has gone as badly as it could10 ,annette said quickly4 8,he is1 then1 found guilty80 ,miss ,pembroke asked1 without the slightest sign of emotion4 ,annette nodded4 8,he is convicted on circumstantial evidence4 ,it is as plain as such evidence can be1 but not plain enough to shake my hope1 at least1 of his innocence4 ,lawrence is utterly disgusted and indignant with the whole affair4 ,he says he would at any time head a party to rescue ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,he felt so angry that he wouldn't stay at home after coming up to tell us1 but started off again somewhere40 8,is he sentenced80 ,miss ,pembroke asked1 speaking with some difficulty4 8,yes60 ,and since the eyes fixed on her still waited for more1 ,mrs4 ,gerald added3 8,there is a year solitary40 ,honora's eyes opened a little wider4 8,a year solitary80 she repeated4 8,why1 yes1 dear4 ,you know it is the custom to give a year of solitary imprisonment before44440 ,miss ,pembroke put her hand up1 and seemed to clear some mist from before her eyes4 8,before what80 she asked in a confused way4 8,dear ,honora60 exclaimed her friend1 8need ,i say what80 ,and then started up with a little cry2 for ,miss ,pembroke1 without a word or sign of warning1 had slipped out of her chair1 and fallen heavily to the floor4 ,it is not necessary to make an outcry because a lady has fainted1 unless there is no person of sense present4 ,annette ,gerald did what was needful without calling for help1 and her efforts were soon rewarded4 ,the cold hand she held suddenly became warm and moist as the recoiling wave of life rushed back1 and in a few minutes ,miss ,pembroke was able to rise from the floor1 and go to the sofa4 ,annette sat by her in silence1 now and then touching her hand or her hair with caressing fingers1 and waited for her to speak4 ,if she had to wait some time1 it was not because her friend had not returned to full consciousness4 ,miss ,pembroke was too strong and healthy to creep back to life1 even after so violent and unaccustomed an attack4 ,it was1 perhaps1 the first time she had ever fainted1 and she was left almost ignorant of what had happened to her2 but of the cause she was not a moment in doubt4 ,it came back clearly on the first wave of returning consciousness4 ,she lay with her eyes closed1 and strove to set her mind in order again1 and set it so firmly that this terrible and entirely unexpected fact should not again derange its action4 ,she had not once anticipated such a conclusion4 ,her thoughts had occupied themselves with the horrors of the accusation1 and the worst result she had looked for was that1 though the prisoner would doubtless be acquitted1 he would not be able to shake off the disgrace of having been suspected1 and would go out into life branded with an ineffaceable mark--a mark which his name would bear even in her own mind4 ,she had said to herself that1 pity him as she might1 she desired never to see him again1 not because she believed him capable of any great crime1 but because his image would always be associated with painful recollections1 and because his dignity had been soiled by such circumstances and associations4 ,now1 however1 he was presented to her mind in quite a new light1 more pitiful1 yet with a pity far more shrinking and remote from its object4 ,in this woman1 confidence in1 and obedience to1 authority was an instinct2 and as she contemplated the decision of the law against ,mr4 ,schninger1 she began to look on him somewhat as a ,catholic looks upon those whom the anathema of the church has separated from the fellowship of the faithful1 8so that they are not so much as to say to them1 ,god speed you40 ,a silent and awful distance grew up between them4 ,after a while1 she sat up1 and began calmly to put her hair and dress in order4 8,it is very terrible1 ,annette1 and we may as well try to put it quite out of our minds10 she said4 8,we can do nothing1 that ,i see1 but pray for his conversion4 ,i thank you for coming alone to tell me of this1 for ,i would not have had any other person see me so much affected by the news4 ,people imagine things and tell them as facts1 and there are many who are capable of believing that ,i had loved ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,i never did40 ,there were times when ,honora ,pembroke's soft eyes could give a look that was almost dazzling in its firm and open clearness2 and as she pronounced these last words1 she looked into her companion's face with such a glance4 ,mrs4 ,gerald rose and walked somewhat impatiently to the window4 ,she had hoped and expected to startle ,honora into some generous expression of interest in ,mr4 ,schninger1 and to win from her some word of pity and kindness which1 repeated to him1 would be like a drop of cooling water in his fiery trial4 8,i am sure ,i should never imagine you capable of having an affection for any one whom the whole world does not approve10 she said rather pointedly1 having snatched the curtain up and looked out1 then dropped it again4 8,if you can put the subject out of your mind1 and remember ,mr4 ,schninger only when you are praying for the heathen1 so much the better for your tranquillity4 ,i am not so happily constituted4 ,i cannot dismiss the thought of friends because it troubles me1 nor because some person1 or many persons1 may believe something against them40 8,what would you have me do80 ,miss ,pembroke asked rather loftily1 yet with signs of trouble in her face4 8,nothing1 my dear1 except that you put on your bonnet and come home to dinner with me10 ,annette replied1 assuming a careless tone4 ,miss ,pembroke hesitated1 then refused4 ,it would be certainly more sensible to go if she could1 but she felt herself a little weak and trembling yet1 and disinclined to talk4 ,the best distraction for her would be such as she could find in reading or in prayer1 if distraction were needed4 ,she felt1 moreover1 the coldness that had come over her friend's manner more than ,annette was aware1 and for a moment1 perhaps1 wrung by a cruel distrust of herself1 envied her that independence of mind and ardor of feeling which could at need strengthen her to face any difficulty1 and which rendered her capable of holding firmly her own opinions and belief in spite of opposition4 ,miss ,pembroke seemed to herself in that instant weak and puny1 not because she did nothing for ,mr4 ,schninger1 but because1 had she seen the possibility or propriety of her doing anything1 she would have lacked the courage4 ,it was a relief to her1 therefore1 to find herself alone1 though1 at the same time1 she would gladly have had the support and strength which her friend's presence could so well impart to one in trouble4 ,the door closed1 and she looked from the window and saw her visitor walk briskly away without glancing back4 8,i wish ,i had some one10 she murmured1 dropping the curtain from her hand1 and looking about the room as if to find some suggestion of help4 8,i am certainly very much alone in the world4 ,mother ,chevreuse is gone2 ,i cannot go to ,f4 ,chevreuse about this2 and the others jar a little with me40 ,and then1 like a ray of soft and tender light coming unexpectedly to show the path through a dark place1 came the thought of ,sister ,cecilia and her gentle companions4 ,they had asked her to come to them1 if they could ever be of any use to her1 and ,sister ,cecilia particularly had spoken to her with an affectionate earnestness which was now joyfully remembered4 8,i cannot hope to be to you what ,mother ,chevreuse was1 but ,i would be glad if ,i could in a little1 even1 supply her loss to you4 ,come to me1 if you ever wish to1 quite freely4 ,you will never find me wanting in sympathy or affection40 ,and she had scarcely been to them at all6 ,she dressed herself hastily1 and called a carriage4 ,it was too late to walk there1 for already the sun was down2 and it was nearly two miles to the convent4 ,the sharp air and brisk motion were restorative4 ,they brought a color to her face1 and sent new life through her weakened frame4 ,besides1 when one feels helpless and distressed1 rapid motion gives a relieving impression that one is doing and accomplishing something1 while1 at the same time1 it saves the necessity of effort4 ,sister ,cecilia was in her own room1 writing letters1 her little desk drawn close to the window for the light4 ,she looked out when she heard the carriage1 and beckoned ,miss ,pembroke to come upstairs then hurried to meet her half way4 ,she had guessed her visitor's motive in coming1 and it needed but a glance into her face to confirm the thought4 8,come into my chamber1 dear10 she said4 8,it is the pleasantest room in the house at this hour4 ,see what a view ,i have of the city and the western sky4 ,i sit here to write my letters1 and every moment have to leave off to admire the beautiful world outside4 ,it is a sort of dissipation with me1 this hour of sunset4 ,this armchair is for you4 ,it is my visitor's chair4 ,i should feel quite like a sybarite if ,i were to sit in it40 ,she seated ,honora by the window1 drew up her own chair opposite her1 and went on talking cheerfully4 8,i sometimes think that all the earth needs to make it heaven is the visible presence of our ,lord and his saints4 ,it would require no physical change4 ,of course ,i include the absence of sin4 ,there is so much beauty here1 so much that we never notice1 so much that is everyday1 yet miraculous for all that4 ,look at that sky6 ,did you ever see such a rich air8 ,it needs the cold purity of the snow to keep it from seeming excessive40 ,a long1 narrow cloud had stretched itself across the west1 and1 drawing to its bosom the light of the sun1 now hidden behind the hills1 reflected it in a crimson flood over the earth4 ,through this warm effulgence fell1 delicately penetrating1 the golden beams of the full moon1 changing the crimson of the air to a deepopal color1 and putting faint splashes of gilding here and there beside the rosy reflections4 8,how the earth draws it in60 said the nun dreamily4 8,it never wastes the beauties of the sky4 ,it hoards them up1 and gives them out long after in marbles and precious stones4 ,did it ever occur to you to wonder how those bright things could grow in the dark underground8 ,i used to think of it in ,italy1 where ,i first saw what marbles can be4 ,i remember my eyes and my mind wandering to that as ,i knelt before the ,confession of ,s4 ,matthew the ,evangelist1 in ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 where the walls of the atrium glow with marbles2 and the lesson ,i learned from it was this3 that even though pains and sorrows of every kind should intervene between us and the joy of life as thickly as the clay1 and rock1 and turf had intervened between the sunshine of heaven and the dark place where those marbles took form and color1 we could yet1 if we had real faith1 be conscious of all the glory and joy taking place overhead1 and reproduce them for ourselves down in the dark1 and make that beauty more enduring because we were in the dark4 ,at the sunny surface1 the brightness slips off and shadows succeed2 but that solid jewel in the depths is indestructible4 ,my dear0--she turned to her companion with a soft suddenness which warmed but did not startle--8do you remember ,s4 ,paul's recommendation1 #8always rejoice'8 ,it is possible4 ,and now tell me why you do not40 ,her eyes1 beaming with religious enthusiasm and tenderest human affection1 searched frankly the pale face before her1 and her hand was laid lightly on ,miss ,pembroke's arm4 ,no reserve nor timidity could stand before her4 ,they melted like snowflakes beneath the heavenly summer of her glances4 ,honora told freely and simply what had distressed her4 ,how sweet is the friendship of one true woman for another6--sweeter than love1 for it is untroubled1 and has something of the calmness of heaven2 deeper than love1 for it is the sympathy of true natures which reflect each the entire being of the other2 less selfish than love1 for it asks no merging of another into itself2 nobler than love1 for it allows its object to have other sources of happiness than those it can furnish2 more enduring than love1 for it is a life1 and not a flame4 8,but can you not see1 my dear10 the nun said presently1 8that it would have been better if you had not had any friendly intercourse with him1 even though this terrible thing had never happened8 ,the injunction not to be unequally yoked with one another refers1 ,i think1 to all ties as well as to marriage4 ,the gulf is too wide between the ,christian and the ,jew to be bridged over for familiar friendship4 ,it is too wide for anything but prayers to cross4 ,once admit any intercourse with unbelievers1 and you peril your faith2 and1 besides1 you cannot set a barrier firmly anywhere when the first one is down4 ,i have heard it said that this ,jew loved you1 and even fancied it possible that you would marry him40 8,people ought not to say such things60 exclaimed ,miss ,pembroke1 blushing deeply4 8,people ought not to have the chance to say such things1 my dear girl10 replied the nun4 8,it was offering you an insult when he offered you his hand40 8,o dear ,sister6 is not that too severe80 expostulated ,honora4 8,setting aside what has happened since1 should ,i not recollect1 when a man makes me such an offer1 what his intention is1 and how the subject looks to him8 ,and cannot ,i refuse him1 and see that it is impossible for me to do otherwise1 yet feel kindly toward him1 and wish him well1 and believe that he has meant to show me both affection and respect80 8,honora10 said the ,sister1 8if any man had struck your mother1 then turned to offer you his hand1 would you not have recoiled from him in disgust and indignation80 8,surely ,i would60 8,and is your ,god and ,saviour less dear and sacred to you than your mother80 the other pursued4 8,can you allow your thoughts to dwell with kindness and complacency on one who blasphemes the crucified ,redeemer1 and calls him an impostor8 ,because you have not heard this man talk against your faith1 you forget what he must think of it4 ,i tell you they mock at him1 these ,jews1 and they call us idolaters4 ,and what could he think of you1 when1 knowing that you adore ,christ as ,god1 he asked you to be the wife of one who would laugh1 if he did not rave1 when he saw you making the sign of the cross8 ,he must have thought your faith so weak that he could in time make you renounce it4 ,and the reason why he thought so was because he saw you receiving him in a friendly way1 as if friendship were possible between you4 ,i speak of what he was4 ,what he is1 we have nothing to do with40 ,miss ,pembroke's eyes were downcast4 8,when you place the subject in that light1 ,i am forced to think myself all in the wrong10 she said4 8,but most people do not think in that clear1 positive way4 ,they act on an inherited motive1 and their beliefs are moss grown1 as it were40 8,they have no faith10 was the quick reply4 ,honora was silent a moment1 then said1 with some hesitation3 8,i am always afraid of being uncharitable and illiberal1 and perhaps ,i err the other way40 8,my dear1 it is easy to make a mistake there1 and very dangerous too10 the ,sister replied with decision4 8,what is charity8 ,you must first love ,god with all your heart2 and if you do that1 you will be very shy of the enemies of ,god4 ,you cannot serve two masters4 ,as to liberality1 there is no greater snare4 ,it is not liberal to squander the bounty and honor of ,god2 it is not ours to spend4 ,it is not liberal to praise those whom he condemns1 and bless those whom he curses4 ,it is not liberal to love those who refuse to acknowledge and obey him1 and to contradict what he has clearly said4 ,or if these things are liberal1 then liberality is one of the worst of vices1 and one of the most futile too4 ,why1 if ,i were to desire the reputation of being generous1 and1 having nothing of my own1 should take what is not mine and give it away1 ,i have stolen1 it is true1 and ,i have obtained a reputation that ,i do not deserve1 but1 also1 ,i have enriched some one2 whereas1 if ,i put my hand into the treasury of ,god1 and try to bestow on another what he has denied1 the hand comes out empty4 ,i have insulted the ,almighty1 and have not benefited any one4 ,do not suffer yourself to be deceived by sounding phrases4 ,what are these people who talk so much of liberality8 ,are they liberal of what is theirs to give8 ,far from it4 ,do they give away all they have to the poor8 ,do they forgive their enemies8 ,do they give up their pride and vanity1 and spend their lives in laboring for the needy8 ,quite the contrary4 ,they are lavish only of what is not theirs to give4 ,it has been reserved for those whom they call bigots to show an ardent and unsparing liberality in sacrificing their private feelings1 their wealth1 their comfort1 their reputation1 their lives even1 for the glory of ,god and the saving of souls4 ,there is the true liberality1 my dear1 and all other is a snare40 8,i wish ,i could shut myself up with ,god1 and get into the right path again4 ,i am all wrong40 8,why not come here and make a retreat80 the ,sister asked4 ,it was so precisely and unexpectedly what she needed that ,honora clasped her hands1 with an exclamation of delight4 8,the very thing6 ,yet ,i had not thought of it4 ,when may ,i come8 ,very soon8 ,it was surely an inspiration1 my coming here tonight40 ,immediately her troubles began to lift themselves away1 as fogs begin to rise from the earth even before the sun is above the horizon4 ,the certainty of approaching peace conferred a peace in the present4 ,she was going to place herself in the hands of ,him who can perform the impossible4 ,sister ,cecilia had supplied her need perfectly4 ,hers was not one of those impassioned natures which need to be1 soothed and caressed into quiet4 ,a certain vein of gentle selfsufficiency1 and a habit of contentment with life as she found it1 prevented this4 ,she wanted light more than warmth4 ,it was already dark when they went downstairs1 and since1 from economy1 the nuns did not have their entries lighted1 the two had to go handin hand1 groping their way carefully1 till they came to a turn in the lower passage2 and there1 from the open door of the chapel at the further end1 a soft ray of light shone out from the single lamp that burned before the altar4 ,by daylight both chapel and altar showed poor enough2 but in the evening1 and seen alone by this small golden flame1 the imperfections were either transformed or hidden4 ,dimly seen1 the long folds of drapery all about gave a sense of seclusion and tenderness2 one seemed to be hiding under the mantle of the ,lord2 and the beautiful mystery of the burning lamp made wonders seem possible4 ,kneeling there alone1 one could fancy all the beautiful legends being acted over again4 ,sister ,cecilia and ,honora1 still handinhand1 knelt in the entry the moment they saw that light4 8,you remember the chalice of the bees80 whispered the nun4 8,i never come here in the evening1 and see that bright little place in the darkness1 but ,i think of that sweetest of stories4 ,and ,i would not be surprised to hear a buzzing of bees all about the sanctuary1 and see the busy little creatures building up a chalice of fine wax1 as clear as an alabaster vase with a light inside40 ,they walked slowly and noiselessly by the door1 and1 as they passed it1 saw beside the altar what looked almost like another lamp1 or like that illuminated vase the ,sister had fancied4 ,it was the face of ,anita1 which reflected the light1 her dark dress rendering her form almost invisible4 ,that face and the two folded hands shone softly1 with a fixed lustre1 out of the shadows4 ,no breath nor motion seemed to stir them4 ,the eyes fixed on the tabernacle1 the lips slightly parted where the last vocal prayer had escaped1 she knelt there in a trance of adoration4 ,but one could see1 even through that brightening halo and sustaining peace1 that a great change had taken place in the girl during the last few weeks4 ,her face was worn quite thin2 and the large eyes1 that had been like dewy violets bending ever toward the earth1 burned now with a lustre that never comes from aught but pain4 8,how the innocent have to suffer for the sins of the guilty60 sighed the nun1 as she led her visitor away4 8,that child has received a blow from which ,i am afraid she will never recover4 ,she is like a broken flower that lives a little while when it is put in water4 ,her conscience is at rest2 she does not say now that she is sorry for having had anything to do with that trial2 she does not complain in any way4 ,she seems simply broken4 ,and here she comes now6 ,she has heard our steps1 and is afraid she has stayed too long in the chapel40 ,the young girl came swiftly along the passage1 and held out her hands to ,miss ,pembroke4 8,i knew you were here10 she said1 8and ,i was waiting to hear you come down4 ,mother told me ,i might come and say goodby to you40 8,but you have not yet said a word of welcome10 ,miss ,pembroke replied1 trying to speak cheerfully4 8,oh6 yes1 when ,i saw you come1 ,i welcomed you in my own mind10 she replied1 without smiling4 ,honora waited an instant1 but ,anita seemed to have nothing to say except the goodby she had come for4 8,our whispering did not disturb your prayers80 she asked1 wishing to detain her a little longer4 8,oh6 no40 ,she glanced up at ,sister ,cecilia1 as a child1 when doubtful and lost1 looks into its mother's face1 then dropped her eyes dreamily4 8,i do not say any prayer but #8amen4' ,nothing else comes4 ,i kneel down1 thinking to repeat1 perhaps1 the rosary1 and ,i am only silent a while1 and then ,i say amen4 ,it is as well1 ,i suppose40 ,honora kissed the child's thin cheek tenderly4 8,goodby1 dear10 she whispered softly4 8,say one amen for me tonight40 ,she went out into the still and sparkling night1 and was driven rapidly homeward4 ,on her way1 she passed the prison1 and1 looking up1 saw over the high wall a light shining redly through the long row of grated windows4 ,it was a painful sight1 but no longer unendurable4 8,no prayer but amen10 she repeated4 8,what does it matter by what road we go1 so long as we reach heaven at last2 whether it be in peaceful ways1 or through sin and suffering80 ,another carriage drew up at the gate as she reached home1 and ,mrs4 ,gerald descended from it1 having just returned from ,mrs4 ,ferrier's4 8,upon my word1 young woman60 ,annette's voice called out from a pile of furs in the carriage4 8,we have been saying our goodnights in whispers1 and hushing the very sleighbells1 so as not to disturb your slumbers2 and here you are out driving40 ,her bright and cheerful voice broke strangely into ,honora's mood4 ,was there1 then1 anything in the world to laugh about1 anything that could possibly excite a jest8 8,goodnight1 ,mother ,gerald60 the young woman added4 8,don't stand there taking cold4 ,and if you do not see ,honora in the house tonight1 make up your mind that ,i have carried her off with me1 as ,i shall try to4 ,come here1 my dear1 and give an account of yourself4 ,where have you been80 ,as ,honora reached the carriage door1 young ,mrs4 ,gerald leaned out and caught both her hands4 8,come with me to find ,lawrence10 she whispered hurriedly4 8,he has not been home yet1 but he will go for you40 ,though recoiling from the errand1 ,miss ,pembroke would not refuse it4 ,she stepped into the carriage1 and suffered herself to be driven away4 ,it was the first time such a service had ever been demanded of her4 8,where is he8 ,do you know80 she asked4 8,oh6 yes4 ,he is only playing billiards10 the young wife answered1 and a sharp sigh seemed to cut the sentences apart4 8,it is the first time for a long while1 and ,i want to break it up in the beginning4 ,john went down and told him that his mother was dining with us1 but ,lawrence paid no attention40 ,she leaned back a little while without saying a word as they sped over the smooth snow4 8,it seems a shame to drag you into such an affair1 ,honora10 she said presently2 8and ,i had not thought of it till ,i saw you1 and then it came like a flash that you could help me4 ,what ,i want of you is to write on a card that you and ,i are waiting for him4 ,john will carry it in to him1 and he will recognize your writing40 ,the horses were drawn up before a large marble hotel1 lighted from basement to attic4 ,the shops underneath were all closed2 but from three broad lower windows a bright light shone around the heavy lowered curtains1 and in the stillness they could hear the faint click of billiardballs4 ,there was no sound of voices from inside1 and it was impossible to know if the players were few or many4 ,honora wrote hastily1 by the moonlight1 as she was bid1 8,annette and ,i are waiting for you10 and ,john took the card4 8,why doesn't he go to this door80 she asked1 seeing the man disappear around a corner of the house4 8,you child60 said her friend compassionately2 8are you so innocent as to suppose that any one can walk into one of those places when he pleases8 ,these charming runions are held with locked doors1 and one has to have the password to go in40 ,honora was silent with indignation4 ,to her mind1 ,lawrence could not do his wife a greater injury than in allowing her to become acquainted with such places1 and she was half disposed to be vexed with ,annette for not leaving him to himself1 and refusing to be drawn into any objectionable scenes and associations4 ,annette divined the last thought1 and replied to it4 8,it is impossible for a wife to be scrupulous as to the means by which she shall withdraw her husband from danger10 she said with quiet coldness4 8,they are one4 ,if he is soiled1 she cannot be quite clean1 except in intention1 unless she is very selfish2 and then her intention is not good1 which is worse yet4 ,of course she should be careful not to draw others into her affairs40 8,you must know far better than ,i1 ,annette10 her friend said quickly1 feeling as though she must have spoken her thought4 8,at all events1 you cannot be called selfish4 ,and1 indeed1 if the angels of heaven were over scrupulous with regard to their associations1 we should lack their guardianship40 ,here ,john appeared1 walking briskly round the corner of the hotel1 and immediately after ,lawrence ,gerald came to the carriagedoor4 8,you here1 ,honora60 he exclaimed4 8,what could have induced you80 8,we had better not ask each other questions10 she replied coldly4 8,it is late4 ,will you come home with us80 ,she drew back into a corner1 and made room for him1 with an air almost of disgust2 for the moonlight showed his face flushed with drinking1 and1 as he spoke1 a strong odor of brandy had been wafted into her face4 ,he was too much confused for anything but simple obedience1 and in rather a stumbling way took the seat assigned him4 8,honora has been driving this evening1 and is sleepy and chilly10 his wife made haste to say in explanation1 inwardly resenting her friend's hauteur1 and regretting having brought her4 8,she is going home to stay all night with us4 ,i am sure you did not know how late it is40 ,she furtively picked up his hat1 that had fallen off1 went on talking lightly1 to cover his silence or prevent his saying anything senseless1 and tried in every way to screen him from the scorn that she had exposed him to4 ,he leaned back in the carriage1 and took no notice of her4 ,the presence of ,honora ,pembroke had confounded him1 and he had just sense enough left to know that he could not keep too quiet4 ,what had stirred her to interfere in his affairs he could not guess1 for ,annette had always so screened him that it never occurred to him she could have asked her friend to come4 ,had he known1 it would have fared hard with his wife4 ,he had1 however1 prudence and temper enough to keep him from making any disagreeable demonstration4 ,john was at hand when they reached home1 and1 as the ladies went hastily up the steps and into the house1 they were not supposed to be aware that it was his arm which enabled ,mr4 ,gerald to go in without falling4 ,then ,mrs4 ,ferrier stood in the open drawingroom door1 and1 under cover of her welcome to ,honora1 he managed to get up stairs unnoticed1 fortunately for all4 ,for the truce between ,annette's husband and her mother was over1 and their intercourse was assuming a more unpleasant character than ever4 ,now1 it was nearly always ,lawrence who was the aggressor4 ,even when ,mrs4 ,ferrier showed a disposition to conciliate1 he found something irritating in her very goodnature4 ,partial as his mother was1 she was moved to expostulate with him after witnessing two or three of these scenes4 8,you ought to recollect her good intention1 ,lawrence1 and try to overlook her manner10 she said4 8,i know well she does not show very good taste always2 but you cannot criticise a woman in her own house40 8,i am seldom allowed to forget that it is her house10 returned the son rather sulkily4 8,at least1 my dear1 do not provoke her into reminding you of that10 ,mrs4 ,gerald urged4 ,lawrence wished to stand well with his mother1 and had1 indeed1 improved in his behavior toward her in proportion as he had grown more impatient with ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 ,he seemed now to regret having answered her unpleasantly4 8,if you knew1 mother1 all the little annoyances ,i have to bear from her1 you wouldn't blame me so much10 he said coaxingly4 8,with other frets1 she has a habit of asking any of us who may be going out where we are going1 and when we are coming back2 and ,annette has humored her in that till she thinks she has a right to know4 ,teddy always tells her1 too2 but then he tells lies4 ,that makes no difference1 though1 to her4 ,well1 ,i have broken her of asking me when ,i am alone2 but if ,annette is with me1 she asks her4 ,can't you imagine1 mother1 that it would get to be irritating after a while8 ,it makes me so nervous sometimes that ,i have really skulked out of the house slyly1 as if ,i had no right to go4 ,and then1 when ,i come in1 she will say1 #8,why1 where have you been1 ,lawrence8 ,i didn't hear you go out4' ,if a door opens anywhere1 she goes to see who is about4 ,i believe if ,i should get up in the middle of the night1 and try to creep out of the house without being heard1 ,i should see her head poked out of the chamberdoor before ,i'd got halfway downstairs4 ,then she peers and finds out everything4 ,annette and ,i had a bottle of champagne the other night in our room1 and the next morning she spied out the bottle1 and spoke of it4 ,i suppose she heard the cork pop when ,i drew it4 ,you never looked after me half so closely when ,i was a little boy1 always in mischief1 as she does now ,i am a man4 ,she knows what my clothes cost1 every rag of them1 and how many clean collars and handkerchiefs ,i have in the week40 8,i am sure she need not trouble herself about how much your clothes cost1 since you pay for them yourself10 ,mrs4 ,gerald said1 her face very red4 8,and if she grudges you clean collars1 send your linen home1 and ,i will have it washed there40 8,oh6 she has no such thought10 ,lawrence made haste to say4 8,she doesn't mean to be cross about any of these things1 but only prying4 ,she wants to overlook everybody and everything in the house1 and it annoys me4 ,i only tell you so that you may not wonder if ,i do speak out now and then about some small thing4 ,then what do you think she has proposed about my going into business80 8,well80 ,mrs4 ,gerald said uneasily4 8,she has selected a partner for me40 ,his mother waited for an explanation4 8,and who should it be but ,john60 8,john who80 asked ,mrs4 ,gerald wonderingly1 trying to recollect some notable person of that name among her youthful acquaintances4 8,why1 ,i do not know that he has any other name4 ,the big ,english fellow who lets you in here1 and waits at dinner1 and opens and shuts the carriage door40 8,what6 you do not mean the footman80 ,mrs4 ,gerald cried4 ,her son laughed bitterly4 8,i asked her if he was to open the shopdoor1 and carry parcels1 and if he would have the same sort of cockade on his hat1 and she got quite angry about it4 ,she says he has saved a good deal of money1 and means to go into business1 and she thinks ,i couldn't have a better partner4 ,what do you think of it1 mother80 ,mrs4 ,gerald leaned back in her chair1 and put her hand up to her face1 half hiding a blush of vexation4 ,she was not willing to tell ,lawrence all she thought of the matter4 8,what does ,annette say80 she asked4 8,annette vetoed the proposal up and down4 ,i've heard nothing of it for a week or more4 ,i only told you because you seem to think me too difficult40 ,mrs4 ,gerald sighed4 ,she had hoped to see her son busy and contented after his marriage1 and she found him only more idle and dissatisfied than before4 ,with the partiality of a mother1 she tried still to find him unfortunate instead of blameworthy1 and1 rather than see any fault in him1 looked only at his difficulties1 refusing to recollect how easily he could now overcome them all4 ,she fancied erroneously that to suggest to him that his trials had a good deal of brightness to relieve them1 would be to show a lack of sympathy and tenderness1 and that the best way to comfort him was to let him see that his annoyances showed in her eyes as misfortunes4 ,it was a mistake which1 in her oversensitive affection1 she had always made with him4 ,his wife acted otherwise4 8,there is no use in anticipating evil1 ,lawrence10 she said4 8,perhaps that may be the means of bringing it about4 ,fortune loves a smiling countenance4 ,as to mamma's plans and wishes with regard to ,john1 the best way for us is to assume that it is impossible she should ever regard him as anything but a servant4 ,and1 indeed10 she concluded with dignity1 8,i think she never can do otherwise40 ,but this assumption did not prevent young ,mr4 ,gerald from going privately to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and begging him to interfere and try to bring her mother to reason2 and perhaps ,mrs4 ,ferrier was never so near being in open revolt against her pastor as when he undertook to show her that there were certain social distinctions which it was her duty to recognize and respect4 8,i think1 ,f4 ,chevreuse10 she said stiffly1 8that a priest might do better than encourage pride and haughtiness40 8,he could scarcely do worse than encourage them10 he replied calmly2 8and it is precisely against these sins that ,i would put you on your guard4 ,persons are never more in danger of falling into them than when they are complaining of the pride of others1 and trying to reform what they conceive to be the abuses of society and the world4 ,the only reformer whom ,i respect1 and who is in a thoroughly safe way1 is that one who strives to reform and perfect himself4 ,when he is perfect1 then he can begin to correct the faults of others4 ,moreover1 the established customs and distinctions of society have often a good foundation1 and are not lightly to be set aside4 ,what would you say if your chambermaid should insist on sitting down to dinner with you and driving out with you80 ,mrs4 ,ferrier found herself unprepared to answer4 ,indeed1 no lady could be more peremptory and exacting than she was with all her servants except ,john4 ,she was not yet ready to explain that her generalities all had reference to one exceptional case4 8,but ,john is not at all a common servant10 she ventured to say4 8,he never lived out but once before1 and then it was with a very grand family in ,england2 and he wouldn't have come here with us1 only that he wanted to look round a while before setting up business4 ,i had to coax him to come1 and give him the very highest wages4 ,and ,annette did all she could to persuade him40 8,john is an excellent man1 ,i am sure10 ,f4 ,chevreuse replied4 8,i hope he will succeed in whatever good work he attempts4 ,but we were speaking of your daughter's husband4 ,my advice is that he return to the office where he was before1 and remain there till something better presents itself4 ,i do not approve of any large and showy enterprise for him4 ,it would not suit him4 ,in that office his salary would be enough to render him quite independent1 and leave him a little to lay up40 8,lay up60 repeated ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 with an incredulous circumflex4 8,he will put onehalf his income into his wife's hands1 and she can do as she will with it10 ,f4 ,chevreuse replied4 8,annette has spoken to me about it1 and it is his own proposal4 ,she will put the money in bank every month4 ,what he keeps will be his own affair1 and what she takes will be a small fund for the future1 and will relieve a little that painful feeling he must have in living here without paying anything4 ,it is decidedly the best that can be done at present4 ,besides10 he added1 seeing objection gathering in her face1 8it may save you something4 ,the young man is not to blame that he is not rich1 and he is quite ready to take his wife home to his own mother1 and ,annette is quite willing to go1 if necessary4 ,they might live there very happily and pleasantly2 but as1 in that case1 ,lawrence would be the one on whom all the expense would fall1 ,i presume you would make your daughter an allowance which would place her on an equality with him40 ,mrs4 ,ferrier was forced to consent4 ,nothing was further from her wish than to be separated from her daughter1 not only because she was more than usually solicitous for ,annette's happiness1 and wished to assure herself constantly that her husband did not neglect her1 but because she had an almost insane desire to watch ,lawrence in every way4 ,nothing so piques the curiosity of a meddlesome person as to see any manifestation of a desire to baffle their searching4 ,the annoyance naturally felt and often shown by one who finds himself suspiciously observed is always taken by such persons as a proof that there is something wrong which he is desirous to conceal4 ,moreover1 ,john had let fall a word of advice which she was not disposed to disregard4 ,she had been complaining of her soninlaw4 8,you had better let him pretty much alone1 ma'am10 the man replied4 8,you'll never drive him to being a sober fellow1 nor industrious4 ,scolding doesn't mend broken china4 ,i have a plan in my mind for them which ,i will tell you after a while1 when the right time comes4 ,he wouldn't thank me for it now2 but byandby1 if he doesn't drink himself to death first1 he may think my advice is worth listening to40 ,john had a quiet1 laconic way which sometimes impressed others besides his mistress1 and she did not venture to oppose him openly1 nor even to insist on hearing what his mysterious plan might be4 ,it was1 altogether1 a miserable state of affairs1 one of those situations almost more unbearable than circumstances of affliction1 for the cares were mean1 the annoyances and mortifications petty2 and the mind1 which is ennobled by great trials1 was cramped and lowered by the constant presence of small troubles which it would fain disregard1 but could not4 ,for1 after all1 these small troubles were the signs of a great one threatening4 ,it was plain that ,lawrence ,gerald1 if not stopped1 was going to kill himself with drinking4 ,his frame was too delicately organized to bear the alternate fierce heats and wretched depressions to which he was subjecting it1 and more than one sharp attack of illness had given warning that he was exhausting his vitality4 ,f4 ,chevreuse came upon him suddenly one day when he was suffering from one of these attacks4 ,the priest had called at ,mrs4 ,ferrier's1 and1 learning that ,lawrence was in his room1 too unwell to go out1 went upstairs to him somewhat against ,annette's wish4 8,i will take the responsibility10 he said laughingly4 8,the boy wants me to wake him up2 you women are too gentle4 ,you are petting him to death4 ,no1 my lady1 ,i do not want your company4 ,i can find my own way40 ,and accordingly ,lawrence opened his eyes a few minutes later to see ,f4 ,chevreuse standing by the sofa where he lay in all the misery of a complete physical and mental prostration4 ,the priest drew a chair close to him1 taking no notice of the evident disinclination of the young man to his society4 8,now1 my boy10 he said1 laying a hand on the invalid's shrinking arm1 8are you dosing yourself up to go through the same bad business again8 ,what has come over you8 ,come6 come6 ,wake up1 and be a man4 ,you are too good to throw away in this fashion40 ,the young man turned his face away with a faint moan of utter discouragement4 8,i am not worth bothering about4 ,i've played my stake in life1 and lost1 and what is left is good for nothing4 ,besides1 if ,i tried1 ,i shouldn't succeed4 ,why do you trouble yourself about me8 ,i tell you that what there is left of me isn't worth saving40 ,he spoke with bitter impatience1 and made a gesture as if he would have sent his visitor away4 ,f4 ,chevreuse was not so easily to be dismissed4 8,the devil thinks differently10 he remarked1 without stirring4 8,he is fighting hard for you4 ,rouse yourself1 and join with those who are fighting against him6 ,you have an idea that1 because you have made mistakes and committed sins1 you must lay down your arms4 ,nonsense6 ,there are all the lives of the saints against you4 ,some of them never began to try till they found themselves on the brink of destruction4 ,you fancy1 too1 that because you and your family have had misfortunes1 and because you have not been very successful in trying to become a rich man1 you must stand humbly aside for cleverer men1 and ask no favors4 ,you're all wrong4 ,god made you1 and put you into the world1 just as he has the rest of us1 and you have a right to the light and air1 and to repair your mistakes and repent of your sins1 without troubling yourself too much about what people say and think1 and to do the best you can in worldly affairs without being humbled or ashamed if you can't fill your pocket with money quite as readily as some can4 ,let the money go1 but don't let your manliness go1 and don't throw away your soul4 ,you are talking nonsense when you say that you are worthless4 ,respect yourself1 and compel others to respect you1 ,lawrence4 ,nerve yourself1 call up your good resolutions1 and ask ,god to help you4 ,despair is a crime60 ,the young man put his arm up1 and covered his face with it1 as though to hide an emotion he was ashamed of2 or1 perhaps1 because the light hurt his eyes4 8,if ,i could forget everything1 and sleep for a month without waking1 ,i don't know but ,i could begin again and try to do better10 he said faintly4 8,but there is no life in me now for anything40 ,f4 ,chevreuse rose immediately4 8,rest1 then1 if that is what you need10 he said kindly4 8,rest1 and forget everything painful4 ,if any tormenting thought comes1 say a little prayer1 and tell it to begone4 ,don't drink any liquor to quiet your mind4 ,let ,annette get you some gentle sedative4 ,i'll tell her to keep everybody away from you1 and let you lie here six months1 if you want to4 ,but when you are better1 come to see me40 ,he was standing1 ready to go1 but waited for an answer4 ,there was none4 ,he spoke more earnestly4 8,you know well it is for the best1 ,lawrence2 and ,i want you to promise to come to me when you are able to go out1 before you go to see any one else40 8,well1 ,i will4 ,i promise you40 ,but the promise was given1 apparently1 only to get rid of the subject1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse went away feeling that he had accomplished nothing4 ,annette went directly to her husband1 somewhat timid as to the reception she might meet with2 but if he was displeased at having had a visitor1 he did not seem to hold her responsible4 ,he took the glass containing the opiate from her hand1 and set it down beside him4 8,after a while10 he said4 8,and now ,i am going to lock every one out of the room1 and try to go to sleep4 ,if ,i want anything1 ,i will ring40 ,she began to make some little arrangements for his comfort1 but1 perceiving that they irritated him1 desisted1 and left him to himself4 ,as she went along the passage1 she heard the lock click behind her4 ,oddly enough1 this little rudeness gave her a feeling of pleasure1 for it showed that he felt at home there1 and claimed a right to all that was hers4 8,if only he will sleep60 she thought4 ,he did not sleep4 ,his first act was to throw away the opiate she had brought4 8,some such dose as they give to teething babies1 ,i suppose10 he muttered4 ,then he seated himself on the sofa1 and1 clasping his hands over his head1 as if to still the bursting pain there1 remained buried in thought4 ,one could see that he was trying to study out some problem in his mind1 but that difficulties presented themselves4 ,more than once his eyes wandered to a little writingdesk opposite him1 and fixed themselves there4 8,it would remove the only obstacle10 he said2 8and yet how can ,i8 ,that would be going over it all again4 ,now ,i am not to blame1 but only unfortunate2 but if ,i do that44440 ,it was pitiable to see a young face so distorted by pain of mind and body1 and to see also that the pain was stinging him into still more angry revolt4 ,he began pacing up and down the room1 and1 in his doubt and distress1 seized upon one of those strange modes of solving the question in his mind which1 trivial as they are1 most persons have at some time in their lives had recourse to4 8,if there is an odd number of squares in the carpet from corner to corner of the room1 ,i will do it10 he said1 and began to count them4 ,the number was odd4 ,but1 apparently1 he wished to make assurance doubly sure1 for he next counted the stucco ornaments on the ceiling4 8,odd again6 ,now for the third trial40 ,he glanced about in search of the object which was to decide his fate1 and spied a large patriarchal fly that had crawled out of its winter hidingplace1 and was clumsily trying its wings4 8,if he can fly over that cord1 ,i will go10 he said2 and since this was the last trial1 and the poor insect seemed to him something like himself at that moment1 he watched with breathless interest its efforts to surmount the great obstacle of the curtaincord that lay in its path4 ,the little creature attempted to crawl over1 but1 losing its balance1 tumbled off and lay helplessly on its back4 ,the young man set it carefully and tenderly on its feet once more4 8,now do your best10 he said4 8,you and ,i have made a failure1 but we will try once again40 ,inspired1 it would seem1 by this encouragement1 the fly put out its wings1 gathered all its energies1 and flew over the cord1 tumbling ignominiously on its back again at the other side4 ,lawrence ,gerald did not give himself the trouble to assist again his fallen friend1 but went promptly to pull the belltassel4 ,he had thrown off all responsibility1 and1 choosing to see in these trivial chances the will and guidance of some intelligence wiser than his own1 resolved instantly on following where they pointed4 8,i dare say ,i shall stumble like that clumsy fly1 but ,i shall succeed in the end4 ,at all events1 ,i will try4 ,i can't and won't stay here any longer4 ,it is torment for me1 and ,i don't do any one else any good40 ,he seemed to be arguing with some invisible companion4 8,they will be better without me4 ,besides1 it was not ,i who decided4 ,i left it to chance4 ,if it was44440 ,his wife entering interrupted the soliloquy4 ,she found him lying down1 as she had left him1 but with a color in his face that would have looked like returning health1 if it had not been a little too deep4 ,he stretched his hand out1 and drew her to the footstool by his side4 8,now1 ,ninon10 he said coaxingly1 8,i want you to be a good girl1 and arrange something for me so that ,i shall not be annoyed by questions nor opposition4 ,it's nothing but a whim2 but no matter for that4 ,i want to go to ,new ,york for a day or two1 by myself1 you know1 and ,i must start to night4 ,i'm not going to do any harm1 ,i promise you4 ,i feel a good deal better1 and ,i believe the little journey will cure me4 ,the train starts at eight o'clock1 and it is now five4 ,it won't take me half an hour to get ready4 ,will you manage it for me1 and keep the others off my shoulders80 ,she consented promptly and quietly1 asking no questions4 ,if he should choose to tell her anything1 it was well2 if not1 it was the same4 ,she knew the meaning of this coaxing tenderness too well to presume upon it4 ,it meant simply that she could be useful to him4 8,what is he going to ,new ,york for80 demanded ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 when ,annette made the announcement downstairs4 8,mamma1 you must not expect me to tell all my husband's business10 the young woman answered rather loftily4 ,poor ,annette did not wish to acknowledge that she knew no more of her husband's affairs or motives than her mother did4 8,then he will want his dinner earlier80 was the next question1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier having1 by an effort1 restrained her inclination to make any further complaints4 ,no2 all he wanted was luncheon1 and his wife had ordered that to be carried upstairs4 8,i suppose ,i am not allowed to ask how long he will be gone80 remarked the mother4 8,oh6 certainly1 mamma2 but that is not quite settled10 ,annette said pleasantly4 8,it depends on circumstances4 ,a few days1 probably1 will be the most40 ,when ,annette went upstairs again1 her husband was dressed for his journey4 ,a valise1 locked and strapped1 lay on the sofa at his elbow1 and his wrappings were strewn about4 ,she observed that the oak writingdesk1 that had not been opened for months1 to her knowledge1 had been opened now4 ,the key was in the lock1 and the lid was slightly raised4 ,she noticed1 too1 that a little inner cover had been torn out1 and lay on the carpet1 broken in two4 8,the carriage will be round in a few minutes10 she said4 8,i thought you would want plenty of time to buy your ticket and get a good seat40 ,he merely nodded in reply1 but looked at her wistfully1 as if touched by her ready compliance with his wishes1 and desirous to see if any pain or displeasure were hidden under her quietness4 ,but he detected no sign of any such feelings4 ,she was merely examining his fur gloves1 to make sure that the buttons were on1 looking narrowly to the strap of his cloak1 busying herself in the most commonplace manner with his preparations4 8,shall ,i go to the station with you80 she asked carelessly4 8,i wish you would40 ,his tone was quite earnest4 ,annette had arranged it so that they went downstairs while her mother was at dinner2 and though the diningroom door had been left ajar1 before ,mrs4 ,ferrier had time to leave her seat or call out1 the two had left the house1 and were driving through the clear starlight4 8,annette10 her husband said suddenly1 8,i've been thinking that if ,i had a boy1 ,i would bring him up very strictly4 ,no matter how much ,i might wish to indulge him1 ,i would resist the wish4 ,he should be taught to control himself from fear1 if he had no other motive4 ,he should be made hardy1 and healthy1 and active4 ,i wouldn't allow him much time to dream and think of himself2 he should be kept busy2 and ,i would never let him depend on any one1 or sit still and fancy that some great fortune were going to drop into his hands without any effort on his part40 ,mrs4 ,gerald was silent1 astonished by this unexpected lecture1 of which she quite well understood the meaning4 ,he would have no child of his brought up as he had been4 ,but why should he speak of it now8 8,there's too much liberty and recklessness among young men10 he went on4 8,they have too much their own way4 ,parents ought to see what misery it will lead to4 ,if they don't care for what the child may make them suffer1 they ought to recollect what the child has got to suffer when at last it wakes up to life as it is1 and finds itself with ruinous tastes and habits1 and not one right idea of anything4 ,i am inclined to believe that it would be better for half the children in the world if they were brought up and trained by the state instead of by their own parents40 ,they had reached the station1 and he stepped slowly out of the carriage4 ,his wife ventured to ask how long he would stay away4 8,oh6 ,i've nothing to do in ,new ,york10 he said carelessly4 8,i shall not stay there more than two or three days40 ,he leaned into the carriage1 and took her hands4 ,in the darkness she could not see his face1 though the light from outside shone in her own2 but his voice was tender and regretful1 even solemn4 8,goodby1 dear10 he said4 8,you have been only too good to me4 ,may ,god reward you60 ,he bent to kiss the hands he held1 then hurried away before she had recovered herself sufficiently to speak4 8,what a goodby it was60 she thought with a startled heart4 8,one would think he were never coming back again40 ,he did come back1 though1 and sooner than he was expected4 ,he appeared at the door the next evening1 nearly falling in1 indeed1 so that ,john had to steady him4 ,annette had run out of the drawingroom on hearing the servant's exclamation1 but1 at sight of her husband in such a state1 was about to turn back in disgust4 8,it isn't liquor1 ma'am10 ,john said4 8,something's the matter with him4 ,i told you yesterday that he wasn't fit to go away4 ,just push that chair this way for him to sit down in1 and bring him a glass of wine40 8,i had to come back10 the young man said4 8,i was sicker than ,i thought1 and not able to go on4 ,i don't know how ,i reached ,crichton2 and just now1 walking up from the station1 the cold wind on my forehead made me dizzy4 ,i thought ,i should feel better to walk4 ,don't be frightened1 ,annette4 ,i can go upstairs now40 ,he had every symptom of fever1 and before morning had grown so much worse that a doctor was sent for1 though much against his will4 8,i don't believe in doctors10 he protested4 8,my mother always cured me when ,i was sick without sending for a doctor4 ,it's all guesswork4 ,they only know what you tell them1 and they sit and stare at you1 and ask you questions when you don't want to speak a word4 ,i hate to have a doctor look at me40 ,mr4 ,gerald was indeed a very difficult patient for both doctor and nurse1 irritable beyond expression1 and nervous to the verge of delirium4 ,at first no one was allowed near him but his mother4 ,then he found her tender sadness depressing1 and insisted on having his wife in her place4 ,finally he begged ,john to take care of him4 8,keep the women away1 if you don't want me to lose my senses10 he said to the man4 8,they start and turn pale or red every time ,i cough or speak in my sleep2 and even when they pretend not to notice1 ,i know they are watching me all the time4 ,i don't dare to groan1 or sigh1 or rave1 though it would sometimes do me good4 ,i want somebody by me who doesn't care whether ,i live or die1 but who just does what ,i ask him to4 ,let ,louis open the door and sit up in the dicky4 ,it's what he was made for4 ,he's far more of a footman than you40 8,i wouldn't give either of you your salt as footman10 ,john retorted1 smiling grimly4 ,but he did not refuse to assume the post of nurse1 and1 having undertaken it1 rendered himself so useful and unobtrusive that the others all gave way to him1 and the sick man had no disposition to change again4 ,he seemed a rather hard1 dry man1 but he was patient1 and showed none of that obtrusive attention which is sometimes more troublesome to an invalid than neglect4 ,if ,lawrence groaned and tossed about1 the attendant took no notice of him2 if he said1 8,john1 don't leave me alone a minute10 the man would sit by his side all night1 as untired1 apparently1 as a man of wood4 ,so three nights passed1 and still the invalid grew worse4 8,wouldn't you like to have me read some prayers to you1 sir80 the watcher asked one night4 8,they might quiet you40 ,lawrence broke out impatiently3 8,do you think ,i am going to die8 ,i am not4 ,that is what the women are all crying about4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier came in today1 and told me she was having ,masses said for me1 and sprinkled me with holy water till ,i was drenched4 ,and ,bettie1 when she sat here today while you were away1 rattled her beads and cried all the time1 till ,i told her to get out of the room4 ,that's the way with some people4 ,the minute a fellow is sick1 they try their best to scare him to death4 ,why don't you offer to read the paper to me1 or tell me an amusing story8 ,give me the opiate now40 8,the doctor said you were not to take another till twelve o'clock10 the attendant said4 8,i don't care for the doctor's orders4 ,give it to me now4 ,i know best what ,i need40 8,i believe you do10 ,john said quietly1 and gave him the opiate4 ,but in spite of care1 and of a determination to recover1 the illness grew upon him1 till finally the physicians intimated that if he had any religious preparations to make1 they had better not be delayed any longer1 for his strength was rapidly wasting1 and they could not promise that the result would not be fatal4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier went in great distress to ,f4 ,chevreuse4 8,what shall we do80 she asked4 8,after having refused to see a priest1 and flown into a rage whenever we mentioned the subject1 at last he is willing to have one4 ,but he will see no one but ,f4 ,o',donovan2 and ,f4 ,o',donovan is laid up with gout1 so that he cannot move hand or foot4 ,i went out to him today1 and ,i thought that if he could possibly be wrapped up and brought in in a carriage1 ,i would ask him2 but1 father1 ,i couldn't have the face to speak of it4 ,the doctor doesn't allow him to stir out of his room4 ,even ,mrs4 ,gerald sees that it can't be done4 ,i've begged ,lawrence to listen to reason1 but he is so set that if he had asked to have the ,pope himself1 he'd be mad if we didn't send a messenger to ,rome4 ,i could send to ,l---- for a priest1 but that might be too late4 ,he is failing very much4 ,i do wish you'd go once again1 father40 ,f4 ,chevreuse had already been twice1 and had been denied admittance in terms anything but respectful4 8,certainly ,i will go10 he said4 8,i should have come up this evening1 if ,i had not been sent for4 ,poor ,lawrence6 ,i cannot understand why he should have such a prejudice against me40 ,it was early twilight when they reached the house1 and1 as they entered1 the lamps burned with a faint ray1 as if they1 like all sounds and sights in that place1 had been muffled4 8,you go right up and tell him there's no one to be got but me10 ,f4 ,chevreuse said4 ,but ,mrs4 ,ferrier shrank back4 8,he never will consent if ,i ask him40 8,annette1 then40 8,he won't allow ,annette near him10 the mother sighed4 8,john10 said the priest1 8will you go up and tell ,mr4 ,gerald that ,i am here to see him80 8,i wouldn't venture to1 sir10 ,john answered4 8,i don't believe it's of any use2 and if you'd take my advice1 sir44440 ,even ,mrs4 ,ferrier was scandalized by the man's presumption1 and faltered out an 8,o ,john60 8,i will go myself10 ,f4 ,chevreuse interrupted4 8,stay down here1 all you people1 and say the rosary for my success4 ,say it with all your hearts4 ,and don't come upstairs till you are called40 ,as he went up1 a door near the landing softly opened1 and in it stood the young wife with a face so woful and deathlike that tears would have seemed joyful in comparison4 ,she said not a word1 but stood and looked at the priest in a kind of terror4 8,my poor child60 he said pityingly1 8why do you stay here alone1 killing yourself with grief8 ,go and stay with your mother and ,honora till ,i come down40 ,she made that painful effort to speak which shows that the mouth and throat are dry1 and1 when words came1 they were but a whisper4 8,o father60 she said1 8don't go in there if you have any human weakness left in you6 ,you have to be an angel and not a man to hear my husband's confession4 ,find some one else for him4 ,he will not speak to you40 8,never fear1 child60 he answered firmly4 8,i may have human weakness1 but ,i have the strength of ,god to help me resist it40 ,she watched him as he softly opened the door of the chamber where her husband lay1 heard the faint cry that greeted him3 8,not you6 not you60 then the door closed1 and she was alone again4 ,the priest approached the bed1 and spoke with gentleness1 yet with authority3 8,f4 ,o',donovan is too sick to come2 and if you wait for another to be sent for1 it will be too late4 ,think of your soul1 and let everything else go4 ,in a few hours you may be in the presence of ,god1 listening to your eternal doom4 ,what will you care then1 my poor boy1 who helped you to loosen from your conscience the sins you have committed in this miserable world8 ,it cannot be because you hate me so much1 this unwillingness4 ,is it because your sins have been so great8 ,there is no sin that ,i have not heard confessed1 ,i think2 and the greater it was1 the greater was my comfort and thankfulness that at last it was forgiven4 ,come1 now1 ,i am putting on my stole4 ,ask the help of ,god and of our ,blessed ,mother1 and forget who ,i am4 ,remember only what ,i am--the minister of the merciful ,god--and that ,i have no feeling1 no thought1 no wish1 but to save you40 ,the bedcurtains made a still deeper shade in that shadowed room1 and out from the dimness the face of the sick man gleamed white and wild4 8,i cannot60 he said4 8,you would not want to hear me if you knew4 ,you would never give me absolution4 ,you do not know what my sins are40 ,the priest seated himself by the bedside1 and took in his strong1 magnetic hand the thin and shaking hand of the penitent4 8,no matter what you may tell me1 you cannot surprise me10 he said4 8,though you should have committed sacrilege and every crime1 ,i cannot1 if ,i would1 refuse you absolution4 ,and ,i would not wish to4 ,i have only pity and love for you4 ,tell me all now1 as if you were telling your own soul4 ,have no fear40 8,no priest ever before heard such a confession60 ,the words came faintly4 8,you do not know40 8,confess1 in the name of ,god60 repeated the priest4 8,the flames of hell are harder to bear than any anger of mine can be4 ,god has sent me hither1 and ,i have only to obey him1 and listen to your confession1 whatever it may be4 ,it is not my choice nor yours4 ,we are both commanded40 8,promise me that ,i shall have absolution6 ,promise me that you will forgive me60 prayed the young man1 clinging to the hand that he had at first shrunk from4 8,i didn't mean to do what ,i have done1 and ,i have suffered the torments of the damned for it40 8,i have no right to refuse absolution when you are penitent10 was the answer4 8,the person who repents and confesses has a right to absolution40 8,you will give it to me1 no matter what ,i may tell you80 8,no matter what you may tell me10 repeated the priest4 8,the mercy of ,god is mighty4 ,though you should hem yourself in with sins as with a wall of mountains1 he can overlook them4 ,though you should sink in the lowest depths of sin1 his hand can reach you4 ,a sinner cannot be moved to call on the name of the ,lord1 unless the ,lord should move him and have the merciful answer ready4 ,i have blessed you4 ,how long is it since your last confession80 ,the sick man half raised himself1 and pointed across the room4 8,there is a crucifix on the table10 he said4 8,go and kneel before that1 and ask ,god to strengthen you for a hard trial4 ,then1 if you come back to me1 ,i will confess40 ,f4 ,chevreuse started up1 and stood one instant erect and rigid1 with his face upraised4 ,then he crossed the room1 knelt before the crucifix1 and held it to his breast during a moment of wordless prayer4 ,as a sigh reached him through the stillness of the chamber1 he laid the crucifix down1 and returned to the bedside4 8,in the name of ,god1 confess1 and have no fear10 he said gently4 8,have no fear60 ,the penitent lay with his face half turned to the pillow1 and the bed was trembling under him2 but he no longer refused to speak4 ,to the company downstairs it seemed a very long interview4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 ,mrs4 ,gerald1 and ,miss ,pembroke1 kneeling together in the little sitting room near the foot of the stairs1 with the door open1 had said the rosary1 trying not to let their thoughts wander2 then1 sitting silent1 had listened for a descending step1 breathing each her own prayer now and then4 ,their greatest trouble was over4 ,evidently ,f4 ,chevreuse had overcome ,lawrence ,gerald's unwillingness to confess to him2 and the three women1 so different in all else1 united in the one ardent belief that the prayer of faith would save the sick man1 and that1 when his conscience should be quite disburdened1 and his soul enlightened by the comforts and exhortations which such a man as ,f4 ,chevreuse could offer1 his body would feel the effects of that inward healing1 and throw off its burden too4 ,in an adjoining room sat ,louis ,ferrier1 biting his nails1 having been forbidden by his mother to seek distraction in more cheerful scenes4 ,he watched the women while they knelt1 and even drew a little nearer to listen to their lowvoiced prayer1 but lacked the piety to join them4 ,he was both annoyed and frightened by the gloomy circumstances in which he found himself1 and1 like most men of slack religious belief and practice1 felt more safe to have pious women by him in times of danger4 ,john had taken his place on a low stool underneath the stairs1 and had an almost grotesque appearance of being at the same time hiding and alert4 ,with his head advanced1 and his neck twisted1 he stared steadfastly up the stairway at the door within which the priest had disappeared4 ,for nearly an hour there was no sound but the small ticking of a clock and the occasional dropping of a coal in the grate4 ,then all the waiting ones started and looked out eagerly2 for the chamberdoor opened1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse came out4 ,one only did not lift her face to read what tidings might be written in the face of him who came forth from the sickchamber4 ,kneeling1 almost prostrate on the floor1 ,annette ,gerald still remained where ,f4 ,chevreuse had left her4 ,she did not look up even when he paused by her side1 and she felt that he was blessing her1 but only bowed still lower before him4 8,take comfort1 my child10 he said4 8,you have no reason to despair40 ,she looked up quickly into his face1 with an almost incredulous hope in her eyes4 ,he was pale1 but some illumination not of earth floated about him1 so that she could easily have believed she saw him upborne in air with the buoyancy of a spirit4 ,the heavenly calm of his expression could not be described2 yet it was the calm of one who1 reposing on the bosom of ,god1 is yet aware of infinite sin and suffering in the world4 ,it was such a look as one might imagine an angel guardian to wear--heavenly peace shorn of heavenly delight4 ,he motioned her to rise1 and she obeyed him4 ,she would not then have hesitated1 whatever he had bade her do4 ,his imposing calm pressed her fears and doubts to a perfect quiet4 ,there was nothing possible but obedience4 8,go to your husband1 and see if he wants anything10 he said4 8,let him be very quiet1 and he may sleep4 ,tomorrow morning ,i shall bring him the ,viaticum2 but ,i think he will recover40 ,she went toward the chamber1 and he descended the stairs4 ,john1 bending forward eagerly1 caught sight of his face1 and drew quickly back again1 blessing himself4 8,the man is a saint60 he muttered1 and took good care to keep himself out of sight4 ,f4 ,chevreuse was met in the sittingroom door by ,mrs4 ,gerald1 and the other two pressed close behind her2 and when they saw him1 it was as though a soft and gentle light had shone into their troubled faces4 8,you are afraid that so long an interview has exhausted him10 he said4 8,it has not4 ,the body is seldom any worse for attending to the affairs of the soul1 and a tranquil mind is the best rest4 ,annette is with him now1 and1 if left undisturbed1 ,i think he will sleep4 ,pray for him1 and do not lose courage4 ,god bless you6 ,goodnight40 ,not one of them uttered a word4 ,the questions they would have asked1 and the invitation they would have given the priest to remain with them1 died on their lips4 ,evidently he did not mean to enter the room1 and they felt that his doing so was a favor for him to offer1 not for them to ask4 ,they glanced at each other as he went away1 and ,honora ,pembroke smiled4 8,he looks as though he were gazing at heaven through the gate of martyrdom10 she said4 ,but the next morning1 after seeing ,gerald1 he stopped a few minutes to talk with the family1 and still they found that indefinable air of loftiness lingering about him1 imposing a certain distance1 at the same time that it increased their reverence and affection for him4 ,the familiar1 frequently jesting1 sometimes peremptory ,f4 ,chevreuse seemed to have gone away for ever2 but how beautiful was the substitute he had left1 and how like him in all that was loftiest6 ,lawrence was better that morning1 and gained steadily day by day4 ,nothing could exceed the care and tenderness with which ,f4 ,chevreuse watched over his recovery4 ,he came every morning and evening1 he treated him with the affection of a father1 and seemed to have charged himself with the young man's future4 8,i think you should let him and ,annette go to ,europe for a year10 he said to ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 8,it would be better for him to break off entirely from old associations1 and have an entire change for a while4 ,his health has not been good for some time1 and his nerves are worn4 ,the journey would restore him1 and afterward we will see what can be done4 ,i am not sure that it is well for him to live here4 ,when a person is going to change his life very much1 it is often wiser to change his place of abode also4 ,the obstacles to improvement are fewer among strangers40 ,the young man received this proposal to go abroad rather doubtfully4 ,he would not go away till spring1 and was not sure that he would go then4 ,as he grew better in health1 indeed1 he withdrew himself more and more from the priest1 and showed an uneasiness in his society which not all ,f4 ,chevreuse's kindness could overcome4 8,you must not shun me1 ,lawrence10 the priest said to him one day when they were alone4 8,you have done that too long1 and it is not well4 ,try to look on me as very firmly your friend4 ,let me advise you sometimes1 and be sure that ,i shall always have your good in view40 ,lawrence had been very nervous and irritable that day1 and was in no mood to bear expostulation4 8,you can't be my friend10 he replied with suppressed vehemence4 8,you can only be my master4 ,you can only own me body and soul40 8,that is a mistake10 was the quiet answer4 8,i do not own you any more than ,i do others40 ,but he patiently forbore to press the question then4 8,encourage him to come to me whenever you think ,i can benefit him10 he said to ,annette4 8,you can tell best4 ,he has not quite recovered his spirits yet1 and it will do no good for me to urge him4 ,make everything as cheerful as you can for him4 ,it sometimes happens that people get up from sickness in this depressed state of mind40 8,yes60 she replied1 looking down4 ,she also had grown shy of ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and seemed willing to keep out of his sight4 ,but to others she was perhaps rather more gay than they had known her for some time4 ,her mother found her at once kinder and more exacting1 and complained that they seemed now to have become strangers4 8,and how nervous you have grown1 ,annette60 she said4 8,you crush everything you take hold of40 8,what have ,i crushed1 mamma80 asked the daughter1 with a light laugh4 8,have ,i made havoc among your bonnets or wineglasses80 8,it isn't that10 ,mrs4 ,ferrier said fretfully4 8,you squeeze people's hands1 instead of touching them4 ,look at that baby's arm60 ,they were entertaining a baby visitor4 ,annette ,gerald looked as she was bid and saw the prints of her fingers on the soft little arm she had held unconsciously1 and caught an only half subsided quiver of the baby lip as the little one looked at her1 all ready to cry with pain4 ,every woman knows at once how she atoned for her fault1 by what caresses1 and petting1 and protestations of sorrow1 and how those faint red marks were bemoaned as if they had been the stripes of a martyr4 8,if you touch any one's arm1 you pinch it10 the elder lady went on4 8,and you take hold of your shawl and your gloves and your handkerchief as if somebody were going to pull them away from you4 ,i've seen your nails white when you held the evening paper to read1 you gripped it so2 and as to taking glasses and cups at the table1 ,i always expect to see them fly to pieces in your hands40 8,isn't she an awful woman80 says ,mrs4 ,annette to the baby1 holding it high and looking up into its rosy1 smiling face4 8,isn't ,annette a frightfully muscular and dangerous person1 you pink of perfection8 ,what shall we do with her8 ,she pinches little swan'sdown arms1 and makes angelic babies pucker up their lips with grief1 and sets tears swimming in their blue violets of eyes4 ,we must do something dreadful to her4 ,we must forgive her2 and that is very terrible4 ,there is nothing so crushing1 baby1 as to be forgiven very much40 ,and then1 after one more toss1 the infant was let suddenly and softly down1 like a lapful of roses1 over the face of its friend1 and for an instant ,annette ,gerald's eyes were hidden in its neck4 8,come and have a game of chess1 ,annette10 her husband called out across the room4 8,yes1 dear60 she responded brightly2 and1 setting the child down1 went to him at once1 a red color in her cheeks4 8,why do some people always notice such little things10 he said frowningly1 8and1 instead of attending to themselves1 watch how people take hold of cups and saucers1 and all that nonsense1 and fancy that some wonderful chance hangs on your eating butter with your bread1 or preferring cheese80 ,annette was engaged in placing the men1 and did not look in her husband's face as she answered in a gentle1 soothing voice3 8,it is rather annoying sometimes1 but ,i find the best way is to treat the whole jestingly4 ,if one shows vexation1 it looks serious4 ,but you can ridicule a person out of hanging mountains by threads40 ,he was going to answer1 when something made him notice her face4 ,the color was still bright there1 but the cheeks were hollow1 and dark circles had sunk beneath her eyes4 8,why1 you are not looking well10 he said1 only just aware of the fact4 8,are you sick8 ,did you get worn out taking care of me80 ,she waited an instant till the others1 who were leaving the room1 should be out of sight1 then leaned across the table1 careless that her sleeve swept away the two armies she had just placed1 and took her husband's hand in hers1 and bowed her cheek to it with a sob4 8,o ,lawrence6 ,lawrence60 she whispered4 ,he made a motion to draw his hand away1 but let it remain4 8,my ,god6 what is the matter with you80 he exclaimed4 ,she leaned back instantly1 and made an effort to control herself4 8,it must be that ,i am not well4 ,don't mind me4 ,and now1 you will have to place your own men1 and give me the first move40 ,he placed the men1 and appeared to be thinking pitifully of his wife as he glanced now and then into her face4 8,it seems selfish of me not to have taken better care of you1 ,annette10 he said4 8,oh6 you needed care yourself10 she replied lightly4 8,don't imagine that ,i am sick1 though4 ,it is nothing4 ,you didn't marry me to take care of me1 you know1 and ,i am not very exacting40 ,she would have caught back the last words1 if she could1 before it was too late4 ,they escaped her unawares1 and were a remembered1 rather than a present1 bitterness4 ,he blushed faintly4 8,whatever ,i married you for1 ,i have no desire to exchange you now for any one else10 he said1 moving a pawn sideways instead of forward4 8,if you were ever so poor1 ,i wouldn't want a rich girl in your place4 ,but then1 you know1 ,i'm not sentimental4 ,i never was much so1 and it's all over now4 ,i'm thirty years old1 and ,i feel a hundred4 ,i can't remember being young4 ,i can't remember being twenty years of age4 ,i wish to ,god ,i could60 he burst forth4 ,his wife made a careful move1 and said1 8,i have a presentiment that ,i shall give you check in three moves more4 ,look out for your queen40 8,my only romance10 he went on1 8was about ,honora4 ,i thought that ,i could do and be anything1 if she would only care about me4 ,what a stately1 floating creature she always was6 ,i used to think she looked as if she could walk on clouds and not fall through4 ,yes10 he sighed1 8that is where she belongs--among the clouds4 ,i never blamed her for not having me2 she was too good4 ,i never was worthy of such a woman40 ,slowly1 while he spoke1 the bright blood had deepened in his wife's face1 and swept over her forehead4 ,had he been less preoccupied1 he would have seen the slight1 haughty movement with which she drew herself up4 ,it was only when he had waited a moment for her to move that he glanced up and met her eyes fixed on him with an expression very like indignant scorn4 8,by what strange contradiction is it1 ,i wonder10 she said coldly1 8that the woman who does most for a man1 and is most merciful and charitable toward him1 is never too good for him1 while the one who scorns him1 and will not come a step off her pedestal to save him1 is always the ideal woman in his eyes80 ,bitter tears of utter grief and mortification welled up and wet her eyelashes4 8,in another world10 she said1 8when the faults and mistakes of this are set right1 you may think yourself worthy of the companionship of ,honora ,pembroke1 and of any union and closeness of affection which that life may know4 ,and then she may be given to you4 ,and1 ,lawrence1 if she would and could consent to take you now1 ,i would not refuse to give you up4 ,at this moment1 if1 without any wrong1 ,i could see her enter the room1 and hold out her hand to you1 and tell you that she was ready to take what she had refused1 and be to you all that you could wish--if it could be right that it should happen so1 ,i would not utter one word of objection4 ,i would leave you to her without a moment's hesitation40 ,while she spoke1 his hand had played tremblingly with the chessmen before him4 8,so you give me up too10 he said in a low voice4 ,her proud face softened4 ,she looked at him1 and recollected herself and him1 and pity sprang up again and effaced indignation4 8,i do not give you up1 ,lawrence10 she said gently4 8,i cannot and have no wish to2 ,i only spoke of what ,i would do in circumstances which cannot take place4 ,you had insulted me1 without intending to1 ,i know1 and it was but natural that ,i should retort4 ,you know that ,i would not leave you1 nor give you up on any provocation4 ,if you should leave me1 ,i should follow you1 because ,i should feel sure that you would sooner or later need me4 ,we are one4 ,you are mine2 and ,i always stand by my own40 ,he looked at her with an expression at once penetrating and shrinking4 8,you would stand by me1 ,annette1 whatever should happen80 he asked4 8,certainly60 she replied1 but did not meet his eyes4 8,there is no imaginable circumstance which could make me desert you4 ,and now1 what of this game8 ,to your queen60 ,he made a motion to save his queen1 then pushed the board aside4 8,i cannot play10 he said2 8,i cannot confine my mind to it4 ,sing me something4 ,it is long since ,i have heard you sing40 ,he threw himself into a deeplycushioned chair1 and leaned his head on his hands while she sang to him--knowing1 how well6 that a cheerful song would not cheer him nor a pious song soothe--of 8,waters that flow ,with a lullaby sound1 ,from a spring but a very few ,feet under ground-- ,from a spring that is not very ,far under ground40 ,she was a magical singer1 surely2 and the still1 cold melancholy of her tones was the very spirit and essence of death2 and1 like death1 it pierced to the heart4 ,she sang3 8,and1 oh6 let it never ,be foolishly said ,that my room it is gloomy1 ,and narrow my bed4 ,for man never slept ,in a different bed2 ,and to sleep1 you must slumber ,in just such a bed40 ,she turned quickly at a sound behind her1 and saw that her husband had buried his face in the cushions of the chair1 and was trembling violently4 ,she went to him1 but there was no comfort to give nor to receive4 ,death alone could bring release for him and for her4 ,she could only surround him with her arms while he sobbed with the terrible hysterical sobbing of a man utterly broken down1 and let him feel that he was not alone and unpitied4 8,i don't know what ails me10 he said at length1 trying to control himself4 8,don't mind me1 ,annette4 ,my nerves seem to be all unstrung4 ,it must be that fever40 8,oh6 don't1 ,lawrence2 please don't60 she said faintly4 ,he became silent all at once1 and it seemed as though a chill had passed over him4 ,she sighed drearily1 and smoothed his hair with her hand4 8,trust your wife10 she said4 8,i am by you always40 8,you are not afraid of me80 ,he seemed to ask the question with a kind of terror4 8,my poor ,lawrence6 no4 ,i do not fear you as much as you do me4 ,don't have such fancies40 ,she did not explain in what confessional she had learned his secret2 in what troubled sleep wherein the unwary tongue speaks2 in what more troubled waking1 when the eyes and actions speak2 or in what sudden suspicion and enlightenment1 coming she knew not whence4 ,she told nothing1 and he asked nothing1 only leaned on her bosom1 and wept again as though all his manhood had departed4 8,o ,annette60 he said1 8,i dreamed last night that ,i was a little boy1 and that ,i stood by my mother while she brushed my hair into curls round her finger4 ,i thought ,i had been away a long distance1 and come back again1 and ,i stood quite still1 and remembered another childhood before ,i took that journey4 ,i was so glad to be back--as glad as ,i should be now if ,i could go back4 ,some way ,i could see that my hair was golden1 and that my mother smiled as she brushed it1 though ,i did not look at her4 ,such dreams are always coming to me now4 ,as soon as ,i go to sleep1 ,i am a child that has been away and is solemnly glad to be back again4 ,and then ,i wake1 and am in hell60 ,she went on smoothing his hair steadily4 8,some time soon the dream will come true10 she said4 8,do the best you can4 ,do justice to the wronged4 ,come away with me1 and we will hide ourselves somewhere in the world1 and try to find peace for the days that are left4 ,and byandby1 ,lawrence1 will come the day when we shall both be as little children again1 and all our terrible burdens will slip off4 ,you must do justice to the wronged40 8,in some way1 yes60 he said4 8,i have tried to think4 ,he must be saved4 ,but ,i cannot go away4 ,do you remember ever having been afraid to go upstairs in the dark1 of having felt sure that there was some one behind just ready to grasp you1 till you screamed out in terror8 ,it would be like that with me4 ,if once ,i turn my back on this place1 my life will become a crazy flight40 8,the world is wide10 she urged1 8and there are safe places enough in it4 ,besides1 money can buy anything2 and he has forgiven you4 ,he will screen you40 8,my mother60 he exclaimed4 8,who will screen and save her8 ,i will not destroy her1 ,annette4 ,no1 everybody in the world may perish first4 ,i never will destroy my mother4 ,i have done harm enough40 8,he will die in prison10 she whispered4 8,he has sent to ,germany for help1 and it did him no good4 ,he has demanded a new trial1 and there was not enough to justify them in granting it4 ,he is in a net from which there seems to be no escape4 ,they say that he will die40 8,you want to make me crazy60 her husband cried out1 pushing her fiercely from him4 8,go away6 ,you are worse than the rest40 ,there was no way but to yield to him4 8,well1 well1 ,lawrence6 ,i will try to think of some other means40 ,the season had reached early spring1 and one tempestuous evening in ,march1 as ,f4 ,chevreuse sat at home1 making up some church accounts1 feeling quite sure that he should not be interrupted1 he heard the streetdoor softly open and shut1 then a tap at the door of the room4 8,strange that ,jane should leave that streetdoor unlocked60 he thought1 and at the same moment heard the servant coming upstairs from the kitchen4 ,her quick ear had caught the sound1 and she1 too1 was wondering how she could have omitted to fasten the house up4 ,the door of ,f4 ,chevreuse's sittingroom was quickly opened1 and shut again in ,jane's face1 and a woman stood inside4 ,it was ,annette ,gerald1 wrapped in a large waterproof cape1 with the hood over her head4 8,send ,jane away60 she said hurriedly4 8,don't let her in here6 ,don't let her see me60 ,here ,jane opened the door and put her head in1 eyeing curiously the visitor1 whose back was turned to her4 8,i'm sure ,i shut the door and bolted it1 father10 she began1 and took a step into the room4 8,i44440 8,no matter6 ,i'll see to it10 the priest said1 waving her away4 8,oh6 well1 only ,i'm sure ,i locked it4 ,and perhaps you'd like to have this lamp44440 8,jane60 he exclaimed1 standing up1 8when ,i dismiss you1 you are to go40 ,jane retired1 grumbling4 8,she will listen at the door10 his visitor said4 ,f4 ,chevreuse flung the door open1 and discovered his domestic lingering about the head of the stairs1 affecting to examine an imaginary hole in the carpet4 8,once for all1 ,jane10 he said1 8if you wish to remain in my house1 you must not presume1 nor show any curiosity about my affairs1 nor the affairs of those who come to me4 ,go down into the kitchen1 and shut the door1 and stay there40 ,jane1 albeit not very subordinate1 was completely awed by a display of authority such as she had never seen before4 ,she did not venture to resist nor complain1 but returned without delay to her own place4 ,f4 ,chevreuse waited till he heard the kitchendoor close with somewhat unnecessary force1 then returned to his visitor4 8,what has brought you out tonight80 he asked in a low voice4 8,let me get my breath60 ,she was almost gasping4 8,jane gave me such a fright that my heart is in my mouth40 ,he set a chair for her1 and seated himself near1 waiting till she should be able to speak4 8,you had better shake the snow off your cloak10 he said4 ,she made a gesture of impatient refusal4 ,the rude mantle had slipped aside1 and revealed a strangely contrasting toilet beneath4 ,there was a shining of lustrous palegreen silk with delicatelywrought laces1 a glimmer of emeralds and diamonds1 and glimpses of pink roses set in bunches of green grass4 8,i have been to the prison10 she whispered4 ,f4 ,chevreuse frowned1 and dropped his eyes4 8,the man is a fool60 she exclaimed4 8,he will not be saved4 ,i had bought one of the guard4 ,it was the hour for supper1 and the man let me in1 and promised that for ten minutes ,i might do as ,i pleased1 and he would see and know nothing4 ,i went into the corridor1 and found the celldoor unlocked4 ,everything was ready1 was perfect2 for the storm would prevent any loungers from coming about the prison or the guardroom1 and would give an excuse to any one who wanted to muffle up and cover their face4 ,i had a large cloak all ready4 ,but he would not go4 ,he will not fly as though he were guilty1 he said40 8,what did you say to him80 the priest inquired1 without looking up4 8,i told him that he could save himself1 and prove his innocence afterward4 ,i said that may be the real criminal would some day confess1 and then he could come out before the world more than justified4 ,i said that we loved and pitied him1 and were unhappy at the thought of him there1 and would do anything for him4 ,he was to be secreted in our house till a way could be got for him to escape4 ,i had left the carriage just round the corner1 and ,john would have thought that it was ,lawrence who got in with me4 ,mamma and ,louis have gone to the ,president's dinner1 and ,gerald was to watch and let us in1 and afterward come out again with me4 ,but1 no2 the stubborn simpleton would not be saved4 ,i went on my knees to him1 and he was like a rock4 ,then the watchman knocked at the door1 and ,i had to run4 ,the other guard were coming in from their supper1 and1 if ,i hadn't hid behind a door1 they would have seen me face to face4 ,oh6 why did he not consent80 ,she wrung her hands slowly till the jewels on them twinkled in the lamp light4 ,f4 ,chevreuse still sat with his eyes downcast4 8,my poor child60 he said1 8your pity for this man has led you into an almost fatal error4 ,never attempt such a thing again4 ,it is not for you to cast yourself under the wheels of ,juggernaut4 ,i command you to try no such experiment again4 ,pray to ,god4 ,that is all that you can do40 8,yes1 ,i know that now10 she answered despairingly4 8,i am utterly helpless4 ,it is your turn4 ,you must save him40 8,what can ,i do80 he asked wonderingly4 8,i have tried all ,i could1 but in vain1 as you know4 ,i have left no stone unturned1 and the only good result ,i can see is a probability that the sentence will not be executed to the utmost1 and that in time something may happen to bring his innocence to light40 8,in time60 she repeated4 8,have you seen the man8 ,why1 ,i did not know him till he spoke4 ,he will not live4 ,no1 there must be no delay4 ,what you must do is this3 ,you must go to the authorities1 and say that you know who the true criminal is1 but cannot tell1 at least not now1 and that ,mr4 ,schninger is innocent40 ,the priest looked in her face with a gaze of calm surprise4 8,you mistake10 he said4 8,i do not know who the criminal is4 ,if ,i did know1 ,i should immediately go to the authorities1 and denounce him40 ,she looked him steadfastly in the face1 but his calmness baffled her4 ,he showed only a cool and dignified surprise4 8,oh6 these men10 she muttered4 8,i feel as if ,i were being ground between stones40 ,she stood1 and the shining folds of her dress1 that had been gathered up in her arms1 dropped about her1 and lay on the floor4 8,have you been walking through the snow in a balldress80 the priest asked4 8,have you anything to protect your feet80 8,oh6 ,i have fur shoes1 and my carriage is near by10 she said absently1 and seemed to be considering what to do next4 8,go home now1 my child1 and try to put all this wild work out of your mind10 ,f4 ,chevreuse said with emotion4 8,perform your own duty simply and in the fear of ,god1 and do not try to take the burden of others on those shoulders of yours4 ,go home and warm yourself well1 or you will be sick40 8,oh6 ,i am not going home10 she said1 her glance caught by the sparkling of a bracelet on her arm4 8,tonight is a dinner and ball given to the ,president1 you know2 and since he is going away tomorrow it couldn't be put off4 ,it must be time ,i was there1 and ,i have to go home after ,lawrence40 8,what6 you will go to a dinner and ball tonight80 exclaimed the priest4 8,you feel yourself fit for company80 ,she smiled faintly4 8,i shall doubtless be the gayest of the gay4 ,there is not much danger of my feeling sleepy40 8,well1 women are wonderful beings10 remarked ,f4 ,chevreuse to himself4 ,the young woman drew her wrappings about her1 and gathered up again her flowing skirts1 looking to see that no stain had fallen on them2 and1 in arranging her toilet for a new scene1 she appeared to arrange her mind also4 ,a gentle tranquillity settled upon her face1 and her head was slightly lifted1 as though she were already the centre of observation to a brilliant throng4 8,but you are looking very pale10 the priest objected4 8,that always mends itself10 she answered carelessly4 8,when ,i have need of color1 it usually comes40 ,some way1 in this firm selfcontrol1 he found her more pitiful than in any abandonment of sorrow4 ,she accepted the situation uncomplainingly1 since she could do no more1 and steeled herself to bear what she must4 8,god bless you60 he said1 when she was ready to go4 ,her face stirred a little at the words4 ,it seemed that she would rather not listen to anything of serious kindness then4 ,yet at the door she hesitated1 and turned back4 ,for once it was necessary that she should speak4 8,i have no difficulty about company or anything but silence and darkness10 she said hurriedly1 looking down4 8,i like a crowd1 though ,i am always on the lookout for something to be said ,i will not wish to hear4 ,when he and ,i are alone1 ,i turn cold and creeping1 for fear he should speak2 and ,i keep close and cling to him1 lest1 if ,i should get a little way off1 ,i should grow afraid of him4 ,if we were to be separated for one week1 ,i think we would never again dare to approach each other4 ,but recollect0--she lifted her eyes for one quick glance--8,i have told you nothing40 8,certainly not10 he replied gravely4 ,in a moment she had gone out1 and was running through the flying snow to find her carriage1 left in the next street to baffle some possible watcher4 ,young ,mrs4 ,gerald was quite right in saying that she should probably be the gayest of the gay that night2 and if any other person appeared to enjoy the scene more than herself1 it was1 perhaps1 her husband4 8,a very happy couple10 remarked a sympathizing friend to ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 8,oh6 yes10 the mother sighed1 nodding her head4 8,he is always gay when he is doing no good1 and as glum as a spade when he is behaving himself4 ,i was in hopes that his sickness would sober him1 but he is wilder than ever4 ,you should see him drive my horses60 ,her soninlaw1 passing by at that moment1 caught the last words1 and immediately joined the two ladies4 8,i know that ,mrs4 ,ferrier is complaining of me10 he said gaily4 8,she will never forgive me for putting her precious bays out of breath4 ,but the truth is1 ,i am trying to save their lives2 for they are so fat now that you could drive them to death at six miles an hour40 8,o ,lawrence60 ,annette said at his elbow--she was always hovering near when he spoke with her mother--8they say that ,strauss1 the composer1 you know1 is really coming to ,america next year1 and will lead his own waltzes at the concerts40 8,and1 by the way1 ,ninon10 said her husband1 8is that the ,strauss who always was8 ,i have had a waltzwriting1 violinplaying ,strauss in my mind ever since ,i was born1 and he had lived ages before1 and was something like ,mephistopheles1 to my fancy4 ,perhaps he is the ,wandering ,jew40 8,speaking of ,jews--0 began ,mrs4 ,ferrier's companion4 ,and here ,annette drew her husband away1 hanging on his arm1 smiling and whispering to him1 the brightest1 prettiest woman in the room4 8,and yet last night he was off somewhere1 and she sat up for him till a quarter before two o'clock10 ,mrs4 ,ferrier said1 looking after them4 8,i looked to see what time it was when ,i heard him come in4 ,it is wearing her out4 ,i shall not allow her to do it again40 ,it was easier for ,mrs4 ,ferrier to say what should not be than to find herself obeyed1 for the next night her daughter again kept vigil4 8,all ,i ask of you1 mamma1 is to let me attend to my own business10 she said decidedly4 ,so 8mamma0 toiled upstairs to bed1 and the daughter lowered the lights1 took out her rosary1 and began her nightly task of fighting away thought1 and trying to fix her mind on the future4 ,after an hour or two1 ,john1 the footman1 put his head in at the door4 8,you'd a great deal better go to bed1 ma'am1 and leave me to let ,mr4 ,gerald in10 he said4 8,i've something that will keep me up tonight1 and it's a pity two should lose their rest4 ,it is past twelve now40 ,she felt faint and weary1 and sleep was beginning to steal over her4 8,i believe ,i will go1 then10 she said4 8,i have not slept for three nights40 ,she went1 with a dragging step1 over the bright carpet roses4 8,what would become of him if ,i were to break up80 she thought4 ,when she had gone1 the man put out the hall gas1 opened the doors of the vestibule1 and set himself to wait4 ,he meant to have speech of ,mr4 ,gerald that night without ,mr4 ,gerald's wife for a witness or any likelihood of other interruption4 ,about one o'clock he heard unsteady steps on the sidewalk1 and1 as he went to the door1 ,lawrence ,gerald came reeling up the steps1 and almost fell into his arms4 8,come into the sittingroom1 sir1 and lie down on the sofa4 ,it will be easier than going upstairs10 he said4 ,when he had been drinking1 the young man was easy to lead1 and he now submitted readily1 and was in a few minutes in a deep sleep4 ,john locked the streetdoor1 shut the door of the sittingroom behind him1 and1 seating himself1 waited for the sleeper to wake4 ,a nervous man might have grown uneasy during that watch4 ,there is something not always pleasant in hearing one's own breathing1 and the faint occasional sounds in floor and wall1 and at one's elbow1 even1 which1 in the stillness of night1 seem like the movements of unseen beings drawing near4 ,besides1 there is a terror in the thought that we are going to terrify another4 ,but this man was not nervous4 ,he was made of wholesome though rough material1 and he had a strong will4 ,he had been waiting for others to act1 and had waited in vain1 and now he had made up his mind that it was for him to act4 ,justice was strong in him1 where he had the ability to perceive what was just1 and he would no longer see the innocent suffer for the guilty4 ,besides1 he reflected1 there was no one else who could speak4 ,selfdefence1 or the defence of one dearly loved1 or a yet more sacred motive1 sealed the lips of all who knew4 ,his lips were not sealed1 and justice commanded him to speak4 ,three o'clock came and went1 and still the young man slept4 ,the other sat and studied him1 noting how slight and elegant was his form1 how fine the hands and feet1 how daintily he was dressed and cared for4 ,john was stout and heavy1 a man of delf1 and the size of his boots had once provoked from ,lawrence a very provoking quotation3 8,what dread hand formed thy dread feet80 and more than once the young man had mockingly pushed his two white hands into one of ,john's gloves4 ,this sleeper's hair was glossy1 scented1 as soft as floss1 and curled in many a wilful ring2 ,john's was coarse and straight1 and he wisely wore it closely cropped4 ,lawrence ,gerald's face was delicately smooth2 the lines melted harmoniously into each other2 his brows were finely drawn2 the teeth1 that showed through his parted lips1 were pearly white2 and as he lay with closed eyes1 the lashes made two exquisitely curved shadows on his cheeks4 ,john's face was plain1 he had no eyebrows nor eyelashes to speak of1 his eyes were more for use than ornament1 and his nose went about its business straight from end to end1 stopping rather bluntly1 and utterly ignoring that delicate curve which made this man's profile so perfect4 ,this man8 ,this drunkard1 rather1 ,john thought2 this spendthrift1 and gambler1 and robber4 ,this murderer6 ,the nerves of the servingman stiffened2 and if he had felt any relenting1 it was over4 ,the insolent daintiness before him stirred all his bitterness4 ,it was for such men as this that humbler honest folks were to bow and serve1 and women's hearts to break6 ,it must be nearly four o'clock1 he thought1 and glanced round at the clock4 ,looking back again1 he met ,lawrence ,gerald's eyes fixed on him steadily1 and he returned the look with as immovable a stare4 ,in that instant the meaning of each leaped out of his face as clearly as lightning from a cloud4 ,young ,gerald's eyes began to shrink in their depths1 and still the other held them2 he drew slowly back on the sofa1 cowering1 but unable to turn away4 ,and here ,john's eyes released him1 for another object drew them up to the mirror that hung over the sofa4 ,reflected there he saw that the door was partly open1 and ,annette ,gerald's white face looking in4 ,she came swiftly gliding toward them1 silent as a ghost1 and melted1 rather than fell1 on to her knees before her husband1 between him and the other4 ,her arms and bosom hid him from that relentless gaze which told that all was known1 and her own face turned and received it instead1 firmly and almost defiantly4 8,well1 ,john80 she said4 8,speak out what you have to say40 8,this can't go on any longer1 ma'am10 he whispered2 8and ,i should think you would have the sense to see that4 ,if you're willing to let an innocent man suffer for him1 even that won't serve you long1 for he will betray himself yet4 ,you must go40 8,yes1 yes1 we will go60 she replied hurriedly4 8,it is the only thing to do4 ,we will go right away40 8,i will give you three weeks to get out of danger10 he went on2 8or1 if that isn't enough1 a month4 ,but you mustn't lose a day4 ,i won't see that man down in the prison die for nothing4 ,after the four weeks from to morrow morning are up1 ,i shall go to ,f4 ,chevreuse with a paper that your husband will write4 ,he may tell his own story1 and make what excuses he can for himself1 and it shall be for everybody to read4 ,f4 ,chevreuse will carry the paper to the judges1 and take that man out of prison4 ,that is all ,i've got to say10 he concluded4 8,four weeks from tomorrow morning60 ,annette made no further reply1 only watched the man out of the room1 and locked the door after him4 ,then she returned to her husband1 and1 for the first time since she had entered the room1 looked in his face4 ,he was lying back with his eyes closed1 as though from faintness4 ,she brought him a glass of wine1 knelt by his side while he drank it1 then took his hand in hers4 8,there is no other way1 ,lawrence10 she said4 ,he was sitting up now1 but kept his eyes closed1 as if he could not meet her glance1 or could not endure to look upon the light4 ,he answered her quietly1 8,yes1 it is the only way40 8,and now10 she continued1 8since there is no time to lose1 you will tell me the whole1 and ,i will write it down4 ,you can sign it afterward40 ,he nodded1 but did not speak4 ,the blow had fallen1 and its first effect was crushing4 ,she brought a writingtable close to the sofa1 and seated herself before it4 ,as she arranged the paper1 pens1 and ink1 heavy tears rolled down her face1 and sigh after sigh struggled up from her heart2 but she did not suffer them to impede her work--scarcely seemed1 indeed1 conscious of them4 ,everything was arranged carefully and rapidly4 8,now1 ,lawrence60 she said1 and seemed to catch her breath with the words4 ,he started1 and opened his eyes2 and when he saw her1 with eyes uplifted1 making the sign of the cross on her forehead and bosom1 he knelt by her side1 and1 bowing his head1 blessed himself also with the sacred sign4 ,then he began his confession1 and she wrote it as it fell from his lips4 ,if now and then a tear1 not quickly enough brushed away1 fell on the paper1 it only left its record of a wife's grief and love1 but did not blot out a word of the clear writing4 ,when the last word had been written1 and the name signed1 a long ray of white morning light had pierced through a chink in the shutter1 and lay across the red lamplight4 ,annette ,gerald took the pen from her husband's hand4 8,my poor ,lawrence60 she said1 8you and ,i have got to be saints now4 ,there is no medium for us4 ,pleasure1 ease1 all hope of earthly peace--they are far behind us4 ,we must go out into the world and do penance1 and wait for death40 8,annette10 he exclaimed1 8let me go alone6 ,give me up now1 and live your own life here4 ,i will never come near you again40 ,she shook her head4 8,that is impossible4 ,the only consolation ,i can have is to stay with you and give you what little help ,i can4 ,you could not live without me1 ,lawrence4 ,don't speak of it4 ,i shall stand by you40 ,she opened the shutters and the window1 and let the fresh morning light into the close room and over their feverish faces4 ,the town was waking up to a bright sunshiny day1 its many smokes curling upward into the blue1 its beautiful vesture of snow still clinging here and there1 all its busy life beginning to stir joyfully again4 ,they stood before the window a minute looking out1 the same thought in both their minds4 ,then the wife leaned forward4 8,goodby1 ,crichton60 she said1 and took her husband's hand4 8,come1 ,lawrence6 we have no time to lose4 ,the sword has been set over the gate40 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,a ,looker,back4 ,,iii4 ,the ,temple4 8,those bricky towers1 ,the which on ,themme's brode aged back do ride1 ,where now the studious lawyers have their bowers3 ,there whilom wont the ,templar ,knights to bide40 ,perhaps there is no place in ,london that appeals to so many instincts of the soul as the ,temple4 ,religion1 valor1 romance1 and literature have all lent enchantment to the place4 ,built and inhabited by the ,knights ,templars1 the resort of kings and nobles of highest lineage1 the home of generations of lawstudents and literary men like ,burke1 ,johnson1 ,goldsmith1 and ,lamb1 and associated with ,shakespeare and many a romance1 who could enter its quiet alleys1 and ramble about its courts and gardens1 without being stirred to the depths of his soul8 ,fact and fiction are here so mingled together that one is unable to disentangle them1 and the visitor says1 as he roams about3 ,here was the place of ,lamb's 8kindly engendure02 yonder ,eldon lived2 up in that third story was ,arthur ,pendennis' sickchamber1 where his mother and ,laura went to nurse him2 in that court were ,goldsmith's chambers1 where he loved to sit and watch the rooks2 and in those gardens walked ,sir ,roger de ,coverley1 discussing the belles1 with patches and hoops1 strolling across the green once used by the ,red,cross ,knights for martial exercises2 and yonder is the ancient church1 patterned after that of the ,holy ,sepulchre at ,jerusalem4 ,the church must be visited first1 for it is the most beautiful and perfect in existence that belonged to the ,knights ,templars1 and stood next in rank to their temple in the ,holy ,city4 ,within half a century it has been restored to something of its ancient glory1 and is substantially the same as when consecrated by ,heraclius1 ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 in the year #aahe4 ,the entrance is a beautiful ,norman arch1 deeply recessed1 with elaborately wrought mouldings1 and columns between which are figures of saintly forms1 some with rolls in their hands1 and some in the attitude of prayer4 ,these stone faces at the entrance of churches are a wonderful check to worldly thoughts4 ,they communicate something of their own solemnity and ineffable calmness4 ,through this doorway used to pass the valiant knights of the cross who came here with their banner--the glorious ,beauseant--to have their swords blessed on the altar before departing for 8,those holy fields ,over whose acres walked those blessed feet ,which1 fourteen hundred years ago were nail'd ,for our advantage on the bitter cross40 ,this is the entrance to the ,round ,church4 ,a circular tower rests on six clustered columns of marble1 each composed of four shafts1 which run into each other at base and capital so as to form but one4 ,and around these is a circular aisle4 ,six pointed arches spring from these beautiful pillars1 above which is an arcade of ,norman arches so interlaced as to form a combination of round and pointed arches--a fine example of the transition to the ,gothic style of architecture4 ,parker says this ,round ,church is one of the best authenticated instances of the earliest use of the pointed arch in ,england1 though the choir of ,canterbury ,cathedral is usually considered so4 ,over this arcade are six clerestory windows1 between which rise slender shafts that support the groined ribs of the roof4 ,at the sides of the circular aisle are sedilia formed of masonry projecting from the wall1 with slightly arched recesses1 in the spandrels of which are grotesque faces in altorelievo1 carven in stone1 each of which has an extraordinary character of its own1 and is well worth studying4 ,some are distorted with pain2 some look up appealingly2 here the tongue protrudes and the eyeballs are glaring2 there is a look of unutterable horror2 one sets his teeth hard as an unclean animal bites his ear2 another shows two fanglike teeth1 while a viciouslooking creature is gnawing the corner of his mouth1 and the furrowed brow expresses awful agony2 here is one with his long tongue run out sideways2 there is another bellowing with his mouth wide open1 the nostrils dilated and the forehead all puckered up2 some have ultra,roman noses1 some sharp1 and others flat and broad1 as if reflected from a convex surface4 ,one grins and shows all his teeth broad and uniform4 ,the sexton says these faces are supposed to depict the tortures of the suffering souls in purgatory4 ,grotesque as most of them are1 there is a certain awful solemnity1 even in the most hideous1 that is impressive4 ,thank ,god6 a few are calm and serene1 with their crown of sorrow on their heads4 ,an arcade1 similarly decorated1 has been found in the ruined ,temple ,church at ,acre1 and at the famous ,castel ,pellegrino1 erected by the early ,templars to command the shoreroad from ,acre to ,jerusalem4 ,the first thing that strikes the attention on entering this solemn church is the group of old ,crusaders lying on the pavement with their legs crossed1 in token that they had served in the ,holy ,land4 8,the knights are dust1 ,and their good swords are rust1 ,their souls are with the saints1 we trust40 ,these are not effigies of the ,knights ,templars--for they do not wear the mantle of that order--but knights associated with them in defence of the ,holy ,land4 ,one of them represents ,william ,marshall1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 and ,protector of ,england during the minority of ,henry ,,iii41 one of the greatest warriors and statesmen of the middle ages4 ,matthew ,paris describes his burial here in #abai4 ,here he lies1 carven in stone1 clad from head to foot in armor of chainmail1 in the act of sheathing his sword4 ,his legs are crossed1 for he had borne the cross of ,prince ,henry1 eldest son of ,henry ,,ii41 to ,jerusalem4 ,on his feet are spurs1 and at his side a shield with the lion rampant of the ,marshalls4 ,this stouthearted supporter of the ,plantagenets was one of the council appointed by ,richard ,cur de ,lion to govern the kingdom during his absence4 ,it was he1 together with ,americ1 ,master of the ,temple1 who at last induced ,king ,john to sign the ,magna ,charta1 and he accompanied the king to ,runnymede4 ,he it was1 too1 that1 while protector in the next reign1 offered pardon to the disaffected barons1 and confirmed the ,magna ,charta4 ,he also extended its benefits to ,ireland1 and commanded the sheriffs to read it publicly at the county courts1 and enforce its exact observance4 ,it was this same ,earl of ,pembroke whom ,shakespeare represents pleading so eloquently for the enfranchisement of the unfortunate ,prince ,arthur3 8,if what in rest you have1 in right you hold1 ,why then your fears 7which1 as they say1 attend ,the steps of wrong71 should move you to mew up ,your tender kinsman1 and to choke his days ,with barbarous ignorance1 and deny his youth ,the rich advantage of good exercise8 ,that the time's enemies may not have this ,to grace occasions1 let it be our suit ,that you have bid us ask his liberty3 ,which for our goods we do no further ask1 ,than whereupon our weal1 on you depending1 ,counts it your weal1 he have his liberty40 ,this great statesman was a benefactor to the ,templars1 and1 when he died1 his body was borne here in state and buried with great pomp on ,ascension ,day1 #abai4 ,here1 too1 are the monumental effigies of his sons--,william ,marshall1 the younger1 one of the bold barons of ,runnymede1 to whom we are indebted for the ,magna ,charta2 and ,gilbert ,marshall1 8the flower of the chivalry of that time10 who married a ,scotch princess1 and went to the defence of the sacred tomb4 ,although the elder ,marshall was just enough to extend the benefits of the ,magna ,charta to ,ireland1 we are told that1 during his campaign in that country1 he seized the lands of the ,bishop of ,fernes1 and kept them1 in spite of a sentence of excommunication4 ,after the earl's death1 the bishop came to ,london1 and laid the case before the king1 who1 alarmed for the weal of his old guardian's soul1 accompanied the bishop to his tomb4 ,matthew ,paris says that1 as they stood by it1 the bishop solemnly apostrophized the departed earl3 8,o ,william6 who lyest here interred and held fast by the chain of excommunication1 if those lands which thou hast unjustly taken from my church be rendered back to me by the king1 or by your heir1 or by any of your family1 and if due satisfaction be made for the loss and injury ,i have sustained1 ,i grant you absolution2 but if not1 ,i confirm my previous sentence1 so that1 enveloped in your sins1 you stand for evermore condemned to hell60 ,however alarmed the king might have appeared about his guardian's soul1 restitution was not made1 and the stout old bishop1 who seems to have been soundly orthodox as to the temporal rights of the church1 denounced the earl and his race in right ,scriptural phrase3 8,his name shall be rooted out in one generation2 and his sons shall be deprived of the blessing1 ,increase and multiply4 ,some of them shall die a miserable death2 their inheritance shall be scattered2 and this thou1 ,o king6 shalt behold in thy lifetime2 yea1 in the days of thy flourishing youth40 ,this fearful prophecy was fulfilled in a remarkable manner4 ,the five sons of the protector died one after another without issue in the reign of ,henry ,,iii41 and the family became extinct4 ,there are eight of these monumental effigies lying in the centre of the ,round ,church4 ,it is to them ,butler refers in his ,hudibras1 speaking of the profanation of the place by the lawyers of his time and their clients-- 8,that ply in the ,temple under trees1 ,or walk the ,round with knights of the posts ,about the crossedlegged knights1 their hosts40 ,in the round walk of this church there is on one side a coped tombstone1 in the style of the ,x,i,ith century1 of a prismatic1 coffinlike shape4 ,on the other side 8,you see a warrior carven in stone ,lying in yon dim aisle alone1 ,a warrior with his shield of pride ,cleaving humbly to his side1 ,and hands in resignation prest ,palm to palm on his tranquil breast40 ,this is ,lord ,robert de ,ros1 another of the bold barons of ,runnymede--a knight whose career was one long romance4 ,beautiful in person1 the successful wooer of the ,princess ,isabella of ,scotland1 and 8one of those military enthusiasts whose exploits form the connecting link between fact and fiction1 between history and the fairy tale10 one cannot look at his figure here without interest and emotion4 8,o death6 made proud with pure and princely beauty40 ,in fact1 there is a wonderful air of mystery and romance about the whole of this solemn church4 ,here the young aspirant to knighthood used to come to keep his long vigil before the altar1 and here gathered the ,crusaders before setting off for the tomb of ,christ4 ,and chief among them the valiant ,templars1 in their long1 flowing mantles1 8whose stainless white their hearts belied not10 with the mystic cross upon their breasts1 which ,pope ,eugenius had authorized them to wear4 8,and on his brest a bloodie crosse he bore1 ,the deare remembrance of his dying ,lord1 ,for whose sweet sake that glorious badge he bore1 ,and dead 7as living7 ever him adored4 ,upon his shield the like was also scor'd1 ,for sovereign hope which in his helpe he had2 ,right faithful true he was in deed and word2 ,but of his cheer did seem too solemn sad1 ,yet nothing did he dread1 but ever was ydrad40 ,we can never believe that1 as a body1 the early ,templars were not worthy of their white garments4 ,a bishop of ,acre1 who frequently accompanied them on their military expeditions1 said of them3 8,lions they are in war1 gentle in the convent1 fierce soldiers in the field1 hermits and monks in religion2 to the enemies of ,christ ferocious and inexorable1 but to ,christians kind and gracious4 ,they carry before them to battle a banner1 half black and white1 which they call ,beauseant--that is to say1 in the ,gallic tongue1 ,bienseant1 because they are fair and favorable to the friends of ,christ1 but black and terrible to his enemies40 ,while this vision of the past was crossing the inward eye1 a strain of music1 as of some holy chant1 came floating softly out from some inner recess1 sweetly adding to the enchantment4 ,it was only the choir practising in the vestry1 but it was just far enough away to give a certain mystery and softness to their psalmody that was delightful at that vesper hour4 ,one needs a service for such memories1 and alone in this rotunda of the ,templars1 where 8,watching and fast1 and prayer1 and penance1 ,and sternly nursed affections10 once heavenward soared1 the pilgrim knelt awhile in the dim round aisle to say a ,requiescant for those that once worshipped here according to ,god's appointed ordinances1 and then went his way--in pace4 ,the next day brought him back to complete his survey4 ,churches like this1 in imitation of that of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 were frequently built in the time of the ,crusades4 ,the ,milanese built one in their city after returning from the holy war4 ,peter ,adornes made three journeys from ,flanders to ,jerusalem to obtain an exact copy of the ,holy ,sepulchre for the church at ,bruges2 and at ,abbeville1 the beautiful ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre was built on the very spot where ,godfrey of ,bouillon and the ,crusaders assembled before going to ,palestine4 ,in it was built a tomb before which the solemn ,office of the ,holy ,sepulchre was celebrated annually4 ,sometimes the ,crusaders brought back with them some of the dust of the ,holy ,city4 ,at ,pisa1 and in ,sicily1 there were cemeteries filled with that sacred soil4 ,it seemed less repulsive to lie for ever down in dust perhaps the ,saviour's feet had trod4 ,the ,london temple has therefore something of the sacred character of the ,orient about it2 that is1 the ,rotunda4 ,and it was dedicated to that holy ,oriental maiden whom all nations unite in calling ,blessed4 ,the following inscription is over the door of entrance3 8,on the #ajth of ,february1 in the year from the ,incarnation of our ,lord #aahe1 this church was consecrated in honor of the ,blessed ,mary1 by the ,lord ,heraclius1 by the grace of ,god ,patriarch of the ,church of the ,resurrection1 who hath granted an indulgence of fifty days to those yearly seeking it40 ,heraclius had come to ,europe to preach the ,third ,crusade4 ,in ,paris he was the first to officiate at ,notre ,dame4 ,his special mission to ,england was to induce ,henry ,,ii4 to fulfil his vow of going to the succor of the ,holy ,land by way of penance for the murder of ,thomas ,becket4 ,finding his efforts in vain1 the patriarch at last said to the king3 8,hitherto thou hast reigned gloriously1 but hereafter thou shalt be forsaken of ,him whom thou at this time forsakest4 ,think on him1 what he hath given to thee1 and what thou hast yielded to him again2 how first thou wert false to the ,king of ,france1 and1 after1 slew that holy man1 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 and1 lastly1 thou forsakest the protection of ,christ's faith40 ,the king1 vexed at such frankness1 said3 8,though all the men of my land were one body1 and spake with one mouth1 they durst not speak to me such words40 8,no wonder10 replied the patriarch1 8for they love thine and not thee2 that is to mean1 they love thy goods temporal1 and fear thee for loss of promotion1 but they love not thy soul40 ,and so saying1 he bowed his head before the king1 and continued3 8,do by me right as thou didst by that holy man1 ,thomas of ,canterbury2 for ,i had rather be slain of thee than of the ,saracens1 for thou art worse than any ,saracen40 ,the king1 restraining himself1 said3 8,i may not wend out of my land1 for mine own sons will rise up against me when ,i were absent40 8,no wonder10 responded the patriarch1 8for of the devil they come1 and to the devil they shall go20 and so departed1 as ,abbot ,brompton records1 8in great ire40 ,in the wall of the ,round ,church is a winding staircase of stone leading to the triforium4 ,part way up it opens into what is called 8the penitential cell0--a recess in the thick wall four feet and a half long1 and two and a half wide1 with two squints to admit air and light1 and enable the penitent to witness the divine service4 ,it would seem1 however much an active knight might chafe in such restricted quarters1 as if he had much to console and support him in looking down into such a church4 ,in the triforium are gathered together monuments that were formerly scattered about the church4 ,among them is a tablet to ,edmundus ,gibbon1 an ancestor of the historian1 who died in #afgi4 ,the ,round ,church opens by three lofty arches into the rectangular church1 consisting of a nave and two aisles1 formed by clustered pillars of marble1 supporting a groined vault covered with rich arabesques4 ,this church is a beautiful specimen of the early ,english style4 ,the lawyers of ,cromwell's time whitewashed the pillars1 and did all they could to obscure the beauty of the building2 but now it is restored to somewhat of its former richness4 ,it is paved with tiles bearing the arms of the ,outer and ,inner ,temple1 and on its triple lancet windows are emblazoned the arms of the ,templars--the lamb and flag and the ruby cross4 ,that red cross1 in the very church where it gleamed seven hundred years ago1 says volumes to the heart4 ,where are the ,knights ,templars now to assume it again1 and go to the rescue of the ,holy ,city1 bereft of its sovereign lord8 ,do we not need a new ,s4 ,bernard to preach a new crusade in behalf of the captive daughter of ,zion1 that she may be delivered from the ungodly oppressor1 and her anointed one set free8 ,it was an old ,english prelate--,s4 ,anselm--who said3 8,god loves nothing in the world better than the liberty of his church4444 ,he does not wish a servant for his spouse40 ,this rectangular church was consecrated in #abdj1 in presence of the king and a vast number of nobles4 ,in one corner is a beautiful old marble piscina1 lately brought to light1 where the priest1 before the holy oblation1 purified the hands that were to touch the ,body of the ,lord4 ,on a terrace to the north of the church is ,goldsmith's grave1 marked by a coped stone4 ,on one side is graven3 8,here lies ,oliver ,goldsmith02 and on the other3 8,born #aj ,nov41 #agbh4 ,died #d ,april1 #aggd40 ,the row of houses close by is marked 8,goldsmith's ,buildings40 ,perhaps on this very terrace he walked up and down in his bloomcolored coat1 dreading to have the bill sent in4 ,there are ,johnson's buildings also4 ,and in ,inner ,temple ,lane1 ,lamb lived at ,no4 #d1 which 8looks out on ,hare ,court1 with three trees and a pump10 where he used to drink when he was 8a young ,rechabite of six years0 of age4 ,as he says1 8it is worth something to have been born in such a place40 ,it was here the spirit of the past was infused into his mind1 moulding it in antique fashion1 and planting the germs of the quaint conceits and humorous fancies that so delight us all1 and giving him a love for the old dramatists which we have all learned to share in4 ,of course every one goes to drink at the fountain which ,lamb1 when a boy1 used to make rise and fall1 to the astonishment of the other urchins1 8who1 nothing able to guess at its recondite machinery1 were almost tempted to hail its wondrous work as magic40 ,miss ,landon thus celebrates it3 8,the fountain's low singing is heard on the wind1 ,like a melody bringing sweet fancies to mind1 ,some to grieve1 some to gladden2 around them they cast ,the hopes of the morrow1 the dreams of the past4 ,away in the distance is heard the vast sound4 ,from the streets of the city that compass it round1 ,like the echo of fountains1 or ocean's deep call2 ,yet that fountain's low singing is heard over all40 ,and yonder are the sundials1 on which ,lamb so sweetly moralizes--the inscriptions no longer half effaced1 but bright with the gilding of #ahgb4 8,pereunt et imputantur02 8,discite justitiam moniti02 8,vestigia nulla retrorsum02 and 8,time and tide tarry for no man10 are some of the mottoes on them4 ,it is rather a disappointment to find them looking so new and fresh1 as if no longer 8coeval with the time they measure40 ,there is something wonderfully poetical about a sundial1 which derives its revelations of time's flight 8immediately from heaven1 holding correspondence with the fountain of light40 ,it has a kind of relationship to nature1 and is1 therefore1 the very thing to have in gardens and groves and green fields 8for sweet plants and flowers to spring up by1 for the birds to apportion their silver warblings by1 for flocks to pasture and be led to fold by40 ,it has a 8heartlanguage0 not heard from a clock1 with 8its solemn dulness of communication40 ,when we give up modern artificial life1 and return to our primitive relationship with nature1 we shall only measure the flight of time by a sundial1 or an hourglass1 or the opening and shutting of flowers4 ,it is delightful wandering around the ,temple gardens1 with their shrubbery and flowers and fountains1 and especially along the terrace overlooking the ,thames4 ,here one naturally looks around for the old benchers of ,lamb's time1 half expecting to be greeted by the pensive gentility of ,samuel ,salt1 or the quadrate person of ,thomas ,coventry1 coming along with 8step massy and elephantine1 his face square as the lion's1 his gait peremptory and pathkeeping10 the terror of children1 who flee before him as from an 8,elisha bear40 ,one can also 8fancy good ,sir ,roger de ,coverley and ,mr4 ,spectator1 with his short face1 pacing up and down the road1 or dear ,oliver ,goldsmith in the summerhouse1 perhaps meditating about the next ,citizen of the ,world1 or the new suit that ,mr4 ,filby1 the tailor1 is fashioning for him1 or the dunning letter that ,mr4 ,newbury has sent4 ,treading heavily on the gravel1 and rolling majestically along in a snuff colored suit and a wig that sadly wants the barber's powder and irons1 one sees the great doctor1 with ,boswell behind him1 a little the worse for the portwine they have been taking at the ,mitre1 to ask ,goldsmith to come home and take a dish of tea with ,mrs4 ,williams40 ,it is in the ,temple gardens that ,shakespeare makes ,york and ,lancaster pluck the red and white roses which became the badges of their rival houses4 ,it is here ,plantagenet says3 8,let him that is a trueborn gentleman1 ,and stands upon the honor of his birth1 ,if he suppose that ,i have pleaded truth1 ,from off this brier pluck a white rose with me40 ,somerset4--8,let him that is no coward1 nor no flatterer1 ,but dare maintain the party of the truth1 ,pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me40 ,warwick4--8,and here ,i prophesy--this brawl today4 ,grown to this faction in the ,temple garden1 ,shall send1 between the red rose and the white1 ,a thousand souls to death and deadly night40 ,there are no red or white roses blooming here now1 but quantities of chrysanthemums grow along the paths under the elms and limetrees4 ,an enormous basket1 overrun with ivy1 handle and all1 stands near the old ,elizabethan ,hall where ,shakespeare's ,twelfth ,night was performed during the author's lifetime1 and where the benchers of the ,middle ,temple now dine off long oaken tables in the light of emblazoned windows1 and beneath the eyes of kings depicted by ,vandyck and other great painters4 ,a company of volunteers are drilling on the green1 perhaps in the same place where the ,knights ,templars had their military exercises2 children are playing in the gravelled walks2 and groups of gentlemen and ladies1 and here a lone pilgrim1 are sauntering about1 enjoying the calm bright evening and the view of the ,thames1 with little steamers rushing up and down among all sorts of craft2 and beyond1 the great city with its countless spires1 the bells of which seem to be all ringing4 ,perhaps the cheerful notes of that psalm come from ,s4 ,clement's in the ,strand1 which ,dr4 ,johnson used to frequent--notes that will sound as cheerfully when we are no more as they do now over the tombs of past generations who likewise have paced up and down this terrace listening to them4 8,the boat1 and the barge1 and the wave have grown red1 ,and the sunset has crimsoned the boughs overhead2 ,but the lamps are now shining1 the colors are gone1 ,and the garden lies shadowy1 silent1 and lone40 ,was ,origen ,a ,heretic8 ,origin has been pronounced by the verdict of ages a genius of the first order4 ,but on this man there has also been pronounced another verdict of still greater importance3 8,no one has surpassed him either in good or in evil0--,ubi bene nemo melius1 ubi male nemo pejus4 ,terrible words on a man who was the wonder of his age1 and an uncompromising father of the church6 ,we propose to set forth in this article some of the reasons tending to prove that this sentence is an unjust one1 and that ,origen was a faithful child of the church--faithful1 too1 at a time when fidelity was tried by the fire1 the sword1 or the cold1 damp dungeon4 ,we bring forward the reasons of our opinion1 suppressing none of the accusations that have been brought against this great man at sundry times1 but refuting them by arguments which are at least extremely probable1 and have convinced some very eminent scholars4 ,the orthodoxy of ,origen is presumptively established from the pure sources from which he received the rudiments of the ,christian faith1 from the soundness of the doctrines he is known to have taught during his public ministry1 from his saintly associations1 from his undoubted works1 and from his heroic virtues4 ,born in the bosom of the church1 of noble and virtuous parents1 in the year #ahe1 he drank in with the nutriment of his infancy the pure and saving doctrines of ,christianity4 ,as his powers of reason expanded1 the beauty and splendor of the new but persecuted religion were laid open before him by ,s4 ,leonides1 his father1 whose celebrity as a philosopher was only equalled by his proficiency in profane and sacred sciences4 ,under such fostering care and parental cultivation1 ,origen received the most careful training1 the wisest instructions1 and most virtuous examples4 ,so deeply did this pious and excellently versed man plant the germs of ,catholic truth in the heart of his eldest son that the most flattering promises of ,roman governors1 the most subtle reasonings of philosophers1 were alike unable to entice him into the paths of error at an age when the passions are strongest and the glittering tinsel of worldly honors exerts so powerful an influence on the mind4 ,s4 ,leonides1 aware of the necessity and value of religious education in youth1 took every precaution to instil virtue into the heart while profane learning entered into the mind4 ,each day he required ,origen to commit to memory certain parts of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and1 after their recital and an invocation of the ,holy ,ghost1 he explained the sense of the ,scripture4 ,a plant reared in such soil1 and impregnated with an atmosphere so holy1 must be beautiful to the sight in its maturity4 ,advanced in the liberal arts to a degree far beyond his years1 ,origen made those studies only accessories to a more complete attainment of sacred knowledge4 ,his progress in the sciences was only rivalled by his increase in piety4 ,what a deep root religion had taken in his nature may be known from his burning ardor to win the glorious crown of martyrdom when the bloody persecution of ,septimius ,severus raged with unequalled fury in his native city1 ,alexandria4 ,among its victims was his father4 ,deprived of the boon of losing his life for ,christ in his company1 he wrote letters of encouragement and exhortation that ,s4 ,leonides would endure his torments heroically1 looking only to the future life and its incorruptible inheritance4 ,it was painful for ,leonides to leave behind him seven orphan children2 but1 to alleviate his sorrows in this direction1 ,origen1 upon whom he looked as a living tabernacle of the ,holy ,spirit1 sent him words of cheer3 8,be sure1 dear father1 that on our account you do not alter your mind02 and in another part of the same letter we read words which appear almost incredible coming from one so young3 8,have confidence1 father2 leave all for ,jesus ,christ2 he will be your reward40 ,s4 ,leonides was beheaded1 his property confiscated1 according to the laws1 and ,origen1 at seventeen years of age1 found himself and the rest of his family reduced from abundance to poverty for the sake of ,christ4 ,next to dying in the faith1 there is no greater blessing than to have been born in it4 ,from a martyr and a bishop7#bh7 ,origen learned the rudiments of the faith1 and it grew with his growth and strengthened with his strength4 ,those who had charge of his education at the most critical juncture were still more eminent in letters and sanctity than ,leonides4 ,he was placed under ,titus ,flavius ,clemens1 generally known as ,s4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 whom ,s4 ,jerome7#bi7 considered 8the most learned of our authors10 and who1 ,theodoret believed17#cj7 8surpassed all others in the extent of his learning40 ,the erudition of ,flavius ,clement found in ,origen a worthy receptacle1 and the ,christian morality taught in his lectures and practised in his life were truly reflected in the rising glory of the ,east4 ,clement1 drinking from the crystal fountain of truth that issued from the evangelist ,mark1 who had made1 by the order of the prince of the apostles1 ,alexandria his apostolic seat1 imbibed its saving waters in all their purity4 ,in his ,stromata1 as well as on the authority of ,eusebius1 we learn that the immediate successors of the apostles1 preservers of the true doctrine of ,s4 ,james1 ,s4 ,john1 ,s4 ,paul1 were still in existence and teaching the ,gospel in its entirety4 8,they have lived down to our times10 says ,clement17#ca7 8and scattered in our hearts the seed of truth which they had received of their predecessors1 the apostles40 ,it was from this beautiful and fertile garden that ,origen culled the flowers of ,christianity that ornamented his soul1 that bloom in his luminous works1 that preserve their fragrance and throw around sacred studies an imperishable lustre4 ,while ,origen was pursuing his studies under ,clement1 he did not fail to engraft upon himself the holiness and sanctity of his teacher--the ,pedagogue of the master was transformed into the life of the scholar4 ,the holy practices running through the ,pedagogue1 its inculcation of austere morals and inexhaustible charity1 became to ,origen1 through his long and arduous career1 handposts pointing to solid grandeur1 durable happiness1 and supreme good4 ,on leaving this famous catechetical school1 he perfected himself under ,ammonius ,saccas1 whose celebrity among pagans for the reconciliation he effected between jarring philosophical systems was only eclipsed by the esteem in which he was held by the infant church1 to whose cause he brought the aid of philosophy and the requirements of the times4 ,among all those who attended the lectures of ,ammonius1 the most remarkable was young ,origen1 though he had for rivals no less famous persons than ,plotinus1 the philosopher and teacher of ,porphyry1 and the critic ,longinus4 ,all eyes were centred on ,origen1 and his name was in every mouth--his mind a prodigy of letters1 his soul a temple of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the vast amount of erudition now acquired by ,origen1 not only by reason of his extraordinary abilities1 but also on account of his eminent preceptors1 whose sanctity of life imparted to their expositions of religion the irresistible authority of example1 attached him with unshaken firmness to the infallible truths which were sealed by his father's blood4 ,no other belief could satisfy his yearnings1 no other creed answer to the wide comprehensions of his conceptions and the loftiness of his aspirations4 ,the completion of his studies found him versed in astronomy1 the higher mathematics1 thoroughly acquainted with the sentiments and theories of the different philosophical schools1 and more or less familiar with the construction of languages and the leading issues of the times4 ,reduced to straitened circumstances in consequence of the persecution1 he opened1 on his own responsibility1 an institution for dialectics1 music1 and profane sciences4 ,this was a dangerous enterprise for one so young1 but it was the only alternative to avoid a life of dependency and association with heretics1 as well as to assist a helpless mother and a large family4 ,he felt bound to shun the enemies of the church2 he refused to mingle in their company1 save when the necessity of their spiritual welfare demanded it1 or the exigencies of the occasion prevented his escape4 ,scrupulous even to the spirit of the apostolic teachings1 rather than associate with the opponents of ,christianity1 he preferred to sacrifice the friendships of his youth and the liberality of his patroness1 at a time1 too1 when he stood most in need of assistance4 ,his reputation attracted large numbers to his lectures1 and the applause he received1 while it elevated him in popularity1 was the source of interior humiliation1 the antidote of pride4 ,demetrius1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 moved by the superior attainments1 the fervent piety and unswerving orthodoxy in faith1 of the young ,christian1 appointed him regent of the famous catechetical school1 ,a4,d4 #bjc4 ,the course of studies taught in this institution comprised1 aside from secular pursuits1 theology and ,scriptural expositions4 ,origen7#cb7 was only eighteen years of age when he assumed this responsible charge--a charge that1 in the history of the province1 had never been committed but to persons of advanced years4 ,this appointment1 then1 was an exception1 strange in the extreme2 but ,origen was an exceptional scholar--so exceptional1 indeed1 that history has failed to record his compeer at that time of life in any other person4 ,but1 as ,st4 ,jerome7#cc7 remarks1 8,from his childhood he was a great man40 ,and ,bossuet1 admiring the young ,alexandrian1 towering in intellect above those of his day1 like ,saul above his brethren1 declares3 8,il se rendit clbre par toute l',eglise des sa premire jeunesse et enseigna de grandes vrits407#cd7 ,the violence of the persecution under ,septimius ,severus had interrupted the ,christian school of ,alexandria1 and forced its president1 ,clement1 to fly from his murderers4 ,it was during his retirement and under the uplifted sword that ,origen assumed the regency--a position as precarious and laborious as it was honorable4 ,it required varied knowledge1 uncommon prudence1 and unswerving adhesion to the traditions of ,christ's ambassadors4 ,for more than one hundred years ,catholic blood1 8the secret power and seed of ,christianity107#ce7 had flowed through the ,roman provinces2 ,catholic heads been decapitated by the sword of the executioner4 ,every method of destruction and annihilation that human artifice and cruelty could devise was brought into play to sweep from the world the new religion2 but the kingdom of ,christ emerged from the contest more glorious and powerful1 and asserted in bolder terms the divinity which was emblazoned on its standard4 ,the saying of ,gamaliel was verified3 ,man cannot stop the accomplishment of ,god's designs4 ,then the pagans felt convinced that some other means should be employed against the ,christians1 whom the emperors and governors had in vain sought to extinguish in blood4 ,to this end1 they had recourse to the schools1 to the philosophers1 to men skilled in the oracles2 the followers of the different systems of belief1 to preserve the existence of their body1 girded on their helmets of sophistry and raillery2 the pagan writers dealt in flings of irony and the gall of mockery2 wit and sarcasm1 powerful weapons1 were handled with remarkable ingenuity4 ,the lifeblood of mythology1 sanctioned for ages by the devotion of its victims1 was on the eve of ebbing from its very arteries2 polytheism1 rooted in the manners of the multitude1 supported by legislation1 upheld in literature1 protected by the sympathies of all1 was losing ground at every step that ,christianity was making upon its domains2 idolatry saw its statues fall one by one1 its members disappearing like vapor beneath the absorbing rays of light2 and all these forms of superstition joined hands and allied their forces to impede the onward and irresistible march of ,catholic truth4 ,alexandria1 cradle of ,eastern genius at that time1 became the ,christian ,thermopyl1 and ,origen the ,christian ,leonidas4 ,it was he who headed the forces1 and1 by the splendor of his genius1 prepared in his school illustrious men to lead on the van4 ,he vindicated the truth from calumny1 supported it by facts1 disengaged it from the sophisms in which enemies had obscured it1 and held it up to view in all its natural beauty and attraction4 ,his learning became telling in a short time upon the prejudices of the people in regard to his despised religion1 and gradually inspired a kinder feeling towards the misrepresented ,christians in the minds of the cultivated4 ,his fame drew to his auditory persons who had studied under other masters1 desirous of listening to his wisdom1 and of the honor of calling him their teacher4 ,heathens were delighted with his language1 full of unction and charm1 and the literati of the age1 who had been lost in the intricacies of ,aristotle1 the obscurities of ,plato1 and the absurdities of ,epicurus1 wondered at the young ,christian philosopher4 ,his name was asked by authors for dedicatory purposes1 and works were subject to his judgment for their circulation4 ,to give an insight into the system of education adopted by ,origen1 and which produced so many great men in the ,i,i,id century1 we will quote from the writings of ,s4 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus1 who was under the direction of ,origen for five years1 the method employed by the philosopher to win him to ,christ4 ,the extract will also show the clearness of his ideas1 the thoroughness and universality of his knowledge4 ,the reader1 if he chooses1 may compare the plan of education followed by ,origen with that pursued in our colleges and universities in the ,x,i,xth century1 and judge for himself of the progress civilization has made in this direction4 8,like a skilful agriculturist10 says ,s4 ,gregory17#cf7 8who examines in all its aspects the land which he intends to prepare for cultivation1 ,origen sounded and penetrated the sentiments of his disciples1 making inquiries1 and reflecting upon their replies4 ,when he had prepared them to receive the seed of truth1 he instructed them in various branches of philosophy--in logic1 to form their judgment1 by teaching them to discriminate between solid reasonings and the specious sophisms of error2 in physics1 to make them admire the wisdom of ,god1 by an analytic knowledge of his works2 in geometry1 to habituate their minds to rectitude1 by the rigor of mathematical propositions2 in astronomy1 to elevate and extend their thoughts1 by giving them immensity for a horizon2 finally1 in morals--not those of the philosophers1 whose definitions and sterile divisions give birth to no virtue1 but practical morals1 making them study in themselves the movements of the passions1 so that the soul1 seeing itself as in a mirror1 may extirpate every vice1 even to the roots4 ,he then approached theology1 or the knowledge of ,god4 ,he made them read on ,providence1 which has created the world and governs it1 all that has been written by the ancients1 philosophers or poets1 ,greeks or barbarians1 without otherwise minding their systems1 their sects1 or their particular opinions4 ,in this labyrinth of pagan philosophy he served as their guide to discern whatever might be really true and useful1 without allowing them to be fascinated by the pomp and ornaments of language4 ,he laid it down as a principle1 that1 in whatever regards ,god1 we must trust only ,god and the prophets inspired by him4 ,and then he commenced the interpretation of the ,scriptures1 which he knew thoroughly1 and which1 by the grace of ,god1 he had penetrated in all their most secret depths40 ,the magnitude of his intellectual powers excited no less interest than his manner of life2 and it is not without reason that his friends allege the sanctity of his life as the best interpreter of the few objectionable passages in his gigantic works1 and no weak argument for the purity of his faith4 ,surrounded by eminent savants1 and in correspondence with others in distant countries1 he found himself hard pressed to accommodate the former and answer the communications of the latter4 ,he was obliged to engage several secretaries to write out his discourses on the arts and sciences in conjunction with his explanations of ,christianity4 ,their assistance afforded him better opportunities of enriching his stock of knowledge4 ,he realized what ,trithemius17#cg7 ,abbot of ,spanheim1 repeated to himself every day3 8,to know is to love40 ,his insatiable thirst for learning left him plodding among manuscripts through the day into the long hours of the night2 and when nature1 succumbing under the severe stress of exhaustion1 would demand rest1 he would make the bare ground his bed1 and the books his pillow4 ,simple in his dress1 the mortifications he imposed upon himself on several occasions threatened his life4 ,temperate in all things1 he was particularly so in drink4 ,wine he never used4 ,while his prodigious talents and able discourses brought within the true fold large numbers from among the most distinguished learned men and philosophers1 his virtues and sublime renunciation of the world produced so many holy men that his school has been deservedly termed 8the school of martyrs40 ,more than once he accompanied his disciples to the place of execution1 and exhorted them1 in the very face of the instruments of torture1 to endure death with fortitude for the cause of truth and the eternal inheritance promised to those who wash their robes in the blood of the ,lamb4 ,he stood by at the martyrdom of ,s4 ,plutarch1 brother of ,s4 ,heraclas1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 both catechumens under himself1 administering consolations and pouring into his soul words of hope and encouragement4 ,a martyr's crown he courted from infancy1 and from sickness and infirmities contracted in the persecutor's dungeon1 it is reasonably supposed1 his life went out4 ,it could only have been divine interposition that rescued him from the numerous assaults made upon his life4 ,when permission was refused him to visit the ,christians in chains1 he made incredible efforts to convey to them words of sympathy and articles of comfort4 ,his solicitude and bearing on the eve of the martyrdom of his disciples1 ,,ss4 ,heron1 ,potamina1 ,herias1 ,sereni1 and ,heraclides1 is conclusive proof of ,origen's ardor to seal with his blood the divinity of the cause he advocated with his eloquence1 and evidence of the falsity of the notorious slander which represents him yielding to the wishes of the persecutors in the midst of his torments1 and offering sacrifice to the gods4 ,the first trace we meet with in history of this accusation is in the ,treatise against ,heresies17#ch7 by ,s4 ,epiphanius1 ,bishop of ,salamis1 and given to the world one hundred years after the death of ,origen4 ,this slander1 never repeated by the learned--if we except ,petavius1 in the ,x,v,i,ith century1 while employed on the works of ,epiphanius--has been wiped out of ecclesiastical history by the weight of such writers as ,baronius1 ,halloix17#ci7 ,raynaudet1 ,henry ,valois1 ,vincent de la ,rue1 and ,frederic ,spanheim47#dj7 ,this defamation of his character1 unfounded as it is1 though so much like other insinuations against the noble ,alexandrian1 was not even alluded to in the ,justinian age1 in which he was so violently and bitterly opposed4 ,had ,s4 ,jerome credited this monstrous fabrication1 had it rested upon anything but a sandy foundation1 the literary war between the lifelong friends1 ,jerome and ,rufinus1 would have terminated at the first volley from the pen of the learned scriptural writer4 ,it would have been a crushing argument against ,rufinus1 and ,s4 ,jerome was the person to turn it to advantage4 ,in those times1 it was a common thing to be reproached if one1 arrested for the faith1 escaped death4 ,some of the greatest saints1 ,s4 ,cyprian1 ,s4 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus1 and others1 suffered not a little from calumnies of like import4 ,origen's behavior1 on the occasion to which the allusion refers1 was honorable1 heroic1 and in entire harmony with his lifelong fidelity to principle4 ,he was seized1 and--whether it was the design of the magistrates to draw many ,christians back to the gods of the empire by circulating the fall of ,origen1 or their admiration of the genius of their noble victim that prevented his summary decapitation--was thrown into a cold cell1 bound in an iron collar1 with heavy shackles to his feet1 and his legs drawn apart to a painful degree4 ,it appears that during the first years that ,origen filled the regency of the ,alexandrian theological seminary1 he experienced no small amount of inconvenience1 in his controversial discourses with ,jews and pagans1 in consequence of the different versions of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,in their inspired pages he found true wisdom and spiritual life3 8,oh6 how have ,i loved thy law1 ,o ,lord6 ,it is my meditation all the day407#da7 ,in this sacred department he stands without a rival1 if we except ,s4 ,jerome1 8the greatest doctor1 divinely raised up to interpret the ,sacred ,scriptures407#db7 ,yet to ,origen the indebtedness of ,s4 ,jerome is very great4 ,he borrowed7#dc7 from him1 studied him17#dd7 followed him17#de7 admired him17#df7 and then attacked him47#dg7 ,s4 ,jerome declares that in reading the ,twelve ,prophets by ,origen1 in the works of ,s4 ,pamphilus1 he saw in them the wealth of ,crsus2 and1 as far as our judgment goes1 we never read a higher eulogium than the one ,s4 ,jerome pays to the genius of ,origen on his two homilies in ,cantica ,canticorum4 ,it was ,origen's love of the ,scriptures that gave birth to the grand idea of compiling the sacred books of the different versions into one work--the ,octapla1 a legacy to posterity more than sufficient to support his reputation and endear it to all succeeding ages4 ,for this purpose1 he decided1 in #bab1 to travel through different countries1 and collect the most recognized and authentic copies of the ,scriptures4 ,those travels opened to his view the pages of nature1 on which he read the customs and habits of men1 religions and governments1 arts and sciences4 ,aside from those motives1 he had another reason for travelling4 ,he longed to see ,rome1 the chair of ,peter17#dh7 8upon whom1 as on a rock1 ,christ built his church02 he desired to pay his homage in the 8principal church07#di7 to the successor of ,s4 ,peter1 8against whom the gates of hell shall not prevail407#ej7 ,he arrived at ,rome about the close of the pontificate of ,s4 ,zephyrinus1 to whom his presence and devotion must have been a source of consolation1 as the saintly pontiff1 at that time1 was pained to the heart by the fall of the great ,tertullian and the deplorable perversions in the ,african ,church4 ,the travels of ,origen are full of interest and instruction4 ,each journey was a crusade against heathenism1 and a glorious triumph for the ,gospel2 like ,s4 ,paul1 he wandered over sea and land to make profit for ,christ1 strengthening the weak and marshalling the strong2 the power of his pen was felt where his voice failed to reach4 ,as a comet that illumines its course with darting rays of light1 and obscures the flickering stars1 such were the brilliant tours of ,origen1 leaving the light of faith and the fire of charity behind them4 ,wherever heresy raised its head in the church1 there was ,origen to batter it with reason and tradition2 wherever the faithful were wavering1 there was ,origen cheering and rallying the forces2 wherever the enemy made an onslaught on ,christianity1 it found ,origen in the breach2 like an ,agamemnon or a ,hector1 wherever battle raged the fiercest1 ,origen took the front4 ,now he is in the presence of the governor of ,arabia1 enlightens him on scientific subjects1 and gradually raises his mind to nature's ,god2 then he traverses through ,palestine1 expounding the ,scriptures in the assemblies of the faithful2 at one time he is at ,antioch before the royal family1 pleading for the liberty and free exercise of ,christian worship2 at another in ,nicomedia1 maintaining the canonicity of certain parts of the inspired writings2 now he is in ,greece1 thundering against the ,montanists2 and again in ,arabia1 at ,bozra1 reclaiming fallen prelates1 and defending the divinity and humanity of the second ,person of the ,most ,blessed ,trinity4 ,there is a point in the preceding sentence worthy of more than passing notice--namely1 ,origen's visit to ,mamma1 mother of ,emperor ,alexander ,severus4 ,this estimable lady1 who afterwards1 in all probability1 embraced the ,christian religion1 desirous of seeing so illustrious a doctor as ,origen1 sent her retinue to escort him to her palace4 ,she was pleased with her learned guest1 and her son1 the future ruler of the empire1 listened with delight to the great prodigy of learning4 ,the virtues that characterized the reign of ,severus1 in contradistinction to the licentiousness1 cruelty1 and extortion of his predecessors1 have been1 not without justice1 attributed to the influence exerted on him by lessons of morality given in the discourses of ,origen4 ,it is not improbable that the law he presented1 soon after his ascension to the throne1 to the ,roman senate for its sanction1 whereby the religion of ,christ would be incorporated among the others of the empire1 had for its source ,origen's instructions to him about the divinity of the ,catholic faith1 its purity and sanctity4 ,dom ,gueranger1 in his ,life of ,s4 ,cecilia17#ea7 adduces monuments of antiquity going to prove the protection and favors extended to the infant church by ,alexander2 and ,origen himself17#eb7 in his ,apology1 chronicles the abatement of the persecution shortly after his return from the imperial court4 ,on this part of his work a writer very felicitously adds3 8,if he modestly declines telling us the part he bore in it1 we owe him so much the more honor the less he seems to claim407#ec7 ,during the comparative peace obtained under ,alexander1 the church made incredible efforts to fill up her shattered ranks1 restore order1 and produce scholars4 ,she succeeded1 for never was she more fruitful in great men than at this epoch4 ,origen had reconciled her1 in the opinion of philosophers1 to genius1 adorned her with intellectual wealth1 and introduced her to the occupants of the throne she was soon to fill with so much glory2 and1 what is still more1 he had disciplined a galaxy of scholars1 who were about to dazzle the world by the grandeur of their minds1 and beautify the church by the holiness of their lives4 ,origen's brilliant career1 like the career of all great men1 was not allowed to end without its trials4 ,aside from the assaults of the professed enemies of the church1 he met with severe annoyances from the jealousy of those whose interests he had studied to further4 ,the trouble came from a quarter he least expected4 ,demetrius1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 during the early part of his episcopate entertained for ,origen the highest esteem2 and there is no ostensible motive to believe that ,origen1 throughout all his relations with the patriarch1 gave him any cause of offence1 or else this prelate would not have retained him in the presidency of his theological school till the year #bcj--;a period of twenty seven years4 ,the humility of the regent and his innate respect for authority held his tongue in silence1 whatever may have been his opinion of the conduct of ,demetrius as a prelate4 ,still1 we may conjecture ,demetrius was not far from the mind of ,origen when1 in speaking of disorders and irregularities in the church1 he wrote of bishops3 8,we would almost have guards like kings2 we make ourselves terrible and difficult of access1 chiefly to the poor2 we treat them who speak with us and ask for some favor in a manner which the most cruel tyrants and governors would not assume towards suppliants407#ed7 ,it is not wrong to look upon ,demetrius as a man who consulted with the general interests of ,christianity his own popularity1 the extension of his diocese1 and the increase of his subjects2 perhaps he was of the opinion that the advancement of religion in ,alexandria and its suffragan dependencies1 his own juridical district1 was of more importance than its dissemination in other places4 ,it was interested motives of this sort that led him to disapprove of ,origen's evangelical missions1 by which his invaluable services were temporarily withdrawn from his native city4 ,origen1 being a layman1 free from any obligations to ,demetrius1 except in a spiritual point of view1 possessed the individual right of travelling from country to country1 and of delivering lectures without the permission of any authority4 ,if he spoke before the congregations of the faithful1 it was only at the urgent solicitation of the prelates1 whose jurisdiction within their respective provinces was recognized and unquestioned2 champion of the faith in the ,east1 he was waited upon by delegations from pious bishops1 entreating him to come to their dioceses4 ,those missions ,origen1 in his love for the glory of ,god1 felt conscientiously bound to perform4 ,on a journey to crush by his eloquence the heresy of the ,valentinians1 that had made lamentable ravages in ,greece1 he paid a visit to ,s4 ,alexander of ,jerusalem and ,theoctistus of ,csarea1 by whom he was ordained priest4 ,this act1 irreprehensible in itself1 entailed upon ,origen serious difficulties1 and became the groundwork upon which his enemies fabricated the most severe accusations4 ,demetrius1 taking to heart the course of conduct of the great philosopher1 and assured1 by the aspect of things1 of his speedy disconnection with the interests of ,alexandria1 sent letters to the bishops1 containing bitter recriminations for imposing hands on ,origen4 ,he did not stop at this point4 ,he also despatched to the prelates of ,asia letters full of invectives and animosity1 requiring them to hold no communion with ,origen1 who had violated the disciplinary canons4 ,the respite that ensued on his return to ,alexandria was of short duration4 ,a council was 8assembled by the care1 and under the presidency1 of ,demetrius10 for the purpose of examining the legality and validity of ,origen's ordination4 ,in this council we can only discover two things laid to his charge--namely1 that he had made himself a eunuch1 and had been ordained without the consent of ,demetrius1 his ordinary4 ,those charges1 if we take into consideration the customs of the times and the imperfections of ecclesiastical discipline during the persecutions1 contain in themselves very little upon which a grievous censure of ,origen could be founded4 ,in the language of the church1 they are irregularities2 one ex defectu1 the other ex delicto4 ,let us for a moment concede that there were such canons in existence at the time of ,origen's ordination1 by the violation of which irregularities were incurred1 what then follows8 ,in that age of the church1 bishops enjoyed great privileges1 discretionary powers--far more discretionary than even the bishops of the ,united ,states enjoy nowadays in this missionary country--and preeminently so the ,patriarch of ,alexandria1 the ,patriarch of ,antioch1 and the ,metropolitan of ,palestine1 who was ,bishop of ,csarea4 ,these prelates could dispense1 in nearly all emergencies1 the violators of the ecclesiastical ordinances2 other prelates in the ,east were more or less restricted in their functions1 and in matters of moment could do nothing detrimental to those sees4 ,what authority1 then1 prevented ,theoctistus from pronouncing ,origen released from the irregularities1 and canonically qualified for the reception of orders8 ,had any other ordinary imposed hands on him except the ,metropolitan of ,palestine1 the objections of the ,patriarch of ,alexandria would undoubtedly have carried with them more weight4 ,but the ,metropolitan of ,csarea1 while respectfully acquiescing in the priority of the ,see of ,alexandria1 through reverence of its princely founder1 always exercised his own jurisdiction without the permission or consultation of ,alexandria4 ,theoctistus of ,csarea was not even under ,demetrius1 but under the ,patriarch of ,antioch1 and these provincial and patriarchal boundaries as well as episcopal relations were only finally authoritatively adjusted by the ,council of ,nice47#ee7 ,in the second place1 the ,metropolitan of ,csarea1 who always exercised more than ordinary episcopal functions1 which were afterwards approved and sanctioned by cumenical councils17#ef7 deemed it not a usurpation of power to impose hands on ,origen without the direct consent of his bishop1 inasmuch as he was personally acquainted with the subject of the sacrament1 morally certain of his piety and learning4 ,if we add to those reasons the surrounding circumstances stated in the reply of ,s4 ,alexander of ,jerusalem to ,demetrius1 it becomes patent that neither ,origen was to blame in the premises nor ,theoctistus for the exercise of his jurisdiction and powers4 ,demetrius had given ,origen commendatory letters on his departure for ,greece1 and1 on the strength of these commendations1 ,theoctistus and ,s4 ,alexander conferred on him holy orders4 ,his services had been valuable as a layman2 they would become still more valuable as a cleric1 and1 actuated by those pure motives1 they ordained him4 ,now1 is it historically true that in the year #bcj1 or previous to that time1 there were any such canons framed by the church as excluded eunuchs from the reception of holy orders8 ,it will be difficult to come across statutes of this nature in canon law or ecclesiastical history4 ,we will find such acts of discipline framed years after the death of ,origen1 but none previous to that epoch4 ,the other accusation1 that he was ordained without the permission of his bishop1 has a weaker foundation even than the preceding one4 ,according to the practice of the church in our day1 every candidate for the sacred ministry who is not a religious must be ordained by his own bishop 7titulo nativitatis1 domicilii1 beneficii1 seu familiaritatis prout accidit71 or possess the written consent of his own ordinary1 if ordained by another4 ,origen1 viewed from a modern standpoint1 contracted an irregularity ex delicto2 but1 judged in the century in which he lived--the only one in which he must be judged--was as regular in his ordination as the young men who are semiannually ordained in our provincial seminaries4 ,origen transgressed no ecclesiastical injunction by receiving orders at the hands of a foreign bishop1 because it was only under ,s4 ,anastasius that this restriction was placed on aspirants to the priesthood4 ,the ,council of ,nice1 embodying the canons of ,arles1 ,ancyra1 and ,gangres1 passed laws prohibiting clerics from attaching themselves at will to different churches and dioceses2 this prohibition affected clerics alone1 and in no way referred to laics1 who were at perfect liberty to be ordained by any prelate upon testimonials of worthiness4 ,it was only during ,s4 ,ambrose's time that this abuse became offensive1 and that the ,roman pontiff deemed it proper to eradicate it4 ,to this end1 in the year #djj a canon was enacted by the pope1 which forbade any prelate ordaining the subjects of another1 unless such subjects had permissive letters bearing the signature of the bishop who had authority over them4 ,from this sprang dimissorial letters4 ,indeed1 whatever view an impartial and competent person takes of the whole affair1 ,origen and the saintly bishops who ordained him appear innocent1 and seem to have acted with the best intentions4 ,nevertheless1 the decision arrived at by ,demetrius' council was that ,origen should be dismissed from the theological school1 upon which his learning had reflected so much glory1 and that he should also withdraw himself from ,alexandria1 retaining1 however1 his priesthood4 ,origen1 anticipating the result of the council 8assembled by the care of ,demetrius10 quietly retired to ,csarea4 ,matters did not end here4 ,the immense amount of writings that the unwearied industry of ,origen had contributed to the literature of the church offered a wide field in which his adversaries might search for something reprehensible4 ,his works would form in themselves a rare library1 had the fall of empires not entombed a large portion of them in their ruins4 ,no less than six thousand books did his indefatigable application produce3 8,sex millia ,origenis tomos non poterant quipiam legere407#eg7 ,in the copying1 revision1 and compiling of these manuscripts1 he employed twenty1 at other times twelve1 but always more than eight1 amanuenses4 ,as this article has no reference to his writings1 their merits1 or the influence they exerted upon church learning1 we must make this cursory allusion to his gigantic labors sufficient for our present purpose4 ,it will lay before the reader the great mass of matter his enemies had at hand to examine1 the possible mistakes that might have crept into his works by the carelessness of so many secretaries1 the possible corruptions they might have suffered at the hands of heretics or jealous rivals4 ,not a finger could be raised against his spotless and ascetic life in the council2 the teacher of martyrs and companion of saints1 his character was irreproachable4 ,demetrius1 not unlikely hearing of the warm reception extended to ,origen in ,palestine1 convened1 after a short interval1 another council4 ,the works of ,origen were subjected to the sharpest examination4 ,one instinctively inquires why ,demetrius1 if he were simply actuated by zeal for the preservation of ecclesiastical discipline and the purity of revealed truth1 did not introduce those serious charges in the former council4 ,to resort to the nonpublication of the ,periarchon and ,dialogues at the time of the first convocation of bishops1 in order to remove the suspicions that point to the malice of ,demetrius1 is an ingenious special plea1 unsupported by facts and testimonies4 ,s4 ,jerome1 studying this question learnedly1 defends ,origen and censures ,demetrius4 ,why did the ,patriarch of ,alexandria1 next in hierarchical honor to the ,bishop of ,rome1 permit ,origen for over a quarter of a century to expound within his own hearing the sublime dogmas of ,christianity1 if his conceptions of those dogmas were radically false8 ,can we suppose that the few months between the assembly of the two councils were spent by the bibliophilist in composing a work that would give the lie to the glorious achievements of thirty years8 ,or can we allow the conviction to settle in our minds that he1 so remarkable in virtue1 would deliver in the pulpit one doctrine1 and write in his books another8 ,will we find fault with saints and illustrious doctors of the church1 who1 by the nature of their high calling1 are bound to avoid false teachers1 for extending to ,origen the warmest hospitalities1 or acknowledge1 with ,eusebius of ,csarea and ,s4 ,pamphilus1 the severe and unjustifiable measures adopted by ,demetrius8 ,whatever secret motives guided ,demetrius in the prosecution of the inquisition1 his course1 disapproved of by his contemporaries1 has never secured a sincere advocate of ordinary importance4 ,the errors which he imagined he had detected in the writings assumed1 in the eyes of ,demetrius' council1 sufficient gravity to cause the deposition and excommunication of ,origen4 ,never did an imperial edict1 suddenly proclaimed in the midst of peace1 sanctioning the indiscriminate massacre of ,christians1 produce greater consternation in the church than the announcement of ,origen's deposition4 ,the report of the fall of the great ,tertullian had scarce died away1 when the faithful were filled with alarm at the momentary expectation of its echoes being taken up by the fall of ,origen1 and resounding throughout ,christendom4 ,but there was a vast difference between these two great men4 ,quintius ,tertullianus1 while the superior of ,origen in eloquence1 style1 and strength of language1 was at the same time his inferior in the sacred sciences and in humility1 the safeguard of ,origen's genius4 ,the one blended with ,christianity the elegance and wisdom of the pagans1 the other the beauty and inspiration of the prophets4 ,both the brightest ornaments of the church in their day1 they no less adorned her sanctity by their lives than enriched her treasures by their genius4 ,tertullian1 a pagan by the prejudices of birth and education1 unaccustomed to religious authority1 could not endure the correction of superiors2 and wounded pride1 inflamed by impatience and an ambitious nature1 gave way to impious belief1 and ,tertullian1 the fallen genius1 dwindles into a fanatical heretic4 ,it was not so with ,origen4 ,having received information of the action of the council1 with real humility equalled only by that of the meek ,fnelon1 ,origen wrote7#eh7 to ,alexandria that he had never taught such doctrine as was imputed to him1 and1 if contained in his works1 it was through the machinations of heretics4 ,then follows1 in the same document1 a clear and orthodox exposition of his belief upon the contested points--an exposition that will satisfy a modern theologian1 with all his precise distinctions and scholastic definitions4 ,as long as this monument of antiquity1 this spontaneous proof of his adhesion to apostolic truth1 this undeniable evidence of the absence of all pertinacity1 exists1 so long will those to whom his memory is dear love to look upon him as sincere in his protestations and sincere in his faith4 ,here was the rule of his belief1 and according to this rule his works should be interpreted3 8,that alone must we believe to be the truth which differs in nothing from the ecclesiastical and apostolical tradition407#ei7 ,a noble rule of faith1 truly ,catholic and orthodox6 ,words appropriate for an ,origen1 who caught up1 as it were1 the traditions of the apostles1 and echoed them into ,nicene times4 ,what cause have we of refusing credence to ,origen when he tells us that the errors attributed to him were the interpolations of heretics8 ,every intelligent reader of history knows that his works were corrupted1 shamefully corrupted1 at the close of the ,i,vth century4 ,in substantiation of this1 we have only to refer to the learned ,rufinus and ,s4 ,jerome4 ,each of these translated into ,latin the ,periarchon of ,origen and many other works of the same author2 and what do we find8 ,why1 ,s4 ,jerome accuses ,rufinus of altering1 inverting1 suppressing the sense of the original2 and1 in turn1 ,rufinus charges ,jerome with malicious perversion of the meaning of the learned ,alexandrian1 wilful corruption of the text1 and personal jealousy of the fame of ,origen4 ,s4 ,augustine1 an intimate friend of ,s4 ,jerome1 used his influence to reconcile those two great personages disputing about ,origen2 and from his letter to ,s4 ,jerome1 it appears to us that his sympathies were with ,rufinus4 ,indeed1 in the first ages of the church1 it was no uncommon thing for great men to have not only their works interpolated1 but entire books circulated under their name1 ,s4 ,cyprian7#fj7 complained that works that he had never seen were issued in his name4 ,s4 ,jerome7#fa7 testifies that the letters of ,s4 ,clement1 ,pope1 were interpolated1 as well as the writings of ,s4 ,dionysius and ,clement of ,alexandria2 the same trustworthy author was very much annoyed that the people of ,africa in his day were reading a supposititious volume bearing his name4 ,we see no reason1 then1 why heretics would not tamper with ,origen's productions1 when they had the audacity to corrupt such public and sacred documents as those we have mentioned1 some of which were read in the religious assemblies of the people4 ,it is the misfortune of exalted persons to be cited as authorities for opinions they never maintained4 ,indeed1 when we perceive how the teachings of men amongst us are misrepresented1 notwithstanding the assistance of the press1 the telegraph1 and other modern detectives1 we can understand with what facility opinions could have been accredited to ,origen which were not his4 ,well might ,s4 ,jerome with the works of ,origen scattered around his room1 perhaps under his very elbows1 write3 8,o labores hominum6 semper incerti2 ,o mortalium studia6 contrarios interdum fines habentia407#fb7 ,the acts of ,demetrius' council1 we are informed1 were forwarded to ,s4 ,pontianus1 whose short pontificate of a few years spent in exile1 as well as the still shorter reign of his successor1 ,s4 ,anterus1 which lasted only a month1 was absorbed in the discharge of duties more vital to the church than the ,alexandrian inquisition4 ,ere ,rome took any steps in this matter1 or sanctioned the proceedings by her silence1 the discussion ended by the death of ,demetrius1 #bca4 ,it is probable that ,origen indulged in conceptions or hypotheses not altogether in accordance with ,catholic doctrine2 but we must keep before our minds the circumstances in which he was situated1 the persons with whom he disputed1 and the noble aim he had in view4 ,the philosophy of ,aristotle1 whom ,tertullian calls the 8patriarch of heretics10 was very unpopular in ,alexandria at the opening of the ,i,i,id century4 ,the neo ,platonic system was the prevalent philosophy of the day at ,alexandria4 ,the issue of the day was1 ,is the religion of ,christ philosophical8 ,can it with safety be subjected to logical rules8 ,does it not contradict the reasonings of ,plato8 ,to meet this issue1 so important to the spread of the ,gospel among the enlightened class1 ,origen had recourse as much as was possible to the tenets of the ,platonic school for arguments4 ,with ,platonic philosophers he had his controversies2 and his language1 the more ,platonic it was1 the more power it exerted2 the more he reconciled revelation with reason1 in their estimation1 the more entered within the pale of the church4 ,just as in our times able writers use the popular issues1 because the most intelligible and taking1 to dissipate the clouds of ignorance that bigotry has thrown around the public mind in regard to ,catholicity1 to show the natural compatibility of the church with all legal forms of government1 her inexhaustible resources for meeting the requirements of society1 and her sacred and impartial maintenance of true liberty2 so1 too1 did ,origen turn to advantage the doctrines of the schools in demonstrating the love of the church for sound philosophy1 her adaptability to the sciences1 and her divine mission as regenerator of the world4 ,this tincture of ,platonism pervading his early productions1 combined with the mysterious figures under which ,eastern nations convey sacred truths1 the allegorical style1 and the ,discipline of the ,secret1 which was in active force1 rendered ,origen obscure1 and his works susceptible of doubtful interpretation4 ,though his admirers go so far as to exculpate him from every error1 we are not prepared to accompany them to that distance4 ,we are willing to concede that ,origen may have advanced some erroneous opinions1 but error without contumacy does not entail the sin of heresy1 which is a wilful rejection of any revealed truth authoritatively proposed4 8,i may fall into a mistake10 says the learned ,s4 ,augustine1 8but ,i will not be a heretic40 ,the fathers of the church were only men1 subject to human weakness1 liable to err4 ,the doubtful and obscure speculative hypotheses of the ,alexandrian's fertile imagination1 then1 should in no way darken the splendor of his genius or belittle his devotion to ,catholic truth4 ,f4 ,petau1 his declared enemy1 followed by ,huet1 who gave his learning to this controversy1 refuses to believe ,origen obstinate4 ,halloix1 ,charles ,vincent de la ,rue1 ,tillemont1 ,witasse1 ,ceillier1 and other erudite scholars1 who studied with care and impartiality this whole matter1 unite in the emphatic declaration that ,origen 8died in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church40 ,this is the verdict of great men in modern times4 ,it was also the verdict of the century in which he lived--the ,i,i,id--as may be seen in the apology of ,s4 ,pamphilus1 composed in defence of ,origen's orthodoxy1 and extant in the works of ,s4 ,gregory ,nyssen2 also in that beautiful monument of antiquity1 the panegyric over ,origen by ,s4 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus1 given in full in the works of ,gerard ,vossius4 ,this verdict was confirmed in the ,i,vth century by the catalogue of orthodox ecclesiastical writers1 published by ,s4 ,gelasius1 pope1 among which is the name of ,origen2 and in the following century1 in a profession of faith drawn up by ,pope ,s4 ,hormisdas1 and sent by ,germanus1 ,bishop of ,capua1 to be signed by the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 the heretics condemned by the church are enumerated1 but in this enumeration we can discover no allusion to the great ,scripturist4 ,indeed1 it has always been a source of surprise to us how ,origen1 a fallible creature1 a man like other men1 unaided by any divine assistance1 could have written in several thousand volumes so much truth1 and so little error4 ,there were but few ,encyclical ,letters1 no ,index1 no decisions of ,sacred ,congregations1 no ,syllabus1 in the days of ,origen2 and yet his enemies will measure the length of his definitions with theirs1 compare his expressions with the theological niceties of the present1 and1 should a word be wanting or a synonymous one substituted1 exclaim3 8,there is an error2 ,origen is a heretic60 ,the body of infallible definitions from popes and councils which we now possess did not exist at this early epoch2 to write then orthodoxically1 to justify the ,christian belief in the ,trinity1 to explain the hypostatic union1 the generation of the ,son1 and the procession of the ,holy ,ghost1 to expound the ,scripture and the other sublime mysteries of religion1 and escape with one or two mistakes1 was simply marvellous4 ,thus ,origen1 born in the true faith1 reared in a religious atmosphere1 educated under pious men1 the intrepid defender of truth and meek retractor of error1 the teacher and companion of saints1 the prisoner for ,christ1 has impressed on his life1 in golden letters1 the best defence of his orthodoxy4 ,and if the saintly ,origen be distinguished from the abominable ,origenians2 if the allowances due to the age in which he lived be accorded him1 an injustice to the works of ,origen--a valuable legacy to posterity--will be removed1 and the injury done to a reputation obscured by the malice of some and the misapprehension of many others will in part be repaired47#fc7 ,social ,shams4 ,there is no axiom more fraught with meaning than the old ,scripture promise1 8,the truth shall make you free40 ,but there is also no fact better authenticated in the civilized world of today than the practical nullification of this very promise4 ,we speak as regards things human2 for in spiritual matters1 the home of truth is1 to our belief1 a fixed one1 and the road to it staked out by a divine leader1 that has power to find an unerring path in what otherwise seems but an ocean of shifting sand4 ,we propose to apply this axiom to social life1 and it is our complaint that it is not free4 ,the pivot on which 8society10 properly so called1 turns is conventionality--a polite term for untruth4 ,the original ,christian ideal of society was of course based on charity4 ,it has been truly said that a perfect ,christian is instinctively a finished gentleman4 ,courtesy is but an adaptation of charity2 and the height of goodbreeding 7recognized as being the faculty of setting every one at his ease1 and of saying the right thing at the right time to the right person7 must answer to the ,christian principle that to wilfully wound your neighbor in the slightest degree is a sin4 ,but all this1 call it tact or charity1 as you will1 is not in itself inconsistent with truth4 ,the ,french have a proverb that ,toute vrit n'est pas bonne dire--8,every untruth is not necessarily expedient to all men20 but even that is not a declaration of war against the principle of truth in the main4 ,yet what is the reality1 the thing constantly before our eyes1 the fact of which no one can doubt who has ever lived beyond the strictest limits of home--nay1 beyond the limits of his own mind8 ,one in a thousand fulfils the ideal of ,christian courtesy1 while the other nine hundred and ninetynine wear the regulationmask prescribed by fashion4 ,some wear it of iron1 so that1 in the intercourse of a lifetime1 you would never feel that you knew them any better than on the first day of acquaintance2 some only of wire1 so that the natural personality behind it is but partially hidden even from perfect strangers2 some of silk1 so cunningly painted that it betrays you into thinking it nature1 until1 by repeated experience1 you discover the imposture4 ,again1 some wear it as the women of ,constantinople wear the yashmak1 so filmy as only to veil1 not to conceal1 the features4 ,lord ,lytton1 in his romance1 ,a ,strange ,story1 speaks of the 8three women0 which exist in the single personality of every woman2 this applies to men almost equally4 ,there is1 he says1 the woman as she really is1 the woman as she thinks herself to be1 and the woman as she appears to the world--the conventional woman4 ,this is by far the most curious product of natural history1 or1 more appropriately1 of the history of mechanics4 ,the human being under social manipulation is a study for philosophers4 ,conventional standards of human beauty1 such as the compressed foot of the ,chinese lady1 or the artificially stimulated rotundity of form among the women of some of the ,central ,african tribes1 the staining of the fingernails with henna among the ,persians1 etc41 are as nothing and involve no deformation or suffering compared with that among the wholesale machineproducts of civilized society4 ,spiritual systems of penance have sometimes been impugned for aiming at subduing nature3 taming the passions1 restraining the expression of strong emotion1 weaning the body from innocent indulgences1 and so forth4 ,but is there any more barefaced destroyer of nature than 8society0 as at present constituted8 ,are there any penances harder1 any restraints stricter1 than those imposed by our conventional code8 ,the spiritual struggle with nature is voluntary1 and aims at subduing our lower nature1 only the more to honor the intellectual principle1 and render its exercise freer from clogging and degrading influences4 ,the conventional struggle with nature1 on the contrary1 is a compulsory one1 into which you are thrust by others in early and unconscious childhood2 it is1 moreover1 a deceptive one1 as it tends to produce mere appearances--not to tame passion1 but restrain its outward expression2 not to elevate the mind1 but to give it the semblance of those gifts most profitable in the social estimation of the day4 ,it does not tend to make man supernatural1 but unnatural4 ,it takes from him even the freedom of the savage1 without giving him in exchange the freedom of the ,christian4 ,it aims not at virtue1 but at decorum4 ,its morality skips the whole of the ,ten ,commandments1 but insists upon what facetious ,englishmen sometimes call the eleventh--i4e41 8,thou shalt not be found out40 ,it has rites and ceremonials of its own1 more arbitrary than the law of the land1 and1 in the same breath1 more lax2 it has beliefs and formulas more binding outwardly than those of any religion2 it has its own oracles1 its own language1 its own tribunals4 ,it is a state within a state1 condoning many moral delinquencies1 exalting some into meritorious deeds1 smoothing others over as pardonable follies4 ,where it is not wicked1 it is inane or spiteful4 ,slander and gossip are its breath of life1 except in the few instances where intrigue sweeps away such secondrate passetemps4 ,yet its wickedness is a subject that touches us less than its stupidity2 for it is less of a daily experience1 and has more denouncers to lash it4 ,we also know less of its brilliancy than of its meanness2 for the latter is visible in the smallest gathering and in the most insignificant place1 while the former exists but in half a dozen great capitals1 and even there only among one or two circles or strata of society4 ,paris and ,vienna have their dull and respectable society1 as well as other places1 and they are by far the most numerous1 and1 we will venture to say it1 the meanest4 ,downright license seems1 strangely enough1 to carry with it a certain reckless bonhomie which1 while it is far from ,christian charity1 yet has many outward signs of it4 ,the most abandoned are often found to be the most generous1 or even philanthropic1 while the pharisaical little mindedness of many eminently 8respectable0 members of society is a constant reproach to the faith on which they pride themselves4 ,the 8milk of human kindness0 is often scarce amid 8saints0 of a certain school4 ,noli me tangere is their motto1 and an appropriate one1 indeed2 for you might tap their hearts till doomsday1 and never draw from them one drop of the generous wine of sympathy4 ,not that all persons whose path of life crosses your own by the chances bred of social conventionalities are of this type2 many are generous1 kindhearted1 impulsive2 but it is part of the indictment we bring against 8society0 that its rules so smother this amiable individuality as seldom to allow it to be revealed to you save by some chance occurrence4 ,you may have a 8calling acquaintance0 with a woman apparently frivolous 7though obviously goodnatured71 and whose mind you judge to be probably as shallow as her conversation4 ,some sudden misfortune comes upon you1 and1 of all your acquaintances1 this is1 perhaps1 the only one who will blossom into a friend4 ,in emergencies1 her native good sense and affectionate heart burst their artificial bonds1 resume their proper place1 and flow out in deeds of refined and considerate kindness4 ,she will prove to have presence of mind1 delicacy of heart1 an active power of sympathy4 ,this is the sort of woman you would choose to have by your dyingbed1 or to whom you would consign the care of your children under unhappy circumstances1 whether of poverty or absence--the woman whose nerve would not fail her in a hospital1 and who would march boldly into a prison with bright looks and cheerful words1 ever thinking of others before herself4 ,but had it not been for an untoward accident1 you might never have distinguished her from the herd of ordinary morningcallers4 ,she goes through her part in society as glibly and cheerfully as your gray parrot1 who is ever ready to repeat his lesson when the proper cue is given him1 or as readily as your pet lapdog1 which has no objection to stand on its hind legs in a corner1 and beg as long as you choose to hold the titbit up before it4 ,what chance have you of recognizing a soul behind all that mass of conventionality8 ,about as much as you would have of seeing the 8angel imprisoned in the marble0 in a sculptor's studio1 or as much as ,dante had of knowing the tormented souls hidden in the trunk of those grisly bleeding trees of the ,inferno4 ,the more frequently and familiarly you mix with the world1 the more your path is strewn with shattered ideals2 for it is almost impossible to retain an ideal of anything which you see daily as a misshapen and blurred reality4 ,practical experience seems to coarsen and cheapen everything1 and there never was yet a more melancholy truth than that of the old adage1 8,familiarity breeds contempt40 ,professional life as well as domestic furnishes lamentable instances of this4 ,in commerce1 where it is very difficult for poetry and ideals to find room1 the reality is hardly obnoxious to the thoughtful lookeron2 for what refining influence could be expected from the perpetual jar and clash of engines1 the constant chaffering1 the feverish life1 of the exchange8 ,it is the realm of purely earthly1 material influences1 and naturally dwarfs the sympathies1 while it concentrates the thoughts on one narrow point of selfish interest1 if pursued for its own sake4 ,but in the learned professions1 whose aims are intellectually superior1 and whose special province it is to elevate the human mind above selfish and individual interests1 leading it1 on the contrary1 to the contemplation of abstract principles1 and to the furtherance of the public weal1 the ideal should be more apparent4 ,and yet1 in most cases1 it is not so4 ,there is no reverence left for a pursuit the trivial details of which are grown too familiar2 petty jealousies take the place of scientific or philosophic emulation2 man's innate vanity soon narrows the circle of interest round the ego1 and subordinates the progress of the world to personal advancement4 ,there is scarcely anything less venerable in a man's eyes than the particular branch of knowledge in which he is most proficient2 and if it be with him a hobby1 the love he bears to it is rather a shadow of the good opinion he holds of himself than a genuine devotion to science in the abstract4 ,of course1 there are exceptions1 numerous and honorable1 but such are the plain facts in the ordinary1 everyday experience of which life is in the main composed4 8,no one is a hero to his valet40 ,home life is another ideal destroyed by society1 with its arbitrary rules and its hard1 practical axioms4 ,the peace and holiness of home are rudely jarred by the demands which fashion makes on the time of its members4 ,we have sometimes been tempted to think that this would be a very pleasant world to any one who could go through it as a spectator only4 ,to act a part in it yourself means to subject yourself to one disenchantment after another4 ,you see a family group at a distance--say through a streetwindow in a large city1 or on the porch of a country villa4 ,old and young are mingled together2 there may be beauty among the girls1 there is refinement in their surroundings2 they seem as thrifty as they are comfortable1 for some are reading and some sewing3 perhaps the teatable is spread and housewifely treasures displayed2 as a picture1 it is perfect4 ,but as a drama8 ,are you quite sure that you would like to see the real state of mind of each person there8 ,if so1 prepare yourself for almost inevitable disappointment4 ,it will not be a safe investigation1 and the ideal you may have formed will probably come out of the trial as an angel might if he trusted himself to the rough handling of common men4 ,no real happiness can exist in a life of perpetual excitement2 and this a fashionable life can hardly fail to be4 ,there is an intoxication of the mind as well as of the senses4 ,the whirl of socalled pleasure never satisfies1 but stimulates4 ,more is required1 and yet more1 till1 like the drunkard1 you are a living paradox1 never at peace unless in an atmosphere of excitement1 just as he may be said to be never sober--or at least capable--unless when drunk4 ,in the whirl of society1 the mind withers2 there is no time for thought1 for study1 for application4 ,how many young girls there are who tell you candidly1 8,oh6 ,i have no time to practise my music4 ,i used to do so four hours a day2 but since ,i am in society1 ,i can never find an hour to myself40 ,then you inquire into this multiplicity of engagements1 and you find--perhaps some religious occupation1 some charitable work8 ,oh6 no2 only a call to be returned1 cards to be left1 a new toilet to be tried on1 a little shopping1 and a drive in the park4 ,pressing business1 truly6 ,in great cities1 during the season of balls and parties1 a girl's life is one unbroken round of dissipation twothirds of the day1 and recuperation for coming 8pleasure0 during the remaining third4 ,at the end of four or five months of this life1 vitality is half extinct1 the cheeks are pale1 the mouth drawn1 the eyes violetcircled2 and against all this what prize is there to set8 ,a bubble burst1 a shadow vanished6 ,these continual festivities1 beginning late1 ending in the early dawn1 when the poor are just waking to their toil1 and servants of ,god are rising to praise him--these repeated gatherings called 8society0 entirely upset the routine of domestic life4 ,instead of the blithe1 healthy face sparkling at the head of the breakfasttable1 there is a jaded1 weary countenance1 pale with a floury paleness1 or flushed by late and disturbed slumbers2 instead of the brisk tread and ringing voice that cheer the home1 there is the listless step of the wornout dancer1 the peevish tone that tells plainly of bodily fatigue4 ,in the evening there is no time for a cosy gathering round the hearth1 a quiet game or chat1 the reading aloud of some interesting book1 or the simple delights of oldfashioned national airs4 ,the dressingroom absorbs all that time--the choice of flowers or jewels takes long2 the last finishing touches to the toilet must not be given in a hurry4 ,the event of the day is about to begin2 and so it will be to morrow and the day after1 and for an interminable treadmill of days4 ,if there is innate talent1 there is no time to develop it2 or1 if it is cultivated at all1 that1 too1 is distorted into a mere social 8accomplishment10 the sole object of which is to add to the value of the possessor in the social market4 ,the champion piece of embroidery is framed and pointed out as the work of the daughter of the house2 the solitary basket of wax flowers is displayed in a conspicuous manner on an elaborate tagre2 the watercolors are studiously hung in the bestlighted part of the drawingroom2 the overture of ,william ,tell is invariably called for on the slightest provocation1 and played off indiscriminately before the least appreciative as well as the most artistic of the family's visiting list4 ,and1 by the way1 what more egregious sham can there be than the conventional interest in music so universally professed8 ,it is a matter of course to exclaim1 8,oh6 ,i dote on music02 and1 on the basis of this broad assertion1 what ludicrous exemplifications one is condemned to listen to6 ,one will add1 8,oh6 yes1 and ,i do so love ,strauss' valses02 another will tell you there is no music like the bagpipes1 and no dance like an ,irish jig or an oldtime ,virginia reel4 ,one gushing young lady will call the 8,maud ,valse0 and the 8,guards' ,polka0 8perfectly divine10 while her sentimental friend will murmur that 8,home1 ,sweet ,home0 is her favorite4 ,with many people1 a collection of ballads is identical with the whole science of music2 their sympathies and comprehension can go no further4 ,to many1 again1 music stands for comic songs and ,christy's ,minstrels4 ,if an instrumental piece takes more than five minutes to get through1 people begin to shift their feet and whisper to their neighbors2 of course1 when it is over1 they will turn round and sweetly simper3 8,oh6 do play us something more2 that last was so lovely40 ,in ninetynine out of a hundred houses where you are doomed for your sins to hear music1 you hear trash4 ,it is hardly worth criticising1 either in the choice or in the execution1 and1 one would therefore think1 hardly worth telling a lie for4 ,and yet this conventional admiration1 what is it but a lie pure and simple8 ,to return to our belles and their murdered homelife4 ,not only is their time so mortgaged that they have none left for the joys of the family hearth1 but they have none to spare for selfculture4 ,a woman's education does not close on the threshold of the schoolroom4 ,every advance made later by voluntary application to study is a greater stride than all the compulsory teaching she receives in her schoollife4 ,if society materially interferes with this selfdevelopment1 it has a heavy responsibility to bear4 ,each mind thus stunted1 crude1 and unevenly balanced reduces the sum total of usefulness in this world1 and adds to the deadweight of shiftless beings whose room would be decidedly better than their company in the scheme of human advancement4 ,a frivolous1 fashionable man or woman is a monster upon earth1 a being whom nature certainly does not recognize1 and whom religion reprobates4 ,the most satisfactory reflection whereby to dispel the effect of this dismal picture is this3 the thing carries its antidote with it to all but hopelessly narrow minds4 ,the pleasures of dancing within an area of a yard square1 and of listening night after night to the same insipid gallantries and insincere congratulations1 cannot fail to pall after a time4 ,a ,french author says that after the age of thirty1 a woman of any account does not dance2 she leaves this pleasure to those who have no other47#fd7 ,as with all pleasures which address the senses rather than the intellect1 a surfeit often proves a cure4 ,you have tasted all the delights to be got from certain things1 and the sameness at last begins to pall4 ,there could be no more effectual check on the levelling spirit of the age than a voluntary renunciation for a time on the part of the possessors of wealth and power1 and a temporary enjoyment of these honors on the part of those who envy them4 ,how soon should we see the harassed artisan fly from the post he once coveted1 the workinggirl tear off the finery she envied1 the millionaire pro tem4 entreat his coachman to change places with him6 ,those who1 in the midst of their grinding toil1 envy the man in broadcloth1 the woman in her barouche1 whom they pass and repass day by day1 quite leave out of the scales the weight of inner anxiety1 grief1 or often only ennui1 which burdens the rich and fashionable4 ,if they could tell how this one's heart is devoured by jealousy1 how that one's home is rendered gloomy by his too plodding ambition1 or unhappy by his wife's irritable temper6 ,if they could guess how that sickly1 white child1 seated among its furs in that dark1 handsome clarence1 causes sleepless nights and heavy fears to that anxious mother in velvet robe and sealskin cloak6 ,if they only knew the secret remorse for ever gnawing at the heart of this exquisite of the clubs1 whispering the name of a girl once happy and innocent--a name now to him the synonym of a crime2 or if they could tell the thoughts of the substantial merchant1 as he turns away with heavy steps from a countinghouse which1 the more astounding is its financial success1 the more it resembles1 in all but in name1 a gamblingden6 ,and1 above all1 did they but know how often the sad votary of fashion1 in some moment of longrepressed but untamable natural emotion1 cries out for the freedom of the poor and their robust health6 ,that is the saddest part of this grim masque--no one is contented1 no one believes in himself or in his fellowman2 it is a drama in which the actors know full well that when the footlights are put out and the curtain of night falls1 they will no longer be what they seem4 ,so the gigantic sham grows day by day1 stifling nature1 burying the intellect1 blurring the moral sense1 fossilizing the whole being4 ,outward shapes of humanity remain1 but1 by some fell enchantment1 the spiritual essence is sucked away1 and an automaton1 skilfully contrived1 represents what once was a man4 ,even pleasure no longer lurks in its outward forms when 8society0 has thus worked its will on men4 ,the real enjoyment is gone1 but its dismal appearance must be assumed4 ,not to shock the world--your world--the flavorless fruit must be eaten with a good grace1 the graceful draperies of social decorum must be hung on the skeleton4 ,the wheel goes round1 and it is so long since you have trusted to your own feet for guidance that you must needs keep hold of the conventional support4 ,it is very difficult to win back your independence once it has been surrendered4 ,the world--your world--is a pitiless taskmaster1 and does not pension off its former servants4 ,if you leave it1 you do so at your own risk2 and if you can conquer no position which merit and your own individuality are enough to gain1 you may resign yourself to the rle of a dummy4 ,we are not sure that some of the happiest people on earth are not1 socially speaking1 dummies4 ,but when you come to think of it1 what a strange1 magnetic power has the little circle that forms your world6 ,when a lady has crowded from five to six hundred guests in her narrow drawingrooms1 she sees before her all the persons who1 to her1 constitute society4 ,of these1 perhaps onethird are of hazy position2 they are but outsiders1 candidates for the social honors which will only be bestowed fully and ungrudgingly on their grandchildren4 ,their opinion is not of much value4 ,when you dissect the remaining thirds1 you mentally check off many a respectable and amiable person as incapable of forming any independent opinion2 others you secretly stigmatize as gossips1 shallowminded1 or spiteful2 and the circle of responsible people becomes gradually narrower and narrower4 ,hardly a score do you credit with sound judgment and discriminating sense4 ,but these are precisely the judges you do not fear1 unless your conscience pricks you4 ,they are generous and largeminded2 they stand apart from the crowd1 with wider sympathies and larger appreciation2 they see beyond the present1 and unconsciously you find yourself classing them as exceptions to the rule4 ,they do not form the impalpable social tribunal1 then8 ,it must be1 therefore1 the mediocre company of gossips4 ,search a little into your consciousness or your memory1 and you will doubtless find it is so4 ,a recent novelist gives an apt illustration of the relative proportion1 in the eyes of an old ,english country gentleman1 between his county1 ,england1 and the world4 ,a diagram contains1 first1 a large1 irregular outline representing the county2 a round ball ten times smaller typifies ,england1 and an infinitesimal point in space denotes the whole civilized world4 ,this is the way we all look at things4 ,no doubt it is instinctive4 ,to us1 8the world0 consists of a hundred old women1 eminently respectable and unctuously compassionate1 who gossip about our private affairs over their tea and hot rolls4 ,this is the core of that dread tribunal which we tremble to offend4 ,it is indeed a hard tyrant1 if it can succeed in chaining us to its car1 after the pleasures which it dispenses have lost their flavor for us4 ,but1 unfortunately1 half mankind acknowledge this species of bondage1 and we must presume voluntarily1 or at least passively4 ,were it not that this thraldom is so unspeakably sad1 it would seem such a farce1 if looked upon dispassionately from without6 ,one might almost liken a ball or great official reception in one of the capitals of fashion to the medival ,dance of ,death4 ,the scene is brilliant with deceptive gaiety2 the whole surface of society ripples with smiles2 the maskers all wear their brightest garments and their stereotyped badges of mirth4 ,there1 in the doorway1 stands a lovely woman1 in rosecolor from head to foot--a cherub's face enshrined in a sunset cloud1 so perhaps an artist would fancy4 ,she smiles bewitchingly1 and coquets with her fan1 while talking to a graybearded hero from ,india4 ,but she has made up her mind to sacrifice her honor to her love2 tomorrow1 at dawn1 she will leave her husband's home and her baby's cradle2 and1 poor victim6 she is panting under the weight of this wretched secret even while she listens to oldworld gallantry from her fatherly admirer4 ,not far from her stands another fair form1 not more pure in outward semblance1 hardly less beautiful--a gifted woman1 a true wife1 smiling and conversing as calmly as any one in the room2 but she knows that she has a fatal internal disease1 and that at any moment death might suddenly overtake her4 ,not to alarm her husband1 she joins in every festivity1 carrying her secret with her as the ,spartan did the fox who was gnawing at his bosom4 ,amid the whirl of the dance1 you perhaps single out that young girl1 fair1 fresh1 seventeen4 ,she is not as happy as she seems2 her eyes roam shyly around2 there is one whom she both longs and dreads to see1 for she is not sure whether she will not find him by the side of her school friend1 now her rival4 ,and among the men1 how many1 beneath their masks1 bear sorrowing or anxious hearts6 ,that elderly man1 so calmly listening to a fluent diplomate1 knows that tomorrow it will be noised abroad that he is bankrupt--utterly ruined4 ,when he leaves this gay scene tonight1 it will be for the railway1 which will bear him out of the country in a few hours4 ,yonder pale man1 who wears his regulation smile so listlessly that you cannot help likening it to a garment loosely hung1 is here in the interest of a friend1 and is waiting an opportunity to speak a word of cordial recommendation to a ministerial acquaintance1 formerly a college friend1 now a power in the cabinet4 ,his heart is heavy with a private grief2 his child lies dangerously ill at home1 and his poor distracted wife needs his comfort and support2 but1 true to his word1 he forgets himself for an hour or two1 that he may not miss the golden opportunity on which hang the hopes of his friend's whole future4 ,in the centre of the dance1 the tall form of a ,lifeguardsman is prominent2 tomorrow he will have disappeared from the world1 and only his intimates will know that he had long determined to enter a ,catholic seminary1 and study for the priesthood4 ,he did not want his decision discussed beforehand1 and took the best means of silencing curiosity by appearing the gayest of the gay4 ,every one here tonight has a long record oppressing his heart--something that makes the present scene quite secondary in his thoughts1 and that causes in his breast a bitter feeling of reaction against the mockery of which he forms a part4 ,and this is the thing called pleasure6 ,how little we know of the people with whom we spend our lives--those that touch our hands daily1 and speak to us commonplace words of courtesy6 ,surely the bees in their hive1 the ants on their hill1 the beavers and prairiedogs of a 8village10 know each other better than we do our nextdoor neighbors6 ,we cut the thread of a guilty reverie by some observation about the weather1 or we laugh the unmeaning laugh that supplies the place of an answer1 perhaps inconvenient to ourselves1 and this laugh jars on the tenderest memories of a sorrowful past uppermost just then in our neighbor's mind4 ,there is something appalling in all this--the tragedy lies so near the surface1 and we tread upon it so often6 ,the trivial aspect of society is oftener still before us--the inanity of morning calls1 the gossip of a provincial town1 the petty local interests that absorb threefourths of mankind4 ,why1 we wonder1 should general conversation invariably breed gossip1 while a ttette sometimes elicits real information and rational interchange of ideas8 ,the same person who in a company of five or six has nothing but commonplace remarks to offer1 often opens out in private though yet only ceremonial conversation1 and startles you by original opinions and valuable suggestions4 ,the ,french are perhaps the only people who shine in mixed conversation2 they have the talent of causerie--a thing that with us hardly exists2 the very word is untranslatable4 ,a ,frenchwoman can be sparkling where we can only be dull2 she can dance on a cobweb1 while we should break down on a cartrope4 ,gallic vivacity can make even the details of the kitchen amusing1 while we should be insufferably prosy on the same subject4 ,how well we remember the ponderous magnates of our neighborhood in the county6 ,the stately morning calls1 the inevitable topics of local interest1 the solemnity of that 8quarter of an hour0 which we were fain to liken to that rendered famous by an old author4 ,unfailing resources1 ,o ,court ,journal6 the royal visit to such and such a place1 the marriage of soandso1 etc41 etc4 ,then the flowergarden and the poultryyard 7hereditary hobbies with ,english ladies71 the agricultural show1 the coming election4 ,and then the formidable ordeal comes to an end1 probably to the great relief of both parties4 ,neither of the two cared for the subjects discussed or for the interlocutor discussing them2 but etiquette demanded the waste of fifteen minutes1 and the laws of society are as those of the ,medes and ,persians4 ,in a lower rank of life1 the proprieties are perhaps still more rigidly enforced1 and the only difference would be in the choice of topics4 ,george ,eliot's inimitable gossip in ,the ,mill on the ,floss describes that to a nicety1 and indeed1 although written in ,england1 might do duty almost as well anywhere else4 ,the quality of the house linen1 the antiquity of the silver spoons1 the solemn conclave over a new bonnet1 and the delinquencies of the maidservant--such would be the staple4 ,in every case you see the mask is on1 it fits close1 and no form of 8society0 is disregarded6 ,staying for a few days at a friend's house is a terrible trial in polite society4 ,you are never a moment off duty2 you have to change costumes as often as an actress in a play where the 8unities0 are 8nowhere02 and1 above all1 if you are a woman1 you have the dismal prospect of three hours' morning talk with a bevy of your own sex1 your hands meanwhile engaged in some useless piece of fancywork4 ,the topics of conversation may be guessed1 their range not being very extensive2 of course1 somebody's marriage or probable engagement is discussed1 silks and laces are made up into imaginary toilets with surprising rapidity1 the history of some refractory scholar and the details of the clothing club are next drawn upon1 and it is very seldom that the talk glides into any interesting or rational channel4 ,it really is a pity that people will persist in talking of each other and not of things4 ,so much might be altered for the better in society1 if conversation were not so exclusively personal4 ,mutual improvement is a thing altogether overlooked in the civilized world4 ,even men succumb to gossip2 for what is the staple of clubtalk8 ,soandso has 8sold out10 and gone into a less expensive regiment2 such an one seems very attentive to ,miss ,soandso2 such another was deeply offended because he was not asked to ,lady ,soandso's party2 the shooting in ,lord ,c----'s preserves is confoundedly bad this year2 ,mr4 ,a---- thinks of contesting the next election at ,b----4 ,interminable waves of gossip flood the world from the club as from the boudoir1 though the latter certainly does by far the most mischief4 ,we are told that 8no man can serve two masters40 ,in all relations in life this is eminently true4 ,intellect and ,mammon scarcely agree better than ,god and ,mammon4 ,the proper atmosphere of intellectual life is peace1 and a student's career should be blameless in morals as well as tranquil in experience4 ,fashion and society forbid this2 they necessitate loss of time1 and unsettle the even balance of the mind4 ,for one who values his calmness of spirit and his health of body there is a golden rule1 which1 if he weigh all external pleasures by it1 will infallibly secure him the peace he needs3 ,no pleasure is safe but that which leaves no regret behind it on the morrow4 ,who has not felt the wretched sensation left by pleasures not fulfilling this condition8 ,who does not remember the feverish pulse1 the troubled dreams1 the vague uneasiness1 the sickly apathy that follow on a night spent in violent and unnatural amusement8 ,one wiser than our generation has said3 8,the desires of sensuality draw thee abroad2 but1 when the hour is past1 what dost thou bring home but a weight upon thy conscience and a dissipation of heart8 ,a joyful going abroad often brings forth a sorrowful coming home1 and a merry evening makes a sad morning407#fe7 ,these words1 written centuries ago1 contain volumes1 and are not less applicable now than in the middle ages4 ,we often hear it said that man is a gregarious animal4 ,he needs companionship1 and clings to his kind4 ,this it is that induces that more stirring life which distinguishes the city from the province2 which quickens the perceptions and enlarges the sympathies4 ,but the perfection of the intellectual life is not found in cities4 ,the worldwide influences that stir great centres have locomotive powers that are superior to the channels of human contrivance4 ,it needs not the friction of mind with mind to originate great ideas or engender great deeds4 ,the companionship needful for men of talent lies not in the social circle1 but in the library4 ,as ,ruskin has said in one of his lectures1 we should each of us be proud of being admitted to the friendship of some great poet1 artist1 or philosopher2 and yet we neglect that inner communion which is open to us at any moment with the spirits of all the departed heroes of the mind1 whose choicest thoughts are stored on the shelves of our libraries4 ,it is true that the straitened circumstances of many a scholar keep him chain bound within the limits of great1 black1 smoky cities2 for1 since he cannot possess individually the literary treasures that are the necessary food of his intellectual life1 he is obliged to slake his thirst at the common fountain of the public libraries and lecturerooms4 ,but we were speaking rather of the ideal1 the perfect scholarly life1 which implies a combination of pursuits4 ,the mind which looks to the highest products of ancient and modern thought for its legitimate pabulum can never be but half satisfied with anything less than perfection in its accessory surroundings4 ,such a mind is naturally allied to a sensitive and imaginative organization1 and the coarse contrasts between the peaceful study and the common streetsights of every large city must necessarily be painful to it4 ,even so the petty gossip and 8storms in a teacup0 of a rural centre2 for all that is mean and small is foreign to that calm atmosphere in which sages and poets live4 ,those sages1 those poets1 in their day1 may have lived1 it is true1 among the turmoil and strife of small interests2 but death and the lapse of time seem to have bereft them1 in our eyes1 of any such disenchantments2 we see them transformed and idealized1 and we gladly aim at reproducing1 not their commonplace lives1 but their spiritual existence4 ,this existence still survives1 and it is to this that we wish to ally our own4 ,for this perfection of lofty companionship1 the solitude of a country life is most conducive1 but it must be a solitude of leisure1 of freedom from conventionalities1 and1 unluckily1 of at least some degree of wealth4 ,this latter condition is fulfilled in so few cases that our ideal remains but too often unrealized in this workaday world1 yet none the less is it the true and only dignified ideal of the intellectual life4 ,the instinct of those born with a spark of genius will bear us out in this assertion2 no miser longs for wealth more thirstingly than a bookworm4 ,there is an innate sympathy with the outward beauties of nature which distinguishes the scholar even more than it does the gipsy4 ,but1 as a crowning condition to the enjoyment of these beauties1 he must be free from the common cares and interests of men2 he must walk in a higher sphere than those whose sympathies cannot mingle with his2 he must walk alone in spirit1 even though his body may jostle the unthinking crowd4 ,have we made our scholar a misanthrope8 ,yes1 if thereby is meant a hater of society1 with its shams and its stagelike scenery2 no1 if you understand thereby a hater of humankind4 ,but be sure of one thing3 a man learns to love men more the less he sees of them1 and the more1 by their absence1 they leave him his charitable estimate of their probable good qualities4 ,no doubt the earth itself looks fairer from the standpoint of a fixed star than it does today to any toiling wayfarer on its rough pathway4 ,to ,s4 ,joseph3 ,on ,the ,day ,of ,my ,first ,mass4 ,type of the ,priesthood with its ,virgin ,spouse1 ,the ,immaculate ,church1 our ,mother ever fair6 ,since even to me ,god's wondrous grace allows ,an office more than seraphim may share1 ,i kneel to thee1 most gentle ,saint1 and dare ,to choose thee patron of the trust4 ,oh6 make ,my evermore fidelity thy care1 ,and keep me ,mary's1 for her own sweet sake6 ,her knight before1 and poet1 now her priest 7,nor less her slave--a thousandfold the more71 ,i glory in a bondage but increased1 ,and kiss the chain her dear ,de ,montfort wore1 ,with 8,omnia per ,mariam0 mottoed o'er3 ,which seals me her apostle1 though the least4 ,,feast ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,dolors1 ,march #ca1 #ahga4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,vi4--,king ,ruli4 ,once upon a time there was1 on this side of the ,hartz ,mountains1 a secret place1 where1 touching a hidden spring1 you found yourself in a trice between immense walls of rock1 whence a mysterious person1 dressed in red from top to toe1 took you into a great cavern1 the first of a series of vast caves filled with hogsheads and tuns of wine and beer1 and lighted up in such a manner that the brilliant stalactites with which it was hung sparkled and flashed like the most precious gems in a jeweller's dream4 ,the awe inspired by this scene hardly left you a moment to observe that the nose of your guide was even redder than his body1 when you were ushered through another secret door into the domain of a grand old castle1 the battlements of which1 covered with moss1 overlooked a pastoral valley and its white flocks1 and seemed to rule the landscape1 notwithstanding the presence of many other castles1 as if it were the house of a monarch4 ,and so it was4 ,here dwelt ,king ,ruli1 the patron of minnesingers and jolly cavaliers--that stalwart king whose brow1 and beard1 and port were the very signs of genial majesty4 ,pleasure ruled the board where he sat2 and when the juice of the ,weinberg warmed up in the blood of the lords and minstrels in ,weinbergland1 the ten noble companions of ,king ,ruli swept the mystic chords of the harp1 and with voices free sang in echoing strain their merry roundelay3 ,we're rovers all1 we're singers five ,and rhymers five2 come round1 come round2 ,ye five shall give us honest rhyme1 ,and we shall give you sound4 ,let laurels crown his great gray head1 ,a big armchair his throne be made4 ,then sing3 ,ruli1 ,king ,ruli6 ,and he shall be our king4 ,to sounds of cheerful thoughts like these each royal night wore on1 while the castled lords of hill and valley feasted at the king's table1 and made merry over jest and story1 to the clinking of many glasses and in the pleasant uproar of many voices4 ,seated in his chair at the head of the table1 he drank from a great flagon of crystal1 or smoked from a pipe as long as his body1 the bowl of which required a pageinwaiting to support it1 lest1 in a drowsy moment1 it should drop from the mouth of the king4 ,below him were ranged the ten minnesingers1 who smoked from one immense bowl of tobacco1 having long stems that led to all their mouths1 whence issued a volume of smoke1 which1 as it rose around the great burning bowl1 was like the fume of a conflagration2 and thus betimes the merry minnesingers sang3 ,ah6 never once so jolly face ,in green old ,arcady appeared2 ,and as he drinks1 the drink flows down ,his flowing1 streaming beard4 ,he's six feet high1 his beard is long1 ,and broad his body is and strong4 ,then sing3 ,king ,ruli1 ,king ,ruli6 ,he shall be our king4 ,no king could resist such flattery as this1 and it was with truth that his minstrels pictured him standing1 and1 in a tone of majestic joviality1 wishing the health of the whole company3 8,true liegemen all1 ,i give ye joy1 ,for ,i am host and landlord here2 ,ho6 varlets1 bring me ,rhenish wine1 ,and flagons fill of beer60 ,right red ,rhine wine6 right red ,rhine wine6 ,was ever glass so clear and fine8 ,so sing3 ,ruli1 ,king ,ruli6 ,and he shall be our king6 ,late in the night the sound of song and story made for the gentle monarch a lullaby1 and his head rested on his bosom in slumber1 as he laid down his flagon4 ,had his chief minstrel then tickled his great ear1 it would not have waked him up2 and so1 seeing that the king had filled himself with slumber as with the drugs of ,morpheus1 his lieges sang3 ,but1 hold6 the monarch's sleepy grown2 ,his pipe has dropt1 he's drowsed and sped4 ,hark6 how he snores6 ,wide open doors2 ,we'll bury him in bed4 ,then1 while our loyal shoulders bear ,his burden1 thus our burden hear3 ,king ,ruli6 ,the king is dead2 long live the king6 ,and live again1 ,king ,ruli6 ,but as night after night of song and wine went by1 the king grew older and older in his cups4 ,little he saw or cared that new revellers1 new minstrels1 new lords1 had one by one taken the places of old ones1 and that the speech of the newcomers was loud and hoarse1 and their song ribald and discordant4 ,those who remained with him of his old friends and retainers had gradually imbibed the character of the latest revellers1 and their potations were deeper and their jests broader than ever4 ,once in a while the king groaned and complained that his beer was too bitter2 but they so flattered his jokes1 and praised his beard1 and spoke of his noble brow1 and his royal blood1 and his glorious voice1 that he sang and roared as of old1 and swallowed his beer without further complaint4 ,on such an occasion as this it required the cynical courage of the minstrel ,knipfenbausenstein to sing1 as he did1 from the end of the hall1 which he had just entered after a long absence3 ,there were ten vintners old and sick1 ,and all their wine had gone to lees2 ,of empty casks they made them cells3 ,oh6 very bitter folks were these4 ,misgives me now1 good friends1 to think ,a king should be a king of drink4 ,but sing3 ,ruli1 ,king ,ruli6 this night shall be our king6 ,the minstrel doubtless had in mind the ten companions of the king1 who1 being no longer able to keep up with the stalwart ,ruli in the vigor of his potations1 had cried out as with one voice against their sovereign1 declaring that his beer was bitter beyond endurance1 and his pleasures a gilded despotism4 ,for this offence the king1 swearing roundly that they were traitor knights1 who knew not how to be moderate drinkers or loyal feasters1 consigned them to his darkest wine caverns1 where they were doomed to dwell in empty hogsheads for many a year4 ,now1 after a life of good living1 the rare old king sat in his great velvetcushioned chair1 warming his legs1 which were rather swollen1 and his feet1 which were encased in large slippers1 before a fire sufficient to cook an ox4 ,glided to his side his eldest child1 the queenly ,hermengilde1 and said softly3 8,alas6 sire1 and hast thou not heard that my firstborn has killed young ,siegbert of ,bierhalle1 in a drunken brawl1 and wilt thou persist in these foolish feasts80 8,tut1 tut1 silly girl6 ,this feasting hurts not thy fasting4 ',twere better to kill his man in drink than sober2 and1 tut1 tut6 we must not grieve for ever1 child4 ,wine is for the drinking1 and life for the living4 ,heaven send thee luck60 ,with this the jovial king took a draught from his flagon4 ,ere he had smoked his pipe1 the fair ,joanna1 second princess of the blood1 whose wont it was to fill the king's pipe with affectionate care1 said to him musingly3 8,methinks it is the night when our brother ,max fell over into the chasm and was killed4 ,ill befits that its peace be marred by roysterers whom1 say they1 he had most to blame for his death40 8,what6 and have ye turned dames of the cloister1 that ye seek to make crows' nests of my beard and gray hairs8 ,umph6 my lady counsellors2 and ye would have no more wine drank because rocks are steep6 ,did not sober ,hans fall into the well1 and ere thou wast born8 ,ay1 but a brave lad was ,max1 and a merry one4 ,a glass to his memory60 ,the king was unaware1 as he thus spoke1 of the near presence of a reverend and noble matron1 whose face bore marks of care and grief4 ,it was the queen ,roxalana4 ,a child of tender years ran from her side to climb her grandsire's knee1 but1 seeing that the royal flagon stood in the way1 exclaimed3 8,o grandfather6 that horrid drink60 ,the king1 with a majestic motion1 waved the child away1 and she returned in tears to the side of the mute queen4 8,so1 my lady1 queen of woebegones and nurse of whimperings1 thou art here to tease thy lord and trouble his gout4 ',tis well4 ,train the brats of the land to do imps' work to their fathers1 and make your daughters have long faces2 but have a care1 goodwife1 lest an old man's patience be too weak for this old maid's gossip4 ,pray1 what new worm is in thy brain1 that thou tellest we must not drink the cup of our fathers80 ,not long after this scene1 a loud clash of arms was heard in the court1 and the debauched minnesinger1 ,wittekind1 staggered into the hall1 his face stained with blood as with wine4 ,the king's guests had just drunk their tenth glass1 when a crowd of rioters1 armed to the teeth1 rushed in upon them1 and1 breaking glasses right and left1 proclaimed the downfall of ,king ,ruli4 ,with a bitter and heavy heart1 the king recognized among the crowds who now drank to his perdition many of his old revellers2 and1 seizing a favorable moment1 fled totteringly into the wine mountain4 ,there1 to his great surprise1 he found that all the tuns and hogsheads of wine and beer which had been stored away were quite empty4 ,once more he joined his ten companions locked up in the wine caves1 lamenting bitterly that the wine of his life had gone to lees1 and much tormented by the man in red1 whose nose was like fire4 ,epigram4 ,the ,widow's ,mites4 ,two mites1 two drops--yet all her house and land-- ,falle from a steady heart though trembling hand4 ,the others' wanton wealth foams high and brave4 ,the others cast away2 she only gave4 --,crashaw4 ,old ,versus ,new4 ,one pleasant afternoon1 in the autumn just passed1 ,i lay stretched out lazily on a mow of newmown hay1 in a large1 oldfashioned country barn4 ,it was still redolent with that odor peculiar to hay newly cut1 having been placed in the barn but a few hours before4 ,in the work of cutting1 raking1 and storing1 patent machines of every description had assisted2 and1 lying there cosily enjoying the effect1 ,i had plenty of leisure to think upon the cause4 ,with my mind full of reflections on the wonderful improvements of the age1 and vague thoughts of laborsaving machines1 it was not long until ,i was off in a sound slumber1 to which a hearty dinner had by no means indisposed me4 ,i was soon in the theatre of dreams1 and the first actor whose voice ,i heard was an old scythe4 ,apparently1 the peg on which he hung was rotten1 and1 giving way1 let the old fellow fall with a shock that seemed to stir up what little life yet remained in him2 for ,i soon heard1 in a queer1 cracked voice1 the following complaint3 8,well1 here ,i am at last6 ,hung up on the wall years ago1 like an old coat that's put aside for a rainy day1 my master couldn't even see to it that ,i had a safe peg2 but1 hanging me on that old rotten thing1 ,i've got a fall that my poor bones won't be the better of for a month to come40 ,with that1 one of the patent mowers1 showing his polished teeth1 gruffly asked3 8,what are you growling about8 ,what's that you're saying about the master80 8,it ill suits you10 said the scythe1 8to put on airs1 though you are rubbed and polished1 and1 drawn by a dashing team1 ride about on wheels4 ,upstarts always assume great importance1 and the latest converts are the most zealous partisans2 when you have served the master as long and as faithfully as ,i have1 you may have some right to maintain his cause40 8,why10 said the mower1 8you're quite a preacher1 to be sure2 pray tell us what cause you have for grievance8 ,is it1 forsooth1 because your peg gave way you are so highly incensed8 ,even if you did get a fall1 ,i think you ought to be grateful that you are housed high and dry1 and not left out in the rain to rust40 8,my fall is a small matter indeed10 said the scythe1 8compared with my other wrongs4 ,when ,i see you1 with your gay paint and glittering teeth1 eating up the food that ,i enjoyed for years2 when ,i see fair meadows of clover1 and valleys filled with golden grain1 all given over to your rapacious maw1 and ,i1 ,i who once received all this as my just right1 allowed but the little scraps that grow around a stump--when ,i see all this1 my temper is tried to the utmost at the injustice that is done me40 8,yes10 chimed in an old and wellnigh toothless rake1 8you may well complain of the scanty share that is doled out to you2 ,i too1 hang here neglected1 and1 when ,i am taken down1 get equally tough morsels for my poor teeth40 ,whereupon several hoes1 filled with deadly hate against their enemies of the plough family1 now took courage1 as they heard the boldly uttered words of their companions1 and1 speaking up with one voice1 said3 8,we likewise have reason to complain of our master4 ,there was a time when we were thought fit for any labor2 we turned up the earth to support the potatovines2 we loosed the earth around the corn2 and that splendid vegetable1 the cabbage1 was tended by our trusty blades2 now we are deemed fit for scarce anything but to clean out manure1 to scrape offal from the yard1 and1 in fact1 do all the dirty work of the place40 ,it seemed as if the spirit of rebellion was abroad2 for at this1 the flail that hung idly on a spike followed with a long speech4 8,you have all10 said the flail1 8good reasons for being indignant with the master of this farm2 my friend1 the scythe1 may justly complain of the rich harvests given over to his rival1 the patent mower2 our old companion1 the rake--an exceptional rake1 by the way--may consistently inveigh against the master for giving him in his old age naught but the hardest morsels of food2 and our worthy associates1 the hoes1 may well be indignant1 and look with contempt and scorn on the foul legacy bequeathed to them--a legacy which hoes of their stamp should disdain to embrace4 ,but he has treated none of you so cruelly as he has treated me2 forced into a disagreeable union with what he calls my handle1 battered almost to pieces in battering out his grain1 ,i yet respected him for the care he took of me in the months when ,i was useless to him4 ,but now he has newfangled machines to do his work1 and1 uncared for and unnoticed1 dust covers me so completely that ,i can scarce open eyes or mouth4 ,base ingratitude has been my portion1 and ,i certainly may be excused if ,i feel displeased1 ay1 enraged4 ,i may be pardoned if ,i seek not simply redress1 but revenge40 ,as the flail ended1 a deep murmur of assent filled the whole place2 and the patent mower1 who had kept strict silence since his last question to the scythe1 now spoke up4 8,my worthy friends10 said he1 8,i am indeed very sorry to be1 with my companions1 the innocent cause of all your troubles4 ,i have listened to your complaints1 and cannot deny that they are1 in the main1 just4 ,but you should know that the master seeks only his own comfort1 and1 whatever care he takes of us1 it is only to relieve himself from labor4 ,as ,i reflect upon your present position1 ,i see myself similarly situated2 for the time will come when ,i and my associates will have to stand aside for newer and more vigorous servants of toil4 8,the master1 too1 will one day find himself in the same condition4 ,he also will become old1 and will look around on younger and heartier hands doing his work2 and1 as he grows still older1 he must suffer many a slight1 for the world wants nothing it cannot use4 8,now that the period of your usefulness has gone by1 strive to become reconciled to your fate2 murmur no more1 accept your lot with resignation1 be satisfied with the work you have done1 and patiently wait for the end40 ,curious to hear how the malcontents would take this bit of philosophy1 ,i leaned over to catch the first word2 but1 leaning too far1 ,i slid off the mow1 and falling1 not on the floor1 fortunately1 but on some bundles of straw1 was rudely awakened to find that ,i had been asleep some hours2 for evening had come on1 and it was now so dark in the barn that ,i could see nothing of the bold disputants of my dream4 ,hastening to the house1 ,i amused the family by the recital of this contest of the old against the new2 and1 profiting by my dream1 ,i have since resolved to accept the mower's advice1 and be always reconciled to time's changes4 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,peter ,,favre1 ,s4,j41 ,first ,companion of ,s4 ,ignatius4 7,vol4 ,,viii4 of ,f4 ,coleridge's ,quarterly ,series47 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the history of the ,society of ,jesus is rich in abundant materials of untiring interest4 ,the ,blessed ,peter ,favre's apostolic career was short1 having been but of seven years' duration1 yet crowded with astonishing results4 ,the particular fact most strikingly brought into view in this ,life is the one which of all others is the most shameful for the ,reformation--viz41 that it had no intellectual or moral origin or character1 but sprang merely from the sins and vices which had so frightfully corrupted a vast number of all classes of ,christians in the miserable ,x,v,ith century4 ,f4 ,favre saw this clearly1 and often said that if ,luther himself could have been brought to sincere contrition and repentance for his sins1 his errors in doctrine would have disappeared without any argumentation4 ,accordingly1 he set himself to preach like a missionary1 to exhort and win persons to a reformation of life1 and to labor with wonderful success to convert sinners to ,god1 as the shortest and surest way to check the progress of heresy4 ,the present volume is1 like all those which have preceded it1 carefully and neatly prepared as a book of choice reading for persons of cultivated spiritual and literary tastes4 ,,the ,,pride ,,of ,,lexington3 ,a ,tale of the ,american ,revolution4 ,by ,william ,seton1 author of ,romance of the ,charter ,oak1 ,the ,pioneers1 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,seton is a nephew of the celebrated foundress of the ,american branch of the institute of the ,daughters of ,charity1 and a brother of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,monsignor ,seton4 ,he served with honor as an officer of one of our ,new ,york regiments during the late war1 and since that time has especially devoted himself to the study of early ,new ,england history1 which he has illustrated by his historical novels4 ,our first impression respecting the merits of a previous novel by ,mr4 ,seton1 in which he took great pains to depict the manners and customs of the early ,puritan inhabitants of ,connecticut and ,massachusetts 7the ,romance of the ,charter ,oak71 was not very favorable4 ,we have since been disposed to think that we did not duly appreciate the skill and talent of the author1 and have found other persons1 well qualified to judge of such matters1 who have considered the ,charter ,oak as a remarkably successful effort of its kind4 ,both that novel and the present one are characterized by a marked realism1 like that of a certain ,dutch and ,flemish school of painting4 ,probably they do present a more correct and faithful picture of those old times than that given by writers who have more idealism and romance in their delineation1 like ,james ,f4 ,cooper4 ,we confess to a taste1 nevertheless1 for these more romantic authors4 ,and1 speaking in cool criticism1 we think a novelist1 in following the highest principles and ends of his art1 ought to idealize more than ,mr4 ,seton is disposed to do4 ,he has a broad sense of the humorous and ridiculous in commonplace characters and actions4 ,the absurdities and trivialities of common life are too faithfully represented in his pages1 and there is frequently a degree of coarseness in the description of vulgar persons which is disagreeable4 ,yankee children1 however1 devour ,mr4 ,seton's stories with avidity1 which is a good proof of their naturalness4 ,and1 putting aside the peculiarity which we have noticed1 the story lately published1 ,the ,pride of ,lexington1 is1 even more than the first one1 a composition of real originality and power1 establishing fully the author's ability as a historical novelist4 ,the battles of ,lexington and ,bunker ,hill are well described2 the heroes1 and especially the heroine1 of the story1 with the plot of private incidents and events that make the filling up of the historical scenes1 are interesting2 there is much genuine comic humor in the byplay1 especially in the episode of ,billy ,smith and the black coon1 called 8the parson10 and we are quite sure that the genuine1 unsophisticated children of the by gone generation of ,new ,england forefathers1 if they get hold of ,the ,pride of ,lexington1 will pay the author the tribute of an oftrepeated and delighted perusal4 ,,conferences ,,on ,,the ,,spiritual ,,life4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father de ,ravignan1 ,s4,j4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,abel ,ram4 ,london3 ,r4 ,washbourne4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,f4 de ,ravignan was undoubtedly an orator4 ,the impression which he made upon his hearers is enough to justify us in making this assertion4 ,the orator must be heard2 when his words are written1 their fire is gone1 and they no longer burn4 ,in the case of ,f4 de ,ravignan especially1 there must have been much in the magnetism of the man1 in his earnestness1 in his deep religious feeling1 in the firm conviction and strong love1 shown in the manner in which he spoke2 for in his printed conferences and sermons we do not find great eloquence or beauty of diction or depth of thought4 ,there are none of those bursts of passion1 of those profound thoughts and comprehensive views1 in which a whole subject is condensed into a single phrase1 as strong as it is striking1 which we so often meet with in the conferences of ,lacordaire4 ,nor yet is there that stately flow of language1 at once simple and majestic1 that evenness of style and unbroken sequence of thought1 which characterize the discourses of ,f4 ,felix4 ,and yet neither ,lacordaire nor ,felix excited greater enthusiasm or made a profounder impression in the pulpit of ,notre ,dame than ,de ,ravignan4 ,if he had not the depth and comprehensiveness of thought of the one1 or the sonorous diction and lofty manner of the other1 he must have been1 in some respects at least1 a greater orator than either4 ,the conferences contained in the volume now before us were preached to the 8,enfants de ,marie10 in the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart1 in ,paris1 during the years #ahee1 #ahef1 and #aheg4 ,they were not written out by ,f4 de ,ravignan1 but were compiled by one of his hearers from notes taken at the time of their delivery1 and are1 we think1 equally as good as the conferences preached in ,notre ,dame from #ahcg to #ahdf1 which were published in four volumes shortly after his death4 ,they are simply familiar discourses to ladies in the world on the most important subjects connected with their duties as ,christians2 in which we find all the best qualities that distinguished ,f4 ,ravignan as a preacher--sincere piety and much earnestness1 united with delicacy and refinement both of thought and language4 ,he does not inveigh against the vices of society1 but rather seeks to describe the beauties of the ,christian life2 to show its dignity and responsibilities1 its perfect harmony with the highest aspirations of the soul and the soundest dictates of reason4 ,the name of ,f4 de ,ravignan will of itself be sufficient to obtain a wide circulation for this ,english version of his conferences4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,antiquities ,,of ,,london4 ,by ,alex4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this book is quite a storehouse of curious and valuable information--just the kind of matter that would be overlooked by the civil historian1 and which the reverent chronicler 7alas6 an almost extinct species1 now7 alone would be apt to take cognizance of4 ,it doubtless surprised many intelligent readers to find what interesting facts even a cursory investigation would bring to light1 while reading what our 8,looker,back0 saw while in ,london4 ,this work is a treat of a similar character4 ,it is constructed on the plan of an itinerary1 and divided into nine 8walks10 in which the most notable localities are looked at from an archological point of view1 repeopled by the actors on the stage at the respective dates1 and reanimated by the deeds then being performed4 ,,notes ,,of ,,the ,,wandering ,,jew2 or1 ,the ,jesuits and their ,opponents4 ,edited by ,john ,fairplay1 ,esq4 ,dublin3 ,mc,glashan ,gill4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we are doubtless indebted to the famous romance of ,eugene ,sue for these notes of the ,wandering ,jew1 in which this extraordinary personage1 after his ceaseless journeyings for more than eighteen hundred years1 finally turns up as an author1 and1 surprising as it may seem1 a defender of the ,jesuits4 ,the first part of the little volume is devoted to ,s4 ,ignatius4 ,the ,wandering ,jew had seen him on two occasions--first in ,spain1 in his hot youth1 with his light1 graceful form clad in a page's rich attire1 with the plumed cap and velvet mantle1 the hawk upon his wrist1 the hounds following at his heels1 whilst his foot seemed hardly to touch the ground as he walked2 and again1 at ,rome1 he saw him in his old age1 arrayed in the flowing gown of the priest1 with the calm of deliberate wisdom on his high forehead1 advancing with a sweet and awful majesty to the altar4 8,i loved and revered him then10 says the ,jew1 8albeit a stranger to his communion2 and ,i cannot recall the memory of that marked and expressive countenance1 whether in the gallant boy or the venerable and saintly old man1 without feeling some interest in the fate of that illustrious order which he alone created1 and which still bears the impress of his character and genius40 ,the remaining chapters are devoted to ,the ,spiritual ,exercises1 8,the ,constitutions of the ,order10 8,the ,missions and ,schools of the ,jesuits10 and1 finally1 to answering some of the charges which ,protestants and infidels have brought against the ,society4 ,there is a very good chapter on the ,provincial ,letters1 in which ,pascal1 with a wit and power of sarcasm surpassed only by the artful unfairness with which he treats the subject1 has sought to make the whole order responsible for the extravagant opinions of some few ,spanish and ,flemish ,jesuits4 ,the author1 who is evidently not a ,catholic1 has written with great fairness and good sense1 and we most willingly recommend his book to our readers4 ,,the ,,red ,,flag1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by the ,hon4 ,roden ,noel4 ,london3 ,strahan ,co4 #ahgb4 ,we have been asked to notice this book4 ,but how are ,catholics to regard it with favor1 when1 before they have read far in the poem of 8,the ,red ,flag10 they come upon a passage containing an insult too gross and slanderous1 we should have thought1 for even ,exeter ,hall8 ,we forbear to quote the words4 ,suffice it to say that the author1 ignoring the martyred archbishop and priests1 represents the church as gloating over the execution of the communists in ,paris4 ,affectation1 verboseness1 and sensuous description characterize these poems as works of art2 while the metre of 8,the ,red ,flag0 is in the worst taste1 and the lyrics are spoilt by all sorts of quirks and the clumsiest divisions of stanzas4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has in press1 and will soon publish1 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 #a vol4 #abmo1 and ,the ,farm of ,muiceron and ,madame ,agnes1 in #a vol4 #hvo4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aaj4--,,may1 #ahgd4 ,the ,coming ,transit ,of ,venus4 ,this year1 #ahgd1 bids fair to be memorable in the annals of astronomy4 ,a subject which has long occupied our students of that venerable and now gigantic science is gradually passing from their closets and their scientific discussions into reviews and newspapers1 and is forcing itself on the attention of the world at large4 ,at first sight the matter seems a very trivial one4 ,on the #hth of next ,december1 keen eyes in certain parts of the world may1 if the sky be clear1 and if they look closely1 notice that a small1 dark spot1 a mere speck1 will flit across the face of the sun4 ,examined through a telescope1 it is seen to have an appreciable diameter--about #a'4 ,it is not half as interesting to look at as ordinary solar spots1 with their jagged edges1 their umbra and penumbra1 their changing forms1 and their whirling facul4 ,it has not1 as they seem to have1 some vague connection with the magnetic disturbances1 the auroral lights1 or any other atmospheric changes of this sublunary world of ours4 ,it simply passes across the sun in something less than six hours1 leaving no trace behind1 and producing1 so far as would appear1 no appreciable effect of any kind4 ,it occurs but rarely--twice in a century2 in some centuries1 not at all4 ,small as it is1 it can be foretold and calculated beforehand4 ,except as a verification of such calculations1 ordinary minds might think it singularly unimportant--scarcely more important than the gleam in the heavens at night of an occasional and isolated falling star1 which glides along its shining path for an instant1 and then disappears never more to be seen4 ,yet for the last ten--we might1 with more truth1 say for fifty--years back1 the best astronomers have been preparing to observe1 with unequalled care1 the passage of that little black spot4 ,some have again and again gone over the records of the observations made in #agfa and #agfi1 when it was last seen1 criticising what was then done1 distinguishing what was well done from what they judge to have been faulty1 and tracing these faults back to their sources--either to the imperfection of the instruments used1 to personal errors1 or to mistakes or omissions of the observers themselves4 ,in the observations now to be made1 all these sources of error will1 as far as possible1 be excluded4 ,others have spent years in patiently going over the long calculations connected with those observations1 detecting and eliminating any errors they find1 and introducing such corrections as the subsequent advance of astronomical science demands4 ,the amended results thus obtained are ready for comparison1 at their proper value1 with the additional and1 it is hoped1 better results to be obtained from the observations of next ,december4 ,still others have used1 and are now using1 their utmost skill in constructing instruments of hitherto unequalled excellence for the great occasion4 ,besides great improvements in the instruments known in #agfi1 they have devised others1 perhaps more valuable1 and of a character then not dreamed of4 ,others1 again1 have devoted months to the nicest and most intricate calculations of the movements of the earth and the planets1 in order to know in full time beforehand what special stations on the surface of the earth will1 that day and at the required hours1 afford the most eligible positions from which to make the desired observations4 ,finally1 governments have been appealed to1 to aid in preparing the means and in bearing the expense2 and they have responded4 ,every civilized nation is acting in the matter4 ,russia leads off with1 as we are assured1 twentyseven stations1 mostly on her own territory1 all duly provided with instruments and observers4 ,france1 ,england1 and ,germany will have ten or a dozen each4 ,austria will have her quota4 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,denmark1 and ,italy will establish stations and send observers and instruments4 ,even distracted ,spain is at least talking of it4 ,from the ,western ,world1 the ,united ,states will send eight corps4 ,nor will ,brazil1 ,peru1 and ,chili prove laggard4 ,the whole civilized world seems to move in this undertaking with a singular unanimity1 doing what only governments can do4 ,many of the stations must be in bleak and inhospitable lands beyond the confines of civilization4 ,they will be furnished with all that is needful1 and thousands of miles of telegraphic wires will be stretched to put them in connection with the observatories of ,europe4 ,other stations will be on distant islands in midocean4 ,thither national vessels will bear the observers and their instruments4 ,it were well for the world if governments would manifest such generous rivalry in doing good when other and more important interests than those of astronomy are in question4 ,what1 then1 is that little black spot which they are so anxious to examine as it passes across the sun next ,december8 ,how comes it to be of such importance that all these mighty efforts are made to have it fully and correctly observed8 ,to what great results1 scientific or other1 will a correct knowledge of everything about it lead the world8 ,that little black spot is the planet ,venus1 then passing directly between the earth and the sun1 and producing an homopathic solar eclipse1 just as1 under similar circumstances1 the moon might produce an annular or a total solar eclipse4 ,as ordinarily seen in her character of morning or evening star1 ,venus shines more brightly and joyously in the heavens than any other star4 ,but on this occasion the whole of her illuminated half is turned towards the sun4 ,towards the earth she shows only her dark1 unillumined half1 which even looks darker by contrast with the bright face of the sun1 on which it is projected4 ,this passage across the sun is called the transit of ,venus4 ,if the observations are successfully made1 they will give us the means of ascertaining with sufficient precision what as yet is not so known--the actual distance of the earth from the sun4 ,this knowledge is allimportant in a scientific point of view4 ,from it we can deduce the distance of every other planet of the solar system4 ,with it we can carry our survey beyond that system into the stellar world4 ,the distance of our earth from the sun--the orbital radius of the earth1 is1 for the astronomer1 his unit of measure--his yardstick1 as it has been termed--when he would estimate or measure stellar distances or velocities4 ,any error in it is multiplied millions of times in such surveys4 ,any uncertainty or reasonable apprehension of error about it casts a cloud of embarrassment over almost every portion of the newly acquired domain of astronomy4 ,no wonder1 then1 that no effort is spared to secure as soon as possible1 and in the easiest and most certain way we know of1 an accurate solution of the question4 ,this1 more than anything else1 is the spring of the whole movement4 ,the earth1 as all know1 revolves1 as do the other planets1 round the sun1 not precisely in a circle1 but in an oval or ellipse not differing much from a circle4 ,the length of our year1 or time of one complete revolution of the earth around the sun1 is #cfe days1 #e hours1 #dh minutes1 #di4feg seconds4 ,inside the earth1 and next to us1 among the planets1 comes ,venus1 revolving around the sun in her elliptical orbit in #bbd days1 #af hours1 #dh minutes1 and #db seconds4 ,were both orbits on the same level1 in the same plane1 ,venus and the earth would come to be in the same direction or line from the sun as often as ,venus1 moving on her inner and shorter course1 and more rapidly1 would overtake the more sluggish earth4 ,such conjunctions would happen once in every #ehd days nearly2 and every such conjunction would show a transit1 and ,venus could be seen between the earth and the sun4 ,but the orbits1 though both around the same sun1 are not on the same level4 ,that of ,venus is somewhat tilted up or inclined1 so that onehalf of it lies above the level of the earth's orbit1 and the other half sinks correspondingly below4 ,the line where the orbits cross or intersect each other is the nodal diameter1 the only one common to both orbits4 ,venus overtakes the earth regularly1 but ordinarily elsewhere than on or in the immediate vicinity of this nodal line4 ,the planet then1 in her apparent journeying from one side of the sun to the other1 generally seems to pass near that luminary1 either to the north or the south of it4 ,but whenever1 as sometimes happens1 ,venus overtakes the planet on the line of the nodes1 either as she is descending on her orbit on one side1 or ascending on the other1 then the planet is seen to pass across the sun1 and there is a transit4 ,it is not necessary that ,venus should be precisely on the line uniting the earth's centre to the sun's centre4 ,the apparent size of the sun1 #cb' in diameter1 and the size of the earth1 and the smallness of the angle of inclination between the orbits1 all combine to give a little latitude in the matter4 ,the earth arrives punctually every year at one end of this line in ,june1 and at the other in ,december4 ,the astronomical question is1 ,when will ,venus be there also at the same time8 ,to answer requires a calculation which appalls4 ,first1 there is the planetary velocity proper of ,venus1 varying according as in the various parts of her elliptical orbit she is nearer to or further from the sun4 ,then there are the influences of planetary attraction--the earth and the other planets acting on ,venus1 accelerating or retarding her movements1 and tending sometimes to draw her to one side of her orbit4 ,then there is or may be question of that nodal diameter shifting its position1 and trying1 as it were1 to swing round the circle of the earth's orbit4 ,when all these calculations have been made1 the diurnal movement of the earth must be taken into account1 and the geography of her surface must be duly studied1 to determine finally when the transit will take place1 across what portion of the sun's face the planet will be seen to travel1 and from what portion of the earth's surface that transit can be seen1 and where in that portion stations for observing it can be placed with the greatest probability of success4 ,it is a fearful sight even to look over a seemingly endless series of pages all bristling with serried columns of figures1 broken every now and then by mysterious formulas of higher calculus1 like a group of officers commanding a brigade4 ,mathematicians and astronomers may delight in them2 we shall be satisfied to take the results4 ,the transits of ,venus go in pairs eight years apart4 ,there can be only one pair to a century2 some centuries will have none4 ,the pairs occur alternately in ,june1 as ,venus descends from the upper to the lower half of her orbit1 and in ,december1 as she ascends again from it4 ,thus there were transits in ,december1 #afca1 and ,december1 #afci4 ,a second pair occurred in ,june1 #agfa1 and ,june1 #agfi4 ,a third pair is near at hand1 in ,december1 #ahgd1 and ,december1 #ahhb4 ,the next century will have none4 ,the fourth pair will appear in ,june1 #bjjd1 and ,june1 #bjab4 ,so much on the character of that dark little round spot1 the passage of which across the sun hundreds of astronomers1 with all manner of telescopes1 spectroscopes1 and photographic instruments1 will watch1 examine1 measure1 and record1 as they see it sweeping on in its course on the #hth of next ,december4 ,what will be the special purpose animating observers as they view the transits of #bjjd and #bjab--;if1 despite the prophetic and apocalyptic ,dr4 ,cumming1 the world lasts till then--no one can now tell4 ,astronomy by that time may be advanced as far beyond the present state of the science as the present state surpasses the state of two centuries ago4 ,it is probable that new and1 to that generation1 most interesting questions may have then arisen1 which they will strive to solve by their observations of the transits--questions now perhaps undreamed of4 ,but at present our astronomical world is deeply impressed with the advantage and necessity of definitely ascertaining the distance of the earth from the sun4 ,this is the paramount1 though by no means the only1 purpose of all this expenditure of time and skill and money in preparing for1 in making the observations1 and afterwards in laboriously working out the results4 ,how1 by merely looking never so attentively at an object whose distance you do not know1 as it stands in a line with1 and perhaps far in front of1 another1 likewise of unknown distance1 you can tell how far off that second object is1 may seem as difficult as the king's requirement of the prophet first to tell him the dream he had forgotten1 and then to explain its meaning4 ,it might seem almost an impossibility2 but a few words will explain how the difficulty is turned by availing ourselves of other data4 ,when two planets1 as is the case with the earth and ,venus1 both revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun1 in virtue of the law of gravitation1 then their respective times of orbital revolution are to each other as the cubes of their respective mean distances from the sun4 ,this is one of the laws of ,kepler4 ,it was announced by him as the wonderful result of seventeen long years of calculations4 ,he took the data given by the observations of ,tycho ,brahe and of others1 and those made by himself4 ,he tried1 by every imaginable form of arithmetical supposition1 to combine them together somehow1 and under the form of some mathematical law4 ,this was his last result1 perhaps the most surprising result of hard plodding1 longcontinued labor in the field of science4 ,all honor to his memory4 ,there are few discoveries in the mathematics of astronomy to be compared to this and the other laws of ,kepler4 ,he established them as experimental facts4 ,the mathematical reason of them he did not learn4 ,since his day1 gravity has been discovered to be the bond which binds the solar system together1 and its laws have been studied out4 ,the differential and integral calculus1 also discovered and perfected since his day1 has enabled the scholar to grapple with intricate questions of higher mathematics1 which1 without its aid1 would have remained insoluble4 ,availing themselves of the laws of gravity and of the aid of the calculus1 astronomers have been able to give us a mathematical demonstration of ,kepler's laws1 which1 from being mere isolated facts or numerical coincidences1 have passed into the realm of scientific truths4 ,now1 we know the length of our own year--#cfe4bdbbdad days2 we know also the length of the year of ,venus--#bbd4gjjdhfbe days4 ,if we divide the former by the latter1 square the quotient1 and then extract the cube root of this quotient1 we shall obtain the number which indicates the proportion between the two mean distances4 ,applying this1 we learn that if the distance of the earth from the sun be taken as #ajj1jjj1jjj miles1 the mean distance of ,venus will be #gb1ccc1bdj miles4 ,and consequently1 when they are in the same direction from the sun1 and supposing both to be at their mean distances from that luminary1 the distance between them must be1 according to the same proportion1 #bg1fff1gfj miles4 ,it is obviously enough to know the actual value of either of those three distances to learn very easily the other two4 ,the observations of the transit are intended to ascertain the last and smaller one4 ,how this is done1 and what difficulties are to be surmounted in doing it1 we shall see further on4 ,just now we will remark that supposing the observer to have ascertained to the very furlong this distance1 during the transit1 between the planets1 he must still do much before he can apply his proportion4 ,that holds good only for the mean distances4 ,there are only two points in the orbit or ellipse of each planet around the sun which are at the mean distance from that focus4 ,were those points for both planets to be found on the lines of the nodes1 the matter would be easy4 ,but it is not so4 ,in ,june1 the earth is approaching her greatest distance2 in ,december1 she is nearing her smallest distance from the sun4 ,a similar embarrassment exists for the orbit of ,venus4 ,but the astronomer can bravely grapple with this double difficulty4 ,he has learned the eccentricity and consequent shape of each ellipse1 and he can calculate how far1 proportionately1 the actual distance of either planet1 at any given point of its orbit1 exceeds or falls short of the true mean distance4 ,such calculations have to be made for the earth and for ,venus as they will stand on the #hth of next ,december4 ,when this is done1 the astronomer is at liberty to make use of the actual distance learned by observation1 and to apply the ,keplerian formula4 ,but perhaps the question suggests itself1 why take all this trouble of a circuitous route8 ,why not measure the distance of the sun directly1 if such things can be done at all8 ,if it is possible to measure the distance of ,venus by observations1 surely the sun1 which has an apparent diameter thirty times as great1 and which can be seen every day1 and from any accessible point of the earth's surface1 gives a far ampler field for such observations4 ,if we have instruments so delicate as to disclose to us the presence in the sun of iron1 copper1 zinc1 aluminium1 sodium1 manganese1 magnesium1 calcium1 hydrogen1 and other substances1 surely it will be possible to determine that comparatively gross fact--its distance from the earth4 ,and1 in truth1 what becomes of the lesson we learned in our school days1 that the sun was just ninetyfive millions of miles away from us8 ,and yet1 strange as it may seem to those unacquainted with the subject1 it has been found impossible to decide1 by direct observations1 the actual distance2 and the distance usually accepted was not derived from such observations4 ,as for our lately acquired knowledge of some of the constituent substances of the sun1 that is derived from the spectroscope1 which as yet throws no light on the question of distance4 ,how do we ascertain the distance of bodies from us8 ,practice enables us to judge1 and judge correctly1 of the distance and size of things immediately around us almost without any consciousness of how we do it4 ,but if we analyze the process1 it will be found that we do it chiefly by using both eyes at the same time4 ,they are separated by an interval of two and a half to three inches4 ,as we look at an object near to us1 the rays from each visible point of it must separate1 in order to enter both eyes4 ,the images thus formed on the retina of each eye differ sensibly1 and we instinctively take cognizance of that difference4 ,speaking mathematically1 the interval is a base line1 at each end of which a delicate organism takes the angle of the object viewed1 and our conclusion is based on our perception of the difference between them4 ,ordinarily1 we estimate distances by the crosssight thus obtained4 ,when1 however1 the body is so far off that the lines of light from it to the eyes become so nearly parallel that the eyes fail to perceive the minute difference between the representations formed on the retina1 then we must recur to the results of past experience1 and judge1 as best we may1 of the distance from other data than that given us at the moment by our eyesight4 ,thus a sailor at sea judges of the distance of a vessel on the horizon from the faintness with which he sees her2 for he knows that the intervening atmosphere absorbs some of the light1 so that distant objects are dim4 ,he judges from the fact that a vessel of the form and rig of the one he is looking at is usually of a given size1 and a certain distance is required to cause the entire vessel to look so small1 and certain portions1 the size of which he is familiar with1 to become indistinguishable4 ,he is guided1 also1 by the amount to which1 on account of the earth's curvatures1 the vessel seems to be sunk below the horizon4 ,these are data from experience4 ,it is wonderful with what accuracy they enable him to judge4 ,a landsman by the seaman's side1 and without such aid1 could give only the most random guesses as to the distance of the vessel4 ,that we really do make this use of both eyes in judging of the distance of bodies near us will be evident if we bandage one eye and try to determine their distances1 only using the other4 ,it will require caution to avoid mistakes4 ,we knew an aged painter1 who had lost the sight of one eye1 but still continued to play1 at least1 with his brush4 ,he had to use the finger of his left hand to ascertain by touch whether the tip of his brush1 loaded with the proper color1 was sufficiently near the canvas or not4 ,if he relied on his eye alone1 it often happened that when he thought it near1 not the eighth of an inch away1 it failed in reality by an inch and a half to reach the canvas4 ,he would ply the brush1 and1 noticing that the color was not delivered1 would smile sadly at what he called his effort to paint the air4 ,so long as he had retained the use of both eyes1 this mishap1 of course1 had never occurred to him4 ,when a surveyor desires to ascertain the distance of a visible object which he cannot approach1 he must avail himself of the same principle of nature4 ,he measures off on the ground where he is a suitable baseline1 and takes the angle of the object from each end of it1 not vaguely by his unaided eyesight alone1 but with a wellgraduated instrument4 ,it is1 as it were1 putting his eyes that far apart1 and taking the angles accurately4 ,from the length of the measured baseline and the size of the two angles he can easily calculate the distance of the object4 ,in taking such measurements1 the surveyor must make his base sufficiently large in proportion to the distance sought4 ,if the base be disproportionately small1 the angles at the extremities will not serve4 ,their sum will be so near #ahj that the possible errors which are ever present in observations will more than swallow up the difference left for the third angle1 and the distance is not obtained4 ,in our excellent ,coast ,survey1 which1 in exactness of working1 is not surpassed anywhere in the world1 the bases carefully measured may be five or seven miles long1 and angles under #cj are avoided when possible4 ,from such measuring of distant objects on the surface of the earth1 the passage was easy to an attempt to measure the distance of heavenly bodies4 ,how far is the moon from us8 ,it was soon found that a base of ten miles or of a hundred miles was entirely too short to give satisfactory angles4 ,the moon was too distant4 ,a far larger base was required4 ,suppose two places to be selected on the same meridian of longitude1 and therefore agreeing in time1 and situated sixty degrees of latitude apart4 ,the distance between them will be equal to a radius of the earth4 ,at each station1 and at the same hours1 the angles are taken which the moon makes with the zenith1 or1 better still1 with some star near it1 coming to the meridian at the same time4 ,in such a case1 the angles are1 satisfactory4 ,the base is large enough4 ,the result of such observations1 and of others which we need not dwell on1 is that1 when nearest to us1 the centre of the moon is distant from the centre of the earth #bbb1dcj miles2 when at her greatest distance1 #beb1cij miles4 ,these numbers are based on the fact that the equatorial radius or semidiameter of the earth is #cifb4eg miles4 ,this value1 however1 may in reality be a quarter of a mile too short4 ,the mean distance of the moon is roughly stated at #fj semidiameters of the earth4 ,when observers essayed to apply to the sun the same procedure which had proved so successful in regard to the moon1 they encountered disastrous failures1 partly because the base1 even the largest practicable one1 was found to be comparatively very small2 partly because1 when the sun shines1 no star is visible near by from which to measure an angle2 and also because the atmosphere is so disturbed by the rays of solar heat that1 when seen through a large telescope1 the sun's edge is quite tremulous4 ,hence a very large element of uncertainty is introduced when angles are taken with the zenith4 ,no astronomer would look with confidence on the result obtained under such circumstances4 ,two hundred years ago1 their instruments were much less perfect than those we now have2 yet1 even with our best instruments1 today1 too much uncertainty remains4 ,that mode of ascertaining the sun's distance has been abandoned4 ,ancient astronomers1 long before the invention of telescopes1 and before the discovery of the ,copernican system1 devised an ingenious method of getting some light on the distance of the sun4 ,it is attributed to ,aristarchus of ,samos4 ,they reflected that1 when the moon appeared precisely half full1 this arose from the fact that the sun and the earth were at right angles to her2 the sun illumining the half turned to him1 and the plane of division between the illumined and unillumined portions extended stretching directly to the earth4 ,they conceived the three bodies to stand at the angles of a rightangled triangle1 of which the distance of the moon from the earth was the base1 and the distance of the sun was the hypothenuse4 ,hence they had only to measure the angle at the earth1 which they could do1 and then take into account their estimate of the moon's distance1 to arrive at the result sought4 ,the plan is ingenious1 and taught them that the sun was at least twenty times further off than the moon4 ,but their estimate of the moon's distance was altogether wide of the mark4 ,they had no means of correctly estimating it4 ,moreover1 even keen eyesight is a bad judge of whether the moon is precisely half full or not4 ,the error of half a dozen hours would give a large mistake4 ,even with instruments such as we have1 it cannot be precisely determined by direct observations2 for the surface of the moon1 as developed in a powerful telescope1 is so uneven1 jagged1 and volcanic that the division between light and shade is a line too uneven and broken to be determined except by guessing at its mean course4 ,another method has been also used in these later centuries4 ,kepler's law applies to all the planets4 ,the planet next outside the earth is ,mars1 whose mean distance from the sun is about onethird greater than that of the earth4 ,it periodically happens that ,mars is in opposition--that is1 is precisely on the other side of the earth from the sun4 ,in that case1 he makes his nearest approach to our planet4 ,cannot his distance from the earth be then observed and determined1 so that he will give us the means of calculating by ,kepler's formula the distance of the sun8 ,it was tried1 and with some success4 ,the baseline was found large enough2 the observations were made at night1 when the atmosphere is comparatively quiescent1 and when fixed stars may be seen in the vicinity of the planet1 to aid in taking the requisite angles4 ,yet1 as in the case of ,venus1 there are1 as we have stated1 subsidiary calculations to be made on account of the eccentricity of his orbit and his varying velocity4 ,in the case of ,mars1 these variations were too full of anomalies to allow confidence in the calculations4 ,when afterwards these anomalies were understood to proceed from interplanetary attraction1 they were so complicated that their numerical value almost escaped calculation4 ,the whole subject has been gone over in our own day under the light of more perfect observations1 and with the aid of the highest calculus4 ,we doubt1 however1 if even now the results are sufficiently established to warrant a calculation as to the sun's distance to which reasonable exception may not be taken4 ,anyhow1 this method cannot compare1 either in facility of calculation or in accuracy of result1 with the method of determining the solar distance by observations for the transit of ,venus4 ,of the theory and mode of such observations we will now say a few words4 ,in #afgg1 while ,halley1 the great ,english astronomer1 was at ,st4 ,helena1 for the purpose of observing and cataloguing stars south of the equator1 he observed a transit of ,mercury across the face of the sun1 and1 from his efforts to measure its positions and movements1 was led to believe that a transit of ,venus could be so accurately observed and measured as to yield a precise and definite determination of the sun's distance4 ,from the knowledge he had of the movements of ,venus1 he knew that there had been a transit of ,venus in #afca1 as ,kepler had predicted1 although no eye in ,europe had seen it2 and another in #afci1 which had been observed1 but1 of course1 not for this purpose1 which in #afci was yet unthought of4 ,the next transit would be in #agfa4 ,he could not hope to live to see it4 ,but he did the next best thing4 ,he studied out all the conditions of the question1 published his plans1 and made all the preliminary calculations required1 so as to aid in securing1 as far as possible1 good observations and good results when the time came4 ,as the year #agfa was approaching1 the scientific world was astir1 pretty much as it is now4 ,halley's computations were again gone over1 and such corrections and improvements were introduced as the advance of astronomy since his day warranted and required4 ,governments gave their aid and supplied means liberally4 ,one hundred and twenty positions had been carefully chosen1 and the best results were confidently expected4 ,the grand problem was about to receive a final and definite solution4 ,the error in the ultimate result would certainly not exceed onefifth of one per cent4 ,the astronomers were doomed to a sad disappointment4 ,wars then waging prevented some of the most important positions from being occupied by the observers4 ,it was bitter for a wellappointed party to sail for months and months over two oceans1 only to see a hostile flag floating over the port they were about to enter4 ,sadly they sailed away1 and could only see the transit from the rolling deck of their ship4 ,cloudy weather rendered other positions valueless4 ,and even where everything seemed to promise success1 an unforeseen phenomenon interfered to mar their work4 ,the astronomer might have his best telescope duly mounted1 and directed to the proper point of the heavens1 and carefully adjusted2 his eye might be glued to the instrument1 as he watched on one side of his field of vision a portion of the circular edge of the sun's disk1 and on the other the round1 black spot gradually approaching4 ,as they drew near1 his hand was raised to give the signal2 his assistant stood ready to mark the very second when the two edges1 coming nearer and nearer1 would at last just touch4 ,they hoped to seize the time of that first contact so accurately as to escape even the one second of error or doubt which ,halley thought unavoidable4 ,vain hope6 ,before the contact1 while ,venus was still distant about twothirds of her own diameter from the edge of the sun1 a dark streak or band seemed to interpose between them like a black cushion or wedge4 ,as they pressed against it1 the curved outlines of their edges seemed to be pressed back or flattened1 as if by the resistance of the cushion1 and to lose their normal shape4 ,there was a pause in the onward movement1 a quivering1 a struggle1 and then1 by an irregular1 convulsive jump1 like that of two drops of water coalescing into one1 ,venus was seen to have already entered some way on the disk of the sun4 ,the discomfited and astonished observer was forced to record that his uncertainty as to the precise time of the contact was not of one second only1 but of at least twelve or fifteen seconds4 ,was it the defect of the instrument1 or the fault of his own eye1 overstrained by long use1 by the brilliant light1 or by his intense anxiety8 ,or was there some unknown atmospheric cause at work producing this band8 ,anyhow1 he might hope that other observers would be more fortunate than he had been4 ,again he was in error4 ,everywhere the same unexpected and puzzling phenomenon appeared4 ,there was trouble in the astronomical world4 ,the fault was generally thrown on the instruments4 ,but whatever the cause of the mishap1 there was some room for consolation4 ,they would soon have another opportunity1 and might make another trial4 ,in #agfi1 only eight years off1 there would be another transit1 and by that time some means would certainly be devised for escaping the evil4 ,in #agfi1 the stations were as numerous1 the governmental aid fully as great1 the instruments1 they said1 more perfect1 and the observers1 we may be sure1 as earnest and as careful as before4 ,perhaps they were more skilful because of their previous experience4 ,but again all in vain4 ,the same evil reappeared4 ,the resulting uncertainty was even greater4 ,it was held to reach fully twenty seconds4 ,when they undertook to calculate1 from such observations1 the distance of the sun1 some made it not more than #hg1hij1ghj miles1 while1 according to others1 it reached #ajh1ihd1efj miles1 the majority finding intermediate values4 ,on the whole1 it did not appear that there was much improvement on the estimate made by ,cassini a century and a half before1 that it was not less than #he1jjj1jjj miles4 ,again and again were the records of the observations studied1 scrutinized1 and weighed1 and the calculations based on them repeated and criticised4 ,finally1 in #ahbd1 ,encke1 after several years of special study of them1 summed all up1 and gave1 as the best result attainable1 #ie1bgd1jjj miles4 ,the scientific world1 hopeless of anything better1 seemed for a time to acquiesce4 ,some even upheld the estimate of ,encke as 8so successfully determined as to leave no sensible doubt of its accuracy40 ,but1 despite this1 its accuracy has since been impugned1 and on very strong grounds4 ,it was known that light travels from the sun to the earth in about #h minutes #ac seconds4 ,experiments carefully and ingeniously made by ,arago1 ,foucault1 and ,fizeau show that light travels with a velocity of nearly #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,this would give the distance of about #ia1djj1jjj miles4 ,the irregularities of the moon and of ,mars have been studied out and calculated on the theory of interplanetary attraction modifying the attraction of the sun4 ,though the results vary somewhat1 yet they all tend in the same direction4 ,leverrier found #ia1gei1jjj miles2 ,hansen1 the ,dane1 found #ia1fei1jjj miles2 ,airey1 the ,astronomer,royal of ,england1 whose earlier opinion of ,encke's estimate we quoted above1 has changed his opinion1 and now proposes #ia1djj1jjj miles4 ,a fact in practical optics1 calculated to affect some observations rather seriously1 has been discovered within the last few years4 ,it is this3 ,when a white body is viewed on a dark ground1 its size is exaggerated by some illusion of our vision2 and1 on the contrary1 a dark body seen on a bright ground appears smaller than it would were the ground of a dark color1 differing from that of the body only as much as is required to render them distinguishable4 ,now1 in the transit1 a dark body is seen on an intensely bright ground4 ,it becomes necessary1 therefore1 to bring in a correction which will compensate for the error arising from this optical illusion4 ,this has been done by ,stone1 who studied out the whole matter1 arrived at certain modes of correction1 applied them to ,encke's calculation1 and maintains that the true result of the observations of #agfa and #agfi should be #ia1gcj1jjj miles4 ,thus all seem to agree that the sun's distance must be less than #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 and that ,encke's estimate was too great by #c or #d per cent4 ,this is the stage at which our astronomers now take up the question1 and aim to obtain a yet more definite and precise result4 ,will they succeed8 ,they are full of confidence now2 what they will say after their observations we may know a year hence4 ,some of our readers may like to know what is the course followed in making the observations and in calculating the results4 ,we will give a slight account of the chief points1 sufficiently detailed to enable one with an ordinary knowledge of trigonometry to understand how the conclusion is reached4 ,the astronomers will follow two methods1 known as those of ,halley and of ,delisle4 ,they each require two suitable stations1 so far apart on the surface of the earth as to give a satisfactory baseline4 ,in fact1 the further apart1 the better1 all things else being equal4 ,for ,halley's method1 the two stations lie as nearly north and south as may be4 ,for ,delisle's1 they lie east and west4 ,let us suppose two such stations to be chosen on or nearly on the same meridian of longitude1 and #f1jjj miles apart4 ,from each of these stations the planet is seen to traverse the disk of the sun1 like a dark spot moving steadily across an illuminated circular dialplate4 ,the lines as seen from stations so far apart are sensibly different4 ,what the observers first seek to know is the apparent distance between these lines1 the angle they form1 when seen from the earth4 ,were both visible at once from the same station1 through the same telescope1 it would not be difficult for a skilful observer to measure the angle directly4 ,but at each station only one line is seen1 if1 indeed1 we may properly give that name to the course of the dark spot that passes on and leaves no trace behind4 ,each observer must determine correctly the position of his line on the face of the sun1 in order that it may be afterwards compared with the other line similarly determined at the other1 and the apparent distance between them is then determined by calculation4 ,how to determine the true position of such a line is the delicate and difficult task4 ,one mode is to take the measurements in two directions on the face of the sun1 northward and eastward1 from the position of the planet to the edge of the solar disk4 ,this must be done for a number of positions which the planet occupies successively as it moves onward4 ,but such measurements are very hard to be obtained with the desired precision4 ,the edge of the sun1 viewed in a large telescope1 appears always tremulous1 on account of the action of solar heat on our own terrestrial atmosphere4 ,the better and larger the telescope1 and the brighter the day1 the greater and the more embarrassing does this tremulousness appear4 ,such measurements are difficult1 and are open to too much uncertainty4 ,there is another mode1 which1 if successfully used1 is far more accurate4 ,the lines or paths which the planet1 viewed from the observatories1 is seen to follow are chords across a circle--largest when they pass through the sun's centre and become diameters1 smaller as their course is more distant from the sun's centre4 ,being both due to the motion of the same body moving at what we may hold to be a uniform velocity1 their lengths must be proportional to the times required for tracing them4 ,being chords1 a knowledge of their relative lengths determines with accuracy their position on the circular disk of the sun1 and consequently their distance apart4 ,hence the importance of catching1 with the utmost exactness1 the beginning and the ending of the transit4 ,the first exterior contact is noted when the circular edge of ,venus just touches the circular edge of the sun2 then the first interior contact when the entire little1 dark circle of ,venus is just fully on the sun4 ,midway between the two1 the centre of ,venus was just on the edge of the sun4 ,similarly1 the second interior contact and the second exterior contact1 if accurately and successfully observed1 will show the instant of time when the centre of ,venus passed off from the sun's surface4 ,it was1 as we saw1 in making these delicate observations1 that the observers of #agfa and #agfi failed1 to a great extent1 on account of the mysterious appearance of the black band1 of which we gave an account4 ,will this embarrassing phenomenon again make its appearance next ,december8 ,if it be due1 as some think1 to an aberration of sphericity in the lenses of the instruments1 it may not be seen4 ,for our telescopes are far more perfect than those of #agfi4 ,if it is due1 as others maintain1 to an interference of light in the observation1 a more delicate manipulation of the instrument may1 it is hoped1 avoid it4 ,if it is due to some optical illusion in our own eye1 it will1 of course1 appear again1 and must be grappled with4 ,the observers now being trained at ,greenwich1 in preparation for the grand day1 have a facsimile of the sun and ,venus1 which are made to move in such manner as to give as exact a representation of the transit as is possible2 and they practise observations on this artificial transit4 ,it is said that even in this fac simile the black band has shown itself1 and that one important lesson now being learned is how to judge of the instant of contact1 despite of this obstacle4 ,there is1 however1 a still better safeguard--the use of photography4 ,the transit will record itself more minutely and more accurately than any ordinary observations for measurement could do4 ,various plans will be used4 ,one proposed is to have one hundred and eighty prepared and highly sensitive plates along the circumference of a suitable wheel made to revolve regularly by clockwork4 ,during three minutes1 these plates come1 one every second1 successively into position to receive and record the images of the transit1 as the planet for those three minutes is entering on the sun4 ,other plates1 at stated and accurately measured intervals of time1 will similarly record its regular progress across the sun2 and another wheel1 with one hundred and eighty other plates1 will record the successive changes each second for the three minutes occupied by its exit over the sun's border4 ,these are all1 of course1 negatives on glass4 ,from them any number of impressions can be taken1 in the usual way1 for general distribution among the scientists4 ,in order that such impressions may still serve for the finest measurements1 despite of any variations of expansion1 contraction1 or warping which the atmospheric changes may produce1 a system of fine1 spiderweb lines is placed inside the telescope1 producing on the photograph itself a network of fine lines1 some running north and south1 others crossing them east and west4 ,these lines are at equal distances apart1 and serve admirably for measuring the position of the planet on the solar face4 ,if the photographic sheet should become quite distorted1 these lines would show it2 for they would of course follow the distortion1 and yet1 after that distortion1 they would still guide us to accurate measurements4 ,it is hoped that this means and the many other photographic devices to be used will secure a degree of accuracy far beyond what ,halley anticipated and would have been satisfied with4 ,the spectroscope comes in also to aid in determining the contacts with the utmost precision4 ,the light of the solar photosphere1 or body of the sun1 when made to pass through the prisms of a spectroscope1 spreads into a continuous band of various colors1 and crossed by many faint1 dark lines4 ,other bodies1 raised to a certain heat1 and emitting light1 give a spectrum of a totally different character4 ,we see only bright upright lines4 ,there is no continuous band or spectrum of prismatic colors4 ,now1 just outside the solar photosphere1 and between it and the chromosphere1 is a layer of solar atmosphere which gives just such upright1 bright lines4 ,this was first discovered not many years ago during a total solar eclipse1 when the direct light of the photosphere was cut off by the interposing moon4 ,knowing what to look for1 the astronomers have since been able so to manipulate their telescopes as to catch these bright lines1 even when there is no eclipse4 ,they find them1 of course1 as they examine1 a narrow ring apparently encircling the sun1 and immediately around his circumference4 ,now1 when the moment of the beginning of the transit is at hand1 the spectroscope is turned to the precise point where ,venus will touch the sun's rim1 and these lines are clearly brought into vision4 ,so long as they shine1 the way is open for the light of that narrow layer or belt to reach the earth4 ,the instant their bright flash disappears1 the observer knows that the planet has so moved as to intercept the rays of light1 and is just in contact4 ,their reappearance1 at the proper time1 on the other side of the sun1 will indicate the instant when ,venus will have quitted the disk and the transit is over4 ,it is confidently expected that by some one or by all of these methods the uncertainties of #agfa and #agfi will be avoided1 and that the instants of the commencement and the conclusion of each line of the transit may be so accurately determined that for neither of them will the error as to their duration exceed one second4 ,did the time occupied by ,venus in making the transit1 as seen from one station1 differ from the time as seen at the other by only one minute1 the uncertainty of one second would be less than two per cent4 ,but1 in fact1 the times will differ by fifteen minutes1 and1 by skilfully choosing the places1 a difference of twenty minutes may be obtained4 ,in that case1 the error or uncertainty would be less than one tenth of one per cent4 ,for the present1 the scientific world will be satisfied with that degree of exactness4 ,let us return to our supposition of two stations north and south1 #f1jjj miles apart4 ,the two lines of transit1 as seen from them1 are separated about #ce of an arc4 ,this is as the lines are seen from the earth4 ,if we recur to ,kepler's proportion1 as stated before--that the distance of the earth from the sun is to the distance of ,venus from the sun as #aj1jjj1jjj is to #g1bcc1cbd--we can make use of a trigonometrical calculation1 and easily ascertain that those same lines on the sun1 seen by an observer on ,venus1 would appear about #dh apart4 ,moreover1 the lines from the sun to ,venus1 forming this angle1 cross each other at the planet1 and1 if prolonged1 will reach the two stations on the earth4 ,hence1 since opposite interior angles are equal1 this 7#dh7 must be the angle at which the same observer on ,venus1 turning towards the earth1 would see the two stations4 ,we arrive thus at a triangle1 in which the base is known--#f1jjj miles2 the angle at the vertex on ,venus is also known--#dh2 and the angles at the base are easily ascertainable4 ,a simple calculation leads to the distance of ,venus from the earth--about #be1cjj1jjj miles4 ,again1 applying ,kepler's formula to this number1 we obtain as the result1 for the earth's distance from the sun1 about #ia1dej1jjj miles4 ,if we give here only rough approximations1 we are1 after all1 as near the truth as the astronomers of today can boast of being4 ,in a minute calculation1 subsidiary but important points are to be brought in1 complicating the calculation and influencing the result4 ,after this statement of the general character of ,halley's method1 we may be brief in our notice of the yet more beautiful mode of ,delisle4 ,he proposed it before the transits of the last century4 ,but its efficiency so entirely depends on an accurate knowledge of the longitudes of the stations1 and the longitudes of distant stations were then so uncertain1 that it could not then be used with success4 ,in this mode1 two stations are necessary1 east and west1 or1 rather1 along that line on the earth's surface from all points of which the transit will show the same line on the solar disk4 ,the further apart the stations are1 the better2 for the base between them will be larger4 ,to know the distance between them1 we must know their longitudes as accurately as their latitudes4 ,from the longitudes we ascertain with precision the difference of time between them4 ,at one of those stations1 the first exterior contact is seen1 and the exact time is noted4 ,as ,venus moves on1 the shadow of this first contact flies along that line of the earth's surface like the shadow of a cloud in spring traversing the fields4 ,it is only after the lapse of a certain length of time that the contact is seen and timed at the other station4 ,this certain length of time is the key to the solution4 ,it may be determined by observations on any one or on all the contacts1 or by the observation of any other points of the transit examined and timed at both stations4 ,it is obvious that the contacts1 being the most unmistakable in their character1 will be all used to check and control each other2 the more so1 as they serve also1 as we saw1 for ,halley's method4 ,the most careful use of the telescope will be supplemented by the photograph and the spectroscope4 ,let two such stations be chosen which1 by their longitudes and latitudes1 we know to be #e1jjj miles apart4 ,it will be found that the transit1 or any special point of it1 will be seen at the second station about three minutes of time later than at the first4 ,this means that the shadow of ,venus travels #e1jjj miles in three minutes on the earth's surface or at the earth's distance from the sun4 ,applying ,kepler's formula1 we find that1 to produce this effect1 ,venus herself must have travelled about #c1hfj miles in those three minutes4 ,therefore in #bbd4g days--her solar year--she would travel about #daf millions of miles1 supposing that1 during the transit1 she was moving at her mean velocity4 ,this1 then1 is the length of her periphery of her orbit around the sun4 ,observations have determined its shape4 ,now that we know its size1 it is not difficult to ascertain what her mean distance from the sun must be4 ,it is about #ff1cjj1jjj miles4 ,from this1 the usual formula leads us to the earth's distance from the sun--#ia1fej1jjj miles4 ,we merely indicate the salient points of the process1 and that with summary numbers4 ,an astronomer would enter into minor questions3 how far the earth had travelled in her orbit during those three minutes1 and what had been the special motion of the second station during the same time1 on account of the diurnal revolution of the earth on its axis4 ,he would carefully establish the proportion of the distances between the sun and ,venus and the earth1 during the transit1 to their mean distances as contemplated in ,kepler's law1 and he would compare the velocity of ,venus at that time with her mean velocity4 ,other points1 too1 would have to be brought in1 complicating the whole process to an extent that would soften the brain of any one but a calculating astronomer4 ,in ,halley's method1 the effort is to obtain two transit lines on the sun as widely apart as possible4 ,for that purpose1 the stations must differ in latitude as widely as possible4 ,in ,delisle's method1 on the contrary1 the longitude becomes of primary importance4 ,the latitude can be easily determined4 ,hence1 in the last century1 ,halley's method was almost exclusively adopted4 ,but now we can use both2 for we have better instruments and better star catalogues1 and can determine longitudes by astronomical observations much more accurately than could ordinarily be done a century ago4 ,in addition1 we have now almost faultless chronometers4 ,besides all these means1 we have1 and will use to a great extent1 the grand ,american invention of determining the longitude by the electric telegraph with an accuracy which leaves nothing to be desired4 ,while each method requires at least two stations1 a greater number would support and control each other1 and allow us to take the average result of a greater number of observations4 ,four stations at the corners of a large quadrangle on the surface of the earth might give two sets of stations for each method4 ,but this year the stations may be nearer a hundred4 ,careful preliminary studies have already determined on what portion of the earth the transit will be visible4 ,the most available points will be turned to account for stations4 ,we say available2 for1 unfortunately1 much of that space is occupied by oceans1 while astronomical stations must perforce be situated on firm land4 ,some of the best points1 too1 seem almost inaccessible4 ,still1 there is a vast line of posts determined on in the northern hemisphere1 and quite a number1 to correspond with them1 in the southern4 ,beginning at ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 the line stretches northward and eastward through ,palestine1 ,georgia1 ,tartary1 ,middle ,asia1 and ,northern ,china to ,yeddo1 in ,japan1 perhaps to ,honolulu1 in the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,along a great part of this line1 the ,russian telegraphic wires will give exact longitudes1 thus affording a fine field for the use of ,delisle's method4 ,in the southern hemisphere1 the line may be set down as commencing near the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 bending southeastwardly to the lately discovered ,antarctic lands1 passing south of ,australia1 then turning upwards towards the equator1 and terminating at ,nukahiva1 in the ,sandwich ,islands1 in the ,south ,pacific ,ocean4 ,along this line1 at ,crozet ,island1 at ,st4 ,paul's1 at ,reunion1 at ,kerguelen ,land--further south1 if the southern summer will have sufficiently melted the snows and driven back the icebarrier to allow the observers to land and work--at ,campbell ,land1 in ,new ,caledonia1 and in other places1 stations will be established1 between which and corresponding stations in the northern line ,halley's method may be used4 ,time1 learning1 skill1 energy1 money1 everything that man can give1 will be devoted to ensure success in the astronomical work to be done on the #hth of ,december next4 ,such earnestness commands respect1 and wins our sympathy and best wishes4 ,may the day itself--the festival of the ,immaculate ,virgin ,mother--be an augury of success6 ,astronomers1 as a body1 are less infected with the virus of modern scepticism and materialism than any other class of our scientists of today4 ,on the contrary1 not a few1 standing in the front rank among them1 are devout children of the church4 ,some of their chiefs are even numbered among her clergy4 ,they will not omit on that day to invoke the blessing of heaven and the intercession of their ,holy ,mother4 ,may their fervent prayers be heard1 and may ,he who 8has ordered all things in measure and number and weight07#ff7 bless and give success to their labors6 ,yet they can only look for an approximation to the truth1 not the truth itself4 ,they will see more clearly than before how the heavens declare the glory of ,god4 ,but there will remain obscurity and uncertainty enough to teach them humility in his presence4 ,for 8,god hath made all things good in their time1 and hath delivered the world to the consideration of the sons of men1 so that man cannot find out the work which ,god hath made1 from the beginning to the end40 ,this was true when the inspired ,ecclesiastes wrote1 and is still1 and must ever be1 true4 ,the history of the progress of physical sciences is practical1 tangible evidence of it4 ,each generation has to correct the mistakes and discard the errors of a preceding generation1 and must acknowledge the uncertainty of much that it continues to hold or boasts of having discovered4 ,no greater absurdity is conceivable than that of a man puffed up with pride because of the little knowledge he has gained--little indeed1 though he may think it a great deal--who sets his intellect against the infinite wisdom and the revelation of ,god4 ,the more man really knows1 the more conscious he becomes of his own failures in many things1 and of the vast extent of his ignorance4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 8,the one thing worth showing to mankind is a human soul40--,browning ,i4 ,,september #a1 #ahga4 ,it was at ,messina1 ,july #ae1 #ah--4 ,i have never forgotten the date4 ,it was just after my fifteenth birthday4 ,the balcony of the room where ,i was sitting overlooked the sea4 ,from time to time1 but more and more faintly1 could be heard the noise of the waves breaking against the shore4 ,it was the hour called in ,italy the contr' ora--the hour when1 in summer1 the whole horizon is aflame with the scorching rays of the already declining sun1 which are no longer tempered by the gentle wind from the sea that every morning refreshes the shore4 ,the windows1 that had been open during the earlier part of the day1 were now shut1 the blinds lowered1 and the shutters half closed4 ,profound silence reigned within doors and without4 ,for many1 this is the hour of a siesta2 and for all1 a time of inaction and repose4 ,i was holding a book in my hand1 not from inclination or pleasure1 but simply through obedience1 because ,i had a lesson to learn4 ,but that was no task4 ,i took no pleasure in studying1 nor was it repugnant to me1 for ,i learned without any difficulty4 ,the chief benefit of study was therefore lost on me4 ,it required no effort4 ,i had not yet even taken the trouble to open my book1 for ,i saw by the clock ,i had ample time4 ,at six ,i always went into the garden1 which ,i was not allowed to enter during the heat of the day4 ,there was still an hour before me1 and ,i knew that a quarter of that time would be sufficient to accomplish my task4 ,i therefore remained indolently seated on a low chair against the wall1 near the halfopen shutter1 motionless and dreaming1 my eyes wandering vaguely through the obscurity that surrounded me4 ,the room ,i occupied was a large salon4 ,the ceiling covered with frescos1 and the stuccoed walls brilliantly ornamented with flowers and arabesques1 prevented this vast apartment from seeming gloomy or illfurnished4 ,and yet1 according to the tastes ,i have since acquired1 it was absolutely wanting in everything signified by the word 8comfort10 which1 though now fully understood in our country1 has nevertheless no corresponding term in our language4 ,a clumsy gilt console1 on which stood a ponderous clock1 with an immense lookingglass above1 occupied the further end of the room2 and in the middle stood a large1 round1 scagliola table under a magnificent chandelier of ,venetian glass4 ,this chandelier1 as well as the mirrors that hung around1 not for use1 but to ornament the walls with their handsome gilt frames and the figures painted on their surface1 were the richest and most admired objects in the room4 ,a few armchairs systematically arranged1 a long sofa that entirely filled one of the recesses1 and here and there some light chairs1 were usually the only furniture of this vast apartment2 but that day a small couch stood near the window1 and on it reclined my mother--my charming young mother6--her head resting on a pillow1 and her eyes closed4 ,on her knee lay a small book1 open at a scarcely touched page1 which1 with the inkstand on a little table before her1 and the pen fallen at her feet1 showed she had been overpowered by sleep or fatigue while she was writing4 ,my mother at that time was barely thirtytwo years of age4 ,people said we looked like sisters1 and there was no exaggeration in this4 ,i was already taller than she1 and those who saw me for the first time thought me two years older than ,i really was2 whereas my mother1 owing to the delicacy of her features and the transparency of her complexion1 retained all the freshness of twenty years of age4 ,i looked at her4 ,her beautiful hair1 parted on her pale brow1 fell on the pillow like a frame around her face1 which looked more lovely than ever to me4 ,there was a deeper flush than usual on her cheeks1 and her halfopen lips were as red as coral4444 ,i smilingly gazed at her with admiration and love6 ,alas6 ,i was too much of a child to realize that this beauty was ominous1 and that ,i had much more reason to weep6444 ,my mother was left an orphan at fifteen years of age without any protector1 and poverty would have been added to her other privations had not ,fabrizio dei ,monti1 a friend of her father's1 and a celebrated lawyer1 succeeded in snatching the young heiress' property from the hands of a grasping relative who had been contending for it4 ,this lawsuit had been going on several years1 and the result was still doubtful when ,count ,morani1 ,bianca's father1 died4 ,he who rendered the young orphan so signal a service was then about thirtyfive years old4 ,he was a widower1 and the father of two children1 to whom he devoted all the time left him by his numerous clients1 whom his reputation for ability brought from all parts of ,sicily--famed1 as every one knows1 for the most complicated and interminable lawsuits4 ,fabrizio1 after his wife's death1 had given up all intercourse with society1 except what was imposed on him by the obligations of his profession4 ,with this exception1 his life was spent in absolute retirement with an austerity as rare among his fellowcitizens as his long fidelity to the memory of the wife he had lost4 ,but when1 after advocating ,bianca's cause1 he found himself to be her only protector1 he at once felt the difficulty and danger of such a situation1 and resolved to place her1 without any delay1 under the guardianship of a husband of her own choice4 ,he therefore ran over the names of the many aspirants to the hand of the young heiress1 and gave her a list of those he thought the most worthy of her4 8,you have forgotten one10 said ,bianca in a low tone1 after glancing over it4 8,whom80 444 inquired ,fabrizio in an agitated tone1 not daring to interpret the glance that accompanied her words4 ,bianca still retained all the simplicity of a child1 and the timidity of womanhood had not yet come over her4 ,accordingly1 she said1 as she looked directly towards him1 that she should never feel for any one else the affection she had for him2 and if he would not have her1 she would go into a convent1 and never be married4 ,it was thus my mother became ,fabrizio dei ,monti's wife1 and1 in spite of the difference of their ages1 there never was a nobler1 sweeter union4 ,a happier couple could not have been found in the world during the fourteen years that followed my birth4 ,but for several months past1 my father had appeared depressed and anxious4 ,sometimes ,i could see his eyes blinded by tears as he looked at my mother1 but the cause ,i did not understand4 ,it is true1 she often complained of fatigue1 and remained in bed for hours1 which became more and more prolonged4 ,and now and then she passed the whole day there4 ,but when she was up1 as she had been that day1 she did not look ill4 ,on the contrary1 ,i never saw her look more beautiful than while ,i was thus gazing at her with admiration and a love amounting to idolatry4444 ,after remaining for some time in the same attitude1 ,i at length took my book1 and endeavored to give my whole attention to my lesson4 ,but the heat was stifling1 and1 after a few moments1 ,i was1 in my turn1 overpowered by an irresistible drowsiness1 to which ,i insensibly yielded without changing my position1 and soon sank into a profound slumber4 ,i had been asleep some time1 when ,i was suddenly awakened by a remote1 indistinct sound that seemed like the continuation of the dream it had interrupted4 ,this sound was the footsteps of a horse4444 ,i sprang up without taking time for a moment's reflection4 ,i raised the blinds1 hurriedly opened the shutters and the window1 and sprang out on the balcony4444 ,the room was at once flooded with light and filled with the evening air4 ,the sun had just disappeared1 and a fresh breeze fanned my cheeks4444 ,i heard my mother cough feebly1 but did not turn back4 ,i was overpowered by one thought1 which made me forget everything else--everything6--even her6444 ,i leaned forward to see if ,i was mistaken4 ,no1 it was really he6444 ,i saw him appear at the end of the road that connected our house with the shore4 ,he rode slowly along on his beautiful horse1 which he managed with incomparable grace4 ,as he came nearer1 he slackened his pace still more1 and1 when beneath the balcony1 stopped1 and1 taking off his hat1 bowed profoundly1 the wind meanwhile blowing about the curls of his jetblack hair4 ,then he raised his eyes1 of the color and tempered clearness of agate1 and with a beseeching1 passionate look seemed to implore me for some favor4444 ,i knew what he meant4444 ,foolish child that ,i was6 ,i snatched from my hair the carnation ,i had placed there an hour before1 and threw it towards him6444 ,at that instant ,i heard a piercing cry--a cry that still rings in my heart1 and the memory of which will never be effaced--8,ginevra604444 ,hurrying in1 ,i found my mother standing in the floor1 pale and gasping for breath1 with her arms extended towards me4444 ,i instantly realized ,i had been guilty of an indiscretion which had afflicted and displeased her4 ,i was at once filled with sorrow1 and on the point of throwing myself at her feet to beg her forgiveness2 but before ,i had time to speak1 or even reach her1 she fell back on her couch in a semiunconscious state that ,i should have thought a swoon1 had not a spasmodic groan from time to time escaped from her breast1 and when ,i did prostrate myself1 had she not seized one of my hands1 which she continued to hold with a strong grasp in hers4444 ,we remained thus for some minutes without my being able to leave her to call for assistance1 though the frightful change in her face filled me with inexpressible terror as well as the keenest anguish4 ,i withdrew my hand at last1 and threw my arms around her neck1 exclaiming repeatedly amid my sobs3 8,forgive me6 ,answer me6 ,oh6 tell me that you forgive me64440 ,she made no reply1 however1 but by degrees she returned to herself and grew calm4 ,then1 taking me in her arms1 she held me a long time closely embraced1 as if she felt there was no safety for me anywhere else1 and longed in some way for the power of taking me once more into her maternal breast1 that ,i might live with her life1 or die if she died6444 ,o ,almighty ,god6 the prayer that then rose from her heart in behalf of her poor child thou alone didst hear6 ,but when ,i recall all the errors of my past life and thy wonderful mercy towards me1 ,i feel it was in answer to that prayer thou hast bestowed on me so many benefits6 ,i know that at that instant a new source of grace was opened to me never to be exhausted--a look of mercy vouchsafed that nothing has ever extinguished6444 ,my mother still remained speechless1 but her respiration became more and more regular1 though1 alas6 still too rapid1 and her features resumed their usual appearance4 ,but her bright color had given place to a deadly paleness1 and a large dark ring encircled her sweet1 expressive eyes1 now fastened on me with a look ,i had never read there before4 ,she bent down and kissed me1 and ,i felt two great tears fall on my forehead1 as her pale lips murmured these words3 8,o my ,god6 since it is thy will ,i should die and leave her behind me1 ,i commit her to thy care4 ,watch over her1 ,i pray thee1 better than ,i have done40 8,die60 444 my mother die6444 ,i sprang up with a sudden1 violent bound1 as if smitten to the heart1 and stood motionless like one petrified4 ,a frightful vision appeared before me6444 a vision ,i had not been prepared for by the slightest apprehension1 or anxiety1 or suspicion4 ,notwithstanding the too precocious development of my sensibilities1 there was something childlike in my peculiar temperament that had blinded my eyes1 now so suddenly opened6 ,i tried to recall the words ,i had just heard1 but my mind grew confused1 and was conscious of nothing but a sharp pang ,i had never yet experienced1 but the cause of which had faded from my remembrance4 ,i turned away1 perhaps with the vague thought of calling assistance1 perhaps to close the window1 but staggered1 as if dizzy1 and fell to the ground behind the curtain of the window4 ,at that instant the door opened4 ,i heard the mingled voices of my father and several other persons4 ,some one sprang forward1 exclaiming3 8,the window open at this late hour6444 ,who could have been so imprudent80 ,then ,i was conscious that they were gathering around my mother4 ,my father took her up in his arms1 and carried her out of the room4444 ,no one had perceived me in the increasing obscurity1 as ,i lay on the floor1 half concealed by the curtain4 ,i had not fainted1 but ,i was in a partially insensible state1 incapable of any clear notions except the wish to lose all consciousness of suffering in a sleep from which ,i should never awake6444 ,,ii4 ,i know not how long ,i remained in this condition4 ,when ,i opened my eyes1 the moon was shining so brightly that the room was as light as day4 ,i rose up1 and threw a terrified glance around4 ,everything in the moonlight wore an ominous aspect1 and ,i shuddered as my eyes fell on the couch and the white pillow on which ,i had seen my mother's face resting4 ,what had happened8444 ,a long time seemed to have elapsed1 and ,i felt as if on the edge of an abyss--an abyss of sorrow into which ,i was about to be precipitated4 ,o my ,god6 was it a mere dream1 or was it a frightful reality8 ,i could not tell4 ,i soon became conscious of an excruciating pain in my head1 and my teeth began to chatter with a violent chill4 ,i rose up to go out1 but it was only with the greatest difficulty that ,i reached my mother's couch1 on which ,i threw myself in despair1 burying my face in the pillow where she had reposed her dear head4 ,i burst into sobs1 and this explosion of grief afforded me momentary relief4 ,i then attempted to leave the room1 and was proceeding towards the door1 when my attention was attracted to something that had fallen on the floor4 ,it was my mother's little book1 the silver clasp of which glittered in the light of the moon4 ,i picked it up1 and had just concealed it1 when the door opened1 and my sister ,livia 7my father's oldest daughter7 appeared with a light in her hand4 8,gina60 she exclaimed1 8how you frightened me6 ,what are you doing here1 child1 at this late hour8 ,i thought you were in the garden4 ,how long have you been here80 ,i made no reply4 ,i felt as if ,i should die of mortification1 should any one learn what had taken place before my mother's ill turn2 but ,livia did not repeat her question4 ,she was pale and preoccupied1 and her eyes were red with weeping4 ,what could have happened8 ,my heart throbbed with suspense1 but ,i had not courage enough to ask a single question4 ,she had come for the pillow left on the couch1 and seemed to be hunting for something she could not find4 ,perhaps it was my mother's notebook1 which at night she always laid on a table beside her bed4 ,but ,i did not give it to her4 ,i wished to restore it myself1 and1 though generally frank with ,livia1 said nothing about finding it4 ,agitated as ,i was1 ,i felt that this little book was a treasure that belonged solely to me--a treasure of which ,i must never allow any one to deprive me4 ,she made me hold a light to aid her in her vain search1 but1 not finding it1 she took the rest of the things on the stand1 and left the room4 ,i followed her1 and we walked along together through the gallery that led to my mother's chamber1 which was at the end4 ,this gallery1 or1 rather1 open loggia1 looked down on the inner court of the old palace we lived in1 and extended entirely around it4 ,the landing of the principal staircase to the first story connected with the gallery1 was precisely opposite the place where we were1 when1 all at once1 we heard in that direction a sound--confused at first1 and then more distinct--of chanting and the measured steps of several people1 mingled with the constant ringing of a bell4 ,presently a bright light shone through all that side of the gallery1 and through the arches we saw a long procession appear1 and proceed around towards the door directly before us1 444 the door of my mother's chamber4444 ,livia knelt down1 and made a sign for me to do the same1 but ,i remained standing1 my eyes staring wide open before me in a kind of stupor4 ,i saw the long file of white penitents as they came with lighted torches in their hands2 then appeared the canopy under which walked ,don ,placido1 my mother's aged confessor1 carrying the ,divine ,host in a silver ,ciborium4444 ,i could see his long1 white beard1 his bowed head1 his sad1 recollected look1 and that was all4 ,in an instant the truth flashed across my mind2 then everything vanished4 ,this new shock followed the other so quickly that it caused a deeper and more dangerous swoon2 and when ,i was taken up senseless1 and carried to my chamber1 it was with the fear that this fatal night would be the last for the daughter as well as the mother4444 ,i have no recollection of what took place for a long while after4 ,i only remember that1 opening my eyes one day1 ,i saw ,ottavia 7my mother's nurse1 who had brought me up7 beside my bed4 ,i recognized her1 and stammered a few words4444 ,she murmured3 8,blessed be ,god60 but did not add another word4 ,a thousand thoughts rushed across my mind1 but ,i could not analyze them1 and the one which might seem of the least importance was that which ,i gave utterance to first4 8,my mother's book10 444 ,i said repeatedly4 ,ottavia1 without speaking1 at once raised the lid of a large ebony coffer that stood on the table not far from my bed1 and took out the little book with the silver clasp4 ,she held it up1 and then replaced it in the box1 which she locked4 ,turning to me1 she put her finger on her lips4 ,i obeyed the sign1 and remained silent1 but ,i slept no more till evening4 ,by degrees my mind grew clear1 and my confused recollections distinct4 ,the fever that had brought me so near to death's door now abated1 and from that day my convalescence was rapid4 ,but the chief thing that renewed life and strength restored1 was the faculty of suffering1 and comprehending in all its fulness the reality of my misfortune4 ,my mother was no more4 ,she did not live to see the morrow of the day when she embraced me for the last time4 ,my father's agitated face revealed this terrible fact more clearly even than the mourning he wore4444 ,but ,i did not learn the details of her last hours till a long time after the day when1 for the second time1 he lost the light of his fireside4 ,knowing the keen impetuosity of my disposition1 a violent explosion of grief had been anticipated4 ,but it was not so4 ,on the contrary1 ,i fell into a state of gloomy silence that gave rise to fresh anxiety to those who had so long trembled for my life4 ,the physician1 however1 advised my father1 my sister ,livia1 and ,ottavia1 who took turns at my bedside1 to leave everything to time without attempting to oppose me4 ,i therefore passed day after day without appearing to notice their presence4 ,but on other days1 ,i silently made some sign of gratitude1 which would bring a smile to my father's pale face4 ,then ,livia would embrace me1 saying3 8,courage1 bambina67#fg7 ,try to love ,god's holy will40 ,or ,ottavia1 as she used to do when ,i was only four years old1 would hold up the silver cross on her cornelian rosary1 which ,i always looked at with pleasure4 ,and when they saw me kiss it for the first time1 they began to hope1 in spite of my silence1 for the return of my reason4 ,but my eyes would become fixed again1 and ,i would cease to recognize any one4 ,and when my pillow was found wet with my tears1 as was often the case1 the physician would say3 8,that is a good sign2 let her weep4 ,it is a relief she needs40 ,but days passed1 and my mental condition remained the same4 ,my strength nevertheless returned4 ,i was able to get up1 and several times ,i walked a few steps on the terrace leading from my chamber without any injury4 ,but nothing could break the unnatural silence that transformed into an inanimate statue the girl whose excessive vivacity and unrestrained liveliness had sometimes disturbed1 sometimes enlivened1 the whole house1 filling it throughout with the sense of her presence4 ,one day ,i was sitting on my terrace1 looking off over the gulf1 when ,ottavia approached1 and1 as usual1 began to talk with the vain hope of drawing forth some reply4 ,i generally listened in silence1 but that day a new train of thought came into my mind1 which ,i felt the power of pursuing clearly1 calmly1 and with a certain persistence that proved my physical strength was at last beginning to triumph over the kind of mental paralysis which made my convalescence seem like a new phase of my disease4 ,ottavia had placed a number of books on a small table beside me4 ,she knew nothing of them but the covers1 but she offered them to me one by one1 hoping to induce me to read--a diversion it was desirable ,i should take to4 ,at last ,i shook my head1 and for the first time pushed away the book she offered me4 ,then ,i spoke1 and the sound of my voice was a joyful surprise to my faithful attendant3 8,no1 ,ottavia1 not that one4 ,i want another book1 and that alone--the one you put away there10 with a gesture and glance towards the further end of my chamber4 ,ottavia understood me1 but hesitated between the joyful hope of my cure awakened by my reply1 and the fear of causing fresh excitement which might bring on another relapse4 ,but after all the means that had been used to rouse me from the state of apathy into which ,i had fallen1 it did not seem prudent to oppose that which ,i had chosen myself4 ,she therefore obeyed my request1 and1 without any reply1 opened the ebony coffer where she had put my mother's book1 as if it were a relic1 and placed it in my hands4 8,thank you1 ,ottavia10 ,i said4 ,and putting my arms around her neck1 ,i kissed her1 causing big tears of joy to roll down her cheeks4 8,and now leave me1 ,i beg of you2 leave me alone for an hour40 ,she hesitated a moment1 and looked at me uneasily1 but then complied as before with my wish1 and1 after seeing that ,i was sheltered from the sun and wind1 noiselessly left the balcony through my room4 ,i then kissed the cover of the book ,i held in my hand1 and opened it with awe4 ,it seemed to me ,i was about to hear my mother's voice from the depths of the tomb6 ,,iii4 ,,may #ae1 #ah-- ----,ginevra6 ,it is to her ,i consecrate these pages--the child that at once fills my heart with inexpressible anxiety and the tenderest affection--the child whom ,i love so dearly1 but whom my hands perhaps are too feeble to guide4 ,and yet ,i shudder at the thought of leaving her behind me4 ,my strength1 however1 is rapidly failing1 and ,i feel that my poor child will soon be left alone4 ,alone6 ,this word may seem harsh to you1 ,fabrizio mio1 and1 lest this should meet your eye1 ,i will explain my meaning4 ,i know you have as tender a heart as mine1 and your prudence is far greater2 but1 to tell you the truth1 you likewise are too fond of her6 ,you know how many times ,i have taken her from your arms to make room for poor ,livia1 so often grieved by your involuntary forgetfulness1 but not offended with her little sister1 because she too1 like every one else1 felt that ,ginevra from her infancy had the power of charming every eye and heart around her6444 ,but though to ,livia you were sometimes indifferent1 you were never severe1 whereas1 though generally too indulgent to ,ginevra1 when you detected some fault in her1 ,i have often seen you inclined to go from one extreme to another1 and been obliged to beg you to leave the correction to time or to her mother4 ,she has grown up1 as she is1 in our midst1 like one of the flowers of our clime which put forth their beauty almost without cultivation1 rejoicing our hearts and our eyes1 and intoxicating us all with the perfume of her grace and caressing affection4 ,o yes6 it is nothing but intoxication1 and ,i have perhaps yielded to it with too much delight2 but ,i repeat it1 it is ,i alone1 among all who have loved her1 whose delight has been unmingled with blindness4 ,perhaps this was because 7pardon me1 ,fabrizio7 ,i loved her more than any one else1 and because the affection of a mother has something divine in its clearness of vision4 ,i see this charming child1 to whom ,i have given birth1 as she is4 ,i understand her real nature4 ,i look into her pure soul as into the limpid waters of some beautiful lake4 ,but clouds are now passing over its surface4 ,others are rising and gathering1 and ,i tremble to think a storm may some day rise up to overwhelm and crush her6 ,,june #a4 ,this is ,ginevra's fifteenth birthday4 ,i will describe her1 not only as she appears to me1 but to every one else4 ,she is slender and graceful in form1 and an inch or two taller than ,i4 ,there is an habitual sweetness and languor in her large1 brown eyes2 but when they are suddenly lit up with surprise1 wonder1 or any other unexpected emotion1 they glow with wonderful expression and brilliancy4 ,her hair1 of a golden hue which is as beautiful as it is rare in our country1 parts on a pure white brow which forms almost a continued straight line with a nose of perfect regularity1 so that her profile would be quite faultless were not her mouth larger than is consistent with the standard of classical beauty4 ,but this blemish is redeemed by the expression of her mouth1 sometimes grave and thoughtful enough to excite anxiety1 sometimes half open with a childlike smile1 and often extended with hearty laughter1 like that of a peasant1 displaying two beautiful rows of small1 white teeth4 ,and now1 ,o my child6 ,i would with the same sincerity describe the lineaments of your soul1 which is far dearer to me than your face--yes1 dearer to me than my own life1 or even than yours6 ,in the inner recesses of this soul--and ,i thank ,god for it6--is hidden1 even from her1 a jewel of purity and truth which it would be far easier to crush than deface4 ,then1 like a strong wind that cannot shake this foundation1 but seeks entrance through every pore1 beats a loving nature that cannot be denied its food1 which is the predominant trait in her character4 ,passing over her other good qualities and her defects1 and speaking merely of her outward appearance1 it must be confessed that she manifests the excessive vanity of a child1 and a want of reflection that would be surprising in a girl of ten years old1 mingled with a passionate ardor that would excite anxiety in one of twenty6 ,such is my poor child--such are the attractive but alarming traits that constitute the peculiar nature she has inherited4 ,o ,almighty ,god6 444 two more years of life1 444 that ,i may watch over her till the day ,i am able to entrust her to the care of some one she can regard with the true devotion of a wife6 ,alas6 this desire is consuming my life4 ,it is shortening my days4 ,it is hastening my end1 which ,i regard with calmness when ,i merely consider myself1 but which fills me with terror when ,i think only of her4 ,,june #ae4 ,it was your wish1 ,fabrizio1 and ,i yielded to it4 ,but it was not without repugnance ,i saw her go to this ball4 ,you say your sister will watch over her2 but ,i know ,donna ,clelia better than you4 ,she has no eyes but for her own daughters1 and will think she has done her duty to ,ginevra by seeing1 when she arrives1 that her dress has not been crumpled on the way1 and1 at her return1 that she has lost none of her ribbons4 ,she will separate her from her own daughters1 you may be sure1 lest she eclipse them1 and leave her alone--alone in the gay world where she appears for the first time4444 ,you smiled when you saw her ready to start4 ,you whispered with pride that a lovelier creature never was seen4444 ,ah6 ,fabrizio1 at that moment how ,i wished she were less charming1 or1 at least1 that her beauty could be hidden from every eye6444 ,do you remember the assertion of a queen of ,france about which we were conversing only a few days since8 ,you thought it too severe1 but to me it only seems reasonable2 for it gives expression to the most earnest wish of my heart4 ,o yes6 like her1 ,i would rather see the child ,i love so passionately--a thousand times rather--see her die than contract the slightest stain6444 ,the hours are passing away1 and ,i must seek calmness in prayer4 ,i feel as if in this way ,i shall still be able to protect her4444 ,clelia promised to bring her home at eleven4 ,the clock has just struck twelve1 and she has not yet arrived4444 ,,june #be4 ,i have been ill for a few days past1 and unable to write4 ,today ,i feel somewhat better1 and1 though my mind has been greatly disturbed1 will try to collect my thoughts4 ,i was not deceived in my presentiment4 ,i thought the day of the ball would be a fatal one1 and ,i was not mistaken4 ,as ,i said1 at midnight she had not returned4 ,i awaited her arrival with increased anxiety of mind1 lying awake a whole hour after that1 listening to every sound1 and repeatedly mistaking the noise of the sea for that of the carriage bringing her home4444 ,at last1 about halfpast one1 ,i heard the rumbling of the wheels1 and presently recognized her light step in the gallery4 ,she passed my door without stopping1 and had arrived at her own chamber1 when ,ottavia1 who had been sitting up with me1 went after her to say ,i was not yet asleep1 if she wished to come and bid me goodnight4 ,as she entered the door1 the light in ,ottavia's hand shone across her face4 ,it was by no means the same as at her departure4 ,the excitement of dancing1 and the fatigue of remaining up to so unusual an hour1 were doubtless sufficient to account for her disordered hair1 her pale face1 and the striking brilliancy of her eyes2 but her troubled look1 her trembling lips1 and the care she took to avoid looking me in the face when she fell on my neck1 showed there was something more which ,i must wait till another day to question her about4444 ,,july #a4 ,to continue the account interrupted the other day3 ,i know everything now1 for she never deceives me4 ,she is always as sincere as she is affectionate4 ,yes1 she had scarcely entered the ballroom before she was1 as ,i foretold1 separated from her cousins1 and left in a group of young ladies1 who1 treating her as a mere child1 immediately proposed she should take a seat at a table where there were sweetmeats and games4 ,just then the orchestra began a dance1 and the two oldest of the group stationed themselves in front to attract the attention of those in search of partners1 while a third kept ,ginevra in her seat by showing her pictures1 and patronizingly promising in a whisper to dance with her presently4 ,but at the sound of the music1 ,ginevra could not be restrained from springing up and advancing to look at the preparations for the dance4 ,this change of position attracted the observation of a young gentleman who was slowly entering the room with an absent air without appearing to wish to take any part in the dance4 8,there is ,flavio ,aldini10 said one of the young ladies2 8he will not condescend to come this way4 ,he looks upon us as mere schoolgirls1 and only dances with those ladies whose elegance has already made them the fashion40 8,i never saw him before1 but he looks very much as ,i supposed from the description ,i had of him4 ,is he not said to be engaged to a rich heiress80 8,he8 ,no2 he does not dream of marrying1 ,i assure you4 ,i tell you he never looks at us young ladies40 8,and yet1 my dear1 he seems to be looking rather earnestly in this direction now40 ,she was right4 ,at that very moment1 the person of whom they were speaking eagerly approached the place where ,ginevra was standing1 and1 without glancing at her companions1 accosted her1 begging she would give him the pleasure of being her partner in the quadrille about to begin4 ,this was a triumph for my poor ,ginevra1 and all the greater after the vexation caused by her companions' patronizing airs4 ,she went away radiant--intoxicated4444 ,hitherto she had been petted as a child2 now she suddenly realized how much admiration a woman can inspire1 and this knowledge1 like a mischievous spark1 fell from the look and smile of ,flavio ,aldini into her very heart6 ,flavio ,aldini6 ,you will understand1 ,fabrizio1 the terror ,i felt at the mere name of this presuming fellow2 so well calculated1 alas6 to please young eyes like hers1 and capable of taking advantage of the impression he could not help seeing he had made on her inexperience4444 ,how agitated the poor child was in repeating all his dangerous compliments6 ,and how flattering to her pride a success that attracted the attention of every one in the room1 and made her an object of envy to those who had just humiliated her by their condescension6444 ,i allowed her to go on4444 ,i was glad1 at all events1 to see she did not manifest the least shade of deception--the usual consequence of vanity--but ,i trembled as ,i listened6 ,he begged for the little bunch of flowers she wore in her bosom4 ,she was strongly tempted to grant his request1 and was only prevented from doing so by the fear of being observed4 ,,july #e4 ,i have not been able to continue4 ,i have been growing weaker and weaker1 and can only write a few lines at a time without fatigue4 ,since the #aeth of ,june1 ,i have been constantly worried and anxious4 ,i cannot bear for her to leave me now for a single instant4 ,i want to keep her constantly under my eyes and near my heart4 ,yesterday ,i saw her start at the sound of a horse passing under the balcony4 ,today she was standing there with her eyes dreamily turned towards the road that connects our house with the shore4444 ,i called her1 and she listened as ,i talked kindly to her1 hoping to give a new turn to her thoughts1 instead of trying to check them by remonstrances4 ,she is easily influenced and guided by kindness but it is difficult to make her yield to authority4 ,oh6 there never was a child who needed more than she the tender guidance of a mother6444 ,but let thy will1 ,o ,god6 be done4 ,help me to say this without a murmur4 ,let me not forget that my love for her is nothing--nothing at all--in comparison with that4 ,,july #ae4 ,it is only with great effort ,i can write today4 ,i do not know as ,i shall be able to write more than a few lines4 ,but ,i wish to remind you once more1 ,fabrizio1 of the conversation we had yesterday evening4 ,who knows but it was the last we shall ever have in this world6 ,my time here is short4 ,do not forget my request4 ,lose no time in uniting her to some one she can love and will consent to be guided by4 ,though still young1 he should be several years older than she1 in order to inspire her with respect1 which is so sweet when mingled with affection1 as no one knows better than ,i1 ,fabrizio4 ,has not the mingled respect and love with which you have filled my heart constituted the happiness of my life8 ,i would bless you once more for this1 as ,i close4 ,i have not strength enough to continue4444 ,i must stop4444 ,and yet ,i would speak once more of her--of my ,ginevra--my darling child4 ,i would implore you to be always mild and patient with her1 and if ever4444 ,here the journal ended6444 ,oh6 what a torrent of recollections rushed across my mind at the sight of this unfinished page6 ,this little book falling from her hand1 444 her slumbers1 444 her terrible awakening1 444 her incoherent words1 her last embrace1 my despair6 ,all this ,i recalled with poignant grief as ,i pressed my lips to the lines written by her dying hand4 ,i shed a torrent of tears1 but this time they were salutary tears4 ,i had already severely expiated my error1 for it was only my deep sorrow for having embittered the last hours of my mother's life1 and perhaps1 ,o fearful thought6 of hastening her end1 that had given so dark a shade to my grief1 and filled me with a despair akin to madness4 ,i was now stronger1 calmer1 and wiser1 and felt ,i could yet repair my fault by fulfilling my mother's wishes1 and this thought brought the first ray of comfort that penetrated my heart4 ,i made many new resolutions in my mind1 and felt ,i had firmness enough to keep them4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,v4 ,intrinsic ,principles ,of ,complex ,beings4 ,the primitive beings of which we have treated in a preceding article imply nothing in their constitution but what is strictly necessary in order to exist in nature2 and therefore they are physically simple--that is1 not made up of other physical beings1 though they are metaphysically compounded1 because their intrinsic principles are so many metaphysical components4 ,those beings1 on the contrary1 the entity of which is not strictly one1 besides the three principles common to all primitive beings1 involve in their constitution other components1 either physical or metaphysical4 ,such complex beings are either substantial or accidental compounds4 ,we propose to investigate in the present article the general constitution of substantial compounds1 then of accidental compounds2 and lastly we shall inquire into the principles of the attributes and properties of complex1 as well as primitive1 beings4 ,principles of substantial compounds4 ,by substantial compound we mean a compound of which the components are distinct substances uniting in one essence or nature4 ,such a compound is a physical one1 inasmuch as it is made up of physical components2 for substances are complete beings1 and each of them has its own distinct and individual existence in the physical order of things4 ,this definition of substantial compound is very different from that which the scholastics drew from their theory of substantial generations4 ,but since chemistry has shown1 and philosophical reasoning based on facts confirms1 that what in such a theory is called the 8generated substance0 is only a compound of substances1 it must be evident that our substantial compound1 as above defined1 does not1 in fact1 differ from theirs1 but is the same thing viewed under a different light4 ,perhaps1 if the schoolmen had thought that bodies were possibly but the result of the composition of many permanent substances1 they would not have called them substantial1 but only natural1 compounds2 yet1 since the epithet 8substantial0 has been originally adopted1 and is still commonly applied to compounds which we know actually to contain many distinct substances1 we cannot keep the word 8substantial0 without giving it such a meaning as will answer to the real nature of the things it qualifies4 ,nevertheless1 should the reader prefer to apply the epithet 8substantial0 to that compound only which consists of matter and substantial form interpreted in accordance with the ,peripatetic system1 then the compounds of which we treat might be called natural1 or essential1 compounds1 or compound natures4 ,so long1 however1 as such compounds are called 8substances10 we think we have the right to apply to them the epithet 8substantial40 ,the immediate principles of substantial compound are three1 as in the primitive being3 to wit1 act1 term1 and complement2 but they are of a different nature1 as we are going to explain4 ,two cases are to be examined4 ,for the physical parts1 which unite to make one compound nature1 sometimes rank all alike as material constituents of the compound1 as in water1 iron1 silver1 and other natural bodies2 but at other times one of the constituent substances stands forth in the character of a form1 as the human soul in the body1 all the parts of the body remaining under it1 and making up the complete material constituent of the compound nature4 ,in the first case1 the physical components taken together constitute the adequate potential term or the compound nature2 because1 as they are all alike material constituents1 they are all alike potential respecting their composition2 and thus they are all equally liable to be tied together by physical action4 ,the specific composition will be the act of the compound essence2 for it is such a composition that formally binds together those physical components into one specific compound4 ,finally1 the actual bond of the components1 brought about by their composition1 will be the actuality of the compound nature--that is1 its formal complement4 ,that these three constituents differ very materially from those of a primitive being is evident3 for1 in a primitive being1 the term is a pure potency that receives its first actuation2 whilst in the compound nature it consists of a number of actual beings which are no longer potential respecting their first actuation1 but only with regard to their composition1 which gives them a second and relative actuation in the compound4 ,again1 the act1 in the primitive being1 is a product of creation1 calculated to give the first existence to its term2 whilst in the compound nature it is the product of actions interchanged between the components1 and gives them1 not to exist1 but to be united so as to form a new specific essence4 ,lastly1 the complement1 in a primitive being1 is the existence of a thing absolutely one1 whilst in the compound nature it is the existence of a thing whose oneness is altogether relative4 ,in all compounds of this kind--viz41 whose form is their composition--the components are1 of course1 physical beings1 as we have stated2 but their composition is only a metaphysical entity4 ,indeed1 we are wont to call it 8physical composition02 but we do not mean that it is a physical being2 we only mean that it is the composition 8of physical beings40 ,we know that formal composition is that by which the components are formally bound with one another2 and we know also that the components are thus bound in consequence of their mutual actions1 and that such actions cannot be conceived to be complete in nature1 except inasmuch as they are received in their proper subjects--viz41 in the components themselves4 ,and therefore the composition which is styled 8physical0 is1 of its own nature1 only an incomplete and metaphysical entity2 and1 in a like manner1 the actuality of the physical compound is not a physical being1 as it cannot be found outside of that of which it is the result4 ,but a compound of the kind just mentioned is sometimes intended for an end which cannot be attained without the concurrence of a higher principle4 ,then1 by the introduction of this new principle1 a second kind of substantial compound arises1 in which one of the components 7the higher principle7 ranks as the formal1 and the others as the material1 constituent of the compound nature4 ,such is the case with our own bodies2 which1 to fulfil the ends for which they are organized by nature1 besides their bodily constitution and organism1 require the infusion of a distinct principle of life4 ,hence the formal constituent of man1 and of all animals too1 is the principle of life1 or the soul2 whilst his material constituent is the body1 with its organic constitution4 ,that the body is a physical being and a substance there is no doubt2 and that the soul also is a physical being and a substance distinct from the body is conclusively shown in all good treatises of anthropology4 ,the soul and the body are therefore two physical components1 and make up a physical compound4 ,the animal life1 however1 which is the result of the animation of the body by the soul--and is1 therefore1 the complement of the compound--is not a third physical component1 but a metaphysical entity2 and thus of the three principles which constitute the animal1 the first and the second only are to be reckoned as physical parts4 ,and now1 since we have stated that the constituents of compound natures may have either a physical or only a metaphysical entity1 we must further inform our readers that a great number of authors are wont to consider all the real constituents of physical beings as so many physical entities4 ,but we would say that in this they are mistaken2 for although it is evidently true that the constituent principles of a physical being have a physical existence in the being to which they belong1 it cannot be inferred that therefore all such principles must be called physical beings2 as some of them can neither have an independent existence nor be even conceived without referring to their correlative principles4 ,thus the act and the term of a primitive being are both entitatively less than physical beings2 for the first being we find in the physical order is that which arises out of them4 ,it is not1 therefore1 the same thing to say that a being is physically real1 and to say that it is made up of physical realities4 ,the first assertion may be true1 and the second false2 because a thing which is one has only one existence1 and nevertheless implies three principles2 whence it appears that it is impossible to conceive each of the three principles as having a distinct existence4 ,and since that which has no distinct existence in nature is not a physical being1 accordingly the principles of primitive physical beings are not physical1 but only metaphysical1 realities4 ,we have further to remark that the act and the term1 even when they are complete physical entities1 in their manner of principiating the compound nature always behave towards one another as incomplete entities1 inasmuch as their principiation is always of a metaphysical1 and never of a physical1 character4 ,to speak first of those compound essences whose form is composition1 we observe that the physical components of such essences are indeed in act1 absolutely speaking1 but1 with regard to the composition1 they are simply in potency3 and since it is in this last capacity that they enter into the constitution of the compound nature1 it is evident that they contribute to its constitution only inasmuch as they have a claim to further actuation4 ,for to be potential respecting any kind of composition means not only that the parts might be duly disposed to undergo such a composition1 but moreover that they are already disposed and related to each other in that manner which imperatively calls for such a composition4 ,consequently1 the components1 when thus disposed1 constitute a potency which needs actuation1 and stands1 with respect to the form of composition1 in the same relation in which any term stands with respect to its essential act4 ,it is1 therefore1 manifest that the said components1 though they are physical entities1 behave as metaphysical principles in their material principiation of a compound essence4 ,as for the composition itself1 we have already seen that it is always a metaphysical constituent4 ,in the same manner1 the soul and the body are indeed physical beings1 absolutely speaking1 and1 therefore1 independent of one another so far as their existence is concerned2 but the body is informed and vivified1 not inasmuch as it exists in its absolute actuality1 but inasmuch as it is potential respecting animal life--that is1 inasmuch as its organic composition imperatively claims a soul4 ,and similarly the soul is a vivifying form1 not inasmuch as it is something absolute in nature1 but inasmuch as it naturally requires completion in the body for which it is created and to which it is actually terminated4 ,it therefore appears that the soul and the body1 in their principiation of the animal1 behave towards one another as metaphysical principles4 ,hence all composition of act and potency is1 properly speaking1 a metaphysical composition2 though1 when the compound is resolvable into physical parts1 the same composition may also1 from the physical nature of the components1 be rightly styled physical4 ,the difference between a metaphysical and a physical compound does not1 therefore1 consist in the character of the composition itself1 which is always metaphysical1 but in this3 that the latter can be resolved into physical parts which may and will exist after their separation1 whereas the former can be resolved only into metaphysical constituents which are utterly incapable of separate existence4 ,what precedes refers to the immediate constituents of compound essences4 ,it is evident that every immediate principle1 which is a complete being1 involves other principles4 ,hence all compound essences imply some principles which are proximate1 and others which are remote4 ,the remote are those by which every primitive component is itself constituted in its individual reality1 and from which the components derive their real aptitude to become the material1 the formal1 or the efficient principle of the compound essence4 ,principles of accidental compounds4 ,we have hitherto shown that all physical beings1 whether physically simple or physically complex1 involve in their constitution an act1 a term1 and a formal complement4 ,nothing more is required to conclude that no physical being can be conceived of as an act without its term1 or a term without its act1 or a formal actuality not resulting from the concurrence of an act and its suitable term4 ,from this it immediately appears that accidents and accidental modes are not physical beings1 and that their existence is necessarily dependent on the existence of some other thing of which they are the appurtenances4 ,an accident1 properly so called1 is an act having no term of its own1 and1 therefore1 having no metaphysical essence and no possibility of a separate existence4 ,accordingly1 the term of which it is in need must be supplied by a distinct being already existing in nature2 and this is called the subject of the accidental act4 ,hence no accidental act can be conceived to be without a subject4 ,and here we must reflect that1 as the first actuation of an essential term by its essential act has for its result the actual existence of the individual being1 so also any second1 or accidental1 actuation of the term by an accidental act has for its result an actual mode of existing of the same individual being4 ,from this plain truth we infer that a distinction is to be made between accidental acts1 which are properly accidents1 and accidental modes1 which are only accidentalities4 ,an accident1 properly speaking1 is that which causes the subject to acquire an accidental actuality1 and is always an act2 whilst the accidental mode is not an act1 but an accidental actuality which results in the subject from the reception of the accidental act4 ,these general notions being admitted1 let us inquire into the principles of accidental compounds4 ,an accidental compound is either a compound of substance and accident or a compound of real essence with something superadded4 ,in the first case1 8accidental0 means the opposite of 8substantial02 in the second case1 8accidental0 means the opposite of 8essential40 ,thus a falling body is an accidental compound of substance and its momentum1 the momentum being a real accident2 whereas a man clothed is an accidental compound of individual human nature and dress2 the dress being considered as something accidental as compared with the essence of man1 though it is a real substance4 ,and in the same manner a mass of gold is an accidental compound of golden molecules1 because each molecule fully possesses the essence of gold independently of any other molecule2 whence it follows that the addition of other molecules is accidental as compared with the essence of gold1 and only increases the quantity without altering the specific nature of gold4 ,of course1 these other molecules are substances1 and it is only their concurrence into one mass that is accidental4 ,it is plain that the constituent principles of an accidental compound are three--viz41 the accidental act which entails a modification of the subject2 the subject which receives the modifying act2 and the accidental mode of being1 or the modification1 which results from the reception of the act in the subject4 ,the subject is always a complete physical being1 and1 therefore1 has its own essential act1 term1 and complement1 independently of all things accidental4 ,it becomes the subject of an accidental act by actually receiving it4 ,the accidental act which is received in the subject must proceed immediately from the action of some natural or supernatural agent4 ,this is evident2 for real receptivity is real passivity1 and therefore reception is passion4 ,now1 no passion can be admitted without a corresponding action4 ,hence all accidental act that is properly and truly received in a subject is the immediate product of action1 and its production exactly coincides and coextends with its reception4 ,lastly1 the mode of being which results from the accidental actuation of the subject is only an accidentality1 or an accidental actuality1 as we have already remarked1 and is predicated of the subject1 not as something received in it1 but as something following from the actual reception of the accidental act4 ,hence the substance1 or the nature1 which is the subject of such accidental modes lies under them1 not on account of its receptivity1 but on account of the resulting potentiality1 which is a proper appurtenance1 not of the material term1 but of the formal complement of the substance4 ,and1 in fact1 the complement of all created essence always arises from the actuation of a potential term1 and therefore is itself necessarily potential--that is1 liable to such accidental changes as may result from any new actuation of the essential term4 ,this resulting potentiality is commonly styled mobility1 changeableness1 or affectibility1 and may be called modal potentiality in opposition to the passive potentiality which is the characteristic of the essential term4 ,hence a subject is said to receive the accidental act1 but not the accidental mode2 and1 on the contrary1 is said to be affected by the accidental mode1 but not by the accidental act4 ,we may say1 however1 that a subject is modified as well by the act as by the mode1 because this expression applies equally to the making of the change 7mutatio in fieri7 and to the state that follows 7mutatio in facto esse74 ,a subject has1 therefore1 two distinct manners of underlying3 the one on account of its receptivity1 the other on account of its affectibility2 the one by reason of the passive potentiality of its term1 the other by reason of the modal potentiality of its complement4 ,thus a body1 according to its passive potentiality1 underlies the act produced in it by a motive power1 because it passively receives the motive determination1 and1 according to its modal potentiality1 it underlies local movement1 this movement being the immediate result of the determination received4 ,and in a similar manner our soul1 inasmuch as it is receptive or passive1 underlies the act produced or the impression made in it by a cognizable object2 and inasmuch as it is affectible1 it underlies the feeling or affective movement1 which immediately results from the cognition of the object4 ,we have said that every accident which is received in a subject and inheres in it must be produced by the action of some agent2 and this being the case1 it follows that the quantity of the mass of a body1 and the quantity of its volume1 which are not the product of action1 cannot be ranked among the accidents received and inhering in the body2 and generally all the accidental modes which arise in the subject1 in consequence of the reception of accidental acts1 are intrinsic modes indeed1 but are not received1 and do not properly inhere in their subject2 they only result in the subject4 ,moreover1 as all such intrinsic modes immediately arise from the intrinsic reception of accidental acts1 it follows that those accidental modes which do not arise in this manner must be extrinsic2 and therefore such modes1 though they are predicated of their subject1 do not inhere in the subject1 but only in a certain manner adhere to it4 ,all accidental connotations and relativities belong to this last class4 ,hence we gather that predicamental accidents are of different species1 and accordingly demand distinct definitions4 ,the accidental act1 or accident strictly1 is an act received in the subject and inhering in it2 the intrinsic mode is an accidental actuality or modification resulting in the subject2 the extrinsic mode is a simple connotation or respect arising between the subject and some correlative term4 ,accordingly1 accidental being in general cannot be defined as 8that which inheres in a subject0--quod inhret alteri tamquam subjecto--for this definition does not embrace all accidentalities1 but should be defined as 8that which clings to a subject0--quod innititur alteri tamquam subjecto1 the phrase 8to cling to0 being understood in a most general sense4 ,this last definition covers all the ground of predicamental accidentalities2 for it is1 in fact1 applicable to all accidental acts1 intrinsic modes of being1 and extrinsic connotations4 ,for the same reason1 the subject is not to be defined as 8that which receives within itself an accidental entity10 but as 8that to which an accidental entity belongs10 and1 taking the word 8subject0 in its most general sense1 we may also define it1 as ,aristotle did1 to be 8that of which anything is predicated40 ,it is only by this last definition that we can explain the general practice of predicating of everything1 not only its accidentalities1 but also its attributes and essential properties4 ,such predications would be impossible1 if the notion of subject were restricted to that which receives on itself accidental entities2 for attributes are not accidents1 and are not received in their subject1 but spring forth from its very essence1 as we are going presently to show4 ,when the thing predicated of any subject is an accidental act1 then its subject is a subject of inhesion4 ,when the thing predicated is an intrinsic mode1 no matter whether essential1 substantial1 or accidental1 then its subject is a subject of attribution4 ,and when the thing predicated is only a connotation or a respect 7modus se habendi ad aliud71 then its subject is a subject of mere predication4 ,as we have stated that natural accidents cannot exist without a subject1 the reader may desire to know how we can account for the accidents which1 in the ,holy ,eucharist1 exist without their substances4 ,as a lengthy discussion of this philosophicotheological question would be here quite out of place1 we will content ourselves with remarking that the ,eucharistic species of bread1 as described by ,s4 ,thomas and by the ancient scholastics1 is not a natural and predicamental accident2 and that1 therefore1 many things may be possible with the ,eucharistic species which are not possible with natural accidents4 ,it is not true1 in fact1 what some have maintained1 that in the ,holy ,eucharist each of the accidents of bread exists without any subject4 ,theologians acknowledge that the quantity of the bread fulfils the duty of subject with regard to all the other accidents1 and consequently that all the other accidents1 after the consecration as before1 cling to quantity4 ,there is no need1 therefore1 of assuming color without a subject1 or figure without a subject1 or weight without a subject4 ,this would simply mean color of nothing1 figure of nothing1 weight of nothing2 which is not a miracle1 but an absurdity4 ,to account for the sacramental species1 theologians need only to show that the quantity of the bread can exist miraculously without the substance of the bread4 ,this is the only accident which remains without any subject whatever2 for the ,sacred ,body1 which ad modum substanti--that is1 substantively1 replaces the substance of the bread--is indeed under that quantity1 but it is not affected nor modified by it1 and therefore cannot be called its subject in the ordinary sense of the word1 though some writers have called it a sacramental subject4 ,to show that quantity without the substance of which it is the quantity is not an impossibility1 we must leave aside the idea that such a quantity is a form inherent in the substance4 ,for the quantity of the mass which alone is destined to become the first subject of all the other accidents is made up of a number of material parts1 and therefore is not a form1 but a certain amount of actual matter1 and fulfils the office of matter1 as ,s4 ,thomas recognizes1 and not that of form1 as ,suarez and others after him have erroneously assumed4 ,now1 it is evident that as no number can be conceived without units1 so neither can a quantity of mass be conceived without its parts2 and that1 if such parts or units are substances1 the quantity of the mass will be nothing less than a number of substances4 ,so long1 then1 as such a quantity remains1 it cannot cease to be a number of substances1 unless1 indeed1 each of the units of which it is made up1 and which must always remain1 be supernaturally deprived of that which places them formally in the rank of substances4 ,this is1 therefore1 what must be done1 and what is really done by transubstantiation4 ,when1 in fact1 the words of the consecration are pronounced1 and the ,sacred ,body of our ,lord is constituted under the sensible symbol ad modum substanti 7that is1 not only substantially1 but substantively71 then the substantiality of every particle of the bread is superseded1 and1 so to say1 supplanted by the new substance which lies under each of them1 but which leaves intact the constituents of concrete quantity2 for 8the act and the power of substance10 and 8whatever belongs to matter10 remains in each of them1 as ,s4 ,thomas teaches1 in accordance with the common doctrine of the ancient scholastics and of the fathers of the church4 ,thus the quantity of the bread remains the same as before1 and retains its formal and material constitution1 notwithstanding the substantial conversion of the bread into the ,sacred ,body of our ,lord4 ,had the modern scholastics paid more attention to this last point1 they would have seen that the species of bread is none of those natural accidents1 whether forms or formalities1 which found a place in ,aristotle's categories1 but is a supernatural accident as perfectly constituted1 in its own way1 as substance itself1 and therefore capable of being kept in existence by ,god without the help of a natural subject4 ,the reader may infer from these remarks that the philosophical questions about natural or predicamental accidents are altogether distinct from1 and independent of1 those concerning the sacramental species2 and that therefore nothing that philosophers may say about natural accidents can have any direct bearing on the explanation of the ,eucharistic mystery4 ,one thing remains to be said regarding the distinction between accidental and substantial compounds4 ,we have defined the first to be a compound 8of substance and accident10 or a compound 8of essence and something accidentally superadded to it40 ,the second we defined to be a compound 8of substances uniting in one essence or nature40 ,but1 as we noticed1 the authors pledged to the theory of substantial generations admitted of no 8substantial0 compound but that which was believed to consist of matter and substantial form2 and accordingly all compounds the form of which was an accidental entity1 say composition1 were considered by them as accidental4 ,we observe that composition1 though an accidental entity1 is nevertheless the 8essential0 form of the compound1 and gives it its 8first0 actuality4 ,if1 then1 the compound is a distinct essence1 and has a distinct name1 and is called a distinct 8substance10 as water1 iron1 gold1 etc41 its form1 though an accident1 is an essential constituent of the specific substance4 ,we cannot at present discuss the question of substantial generations2 we only remark that1 to avoid all useless disputes about words1 a physical compound1 when it contains nothing but what is needed for the constitution of its specific nature1 may be called ,unum per se naturale--i4e41 a being essentially one2 and when it has something accidentally superadded1 it may be called ,unum per accidens--i4e41 a being accidentally one4 ,this distinction of names1 which is familiar to all philosophers1 expresses the distinction of the things without having recourse to the terms of 8substantial compound0 and 8accidental compound10 taken in the ,peripatetic sense of the words4 ,thus1 whilst the ,peripatetics based their distinction between these compounds on a presumed difference between their forms1 we draw our own from the presence or absence of anything not belonging to the specific nature of the compound4 ,this we do in accordance with the true spirit of scholastic philosophy1 not to say compelled by a philosophical necessity2 for we know that the constituent form of a purely material compound1 though essential with respect to the compound itself1 is only an accident received in the substance of the components1 as we may hereafter have an occasion to show4 ,and now let us come to the attributes of complete beings4 ,principles of attributes and properties4 ,all complete beings possess attributes and properties called essential--that is1 invariably following the essence to which they belong4 ,it is therefore necessary for us to inquire whether1 to account for them1 any special principles must be admitted4 ,we can easily show that no new real principle is required besides the principles of the essence1 as all the essential attributes and properties7#fh7 of a complete being are fully contained in the real essence of the same as in their fountainhead1 inasmuch as they are nothing else than the actuality of the essence considered under different aspects or connotations4 ,it is known1 in fact1 that the essential attributes of things are said by all philosophers to emanate from the essence1 to flow from the essence1 to follow from the essence1 without any other thing being ever mentioned as their principle2 which shows the universality of the doctrine that the essence alone is the adequate source of all its attributes4 ,and here let us observe that the words principle and source are not synonymous2 for a principle is not sufficient1 of itself1 to principiate anything without the concurrence of other principles1 as it does not perfectly contain in itself the whole reality of which it is a principle4 ,the source1 on the contrary1 contains totally and adequately within itself whatever emanates from it2 so that any such emanation1 taken separately1 is only an imperfect exhibition of the reality from which it emanates1 as it presents it only under one out of the many different points of view under which it may be regarded4 ,to say1 then1 that the essence of a thing is the source of all its attributes is to say that the essence itself alone sufficiently accounts for their origin1 their necessity1 and their distinction4 ,that such is the case we shall easily understand by reflecting that all the essential attributes and properties of a thing express the being or actuality of the thing under some special aspect2 as to be active1 to be passive1 to be one1 to be simple1 etc4 ,now1 to be1 or actuality1 immediately results from the principles of the essence alone1 as we have proved in our last article4 ,consequently1 the essential attributes and properties of anything immediately result from the essential principles of the thing--that is1 from its real essence4 ,thus a being is active inasmuch as the act by which it is can be further terminated2 and therefore to be active is nothing more than to have in itself an act further terminable2 and activity1 or active power in the abstract1 is nothing more than the further terminability of the same act4 ,in like manner1 a being is passive inasmuch as its intrinsic term is still capable of further actuation2 and therefore to be passive is nothing more than to have in itself a term which can be further actuated2 and passivity1 or passive potentiality in the abstract1 is nothing more than the further actuability of the same term4 ,the like may be said of every other attribute4 ,meanwhile1 if we inquire what does terminability1 or actuability1 add to the thing1 we shall soon see that it adds nothing real1 but only exhibits the reality of the thing under a special formality as connoting something either intrinsic or extrinsic to it4 ,thus the terminability of the act simply connotes some term capable of actuation1 and the actuability of the term simply connotes an act by which it can be actuated4 ,from this it follows that the essential attributes of being are nothing but distinct abstract ratios having their foundation in the principles of the complete being1 and presenting its actuality under different aspects4 ,in fact1 it is because such a being contains the foundation of all those ratios that our intellect1 by looking upon it1 is enabled to discover them1 and to trace them distinctly to their distinct principles4 ,it thus appears that the true reason why no new real principles are needed to account for the essential attributes of things consists in this1 that the whole reality of the attributes already preexists in the thing1 and that nothing further is necessary1 that they may be distinctly conceived1 but intellectual consideration4 ,what we have said of the attributes that have their foundation in the essential principles of being applies equally to qualities which are the immediate result of accidental actuation4 ,thus1 if a material point be acted on1 the result of the determination it receives will be velocity4 ,of course1 velocity is an accidental attribute1 since it follows from the termination of an accidental act2 yet it results as perfectly from that termination as the essential attributes result from the termination of the essential act4 ,in general1 all the objective ratios which immediately follow the constitution of a concrete being need no additional principles1 because they are already contained in the entity of the concrete being1 in which the intellect finds its ground for their distinct conception4 ,and here let us add two remarks4 ,the first is that all such intelligible ratios identify themselves really1 though inadequately1 with the concrete entity of which they are predicated2 so that between the attribute and its concrete subject there can be but the slightest of metaphysical distinctions4 ,the second is that the essential attributes of a simple being are never really distinct from one another4 ,the reason of this is evident2 for such attributes are the simple actuality of a simple being1 which does not cease to be identical with itself when it is viewed from different points of view4 ,they admit1 however1 of a distinction of reason2 for when the same thing is considered under different aspects1 the distinct concepts that are then formed by the mind evidently exhibit distinct objective ratios1 every one of which corresponds to one of those aspects without formally implying the others4 ,though we have hitherto spoken of the essential attributes and properties of primitive beings1 the doctrine we have expounded is also applicable to those of all substantial compounds4 ,thus the attributes and properties of a molecule of hydrogen1 oxygen1 or any other specific compound have the reason of their being in the essential principles of their respective compound1 and nothing else is required to account for them1 as is evident from the preceding explanations4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that in such compounds as owe their being to material composition only1 as it is the case with all the molecules of natural bodies1 the composition which is the essential form of the compound is not a substantial1 but an accidental1 determination of the components2 and hence it is that each such molecule involves in its essential constitution both substance and accident1 and therefore is not exactly a substance1 but a natural compound essence4 ,the consequence is that its essential attributes1 too1 owe their being not only to the component substances1 but also to such accidents as are essentially implied in the constitution of the compound4 ,thus1 porosity1 compressibility1 bulk1 etc41 which are essential attributes of each molecule as such1 have the reason of their being partly in the elements of which they are made up1 and partly in the specific form of their composition4 ,now1 this specific form may undergo accidental changes without trespassing the bounds of its species2 and those essential attributes which depend on the specific composition may consequently undergo a change in their degree2 and since none of those changeable degrees are determinately required by the essence of the molecular compound1 it follows that the essential attributes and properties of each molecule1 in so far as their actual degree is concerned1 are accidental2 and accordingly such attributes and properties by their degree belong to the predicament of accidental quality4 ,such is the case with the attributes of every single molecule of a natural substance4 ,as for bodies made up of a number of molecules of the same kind1 it is evident that all such bodies are accidental compounds1 and none of them can have any other essential attributes besides those which are common to their molecules4 ,for the union of equal molecules is the union of integrant parts1 and gives rise to no new species1 but only to accidental relations1 quantity of mass1 and quantity of volume2 and consequently all the attributes and properties originating in the agglomeration of such integrant parts are simply accidental qualities4 ,thus liquidity is an accidental quality of water1 because it exhibits only the mutual behavior of distinct molecules which1 of themselves1 and apart from one another1 are not liquid1 though they have all that is needed to unite in the liquid state4 ,and indeed1 if each molecule contains the true essence of water1 and yet is not actually liquid1 actual liquidity has nothing to do with the essence of water1 and therefore is not an essential attribute of water1 but an accidental mode resulting from mutual accidental action between neighboring molecules4 ,there are two cases1 however1 in which new essential attributes may be found in a body without being found in the component molecules4 ,the first is when the component molecules undergo chemical combination2 for in this case such molecules are not merely integrant but constituent1 and by their combination a new essence is formed4 ,now1 a new essence gives rise to new essential attributes4 ,thus sulphuric acid1 for instance1 has attributes which do not belong to its components4 ,the second case is when the whole body is only a part of the compound essence--that is1 when the specific form of that essence is a distinct substance1 as in man and all animals1 whose bodies are informed by a soul4 ,in this case1 the whole body and all that belongs to its organic constitution is involved in the essence of the perfect compound of which it is a part2 and therefore some among the essential attributes of the compound must depend on the very constitution of the body4 ,thus stature follows from the essential constitution of man1 which includes a body having dimensions4 ,but here1 again1 we must observe that1 although to have some stature is an essential attribute of man1 to have this stature rather than that is an accidental quality2 it being evident that human nature can exist without this determinate stature4 ,by the preceding remarks we are led to conclude1 #ast1 that all essential attributes originate in the essential constituents of the nature of which they are the attributes2 #b;d1 that all the accidental attributes or qualities originate in the accidental determinations of the nature of which they are the accidental qualities2 #c;d1 that1 in material compounds1 those essential attributes which depend on the composition admit of different accidental degrees4 ,we have only to add that the abstract ratios1 through which the attributes and properties of things are conceived1 are very frequently styled formalities4 ,formalities are1 generally speaking1 either real or logical4 ,a real formality is that which has its being in the reality of things2 a logical formality1 on the contrary1 is that which has no being in real things1 but only in our conception4 ,real formalities are also called metaphysical degrees4 ,thus1 in ,socrates1 animality1 rationality1 individuality1 personality1 etc41 are so many metaphysical degrees4 ,all such degrees express the being of the thing under some particular aspect2 as to be animated1 to be rational1 to be an individual1 etc41 as we have above remarked4 ,real formalities are either absolute or respective4 ,the absolute are those which belong to the thing considered in itself absolutely2 as substantiality1 oneness1 singularity4 ,the respective are those which imply a connotation of something else2 as terminability1 passivity1 cognoscibility4 ,the absolute formalities correspond to the absolute attributes of beings2 the respective correspond to the relative attributes--that is1 to the properties and qualities of beings4 ,real formalities are either positive1 negative1 or privative4 ,the positive are directly founded on the act1 term1 and complement of the being2 as activity1 passivity1 and inertia4 ,the negative are real negations affecting the thing2 as the mode of substance1 which is a negation of sustentation4 ,the privative are real privations1 as blindness in man4 ,we may observe1 by the way1 that the logical formalities are likewise either positive1 negative1 or privative4 ,the positive exhibit the thing as a positive element of logical thought2 as when man is said to be the subject of a proposition4 ,the negative exhibit the thing as affected by a negation which is not in the thing1 but only in our conception of it2 as when we say that ,god's immensity and eternity are distinct2 for distinction is a negation of identity1 but the distinction in this case is only mental1 because those two attributes are the same thing in reality4 ,the privative exhibit the thing as mentally stripped of that which is due to it2 as when we consider color1 figure1 velocity1 etc41 as formally universal1 and therefore as deprived of a subject2 for they cannot be deprived of a subject except in our conception4 ,this is what we had to say about attributes and properties4 ,as we have here and there mentioned inadequate identity1 metaphysical distinction1 distinction of reason1 etc41 we will take care to have the meaning of these words accurately explained in our next article1 in which we hope to end this our cursory survey of the principles of real being4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,butterfly4 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,marie ,jenna4 ,why silently draw near ,and menace my joyous flight8 ,what is there in my gay career ,that can offend your sight8 ,i am only a vivid beam1 ,flitting now here1 now there1 ,a wingd gem1 a fairy dream1 ,a flower that the breeze may bear4 ,the brother of the rose1 ,in her breast ,i shun the storm2 ,on her soft bosom ,i repose1 ,and drink her perfume warm4 ,my life is a transient thing1 ,why mar its glad estate8 ,answer me1 ,o creation's king6 ,art envious of my fate8 ,nay1 hear me while ,i pray3 ,elsewhere thy footsteps bend2 ,let me live at least one happy day1 ,thou that shalt never end6 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,from the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,,xx4 ,that day was ,february #be1 #ahdh4 ,if you remember1 there had never been seen1 at that season1 such mild weather and such brilliant sunshine4 ,but that the trees were without leaves1 it seemed like ,may2 and in the orchards exposed to the south1 the almondtrees were even covered with big buds ready to flower4 ,this beautiful1 early spring rejoiced all on the earth1 both men and beasts2 the peasants were heard singing in the fields1 the horses neighing at the plough1 the hens clucking1 the sparrows chirping1 the lambs bleating2 and down to the babbling brooks1 that flowed and leaped over the stones with more than ordinary rapidity1 each creature1 in its own way1 appeared happy and glad4 ,the cur walked along slowly1 a little fatigued by the heat1 to which he was not yet accustomed4 ,he closed his ,breviary1 and thought of the dear family he was about to rejoice with his good news1 and doubtless1 also1 of the exile1 who only waited for one word to return to his beloved home4 ,when he reached the right of the barns at ,muiceron1 he paused a moment behind the cottage to take breath and wipe his forehead4 ,from that spot he could see into the courtyard without being seen2 and what he saw1 although very simple1 moved him to the bottom of his soul4 ,jeanne ,ragaud was drawing water from the well2 but1 instead of carrying off the buckets already filled1 she deposited them on the ground1 and1 resting her elbows on the curbstone of the well1 covered her face with her hands in the attitude of a person completely overcome4 ,he knew she was weeping1 and certainly her poor heart must have been full of sorrow that she should give way to such silent grief4 ,the good cur could no longer restrain himself2 he advanced gently behind her1 and1 when quite near1 touched her on the shoulder1 just as he had done in former days1 when he wished to surprise her in some schoolgirl's trick4 ,jeanne turned around1 and he saw her pretty face bathed in tears4 8,oh6 oh60 said the kind pastor1 smiling1 8what are you doing1 my daughter8 ,i wager you are the only one who is not rejoicing today in the bright sunshine that the good ,god gives us40 8,father10 said the little thing1 who always thus addressed our cur when they were alone1 8it is perhaps very wrong1 but it is precisely all this joy ,i see around me that breaks my heart4 ,when ,i reached the well1 ,i thought how often ,jean,louis had come to this very place to draw water for us1 and how displeased he was when my mother wished to do it herself4 ,poor ,jeannet6 he was so gentle and kind6 ,oh6 ,i am sure he is unhappy away from home40 8,that is not doubtful10 replied the cur2 8but perhaps one day we will see him again40 8,i begin to despair of it10 said she4 8,he left heartbroken1 and perhaps now he detests me40 8,perhaps8 ,perhaps1 my daughter1 can mean yes as well as no2 why should it not be no80 8,ah6 if ,i only knew60 said she4 8,well1 what would you do80 8,i would write to him that ,i love him10 she cried1 clasping her hands2 8and ,i would beg him to come and tell me that he pardons me1 and take his place again at home2 for the house will always be his1 whether ,i live or die2 and although ,i have done very wrong1 he would listen to me1 don't you think so1 father80 8,yes10 said the cur1 much touched2 8he is a person who never cherished rancor against any one4 ,write to him1 my child1 and tell him all you wish2 your letter will reach him40 8,ah6 you know where he is8 ,i thought so10 said she joyfully4 8,yes1 indeed6 ,i know where he is1 and ,i will now tell you1 my dear daughter4 ,he is in ,paris1 where he wants for nothing2 and if you are good1 if you will stop crying1 ,i will read you some of his letters1 which will make you happy40 8,oh6 ,i promise you that ,i will be good4 ,i will not cry any more--never again10 cried the poor little creature1 who instantly began to sob1 by way of keeping her promise4 ,but they were tears of joy this time1 and the cur let them flow without reproof4 ,they entered ,muiceron together1 and ,jeannette1 without any preambulation1 threw herself on her mother's breast1 crying out that ,jeannet was coming back4 ,pierrette1 who desired it as ardently as she1 asked to be excused for one moment1 that she might run off and tell ,ragaud1 who was sowing clover near the house4 ,it was right that they should be all together to hear such welcome news2 but scarcely had the good woman reached the door1 than she knocked against ,jacques ,michou1 who had just crossed the threshold4 8,jean,louis6 ,jean,louis is coming back60 said ,pierrette1 as she passed him4 8,come in1 ,jacques ,michou2 ,i will be back in a second40 ,michou entered in his usual tranquil manner4 ,he saluted the cur and ,jeanne without showing the least excitement4 8,who says that ,jeannet is coming back80 he asked4 8,we don't say he is coming back10 replied the cur1 8but that he will return home40 8,all very well10 answered ,michou2 8but1 for the present1 that is not to be thought of40 8,my ,god60 cried ,jeanne1 8what has happened80 8,the revolution in ,paris10 said ,michou2 8and this time it is real4 ,here is a letter from ,m4 le ,marquis1 who tells me that in three days from now all will be fire and blood4 ,he orders me to join him--,jeannet is with him--and ,i will take guns for everybody40 ,jeannette fell fainting in a chair4 ,m4 le ,cur conversed with ,michou2 and1 meanwhile1 ,ragaud and ,pierrette entered1 and learned1 in their turn1 the event1 which was very true1 as we all know4 ,i leave you to think if there were ahs6 and ohs6 and exclamations of all kinds4 ,for a full hour there were so many contradictory statements you would have thought the revolution at ,paris transported to ,muiceron4 ,several peasants1 returning from the city1 stopped at the farm1 and reported there was agitation everywhere2 that a great number of workmen in the factories had decamped2 and1 as under similar circumstances all sorts of stories are told and believed1 it was added that half the capital was already burnt1 and that smoke was seen in all the other parts of the city4 ,at that1 ,michou shrugged his shoulders2 but he was anxious about his master1 whom he knew to be the man to do a thousand imprudent things1 so he took a hasty farewell of his friends1 and that very evening passed ,muiceron in full rig1 armed and equipped1 ready for his post4 ,so once again everybody at ,muiceron became gloomy and miserable1 as each day brought its fresh contingent of sad news4 ,for if1 in the city and among learned men1 where there is every chance of correct information1 every one appears half crazy in time of public calamity1 and in a fever to talk all kinds of nonsense1 you can imagine what it is in a village1 where one is obliged to listen to the neighbors and gossips1 who always improve on the most absurd reports4 ,it is true1 also1 that they never see a paper1 and it is lucky if they preserve a few gleams of good sense2 but what each one draws from his own private source amply suffices to bewilder everybody4 ,i1 who speak to you1 and who was very young at the time of this revolution1 remember well to have heard it positively affirmed that the king1 ,louis ,philippe1 and his family had been crucified in front of their chteau1 then cut in little pieces1 boiled1 and eaten by the people6 ,and when1 in addition1 it was said that the waters of the ,seine had formed a magnificent cascade from the heapedup corpses1 and were red with blood as far as the bridge at ,rouen1 ,i did not think the thing incredible1 and1 with great simplicity1 ,i always awaited still more extraordinary news4 ,i remember1 also1 that a band of our most respectable young men took turns every night in mounting guard around the chteau of ,val,saint1 because it was known1 from a trustworthy source1 that the cellars contained more than a hundred barrels of powder1 ready to blow up at the shortest notice4 ,now1 to ask how so many barrels1 the least of which weighed as much as a tun of wine1 could have been placed there without being seen1 is what no person thought of2 and the reflection1 what man1 sufficiently desirous of putting an end to his days by bringing that enormous building down upon him 7a thing which could profit no one71 would be capable of setting fire to the powder1 still less entered their heads2 and yet terror was at its height at the mere thought of an explosion so tremendous that it would have broken all windows for two leagues round4 ,and thus it is that good people1 without wishing it1 lend their hands to the revolution4 ,it was not that all this was believed at ,muiceron as readily as ,i swallowed it1 but1 in reality1 they were very anxious1 and ardently desirous of hearing news4 ,a long week passed4 ,m4 ,michou wrote a short letter1 in which he said everybody was well1 that ,m4 le ,marquis and ,jean ,louis were always together1 and cried out1 8,long live the king60 in the streets while carrying a white flag1 which made the boys of the street laugh1 but at which no one took any exception4 ,he added that ,king ,louis ,philippe was driven out1 and that for the present the republic was much spoken of4 ,thereupon ,ragaud declared that all was lost2 for he1 like all those of his age1 only understood the republic as accompanied by scaffolds1 drownings1 and robberies1 as in that of #agic1 which he well remembered4 ,jeannette1 then1 with the consent of ,m4 le ,cur1 wrote a long and touching letter1 which she addressed to ,solange1 in which she poured forth all the warmth and fire of her little heart4 ,the poor child dared not write directly to ,jeannet1 in the fear that new events might prevent his receiving the missive2 but she did not doubt that ,solange would find means to read it to him who would receive so much consolation from its contents4 ,the misfortune was that1 in the midst of the fray1 that good girl could hear nothing about her old friend2 and1 between ourselves1 it was1 ,i believe1 because she had no permission to mix herself up in the affair1 as she lived retired and absorbed in prayer with the other young sisters of the novitiate4 ,it therefore followed that when ,jeannet1 in his turn1 wrote to ,m4 le ,cur1 it seemed1 from the quiet1 sad1 and cold tone of his letter1 that he knew nothing of this step of ,jeannette's1 or1 if he knew it1 he attached no importance to it1 and wished them to understand it was too late to repair matters4 ,it was this last idea which fastened itself in the child's head as firmly as a nail in the wood4 ,she became profoundly sad1 which1 according to her habit1 she concealed as much as possible2 and thus passed weeks and months without anything further being said of the return of the dear boy1 so fondly desired by all at ,muiceron4 ,so far affairs in ,paris went on quietly1 and the people who believed in scaffolds began to think they might sign the lease between their shoulders and heads4 ,for now that all this fine story is over1 it must be avowed the first part of the revolution was more laughable than terrible4 ,i had it from ,michou1 who was present and witnessed many things in detail1 which were served up for our amusement during many of the following winters4 ,the good man never wearied of relating how the great city of ,paris1 that had driven off a king from a desire of giving herself a hundred thousand in his place1 played at comedy for three months1 for the sole purpose1 ,i suppose1 of affording other countries a perpetual diversion4 ,once1 for example1 in remembrance of springtime1 a crowd of little trees were planted at all the corners1 as signs of liberty2 and as1 for this amusement1 each man became a gardener on his own hook1 without ever having learned the trade1 you can imagine what chance these precious emblems of freedom had of flourishing4 ,it is not necessary to say that they fell down and were trodden under foot in a very short time1 so that the beautiful green ornaments were renounced at the end of a few days6 ,another time1 the streetboys assembled and formed the brilliant resolution that they would have a general illumination4 ,and then--,i really would not have believed it1 if ,jacques ,michou had not vouched for the truth--these ragamuffins ran in troops through the streets1 handinhand1 shouting out a song which had but two words1 always sung to the same tune4 8,light up6 light up60 they cried at the top of their voices2 upon which1 all classes1 rich and poor1 high and low1 obediently placed candles in the windows1 without daring to utter a word against the decree2 and this lasted more than a fortnight4 ,i will only ask1 if the king or our holy father1 the ,pope1 had exacted such a thing even once1 what would have been said8 ,there was also the farce of the laborers1 who were out of work1 taking the air1 and marching by thousands along the quays to the great chteau1 where five or six fine men who were called the government resided1 and who were very brave in words1 but became half crazy when it was time to act2 which must not be wondered at1 as their task was none of the easiest4 ,the men arrived1 they would send one of their number to ask some little favor1 which was sure to be promised for next day4 ,then they returned the same as they came1 and so much the worse for those who were found in their way that day2 for not a cat could have come out alive among so many legs4 ,this amusement was called 8a manifestation40 ,but to say what was ever manifested except want and misery in every house--for when such promenades are made1 no work is done--is what you may learn1 perhaps1 sooner than ,i1 if the day of discovery will ever come4 ,during this time1 they pretended to make laws for the country1 in a large building where a great number of men from the provinces talked themselves hoarse every day1 insulting each other1 and even1 ,i have been told1 flung whatever they happened to have near at hand at one another's heads2 so that he who appeared the master of all1 and was called president1 was forced to speak with a great bell1 as he could no longer make his voice heard4 ,for those who liked noise all this row was very amusing2 but quiet people were obliged to shut their eyes and stop up their ears4 ,in my opinion1 instead of being contented with that1 they should have descended into the streets1 and enforced order with heavy blows of the cudgel2 but1 if they thought of that later1 for the time being good people seemed asleep1 which emboldened the rabble to such a degree they thought themselves masters of the situation4 ,you doubtless think our dear good master1 ,m4 le ,marquis1 was discouraged at seeing the republic established in place of his cherished hopes4 ,not at all4 ,on the contrary1 he was as ardent and fiery as ever1 assured that it was 8a necessary transition0--a phrase which ,i repeat as ,i heard it1 without pretending to explain it1 and which1 probably1 was profoundly wise4 ,he was very busy coming and going with his friends1 and arranging all1 in words1 for the approaching arrival of the young legitimate prince1 who remained near the frontier with a large army1 invisible for the time1 but ready to march at a moment's notice4 ,jean,louis and ,michou allowed themselves in secret to be rather doubtful of these fine assertions1 but1 respectful and devoted as they were to that excellent gentleman1 they made the agreement to follow him about like his shadow1 and to shield him whenever he might incur any risk4 ,thus1 whenever ,m4 le ,marquis was seen1 near him was always the handsome1 brave ,jeannet1 with his pale1 serious face1 or the old gamekeeper1 looking very jaunty1 but with such fierce eyes and strong arms a man would think twice before attacking him4 ,dear mademoiselle1 who was half dead with fear for her father's life1 confided him entirely to his village friends1 and begged them every morning to be faithful to their trust4 ,besides1 this good soul1 formerly so desirous of seeing and living in ,paris1 yawned there almost as much as at ,val,saint4 ,there was not much amusement going on in society4 ,rich people stayed at home1 and guarded their money1 which was carefully concealed in some secure place1 ready to fly in case of necessity2 as for outdoor amusements1 none were thought of4 ,m4 le ,marquis had something else to do than drive out with his daughter2 and to circulate around among the manifestations was not the most pleasant performance--far from it4 ,poor mademoiselle seemed doomed to the miserable fate of always running after some distraction1 ftes1 and other disturbances of that kind1 without ever finding them4 ,add to all this1 she was in a constant state of fear1 as she was little accustomed to the cries1 songs1 patrols1 and threats which filled the capital4 ,her only consolation was to hope that there would soon be an end of all this2 and ,dame ,berthe encouraged her to be patient1 showing herself all the while full of the idea of the near triumph of the cause1 as she said4 ,and meantime1 while waiting for it1 she embroidered little strips of white satin by the dozen1 to decorate the belts of the king's officers when the triumphal entry would be made into ,paris4 ,their happiest moment was in the evening1 when these five persons1 drawn together through friendship and devotion1 were reunited to talk over the events of the day1 and to plan for the next4 ,m4 le ,marquis ordered the servants off to bed--for they were not sure but there might be spies among them--and1 keeping ,jeannet and ,michou1 he joyfully laid before them all his plans and hopes4 ,jean,louis listened with one ear2 and fortunate was it that respect prevented him from joining in the conversation1 as his remarks might have been very malpropos4 ,can you guess why8 ,he thought of other things2 and while his master soared away in imagination to the frontier1 where the invisible army of the king manuvred1 in heart and soul he was in the beloved spot1 where he lived over again the happy days of his childhood4 ,and thus they advanced1 without knowing it1 to the terrible days which gave the deathblow to the republic1 in the midst of the blood of so many honest men1 which flowed and mingled with that of the rabble1 for love of good order1 which could easily have been established without so much suffering4 ,alas6 it was not the first time in our gay1 beautiful ,france that things have begun with songs and pleasant jokes1 and ended amid the noise of cannon and the cries and lamentations of the wounded4 ,before relating this last part of my story1 ,i must tell you that our cur1 always in correspondence with ,jean,louis1 was much astonished at the uniform coolness of his letters4 ,at last he thought best to ask an explanation during the month of ,may1 advising him to go and see ,solange1 who for a long time had had good news for him4 ,do you think it was long before ,jeannet ran quickly to the convent8 ,when he read that ,jeannette loved him and desired his return1 he nearly became wild with joy4 ,solange let him have the precious letter1 which he read and reread all one night1 so as to be better able to reply to it4 ,it was time for things to change1 as ,jeannette declined visibly from the pain she suffered in believing herself disdained4 ,it is always so with women 7,i must make the remark72 they torture without mercy1 or at least with very little thought1 the poor hearts which become attached to them2 and then the day they feel pain in their turn all must end in the quickest manner1 otherwise they will die2 and then1 again1 they will have all the pity and sympathy on their side4 ,so our two dear children made up and became friends with a few words written on paper2 and enchanted were they both1 ,i can assure you4 ,now it was easy to wait4 ,jean ,louis1 in his answer1 showed the same heart1 the same tenderness1 as formerly4 ,he wished no excuses from his sister1 saying that all the fault was on his side--which was a big story1 as every one could see but himself1 and made them both laugh and weep at ,muiceron4 ,as for his return1 it was not necessary to promise anything4 ,they knew well that the day duty would no longer detain him he would take the first train and our good friends1 the ,ragauds1 while not wishing him to leave ,m4 le ,marquis1 commenced to prepare for the happy moment1 so ardently desired by all4 ,ragaud told the women it was not the time for economy1 and the following week he called in the painters and the masons to replaster all the house1 and to give it an air of freshness inside1 which1 ,i must acknowledge1 was very much needed4 ,jeannette directed the changes in ,jean,louis' room1 and ,i can assure you she spared nothing1 and spent at least fifty francs of her father's crowns in a splendid paper for the walls1 which was yellow1 covered with large bouquets of bright flowers that had the most beautiful effect4 ,the month of ,june found them busily occupied2 and then they began to count1 not the days1 but the hours1 that would separate ,jean,louis from the dear home that had adopted him4 ,his last letter announced his speedy departure4 ,the joy at ,muiceron1 and its holiday look1 was touching to see4 ,jeannette1 pink and white1 like an eglantine rose1 had never looked prettier4 ,suddenly1 one morning1 ,m4 le ,cur entered the farm1 and1 in the midst of all this happiness1 pronounced these terrible words3 8,my children1 they are fighting in ,paris1 and we must pray to ,god1 for the danger has never been greater2 happy those who will come safe out of it60 ,,xxi4 ,i shudder when ,i speak of that horrible time4 ,alas6 we all know about the fearful struggle of blood and tears called 8,the days of ,june1 #ahdh40 ,never did the lowering stormclouds more quickly burst1 and never did a great city1 in all the pride of her beauty and wealth1 come nearer complete ruin4 ,each quarter1 each place1 each crossway1 were battle fields4 ,houses were demolished1 that barricades might be erected across the streets2 and this time1 if extravagant accounts went abroad1 not one appeared exaggerated in face of the real truth4 ,for three long1 weary days--why1 no one ever knew--the army kept hidden2 then the sovereign people were masters of the situation1 and acted as best pleased their capricious will2 and ,i rather think nobody but a fool could have helped being disgusted with serving such kings4 ,at the end of these three days1 at last the cry was heard from all the barracks1 8,forward60 ,and as in the time of the great ,napoleon1 generals in fine uniforms and waving plumes dashed about on horseback1 and there was a terrific noise of cannon and musketry4 ,how terrible was the anger of the ,lord6 ,for these enemies1 who grappled in the fierce deathstruggle1 were children of the same mother1 and yet forgot it in the midst of their senseless fury and thirst for vengeance1 when1 in truth1 they had nothing to avenge4 ,what more shall ,i tell you8 ,you know it all better than ,i2 perhaps you were there2 and1 besides1 it is not so long ago that you cannot remember it2 and when you recall it1 pray fervently to the good ,god such a time may never again be ours4 ,when the battalions moved1 every honest citizen left his bed1 and armed1 to be ready to assist the army4 ,m4 le ,marquis was one of the first on the scene1 accompanied by his two bodyguards4 ,mademoiselle1 when she saw them leave1 wept1 and threw herself on her knees in her room1 unwilling to listen to ,dame ,berthe1 who still could have the heart to speak of 8the triumph of the right10 so rooted in her head was this fixed idea4 ,leave these poor women1 more to be pitied than blamed1 lamenting and praying to ,god1 while listening1 with hearts half dead with agony1 to the noise of the battle1 and we will see what became of the combatants4 ,when they left the house1 there was no appearance of extraordinary excitement1 and even the quarter where ,m4 le ,marquis lived1 very quiet at all times1 seemed calmer even than usual1 for the very good reason that1 of all who occupied it1 those that were brave ran elsewhere1 and the cowards buried themselves1 like moles1 in the cellars4 ,our friends first went down one long street1 crossed a second1 a third1 and only then1 when coming up to a great bridge with a ,prussian name very difficult to spell--and therefore ,i cannot write it--began to see and hear the horrors of the deadly combat4 ,m4 le ,marquis stopped4 8,friends10 said he1 8let us make the sign of the cross2 perhaps one of us will not return to sleep in his bed1 but may be killed1 wounded1 or made prisoner4 ,it is well to provide ourselves with a passport for the other world1 and one more blessing for this one40 ,and this excellent gentleman instantly put in practice what he preached1 pronouncing aloud the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 8,come10 said he joyously1 8,i feel younger by ten years4 ,ah6 while ,i think of it1 have you white cockades in your pockets80 8,faith6 no10 said ,michou2 8,i confess to ,m4 le ,marquis ,i did not dream of taking that precaution4 ,but we need not worry about that2 if we want them1 ,i will tear off an end of my shirt40 ,jean,louis had been equally forgetful of the white cockades2 ,m4 le ,marquis told them their heads were turned1 but forgot to add he was in the same fix2 for they had rushed to arms in such a hurry1 each one had only taken time to dress quickly and seize his gun1 so ardently desirous were they to see the end of the masters of ,paris4 ,soon they were in the midst of the troops and a crowd of volunteers like themselves4 ,the fight was hot4 ,the height and solidity of the barricades1 for the most part cemented with stone and mortar like ramparts1 forced them to establish a siege2 and the thick walls that sheltered the rioters were only destroyed with the aid of cannon1 and after many deaths4 ,i must be frank1 and say it was not a war very much to the taste of our soldiers1 who like to see the faces of the enemies at whom they aim2 neither1 as a first effort1 was it very amusing for our friend ,jeannet1 who had never before seen any fire but that in the chimney at ,muiceron4 ,so when he found himself in the midst of the scuffle1 surrounded with dead and wounded1 smoke in his eyes1 loud oaths and curses in his ears1 without counting the whistling of the balls1 which ,i have been told produces a very droll effect when not accustomed to it1 he stopped short1 and looked so stupefied ,michou laughed at him4 ,that old soldier had been present at the battle of ,wagram1 and1 being very young at the time1 was at first half crazy with fear1 which did not prevent him from showing great bravery when he recovered his senses4 ,he therefore understood from experience precisely how ,jeannet felt1 and1 giving him a hard blow on his shoulder1 shook the young fellow's gun1 which he was carelessly pointing at random4 8,are you going to let yourself be killed like a chicken80 he cried to him1 swearing tremendously2 8be quick1 my boy2 you can sleep tomorrow40 ,jean,louis jumped2 he drew himself up to his full height1 and his handsome face reddened with shame1 although he had done nothing dishonorable4 8,jacques10 said he1 8,i am afraid ,i am a coward40 8,big mule60 gaily cried the gamekeeper2 8on the contrary1 byandby you are going to see how we will amuse ourselves40 ,they were at the time before a barricade1 which was most obstinately defended4 ,the conversation could not last long1 but ,jacques ,michou did not lose sight of the boy4 ,he saw that he soon recovered himself1 and kept out of the way of the balls as well as he could--something which required as much skill as coolness--and handled his gun with as firm a hand as though he were hunting4 ,fighting went on there for a good hour4 ,the soldiers began to be furious1 and1 notwithstanding the number of killed on both sides1 no advantage was gained4 ,cannon were brought up2 at the first fire1 a large breach was effected1 and it was seen that the insurgents were reduced to a small number1 who attempted to escape4 ,at that sight1 the soldiers and volunteers could not be restrained4 8,no prisoners60 cried a hundred voices1 hoarse with rage4 ,that meant death to every one4 ,our officers were no longer masters2 the tide1 once let loose1 soon overflowed1 and a horrible mixture of shots1 cries1 and oaths1 frightful to hear1 pierced the air4 ,jeannet became as crazy as the rest4 ,he fired so often1 his gun was burning in his hands2 his dishevelled hair1 and his face1 blackened with powder1 changed his appearance so completely no one would have recognized him4 ,he loaded and reloaded1 fired at hazard1 and no longer heard ,michou1 who1 always at his side1 cried1 8,look out60 every moment4 ,suddenly the gamekeeper gave a yell that resembled the howl of a wolf4 ,a man1 covered with blood1 had just leaped upon the ruins of the barricade1 and aimed at ,jean,louis1 who was not three steps from his gun4 ,it is not easy to make you understand the rapidity with which old ,michou threw himself before ,jeannet to preserve his life4 ,it was like a flash of lightning1 but that flash sufficed2 he had time to fire before the rioter1 who rolled lifeless on the heapedup pavement4 ,all was ended4 ,five minutes afterwards1 at least in that corner1 it only remained to remove the dead1 and carry the wounded into the neighboring houses1 where the women were ready to dress the wounds4 ,there was time to breathe4 ,alas6 the poor1 blinded people paid dearly in that quarter for their folly and madness4 ,all the unfortunate wretches who had raised that barricade were dead or dying4 ,jacques looked around for his master and his friend4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 with his arm all bleeding1 was seated leaning against a post1 very weak and faint from his wound2 but his eyes sparkled1 and a smile was upon his lips4 ,the gamekeeper rushed to him4 8,it is nothing1 old fellow10 said our master1 8only a scratch on the wrist2 lend me your handkerchief40 ,by the mercy of ,god1 it was really not much2 and our dear lord quietly wrapped up his hand1 while he asked about ,jeannet4 8,heaven has worked miracles for that child10 said ,michou proudly4 8,ah6 he is a brave boy1 ,i tell you4 ,he fought both like a fox and a lion60 8,i wish to see him10 said ,m4 le ,marquis4 8,go bring him to me40 ,jacques willingly obeyed4 ,it was some time before he found his pupil--for such he could be called4 ,he was in the midst of a crowd that surrounded him and loaded him with congratulations and compliments on his bravery4 ,his conduct had been noted1 and the commanding officer was then asking him his name and residence1 that he might inscribe them in his report4 ,jeannet1 who shrank from observation1 looked like a criminal before his judges4 ,michou1 seeing him so timid and confused1 told him he was a fool1 and came very near being angry himself4 8,just see how frightened you are now60 said he to him1 in such a cross tone the officer smiled4 8,excuse him1 colonel1 he always looks sheepish when before people he don't know4 ,his name is ,jean,louis ,ragaud1 and he comes from the commune of ,val,saintsur,range1 near ,issoudun40 8,all right10 said the officer2 8that is enough1 my brave fellow4 ,jean ,ragaud1 ,gen4 ,cavaignac will hear of you1 444 and1 if it depends on me1 you will hear from him40 ,jeannet bowed as awkwardly as possible1 which made the gamekeeper grumble again4 8,again ,i beg of you10 said he1 8to keep that bewildered stare4 ,you look like the head of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 cut off and laid on a dish1 that is painted in our church4 ,i suppose it is because you are so unhappy6 ,the general will no doubt send after you to have you hanged--unless he sends you the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor44440 8,the cross60 cried ,jeannet1 seizing the gamekeeper by the arm4 8,yes indeed1 idiot6 ,i know how soldiers talk2 would the colonel have said as much unless he was sure of the fact80 8,the cross60 repeated ,jean,louis1 with tears in his eyes4 8,o ,jacques ,michou6 if it were true60 8,that would make you bold1 eh8 ,and it would be a fine present to take back to ,muiceron40 8,hush60 said ,jeannet3 8the bare thought makes me crazy40 8,i hope not10 replied ,michou2 8but ,i would be half wild myself4 ,come1 now1 let us be off2 we have earned our dinner4 ,m4 le ,marquis is asking for you40 8,wait a moment1 good1 kind ,jacques10 said ,jean,louis4 8,i have not yet thanked you2 and yet ,i know you saved my life40 8,what nonsense60 said ,michou1 who in his turn looked embarrassed4 8,in such a battle1 do you think a fellow looks after any one's skin but his own80 8,oh6 ,i saw you10 replied ,jeannet4 8,you sprang before me1 or ,i would have been killed40 8,listen10 said ,michou in a solemn tone1 8before ,god1 who hears me1 and conducts all by his divine hand1 it was not so much your life that ,i wished to save1 444 it was another's that ,i wished to take40 8,how80 8,we should not love revenge10 replied the gamekeeper2 8but the temptation was too strong2 faith6 ,i am ready to confess it1 if it was a sin--of which ,i am not sure4 ,jeannet1 he who aimed at you from the barricade--didn't you recognize him80 8,no10 said ,jeannet1 8,i saw no one40 8,it was ,isidore ,perdreau4 ,god have mercy on his soul60 said the game keeper1 blessing himself4 8,my poor ,barbette in heaven will ask for my pardon44440 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,fragment ,of ,early ,english ,poetry4 ,to ,those ,who ,get ,their ,lyvyne ,by ,the ,onest ,craft ,of ,masonry4 ,knele ye both ynge and olde1 ,and both yer hondes fayr upholde1 ,and say thenne yn thys manere1 ,fayre and softe withouten bere2 ,jhesu1 ,lord1 welcome ,thou be ,yn forme of bred as y ,the se2 ,now ,jhesu for ,thyn holy name1 ,schielde ,thou me from synne and schame1 ,schryff and hosel1 grant me bo1 ,ere that y schall hennus go4 --,christian ,schools and ,scholars4 ,self,education47#fi7 ,words the most familiar1 and which convey to the mind the most clearly marked associations of ideas1 very frequently grow vague and obscure when we seek to limit their meaning by accurate and scientific definitions4 ,when we attempt to define that which is complex1 or to make a generalization of facts of diverse natures1 we find it extremely difficult to avoid including more than we intend1 or leaving out something that should be embraced4 ,this will become evident to any one who will take the trouble1 for instance1 to examine into the various definitions of life which have been given by philosophers and scientists47#gj7 ,still1 they all agree1 however widely they may differ in their views concerning what life is in itself1 that the law of growth applies to all living beings4 ,this is true1 not of physical life alone1 but of intellectual and moral life as well4 ,what ,i have to say on this subject at present relates more especially to intellectual life1 which consists in the union of the intelligent principle with the objects submitted to it1 and which it apprehends as true--that is1 as being in reality what they seem to be1 and resulting from this1 as good or beautiful4 ,truth is the harmony of thought with things47#ga7 ,intellectual growth is a continual approach to the perfect harmony of thought with things1 which1 however1 to the finite mind1 is unattainable2 and this fact constitutes one of the great charms of the cultivation of the mind4 ,the nature of the human intellect places limits to mental progress1 though they are not assignable in any given case1 but may be indefinitely extended4 ,that there are limits1 however1 you will readily perceive by reflecting that we do not possess even one idea which does not1 either in itself or in its postulates1 contain something which transcends all human comprehension4 ,what1 let us ask ourselves1 is the law of intellectual growth8 ,the condition of all growth is effort4 ,life is a struggle in which lesser forces are overcome by greater4 ,this is true of the individual as of the race4 ,it is only by effort1 by the exertion of power1 that we live and consequently grow4 ,labor1 then1 is the law of intellectual as of all progress4 ,before going further1 let us examine into the obstacles which tend to prevent improvement of mind4 ,these are to be sought for either in the circumstances which surround us or in ourselves4 ,we are to such an extent the creatures of circumstances that1 when these are unfavorable1 it is almost impossible that we should make great headway4 ,as occasion makes the thief1 it is also required to make the scholar4 ,in the first place1 leisure is essential to mental culture1 since education is a work of time and of labor4 ,we therefore look for little or no cultivation of mind in those who lead lives of manual toil1 and who1 during the brief moments allowed for recreation1 are so fatigued as to be incapable of sustained mental effort4 ,here and there an individual from this class1 of remarkable gifts1 and endowed with great energy and will1 surmounts the obstacle1 and1 having risen to a higher level1 succeeds1 by perseverance and industry1 in making very considerable intellectual progress4 ,but1 as a rule1 all will admit that it would be absurd to look for much mental training in men who work ten or even eight hours a day in factories and mines1 or in tilling the soil4 ,intercourse with educated men is of the greatest advantage in the work of selfeducation2 and where this is wanting1 intellectual progress will rarely be found4 ,the presence of highly developed and gifted minds has a magnetic power which creates emulation1 awakens admiration1 and stimulates to effort4 ,hence we find the great men of the world1 whether philosophers1 poets1 statesmen1 orators1 or artists1 in schools and historic groups4 ,books1 too1 are required2 but to this part of the subject we shall return4 ,the obstacles to mental growth within ourselves are of various kinds4 ,some have their origin in the body1 some in the intellect1 others in the will4 ,infirm health1 the love of ease1 and excessive fondness of eating and drinking are generally incompatible with intellectual growth2 and yet some of the greatest minds have wrought through feeble bodies1 whilst many literary men have indulged to excess in the pleasures of the table1 though always to their own injury4 ,the literary man1 it may be well to remark1 is not necessarily the thoroughly educated man2 very often1 indeed1 he has nothing of the true man except the talent for letters4 ,vain1 selfish1 conceited1 restless1 a fickle friend1 an unfaithful husband1 the mere man of letters1 poet1 novelist1 or scribe1 is too often a caricature on human nature4 ,there are in the mind itself obstacles to mental progress which vary with the peculiarities of the individual4 ,there are weak minds1 slow minds1 inattentive minds2 in fact1 all minds are in different degrees subject to these defects1 and it is only relatively and by comparison that some are said to be feeble1 whilst others are strong4 ,education supposes these weaknesses1 and it is its aim to correct them4 ,obstacles to intellectual growth may exist also in the will2 since the mind1 under the influence of inordinate passion1 is incapable of the deliberation and sustained attention which are required for calm and serious thought4 ,these1 briefly and imperfectly stated1 are1 it seems to me1 the chief difficulties with which those who seek to improve their minds have to contend4 ,they are not imaginary1 but they are not so great as to frighten men in your condition of life4 ,for you1 young gentlemen1 the obstacles of circumstance do not1 ,i may say1 exist4 ,your occupations leave you a few hours out of the twentyfour1 which you are free to devote to study2 you may enjoy1 if such be your desire1 the conversation of men of thought and learning1 whilst books of all kinds are within your reach4 ,i may add that1 in a great metropolis like this1 you possess special advantages4 ,here you have the best of everything4 ,where there is the greatest demand for the most perfect1 thither will it gravitate by a law as universal as that of attraction4 ,to this city1 from two worlds1 come the best orators1 the most learned men of science1 the finest singers1 the most accomplished actors1 for the same reason that the fattest beeves1 the choicest wines1 and the most costly fabrics are sent hither--that is1 because there is a demand for them4 ,on the other hand1 life in great cities has its intellectual dangers4 ,there is here so much of the mere noise of life that most men find it difficult to dwell within themselves1 to receive as welcome guests thoughts that do not concern the business or the pleasure of the hour--difficult not to be drawn into the whirlpool of human passion1 where men eddy round and round1 shouting1 rushing1 struggling1 in wild confusion1 forgetful of themselves1 forgetful of truth4 ,in a great commercial centre1 too1 we are apt to become the victims of the prevailing opinion which attaches honor and respect to wealth before all things2 and ,i know of nothing more hurtful to intellectual growth than the absorbing pursuit of riches or that narrow disposition of soul which causes men to fawn upon the rich1 even though they have nothing but money4 ,that it is of importance to every one to think correctly1 to possess a trained and cultivated mind1 ,i need not attempt to prove4 ,the harmonious development of our faculties in accordance with the principles of eternal wisdom is1 ,i may say1 the great work of life2 for the proper training of the intellect necessarily involves the cultivation of the moral faculties4 ,of the necessity and priceless value of such education there can be no diversity of opinion among enlightened1 men4 ,nor wealth nor place can give to man the dignity which is derived from the perfection of his own powers4 ,we are greater than whatever ministers to our wants and vanities4 ,another consideration which you will permit me to present to your attention1 as suggestive of salutary thought in connection with the benefits to be derived through an association like yours1 is this3 no man who has done nothing more than go through a college course1 it matters not how brilliant he may have been1 can rightly be called educated4 ,education is the work of the man1 and not of the boy4 ,the best that schooltraining can do is to teach the boy how he should study when he has become a man4 ,though there will generally be found a certain refinement1 correctness of expression1 and intelligent appreciativeness in those who have made a collegiate course1 yet1 if this be not followed up by the study of the man1 they will be found to possess neither mental strength nor logical accuracy4 ,before entering upon the direct treatment of the proper method to be pursued by those who seek to improve their minds1 allow me to say a word of the work of preparation1 which is twofold1 intellectual and moral4 ,we should prepare the mind for the reception of truth by freeing it from all those opinions which rest upon no other foundation than prejudice4 ,there are personal prejudices1 family prejudices1 national prejudices1 prejudices of childhood1 prejudices of old age1 prejudices of men1 prejudices of women1 all of which tend to prevent the view of things as they are in themselves1 by directing the mind1 in an undue manner1 to their relations to ourselves4 ,personal prejudice inclines each one to think too well of himself1 his talents1 his acquirements2 it is that1 in a word1 which makes it almost impossible that any power should 8,the giftie gie us ,to see oursels as ithers see us40 ,it is the great obstacle to selfknowledge and the fruitful source of error1 warping the judgment and perverting the will4 ,it creates within us a tendency to deceive ourselves concerning whatever we love or hate4 ,national prejudice is another very common phase of this universal weakness4 ,how few men are capable of forming just and fair opinions of the manners1 customs1 and opinions of foreign nations6 ,the infirmity of even great minds is1 in this respect1 lamentable2 above all1 this is an original sin of the ,english people2 for they--if ,i be not myself under the influence of the prejudice which ,i condemn--are the most narrow and insular1 in their selfconceit1 of all the peoples of the earth4 ,it is next to miraculous that an ,englishman should judge fairly of the ,irish1 the ,french1 the ,italians1 or the ,americans2 and this unfortunate defect of the national mind has been stamped upon the literature of the country47#gb7 ,americans1 more1 probably1 from the force of circumstances which were not under their control than from any other cause1 are less narrow in their nationalism1 though by no means free from prejudice4 ,in the past1 at least1 we were too often guilty of the folly of looking upon our form of government as ideal1 forgetting that no form of government should be considered in the abstract1 or as good or better1 except relatively to the circumstances to which it is applied4 ,then1 we1 a young people1 affect contempt for antiquity1 and become superficial1 and lose veneration4 ,it is not necessary that ,i should enter further into this part of the subject4 ,there is1 ,i have said1 a work of preparation which directly concerns the moral nature4 ,as the mind is to be freed from prejudice1 the will is to be taken from beneath the yoke of passion4 ,it is through the will that the intellect is warped by prejudice4 ,he who is the slave of passion will rarely have an honest desire to improve his mind2 and1 even where this exists1 the tyrant into whose hands he has surrendered his soul will deprive him of the power4 ,sensual indulgence produces a deterioration of the nervous system1 which1 of course1 causes a corresponding degeneracy in the intellectual faculties4 ,how can there be a love of excellence without selfrespect1 and how can a man who habitually violates the sanctity of his nature respect himself8 8,nothing10 says ,cicero1 8is so injurious1 so baneful1 as lust1 which1 were it stronger or of greater duration1 would extinguish the very light of reason4 ,it prevents thought1 blindfolds the eyes of the mind1 and can have no society with wisdom40 8,i will simply express my strong belief10 says ,faraday1 one of the greatest men of science of this century1 8that that point of self education which consists in teaching the mind to resist its desires and inclinations until they are proved to be right1 is the most important of all1 not only in things of natural philosophy1 but in every department of daily life40 ,the assent of the mind is1 in a marvellous manner1 subject to the power of the will4 ,how readily we give credence to what flatters our vanity1 or is1 from whatever cause1 agreeable to us6 ,we easily persuade a man that what he wishes to do is right1 but usually labor in vain when passion pleads against us4 ,in this undoubted psychological fact is found the hidden cause of the infidelity of many young men4 ,they do wrong1 and passion seeks to justify their conduct to their intelligence1 which becomes the tool of the perverted will4 ,or1 if you prefer to take another view of the subject1 ,i will say that what the ,french call l'interiorit--the habitual dwelling with one's own thoughts--is an essential condition of mental growth4 ,but this is painful to the sensual man1 who has violated the sanctuary of his soul1 and can consequently no longer dwell there in peace4 ,what pleasure can the father find in the bosom of his family1 when he has betrayed the wife whom he swore to love1 and has brought shame upon the name which his children have received from him8 ,to him1 then1 who wishes to begin the lifework of selfimprovement ,i would say3 ,seek to have a large mind1 from which no narrowing prejudice shuts out the full light of truth2 have a pure heart1 with the strength to love all that is right4 ,then1 ,i ask of him the will to work and to persevere in labor4 ,labor is the great law of progress1 the necessary condition of all improvement4 ,he who wishes to be an educated man must have courage2 he must consent to see himself forgotten for a time1 overshadowed by the easywon reputations of those of his own age1 who will wear their honors fullblushing1 whilst all his life is still concentred in the bud that wraps it close and nurtures it4 ,is it easy1 in the freshblown flower of manhood1 in the enthusiasm of a newlyfound liberty1 when fair hands hold out the cup of pleasure1 when bright eyes and smiling lips woo to indulgence--is it easy1 then1 to choose rather silence and solitude1 a life of toil more earnest and not less regular than the enforced labor of the college8 ,and yet this must be4 ,there is no royal road to science4 8,a king of feasts and flowers1 and wine and revel1 ,and love and mirth1 was never king of glory40 ,i have heard the question--you have asked it yourselves--,where are the young men who go forth year after year from our colleges8 ,what becomes of them8 ,we never hear of them4 ,is not something wrong8 ,they cease to study1 they cease to grow1 and are lost in the crowd4 ,but your presence1 young gentlemen1 assures me that you have not ceased to labor1 and that you do not intend to cease to grow4 ,permit me1 then1 to present to you a few suggestions concerning the proper method of study4 ,we do nothing well except what we do with system and order4 ,set apart1 therefore1 stated times for the improvement of your minds1 and suffer not a slight circumstance to interfere with this arrangement4 ,and now ,i feel that ,i must be brief1 when the subject which ,i am treating most requires development4 ,how to study and what to study are problems which engage the attention of the profoundest thinkers of our age1 the adequate solution of which can be found only in a perfect philosophy of education1 which possibly has not yet been written4 ,without aiming1 then1 to be either deep or thorough1 ,i shall strive to be practical4 ,to study1 as ,i have already intimated1 means to work with the mind4 ,the mind grows by union with truth1 by the assimilation of knowledge1 which never takes place except by direct application of the thinking subject to the object thought4 ,this continued application--in other words1 attention--is difficult2 it wearies the mind1 it fatigues the body4 ,to read is not to study4 ,some of the most indolent men ,i have ever known1 intellectually indolent1 were passionately fond of reading4 ,to read requires no mental effort1 and demands merely that sort of attention necessary to form a vague notion of each sentence as it passes through the mind4 ,a man may read all the books in the ,astor ,library1 and acquire hardly more knowledge than there will remain water in a sieve through which a stream has been pouring4 ,indiscriminate1 inattentive reading confuses the mind1 and1 if persevered in1 begets a mental habit incompatible with clear and accurate thinking2 and the important thing1 from an educational point of view1 is not so much to get knowledge as to strengthen and develop the intellect1 that it may be prepared to grapple intelligently and successfully with the problems which greatly concern or interest us as rational beings4 ,but you will readily understand that it is far from my thought to wish to dissuade you from cultivating a fondness for reading4 ,on the contrary1 this1 if you have it not1 you must acquire1 if you hope to make progress in the work of selfeducation4 ,read1 then1 but read intelligently1 thoughtfully4 ,one should read at his writingdesk1 pen in hand1 taking note of new and striking thoughts1 of graceful and forcible modes of expression2 bringing the author's ideas into the presence of higher truths1 of principles that are fixed2 rejecting what is false1 assimilating what is just4 ,better still1 write yourselves4 ,do not imagine that ,i have the faintest desire to encourage you to become authors2 there would be fewer and better authors if men were in the habit of doing what ,i would have you do4 ,write1 not that others may read your thoughts1 but that they may become clear to your own minds4 8,i confess10 said ,s4 ,augustine1 8that by writing ,i have learned many things which nothing else had taught me40 ,you will recall to mind the apothegm of ,bacon3 8,reading makes a full man1 talking a ready man1 and writing an exact man40 ,i have no hesitation in saying that1 of all means of mental culture1 writing is the best1 as well for extending and deepening the intellectual faculties1 as for giving them justness and polish4 ,do ,i propose to you to go back to the drudgery of task compositions8 ,such is not my thought4 ,i suppose you to be interested in certain subjects1 of which you wish to get at least a tolerably thorough knowledge4 ,you take the authors who have treated most exhaustively of these matters2 you read them1 you study them2 you apply your own minds1 in sustained thought1 to the facts and principles which they give you4 ,and here precisely lies the difficulty2 for you will find that1 when you will have acquired the power of sustained thought1 you will be able to master almost any subject4 ,now1 to get this mental habit1 nothing will aid you like writing4 ,i do not believe that any man who has never translated his thoughts into written language is able to think profoundly or correctly4 ,do not1 however1 misunderstand me4 ,one may write negligently and thoughtlessly1 as he may read with indolence and inattention4 ,put your hand to the pen1 and begin to meditate upon the thoughts that fill your mind4 ,should you1 for weeks and months1 not write one sentence for every hour you hold the pen1 do not be discouraged1 and1 above all1 be persuaded that this time has not been lost4 ,think neither of style nor of the reader2 give all your attention to truth and to your own soul4 ,the style is the man4 ,write out the life that is within you4 ,keep what you have written1 and after months and years1 in looking back1 you will perceive that you have grown steadily1 increased day by day in intellectual vigor and refinement2 and there will always be special worth in words written1 not to please the vulgar crowd1 not to propitiate a false and intolerant public opinion--written to gain neither applause nor gold1 but for ,god and truth1 and the dignity of the human soul4 8,there is nothing10 says ,seneca1 8however difficult or arduous1 which the human mind cannot conquer1 and assiduous meditation render familiar4 ,whatever the soul demands of itself it obtains40 ,but how are you to learn the secret of assiduous meditation1 to acquire the habit of retaining difficulties in mind1 to be considered and reconsidered1 to be taken up at the leisure moment1 and laid down as deferred but not abandoned8 ,as the soldier takes the sword1 the painter the brush1 the musician his instrument1 the mechanic the tools of his trade1 each to perfect himself in his art1 so he who wishes to learn how to think must take the pen and do honest work4 8,but words are things1 and a small drop of ink ,falling1 like dew1 upon a thought1 produces ,that which makes thousands1 perhaps millions think40 ,i shall conclude this part of my subject with a quotation from ,sir ,william ,hamilton3 8,the primary principle of education is the determination of the pupil to selfactivity--the doing nothing for him which he is able to do for himself40 ,this principle is applicable to every stage of the mind's development1 and in it will be found the secret of success in the great work of selfeducation4 ,the student1 ,i have said1 should cultivate a fondness for intelligent and thoughtful reading2 for in books chiefly all human knowledge is treasured up4 8,many a man lives a burden to the earth10 says ,milton2 8but a good book is the precious lifeblood of a masterspirit1 embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life40 ,but only a few books are good4 ,the great mass of those that are written fall upon the world dead1 or at best survive but a short time4 ,we are about to celebrate the centennial anniversary of our national existence1 and1 in the hundred years of our life1 we have made many books4 ,how many of them will be read in the next century8 ,a dozen8 ,hardly4 ,there is the ,augustan age1 the age of ,leo ,x41 the ,elizabethan age1 the age of ,louis ,,xiv41 the age of ,queen ,anne1 all remarkable for literary excellence and the number of great writers whom they produced1 and yet you can count on your fingers the really good books that each has bequeathed to us4 ,and this1 too1 is worthy of remark3 a considerable portion of the books that survive are saved by style alone1 and not on account of more solid worth4 ,books which have the inductive sciences as their object can1 from the nature of things1 live but a short time1 since these sciences1 being in a state of continuous development are constantly outgrowing their own conclusions1 and the treatises of even the ablest observers are superseded by those of men who1 with less genius1 have more certain and numerous data4 ,works of imagination1 poetry and romance1 may meet with temporary success1 without possessing the higher qualities1 from the fact that they describe a mental1 moral1 or social phase of existence whose chief interest lies in its actuality4 ,when this is past1 the literary efforts called forth by it die4 ,in fiction1 only the very best is worthy of study4 8,mediocribus esse poetis ,non homines1 non d1 non concessere column40 ,and here is a case in point1 in which we should know how to rise above prejudice--the vulgar prejudice of the insipid and intellectually indolent society of our day1 in which it is considered the proper thing for a man of culture to read each worthless production that happens to have a run4 ,persons of intellectual aspirations should1 as far as possible1 associate with their superiors in knowledge and elevation of thought1 and should exclude the common herd from intellectual companionship4 ,there is at least an aristocracy of mind1 to which neither gold nor title can give admission1 but only kinship of spirit1 smitten with the love of high thinking4 ,what ,tennyson has written of a different union may be applied to that of mind with mind3 8,yet it shall be1 thou shalt lower to his level day by day1 ,what is fine within thee growing coarse to sympathize with clay4 ,as the husband is1 the wife is2 thou art mated with a clown1 ,and the grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down40 ,allow me1 in this connection1 to say a word of periodical literature4 ,a book can wait for success2 the best books have not been understood by the generation for which they were written2 but a newspaper or magazine must succeed at once1 or fail utterly1 since its life is necessarily ephemeral4 ,hence the great probability is that it will be guided1 not by principle1 but by policy2 that it will aim1 not to uphold truth1 but to flatter the prejudices of its readers4 ,if it is the organ of a party1 it must defend its interests blindly2 and hence1 whenever argument is attempted1 it will be found to consist of little else than special pleading and sophistry4 ,but since the average newspaperreader is not fond of logic1 the partisan organ will deal rather with men than with principles2 and the whole basis of this procedure is double dealing--untruth erected into the dignity of a principle4 ,its business will be to whitewash its friends1 and besmear its enemies4 ,when its party is out of office1 it will swell with indignation at the public corruption1 and will use what are called the argus eyes of the press to discover things which do not exist2 but when the spoils are in the hands of its friends1 it will devote itself to covering up their misdeeds4 ,there is also what is called the independent press1 which generally has less of principle than that which is avowedly partisan4 ,it in turn affirms and denies everything1 plays fast and loose1 palters in a double sense1 and1 with a seeming honesty1 is most unfair1 lending all its influence to persuade men that there is no such thing as truth1 and that morality is only cant4 ,there are yet other heads of indictment that may be brought1 without injustice1 against the press4 ,its columns are filled with details1 more or less minute1 of all the horrible and disgusting crimes which disgrace society1 with sins against the decencies of life1 with coarse personalities1 and advertisements which are an opprobrium to human nature4 ,this1 ,i must confess1 is a onesided view of the question2 it is1 however1 the view which my subject forces me to take in treating of the means of selfeducation4 ,though it would be absurd to ask you not to read newspapers1 it would1 in my opinion1 be wholly unwise to counsel you to make use of them to any great extent as aids to true cultivation of mind4 ,we grow1 morally and intellectually1 by association with that which is above us1 and not by contact with what is low2 and it is not by filling the mind day by day with what is startling1 corrupt1 sensational1 or at best only of passing interest1 but by lifting it up into the higher and serener atmosphere1 from which the trivial and transitory value of these things is perceived1 that it will gain in depth and power4 ,except in the line of study which belongs to one's profession1 the wisest rule is to confine ourselves to the works of really great minds1 which we should not merely read1 but study4 ,in connection with practical selfeducation1 ,i consider the 8conversation evening10 as described in your ,report for #ahgb1 excellent4 ,in intellectual pursuits1 as in other things1 association gives increase of power and the means of progress4 ,the contact of mind with mind develops the latent fire1 and strikes into life the slumbering thought4 ,mind becomes supplementary to mind2 and the intercommunion of souls1 which constitutes the purest friendship1 becomes also the source of the highest pleasure4 ,i know that the value of mere intellectual cultivation may be exaggerated1 and that1 in point of fact1 the men who1 in our day1 deny ,god1 insist most upon the developed mind's selfsufficiency4 8,in the writings of our great poets10 says ,strauss1 after having rejected ,god and the soul1 8in the performances of our great musicians1 we find a satisfying stimulus for the intellect and the heart1 and for fancy in her deepest or most sportive moods407#gc7 ,indeed1 there is a danger in polite education which we should be most careful to avoid4 ,the love of poetry and music1 of the fine arts in general1 has1 ,i think1 a tendency to make us unreal and visionary1 because it separates feeling from acting4 ,we may have high thoughts1 fine sentiments1 and pleasurable emotions1 and yet lie slothfully on our couch4 ,but life is for action1 and to this end thought1 sentiment1 and feeling should all conspire4 ,if science and philosophy be our favorite pursuits1 we may acquire inveterate habits of analysis which1 by drying up the fountains of feeling1 and isolating the intellect from the heart1 will convert the mind into a storehouse for abstractions and lifeless formulas4 ,this tendency of the study of science will give us a satisfactory explanation of many of the intellectual errors of the present day4 ,from abstraction1 only the abstract1 the unreal1 can be inferred1 and hence the new philosophy of atheism does not affirm being1 but merely the phenomenon4 ,the exaggerated importance which this age has attributed to mere intellectual cultivation has1 amongst other results1 produced what may be called overeducation--an excessive activity of brain1 which threatens to enfeeble the physical health of modern peoples by abnormally developing the nervous system4 ,i have referred to these dangers1 not for the purpose of insisting on them1 but rather that ,i might have an opportunity to say that they are not to be greatly dreaded by us4 ,the church gives us fixed principles of faith1 certain rules of conduct1 which will prevent the love of literature from taking from us that deep and practical seriousness of mind which is inseparable from the true ,christian character1 whilst she guides us with an eye that sees the light of heaven through the dark mazes of philosophy2 and the fear of overeducation should certainly not trouble us4 ,the educated ,catholics of this country seem to be fast sinking to a low level of mediocrity1 above which no man has the power or the courage to raise his head4 ,where are the men1 lay or clerical1 who give promise of becoming worthy to be the successors of ,kenrick1 of ,england1 of ,hughes1 or of ,brownson8 ,and yet never was there an age or country in which men of might1 able to do battle for the truth1 were more needed4 ,if we sink out of the intellectual life of the ,american people1 we shall be passed by and forgotten4 ,permit me1 then1 young gentlemen1 before concluding this hastilywritten address1 to exhort you to be ambitious1 not of success1 but of excellence1 which is its own reward4 ,he who is worthy to succeed can despise success4 ,after the noble resolve to be true to ,god1 to one's self1 and to one's fellowman1 ,i know of no higher aim in life than to grow in intellectual strength4 ,older men than you might say that my words smack something too much of the savor of youth1 which is 8a bubble blown up with breath1 whose wit is weakness40 ,but with you1 enthusiasm1 ,i am sure1 need not plead for pardon4 ,even to have dreamed of deeds of high emprise and noble endeavor1 of victories won on the foughten field1 is something2 and to the young should belong hope1 which is not only the charm of life1 but also its strength4 ,without the living hope of something better1 man falls back upon himself1 in impotence1 like a bird whose wing is clipt4 ,he who wishes to do much must hope for still more4 ,hope gives the conviction of strength2 it is confidence1 and confidence is power4 ,have faith and hope in ,god and in yourselves2 and1 above all1 believe that the highest wisdom consists in tender love for the religion of ,jesus ,christ4 ,guard yourselves against a life of indulgence1 which is incompatible with generous ambition and is destructive of character4 ,yield not to the fascinations of a literature which flatters human weakness and pays court to the senses instead of speaking to the soul4 ,be not cynical1 be largehearted1 since the true view is the generous view4 ,give the homage of admiration to every great man1 whether he be a hero1 a genius1 or a saint4 ,when you see ,napoleon on the battlefield1 and look into his eye1 and behold there the soul of the wargod that looks and conquers1 forget for the moment his tyranny and selfishness1 and let your soul shout unto his presence a shout of living enthusiasm1 even as the warcry of his own unconquered veterans when1 in the battle1 he rode amongst them in strength and majesty1 like unto the archangel when he beat into hell the rebellious powers of heaven4 ,when you stand in the ,roman forum1 and see ,cicero arise and take into his hands the enchained hearts of his hearers1 and play upon them1 as the harper sweeps his fingers over the trembling chords of the lyre1 till it shouts or laughs or wails1 sighs like the zephyr1 sings like the seraph1 curses like the demon1 let your soul also be attuned to the thrilling accents of his divine eloquence4 ,when you behold young ,xavier1 surrounded by the most brilliant audience that fame could attract1 suddenly1 after a burst of applause1 stop1 reflect a moment1 then quit that scene of triumph1 and1 clothed in simple garb1 turn his eager steps toward the ,east1 where millions dwell who have never heard the name of ,jesus1 and there1 strong in the power of divine love and superhuman selfsacrifice1 cause every knee to bend to ,jesus and every tongue to bless his holy name1 until at last1 still seeking for some soul in darkness lying1 on a barren isle1 far from man or beast1 alone1 with the ocean before him1 the desert around him1 and ,god within him1 he breathes out his great soul in the words of a confidence certain of itself3 8,in thee1 ,o ,god6 have ,i hoped2 ,i shall not be confounded for ever0--when you behold all this1 lift up your hearts to ,god1 and ask him to give you1 too1 the strength to be ,christians4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,ii4 8,io son ,monaco2 sopra un scoglio1 ,non seme1 non coglie1 ,e pure vuol mangiar407#gd7 ,it is true indeed that he does eat1 the prince of the ancient name1 and exquisitely beautiful little town1 of ,monaco4 ,but it is food that would give an indigestion to any man with a conscience4 ,the prince has reserved to himself of his lovely tiny principality very little more than his large palace and the surrounding gardens4 ,the rest is let to the keeper of a gambling establishment built and organized on a very magnificent scale1 and standing1 with its hotel and several gay shops1 in the most exquisite ,italian gardens that imagination can picture--veritable gardens of ,armida1 with terrace above terrace1 flights of white1 gleaming steps1 handsome balustrades1 and all the glorious flowers and foliage of fardistant and still more sunny regions4 ,they command a view of unspeakable beauty4 ,they are full of all the sweet1 peaceful suggestions of lovely nature1 heightened and enhanced by the order and arrangement of subtle art4 ,as ,i wandered up and down the marble stairs1 and from beneath the shade of eucalyptus1 palm1 mimosa1 tamarisk1 and cypress1 into the sunny walks bright with flowers1 my heart sank within me at the dreadful thought that all this had been brought together for no other purpose than to minister to human passions of the worst kind1 and to accumulate sordid gains by trading on vice4 ,games of chance may not1 in themselves1 be wrong4 ,far be it from me to assert that they are4 ,but if the chronicles of ,monaco could be truly written for only one season1 we should look on this beautiful scene1 where ,god's best gifts in bountiful nature have been used to decorate and adorn it to the utmost1 as simply one of the gates of hell1 and probably one of its broadest and largest4 ,the moon was riding through a pure expanse of spotless blue1 her reflection dancing on the rippling sea with silver footsteps1 as we passed down the flights of broad stairs from terrace to terrace to join the nighttrain to ,mentone4 ,the journey took us barely twenty minutes2 and we were silent and depressed4 ,we had seen no startling sight3 all was perfectly decorous and calm4 ,a slight click1 click1 very occasionally1 as the heaps of gold had been piled on the tapis vert1 and a subdued1 muffled noise1 hardly perceptible1 as the croupiers dragged forward the gains and the losses of silent figures that sat or stood around the numerous gamblingtables--that was all4 ,hours passed4 ,people came and went with noiseless tread and controlled countenance4 ,no man committed suicide in our presence4 ,no woman shrieked at her loss or laughed at her success4 ,outwardly1 it was calm1 silent1 and intense4 ,but there is a wordless language which speaks from one human soul to another1 and which1 whether we will or no1 reveals something of the inner state and the unspoken secrets4 ,the very air teemed with these secrets4 ,and as ,i passed out into the quiet night1 ,i wondered whether perhaps in hell there will be the same decorous silence1 without the exterior beauty1 and all the fire of anguish be hidden beneath the outer garb--so entirely did it seem that1 to many1 it might be but one step from this to that4 8,o tu che1 siasi tua fortuna o voglia1 ,al paese fatal d',armida arrive1 ,pensi indarno al fuggire2 or l'arme spoglia1 ,e porgi ai lacci suoi le man cattive407#ge7 --,gerusalemme ,liberata1 ,canto #g1 stanza #cb4 ,the rusticity of ,mentone was a relief after the sort of nightmare to which we had so needlessly subjected ourselves at ,monaco4 ,it was carnival time1 and the peasantry were making merry4 ,a motley crew came pouring down the only street worthy of the name1 in fantastic dresses1 making hideous sounds through huge horns1 shouting and dancing4 ,they had two bears with them1 which1 ,i afterwards heard1 in their frolic they had let loose1 to the alarm of quiet folks4 ,for myself1 ,i scrambled up a steep1 narrow1 and very dirty vicolo17#gf7 part of which was composed of broken steps1 glad to be out of their way4 ,and so1 climbing higher and higher1 ,i found myself at the parish church1 where there was an ,exposition of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and where the noise of the masks and merrymakers could not penetrate4 ,as ,i am far from intending to give my kind readers anything of the nature of a guidebook--a task for which ,i am utterly unqualified--,i will not weary them with an account of how and by what route we found ourselves at the ,san ,marco ,hotel at ,bologna1 the ,city of ,arcades1 the capital of jurisprudence1 whence came many an astute lawyer1 reared in its celebrated university1 which has also given the church six sovereign pontiffs1 and amongst them the witty and learned ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,to ,bologna we owe the great school of painting founded by ,francia1 which boasts of the ,caracci1 ,domenichino1 ,guido1 and his pupil ,guercino1 besides many others4 ,we thought ourselves unusually accurate and learned1 when1 on arriving at the ,accademia1 we asked the surly guardian which way we ought to turn to get to the ,pinacoteca2 and not till we had1 in a more roundabout form1 told him we wanted to see the pictures would he condescend from his stolid dignity to tell us where to go4 ,the ,francias alone1 the ,s4 ,cecilia of ,raphael1 or the ,martyrdom of ,s4 ,agnes by ,domenichino1 would be worth a yet longer journey to behold4 ,and the ,head of ,christ ,crowned with ,thorns1 drawn in crayons by ,guido1 with stains of damp on the paper1 and some slight discoloration from age1 leaves an impression on the memory surpassing1 to my mind1 all that artist's finished paintings4 ,bologna has set an example our more liberal times1 as we are apt to think them1 seem unwilling to follow1 and are doing so but slowly and grudgingly4 ,the learned ladies who aspire to equality with the other sex might come here in a body1 raise the now declining glories of the university1 and fill those comparatively empty halls4 ,bologna has known female lawyers of eminence1 and doctors1 and at least one surgeon and anatomist of the gentler sex1 and has done homage to their learning and merit4 ,might it not be as well to take advantage of a university so largeminded1 and once so celebrated8--convinced1 as we are1 that if the ladies took the lead1 the gentlemen would follow4 ,we had had the honor many years ago of knowing ,cardinal ,mezzofanti1 so celebrated as a linguist4 ,he was a ,bolognese1 and had been librarian of the university here1 and1 when we knew him1 occupied an important post in the ,vatican library4 ,at that time he had mastered something like forty languages4 ,he told us that1 a short time previous1 he had been informed there was a poor sailor come to ,rome from some outoftheway part of the world--,lapland1 ,i believe--who spoke a dialect no one could understand or make anything of2 and that the man1 being a ,catholic1 wanted to go to his ,easter duties4 ,the cardinal sent for him1 and made him discourse in his presence4 ,in two days his eminence was quite ready to hear his confession1 and could talk with the man in his own tongue with fluency4 ,through the cool1 shady arcades of beautiful ,bologna we wandered to the ,piazza ,vittoria ,emanuel1 which formerly was known by the more honorable name of ,piazza del ,gigante4 ,the crowd was so great that we could hardly make our way past the groups of peasants and welltodo farmers1 in their warm1 brown cloaks1 all talking and gesticulating1 with apparently nothing else to do4 ,there was a market going on1 but not one which seemed of sufficient importance to justify so large a crowd1 and which probably collects there daily1 about midday1 out of the abundant leisure which pervades ,italian life1 even in its most industrious forms4 ,we visited the shrine of ,s4 ,dominic1 and were long engaged in admiring its extraordinary beauty4 ,the saint died at ,bologna in #abba4 ,he was in ,england when the vision was granted him which revealed to him that1 before the next ,feast of the ,assumption1 his earthly career would be closed1 and1 on arriving at ,bologna1 had forewarned the students at the university that he was about to leave them4 ,shortly after1 he went to ,venice on the affairs of his order4 ,he returned to the monastery of ,s4 ,nicholas1 at ,bologna1 in the great heats of the last days of ,july4 ,the following morning he celebrated his last ,mass1 and said ,office in choir4 ,he then complained of headache1 but refused to take any further repose than was obtained by sitting on a sack of wool which happened casually to be at hand4 ,finding his suffering increase1 he sent for the novices1 to give them his last exhortation1 summing up all in these simple words3 8,be filled with charity1 keep humility1 and observe voluntary poverty40 ,in the hope that a purer air might benefit their beloved father and founder1 they carried him to the ,church of ,s4 ,mary of the ,mount4 ,but the journey1 brief as it was1 proved rather to have aggravated his condition4 ,once again he addressed the assembled brethren2 and finding that there was some idea of burying him there1 instead of in his own monastery1 he entreated to be taken back to ,s4 ,nicholas1 that he might1 as he expressed it1 be buried beneath the feet of his brothers4 ,they wanted to change his clothes1 but discovered he had no others but those he wore4 ,brother ,moneta therefore lent him a habit4 ,he had received the last sacraments at ,s4 ,mary's of the ,mount2 and finding that his disciples1 in the excess of their grief1 were delaying to read the prayers for the dying1 he was the first to beg they would commence4 ,while they prayed around him1 his lips silently repeated the words2 and when they came to the sentence1 8,come to his assistance1 ye saints of ,god4 ,come forth to meet him1 ye angels of the ,lord1 receiving his soul1 and offering it in the sight of the ,most ,high107#gg7 he lifted up his hands toward heaven1 and at the same moment gave up his pure soul to ,god4 ,it was at noon1 on ,friday1 the #fth of ,august4 ,thus he reached his home five years before his companion in arms in the warfare of the great church militant1 ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi1 who was six years his junior4 ,the last words of the holy dying are ever precious to the ,christian world2 and it is to be remarked that those of the canonized saints have most frequently been taken from ,holy ,scripture or from the liturgy of the church4 ,s4 ,francis died repeating the #adast ,psalm2 thus his last words were1 8,bring my soul out of prison1 that ,i may praise thy name3 the just wait for me1 until ,thou reward me40 ,the greater part of our journey to ,bologna from ,genoa had been through a highly cultivated but flat and uninteresting country4 ,the contrast was great on the railway from ,bologna to ,florence1 with its fortyfive tunnels1 its sudden turnings and windings1 the beautiful valleys of the ,apennines1 and the mountains themselves looking as if the giant hand of nature had crushed them like roseleaves1 and then flung them down with all the crinkles in them4 ,you look below on fertile fields and beautiful little towns nestling on the sides of green hills1 with gardens and meadows smiling in the sunshine4 ,as you are attempting to realize the lovely scene before you1 the relentless engine is bringing you nearer to rugged rocks1 with hanging woods and fringes of the golden broom4 ,a black cavern yawns in front of you1 and in a second you are plunged in darkness4 ,away you are hurried1 with grind1 and puff1 and roar1 regretting the sunny picture from which you have so suddenly been snatched4 ,just as you are recovering from the shock1 again you emerge on a scene as beautiful as the last2 and again are you doomed to lose it1 almost before your dazzled eyes have recovered from this unnaturally rapid succession of day and night1 and which reminded me of a certain planet1 where1 as astronomers assure us1 the inhabitants1 if there be any1 are exposed to the vicissitudes of several days and nights in the course of our comparatively leisurely space of fourandtwenty hours4 ,i have always ventured to hope they were not also condemned to dress and undress each time2 otherwise ,i think many of them must be tempted to follow the example of that poor gentleman who cut his throat1 leaving a paper on the table in which he stated that it was the constant buttoning and unbuttoning which had been too much for him4 ,nothing can exceed the beauty of the view as the plain of ,tuscany opens before you4 ,we had seen it twoandtwenty years ago1 before any railroads were there to cut short the delights of travelling4 ,we had gazed long and lingeringly from out the windows of our travellingcarriage1 while the setting sun left his last kiss on the mountain heights1 and the evening mists gathered below4 ,i1 for one1 had never seen it since4 ,but sometimes in my dreams that view had come back to me1 and1 when ,i awoke1 it ,was still there4 ,sometimes the phantasmagoria of the mind had suddenly unfolded it before my memory without my being able to say when and where ,i had painted that picture on my brain4 ,and now ,i saw it again2 and suddenly all those broken recollections seemed to gather themselves together1 and unroll before me1 while my soul whispered1 8,here is the reality of what for so many years has haunted you1 and which you have so often been tempted to believe was a trick of your imagination4 ,it is a fact2 and you can recall it and put it together1 piece by piece2 as you will do1 far more perfectly1 the broken and halfforgotten fragments of your life when the barrier of death is passed40 ,the only other wide expanse which has left the same impression on my imagination1 waking and sleeping1 is the view from the beautiful viaduct at ,aricia1 as it first burst upon me--the vast campagna and the crimson lights of the setting sun4 ,this was our first visit to ,florence since the government had taken possession of the ,dominican church and monastery of ,san ,marco1 and opened the latter as a museum to the public in #ahfi2 so that my old jealousy that ,frank could gaze at those wonderfully lovely angels of ,fra ,angelico was now at an end4 ,i do not think there is a cell without some exquisitely devotional painting by the monkartist1 whose every picture is an embodied meditation and a prayer4 ,we paused long in the two cells where ,savonarola had lived and studied and suffered4 ,the old question forced itself upon me as to what had been the real character of that grand1 imposing figure1 which fills so large a page in the history of ,florence--the hardfeatured reformer1 the man of relentless will and burning eloquence4 ,where was the little rift in the flute which jarred that celestial music8 ,where was the flaw in the gem which spoiled its intrinsic value8 ,and which was the snare in his life which prevented his growing on into heroic virtue8 ,his gifts and graces were immense1 and1 at one time at least1 so supernatural that they seemed at once the guarantee and the pledge that he would die a saint in the highest acceptation of the word4 ,frank1 who has read a great deal about him1 written by all sides1 is persuaded that it was a form of spiritual pride and dependence on himself that ruined all4 ,of course1 at this distance of time1 and judging only from existing documents1 no one can say when precisely this began--when the annihilation of self first gave place to an inner complacency2 when that heart1 covered1 as before1 with the rude hairshirt1 began to throb with a secret sentiment of personal satisfaction in the graces ,god had given4 ,it must have been long1 if ever1 before those set1 stern features began to betray that another spirit had entered into the soul of the ascetic monk1 which gradually was tarnishing the purity of his spiritual life4 ,but when the end came1 and he bowed to death in its most dreadful form1 hurried on by the malignity of his enemies--who1 having once laid their hand on their prey1 feared lest the mercy of ,rome should be enlightened to arrest its own mandate--can any doubt that the man who had done so much in a holy cause1 and had so decried the pomp and pride of life1 found all the graces attached to a great and accepted sacrifice8 ,we hurry from ,florence4 ,and though ,i might linger over my pages1 and make my story more full of information1 and possibly of interest1 ,i yet refrain from anything that may trench on the character of mere sketches1 which alone ,i aim at4 ,frank forms one of a deputation to the ,holy ,father1 and he was to reach ,rome by a certain day4 ,we arrived long enough before that date to establish ourselves in a house in the ,ripetta1 overlooking the yellow ,tiber4 ,charon1 mild1 modern1 and a ,roman1 ferries his boat just beneath our windows4 ,the rope is fastened to a stake on our balcony1 and makes a creaking noise as the boat crosses the river1 to which we are so habituated that we think it musical4 ,charon wears a glazed hat1 and affects a nautical air quite uncalled for1 considering his limited navigation4 ,for the moderate fee of one halfpenny he conveys his passengers to and fro across the classic river4 ,landed on the opposite shore1 we pass along a narrow lane1 on one side limited by a high wall1 on the other by a green bank paved with violetleaves4 ,modern violetleaves1 but doubtless descendants of those that fell beneath the coulter of ,cincinnatus' plough along these ,quintian fields that early morn when the anxious senate went to call the halfnaked hero to another and less peaceful field1 and bade him cross the ,tiber 7where we have done71 and turn his ploughshare into a sword against those everrecurring ,volsci and qui4 ,let the violets grow1 ,o warrior ploughman6 and in a few brief days thou shalt return to find the little purple flowers ready to hail thy triumph4 ,shall we see ,racilia behind the tall vinepoles1 bearing the toga that is to cover the brawny shoulders of the noble laborer8 ,or have these familiar idyls of our early life lost their charm in the sterner and more assured memories of ,christian ,rome8 ,the narrow1 violetbordered lane leads into wide fields and to the fortifications of the ,castle of ,sant' ,angelo4 ,we are outside the gates of the city4 ,the white walls of ,rome stand glittering in the sunshine to our left2 to our right lies the green1 undulating ,campagna2 and before us are the heights of ,monte ,mario1 pinecrowned4 ,s4 ,michael1 poised in midair1 sheathes his avenging sword above the huge round tower that was the tomb of ,hadrian1 and by turns the hidingplace of the popes or the prison of their enemies4 ,darkly looming against the bluewhite sky1 the bronze figure of ,rome's guardian angel for ever holds his weapon halfway out of his scabbard1 like the suspended threat of an avenging power4 ,darkbrowed ,roman women are hanging out inconceivable colored rags that surely never can have served for human raiment1 to dry on the wooden rails that mark our road4 ,they are jabbering1 in harsh and femininely shrill tones1 their curtailed patois of the ,roman tongue2 and the lark1 in advance of the season1 is carolling overhead in the motionless air and in the quivering light of the midday sun4 ,we reenter the city by the ,porta ,angelica1 and are standing on the fields of the ,vatican1 where stood ,nero's circus and ,nero's gardens4 ,of all the characters of the heathen ,roman ,empire1 none comes more prominently forward as the very type of human depravity and accomplished wickedness than that of ,nero4 ,he seems the embodiment of evil heightened by a versatility of talent and varnished by the gloss of a false poetic sense that makes him the exact opposite to all that produces heroic virtue in its greatest charm1 as well as its highest glory1 among the ,christian saints4 ,his was the poet nature debased to the lowest sensuality and the meanest vanity4 ,and in the mystic saints1 is there not ever something of the poet nature carried to its most subtle expression and its utmost elevation in the ascetic purity and tender devotion of a ,s4 ,francis or a ,s4 ,gertrude8 ,there is a wonderful sequence in the lowlying1 halfhidden events of the church's history4 ,there is a marvellous counterbalancing of good against evil1 as though the providence of ,god had 7if we may use the expression7 taken pleasure in substituting light for darkness1 and beauty for ugliness2 selecting in each the exact counterpart of the other1 and placing them in juxtaposition4 ,and so it is in this spot1 which most brings to our recollection the lavish and foul luxury of ,rome's artist emperor1 the degraded being who was by turns actor1 poet1 musician1 wrestler1 or coachman1 but fiend always6 ,there1 where the horrid pomp of his midnight revels was lighted up by the living and burning forms of the meek martyrs of the church--there we now have the grandest monument of the faith for which those martyrs died that ever has been1 or probably ever will be4 ,and the great saints1 the pillars of the church1 the founders and foundresses of her armies of religious orders1 stand now1 sculptured in cool marble niches along the aisles of that gorgeous ,basilica which stands on the very ground of ,nero's infamous gardens4 ,there1 too1 was another 8,potter's ,field10 in which to bury strangers2 for the clay soil on which ,s4 ,peter's is built had served in the old ,roman manufactory of bricks and earthenware4 ,the potters had excavated numberless caves on the slopes of the ,vatican hills1 where subsequently the ,christians concealed themselves1 and1 as in the other catacombs of ,rome1 celebrated the divine mysteries and buried their dead4 ,it is said that ,s4 ,peter himself1 on his first journey to ,rome1 baptized many in these very catacombs--many1 probably1 who later on had received that other baptism of blood in the ghastly revels of ,nero's gardens1 and whose remains were gathered together secretly by the brethren1 and buried in the caves of the 8,potter's ,fields40 ,and now the strangers have become possessors2 the holy dead have consecrated what might well have been called another 8field of blood02 and the successors of ,s4 ,peter sit in reverend state and govern ,christendom on the very spot where the first ,bishop of ,rome celebrated in secret the first ,masses ,rome ever witnessed4 ,the grain of mustardseed has indeed become a great and goodly tree1 and the birds of all nations and all ages lodge in the beneficent shadow of its branches4 ,the whole history of the ,basilica of ,s4 ,peter1 whether the first that sheltered the relics of the apostles1 or the present more magnificent one1 built from the designs of ,bernini1 and completed by ,michael ,angelo1 teems with facts of this nature4 ,the old roof of ,s4 ,peter's was covered by ,pope ,honorius ,i4 with the gilt bronze tiles that had roofed1 some historians say the temple of ,romulus1 others that of ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 possibly of both2 as though the first founders of pagan ,rome1 the ,romulus and ,remus of history and legend1 were to pay tribute to the founders of ,christian ,rome1 the great apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 whose blood cemented the walls of the early church1 and over whose sacred relics that venerable roof was to hang2 or1 as if the false ,jove1 dethroned and vanquished by the fisherman1 were stripped of his splendor to do honor to the true ,god4 ,the tiles have been removed elsewhere now1 but the fact still retains its touching import4 ,and the like is carried out in the present ,basilica2 for the ,pantheon1 raised to the honor of its myriad of demon gods1 gave up the bronze of its portico at the command of ,urban ,,viii41 that out of it ,bernini might fashion that wonderful work1 the ,baldacchino over the high altar4 ,wonderful work6 that1 as we gaze at it1 never weary and ever admiring1 we ask ourselves in what way the mind of the architect7#gh7 wrought when he brought forth this splendid design4 ,did it come to him at once1 like the one grand idea ruling all the cadences of action in a ,greek play8 ,or did he build it up1 piece by piece1 in his soul1 and touch and retouch the beautiful image like the finished diversities of an idyl8 ,we incline to the first1 for that is most like inspiration1 and the ,baldacchino of ,s4 ,peter's must have been an inspiration4 ,as we pass beneath the deep shadow of the great colonnade of ,s4 ,peter's into the vast piazza facing the ,basilica1 it is like stepping from the mazes of a forest out into the sunny plain4 ,almost catching the diamond spray of these everjoyous fountains1 we mount the easy steps1 so dignified in their gradual ascent1 and pass into the gallery of the faade with the same awestruck feeling we have experienced when suddenly we have found our frank glance come in unexpected contrast with the deep1 scrutinizing gaze of a dark eye and the overhanging solemnity of a thoughtful and heavyladen brow4 ,and first the bassrelief before us tells us the history of the church4 ,christ delivers the keys to ,s4 ,peter1 who1 kneeling1 receives the tokens of his high office4 ,at either end of the long gallery are the equestrian statues of two great imperial defenders and benefactors of the church3 ,constantine the ,great still gazes on the labarum that appeared to him in mystic form not far off on that very hill of ,monte ,mario1 pinecrowned1 and where now stands a church in commemoration of the event--an event which turned the ,city on ,seven ,hills1 the ,babylon of the prophecies1 the woman drunk with the blood of the martyrs1 into the ,eternal ,city1 the port of the church's bark1 the patrimony of ,s4 ,peter1 and the home of all ,christian hearts--the city of which a great and royal sufferer once said2 8,j'ai trouv que ,rome est l'endroit o on peut le mieux se passer du bonheur407#gi7 ,here all sorrow is ennobled1 all grief is sheltered4 ,the great ,king of the church is himself 8the ,man of ,sorrows10 and here his ,vicar reigns6 ,at the very entrance we pause to ponder over as touching an elegy as ever was written in memoriam2 and the grief it portrays is that of the other great defender of the church1 whose equestrian statue meets us on the left end of the gallery--,charlemagne mourns for ,adrian ,i4 8,i1 ,charles1 write these verses1 weeping for my father6 ,yea1 my father1 my dear love6 ,these verses are my lamentation for thy loss4 ,be thou ever mindful of me1 whose memory seeks thee dwelling with ,christ in the blessed region of heaven4 ,the priests and the people loved thee with a great love1 and all with one love1 best of shepherds6 ,great friend6 ,i mingle in one our names and our illustrious titles4 ,adrian and ,charles--emperor1 ,i2 and father1 thou60 ,in the history of nations1 as in the life of individuals1 there is a not unfrequent repetition of events bearing the same type though not the same in fact4 ,they give a characteristic coloring to the biography of the individual or the history of the people4 ,the events and the man react on each other4 ,but this is especially true1 and in a far deeper sense1 with the history of ,god's church4 ,when the ,israelites came out of ,egypt1 they spoiled the ,egyptians4 ,they carried away as a tribute the treasures unwillingly conceded by their former masters4 ,the ,christian world1 on the conversion of ,constantine1 stepped forth from the darkness and despotism of paganism1 and ,charlemagne1 as if in commemoration of this antitype of that deliverance1 endowed the church of ,s4 ,peter with rich tributes from ,egypt for the benefaction of the clergy1 and for the lighting and repairing of the great ,basilica4 ,human governments are generally ungrateful2 but the church is a divine government1 though carried on through human agents1 and gratitude is one of her virtues and one of her most distinctive attributes4 ,constantine and ,charlemagne are not forgotten4 ,their statues guard the entrance of ,s4 ,peter's1 as erstwhile their power guarded and endowed the see of ,peter4 ,nor shall even the weaker sex fail of the tribute liberally paid to loyalty and devotion4 ,there is something sublime in the gratitude depicted in the monument to the ,countess ,mathilda1 who holds in her hands the mitre and the keys1 as though to suggest the idea of consigning them to the protection of the great mediatrix of the incorrigible ,emperor of the ,west1 ,henry ,,iv41 and who had sheltered in her own dominions the great ,s4 ,gregory1 and done so much to increase the patrimony of the church4 ,a royal father giving his crown and sceptre into the hands of a favorite child could not more touchingly portray the loving appreciation of the sovereign pontiffs towards one who had been so true to the church's cause4 ,and time has no effect in diminishing the gratitude of that church which is built upon a rock1 and where all is enduring1 any more than it has in diminishing the glory of the saints2 for it was ,urban ,,viii4 who erected the monument in ,s4 ,peter's to the spiritual daughter of the great ,hildebrand1 ,gregory ,,vii4--a grateful memory of more than six hundred years' standing6 ,we have often heard people complain of a sentiment of disappointment on first entering ,s4 ,peter's4 ,it has been accounted for by the fact that the perfect proportion and harmony of the whole1 producing therefore no startling contrasts1 fail to effect so sudden an impression on the mind as would be the case were the harmony less absolute4 ,to this it may be replied that some minds are more alive to impressions of harmony1 and others to those of contrast4 ,we can best speak from experience1 and we all agreed that nowhere had we felt such a sense of completeness and its consequent repose fall upon our souls as when we pushed aside that heavy leathern portal1 and passed within the precincts of ,s4 ,peter's4 ,i do not remember ever to have done so1 though ,i have probably been there fifty times1 without an involuntary pause as ,i first entered2 and before approaching the holywater stoups1 supported by white marble boys of six feet high1 who carry a large marble shell between them1 and1 everything being large in proportion1 fail not to look like infants1 in spite of their real size4 ,the first chapel to the right as you enter is the one in which a large number of very valuable relics are kept in rich reliquaries1 and which are only shown to the public on certain days4 ,these are distinct from the great relics of the ,passion1 which are exhibited to the crowd from the loggia in the dome on either side of the high altar during ,holy ,week4 ,i used to be attracted to that chapel1 which is otherwise less striking than many of the others1 by the ,piet of ,michael ,angelo4 ,in my father's house in ,england we have that same ,piet1 said to be an original4 ,it is on a smaller scale and unfinished2 at least the head and features of ,our ,lady always gave me that impression4 ,not so the figure of ,our ,lord1 which is full of the sad tenderness of death4 ,the utter supineness of the limbs and of the arm1 which has fallen off ,our ,lady's lap1 and hangs down2 the beauty of the worn face2 the wonderfully graceful and yet manly hands1 pierced1 like the feet2 the general position of the whole body1 like a broken flower flung on the ,mother's lap--are full of the deepest religious feeling and pathos4 ,but it is difficult thoroughly to appreciate it where it stands in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,it is over the altar1 and one had need do as ,i used to do at ,p----1 when a child1 to be able to appreciate all the details4 ,i used to go alone1 when ,i was sure of not being caught1 down the dark1 dreary passage which led to the dark1 disused chapel1 on the damp1 marble pavement of which stood this supposed original of the ,piet4 ,then getting a chair from a bathroom in the vicinity of the chapel1 ,i stood upon that1 so as to bring myself nearly on a level with the head of ,our ,lady1 and thus be able to look down1 as she does1 on the dead ,christ supported on her knees4 ,how often in ,s4 ,peter's ,i have wished ,i could do the same with the undoubted work of ,michael ,angelo1 and trace again in every line the pathetic beauty of suffering and death1 as1 with eyes full of tears1 ,i had done in early life6 ,the ,piet at ,s4 ,peter's has the same absence of real beauty in the face of ,our ,lady with the one at ,p----2 the same long upper lip and want of finish4 ,it also gives a like impression with all other piets1 in which the ,mother is represented as holding her ,divine ,son on her knees--a thing which in reality would be impossible4 ,no woman could support on her knees the dead body of a fullgrown man4 ,michael ,angelo1 whose idealism was always under the control of his marvellous anatomical drawing1 was too conscious of that not to endeavor palpably to counteract what probably1 as he was working at the group1 he felt to be an invincible objection4 ,he has certainly made it look possible in his ,piet1 but he has done it at the expense of beauty and congruity4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin's lap is enormous2 her whole figure looks powerful and gigantic1 while that of the ,saviour is undersized in proportion4 ,i have often paused in the space opposite this first chapel1 across the nave1 to watch some fifty little urchins learning their catechism4 ,merry little creatures they seemed to be1 all more or less in the nglig attire of ,italian beggar life1 picturesque in color and dilapidated in texture4 ,sparkling black eyes and gleaming white teeth were their chief and neverfailing beauty4 ,they sat on low forms1 or rather they leant upon them1 lay upon them1 scrambled over them1 waiting for their instructor1 who always seemed long in coming4 ,when at last he did arrive1 a faint semblance of order was established4 ,the little creatures shouted forth the answers in a sort of loud singsong1 nudging each other all the time1 swinging their little1 naked1 wellbronzed legs1 and keeping up some perennial jokes all the time with each other1 but little in unison with the words they were repeating4 ,i cannot say that their demeanor seemed at all to affect the stolid gravity of their priestly instructor1 or even to try his patience4 ,he simply ignored it4 ,he appeared to have no eyes nor ears for any sound but the wellknown monotony of the responses4 ,it is to be hoped something may come back to them of it all when they are old enough to think4 ,for myself1 ,i could only reflect on what a strange reminiscence it would seem to me to have learnt my catechism beneath the dome of ,s4 ,peter's4 ,to these little1 careless mortals1 it was only a part of their everyday life4 ,the niches1 filled with colossal statues of the founders and foundresses of religious orders1 embellish the walls on all sides2 and probably all ,catholics look out for some special saint as they wander through the ,basilica4 ,we used particularly to salute ,s4 ,teresa and ,s4 ,frances of ,rome2 the latter attended by her guardian angel4 ,these statues produce a grand effect1 being all of white marble1 standing in niches of manycolored marbles and rich carving1 though they are far from all having artistic merit4 ,there are still some niches empty4 ,who will fill them8 ,what saintly founders or foundresses of new orders does the future of the church still reserve for us8 ,or will the last day come1 and find those niches empty still8 ,with the exception of the four statues under the dome1 they are 7and must always be7 canonized saints and founders of orders4 ,i have heard of people whose great ambition was to be buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,i knew one pretty bride1 of high rank and youthful ambition1 who was married in the ,abbey because she was persuaded that her husband would be a great statesman1 and that his grateful country would bury him there4 ,but ,i never heard of any one who dreamed of filling one of the empty niches in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,on first entering the church1 one sees the many lamps burning round the ,confessional of ,s4 ,peter1 as the high altar is called4 ,they seem to pour an orangecolored glow all around4 ,you stand or kneel against the marble balustrade1 and look down on the kneeling figure of ,pius ,,vi4 before the tomb of his greater predecessor4 ,it is a beautiful1 restful image of perpetual prayer1 and is one of the few works of ,canova ,i have ever really admired4 ,against the marble balustrade there hang some wooden frames containing an indulgenced prayer and hymn to ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul in ,latin4 ,i once had a curious illustration of how a trifle may strike a stranger1 while it escapes the notice of one in the habit of seeing it constantly4 ,i never went to ,s4 ,peter's that ,i did not say that prayer at the tomb of the apostles2 for it must be remembered the relics 7not all of them7 of ,s4 ,paul lie here1 as well as those of ,s4 ,peter4 ,i had had occasion to insert them in a manuscript1 which fell into the hands of a certain very learned ,capuchin1 who holds a high post in his order1 and in connection1 also1 with the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,he surprised me by asking me where ,i got those prayers and hymns4 ,he had never read them before1 in the many years he had lived at ,rome in the venerable convent of his order1 and might have seen them fastened by a small chain to the spot where he must so often have knelt4 ,perhaps the fact that in every church in ,rome you will find an indulgenced prayer printed up somewhere as an incentive to devotion1 may have led to his not particularly noticing the one at ,s4 ,peter's4 ,frank used to tell ,mary he never knew any one so greedy of indulgences as she was4 ,she always looked out for these short prayers2 she never went to ,s4 ,peter's without kneeling1 as she passed the priests in their confessionals1 to receive the little tap from the long wand they have in front of the confessional1 and to the receiving of which an indulgence is attached4 ,he used to tell her laughingly that he did not understand how she had the face to disturb the priest saying his ,office1 and oblige him to lift his eyes from his ,breviary1 and detach the long stick as she knelt a yard or two distant4 ,we have seen her unblushingly obtain three raps in succession with all the devotion possible2 and then1 when she and ,i were looking another way1 ,frank would strive against his natural ,british undemonstrativeness1 and kneel for the little blow1 getting up again with a shy blush4 ,mary and ,i never took any notice4 ,we knew that the small act of humility1 which1 among the childlike ,italians1 came almost as a matter of course1 cost him far more than it did us1 and therefore had more merit4 ,the ,romans have a harmless superstition that if you are leaving ,rome1 and are anxious to return1 you will not fail to do so if you deposit some small coin in a safe place4 ,i had done so the last time ,i had been there2 and1 sure enough1 ,i was back again to claim my money4 ,but though ,i could remember the part of the church beneath the statue of ,s4 ,juliana where ,i had dropt it into a crevice1 ,i never could find it again4 ,however1 that did not matter1 since the charm had worked successfully4 ,a draught of the water from the fountain of ,trevi is said to have the same effect4 ,i drank a cupful once in pure jest1 and have been to ,rome four times since2 but something more powerful than the hidden halfpence or the fountain of ,trevi has lured me back again4 ,there is1 ,i believe1 no spot in the world where everybody gets to feel so at home as in ,rome1 outside the land of their birth and the roof that shelters all their domestic affections4 ,in the same place where ,i had hidden my little coin ,i remember a scene which filled my imagination with interest and admiration4 ,it was ,holy ,thursday4 ,the high altar was being stripped of all the ornaments1 and washed with wine1 to the mournful chanting of the choir2 the daylight was fast declining1 though still some rays of the setting sun stole through the yellowtinted windows below the dome2 and the ,grand ,penitentiary was seated in his violet robes on a raised platform1 in a crimson velvet chair1 with no partition between him and the low stool to his right1 on which the penitents were to kneel4 ,there were several steps1 covered with cloth1 to mount from the pavement of the church to the seat of the prelate2 and at some distance from these was a temporary railing to prevent the crowd from approaching within hearing of what should pass between the penitent and the priest4 ,we stood among the crowd4 ,the penitent was a man of about thirty years of age1 with coalblack hair and beard1 deep1 dark eyes1 and regular features4 ,it was very curious to hear the remarks of the bystanders2 and they were very characteristic of ,italians1 born to the faith4 ,most of them were praying aloud1 in brief ejaculations1 that ,god would grant him perfect contrition4 ,the women especially were exclaiming3 8,ah6 poverello1 ma piange607#hj7 ,two priests passed through the crowd1 and paused a moment1 with a smile of indescribable benevolence and satisfaction that a big fish had been caught in ,peter's net1 and was being drawn to land4 ,the confession lasted a long time4 ,the man never for a moment shifted his position2 but by degrees the venerable prelate bent his ear closer and closer to the poor penitent1 and his countenance showed a mixture of compassion and tenderness quite paternal4 ,the man's forehead almost touched the priest's shoulder1 as he poured forth his long history of error and shame4 ,at length the priest's hand was raised to give the absolution1 and a murmur of relief and congratulation ran through the crowd of spectators4 ,the hand rested on the man's head before he rose from his knees4 ,he came quickly down the steps4 ,the crowd parted to let him pass4 ,he can have seen none but smiling and happy glances all around him1 if he cared to look up2 but all silently made way for him1 and in a moment he was lost in the multitude1 absolved and released from the burden of some 8reserved case40 ,of course there were many conjectures as to who and what he might be4 ,some said he had been a bandit2 others that he was a priest who had broken his vows1 and made this confession in public as an act of greater humility2 for of course it is not imperative to carry all reserved cases to the ,grand ,penitentiary1 nor need the penitent wait for ,lent to get absolution4 ,nevertheless1 the prelate with power to absolve all reserved cases 7of which murder is one7 occupies that raised confessional throughout ,lent for certain hours of the day4 ,mary was so overcome at the piety and charity of the crowd in the warm interest they evinced1 and observed so often that it must be delightful to be thus prayed for while making one's confession1 that we began to apprehend she would mount the platform herself1 had not ,frank timely observed to her that1 in all probability1 she had no reserved case on her conscience6 ,by this time the shades of night were closing in4 ,the lights were all extinguished4 ,the altars stood bare and cold4 ,the dark crowd swayed in dense masses towards the open doors4 ,the light of the moon struggled pale and wan through the high windows where the setting sun had lately thrown a golden glow4 ,the vast cathedral echoed to the steps of the departing crowd1 and we turned towards home1 more deeply impressed with the desolation expressed by the ,holy ,thursday ceremonies in ,s4 ,peter's in the stripping of the altars than with many others more generally remarked4 ,it was night before we reached our apartment in the ,ripetta4 ,mary's bedroom overlooked the river1 and in the morning she could see ,s4 ,peter's bathed in the rosy light of the rising sun1 while flights of white seagulls came up the river with the early tide to feed upon the refuse which had been thrown into the water4 ,they came swooping down1 with their glittering plumage flashing in the sunshine1 and1 dipping low1 would snatch some dainty morsel from the swift water1 and mount up1 in graceful1 curving flight1 to repeat the same again and again4 ,as the port was close to our house1 no doubt it was an advantageous position for both the breakfast and supper of the gulls4 ,they always returned in the evening1 but at no other hour in the day4 ,at night we could see lights in three windows of the ,vatican4 ,they were always there1 and always at about the same hour they disappeared4 ,one day1 when ,mary was calling on ,cardinal ,antonelli he asked her where we were living2 and on her describing the position1 and how she could see ,s4 ,peter's and the ,vatican1 and specially those three windows1 he told her the lights were from his own apartment4 ,his eminence is very fond of flowers1 and has a garden in ,rome1 in which he takes great pleasure4 ,they were talking of flowers1 and he observed to ,mary that she would find very much the same flora throughout ,europe1 though not of course equally distributed4 ,mary objected that she had never seen the little common yellow primrose of our ,english woods1 in that part of ,italy4 8,nevertheless1 you will find we have it10 was his reply4 ,and not long after1 on our way to ,viterbo1 we saw its starry blossoms by the roadside1 and hailed it as an old friend1 dearer to our hearts than even the graceful pink cyclamen1 which from the position of the petals reminds me of a pretty1 blushing child with her hair all drawn back from her forehead4 ,what memories crowd upon me as ,i recall these trivial incidents6 ,what happy hours have ,i spent beneath that deepblue but not unclouded sky1 with the warm breeze perfumed by the breath of violets in the ,doria ,pamphili ,villa6 ,the great stone pines1 with their soft1 unceasing sighs2 the large willows dropping their brightgreen flexible wands into the clear water2 the violet anemones1 with here and there a large crimson one1 or a yellow tulip lighting up the soft green grass like a sparkling gem2 the violets1 not bashful and hidden shrinkingly beneath their leaves1 as in our colder climes1 but lifting their little darkpurple heads high in the air1 to drink the light and leave a perfumed kiss on every breeze that floats2 soft masses of white cloud sailing slowly over the blue ether1 and casting dappled shadows on the long grass4 ,in the distance is ,s4 ,peter's and the ,vatican1 with fields of broken ground in many tints of yellow and green and red between it and the stone balustrade against which we lean4 ,it appears1 from this point of view1 to be quite outside the city1 and to stand alone and untrammelled by meaner buildings4 ,behind us is a dense avenue of venerable ilex1 and but now we were visiting the ,colombarium1 the other side of the road1 and moralizing on the pagan practice of cremation1 as compared with the hallowed ,christian sepulture--it must have been so difficult to realize that the little handful of ashes in the urn had anything to do with the dead wife or child or father1 that they had loved1 embraced1 and conversed with6 ,again1 ,i remember a day when we were living at ,capo le ,case4 ,i took ,ann with me1 and we set out for a long walk regardless of the flight of time4 ,we directed our course to ,s4 ,john ,lateran4 ,on our way1 we paused at ,san ,clemente1 where we had several times visited the subterranean church under the guidance of the kind and learned ,f4 ,mullooly4 ,few1 perhaps1 have ever noticed1 in a church which presents so much else to interest them1 a small picture1 the head of ,s4 ,catharine of ,sienna1 over an altar at the bottom of the church1 on the right hand4 ,it is modern1 and by a ,dominican artist whose name is unknown to me1 and probably to all save the brothers of his order4 ,nevertheless1 ,i have never seen devotion more exquisitely depicted than in that sweet1 sorrowful face1 with the tears standing in the large1 uplifted eyes4 ,through the open door of the church penetrated the scent of large masses of ,banksia roses that hung over a wall in a garden nearly opposite4 ,untrained1 untrimmed they flung long wreaths to the wind1 and lay in cloudlike bunches of soft1 creamy white4 ,as we passed by the door of the hospital of the ,salvatore1 two ,sisters stepped out into the sunshine1 on some errand of charity for their sick and aged patients4 ,we then visited the ,basilica of ,s4 ,john ,lateran1 8the mother and head of all churches40 ,the gigantic statues of the apostles have a very imposing effect1 in spite of their many artistic faults1 more so1 perhaps1 than the equally faulty statues at ,s4 ,peter's4 ,then we wandered into the large piazza in front of the cathedral1 and looked beyond the gates and crumbling fortifications of ,rome upon the ,alban hills4 ,the long avenue of trees leading to the church of ,santa ,croce di ,gerusalemme were coming into leaf2 so were the group of trees to our right1 by the low wall of the piazza1 on which grew tufts of fern and yellowblossomed oxalis4 ,we sat on the steps1 and ate some hot chestnuts ,i had bought by the roadside1 getting1 at the same time1 a pinch of salt from a darkbrowed matron1 with a yellow kerchief across her ample bosom1 and a silver dagger in her hair1 who sold cigars in a little wooden booth4 ,it was enough to be alive on such a day and in such a scene1 with the easy liberty of ,italian life and the total absence of 8,mrs4 ,grundy40 ,there was no one to see us 7save a few beggarwomen7 sitting on the steps of the grand portico1 and scattering the skins of our chestnuts on the pavement at our feet1 while we silently drank in the balmy air and rejoiced in the beauty of the view before us4 ,ere we returned1 we visited the ,scala ,santa1 and looked long on ,giacometti's beautiful group of the ,kiss of ,judas4 ,the evening was closing in when1 wearied but satisfied1 we reached our home4 ,but if these remembrances are full of light and warmth1 not less pleasing are those of our moonlight drives the year that we remained in ,rome till the middle of ,july1 and every evening used to visit the ,colosseum1 or ,s4 ,john ,lateran and ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 stopping to gaze long upon the cold silver light1 so sharp and sudden on every curve and shaft1 on architrave and entablature1 on capital and plinth1 while the dense shadows lurked behind like black stains of unfathomable darkness4 ,then we would drive to ,s4 ,peter's1 and after crossing the bridge of ,sant' ,angelo between the angels1 each holding an instrument of the ,passion1 we would look across the dark river to see the covered balcony of the house where ,michael ,angelo was an honored guest1 and had introduced the young ,raphael to the small circle of favored ones who met nightly under that roof4 ,there1 too1 ,vittoria ,colonna probably came to increase the charm by her wit and beauty1 while ,michael ,angelo nourished those sentiments of pure and profound veneration for her great merits which made him bitterly reproach himself after her unexpected death1 because he who had never breathed one word of love to her while living1 had dared to press a kiss on her marble brow when cold in death4 ,what noble sentiments1 what lofty times6 ,and yet in many things how unseemly would some of their practices appear to us8 ,for it was in the ,church of ,san ,silvestro al ,quirinale that they used to meet after ,vespers1 to converse and laugh and jest together4 ,we look across the river to mark that house4 ,it is dark and silent now4 ,no lights gleam from the windows4 ,halfdefaced frescos still cover some of the walls1 but it is let from top to bottom to several families of the very poorest of the people4 ,but ,i must pause4 ,rome is inexhaustible1 whether in her classic1 her ,christian1 or her artistic treasures2 besides the charm of social intercourse1 the delight of varied society1 and the equal ease and splendor which may be found in the interior life of her princely palaces4 ,nor can ,i close this chapter without speaking of one whose presence1 though now confined within the walls of his own palace1 makes ,rome so doubly dear to the true ,catholic4 ,the days are gone when our afternoon drive might be gladdened by the pleasure of finding the wellknown crimson coach and magnificent black horses checking our progress1 while we hastened to descend and kneel where he would pass1 that we might catch a glance1 perhaps a smile1 and certainly the blessing1 of the venerable old man in whom we recognize the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,we had been admitted to more than one private audience1 besides witnessing several of those receptions in which hundreds of people of many nations knelt to kiss his feet1 and to hear that sweet1 clear voice utter words of exhortation and encouragement4 ,this last time we had entered the ,vatican with sad and altered feelings4 ,it was no longer a galaday1 that on which we were to visit the universal father of ,christendom4 ,we were going to condole with an august prisoner1 a father defrauded of his rights1 a sovereign deprived of his possessions4 ,we all felt depressed and inclined for silence4 ,the ,pope had been indisposed1 and1 as we were kept waiting a long time1 we began to fear ,his ,holiness would prove unable to receive us4 ,our spirits flagged with every second that we were left in expectation1 till ,mary began to look so pale ,i feared that she was ill4 ,at length1 however1 we perceived a stir among the crimsonliveried servants who were in attendance in the vestibule2 presently the curtain at the end of the long gallery where we stood was drawn aside1 and once again our eyes beheld him who is ever present to our thoughts1 and whose name is breathed in so many prayers4 ,the first feeling that filled our beating hearts1 as we looked on his saintly and venerable face1 was joy to feel that he was still amongst us2 that despite increasing years1 and the increasing malice and hatred of his enemies1 his eye had not dimmed or his strength failed him4 ,this impression was increased with every word he spoke4 ,it was like the dawn which promises the perfect day1 no matter how dark the night has been4 8,the people imagine a vain thing60 ,he is still with us--he1 the father of his people6 ,he may be ours for years to come4 ,he may see the dayspring of the church again4 ,he may live to witness her triumph4 ,and should it be otherwise--should that white head be laid low before the triumph of the church over her enemies--will he see it less1 will he share it less1 because he has gone before8 ,impossible6 ,the church militant and the church triumphant are one4 ,but our hopes go further2 or rather1 they are more human4 ,we believe that ,pius ,,ix4 will live to see the end of confusion and the beginning of peace2 the downfall of falsehood and oppression1 and the restoration of himself 7and others7 to all their rights4 ,may ,god grant it6 ,there ,was ,no ,room ,for ,them ,in ,the ,inn4 ,no place for ,him6 ,so ,him you drive away2 ,you drive away your ,god1 your ,god4 ,oh6 stay4 ,o height of human madness6 wonders rare6 ,no place for ,him6 without ,whom no place were4 --,crashaw4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,i4 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,preface4 ,who has not heard of those ,christian communities which have held their own during so many centuries1 on the citied slopes of the ,lebanon1 or on the adjacent plains8 ,several of them have existed from a period earlier than that in which the foundations of our oldest monarchies were laid4 ,the ,maronites derive their name from ,maron1 a hermit of the ,i,vth century1 whose cell1 on the banks of the ,orontes1 gradually attracted a ,christian population about it4 ,in the ,v,i,ith and ,v,i,i,ith centuries1 when the sword of the ,false ,prophet was carrying all before it1 they retreated from the uplands of the ,euphrates and ,mesopotamia to the fastnesses of the ,lebanon4 ,the ,melchites1 a race of unquestionably ,arab origin1 and whose religious offices are still celebrated in ,arabic1 emigrated to ,syria before the ,christian era1 and became ,christian in the ,i,vth century4 ,weakened by their hereditary feuds1 they retain1 notwithstanding1 all the pride of their ancient stock1 and not less all its heroism1 its generosity1 its hospitality1 its sense of honor1 and its passion for poetry and eloquence4 ,the devotion of both these races to their ,faith is sufficiently attested by their having retained it during so many centuries of wrong1 and in spite of so many persecutions4 ,in the massacres of #ahfj alone about #ab1jjj of them perished4 ,few subjects are more worthy of attention than the ways of a ,people which still keeps so much of what belonged to the feudal and monastic system of ,europe in the ,middle ,ages1 and combines them with the patriarchal traditions of the world's morning4 ,much that we possess they lack2 but1 among them1 some of the affections--,patriotism and ,love1 for instance--retain a meaning which appears to grow daily more rare amid the boasted civilization of the ,west4 ,that meaning is illustrated alike in their lives and their poetry4 ,it has been observed that the religious poetry of the ,east sometimes resembles lovepoetry4 ,the converse remark may no less be made4 ,eastern lovepoetry is wide in its range2 but its more characteristic specimens resemble the early poetry of religion or patriotic devotion1 so full are they of elevation and selfsacrifice4 ,i know not how far the spirit of such poetry can make itself intelligible to the sympathies of the ,west4 ,to many readers the present poem will be an experiment new1 not only as regards its spirit1 but its form also--that of a story narrated in songs4 ,it was composed1 in substance1 some years ago1 when the author was in the ,east4 ,part ,i4 ,he ,sang47#ha7 ,i4 ,o wind of night6 what doth she at this hour ,in those high towers half lost in rock and brake8 ,where is she8 ,sits she lonely in her bower8 ,if she is pensive1 is it for my sake8 ,perchance she joins the dance with other maids3 ,with whom8 ,by whose are those white fingers pressed8 ,perhaps for sleep her tresses she unbraids ,while moonbeams fill the chamber of her rest4 ,tell her1 ,o wind6 that ,i have laid my head ,here1 on the rough stem of the prostrate pine ,which leans across the driedup torrent's bed1 ,and dream at times her face1 and dream it mine4 ,once in the palmgrove she looked back on me2 ,a wild brier caught her zone3 ,i saw it fall3 ,large is the earth1 the sun1 the stars1 the sea-- ,for me that rosy girdle clasps them all4 ,,ii4 ,by night ,i crossed the tremulous poplar bound ,which cools the south wind with its watery bower2 ,i heard the river's murmur1 mid that sound1 ,and smelt the fragrance of the trampled flower4 ,where that pure crystal makes thy morning bath ,a white tent glimmered4 ,round it1 rank on rank1 ,the crimson oleanders veiled the path1 ,and bent or rose1 as swelled the breeze or sank4 ,i entered not4 ,beside that river's brim ,i sat4 ,thy fawn1 with trailing cord1 drew near3 ,when from my knee its head it lifted1 dim ,seemed those dark eyes1 by day so large and clear4 ,go back1 poor fawn1 and house thee with thy kind6 ,where1 amid rocks and mountains cold with snow1 ,through forests sweep the branching hart and hind2 ,go back3 go up3 together let us go4 ,,iii ,tell her that boasts--that slender is and tall-- ,i have a cypress in a sunny space3 ,tell her that blushes1 by my garden wall ,a rosetree blushes1 kindling all the place4 ,tell her that sweetly sings and softly moves1 ,a white swan winds all night below my trees2 ,my nightingale attunes the moonlit groves-- ,can ,i not portion out my heart with these8 ,if ,i were dead1 my cypress would lament1 ,my rosetree shed its leaves upon my grave1 ,my nightingale weep long in forest tent-- ,she would not mourn me dead that scorns to save4 ,,iv4 ,thou cam'st1 thou cam'st2 and with thee came delight1 ,not mine alone4 ,the little flowers and leaves ,shook at the first gleam of thy garment white2 ,and still yon myrtle thrills1 yon almond heaves4 ,thou spak'st6 ,that voice1 methinks1 is heard on high6 ,the buds and blooms in every amaranth wreath ,by angels worn expand in ecstasy2 ,and in pure light a heavenlier fragrance breathe4 ,hail1 ,land that gav'st her birth6 ,hail1 precinct old6 ,hail1 ancient ,race1 the ,lebanonian crown6 ,the ,turk hath empire1 and the ,frank hath gold3 ,virtue and ,beauty1 these are thy renown6 ,v4 ,thou wentest3 with thy going came my night3 ,as some deep vale when sudden sinks the sun1 ,deep1 yet suspended on the mountain height ,and girt by snows1 am ,i when thou art gone4 ,with death those hills1 so late all amethyst1 ,at once are clad3 the streams are filmed with ice3 ,the golden ether changeth into mist3 ,cold drops run down the beetling precipice3 ,the instant darkness cometh as a wind1 ,or falleth as the falling of a pall3-- ,return1 my light of life1 my better mind1 ,my spirit's day1 my hope1 my strength1 mine all6 ,,vi4 ,breathe healthful zephyrs1 airs of ,paradise1 ,breathe gently on that alabaster brow2 ,shake the dark lashes of those violet eyes2 ,flatter those lids that such high grace allow4 ,those cheeks1 pure lilies1 capture with sweet stealth1 ,and warm with something of a roselike glow2 ,those tremulous smiles1 costlier than miser's wealth1 ,draw out2 those magic tresses backward blow6 ,thus much is yours4 ',tis mine where once she strayed ,to cull sad flowers that ne'er shall meet her sight2 ,to watch1 close shrouded in the tall rock's shade1 ,high up one little casement's glimmering light4 ,,vii4 ,seest thou1 ,o maid6 some star by us unseen1 ,buried from us in depths of starless space8 ,know'st thou some joy of lesser joys the queen1 ,that lights so sweet a mystery in thy face8 ,that face is as the face of them that bask ,in some great tidings1 or the face of one ,who late hath set his hand upon some task ,by ,god ordained1 that shall for ,god be done4 ,that light is as the light of them who bent-- ,that shepherd choir--above the ,babe new born3 ,upward from ,him thy day is ever sent1 ,a lifelong kindling of the ,bethlehem morn4 ,,viii4 ,since that strange moment1 ,love was as a breeze1 ,and ,i a leaf wafted by it along3 ,onward 'twixt magic heavens and mystic seas ,we passed4 ,if ,i was weak1 yet ,love was strong4 ,on1 ever on1 through mountainous defiles1 ,by ,love sustained1 upborne1 on piloted1 ,i wound o'er laughing lakes and happy isles2 ,i asked not whither1 and ,i felt no dread4 ,i breathed1 methought1 some everlasting spring3 ,i passed1 methought1 in endless1 aimless quest 7,a dewdrop hanging on an eagle's wing7 ,through some rich heaven and everdeepening ,west4 ,that dream had end4 ,once more ,i saw her face3 ,no love it looked3 the sweet lips breathed no sound3 ,then fell ,i1 stonelike1 through the fields of space1 ,and lay1 dead bulk1 upon the bleeding ground4 ,,ix4 ,river that windest in thy jewell'd bed1 ,the palms of her soft feet beside thee move3 ,but gentleness and peace are round thee spread1 ,and therefore ,i am gone from what ,i love4 ,nightly on thee the stars thou lov'st shall gaze3 ,thee and thy heaven no envious cloud can sever3 ,in vain to her ,i love mine eyes ,i raise2 ,and therefore1 happy stream1 farewell for ever6 ,pale passion slays or dies4 ,i would die young1 ,live while ,i live2 then sink without a sigh1 ,as some swift wave1 from central ocean sprung1 ,subsides into the flat tranquillity4 ,x4 ,o heart whereon her ,name was graved so long6 ,heart pressed at last to hers1 henceforth be snow6 ,for love's sake let me do to love no wrong3 ,there are who watch her4 ,to the wars ,i go4 ,there are that watch her3 and in fields far off ,there are that wait my banner1 name my name2 ,my ,house was ne'er the upstart ,moslem's scoff3 ,its orphaned heir his fathers will not shame4 ,this is the grove where1 by yon meeting streams1 ,she too her love confessed--how falteringly6 ,from that glad hour a ,church to me it seems3 ,i leave it3 ,i must leave it though ,i die4 ,here as ,i slept1 an ,angel1 not to sense ,revealed1 above me traced the sacred sign3 8,here is ,love's palace3 ,duty calls thee hence3 ,alone where ,duty stands are ,church and ,shrine40 ,f4 ,louage's ,philosophy47#hb7 ,the design of ,f4 ,louage in compiling this little textbook is most praiseworthy1 and one which we are especially bound to commend1 as it is an attempt to carry out a plan we have repeatedly and earnestly advocated in this magazine1 of furnishing good textbooks of philosophy1 written in the ,english language4 ,the credit of originating this purpose belongs1 so far as we know1 to the ,christian ,brothers4 ,the good work had1 indeed1 been begun by ,mr4 ,brownson1 in translating the ,fundamental ,philosophy of ,balmes4 ,nevertheless1 as this is not precisely suited for use as a text book1 the preparation of such a textbook remained a desideratum2 and our attention was first called to the practical need of one or more of these textbooks by a letter to the editor from the ,superior of the ,christian ,brothers at ,baltimore1 urging the great necessity of translating some one of the ,latin manuals1 or preparing a new one4 ,this demand was the occasion of our mooting the question in these pages1 and since that time the demand has been supplied by three different publications4 ,one of these is the translation of ,balmes' admirable ,treatise on ,logic1 brought out under the auspices of the ,christian ,brothers2 another1 the first part of ,f4 ,hill's ,philosophy1 which has been highly commended both in ,europe and in this country1 and a third is the work now under notice4 ,we have delayed noticing this textbook by ,f4 ,louage for a long time1 simply from a feeling of reluctance to express1 without obvious necessity1 the judgment which we formed on first perusing it--that it is very far from being a successful effort1 and1 moreover1 that it contains a philosophical doctrine which cannot be safely taught in our ,catholic schools4 ,we shall proceed byandby to establish the justice of both these criticisms2 but1 beforehand1 we wish to offer a few preliminary remarks explaining the past and present attitude of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world in respect to soundness of philosophical doctrine4 ,it is well known that a number of doctrinal decisions on philosophical topics have been promulgated by the reigning ,sovereign ,pontiff1 which have made the true sense and teaching of the church on several important points much more clear and definite than it had previously been to a large number of sincere and learned ,catholics4 ,for a long time1 some of these decisions--those1 namely1 concerning ontologism--were not universally known1 and their import had not been sufficiently discussed and explained to give a certain and distinct direction to those who1 like ourselves1 in this country1 had not been au courant with the affairs which brought about these decisions4 ,philosophy has been generally1 and more especially in ,england and the ,united ,states1 in a miserable and chaotic state until a comparatively brief period1 during which a more wholesome tendency has been awakened4 ,the worst and most dangerous errors have been those which have sprung from the sensist school4 ,as a natural consequence1 those whose ,catholic belief has led them to reject these gross errors1 being unacquainted with the scholastic philosophy1 have been inclined to throw themselves back on ,platonism1 and to welcome any system of philosophy which put forward a high ideological doctrine in which the necessary and eternal truths1 the immutable principles of first and final cause1 the being and attributes of ,god1 and all natural theology1 were professedly exalted to their due supremacy1 and placed on a basis unassailable by a mean scepticism and materialism4 ,the very same took place in the instance of ,cardinal ,gerdil1 of ,malebranche1 and of others1 at a former period2 and ,f4 ,ramire1 one of the most successful opponents of ontologism1 has lucidly explained how this is precisely the reason that the said system has appeared in a captivating light1 in our own day1 to a number of minds to which scepticism and materialism are especially odious4 ,this may explain the fact that we have taken a more decisive and explicit stand in regard to several important philosophical doctrines1 since the more thorough examination of the differences between the ancient and received teaching of ,catholic schools1 and the various modern theories1 have convinced us of the great importance of adhering closely1 not only in respect to the substance of doctrine1 but even in respect to form and the use of terms1 to that philosophy which has a ,catholic sanction4 ,within the limits defined by positive1 explicit authority1 this adhesion is1 of course1 obligatory on the conscience in the strictest and gravest sense4 ,in a former article on ,dr4 ,stckl's ,philosophy1 we have explained our position1 which is that of the best and most approved ,european authors1 in regard to this obligatory doctrine1 so far as relates to ideology4 ,beyond this1 we respect1 of course1 the liberty which the church concedes4 ,her positive sanction has been given to the scholastic principles1 method1 and doctrine1 only in general terms4 ,while1 therefore1 we advocate the adhesion to scholastic philosophy1 as the only safe and really scientific way of procedure in education1 we do not close our eyes to the fact that there are several important topics in respect to which discussion is not only allowable1 but really necessary4 ,the best philosophical writers living1 who are in the main disciples of ,s4 ,thomas1 differ very much from one another in regard to questions of this sort4 ,kleutgen1 ,liberatore1 ,sanseverino1 ,tongiorgi1 ,ramire1 and ,stckl may be cited as the most distinguished modern expositors of the doctrine commonly taught in ,catholic schools2 and the differences among these are well known4 ,a very able writer1 who is now publishing a series of articles in this magazine1 and who happily combines a profound knowledge of mathematics and physics with his deep metaphysical science1 departs1 in some instances1 from all these1 and strikes out a path for himself1 in which we are sure that every philosophical reader will watch his progress with the greatest interest4 ,personally we are disposed to favor the stricter ,thomistic doctrine so ably elucidated by ,liberatore and ,stckl1 and to prefer textbooks of a similar method and doctrine2 yet we should not think we were authorized to censure as unsound1 in a theological sense1 any philosophical work1 merely because it might deserve1 in our judgment1 to be criticised on purely scientific grounds1 or to condemn as absolutely unsound1 in a purely philosophical sense1 a work essentially in accordance with the scholastic system1 on account of any particular opinions of its author on topics of difference among ,catholic teachers of acknowledged scientific eminence and authority4 ,we are sorry to be obliged to say that1 in our judgment1 ,f4 ,louage's work cannot be exempted by the most impartial criticism from either theological or philosophical censure for radical unsoundness on most important points1 and besides this1 that it cannot stand the test of even literary criticism1 and is1 therefore1 wholly unsuitable for use as a textbook in ,catholic schools4 ,we give the author full credit for good intentions1 and attribute his failure to accomplish his laudable undertaking simply to the fact that he has attempted a very difficult task1 in which very few have achieved a remarkable success1 without having duly estimated its arduous nature1 and made the requisite preparation for coping with the formidable obstacles in the way of a happy issue4 ,we are bound to sustain the judgment we have pronounced by solid proofs and reasons1 in view of the great importance of the subject to ,catholic teachers and pupils1 and this duty we shall now endeavor to fulfil1 in accordance with the sentiment of the trite old philosophical adage3 ,amicus noster ,plato ,sed magis amica veritas ,and1 first1 we think that the author has underrated the average aptitude of our young men for philosophical studies4 ,we have not the pleasure of knowing ,f4 ,louage's pupils or their literary attainments2 but we presume that they are not worse off than the pupils of other ,catholic colleges1 where the philosophical education receives a far greater development than his 8textbook for the use of schools0 seems to warrant4 ,we know1 of course1 that the literary instruction hitherto given in the public schools of this country is too light and superficial to serve as a fair preparation for philosophical pursuits2 and we admit that even our ,catholic schools and colleges1 though certainly superior to most public institutions of a like kind1 may yet complain in some measure of the same evil2 but1 notwithstanding this1 we believe that those among our youths who feel any inclination to dedicate themselves to the study of philosophy have sufficient ability to master ten times as much of philosophical matter as ,f4 ,louage's textbook contains4 ,a book which pretends to embrace logic1 metaphysics1 and ethics within the narrow compass of about #bbj small pages of clear type cannot be styled 8a course of philosophy02 and when it claims to be 8designed as a textbook for the use of schools10 it tends to give abroad a very wrong idea of the present condition of ,catholic education in ,america4 ,if our boys cannot have anything better than the superficial philosophy the 8textbook0 of the reverend author furnishes1 we would say3 ,let them forsake philosophy1 and be satisfied with the ,catechism of the ,christian ,doctrine4 ,let them remain undisturbed in their humble simplicity1 and do not foster in them the vain thought that they are superior to others1 only because they have learned by heart a few philosophical phrases1 which they would be embarrassed to defend1 and even to explain4 ,the ,london ,tablet1 ,november #bb1 #ahgc1 remarks that our author 8does not go very deeply into anything40 ,this remark is true4 ,many important philosophical doctrines are not even mentioned by him2 his book says nothing about universals1 nothing about the essential constituents of being1 nothing about real and logical distinction1 nothing about simplicity and composition1 nothing about quantity and quality4 ,we do not think that any one can aspire to the honor of being a philosopher without a clear and distinct knowledge of these subjects1 and of the many momentous questions connected with them4 ,again1 the 8textbook0 is altogether silent about creation1 its true notion1 its possibility1 its reality1 and its final end--a silence which is all the more remarkable1 as every one knows how pertinaciously this ,christian and philosophical dogma is attacked every day by the adepts of the rationalistic schools4 ,the 8textbook0 ignores cosmology altogether2 and therefore it does not even allude to any theory concerning the constitution of bodies1 the nature of matter1 the laws of physical causation1 or the conditions of natural phenomena4 ,neither is anything said in particular about the origin of the human soul--a subject concerning which many ancient and modern errors should have been pointed out and refuted2 nor anything about that important truth that the soul is the form of the body2 nor anything about the scholastic view of the origin of ideas--a view which the author should not have silently passed over1 but was obliged to refute before concluding1 as he does1 in favor of the exploded ontologistic system4 ,in his theodicy we have sought in vain for any mention of a positive conservation of creatures1 or of ,god's immediate concurrence with all creatures in their operations4 ,we only found a few remarks1 altogether unsatisfactory1 on the 8influence0 of ,god over the free actions of man4 ,the 8textbook0 is equally deficient in ethics1 where the whole discussion about the ultimate end of man is entirely forgotten1 although it is unquestionably one of the cardinal points of moral philosophy4 ,natural rights are not even mentioned2 habits1 virtues1 and passions are likewise absolutely ignored4 ,we might go on enumerating other deficiencies of the 8textbook02 but as we have other things more important to notice1 we will only point out in general that scarcely any modern error is directly impugned1 and scarcely any of the plausible arguments advanced by modern thinkers against such capital truths as divine providence1 human liberty1 etc41 are answered or even hinted at4 ,we cannot be surprised1 then1 that ,dr4 ,brownson regards this 8modest work0 as 8simpler and more easily understood by the ,english reader ignorant of ,latin and the scholastics0 than ,f4 ,hill's work4 ,it is clear that it must be so2 for1 when all things difficult are set aside1 what remains must be just as easy as any 8reader ignorant of ,latin and the scholastics0 can desire4 ,but 8the fact is10 as the ,london ,tablet very wisely observes1 8that such books as this are a mistake4 ,we have had plenty such as this from ,france before1 their use in schools and colleges being pernicious1 as we can testify2 because they create either a slovenly or a sceptical habit of mind4 ,either a lazy student sees difficulties and questions suggested1 and he takes no trouble to get the things explained to him1 or a clever1 activeminded boy is induced to dub logic and metaphysics humbug1 and to ruminate on his own imaginings and wayward reasonings40 ,an elementary course of philosophy1 to be really useful1 should be nothing less than an accurate summary of some complete standard work already accepted and recognized by good philosophical and theological authorities2 so that the student may know that1 in case of need1 he can1 by referring to the latter1 solve the doubts and difficulties now and then arising from the incompleteness and brevity of the former4 ,we have many such courses of philosophy in the ,latin language4 ,they are the work of patient writers1 who carefully collected and methodically condensed in their books the learning and the wisdom of centuries for the benefit of those who needed an introduction to the philosophical discipline4 ,any student who can make use of such ,latin books perceives1 while going through his course of philosophy1 that he is brought into constant relation with the most eminent thinkers of the classical philosophical ages1 knows that their works are always accessible to him1 and is gratified to think that their recognized authority affords him a solid guarantee against the subreption of fallacious doctrines4 ,when such conditions as these are realized1 it is evident that an elementary course of philosophy may be very useful indeed4 ,but such is not the case with an ,english course of philosophy designed as a textbook for those who do not understand ,latin4 ,such a textbook cannot refer the ,english student who knows nothing but ,english to other complete and approved works of philosophy2 for we have none such in our language4 ,it seems to us that before we can employ a good ,english textbook of philosophy for the use of schools to the best advantage1 we must be provided with a great1 sound1 and exhaustive philosophical work in our own language1 to which the student would refer for all those questions and difficulties which cannot be sufficiently explained in an elementary course4 ,we think that even ,f4 ,hill's ,english ,elements of ,philosophy1 excellent as it is1 needs to be supplemented by a higher ,english philosophical work4 ,those of his pupils who cannot consult the ,latin volumes of the schoolmen may frequently remain in doubt as to the proper settlement of many important questions which their professor did not judge necessary or possible to examine thoroughly in his valuable book2 and we have no doubt that all professors of philosophy will agree with us that such a great ,english work as we suggest--a very arsenal of good philosophical weapons--is one of the greatest necessities of our time and of our country4 ,without it1 all our philosophical efforts are doomed to be more or less insufficient and unsuccessful4 ,and now1 let us come to another consideration4 ,if any book needs to be extremely correct in its expressions and definitions1 surely elementary textbooks for beginners must be so2 for1 if the foundation is wrong1 what is built upon it cannot be right4 ,now1 we are sorry to say that ,f4 ,louage's ,course of ,philosophy teems with false notions and incorrect expressions4 ,dr4 ,brownson openly rejects the author's definition of philosophy1 of being1 of existence1 of possibility1 of essence1 of science2 and in the main he is evidently right4 ,yet1 while we admit with ,dr4 ,brownson that 8the science of the supersensible0 is not a good definition of philosophy1 we do not adopt his own definition1 8the science of principles02 because we know that the true definition of philosophy is 8the science of things 7supersensible or not7 through their highest principles40 ,nor do we agree with him that ,f4 ,louage's definition of being--8that which exists or may exist0--is incorrect2 for1 although what may exist1 but does not exist1 is no thing in the real order1 yet it is something in the ideal order1 as an object of thought2 and therefore ,f4 ,louage's definition of being is perfectly correct4 ,his definition of possibility1 as 8the agreement of the attributes which constitute a being1 in such a way that its existence does not involve any contradiction10 we do not approve1 not exactly for the reason adduced by ,dr4 ,brownson1 that the nonexistent has no attributes1 but because the definition considers the attributes as 8constituents0 of being 7which they are not71 and because the word 8agreement0 should either be replaced by 8nonrepugnance10 or at least qualified by the epithet 8intellectual10 referring to the divine intellect1 in which all possibilities are ideally contained4 ,that 8the essence of a being consists of the collection of its essential attributes10 as the author of the 8textbook0 says 7p4 #g71 is certainly a great error4 ,the attributes of a being are not the material components of its essence1 nor do they precede the essence2 it is1 on the contrary1 from the essence itself that all the attributes flow4 ,the essence of any given being is nothing else than 8the ratio of a given act to its term10 as has been clearly established by a writer in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 and the attributes of any given being are nothing else than different aspects of the actuality of its essence4 ,it is no less erroneous to say that 8a genus is a collection of beings having one or more attributes common to each0 7p4 #h74 ,this definition might be admitted in natural history2 but1 in philosophy1 genus is not a collection1 nor is it conceived by composition1 but by abstraction4 ,genus is usually defined to be 8a ratio which can be found in many things1 and be predicated of each of them when an incomplete answer is given to the question ,what is it80 ,to confound the universal with the collective is inexcusable1 we think1 in a 8textbook0 of philosophy4 8,a species10 says the author1 8is a collection of beings belonging to one and the same genus1 but having particular and constitutive properties0 7p4 #h74 ,same remark as above3 ,species1 in philosophy1 is not a collection1 but is 8a ratio which can be found in many things1 and be predicated of each of them when a complete answer is given to the question1 ,what is it80 ,species1 like genus1 is a universal4 8,being1 the most general genus1 is divided into two species1 corporeal and incorporeal beings0 7p4 #h74 ,no philosopher of good reputation has ever considered being as a 8genus40 ,it is known that 8being0 is above all genus1 and accordingly is called 8transcendental40 ,if 8being0 were a genus1 nothing could save us from pantheism4 8,science 444 is objective1 when we consider it as existing in the object contemplated0 7p4 #i74 ,can science be considered as existing in the moon8 8,art is the application of science to external things according to determined rules0 7p4 #i74 ,if so1 then all artists and artisans should be men of science2 which1 unhappily1 is not true4 ,art is usually and rightly defined as ,recta ratio factibilium--8a right method of making anything0 with or without the application of science4 8,logic is the first part of philosophy--the part which treats of the first efforts of the human mind to discover truth0 7p4 #ag74 ,we think that apprehension1 judgment1 and reasoning1 which are the proper object of logic1 are no efforts of the human mind1 but very natural and spontaneous operations4 8,an idea may be considered as existing either in the mind or out of it0 7p4 #ah74 ,it is very improper to give the name of idea to anything out of the mind1 as words1 gestures1 and other outward natural or conventional signs4 8,ideas are1 first1 either true or false4 ,they are true when they conform with their objects1 false when they do not4 ,but since this conformity is always with the objects as represented in our minds1 and not as they may be in reality1 we may1 with this explanation1 admit the opinion of those who pretend that there are no false ideas0 7p4 #bj74 ,this explanation has no grounds4 ,ideas are never compared with the objects as represented in our minds4 ,such a comparison would have no meaning2 for the object as represented in our minds is nothing else than a subjective form identical with the idea itself4 ,when philosophers say that there are no false ideas1 they mean that ideas always conform to their object as it shows itself4 ,this is the common and true doctrine4 ,even the author himself1 probably forgetful of what he had said in this passage1 teaches1 a few pages later1 that 8we cannot err in perceiving or in feeling0 7p4 #bc74 8,an idea is distinct when it can be readily separated from any other idea1 444 and is confused when the object cannot be distinctly determined0 7p4 #ba74 ,we believe that ideas are called 8distinct10 not when they can be readily separated from one another 7a thing which we cannot even conceive71 but when they represent distinctly their object in all its particulars4 ,in the contrary case1 they are called 8confused40 8,the extension of an idea signifies the whole collection of the individuals which the same idea embraces0 7p4 #ba74 ,this is false4 ,the extension of an idea is the range of its universality2 and we have already remarked that universality is not a collection of individuals4 ,moreover1 it is comprehension that 8embraces0 whatever it comprehends1 while extension embraces nothing1 but only 8reaches0 potentially the terms to which it extends1 inasmuch as the idea is applicable to them4 8,when1 in order to form a species1 we collect several individuals having common properties1 we perform an operation which is called generalization0 7p4 #bb74 ,this is very wrong4 ,generalization1 says ,webster1 8is the act of reducing particulars to their genera02 and this cannot be done by collecting individuals1 but only by leaving aside whatever is individual1 and retaining that which is common4 8,when the mind1 after having compared two ideas1 declares their consistency or their inconsistency1 it makes a judgment0 7p4 #bc74 ,the mind properly compares1 not the ideas themselves1 but their objects as cognized4 ,two ideas may be found consistent1 and yet no judgment be made4 ,thus1 ,i see that the idea of whiteness is consistent with the idea of paper2 but does it follow that my mind judges the paper to be white8 ,not at all4 ,it might as well judge the paper to be green2 for the idea of green is no less consistent with the idea of paper4 ,it is therefore evident that the mind in judging does not declare the consistency or inconsistency of two ideas1 but affirms the mutual inclusion or exclusion of two objective terms as apprehended4 8,nothing is more obscure or less useful than such classifications 7of categories70 7p4 #bd74 ,the author should have been loath to condemn what all great philosophers have praised4 ,he might have considered that classification1 as in all the other sciences1 so also in philosophy1 brings clearness1 and that clearness is very useful4 8,reasoning is said to be immediate when no comparison is needed0 7p4 #cj74 ,how can there be reasoning without the comparison of two terms with a third8 8,method is that operation of the mind1 etc40 7p4 #dd74 ,method is the order followed in the operation2 the operation itself is the use of method4 8,induction 444 is an operation of the mind inducing us to affirm1 etc40 7p4 #df74 ,why 8inducing us08 ,it is the conclusion that is induced1 not ourselves4 8,the criterion of certitude is the sign by which certitude is perfectly distinguished from error0 7p4 #eb74 ,we remark1 that there are criteria of truth1 but not properly of certitude4 ,certitude is the firm adhesion of the mind to the truth made known to it1 and needs no criterion1 because it certifies itself by its very existence4 ,the author says that 8certitude is at the same time a state and an act of the mind4 ,as a state1 it may be defined to be a disposition by which the mind tends to adhere firmly to the known truth0 7p4 #ej74 ,but this is a great mistake4 ,first1 the act of adhering to truth is an act of judging1 not an act of certitude4 ,secondly1 the state of certitude is not a disposition by which the mind tends to adhere to truth4 ,so long as the mind tends to adhere1 there is no adhesion1 and therefore no certitude4 ,certitude is the rest of the mind in the known truth4 8,reason is a perception0 7p4 #fb74 ,it is superfluous to remark that reason is a faculty1 and no perception is a faculty4 8,consciousness cannot be deceived1 although it may deceive0 7p4 #fb74 ,how can consciousness deceive8 ,and if it can deceive1 on what ground does the author immediately add3 8,hence consciousness gives true certitude08 8,the evidence of senses is that invincible propensity which induces us to refer our sensations to the bodies which1 according to our conviction1 have been the cause of them0 7p4 #fc74 ,we observe1 that our propensity cannot be our evidence4 ,our evidence must be objective1 whilst our propensity is a subjective disposition4 ,the evidence of senses is the evident perception of an object acting on the senses4 ,the invincible propensity is nothing but the necessity of yielding to that evidence4 8,common sense is nothing else than that general knowledge of first notions or principles which is found in all men0 7p4 #fe74 ,common sense1 according to ,webster1 is that power of the mind which1 by a kind of instinct or a short process of reasoning1 perceives truth1 the relation of things1 cause and effect1 etc41 and hence enables the possessor to discern what is right1 useful1 or proper1 and adopt the best means to accomplish his purpose4 ,this definition1 or rather description1 is wonderfully correct4 ,that kind of instinct1 in fact1 which the ,scotch philosophers wrongly consider as blind1 is really nothing less than a short process of reasoning1 which carries evidence within itself4 ,reasoning1 when formal--that is1 when its premises and its conclusion present themselves distinctly and in a logical form1 as in the scientific demonstration--carries within itself what may be styled reflex evidence2 and1 when informal--that is1 when the conclusion and its grounds present themselves as implied in one another without assuming the formal shape of an argument--it carries within itself what may be called direct evidence2 and because it is in this second manner that men commonly acquire their first convictions1 this shorter and informal process of reasoning is called reasoning of common sense4 ,accordingly1 common sense is not merely 8a general knowledge10 but a source of general knowledge1 extending to all conclusions that are evident but informal1 and especially to moral dictates1 such as 8,good is to be done10 8,evil is to be shunned10 8,god is to be honored10 etc41 which in fact have ever been known by the special name of judgments of common sense--sensus natur communis4 8,the laws of nature1 considered individually1 are contingent0 7p4 #gf74 ,would they cease to be contingent if they were not considered individually8 8,metaphysics literally means above nature1 and nature here signifies the material world0 7p4 #ha74 ,these two assertions do not agree with the common notion of metaphysics1 and have been refuted in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,december1 #ahgc4 8,special metaphysics has been called pneumatology0 7p4 #ha74 ,pneumatology is only a part of special metaphysics4 ,every one knows that cosmology and anthropology belong to special metaphysics no less than natural theology4 8,in this dissertation 7ontology7 we consider being as abstracted from existence0 7p4 #ha74 ,ontology does not consider being as abstracted from existence1 but considers being as such1 and therefore as existing either in the order of things1 or at least in the order of ideas4 ,it is as impossible to conceive being as abstracted from existence as to conceive a circle as abstracted from rotundity4 8,some existence must have existed before any possibility0 7p4 #hd74 ,we do not like the expression 8existence exists10 as we would not like this other1 8velocity runs40 ,moreover1 possibilities are coeternal with ,god2 it is therefore incorrect to say that some existence must have existed before them4 8,principle is that which contains the reason for the existence of something4444 ,cause is that which produces something1 or which concurs in the production of something0 7p4 #he74 ,these definitions are very vague and unsatisfactory1 to say the least4 8,the condition is the difficulty to be conquered in order to obtain the effect0 7p4 #hf74 ,by no means4 ,is the presence of the object a difficulty to be conquered in order to see it8 8,the end 444 has been improperly called the final cause0 7p4 #hg74 ,why 8improperly08 8,modification 444 is the substance appearing to us with such or such determined form0 7p4 #hi74 ,quite absurd4 ,modification is not the substance1 but the accidental form itself1 no matter whether appearing or not appearing to us4 8,modification cannot exist without substance1 nor substance without modification0 7p4 #ij74 ,this proposition is too universal4 ,would the author admit modifications in the divine substance8 8,some authors divide infinite into the infinite actu1 or the actual infinite1 444 and the infinite potentia1 or the potential or virtual infinite1 which can be infinitely increased or diminished4 ,but certainly this division cannot be accepted1 since the infinite and a substance which can be increased are two terms involving contradiction0 7p4 #ia74 ,what the author calls 8some authors0 are all the schoolmen4 ,we put to him the following question3 ,will the human soul have a finite or an infinite duration8 ,if finite1 it must have an end2 but1 if it has no end1 it cannot but be the contradictory of finite--that is1 infinite4 ,yet this infinite duration is successive2 it is therefore not actually1 but potentially1 infinite4 ,hence the division of the schoolmen can and must be accepted4 ,the author thinks that the potential infinite is not infinite1 but indefinite2 but surely what has no end is infinite1 not indefinite1 although it is conceived by us indefinitely1 because it transcends our comprehension4 ,the indefinite is not that which has no end1 but that of which the end remains undetermined4 8,that we have in our mind the idea of the infinite is certain4444 ,evidently it has been placed in our mind by ,god himself1 since the finite could not give the idea of the infinite0 7p4 #ia1 #ib74 ,we undoubtedly have a notion of the infinite2 but the author gratuitously assumes that this notion is an idea placed in our minds from without1 while the fact is that such a notion is not an idea1 but a concept of our mind1 or a result of intellectual operation4 ,of course1 the finite cannot give us the idea of the infinite2 but from the finite we can1 and we do1 form a concept of the infinite4 ,this is the true and common doctrine4 ,we cannot undertake to give in this place a refutation of ontologism2 we only remark that the ontologistic theory is so generally repudiated that it should not find a place in a textbook for the use of schools4 8,a material being is one which is essentially extensive and inert0 7p4 #ib74 ,if so1 how can the author consider as 8more acceptable0 the view of ,leibnitz1 that 8a monad is essentially unextensive08 7p4 #ic74 8,spiritual substance is quadruple--namely1 ,god1 the angels1 the human soul1 and the soul of the beasts0 7p4 #ic74 ,the soul of the beasts spiritual6--a nice doctrine indeed for the use of schools4 ,nor is this an oversight of the author2 for we find that he endows beasts with intellect also 7p4 #agj74 ,what shall we say1 but that we live in an age of progress8 8,the properties of a being are those parts which constitute the being0 7p4 #ic74 ,we have already observed that the being is constituted by its principles1 and not by its properties4 8,a being is true when it agrees with its own attributes0 7p4 #id74 ,it would be more philosophical to say that a being is true when its constituent principles agree with one another4 8,a bad action or a sin is something merely negative0 7p4 #ie74 ,false4 ,the physical action is positive1 and its sinfulness is not a negation1 but a privation1 as theologians know4 8,we may define relation1 in general1 to be a property pertaining to a being when compared with another being0 7p4 #ie74 ,this is a wrong definition4 ,relation can hardly be called a property4 ,distance and time are relations2 yet no one would dream of calling them properties4 8,identity is the perseverance of a being in the same state0 7p4 #if74 ,the author should have said 8in the same entity02 for a mere change of state does not destroy identity4 8,space is virtually 7potentia7 infinite1 using the word infinite1 as we have before explained1 in the sense of indefinite4 ,it is also immense and infinitely divisible0 7p4 #ig74 ,the author might have considered that immensity is infinity2 and therefore1 if space is immense1 it is infinite1 and not indefinite4 8,time is the duration of a being1 or the permanence of its existence0 7p4 #ig74 ,without successivity there is no time2 and therefore the definition of time given by the author is essentially defective4 8,duration without an end 444 is the same as immortality0 7p4 #ih74 ,if the earth is to last without an end1 shall we call it immortal8 8,perfections are modifications of beings0 7p4 #ajg74 ,this proposition1 as understood by the author1 who extends it to all the perfections of contingent beings1 is evidently false4 8,the ,scotists teach that there is a real distinction among ,god's attributes0 7p4 #aae74 ,by no means4 ,the ,scotists would never have taught such a gross error4 ,they taught that the distinction between ,god's absolute attributes was a formal1 and not a real1 distinction4 8,for ,god1 the interior acts are those whose object is himself0 7p4 #abc74 ,there are not many interior acts in ,god1 as the author implies1 but one permanent act only4 8,it appears difficult to reconcile the immutability of ,god with his liberty4 ,three systems have been formed for this purpose1 but they are not satisfactory0 7p4 #abd74 ,if the author had considered that ,god's liberty is all ad extra1 and not ad intra1 he would have seen that he had no right to qualify as he does the theological solution of the present difficulty4 ,each of the three solutions is satisfactory1 at least in this sense3 that each of them sets at naught the objections of the opponents4 ,this is all we need4 ,as to which of the three solutions is the best1 it is not our duty to decide4 8,immensity means the same as omnipresence0 7p4 #acj74 ,this is not true4 ,omnipresence is relative1 and its range is measured by the actual existence of creatures1 as it does not extend beyond creation2 while immensity is absolute1 and transcends all created things4 8,s4 ,thomas says that ,god also sees future free and contingent things in their essence--that is1 that he sees them in his eternal and immutable decrees0 7p4 #acc74 ,does the author mean that ,s4 ,thomas considers the essence of contingent things as equivalent to the eternal and immutable decrees8 8,but ,molina and his disciples contend that with such a system 7,s4 ,thomas's7 it is impossible to defend human liberty0 7p4 #acc74 ,here ,molina and his disciples are represented as the decided adversaries of the ,angelic ,doctor4 ,it is not fair4 ,the author should have remembered that ,s4 ,thomas's doctrine is variously explained by various writers1 and that it is possible to be a follower of ,s4 ,thomas without being a ,thomist in the usual sense given to this word4 8,veracity consists in this3 that a being can neither deceive nor be deceived0 7p4 #acd74 ,shall we deny the author's veracity because he has been sometimes deceived8 8,justice is the attribute according to which we give to others what belongs to them0 7p4 #ace74 ,justice with us is a virtue1 not an attribute2 with ,god1 justice is an attribute1 but does not consist in giving to others what belongs to them2 it consists in giving to others what the order of reason demands4 8,providence is1 therefore1 a continuous creation0 7p4 #acg74 ,the mistake is evident4 ,it is conservation1 not providence1 that is thus defined4 8,the action of ,god upon us during life is constant1 and this is what we mean by his providence0 7p4 #acg74 ,this is another mistake4 ,the author confounds the notion of providence with that of concursus4 8,in regard to its wrong use 7of liberty71 ,god cannot have an immediate1 but only a mediate1 influence on man's actions1 in the sense that he has granted liberty of which a bad use is made against his suggestions4 ,his sanctity forbids that he should act immediately in that case0 7p4 #ach74 ,not at all4 ,god immediately concurs to all our actions1 whether good or bad1 as every theologian knows1 inasmuch as they are physical actions2 and concurs neither immediately nor mediately to their badness1 because their badness is nothing but a privation1 and therefore requires no efficient cause4 ,the author misrepresents 7pp4 #ach1 #aci7 the doctrine of the ,molinists concerning the influence 7concursus7 of ,god upon our actions4 ,he says that this influence1 according to the ,molinists1 8is positive and direct1 but not on our will10 and 8consists in affording a concourse of circumstances the most suitable for the determination40 ,the author may have found this interpretation of ,molina's doctrine in some old book2 but it is known that the ,molinists have always admitted ,god's influence 8on our will10 though they never admitted the physical predetermination2 and it is no less certain that none of them maintain that 8a concourse of circumstances0 suffices to explain ,god's influence on our free actions4 ,we are afraid that the reader must be tired of following us in this enumeration of philosophical1 theological1 and historical mistakes1 and we ourselves are tired of our irksome task4 ,indeed1 the psychology and the ethics of our author are open to as much criticism as the rest of the work2 but what we have said abundantly suffices to justify our opinion that ,f4 ,louage's textbook has no claim to adoption in ,catholic schools4 ,accordingly1 we shall omit the detailed examination of the last #hf pages of his work4 ,but we cannot conceal the fact that we have been much surprised and pained at the open profession of ontologism made by the author in his article 8,on the ,nature and ,origin of our ,ideas40 ,that ,dr4 ,brownson1 in his ,review1 should try to show that his own ontologism can be philosophically defended and does not fall under ecclesiastical condemnation1 we do not wonder4 ,he is not a priest2 he does not write for schoolboys1 but addresses himself to educated men1 who can sift his arguments1 and dismiss with a benign smile what they think to be unsound2 and1 after all1 he takes great care to screen himself behind a newly invented distinction between ideal intuition1 and perception or cognition1 based on the assumption1 honestly maintained by him1 that 8intuition is the act of the object1 not of the subject40 ,but with our 8textbook0 the case is very different4 ,f4 ,louage makes no distinctions1 and takes no precautions4 ,he declares unconditionally that 8,god is present to our intellect1 and seen by it10 and that 8all rational ideas come into the mind by the intuitive perception of the simple being1 or of ,god10 and that1 8in a word1 all rational ideas1 after all1 are nothing else than the idea of the simple being 7,god7 considered in itself0 7p4 #aef74 ,can the author be ignorant that this doctrine coincides with the doctrine which1 on the #ahth of ,september1 #ahfa1 the ,roman ,congregation of the ,holy ,inquisition has declared to be untenable 7tuto tradi non posse78 ,the reverend author believes that 8this doctrine has been held by ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,anselm1 ,s4 ,bonaventure1 ,bossuet1 and many others02 but we doubt whether this fact1 even if it were well established1 would afford him sufficient protection against the ,roman declaration4 ,we presume1 in fact1 that ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,anselm1 etc41 are better known and understood in ,rome than in ,america4 ,but1 waiving all discussion on the subject1 we cannot but repeat that a textbook for ,catholic schools must not teach as 8the true doctrine10 and not even as a probable doctrine1 what the ,catholic ,church shuns as unsound1 unsafe1 and untenable4 ,this 8true doctrine10 nevertheless1 he says1 is 8a mere hypothesis06 ,and here we stop4 ,we have given sixty passages of ,f4 ,louage's book1 by which it is manifest that his course of philosophy is as sadly deficient in philosophical accuracy as it is glaringly incomplete in its survey of the philosophical topics4 ,it is to be regretted that a man of his facility in writing has not devoted himself to some subject more congenial to his talents4 ,such books as this are a mistake4 ,a philosophy which is not precise in its definitions nor deep in its bearings can only do harm4 ,such a philosophy will certainly not enable the young student successfully to uphold truth1 nor make him proof against sophistry1 nor afford him any guidance whatever in afterlife4 ,it will1 on the contrary1 lay him open to temptation and seduction1 as it will open his eyes to many objections which he has not the power to solve4 ,indeed1 unpretending common sense is safer for individuals and for nations than a superficial philosophical training4 ,a sad experience shows this to be a fact4 ,it was shallow philosophy that most powerfully aided the spread of rationalism and infidelity in ,france1 ,germany1 and other ,european nations4 ,america needs no such thing4 ,we need thorough and comprehensive philosophical teaching in accordance with the tradition of the schools which have been formed and directed by the highest ecclesiastical authority1 and which shall be conducted by men thoroughly competent for the task4 ,the only fruit our youth can gather from any other system will be noxious in its effects both on their minds and their morals4 ,yet1 as we cannot remain idly waiting and doing nothing until the perfect system of education descends from heaven1 we cannot dismiss this important matter without a few more remarks upon the practical course to be pursued under our present disadvantages4 ,in the first place1 we renew our recommendation of ,f4 ,hill's textbook for all classes which cannot make use of a ,latin manual1 and are capable of understanding the abovementioned treatise4 ,professors who understand the ,latin language can prepare themselves to elucidate and supplement the text by their own lectures and explanations4 ,those who read ,french will find in the translation of ,f4 ,kleutgen's ,philosophie der ,vorzeit into that language an exposition of scholastic philosophy1 with a refutation of modern errors1 which will be of the greatest utility4 ,those who read ,german are referred to the works of ,dr4 ,stckl1 and those who read ,italian to ,san ,severino7#hc7 and the admirable treatise of ,liberatore--,della ,conoscenza ,intellettuale4 ,it is a pity that these works of ,kleutgen and ,liberatore could not be at once translated into ,english1 while we are waiting for the coming man who will give us a great original work4 ,the ,catholic ,unions which are so devotedly pursuing 8studies0 in respect to education1 or some other society of young men anxious to promote their own intellectual culture1 could not do better than to provide for the necessary expense of making and publishing these and similar translations4 ,the ,english language is poorly provided with works of this kind4 ,if the study of ,latin must be excluded from the education of so many of our intelligent and cultured young men1 or so superficially pursued as to be practically useless1 it cannot be too earnestly recommended to them to learn the ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian languages1 or at least one or two of them1 that they may have access to their rich and abundant stores of ,catholic literature1 contained not only in books1 but in the periodicals1 which are conducted with an ability and extended over a range of subjects far beyond what our own have yet attained4 ,this last remark applies especially to the ,french periodicals4 ,the best works ought1 however1 to be translated into ,english1 and the only obstacle to this desirable work is the expense1 which at present effectually hinders its being done1 except for very popular and salable books4 ,something ought to be done to enable young men who discover at a later period1 when they are already engaged in the business of life1 the defects of their education1 to supply these in some way4 ,the manly and sensible letter of the alumni of the ,dublin ,catholic ,university to the ,irish bishops expresses a want felt not only by young men in ,ireland1 but also in ,england and ,america4 ,these young ,irishmen point out two notable defects in their collegiate instruction--a defect of instruction in physical science1 and a defect of instruction in the science of ,catholic doctrine4 ,the ,irish bishops1 and the ,english bishops also1 are beginning energetic and wise measures for the improvement of higher education for ,catholic young men4 ,at present1 there seems no immediate prospect of similar measures being undertaken in this country2 but1 as a practical substitute1 we venture to suggest to ,catholic ,unions and other societies that courses of lectures would partly supply that lack1 which is felt by so many1 of the more regular and systematic instruction which they did not receive at college4 ,in respect to the actual instruction at present given in schools1 there remains one other important point to be noticed4 ,it is a regular part of the plan of study in our academies for young ladies1 to give them lessons in philosophy during the last two years of their course4 ,after a short course of pure logic1 which presents no special difficulty1 the pupils of the academies under the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart--which may be taken as a specimen1 we suppose1 of other schools of similar grade--have two lessons a week in what is called 8mental philosophy10 and another lesson in ethics1 during two years4 ,the early age at which the pupils graduate1 which is usually about the completion of their eighteenth year1 and the many branches of study they are expected to pursue1 make it impossible to give more time to these lessons4 ,f4 ,hill's textbook seems to be too difficult for use in these schools under the present circumstances4 ,some might think it would be better to drop the study of philosophy altogether in young ladies' schools1 and cite in their own favor what we have said above of the mischief of superficial instruction in this science4 ,but1 in the first place1 if we were to give this counsel1 there is no probability that it would be followed2 and our own acquaintance with the intellectual condition and wants of this very interesting and important class of young people induces us to think1 that they cannot be relegated entirely to the catechism class1 and really require instruction in these higher branches of mental and moral science4 ,we would like to see the experiment of using ,f4 ,hill's ,philosophy fairly tried with these classes1 before it is rejected as too difficult4 ,if an easier one is found to be necessary1 the only thing to be done is to try to make such a textbook1 which shall be solid1 accurate1 sufficiently comprehensive1 and yet written with a lucidity of style and explained with an appositeness of illustration1 by examples1 which will make it intelligible both to the teachers and the pupils4 ,a difficult task1 certainly1 and requiring a very unusual combination of high intellectual capacity and science with tact and skill in the adaptation of style and manner to the condition of the juvenile mind4 ,yet is it not equally difficult to make a good catechism8 ,if it is feasible to produce such a textbook1 we think there are classes of boys for whom it would be as useful as for female pupils4 ,there are unquestionably women1 as well as men1 who need and are capable of a much higher intellectual discipline than that which is possible for the generality2 but we see no way for such persons to obtain what they desire1 except by their own private reading1 aided by the advice of a learned and judicious counsellor1 unless some change were made in the present system by providing a longer course and more advanced instruction for a select class of pupils4 ,this leads us to remark that the religious women who are dedicated to the work of higher instruction need themselves better preparation for their elevated and important task than they can at present receive in convents4 ,beyond their previous education in the conventschool1 which prepares them only to give what they have received1 they can at present proceed no further1 except by private study1 for which both time and proper books are lacking4 ,lectures by learned priests1 which advanced pupils might attend1 would be the most effectual means of giving this training4 ,and as the principal object of these higher studies is not a mere intellectual culture1 but education in the principles and doctrines of the ,catholic religion1 there is need of more thorough doctrinal1 and we might even say theological instruction in conventschools1 from priests who can devote a large part of their time and labor to a truly pastoral care of this choice and precious portion of ,christ's flock--religious women and the young girls under their maternal care4 ,there are many things to be amended and improved in all departments of ,catholic education4 ,emendemus in melius quod ignoranter peccavimus4 ,easter4 ,he's risen3 ,o stars6 rejoice2 ,o angels6 sing2 ,though we stand dumb with awe1 or doubting turn ,to probe the wound above that heart where burn ,great flames of love4 ,the saints with rapture fling ,their crowns before the throne1 and angels wing ,their anthems through the air4 ,come1 man1 and learn ,where crowns belong2 thy ,godlike soul should yearn ,for them thickset with every holy thing-- ,good deeds1 prayers1 penances1 all shining bright ,with fire of charity4 ,rejoice again1 ,o stars6 ,o angels1 saints1 and man6 a ,light ,is risen that floods the worlds with joy4 ,no pain ,is felt this day2 earth's moan may cease1 and night ,grow bright with stars of hope--'tis heaven we gain6 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xi4 ,a ,harvest of ,thorns4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house of ,yorke40 ,one of the greatest severities in the imprisonment of a criminal is1 probably1 that he can no longer see the wide earth nor the free skies1 so that not only is his body cramped1 but his mind is thrown back on itself1 and forbidden to send out those long tendrils which can sometimes shoot through the eyes1 and fasten on distant objects1 when those near by are repelling4 ,moreover1 the universe itself becomes to him like another prisoner1 and he can scarcely believe that the large1 smooth creation sails uninterruptedly on its way when he sees of it but one little spot for ever shut in by the bars of his cell4 ,mr4 ,schninger's window in the jail had been low1 giving him a sight of the street not far away2 but his cell in the prison was higher up1 and separated from the window by a passage4 ,sitting or lying down1 therefore1 he saw only a small square of sky2 and standing1 the topmost line of a blue hill became visible4 ,only one other earthly object was in sight2 and as time passed by that became still less and less of earth1 and assumed a variable but always supernatural character3 it was the stone ,christ that stood on the church not far away4 ,he could see all of it but the lowest hem of the robe2 and as it stood there1 surrounded by air alone1 above the narrow line of the distant hill1 it seemed an awful colossal being walking in over the edge of a submerged world4 ,at morning1 when the sky was bright behind it1 it darkened1 the lineaments of the face were lost in a shadow that was like a frown1 and its garments and its hands were full of gloom4 ,at one season there were a few days when the risen sun at a certain hour surrounded the head with an intolerable splendor1 and then it was an image of wrath and judgment4 ,it wore quite another character on bright evenings1 when1 the setting sun shining in its face1 it came1 white and glowing1 down the hillside1 with arms outstretched1 full of irresistible love and invitation4 ,to see this image1 he had to stand at the grated door of his cell4 ,when sitting or lying down1 there was no view for the prisoner but a square of sky barred off by iron rods2 and as the earth rolled1 his view travelled with it1 day after day going over the same track in the terrestrial sphere4 ,at evening a few pale stars went by1 afar off1 and so unaware of him that they were like distant sails to the shipwrecked mariner1 hovering on the horizon and disappearing1 each failure a new shipwreck to him4 ,one morning1 when he opened his eyes just as day was beginning to flicker in the east1 he saw a large1 full star1 so brilliant that it trembled in the silvery sky1 as if about to spill its brimming gold4 ,it was so alive1 so intelligent1 so joyous1 that he raised himself and looked at it as he would have looked at a fair and joyful face appearing at the door of his cell4 ,surely it was like good tidings1 that glad star in the east6 ,he got up1 and1 as he rose1 there rose up whitely against the sky the ,christ of the ,immaculate ,conception1 seeming almost transparent in that pure light4 ,the prisoner knelt on the stone floor of his cell1 and lifted his hands4 8,god of my fathers10 he said1 8deliver me6 for ,i am turned in my anguish whilst the thorn is fastened60 ,it was the first prayer he had uttered since the night of his arrest1 except those outcries which were more the expression of anger and a devouring impatience than of petition4 ,having uttered it1 he lay down again1 and tried to sleep4 ,he dreaded the thronging thoughts and tormenting pains of the day1 and there was a tender sweetness in this new mood which he would fain have kept and carried off into sleep4 ,to keep it by him1 he called up that story suggested by what he had just seen1 the star in the east and the ,christ4 ,he did not believe it1 but he found it soothing4 ,it came to him like ,david's song to ,saul1 and1 though but a mythical story1 as that was but a song1 it kept down the tigers of anger and despair which threatened to rise and tear him4 ,it was his own ,juda1 which he had never seen1 indeed1 but which was to him what the fountain is to the stream--the source of his being4 ,how fair and peaceful was that silent night that overhung1 unbarred by iron bolts1 free from horizon to horizon6 ,the holy city was sleeping1 and by its side slept ,bethlehem4 ,within a stable a fair young matron had just laid her newlyborn child on its bed of straw1 while ,joseph1 his ,jewish brother1 ministered to both1 feeling sad and troubled1 it must be1 that those so dear to him were so illy cared for at such a time4 ,the ox and the ass looked on with large1 mild eyes1 and warmed the air with their breath4 ,it was poor1 but how peaceful1 how tender1 how free6 ,the open door and windows of that poor stable were to him more beautiful than the barred and guarded portal of a ,herod or a ,csar4 ,yet with what a blaze of glory the ,christian church had surrounded this simple human picture6 ,the poor man who had been able to give his family no better shelter than a stable was held by them more honored than ,herod or ,csar2 and cherubim1 bright and warm from heaven1 like coals just from a fire1 drew near to gaze with him1 and burned with a still white light above his head4 ,they called this matron a miraculous mother1 they showered titles over her like flowers and gems1 they placed the moon beneath her feet1 and wreathed the stars of heaven into a garland for her head4 ,how terrible and how beautiful was this ,christian legend6 ,the ,jew had abhorred it as a blasphemy1 and his blood chilled as he suffered his thought to touch one instant the awful centre of this strange group--the ,babe to whose small hand these idolaters gave the power to crush the universe1 on whose tiny head they placed the crown of omnipotence4 ,it was useless to try to sleep4 ,the soothing human picture had blazed out with such an awakening supernatural glory that he could not even lie still4 ,he rose again1 and stood at the door of his cell4 ,the star had melted from sight1 the peaceful1 cloudless morning was spreading over the sky1 and where the feet of the ,christ stood on the hilltop the beams of the sun were sparkling4 ,beautiful upon the mountains were the feet of ,him who brought good tidings4 8,a ,christian would call it miraculous10 he muttered1 looking at that light2 and he shuddered as he spoke4 ,but that shudder did not come from the depths of his soul1 where a new light and peace were brooding4 ,it was like the clamor and confusion outside the doors of the temple when the ,lord had driven forth the moneychangers1 and was less an expression of abhorrence than a casting out of abhorrence4 ,the ,jew did not know that1 however1 nor guess nor inquire what had happened in his soul4 ,he scarcely thought at all1 but stood there and let the light steep him through4 ,some dim sense of harmony stole over him1 as if he heard a smooth and noble strain of music1 and for the first time since his imprisonment he remembered his loved profession1 and longed to feel the keys of a piano or an organ beneath his hand4 ,his fingers unconsciously played on the iron bars1 and he hummed a tune lowly to himself1 without knowing what it was4 8,how beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of ,him that bringeth good tidings1 that publisheth peace60 ,then1 catching himself idle and dreaming1 he turned away from the grating1 took a book from the table1 and began to read4 ,this book had been to ,mr4 ,schninger an intellectual substitute for that spiritual consolation which he had not4 ,finding early in his imprisonment that his mind was working itself into a frenzy over the horrors of his position1 and injuring him physically more even than confinement did1 he had begun the study of a language with which he was entirely unacquainted1 and1 whenever he found his thoughts accomplishing nothing profitable1 he turned them resolutely to this study1 and bent them1 with the whole force of his will1 to learning dry rules and regulations4 ,the discipline had saved him much1 but it had not prevented his growing thin and haggard1 and loathing food1 and almost forgetting how to sleep4 ,but on this morning study did not seem so much a refuge as a task4 ,the prisoner lifted his eyes now and then from the book1 and looked outward to the sky1 and then dropped them again1 still in a dream1 and wondering at himself4 ,so might the sea have wondered when its waves sank to rest beneath the divine feet of the ,lord passing over4 ,how many times during those terrible months he had striven to produce a perfect calm in his own soul by calling up stoical thoughts1 and all in vain2 or1 if not in vain1 the only effect had been a temporary and enforced calm4 ,nor was it unworthy a manly and reasonable character that such an effect as he now experienced should be produced by something which1 apparently1 appealed only to the artistic or the marvellous4 ,every soul has its beautiful gate2 and if truth1 walking about outside1 should choose to enter by that vinewreathed portal1 and reach the citadel by way of gardens and labyrinths1 instead of approaching by the broad avenue of reason1 who shall say that it is not as well8 ,besides1 in the artist1 that gate stands always open4 ,it was those same sunbeams1 shining on the hilltop1 and speaking to the lonely prisoner of a dawn of hope and joy1 which to ,annette ,gerald's eyes had flashed like the twoedged sword by whose lightnings the first sinners in the world had fled out into the desert4 ,but this sorrowful daughter of ,eve missed one of the consolations of our first mother2 for ,eve could lament aloud1 and call on all creation to weep with her2 but this later exile must take up her misery as if it were a delight4 ,she went about smilingly1 making preparations for this little journey she had announced her intention of taking4 8,but you needn't put everything in order1 just as if you were never coming back again10 her mother said4 8,i'll see to things40 ,she was sitting in ,annette's chamber1 and watching her at work4 8,well1 mamma1 just as you please10 the daughter answered gently1 and touched her mother caressingly on the shoulder in passing4 ,a lock of ,mrs4 ,ferrier's dark hair had fallen from the comb1 and was hanging down her back4 ,annette paused to fasten it up1 and1 as she did so1 caught quickly a pair of scissors near1 and severed a little tress4 8,what in the world are you cutting my hair for80 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 who had witnessed the operation in a lookingglass opposite4 ,annette laughed and blushed4 ,she had not meant to be detected4 8,i'll tell you when ,i come back1 mamma4 ,you shall see what ,i am going to have made4 ,it will be something very wonderful40 ,she turned quickly away1 and bit her lip hard to keep down some rising emotion4 ,she had seen a single thread of silver in that darkbrown tress1 and the sight1 touching at all times--the mother's first gray hair--brought with it the poignant thought that white hairs would come fast and thick when her mother should know what this journey meant4 8,what are you taking all those common dresses for80 ,mrs4 ,ferrier asked4 8,they are hardly fit to go to the mountains with40 8,oh6 we do not mean to be gay and fashionable10 was the light reply4 8,we want to have a quiet time by ourselves40 8,but you have got your jewelcase10 the mother persisted4 8,i don't see what you want of diamonds with a shabby black silk gown40 ,in spite of the almost intolerable thought that after these few hours she would probably never see her mother again1 ,annette found this oversight irritating4 ,yet not for anything would she have spoken one word that was not dictated by respect and affection4 ,the only way was to escape now1 and make her preparations afterward1 and for that she had an excuse4 8,by the way1 mamma10 she said1 8,i want to see ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and this is just the hour to catch him at home4 ,won't you take your drive now1 and leave me at his house8 ,wouldn't you just as lief go out before lunch as after8 ,you and ,i haven't had a drive together for a long time40 ,and then1 when she was alone1 she made haste to put into her trunks all those common1 useful articles which fitted her present needs1 and the few souvenirs too dear to leave behind1 and the valuables1 which might some day be sold1 if money should fail them4 ,she had scarcely turned the key on them1 when her mother came in again1 pulling on her gloves4 8,i want to speak to ,f4 ,chevreuse myself10 she remarked1 8and ,i will go in with you40 ,annette said nothing1 but dressed herself hastily4 ,it really seemed as though every obstacle were being placed in her way2 yet how could she be impatient with her poor mother1 whose heart was so soon to be smitten1 through her1 by a terrible grief1 and who would soon recall in bitterness of soul every word and act of this their last day together8 ,and1 after all1 she had no desire to talk with the priest4 ,what could she say to him8 ,all that was necessary was written1 and she could not ask his blessing nor any service from him1 nor even his forgiveness4 ,the one thing he could do for them was to denounce them1 set the officers of justice on their track1 and make their lot worse than that of ,cain1 since the earth was no longer wide and wild1 but close and full of watching eyes and prating tongues4 ,the world seemed to her1 indeed1 oppressively small1 having no least nook where the restless1 curious traveller did not penetrate with his merciless pen1 for ever ready to sketch all he heard and saw to gratify the equally restless and curious people at home4 8,is it a confession you have to make80 ,mrs ,ferrier asked1 as they approached the priest's house4 ,they had been driving along in silence1 and at this question ,annette started and blushed violently4 8,dear me1 mamma60 she said1 in answer to her mother's look of astonishment1 8,i was off a thousand miles1 and you gave me such a start when you spoke4 ,yes1 it is a confession4 ,you can see ,f4 ,chevreuse first1 and ,i will go in after4 ,you need not wait for me4 ,i am going to walk out to the convent to ,sister ,cecilia a few minutes4 ,the walk will do me good2 and afterward ,i would like to have you send the carriage there for me40 ,the excitement under which she was laboring led her unconsciously to assume a decided and almost commanding tone1 and her mother submitted without any opposition4 ,annette certainly did not look well1 she thought2 and1 besides1 she was going away4 ,this last consideration was one of great weight with ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 for she looked on railroads and steamboats as infernal contrivances expressly intended to destroy human life1 and never saw persons in whom she was interested commit themselves to the mercies of these inventions without entertaining mournful apprehensions as to the probable result4 ,moreover1 ,annette had been very sweet and fond with her all day1 and was looking very beautiful1 with that wideawake glance of her bright eyes1 and the crimson color flickering like a flame in her cheeks4 8,i think1 dear1 on the whole1 ,i won't go in today10 she said4 8,it might take too long2 for this is his busy time of day4 ,tomorrow will do as well40 ,annette only nodded1 unable to speak2 but in stepping from the carriage1 she laid her small hand on ,mrs4 ,ferrier's1 and gave it a gentle pressure4 8,that girl grows prettier and sweeter every day10 said the mother to herself1 as her daughter disappeared within the doorway4 8,and how black velvet does become her60 ,father ,chevreuse knew well that no ordinary errand could have brought ,annette ,gerald to his house1 and it was impossible for him to meet her with the ordinary forms of civility4 ,scarcely any greeting passed between them1 as he rose hastily at her entrance1 and waited for her first word4 ,she was1 perhaps1 more collected than he4 8,are you quite alone here80 she asked4 ,he led her to the inner sittingroom1 and closed the door after them1 and even then did not think to offer her a chair any more than she thought of taking one4 8,we have told mamma that we are going away this evening for a little journey1 and she expects us to return in four weeks4 ,john knows all about our affairs4 ,at the end of four weeks1 he will say something to you1 or you to him1 whichever you please1 and at that time you will open and use this packet40 ,she gave him an envelope carefully sealed1 with the date at which it was to be opened written on the outside4 8,if anything should happen to you in the meantime1 some one else must open it2 but care must be used not to have it read before the time40 ,she paused for an answer4 8,you need not fear10 the priest said1 taking the packet and looking it over4 ,he thought a moment4 8,i will write also on this that1 in the event of my death1 it is to be opened by ,f4 ,o',donovan or by the bishop of the diocese40 ,he went to a table1 wrote the directions1 and then gave them to ,annette to read4 8,it is a private paper of mine10 she said1 after reading and giving it back2 8and ,i have the right to say when it shall be read4 ,i give it into your hands only on the condition that my directions shall be complied with40 ,he bowed1 understanding perfectly that the words were intended as a future shield for him4 8,at the same time1 you will open this also1 which is yours10 she added1 and gave him a paper roll sealed and tied1 but without any direction4 ,f4 ,chevreuse shrank a little1 took the roll1 then let it drop from his trembling hand4 ,the cold and businesslike manner of his visitor and his sympathy for her had kept his thoughts fixed on her2 but here was something which brought his mother's image up before him with a terrible distinctness4 ,it was impossible for him not to know that this little package was what she had died in trying to save4 ,tears blinded his eyes4 ,the last evening he had spent with her came back like a vision2 he saw her face1 heard her voice1 saw her kneeling before him for his blessing4 ,making an effort to control and hide his emotion1 he stooped to take up the package he had dropped2 and when he looked up again1 his visitor had left the room1 and was walking quickly to the street door4 ,for one moment he stood irresolute2 then he hurried after her4 ,but she had already gone out1 and either did not or would not hear him call her back4 ,the sight of her going away so1 wrung all thought of selfish grief out of his mind4 ,he went back into the room1 and watched her as she walked swiftly up the street4 ,so innocent1 so generous1 so brave as she was1 yet of all the sufferers by this miserable tragedy1 with one exception1 the most unhappy6 ,the grief that must fall upon the mother of the guilty one no one could fathom2 but the mother of a criminal can never hold herself surely innocent of his crimes1 since a greater holiness in her own life1 a wiser care in his training1 and a more constant prayerfulness in his behalf might have saved him2 but the young wife was1 of all people in the world1 the most innocent and the most wronged4 ,how light and graceful her step was4 ,who would not think that it betokened a light heart8 ,she met an acquaintance1 and stopped for a word of greeting1 and the friend came along afterward smiling1 as though at some merry jest4 ,passing the house of another friend1 she nodded and kissed her hand to a child in the window1 with how bright a face the priest1 who had seen her selfcontrol1 could well guess4 8,is there nothing ,i can do1 nothing ,i can say1 to help her80 he asked himself1 turning away from the window4 8,it is cruel that one so young should bear alone such a burden6 ,what can ,i do8 ,what can ,i do80 ,he searched in vain for some means of help4 ,there was none4 ,for what she should do her own wit or the advice of others must suffice2 and for words of comfort1 they were not for him to speak to her4 ,her manner had shown clearly the distance which she felt must lie between them1 and there was no way but for him to accept that position4 ,he could pray1 and that was all4 ,by the time he had come to this conclusion1 ,annette ,gerald had reached the convent1 and was greeting ,sister ,cecilia4 8,i have only two words to say to you1 dear ,sister10 she said1 8and those may seem very childish1 but are not so in reality4 ,lawrence and ,i are going to make a little journey1 which may last about four weeks1 and poor mamma will be lonely4 ,besides that1 she will worry4 ,she hates to have me go away from her4 ,will not you be very kind to her1 if she should come to you8 ,oh6 ,i know you always are that2 but recollect1 when you see her1 that ,i am really all she has4 ,a son does not count for much1 you know1 especially when he is a young man4 ,very few young men are much comfort to their mothers1 ,i think4 ,tell ,f4 ,chevreuse the very first time you see him that ,i said this to you1 but don't tell any one else4 ,and now1 dear ,sister1 ,i have but a little time1 for we start this evening4 ,if there is no one in the chapel1 ,i would like to go in a while4 ,people have got so in the habit of wandering into the ,immaculate1 and looking about carelessly1 that it is no longer pleasant to go there40 ,the same air1 as of a person gentle1 indeed1 but not to be detained nor trifled with1 which had impressed ,f4 ,chevreuse in his visitor1 was felt by the ,sister also4 ,she rose at once1 saying that there was no one in the chapel1 and would not be for some time1 all the ,sisters being engaged1 unless ,anita should go in4 8,anita has not been well80 ,mrs4 ,gerald remarked with absent courtesy4 8,no2 she has not been the same since that terrible trial10 the nun sighed4 ,annette ,gerald's face lost its absent expression1 and took a somewhat haughty and unsympathizing look4 8,is that all80 she inquired in a tone of surprise4 8,but1 you know10 expostulated the ,sister1 8,anita's testimony was of the greatest importance4 ,besides1 the scene was a most painful one for her to be dragged into4 ,she is such a tender1 sensitive creature40 ,annette had paused just inside the parlordoor1 and she had evidently no mind to let the subject drop indifferently4 8,my dear ,sister10 she said with decision1 8,i am truly sorry for your sweet little ,anita2 but ,i think it wrong to foster the idea that there are certain sensitive souls in the world who must be pitied if a breath blows on them1 while others are supposed to be able to bear the hurricane without being hurt4 ,a great deal of this shrinking delicacy comes from a selfish watching of one's own sensations1 and forgetting those of others1 and a great deal from being pampered by others4 ,you remember1 perhaps1 an old myth1 which ,i have half forgotten1 of a ,camilla who was fastened to a lance and shot across a stream4 ,she was a woman soft and weak1 perhaps1 but she had to go4 ,now1 in this world there is many a woman who has all the miserable sensitiveness and delicacy of her kind1 but with that there is also a will1 or an unselfishness1 or a necessity which transfixes her like a spear1 and carries her through all sorts of difficulties40 ,for one instant a flash of some passion1 either of anger1 impatience1 or pain1 or of all mingled1 shot into the speaker's face1 and seemed to thrill through all her nerves4 8,oh6 it is true in this world also10 she exclaimed1 8that unto him that hath shall be given4 ,the happy must be shielded from pain1 and those who cry out at the prick of a pin must be tenderly handled2 but the miserable may have yet more misery heaped on them1 and the patient find no mercy40 8,my dear lady60 expostulated ,sister ,cecilia1 when the other paused1 quivering with excitement4 8,oh6 ,i do not mean to speak harshly of your sweet little ,anita10 interrupted ,mrs4 ,gerald1 recovering herself2 8,i was only reminded of others1 that is all4 ,but even to her ,i would recommend thinking more of the sufferings of others and less of her own40 8,it is precisely that which hurts her10 replied the ,sister1 a little displeased4 8,she thinks of the sufferings of others1 and1 fancying that she has caused them1 breaks her heart about it40 ,annette made a motion to go1 and had an air of thinking very slightingly of the young novice's troubles4 8,she merely did her duty1 and has no responsibility whatever10 she said4 8,the child needs to be scolded1 and set about some hard1 wholesome work4 ,it would do her good to work in the garden1 and spend a good deal of time in the open air4 ,a person who has been taken possession of by some morbid idea should never be shut up in a house40 ,sister ,cecilia suffered her visitor to pass on without saying another word4 ,she was surprised and deeply hurt at the little sympathy shown their household flower and pet1 yet she could not but perceive that1 in a general way1 much that had been said was quite true4 ,passing by the chapeldoor shortly after1 she saw ,annette ,gerald on her knees before the altar1 with her head bowed forward and hidden in her hands4 ,half an hour afterwards1 when ,mrs4 ,ferrier's carriage came1 she was still in the same position1 and had to be spoken to twice before she was roused4 ,then she started and looked up in alarm4 8,your carriage has come10 whispered the ,sister1 and looked quickly away from the face turned toward her1 it was so white and worn4 ,in that half hour she seemed to have grown ten years older4 8,must ,i go now80 she exclaimed1 with an air of terror1 and for a moment seemed not to know where she was4 ,then murmuring an excuse1 she recalled herself1 and1 by some magic1 threw off again the look of age and pain4 8,you need not call ,sister ,cecilia1 only say goodby to her for me10 she said4 8,i have really not a moment to spare40 ,this ,sister was almost a stranger to ,mrs4 ,annette ,gerald1 and was quite taken by surprise when the lady turned at the door1 and1 without a word of farewell1 kissed her1 and then hurried away4 8,drive to the office1 ,john1 for ,mr4 ,gerald10 she said2 and no one would have suspected from her manner that she trembled before the man to whom she gave that careless order4 ,lawrence came running lightly down the stairs1 having been on the watch for his wife1 and ,john1 holding the carriagedoor open1 winked with astonishment at sight of the bright greeting exchanged between the two4 ,he could maintain a cold and stolid reserve1 if he had anything to conceal2 but this airy gayety on the brink of ruin was not only beyond his power1 but beyond his comprehension4 ,stealing a glance of scrutiny into the young man's face1 he met a glance of defiant hauteur4 8,you need not go any further with us1 ,john10 ,lawrence said4 8,we shall not need you4 ,jack1 drive round to ,mrs4 ,gerald's40 ,and ,john1 with his coat down to his heels--a costume in which nothing would have induced him voluntarily to take a promenade--was forced to walk home1 comforting himself with the assurance that it was the last order he should have to obey from that source4 ,perhaps1 indeed1 he would not have obeyed it now1 had they not driven away and left him no choice4 ,the sun was declining toward the west1 and touching everything with the tender glory of early spring1 when they drew up at the cottage gate1 the sound of their wheels bringing ,mrs4 ,gerald and ,honora to the window1 and then to the door4 8,we can't stop to come in1 ,mamma ,gerald10 ,annette called out4 8,we are going off on a little visit1 and only come to say goodby4 ,isn't it beautiful this afternoon8 ,the trees will soon begin to bud1 if this weather continues40 ,the two ladies came out to the carriage1 and ,mrs4 ,gerald caught sight of her son's face1 which had been turned away4 ,it had grown suddenly white4 ,she exclaimed3 8,why1 ,lawrence6 what is the matter80 8,oh6 another of those faint turns10 interposed his wife quickly1 laying her hand on his arm4 8,he has no appetite1 and is really fainting from lack of nourishment4 ,the journey will do him good1 mamma4 ,we are going entirely on his account40 8,oh6 yes1 it's nothing but a turn that will soon pass away10 he added1 and seemed1 indeed1 already better4 8,do come in and take something warm10 his mother said anxiously1 her beautiful blue eyes fixed on his face4 8,there is some chocolate just made40 8,we have no time10 ,annette began2 but her husband immediately opened the carriagedoor4 8,yes1 mother10 he said4 8,i won't keep you waiting but a minute1 ,ninon40 ,the mother put her hand in his arm1 and still turned her anxious face toward him4 8,you mustn't go tonight1 if you feel sick1 my son10 she said4 8,you know what happened to you before40 8,but the journey is just what ,i need1 mother10 he answered1 trying to speak cheerfully4 8,of course ,i won't go if ,i feel unwell2 but this is really nothing4 ,i have not quite got my strength up1 and1 as ,annette says1 ,i have eaten nothing today40 ,those little services of a mother1 how tender and touching they are at any time6 how terrible in their pathos when we know that they will soon be at an end for us for ever6 ,how the hand trembles to take the cup1 and the lip trembles to touch its brim1 when we know that she would have filled it with her lifeblood1 if that could have been saving to us6 8,sit here by the fire1 dear1 while ,i get your chocolate10 ,mrs4 ,gerald said1 and pushed the chair close to the hearth4 8,there is really quite a chill in the air40 ,she stirred the fire1 and made the red coals glow warmly1 then went out of the room4 ,he looked round after her the moment her back was turned1 and watched her hastening through the entry4 ,the temptation was strong to follow her1 throw himself at her feet1 and tell her all4 ,he started up from the chair1 and took a step1 but came back again4 ,it would kill her1 and he could not see her die4 ,he would let her live yet the four weeks left her4 ,perhaps she might die a natural death before that4 ,he hoped she would4 ,at that thought1 a sudden flame of hope and of trust in ,god rose in his heart4 ,he dropped on his knees4 8,o my ,god6 take my mother home before she hears of this1 and ,i will do any penance1 bear anything60 he prayed1 with vehement rapidity4 8,be merciful to her1 and take her60 ,he heard her step returning1 and hastily resumed his seat1 and bent forward to the fire4 8,you look better already10 she said1 smiling4 8,you have a little color now4 ,here is your chocolate1 and ,annette is calling to you to make haste40 ,she held the little tray for him1 and he managed1 strengthened by that desperate hope of his1 to empty the cup1 and even smile faintly in giving it back4 ,and then he got up1 put his arm around his mother's waist1 in a boyish fashion he had sometimes with her1 and went out to the door with her so4 ,and there he kissed her1 and jumped into the carriage1 and was driven away4 ,it never occurred to her1 so sweetly obedient had he been to her requests1 and so expressive had his looks and actions been1 that he had not uttered a word while he was in the house nor when he drove away4 ,he had accepted her little services with affection and gratitude1 and he had been tender and caressing1 and that was enough4 ,moreover1 he had really looked better on leaving1 which proved that her prescription had done him good4 ,how ,annette ,gerald got away from home she could not have told afterward4 ,her trunks were sent in advance1 and she and her husband chose to walk to the station in the evening4 ,some way she succeeded in answering all her mother's charges and anxious forebodings4 ,she promised to sit in a middle car1 so as to be at the furthest point from a collision in front or rear1 and to have the lifepreservers all ready at hand in the steamer4 ,she took the basket of luncheon her mother put up1 and allowed her bonnet to be tied for her and her shawl pinned4 ,and at last they were in the portico1 and it was necessary to say goodby4 8,my poor mamma6 don't be too anxious about me1 whatever happens10 ,annette said4 8,remember ,god takes care of us all4 ,i hope he will take care of you4 ,whenever you feel disposed to worry about us1 say a little prayer1 and all will come right again40 ,the darkness hid the tears that rolled down her cheeks as she ended1 and in a few minutes all was over1 and the two were walking arminarm down the quiet street4 8,this way60 ,lawrence said when they came to the street where his mother lived4 ,it was out of their way1 but they went down by the house1 and paused in front of it4 ,the windows of the sittingroom were brightly lighted1 and they could see by the glow of the lamp that it stood on a table drawn before the fire4 ,as they looked1 a shadow leaned forward on the white curtain4 ,mrs4 ,gerald was leaning with her elbow on the table1 and talking to some one4 ,they saw the slender hand that supported her chin1 and the coil of her heavy hair4 ,they saw the slight movement with which she pushed back a lock of hair that had a way of falling on to her forehead4 ,annette felt the arm she held tremble4 ,she only pressed it the closer1 that he might not forget that love still was near him1 but did not speak4 ,there was nothing for her to say4 8,let's go inside the gate to the window10 he whispered4 8,perhaps ,i can hear her speak40 ,she softly opened the gate1 and entered with him4 ,the moonless night was slightly overclouded1 and the shadows of the trees hid them perfectly1 as they stole close to the window like two thieves4 ,lawrence pressed his face to the sash1 and listened breathlessly4 ,there was a low murmur of voices inside1 then a few words distinctly spoken4 8,and by the way1 dear1 ,i forgot to close the blinds4 ,oh6 no1 ,i will close them4 ,don't rise60 ,mrs4 ,gerald came to the window1 opened it1 and leaned out so close to her son that he heard the rustle of her dress and fancied that he felt her breath on his cheek4 ,she was silent a moment1 looking up at the sky4 8,the night is very soft and mild10 she said4 8,those children will have a pleasant journey40 ,one instant longer she rested there1 her hand half extended to the blind1 then she sent upward a word of prayer1 which brushed her son's cheek in passing4 8,o ,god6 protect my son60 she said4 ,then the blinds were drawn together1 and the son was shut out from her sight and sound for ever4 8,it is our signal to go10 ,annette whispered to her husband4 8,come6 ,we have no time to lose40 ,he held her by the arm a moment4 8,isn't it better1 after all1 to stay and have it out here80 he asked desperately4 8,i'd rather face danger than fly from it4 ,running away makes me seem worse than ,i am40 8,you have no longer the right to consider yourself10 she answered1 with a certain sternness4 8,i will not submit to have a convict for a husband4 ,i would rather see you dead4 ,and your mother shall not visit you in a felon's cell4 ,besides1 no one is to be profited by such a piece of folly1 and you would yourself repent it when too late4 ,come60 ,he said no more1 but suffered himself to be drawn away4 ,he could not complain that his wife treated his heroic impulses with a disrespect amounting almost to contempt1 for he could not himself trust them4 ,after having closed the window1 ,mrs4 ,gerald returned to her place by the fire4 ,a round table was drawn up there between two armchairs1 in one of which ,miss ,pembroke sat1 knitting a scarf of crimson wool4 ,the shade over the lamp kept its strong light from her eyes1 and threw a faint shadow on the upper part of her face2 but her sweet and serious mouth1 and the round chin1 with its faint dent of a dimple1 were illuminated1 her brown dress had rich yellow lights on the folds1 and the end of a straying curl on her shoulder almost sparkled with gold4 ,her eyes were downcast and fixed on her work1 and crimson loop after loop dropped swiftly from the ivory needles scarcely whiter than her hands4 8,as ,i was saying10 ,mrs4 ,gerald resumed1 8six months of the year they were to pass with ,mrs4 ,ferrier have gone1 and next fall they will have an establishment of their own4 ,it will be better for both of them4 ,i am sure ,annette will make a good housekeeper4 ,besides1 every married man should be the master of a house4 ,it gives him a place in the world1 and makes him feel his responsibilities and dignities more40 8,yes1 every one should have a home10 answered the young woman gravely4 8,it is a great safeguard40 ,mrs4 ,gerald leaned back in her chair1 and gazed into the fire4 ,there was a smile of contentment on her lips and an air of gentle pride in the carriage of her head4 ,as she thought1 or dreamed1 she turned about the birthday ring her son had given her1 and1 presently becoming aware of what she was doing1 looked at it and smiled as if she were smiling in his face4 8,i never before felt so well contented and satisfied with his situation10 she said1 her happiness breaking into words4 8,his marriage has turned out well4 ,they seem to be perfectly united1 and ,lawrence is really proud of his wife2 and with reason4 ,she is no more like what she was when ,i first knew her than a butterfly is like a grub4 ,she has developed wonderfully40 ,she was silent a moment1 then added3 8,i am very thankful40 ,she drew a rosary from her pocket1 and1 leaning back in her chair with her eyes closed1 began to whisper the prayers as the beads slipped through her fingers4 ,miss ,pembroke glanced at her1 and smiled faintly4 ,it was very pleasant to see this mother happy in her son1 yet how trembling and precarious was her happiness6 ,this woman's heart1 which bruised itself in beating1 was always ready to catch some fleeting glory on its springing tide2 like the fountain1 which holds the rainbow a moment among its chilly drops4 ,while one woman prayed1 the other thought4 ,she had often dwelt upon this subject of women's lives being wrecked from love of friend1 husband1 or child1 and the sight of ,mrs4 ,gerald had been to her a constant illustration of such a wreck4 ,these thoughts had troubled her1 for she was not one to judge hastily1 and she did not know whether to pity or to blame so ruinous a devotion4 ,now again the question floated up1 and with it the wish to decide once for all before life should thrust the problem on her1 when she would be too confused to think rightly4 ,she was like one who stands safe yet wistful on shore1 looking off over troubled waters1 and ,mrs4 ,gerald and ,annette seemed to her tossing far out on the waves4 ,she even seemed to herself to have approached the brink so near that the salt tide had touched her feet1 and to have drawn back only just in time4 ,gradually1 as her fair fingers wove the glowing web1 a faint cloud came over her face1 and1 if it had been possible for her to frown1 that deeper shadow between the brows might have been called a frown4 ,her thoughts were growing stern4 8,were we made upright1 we women1 only to bend like reeds to every wind80 she asked herself4 8,can we not be gentle without being slavish1 and kind and tender without pouring our hearts out like water8 ,cannot we reserve something to ourselves1 even while giving all and even more than our friends deserve8 ,cannot we hold our peace and happiness so firmly in our own hands that no one shall have the power to destroy them80 ,each question as it came met with a prompt answer1 and resolution followed swiftly3 8,never will ,i suffer myself to be so enslaved by any affection as to lose my individuality and be merged and lost in another1 or be made wretched by another1 or to have my sense of justice and right confused by the desire to make excuses for one ,i love4 ,never will ,i suffer the name which ,i have kept stainless to be associated with the disgrace of another1 and never will ,i leave the orderly and honorable ways of life1 where ,i have walked so far1 to follow any one into the byways1 for any pretext4 ,each one is to save his own soul1 and to help others only to a certain extent4 ,i will keep my place60 ,that resolute and almost haughty face seemed scarcely to be ,honora ,pembroke's2 and she felt so surely that her expression would check and startle her companion that when she saw ,mrs4 ,gerald drop the rosary from her fingers1 and turn to speak to her1 she quickly changed her position so as to hide her face a moment4 ,mrs4 ,gerald's voice had changed while she prayed1 and seemed weighted with a calm seriousness from her heavenly communion2 and her first words jarred strangely with her young friend's thought4 8,how uncalculating the saints were60 she said4 8,our ,lady was the only one1 ,i think1 who escaped personal contumely1 and that was not because she risked nothing1 but because ,god would not suffer contempt nor slander to touch her4 ,he spared her no pang1 save that of disgrace2 yet she would have accepted that without a complaint4 ,how tender he was of her6 ,he gave her a nominal spouse to shield her motherhood2 it was through her ,son that her heart was pierced1 and the grief of a mother is always sacred2 and he gave her always loving and devoted women1 who clustered about and made her little court4 ,she was never alone4 ,but she is an exception4 ,the others were despised and maltreated1 and they seemed to be perpetually throwing themselves away4 ,i do not doubt that those saints who never suffered martyrdom nor persecution were still1 in their day1 laughed and mocked at by some more than they were honored by others4 ,they never stopped to count the cost40 ,miss ,pembroke felt at the first instant as though ,mrs4 ,gerald must have read her thoughts1 and her reply came like a retort4 8,it is true they did not count the costs10 she said2 8but it was ,god whom they loved40 8,yes10 ,mrs4 ,gerald replied gently1 8that was what ,i meant40 ,she was too closely wrapped in contentment to perceive the coldness with which her companion spoke4 ,it seemed to her that all her cares had floated away1 and left only rest and sweetness behind4 ,she no longer feared anything4 ,there comes to every one some happy season in life1 she thought2 and hers had come4 ,when1 the next day1 she received a note from her son1 which he had written from their first stoppingplace1 she was scarcely surprised1 though it was an unusual attention4 ,it was but a hurried line1 written with a pencil and posted in the stationhouse4 8,my darling mother10 he wrote1 8if you should find your violetbed under the parlor window trampled1 blame ,larry for it4 ,he saw his mother's shadow on the curtain when he was on his way to the station last night1 and took a fancy to go nearer and peep through the window4 ,but he didn't mean to do any harm then1 nor at some other times1 when he did enough indeed4 ,forgive him for everything40 ,mrs4 ,gerald immediately went out1 letter in hand1 to see what marks had been left of this nocturnal visit2 and1 sure enough1 there1 on the newly turned mould1 was the print of a boot--well she knew her son's neat foot--and1 on the other side1 a tiny and delicate track where ,annette had stood6 ,but not a leaf of the sprouting violets was crushed4 ,miss ,pembroke smiled to see the mother touch these tracks softly with her fingertips1 and glance about as if to assure herself that there was no danger of their being effaced4 8,such a freak of those children60 she said gaily4 8,do you know what ,i am going to do1 ,honora8 ,i mean to sow little pink quill daisies in those two footprints1 and show them to ,lawrence and ,annette when they come back4 ,it was a beautiful thought of them to come to the window1 and it shall be commemorated in beauty4 ,the ground is nearly warm enough here now for seeds4 ,when they come back1 the tracks will be green4 ,i wish flowers would blossom in three weeks40 ,mrs4 ,ferrier also heard that day from the travellers4 8,i have a particular reason for asking you to be very careful about my letters10 ,annette wrote4 8,don't let any one see or know of them4 ,i will tell you why presently4 ,we are very well4 ,write me a line as soon as you receive this1 and direct to ,new ,york4 ,we shall not stop there1 but go right on out ,west1 probably4 ,and1 by the way1 if you should wish ever to hear from ,mrs4 ,gerald's relations1 seek in ,new ,york for a letter directed to ,mrs4 ,julia ,ward4 ,say nothing of this now4 ,i will explain40 8,and why should ,i wish to hear from ,mrs4 ,gerald's relations80 wondered ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 ,but she said nothing4 ,the secret was safe with her4 ,meanwhile1 the travellers had lost no time on their way2 and three days from their leaving ,crichton1 they were on the ocean4 ,every stateroom and cabin had been taken when 8,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,ward0 went to the office of the steamer2 but the captain1 seeing the lady in great distress on account of the sick friend she was crossing the ocean to see1 kindly gave up his own stateroom to the travellers4 ,it was quite as well for him to do so1 indeed2 for the very day they started a storm started with them1 and he was too faithful an officer to desert his post on deck4 ,so all night long he watched1 courageous and faithful1 over the lives committed to his care1 while underneath his two special guests lay helpless and miserable1 counting his footsteps1 as sleepless as he4 ,the engine throbbed beside them1 like a heavilybeating heart1 the long waves lashed the deck1 the wind sang and whistled through the ropes1 the steamer creaked and groaned4 8,i have brought bad luck to the ship1 ,annette10 said her husband4 8,if ,i were overboard1 the storm would cease40 8,in the first place1 my name is ,julia10 was the answer from the lower berth4 8,in the next place1 there is nothing mysterious in this storm2 it is simply the equinoctial gale1 which has been threatening for days4 ,i knew we should have it4 ,in the third place1 your being overboard would make no difference whatever in the weather4 ,are you sick80 ,annette knew well that a little chilly breeze would best blow away her husband's vapors4 8,i am sick of lying here10 he said impatiently4 8,the rain must be over1 unless it is another flood4 ,i wonder how it looks out80 ,he drew aside the curtain1 and opened the window4 ,the rain had ceased1 but the wind still blew1 and a pale light was everywhere1 shining up through the waves and down through the clouds4 ,as the steamer rolled1 ,annette1 lying in her lower berth1 could see alternately the gray and tumbled clouds of air1 and the gray and heaving sea1 which was less like moving water than a ruined1 quaking earth1 so heavily it rose and fell4 ,lawrence ,gerald1 closely wrapped in furs1 knelt on the sofa1 and looked out1 humming a tune that seemed to be for ever on his lips since his wife had first sung it to him1 so that she was sometimes half sorry for having suggested it to him4 ,a few words broke out while she listened3 8,for man never slept ,in a different bed1 ,and to sleep1 you must slumber ,in just such a bed40 ,his thoughts seemed to be so haunted by the image of that cold and peaceful slumber that his wife trembled for him4 ,he had not the enduring strength to bear a long trial1 but he had that fitful strength which prompts to desperate deeds4 8,i can see cities built and destroyed yonder10 he said4 8,there are white towns between dark mountains1 and little hamlets up in the crevices2 they grow1 and then they are swallowed up4 ,it is like a great earthquake4 ,when the world is destroyed1 it will perhaps look like that1 pale and ashy40 8,suppose we should go up on deck1 and see what it looks like10 said ,annette suddenly1 anticipating the wish she knew he would have expressed4 8,it will be a change after our three days' imprisonment1 and we may think the stateroom a pleasant refuge when we come back40 ,they escaped the crest of a wave that leaped over the rail after them1 and reached the wet and slippery deck4 8,we mustn't speak to the officers10 ,annette whispered1 seeing the captain near them4 ,he passed them by without notice1 and they hurried on to the shelter of the smokepipe1 where the heat had dried the planks2 and here1 holding by ropes1 they could look over the rail and see the long streaks of pale blue1 where the foam slid under the surface of the water2 see the gigantic struggle of the sea1 and how the brave ship pushed through it all straight toward her unseen port4 ,nothing is so perfect a figure of life as a ship on the sea1 and one can hardly behold it without moralizing4 8,suppose that this ship had a soul of its own1 instead of being guided by the will of other beings10 said ,annette2 8and suppose that1 finding itself in such a woful case1 it should say1 #8,i see no port1 no polestar1 no sun1 nor moon1 and ,i doubt if ,i shall ever see them again4 ,i may as well stop trying1 and go down here4' ,wouldn't that be a pity for itself and for others80 8,but suppose1 on the other hand10 returned her husband1 8that the ship had got a deadly thrust from some unseen rock1 and the water was running in1 and it could never gain the port4 ,what would be the use of its striving and straining for a few leagues further80 8,we know not where the haven of a soul is set10 said ,annette1 dropping the figure4 8,god knows1 for he has set it1 near or far2 and it may be nearer than we think4 ,it is scarcely worth while for a man to lose his soul by jumping overboard at ten o'clock1 when he may save it1 and be drowned too1 at eleven40 ,lawrence drew back as a great wave rose before them4 ,he had only been playing at death2 the reality was quite another thing4 ,chilled and drenched with spray1 they hurried down to their stateroom4 ,it was a weary journey4 ,after the storm came headwinds1 and after the headwinds a fog1 through which they crept1 ringing the fogbell1 and stopping now and then4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,ward did not appear once among the passengers1 even when everybody crowded up to catch the first glimpse of ,ireland1 and they were the last to appear when the passengers prepared to land at ,liverpool4 ,they had been a fortnight from home1 the storm having delayed them two days1 and they knew not what might have happened in that time4 ,a telegram might have sped under the waves in an hour while they toiled over them1 and just at the moment of escape their flight might be intercepted4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti47#hd7 ,it is not difficult to understand the title which has been bestowed upon ,mr4 ,rosetti of the 8,poets' ,poet40 ,his volume is full of delicate rhythmical experiments--winding bouts of melody with subtle catches of silence interspersed--which alternately pique and satisfy4 ,no brother of the craft could fail to obtain valuable hints from these studies4 ,but ,mr4 ,rosetti is no mere wordpoiser2 he is an artist in the highest sense of the word1 whose canvas teems with a thousand nameless lights1 which as they cross and disappear make all the difference between the real and the unreal4 ,during the two years or more that ,mr4 ,rosetti's volume has been before the ,englishreading public on both sides of the ,atlantic1 it has been frequently reviewed4 ,perhaps the best justification of the present review is that1 over and above purely literary merits1 ,mr4 ,rosetti has peculiar claims upon the interest of ,catholic readers1 to which we would draw attention4 ,we gather from the brief notice at the beginning of the volume that many of these poems were composed twenty years ago1 yet1 if we except the occasional appearance of a single poem in the pages of a magazine1 ,mr4 ,rosetti has published nothing before4 ,we can hardly believe that even the barbarians of twenty years ago can have combined against his publishing1 like ,mr4 ,bazzard's friends in ,edwin ,drood1 and so we must suppose that he was fain to wait for the severest of all criticisms--that passed by a middleaged man upon the productions of his youth4 ,and now1 having altered something and burnt more--had he waited1 he would have found old age more indulgent--he publishes the remnant1 all of which1 he tells us justly enough1 is mature1 for which his mature age is sponsor4 ,it would be far easier to estimate ,mr4 ,rosetti's position as a poet had he written more4 ,nor is this precisely a truism2 for one feels at once that what he has given us is most precisely and emphatically a selection4 ,every one of his poems1 whatever else it may be1 is at least a cunning piece of artist's work in this or that particular style1 with a distinct flavor of its own and true to itself throughout4 ,if you know1 and care for1 the old ,scots ballad1 you will at once appreciate the specimen he gives you4 ,if you object to the coarseness which shades the tenderness of 8,stratton ,water10 your criticism is unlearned4 ,as well complain of the peat flavor of a 8,finnan haddie40 ,poets who sing because they must sing1 who pour into trembling ears great heterogeneous floods of song1 the reflection of their many moods1 things beautiful and rather beautiful1 and plain and very plain2 all the thousandandone scraps which have something clever in them1 or illustrate something1 or with the composition of which something interesting1 whether pleasant or painful1 is associated--take1 for instance1 any chance volume of ,wordsworth or ,browning--may be in the long run our benefactors1 but they have no claim upon the readymoney of thanks2 they charm1 perhaps1 but they often also bore4 ,if a man whose imagination has not been left out is bored by ,mr4 ,rosetti's volume1 it is time for him1 according to the ,turkish proverb1 to put his trust in ,god--his wine is running to the lees1 his roses wither4 ,and this is true although the generations of poetic taste are so shortlived that almost before a man has reached the mezzo camino1 and certainly before he has lost his sense of life's enjoyments1 he is apt to find himself somewhat out of harmony with the poetry of the day4 ,mr4 ,rosetti is no prophet of a new theory of art or master of a new phrasemint1 but rather a merchant whose cargo tells a tale of every port at which he has touched4 ,it is natural to compare1 even if only to contrast1 any new poet with ,mr4 ,tennyson1 as the poet who has had more immediate1 sensible influence than any other upon the taste of his day2 and although there is a prejudice against comparisons1 it is difficult to see how they can be avoided if one is to do something more than point and ejaculate4 ,in the present case1 there is at least sufficient resemblance to suggest comparison4 ,amongst living poets these two are preeminently artistpoets1 who finish their work and hide well away all their literary shavings4 ,they are almost the only living poets who never go on talking till they can find the right word1 and who never stammer4 ,there is not a scrap of either of these poets that1 for the refined work there is in it1 it would not be a shame to burn4 ,again1 they are like in this1 that they have an intense sensuous appreciation of the medium which they use1 which seems to belong rather to the art of the painter or the musician than to that of the poet4 ,it would not be difficult to make a colorbox of ,mr4 ,tennyson's favorite words1 literary formulas for cool grays and bits of scarlet4 ,on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,rosetti's art is rather that of the musician than the painter2 he produces his effects rather by subtle changes of manner than by the color of single words1 although his choice in these too is exquisite4 ,his modulations remind one of ,crashaw's lines in 8,music's ,duel03 8,the lute's light genius now doth proudly rise1 ,heaved on the surges of swoll'n rhapsodies4 ,whose flourish1 meteorlike1 doth curl the air ,with flash of highborn fancies2 here and there ,dancing in lofty measures1 and anon ,creeps on the soft touch of a tender tone1 ,whose trembling murmurs1 melting in wild airs1 ,run to and fro1 complaining his sweet cares40 ,and so1 having drifted into points of difference1 we will continue4 ,they are unlike because1 although both affect the quaintnesses of medival art1 the laureate has done little more than utilize1 for poetic purposes1 the antiquarian and art knowledge of a gentleman of the period with a turn that way4 ,but ,mr4 ,rosetti is a medival artist heart and soul2 and1 though it may not be literally true that he has no end beyond his art1 he would certainly feel that he was doing evil that good might come of it if he sacrificed a point of art to any object whatsoever4 ,mr4 ,tennyson's pictures of the middleage1 beautiful and lifelike as they are1 are the less true for their somewhat formal flourish of antiquity1 whereby they give themselves1 as it were1 a modern frame4 ,of course1 ,tennyson's knights are not modern gentlemen in the sense that ,racine's ,greeks are ,french courtiers1 but anyhow they are the realized aspirations of modern gentlemen of culture and refinement1 and measures of fashionable reaction against the spirit of the day4 ,i think the consciousness that he wants a looselyfitting medivalism1 or1 so to speak1 the armor without any particular quality of man inside1 makes ,mr4 ,tennyson affect the hybrid medivalism of the ,round ,table in preference to the genuine strain of the old chroniclers4 ,his mailclad knights always remind us somewhat of a common scene in a marine aquarium--a whelkshell inspired with an energy not its own by the intrusion of a hermitcrab1 who1 having disposed of the original occupant1 manipulates the shell at his pleasure4 ,it may be urged1 with some justice1 that a poet is no mere collector of old china and old lace4 ,he gathers to himself of all precious things1 to frame for his thought such vehicle as he wants2 but he has no duties to his materials that they should be in keeping with one another or with themselves1 provided they minister to his design4 ,yes1 but it must be remembered that both these poets belong to a school which owes its success to the religious observance of such duties1 even though selfimposed2 and it must always remain true that the more a poet can afford to borrow wholes instead of parts or aspects1 and these plead the poet's cause each in its own tongue1 not his1 the greater is his triumph4 ,i am not indicating any failure on the part of ,mr4 ,tennyson when ,i speak of his ,arthurian poems as a splendid masque4 ,he knows where his strength lies4 ,he has chosen his legend as a man might choose an antique winecooler for his wine2 but the liquor inside1 though superlatively good1 is not hippocras or metheglin1 but port and sherry4 ,on the other hand1 if we turn to ,mr4 ,rosetti's treatment of medival subjects1 8,dante at ,verona10 8,sister ,helen10 8,the ,staff and ,scrip10 we find that his medival figures live1 indeed1 with the intensest kind of life1 but that that life1 from its woof to its outermost fringe1 is stained with the color of its own day and country4 ,it is this union of purism and vitality which is ,mr4 ,rosetti's distinguishing characteristic4 ,it is now time for us to examine some of ,mr4 ,rosetti's poems in detail4 8,the ,blessed ,damozel10 the first poem in the volume1 were it not for its title1 would be perfect2 but we confess that the ultra quaintness of the title is the one point in the medival dress which does not1 to our mind1 harmonize with the ,catholicity of the subject4 ,the subject would be trite enough in many hands4 ,a young man has lost his love1 and dreams of her night and day1 until at length the soul of his imagination pierces that heaven into which she has been received ten years ago3 8,her seemed she scarce had been a day ,one of ,god's choristers2 ,the wonder was not yet quite gone ,from that still look of hers1 ,albeit1 to them she left1 her day ,had counted as ten years40 ,with the calm1 unhesitating realism of ,fra ,angelico1 he paints his lady leaning out towards him 8from the gold bar of heaven10 with stars in her hair and lilies in her hand2 and the outline is so clear and firm1 so free from the mist of modern sentimentalism1 that the paroxysm of doubt which breaks in at the end of the fourth stanza1 and which for a moment makes the radiant vision tremulous1 is really wanted to remind us of the abyss which the imagination is spanning3 8,it was the rampart of ,god's house ,that she was standing on1 ,by ,god built over the sheer depth ,the which is space begun2 ,so high that1 looking downward thence1 ,you scarce might see the sun40 8,the tides of day and night0 alternate far down in the abyss beneath her feet1 where the earth is spinning about the sun 8like a fretful midge40 ,if any one is tempted to doubt if the heavens of modern science1 with their vast distances and harmonious order1 are more poetical than the star spangled cope upon which the ,chaldean shepherds gazed1 let him read this poem4 ,the simple imagery with which ,mr4 ,rosetti clothes the abysses of heaven seems1 without destroying their immensity1 to render them visible3 8,from the fixed place of heaven she saw ,time like a pulse shake fierce ,through all the world44440 ,again3 8,the sun was gone now2 the curled moon ,was like a little feather ,fluttering far down the gulf40 ,he sees that she is looking for him1 and then she speaks1 not to him1 for she sees him not1 but of him1 of what their life in heaven will be when he has come--for he must come1 she says4 ,and again1 as she talks of the life in heaven1 it is ,fra ,angelico in words2 lush meadowgrass1 so soft to roadworn feet1 and goldenfruited trees1 and tender intercourse from which all the acerbities and conventionalities of life are banished2 an atmosphere in which the freshness of morning and the peace of evening are woven into one eternal day1 which1 as he says elsewhere1 8hours no more offend40 ,how thoroughly ,dantesque in its homely sublimity is the conception of ,our ,lady and her handmaids at their weaving3 8,into the fine cloth1 white like flame1 ,weaving the golden thread ,to fashion the birthrobes for them ,who are just born1 being dead40 ,we hardly think that this poem of ,mr4 ,rosetti's strikes a single false chord even to ,catholic ears4 ,the utmost that can be said is that the blessed soul is too absorbed by her longing for her earthly love4 ,but then the heaven of theology is an assemblage of paradoxes which faith alone can knit together2 and1 in its entirety1 wholly without the realm of art4 ,in this poem we have one aspect of the life of the blessed1 8securus quidem sibi sed nostri solicitus10 as ,s4 ,bernard says1 presented to us most vividly in the only colors an artist's pencil can command--those of earthly love4 ,but this love is serene and pure1 and1 despite its intensity1 free from all pain and impatience4 ,the passion is supplied by the refrain in the earthly lover's heart1 as in his touching commentary upon the confidence of her 8we two0 will do thus and thus when he comes3 8,alas6 we two1 we two1 thou sayst6 ,yea1 one wast thou with me ,that once of old4 ,but shall ,god lift ,to endless unity ,the soul whose likeness with thy soul ,was but its love for thee80 ,having ended her description of heaven's mysterious joys3 8,she gazed and listened1 and then said1 ,less sad of speech than mild1 #8,all this is when he comes4' ,she ceased4 ,the light thrilled towards her filled ,with angels in strong level flight4 ,her eyes prayed and she smiled40 ,but soon the smile fades away as the angelic convoy glides past1 for he is not there-- 8,and then she cast her arms along ,the golden barriers1 ,and laid her face between her hands1 ,and wept 7,i heard her tears740 ,if it be objected that this is too gross a violation of the state in which all tears are wiped away1 ,i answer1 first1 that there are tears and tears2 secondly1 that if anthropomorphism is allowable in our realizations of ,god1 fortiori is it allowable in our realizations of those who1 although they are raised above the estate of humanity1 are still human4 ,again1 even the angels of ,christian art have a prescriptive right to tears1 and is it not written1 ,isai4 xxxiii4 #g1 8,angeli pacis amar flebunt80 ,and now we will say what we have to say of perhaps the most wonderful of all ,mr4 ,rosetti's poems1 which somehow1 for more reasons than one1 suggests itself as a pendant to 8,the ,blessed ,damozel40 ,he has called it 8,jenny10 and ,jenny is the name--neither ,french nor ,greek will mend the matter--of a young prostitute4 ,we freely confess that there are two or three lines in this poem which we heartily wish ,mr4 ,rosetti had never written2 but1 take it as it stands1 few will be disposed to deny that it is a very real sermon against lust1 all the more impressive because it is indirect4 ,the story1 such as it is1 is this3 ,a man1 young but not in his first youth1 who has been for some years settling down to a student's life1 throws his work aside one evening1 and goes off to one of his old haunts4 ,having spent half the night in dancing1 and being smitten with ,jenny's youthful beauty1 he goes home with her4 ,she1 poor thing1 utterly tired1 falls dead asleep at supper1 and he1 watching her1 falls to moralizing1 half cynically1 half tenderly1 upon innocence and lust and destiny1 until at last the pity of it all wholly possesses him and kills every other thought4 ,and so musing till early dawn1 till 8,now without1 as if some word ,had called upon them that they heard1 ,the ,london sparrows far and nigh ,clamor together suddenly10 he slips some gold pieces into her hair1 and goes with the halfexpressed hope that1 as ,god has been merciful to him1 so he will be merciful to her also4 ,what first touches him is her evident longing for rest3 8,glad from the crush to rest within1 ,from the heartsickness and the din1 ,where envy's voice at virtue's pitch ,mocks you because your gown is rich1 ,and from the pale girl's dumb rebuke1 ,whose illclad grace and toilworn look ,proclaim the strength that keeps her weak ,and other nights than yours bespeak1 ,and from the wise1 unchildish elf1 ,to schoolmate lesser than himself ,pointing you out what thing you are40 ,the girl herself1 beyond her youth and beauty1 is nowise better than her fellows1 and so she individualizes a larger pathos1 and is in some sense a more touching representative of the victims of man's lust-- 8,poor handful of bright spring water ,flung in the whirlpool's shrieking face40 ,he is penetrated by the contrast between the fate of this poor girl and that of his cousin1 just such another girl in natural disposition-- 8,and fond of dress1 and change1 and praise1 ,so mere a woman in her ways02 but in the guarded atmosphere of her home1 with every point in her character blooming into good4 8,so pure--so fallen6 how dare to think ,of the first common kindred link8 ,yet ,jenny1 till the world shall burn1 ,it seems that all things take their turn1 ,and who shall say but this fair tree ,may need1 in changes that shall be1 ,your children's children's charity8 ,scorned then1 no doubt1 as you are scorned1 ,shall no man hold his pride forewarned ,till in the end1 the day of days1 ,at judgment1 one of his own race1 ,as frail and lost as you1 shall rise1 ,his daughter with his mother's eyes80 ,many a man would be fain to listen to such a sermon who would reject any other4 ,for the preacher is no missionary in disguise1 but a fellowsinner converted in the presence of his sin1 if we may call it conversion2 at least1 beaten down and overwhelmed by the colossal horror and pity of it1 as a wild beast is tamed by a prairiefire4 ,many beautiful things have been said by non,catholic poets of ,our ,blessed ,lady4 ,indeed1 a very pretty book might be made of these ,gentile testimonies1 from ,milton1 ,cowley1 ,crashaw 7before his conversion71 ,wordsworth1 ,keble1 and many others4 ,it would seem that ,parnassus is as one of the high places of ,baal1 where the ,spirit of the ,lord rushes upon the poet1 whose eyes are opened and he must needs bless her whom he that blesseth 8shall also himself be blessed1 and he that curseth shall be reckoned accursed10 and he cries1 8,how beautiful are thy tabernacles10 ,o ,mary1 ,mother of ,god1 8as woody valleys1 as watered gardens near the rivers1 as tabernacles which the ,lord has pitched as cedars by the water side40 ,but with ,mr4 ,rosetti it is something more than this4 ,one is tempted to fancy that with his ,italian name he must have really inherited an ,italian's devotion to the ,madonna4 ,his poem 8,ave0 is neither more nor less than a meditation upon the joyful1 sorrowful1 and glorious mysteries of ,our ,lady's life1 and it breathes a devotion as tender and sensitive--in a word1 as ,catholic--as though it had been written by ,f4 ,faber4 ,we shall venture to transfer the whole of it to our pages1 for we cannot otherwise justify what we have said1 and part of its specific beauty is that it is in one breath3 ,ave4 ,mother of fair delight1 ,thou handmaid perfect in ,god's sight1 ,now sitting fourth beside the ,three1 ,thyself a woman ,trinity1 ,being a daughter born to ,god1 ,mother of ,christ from stall to ,rood1 ,and wife unto the ,holy ,ghost3-- ,oh6 when our need is uttermost1 ,think that to such as death may strike ,thou wert a sister1 sisterlike6 ,thou headstone of humanity1 ,groundstone of the great mystery1 ,fashioned like us1 yet more than we6 ,mind'st thou not 7when ,june's heavy breath ,warmed the long days in ,nazareth7 ,that eve thou didst go forth to give ,thy flowers some drink that they might live ,one faint night more amid the sands1 ,far off the trees were as pale wands ,against the fervid sky2 the sea ,sighed further off eternally ,as human sorrow sighs in sleep4 ,then suddenly the awe grew deep1 ,as of a day to which all days ,were footsteps in ,god's secret ways3 ,until a folding sense like prayer ,which is1 as ,god is1 everywhere1 ,gathered about thee2 and a voice ,spake to thee without any noise4 ,being of the silence3 8,hail10 it said1 8,thou that art highly favord2 ,the ,lord is with thee here and now2 ,blessed among all women thou40 ,ah6 ,knew'st thou of the end1 when first ,that ,babe was on thy bosom nursed8 ,or when he tottered round thy knee ,did thy great sorrow dawn on thee-- ,and through his boyhood year by year ,eating with him the ,passover1 ,didst thou discern confusedly ,that holier ,sacrament1 when ,he1 ,the bitter cup about to quaff1 ,should break the bread and eat thereof8 ,or came not yet the knowledge1 even ,till on some day forecast in ,heaven ,his feet passed through thy door to press ,upon his ,father's business8-- ,or still was ,god's high secret kept8 ,nay1 but ,i think the whisper crept ,like growth through childhood4 ,work and play1 ,things common to the course of day1 ,awed thee with meanings unfulfill'd1 ,and all through girlhood1 something still'd ,thy senses like the birth of light1 ,when thou hast trimmed thy lamp at night ,or washed thy garments in the stream3 ,to whose white bed had come the dream ,that ,he was thine and thou wert ,his ,who feeds among the fieldlilies4 ,o solemn shadow of the end1 ,in that wise spirit long contain'd6 ,o awful end6 and those unsaid ,long years when it was ,finished6 ,mind'st thou not 7when the twilight gone ,left darkness in the house of ,john7 ,between the naked windowbars ,that spacious vigil of the stars8 ,for thou1 a watcher even as they1 ,wouldst rise from where throughout the day ,thou wroughtest raiment for his poor2 ,and1 finding the fixed terms endure ,of day and night which never brought ,sounds of his coming chariot1 ,wouldst lift through cloudwaste unexplor'd ,those eyes which said 8,how long1 ,o ,lord08 ,then that disciple whom he loved1 ,well heeding1 haply would be moved ,to ask thy blessing in his name2 ,and that one thought in both1 the same ,though silent1 then would clasp ye round ,to weep together--tears long bound1 ,sick tears of patience1 dumb and slow4 ,yet1 8,surely ,i come quickly10 so ,he said1 from life and death gone home4 ,amen3 even so1 ,lord ,jesus come6 ,but oh6 what human tongue can speak ,that day when death was sent to break ,from the tired spirit like a veil1 ,its covenant with ,gabriel ,endured at length unto the end8 ,what human thought can apprehend ,that mystery of motherhood ,when thy ,beloved at length renew'd ,the sweet communion severd-- ,his left hand underneath thine head ,and his right hand embracing thee8 ,lo6 ,he was thine1 and this is ,he6 ,soul1 is it ,faith1 or ,love1 or ,hope1 ,that lets me see her standing up ,where the light of the ,throne is bright8 ,unto the left1 unto the right1 ,the cherubim1 arrayed1 conjoint1 ,float inward to a golden point1 ,and from between the seraphim ,the glory issues for a hymn4 ,o ,mary ,mother6 be not loth ,to listen--thou whom the stars clothe1 ,who seest and mayst not be seen ,hear us at last1 ,o ,mary ,queen6 ,into our shadow bend thy face1 ,bowing thee from the secret place1 ,o ,mary ,virgin1 full of grace6 ,mr4 ,rosetti certainly does not affect classical subjects4 ,there is nothing in his curious ,treasury at all corresponding to those most exquisite of all ,mr4 ,tennyson's poems1 8,ulysses0 and 8,tithonus40 ,in the few instances in which he does handle classical legend1 it is always its quaint reflection in the medival mind that attracts him1 as in 8,troy ,town10 but he is at home everywhere4 8,eden ,bower0 and 8,sister ,helen0 are like and unlike enough for comparison4 ,they are both monologues of deadly sin2 the first is spite1 the second hate1 set to music4 ,the conception of ,lilith in 8,eden ,bower0 is a monstrous waif of rabbinical tradition4 ,she is a sort of womansnake1 supposed to have been ,adam's first wife before the creation of ,eve1 and in her jealousy of the wife who supplanted her is found the origin of her conspiracy with the kingsnake of ,eden which brings about the ,fall4 ,the poem is one prolonged musical but most diabolical chuckle of ,lilith over the immortal mischief she is about to perpetrate4 ,she is indeed all the while coaxing the serpent to help her1 but her tone throughout is one of assured triumph4 ,the woman and the fiend are interwoven with marvellous subtlety--a fiend's colossal blasphemy and a woman's petty spite4 ,the fiend does not shrink from declaring open war against heaven4 8,strong is ,god1 the fell foe of ,lilith 7,and ,o the bower and the hour67-- ,naught in heaven or earth may affright him1 ,but join thou with me and we will smite him40 ,the woman thus in anticipation stabs her rival with her husband's cowardice4 8,hear1 thou ,eve1 the man's heart in ,adam 7,and ,o the bower and the hour67-- ,of his brave words hark to the bravest1 ,this the woman gave that thou gavest40 ,how she wriggles and gasps and hugs herself at the thought of the woe she is to bring upon her victims1 gloating over every detail of their desolate exile1 and forecasting the death of one son and the damnation of another4 ,lilith after all is a fiend1 and1 as a creation of art1 a fiend is a creature that lives and revels in wickedness as a salamander was supposed to inhabit fire1 with a keen sense of pleasure and without moral responsibility2 but in 8,sister ,helen0 we have something much more dreadful because more human--8,hate born of ,love0--hate that has devoured all love1 even love of self--the hatred that is despair4 ,a ruined girl1 dwelling in a lonely tower with her little brother1 seeks vengeance upon her seducer after the medival manner1 by consuming his waxen image before the fire4 ,and now upon the third night she is nigh upon its achievement1 for the wax is wasting fast4 ,the child takes a child's interest in the little figure that was once so plump1 but through which the flame is now shining red4 ,he prattles about it1 but understands nothing1 nor yet that there is anything to understand4 ,his sister coaxes him out into the balcony to look out and say what he sees1 for she knows what must come4 ,and one after the other the brothers and father of the dying man ride up in the wild night and implore her mercy1 at first that she will save his life1 and then that at least she will forgive and save him from his despair1 that body and soul may not perish4 ,there is something simply appalling in the way in which each entreaty1 as it comes to her repeated by her little brother's voice1 is slain by the calm1 ruthless1 sometimes ironical comment in which she conveys her refusal4 8 #8,he calls your name in his agony1 ,sister ,helen1 ,that even dead love must weep to see4' #8,hate born of ,love is blind as he1 ,little brother6' 7,o mother1 ,mary mother1 ,love turned to hate1 between hell and heaven67 #8,oh6 he prays you1 as his heart would rive1 ,sister ,helen1 ,to save his dear son's soul alive4' #8,nay1 flame cannot slay it1 it shall thrive1 ,little brother6' 7,o mother1 ,mary mother1 ,alas1 alas1 between hell and heaven670 ,all entreaties are useless1 the deathknell sounds1 and the riders turn their horses-- 8 #8,ah6 what white thing at the door has cross'd1 ,sister ,helen8 ,ah6 what is this that sighs in the frost8' #8,a soul that's lost1 as mine is lost1 ,little brother6' 7,o mother1 ,mary mother1 ,lost1 lost1 all lost1 between hell and heaven670 ,one is tempted to say of ,mr4 ,rosetti as was said of his patron ,dante1 8,lo1 he that strolls to hell and back at will40 ,we speak advisedly of his 8patron ,dante10 for his devotion to his great namesake is of the intensest kind4 ,almost the longest poem in the volume is 8,dante at ,verona10 in which every conceivable detail in the poet's painful exile at that court is dwelt upon with a solicitude that reminds one of an early ,christian sponging up a martyr's blood4 ,to appreciate the poem thoroughly1 one ought to share with ,mr4 ,rosetti in the intimacy of the great ,florentine4 ,there are1 however1 many exquisite bits of description in it that must come home to every one4 ,surely the ,gran ,cane's jester will live for ever3 8,there was a jester1 a foul lout ,whom the court loved for graceless arts2 ,sworn scholiast of the bestial parts ,of speech2 a ribald mouth to shout ,in folly's horny tympanum ,such things as make the wise man dumb4 8,much loved1 him ,dante loathed2 and so ,one day when ,dante felt perplex'd ,if any day that could come next ,were worth the waiting for or no1 ,and mute he sat amid the din-- ,can ,grande called the jester in4 8,rank words with such are wit's best wealth4 ,lords mouthed approval2 ladies kept ,twittering with clustered heads1 except ,some few that took their trains by stealth ,and went4 ,can ,grande shook his hair ,and smote his thighs and laughed i' the air4 8,then facing on his guest1 he cried3 #8,say1 ,messer ,dante1 how it is ,i get out of a clown like this ,more than your wisdom can provide8 ,and ,dante3 ',tis man's ancient whim ,that still his like seems good to him4' 0 ,we cannot of course pretend to catalogue all ,mr4 ,rosetti's beauties4 ,but for the sake of quoting one stanza1 we must say a word of the 8,staff and ,scrip40 ,a knight vowed to defend wronged innocence1 finds himself1 whilst returning from ,palestine1 in the land of a fair lady1 which her triumphant foemen are ravaging1 and where all hope of resistance is dead4 ,he goes out on her behalf1 and conquers and dies4 ,this is the description of his return on the night of his victory3 8,the first of all the rout was sound1 ,the next were dust and flame1 ,and then the horses shook the ground3 ,and in the thick of them ,a still band came40 ,nearly a third of ,mr4 ,rosetti's volume consists of sonnets4 ,now1 a sonnet should be grave but not heavy4 ,it must have a severity tempered by sweetness like the breviary character of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,it must linger meditatively2 it must not loiter1 or fumble with its meaning4 ,it must be sinuous1 never headlong2 feeling its rhymes delicately1 not falling upon them2 for these are less rhymes than the most prominent of many assonances1 upon all of which the rhythm hangs4 ,indeed1 the texture of the sonnet resembles more that of blankverse than that of any other metre we possess4 ,without denying the perfection of some two or three of ,milton's sonnets1 and perhaps in a lesser degree of about as many of ,wordsworth's1 we may be permitted to say that among our sonnetwriters ,milton1 as a general rule1 is too fierce and headlong1 as ,wordsworth says of him1 in words of praise which to our ears suggest blame4 ,in his hands1 8the thing became a trumpet02 whilst ,wordsworth has too poor a vocabulary for a composition in which every word ought to tell4 ,shakespeare's sonnets are only sonnets in name4 ,they do not fall into two1 or rather one and a half1 like an acorn and its cup1 but are simply short poems of three independent stanzas of alternate rhymes1 the whole concluding with a rhyming couplet4 ,the ,elizabethan writers who used the genuine sonnet--,sidney1 ,spenser1 ,drummond1 especially the last--attained1 we cannot help thinking1 to a more exquisite use of the sonnet than either ,milton or ,wordsworth1 although the beauty of their sonnets is somewhat marred by the twanging effect of the concluding rhyming couplet to which they persistently cling4 ,many of ,mr4 ,rosetti's sonnets strike us not only as beautiful poems1 but as very finished specimens of the sonnet4 ,he seems to have attained to the ,italian delicacy of the best of the ,elizabethan sonneteers1 without loss of originality and force4 ,he is1 however1 perhaps rather too fond of fretting the melody of his lines by a harsh emphasis1 which1 effective enough in a liquid medium like ,italian1 is rather trying to the naturally broken music of the ,english tongue4 ,an example of this may be noted in the sixth line of the following very beautiful sonnet4 ,he has called it 8,inclusiveness0--a title with which we venture to quarrel1 for the phenomenon described is not a quality of anything1 but a fact or law2 we would substitute1 in spite of its technical flavor1 8,introsusception40 8,the changing guests1 each in a different mood ,sit at the roadside table and arise3 ,and every life among them in like wise ,is a soul's board set daily with new food4 ,what man has bent o'er his son's sleep1 to brood ,how that face shall watch his when cold it lies8 ,or thought1 as his own mother kissed his eyes1 ,of what her kiss was when his father wooed8 ,may not this ancient room thou sit'st in1 dwell ,in separate living souls for joy or pain8 ,nay1 all its corners may be painted plain ,where ,heaven shows pictures of a life spent well2 ,and may be stamped a memory all in vain1 ,upon the sight of lidless eyes in ,hell40 ,here is an exquisite vindication of one of the least popular of the condemnations in the ,syllabus--that of nonintervention4 ,it is called 8,on the ,refusal of ,aid between ,nations03 8,not that the earth is changing1 ,o my ,god6 ,nor that the seasons totter in their walk1-- ,not that the virulent ill of act and talk ,seethes ever as a winepress ever trod1-- ,not therefore are we certain that the rod ,weighs in thine hand to smite the world2 though now ,beneath thine hand so many nations bow1 ,so many kings3--not therefore1 ,o my ,god3-- ,but because man is parcelled out in men ,even thus2 because1 for any wrongful blow1 ,no one not stricken asks1 #8,i would be told ,why thou dost strike'2 but his heart whispers then1 #8,he is he1 ,i am ,i4' ,by this we know ,that the earth falls asunder1 being old40 ,mr4 ,rosetti has adopted1 as we have already indicated1 more fully than a ,catholic could approve1 a principle which is obtaining a very dangerous prominence amongst the rising generation of ,english poets1 that art is justified of her children--that to the artist all things are chaste4 ,thus inevitably there are some lines one could wish unwritten1 and more that one would not have every one read4 ,yet for all this the ethos of the book is chaste and noble1 nor do we know any poet by whom purity is more honestly appreciated and worshipped4 ,the volume is a remarkable example of the extent to which a love of the ,madonna and the ascetic inspiration of ,dante can counteract and restrain the growing sensuousness of ,english poetry4 ,if ,mr4 ,rosetti is sometimes obscure1 it is not that his touch is ever otherwise than delicate and precise1 but because his art is rather the art of the musician than of the painter4 ,his changes of key1 so to speak1 are so swift and subtle1 and the harmonies with which the theme is clothed are so manifold and so quaint1 that his compositions have sometimes the difficulty of a sonata of ,beethoven1 and require considerable familiarity before their proportions can be grasped4 ,indeed1 we must confess that there are passages the meaning of which we despair of ever grasping with any precision2 we must be content to accept them as a sort of hieroglyphic1 for splendor or purity1 like the scroll and lilywork of a medival goldsmith4 ,this is the more provoking1 as obscurity is not here1 as often in ,mr4 ,browning's poems1 covered by an oracular use of certain crabbed expressions1 which at least indicate the nut that is to be cracked1 but coexists with a diction consistently pure and flowing4 ,although we have compared ,mr4 ,rosetti's art to that of the musician rather than to that of the painter1 we have been told that he is a painter of a high order4 ,anyhow1 his fondness for painting is proved by the number of sonnets which he has made upon pictures1 ancient and modern4 ,we cannot more fitly conclude our review than with his sonnet1 8,for our ,lady of the ,rocks1 by ,leonardo da ,vinci03 8,mother1 is this the darkness of the end1 ,the shadow of death8 and is that outer sea ,infinite1 imminent eternity8 ,and does the deathpang by man's seed sustain'd ,in ,time's each instant cause thy face to bend ,its silent prayer upon the ,son1 while he ,blesses the dead with his hand silently ,to his long day which hours no more offend8 8,mother of grace1 the pass is difficult1 ,keen as these rocks1 and the bewildered souls ,throng it like echoes1 blindly shuddering through4 ,thy name1 ,o ,lord1 each spirit's voice extols1 ,whose peace abides in the dark avenue ,amid the bitterness of things occult40 ,for ,ever4 ,those we love truly never die1 ,though year by year the sad memorialwreath-- ,a ring and flowers1 types of life and death-- ,are laid upon their graves4 ,for death the pure life saves1 ,and life all pure is love1 and love can reach ,from heaven to earth1 and nobler lessons teach1 ,than those by mortals read4 ,well blest is he who has a dear one dead3 ,a friend he has whose face will never change1 ,a dear communion that will not grow strange3 ,the anchor of a love is death4 ,the blessed sweetness of a loving breath ,will reach our cheek all fresh through fourscore years3 ,for her who died long since1 ah6 waste not tears-- ,she's thine unto the end4 ,thank ,god for one dead friend1 ,whose motherface no miles of road or sea ,or earthly bonds can hold apart from me-- ,first friend in life and death4 ,visit ,to ,an ,artist's ,studio4 ,i do not know if1 outside his own small circle of patrons and acquaintances1 any one has heard of the artist ,van ,muyden4 ,yet hidden talent is none the less a divine gift because few know it2 it gives a more pathetic interest to a life to know that it is a life harassed with care1 vexed by nonappreciation1 hampered with poverty4 ,perhaps ,van ,muyden is only obscure because he would not lower his art to suit the dealers' terms or the public taste4 ,when ,i visited his studio1 he was settled in a small house in the suburbs of ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,his own appearance was striking3 the supple form1 not very tall1 but very spare2 the large eyes that seemed to dart through you and search your soul1 the high forehead1 wrinkled and bald1 told of a man with an intellect higher than that of his fellowmen1 an ideal enthroned beyond the region of which they know the bearings1 and of the cares with which they can sympathize4 ,he was a man past the prime of life1 eager and enthusiastic--eccentric1 perhaps1 as the world's estimate goes2 but who is not8--,i mean amongst those whose characteristics are worth studying at all4 ,he wore over his vest and trowsers an old brown dressinggown1 suggestive of the appearance one is used to connect with medival scholars and seers4 ,his forte is not landscapepainting1 and1 indeed1 he seemed lost at ,geneva1 despite the southern beauty of its environs1 for ,van ,muyden's predilections were evidently for the representation of the human kind4 ,but then1 if it was man that he loved to copy1 it was not broadcloth man1 sleek1 respectable1 decorous1 welloff1 but man as you find him in ,italy or ,spain--picturesque as his scanty surroundings2 an unconscious artist1 a born model2 man imbued with the spirit of the sungod2 man carolling and trilling without effort1 believing himself born to sing like the birds2 man in himself a study1 a picture1 a statue1 a marvel4 ,van ,muyden explained his theories very freely1 and they were well worth listening to4 8,in the north1 you see10 he said1 8an artist is forced1 if he wishes to be truthful1 to copy a thousand pitiful details of upholstery4 ,such pictures are called genre2 and this realistic1 mathematical accuracy1 utterly destructive of the picturesque1 is lauded to the skies2 but1 good ,god6 could not a ,chinese do as well with his wonderful imitative faculty1 altogether apart from the feeling of art8 ,the ,north makes up for the picturesque by the comfortable2 what a compensation for the artist6 ,but modern art has more to contend with than vitiated taste or the loss of that free and natural life which in simpler times was more conducive to artistic inspiration2 we have to struggle on without a school or a standard of taste4 ,we no longer have those centres where the traditions of art were religiously kept2 those highpriests who gathered round them numerous and docile disciples1 as of old the ,athenian philosophers in the groves of ,academe4 ,even in ,italy1 in ,rome itself1 no such centre can be found4 ,a young artist has to make his own solitary way1 pursue his ideal alone1 keep up his enthusiasm by his own unaided exertions1 and probably find neither patron nor master to care for his works or guide his attempts40 ,the artist was surely right2 for the great schools of painting were to art what the religious orders are to the church--centres towards which a vague vocation may be directed and find its true mission1 with brethren to share its enthusiasm and superiors to guide its aspirations4 ,most of his pictures were ,italian scenes1 some domestic1 but mostly treating of the monastic life4 ,the cool cloister1 with its ilex or orangetrees seen cornerwise through the railings2 the old portico1 with a monk seated in meditation on the fragment of a sculptured pillar3 the noonday siesta2 the begging friar coming home with his sack of food2 the preacher starting meekly1 staff in hand1 for the distant station where he is to preach a ,lent2 the novice arranging the altar2 the monk digging his own grave in the sunny cloister1 or washing the altarplate in the sparkling fountain1 etc4 etc4--such were chiefly the subjects chosen4 ,why8 ,he was not a ,catholic1 this artist2 but it seems to have come to him intuitively that there is more room for artistic expression and artistic liberty in things pertaining to the old church4 ,his own studio was as perfect a picture as any he could have painted2 a treasurehouse of antiquities carelessly displayed4 ,it was lighted by two immense windows1 one of which was shaded by a sort of slanting tester1 throwing the light on the easel in the middle of the room4 ,between these windows stood a nondescript piece of furniture in carved oak1 very black and old--a species of secrtaire1 with an 8extension0 holding a small washingbowl1 surmounted by a dolphin's head1 which was crowned for the nonce with a scarlet berrtta4 ,large jars of old porcelain were placed here and there1 either on the ground or on substantial tagres1 and two corners of the room were filled with high chests equally carved1 on whose capacious tops rested a medley of distaffs1 horns1 helmets1 old swords1 a spinningwheel1 and a confused mass of tattered garments or drapery1 dingy and timestained1 crimson cloaks1 blue tunics1 purple veils1 etc4 ,an array of pipes1 hooked into the wall for security1 stood on the high mantelpiece1 together with one of those common brass kitchen lamps in use at ,rome1 with four projections enclosing wicks1 and whose shape has never been altered since the days when ,nero rode in the arena and the ,christians went calmly to the stake4 ,on the unoccupied spaces on the wall hung the artist's pictures1 some few representing touching family scenes 7all ,italian7 strewed among the monastic subjects4 ,right in the centre of the ceiling hung a movable apparatus1 in which was placed a lamp--modern1 alas6 ,this came down quite close to the easel1 and gave all the light required for nightwork4 ,a carved table with curiouslytwisted legs1 and two highbacked medival armchairs covered with tapestry1 completed the furniture1 besides a green baize stage for the models4 ,this reminded me of the palco used for preaching in ,italian churches1 even when there is a proper pulpit2 some of my readers may remember these miniature stages1 raised about five feet from the floor1 and on which the excited orator can promenade like a lion in his cage while hurling his burning periods at his awestricken listeners4 ,van ,muyden has a wife and nine children1 which fact we ascertained through the reply to a question prompted by the enormous quantity of underlinen hung out to dry on the balusters outside the studio4 ,we did not see ,mme4 ,van ,muyden1 and were thankful we did not2 for such a reckless display of household secrets must argue a woman whose appearance would frighten romance out of the veriest sentimentalist that ever lived4 ,so we speculated in silence on this domestic guardian of the artist's peace--an excellent and worthy woman1 no doubt1 a capital house keeper1 a careful mother1 a faithful wife1 but scarcely a helpmate1 a companion1 a ,beatrice1 to her husband4 ,how few men of sensitive nature1 highstrung character1 aspiring organization1 have fit wives6 ,why is it that they generally take a fancy to peculiarly unsuitable women8 ,is it that they are so softhearted that they cannot resist the attraction of the first pretty face they see1 or so rapt above the reach of common interests that they form1 as it were inevitably1 an incongruous union1 and only wake up to find themselves irretrievably tied to a showy slattern1 or a plodding1 unappreciative housewife8 ,what perverse fairy casts her spell on the poor artist's marriageday1 and makes of the chime of his wedding bells the knell of his possible fame8 ,poverty is the safest ladyelove for an artist1 as one of ,dante's friends was always telling him4 ,artists and scholars are the ,francisof,assisiums of the intellectual world1 and the same bride as that spiritually wooed by the heroic voluntary beggar1 is the most fitting companion for them4 ,with her1 at least1 they can enjoy the perfect freedom from care which alone makes want supportable2 they can throw around their destitution that halo of romance which the prosaic details of a household invariably strangle out of existence4 ,but in the early choice of a wife more hopes go down1 more aspirations are smothered1 than those whose aim is worldly success and the favor of the great4 ,the ideal is the victim par excellence2 for the struggling artist1 tied by his own hasty imprudence to a woman of inferior mould1 soon feels the spark of genius die within him2 the incentive to 8do and dare0 has dwindled down to the necessity of 8earning and eating40 ,a woman with uncomprehensive soul peevishly reminds him at every moment of the world of matter1 without even offering him the compensation of a blind and admiring worship of his talents in his own peculiar sphere2 in short1 he is a living example of the adage1 8,a man that's married is a man that's marred40 ,far be it from me to bring this reproach on any particular individual2 but such was the train of thought naturally induced by the unsightly array of houselinen hung like delusive flags of truce on the balusters of the artist's home4 ,early marriage is undoubtedly best for the generality of men in the world1 but it is intellectual ruin to artists4 ,let us wish them the rare fortune of a wife that will be a real helpmate to their higher and better selves1 a staff to lean on up the thorny road to ,parnassus1 and then recommend early marriage2 but unless such exceptions be found1 let them beware of the fate typified by the prosaic decoration of ,van ,muyden's abode at ,geneva4 ,visions4 ,the white stars gleamed in the jessamine bush1 ,and the bright stars up in the sky1 ,and ,gilfillan stood at the gardengate1 ,and so at the gate stood ,i4 ,the appleboughs bent as we lingered there1 ,and showered their rosy rain-- ,is it all that shall fall in that pleasant path1 ,if we meet at the gate again8 ,o ,gilfillan gay6 why seek away ,from ladylove1 kith1 and kin ,the world's ,welldone1 or 'neath foreign sun ,the golden spurs to win8 ,o womanly heart6 be still1 be still6 ,it is threescore years today-- ,and thou canst throb with this wild1 wild tide1 ,and ,i all withered and gray6 ,and ,gilfillan's bones 'neath the kirkyard stones ,of a foreign and faroff land-- ,no preacher so loud of the coffin and shroud1 ,and the house that is built on sand6 ,oh6 a rare1 rare castle of human hope ,we builded aloft in our pride6 ,and1 oh6 woe betide so weary a dream2 ,for my lover is by my side4 ,we have known no partings1 no weary years1 ,we have known no days of sorrow2 ,for ,i am but seventeen today1 ,and we shall be married tomorrow6 ,a ,word ,for ,women4 ,by ,one ,of ,themselves4 ,it has been urged that women should refrain from writing for the public1 and busy themselves with interests more strictly within their own domain than those of literature4 ,the demand might claim respectful notice1 if all women would give heed to it4 ,since they will not1 is there any reason why those who employ their pens in the production of sensational stories and other demoralizing works should have the field all to themselves8 ,or is it right that others of equal ability should shrink from entering it in defence of religion and morality8 ,the space is ample for all combatants4 ,our learned and venerable doctors1 stern champions of truth1 who keep their logical and polemical lances ever poised to strike the foe1 to demolish error1 and force conviction upon minds firmly closed against less cogent weapons1 need not fear being jostled by humble handmaidens of the same mistress1 who have ventured within the lists4 ,these may do good service1 also1 with a large class whom their telling blows shall fail to reach4 ,our women and youth1 who will read and be influenced for good or evil by 8feminine literature10 cannot be amused with metaphysical discussions that gain an attentive hearing from men of philosophical tastes1 or even by moral essays and reflections1 however excellent and edifying4 ,unfortunately1 it is not a question of forming the tastes of readers4 ,alas6 these are already formed by a vitiated literature1 flowing from a godless system of education1 and carrying the poison through the whole length of its course4 ,the only question is1 ,where shall the antidote be found1 and how administered8 ,certainly not in moral lectures that will not be read1 or in fiction of the goodygoody sort4 ,our only hope--and it is a bright one--for the future of our young ,catholics lies in the blessed awakening--effected by the clear tones of that infallible voice which never1 in any age1 gave forth an uncertain sound--that is causing schools for ,christian culture to spring up through the whole length and breadth of our country4 ,but what for our children of a larger growth1 whose tastes are already perverted8 ,we think it is unquestionable that1 as the daughters of the first ,eve1 according to the flesh1 have aided powerfully in commending the forbidden fruit to the lips of a deluded public1 so the daughters of the second ,eve1 according to the spirit1 may do much to remedy the consequences of the fatal banquet4 ,there are certain influences exercised almost exclusively by women4 ,there are certain subjects to the consideration of which the flexibility of her nature enables her to bend her efforts with graceful success1 and to far better purpose than the 8stern masculinity0 of man's heart1 head1 and pen can compass4 ,well1 then1 if women may write1 it behooves them to treat of such matters1 and in such manner1 as shall secure readers4 ,for our people must and will read4 ,right or wrong1 it is a necessity of the age4 ,from the abodes of wealth and leisure1 in the metropolis of fashion1 to village homes and rural firesides1 our people must and will read4 ,happy for them if the nourishment their fevered imaginations so morbidly crave be at least harmless6 ,a highlyseasoned sensational literature has stimulated the craving to a degree of frenzy1 if not to actual organic disease2 happy1 indeed1 for them could such mental pabulum1 such agreeable viands and cooling fruits1 be furnished and accepted as would gradually assuage the wild thirst for excitement1 until wholesome correctives should become palatable6 ,to secure success in tilling the field from which so desirable a harvest is to be gathered1 the most conscientious writers must be content1 however they may deplore the necessity1 to sharpen their ploughshares in the camps of these ,philistines of literature4 ,with no blunt implement can the soil be compelled to yield such harvest4 ,we may furnish entertaining and edifying biographies1 and gain a few readers4 ,for this department women are by nature peculiarly fitted1 if they will guard against the tendency to exaggeration which is their besetting sin4 ,but for one reader of such a book there will be fifty1 even among ,catholics1 who will prefer the demoralizing trash in cheap newspapers and dime novels to the best biography that can be produced4 ,truth should be presented in a sharp and1 to use a phrase of the times1 taking way which shall compel a hearing4 ,the popular absurdities and glaring depravities of this 8enlightened ,x,i,xth century0 should be set forth with vehement energy and convincing force4 ,it is no shadow1 but a real1 allpervading1 souldestroying power with which the ,christian athlete of this day is brought into close conflict4 ,the foe must be met by an attitude as firmly hostile to its evil enticements as it assumes against all good influences4 8,beating the air0 will win no victory4 ,seeking to compromise or modify the stern principles of eternal truth held and proclaimed by the ,catholic ,church from first to last will only ensure defeat4 ,if our women join in the struggle to resist the forces of infidelity which threaten to overwhelm our sons and daughters in temporal and eternal ruin1 and1 in their zealous enthusiasm1 step beyond the sphere of domestic privacy and humble retirement that is happily their own2 if some literary ,judith even throws off for the moment the delicate tenderness of her sex1 and seems to pass the limits of female decorum to strike off the head a leading ,holofernes1 let us not cry1 ,out upon her for such unwomanly act6 ,let us reflect that it would have been more in accordance with her nature and inclination to have remained quietly in her sequestered home and at her ease1 if she could have forgotten the fearful interests that were at stake4 ,what woman could look on with apathy when husband1 brother1 or child was exposed to certain death1 from which her strongest effort might possibly snatch the dear one1 or listen to the remonstrance that it was unbecoming and improper for a woman to put forth such effort1 and that it must prove a very feeble and faulty one at the best8 ,and shall we ask her to fold her hands in ease1 and remain silent in fitting retirement1 when the souls of her beloved are exposed to eternal death8 ,no2 it is her inalienable right to speak and act when by word or deed she may possibly rescue souls4 ,should sentiments of mere human feeling1 and affections from which it is most difficult to detach the heart of woman1 enter into1 imbue1 and even control the means she uses to promote interests dearer than mortal life1 she has nothing to fear but the critics4 ,her heavenly ,judge will never condemn her for using such weapons as he has endowed her withal in his holy cause4 ,honey is sometimes better than vinegar1 feminine sentiment often more effective than masculine wisdom1 and fervor always to be preferred to apathy4 ,we need not fear that the ,catholic woman will be carried too far by her fervent zeal in resisting the 8spirit of the age40 ,she can never be led into the mistakes of the socalled 8strongminded40 ,our vigilant and loving mother1 the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 arms her daughters with invulnerable shields against all fanaticism4 ,she holds also in her hands the power to sanctify all influences by which souls are attracted to her embrace2 to transmute all metals into gold4 ,if an appeal to the sentimental and emotional element in the heart of a stranger to her fold has drawn the wanderer to her maternal bosom1 her gentle1 allprevailing inspiration soon condenses feeling into principle1 and the romantic visionary stands clothed in the panoply of a martyr4 ,if fitting words bravely spoken have called hither a soul from the slough of transcendentalism1 spiritism1 free love1 or from the ranks of the 8strongminded10 there is no fear that it may prove less docile to the genial influence than that of the dreamer1 or fail to be speedily invested with all the delicate attributes and simple dignity of the true woman4 ,all honor to the ,catholic women in our own country and in ,great ,britain who are striving1 each in her own way1 to promote the interests of a sound and truly ,catholic literature4 ,when there were but few of these in ,america1 our sisters beyond the ,atlantic reached their hands across the great waters to rescue souls4 ,it will be known only at the great accounting day how many they first attracted to the consideration of eternal verities4 ,from that time they have increased in number1 and have continued to enrich ,british ,catholic literature by their contributions1 while encouraging their ,american coworkers4 ,a feminine ,catholic literature may not be faultless1 and yet gain numerous readers1 and prove a power for good1 not only within the church1 but beyond her pale4 ,women are human1 and therefore liable to imperfection4 ,when we notice the faults of female writers1 we must not forget the difficulties which encompass them4 ,few ,american women who write are exempt from a multitude of vexatious household cares1 or even from kitchen drudgery4 ,many are oppressed with poverty1 have no power to earn a subsistence but by the pen1 with helpless families dependent upon their literary exertions4 ,among the most favored1 scarcely one can be found who has not some invalid--a husband1 parent1 or child--who requires her attentions by night and day4 ,it may be safely asserted that such literary leisure as men devoted to these pursuits ordinarily enjoy is unknown to ,american women4 ,with all their disadvantages1 the marvel is1 not that their performances should be imperfect1 but that they have really accomplished so much under the shadow of the crowding cares and duties which surround them in their various domestic relations4 ,let them take courage1 then1 and persevere in their laudable efforts1 striving diligently to make the productions of their pens more and more perfect4 ,and to this end let them bestow their cordial smiles and most graceful bows of acknowledgment upon their best friends--the critics who will take the pains to examine and pass honest and intelligent verdicts upon their productions4 ,acute criticism is the purging fire of literature1 without which it would soon become overburdened with nonsense4 ,as the friend who kindly admonishes us of our faults is entitled to the warmest corner in our hearts1 so the critic who frankly sets forth the defects of any production may justly claim the most sincere gratitude of its author4 ,new ,publications4 ,,state ,,charities ,,aid ,,association4 ,report of a ,committee on a new ,bellevue ,hospital4 ,new ,york3 ,american ,church ,press ,co41 #d ,st4 ,mark's ,place4 #ahgd4 ,this pamphlet is worth reading by all who are interested in hospitals4 ,the need of reformation in this branch of philanthropic work is only too well proved4 ,the gentlemen and ladies who interest themselves in the care of the sick poor merit both honor and gratitude4 ,all that is written or done1 however1 by the most zealous and disinterested persons who seek to accomplish their end outside of the ,catholic ,church only adds to the evidence that the church alone is competent to deal with great social evils and miseries4 ,the state is cold1 selfish1 and merciless1 except so far as it is ,christianized4 ,mercenaries are always lacking in the qualities necessary to secure a truly faithful and charitable care of the sick and miserable4 ,division among those who are seeking to carry out the precepts of ,christian charity1 and the want of organization and of religious institutions among those who are out of the one true church1 paralyze their efforts4 ,it is only ,christian unity which can give the proper remedy for this lamentable state of things1 and without ,catholic faith and obedience this unity is impossible4 ,religious orders are alone capable of carrying out great works of charity1 and they cannot exist and flourish except in the ,catholic ,church4 ,if modern society does not return to the bosom of the church1 its evils are incurable1 however much individuals may do in a partial way4 ,nevertheless1 these partial and imperfect efforts ought to be encouraged2 and during this past winter we have had occasion to admire and rejoice in the outflow of a stream of beneficence upon our suffering population in ,new ,york which has relieved an immense amount of misery4 ,in so far as the special subject of this pamphlet is concerned1 it is obvious that the erection of a new ,bellevue ,hospital is imperatively demanded1 and we trust that it will be accomplished4 ,,universite ,,laval4 ,,sixieme ,,centenaire ,,de ,,saint ,,thomas ,d',,aquin ,a ,s4 ,,hyacinthe ,,et ,a ,,quebec4 ,quebec3 ,cot et ,cie4 #ahgd4 ,we are rejoiced to see that the sixhundredth anniversary of ,s4 ,thomas was celebrated with due splendor and solemnity in at least these two places on the ,american continent4 ,the same was done in private at the college of the ,jesuits1 at ,woodstock4 ,the ,quebec pamphlet1 besides the two excellent discourses of ,m4 l',abb ,bgin and the ,rev4 ,f4 ,prior ,bourgeois1 ,o4,s4,d41 contains a very remarkable poem by a religious of the ,congregation of the ,precious ,blood at ,s4 ,hyacinthe4 ,we tender our thanks for the courtesy of the friend who sent us this interesting memorial of a religious fte which does honor to the taste and piety of the devout and cultivated ,catholics of ,lower ,canada4 ,the two discourses contained in the pamphlet are of a high order of excellence in regard both to thought and diction4 ,we have accidentally omitted to notice among the other discourses that of ,professor ,pqut1 which is fully worthy of the brilliant occasion on which it was delivered1 viz41 the soire which took place in the evening in the grand hall of the university4 ,,true ,,to ,,trust4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this story1 the epoch of which is placed during the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 is almost worthy of ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton1 and its style frequently reminds us of that accomplished writer of fiction4 ,the character of ,catharine ,tresize is truly beautiful and original4 ,we recommend this story as one of the best which has lately appeared4 ,,in ,,six ,,months2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,two ,,friends4 ,by ,mary ,m4 ,meline4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgd4 ,the story of the two friends1 who are two young ,americans converted to ,catholicity in ,europe1 has the advantage of appearing upon tinted paper1 in a neat form1 suitable to the polished1 ornate diction and poetic fancy of the lady author1 a near relative of the late ,mr4 ,meline1 who was one of our favorite contributors4 ,miss ,meline has a cultivated literary taste and a decided talent for writing stories4 ,she has1 moreover1 the genuine ,catholic spirit of fervent devotion to the ,holy ,father1 and in the present story describes some scenes connected with the invasions of ,rome under ,garibaldi and ,la ,marmora4 ,we trust ,miss ,meline will not suffer her pen to lie idle1 but keep it busily at work4 ,,dr4 ,,coxe',s ,,claims ,,to ,,apostolicity ,,reviewed4 ,right ,rev4 ,bishop ,ryan's ,reply to the ,attack of the ,episcopal ,prelate4 ,buffalo3 ,catholic ,publication ,co4 ,price #ae cents4 ,dr4 ,coxe is a prelate who has always been conspicuous for arrogance and reckless assertion in maintaining the pretensions of the ,high ,church party in the ,protestant ,episcopal denomination1 and for his vituperative and defamatory assaults on the ,catholic ,church4 ,in this temperate but severe criticism1 ,bishop ,ryan has made an end of his claims to possess episcopal character and mission1 and has refuted him out of his own mouth4 ,we trust that this able and valuable pamphlet will not be permitted to go into oblivion1 as pamphlets are wont to do1 but be carefully preserved and made use of by clergymen and others who have to deal with ,episcopalians searching after the true church1 of whom there are so many in these days4 ,,count ,,de ,,montalembert',s ,,letters ,,to ,a ,,schoolfellow4 #ahbgahcj4 ,translated from the ,french by ,c4 ,f4 ,audly4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 ,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,goethe somewhere remarks that many of an author's best thoughts are to be found in his letters to his intimate friends2 written1 not for the public1 not for fame but from the strong desire to communicate that which is most living within him to a kindred spirit4 ,in the confidential correspondence of great minds there is a yet greater charm4 ,we feel a kind of personal interest in men who have exercised great intellectual power over us2 they become our heroes1 and we endow them with imaginary qualities1 from lack of more certain information concerning them4 ,the minutest details in their lives become to us affairs of moment4 ,how they looked1 how they dressed1 what they thought about the most trifling subjects1 seem to us to be matters worthy of becoming a part of history4 ,there is a still higher interest in the story of the unfolding of a powerful intellect4 ,it contains a lesson in psychology more instructive than any which can be learned from abstract treatises on this subject4 ,this it is that gives the chief value to autobiographies of philosophers1 poets1 and theologians4 ,yet an autobiography can never be a mirror in which we may behold the workings of the human mind4 ,it is an after thought1 a reflex judgment1 the expression of what men now think they once felt or thought4 ,it does not give us the process of intellectual growth1 but a theory concerning what that process must have been2 and a theory formed by the individual concerning the flux and reflux of the currents of his own life can never be wholly trustworthy4 ,autobiography is necessarily subject to all the vices inherent in special pleading4 ,the truest history of the intellectual and moral development of a man is to be found in his letters to his intimate friends4 ,there we have1 not what in afteryears he thinks he thought and felt1 but what he really did think and feel2 and in this view of the matter1 the egotism which is always so prominent in letters to friends gives them an additional value4 ,instead of being offended with the writer for talking so much about himself1 we are grateful for the weakness which gives us a truer insight into his character4 ,these considerations will prepare our readers for a favorable criticism upon the volume before us4 ,few men have lived to whom we more gladly give the homage of admiration and respect than to ,charles de ,montalembert2 and though we strongly condemn certain words which he uttered when his mind was troubled by suffering and disease1 and which1 had he lived longer1 he himself would have been the first to wish unsaid1 he was yet so great a man that we willingly forget that he made this blunder4 ,these ,letters1 of which ,mr4 ,audly has given us an excellent ,english translation1 were first published in the ,contemporain 7,june1 #ahgb1 to ,march1 #ahgc74 ,they run from #ahbg to #ahcj1 and1 as the work of a youth from his seventeenth to his twentieth year1 are of course fresh1 frank1 and ardent2 but they also reveal in the future orator and historian a depth of feeling and a command of language rarely to be met with in one of so tender an age4 ,they are addressed to ,m4 ,lon ,cornudet1 whom ,montalembert calls the friend of his soul1 his dearest friend2 to whom he is bound by a common sympathy in every noble feeling and high aim2 whom nor time nor absence can make him even for one moment forget4 ,what chiefly strengthens him in his faith in the permanency of this friendship is the fact that it is based on religion1 which becomes the immortal mediatrix between his soul and that of his friend4 ,when he travels and contemplates the beauties of nature1 his only regret is that his friend is not near him2 when he reads a poem1 and his soul is borne aloft on the wings of inspiration1 he exclaims1 8,oh6 if he were but here to share my delight40 ,he never dreams of the future1 of battling for religion and freedom1 of victories won and defeats nobly borne1 that he does not behold his friend by his side2 and when1 picturing to himself the vicissitudes of life1 he imagines that possibly1 in spite of his high resolves and strong purposes1 he may fail1 may be doomed to obscurity and the contempt of the world1 he seeks for consolation in the thought that in the heart of his friend he will find a better world4 ,his friend is1 as it were1 his other self1 which gives to him a twofold life2 making him feel always that 8joy was born a twin10 and that all who joy would win must share it1 and that sorrow1 too1 longs to pour itself into the heart of love4 ,this strong friendship--8the only impulse of the soul admitting of excess0--which1 like a thread of gold1 runs through all these letters1 wins at once our sympathy and our confidence4 ,there is something noble and great in the youth who is capable of such pure and deep love4 ,after all1 it is the heart that reaches highest and deepest1 and through it man attains to the best4 ,of course there is in these letters much that is immature2 were it not so1 they would not be the letters of a mere boy2 but the infinite faith in the possibility of divine realities even on earth1 the lofty contempt for what is mean and ignoble1 the selfconfidence that never doubts of itself1 the restless activity that no work satisfies1 the boundless craving for knowledge1 the freshness of the heart that falls like dew upon every lovely thing1 giving it health and beauty--all this so charms and delights us that we have no eye for defects4 8,a contempt for life10 he writes to his friend1 8is1 in my opinion1 the finest privilege of youth4 ,as we grow older1 the more we cling to a frail existence which becomes a burden to ourselves and to others40 ,what has experience that can compensate for the loss of 8,the love of higher things and better days2 ,the unbounded hope1 and heavenly ignorance ,of what is called the world1 and the world's ways2 ,the moments when we gather from a glance ,more joy than from all future pride or praise ,which kindle manhood1 but can ne'er entrance ,the heart in an existence of its own08 ,young ,montalembert1 with wealth and noble birth1 which gave him the entre of the highest circles1 found no charm in what is called society4 ,his mind was too serious1 his ambition too lofty1 to permit him to throw away the precious time of youth in frivolous amusements4 8,people usually say10 he writes to his friend during the summer vacations of #ahbg1 8that in youth we ought to give ourselves up to the pleasures of society4 ,in my opinion1 this amounts to downright absurdity4 ,i should think that in youth we ought to plunge into study or into the profession we wish to embrace4 ,when a man has done his duty towards his country2 when he can come before the world with laurels won in the senate or on the field of battle1 or at least when he enjoys universal esteem2 when1 again1 he is sure of commanding universal esteem and respect1 then ,i can understand that he has a right to enjoy himself in society1 and to mix in it with assurance40 ,montalembert had a passion for labor1 which is the only sure road to excellence and power1 and which is also the greatest evidence of ability4 ,we find him1 when not yet ten years old1 shut up in his grandfather's library1 acting as his secretary1 helping him in the designs of his geographical maps1 and absorbed in the study of the great ,english orators2 and later1 at college1 giving up his recreations1 and devoting fifteen hours a day to the severest mental discipline4 ,by saving five minutes every morning in his cell at ,sainte,barbe out of the time allowed to the pupils for rising and dressing1 he managed in one year to translate a whole volume of ,epictetus4 ,he spent a portion of the summer vacation of #ahbg at ,la ,roche,guyon1 the countryseat of the ,duc de ,rohan2 and though the castle was filled with guests1 for whom the duke provided every kind of amusement1 this intrepid young worker is able to write the following lines to his friend3 8,while you are idling your time away1 pray just hear what ,i shall have read during my month's residence at ,la ,roche3 in the first place1 all ,byron1 which is no trifling job2 ,delolme1 on the ,british ,constitution--a capital and highly important work2 the whole of the ,odyssey1 twentyfour cantos1 at the rate of one a day2 ,thomson1 ,cowper1 ,pliny's ,letters2 the ,lettres ,provinciales2 the ,life of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 by ,bouhours1 which the duke obliged me to read2 three volumes of the ,mercure newspaper2 and1 lastly1 the poetical part of the ,greek ,excerpta40 ,even in ,stockholm1 whither he went in #ahbh with his father1 who had been appointed ,french ambassador to the court of ,sweden1 he is able1 in the midst of the endless and tiresome routine of court etiquette1 to devote six or seven hours a day to study4 8,in the morning10 he writes1 8,i read ,kant1 whom ,i study deeply1 not finding him overdifficult in the beginning4 ,at night ,i plod in detail over ,northern history4 ,in the afternoon ,i devote all the time ,i can catch to my correspondence1 to reading a few ,german poems and novels1 and to certain statistical or political studies40 ,not content with working himself1 he seeks to rouse the flagging energies of his friend by pointing out to him' what great things he may be able to do for ,god and his country4 ,the ruling passion in ,montalembert's heart1 in these early years as during his whole life1 was the love of the church and of freedom4 8,religion1 liberty10 he writes--8such are the eternal groundworks of all virtue4 ,to serve ,god1 to be free--such are our duties4 ,in order to fulfil them1 we must use every resource1 every means1 which ,providence has placed in our hands40 ,and again3 8,i have succeeded in preserving my faith in the midst of one hundred and twenty infidels2 ,i hope that ,god will not allow me to lose my independence of mind in the midst of half a dozen absolutists40 ,and then he pictures to himself the great good which might be accomplished by a writer who1 bidding defiance to the prejudices of youth and the public1 would raise a bold and eloquent voice in defence of freedom and the church4 8,what a noble part he would have to play60 he exclaims4 8,what blessings he would confer upon mankind6 ,what services he would render to religion6 ,ah6 wherefore has not ,god deigned to give me talent8 ,with what passionate ardor ,i would have embraced such a glorious future60 ,who does not perceive here how the thoughts of the boy were father to the deeds of the man8 ,no author of our time has written more feelingly or eloquently of ,ireland than ,montalembert4 ,he was drawn to her by a double attraction--he loved her for her faith1 and he sympathized with her because she was wronged4 ,the finest portion of his history of ,the ,monks of the ,west is that devoted to the ,irish saints4 ,nothing could be more beautiful or more consoling than the noble pages which he has devoted to this subject4 ,as his ,histoire de ,sainte ,elisabeth opened a new path across the vast field of ,catholic history1 his studies on ,s4 ,columba and ,s4 ,columbanus called attention to the wealth of religious poetry and ,christian example which was suffered to remain buried in the archives of the early ,irish ,church4 ,in these letters we perceive the first awakening of his love for ,ireland1 and are able to trace the causes which led him to study the history of that most interesting but unhappy land4 8,by reading the admirable speeches of ,grattan10 he writes in #ahbh1 8,i have discovered1 as it were1 a new world--the world of ,ireland1 of her long sufferings1 her times of freedom and glory1 her sublime geniuses1 and her indefatigable struggles4 ,the universal interest now felt for ,ireland1 and the remarkable circumstances in which she is placed at present1 have tempted me to unfold before the eyes of those ,frenchmen who care for ,ireland the highly interesting annals and the sundry revolutions of her history4 ,my ,irish parentage on my mother's side1 my deep knowledge of ,english1 and my acquaintance with several families in that country have confirmed my first ideas on this matter1 and ,i have determined upon writing a history of ,ireland from the year #afhh1 and to do it as soon as possible1 in order that it may be published1 if that can be done1 before the vital question of the emancipation is solved4 ,there is perhaps no country presenting such a plentiful harvest of events equally interesting and unknown40 ,montalembert was in ,sweden when he wrote this letter1 and he at once sent to ,england for books1 that he might without delay set to work on his proposed history of ,ireland4 ,in addition to this1 he proposed at the end of the year to visit ,ireland itself1 that he might consult libraries and make a thorough study of the people and country4 ,this somewhat ambitious project of the youthful ,montalembert led to no other immediate results than an article on ,ireland in the ,revue ,franaise1 and a journey to the ,emerald ,isle in #ahcj2 but to it we are no doubt in part indebted for the eloquent chapters on the ,irish ,saints in ,the ,monks of the ,west4 ,his first letter from ,ireland to his friend is full of the enthusiasm with which the history of that country had inspired him3 8,as for the ,irishwomen10 he writes1 8they are bewitching4 ,they form the most beautiful female population ,i ever beheld4 ,but ,i reserve all my remarks on the country and the people for our conversations in ,paris4 ,for the present ,i must simply beg of you to pray that my passion for ,ireland may not become criminal1 for it threatens really to lead me astray from the lawful object of my affections2 and ,i am but too often tempted to turn away my thoughts from our ,france to a country so completely responding to my beliefs1 my tastes1 and even my most trifling prepossessions40 ,he visited the county ,wicklow in ,september1 #ahcj1 and wrote to his friend from the 8meeting of the waters in the vale of ,avoca40 8,no1 never10 he exclaims1 8in ,france1 ,england1 the ,netherlands1 or even in ,germany1 have ,i met with anything comparable to the wild and picturesque defiles of this ,wicklow ,county4444 ,only figure to yourself the grandest and yet the most lovely landscape2 torrents abounding in numberless cascades1 struggling to make their way through perpendicular rocks2 forests of almost fabulous depths2 meadows and swards full worthy of the ,emerald ,isle2 and then old abbeys1 modern residences1 and lodges built in the purest ,gothic style4 ,place1 moreover1 in such a landscape1 the most pious1 most cheerful1 most poetical population in the world4 ,then1 again1 say to yourself that ,grattan passed his childhood here2 that he meditated his speeches along these torrents2 that one of these residences was bestowed on him by his fatherland1 and that therein he lived in his old age2 that all these beautiful lands were sanctified and immortalized by the ,rebellion of #agih4 ,well1 figure to yourself all this1 and you will still have but a faint idea of what ,i have felt for the last few days40 ,as in his eyes ,irishwomen were the most beautiful1 and ,irish scenery the most lovely1 he was prepared to admire enthusiastically the men of the country4 ,at ,carlow ,college he dined with the celebrated ,bishop ,doyle and several of his professors1 who1 he says1 received him with a truly ,homeric hospitality4 8,i really don't know10 he writes1 8which ,i ought to admire most1 the people or the clergy4 ,i feel confounded at the sight of this people1 equally faithful--as ,i said in my article1 whilst myself hardly believing it--equally faithful to its old misery and to its old faith1 who1 of all the possessions of their forefathers1 have preserved nothing but their religion1 the only relic snatched from the conqueror1 without ever allowing themselves to be carried away by the invincible attraction of imitation4444 ,as for the priests1 they are all model priests--manly1 open1 cheerful1 energetic4 ,no hypocrisy1 no assumed reserve1 to be read on their candid and serene countenances2 they talk of freedom with all the buoyancy of a ,paris schoolboy1 and of their country1 of their dear and unfortunate ,ireland1 with an accent that would melt a heart of stone4 ,one can see that over their hearts religion and patriotism hold equal sway4 ,indeed1 in order to comprehend fully what patriotism is1 one must hear an ,irish priest talk of his country40 ,it is a mistake to affirm1 as has been done1 that ,montalembert made this journey to ,ireland merely1 or chiefly even from a desire to see ,o',connell4 ,the great ,liberator had indeed fired his young heart with enthusiasm1 and he rode sixty miles through a dreary country to have the pleasure of talking with him2 but from these letters it is evident that a feeling1 higher and more general than any which could be inspired by an individual1 however great1 had drawn him to the ,isle of ,saints4 ,at ,derrynane he found ,o',connell1 surrounded by his twentythree children and nephews1 looking like a plain country farmer4 8,i was struck10 he writes1 8but not dazzled1 by him4 ,he is by no means the most interesting object in ,ireland40 ,he heard ,o',connell speak1 and1 in spite of his enthusiastic and impressionable nature1 was disappointed4 8,he is but a demagogue10 he tells his friend1 8and by no means a great orator4 ,he is declamatory1 inflated1 full of bombast2 his arguments are loosely strung together2 his fancy is devoid of charm or freshness2 his style harsh1 rough1 and choppy4 ,the more ,i see of him1 the more ,i hear him1 the more ,i am confirmed in my first opinion--to wit1 he is not stamped with the mark of genius or with true greatness4 ,but he defends the finest of all causes4 ,he has before him no mighty antagonist or rival1 and circumstances--as is the case with many others--will stand him in lieu of genius40 ,we have given our readers but a faint idea of the warmth1 and glow1 and freshness that pervade these letters2 of the frank and unaffected candor with which their youthful author lays open his whole heart to his friend2 of the deep spirit of religion and reverence which runs through them2 of the noble sentiments and generous resolves which1 as from an inexhaustible fountain1 well up from young ,montalembert's heart4 ,in reading them1 we have felt our own heart grow younger and kindle with new fire2 we have seemed to catch the accent of the olden time1 when men lived for honor1 and were glad to die for faith and truth1 rather than the metallic tone of this age1 8when only the ledger lives1 and when only not all men lie40 ,we know of no book which we would more gladly see in the hands of our ,catholic youth who lack enthusiasm and are without the courage which a noble and high purpose in life can alone give4 ,they need the education which will lift them above low and petty aims1 and cause them to take an interest in things of an unselfish kind4 ,they must learn that worth is more than success1 and honor better than wealth2 they must be taught to outgrow the narrow1 calculating spirit of the huckster and the shopkeeper1 the disposition to sneer at enthusiasm and to depreciate high principles of action2 and to this end we know of nothing that is likely to contribute more effectually than the example and writings of such men as ,montalembert1 who devoted the labor of a lifetime to high aims and noble purposes2 who loved the truth for its own sake1 and freedom1 not for himself alone1 but for all men2 who never worshipped the rising sun or paid court to success1 but fought for the just cause without stopping to reflect whether he would win or lose4 8,let us never forget10 said ,montalembert1 towards the end of his life1 speaking to his friend--8let us never forget that ,rio1 when we were young1 cultivated enthusiasm within our souls1 and for such a blessing we must be bound to him by the deepest gratitude40 ,this is a debt which many a ,catholic today1 not in ,france alone1 but throughout the world1 owes to ,charles de ,montalembert4 ,,the ,,consoling ,,thoughts ,,of ,s4 ,,francis ,,of ,,sales4 ,gathered from his writings and arranged in order by the ,rev4 ,pre ,huguet4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,this work is really beyond the scope of the reviewer or the critic1 as it is made up wholly from the writings of a great saint4 ,to every one who knows the works of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 it will be a fresh pleasure to see such wellarranged parts of them in an ,english dress4 ,pre ,huguet has had the happy thought of choosing from the saint's spiritual treatises everything that could console the sorrowful1 strengthen the weak1 and encourage the doubtful4 ,the translator made it a labor of love to put these thoughts within the reach of many millions of ,englishspeaking people4 ,s4 ,francis has been read and admired by every one1 within or without the church2 and there is between him and the modern mind a peculiar sympathy which makes him essentially welcome to men of our day4 ,non,catholics would call him a thoroughly reasonable saint4 ,everywhere his counsel will be found on the side of moderation4 ,the 8smoking flax0 and the 8bruised reed0 need not fear him2 his gentle touch is the very thing they require4 ,the care with which ,pre ,huguet has made this compilation is apparent2 for though the sentences that compose one page may1 as he says1 have been taken from twenty various treatises1 they all follow each other in admirable order4 ,the author has also supplemented them with footnotes1 consisting of appropriate passages from other spiritual writers1 ancient and modern1 bearing on the same subjects as those treated of by ,s4 ,francis4 ,a few of these notes are signed with no name1 and are probably the adapter's own4 ,s4 ,francis has a wonderful power of expressing spiritual truths in little terse sayings that might well be called proverbs4 ,a few quotations will give an idea of this peculiarity of his style3 8,persecutions are pieces of the cross of ,jesus ,christ2 we should scruple very much to allow the smallest particle of them to perish40 8,it is not with spiritual rosebushes as with material ones2 on the latter1 the thorns remain and the roses pass away2 on the former1 the thorns pass away and the roses remain40 8,it is necessary that all these sentiments should sink deep into our hearts1 and that1 leaving our reflections and our prayers1 we should pass to our affairs sweetly1 lest the liquor of our good resolutions should evaporate and be lost1 for we must allow it to saturate and penetrate our whole soul2 everything1 nevertheless1 without strain of mind or body40 ,some very beautiful thoughts will be found on death1 and the sorrow of the living for the loss of their dear ones2 also some merciful and encouraging conjectures on the number of the saved1 which ,s4 ,francis thinks will be the greater number of ,christians4 ,,sermons1 ,,lectures1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,michael ,b4 ,,buckley1 7,,late7 ,,ss4 ,,peter ,,and ,,paul',s1 ,,cork4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,this volume1 containing the literary remains of the lamented ,f4 ,buckley1 will1 we have no doubt1 be well received by his numerous friends both here and in ,ireland4 ,though a young man1 he had earned a high reputation as a speaker and a writer2 and the contents of this volume prove that his reputation was not undeserved4 ,the subjects of the sermons and lectures are varied and interesting1 and are1 for the most part1 well handled4 ,the memoir of the devoted young priest attached to the volume will be found edifying and instructive1 and the whole book we deem well worthy the careful perusal of both clergy and laity4 ,,novena ,,to ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes2 ,,with ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,apparition4 ,from the ,french ,edition4 ,approved by the ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgd4 ,the devotion to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes has spread so rapidly1 and miraculous favors coming from it have become so common1 even in this country1 that this little book is extremely welcome1 and will1 no doubt1 be very popular4 ,it cannot fail1 also1 to do much good by making the apparition more generally known1 and increasing the love of the faithful for ,our ,lady1 and their confidence in her intercession4 ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,holy ,,eucharist4 ,by ,brother ,philippe1 ,superior ,general of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,west ,chester3 ,new ,york ,catholic ,protectory4 #ahgc4 ,all who are acquainted with other meditations by the latelydeceased and muchregretted ,brother ,philippe will not need to be assured of the excellence of the present work4 ,we have eightytwo meditations on the ,eucharist1 admirably chosen and thought out4 ,among them we are delighted to see one entitled 8,the ,holy ,eucharist and the ,most ,blessed ,virgin10 and another upholding 8,frequent ,communion40 ,subjoined to these meditations are some on the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 by the same author4 ,these are twentyfour in number1 and will prove of service for instructions and conferences to sodalities of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,may our glorious ,lady1 to whom this volume is dedicated1 secure it the reception it deserves4 ,we have never seen anything to surpass these ,meditations1 which ,brother ,philippe has left us as a precious legacy4 ,,snatches ,,of ,,song4 ,by ,mary ,a4 ,mc,mullen 7,una74 ,st4 ,louis3 ,published by ,patrick ,fox1 ,no4 #ad ,south ,fifth ,street4 #ahgd4 ,there are several reasons which incline us to speak favorably of this book of poems4 ,the first1 perhaps1 is the appearance of its printed pages1 which are neatly executed upon tinted paper4 ,we notice1 also1 that the red on the edges does not rub off on our fingers1 which is a great source of satisfaction to one who is obliged to handle new books4 ,on turning the book over1 it occurs to us that green muslin does not form a pleasant contrast with red edges2 but as we notice a gilded harp and shamrock on the cover1 the arrangement of color is perhaps intended to be typical of the sentiments of the authoress4 ,the booknoticer--for we shall not claim the august title of critic--pauses with instinctive reverence at sight of the works of a poet1 and1 above all1 of a poetess4 ,the rhymes must be either good or bad4 ,if good1 how shall he condense the ecstasies1 the harmonies1 of one volume into the prosaic compass of a notice8 ,if bad1 how shall he run the risk of breaking by rude treatment the strings of a lyre which is perhaps just working into tune1 or inflict a wound on those gushing hearts which sing with the birds or bubble with the brooks8 ,in the present instance1 we are glad to be able to say that the verses are not bad4 ,the writer has talent4 ,while there is no marked or striking originality in the subjects chosen1 and not much of deep and moving pathos1 there are many wellturned and pretty stanzas1 and at times quite a wealth of imagery and illustration4 ,the lines on 8,the ,nightingale10 8,to ,cashel10 8,the ,wayside ,shrine10 will furnish instances of this2 and the volume will be found agreeable to lovers of poetry4 ,the writer deserves to be encouraged4 ,we wish her success in the fortune of her volume4 ,there is1 however1 a tone in some of the strains which grates somewhat upon our ears4 ,although no one suffers from the abuse of arbitrary power as greatly as the holy church1 it is not her spirit to seek relief by violence1 nor is this permitted to her children1 even under oppressive tyranny1 excepting when it promises to be a true remedy4 ,there is much more to be feared in these days from the spirit of lawlessness and rebellion than from intelligent submission to governments1 even when imperfect in form and unjust in practice4 ,our ,holy ,father1 while branding with his apostolic eloquence the iniquities of which he is the victim1 has forbidden violent resistance1 for the time being1 to the oppressors of ,italy4 ,the ,catholics of ,germany1 under the most diabolical tyranny1 have not sought relief by agitating insurrection4 ,and while we do not propose to submit to injustice1 or to call bad things by good names1 we will never wilfully stain our hands by unnecessary bloodshed4 ,under these circumstances1 the 8,hymn to ,liberty10 page #ci1 strikes us as a piece of heated declamation4 ,some lines which we have noted at intervals1 and which seem to look forward to the emancipation of ,ireland as the work of the sword1 though highly gratifying to martial spirits1 will not wholly commend themselves to those friends of ,ireland who are now seeking it by peaceful means1 and tread in the paces of the great ,o',connell4 ,there is no beauty without truth2 and those who lose sight of it1 even in minor details1 run the risk of a false inspiration4 ,we are glad to notice1 on the other hand1 several poems in the volume full of ,catholic thought and piety4 ,as for the melodies1 harmonies1 etc41 before alluded to1 those who wish for them must lay aside our notice and read the book4 ,,the ,,paradise ,,of ,,god2 or1 ,the ,virtues of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,by a ,father of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,london3 ,r4 ,washbourne4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society74 ,the idea of this book is to show that the lovers of the ,sacred ,heart find in that 8masterpiece of creation0 an ,eden more beautiful than that from which sin expelled us4 ,the various chapters treating of the 8,virtues10 will be read with delight by all who are capable of appreciating them4 ,the book is one of the 8,messenger ,series10 and uniform with the ,happiness of ,heaven and ,god ,our ,father--two works which have been widely read4 ,books and ,pamphlets ,received4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,sadliers' ,catholic ,directory1 ,almanac1 and ,ordo for #ahgd4 #abmo4 ,from the ,,author3 ,the ,ansthetic ,revelation and the ,gist of ,philosophy4 ,by ,benj4 ,p4 ,blood4 #hvo4 pp4 #cg4 ,from ,j4 ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,circular of the ,catholic ,commissioner for ,indian ,missions1 to the ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #ad4 ,from ,,compton ,,co41 ,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 ,the ,evil of our ,day3 ,a ,lecture by ,rev4 ,a4 ,chisholm4 #hvo1 pp4 #ae4 ,from the ,,author3 ,speech of ,hon4 ,n4 ,p4 ,chipman in the ,house of ,representatives1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahgd4 ,paper1 #abmo1 pp4 #ca4 ,from ,,metcalf ,,co41 ,northampton3 ,sixth ,annual ,report of the ,clarke ,institution for ,deaf ,mutes4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #dj4 ,from ,c4 ,,lange ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,fourth ,annual ,report of the ,manhattan ,eye and ,ear ,hospital4 ,paper1 #abmo1 pp4 #cd4 ,from ,j4 ,,lovell1 ,montreal3 ,the ,labor and ,money ,questions4 ,by ,wm4 ,brown4 ,paper1 #bdmo1 pp4 #eh4 ,from ,j4 ,a4 ,,mcgee3 ,ireland ,among the ,nations4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,o',leary1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #bjh4 ,from ,p4 ,,fox1 ,st4 ,louis3 ,snatches of ,song4 ,by ,mary ,a4 ,mc,mullen 7,una74 #ahmo1 pp4 #bjc4 ,from ,,scribner1 ,,armstrong ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,history of ,greece4 ,by ,prof4 ,dr4 ,ernst ,curtius4 ,translated by ,a4 ,w4 ,ward1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #abmo1 pp4 #ecj4 ,from ,j4 ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,paradise of ,god2 or1 ,the ,virtues of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,by a ,father of the ,society of ,jesus4 #ahmo1 pp4 #cfe4 ,from ,the ,,new ,,york ,,catholic ,,protectory1 ,west ,chester3 ,meditations on the ,holy ,eucharist1 and ,meditations on the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,by ,brother ,philippe4 #abmo1 pp4 xvi41 #ejh1 #aec4 ,from ,p4 ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,holy ,week in the ,vatican4 ,by ,thomas ,canon ,pope4 #abmo1 pp4 xxiv41 #daf4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aaa4--;,,june1 #ahgd4 ,the ,principles ,of ,real ,being4 ,,vi4 ,principles of ,nominal ,realities4 ,there are beings which are called real1 not because they have any special reality of their own1 but only on account of their objective connection with real beings4 ,thus possibilities are called 8real10 although the things possible have no formal existence and no actual essence2 relations are called 8real0 when they have real terms and a real foundation1 although they are not found to possess 7unless they be transcendental7 any new and special reality2 distinction1 too1 is called 8real0 from the reality of those things that are distinct1 although distinction in itself is neither a new thing nor aught of any real thing4 ,hence possibility1 relation1 and distinction are to be looked upon as entities having only a conventional reality1 from which their denomination of 8real0 has been desumed4 ,let us therefore inquire what are the principles on which these nominal realities depend4 ,principles of possible being4 ,it has been proved1 in one of our preceding articles1 that every created being is constituted of an act1 of a potential term1 and of their formal complement4 ,it is now to be observed that an act1 when conceived as ready to be produced and to actuate its term1 is called a 8first act0--actus primus2 whilst the same act1 when already produced and existing in its term1 is called a 8second act0--actus secundus4 ,in the same manner1 the potential term1 or the potency1 when conceived as ready to be first actuated by an act and to complete it1 is called a 8first potency0--potentia prima2 whilst the same term1 when already actuated and completing its act1 receives the name of 8second potency0--potentia secunda47#he7 ,when treating of being as possible1 it is evident that we cannot consider its act as really actuating a term2 for such a real actuation would immediately be followed by the real actuality of the being4 ,yet the quiddity of a possible being is always conceived through the same principles and the same ratios through which the quiddity of the actual being is conceivable4 ,for a being is adequately possible when an act is terminable or can give existence1 when a term is actuable or can receive existence1 and when1 from the concurrence of the two1 one complete actuality can result4 ,the act1 the term1 and the complement are therefore implied in the possible no less than in the actual being2 with this difference1 however3 that in the actual being the act and the term are actually existing in one another1 whereas in the possible being the act and the term are not really existing in one another1 but only mentally conceived as ready to conspire into one common existence4 ,in other words1 in the actual being the act is a second act1 the term is a second potency1 and the complement is a real and formal result2 whilst in the possible being the act is a first act1 the term is a first potency1 and the complement is a mere resultability4 ,hence the intrinsic possibility of a being may be regarded under two correlative aspects--that is either as the terminability of a first act1 or as the actuability of a first potency4 ,under the first aspect1 possibility involves a positive reality1 because it implies a real entity which is eminently 7that is1 in a more perfect manner7 precontained in the entity and power of its cause4 ,under the second aspect1 possibility does not involve anything positive--unless we speak of the possibility of accidents1 which require a positive subject--but only connotes something positive1 to wit1 the first act by which the term is to be formally actuated4 ,possibility1 under this second aspect1 and with reference to primitive beings1 is nothing else than the potentiality with which we clothe nothingness when we conceive it as a term out of which beings are educed by creation2 for nothingness thus conceived connotes the act by which the nonexisting term can be brought into being4 ,every possible being has1 therefore1 a twofold incomplete possibility--the formal and the material4 ,the formal consists in the terminability of a first act2 the material in the actuability of its term2 while the complete and adequate intrinsic possibility of the being is a simple result of the concurrence of the two4 ,it must be manifest1 as a consequence from the preceding remarks1 that a possible being is not truly1 but only nominally1 real4 ,for its material possibility1 or its possible term1 is only an entity of reason1 since it means nothing more than a nonentity conceived as liable to actuation2 and its formal possibility1 or its possible act1 although involving1 as we have said1 the notion of a positive reality eminently contained in the entity of the ,creator1 is still nothing formally in that line of reality to which we refer when we speak of its possibility4 ,thus the possibility of man1 so far as it is eminently contained in the entity of the ,creator1 is no human entity at all1 but simply ,god's entity and power2 just as the possibility of velocity1 so far as it is eminently contained in the entity of its cause1 is no formal velocity at all1 but simply the entity and power of the agent by which the velocity can be brought into being4 ,certainly1 the velocity with which a drop of rain falls to the ground has no formal existence in the earth which produces it1 but only in the drop itself2 it being evident that the attractive power of the earth is not velocity1 but the principle of its production4 ,and the same is to be said of any other effect inasmuch as it is eminently contained in its efficient cause4 ,nothing1 therefore1 that is merely possible has any formal being in its cause2 whence it follows that whatever is merely possible is nothing more than an entity of reason--that is1 an unreality--whether we consider its material or its formal possibility4 ,all entities1 in fact1 of which the act and the term are beings of reason1 can have no actuality but an actuality of reason4 ,hence possible beings are themselves only beings of reason1 and have no reality1 either physical or metaphysical4 ,why1 then1 are they called real8 ,certainly not for what they are1 but simply because their possibility is the possibility of real beings4 ,many philosophers are wont to style them metaphysical realities2 but this is a mistake1 for all metaphysical reality implies existence4 ,possibles1 as mere beings of reason1 have neither actuality nor formal unity1 except in intellectual conception2 whence it follows that they do not constitute number1 except in intellectual conception4 ,this inference is evident4 ,for every multitude is made up of distinct units2 and therefore no real multitude can be conceived without real units really distinct4 ,on the other hand1 possible beings are not real1 but conceptual1 units1 nor are they really1 but only mentally1 distinct from one another4 ,as1 however1 they are distinctly conceived1 and have a distinct ideal actuality in the intellect that conceives them1 they constitute what may be called an ideal multitude4 ,such a multitude1 as seen and exhaustively comprehended by ,god's intellect1 is absolutely and positively infinite2 for possibilities are nothing but the virtual degrees of being which ,god's infinite reality eminently contains1 and which ,god's infinite power can produce outwardly4 ,the range of possibilities is therefore coextensive with ,god's infinity1 and thus actually comprises an infinite 7not an indefinite7 multitude of distinct terms4 ,this infinite multitude is distinctly and positively known to ,god in the perfect comprehension of his own infinite being1 which is the inexhaustible source of all possible beings2 to our intellects1 however1 which cannot comprehend infinity1 the same infinite multitude is known only negatively1 inasmuch as we understand that the multitude of possible beings admits of no limit whatever4 ,we have1 in fact1 no positive intuition of the infinite1 but acquire a notion of it by means of abstraction only1 as we remove the limits by which any finite reality directly perceived by us is circumscribed4 ,in other terms1 our notion of the infinite is not an intuitive idea1 as the ontologists assume1 but only an abstract concept47#hf7 ,thus far we have spoken of what is called intrinsic possibility4 ,besides this possibility1 which is theoretical and absolute1 there is also a relative possibility which is extrinsic and practical4 ,extrinsically possible we call that which is in the power of some being to do4 ,with regard to ,god1 all that is intrinsically possible is also extrinsically possible2 for his omnipotence has no bounds4 ,with regard to creatures1 whose power is confined to the production of accidental acts1 the range of extrinsic possibility is very limited1 since it is reduced to acts of a determinate species1 and depends on extrinsic conditions4 ,still1 as the efficient power of created substances is never exhausted by exertion1 creatures virtually contain in their own power a multitude of possible acts which has no limit but that of the multitude of terms or subjects which can be placed within the sphere of their activity4 ,this amounts to saying that the active power of creatures can be exerted1 not only successively1 but even simultaneously1 in the production of any number of accidental acts of a certain kind4 ,thus the attractive power of the sun sufficiently accounts for the possibility of innumerable movements which can take place at any time and at all times in any number of planets1 comets1 or particles of matter around it2 so that the multiplication of the effects does not require the multiplication of the power1 but only that of the number of subjects1 or potential terms1 in which the acts proceeding from that power must be received4 ,from what we have just said of real possibility1 it will be easy to determine in what real impossibility consists4 ,really impossible we call that which cannot exist in nature4 ,now1 nothing can exist in nature which is not an act completed by a suitable term1 or a term actuated by a suitable act1 or an actuality resulting from the conspiration of an act and a suitable term1 as we have shown in a preceding article4 ,that1 therefore1 is absolutely and intrinsically impossible in which this essential law of being is not fulfilled4 ,thus passion without action is absolutely and intrinsically impossible1 because a term cannot be actuated without an act2 whiteness with nothing white is absolutely impossible1 because no mode of being is conceivable where there is no being2 a material form actuating an intellectual term is absolutely impossible1 because the one cannot give that kind of reality which the other should receive1 and thus they cannot conspire into one essence2 rotundity and triangularity in the same subject are absolutely impossible1 because they exclude and destroy one another4 ,generally1 whenever the assumed principles of a thing do not conspire into one essential ratio1 the thing will have no essence1 and consequently no possibility of existence4 ,hence everything is intrinsically impossible which lacks some constituent1 or of which the constituents cannot meet together4 ,things intrinsically impossible are no beings1 not even ideal beings2 for since they have no essence1 they have no objective intelligibility4 ,nevertheless1 they are said to be really1 truly1 entitatively impossible1 inasmuch as they are the opposite of possible entity1 reality1 and truth4 ,besides this intrinsic and absolute impossibility1 there is a relative impossibility1 which is styled extrinsic1 arising from a deficiency or limitation of extrinsic power4 ,it is evident that a thing intrinsically possible may be extrinsically impossible to causes possessing limited power4 ,to ,god nothing is impossible4 ,when we say that ,god cannot sin or make a square circle1 we do not limit his power1 but only point out the intrinsic impossibility of the thing4 ,and let this suffice with regard to possibles and impossibles4 ,principles of real relation4 ,relative we call 8that which connotes something else0--id quod se habet ad aliud4 ,thus the greater connotes the less1 as nothing can be styled 8greater0 except as compared with something less2 and1 similarly1 the less connotes the greater1 as nothing can be styled 8less0 except as compared with something greater4 ,hence greater and less are both relative4 ,that one thing may connote another1 there must be some link between them--that is1 a communication in something that reaches them both1 and thus connects the one with the other4 ,hence1 to constitute a relative being1 three things are required3 #ast1 that which is to be related1 or the subject of the relation2 #b;d1 that to which it is to be related1 or the term of the relation2 #c;d1 that through which it is related1 or the foundation or formal reason of the relation4 ,it is worth noticing that the word 8relation0 is used by philosophers in two different senses4 ,sometimes it is used as meaning simply 8the respect of a subject to a term02 as when we say that the father by his paternity is related to his son1 or that the son by his filiation is related to his father4 ,here paternity and filiation are simple relativities1 which may be called 8transitive relations10 as the one leads to the other4 ,but sometimes the word 8relation0 is used as meaning 8the tie resulting between two terms from the conspiration of their distinct relativities02 as when we say that between the father and his son there is a tie of consanguinity4 ,relation in this sense is nothing else than the actuality of two correlatives1 inasmuch as connected by their distinct relativities1 and may be styled 8resultant relation10 or 8intransitive relation10 as it does not lead from the subject to the term1 but is predicated of both together4 ,the precise distinction between relativity and resultant relation is marked out by the two prepositions to and between4 ,relativity relates the subject to its term2 resultant relation1 or correlation1 intervenes between two terms4 ,relativity needs completion in a term having an opposite relativity1 as it is evident that paternity has no completion without a son2 and thus one relativity essentially needs to be completed by the other2 but correlation is perfectly complete1 as it is the result of the completion of one relativity by the other4 ,and1 lastly1 the formal reason or foundation of the simple relativity is that which induces the connotation1 or the respect of one term to another2 whilst the formal reason of the correlation is the conspiration of two relativities4 ,thus the foundation of paternity and of filiation is generation1 active on the part of the father1 and passive on the part of the son2 but the formal reason of consanguinity is not the generation1 but the conspiration of paternity and filiation into a relative unity4 ,this shows that these two kinds of relation are entirely distinct1 though they are essentially connected with one another in the constitution of the relative being4 ,let us now inquire in what the reality of relations consists4 ,here again we have to make a distinction2 for among the relations which are called real1 some are real in fact1 as the transcendental relations1 and others are real by denomination only1 as all the predicamental relations4 ,transcendental relation is that which intervenes between the act and the term1 or the formal and the material principles of one and the same being4 ,such a relation is called 8transcendental10 because it transcends the limits of any particular predicament1 and1 like being1 extends to all predicaments4 ,this relation is truly real1 whether we take 8relation0 as a simple relativity or as a resultant correlation4 ,for the relativity of an act to its term is nothing less than the actuality of the act in the same term2 in like manner1 the relativity of a term to its act is nothing less than the actuality of the term in the same act4 ,we know1 in fact1 that the common foundation of the two relativities is actuation1 active on the part of the act1 and passive on the part of the term2 and from actuation nothing but actuality can result4 ,and since by such an actuation the act and the term are really constituted in one another1 hence their relativities need nothing extrinsic for their completion1 but the one intrinsically completes the other in the same individual being1 and both conspire into one absolute actuality1 which is the formal complement of the same being1 as we have shown in another place4 ,but with predicamental relations the case is different4 ,the subject and the term of the predicamental relation do not communicate with one another through themselves immediately1 but through something else1 and are always physically distinct1 as we shall see hereafter2 whence it follows that the predicamental relativity always refers the subject to a term extrinsic to it1 and thus needs something extrinsic for its entitative completion4 ,but nothing which is extrinsic to the subject can complete anything intrinsic to it so as to form a real entity4 ,therefore the relativity of the subject to its term is not a real entity of the subject1 but only a real denomination4 ,the minor of this syllogism can be easily proved2 for two things which are1 and remain1 extrinsic to one another cannot conspire into one real unity2 but the subject and the term of predicamental relations are1 and remain1 extrinsic to one another2 they cannot1 therefore1 conspire into one real unity4 ,hence they cannot give rise to any new real entity2 for unity and entity are convertible terms4 ,moreover1 predicamental relations arise between two absolute terms without anything new being introduced into them4 ,for if we have two real terms1 ,a and ,b1 possessing something which is common to both1 their communication in this common thing will make them relative4 ,yet such a communication leaves ,a and ,b in possession of that reality which is said to be common1 and adds no real entity to them4 ,if ,a and ,b are both white1 the whiteness which is in ,a is by no means modified by the existence of whiteness in ,b4 ,the fact that ,a and ,b are both white1 simply means that whiteness is not confined to ,a2 but it does not imply any new real entity in ,a1 and therefore ,a remains identically the same1 whether there is another white body1 ,b1 or not2 and if there were one thousand white bodies1 ,a would become related to them all1 and acquire a thousand relativities1 without the least real modification of its entity4 ,not even the relation between agent and patient1 which is the nearest possible imitation of the transcendental relation between the essential constituents of absolute being1 is a new entity4 ,a being which acts is an agent2 and a being which is acted on is a patient4 ,agent and patient are connected by predicamental relation1 the act produced by the first1 and received in the second1 being the foundation of their relativities4 ,now1 is the relativity of the agent to the patient a new real entity above and besides the substance of the agent and its action8 ,by no means4 ,for such a relativity arises from this only3 that the act produced by the agent is received in the patient2 and as the patient is a being distinct from the agent1 the reception of the act in the patient cannot concur to the constitution of any new reality in the agent4 ,hence the whole reality of the agent1 as such1 consists in its substance and its action2 while the reception of its action elsewhere can add no real entity to it1 but simply gives it a real denomination desumed from the reality of the effect produced4 ,for the same reason1 the relativity of the patient to the agent is no new real entity above and besides the substance of the patient and its passion4 ,this relativity1 in fact1 arises from this only3 that the act received in the patient comes from the agent2 and as the agent is a being distinct from the patient1 the coming of the act from the agent cannot concur to the constitution of any new reality in the patient4 ,hence the whole reality of the patient1 as such1 consists in its substance and its passion1 or reception of the act2 while the coming of this act from a distinct being can add no real entity to it1 but simply gives it a real denomination desumed from the reality of the causation4 ,from what precedes we may conclude that the reality of predicamental relations requires no new real entity superadded to the real terms and the real foundation of their relativity1 and accordingly predicamental relations are only nominal realities4 ,relations are either virtual1 formal1 or habitual4 ,virtual relativity is predicated of a subject which contains in itself virtually 7in actu primo7 something through which it can communicate with a distinct term4 ,thus everything visible has a virtual relativity to the eye before it is seen2 because all that is visible has the power to make an impression upon the eye4 ,hence visibility is a virtual relativity1 or1 if we may so call it1 a mere referability4 ,in ,latin1 it is called ordo--8ordination02 and in the language of the schools1 the visible would be said to have 8a special ordination to the eye0--visibile ordinem habet ad oculum4 ,in the same manner1 the eye has a special ordination to the visible1 the intellect to the intelligible1 etc4 ,the formal relativity is predicated of a subject which is formally 7in actu secundo7 connected with its correlative by the formal participation of a common entity4 ,thus1 when the visible object strikes the eye1 the action of the one upon the other entails a formal link of relativity between the two1 and it is thus that the previous virtual relativity of the one to the other becomes formal4 ,this formal relativity in ,latin is often called respectus--8a respect02 and the things thus related are said 8to regard0--respicere--one another4 ,the habitual relativity is predicated of that which has been brought into relation with its correlative by something in which both originally communicated1 but which1 owing to the destruction of one of the two1 has ceased to be common4 ,this relativity in ,latin is properly called habitudo--that is1 8habitual connotation02 and the subject thus related is spoken of as habens se ad aliquid--a phrase which we do not attempt to translate1 and which is used by philosophers in a more general sense to express all kinds of relations47#hg7 ,thus a murderer is still habitually related to the man whom he has killed1 although the man killed is no more a man2 and1 in the same manner1 a son is habitually related to his father1 even after his father's death2 for he is still the same son of the same father1 and it would be absurd to pretend that he has lost his own relativity and ceased to be a real son only because his father is no more4 ,it must be remarked1 however1 that this habitual relativity cannot be real1 except when the relation has an intrinsic foundation4 ,for when the foundation is extrinsic1 there is nothing formally remaining in the subject which1 after the suppression of the term1 can keep up its relativity4 ,thus1 if the moon were annihilated1 the distance from the earth to the moon would totally vanish1 as every one will easily admit4 ,much might be said about predicamental relations1 both intrinsic and extrinsic2 but1 in a general treatise like this1 we cannot well enter into matters of detail4 ,we will only state that relations are divided according to their foundations4 ,intrinsic relations are respectively founded on substance1 on action and passion1 on quality1 and on quantity2 and therefore may be reduced to four kinds4 ,extrinsic relations also may be divided into four kinds1 as they are respectively founded on a common cause1 on a common region of ubication1 on a common duration1 or on a common extrinsic term of comparison4 ,substance1 and everything else considered absolutely1 founds the relations of unity and plurality4 ,action and passion found the relations of causality and dependence4 ,quality founds the relations of likeness or unlikeness4 ,quantity founds the relations of equality or inequality4 ,all these relations are called intrinsic1 because their foundation is something intrinsic to the terms related4 ,a common cause founds the relation which we may call of collateralness between two terms proceeding from it4 ,thus two brothers are connected in mutual fraternity1 inasmuch as they are the offspring of the same parents4 ,a common region of ubication and movement founds the relation of distance4 ,a common duration founds the relation of succession4 ,a common extrinsic term of comparison founds the relation of site or situation4 ,all these relations are called extrinsic1 because their foundation is extrinsic to the terms related4 ,principles of real distinction4 ,distinction is nothing but a negation of identity2 and therefore there must be as many kinds of distinction as there are kinds of identity which can be denied4 ,hence we cannot properly determine the principles of real distinction without first ascertaining what are the principles of real identity4 ,identity is a relative unity1 or a relation founded on the unity of a thing4 ,for the thing which is to be styled the same must be compared with itself according to that entity on account of which it is to be pronounced to be identical with itself2 and it is evident that such an entity must be one in order to be the same4 ,thus if ,i say3 8,the pen with which ,i am now writing is the very same which ,i used yesterday10 the pen with which ,i am now writing will be the subject of the relation1 the pen which ,i used yesterday will be the term of the relation1 and the oneness of its entity will be the foundation of the relation and the formal reason of the identity4 ,as relations1 like everything else1 are specified by their formal reasons1 it is clear that there must be as many kinds of identity as there are kinds of unities on which the relation of identity can be founded4 ,now1 three kinds of unities can be conceived3 first1 the formal unity of a complete being1 or a complete unity1 which may be called physical unity2 secondly1 the unity of an incomplete or metaphysical reality1 which may be called metaphysical unity2 thirdly1 the unity of a being of reason1 which may be called logical unity4 ,accordingly1 there can be three kinds of identity1 viz41 the physical1 the metaphysical1 and the logical4 ,let us say a word about each4 ,physical identity is a relation founded on the unity of a physical entity1 and is the most real of all identities4 ,some philosophers taught that this identity is merely a logical relation1 or a relation of reason1 because a relation cannot be real unless its subject be really distinct from its term--a condition which cannot be verified when the subject and the term are identical4 ,but they did not reflect that a thing must be called really identical with itself then only when it cannot be really distinguished from itself1 and inasmuch as it excludes real distinction from itself4 ,it is therefore manifest that real identity excludes real distinction in that in which there is identity4 ,nevertheless1 the thing which is substantially identical with itself may still really differ from itself in the manner of its being1 and may1 as the subject of the relativity1 involve a real entity1 which it does not involve as the term of the same relativity2 and accordingly the substantial identity of a thing with itself does not exclude all real distinction4 ,the pen with which ,i am now writing1 although identical with the pen that lay on the table one hour before1 is now in different accidental conditions1 and has some real mode1 which was wanting one hour ago4 ,and this shows that there can be a sufficient real distinction between the subject and the term of the relation1 even though they are substantially identical4 ,physical identity may be divided into complete and incomplete4 ,it is complete1 or total1 when a being is compared with itself through the unity of its physical entity1 as in the preceding example of the pen4 ,it is incomplete1 or partial1 when a physical part is compared with a physical whole1 or1 vice versa1 as when we compare the whole man with his soul or with his body4 ,metaphysical identity is a relation founded on the unity of a metaphysical entity1 and possesses a metaphysical reality4 ,it may be divided into adequate and inadequate4 ,it is adequate when a being is compared with itself through the unity of some metaphysical reality which belongs to it4 ,such is the personal identity of ,john when old with ,john when young2 for although he has undergone many physical changes in his body1 and therefore has not preserved a perfect physical identity with himself1 still his formal personality1 which is wholly due to his soul1 has not changed at all4 ,the identity will be inadequate when any metaphysical constituent of a complete being is compared with the being itself1 or vice versa4 ,such is the identity of the substantial act with the substance of which it is the act1 of the matter with the material being1 and of any property or attribute with the thing of which it is the property or the attribute4 ,such is also the identity of the divine ,personalities with the divine essence2 for1 although the divine ,paternity identifies itself perfectly with the divine essence1 this latter requires further identification with the divine ,filiation and with the passive ,spiration2 for it must be as whole and perfect in the ,second and the ,third ,person as it is in the ,first4 ,logical identity1 or identity of reason1 is a relation founded on the unity of a being of reason4 ,it may be divided into objective and subjective4 ,the objective has its foundation in the real order of things2 the subjective has no foundation except in our conception4 ,thus the identity we conceive between a horse and its owner as to their animality is an identity of reason only1 although it is grounded on a real foundation2 for animality is indeed to be found really in both1 but its unity is only a unit of reason2 for animality1 as common to both1 is only a logical entity1 which we call 8genus40 ,the same is to be said of the identity between ,peter and ,paul as to their humanity2 for humanity1 though real in both1 is not numerically1 but only specifically1 one1 and its unity is therefore a unity of reason2 for 8species0 is a logical being4 ,on the contrary1 when we say that 8a stone is heavy10 the identity between a stone and the subject of such a proposition has no foundation except in our reason1 and therefore is purely subjective2 and the same is to be said of the identity of the verb is with the copula of the proposition1 of heavy with the predicate1 etc4 ,it is evident1 in fact1 that the ground on which these last relations are founded is not a real unity1 and not even a unity having anything corresponding to it in the real order2 since subject1 predicate1 etc41 are mere conceptions and creations of our mind4 ,we have thus three kinds of identity3 the physical1 which is either complete or incomplete2 the metaphysical1 which is either adequate or inadequate2 the logical1 which is either objective or merely subjective4 ,since distinction is the negation of identity1 it is obvious that the distinction between two terms always results from the nonunity of the same1 and is conceived by the comparison of the one with the other according to something which can be affirmed of the one1 and must be denied of the other4 ,those things1 in fact1 are said to be distinct of which the one is not the other1 or in one of which there is something not to be found in the other4 ,first1 then1 to deny real physical identity is to assert real physical distinction4 ,physical distinction may be either complete or incomplete as well as physical identity4 ,it will be complete1 or major1 when1 comparing two complete wholes with one another1 we deny that the one is the other2 as when we deny that the sun is the moon4 ,it will be incomplete1 or minor1 when1 comparing together the whole and any of its parts1 we deny that the whole is any of its parts1 and vice versa2 as when we deny that ,germany is ,europe1 or that the roof is the house4 ,it is evident that incomplete physical distinction always coexists with incomplete physical identity4 ,the true and certain sign of real physical distinction between two things is their separability or their state of actual separation4 ,for when two things are completely distinct as to their physical entity1 they are each in possession of their own distinct existence2 and consequently the existence of the one does not depend on the existence of the other4 ,on the other hand1 although a physical whole cannot exist as a whole1 if its parts be separated1 yet each of its physical parts can exist separated1 as each of them has its own existence independent of the existence of the whole4 ,secondly1 to deny real metaphysical identity is to assert real metaphysical distinction4 ,metaphysical distinction may be either adequate or inadequate no less than metaphysical identity4 ,it will be adequate1 or major1 when1 comparing together two metaphysical constituents1 we deny that the one is the other2 as when we deny that the act is the potency4 ,it will be inadequate1 or minor1 when1 comparing a metaphysical compound with any of its constituents1 we deny that the constituent is the compound1 and vice versa2 as when we deny that existence is the thing existing1 or that person is personality4 ,the inadequate metaphysical distinction always coexists with an inadequate metaphysical identity4 ,thirdly1 to deny an identity of reason is to assert a distinction of reason4 ,a distinction of reason may be either objective or merely subjective1 no less than the identity of reason4 ,it will be objective1 or major1 when1 comparing together two entities which are really identical1 we find in their identical reality a ground for denying their conceptual identity2 as when we deny that ,god's eternity is ,god's immensity1 or when we deny that in any given being one essential attribute1 as animality1 is another1 as rationality4 ,this distinction is objective1 because its ground is found in the object itself2 and yet it is not real1 because each term represents the same thing under two distinct aspects4 ,thus1 in man1 animality really includes a rational soul1 and therefore implies rationality4 ,but the distinction will be purely subjective1 or minor1 when1 comparing together two entities1 we find no ground whatever for denying their identity1 except in our subjective manner of viewing them4 ,thus1 although man is identical with rational animal1 we can distinguish man from rational animal as a subject from a predicate2 and it is evident that this distinction has no ground but in our conception4 ,accordingly1 we have three kinds of distinction3 the real physical1 which is either complete or incomplete2 the real metaphysical1 which is either adequate or inadequate2 the logical1 or of reason1 which is either objective or merely subjective4 ,this division is exhaustive4 ,some will say that we have forgotten the modal distinction4 ,but the fact is that we have abstained on purpose from mentioning it in connection with any special kind of distinction1 because it may fall under the physical as well as the metaphysical distinction1 according as it happens to be understood2 for it is differently understood by different writers4 ,some authors consider that there is a modal distinction between the spherical wax and its sphericity1 between the soul affected by fear and its affection1 between the finger inflected and its inflection1 and generally between the modified subject and its mode4 ,others1 as ,suarez1 seem to admit a modal distinction between the wax simply and its sphericity1 between the soul simply and its affection1 between the finger simply and its inflection1 and generally between the subject simply and its mode4 ,and others1 again1 admit a modal distinction between the wax having a spherical form and the same wax having a different form2 between the soul affected by a movement of fear and the same soul affected by a different movement2 between the finger inflected and the same finger not inflected2 and generally between a subject having one mode1 and the same subject having another mode47#hh7 ,these different opinions have been occasioned by an imperfect analysis of distinction4 ,those who originally treated of this matter called real all distinction which was not a mere distinction of reason1 and overlooked the necessity of subdividing real distinctions into physical and metaphysical4 ,hence the modal distinction was simply called real1 without further examining whether it had a physical or a metaphysical character2 the more so as it was assumed that real modes were physical entities--which would convey the idea that real modal distinction is of a physical nature4 ,but the assumption is not to be admitted1 because1 as we have remarked in another article1 modes cannot be styled 8physical0 entities1 as they have no possibility of separate existence4 ,this being premised1 let us briefly examine the three aforesaid opinions4 ,the first admits a modal distinction between spherical wax and its sphericity4 ,sphericity cannot exist without a subject2 and therefore it must be ranked among metaphysical entities4 ,on the other hand1 spherical wax is a metaphysical compound of wax and sphericity4 ,hence1 from what we have said above1 the distinction of the one from the other is an inadequate metaphysical distinction4 ,the second opinion admits a modal distinction between the wax simply and its sphericity4 ,sphericity1 as we have stated1 is a metaphysical entity1 and so is 8wax simply0 also2 for wax1 as such1 is not yet spherical1 although1 as a subject of sphericity1 it excludes every other form4 ,such a wax therefore has no form1 and1 as such1 it cannot exist2 and accordingly it is an incomplete being4 ,hence the distinction between the wax simply and its sphericity is that which intervenes between two principles of a complete being1 and therefore is an adequate metaphysical distinction4 ,the third opinion alone gives the true notion of the modal distinction4 ,for if a piece of wax which is spherical happens to acquire another form1 say the cubical1 the comparison of the cubical with the spherical wax will involve two terms physically real2 and as the substance of the wax is still the same1 no distinction will be found between the two terms1 except that which arises from denying the identity of the cubical with the spherical form4 ,we have thus a real and physical modal distinction3 real and physical1 because the spherical wax really and physically differs from the cubic wax2 modal1 because the negation of identity falls on the two modes1 and not on the substance4 ,from this we learn that neither the first nor the second opinion above mentioned gives the true notion of modal distinction4 ,the first denies only the identity of the spherical wax with its sphericity2 the second denies only the identity of wax simply with sphericity4 ,now1 it is evident that neither spherical wax nor wax simply is a mode4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that neither opinion denies modal identity4 ,but modal distinction cannot be anything else than a denial of modal identity4 ,therefore neither opinion gives the true notion of modal distinction4 ,as modes are accidental formalities1 the modal distinction may also be called formal4 ,the ,scotist philosophers imagined a formal distinction of another kind1 which1 according to them1 was to be admitted between the attributes of real being1 and which was neither real nor a mere distinction of reason1 but something intermediate4 ,they called it 8formal distinction arising from the nature of the thing0--distinctio formalis ex natura rei4 ,we need not refute this invention4 ,we have already given in full the general theory of distinction1 and we have found no room for any formal distinction intermediary between real distinctions and distinctions of reason2 and1 as to the attributes of real beings1 we have shown1 in the article before this1 that they are not really distinct from one another1 but admit of a simple distinction of reason1 which1 however1 has a real foundation in the thing4 ,sometimes distinction is styled formal as contrasted with virtual4 ,thus we may say that there is a formal distinction between two terms formally existing--e4g41 two existing men1 and a virtual distinction between two virtual terms--e4g41 two possible men4 ,and generally1 whenever one and the same thing virtually contains two or more1 these latter1 as thus contained1 are said to be virtually distinct4 ,thus intellect and reason are only virtually distinct1 as they are one concrete power of acquiring knowledge which can perform its task by two different processes4 ,this virtual distinction is1 of course1 nothing but a distinction of reason4 ,sometimes1 again1 distinction is called positive as contrasted with negative4 ,it is positive when the two terms of which we deny the identity are both positive1 and it is negative when one of the two terms is negative2 as when we distinguish the existent from the nonexistent4 ,negative distinction is a real distinction2 for the negation of real identity can be predicated not only of two real beings1 but also1 and with greater reason1 of the existent as compared with the nonexistent4 ,it may be remarked that distinction1 difference1 and diversity are not synonymous4 ,diversity is most properly predicated of two things that are not of the same genus2 difference of two things that are not of the same species1 and distinction of two things that are not numerically identical4 ,nevertheless1 the terms distinct1 different1 and diverse are very frequently employed for one another1 even by good authors4 ,we observe1 lastly1 that distinction1 as such1 is not a relation2 for all relation presupposes some distinction between the terms related1 as a condition of its possibility4 ,yet two positive terms really distinct have always a certain relative opposition1 inasmuch as there is always something common to both 7at least their being7 which may be taken as a foundation of mutual relativity4 ,and here we close our investigation about nominal realities4 ,we have shown that possibles1 relations1 and distinctions are no special realities1 but are called real from the reality of other things4 ,real possibility is only the possibility of a real being2 real relation is only the actuality of two terms really communicating in something identical2 and real distinction is only the existence of things of which the one is not really the other4 ,as this is our last article on the principles of real being1 we beg to remind the reader that our object in this treatise has been only to point out distinctly1 and to express with as great a philosophical precision as our language could permit1 all that concerns the constitution of being in general4 ,we may have failed to employ always the best phraseology1 but we hope our analysis of real being is philosophically correct1 and the principles we have laid down under the guidance of the ancients will be found to shed a pure and abundant light on all the questions of special metaphysics4 ,but the student of philosophy should not forget that the greatest difficulty in the settlement of all such questions arises1 not so much from the nature of the subjects investigated1 as from the imperfect knowledge and misapplication of philosophical language4 ,and this is the reason why we did our best to determine the exact purport of the terms most frequently employed in metaphysical treatises4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,ii4 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,part ,,ii4 ,she ,sang4 ,i4 ,i heard his voice1 and ,i was dumb ,because to his my spirit cleaved3 ,he called to me from far4 ,i come4 ,because ,i loved him1 ,i believed4 ,he said1 8,though love be secret yet1 ,eternity its truth shall prove40 ,it seemed not gift1 but ancient debt ,discharged1 to answer love with love4 ,,ii4 ,thy herald near me drew and knelt3 ,i knew from whom the missive came ,ere yet ,i saw1 ere yet ,i felt ,thy sigilmark1 or kissed thy name4 ,i read--'twas like a thousand birds1 ,music confused of ,paradise3 ,at last the words became thy words2 ,thy voice was in them1 and thine eyes ,above them shone in love and power1 ,and flashed the meaning on the whole3 ,we were not severed1 friend1 that hour3 ,one day shall blend us1 soul with soul4 ,,iii4 ,that face is valorous and grave3 ,to it1 despite thine unripe spring1 ,thy spirit's might the painter gave3 ,it is the countenance of a king4 ,look down1 strong countenance1 strong yet fair1 ,through all this weak1 unstable soul6 ,like stars seamirrored1 kindle there ,his virtues--truth and selfcontrol6 ,not beauty1 nor that youthful grace ,uncareful girlhood's natural dower1 ,suffice4 ,a child of royal race1 ,a hero's wife should walk in power4 ,,iv4 ,like some great altar rises vast ,that rock whereon our ,city stands1 ,with gray woods girt2 with shade far cast ,at morn dividing distant lands4 ,nor war she fears1 nor summer drouth1 ,by runnels pierced whose sparkling tide ,is drawn from mountains of the ,south ,o'er myriad arches far descried4 ,around her clifflike1 stony zone1 ,from tower to tower1 from gate to gate1 ,at eve1 when sunset changes stone ,to gold1 her princes walk in state2 ,and priests entoning anthems sweet1 ,the people's strength2 and maiden choirs ,that1 passing1 make them reverence meet2 ,and orphaned babes1 and grayhaired sires4 ,high up1 with many a cloistered lawn1 ,and chapelled gallery widely spread1 ,extends1 flowerdressed at eve and dawn1 ,the happy 8,city of the ,dead40 ,there musing sit ,i1 day by day2 ,i sing my psalm2 ,i pray for thee3 8,if men could love1 not hate10 ,i say1 8,how like to heaven this earth would be60 ,v4 ,love bound a veil above my brow2 ,he wrapt it round me1 o'er and o'er2 ,he said1 8,my little nun art thou1 ,my solitary evermore4 8,where hid'st thou when the falcons fly2 ,the flung jereed in music shrills8 ,when sweep the ,arab horsemen by ,in valleys of the terraced hills8 8,where are thy childhood's blithesome ways8 ,the tales1 the dances1 and the sports8 ,the bards that sang thy beauty's praise ,amid the hundredcolumned courts80 ,love took from me all gifts save one3 ,the veil that shrouds me is his gift3 ,love6 say to him ,i love1 8,alone ,that veil of severance thou canst lift40 ,,vi4 ,on crimson silk1 'mid leaf and flower ,i traced thy name in golden thread2 ,a harper harped beneath my bower3 ,i rose1 and brought him wine and bread4 ,he sang3 methought he sang of thee6 8,my prince60 ,i cried--8how knew'st him thou8 ,his victories in the days to be8 ,his heavenlike eyes1 and kinglike brow80 8,o maid6 ,i have not seen thy prince3 ,old wars ,i sang2 old victories won ,in my fardistant land long since2 ,i sang the birth of moon and sun40 ,,vii4 ,he culled me grapes--the vintager2 ,in turn1 for song the old man prayed3 ,i glanced around2 but none was near3 ,with veil drawn tighter1 ,i obeyed4 8,were ,i a vine1 and he were heaven10 ,i sang1 8,i'd spread a vernal leaf ,to meet the beams of morn and even1 ,and think the ,april day too brief4 8,were he ,i love a cloud1 not heaven1 ,i'd spread my leaf and drink the rain2 ,warm summer shower1 and dews of even ,alike ,i'd take1 and think them gain40 8,i would not shrink from wintry rime ,or echoes of the thundershock1 ,but watch the advancing vintagetime1 ,and meet it1 reddening on my rock40 ,,viii4 ,i often say1 now thou art gone1 8,how hard ,i seemed when he was here60 ,i feared to seem too quickly won3 ,love also came at first with fear4 ,i sang me dear old songs which proved ,that many a maid had loved ere ,i3 ,no secret knew ,i till ,i loved3 ,i loved1 yet loved reluctantly4 ,my heart with zeal more generous glowed ,when he ,i loved was ,danger's mate4 ,great ,love in this his greatness showed-- ,he lifted thee to things more great4 ,,ix4 ,my childhood was a cloistered thing3 ,no wish for human love was mine3 ,i heard the hooded vestals sing ,the praises of their ,love ,divine4 ,the village maids with rival glee1 ,flowerfilleting their unclipt hair1 ,sang thus1 8,the meadow flowers are we03 ,i thought the convent flowers more fair4 ,yet false ,i am not4 ,still ,i climb ,through love to realms this earth above3 ,and those whom most ,i loved that time ,only for love's sake fled from love4 ,x4 ,dear tasks are mine that make the weeks ,too swift in passing1 not too slow3 ,i nurse the rose on faded cheeks1 ,bring solace to the homes of woe4 ,i hear the ,vesper anthems swell2 ,i track the steps of ,fast and ,feast ,i read old legends treasured well ,of ,machabean chief or priest4 ,i hear1 on heights of song and psalm1 ,the storm of ,god careering by3 ,beside ,his ,deep1 for ever calm1 ,i kneel in caves of ,prophecy4 ,o ,eastern ,book6 ,it cannot change6 ,of books beside1 the type1 the mould-- ,it stands like yon ,carmelian range ,by our ,elias trod of old6 ,the ,farm ,of ,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,concluded4 ,from ,the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,,xxii4 ,during these terrible events1 ,i dare say the combatants were not the most to be pitied4 ,they1 at least1 were in action1 in the midst of powder and noise2 and if they fell1 wounded or dead1 they scarcely had time to know it4 ,but think of the poor friends and relatives who remained without news1 and almost without strength to seek any information6 ,they were to be pitied4 ,perhaps you may live in a city1 which does not prevent you from sometimes going to the country2 and so you can understand how certain villages are isolated from all daily communication4 ,our hamlet of ,ordonniers1 although near the large city of ,issoudun1 was1 in this respect1 worse off than many other places2 for when ,m4 le ,marquis was absent from the chteau1 there was no daily paper1 none of the villagers being liberal enough to indulge in that luxury4 ,the ,perdreaux1 in their time1 subscribed for a paper1 which came every other day1 and gave the market prices and a jumble of news of people and things here and there about a month old4 ,even this resource no longer existed4 ,m4 le ,cur was the only one who cared for what was going on2 but as his means were very limited1 he contented himself with a little paper which only came every ,sunday4 ,judge1 then1 of the terrible anguish at ,muiceron2 above all1 when they saw all the ablebodied men of the commune leave2 for you remember that then1 for the first time1 the provinces showed their teeth at the news of the horrors in ,paris1 and rose en masse to go and punish the rebellious children of a city that1 in her selfishness1 disturbed the whole of ,france without any just right4 ,the women displayed great bravery4 ,they fitted out their sons1 husbands1 brothers1 and betrothed1 and let them leave for the dreadful struggle without wincing4 ,but the next day--but the following days6 ,what anxiety and what tears6 ,it was touching to see them each morning run before the country stage or speak to the lettercarrier1 in hopes of hearing some words to reassure them4 ,generally1 the stage drove rapidly on at a gallop2 for stagedrivers are not patient1 and the poor creatures' only information was an oath or rough word4 ,as for the lettercarrier1 he knew nothing positive1 and was content to give the flying reports1 which were not enough to quiet those troubled souls4 ,jeanne and her mother kept at home4 ,they prayed to ,god and wept1 poor things6 ,it was the best way to learn patience2 but their hearts sank within them4 ,it was a hard blow to have been so near happiness1 and then suddenly to see it fly1 perhaps for ever4 ,old ,ragaud was miserable that he could not go off with the other men of the neighborhood4 ,he was too old1 and this only increased his vexation1 as he was but three or four years older than ,michou1 and he was in the battle6 ,the sadness and illhumor of the poor old fellow rendered ,muiceron still gloomier1 and the women neither dared stir nor sigh before him4 ,the little they knew was very terrible2 and when the private letters began to arrive1 all the families were plunged in despair and sorrow4 ,our commune alone lost three men2 among them ,cotentin1 the miller1 an honest peasant1 and father of four children4 ,he was shot dead1 almost at the moment of his arrival2 and the next day came the news of the death of ,sylvain ,astiaud1 son of the headforester1 one of our bravest boys4 ,each one trembled for his own at the announcement of these misfortunes1 and at last silence was considered a sure sign that mourning should be prepared4 ,jeanne felt all her courage fail4 ,she could no longer either eat or sleep1 and even feared to question the passersby4 ,certainly the good ,god1 who wished to sanctify the poor child1 and make her a perfect woman1 did not spare her any suffering4 ,he acted with her like a father who is tender and severe at the same time2 who corrects the faults of his child1 knowing well that they are more hurtful than death1 and then recompenses her when petting can no longer spoil her4 ,therefore this little ,jeannette had to go to the end of her trial before relief came and her tears were dried4 ,and this happened through that giddy1 wild ,pierre ,luguet1 who had left1 like the others1 singing and blustering1 assuring the people around that he did not believe a word of the current rumors1 and that1 in one hour after his arrival in ,paris1 he would find out the whole truth1 and send them all the news4 ,but1 behold6 as soon as he was in the midst of smoking and bleeding ,paris1 he lost his senses1 imagined himself killed before he had fired a shot1 and wrote in pencil1 on a scrap of bloodstained paper1 a letter to his parents1 all sighs and tears4 ,he bade them farewell1 and begged them to pray for his soul1 as he would be dead before night2 for no one could live in such a terrible conflict4 ,if he had only spoken for himself1 it might have passed2 but he added that ,m4 le ,marquis1 ,jean,louis1 and ,michou were certainly dead4 ,he had sought for them everywhere1 asked everybody1 and no one could give him good news4 ,to crown his stupidity1 he added that1 among the great heaps of corpses that lay yet unburied1 he had recognized ,jean ,louis' blouse of gray linen bound with black2 and therefore they must weep for the death of that good1 brave boy4 ,poor ,mme4 ,luguet ran straight to ,muiceron to show that foolish letter4 ,if there had been the least degree of cool good sense among them1 it would easily have been seen they were the words of a brain addled from fear2 but in the mortal anxiety of the poor ,ragauds1 they took it all for good coin4 ,jeanne fell on her knees1 sobbing aloud1 and1 losing the little courage she still possessed1 wrung her hands in despair4 ,pierrette threw herself beside her daughter1 trying to comfort her2 and ,ragaud wept bitterly1 although he had said a thousand times a man in tears is not worthy to wear breeches4 ,in the evening1 the true religion which filled those poor hearts came to support them and give them some strength4 ,they lighted tapers before the crucifix and around the ,blessed ,virgin1 and all night this afflicted family prayed ardently for the repose of the souls of the supposed dead--who were never better4 ,the next day you would have been shocked to have seen the ravages grief had made on their honest faces4 ,jeannette1 wearied out with weeping and fatigue1 slept in the arms of her mother1 paler than a camomileflower4 ,pierrette restrained her tears1 from fear of awakening the child2 but her hollow eyes and cheeks were pitiful to see2 and the sun shone brightly in the room1 without any one taking the trouble to close the shutters4 ,it was in this state that ,m4 le ,cur found the ,ragaud family4 ,his entrance at ,muiceron renewed the lamentations2 but ,jeannette was calm1 which greatly pleased the good pastor1 as he saw that his lessons1 joined to those of divine ,providence1 had borne their fruit4 ,he took the little thing aside1 and1 much affected by her deathlike appearance1 spoke gently to her1 and asked her to walk with him on the bank of ,la ,range4 8,my daughter10 said he1 8it is not right to sink into such utter despair about news which is yet uncertain4 ,show a little more courage1 for a while at least1 until we hear something positive40 8,he is dead10 said ,jeannette4 8,may the will of ,god be done6 ,alas6 ,i should have been too happy1 if ,i had seen him again40 8,why are you so certain8 ,as for me1 ,i confess ,pierre's letter would not make me lose all hope40 8,they were three together10 said she4 8,pierre has written2 could they not have written also80 ,this argument was not bad4 ,the cur could not reply2 for1 without acknowledging it1 he did think the silence very strange4 ,he made the poor child sit down by the side of the swiftrunning stream that glittered in the bright sunshine1 and spoke to her for a long time in such soothing1 touching words1 ,jeanne listened with profound respect and piety4 ,he spoke of the happiness of this world1 which is but for a short time2 of the necessity of living and regaining her strength1 that she might console her parents2 of the beautiful day of eternity2 of the heavenly home1 where we will meet again the loved ones gone before us1 never again to be separated4 ,at another time1 ,jeannette would not have understood these words1 and perhaps might have even found them out of place2 but now they fell upon her heart like soft caresses4 8,oh60 said she1 8it is only now ,i understand how dearly ,i loved him4 ,father1 tell me1 can he see us from above80 8,you will have it1 then1 that he is absolutely dead10 said the cur1 smiling4 ,jeannette1 in spite of her grief1 smiled in her tears4 8,that is true10 she said2 8perhaps he is not dead40 ,hope had reentered her soul with the consolations of the holy priest4 ,they walked down the road to the farm1 and ,jeannette thanked him with much tenderness1 and remarked1 as it was near sunset1 he must return home4 8,one moment10 said the good cur2 8you are a little egotist4 ,i can't go without saying a word to father and mother40 8,oh6 yes10 said she1 8of course you must2 but1 dear father1 ,i will remain here1 and say my rosary in the shade under the trees2 the air will completely restore me40 8,very well1 dear child10 replied the cur2 8and may the ,blessed ,virgin console you1 my daughter60 ,jeanne retired under the heavy foliage1 and really took her little rosary out of her pocket4 ,but this wood recalled many sweet reminiscences4 ,it was there ,jean,louis had found her and saved her life on that stormy night the year before4 ,she looked for the spot1 near the woodman's cabin1 where he had taken her in his arms with a father's care2 and as the remembrance of all this past happiness1 which she had then slighted1 came back to her heart1 she leant against a tree1 and hid her face in her hands4 ,whether they were tears of repentance1 of regret1 of love1 or of prayer that fell from her eyes ,god only knows2 and surely1 in his infinite goodness1 he waited for this moment of supreme anguish1 which could not have endured much longer1 to say to that heartbroken child1 8,you have suffered enough2 now be happy60 ,for in that same hour ,jean,louis1 wild with joy1 leaped from the imperial of the country stage on the highroad1 and ran1 without stopping to take breath1 toward his beloved ,muiceron4 ,he also remembered the stormy night1 and1 from a sentiment you can well understand1 wished to see again the little hut1 if only to throw a passing glance4 ,he reached the spot1 and was soon near the tree where ,jeannette leant motionless4 ,he recognized her4 ,the beating of his heart almost suffocated him2 for1 with a lover's instinct1 he immediately knew1 if she had come to weep in that spot1 it could only be on his account4 ,he advanced until he stood close behind her4 8,jeanne60 said he1 so softly he scarcely heard his own voice4 ,jeannette turned1 and gave one scream4 ,her eyes wandered a moment1 as if she had seen a phantom1 and she fell halfdead into his arms4 8,jeanne6 dear1 dear ,jeanne6 don't you know me80 said he1 pressing her to his breast4 8,i have caused you much sorrow1 but it is all over--oh6 it is all over2 tell me1 is it not80 ,the poor child could not speak2 her emotion and joy were too great4 ,but such happiness don't kill2 and gradually she revived1 although she still trembled like a leaf4 8,o ,jeannet60 she said at last1 8they wrote word you were dead40 8,and was that the reason you were weeping here all alone in this wood1 my poor1 dear darling80 he tenderly asked4 8,yes10 said she1 looking down2 8,i could not be consoled4 ,why did you not send us some news80 8,i wished to surprise you10 said he1 with simplicity2 8and now ,i see ,i did wrong40 8,one day more1 and ,i would have been dead also10 said she1 leaning on his arm4 8,cruel boy1 go60 ,she looked so lovely1 still pale with grief1 and yet as lively and coquettish as before1 ,jeannet was obliged to clasp her once again in his arms1 and even kissed her1 for which ,i hope you will pardon him1 as ,i do4 8,how good ,god is10 said he1 8to permit us to meet again in this very place6 ,this is the second time1 dear ,jeannette1 that ,i have saved you when in great trouble2 and ,i hope it is a sure sign that poor ,jean,louis will be able to comfort and assist you all the rest of his life40 8,you will never leave us again2 you will promise that80 she replied4 8,when you are away1 all sorts of misfortunes happen4 ,oh6 how much we have suffered40 ,and as these words suddenly recalled the sad events of the last six months1 her flirtation1 her thoughtless conduct1 and the lamentable scenes that followed1 she blushed1 sighed1 and leant her face1 down which the tears were streaming1 against ,jean,louis' shoulder4 8,my own ,jeannette10 said he1 8you must no longer think of all that sorrow1 now that ,god has made us so happy again4 ,there is no misfortune which does not carry with it a profitable lesson when we recognize in it the hand of the ,lord2 and1 for my part1 although ,i have been nearly dead with grief1 ,i say that my present happiness has not been too dearly bought1 and ,i would consent to pass again through the same trials1 on condition of possessing a second day like this40 8,oh6 no10 said ,jeanne1 8,i have had enough4 ,i have not your courage1 and ,i will pray to ,god that ,i may be spared from such great trials4 ,come10 added she1 taking ,jeannet's arm1 8we must go and surprise our parents4 ,and the dear cur is just now with them6 ,he told me so--the good1 holy man told me you were not dead40 8,but who set such a report afloat80 asked ,jeannet4 8,for really ,i was not even in danger40 8,oh6 what a story10 cried ,jeanne4 8,you were in the fight2 it could not be otherwise40 8,certainly10 said ,jeannet1 8,i fought1 and did my best2 but ,i never for an instant imagined the good ,god would let me die without seeing you again40 8,it is very well to have such happy thoughts10 said ,jeanne joyfully2 8if ,i could have had them1 ,i would not have been nearly dead with anxiety1 and hopeless from such great fear4 ,now ,i regret my tears1 and would like to take them back40 8,you would not be the richer for it10 said he1 laughing2 8but1 ,jeannette1 don't laugh at me4 ,it was neither presumption nor carelessness made me think so4 ,the good ,god put the faith in my heart2 and then1 didn't ,i have round my neck the silver medal you gave me the day of your first communion8 ,wasn't the image of the ,blessed ,virgin powerful enough to turn aside the balls80 8,what60 said ,jeannette with emotion1 8have you still my medal8 ,is it the very same one8 ,have you always worn it1 in spite 444 in spite of all4444 ,jeannet1 show it to me2 let me kiss it60 8,no10 said ,jean,louis1 blushing1 8not now4 ,i will show it to you later40 8,right away2 ,i won't wait10 said she in the peremptory manner which so well became her4 8,i like to be obeyed40 8,but10 said ,jeannet1 much embarrassed1 8,i can't1 because44440 8,because what80 she replied4 8,don't think you are going to be master here6 ,no1 no1 not more now than before1 when1 you remember1 my mother said1 #8,jeannette is the boy4444' 0 8,really10 answered ,jean,louis1 8you have a good memory4 ,well1 then1 since ,jeannette is the boy1 and ,i am the girl1 ,i must submit to her wishes40 ,and as1 in spite of all this talk1 he made no attempt to show her the medal1 another idea entered her head4 8,you are wounded10 said she1 8and you don't wish me to see it40 8,that is not the reason10 he replied1 unbuttoning his vest4 8,i don't wish you to believe any such thing40 ,on opening his shirt1 he showed the medal on his breast1 and then the curious ,jeannette understood his resistance2 for1 near the blessed image of our dear ,mother1 she recognized the long tress of blonde hair which had been cut off during her illness4 8,it has never left me10 said he2 8but ,i dared not let you see it4 ,do you forgive me8 ,your poor hair6 ,i said to myself1 ,while it rests upon my heart1 it is as though my little sister were watching over me4 ,and in the fight1 ,i thought that1 as the medal of the ,blessed ,virgin and your precious souvenir were also exposed to the fire1 ,i could not be killed2 and you see ,i was not mistaken40 8,oh60 cried ,jeannette1 with tears in her eyes1 8my dear ,jeannet1 ,i do not deserve such love40 ,they reached ,muiceron1 arminarm4 ,oh6 how refreshing was the shaded courtyard and the fragrant hedges6 ,and then1 the dear house looked so gay in its new white coat1 its green shutters1 the fresh young vines that hung from the trellis1 and its slate roof newly repaired1 all shining in the soft rays of the sinking sun4 ,the songs of the bullfinch and robin were more joyous than the trumpets and horns on a patronal feast2 and it seemed as though the good ,god in heaven were well pleased1 so beautiful was the blue sky1 flecked with goldenedged clouds6 ,was it really the house we saw six months ago8 ,jeannet1 who had long loved it1 scarcely recognized it2 he was mute with admiration1 and1 although he had left it in despair1 he accused himself of having neglected to look at it until now2 for surely his memory did not recall anything as joyous and beautiful as he now beheld in his beloved ,muiceron4 ,shall we ask the reason8 ,there is a great artist who can paint1 with colors of unparalleled brilliancy1 whatever he chooses to place before our eyes4 ,he is called happiness2 and ,god wishes him to walk beside us1 both in this world and the other4 ,the two dear children began to run as soon as they entered the courtyard of ,muiceron4 ,jeannette was the first to spring across the threshold1 and fell speechless into her mother's arms4 ,jean,louis quickly followed her1 and stood in the doorway1 holding out his hands to his parents4 ,then there were cries1 and tears1 and confusion of kisses1 and questions without end and without reason4 ,their hearts overflowed4 ,the little one1 as they always called the tall1 handsome boy1 was covered with caresses1 stifled with embraces quite overpowering2 for countrypeople drink in joy by the bucketful and don't put on gloves when they wish to show their love4 ,but you can imagine ,jean,louis did not complain4 ,m4 le ,cur alone kept aside1 with clasped hands1 from time to time putting his handkerchief to his eyes1 and thanking ,god1 while he waited his turn4 ,gradually their happiness toned down a little2 but the excitement was so great1 each one showed his joy in some particular manner4 ,old ,ragaud whirled around the room1 took off his cap to smooth his hair1 and replaced it1 all the while laughing as though he did not know precisely what he was about2 and ,pierrette forgot to ask the children what they wished to eat1 which was a sure sign her head was completely turned4 ,as for ,jeannette1 ,i must tell you that1 like all innocent1 warmhearted young girls1 she dared act1 in presence of her parents and ,m4 le ,cur1 as she would not have done alone with her brother2 she threw her arms around his neck every half second1 and clung to him so closely he could not stir an inch4 ,jeannet did not show greater timidity2 seeing her act with such navet1 he neither frowned nor looked sour1 but accepted willingly what was so sweetly offered him4 ,fortunately1 ,marion1 whom no one thought of1 and who bellowed with joy in chorus with the others1 came to her senses sooner than any of them1 and thought of the supper4 ,jeannet smelt the butter frying on the stove1 and acknowledged he was very hungry4 ,this covered ,pierrette with confusion4 ,she felt very guilty that she had so neglected her duties1 and asked a thousand pardons2 but ,jeannet laughed1 as he kissed her1 and told her not to be excited1 as he could easily wait until the next day1 being only really hungry to see and kiss her4 ,ragaud would not let the dear cur go home4 ,it was right that he should wait until the end of the feast2 and as the good pastor1 who always thought of everything1 expressed a fear that old ,germaine might be anxious about him1 they despatched a stableboy1 with the wagon and quickest mare at ,muiceron1 to fetch her4 ,what a fine supper that was6 ,all these good people recovered their appetites1 and ate and drank as they had not done for a long while4 ,i leave you to imagine the stories that were told of the revolution4 ,but ,jeannet1 not wishing to cloud their present joy1 was careful to relate events as though all had been a kind of child's play4 ,jeannette1 however1 paused more than once as she was about to take a mouthful4 ,she felt that ,jean,louis stretched a point now and then for love of her1 and she showed her gratitude by looking tenderly at him1 while she pressed his hand under the table4 ,at the dessert1 they formed plans4 ,they talked of reestablishing the old order of things1 of living together again in peace and harmony1 and that there should be no more separations4 ,ragaud1 especially1 dwelt at length1 and very particularly1 upon the happy future in store for all of them2 threw meaning glances right and left1 in which could be remarked much hidden meaning and not a little white wine4 ,jeannette smiled1 blushed1 looked down2 and1 ,i fancy1 ,jean,louis' heart beat high with hope and expectation of what was to follow4 ,the good man ended by being much affected1 though he endeavored to pass it all off as a joke2 for it was his wish always to appear deaf to any kind of sentiment4 8,after all10 said he1 tapping ,jean,louis on the shoulder1 8here is a boy upon whom we cannot depend4 ,he is here now at this very moment2 but who knows if tomorrow he will not be out of sight as quickly as the stars fall from the sky on an ,august night8 ,isn't it so1 ,m4 le ,cur80 8,it is just as you say1 ,ragaud10 replied the cur4 8 #8,he who has drunk will drink again1' says the proverb2 and as this little one went off once without giving warning1 how can we know but he will do it again80 8,oh6 what nonsense10 said ,jeannet4 8,my dear parents1 ,i will never leave you again60 8,hum60 replied ,ragaud1 8you said that a hundred times before1 and then what did we see8 ,one fine morning1 no ,jeannet60 8,we must tie him10 said old ,germaine1 laughing2 8when ,jeannette misbehaved in school1 ,i used to tie her by the arm to an end of the bench40 8,i remember it well10 said ,jeannette2 8and more than once ,i broke the string40 8,then we must find some other means1 if that will not do2 think of something1 ,germaine10 replied ,ragaud1 winking over at the children4 8,think yourself1 ,m4 ,ragaud10 said she4 8,are you not master here80 8,that depends10 replied ,ragaud4 8,if ,i were master1 ,i would say to ,jean ,louis1 ,marry1 my boy2 when you will have a wife and children1 they will keep you in the country more than all the ropes1 even that of our well4 ,but ,jeannet has declared he will not hear of marriage2 and here is ,jeanne1 who can't be relied upon for advice1 as she said the same thing not more than a month ago1 in presence of ,m4 le ,cur2 so we can't sing that tune any longer40 8,but how do you know8 ,perhaps by this time they have both changed their minds10 said the cur1 smiling4 8,let them say so1 then10 replied ,ragaud1 his eyes beaming with paternal tenderness that was delightful to see4 8,o father60 said ,jean,louis1 rising1 8if ,i dared to understand you1 ,i would be wild with joy60 8,if you can't understand me1 little one1 ,jeannette perhaps can be a little quicker4 ,speak1 ,jeanneton60 ,the child instantly understood his meaning4 ,in a second she was beside ,jeannet1 took his hand1 and both knelt down before their father4 8,my children1 ask ,m4 le ,cur's blessing before mine10 said ,ragaud solemnly4 8,he is the representative of the good ,god1 and it is ,god who has conducted all40 ,it was a touching scene4 ,the good cur extended his trembling hands over ,jean,louis and ,jeannette1 who bent low before him1 weeping2 then ,ragaud did the same with great simplicity1 which is the sign of true piety1 and then ,pierrette took each of their dear heads in her arms1 kissed them1 and said3 8,my poor darlings6 ,may ,god protect you all the days of your life6 ,you have wept so much1 you deserve to be happy together40 ,the poor children were overwhelmed with joy so deep and tranquil they could neither move nor speak4 ,they kept close together1 and looked tenderly at each other with eyes that said much4 ,m4 le ,cur left them for awhile to themselves and their newfound happiness4 ,he knew enough of the human heart to understand that great display of affection1 loud weeping1 and noisy parade of words and actions are often marks of a very little fire in the soul2 while love which has been proved by deeds1 and which is scarcely seen1 is always very ardent4 ,as he had never doubted that ,jeannet1 hitherto so perfect1 would show and feel sincere affection as a lover1 he was glad to see he was not mistaken1 and regarded with much pleasure this young couple1 who were so well matched4 ,however1 it was very easy to see our cur had something to say4 ,jean ,louis and ,jeannette had softly retreated to the corner near the sideboard1 a little out of sight of the parents2 and we must imagine that1 feeling themselves a little more at ease thus sheltered from observation1 the faculty of speech returned to them1 as they could be heard whispering and laughing like children at recreation4 ,it was so charming to see them thus relieved from all their difficulties1 and swimming in the full tide of happiness1 like fish in the river1 no one had the courage to disturb them4 ,but our cur had his own idea1 and would not leave until he had made it known2 so1 as he saw ,jean,louis and ,jeannette might chatter away a long while1 he rose1 as if to say goodnight1 which made all the rest rise2 for1 although intensely happy1 they did not forget to be civil4 8,my children10 said the pastor1 addressing the old as well as the young1 8,i will go to sleep tonight very happy4 ,for forty years1 come next ,all ,saints1 that ,i have been your cur1 never have ,i assisted at a betrothal as consoling as yours1 for which ,i will return thanks to ,god all my life4 ,you are going to marry as is seldom done in the world nowadays2 that is to say1 with hearts even more full of esteem than of love1 which enables me1 in the name of the ,lord1 to promise you as much happiness as can fall to the lot of mortals here below4 ,you know already that a house built without foundation cannot stand1 and that the grain sown in bad soil bears no fruit4 ,it is the same with the sacrament of marriage1 when it is received by a soul that is frivolous and vain1 and feels neither regret for the past nor makes good resolutions for the future4 ,oh6 how happy ,i am ,i cannot say this about you2 and how my old heart1 which has pitied all your sufferings1 now is gladdened at your happiness1 well deserved by the piety and resignation of the one and the sincere repentance of the other--this is for our betrothed4 ,great disinterestedness1 and all the domestic virtues of a ,christian life is the praise ,i unhesitatingly bestow upon you1 the good parents6 ,but if this reward is beautiful1 if nothing can exceed it1 since it is the pledge of a whole life of peace and happiness1 know that the ,lord will not be surpassed in generosity1 and that he has prepared a delightful surprise by my mouth1 which will be like the crowning bouquet on the summit of an edifice just completed4 8,my dear ,ragaud1 ,i speak now to you4 ,twenty years ago1 when your generous heart received1 without the slightest hesitation1 a poor1 abandoned child1 it was an honorable and religious act1 which deserved the warmest praise2 but today1 when you give your only daughter to this same child1 from pure esteem of his noble qualities1 without regard to the gossip of the people around1 this second action surpasses the first in excellence1 and deserves a special recompense from our good ,god4 8,well6 you will soon have it4 ,jean,louis1 my child1 as it is generally said1 there is no sky without clouds4 ,perhaps even at this moment your heart may have a little secret grief2 for it is not forbidden to feel an honest wish to give the woman you love all possible honor2 and that cannot be done when one comes into the world without family or name4 8,alas6 for the name4 ,i cannot repair that misfortune2 but for the family1 know1 my friends1 that the blood of him whom you call son and brother is equal to yours4 ,in the name of my conscience1 ,i here declare that ,jeannet is the son of ,catharine ,luguet1 who died in my arms sincerely repentant1 and most piously giving me perfect license to reveal this secret1 confided in confession1 when ,i should judge it necessary4 ,i have waited a long time1 and ,i do not regret it4 ,at no other time1 ,i think1 could you have been happier to hear me tell such good news4 ,so1 ,ragaud1 embrace your nephew2 and you1 my daughter ,jeannette1 in taking a perfect husband1 you gain1 at the same time1 a good cousin4 ,too much happiness never hurts any one60 8,ah60 said ,germaine1 wiping her eyes1 8it was worth while staying so late tonight4 ,i have been tempted half a dozen times to tell what ,m4 le ,cur has just made known2 for ,i also received the secret from poor dear ,catharine1 and even before my master1 although ,i do not pretend to interfere with his rights40 8,m4 le ,cur10 said ,ragaud1 8if ,i am very happy to learn that our dear child belongs to us by nature as much as by friendship1 believe me when ,i say that ,i am most grateful to ,god that1 without my knowing it1 he allowed me to repair the too great severity with which ,i formerly treated my niece4 ,alas6 ,i well remember it1 and most sincerely do ,i regret it2 and if she gave us this handsome boy a little too soon1 according to the laws of ,god and man1 ,i have no right to blame her1 as ,i was the cause1 from want of gentleness and kindness6 ,come1 my son10 added the good ,christian1 extending his arms to ,jeannet--8come1 that ,i may ask your pardon in memory of your poor mother40 ,jean,louis threw himself on his father's breast1 whom he could not yet call dear uncle1 while ,jeannette added her embrace1 giving herself up to the full joy of cousining her future husband4 ,pierrette had her full share of kisses1 you can well fancy4 ,it was so delightful to feel that he really had a family1 and was bound to the country by ties of flesh and blood1 and also to know that he belonged to the best people in the neighborhood1 the ,luguets and ,ragauds1 that ,jeannet1 who in his whole life never had a spark of vanity1 felt a little glow of excitement and satisfaction1 perfectly natural1 flame up in his heart4 ,but his beautiful soul quickly drove out such a feeling1 to which he already reproached himself for having listened1 even for a moment1 although it could be easily understood1 and was honorable in itself4 ,the remembrance of his unknown mother1 dying in sorrow and want1 and who would have been so happy could she have witnessed his present joy1 surmounted any personal satisfaction4 ,he questioned ,m4 le ,cur1 and spoke in the most tender and respectful manner in memory of his poor mother1 and wished to know every detail of her death1 which was sad1 but very consoling at the same time4 ,every one listened with much emotion to poor ,catharine's story4 ,i doubt not that ,god then permitted her to know something of the loving sympathy and compassion that filled those kind1 good hearts1 which most certainly must have added to her happiness2 for1 since the church commands us to believe that souls cannot die1 can it be wrong to think that they see and hear us1 when the ,lord allows them8 ,jeannette1 while the cur spoke1 was often much confused when she thought of the dangerous result of coquetry1 wilfulness1 and too great love of one's own pretty face and fine dresses4 ,she felt how kind ,god had been to her1 that she had not gone the same way as ,catharine ,luguet2 for she had walked down the same path1 and had nearly fallen as low as she4 ,by way of recovering her spirits1 she embraced ,jeannet1 and promised she would be a good housekeeper1 and nothing else4 8,and also a pretty little wife1 that will make me very happy10 replied ,jeannet1 pressing her to his heart4 8,now10 said ,pierrette1 who for several moments had been very silent and thoughtful1 8,i have just found out something that makes me feel how stupid ,i am4 ,i never before noticed that ,jeannet is the living image of his dear departed mother40 8,it is fortunate1 ,mme4 ,ragaud10 said ,germaine1 8that you have just perceived it1 after seeing him twenty years2 for1 in truth1 the likeness is so striking it has caused ,m4 le ,cur and me much embarrassment4 ,it was so easily seen that ,i prayed ,god would protect him in case of discovery2 and if there is one miracle in the whole story1 it is that such a strong resemblance did not sooner strike you40 ,as it had just been mentioned1 in the course of the story1 that ,catharine ,luguet1 in her day1 was the most beautiful girl in the country1 this declaration made ,jeannet blush1 and ,i dare not affirm it was not from pleasure4 ,they discovered1 also1 that ,solange had a strong family likeness1 and ,pierrette1 more and more astonished1 acknowledged it was true1 and that she was as stupid as an owl4 ,they had to separate at last1 although no one felt the least fatigued2 but they had had enough for one day1 and a little sleep after these heavy showers of happiness would injure none of them4 ,as the surprises were not yet over1 ,jeannet had another charming one when he saw his room newly painted and papered1 and his bed1 with white curtains1 perfumed with the irisroot that our housekeepers love to use in the wash4 ,they installed him like a prefect on a tour of inspection1 with a procession of lights1 and wishes of goodnight1 and what do you want1 and there it was1 and here it is2 and if he slept quietly is something ,i cannot say positively2 but1 at any rate1 you needn't worry about his eyes1 whether they were open or shut4 ,what ,i can swear to is that his good angel watched joyfully by his bedside1 and took care to drive off all bad dreams4 ,,xxiii4 ,now1 ,i might make my bow1 and wish you goodnight in my turn2 for ,i think you are satisfied with the fate of the little ones1 and need have no further anxiety on their account4 ,but just as two beautiful roses in a bouquet appear still more beautiful when they are surrounded by other flowers and green leaves that rejoice the eye1 so our friends will lose nothing if ,i represent them to you for the last time among the companions of their adventures who have served as an escort during the whole recital4 ,consequently1 if you will be patient a moment and listen to me1 ,i will tell you what became of the people and things that have remained in the background for some time4 ,in the first place1 according to the proverb1 8,give every man his due40 ,so we will commence with our good master1 ,m4 le ,marquis1 whom we left1 if you remember1 wounded in the arm and seated on a log near the barricade in the bloody days of ,june4 ,this wound1 which was believed to be nothing1 became inflamed and very dangerous1 owing to the great excitement of the patient and the extreme heat of the summer4 ,the poor marquis was obliged to keep his bed for a long time1 and they even feared they would be obliged to amputate the arm4 ,when the physicians made the proposition1 he sprang up with a start on his couch1 and1 weak and feverish as he was1 did not hesitate to tell them1 in the most emphatic manner1 that the first one who mentioned it again would go out of the window with one turn of the hand that was still sound4 ,they advised him to be quiet and calm himself1 all the while giving him to understand there was no hope for him--which1 in my opinion1 was not the best means of soothing him2 but doctors never wish to be thought in the wrong1 and1 without meaning to offend any one1 ,i may say very many of us are doctors on that point4 ,our master was brave4 ,he contented himself with saying3 8,i prefer to be buried with two arms1 rather than to live with one40 8,that depends on taste10 replied ,michou1 who nursed his master with loving fidelity2 8but he must not be contradicted40 ,when the doctors left1 ,m4 le ,marquis said to ,michou3 8,come here1 old fellow2 these idiots of ,parisians know as much about revolutions and medicine as planting cabbages4 ,send for ,dr4 ,aubry4 ,i can get along with him40 ,m4 ,aubry was summoned by telegraph1 and ,god so willed it that scarcely had he seen the wound of ,m4 le ,marquis than he shrugged his shoulders1 and said he would answer for him2 and added1 with much satisfaction1 that one had to come to ,paris to find doctors that talked like asses and acted like butchers4 ,he made them bring him a quantity of pounded ice1 which he applied to the wounded arm1 and took care that our master always kept a piece in his mouth4 ,in that way his blood was refreshed1 and there was no longer danger of the flesh mortifying4 ,he added to this remedy another potion not less wonderful1 which was to distract the mind of the marquis by telling him night and day--for he never slept--all kinds of stories1 sometimes lively1 sometimes serious1 but always suitable to his state2 and so kept him constantly amused and interested1 which prevented him from thinking of his poor arm4 ,at the end of a week1 he was out of danger1 and he could get up1 eat the breast of a chicken1 and think of going out in a few days4 ,if ,i would be a little malicious1 ,i could tell you that the ,parisian doctors were not very well pleased at the triumph of their country colleague1 and perhaps would have been more content to see our master dead than their prophecies frustrated2 but ,i had better be silent than wanting in charity1 and therefore ,i prefer to let you think what you please about them4 ,poor mademoiselle and ,dame ,berthe1 during this painful time of anxiety1 acted admirably and showed great devotion and love4 ,it was then seen that1 although they had their little defects on the surface1 their souls were generous and good4 ,the old governess forgot her scarfs and embroideries1 and devoted herself to making lint1 and no longer indulged in dreams of the king's entrance into ,paris1 but constantly recited fervent prayers1 which had not1 ,i assure you1 8the cause0 in view4 ,mademoiselle received a salutary blow4 ,she became1 through this trouble1 serious and recollected2 began to see that in ,paris nothing is thought of but pleasure and fine toilets1 and that1 after all1 at ,val,saint there were a thousand ways of passing her life in a pleasant way worthy of a ,christian whom ,god had so liberally endowed with riches4 ,one day1 when she had gone out to pray and weep in a neighboring church1 she returned with her eyes radiant with joy1 and said to ,dame ,berthe3 8,all will be right4 ,my father will be cured4 ,i cannot explain to you why ,i am so confident1 but ,i am sure of it4 ,when ,i was in the church before the altar of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the idea entered into my head to make a vow2 and ,i have promised to return to the country1 and remain there the rest of my life1 to work for the poor1 and to occupy myself with all other kinds of good works1 as my mother used to4 ,i have too long neglected to follow her example1 and henceforth ,i will act differently4 ,i depend upon your assistance40 ,dame ,berthe nearly fainted with admiration of her pupil's saintliness4 ,as she was naturally very good1 she was impressed with the beauty of the project1 and promised to do all in her power to aid her4 ,after that1 mademoiselle looked like another person4 ,she visited churches and chapels1 conferred with pious priests2 and as monsieur improved every day1 he could accompany her in the carriage2 and she took great pleasure in confiding to him her new plans1 proving to him that he could be much more useful to 8the cause0 by instructing the peasants in politics than by fighting the rabble in ,paris2 that1 by his great wealth and the high esteem in which he was held1 he could make himself still more beloved2 and that1 when they loved him1 they would love the nobility which he represented2 so that when the time came--and it would not be far off--for the triumph of his hopes1 he could offer to the king a faithful population devoted to good principles1 which was scarcely possible in the present state of affairs4 ,as she was in this happy frame of mind1 you can imagine with what joy mademoiselle received the news of the engagement of ,jean,louis and ,jeanne4 ,she immediately wrote a letter on the subject which deserved to be put under glass and framed in gold2 for not only did she congratulate the ,ragauds with the greatest affection1 but she humbly accused herself of having nearly ruined the happiness of her goddaughter1 and thanked ,god he had directed all in a manner so contrary to her wishes4 ,when you think that this highborn young lady spoke thus to the little daughter of a farmer on her estate1 we must admire the miracles of the religion which teaches us that those who humble themselves shall be exalted2 and ,i add1 for the benefit of those who fancy themselves lovers of equality1 and talk all kind of nonsense about it1 that there never would have been the slightest chance of planting a seed of it in the hearts of men1 even though it were no bigger than a grain of millet1 if they had not beforehand received instructions on that virtue from our dear mother1 the church4 ,about a month afterwards1 ,m4 le ,marquis being perfectly cured1 they all returned to ,val,saint2 and it is unnecessary to say how universal was the joy4 ,it is equally useless to tell you that their first occupation was the marriage of our children1 which was so beautiful1 so joyous1 so enlivened with the music of violins and songs1 it resembled that of a prince and princess in ,mother ,goose4 ,during a whole week1 the boys of the neighborhood beat tin pans and fired off guns under the windows of ,muiceron1 as signs of honor and rejoicing4 ,with us peasants1 joy is always rather noisy1 but1 at least1 it can be heard very far2 and1 besides1 as we don't often have a chance of amusing ourselves1 it is best to let us have our own way4 ,there remains very little more for me to say1 except that mademoiselle persevered in her laudable resolutions1 and became the angel of ,val,saint4 ,one of her first good acts was to buy the house of the unfortunate ,perdreaux1 which1 since the sad end of its masters1 had remained deserted and shut up1 no one daring to put it up at auction4 ,mademoiselle sent for workmen1 who soon transformed it into a fine schoolhouse1 divided into two parts by a garden1 where nothing was spared in fruittrees1 flowers1 and vegetables4 ,the following year the school was ready for occupation1 and the ,sisters were placed in charge of the girls1 and a good teacher over the boys4 ,by good luck1 they were able to obtain ,solange1 who came among the first4 ,thus all our friends met again1 and formed one family1 of which the good ,god was the true father4 ,m4 le ,cur was very old when he died1 and ,germaine soon followed him4 ,this good pastor left many regrets which are not yet assuaged2 but he departed from this world happy that he saw all his children around him leading good1 holy lives2 and at the moment he expired1 they heard him softly repeat the ,nunc dimittis servum tuum1 ,domine1 secundum verbum tuum in pace--which is a prayer of compline1 printed in all the ,breviaries4 ,muiceron continued to prosper under the management of good ,jeannet and his dear wife4 ,the ,ragauds passed their old age in a dream of happiness1 free from clouds1 amidst the love and respect of the community4 ,pierrette1 who had never sinned but from weakness of heart1 was never cured of this defect4 ,on the contrary1 it increased2 and she devoted herself so completely to spoiling the beautiful children that ,jeanne gave her1 that more than once the parents had to cry1 ,stop6 ,but aside from these little troubles1 which did not cause much difficulty1 peace and concord never ceased to reign in this house of benediction4 ,as the last flower in the crown1 ,i will tell you that ,m4 ,aubry1 who was not remarkable for devotion1 was taken in hand by ,sister ,solange1 and quietly converted4 ,he swore a little at first1 as might have been expected1 and said it was a shame1 at his age1 to fall into the net of a doctor in cornette and petticoats1 at whose birth he had been present1 and whom he had vaccinated2 but the end of all was1 the cornette led him by the nose to ,mass and confession1 where he was seen to weep1 although he tried to be very firm4 ,as he was a good man1 frank and open in all he did1 once the step was taken1 he did not go back2 and ,i knew him a long while1 and never saw him act but like a perfect ,christian4 ,and now1 at this late hour1 ,i pray that ,god may send down upon you1 as well as myself1 his choicest blessings1 without which1 you may truly believe1 there is nothing worth living for here below4 ,public ,worship4 ,few observing persons have failed to remark the great change which within a few years has been wrought in the ideas of people at large in regard to public worship4 ,it is not confined to any one of the religious denominations around us4 ,it pervades all1 from the ,high,church ,episcopalian to those who still cling to the law of ,moses4 ,insensibly1 it may be1 but surely1 the growth has all been in one direction1 as surely as the germ in the earth pushes towards the light4 ,time was when the plain1 unadorned meetinghouse of the ,society of ,friends seemed the type all sought to attain in architecture2 painting and decoration would have caused a thrill of horror2 ,gothic architecture1 with groined roof and stained glass1 were as far removed from the thoughts and ideas as the ,crusades2 and if the sister art of music was admitted within the portals of the room reserved for worship1 the execution was of such a fearful character that ,old ,folks' ,concerts make it a sure guide to success1 to mimic1 for the amusement of this generation1 the strange religious music of half a century ago4 ,then religion1 as expressed in public worship1 was plain1 stern1 hard1 unsympathetic1 responsive to none of the finer feelings1 the loftier aspirations1 the panting hopes of human nature feeling its misery1 but still looking heavenward4 ,now the change has come4 ,insensibly1 almost unconsciously1 they have all more or less come to confess their error4 ,just as they are returning to the genuine ,lord's ,prayer1 after inflicting a spurious one on their votaries for three centuries2 just as they are returning to the true reading of the ,greek ,testament1 after three centuries' bondage to the ,received ,text1 so they are returning1 after three centuries of dry1 hard1 formal worship1 to something more in unison with man's nature1 man's soul1 and man's heart4 ,but how8 ,the ,reformation1 that stern1 matteroffact revolt1 not only stripped religion of all its poetry1 whether manifested in the carven stone1 the painted glass or canvas1 the strains of more than earthly music1 but it did more3 it struck at the life of worship2 and the present movement which has made synagogues into temples and meetinghouses into churches--the work of men who 8builded better than they knew0--yet is but a factitious life2 it is placing artificial fruit and leaves and flowers on a dead trunk that has no vivifying sap to send through all the full1 gushing tide of life4 ,what is public worship8 ,is there really a question of the day that can be brought home to practical men like our ,american countrymen more distinctly than this8 ,long creeds and the discussion of their various points1 the old controversies and chopping of texts1 seem to have become singularly distasteful to the men of our day4 ,but the divine worship is a point that1 presented squarely and plainly1 is easily grasped1 and really involves in itself everything4 ,it is the generating principle1 the fountain of faith and works4 ,about a century ago1 in ,london1 the question of worship was debated by some of the leading ministers of the day1 and the pamphlets form volumes4 ,a more vague series of arguments on all sides can scarcely be found2 all seemed to turn round and round the text that men were to 8worship ,god in spirit and truth10 but in what precise way was a matter none seemed able to approach1 even in the most remote manner4 ,what constituted practically the public worship of the ,almighty seemed to be a point that was utterly indefinite and indefinable4 ,suppose1 now1 we were to ask the clergymen or laymen of the denominations around us1 ,what is the essential element of public worship1 as distinguished1 on the one hand1 from preaching1 and on the other from family worship of prayer8 ,what would the answer be8 ,public worship has1 in common ideas1 come to be almost identical with preaching4 ,the preacher makes the church2 his popularity is its success2 with his decline in health1 vigor1 or voice1 the church begins to melt away1 and a new preacher has to be evoked to give it life4 ,but oral instruction of the people1 laudable as it may be1 is not public worship2 it is addressed to the people1 while worship is addressed to ,god4 ,the prevailing confusion of ideas on this point has turned the extemporaneous prayers which in form are still addressed to the ,deity really into appeals to the people2 so that the reporter who spoke of a prayer as being the most eloquent ever addressed to a ,boston congregation was correct in fact1 though the form was against him4 ,preaching does not constitute public worship4 ,the object of preaching is the people2 the object of worship is ,god4 ,what1 then1 is the essential element8 ,prayer recited or chanted--prayer extemporaneous or in forms grown venerable by use1 is common alike to public and private worship1 to the worship of the individual in his closet1 the family1 or the gathering of families4 ,it cannot be the essential element of public worship4 ,what1 then1 is the essential element1 or1 if there be none1 how can this public worship have any claim on the individual that may not be satisfied by him alone1 as in the case of ,dr4 ,bellows' preferring isolation on the steamer's deck to joining in the religious exercises carried on below8 ,but there is certainly an obligation to render public worship to the ,almighty4 ,the ,sabbath rest prescribed by the ,mosaic law was negative and subsidiary to the positive command to worship ,god4 ,it did not tell what was to be done2 that was provided elsewhere with the most detailed injunctions4 ,even as ideas have changed on one point1 so they have on another4 ,with the ,reformers of the ,x,v,ith century1 faith was all and everything4 ,now we have reached a time when faith has lost its ground2 and1 in the thousands around us1 nine out of ten will tell you that it makes no difference what a man believes2 if his life is right1 he is safe4 ,but yet they make a distinction in works4 ,it is not all works that have value in the eyes of the world2 it is those of benevolence--the corporal works of mercy4 ,they will shrug their shoulders and allow some little value to the spiritual works of mercy1 but it will not be much4 ,yet these works of mercy1 whether corporal or spiritual1 have for their object our neighbor4 ,there is1 however1 a higher class of works--those which have ,god for their object4 ,good works towards ,god6 some will exclaim2 what need has ,god of our good works8 ,the need may be on our side1 and the question is not one of need1 but of duty on our part4 ,love is the fulfilling of the law--8he that loveth me keepeth my commandments40 ,the ,commandments to be kept1 the works to be done1 are written on the two tables of the law2 and the works to be done towards ,god form the first and greater ,commandment1 and foremost on it--first of the good works of which ,god is the object--is worship1 public and private4 ,have not common ideas1 then1 perverted the whole order8 ,with the higher appreciation of good works that is growing so visibly will come a logical placing of them4 ,the first table will reassert its rights2 the great good work towards ,god1 public worship1 will take its rightful place1 and be regarded as the great1 imperative act on the part of man4 ,if so important1 it must have its distinctive characteristics1 its essential elements--some thymiama exclusively assigned to it1 never given1 we say1 not to any mean use1 but to high or holy use or honor of anything that is not ,god4 ,should no one around us tell what this element is1 we must go back to the past4 ,the first ,commandment1 in its positive form1 is3 8,the ,lord thy ,god thou shalt adore1 and him only shalt thou serve40 ,in what essentially does this adoration and service consist8 ,if we open the two oldest books we have--the ,bible1 record of a people who preserved their faith in ,god2 ,homer1 describing the life of a nation fallen so early into idolatry that it preserved no tradition of the time when the unity of ,god was acknowledged--if we open these to see what in the earliest ages constituted divine worship1 we find the answer clear and plain--,sacrifice4 ,leave the shores of the ,mediterranean1 strike to ,india1 ,china1 the islands of the ,pacific1 and ask what constitutes public worship1 the answer still is1 ,sacrifice4 ,reach the western shores of ,america1 question every tribe1 from the more savage nomads of the north and south to the more cultured ,aztecs1 to the subjects of the ,incas1 and the answer never varies2 it is1 ,sacrifice4 ,cross the ,atlantic as you crossed the ,pacific1 the ,celts of the ,isles and of ,gaul1 ,scandinavian and ,german1 repeat the burden1 ,sacrifice1 till you come again to the tents of the patriarchs on the plains of the ,euphrates or ,jordan4 ,and what was sacrifice8 ,a rite cruel1 repugnant to all our ideas--one that could not spring from man himself4 ,it was the offering of an inferior life to the offended ,deity as a substitute for man's life forfeited by sin--a substitute deriving its value from a human life that was one day to appease the ,almighty absolutely4 ,the whole system is strange1 yet the whole is universal4 ,before man slew the beasts of the field for food1 he slew them on the altar4 ,not ,cain1 unaccepted of ,god1 offers this bloody sacrifice4 ,doubly the type of sinful man--sinful by descent and by act--,cain offers the fruits of the earth--badge of sin and toil and sweat of brow2 while ,abel1 pure and gentle1 slays the lamb that gambols affectionately around him--slays it to find favor with a ,god of love4 ,it could not have entered into the heart of man to conceive this4 ,nothing less than a primitive revelation and command can explain sacrifice--that offering of domestic animals as a type of the great atoning sacrifice of the ,lamb slain from the foundation of the world4 ,no matter how widely removed from the original seat of the race1 no matter how low in the grade of civilization1 every known tribe on earth has a worship and has sacrifices4 ,the red men of our own land were long considered as an anomaly in this respect2 but they really had the whole idea of sacrifice4 ,one example will show it4 ,when ,f4 ,jogues1 the pioneer priest of ,new ,york1 was taken by the ,mohawks in #afdb1 and reduced to the condition of a slave1 he attended a hunting party of the tribe4 ,ill success in war and hunt had befallen the ,mohawks1 and1 ascribing it to their offended deity1 they offered to this demon ,aireskoi two bears with this prayer3 8,justly dost thou punish us1 ,o demon ,aireskoi6444 ,we have sinned against thee1 in that we ate not the last captives thrown into our hands2 but if we shall ever again capture any1 we promise to devour them as we now consume these two bears0--recognizing the idea of substitution and the efficacy of human blood as the great means of reconciliation4 ,and the missionary1 to his horror1 saw two women sacrificed and eaten in fulfilment of this vow4 ,while the temple of ,jerusalem stood1 the ,greek1 the ,roman1 the ,egyptian1 the ,gaul1 and the ,german would1 on entering1 have seen naught removed from their ideas in the sacrifice offered4 ,they might have wondered at the size and beauty of the temple1 the rich vestments of the sons of ,aaron2 they might have been filled with awe at the absence of the image of the deity worshipped there so grandly2 but in the great rite of sacrifice1 there was nothing that was not familiar to them4 ,in this the pagan nations were still in harmony with the divine institution2 and in default of the ,mosaic revelation1 its appositeness could be proved by the common consent of mankind in a matter inexplicable except on the supposition of a primitive revelation4 ,the nearer and more striking the resemblance between the pagan sacrifices and those of the people of ,god1 the greater the evidence they bear to corroborate it4 ,error may be old1 but truth is older4 ,what1 then1 is the meaning of this ancient worship8 ,the answer is plain3 8,jesus ,christ1 yesterday and today and for ever0--8the ,lamb slain from the foundation of the world10 whose death was1 when once accomplished in act1 to be thenceforward shown forth until he came4 ,the offering on ,calvary alone gave life and efficacy to all the sacrifices of ,adam1 of the patriarchs before and after the ,flood1 of the sacrifices of ,abraham1 and those who1 in his day1 still believed in the true ,god1 in the sacrifices of the law promulgated by ,moses4 ,their sacrifices were but types and figures--substitutes for that which was to be accomplished in the person of the ,messias2 when that was once accomplished1 it became the act of public worship1 to be offered by man to the end of time4 ,the public worship of the new law is the sacrifice of ,calvary1 not renewed1 not repeated--for 8,christ dieth now no more0--but 8shown forth10 made sensible4 ,the essential element of public worship is the death of the ,man,god on ,calvary2 and under the new law1 this must be shown in something higher and nobler than the types and animal sacrifices of the old law4 ,it is the one sufficient act of worship1 fulfilling all the intentions and designs of the ancient typical sacrifices--adoration1 praise1 thanksgiving1 propitiation1 and impetration4 ,no public worship that does not directly connect itself with this great sacrifice can be at all a public worship acceptable to ,god4 ,the ,almighty has certainly instituted a worship showing forth this death1 and that alone will he accept4 ,man cannot set up a public worship for himself4 ,worship is a debt which man owes to the ,most ,high1 and it is not for the debtor to fix the mode of paying that debt4 ,in the discussion alluded to already1 they frequently quoted the words of ,jesus to the ,samaritan woman1 but overlooked the great lesson of that whole incident4 ,when that erring woman1 pressed hard on her moral delinquency1 changed the subject1 with womanly adroitness1 to the great religious division between the ,jews and ,samaritans1 she asked3 8,our fathers adored on this mountain2 and you say that at ,jerusalem is the place that men must adore0--meaning1 evidently1 8offer the sacrifices of the law40 ,christ answered3 8,salvation is with the ,jews40 ,the ,mosaic church was the ark1 and out of it there was no salvation4 ,and yet the ,samaritans had1 according to modern ideas1 every requisite4 ,they had the law of ,moses1 and revered and followed it closely2 they had priests of the sons of ,aaron1 won to their side2 they offered all the sacrifices commanded by the law1 and as the law commanded2 and they had and exercised the right of private judgment in the matter of the place4 ,and precisely this last point vitiated the whole1 and made their sacrifices utterly worthless in the eyes of ,god4 ,they did not conduce to salvation4 ,to be in the way of salvation1 they must be in communion with the highpriest at ,jerusalem1 and their sacrifices could not be vivified by man or angel4 ,they were worthless4 8,salvation was with the ,jews40 ,the essential element of public worship is1 then1 the sacrifice of ,calvary2 and the public worship of the new law must be connected with that act by divine institution4 ,no institution devised by private judgment1 however seemingly fit to human eyes1 can have any real value4 ,it is not for man to make1 by his private judgment1 a form of public worship that will avoid the sentence1 8,salvation is not in it40 ,as the figurative sacrifices of the old law derived their value from divine institution as typical of ,calvary1 so the public worship of the new law must be connected with ,calvary by divine institution4 ,now1 in the popular forms of public worship in our days1 there is no essential element1 either of divine or human creation1 to connect it with ,calvary4 ,it is inferior even to the ,samaritan worship1 which ,christ so decisively condemned4 ,what claims1 then1 can it have8 ,the ,catholic who is asked why he cannot attend a ,protestant worship finds his answer here4 8,why10 it will be said1 8there can be no harm in it4 ,reading the ,scriptures1 singing psalms out of ,holy ,writ1 and a moral explanation of some part of ,scripture cannot but be good40 ,even supposing the explanation to contain nothing contrary to faith1 a ,catholic cannot accept it4 ,it is not of ,god's institution1 and1 as unauthorized and human1 must be rejected of ,god4 ,there was no detail in the ,samaritan worship that a ,jew could condemn1 yet he had to condemn it as a whole2 for1 by ,god's institution1 all this1 done on ,mount ,sion1 was acceptable to him and contributed to salvation2 done elsewhere1 was repugnant and availed not4 ,so absolute is the necessity of adhering to divine institution to give any value to our religious acts that we see in the ,acts that the ,jewish priests1 whose authority had been so fully sustained1 were1 by the institution of the priesthood of the new law1 superseded2 and when they attempted to exercise functions under the new law1 the very devils laughed them to scorn4 ,if men of a priesthood instituted by ,god had thus lost power1 how could men selfconstituted make themselves more acceptable1 or create a form of worship that could be acceptable1 to ,god8 ,nor can any such power exist in the civil authority1 be it emperor1 king1 parliament1 or congress4 ,saul1 usurping the headship of the church and the functions of the priesthood1 only drew down judgment on himself1 and his race ceased to rule over the people4 ,the only example in the old law that even remotely resembles the liberty assumed in the last centuries by men to form modes of worship is that of ,michas in the ,book of ,judges1 who made his own god1 his own temple1 his worship1 and constituted one of his sons as priest till he was able to obtain an apostate ,levite4 ,man1 of himself1 would have as much right to make his god like ,michas as to make his worship4 ,he can make neither1 and cannot give saving power to his form of worship any more than he can divinity to the deity his brain may devise4 ,let us1 then1 see whether there exists under the new law an institution in which the one great sacrifice of ,calvary is made perpetually present to the end of time4 ,the ,reformers1 before introducing their own experimental forms of public worship1 since so varied--now reduced to the plainest form1 then more cheering1 but all based on the synagogue service of the ,jews1 which was not divine worship1 as the temple service was--rejected a form of public worship coeval and coextensive with ,christendom1 full of the spirit and echo of the temple service of ,jerusalem1 that was really and solely divine worship--they rejected the ,mass4 ,the ,jews even now recognize that their synagogue service is not worship2 they still admit the necessity of a sacrifice1 as witness one of the most common forms of prayer offered up in the synagogue3 8,o ,lord1 in the time when the temple stood1 when a sin was committed the guilty one brought sacrifices1 and it was atoned unto him2 but now1 through our sins1 we have no temple1 no altar1 no priests to offer up sacrifices which shall atone for our sins4 ,let the remembrance of our prayers1 of the many prayers we offer up1 ,o ,lord1 be acceptable in the place of sacrifices40 ,there had been heresies and schisms before the ,x,v,ith century4 ,they had been almost countless2 but ,arian and ,pelagian1 ,donatist and ,nestorian1 all retained the ,mass1 the authority of all tradition1 in ,asia1 ,europe1 and ,africa1 making it too daring an attempt for any to endeavor to modify or abolish it4 ,by the concurrent testimony of all ,christians of every tongue and land the ,mass was the public worship of ,god1 instituted by the apostles under the command of ,jesus ,christ and the direction of the ,holy ,ghost2 and to this day it is retained in the ,oriental lands1 where the apostles and their immediate successors preached1 although many of those countries have for centuries rejected the spiritual authority of ,rome1 and would not adopt the slightest form or ceremony peculiar to the ,latin ,church4 ,a movement against the ,mass could not arise in any of these lands4 ,it could arise only in nations just emerged from the darkness of paganism1 with its spirit still strong within them1 and with no apostolic tradition to inspire them with reverence4 ,the ,german race1 last to accept the ,gospel1 was the first to reject it4 ,the ,real ,presence was denied1 and with that dogma they cast aside the ,mass as the great act of public worship1 and the whole theory of the ,christian priesthood4 ,in ,england alone an attempt was made to keep a hollow form and a compromise which ,james ,i4 sneeringly styled an illsaid ,mass4 ,in each country1 government or individuals then attempted to get up something to take the place of the public worship which had for fifteen centuries gathered ,christians around the altar of ,god1 and1 while all cried for liberty1 made the new forms obligatory by civil law2 and in ,england1 the government1 by fine and imprisonment1 compelled men to go to the churches torn from ,catholic worship1 in order to follow the newly devised common prayer2 and in ,new ,england1 men who turned with loathing from this1 punished just as stringently all who dissented from the standing order or refused to attend the congregational form of worship4 ,yet both were confessedly mere human inventions1 to which no more divine sanction could be ascribed than to the form of opening a court of justice4 ,of course the first generation of the ,reformed recollected the old ,catholic worship1 and kept up some resemblance to it2 but as the memory died away1 one point after another was cast aside1 till every original trace was lost1 and everything was made as bald and plain as possible4 ,then a new great discovery was made4 ,satisfied with their own position1 they looked at the ,catholic worship1 now become strange and wonderful in their eyes1 and they discovered a striking analogy between it and pagan worship4 ,middleton1 in the last century1 expatiated wonderfully on the point2 and our readers know how offensively our fluent1 superficial ,prescott1 in his ,conquest of ,mexico1 draws the comparison4 ,but these men never seem to have thought that ,god might have his own views of his own worship1 and that he could not have left the world without a guide on this point2 they forgot that one fully explained type of worship of the ante ,christian era was before us to guide us in our search4 ,take one of our average countrymen1 from ,prescott's own ,state1 and set him down in the temple of ,jerusalem while the highpriest was still offering the sacrifices of the law4 ,what would his impressions be8 ,he would certainly deem it a very pagan affair2 the architecture would1 in his eyes1 be unsuited to a meetinghouse2 the vestments heathenish or--what to him would perhaps be synonymous--popish2 the incense clearly so2 and a radical defect in the whole would be1 in his eyes1 that the congregation took no part1 and that the building was not adapted to preaching4 ,if1 at the morning hour of prayer1 or when the shadow of ,mount ,sion fell lengthening towards the ,mediterranean1 he entered the sacred enclosure1 and beheld the priest1 in rich robe1 enter1 incense in hand1 to offer it on the golden altar1 while the people were kept rigorously without1 he would have found it sadly at variance with his ideas4 ,if1 as the sun began to gild the golden face of the tower1 he saw a devout ,jew coming with his wife and little ones1 bearing in his arms a lamb1 to have it offered in sacrifice for him or some sick child at home1 and taking back part to eat as part of the religious rite1 he would think all this needed reforming1 and that it was very nearly as bad as the popish way of having ,masses said4 ,the only question would be whether the ,almighty was wrong1 or whether his own standpoint was utterly wrong4 ,certainly1 neither in the ,jewish temple service nor in the worship of any pagan nation could he find the type of his own4 ,the pagan had strong and striking resemblances with the ,jewish2 the worship of ,christendom grew out of the ,jewish temple service4 ,to this day chants echo through ,catholic aisles that were first heard on ,mount ,sion4 ,to the ,catholic the old temple service would be intelligible2 the edifice1 the vestments1 the incense1 the priestly performing of a great act1 would all be in harmony with ideas with which he had been imbued from youth2 to him there would be the most natural of natural things in having sacrifice offered for him or his2 he would kneel without in the crowd1 offering1 through the priest within1 the smoking incense--offering it1 as each one around him did1 for his own wants of soul or body4 ,in all the ideas of worship of the ,jew he would be at home1 and could join in the same spirit in every religious act that marked life from circumcision till the ,kadisch1 or prayer for the dead1 poured forth beside the grave in the valley of ,josaphat4 ,those who find the ,catholic worship too like the pagan would have condemned the divinelyinstituted worship of the ,mosaic law as still more like it4 ,that paganism bears its testimony to the ,catholic worship is an argument in its favor1 not against it2 for the pagan worship was a divine institution1 perverted more in its object than in its form4 ,had it been purely the coinage of man's brain1 of man's private judgment--one of those ways that seem right unto a man1 though the ends thereof lead to death--there would be no such resemblance4 ,is it not a striking fact that the ,catholic1 trained to the worship of his church1 would be at home in the temple of ,jerusalem during that divinely instituted worship1 while to the ,protestant it would be utterly repugnant8 ,the ,mass in ,latin1 ,greek1 ,coptic1 ,armenian1 ,abyssinian1 ,sclavonic1 is almost identical1 and in all rites claims to have been instituted by the apostles by divine authority4 ,the form is the same1 though varying parts have varied4 ,the ,jewish worship was simply action2 the ,christian worship has1 from the earliest period1 combined action and a form of words4 ,the language of the ,mass is older than any of the books of the ,new ,testament4 ,is it unworthy of the great act8 ,the answer will best be a challenge to produce anything1 from the days of the ,reformation1 which can at all approach it in grandeur2 in its recognition of all the attributes of ,god and of the nothingness of man in his sight2 in all and everything that could embody the idea of worship4 ,it has1 perhaps1 the most sublime thought ever written4 ,longinus quoted the 8,let there be light1 and there was light10 as a sublime thought that paganism admired4 ,yet this record of the creative act is less sublime than 8,we thank thee for thy great glory40 ,that man1 the creature of ,god1 should thank him for existence1 for his intellect and body1 for truth imparted1 for life1 health1 happiness1 for loved ones and their love1 for all the blessings ever bestowed on him1 or1 soaring higher1 ever bestowed on men and angels1 might be admirable2 but when man1 losing sight entirely of himself and of all created things1 looks up to ,god1 and1 overwhelmed with love1 thanks him for his great glory1 for his attributes1 for being what he is1 he soars from the depths of nothingness to the height of sublimity4 ,one of the modern objections to religion is its selfish character2 the ,mass answers this by its utter abnegation of self1 just as it formally disavows the sufficiency of human works4 ,the action is worthy of divine worship4 ,a man stands at the altar1 not selfinstituted1 but called as ,aaron and his race were--stands there with powers traced back through the apostles to ,christ4 ,he approaches as a sinner among sinners1 acknowledging his unworthiness1 striking his breast with the publican1 not vaunting himself with the ,pharisee4 ,then follow soon the glorious canticle1 in which the sinner rises1 in thought and hope1 to ,god1 prayer1 lessons from the ,old ,testament or the ,new1 a portion of the gospels1 a solemn profession of faith4 ,then properly begins the ,sacrifice1 at which1 in early days1 only the baptized could be present1 and not even such of them as were subjects of public penance4 ,bread and wine appear on the altar4 ,even among the pagans1 fruits of the earth were offered to inferior deities alone4 ,in the ,bible1 they mark the sinful race1 like ,cain1 or men without the chosen people1 like ,melchisedec4 ,it is in itself an inferior offering1 and bears the stamp of man's fall4 ,bread and wine are doubly suggestive4 ,it is not merely fruits of the earth raised by man's toil and the sweat of his brow2 it is food prepared by still further toil4 ,the priest stands there as the type of fallen man1 with such offering as fallen man can give2 but if this were all1 his sacrifice would be but that of ,melchisedec4 ,his language shows that the sacrifice has1 so to speak1 no beginning or end2 that it is one act1 and that time is not regarded4 ,the bread and wine are treated1 not as what they are1 but what they are to become4 ,it is not that the sacrifice of guilty ,cain may become that of the pious ,abel1 the sacrifice of the uncalled ,melchisedec become that of ,abraham the elect2 not that this sacrifice of fallen man may become the ,paschal lamb1 but ,christ our ,pasch himself2 and such it is in thought already when the priest offers the bread as an immaculate host1 and the wine as the chalice of salvation--offers them for his own sins and those of all ,christians2 for the salvation of those present and that of the whole world4 ,he offers it again in memory of the passion1 resurrection1 and ascension of our ,lord1 and in honor of all who have faithfully served him on earth4 ,he never separates himself from the people for whom he offers it4 ,from the commencement to the end1 it is their sacrifice and his2 in fact1 as if to prevent any forgetfulness of this1 he turns1 as the awful moment of consecration approaches1 to say3 8,brethren1 pray that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to ,god1 the ,father ,almighty40 ,then1 with the ,preface that sounds like the triumphant march of an approaching monarch1 comes the consecration4 ,the types of sinful man disappear1 and ,jesus ,christ is all4 ,he is the priest2 he is the victim4 ,he makes the only oblation that can take away sin4 ,he offers the only victim which can render his ,eternal ,father due adoration1 homage1 and honor2 which can alone call down graces and blessings4 ,the priest and people1 adoring the divine ,high,priest and ,victim1 offer through him that sacrifice of ,calvary for all mankind1 for the living and the dead1 for the church and all its members4 ,then1 repeating the prayer he himself enjoined1 the divine ,victim is consumed1 and the solemn rite hastens to a close4 ,sublime in its conception1 sublime in all its parts1 sublime alike in action and in words1 the world has never beheld a more adequate public worship of ,god4 ,in itself1 in its antiquity1 its wide extent1 it is one of the strongest arguments in favor of the church4 ,its wonderful adaptability to all nations and all conditions of social elevation are no less striking4 ,a public worship1 in which the most polished and cultivated minds of civilized nations can join1 absorbed and taking part1 while the poor peasant enters as well into its spirit1 and offers it for all his wants2 a sacrifice that can come home to the savage and the sage1 to men of the frozen ,north and the parching tropics1 which makes the church a home in all lands where not a syllable uttered in the streets falls familiar on the ear--such is the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass of the ,catholic ,church--a worship distinct from any other service1 offered to ,god alone1 and combining in the highest degree everything that can be conceived as fitting in that great act--divine institution1 the character of sacrifice1 identity with the oblation of ,calvary--the only adequate worship ever offered to ,god4 ,the ,answered ,prayer4 8,mortal cannot make ,conditions with the ,creator40--,schiller4 ,into my broken heart ,pour gracious balm1 ,where the deep waters start ,breathe holy calm2 ,over my weary life ,shed deep repose1 ,shelter me from the strife1 ,baffle my foes6 ,i have not shunned my task ,early or late2 ,i have not turned to ask 8,wherefore80 of fate4 ,only one cry went up1 ,hopeless at length-- 8,father6 to drink thy cup ,grant me thy strength40 ,now at the last ,i stand ,waiting from heaven1 ,patient1 with outstretched hand1 ,alms never given6 ,grant me1 ,o ,god6 ,i pray1 ,one answ'ring sign ,ere ,i withdraw for aye6 ,speak6 ,am ,i thine8 ,cometh the sign at last-- ,bolt hot and red1 ,falling to crush and blast ,desolate head2 ,driving the cowering form ,wildly across ,life's heath1 through flood and storm1 ,on--to the cross6 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,iv4 ,from that day ,i resumed my former habits1 and1 except the liveliness of my childhood1 which had disappeared never to return1 ,i became almost the same as before4 ,this sudden and unhopedfor restoration brought cheerfulness once more to our gloomy house1 and a ray of joy to the sad1 anxious face of my father4 ,i say anxious2 for it was more so1 if possible1 than sad4 ,there was an anxiety in his look1 whenever he turned towards me1 that was quite inexpressible4 ,had he so trembled for my life1 and afterwards for my reason1 as hardly to credit ,i was restored to him8 ,perhaps so2 but if his anxiety had really outlived its cause1 though that might explain his profound solicitude1 it could not account for the coldness of manner he now manifested1 instead of the warm affection to which he had accustomed me from infancy4 ,and when ,i endeavored to fathom the cause of this change1 only one reason occurred to me1 which ,i repelled with terror1 and on which my mind utterly refused to dwell6444 ,i had not seen my brother 7the elder of the two children by my father's first marriage7 since my illness4 ,when ,i went to the suppertable for the first time1 he was not there4 ,but this did not cause me any great regret1 for ,i feared ,mario more than ,i loved him4 ,i was glad1 therefore1 to find no one present but my father1 my sister ,livia1 and ,ottavia1 who1 from a waitingmaid1 had merited1 from her long services1 to be promoted to a duenna4 ,i say duenna1 and not governess2 for she would scarcely have been able to teach us to read and write4 ,but she knew many things much more important4 ,she was one of those good1 simple souls1 so frequently met with in ,italy among people of her station1 uncultivated from a human point of view1 but wonderfully conversant with everything relating to the principles of the ,christian religion1 the practice of charity1 and the grandeur of the ,christian's hopes4 ,sometimes thoughts came spontaneously from her heart and lips which were far more admirable than are to be found in any book4 ,therefore my father1 notwithstanding her undeniable ignorance in many respects1 did not consider her useless in the training of his children1 but treated her with a consideration bordering on respect4 ,hitherto my life had been surrounded by1 and1 so to speak1 permeated with a mother's love2 and when ,i was suddenly deprived of this light and warmth1 an overpowering grief1 as has been related1 took possession of my soul1 which at first it seemed impossible ,i could survive4 ,now ,i was calmer2 but there was still a void1 a wretchedness1 a grief in my heart1 which1 though not as violent as at first1 had become fixed and permanent4 ,i thought sometimes of young birds1 whose mothers had been caught in the fowler's net1 left pining alone in their nests1 or of poor little fish drawn out of the water and left on the shore in the heat of the sun4 ,i seemed to be like them3 my heart and soul were out of their element and deprived of their necessary food4 ,in this state1 ,ottavia and my kind sister ,livia were the only persons in the house who afforded me any comfort4 ,i always sought shelter beside them2 for the sight of my father increased my depression1 and ,i was afraid of my brother's stern and penetrating eye4 ,mario1 at this time1 was twentyseven years of age4 ,he was remarkably handsome at first sight2 but his stern1 gloomy face1 seldom expressive of kindness1 and never of affection1 greatly modified this first impression1 and it was nearly impossible to feel entirely at ease with him4 ,nevertheless1 he had many noble qualities1 and in some respects resembled my father2 but he had not inherited his kindness of heart4444 ,my brother was unyielding and jealous1 and1 if not bad at heart1 at least had an unpleasant disposition1 and was often in an insupportable humor4 ,he made me habitually feel that he regarded me as the child of a different mother1 and could not forgive ,livia1 who was his own sister1 for loving one who1 according to him1 had come to rob them of the full share of their father's love4 ,at the time of ,fabrizio dei ,monti's second marriage1 ,mario1 then only twelve years old1 had manifested so great a repugnance to it1 and so much illwill towards her who was about to take his mother's place at their fireside1 that ,fabrizio decided to send him away2 and for several years ,mario lived away from home1 only returning from time to time for an occasional visit4 ,it was only within a year he had become a permanent member of the household4 ,at that time the malady that was to prove fatal to my mother had begun its ravages1 and the remaining days of her life were already numbered4 ,whether it was this knowledge1 or because he was softened and disarmed by the charm of her beauty and the angelic sweetness of her manner1 it is certain he became quite a different person1 and1 in her presence at least1 was never harsh or severe towards us4 ,perhaps this change would have been complete could he have remained longer under the sweet influence we were all so unhappily deprived of6 ,on the #aeth of ,july--the day that ended so fatally--,mario was absent4 ,he had left home the evening before1 and1 when he returned1 he learned1 at the same time1 the calamity that had occurred and that which so speedily threatened to follow4 ,i have been assured that he manifested a lively grief at my mother's death1 and had inquired about me1 not only with interest1 but even with anxiety4 ,but the recollections of the past were still vividly impressed on my memory1 and it was not to him my heavy1 bleeding heart turned for consolation at such a time4 ,at the end of our gloomy repast1 my sister was informed that there were several visitors in the drawingroom4 ,it was the hour when my father received his friends and the clients he had not been able to see in the morning4 ,livia immediately left the table1 and ,i was about to follow her1 when my father stopped me1 and kept me beside him till he had looked over some documents which had just been brought him4 ,he then gave me his arm to the salon4 ,this was certainly done with kindness and an air of affection1 but with a kind of gravity constantly perceptible as he kept me beside him the remainder of the evening4 ,how gladly ,i would have exchanged this affectionate solicitude1 that could not lose sight of me1 for one such look as ,i used to receive6444 ,it was strange6 but when ,i thought of my mother1 no remorse was mingled with so affecting a remembrance4 ,i felt as if a constant communication was maintained between her soul and mine2 that she saw my repentance1 was aware of my resolutions1 and1 to sum up my impressions--childish1 perhaps1 but so lively and profound that they have never been effaced--that peace had been made between us4 ,but the thought that my father might be aware of all that took place during that hour of fearful memory1 or the possibility of his knowing the foolish act ,i committed in my mother's presence1 alas6 while she was dying1 and that he might attribute the dreadful catastrophe that followed to that act1 inspired me with genuine terror1 which was only checked by a secret1 constant conviction that my mother had not been able1 during the few short hours of the following night1 to divulge my secret to any one1 even to him4 ,but then1 who could have told him1 or what other reason could there be for the change that made me feel as if ,i had lost my father as well as my mother1 and that the heavens were darkened on that side also8 ,the next day ,i was alone in my chamber1 collecting my books in order to resume my studies1 as if my mother were still alive to direct me1 when my sister came in breathless1 as if from running4 ,she stopped to take breath1 and locked the door before speaking4 ,livia was two years younger than her brother4 ,she was not handsome2 but her form was noble and graceful1 her eyes were strikingly beautiful1 and her smile1 though somewhat sad1 was incomparably sweet4 ,but a nose somewhat too long1 a chin a little too short1 and thick hair parted on a forehead a little too low1 made her rather unattractive at the first glance1 and perhaps caused the absurd notion ,i shall soon have occasion to refer to4 ,but all who knew ,livia regarded her as an angel of goodness1 and forgot the defects of her face4 8,gina60 she hurriedly exclaimed1 as soon as she could speak1 8my dear little ,gina6 ,mario has returned1 and is coming up to see you4 ,listen to me10 embracing me as she continued4 8,i think he means to tell you something that will distress you--something ,i wish you could remain for ever ignorant of4 ,but it is useless4 ,he is determined you shall know it1 and1 after all1 it may be as well4 ,only1 carina1 promise to be calm4 ,if he scolds you1 or speaks in his usual severe way1 do not answer him4 ,control yourself4 ,let him go on1 ,gina mia6 ,i beg of you4 ,no matter if he distresses you for a moment2 he will soon go away1 and ,i will console you44440 ,i had no time to answer these incoherent supplications1 for at that very instant ,i heard my brother's steps in the gallery4 ,he stopped at my door1 and1 finding it fastened1 gave a low knock4 8,you need not worry10 ,i whispered to ,livia4 8,remain here1 and ,i will do as you wish1 ,i assure you40 ,livia embraced me once more1 and then opened the door4 ,mario entered4 ,i advanced to greet him1 and then stopped with surprise at seeing him so pale and altered4 ,he looked as if he had been ill also4 ,neither of us spoke for a moment1 for he likewise seemed to be astonished at my appearance4 ,he must1 indeed1 have found me greatly changed since he last saw me4 ,i had grown so tall during my illness that my face was nearly on a level with his1 and the long black dress ,i wore made me appear even taller than ,i really was4 ,i had lost the freshness of my complexion4 ,the thick1 fair hair of which ,i had been so proud no longer shaded my face1 but was drawn back from my forehead1 and confined under a black net4 ,he had no reason now to chide me for too much attention to my appearance4 ,he could not make any cutting jests about my hair1 as he used to when ,i arranged it like a crown on my brow1 or left it in long curls at the caprice of the wind1 according to the whim of my vanity4 ,he had left me a child--a child wilful and full of freaks1 whom he only noticed in order to correct for some fault4 ,he found me a young lady1 whose sad1 distressed1 and somewhat austere look seemed the very reverse of the picture left in his memory4 ,he seemed affected to find me so changed1 and held out his hand with a cordiality much more affectionate than usual4 ,then1 after a moment's silence1 he said with a kindness he had never before manifested3 8,you have passed through a great trial1 my poor ,ginevra4 ,i have felt for you1 and participated in your grief1 ,i assure you40 ,i was touched by these words1 and was about to reply1 when he resumed3 8,yes1 you have suffered1 ,i see2 but it seems also to have been a great benefit to you40 ,my heart was ready to burst1 and ,i at once drew myself up3 8,benefit to lose my mother6 ,o ,mario6 how can you say so80 ,he frowned4 8,i do not mean in that sense1 ,ginevra1 as you must be aware4 ,but perhaps ,i am mistaken10 he continued1 resuming his ordinary tone1 which ,i only remembered too well4 8,it may be you have only changed exteriorly4 ,i hope it is otherwise1 my dear sister1 and that your childish vanity and foolish coquetry44440 8,mario60 murmured ,livia in a beseeching tone1 scarcely raising her eyes from her work4 ,this exclamation escaped her almost involuntarily2 for she knew better than any one else that the least reply only acted as a stimulant when he was inclined to be illhumored or angry4 ,therefore this slight interruption only served to make him continue in a louder tone4 8,yes1 it is possible her coquettish disposition may not be overcome1 and it would not be right to spare it4 ,i am only acting as a friend by speaking plainly about the misfortunes it has caused40 ,o merciful heavens6444 ,did he know my fearful secret1 and was he about to tell me what ,i dreaded more than anything else in the world to hear8 ,my heart throbbed violently1 but ,i breathed once more when he added3 8,thank ,god1 ,ginevra1 in the midst of your tears1 for having taken your mother out of the world without the least suspicion of your behavior40 ,though these words allayed my chief anxiety1 they seemed far more insulting than ,i merited4 ,a flush rose to my cheeks1 and ,i haughtily drew up my head1 as ,i replied3 8,i never concealed anything in my life from my mother1 ,mario4 ,and now she is gone1 who alone had the right to admonish me1 it belongs to my father1 and not to you1 ,i beg you to remember1 my dear brother40 ,i sat down and leaned my head against my hand1 that he might not perceive the heartfelt anguish he had caused me4 ,i was by no means prepared for what followed4 8,you are mistaken1 my charming little sister10 he said in a cool1 ironical tone1 8and it is well to tell you1 as you seem to be ignorant of it1 that when young ladies play a game that endangers their reputation and the honor of the name they bear1 they often oblige their brothers to take a part in it40 ,notwithstanding my folly and defects1 ,i was really nothing but a child at that time1 and his words conveyed no definite meaning to my mind4 ,i turned around and looked him in the face with an air of surprise that showed ,i did not comprehend him4 ,the eyes that met mine were no longer full of mockery1 but sad and stern4 8,look at that1 sister10 he said in a grave tone1 throwing on the table a small paper package that was sealed4 8,the contents of that paper may recall a circumstance you seem to have forgotten1 and perhaps make you understand my meaning40 ,i hesitated a moment4 ,i was afraid without knowing why4 ,but finally ,i took up the paper1 and tore open the wrapper4 ,a withered flower fell out1 which ,i gazed at with surprise1 but without the slightest recollection4 8,do you not recognize it80 ,i shook my head4 8,nevertheless1 that flower came from your hands40 ,i shuddered4 ,he continued in the bitterest tone3 8,it is true it was then red1 444 red as the blood that had to be shed to restore it to you40 ,the horror with which ,i was filled at these words struck me dumb4 ,i clasped my icy hands1 and turned deadly pale1 without the power of uttering a word6 ,livia sprang from her seat4 8,mario1 you have no heart1 or soul1 or mercy6 ,go away4 ,it was not your place to tell her about this misfortune40 ,but ,mario1 excited as usual by contradiction1 continued without any circumlocution1 and even more violently than before4 8,no1 no4 ,it is better for ,ginevra to learn the truth from my lips2 for ,i am the only person that dares tell her the real state of the case4 ,and ,i will do it without any disguise1 for it may cure her4 ,she shall listen to what ,i have to say4 ,it will do her good4 ,and ,i shall conceal nothing44440 ,i will not repeat the words that fell from his lips like a torrent of fire6444 ,besides1 ,i can only recall their import4 ,all ,i can remember is that they met the very evening of that fatal day--where and how ,i do not recollect4 ,flavio was talking to several other young men1 and1 without observing ,mario's presence1 insolently mentioned my name4 ,my brother snatched the carnation from his buttonhole4 ,the next day the encounter took place4444 ,i felt ready to drop with fright and horror4 8,oh60 ,i said in a stifled voice1 8can it be that my brother has killed ,flavio ,aldini with his own hand8 ,o my ,god4 my ,god6 ,my punishment is greater than ,i deserve60 8,no1 no10 he eagerly replied1 8it was not ,i who44440 ,he stopped1 444 and then continued in a calmer tone1 but somewhat bitterly3 8,compose yourself1 dear sister2 it was my blood alone that was shed in this encounter40 8,may ,god forgive me60 ,i shudderingly exclaimed with the fervent1 sincere piety ,i always manifested with the simplicity of childhood4 8,and may he forgive you1 too1 ,mario2 for you likewise have committed a deed forbidden by ,god40 ,a faint smile hovered on ,mario's lips1 but it immediately gave way to a graver expression2 for notwithstanding his defects1 he was by no means disposed to be impious4 8,forbidden by ,god6 ,that is true1 ,ginevra2 but it is1 ,i would hope1 a deed he sometimes excuses1 especially when the person insulted gets the worst of the encounter40 ,as he said this1 he put his hand to his breast1 as if suffering from pain4 ,i was again struck with his extreme paleness1 as well as other traces of illness in his altered appearance1 and was penetrated with shame and remorse4 ,a feeling more akin to affection than ,i had ever felt for him sprang up in my heart1 and ,i said to him humbly3 8,mario1 you have done right to be plain with me1 and ,i thank you4 ,what you have said will1 ,i trust1 effect my entire cure4 ,at any rate1 you have done your duty40 ,he had never known me to yield to him before4 ,i had always revolted against his illhumor and harshness1 whether just or not1 and sometimes replied with an impertinence that justified his resentment4 ,he was touched at seeing me in this new attitude1 and1 for the first time in his life1 clasped me in his arms and kissed me with real affection4 ,he then left the room1 making a sign for ,livia to follow him4 ,she did so1 but returned in a few minutes4 ,tears were in her eyes1 and her lips were slightly tremulous--a sure indication in her of some sudden and profound emotion4 ,mario had not told me every thing4 ,his anger had died away1 and he left it for kinder lips than his to communicate the rest4 ,v4 ,the affliction and repentance that so speedily followed the brief moment when ,i saw ,flavio ,aldini for the last time seemed to have effaced the transient impression produced at our only meeting1 as a stream1 suddenly swelled by a storm1 washes away every trace left on the sand4 ,i should have met him again with indifference1 and perhaps even with aversion2 for he would have been always associated with the first misfortune and first remorse of my life4 ,nevertheless1 when ,livia1 after considerable hesitation1 uttered the words1 8,flavio ,aldini is dead10 a cry almost of despair escaped from my lips2 and the horrible thought at once occurred to me that ,mario had deceived me--that he was the murderer1 and that this flower1 a thousand times abhorred1 had cost the life of him who had obtained it through my vanity and thoughtlessness6444 ,the terrible lesson ,i had already received was not1 however1 to be carried to such an extent2 but it was some minutes before ,i could be convinced of it4 ,livia herself had some difficulty in clearly relating the account she was charged with4 ,at length ,i comprehended that ,flavio1 while pursuing a successful career of pleasure1 was no less careful to improve every opportunity of repairing the inroads made on his fortune4 ,among these was the proposal to marry a wealthy heiress1 which he acceded to without any scruple4 ,but though he thus triumphed over a large number of suitors by means of his good looks and captivating manners1 it was1 in his eyes1 only a lucky bargain and another light vow4 ,he had been engaged only a few days1 and the marriage was about to be publicly announced1 when he met me at the ball4 ,the sight of a new young face1 and especially the nave inexperience of a girl it would be easy to dazzle1 inspired the wish to try his power once more4 ,but he had been followed to the ballroom1 and watched1 by one of the unsuccessful suitors of the beautiful heiress4 ,his encounter with ,mario a few days after confirmed his rival's suspicions1 and afforded him a pretext for gratifying his hatred and jealousy4 ,consequently1 when ,flavio1 after leaving ,mario wounded on the field1 returned to the villa he occupied at a short distance from ,messina1 he found a new opponent to bring him to an account for his faithlessness to his betrothed1 on the plea of a distant relationship that gave him the right to declare himself her champion4 ,in this second duel1 fortune was adverse to ,flavio4 ,he lived several weeks1 however1 and had only died that very morning from the effects of his wounds6444 ,the news had just arrived4444 ,and this was what ,livia had been commissioned to tell me of4444 ,if it is true that our souls are like precious stones that only reveal all their brilliancy after much cutting and polishing1 it is certain that for both the first blow must be the most trying4444 ,my soul1 over which my mother had watched1 and which she said was dearer to her than her own life1 or even than mine1 was now undergoing this painful process2 or1 rather1 had undergone it4 ,but during the last hour1 it was no longer the knife1 but fire1 that had been applied to my bleeding heart6 ,though ,i had no direct cause for selfreproach concerning this new catastrophe1 as ,i at first feared1 ,i did not feel myself wholly irresponsible4 ,this was sufficient to deepen the solemn gravity of my reflections1 in which ,i remained absorbed so long--motionless and silent--that poor ,livia was seriously alarmed4 8,speak to me1 ,gina1 ,i implore you4 ,oh6 why1 tell me why1 carina1 you have kept all this secret from your poor sister8 ,who could have dreamed you loved this unfortunate man2 that you loved any one unbeknown to us all8 ,could we imagine such a thing possible8 ,you know1 dear child1 ,i have never found fault with you1 and ,i will not now4 ,so tell me if it is true that you eluded the vigilance of your mother and ,ottavia1 in order to meet ,flavio in the garden8 ,was it there you gave him the flower you wore in your hair8 ,and is it true that more than once44440 ,excessive surprise completely roused me from my stupor1 and ,i eagerly interrupted her with a face as red as fire3 8,never6 never6 never64440 ,i exclaimed in a tone that would have convinced the most incredulous1 for it had the indubitable accent of truth4 8,i did not love ,flavio ,aldini1 and ,i never met him alone in my life40 ,livia1 in her turn1 looked at me with astonishment4 8,did not love him8 ,never met him alone8 ,never gave him a bouquet or a single flower80 8,i will tell you the truth1 ,livia3 once1 and then ,i did not speak to him1 ,i threw him from a distance the carnation ,i wore in my hair40 8,once8 ,from a distance8 ,ah6 then tell me when and where you did it80 ,i made no reply4 ,a thousand thoughts flashed across my mind with the rapidity of lightning4444 ,it was evident that1 by some wonderful chance1 no one knew exactly what had taken place4 ,a vague story had been circulated1 founded on ,flavio's exaggerated boasts4 ,my father1 brother1 and sister had accepted this version--so far from the truth--without understanding the real extent of that which had been alleged against me4 ,i felt that they considered me guiltier than ,i really was4 ,and yet ,i would not have undeceived them for anything in the world4 ,they judged me more severely than ,i deserved1 but of what consequence was it8 ,was ,i not sufficiently culpable to accept this injustice with humility8 ,was it not enough1 without complaining of anything else1 to be at last assured that my secret was safe with my mother in heaven8 ,ought ,i not rather to bear all their reproaches without a murmur8 ,there was only one that would have overwhelmed me1 and that ,i was spared4 ,all others were easy to bear1 and1 moreover1 were merited by what they were ignorant of1 if not by what they supposed true4 ,livia patiently waited for me to break my long silence4 8,you know ,i am incapable of telling you an untruth10 ,i said to her at last4 8,yes1 and therefore ,i always believe you40 8,well1 then1 ,i implore you to believe me now1 ,livia1 without asking me anything more4 ,and1 moreover10 ,i added in a supplicating tone1 8do not repeat what ,i have just told you1 and make no effort to justify me to any one40 ,my good sister looked at me attentively for a moment1 and then gently drew my head against her shoulder4 8,poor ,gina60 she said4 8,it shall be as you wish4 ,i believe everything you say1 and love you too well to annoy you with any more questions40 ,livia knew me thoroughly2 for1 notwithstanding her apparent simplicity1 she had an eye that could read one's soul4 ,she saw the sincerity and repentance of mine1 and read in my pale face and distressed look the extent of my sufferings1 and her kind heart melted4444 ,i was1 indeed1 very young to experience such a variety of emotions1 and was still too weak to endure them4 ,the habit of duelling1 so unfortunately prevalent in ,sicily1 had1 of course1 accustomed me more than would have been the case anywhere else to occurrences similar to that ,i had just heard about4 ,but to have my name connected with so fatal an affair2 to feel that ,i was the cause of the blood shed in one of these encounters1 and that the other had resulted in the tragical end of one who had flashed for an instant across my path1 like one of those meteors that are the ominous forerunners of misfortune and death1 444 was more than my young heart and feeble frame could endure4 ,livia perceived it4 8,come1 carina10 she said1 8lean against me4 ,you need rest40 ,i attempted to make my way to an old sofa1 covered with red damask1 at the other end of the vast and scantilyfurnished room2 but ,i had no sooner risen than my strength failed me1 and ,i was obliged to lean against a table to keep myself from falling4 ,livia hastened to procure some cold water1 with which she sprinkled my face4 ,i soon recovered1 but was still pale and agitated when ,ottavia came in4 ,she had left me quite well an hour before1 and1 finding me now in such a state1 she exclaimed with mingled impatience and alarm as she advanced3 8,good heavens6 what has happened to her8 ,she was so well this morning40444 ,and giving ,livia a furtive1 distrustful glance1 she extended the index and little finger of her hand1 closing all the others2 turning around as she made this gesture1 the meaning of which is only too well known in our country47#hi7 ,this was done so quickly that ,i hoped ,i was the only one to perceive it4 8,how foolish60 ,i angrily exclaimed to ,ottavia1 seizing her hand and covering it with mine4 8,are you going to treat me always as if ,i were an invalid or an old woman8 ,thanks to ,livia0--and ,i emphasized these words--8,i have entirely recovered40 ,ottavia1 half angry1 half sorry1 was about to go away2 but ,livia made a sign for her to remain1 and1 pressing my hand as she embraced me once more1 left the room without uttering a word4 ,,vi4 ,the little incident ,i have just related will doubtless excite some astonishment1 and be regarded as scarcely confirming what ,i have said before about ,ottavia's piety and good sense4 ,but whoever has lived in the southern part of ,italy knows there are hundreds of people in that region whose education1 and even religious instruction1 are in no way deficient1 and who1 nevertheless1 are not exempt from the singular superstition ,i have just referred to4 ,i leave it to the erudite to prove that ,magna ,grcia derived it from classical ,greece1 the mother country2 that remote antiquity made use of the same absurd gesture to avert the effects of what it was still more absurd to believe2 and that in those days1 as well as now1 people multiplied this very sign under the form of protective amulets--not only as jewels to be worn1 but in the objects that surrounded them4 ,i likewise leave to them the task of explaining why this evil has resisted the influence of time and the progress of civilization1 as well as the spirit of ,christianity4 ,all that can be said1 it seems to me1 is that in those regions this superstition takes the place of all those that abound in the ,north of ,europe1 and from which ,italy is exempt4 ,for instance1 we do not hear people there1 as in ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,sweden1 talk of strange1 weird apparitions1 fairies1 or malign spirits1 under the name of bogies or banshees4 ,they are not afraid1 as in ,russia1 of meeting people clothed in black1 of the number thirteen1 and a thousand other absurd notions which ,catholicism has condemned without being able to eradicate1 and which ,protestantism has been much more powerless against4 ,nor are the ruins1 as in ,germany1 associated with wild legends or haunted by spirits4 ,but1 to make up for all this1 the jettatura holds there its baleful sway4 ,though frequently ridiculed1 it is feared more than any one is willing to admit2 and there is no one1 even among the most reasonable1 who would suffer this dreaded epithet to be applied to himself1 or any one he loved1 without manifesting his displeasure4 ,it would be impossible to account for the cause of this prejudicial notion in individual cases1 or explain why this fearful term is sometimes applied to men of special merit1 and women who are young1 lovely1 and amiable1 as well as to those whom a pretext is wanted to avoid1 or whose appearance has something repugnant4 ,sometimes it is sufficient that a person has accidentally witnessed some misfortune1 and1 if the same thing is known to occur again1 the word escapes from the lips1 flies from mouth to mouth1 and the foolish prejudice is established4 ,this had been the case with poor ,livia4 ,an accident once happened to me in my childhood when she was with me2 shortly after1 she was present when another occurred to one of our young friends2 and a third time1 she happened1 in one of her charitable rounds1 to be in the house of a poor man at the time of his death4 ,this was spoken of at first as a mere jest2 but it gradually became a source of mortification and humiliation to her1 though none of us were ever allowed to make the least allusion to it in her presence4 ,the repeated troubles of the past few weeks had disturbed the faithful ,ottavia's equilibrium and good sense to such an unusual degree that when she found me1 pale and agitated1 leaning on my sister's shoulder1 the first thought inspired by her terror caused her instantly to make this involuntary gesture4 ,i was so vexed at this occurrence that for a moment ,i forgot everything else4 ,i felt angry with ,ottavia1 and threw myself on the old sofa without speaking1 in a fit of mingled sorrow and displeasure4 ,i had always been fond of ,livia1 and now all the repressed and pentup tenderness of my heart was poured out on her4 ,she seemed to be the only person in the world that still loved me--the only one that stood between me and what appeared like a great void4 ,yes1 my mother was right in what she said about the great necessity of my nature4 ,as a flower dies1 deprived of the sun1 so without affection ,i should soon cease to exist4 ,i placed no reliance on the durability of that which my brother had just manifested4 ,as to my father1 his love seemed extinct in comparison with that of former times4 ,and now that ,i knew the reason of his coldness and severity1 ,i had no hope of overcoming them2 for ,i felt sure he would less readily excuse the truth1 were it revealed to him1 than the error which had caused such a change in his manner4 ,therefore for any one to wound the feelings of ,livia1 my darling sister1 my indulgent and faithful friend1 was at this time like piercing my very heart4 ,i remained with my head on the cushions of the old sofa1 while ,ottavia was bustling about the chamber1 as if trying to divert my attention from what had taken place4 ,at last she approached and tried to get hold of my hand4 ,i withdrew it4 8,come1 dear signorina10 she said1 8forgive your poor old ,ottavia4 ,i did wrong40 8,yes1 very wrong1 ,ottavia10 ,i replied in a tone almost severe4 8,i know it1 and feel as if ,i were listening to the blessed spirit of ,donna ,bianca herself when ,i hear you and see you6 ,you resemble her so much1 signorina64440 8,well1 ,ottavia1 what would she say to you1 if she had been present80 8,she would tell me that my fear of the jettatura is both foolish and wrong2 and that is only what ,i know myself1 what ,i believe and realize when ,i am on my knees before ,god6444 ,oh6 at such times ,i really feel that his will alone is everywhere accomplished2 ,i only love that holy will2 ,i am afraid of nothing1 because ,i am convinced that will must prevail4 ,and yet1 after all1 444 when my dear signorina seems to be in danger1 or ,i imagine some one is going to bring her illluck44440 8,ottavia6444 ,ottavia60444 ,i cried1 suddenly interrupting her with an outburst that almost frightened her1 8it is ,i1 it is ,i1 and not she1 who bring illluck to all ,i approach44440 ,i burst into tears as ,i spoke4 ,this sudden return upon myself effaced1 with the mobility of youth1 the impression previously received1 and brought back1 to my confusion and remorse1 all the reality of the present4 ,ottavia1 like the rest1 had been told of my supposed fault1 and was ignorant of what ,i had really done2 but she was by no means in a mood now to add any reproaches to those ,i had already received from my brother4 ,on the contrary1 she tried to soothe me1 not by any direct reply1 but by speaking of that which she could talk best about4 ,i had always been more or less piously inclined from my earliest childhood4 ,how could it be otherwise under the excellent influence that had hitherto been the life of my life8444 ,this piety did not obliterate my faults1 but it existed in spite of them1 and was to exist through all the perils reserved for me in the future4 ,but it was1 if ,i may so speak1 intermittent4 ,sometimes it grew dormant1 if not absolutely extinct2 at other times it was kindled to a lively and ardent degree4 ,therefore ,i frequently recited my catechism with indifference and ennui2 but when it was explained by ,ottavia in her peculiar way2 when she spoke of the sacraments1 or dwelt on the life and sufferings of our ,saviour1 and more especially on the life to come1 ,i was filled with delight4 ,the loveliness of the natural world around me seemed to assume an additional charm2 and when ,i considered that this was only a faint image of a far more beautiful realm1 ,i longed at once to exchange this life for the other4444 ,it was by such means the good ,ottavia now gently endeavored to divert me1 by speaking of ,god1 of heaven1 and various other sacred topics4 ,by degrees she came back to more indifferent subjects1 and finally to ,livia1 promising to make her forget the mortification she had experienced1 and almost persuading me she had not perceived what had taken place4 ,i allowed her to talk on in this way without interruption until her somewhat monotonous tone produced a drowsiness that was beneficial to my overexcited nerves4 ,as soon as she saw my eyes grow heavy1 she placed one of the large sofacushions under my head1 closed the windowshutters to exclude the dazzling light1 and then1 after remaining beside me till she was persuaded ,i was fast asleep1 softly left the chamber4 ,i was not1 however1 asleep4 ,but my attitude and the profound silence and solitude of the room were very soothing1 and ,i remained a long time absorbed in a thousand complex thoughts4 ,long years have passed away since that day1 and other and more dangerous temptations have assailed me1 but ,i have never forgotten the reflections of that hour4 ,my vanity had been for ever shattered like the congealed surface of some deep lake by some sudden blow4 ,it had not really been a part of my inner nature1 but rather on the surface1 and therefore not the most dangerous trait of my character4 ,during the remainder of my life1 ,i can only recall a single hour--and only one6 444 when it again blinded me4444 ,but that hour was long after the one of which ,i have been speaking4 ,at this time ,i could say with assurance that ,mario's wish was fulfilled--that ,i was effectually and radically cured of my vanity4 ,associated with so many poignant recollections1 it had become horrible in my eyes4 ,my health was somewhat affected by the agitation ,i had undergone1 and ,i took advantage of this to remain several days in my room1 only leaving it to take the air on the terrace4 ,i only saw my father for a moment1 morning and night4 ,the remainder of the day ,i passed with ,livia4 ,whether she had forgotten what had distressed me so much1 or it was owing to her self control1 or she really had not noticed it1 it was impossible to tell from her manner1 and ,i finally persuaded myself it was as ,i hoped4 ,livia1 in spite of her amiable disposition1 had great firmness of character4 ,she never allowed herself to be induced to tell anything she wished to conceal1 or to do what was forbidden by others or by her own judgment4 ,but what especially characterized her was her self forgetfulness4 ,this did not strike me at that time4 ,when one is only fifteen years of age1 one receives impressions without defining them3 one is repelled or attracted by certain natures without being able to analyze them4 ,but in looking back1 not only over the events of my past life1 but what transpired in the inner folds of my conscience1 ,i clearly see the difference between my sister's nature and mine4 ,from her very childhood she had lived a life of selfforgetfulness 7sublime and simple way to heights but little known671 regardless of her own tastes and inclinations1 and even of her own sufferings4 ,whereas1 ,i was constantly endeavoring to fathom the workings of my heart and soul and mind1 and to find food for them1 as one tries to appease one's hunger and thirst when importunate4 ,not but that ,i was capable of forgetting myself1 and1 so to speak1 of being absorbed in the heart of another1 as ,i had been in that of my mother1 but solely on the condition of being to that other1 in return1 the object of an infinite predilection2 444 for this word of such vast import does not seem to express more than my heart craved4 ,but in spite of this difference1 or rather on the very account of it1 ,livia and ,i were always at ease with each other1 and it was not without regret ,i was at last obliged to resume my usual life4 ,i regretted this the more because it had been regulated by my father in a way that indicated only too plainly how much he distrusted me4 ,nevertheless1 ,i submitted with humility and docility to this unaccustomed surveillance1 the cause of which was so evident4 ,i was only released from it during the early hours of the day1 which ,i spent in my chamber with ,livia4 ,i was not allowed to go into the garden1 except under ,ottavia's escort2 and ,i was not permitted to leave the house1 unless accompanied by my father or ,mario4 ,all the rest of my time ,i passed in my father's cabinet1 where he had a table placed for me near his own4 ,there1 for hours together1 ,i read1 wrote1 or worked1 varying my occupations according to my own tastes1 but without any other liberty4 ,to have passed my days in this way beside my father would have been delightful once2 but now1 though he was often kind and affectionate1 there was a certain gravity in his affection that made me feel ,i was the object of unjust suspicion1 and tortured me beyond expression4 ,but ,i submitted to this torture without a murmur1 acknowledging1 as ,i did so1 that it was only a merited chastisement4 ,this cabinet was like a vast hall in form1 and1 like all the other rooms of that old palace1 grand in its proportions1 but only furnished with what was absolutely essential4 ,one side of the apartment was entirely lined with shelves filled with books and papers1 and at each extremity stood a row of armchairs4 ,in the middle of the room1 opposite two large windows1 was my father's writingtable1 near which was mine4 ,between the windows hung a large painting1 which was the only ornament in the room2 but1 to compensate for this1 the garden could be seen1 and further off1 beyond the verdure of the orangetrees1 stretched the blue outline of the sea4 ,my father received many of his friends and clients in the morning1 but seldom admitted any of them into the room we occupied4 ,a servant half opened the door to announce the visitors' names1 and my father went into the adjoining room to receive them4 ,it was only on special occasions he gave orders for any one to be admitted where we were4 ,during the long hours ,i was thus left alone1 ,i sometimes busily employed my time1 but more frequently remained with my arms folded1 plunged in a profound reverie4 ,at such times ,i always avoided looking at the large painting that hung on the opposite panel between the two windows4 ,this was a fine copy of ,herodias' ,daughter1 by ,guido1 the original of which ,i afterwards saw in the ,palazzo ,corsini1 at ,rome4 ,the sweet1 charming face of the girl who is holding with a smile the bleeding head of ,s4 ,john had a kind of fascination for me4 ,it seemed like the personification of vanity in a new form1 giddy and thoughtless in its course and fatal in its results1 and often inspired me with many silent1 gloomy reflections4444 ,i preferred looking at the foliage of the orangetrees in the garden below1 or gazing into the blue1 illimitable heavens above4 ,i often amused myself1 likewise1 before a cage1 prettily painted and gilded1 that hung in one of the windows1 and contained a bird whose company was a great diversion in the life of disguised punishment ,i was condemned to4 ,this bird1 whose melody surpassed that of the nightingale in sweetness and power1 was one of those called at ,sorrento1 where they are chiefly found1 the passero solitario4 ,i was so fond of its sweet music that my father had allowed me to hang the cage here1 and more than once in the day ,i climbed up on a bench in the embrasure of the window to see there was no lack of the singularly copious and solid food which this bird of angelic notes daily requires4 ,one day1 while ,i was thus perched at a considerable height from the floor1 the door opened much wider than usual1 and the old servant that announced the visitors said with a certain emphasis3 8,his ,excellency the ,duca di ,valenzano40 ,my first thought was to descend from the post ,i occupied2 but before ,i had time to do so1 the visitor entered the room1 and stood regarding me with an air of surprise4 ,my father rose to meet so unexpected a client2 but the latter held out his hand to aid me in my descent1 and followed me with his eyes1 without speaking1 as ,i hastily regained my usual seat1 blushing with confusion4 ,my father conducted him to the other end of the room1 where stood the row of armchairs1 and both took seats4 ,during the long conversation that followed1 ,i could only hear the tones of their voices as they rose and fell4 ,sometimes my father's predominated1 and at other times the deep1 sonorous voice of his visitor4 ,i saw it was a question of business1 for my father rose several times to search for different papers among the books arranged on the shelves of the library4 ,finally the conversation ended1 and the new client proceeded towards the door4 ,but when he arrived opposite the cage where my bird was singing1 he said3 8,really1 one's ears are charmed here no less than one's eyes4 ,it seems more like a palace of fairies than a rendezvous for all the contentions of ,sicily44440 ,he was then standing directly before me4 8,don ,fabrizio10 continued he1 8is not this your daughter1 ,donna ,ginevra1 of whom ,i have so often heard8 ,do me the favor of presenting me to her40 ,my father's face assumed a severe1 dissatisfied expression1 and mine was covered with a livelier blush than before4 8,heard of me so often80 ,alas6 he had probably heard me spoken unfavorably of6 ,perhaps this was the very thought that clouded my father's brow4 ,nevertheless1 after a moment's hesitation1 he said3 8,rise1 ,ginevra1 and pay your respects to the ,duca di ,valenzano40 ,i rose1 but without uttering a word2 for ,i was disconcerted by the fixed1 scrutinizing eye that seemed trying to read my face4 ,i lowered my eyes1 without being able to distinguish the features of this new acquaintance4 ,i only remarked that he was tall1 and had a noble air1 in spite of his peculiar garb1 that made him look more like a travelling artist than a person of high rank4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,iii4 8,vedi ,napoli1 e poi mori407#ij7 ,we left ,rome in a storm of thunder and lightning4 ,the rain poured in large1 cold drops1 pattering against the windows of the railway carriage1 and adding considerably to the feelings of gloom and apprehension with which we thought of ,rome--as ,rome is now4 ,when should we visit the ,eternal ,city again8 ,and would the veil of sadness which now falls on all that is dear and sacred to the ,catholic be raised once more in our time8 ,mary was very silent for some hours of our long journey2 and while ,i1 with my habitual curiosity1 was peering through the rainwashed window to discover the beauties of the glorious country through which we were rushing1 she lay back with closed eyes1 absorbed in thought2 while ,frank1 with a fixed frown on his face1 was reading and rustling1 and finally crumpling up1 in paroxysms of anger1 the numerous ,italian papers that he had bought by handfuls at the station4 ,presently ,mary opened her eyes once more1 and condescended to recognize the great fact that we were travelling further and further to the glorious ,south4 ,i do not think ,i felt less intensely than my sister the sorrow that attends all reflection on the present condition of the great centre of ,christendom and the position of the ,father of the faithful4 ,but my grief is apt to take another form from that of ,mary's or ,frank's4 ,mary grows silent and outwardly calm4 ,frank becomes gloomy4 ,i am more irritable2 and irritability leads to activity4 ,my mind was working with an incessant rapidity1 and the impulse to catch sight once more of every shred that could carry me back to happier times1 and recall once more the memories of the past1 kept me straining my eyes to get a glimpse of ,albano1 where we had spent a long1 happy summer when the ,holy ,father was at ,castel ,gandolfo4 ,should ,i catch sight of ,lavinia1 neas' own city1 the object of so many excursions in those happy days8 ,should ,i see those hills covered with chestnuts1 bare of leaves now1 beneath whose shade ,i had so often rested8 ,even ,velletri1 though not in itself a specially interesting place1 had the charm of association4 ,i remembered how ,i had gone to spend a long day there1 and had wandered to the gates of some private house with a large garden4 ,i had stood looking through the iron bars on a little paradise1 but1 as usual in ,italy1 a paradise in disorder4 ,stone vases stood on a balustrade1 filled with bright flowers1 but also with weeds4 ,the fertile valley lay below1 and beyond the blue and purple mountains rose in tiers one above another1 with soft1 violet shadows and dim blue mists2 and here and there a peak of rugged rock1 on which the sun struck bright and keen4 ,a long avenue of shady planetrees was to my right4 ,a solitary peasant drove his mule1 with balanced panniers and pointed ears like two notes of admiration against the sky1 far as my eye could reach down the green distance4 ,i longed to wander on2 to follow the flickering lights along that silent road1 and know that it would lead me out to the ,pontine ,marshes1 with the rugged ,abruzzi beyond4 ,here1 too1 rests the body of ,hyacinthe ,mariscotti1 a ,franciscan nun1 who died in #afdj1 and whose life1 less known out of ,italy than it deserves1 is one of the most marvellous in its union of great graces and great sufferings4 ,the rain pelted hard2 the lightning made me1 from time to time1 shrink back suddenly2 but still ,i strained my eyes to catch sight of the shifting scene1 and allowed memories to reawaken and imagination to throw its glamour over the past and the future4 ,many of the stations along this road are at some distance from the towns whose name they bear2 and this1 of course1 diminishes a little the interest of the journey4 ,for instance1 ,aquino1 the birthplace of the great father of the church1 ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 is about a mile off4 ,near here we were1 for a time1 to take leave of ,frank4 ,he had made up his mind to visit the cradle of the great saint before proceeding to ,monte ,casino1 where he had made arrangements to spend at least a week4 ,our readers are no doubt well aware that ,monte ,casino is no longer what it was4 ,its glories have been shorn by the present government1 as the rays of the sun are shorn by the twilight4 ,there are comparatively very few monks of the order of ,s4 ,benedict still allowed to reside there4 ,amongst them1 however1 ,frank had formed a real friendship2 and for a month previous1 at least1 ,mary and ,i had heard him descanting upon all the charms that he was to find in that wonderful retreat of learning and sanctity4 ,partly to tease him1 and partly to be revenged for the fact that ,i must be for ever excluded1 ,i generally replied to his enthusiasm by making a wry face and uttering the words1 8,kid1 rancid oil1 and garlic40 ,then he would toss back that tiresome stray lock which is always trying to shade his beautiful violet eyes1 and reply1 with a smile1 8,oh6 ,i shall not mind40 ,the train stops a very short time at ,san ,germano1 the station for the ,monastery of ,monte ,casino1 and we had a hurried leavetaking4 ,i was endeavoring to collect a few of his newspapers1 which ,i thought he had not half read1 and put them into his hand as he left the carriage4 8,no1 no1 dear ,jane4 ,do you think ,i would pollute those sacred walls by carrying there all that blasphemous stuff40 ,and he leapt out just as we began to move on4 8,o ,mary60 ,i exclaimed1 8how dreadful it would be1 if ,frank were to become a ,benedictine monk40 8,what else do you want him to do80 8,why1 live at home1 of course1 as an ,english country gentleman should do1 marry1 and bring up a son to rule after him40 8,what a thorough conservative you are1 ,jane60 said ,mary with a smile4 8,i am not so sure of that4 ,i have a dash of the liberal in me at times4 ,but ,i do love the dirty acres2 and ,i like to see them going down from father to son without a break40 8,you are right there4 ,it is that permanence which is the backbone of ,england4 ,i do not believe in the lasting stability of any country where there is a perpetual and everrecurring division of property4 ,what a man has should always survive what a man is1 in a sufficiently substantial form to make the cradle of a future destiny4 ,and where no one is sure of inheriting a large fortune with the large leisure that it secures1 it tends to make all men equally mercenary4 ,there should always be a class apart who have no need to fret about making money1 but can afford to spend it40 8,but what if they do not spend it well80 8,that is an answer which in one shape or another you may make to the laying down of any principle4 ,what if it be abused8 ,it does not prove the falsity of the principle1 but only once more calls to mind the truism that everything is open to abuse40 8,i suppose you think there are so many objects on which wealth may be advantageously expended that it is well to have an hereditary body whose business it is to do so40 8,yes2 and ,i would certainly include the cultivation of hothouse grapes1 and the elysium of fat porkers who are washed and combed twice a week4 ,it is every man's business to produce the best he can of whatever he has in hand1 including pineapples and pigs40 8,well done1 ,mary4 ,you are a worse conservative than ,i am4 ,but do you really think that modern civilization1 as it is called1 has its uses80 8,by modern civilization1 ,jane1 ,i conclude you really mean material improvements4 ,civilization is a term which is so misused that it has become hardly safe to use it at all4 ,it ought to mean something much higher than increased railway facilities1 more lookingglasses and buhl1 hundreds of daily newspapers1 and a ,french cook40 8,oh6 of course4 ,civilization ought to mean the intellectual and spiritual development of mankind from out of the rough block of his animal nature and his uneducated mind4 ,if you add to this the refinement which self respect and a perpetual inner consciousness of a ,being greater and higher than ourselves1 keeping all the man's actions in harmony with himself and with a higher law1 you have a really civilized man as distinct from a savage40 8,that is not a bad description of what civilization ought to be4 ,but that is very different from the idea most people have in their minds when they use the term40 8,in point of fact1 ,mary1 ,i mean material progress4 ,how far is it useful80 8,how people would stare at you1 ,jane1 for that query6--people who think there is nothing more glorious than to have invented a new machine or a fresh adjunct to luxury40 8,yes1 those are just the people who would not the least know what ,i meant by my implied doubts about the value of material progress4 ,but you know what ,i mean and why ,i question its nature and deprecate its increase40 8,it is a difficult question to solve4 ,but ,i have long since come to the conclusion that there is never any very great and generally diffused advance made by mankind in any one direction without its having some definite purpose in the ,eternal ,mind for the ultimate good of his creation4 ,the progress of science is only second in importance to the progress of religion2 and after these two comes the progress of the useful arts1 which are the offspring of science1 and often seem only to pander to luxury1 but are really subsidiary aids in that march1 in the accomplishment of which man is to fulfil his destiny of possessing the earth and filling it4 ,mankind is in no way benefited by the discovery1 for instance1 of a new perfume1 whereby some silly woman may add to the already exaggerated expenses of her toilet2 but the process by which that perfume has been produced is1 in itself1 of the utmost value1 and exhibits mechanical invention and scientific principles that are of the last importance to mankind4 ,the perfume is an accident--a little of the golden dust scattered by the wheels of material progress40 8,just so2 and dust1 albeit golden1 is not a good atmosphere to breathe in40 8,decidedly not40 8,then do you think1 dear ,mary1 that material progress1 or what we generally call improvements1 conduces1 on the whole1 to human happiness80 8,ah6 there lies the really difficult question1 and one which ,i have again and again striven to answer satisfactorily to myself4 ,happiness is a term generally used to cover more than it has any right to do4 ,there is only one real happiness1 and that is what man finds in himself1 in union with his ,god4 ,that happiness is positive1 and there is no other positive4 ,we begin it here1 but with great drawbacks and frequent interruptions4 ,we complete it in the light of glory4 ,but outside that1 hanging on to the skirts and fringes of real happiness1 there are contentment1 pleasure1 ease1 and last1 but not least1 comfort4 ,no one can impart happiness1 pure and simple1 to another4 ,the nearest approach to doing so is in a reciprocal affection4 ,but ,god alone can satisfy the soul of man4 ,what we can confer on others and on ourselves are various degrees of those lesser goods which ,i have enumerated4 ,now1 all these enter into the general plan of ,god's dealings with his creatures4 ,the animal world is susceptible of them in its degree1 and we ourselves in a far higher degree4 ,as they enter into the general scheme1 ,i am at liberty to conclude1 not only from my own sensations1 which might delude me1 but from that very fact1 that they are of very great importance1 and that everything which augments the sum of them is a blessing4 ,they are the ore out of which we coin our charities to others4 ,they are therefore essentially ,god's gifts1 to be given by us again40 8,i know what you mean1 ,mary4 ,i shall never forget the pleasure ,i had in taking one of your aircushions to that poor woman at ,t----1 who was dying of cancer1 and to whom the slightest pressure of even an ordinary pillow was so painful4 ,now1 aircushions are a comparatively modern invention4 ,dear mother used to say no one ever heard of mackintoshes and guttapercha in her day40 8,no1 ,jane1 nor yet of lucifer matches4 ,it was terrible work to have to nurse the sick through the night1 with a flint and steel and tinder as the only way of striking a light4 ,i think ,i see now my old nurse1 with her large frilled nightcap1 hammering away for what seemed to us children a good three minutes1 because the rushlight had gone out1 and baby was crying4 ,i can remember ,i had for that flint and steel very much the same feelings an ,indian has for his fetish4 ,i used to wonder how the flint hid the fire in its cold bosom1 and why sometimes it seemed to require so many more persuasive knocks than at others before it gave out its sparks4 ,but for the matter of that1 as a child ,i had secretly embraced the earliest form of religion1 the animism of the lower races of savages--and ,i lent a soul to all inanimate1 and even all inorganic1 matter4 ,i believe1 if we could but find it out1 all children do so more or less4 ,the external world is so wonderful to them that they vaguely imagine a personality and a consciousness to exist in everything4 ,there is not a little girl who does not1 in her heart1 believe that her doll is something more than wax and sawdust2 and ,i would not give much for her1 if she did not4 ,the exuberance of faith leads to an exuberance of tenderness2 and the girl who believes in her doll has the germ of a good mother in her40 8,you seemed just now to attach a great importance to comfort1 ,mary4 ,i am surprised at that40 8,it arises1 in a measure1 from my own personal experience4 ,besides which1 comfort may mean almost anything2 for it is generally whatever we are used to4 ,i remember so well1 years ago1 when the sorrows of my life first threatened to overpower me1 how thankfully ,i felt the warm1 soft arms of mere outward wellbeing so closely round me4 ,to me they were no more than comforts1 because all my life ,i had been used to them4 ,to others they would have seemed luxuries4 ,when ,i used to go up to ,london alone to my father's house1 and find all ready to my hand--wellappointed servants1 large1 warm rooms1 and a good table1 with nothing of meanness1 or sparing1 or pinching in the unextravagant but perfectly organized home that was open to me--,i used often to lean back in my easychair1 and say to myself1 #8,i am very unhappy2 but1 thank ,god1 ,i am not uncomfortable6' ,later on1 you know1 it was not so4 ,i was a ,catholic1 and doors that had been open to me before were closed for ever4 ,then came the time for discomfort4 ,if ,i wanted to go to ,london1 ,i had to go to a lodging4 ,the furniture was shabby and dirty2 the fires smoked2 the food was badly cooked4 ,i drove about in hired vehicles1 perished with cold1 and shaken to death4 ,i knew ,i was in no way degraded by it all2 but it was new and painfully strange to me1 and ,i felt degraded by an amount of discomforts which in my youth ,i had never approached4 ,it did not1 in itself1 make me unhappy1 but it added a thousandfold to the suffering from real causes for unhappiness4 ,i used to say they were the splinters of my cross1 though not my cross itself4 ,ever since then1 ,i never see a person in sorrow without being anxious to make them at least comfortable4 ,there is nothing1 you see1 approaching to asceticism in my view1 dear ,jane2 but1 at any rate1 one is not bound to be ascetic for others40 ,mary and ,i were sitting side by side in the railwaycarriage1 ,i having come from my seat opposite in order the better to hear4 ,but now ,i returned to my old place1 just as we paused at the station of ,caserta1 and saw the largest palace in ,europe1 now empty and almost deserted1 not far off4 ,the great object in our visit to ,naples was to be as near as possible to our friends1 the ,vernons4 ,we were to go first to a hotel1 and then look out for a villa at ,posilippo1 near the one occupied by themselves1 which was called ,casinelli1 from the family of that name to whom it belonged4 ,we had written to ,ida ,vernon to beg she would choose our hotel and our rooms4 ,she had lodged us at a very comfortable pension on the ,chiaja1 and wrote us word we must1 on reaching the station at #aj o'clock at night1 look out for their servant1 ,monica2 and that she would wear a red handkerchief pinned across1 gold earrings1 and a blue skirt4 ,we were not to expect the universal black hair and eyes of the ,italian woman1 as hers were soft brown4 ,the station is very large and very badly lighted4 ,but as soon as ,i got out1 ,i ran to the grating--a high iron railing1 behind which stood the crowd of people1 friends1 servants1 porters1 and mere lookerson1 all pushing and squeezing to catch sight of those they expected by the train4 ,i soon made out the blue skirt1 and red kerchief1 and the amiable1 smiling face of ,monica4 ,she welcomed us exactly as if we had been old friends1 and that it was a personal pleasure to herself that we had arrived4 ,she had brought a carriage for us the size of a small house1 but which refused 7through the coachman7 to take luggage4 ,that was to follow in another kind of conveyance immediately after us4 ,every sort of injunction was given as to its destination1 and1 persuaded all was right1 we rumbled over the large flags of the streets of ,naples to the far end of the ,chiaja1 where we were to lodge4 ,there were flowers in our room and a note from ,ida2 and the next morning we were to meet1 after a separation of seven years4 ,meanwhile1 our impedimenta was slowly grinding its way past our door1 up the steep hill of ,strada ,nuova1 on to ,posilippo1 where our friends reside--a good twenty minutes from our abode--down the hill1 through the vineyard1 and up to the door of the ,villa ,casinelli1 where1 arriving about midnight1 they thundered and thumped till the tired ,monica had donned once more the blue skirt1 while ,lucia was screaming that there were robbers4 ,ida came forth in a warm wrapper2 ,elizabeth's tall figure was draped in white2 ,helen peeped out of the halfopen door2 and the good ,padre ,cataldo1 their chaplain1 in beretta and soutane1 had to emerge from his little sanctum1 at the furthest end of the long1 narrow house1 before peace could be restored1 and our mountain of huge black trunks1 portmanteaus1 and leather bags could be induced to retrace their needless steps1 climb again that zigzag road up the steep tufa rock1 and reach us1 worn out with waiting and feverish with impatience for nightgear1 at about one o'clock in the morning4 ,brilliant sunshine1 streaming into the room the next day1 woke us up to the sense of the joyous1 bounding life of these delicious climes4 ,o noisy ,naples6 what clamorous cries1 what vibrating shouts1 what shrill feminine voices1 fill thy glaring streets through the livelong day and far into the unrestful night4 ,the horses neigh as they do not neigh in any more tranquil climes4 ,the usually silent ass is here a garrulous animal4 ,the dogs bark and snarl in a dialect special to ,naples4 ,the women scream like cockatoos1 and never address each other in lower tones than as if shouting a word of command on board a manofwar in a gale of wind4 ,their habits are not conversational1 but screamational2 and the most cordial civility is communicated like a threat1 while an affectionate compliment is conveyed in sounds sufficient to startle the most supine into lively attention4 ,young girls hiss and squeal2 infants bellow and roar4 ,it is noise1 noise1 all day long2 and over all a remorseless sunshine on white1 glaring pavements of flagstones a quarter of a yard square and more1 like the pavement of the ancient ,romans1 such as we still see it in the ,via ,sacra near the ,colosseum1 and which resounds to the metallic tread of donkey1 mule1 and horse1 or to the softer1 shuffling pitapat of the herds of bearded goats that traverse the city at early morn and eventide4 ,mary's bedroom opened into a large loggia full of flowers--geraniums1 petunias1 and carnations in full blossom1 though it was only the month of ,march2 but so had they blossomed more or less all through the winter4 ,a few orangetrees in tubs were there with golden fruit and starlike flowers4 ,then the blue sky and the bluer bay6 ,yes1 it was the plenitude of life that one only knows in the ,south1 with the delicious sense of the pleasure of mere existence1 which tempts one to adopt the dolce far niente1 and makes living and breathing seem a full accomplishment of the day's duties4 ,ida and ,elizabeth ,vernon came early to carry us off to ,posilippo2 first to call on ,mrs4 ,vernon at ,villa ,casinelli1 and then to decide on a lodging as near to them as possible4 ,we found them living in a house whose foundations are washed by the sea1 and commanding a view of wonderful beauty4 ,the descent from the main road was too steep for any carriage1 winding in and out through vines and figtrees1 oranges and ,japanese medlars1 ending in a closelyknit avenue of the white mulberry1 which in the summer makes a dense shade4 ,our friends wanted us to take the villa next to theirs1 if only the proprietor1 a poor and proud marchese1 would let it to us4 ,we went over to look at it1 but came away in disgust4 ,there was scarcely any furniture1 and none that would have satisfied even the most modest requirements4 ,i do not remember seeing any beds1 although it is certain the family come there from time to time for a few days4 ,i asked ,ida where they slept1 and she pointed to some roomy sofas and wide divans1 on which had been flung the ashes and the ends of cigars1 as the probable restingplace of the proprietors4 ,we could only shake our heads in horrified astonishment1 and think what a lovely place might be made of this quaint old house4 ,it stands partly on the rock and partly on arcades1 through which the sea comes rushing when the waves are high1 but where1 when it is calm1 you may sit on silver sands or on the stone steps that lead down from the house and the upper terraced gardens4 ,we had been so fascinated by the appearance of this residence1 which looks outside like the fragment of an old feudal castle1 and inside is bright with sunshine and the glorious view it commands1 that we had requested ,padre ,cataldo to write and ask the terms before we had gone over it4 ,on our return from doing so1 shocked at the dirt and disorder we had witnessed1 we were amused to find a magniloquent reply to the effect that the titled owner would 8condescend0 to let us his dwelling for 7and here he named an exorbitant price71 solely out of an amiable desire to make himself agreeable2 and that he would call the following morning to receive the ten weeks' rent in advance6 ,we finally decided on the villa next but one to that of our friends--the ,villa ,r---- ,r----4 ,we did not require more than one floor of the house4 ,the rest was occupied by the family1 and had a second entrance4 ,we came into our part straight from the ,strada ,nuova1 down a few steps1 and in at a large folding door flanked by a ,stone seat and two vases with huge aloes4 ,we had a lovely view of the bay in front1 a little garden on a sloping bank on one side1 full of oranges and lemons1 now in full fruit and flower2 a loggia--that great desideratum of an ,italian house--and a view of ,naples and ,mount ,vesuvius4 ,on our return to our apartments1 we were met by the woman who attends upon us1 telling us that ,ann was in her room with a bad headache4 ,little did we guess what had befallen her6 ,we went in to see what was the matter1 and found her flung upon the bed1 with her clothes on1 in a profound stupor4 ,in vain we called her and shook her2 we could not rouse her4 ,the landlady presently came and told us that an hour previous poor ,ann had been brought home by a gendarme in a carriage2 that she was unable to walk upstairs without assistance1 and seemed completely dazed when spoken to4 ,the gendarme said he had noticed a young person sitting on a bench in the ,villa ,reale1 the long1 narrow garden which runs for a mile along the ,chiaja by the seashore2 that she looked extremely ill2 and that1 noticing she had valuables about her 7alluding to her watch and chain71 he had asked her address1 put her into a carriage1 and brought her home4 ,it was a mercy he had done so4 ,the ,neapolitan police are not always so honest4 ,but our dismay was increased when at length1 having awakened her1 she did not know any of us4 ,she kept entreating ,mary1 who held her in her arms1 to take her back to her own ,mrs4 ,gordon1 her good ,mrs4 ,gordon4 ,in vain ,mary replied1 8,but ,i am ,mrs4 ,gordon1 ,ann4 ,look at me2 don't you know me80 8,no1 no2 you look something like her1 but you have not her voice4 ,oh6 where is she4 ,where is ,miss ,jane1 and where is ,lulu80 ,fortunately1 ,lulu1 ,mary's dog1 was in her room1 and the probability was that1 though she failed to know us1 she would recognize ,mary's ,lulu from any other ,lulu4 ,i flew to fetch the little animal1 and threw it into her arms1 to poor ,lulu's great astonishment4 ,it succeeded perfectly4 ,she knew the dog1 and thus recovered her memory of the faces around her1 and her conviction that she was in her own room4 ,evidently she had a vague horror that she might have been taken to the wrong house1 and that she had awakened among strangers4 ,when she had entirely recovered herself1 we found that no trace of what had happened to her remained on her memory from the moment that she entered the ,villa ,reale2 yet she was found more than half way down it6 ,she must have wandered on partially insensible2 and it is a blessing that1 when the gendarme found her1 she had enough consciousness left to give the right address4 ,she had already been out in the morning1 and a second walk in the hot sun had been too much for her4 ,it was a sunstroke2 and strangers are more subject to such accidents than persons who have become habituated to the climate4 ,it was1 however1 long before ,ann really shook off the effects of gratifying her overcuriosity to visit the beauties of ,naples on first arriving4 ,in a very short time1 we were comfortably settled at ,villa ,r---- ,r----4 ,the ,vernons had arranged everything for us with a forethought for which we could not be too grateful4 ,they lent us the services of ,monica as cook1 assuring us that1 if we took a ,neapolitan1 we should be cheated and tormented out of our lives4 ,monica was a ,piedmontese1 and as good and simplehearted a girl as any one could wish to find4 ,her economical scruples were positively amusing4 ,we could hardly induce her to buy the particular articles we desired for our dinner1 because1 in her estimation1 they were at too high a price in the market2 and she would beg and entreat of us to wait patiently a little longer until they should have gone down4 ,if it had been her own money she was spending1 she would not have been so economical2 for1 as we found out later1 she was always ready to lend to those less well off than herself1 and would give away more than she could afford4 ,the name of the young lad whom the ,vernons engaged to act as servant was ,paolino1 a boy of eighteen1 with glorious1 large brown eyes and bright complexion4 ,it was some time before we taught him manners1 as he had never been in a gentleman's family before4 ,his father was a vignaiuolo of the name of ,camerota4 ,he had several sons and daughters1 some of them married4 ,he rented the vineyards of the marchese whose dilapidated house we had declined to hire1 and each of his children married from their home with a good substantial dower and a large trousseau4 ,the eldest girl had not long been a bride when we arrived2 and1 after making the acquaintance of the other members of the family1 we one day called upon her4 ,their dwelling was built against the tufa rock which skirts the ,strada ,nuova4 ,she had three rooms1 nicely furnished1 with marble tops to the chest of drawers and the table1 such as we in ,england should only expect to find in the houses of the rich1 but which here are common enough4 ,the bedstead was of walnut1 and the sheets like the driven snow for whiteness4 ,ida1 who had known the girl for years1 told us that her trousseau contained a dozen of every necessary article of dress and houselinen1 even to a dozen pairs of stays6--enough to last a lifetime4 ,there hung a crucifix at the head of the bed1 and a few colored engravings ornamented the walls of the sittingroom1 in which also there stood a tiny altar with a statue of the ,mater ,dolorosa and a few flowers4 ,the lower classes here have what we should call strange notions with respect to the sacrament of marriage4 ,it is treated as a deed of darkness4 ,the bride is conveyed late in the evening1 or by cockcrowing1 to church1 by her mother and a few respectable matrons4 ,no young girl1 not even a sister1 is allowed to be present1 and would endanger her reputation were she to appear on such an occasion4 ,a few days later1 the bride once more puts on her wreath1 and her veil1 and her weddingdress4 ,all the family and friends of both sexes are gathered together1 and the women and men1 in separate carriages1 drive fast and furious along the ,chiaja up the ,strada ,nuova1 past ,posilippo1 by the hour1 and finally pause at the ,taberna del ,capo di ,posilippo1 or some other house of entertainment1 and have a merry feast4 ,we held this said ,taberna somewhat in horror4 ,on ,sundays--the day on which everybody seems to think his honor and reputation are engaged in galloping up hill and down dale at a breakneck pace for the whole afternoon--this was the chief place of meeting2 and in the lovely starlight evenings1 the returning guests would come back with a sadly rollicking air1 hat on one side1 a long cigar in the mouth1 and a leg hanging over the side of the frail vehicle1 while the spirited little ,sardinian horse1 all blood and sinew1 would fly along1 with jingling bells and bright brass harness1 as if his hoofs hardly struck the earth4 ,the drivers of these cittadine1 as the little hired open carriages are called1 take great pride in their harness4 ,the horsecollar more resembles a yoke2 and where it meets over the horse's neck1 there is often a little brass image of the angel guardian--a very necessary angel1 indeed1 considering the pace they go1 and whose guardianship must be severely put to the test by the mad risks of the halfinebriated coachmen4 ,it is very rare to see a ,neapolitan really drunk4 ,the wine they take produces a light1 joyous1 but brief intoxication1 which makes daredevils of them for the time1 but soon loses its effects1 and is rarely stupefying4 ,it is the divine inflatus of the ,bacchus of old1 and not the coarse1 heavy incapacity of the snoring ,silenus4 ,nevertheless1 though ,i have spoken so indulgently of the ,taberna del ,capo di ,posilippo1 it formed a not unfrequent subject of grave rebuke and expostulation in the discourses of our good ,padre ,cataldo to his little group of listeners in the chapel in the rock belonging to ,villa ,casinelli4 ,and probably he knew more of its evil influences than we did4 ,i remember1 one ,sunday afternoon1 being particularly struck by a carriage full of merrymakers1 drawn by the most miserably thin gray mare my eyes had ever beheld4 ,she was nothing but a bag of bones1 and must have reached the utmost age that horse ever attains4 ,i was horrified to see so old and pitiable an object driven so hard and fast1 and could only console myself by thinking the gallop ,i then witnessed must surely be the last4 ,but it was not so2 far from it4 ,day after day1 but on ,sundays especially1 my ,rosinante might be seen flinging her wild hoofs into space1 amid a cloud of dust1 and generally in competition with a beautiful1 wickedlooking black horse1 sleek and well cared for1 in dazzling harness1 with red ribbons in his mane--a perfect little devil1 as he took the bit between his teeth1 and seemed to enjoy the eagerness of his driver1 albeit the lash fell often on his sleek and steaming flanks4 ,i delighted in that little black horse4 ,but to the last ,sunday of our abode at ,posilippo poor ,rosinante held her ground4 ,and ,i can see her now1 awful to behold1 neither fatter nor thinner--that she could hardly be--than the first day1 devouring the ground beneath her1 and flinging out her skeleton leg straight from the shoulder1 so that ,i could hardly see she touched the ground4 ,the chief amusement on ,sunday afternoons of our own humbler friends and neighbors1 the vignaiuoli17#ia7 was a game of bowls by the side of the road1 and in front of the widegaping wooden doors of the strange dwellings cut in the rock where the inhabitants of ,posilippo reside4 ,many of these are restaurants and taverns on a small and humble scale2 and ,padre ,cataldo had been making vigorous efforts1 not to discourage the game of bowls1 but to induce the men to play in an open space near the ,villa ,casinelli1 and consequently at some distance from the taverns4 ,like all ,italians1 and chief amongst them all1 the ,neapolitans are great gamblers4 ,the tavernkeepers encourage this1 because it promotes their trade2 and the games being carried on in front of their caverns 7for such they really are7 leads to incessant 8treating40 ,in this way1 what between entertaining his friends and losing his money at play1 it often happens that the ill advised vignaiuolo returns to his home with his pockets empty2 and the next day the wife would come in tears to tell her sorrows to the good father4 ,even our ,paolino was never contented without an hour or two at bowls on ,sunday afternoon4 ,and we did not like to refuse him1 for we were obliged to take him somewhat on his own terms2 and these involved a very small sense of servitude1 and a very large one that he had put us under something of an obligation by coming to us at all4 ,had he been a year or two older1 his parents would not have allowed him to enter service1 thinking it a degradation4 ,but as he was very young1 and rather restless and wanting change1 it was decided that he might be allowed to work off a little of the exuberance of boyhood in our service4 ,even this could not have been allowed had we not been friends of the ,vernons2 but as they are adored by all the vignaiuoli and the inhabitants of ,posilippo generally1 their request could not be overlooked4 ,accordingly1 ,paolino1 blushing and grinning1 was admitted to form one of our household4 ,his father told us exactly what his son's labor was worth to himself1 and that we were to hand over to him4 ,it was all to go to the makingup of ,paolino's marriage portion4 ,we were then to pay the lad a little over for himself1 as pocket money4 ,and this was to be done with discretion2 not to prove a temptation to lavish expenditure4 ,this is the way in which the marriageportions of both boys and girls are made up4 ,they work for their own parents1 and the latter put by the wages for them4 ,when old enough1 they are at liberty to undertake other and more profitable work4 ,and from time to time there comes a windfall--a little work to be done in addition2 or a specially good harvest1 when the parents add something of the surplus to the portion of the girl or boy then marriageable4 ,there was a deep1 darkeyed maiden1 of the ripe age of fifteen1 with wayward black locks and a furtive glance in her liquid eyes like a startled fawn1 about whose conduct there was a slight demur4 ,venturella 7for such was her name1 and it struck me at the time as of evil omen7 was at heart as innocent as a child of five4 ,but there was something in her shy yet daring nature which caused a certain uneasiness as to the fate of the timid1 impulsive girl in this evil world4 ,venturella was fond of leaning over the low parapet which divided her father's vineyard from the highroad2 and when the brief ,italian twilight had sunk in the shades of night1 and the brilliant stars1 that seem so near in those southern lands1 had spangled the dense blue heavens with their myriad fires1 ,venturella would pretend she did not hear her mother's voice calling her to come home4 ,with arms crossed1 she would lean on the wall1 just breast high1 and her starlike eyes would seek their sister stars above with a vague1 dreamlike wonder4 ,what the stars--and perhaps even more the moon--said to ,venturella we shall never know2 but one of them must have carried a message to a certain youthful ,franceschino1 whose hyacinthine locks clustered low over a brow of ivory1 beneath which lay two eyes like the evening sky ,venturella was so fond of2 and whose teeth gleamed in the soft light like the white seafoam4 ,nobody knew2 and as the birds had all long ago gone to bed1 none of them were there to whisper tales4 ,franceschino was the son of a vignaiuolo who lived on the ,vomero1 the heights above ,posilippo2 and the little stolen interviews took place as he came back from the city1 whither he had been sent on his father's business4 ,from time to time the mother wondered what made her son so late in coming home2 and one night she thought she would find out for herself whether the dry bush hanging out before the wide doors of one of those cavernous taverns had tempted ,franceschino to try the red wine within1 and perhaps take a hand at cards with some other loiterers4 ,alas6 for ,venturella when the indignant matron found out the charm which had led to the boy's delay4 ,she was not likely to hold her tongue about it4 ,nor was his father1 who beat and cuffed him well2 for boys of nineteen at ,posilippo will meekly bear a cuffing from a parent1 when they would not tolerate a finger's weight from any one else4 ,then came the rage of ,venturella's mother2 and spite of ,padre ,cataldo's having elicited the fact that no greater wrong had been done than a few silly promises and one shy kiss1 all ,posilippo was loud in crying1 ,fie for shame6 on the fawneyed ,venturella4 ,at length those older than herself and wiser than her mother took the matter in hand4 ,could nothing be done8 ,stern fortune answered1 ,nothing4 ,venturella's marriageportion was far from being made up4 ,she was an idle hussy1 and only worked when she could not help it4 ,the rest of the time she paddled with naked feet in the silver sands1 tempting the tiny waves to kiss them1 or gathered scarlet poppies from among the green corn and twisted them in her raven hair4 ,worse than all1 ,franceschino was equally behindhand with his fortune2 and nineteen was too young for a lad to marry1 though fifteen was none too soon for a ,neapolitan maiden4 ,there was1 however1 something in the silent sauvagerie of the strange girl which made it evident to her betters that she could not be thwarted with safety4 ,there was something deeper than words in the sudden flash of those wild eyes when they looked up fiercely1 and then fell beneath the long1 fringed lids1 and lay in shadow like pools in some dense forest4 ,venturella shrank1 half angry1 half ashamed1 at every breath of blame2 while her eyes grew larger and deeper1 and the round1 full cheeks became pallid and sunken4 8,what is to be done with that wayward girl80 was the everrecurring question among the ,vernons1 who seemed to take upon their own charitable shoulders every burden that weighed upon their numerous friends1 the ,posilippians4 ,at length a suggestion was made that ,venturella should be sent to school far away from present associations1 where she would have numerous girls of her own age to divert her1 and where she might learn fine needlework and embroidery--the only thing1 besides paddling in the sea and weaving wreaths of wild flowers1 for which she had ever shown any disposition4 ,meanwhile1 a dot was to be thought of for her2 not so very much was wanted to make up the necessary sum--about #d1ejj francs4 ,and then1 when ,venturella should be wiser and ,franceschino older1 who knows but what love's young dream may turn out true at last8 ,it did not take us long to get intimate with the names and habits of the rural population around us4 ,they were quite willing to receive us as friends1 and seemed to expect a ready sympathy from us in all their concerns4 ,unlike the peasants of an ,english village1 the best of whom1 at least amongst the women1 cultivate so little acquaintance with each other1 here everybody knew everybody else2 and though ,i do not pretend to say there was less gossiping among them1 it always struck me that there was less of that sour illnature which is apt to characterize the ,english cottager's comments on her neighbors4 ,no doubt this arises in a greater degree from the nature of the people than from acquired virtue4 ,it is only in northern1 damp climes1 like the ,english1 that the necessary ills of life are so heightened and intensified by the general sense of moral and physical discomfort which a heavy atmosphere and a gray sky produce4 ,we all know what it is to wake in the morning with a vague sense of apprehension1 as if the post were about to bring us a distressing letter which our imagination foresaw4 ,we all know the ceaseless and unreasoning feeling of being out of spirits which also tempts us to be out of temper4 ,we are acquainted with the bluedevils1 and we are generally taciturn and inclined to gloom4 ,the ,italian knows nothing of this4 ,the very great and constantlypervading influence these feelings have over our daily life is absolutely beyond the limits of his experience1 unless1 of course1 he is suffering from a deep sorrow or a real physical malady4 ,to the age of eighty1 he wakes in the morning with the same sensation of joyous energy or placid pleasure which we were beginning to lose before we were eight4 ,he is passionate2 but he is not irritable4 ,he has paroxysms of despair1 but he knows no constant gloom4 ,our impatience1 our tendency to being 8put out10 are enigmas to him4 ,the small hindrances of every day and every hour are less a great deal to him than the swarms of his pestering southern flies are to us4 ,pazienza 7patience7 is for ever on his lips2 and it is no vain word1 for patient he is to a degree which is exasperating to behold4 ,when he is waiting1 he is not gnawing an invisible bit1 as we are doing1 and grinding his teeth to powder4 ,he is simply enjoying the being alive2 and it does not much matter to him whether he chews the delicious cud of existence waiting at your door or sitting in his own home4 ,you may make him furiously angry2 and as likely as not he will stab you in the back and in the dark4 ,but you cannot make him cross1 or fretful1 or peevish1 or lowspirited4 ,depend upon it1 if he is ever any one of these things1 it is high time to call in the doctor1 who probably will declare his case already hopeless4 ,on the other hand1 if anything--and it may often be a trifle--thoroughly rouses a ,neapolitan1 it is fearful4 ,it becomes a rabbia 7a rage71 as they themselves express it2 and then they are blind and deaf to reason and expostulation1 and run amuck of all that comes in their way4 ,it is possible that the extraordinary violence which seizes them is1 in a measure1 purely physical1 and that that also in a measure diminishes their responsibility4 ,evidently1 they think so themselves4 ,era una rabbia7#ib7 is considered almost an excuse for the worst crimes1 so long as these were committed in the heat of passion4 ,and probably1 in the long run1 this has seriously affected the moral sense2 so that good and reasoning people fail to be as much horrified at some murder committed in a brawl as we should be4 ,they look upon an event of the kind almost in the light of a mutual misfortune between the murdered and the murderer4 ,it is at least certain that the line of demarcation which separates inward resentment from the outward act of guilt is more easily crossed by these children of the sun1 and does not presume the existence of so much previous demoralization as it would do with us4 ,yet ,i am far from intending to write an apology for the ,neapolitan character4 ,there is a great deal about them which is very graceful and very attractive2 and when they are really good and refined1 they are most lovable4 ,but this is exceedingly rare4 ,as a people1 they are venal1 deceitful1 mercenary1 and treacherous4 ,but with it all1 they are exactly like children2 good or naughty1 as the case may be1 but always children4 ,frank not being with us1 the ,vernons had undertaken to procure for us a carriage and a pair of horses1 with a wellconducted coachman1 to hire by the month4 ,indeed1 had ,frank been there1 he could not have done it half as well as they did2 for all these transactions require you to be acquainted with the current charges and with the character of the people2 and ,frank had no experience in either4 ,the ,vernons concluded the bargain for us with ,pascarillo1 the man from whom they always hired a vehicle when they wanted one2 and a fine1 handsomelooking fellow he was1 with the reputation of being rather a gay ,lothario1 but1 on the whole1 an honest man as ,neapolitans go4 ,our carriage was delightfully roomy4 ,it held four with admirable ease1 and five at a pinch1 together with cloaks and cushions1 luncheon and drawing materials1 whenever we went on an excursion4 ,in the evening1 we could close it4 ,we had two very fleet horses1 not at all fine looking1 and rather undersized for the carriage1 but the best little beasts to go ,i ever saw4 ,our coachman was a veritable son of ,jehu4 ,he was a miserable object1 mean and despicable to look at1 diminutive1 with bleared eyes1 a beardless chin1 and the expression of a low coward4 ,but never have ,i sat behind such a coachman as that4 ,i believe he would have taken us up the wall of a house and down the other side in perfect safety4 ,it did not signify what his horses did1 or what evident peril we got into1 he always managed quite quietly to bring us right again without any expression of vehemence or alarm4 ,suddenly1 one day1 our coachman vanished4 ,an old man appeared in his stead1 and a pair of grays1 larger than the little brown horses4 ,we made no remark1 supposing it was an accident1 and that our former equipage would return in time4 ,that day we set out for the ,vomero--the height above ,posilippo1 covered with beautiful villas1 and commanding a superb view1 or rather many views4 ,the horses jibbed4 ,we were greatly alarmed4 ,they could not be got up the hill1 and we had to go home4 ,we sent an indignant message to ,pascarillo1 and hoped it would never happen again4 ,but it did happen2 not once nor twice only4 ,and then ,pascarillo was sent for in person to render an account of himself4 ,there he stood1 six foot two1 with broad chest1 a forest of hair1 and an august presence4 ,ida1 the universal spokeswoman1 with her fluent ,italian and her determined energy1 left him in no doubt as to her opinion of his conduct4 ,he heard her out silently and calmly1 and then replied that the signorina was quite right2 he was conscious that his conduct had been inexcusable1 and that we had serious cause for displeasure4 ,he had not kept to his bargain1 and he was aware of it4 ,it should not happen again2 and with a polite bow1 he retired4 ,it did not happen again4 ,he had tried to take us in1 and he had not succeeded--just a little speculation that had failed1 and that was all6 ,as for any rancor at being scolded1 or any humiliation at having to make an apology1 such sentiments did not trouble the breast of ,pascarillo for a second4 ,he probably only said to himself1 8,better luck next time40 ,our little horses came back1 and our impish young coachman with them4 ,we had never again to complain4 ,but the impression made on ,mary's imagination by our coachman's face was such that she had scruples of conscience about ,paolino being allowed to converse with him on the coachbox4 ,paolino was1 therefore1 seriously informed that for a footman to talk to the coachman when the ladies were in the carriage was not good manners4 ,and from that moment silence was maintained2 and ,paolino's morals were left untainted1 as he sat1 radiant in clean white cotton gloves and a new necktie1 enjoying the delights of drives and picnics at least as much as the persons on whose account they were undertaken4 ,the ,female ,religious ,of ,america4 ,in this busy world of labor1 where mankind seems exclusively bent on the acquisition of wealth1 fame1 or power1 on fashion1 folly1 and empty pleasures1 how seldom we pause to consider seriously the diversity and multiplicity of the elements of humanity by which we are surrounded6 ,how few1 in their headlong career after vain desires1 ask themselves if this world were made for them alone2 if the end and object of life1 the first gift of a merciful ,creator1 is merely selfish enjoyment1 or whether the social compact1 as well as the laws of ,god1 do not require of us to assist in every way possible our less fortunate or more afflicted fellow creatures4 ,it requires little reflection or effort to distinguish the favorites of fortune--those whose lot having been cast in pleasant places1 shine in the public regard like beings of a superior order4 ,worldly success is ever prominent1 and its devotees are always ready to court its notice and extol its merits4 ,to be fashionable is to be fawned upon2 to be influential1 sought after2 to wield power is to be placated4 ,not so with the humble1 the poor1 the ignorant1 and the obscure2 the victims of physical affliction or of moral degradation4 ,they are usually shunned1 often despised1 and1 as far as possible1 contemptuously ignored4 ,they constitute the outcasts of 8society10 and1 when they come betwixt the wind and its nobility1 are merely objects of contempt1 barren pity1 or downright loathing4 ,yet these very unfortunates comprise1 even in our own favored land1 a very large and1 in an indirect sense1 a potent constituent of our population4 ,always with us1 no matter how much we may attempt to separate ourselves from them1 they appeal to us for help in the name of all we hold sacred2 and their supplications1 no matter how mutely made1 if unheeded1 are certain to be followed1 even in this life1 by a blight on our souls as well as a curse to our bodies4 ,the heart of man becomes hardened1 the fine perception of fraternal love and charity with which he is naturally blessed withers and shrivels up1 and he becomes a mere embodiment of self1 an arid isolation1 in proportion as he steels himself against the cries and sufferings of his kind4 ,the very ignorance he will not help to remove1 the want and squalor he refuses to alleviate1 rise up in judgment against him1 and1 developing into crimes against life and property1 haunt his footsteps1 and but too often mark him for their prey4 ,as in all things else1 if we want an exemplar for our conduct in relation to our fellowbeings1 we must look to the church4 ,following the teachings of her divine ,founder1 from the earliest ages she has recognized the existence of the vast amount of misery1 poverty1 vice1 and ignorance which underlies the surface of civilization1 ancient and modern1 and has used every effort to mitigate it4 ,while yet the successors of ,s4 ,peter were struggling with the effete though polished paganism of the dismembered ,roman ,empire1 and the greater part of ,europe was enshrouded in the darkness of barbarism1 societies of holy men and pious women were established and sustained by the popes and the fathers of the church1 to mitigate in some degree1 by their prayers and good works1 the evils which beset society in its earliest transition state4 ,the principal evils to be combated at that time were the ferocity of heathenism outside the confined limits of ,christendom1 and1 within1 the mental obscurity of the barbaric catechumens and neophytes4 ,physical destitution1 in our signification of the term1 was but little known beyond the limits of a few great cities2 for men's wants were few and easily supplied before the increase of population and the unequal distribution of property became general in the ,old ,world4 ,therefore we find that the monks and nuns of the ,i,vth century1 and for many hundreds of years afterwards1 devoted themselves mainly to preaching and teaching1 to the multiplication of copies of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and to praying for the conversion of mankind4 ,thus the order founded by ,s4 ,basil1 ,archbishop of ,csarea1 in ,cappadocia1 ,asia ,minor1 ,a4,d4 #cfb1 and that of ,s4 ,benedict1 ,abbot of ,norcia1 in ,italy1 in #ebi1 and the numerous cenobitic communities which sprang from them1 all more or less strictly observing the rules laid down by those great lights of the church1 considered prayer1 humility1 and obedience the essential principles of their foundation4 ,congregations of women devoted to the worship of ,god1 prayer1 and poverty were coeval with1 if not anterior to1 those of men2 for we find that ,s4 ,anthony1 in the latter part of the ,i,i,id century1 placed his sister in a 8house of virgins10 of which she afterwards became abbess2 and that on ,christmas day1 #ceb1 in ,s4 ,peter's ,church in ,rome1 ,pope ,liberius conferred the habit and veil on ,marcellina1 enjoining on her a life of mortification and prayer4 ,a little later1 mention is made of ,,ss4 ,marcella1 ,lea1 and ,paula as distinguished ,roman women who forsook the world1 and spent their remaining life in prayer and good works2 the latter especially1 who1 with her daughter1 built a hospital at ,bethlehem1 erected a monastery for ,s4 ,jerome and his monks1 and founded in ,palestine three convents for female recluses1 of which she took personal charge4 ,s4 ,basil found many such convents in existence1 and established several more within his jurisdiction1 one of which was presided over by his sister ,macrina1 at ,pontus4 ,s4 ,chrysostom1 ,archbishop of ,constantinople1 up to #djg1 writes that in ,egypt the congregations of women were as numerous as the monasteries2 and ,s4 ,augustine1 ,bishop of ,hippo 7#cifdcj71 built a convent of nuns1 of which his sister was superior1 giving it1 in #dbc1 a written rule1 still followed by the religious who bear his name4 ,four years after1 ,s4 ,benedict founded his monastery at ,monte ,casino1 the rules of which1 having been approved by ,gregory the ,great1 in #eie1 have been very generally adopted by many religious bodies of men and women in ,europe and ,america4 ,at first these religious institutions were confined to ,italy and the ,east2 but as the light of the faith gradually extended over ,europe1 religious houses were multiplied2 and though for a long time each convent was governed by its own inmates1 and followed the ancient rules1 modified in many instances by peculiar circumstances1 it was eventually found judicious to form them into distinct orders or congregations1 in which all the establishments of a particular foundation were governed by a general head or superior4 ,the strict requirements of prayer1 humility1 and obedience were still observed2 but to these were added the education of the children of the poor1 almsgiving1 and other acts of external devotion4 ,wherever a church was built1 a monastery planted1 or a number of people gathered together to worship ,god1 there was generally to be found a convent1 wherein the ailing might find relief2 the afflicted1 consolation2 and the ignorant of the female sex1 enlightenment4 ,there the young whose parents were scarcely out of the slough of barbarism were taught their catechism and the beautiful prayers and litanies of the church1 as well as to weave1 spin1 and all the other duties of a civilized housewife4 ,while the clergy1 secular and regular1 went among the adults1 preaching1 instructing1 and baptizing1 holy women were near at hand to pray for the success of their efforts1 and to show1 by their gentle charities and meek demeanor1 the loveliness and beneficence of the ,christian religion4 ,one of the greatest glories of the ,catholic ,church is that she1 and she alone1 freed woman from the grossest slavery1 and placed her in her proper sphere of usefulness and influence4 ,by the sacrament of marriage1 woman was made the honored equal of man2 by her commandments and precepts1 the church guarded her liberty and her purity1 exalted her authority in the family1 and recognized in her1 even in death1 the loving protectress of her offspring4 ,but the church did more than all this4 ,she gave to woman a part in her divine mission1 a share in the most glorious task ever allotted to humanity--the propagation of the law of the ,most ,high2 and the dispensation of his mercies and benevolence4 ,we are not surprised1 then1 to learn that in past ages1 8when faith was young10 the most gifted and highborn of their sex in every ,christian land1 daughters of nobles and princes1 abandoning all the fascinations of the world1 even those of royalty itself1 were to be found eager to take part in the great work of religion1 and consecrate their lives to prayer1 penance1 and charity1 for the sake of the poor and helpless4 ,such humility and implicit faith in the goodness of ,god could not have been unavailing2 and we who now enjoy the blessings of true morality1 with the refinements and graces of true civilization1 seldom cast a thought back to the days of semibarbarism among our forefathers1 when the only light that illumined the gloom of the outer world proceeded from the lamp of the sanctuary1 and the only asylum open to the affectionate and modest soul of woman was the humble convent1 where she could surround herself with the innocent and unstained children of both sexes1 and teach them the way of salvation4 ,beyond those sacred enclosures1 in bygone days1 were little but passion1 grossness1 and selfindulgence2 while within reigned peace1 delicacy1 and that knowledge which is justly called the beginning of wisdom4 ,the world at length commences to acknowledge the incomparable services of the monks and doctors1 the penmen and preachers of the so called dark ages2 but who shall count up the debt of gratitude we owe to the thousands upon thousands of holy women who1 spurning every earthly allurement1 abandoning home1 friends1 and country1 have sought1 generation after generation1 to win an eternal reward by unceasing prayer and continuous acts of benevolence8 ,europe is still1 as in the past1 enjoying the benefits of the labors of her pious daughters2 ,india1 ,china1 and the furthest confines of the eastern hemisphere are reaping the advantages of the missionary efforts of the good nuns and ,sisters2 but ,america seems destined to be in the future the field whereon the full effulgence of ,god's goodness is to be made manifest in the persons of his chosen handmaids4 ,to us especially the presence of so many pious and educated women is of incalculable advantage4 ,the ,catholic body in the ,united ,states has to combat a much more insidious and dangerous foe than was ever arrayed against the church1 even in her darkest days of persecution4 ,then ,christianity had only to shatter the idol of imperial ,rome1 already tottering to its base2 now we have to fight against what may be termed civilized paganism1 energetic1 unscrupulous1 and worldlywise1 which aims at mere sensuous enjoyments1 cultivates the intellect at the expense of the soul1 and even attempts to use the very evidences of ,god's works as a justification for their contempt of his law1 and as argument against his existence itself4 ,at the worst1 the rude pagan of ,northern and ,western ,europe had a belief in a superior ,being1 and an acknowledged1 innate dependence on his will2 but the fashionable sceptic of today1 the learned doubter of our schools and academies1 believes in nothing but himself1 and obeys his own whims as his highest rule of morality4 ,it is a melancholy fact1 but none the less true1 that1 according to official authority1 nearly onehalf of the people of this country1 male and female1 practically believe in no form of religion whatever4 ,disgusted at the perpetual wranglings and disagreements of the sects in the name of ,christianity2 trained into mere cultivated animals by a system of public tuition which ignores ,god1 or recognizes his existence only to ridicule and travesty his word2 and freed from all the restraints which the church so wisely throws around her children from their earliest infancy1 is it wonderful that the majority of the youth of this nation should grow up in the actual deification of their own prejudices and passions8 ,with so many instances daily and hourly presented to our eyes1 are we to be surprised that persons thus reared should be so active in creating a public opinion among us which is not ,catholic1 nor even ,protestant1 but simply and absolutely heathenish1 without the refinement of the ancient ,greeks to soften its grossness1 or the pride of the ,roman to save it from cupidity and dishonor8 ,how allimportant is it1 then1 to parents to be able to find schools wherein their children--those loved ones whom they have been instrumental in bringing into the world1 and for whose eternal welfare they are responsible--will be cared for and instructed1 taught habits of industry as well as accomplishments1 and in which bands of zealous1 educated1 and religious women are ever ready to plant and nurture the seeds of virtue in their hearts1 while shielding their young minds from even the shadow of contamination4 ,such guardians of the female youth can only be found in the nunneries1 convents1 and schools of the ,catholic ,church4 ,there their lives are wholly and exclusively devoted to works of benevolence1 of which the religious instruction of the ignorant is by no means the least4 ,the world for them has neither cares nor attractions2 they move1 live1 and have their being in an atmosphere of order1 prayer1 and tranquillity1 their very appearance being in itself a homily of obedience and cheerful reliance on the goodness of their ,maker4 ,even though the educational establishments of the nuns and ,sisters are in their infancy1 there are few parents who need deprive their children of the advantages to be gained only in them4 ,a quarter of a century ago1 we could only boast of sixtysix such institutions1 while now we have nearly four hundred academies alone4 ,what excuse1 therefore1 is there for a piouslyinclined mother or a discriminating father to imperil the happiness and faith of her or his children by sending them to secular schools where the training they receive is worse than artificial8 ,in the convents they can be taught every accomplishment that befits a young lady1 no matter how high her station in life1 without being made the shallow creature1 the mere puppet of fashion1 which we find so often 8turned out0 by the modern secular schoolmistresses of our time2 without heart1 feeling1 and1 we might almost say1 with no fixed perception of right and wrong4 ,then we have two hundred and forty select schools1 or an average of four for each diocese1 attended by boarders or those living with their relations4 ,these differ from the academies only in degree1 being intended for the benefit of children whose position in life does not demand the same elaborate mental culture1 or whose schooldays are necessarily short4 ,still1 they receive the same attention1 and are subjected to precisely similar moral influences1 as the others4 ,but the poor--those whose parents are unable to pay for their education--are they to have none of the advantages so freely accorded their wealthy neighbors8 ,must they be thrust into the tainted atmosphere of our public schools1 and left to shift for themselves8 ,not so4 ,the poor have ever been the primary objects of the good ,sisters' solicitude2 and though they count their academies by hundreds1 the number of their free schools1 parish1 orphan1 and industrial1 may be reckoned by thousands1 and the pupils by myriads4 ,in the ,diocese of ,new ,york there are fortysix of these female schools1 with over twenty thousand children1 whose tuition is gratuitous1 besides some three thousand inmates of orphan asylums and other charitable institutions for juveniles4 ,in the ,philadelphia diocese there are thirty five ,sisters' free schools1 containing nearly ten thousand scholars1 in addition to the orphans4 ,in ,cincinnati1 where the school system has been brought to a state of great efficiency1 the proportion of the attendants to the ,catholic population is much greater4 ,we have no means of ascertaining the total number of pupils in the entire country2 but if we take the three dioceses above mentioned as a criterion1 it will be found that in the ,united ,states there are nearly three hundred thousand girls daily receiving at the hands of the ,sisters of various congregations a free1 thorough1 and practical ,catholic education4 ,the expense alone of this great work of charity1 if not performed without compensation1 would be1 judging from the cost of the public schools of ,new ,york1 at least eight millions of dollars annually4 ,if we add to the number of girls in the free schools the fifty or sixty thousand pupils in the six hundred and forty academies and select schools1 we will find that about three hundred and fifty thousand female children are1 in this year of grace #ahgd1 under the more than maternal care of the religious of the ,catholic ,church4 ,who can estimate the immense amount of good which is accomplished in this manner8 ,who can measure the beneficent effects to the country produced by these institutions of learning1 which annually send to their homes so many thousands of children to gladden the hearts of fond parents1 not so much by their varied acquirements1 as by their gentleness of disposition and unaffected piety8 ,if we cannot gauge the merits of the ,sisters by what we see before us1 how much less capable are we of estimating the reward which their long years of devotion will receive from ,him who said of little children1 8,of such is the kingdom of heaven40 ,as to the efficiency of the nuns and ,sisters as teachers of the young people of their own sex1 there is scarcely a second opinion1 even among non,catholics4 ,many ,protestants and unbelievers1 while professing little or no religion themselves1 but who would not see their fair daughters follow their example1 are careful to place them under the charge of the daughters of the church1 well knowing that1 while their minds will be amply stored with useful and elegant knowledge1 their impressionable hearts will be guarded against the follies and sins of the world4 ,if all the communities in the country--in number about fortyfive--were to devote their entire labor alone to this great work of education1 what a benediction would they deserve from untold millions6 ,but they do not stop here4 ,they go much further1 and1 with some few exceptions1 their charity takes a far wider range4 ,there are the poor waifs1 left deserted on the highways1 to be rescued from impending death and nursed into consciousness2 the orphan1 who has been deprived of its natural guardians1 to be cared for2 the unfortunate pariah of her sex1 to be consoled and encouraged to resume the path of virtue2 the jails1 where lie the agents of passion and crime1 to be visited2 the aged and infirm to be taken by the hand1 and led down the slope of life with tender solicitude4 ,again1 the deaf1 the blind1 the insane1 the wounded1 the sick1 and even the incurable1 are1 according to their several needs1 objects of unremitting attention4 ,no evil is so deepseated1 no affliction so bitter1 no disease1 whether of the mind or of the body1 so loathsome1 that the holy women of the church1 with ,god's assistance1 cannot assuage or cure4 ,to teach children is doubtless a responsible and laborious occupation1 but nevertheless not without attractions2 but to walk day and night the wards of a hospital1 and breathe the dire contagion of disease1 or1 in the reformatory1 to have the ear filled with the blasphemies and ribaldries learned in the lowest dens of vice1 are surely trials to appall the stoutest heart1 and to test to the very utmost the constancy and zeal of delicatelynurtured women4 ,yet the capacious bosom of the church has room enough1 has rest and shelter1 for all classes of unfortunates4 ,in the sixtytwo dioceses and vicariates into which the ,united ,states is divided1 there are nearly three hundred foundling1 orphan1 deaf1 blind1 and insane asylums1 reformatories1 protectories1 industrial institutions1 homes for the aged1 houses of the ,sisters of the ,poor1 as well as infirmaries and hospitals2 the former numbering over two hundred1 and the latter about ninety1 or1 collectively1 an average of five charitable institutions for each ecclesiastical division4 ,what a load of human misery is thus presented to the eye and committed to the relief of the indefatigable followers of ,christ6 ,who can imagine that has not experienced it the daily round of toil1 of watching1 and solicitude which constantly awaits the footsteps of the gentle ,sister1 as she goes among her helpless clients in the foundling asylum1 listens to the tale of woe and crime from the still youthful lips of the repentant ,magdalene1 or comforts the outcast of his kind at the very foot of the scaffold4 ,watch how lovingly she hushes the deserted babe or the scarcely less pitiable orphan to sleep2 how kindly she takes the hand so long stained by contact with the vicious and the guilty into her own soft palm1 and breathes words of comfort and encouragement into ears long used only to curses and vile speech2 how deftly she smoothes the pillow of the sick1 and smiles on the second childishness of her protgs1 the aged and infirm poor4 ,at her approach1 the suffering child forgets its pains and stretches forth its little arms for her aid2 the hospital loses half its ennui and gloom1 and even the condemned cell is illumined by a ray of sunlight when she enters it4 ,in fact1 wherever there is poverty1 sickness1 or suffering of any kind1 there is the place for the devoted ,sister1 and there1 in truth1 she becomes 8a ministering angel40 ,the distribution of these asylums and hospitals is another interesting feature in their capacity for general usefulness4 ,in dioceses having an estimated ,catholic population of over one hundred thousand1 they may be thus classified3 ,in ,buffalo there is one to every #h1jjj ,catholics2 in ,cleveland1 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,louisville1 one to #ac1jjj2 in ,san ,francisco1 one to #ae1jjj2 ,albany1 one to #ah1jjj2 in ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 and ,philadelphia1 one to #bc1jjj2 ,newark1 ,alton1 and ,st4 ,paul1 one to #be1jjj2 ,boston1 one to #cj1jjj2 ,milwaukee1 one to #dj1jjj2 ,chicago1 one to #de1jjj2 ,galveston and ,providence1 one to #fj1jjj2 ,hartford1 one to #hj1jjj2 and in ,springfield1 one to every #aej1jjj4 ,of the less populous dioceses1 ,oregon has #a1 ,burlington #a1 ,columbus #b1 ,covington #c1 ,erie #a1 ,fort ,wayne #c1 ,grass ,valley #c1 ,mobile #c1 ,monterey and ,los ,angeles #e1 ,nashville #b1 ,natchez #b1 ,natchitoches #c1 ,nesqually #d1 ,portland #b1 ,richmond #c1 ,rochester #e1 ,santa ,f #b1 ,savannah #c1 ,vincennes #d1 ,wheeling #b1 ,wilmington #a1 ,kansas #b1 ,nebraska #a1 ,charleston #b4 ,green ,bay1 ,harrisburg1 ,la ,crosse1 ,little ,rock1 ,ogdensburg1 ,arizona1 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 and ,north ,carolina1 all small dioceses or sparselysettled vicariates1 have none4 ,it is impossible to give anything like an approximate report of the vast number of persons of all ages and sexes who find relief1 advice1 and protection in these asylums and hospitals2 for we are not aware that there is in existence any general or full returns from onehalf of the charitable institutions scattered so broadcast over the country4 ,we can therefore only attempt to form an estimate of the whole by taking the statistics nearest us4 ,for example1 in this diocese there are #egb girls and very young boys in the female protectory1 #a1big in seven orphan asylums1 #edf penitents in the ,house of the ,good ,shepherd2 while in one of the four city hospitals1 ,s4 ,vincent's1 #iej patients were received during last year4 ,in ,brooklyn there are #a1jda orphans1 #bjh penitents1 #dbj patients in two hospitals1 in addition to nearly #c1jjj externs who received medical and surgical attendance1 and #bbi old men and women under the charge of the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor4 ,the care of these charitable institutions is not confined to any particular community1 but1 according to locality or peculiar circumstances1 falls to the lot of different congregations4 ,thus of the asylums1 #e per cent4 are under the charge of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame2 #ad per cent4 under the ,sisters of ,mercy2 #cd per cent4 under the ,sisters of ,charity2 #h per cent4 under the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd2 #f per cent4 under the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor2 #b per cent4 each under the ,sisters of ,providence1 ,holy ,cross1 ,sacred ,heart1 ,s4 ,teresa1 and ,s4 ,dominic2 #e per cent4 under the ,sisters of ,s4 ,francis2 #aj per cent4 under the ,sisters of ,s4 ,joseph2 #a per cent4 under the ,sisters of the ,holy ,name1 ,s4 ,benedict1 and the ,school ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 besides a few others belonging to different communities4 ,of hospitals1 the ,sisters of ,mercy have #ah per cent41 the ,sisters of ,charity #cg1 ,providence #b1 ,holy ,cross #a1 ,s4 ,francis #g1 ,little ,sisters of the ,poor #b1 ,s4 ,dominic #e1 ,s4 ,joseph #aa1 ,sur ,hospitalires #b1 ,nazareth #e1 and of all others #bj per cent4 ,of the teaching orders and communities in the ,united ,states who devote themselves solely to the higher branches of education and1 when possible1 to the gratuitous instruction of poor children1 we have the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 the ,ursulines1 the ,visitation1 the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,presentation1 and the ,sisters of the ,precious ,blood1 ,loretto1 ,s4 ,clare1 ,our ,lady of ,angels1 ,s4 ,ann1 ,s4 ,mary1 ,sacred ,heart of ,mary1 ,poor ,handmaids of ,jesus ,christ1 ,humility of ,mary1 ,s4 ,agnes1 ,incarnate ,word1 ,holy ,child1 and ,daughters of the ,cross4 ,the ,carmelites1 ,servite ,nuns1 and ,sisters of ,s4 ,anthony are contemplative communities1 though1 in some special instances1 the poor are taught and assisted in their convents4 ,a short account of the origin and growth in this country of some of the most prominent orders and communities may be found acceptable to those who take an interest in the successive developments in the church of works of education and charity4 ,the first convent established within the present limits of the ,united ,states--if we except some1 perhaps1 that might have existed long years since in ,new ,mexico and ,california--was that of the ,ursulines1 opened at ,new ,orleans in #agbg1 when that city was a portion of ,french territory4 ,for about sixty years1 the nuns were either natives of ,france or of ,french descent1 till #agia1 when1 on the occasion of the revolt of the ,french colonists in the ,west ,indies1 the convent1 with its academy1 hospital1 and asylum1 received large accessions from ,san ,domingo4 ,this house still exists1 with an affiliation at ,opelousas1 and has branches in ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,alton1 ,cleveland1 ,galveston1 ,green ,bay1 ,mobile1 and several other dioceses2 that of ,new ,york1 situated in what was formerly a portion of ,westchester ,county1 being the principal1 containing fortyseven members4 ,the ,ursuline ,order was founded in #aecb1 at ,brescia1 ,italy1 by ,s4 ,angela of ,merici1 and was approved by ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 in #aedd1 as a religious congregation under the name of ,s4 ,ursula4 ,eighteen years after1 at the request of ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo1 ,archbishop of ,milan1 it was obliged to enclosure1 created an order1 and placed under the rule of ,s4 ,augustine by ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 ,its special duty is the education of young ladies2 but a poor school is1 when necessary1 attached to each house4 ,next in point of time was the ,carmelite ,nunnery1 erected in #agij1 near ,port ,tobacco1 ,maryland1 through the exertions of the ,rev4 ,charles ,neale4 ,that zealous clergyman1 having visited ,europe in that year1 returned with four nuns1 of whom three are said to have been ,americans and one ,english4 ,on account of the difficulties surrounding their locality1 the community was afterwards transferred to ,baltimore1 in #ahca1 and permitted to open a school1 which1 however1 was soon after discontinued4 ,there are now in all eight houses of this order in ,america1 of which two--the motherhouse and one in ,st4 ,louis--are of the reform of ,s4 ,teresa2 the others1 following the less strict rule1 add the care of outside schools1 asylums1 and hospitals to their other duties4 ,the ,carmelite order of monks was founded in the early part of the ,x,i,i,ith century under the rule of ,s4 ,basil1 which was exceedingly strict as regards mortification1 prayer1 and fasting4 ,the order of nuns was not created for two centuries after1 when ,john ,lorett1 twentysixth general1 founded a female institute under the rule of his order1 and established several convents in ,france4 ,in #adeb1 ,pope ,nicholas ,v4 approved the foundation2 and in #adeg ,franoise d',amboise1 the widowed ,duchess of ,brittany1 built the house at ,vannes1 in her own possessions1 taking the veil and habit at the same time4 ,a hundred years later1 ,s4 ,teresa of ,castile1 finding that many innovations and relaxations had crept in1 undertook the work of reform1 and her efforts were eventually approved by ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 in #aefb4 ,thus there became two branches of the order--the ,mitigated ,carmelites1 whose rule is not so austere as those of the ,discalceated1 who follow the reform of ,s4 ,teresa4 ,the latter are obliged to observe perpetual silence1 abstain from the use of fleshmeat1 sleep on straw1 and wear habits of coarse serge and sandals instead of shoes4 ,their habit is a brown gown1 scapular1 and hood1 and in choir a white cloak and black veil4 ,soon after the arrival of the ,carmelites in ,maryland1 an effort was made by a few ,catholic young ladies in ,philadelphia to establish a religious community4 ,the principal movers were ,miss ,alice ,lalor and a couple of friends4 ,her companions1 however1 having died before anything tangible could be effected1 ,miss ,lalor left ,philadelphia for ,georgetown1 ,d4 ,c41 in #agih1 and established herself there as a teacher4 ,gradually she drew around her young persons of similar views and tastes1 and a community was formed1 at first simply for the purpose of prayer and education2 but when1 in #ahaf1 their rules had been approved by the ,most ,rev4 ,leonard ,neale1 ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 and recognized by the ,holy ,father1 they became a regular branch of the ,visitation ,order1 and submitted to solemn vows and enclosure4 ,their houses now number about twenty1 and are to be found in ,baltimore1 ,brooklyn1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mobile1 ,covington1 ,dubuque1 and several dioceses in the ,south and ,southwest4 ,the order dates back to #afaj1 when it was founded by ,s4 ,francis de ,sales and ,s4 ,jane ,frances1 ,baronne de ,chantal4 ,it was at first merely a congregation1 but by permission of ,pope ,paul ,v4 it was changed into a regular order1 the essential principles of its rule being the education of the children of the rich1 though many free schools for the poor are found attached to its convents4 ,while ,miss ,lalor was working silently in the ,district of ,columbia1 there was another pious woman--one whose name is destined to be for ever illustrious in the annals of the church in ,america--nobly struggling against innumerable difficulties in the same holy cause4 ,this was ,mrs4 ,eliza ,a4 ,seton1 the foundress1 in the ,united ,states1 of the glorious ,sisterhood of ,charity4 ,like all men or women whom ,providence selects for great ends1 ,mrs4 ,seton passed through a long novitiate of sorrow and trials before she was found qualified to lay the cornerstone of an institution which1 above all others1 has made ,catholic charity and womanly selfsacrifice most useful1 most respected and beloved amongst us4 ,born in ,new ,york on the #bhth of ,august1 #aggd1 of wealthy ,protestant parents1 her infancy and girlhood were passed amid all the scenes of pleasure and luxury that family position and affluence could command2 and it was not till she had married and entered upon matronhood that she experienced her first great grief4 ,this arose out of the death of her father1 ,dr4 ,bayley1 who1 in his devotion to the sick immigrants1 at that time very numerous1 fell a victim to shipfever4 ,his daughter1 it would appear1 felt for him even more than filial affection and respect1 and his sudden death made such an impression on her spirits and such inroads on her health that she was obliged to make a tour in ,europe in company with her husband1 also an invalid4 ,her mind had early been imbued with strong religious impressions1 as well as cultivated by careful study and extensive reading2 and during her stay in ,southern ,europe1 where she had ample opportunities of visiting the churches and convents1 and of seeing for herself the beauties and glories of ,catholicity1 she first began to long for that rest for the weary and doubtdistracted soul which is only found in the bosom of the church4 ,her husband1 dying in ,december1 #ahjb1 was buried in ,italy2 and she1 now left the sole guardian of her children1 returned to ,america4 ,but the thoughts that had come to her in the solemn basilicas of the ,old ,world followed her to the ,new1 and would not be dismissed4 ,she struggled much with them1 prayed fervently1 sought the spiritual advice of many pious friends1 and finally1 in #ahje1 entered the church4 ,we of this generation can hardly conceive the sacrifices ,mrs4 ,seton made in thus becoming a ,catholic4 ,so rife and uncompromising was the spirit of ,protestant bigotry in those days that the moment it was known that she had become a convert1 every friend and relative1 the companions of her youth and the sharers of her blood1 shrank from her with positive loathing1 as if her touch was infectious4 ,all forsook her except her children4 ,but she was a woman of undaunted courage as well as of implicit faith4 ,she resolved to leave ,new ,york1 and take up her residence in ,baltimore1 then the only city in the country where ,catholics had either influence or social standing4 ,here1 by the advice of the archbishop1 she determined to devote herself to teaching1 and1 to carry out her idea more fully1 to establish a community4 ,accordingly1 in ,may1 #ahji1 we find her1 with four companions1 setting out for ,emmittsburg to take possession of a log house and commence her grand enterprise4 ,on the first of ,june1 these pioneers of the ,sisters of ,charity in the ,united ,states arrived at their destination1 and on the day following1 the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi1 they appeared in the little church of the college in their habits--8white muslin caps with crimpt borders1 black crape bands round the head and fastened under the chin1 black dresses1 and short capes similar to those of the religious of ,italy40 ,at first the community was called the ,sisters of ,s4 ,joseph2 but in #ahaj1 it was agreed to assimilate it to the ,congregation of ,charity in ,europe1 and1 through the influence of the ,rev4 ,f4 ,flaget1 it was hoped that some ,sisters might be induced to come from ,france to take charge of the little community4 ,owing to the disturbed state of the times1 ,f4 ,flaget failed to procure the desired aid2 but he brought with him the rule of the ,sisters1 which1 having been adopted by the community1 was approved by ,archbishop ,neale1 ,january #ag1 #ahab4 ,the growth of the new congregation was slow1 for many unforeseen difficulties had to be encountered2 but having been planted deep in the soil1 it gradually grew strong and vigorous1 and1 when it once commenced to throw out offshoots in every direction1 they took root and flourished with wonderful vitality4 ,in #ahad1 some ,sisters were sent to ,philadelphia to take charge of the new ,catholic orphan asylum2 and in #ahag1 ,mother ,seton1 with ,sisters ,cecilia ,o',conway and ,felicit ,brady1 came to ,new ,york1 at the request of ,bishop ,connolly1 to superintend a similar institution established by the ,new ,york ,catholic ,benevolent ,society4 ,they selected a small frame house on ,prince ,street1 where now stands their noble asylum4 ,how the houses of this illustrious community have multiplied during the last halfcentury is truly astonishing1 and can only be attributed to the help of a ,power more than human4 ,nearly one hundred asylums and hospitals are now under their charge2 about the same number of academies and select schools claim their care2 free schools and scholars beyond computation enjoy the blessings of their pious instruction2 and their convents and establishments dot the country in every direction4 ,in ,new ,york alone1 where the motherhouse of the province is situated at ,font ,hill1 ,yonkers1 there are attached to it #dji professed ,sisters1 #ib novices1 and #ac postulants1 who conduct #gb different establishments in ,new ,york1 ,jersey ,city1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,haven1 ,providence1 and ,columbia4 ,in ,newark1 in the motherhouse of the diocese1 at ,madison1 ,n4 ,j41 there are #aij members2 and in almost every section of the country where ,catholicity is at all known1 the simple black dress and cape1 and the small white collar1 of the daughters of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul are familiar objects4 ,this congregation1 though dating only from ,march #be1 #afcd1 when ,louise de ,marillac1 widow of ,antoine ,le ,gras1 secretary to ,marie de ,medicis1 the first mother of the ,daughters of ,charity1 consecrated her life to ,god1 has now1 it is said1 more than twenty thousand members throughout the world1 all1 like their sainted founder1 ,vincent1 unremittingly employed in works of divine charity4 ,next in order of usefulness1 though not in age1 come the ,sisters of ,mercy4 ,this congregation is of ,irish origin1 having been founded in ,dublin1 as late as #ahbg1 by ,catharine ,mc,auley1 a native of that county4 ,miss ,mc,auley was born ,september #ag1 #aghg1 of ,catholic parents2 but they dying when she was quite young1 her guardianship was assumed by a ,protestant family1 who brought her up in their own faith--if faith it may be called2 but the girl early developed a remarkable inclination towards ,catholicity1 and1 when of proper age1 reunited herself to the church of her fathers4 ,at thirtyfour she found herself the possessor of a large fortune bequeathed to her by her adopted father1 who had become a ,catholic on his deathbed2 and this1 with all her subsequent life1 she resolved to dedicate to the service of the ,almighty4 ,she therefore built at her own expense1 in the most fashionable part of the city1 a magnificent convent1 and1 associating with herself several other ladies1 commenced the work of instruction and the visitation of the sick poor in their homes and in the public hospitals4 ,the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,murray1 ,archbishop of ,dublin1 gave her all the assistance in his power1 and1 after consulting with the ,holy ,see1 approved the new foundation4 ,in #ahda1 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 confirmed the congregation1 which is now so strong in the ,united ,kingdom that it numbers #acc convents1 besides numerous charitable institutions4 ,unlike the ,sisters of ,charity1 this congregation has no superiorgeneral1 each convent being independent and selfgoverning4 ,though introduced into this country by the late ,bishop ,o',connor1 of ,pittsburg1 about thirty years ago1 the ,sisters of ,mercy have spread rapidly over the ,united ,states4 ,they have already nearly #ej asylums and hospitals1 #hj academies and select schools1 an immense number of free schools1 convents almost as numerous as those of the ,sisters of ,charity1 and considerably over #a1cjj members4 ,they are to be found in ,new ,york1 the ,new ,england dioceses1 ,albany1 ,philadelphia1 ,louisville1 ,pittsburg1 most of the old dioceses1 and many of the newer ones4 ,there are other orders and congregations among us1 if not so numerous1 equally meritorious2 for instance1 the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 who conduct about #cj academies and select schools1 in which the very highest order of education is imparted2 the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame1 also a teaching order1 having the care of #bj houses1 in which there are #dca boarders and over #a1bjj day scholars1 besides about #ad1jjj pupils attending the free schools1 half that number in the ,sundayschools1 in addition to those taught in evening schools and instructed in various other ways4 ,this congregation1 though founded in #ahjd1 by ,mother ,julia ,billiart1 assisted by ,marie,louise,franoise1 ,vicomtesse ,blin de ,bourbon1 and ,catharine ,duchtel1 at ,amiens1 has so extended its labors that it now counts in ,belgium1 ,england1 and ,central ,america #fh establishments1 #ab1jjj scholars in its boarding and day schools1 and over #cb1jjj children gratuitously taught in its free schools4 ,it was introduced into the ,united ,states1 in #ahdj1 by the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,purcell1 ,archbishop of ,cincinnati1 and1 in connection with its convents and academies1 has charge of #gj asylums4 ,the ,sisters of ,s4 ,joseph1 numbering about sixty communities1 have1 by the latest returns1 #db academies1 #bj select schools1 #bj asylums1 and #i hospitals4 ,these latter are specially charged with the instruction of the colored children of the ,south4 ,then there are the congregations of the ,third ,order of ,s4 ,francis and of ,s4 ,dominic1 whose duties are equally multifarious2 the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 whose mission it is to receive and reform the very outcasts of female society1 and to save young women from lives of vice and crime2 and the meek ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 who actually go about from door to door1 from store to marketplace1 begging1 in the name of holy charity1 for the crumbs of our tables to feed their aged and decrepit dependents who are tottering on the verge of the grave4 ,besides these1 there are many other communities of pious women in our midst1 quietly and unostentatiously pursuing their career of goodness1 the history of whose foundation the limits of an article will not allow us to descant upon4 ,their actions are doubtless recorded in another world1 where lie their trust and promised reward4 ,thus we have seen how our glorious land is twice blessed by the presence of those pureminded1 zealous1 and meek followers of their ,saviour4 ,we are blessed in their prayers and in their active charity4 ,no one is so rich as to be independent of their good offices2 no one so poor1 afflicted1 or degraded that they cannot succor and console4 ,the vilest dens of infamy in our crowded cities are made almost sacred by their tread2 the faraway prairies and forests resound with their chants and songs of praise2 while the daintilynurtured daughter of the aristocracy is taught1 in some convent of the ,sacred ,heart1 or of the ,ursulines1 to shine in and adorn her social sphere without forgetting that she is a ,christian2 the poor little negro children of the everglades of ,florida1 or the savage ,indian babes of the ,pacific slope1 are kneeling at the feet of some ,sister of ,s4 ,joseph or of the ,holy ,names of ,jesus and ,mary1 lisping their first prayer4 ,without exaggeration1 it may be said that there is no ignorance so dense that they will not succeed in expelling2 none of the many ills to which flesh is heir that they cannot assuage2 and that they1 and they alone1 of all their sex1 8can minister to a mind diseased1 and pluck from the heart a deeprooted sorrow40 ,and yet all this toil and pain and solicitude bring with them1 even in this world1 abundant rewards4 ,who that has ever entered a convent or a religious house has not been impressed by the gentle air of cheerfulness and inward peace that sits on the faces of its inmates8 ,we look in vain for the anxious glance that betrays an unsatisfied mind1 or the deepdrawn lines that tell a tale of worldly struggle and discontent4 ,no2 every countenance is serene1 placid1 and healthful4 ,this is the reward of noble works well performed1 the luxury of doing good1 to which the women of the outer world are for the most part strangers4 ,but what shall be the eternal recompense for those who thus abandon kindred and home1 friends and companions1 the pleasures of the world and the passions of the heart1 to follow in the footsteps of the ,saviour who was crucified for us1 and to carry out his precepts1 regardless of all consequences1 to the end8 ,such is the holy nun who storms heaven with her prayers for the salvation of mankind and the pardon of national crimes2 such the humble ,sister who devotes the energies of her mind1 the years of her life1 nay1 her very life itself1 to the service of ,god's poor1 helpless1 and sinful creatures4 ,can a nobler ambition than this find place in the human mind8 ,can the glory1 the charity1 and the allabsorbing beneficence of the ,christian faith find brighter examples and purer exponents than within the convents which so numerously overspread and are continuing to increase on the soil of our young republic8 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 8,going to ,lyons tomorrow6 ,impossible60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,c----1 whom my friend and ,i accidentally met in the hall of the ,berner ,hof ,hotel at ,berne this autumn4 8,you cannot surely go without seeing the ,lake of ,lucerne6 ,i should be quite ashamed to confess that ,i had been so long in ,switzerland and was leaving without having been up the ,rigi4 ,in fact1 if you persist in this resolution1 you will have to come back again next summer expressly for that1 and for nothing else4 ,think what trouble that may be6 ,and all from want of a little energy now2 for ,i feel quite certain you have no appointment to take you to ,lyons in such a hurry4 ,i know you cannot have10 she added smiling1 and noticing some hesitation on our part1 8so you must just change your plans again and come off to ,lucerne with our party this afternoon6 ,you may go to ,lyons later1 if you like1 but there will be time enough to think about that60 ,it was quite true4 ,there was no special reason for our starting for ,lyons that day1 no pressing necessity for our leaving ,switzerland just then4 ,the ,lake of ,lucerne1 moreover1 had originally a prominent place in our itinerary1 and the weather was so fine that there seemed fair hope of the prescribed sunrise from the ,rigi4 ,but1 if the truth were told1 we were weary--weary not in body but in soul2 and had taken such an aversion to the country1 from a spiritual point of view1 that a strong antidote--such as ,lyons with its ,notre ,dame de ,fourvires and general ,catholic life would afford--had become to us absolutely essential4 ,six weeks previously we entered ,switzerland--two ladies overflowing with enthusiasm4 ,the picturesque was certainly a main object in our journey2 for where else can it be equalled1 or found in such variety8 ,still1 we had no intention whatever of leaving religion and devotion behind us1 and never doubted for a moment that we should succeed in finding means of satisfying our desires4 ,it was our first visit to this region1 and our knowledge of it1 we are bound to confess1 was most superficial4 ,but how little does one know of a foreign country until either long residence or some special circumstance excites the curiosity or rouses the attention6 ,catholics even1 who as a rule interest themselves more than all others about the religious state of countries outside their own--instigated by that principle of universal brotherhood1 that bond of spiritual union1 which the church so effectually promotes--seldom know1 notwithstanding1 the details of current ecclesiastical foreign events1 unless accident brings them to the spot4 ,a great commotion like the warfare going on in ,geneva1 and the fact that the attitude of the ,catholic community in that town was most noble1 and those willing 8to suffer persecution for justice' sake0 neither few nor faint hearted1 had of course a large place in our view of the case4 ,but except this1 and the broad facts that ,geneva1 ,berne1 and ,zurich were ,protestant1 ,lucerne and its neighborhood ,catholic1 we are constrained to admit that our acquaintance with ,swiss matters1 geographical1 historical1 or ecclesiastical1 was very limited4 ,it is little wonder1 therefore1 that we lent a willing ear to the thoughtless assertions of fellowtravellers1 who told us we should find ,catholic churches scattered all over these districts4 ,without further questioning1 then1 we proceeded1 commencing by a few days at ,lausanne and along the shores of the lovely ,lake of ,geneva4 ,thence we made our way to ,bellalp1 ,zermatt1 the ,eichhorn1 and1 finally1 passing round to the northern side of the great mountains1 wandered on from the ,faulhorn1 ,scheideck1 and ,wengern ,alps to ,mrren1 where we rested for several days1 having 8done0 sunsets and sunrises1 peaks and glaciers1 until our minds were filled with the most magnificent images4 ,still1 despite all these wonderful beauties of nature1 which seemed every day to draw us more closely and more humbly towards the ,creator1 an irrepressible dreariness had crept over us1 from the absence of all visible signs of union with him or of grateful worship on the part of man4 ,certain it is that the result our present wanderings had produced by the time we reached ,berne was a longing for a ,catholic land and ,catholic churches1 where we might pour forth our praises1 and give utterance to our thanksgivings for the glorious sights we had seen2 a longing that had grown stronger than the mere love of the sublime and beautiful1 for its own sake1 of which we were1 nevertheless1 most ardent votaries4 ,it may be said that1 coming to ,protestant cantons as we did1 we ought not to have expected a profusion of ,catholic churches2 the ,catholic population is small1 especially in the highland districts1 and labors under many disadvantages4 ,true1 and after the first disappointment was over1 we were ready to study our excursions1 and often to shorten them1 in order to hear ,mass on ,sundays4 ,yet even so1 more than once we could not even accomplish this2 and the difficulty of approaching the sacraments under these circumstances is most distressing to travellers4 ,besides1 to an outside observer1 piety does not seem to flourish2 or1 where it does1 the ,catholic congregations have that subdued look peculiar to all persecuted communities1 so extremely depressing to witness4 ,many believe that1 for this and other reasons1 the battle now raging in ,geneva and elsewhere will be productive of great gain1 and that ,switzerland and ,germany will emerge from a life resembling that of the early ,christians in the ,catacombs1 only with tenfold power and vigor4 ,at the present moment1 one is chiefly led to reflect on the false interpretation of that freedom so much boasted of by the ,swiss ,protestants--if one may so style the advanced liberals and free thinkers who come to the surface nowadays--and remember how easily an ,american ,catholic could make them blush by his report of how differently these matters are treated across the ,atlantic4 ,our path had nowhere1 as yet1 it is true1 touched on a ,catholic canton2 and there all might be different1 though everything we could glean led us to a contrary expectation4 ,an old ,german who had been coming to ,switzerland for the last thirty years1 and whom we met en route1 told us it was all the same4 8,no religion anywhere4 ,nothing can be more uninteresting than the people10 he asserted4 8,bent only on moneymaking and fighting about religion--religion1 that is to say1 in name1 but not in deed2 the disputes are purely party questions1 and have no real1 substantial foundation4 ,peaks and passes are alone worth a thought10 he added4 ,on these he was inexhaustible1 but always dismissed the other subject with contempt4 ,later1 when our own observations in the ,catholic cantons completely altered our opinions1 we also ascertained that he1 like so many of the summer tourists one encounters nowadays1 was perfectly indifferent to all forms of worship1 and blind to those signs and manifestations of the inner being which still abound in all that region4 ,meanwhile1 however1 his report1 coming from one familiar with every part of ,switzerland1 carried conviction to our untutored minds1 as1 no doubt1 happens in similar cases every day4 ,but it was not1 perhaps1 the difficulty about1 and paucity of1 ,catholic service which so much roused our indignation1 once we saw the small number of our coreligionists1 as the universal aridity1 tepidity1 nay1 coldness1 of all the inhabitants of these favored regions4 ,nor could we gain much knowledge about them4 ,the ordinary tourist never meets a ,swiss above the class of guides and hotelkeepers2 the former1 in the ,protestant cantons1 are a stolid1 uncommunicative race of men1 with all their intellects apparently given to their horses and ,trinkgeld2 the latter too much engrossed in the feverish anxiety of drawing up large bills and providing for the passing crowd to give attention to any other matter during the summer season4 ,besides1 the line of interest does not run in the direction of the 8people02 if it did1 these men would no doubt also labor to supply the demand2 as it is1 few have time1 or1 having time1 inclination1 for anything but scenery1 and next to scenery--sometimes first--come food and lodging4 ,it was unreasonable1 many observed1 to aspire to more4 8,a thorough knowledge of a nation is not to be picked up in passing02 8,one comes to ,switzerland for the scenery only02 8,the people cannot be judged by outward appearances10 were phrases which met us at every turn whenever we ventured to make a remark4 8,doubtless the people may be excellent10 was our reply2 8but outward appearances are an index to their minds4 ,in the ,tyrol1 ,bohemia1 ,brittany1 and other ,catholic lands1 all who #8run may read4' 0 ,mountain chapels1 wayside crosses1 holy pictures inside and outside their dwellings1 speak a language common to all ,christian hearts2 and the indifferentism and dryness of soul which their absence betokens in the ,bernese ,oberland1 especially amidst its grandest scenes and greatest dangers1 cannot fail to leave a most painful impression on every thoughtful traveller4 ,the only information we found it easy to gather related to everything connected with material subjects4 ,in a surprisingly short space of time1 we knew1 from our guides1 the names of all the peaks1 and many1 too1 of the smaller summits1 and1 above all1 could speak in an authoritative tone of the best hotels in different places1 the price of pension in each1 whether the ,kellners were civil1 the living better in one than another1 ,cook's tickets an advantage or not1 where the carriageroads ended and the riding or walking began--in fine1 became very clever on all those points which form the staple of conversation at all ,swiss hotels and halting places4 ,yet we conscientiously employed our eyes and ears1 so as to come to no wrong conclusion4 ,the more one travels in ,switzerland1 the more necessary this precaution seems4 ,whatever efforts we made1 however1 brought about the same unfavorable result4 ,the whole aspect of the country we traversed justified our ,german acquaintance's harsh criticisms4 ,even the ,protestant churches1 which1 if only from a pure spirit of opposition1 one might expect to show a flourishing exterior1 are in ,switzerland more than usually bald and cheerless4 ,unlike ,english churches of the present day1 they are completely innocent of the slightest approach to decoration1 and very often without sign of communiontable or anything even representing it4 ,sometimes a bare slab of marble1 without altarcloth or covering1 stands in the middle2 but often this is brought out only at stated periods for the administration of the ,lord's ,supper1 and1 as a rule1 the seats are ranged round the pulpit--the only centre of attraction in these buildings4 ,of all nations1 the ,english show the most tangible signs of life4 ,they1 at least1 bring themselves more prominently forward2 for the first paper that strikes the eye on entering every ,swiss inn is the list of services and chaplains supplied to ,switzerland for the season by the ,english ,church ,colonial ,society4 ,churches they do not possess1 except in a few favored spots2 and many are the lamentations amongst the wandering ,britons at being obliged to content themselves with the drawing room or billiardroom of a large hotel1 where probably the evening before they had assembled amidst gaiety and laughter4 ,it is an arrangement1 too1 often complained of by the other inmates--one which led to a serious dispute in one place1 where the ,german visitors claimed their right to the billiardtable at the hour appointed by the ,english chaplain for his service4 ,still1 there they are1 mindful1 at least1 of 8,sabbath worship10 when the majority of their coreligionists see no necessity for remembering it4 ,crowds of ,anglican clergymen were also found travelling1 on their own account1 in the ,protestant cantons4 ,fiveandtwenty were together one day at ,mrren1 of all shades and hues1 too2 from my ,lord ,bishop1 with his wife and daughters1 to the young ,ritualist curate1 in his ,roman collar and otherwise ,catholic dress1 the highest ambition of whose heart is to be taken--or rather mistaken--for a true ,catholic priest4 ,and very hard it is to distinguish him1 at first sight1 from the genuine character1 so exact has he made the superficial copy4 ,after a little conversation1 however1 it is easy to know that such unmitigated abuse of the ,episcopal dignitary who sits at the other end of the room1 and of the whole bench of bishops1 cannot belong to the true church1 which not only enjoins but practises submission to authority4 ,intellectual these ,high,churchmen always are1 and would make pleasant company but for the crookedness of their 8opinions10 and their unconcealed exultation1 too1 at the assumed progress of the so called 8,old,catholic0 movement1 which they represent as undermining the whole of ,switzerland4 ,catholic ,switzerland they always meant2 for even they could not blind themselves to the fact that in the ,protestant districts there is little left to take away4 ,one could only wonder how1 with their hankering after ,catholic things1 they could in any way feel drawn towards those cantons2 and it more than ever strengthened our conviction 7though nothing offends them more than such a suggestion7 that the sole binding link between these ,english ,high,churchmen and the miscellaneous companies which assemble at the 8,old,catholic0 meetings is their common ground of rebellion to mother church--which1 as daily experience infallibly proves1 gathers together all grades of belief and unbelief outside the ,catholic fold1 and induces them to ignore all their important differences in the bond of a hatred which is truly preternatural to the spouse of ,christ6 ,wet days at ,swiss hotels are proverbially fruitful of talk and discussion2 and nowadays these religious subjects are certain to be started by some new ,ritualistic acquaintance1 who evidently presumes on sympathy from ,englishspeaking travellers4 ,above all1 should he or she discover that you are a 8,romanist10 as they choose to call us children of the true church1 it is most curious to observe what an irresistible secret attraction impels them to follow you1 from morning to night1 with their arguments and spiritual 8views40 ,oh6 what days of annoyance continued rain has cost us on those mountaintops--days of true annoyance unmixed with good2 for in no single instance did we find any permanent impression made on these ,ritualists1 who1 of all ,protestants1 are the most hopelessly blinded and obstinate4 ,and most fully do we agree with a high ecclesiastical authority who recently remarked to us that all other shades of churchmen1 including the evangelical or ,low ,church1 respond to the call of grace more readily than these men and women1 whose standpoint is that pride which obscures their spiritual vision4 ,after two or three such discussions1 we foresaw the point exactly when they would dogmatically assert that they1 8too1 are ,catholics10 and that an irreparable breach was to be the immediate consequence of the solemn protest which it became our duty to make on each similar occasion4 ,before we reached ,mrren1 therefore1 we had learnt to avoid them4 ,by that time1 too1 we found that all their information about 8,old ,catholics0 was derived either from the ,english newspapers or those foreign ones which1 in rainy1 stayathome weather1 are studied in those places with persevering assiduity4 ,we ourselves endeavored to gather from this source some of that information unattainable elsewhere1 but very soon indignantly threw aside these tainted productions4 ,our ,german friend was right on this point1 certainly2 for anything more shameful and less religious than the attacks on the priesthood in general1 the false statements put forward1 and the undisguised rationalism--not to give it a worse name--of most of these foreign newspapers which flood the readingrooms of ,switzerland1 it would be difficult to imagine4 ,not a single ,catholic newspaper came under our eye in the pensions and hotels4 ,if they were taken in1 they were certainly hidden away2 and the tone of the ,german press1 in particular1 perfectly justified the assertion which has been hazarded--namely1 that it has altogether fallen into the hands of the oncedespised ,jews4 ,alas6 alas6 the 8,israelites0 of the present day may well exult and lift up their heads in the remarkable and dailyincreasing manner so noticeable all over ,europe1 where the faith of ,christians is so tepid and their sight so weak as no longer to distinguish the true from the false in these proud and 8enlightened0 days6 ,disheartened by all we saw and heard1 we frequently turned to the poor1 in the hope of better feelings2 and although no outward token of man's habitual remembrance of his ,maker met our observation1 we tried to lead the guides and peasants to speak1 now and then1 on these subjects4 ,in vain1 however4 ,they appeared to have no thoughts to communicate1 no familiarity with the supernatural1 nor other answer but the dry1 curt one to give3 ,wir sind alle ,reformirten im ,canton ,berne--8,we are all ,reformed in the ,canton of ,berne40 ,this hard1 unsympathetic tone of mind jarred on our highest and tenderest feelings2 and the grander the surrounding scenery1 the more painful its impression4 ,it had reached its climax a few days before we met ,mrs4 ,c---- at ,berne4 ,having slept one night at ,lauterbrunnen1 and the next morning proving lovely1 we determined to go on at once to ,grindelwald4 ,there had been no service of any kind at the village of ,mrren2 but here a bell rang early1 and we had thus begun the day by lamenting that it did not summon us to ,mass before starting on our journey4 ,but this being a strictly 8,reformed0 neighborhood1 it was foolish to nourish any such hope4 ,the sparkling rays of sunlight on the ,staabbart1 however1 the drive through the magnificent valley1 the rushing torrent1 and opening views of our favorite mountains1 free from the veil of mist that had covered them on the previous day1 the exhilarating air1 and general brightness of a grand nature1 gradually restored us to more contented dispositions4 ,the day was splendid4 ,the ,wetterhorn1 ,finsteraarhorn1 ,eiger1 and ,jungfrau stood erect before and above us1 as we drove up to the hotel1 in all their grandeur1 sternness1 and soft beauty withal2 their spotless snows and blue glaciers running down amongst and fringing the green1 placid pastures below1 whilst ,grindelwald itself1 the pretty village of scattered chlets1 lay bathed in sunshine at their feet4 ,it was the beginning of ,september2 yet the visitors were so few and imperceptible that we felt as if we alone had possession of this wonderful scene4 ,nor was there a breath of wind or a cloud in the sky1 in an atmosphere of transparent brilliancy--one of those rare days which seem lent to us from ,paradise1 when one's only thought can be that of thankfulness2 one's only sigh1 8,lord6 it is good for us to be here40 ,we had been sitting for some time on a grassy slope1 drinking in all this ethereal beauty1 and gazing silently on those 8great apostles of nature1 those churchtowers of the mountains10 as ,longfellow so beautifully calls them1 when our thoughts wandered on to the perils peculiar to such a spot4 ,of the two glaciers right before us1 one--the smaller one1 it is true--had all but disappeared within the last four years4 ,it had melted away gradually during an unusually hot summer1 the guide had told us1 though fortunately without causing any considerable damage in the valley underneath4 ,very different it would be if the larger one were to vanish2 and we naturally reverted to a description we had recently read1 by a wellknown dignitary of the ,english ,church1 of the appalling catastrophe near ,martigny1 in #ahah1 when the whole district was made desolate and villages swept away1 in consequence of the breakingup of a similar glacier under the ,lake of ,mauvoisin4 ,we had just said that if any people should 8stand ready0 it certainly was the ,swiss1 when suddenly1 as if in response to our meditations1 the silvery sound of a churchbell came wafted to us through the balmy air4 ,the building itself was out of sight1 hidden behind a small knoll2 so we hastened at once on a voyage of discovery in search of it4 ,the day and hour were so unusual that a faint hope arose of finding some outoftheway ,catholic convent1 forgotten1 perhaps1 by the old 8,reformers40 ,it was only the small church of the village1 however4 ,the bell was still ringing1 and the door open1 but no one near2 and1 entering in1 nothing was to be seen save an empty interior with whitewashed walls1 where a few benches alone indicated that it served any purpose or ever emerged from its present forlorn and desolate condition4 ,perplexed for an explanation1 we appealed to some villagers in the vicinity--old women who1 had it been a ,catholic church1 were just the sort of bodies one would have found telling their beads in some corner of it at every hour of the day2 but blank countenances were all we elicited by our first question of why the bell was ringing or what service was about to begin4 8,service6 ,what service80 they answered inquiringly4 8,divine service0--,gottesdienst--we replied1 making the question more explicit1 the better to suit their capacities4 8,divine service8 ,oh6 that is only on ,sundays1 of course10 was their answer2 and it never seemed to cross their minds that people ought also to pray on other days4 ,in fact1 no single person in the place could give any reason for the tolling of this bell 7evidently the ,vesperbell of old ,catholic times71 except that it rung regularly on every afternoon at #c o'clock4 ,a povertystricken1 unhealthylooking population they were1 too--just the class that stand much in need of spiritual comforts--of those aids from heaven which the poor need more palpably even than the possessors of material wealth1 in order to bring them through the troubles of this weary world1 and to sustain their courage at every step4 ,both here and at ,lauterbrunnen1 despite all police prohibitions1 our carriage was followed by numbers of sickly and deformed children1 whose monotonous drone was unenlivened by one bright look1 by any petition 8for the love of ,god10 or any of those touching variations of the ,catholic beggar in every part of the world1 which1 no matter what one may say at the time1 do appeal to a ,christian heart more than any one is aware of until made sensible of their impression by the chilly effects of their absence on such occasions4 ,but our spirits revived1 as we returned to ,interlachen1 at sight of the old ,franciscan convent standing embosomed in its stately trees4 ,hitherto we had only passed through the place on our way to and from the mountain excursions2 but tomorrow would be ,sunday1 and the ,catholic service1 we had ascertained1 was in the convent church4 ,away1 therefore1 with our saddened hearts and dismal musings6 ,the plain would evidently treat us more charitably than the highland country had hitherto done6 ,beautiful1 lovely ,interlachen6 lying amidst its brown1 flowery meadows1 under its stately walnuttrees2 the whiterobed ,jungfrau rising opposite in all her dignified beauty1 unaccompanied by ,monk or ,eiger1 or any of her snowy compeers4 ,the sun was setting as we drove up to the hotel ,victoria just in time to see its deepred1 crimson farewell1 thrown across the brow of the grand mountain1 melt gradually into the most tender violet1 as if in mourning for his departure4 ,and as we sat on the balcony all that evening in the stillness of the autumnal air1 watching the full moon shining on the 8pale ,virgin10 making her glitter like silver1 and stand out1 in all her majesty1 from the dark1 enclosing line of intervening hills1 we felt once more how glorious is ,god's creation in all its simple magnificence6 ,how grand1 how awful it can be6 ,and again1 at dawn1 we beheld the same spotless peak receive with a tender1 pink blush the first rays of the returning sun1 to dazzle us henceforward during all that day by her transcendent loveliness through an ethereal veil of transparent delicacy1 and to draw our thoughts heavenward1 pointing upwards like a faithful angel guardian anxious to remind us that all this earthly beauty is as naught compared to the bright visions which await us beyond6 ,it was nine o'clock that morning before the churchbell sounded2 but then we sallied forth with full hearts1 and made our way along the beautiful avenue of walnuttrees towards the old convent4 ,with elastic gait we ascended the ancient steps of the ivymantled church1 rejoicing in the signpost which boastfully pointed 8 l',eglise ,catholique06 ,but vain were our illusions6 ,how could we have been so sanguine6 ,this fine old convent1 as perfect as at the time of its suppression in #aebg1 is far too valuable1 think the authorities1 to be given up by an antagonistic government to the successors of its original owners4 ,a large part of the dwelling portion1 therefore1 is used by the commune of ,interlachen for its public offices1 whilst the remainder is divided between the different foreign 8persuasions0 that visit ,interlachen every summer4 ,that highsounding title1 8l',eglise ,catholique10 belonged only to a small chapel constructed out of one end of the church--the smaller end--and floored1 moreover1 up to half its height4 ,the other and larger portion was given up for the ,english ,church service1 whilst the ,free ,kirk of ,scotland and 8l',eglise ,evanglique de ,france10 were installed here and there amongst the cloisters4 ,most correctly1 then1 did an old man1 who was found sweeping out the passages1 describe himself as employed by tous les cultes4 ,nor was the ,catholic congregation more permanent than the others4 ,it appeared to consist chiefly of strangers1 and the priest1 a ,frenchman1 who spoke in feeling accents of the persecution going on throughout the country1 announced that although the following day would be a holiday1 there could be no ,mass2 for he had to quit ,interlachen on that same evening4 ,as we came out from the convent1 sad and gloomy1 a pretty sight awaited us3 hundreds of boys and girls1 of all sizes and ages1 marching to the strains of a band towards a large meadow hard by1 where gymnastic and other games were about to commence4 ,orderly and brightlooking they all were1 accompanied by half the population of the town and neighborhood1 chiefly attired in the picturesque ,bernese costume1 and including1 evidently1 the fathers and mothers of the young generation4 ,it was a most brilliant yet soothing picture1 as we beheld them passing on under the shade of the widespreading1 lofty walnuttrees2 the little maidens in their fresh summer dresses1 embroidered muslin aprons1 and hats crowned with masses of flowers1 standing out against the green background of the nearer mountains1 whilst the lovely ,jungfrau beyond shone out resplendent beneath the rays of a dazzling sun4 ,long stood we watching them2 for it was a scene to enjoy and treasure up in one's memory4 ,what a pity that the recollection should be darkened by the afterknowledge that none of this merry crowd had begun the day by divine worship6 ,and noteworthy was this fact1 making all the difference between this and the ,catholic practice in such matters4 ,nor shall we fail to remember1 if ever again taunted by those ,protestants who consider it a sin to be lighthearted on the ,sabbath1 that this mode of keeping ,sunday is not sanctioned by a ,catholic1 but by one of their own cherished 8,reformed0 cantons4 ,catholic the proceedings truly were1 in being orderly1 innocent1 healthful1 and rational2 but most uncatholic in not having even allowed the time necessary for religion4 ,no ,catholic ecclesiastical authority sanctions such amusements on ,sundays without the whole population having had the opportunity of hearing ,mass first--a matter that is not left optional1 but made obligatory on every member of the church4 ,here1 on the contrary1 there is only one service in the ,protestant church1 and that at #aj o'clock ,a4,m42 so that1 even had they wished it1 none of these merrymakers could have been present4 ,nor1 during the whole of that day1 did we hear any neighboring villagebells summoning their flocks to prayer4 ,indeed1 many of the villages are without any churches4 ,there is none1 for instance1 at ,mrren1 nor in many of the hamlets along the ,lake of ,brienz1 nor in various other spots which might easily be named4 ,one hears a vast deal about ,swiss 8pasteurs10 and pretty stories are written wherein they figure largely2 but it is only natural to conclude that if there are numberless villages without churches1 they are equally without 8pasteurs02 and one cannot help wondering how the sick and poor fare in these distant parts in the icebound winter weather1 nor avoid fearing that there is much truth in the dreary suggestions we often heard expressed1 that they constantly die and are buried without any spiritual ministrations whatsoever4 ,and yet the ,swiss1 and especially the people of this neighborhood1 did not always voluntarily abandon the ancient church1 nor lapse of a sudden into the indifferentism now so general4 ,but no doubt the present apathy is the inherited result of the mixed notions which actuated their forefathers1 and the absence amongst them of that pure attachment to their faith and the unconquerable steadiness and manliness by which the adjoining cantons of ,unterwalden and ,uri have so eminently distinguished themselves up to the present hour4 ,whilst meditating over all we had seen and heard1 we accidentally opened ,zschokke's ,history of ,switzerland at the page where he speaks of those mixed feelings which were perceptible in all the religious divisions between #aebg and #aebh4 ,the writer is a ,protestant1 and therefore his version is all the more interesting1 as admitting the coercion it was necessary to use for the introduction of the new doctrines--doubly interesting1 too1 as read here1 at ,interlachen1 on the spot and by the light of the similar system--for there is nothing new under the sun--at present in full operation in so many of these same cantons4 ,after speaking of various disputes1 he says3 8,for of those who raised their voices against the new creed1 thousands upon thousands were actuated1 not by piety or love of the good and true1 but by interested motives under pretence of religion4 ,amongst the country people1 many expected greater liberties and rights by the introduction of the recent doctrines2 and when these were not granted to them1 they returned to the ,catholic faith4 ,the moment the town council of ,berne suppressed the convent at ,interlachen1 and appointed preachers of the reformed church1 the peasants1 highly pleased1 thought and said3 #8,no convent mesnes1 no taxes1 no feudal service4' ,but when the town only transferred the taxes and service to itself1 the peasants1 through pure anger1 became ,catholic again1 drove away the ,protestant preachers1 and marched in armed bodies to ,thun4 ,berne hereupon appealed to its other subjects1 offering to leave the matter to their arbitration2 for the town desired peace1 knowing well that neither quick nor efficient aid could be counted on by them from the neighboring cantons1 which were all ,catholic4 ,these subjects of ,berne1 flattered by the confidence reposed in them by the authorities1 decided in their favor1 saying3 #8,the worldly rights of the convent go to the worldly authorities1 and are in no wise the property of the peasants4' ,on hearing this1 the rebellious countryfolk of ,grindelwald returned to their homes1 but in no contented mood1 although the town had relieved them from many burdens1 in favor of their suffering poor40 ,and curious it was to note the tight hold still retained on these same worldly goods by the commune of ,interlachen1 and to see1 after a lapse of three centuries1 their bureaux administratifs still located in the cloisters2 nor can it be supposed that the 8suffering poor0 of ,grindelwald have reaped much benefit from their three centuries of secular masters1 if we may judge by the numberless beggars who now overrun that whole district4 ,having then related that much discontent at the state of affairs was felt by the monks of ,interlachen1 the abbot of ,engelberg1 and the inhabitants of ,oberhasli--a district which1 though under the protection of ,berne1 held many rights and privileges independent of that town--,zschokke proceeds3 8,when the commune of ,oberhasli1 encouraged by the monks of ,engelberg and their neighbors of ,unterwalden1 likewise drove away the ,protestant parsons1 and sent to ,uri and ,unterwalden for ,catholic priests1 those of ,grindelwald did the same2 ,aeschi1 ,frutigen1 ,obersimmel1 and other villages followed their example1 and the ,unterwaldeners even sent them military assistance across the ,brunig4 ,but ,berne flew to arms at once1 and her army marched on rapidly1 before the secession had time to increase4 ,the timid and discontented peasants fled in a panic1 and even the ,unterwaldeners retreated over the mountain4 ,berne then punished ,oberhasli severely--took away its public seal and many other privileges for a long period2 for ever deprived the valley of the right to elect its own landamman2 had the ringleaders of the movement executed1 and forced the others to plead for pardon on their knees1 surrounded by a circle of armed soldiers4 ,frutigen1 the ,simmenthal1 and others were also brought back by main force to the ,protestant faith0--if 8faith0 that can be called1 we may add1 which shows no sign of life in all these places4 ,in no happy frame of mind we pushed on next day to ,berne1 half inclined to abandon the remainder of our ,swiss tour--an inclination which had ripened to a determination by the time we met our friend in the hall of the ,berner ,hof on the following morning4 ,in ,berne1 as in other of the large ,swiss towns1 ,catholicity has made itself both seen and felt of late years1 and a handsome church has recently been built there1 in place of the one which was formerly shared with the ,lutherans in that extraordinary manner still in operation in one or two ,protestant parts of ,germany4 ,some friends of ours1 who had passed through ,berne about fifteen years ago1 had been at ,mass early one ,sunday morning1 and1 returning at a later hour1 found the same church in possession of the ,protestants1 the only difference observable being the 8communiontable10 then placed at the end opposite to the ,catholic altar1 and the chairs turned round in that direction4 ,this anomalous state of things has now ceased1 and the new ,catholic church is both pretty and well served4 ,but the weekday congregation is very small1 and the halfpast seven o'clock ,mass we found but thinly attended4 ,still1 there it is1 even so1 in striking contrast to the ,protestant cathedral4 ,in pleasing contrast1 were more truly said2 for this beautiful pre,reformation cathedral1 with its splendid porch of the ,wise and ,foolish ,virgins1 its elaboratelycarved choir1 and its old stainedglass ,history of the ,blessed ,eucharist1 is lifeless and colorless in its present aspect4 ,though we went there at an early hour1 every door was closed1 except one at the side1 jealously guarded by a cross old woman1 who hindered all entrance until we had each paid thirty centimes4 ,then we were handed on to another woman--between them they had charge of the church--who ran from one party of sightseers to another1 showing off the different points in a loud voice1 just as if it were a museum or any other secular building6 ,had it been an ,english cathedral church even1 there would probably have been a daily service2 but then such a pious practice seemed quite as unfamiliar as to the peasants of ,grindelwald4 ,the old guardian stared at us in blank surprise on our asking the question1 and--seeming to imply that she detected we were 8,papists0--proudly answered1 8,certainly not6 ,only on ,sundays1 and then at nine o'clock40 ,as usual1 no communiontable stood in the place of the high altar1 but here1 as in many other ,swiss churches1 a large black marble table which serves for this purpose stands right in front of the choir and pulpit1 and the stalls immediately near were assigned to the 8,guardian of the ,holy ,supper0 and one or two other of the church functionaries4 ,in the cathedral square outside1 the town has recently placed the beautiful statue of ,rudolf von ,erlach1 the great hero of ,laupen1 one of the startingpoints of its history1 in #acci4 ,it was impossible1 as we passed it1 not to remember that the most glorious victories of ,berne were fought and won in those olden days of the true faith1 when her sons knew how to unite the love of freedom with devotion to the church and obedience to her authority1 and that one of the prominent causes of that great and victorious battle was their refusal to recognize the ,emperor ,louis of ,germany1 simply because the pope had recently excommunicated him4 ,those golden days of ,bernese history6 of which her ,protestant historian1 ,zschokke1 is constrained to say that 8the town1 which was threatened with entire destruction1 became so victorious as henceforward to threaten destruction to all her enemies4 ,her citizens had fought with one thousand iron arms against ten thousand2 all with one mind and one heart2 no one for himself1 but all for the good of the town4 ,in this manner alone can wonders be effected40 ,full of sad thoughts on the degeneracy of her present children1 who strive to use their powerful influence over the rest of their confederates for the persecution and suppression of their former faith1 we turned to seek information at the railway station about the trains to ,lyons or ,mcon1 persuaded that a further stay on ,swiss ground would only increase our discontent2 and1 truly1 our wrath grew to fever heat when1 passing by the bookstall1 we found it filled with the most shocking caricatures--and worse--of everything ,catholic1 nay1 everything religious4 ,illustrated ,lives of the ,saints1 ,of the ,pious ,helen1 and such like titles1 got up in the most attractive form1 first caught our eyes and rejoiced our hearts with the hope of better things2 but anything more scandalous than the scenes there depicted1 the low1 disgraceful ideas put forward1 in the coarsest style1 by both pen and pencil1 we never before beheld exposed in any civilized community4 ,in ,england the police would at once have interfered and seized the whole establishment4 ,here they covered the book stall2 and the woman who presided showed us undisguisedly that they were written and printed in ,germany1 and sent here for sale4 ,what hope is there for populations who1 in the name of religion1 can countenance such wickedness8 ,it was at this stage of our perambulations and in this condition of mind that1 on returning to the hotel1 we had encountered ,mrs4 ,c----4 ,she was no ,catholic1 but1 entering into all our feelings1 she protested that we should find everything quite different in the ,catholic cantons1 if we only would make the experiment4 ,she had been there often1 and knew that we should be delighted with them4 ,to every objection we made she had a ready answer4 ,besides1 what is more magical than the bright faces and kind looks of friends--above all1 of old friends1 when met abroad8 ,as a natural consequence1 therefore1 it was not surprising to us to find ourselves1 after all1 seated with this pleasant party in the train which that afternoon was leaving for ,lucerne4 ,our equanimity1 it is true1 was disturbed at the junction at ,olten--by the sight of that manufacturing town full of the 8free thought0 and advanced liberals of modern society1 the headquarters of ,old,catholic meetings1 and the only place where1 at that date1 the parish church had been given up to one of the few rebellious priests1 whilst its true pastor was obliged to live in a small private house1 where he still ministered to his old flock as in the days of early ,christian persecution4 ,but we soon reached ,lucerne and a ,catholic atmosphere1 and what befell us in that quarter1 what we saw and heard from its people1 shall be related in the following chapters to our kind and indulgent readers4 ,epigram on ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,scivit in extremis statuum defendere fdus3 ,reddidit optatam collecto milite pacem4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,a ,taper ,lighted1 ,and ,a ,taper ,blown ,out4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,our two travellers did not know how far removed they were from the common ways of life till they were again on land4 ,the strangeness of a seavoyage had made their own strangeness less apparent2 but when they saw homes1 and all the daily interests of life moving on as once they had moved for them1 familiar things assumed in their eyes a certain grotesque appearance1 and they scarcely knew themselves or each other4 ,how hollow sounded the careless laugh they heard1 how terrible the jest6 ,how impossible they found it to comprehend how business and pleasure could absorb men's souls6 ,to them this gay and busy world was wandering recklessly on the brink of an unseen precipice which they alone could see4 ,annette ,gerald had adopted her husband's inner1 as well as his outer1 life--had1 as it were1 stepped inside his guilt1 and wrapped it round her1 and his world was henceforth her world4 ,with his eyes she saw a leafless and flowerless ,england sweep behind her as they sped onward to ,london2 and she shrank1 even as he did1 when the thick fog of the great city took them in and shut them as if in walls of stone4 8,we cannot stay here10 her husband said4 8,i should lose my senses in twentyfour hours4 ,this fog makes me feel like a smoky house4 ,are you too tired to go on8 ,do let us have sunshine1 at least40 ,no1 she was never too tired to go on with him4 ,they had a compartment to themselves1 and1 weary as they were1 started on again1 a little relieved in mind4 ,no one had accosted them in either of the great cities1 and there seemed to be no immediate danger4 ,overcome with fatigue and loss of sleep1 they both leaned back in the soft cushions1 and slept soundly till some sound or a slackening of their speed awakened them4 ,the ,london fog was far away1 and they found themselves passing slowly and smoothly through a cloudworld of blue and silver4 ,there was no land in sight4 ,the window at one side showed them a cliff that might be alabaster1 and might be an illuminated cloud4 ,at the other side1 a deepblue sea1 foamflecked1 and a deep blue sky halfveiled in silvery mists1 were so entangled with each other that only where the full moon rode could they be sure that it was sky1 and only where the wave ran up and curled over in foam almost within their reach could they be sure that it was water4 8,the fairies have taken possession of ,dover10 ,annette said4 8,i hope they have not whisked the steamer away4 ,no2 here it is4 ,we will stay on deck1 ,lawrence4 ,it is not cold40 ,as they steamed out into the channel1 another scene of enchantment took the place of the ordinary view4 ,as they withdrew from the town1 it showed only a crescent of lights2 lights clustered all over the foamy water1 and stars clustered in openings of the fleecy clouds above1 so that they moved as if swimming through constellations4 8,i hardly know which is up and which is down10 ,lawrence said4 8,is ,europe made of clay and rock1 like ,america80 ,his wife was leaning on his arm1 and they stood looking over the rail of the little steamer4 8,we might come this way a hundred times1 and not see such a sight10 she replied4 8,but there is land beyond4 ,that is ,france--that low1 dark line4 ,in a few hours we shall be in ,paris4 ,i shall be glad to rest when we get there40 ,but when they reached it1 ,paris was as much too light as ,london had been too dark4 ,in the one city a foe might stumble upon them at any moment2 in the other1 he might see them from afar4 ,they went to a dingy little hotel in the old part of ,paris1 and stayed there one day1 trying to find rest1 but in vain4 ,every sound made their hearts beat more quickly2 every glance and sudden step near them sent the blood to their faces4 ,besides1 the quiet of the place afforded them no distraction from their thoughts4 ,the noises in the narrow street on which the hotel was built were all shut out by the heavy portal1 and the quadrangle was as still as a forest solitude4 ,ivy climbed about the windows1 a tiny fountain overflowed and ran in a stream across the pavement1 and the only persons who appeared were the clergymen who were the chief patrons of the house1 and now and then the universal waiter and servant of servants1 ,franois1 who shuffled across the view1 a napkin over his arm1 and his heavy head dropped forward1 so that only a great ball of frowzy dark hair was visible4 8,we cannot stay here10 ,annette said1 as they stood by the window the first evening after their arrival4 8,it is too much like a prison40 ,she felt her husband start1 and made haste to add3 8,it is stupid1 and ,i fancy the air is not good4 ,besides1 ,paris is too gay1 if we go out into the city4 ,we do not want gaiety1 ,lawrence4 ,we want some earnest employment for our time40 8,we will go to ,rome10 he said4 8,rome60 she hesitated4 8,one meets everybody there10 she said2 8and there are so many idlers1 too1 who have nothing to do but talk of other people's affairs4 ,are you sure you wish to go to ,rome1 dear80 8,i must go6 ,i have an object in going there10 he exclaimed1 excited by the first show of even slight opposition4 8,i stake all on ,rome4 ,whatever happens to me1 let it happen there40 8,we will go1 then10 she answered soothingly4 8,and we may as well set out tonight4 ,nothing is unpacked1 and we have three hours before the train starts40 ,he walked to and fro over the stone floor of their little sittingroom1 which allowed only half a dozen paces1 so narrow was it4 8,three hours60 he muttered4 8,it is too much6 ,cannot we go out8 ,there must be a church near40 8,yes2 in ,france and in ,italy there is always a church near40 ,they went into the fading sunset1 and soon found themselves entering the old church of ,s4 ,etienne du ,mont4 ,inside1 the pale gloaming was changed to a richlytinted gloom that grew every moment deeper4 ,here and there a lamp marked some picture or shrine held in special veneration1 and far away in the apse of the church1 where the shadows stretched off till they seemed reaching out to eternity1 burned a single point of light1 as small as a star4 ,annette clasped her hands over her husband's arm1 and leaned her cheek close to his shoulder1 as they stood near the door and looked at this little beacon4 8,o ,lawrence60 she whispered1 8it is like the light the mother sets in the window to guide her children home at night4 ,o me6 ,o me60 she cried pitifully4 8,what is to become of us60 ,a crown of tapers burned about the shrine where the body of ,s4 ,genevive had once lain1 and an old woman sat near by with her prayerbook1 presiding over a table piled with tapers of different lengths1 her white cap showing like a little heap of snow in the place4 8,people buy tapers for a sou or two1 and set them by the shrine to honor ,s4 ,genevive and remind her of their needs10 ,annette said softly as they approached this illuminated space4 8,would you like to offer one80 ,lawrence ,gerald had been wont to mock somewhat at such observances in the old time before life had been shattered about him and shown eternity between its gaps4 ,now he went eagerly forward1 selected a taper1 lighted it1 and placed it1 whispering a prayer while his fingers lingered on it4 ,annette followed his example1 placing her offering beside his1 and making her request also4 ,as they were turning away1 a sacristan approached them from the next chapel1 and asked if they had any article they would like to have touched to the inside of the shrine4 ,annette immediately gave him her rosary1 which he laid an instant where the saint's body had lain4 8,ask him if ,i can put my hands in10 ,lawrence whispered4 8,certainly you can60 she answered with dignity1 seeing the man look rather curiously at him4 ,she held the lid open1 and her husband put both his hands in1 and instantly drew them back1 his eyes dilating and his color rising1 as if he had put them into fire4 ,they walked on past the grand altar1 and knelt in a nook by a confessional4 ,the daylight faded1 and the smouldering fires of the windows went out in black and ashen gray4 ,but when no outer brightness was left to enter and show the glories of that house of ,god1 the lamps and tapers inside burned with a clearer flame4 ,they shed a faint illumination through the vast twilight2 they spread a soft gilding up the height of the clustered pillars1 and made tender the gloom brooding in the roof that arched over their capitals2 they sparkled on the crowns of the saints1 and touched marble faces with such a holy radiance that a soul seemed to shine through them4 ,a slight stir in the confessional near them showed that a priest was there4 8,lawrence10 said ,annette suddenly1 8may ,i go to confession80 8,wait a minute10 he answered4 8,i will go first1 and then you will only need to say that you are my wife40 ,his tone revealed a bitter pain2 for unconsciously her question had shown that there was no weight on her conscience save that which he had placed there1 and that she was more in need of consolation than of forgiveness4 ,she sank on to her knees again4 8,o my ,god60 she murmured1 8has it come to this1 that ,i must enter thy house without being able to find comfort there80 ,it was nearly half an hour before ,lawrence joined her1 and they went out together4 8,i have no wish to go now10 she said when he offered to wait while she went to confession4 8,besides1 there is no time1 if we are to start tonight40 8,do you know1 ,annette1 what ,i prayed for when ,i put the taper up in honor of ,s4 ,genevive80 her husband asked when they were again in the street4 8,i asked that my mother may die in peace before the month is out4 ,that will be in less than two weeks40 8,my poor ,lawrence60 she sighed4 8,and can you guess the reason why ,i wish1 above all things1 to go to ,rome1 and don't much care what may happen after80 he went on4 8,of course you cannot4 ,well1 ,i want to receive absolution from the ,pope4 ,i go to confession1 and pour out my story there1 and ,i feel no better for it2 or1 if ,i feel better than ,i should without confession1 ,i am still not at peace4 ,i don't feel absolved4 ,yet ,i want to go to confession every hour of the day4 ,i am like the ,ancient ,mariner1 who had to tell his story to every one he met4 ,i want to tell mine to every priest in the world40 8,but1 dear ,lawrence10 she said1 8that will not be so easy to compass4 ,don't expect such a privilege too confidently4 ,you know we cannot have an audience1 because we cannot go to him under false names4 ,if we could1 his blessing would satisfy you1 would it not8 ,but ,i see no way1 dear1 though ,i would not discourage you40 ,for once her objections did not irritate him4 8,i have been thinking of it ever since we left ,america10 he said2 8and in one way or another ,i shall succeed4 ,yes1 his blessing would be enough2 and if there were no other way1 ,i could tell him my real name4 ,now1 we must make haste4 ,we have just time to reach the station40 ,how many hearts have quickened in their beating as they travelled that road1 drawing near to ,italy6 ,how many eyes have gazed eagerly at that first cross1 set aloft on the mountain side1 at the first shrine of the ,virgin ,mother6 ,and then come the armies of poplars and solemn cypresses4 8,they look as if the dead warriors1 and prelates1 and poets had risen from their graves1 and were staring out over ,italy to see what their degenerate sons were doing10 ,annette said4 8,see how tightly they hold their cold green robes about them60 ,our travellers slept a few hours at ,turin1 and1 resuming their journey before daylight1 reached ,florence in the evening4 ,and here1 having some time to wait1 they wandered out1 hoping to find a church open2 but all were closed at this hour4 ,presently they found themselves standing on the bridge of the ,holy ,trinity1 listening to a burst of wild music from many bugles1 played by some unseen band4 ,so loud and piercing was the strain1 the very stars appeared to tremble as it went up4 ,then1 as suddenly as it rose1 it dropped again1 and all was silent4 ,the city was quiet1 and the ,arno gleamed across it like a jewelled cestus across a sleeping breast4 ,its waters seemed to have crystallized into a purple enamel about the golden reflections of the lights along its banks1 not a ripple showing which way they flowed4 ,not far away1 another bridge spanned the tide1 its soft and dreamlike arches set roundly over the answering arches in the deeps below4 ,a small boat1 faintly seen1 shot underneath this bridge1 and disappeared4 ,it was a vision of ,florence as one sees it in history and poetry4 ,the two strangers leaned on the balustrade of the bridge1 and1 as they gazed1 felt the curse upon them grow less sharp1 as though they were ghosts1 and their crime some old1 old story1 touched with a sad splendor by poet and painter1 and half washed away by the tears of pitying generations4 ,standing there1 silent and half comforted1 they became aware of a low1 murmurous sound of many feet and voices2 and then a long line of white robed figures appeared1 carrying torches4 ,a bier was borne aloft in their midst1 what it held covered with an embroidered pall that glistened with gold4 ,these men recited prayers together as they went1 and the river and bridge were for a moment bright with the glare of their torches4 ,then they disappeared1 and a starlighted quiet reigned again over the city of flowers4 ,annette touched her husband's arm1 and they reluctantly turned away from that spot where first they had experienced a feeling of peace4 ,and then1 all night they plunged deeper and deeper into ,italy1 till morning and the ,eternal ,city met their faces1 and dazzled them4 8,thank ,god6 ,i am in ,rome at last10 exclaimed ,lawrence4 8,now nothing but death shall tear me away from it40 ,yes1 there it was6 the crumbling1 stately city of the past1 looking as if it had just risen from the bottom of the sea1 after having been submerged for centuries4 ,it was all a faded gold color1 like autumn leaves1 and its narrow streets were chilly1 as though death had breathed through them4 ,but its heights were warm and sunny1 and its dusky trees and hedges were steeped in warmth1 and over its magnificent decay the sky was fresh and blue1 and the morning sunshine flowed bountifully4 8,now10 said ,mrs4 ,gerald1 becoming businesslike at once1 8we must first engage an apartment1 and get our luggage into it4 ,i think ,i know ,italian enough for that1 thanks to the songs ,i have learned40 8,do you propose singing an aria to call a cab80 her husband asked4 8,and will you engage an apartment to the tune of #8,hear me1 ,norma'80 ,he smiled1 and for a breath looked like his old self4 ,but the next instant his face changed4 ,the thought of his mother was enough to banish the smile for ever4 ,that thought had taken full possession of him1 filling him with a terror1 sorrow1 and longing that burned in his heart like consuming fire4 ,his flight had been made with no feeling but fear for himself2 but with the first breath of the air of the city of saints1 he inhaled a penitence which was without taint of weakness4 ,while his wife1 then1 arranged their affairs1 and attended to the preparation of their little mnage1 he took in hand the one work possible for him--the study of his own soul4 ,this anguish for his mother1 whom he loved deeply1 much as he had wronged her1 was like a sword that cleft the selfish crust of his nature4 ,his whole life came up before him with merciless distinctness--all its ingratitude1 its pettishness1 its littleness1 its sinful waste1 its many downward steps leading to the final plunge to ruin4 ,he saw1 as if it were before him1 his mother's loving1 patient face2 he heard1 as if she were speaking at his side1 her sad and tremulous voice2 and more pathetic even than her sorrow were the brief moments of happiness he had given her1 her smile of pride in him1 her delight when he showed her some mark of affection1 her eager anticipation of his wishes4 ,as he went back over this past1 the selfpity1 the blindness1 the false shame1 were stripped away from him1 and he saw himself as he was4 8,nothing but utter ruin could have brought me to my senses10 he said to his wife one day1 when he had been sitting for a long while silent1 gazing out at a little fountain that sprang into air in a vain effort to reach the laden orangetree that overshadowed it4 ,she made no reply1 and he needed none4 ,she had let him go his own ways1 keeping watch1 but never interfering4 ,she had nothing to do for him now but wait and see what sort of call he would make on her4 ,he wandered from church to church1 and knelt at every shrine in the city of shrines4 ,wherever the signal lamp told that there some troubled soul had found help1 he sent up his petition4 ,he glanced with indifferent eyes past the rich marbles and gilding2 but when a face looked from marble or canvas with an expression that touched his heart1 there he made his appeal4 ,the luxuries of life grew loathsome to him2 fashion and gaiety were to him like a taunt of the evil one1 who had used them as lures for his destruction4 ,he hated the fineness of his own clothes1 the daintiness of his food4 ,none of the people he saw seemed to him enviable1 save the poor monks in their coarse brown robes1 with their bare feet thrust into rough sandals4 ,in his own house he lived like an ascetic4 ,now and then he would rouse himself from this stern and prolonged examen to think of his wife4 ,she had claims on him which1 perhaps1 he was forgetting4 8,you poor child60 he said1 8we are not in ,india1 that you should immolate yourself over my dead hopes4 ,what can ,i do for you4 ,i would free you1 if ,i could40 8,you are not to think of me10 she replied quietly4 8,it is ,god who now commands you to think of yourself40 8,yes60 he exclaimed1 8,i have made my own instruments of torture4 ,having thought of myself when it was a sin1 ,i am forced to think of myself when it is a torment4 ,and ,i escape that thought only to remember my victims4 ,annette1 but one day is left of the four weeks4 ,o my mother6 if space could be annihilated1 and ,i could be with you till it is over6 ,if ,i could but know what has happened1 what will happen1 to her60 ,he had spent the whole day in a church near by1 sometimes praying before an altar1 sometimes gazing at the pictures1 in search of a divine meaning that might be hidden in them2 but oftener1 withdrawn to a dusky nook where only a single lamp burned before a head crowned with thorns1 he gave himself up to grief4 8,it is useless to wish and repine10 his wife replied sadly4 8,that is one of the weaknesses we must cure ourselves of4 ,since it is only a torment to imagine what may be taking place at home1 let us try to banish the thought1 leaving all in the hands of ,god4 ,and now1 ,lawrence1 do you know that you have eaten nothing today8 ,when you stay so long again1 ,i shall go after you4 ,in ,rome1 at this season1 it is dangerous to allow the strength to fail4 ,you will soon be ill1 if you go on fasting so40 8,and what matter if ,i should80 he asked4 ,the wife waited till the servant had placed the dinner on the table and gone out before she spoke1 and the moment of consideration had made her resolve on a stern answer1 however willingly she would have given a tender one4 ,she had long since discovered that her husband was one of those whom the flatteries of affection enervate instead of stimulating1 and she was not sure enough of a radical change having taken place in him to yield to her own impulse to soothe and persuade when reproof might be more effectual4 8,of all the gifts which ,god has bestowed on you10 she said1 8you have cast away every one but life2 but with that life you may yet atone1 and become a blessing to the world4 ,it is your duty to watch over the only means left you of making reparation40 ,he did not show the slightest displeasure at her reproof4 ,on the contrary1 there seemed to be something in it almost pleasant to him4 ,perhaps the suggestion that he might yet be a blessing in the world1 incredible as that appeared1 inspired him with an undefined hope4 ,he dwelt thoughtfully on her words in a way that was becoming habitual to him whenever she spoke with peculiar seriousness1 and ,annette1 seeing his humility1 was half sorry for having put it to the test4 ,with a confused impulse to give him at least some pitiful and perilous comfort1 she poured a glass of wine1 and placed it by him1 well aware that for weeks he had not drunk any4 ,he put it away decidedly4 8,i would as soon drink poison1 ,annette10 he said reproachfully4 8,i did not think that you would offer it to me40 ,she withdrew the glass immediately1 ashamed of her weakness1 and making a hasty apology4 8,if ,i had known you had made any resolution on the subject1 ,i would not have offered it10 she said4 8,forgive me6 ,i never will again40 8,oh6 there was no resolution needed10 he said4 8,if you had been burned almost to death once1 would you need to resolve not to go into the fire again8 ,i fancy the sight of it would be enough4 ,but ,i think ,i may promise never again to take wine1 unless ,i should be commanded to by some one who knows better than ,i40 ,his wife did not reply4 ,this was a degree of asceticism which she had not expected and was afraid to trust4 ,she had expected him to refuse indulgences1 but not consolations4 ,indeed1 she did not now understand her husband1 and her hope of his redemption was but a trembling one4 ,this selfdenial might be only another illustration of that instability which rushes from one extreme to the other1 only to return to its first excess4 ,we all know how to rely on that natural firmness1 which the sad experience of mankind has shown to be never so strong but it may fail at any hour2 but the supernatural strength of the naturally weak who have cast themselves on ,god often finds no doubting4 ,we miss the firm lips1 the steady eyes1 the undaunted brow--those signs of a resolute soul which the pagan shares with the ,christian--and we forget that the tremulous mouth we distrust has sighed out its prayer to ,him who is mighty1 the shrinking eyes have looked upon the hills whence help cometh1 the timid brow has been hidden beneath the wing of an angel guardian1 and that1 faltering though the soul may have been1 and may be again1 the shield of ,god is before it1 and it can be conquered by no human strength4 ,this soul had made such an advance as to be conscious of some such fortitude infused into it4 ,lawrence ,gerald had no fear of falling into his former sins4 ,he might have the misery of seeing the destruction he had brought on others1 might be himself destroyed by a sorrow and remorse too great to bear2 but he had an immovable conviction that he could never again return to his old ways nor commit any grave transgression4 ,it was this conviction which had made him say that nothing but destruction could have brought him to his senses4 8,i like that church you took me to this morning10 he said1 walking slowly up and down the room4 8,the others1 many of them1 seem to me fit only for the happy4 ,they are all display and confusion and sightseers1 with scarcely a nook in them where a person in trouble can hide4 ,they do not give me any impression of sacredness4 ,but this one is so quiet and sober1 and there are no people standing about with guidebooks1 talking aloud while you are praying or trying to pray4 ,then there is a little place1 half chapel1 half vestibule1 between the church and the sacristy1 where a side door enters the church1 with an ,ecce ,homo in a little shrine2 and there you can be quite private1 without any one staring at you4 ,i shall go to that church altogether40 ,the church he spoke of was ,santa ,maria della ,pace4 8,it is ,our ,lady of ,peace10 his wife said1 8and was built to commemorate the peace of ,christendom4 ,i thought it would please you4 ,surely some special consolation and tranquillity should linger about a temple built and cemented with such an intention4 ,i like it1 too1 better than most others we have visited1 though it is not so splendid as many40 ,she did not tell him that1 after having left his side1 when the early ,mass was over1 she had lingered in the church till it was closed at noon1 not to watch him1 but to be near him4 ,requesting the sacristan to withdraw the curtain covering the ,four ,sibyls of ,raphael1 she had seated herself before the chapel opposite1 and divided her attention between that matchless vision and the unquiet figure that moved about the church4 ,once he had come near1 but without seeming aware of her presence1 and1 standing at her side1 had gazed with her4 ,and while he gazed1 she had seen the trouble in his face grow still for a moment4 ,the noble serenity of that composition1 so soothing to eyes wearied by the sprawling magnificence of ,michael ,angelo and the everpresent1 dishevelled1 windtossed figures of ,bernini1 lifted his soul to a higher plane4 ,even when he sighed and turned away1 as if not willing to allow himself the pleasure of looking at so much beauty1 he carried something of that spirit of harmony with him4 8,lawrence10 his wife said presently1 when she had borne his restless promenade as long as she could1 8,i know that you did not sleep any last night4 ,i wish that you would take a powder that ,i will give you1 and try to sleep now4 ,you look worn out4 ,lie down on the sofa here1 and ,i will keep everything quiet40 ,he shook his head4 8,i would rather not take anything to make me sleep1 ,ninon4 ,and tonight ,i would not sleep1 if ,i could4 ,but ,i will lie down here a little while2 for ,i am tired1 now ,i think of it40 ,he threw himself on the sofa1 and she placed a screen before him1 and closed the window near his head1 so that even the soft plashing of the fountain was shut out1 and the small notes of birds that twittered in the great pinetree in the garden4 ,and after a little while1 finding him still restless1 she went to the piano1 and sang how ,god sent ,elias to reassure and comfort a doubting and tempted soul4 ,the notes flowed with a soothing murmur from under her fingers1 and her voice1 no longer the brilliant1 ringing tones he had taken such pride in1 was so low it might be a spirit singing3 8,tell him that his very longing ,is itself an answering cry2 ,that his prayer1 #8,come1 gracious ,alla6' ,is my answer1 #8,here am ,i6' ,every inmost aspiration ,is ,god's angel undefiled2 ,and in every ',o my ,father6' ,slumbers deep a #8,here1 my child6' 0 ,ending1 she listened a moment1 then stole across the room1 and looked behind the screen4 ,lawrence was sleeping1 with his head thrown back1 his beautiful profile and moist1 dark curls thrown out strongly by the garnet cushions and pillow4 ,she went to the window1 and seated herself on a footstool near it1 wrapping the long red curtains about her1 and leaning against the wall4 ,the sculptured marble of that stately salon was cold against her cheek2 a flock of doves wheeling about over the garden caught some last rays of the sun on their wings1 and threw them down over her1 so that little white wings seemed to be fluttering all around the room2 the casement slipped open1 and the sound of tossing waters and twittering birds again became audible2 but the watcher there took no note of these things4 ,she was looking at the figure stretched on the sofa1 and thinking that in all ,rome there was no ruin so mournful and so terrible4 ,he was like some fair column stricken from out a temple and cast aside into the dust2 not touched by the hand of time1 that1 with its slow toandfro of days and nights1 and seasons and years1 lulls all the pain of decay to sleep1 but broken and scathed1 as if by lightning4 ,while she looked1 he stirred1 and opened his eyes2 and the sympathetic pain with which she saw how he came back to a consciousness of his position almost drew an outcry from her4 ,the first tranquil1 half wondering glance which saw1 instead of the familiar surroundings of his childhood and youth1 that immense room1 with its profuse hangings and painted ceiling1 and the long windows opening like doors2 then the brief flash of startled questioning2 lastly1 the anguish of full recollection4 8,o my ,god6 my ,god60 he exclaimed1 and hid his face in the cushions again4 ,she was at his side in a moment4 8,let us go out for a long drive1 ,lawrence10 she said4 8,there will be a bright moonlight tonight1 and we can see so many places by it4 ,come6 ,i will send for a carriage at once4 ,there is nothing else for either of us to do40 ,nothing could have shown more clearly the change in ,lawrence ,gerald than his manner of receiving this proposal4 ,instead of expressing at once his aversion1 and reproaching his wife that she could believe it possible for him to go sightseeing at such a time1 he stopped to consider if what she thought best might not be best1 however it should seem to him4 8,you must think for me now1 ,annette10 he said with a sort of despair4 8,you know ,i do not wish to seek pleasure nor distraction2 but ,i suppose ,i must live40 ,she sent for a carriage at once1 and they went out under the full moon that was beginning to replace1 with its pearly southern lights and northern shadows1 the fading crosslights of the sun4 ,they drove to the ,colosseum1 not yet despoiled of its sacred emblems1 and1 kneeling there in the dust1 made the stations in their own way4 ,annette named each one as they reached it1 then left her husband to make his meditation1 or to utter the ejaculation that started up from his tormented heart1 as sharp as a blade from its sheath4 ,at last they stood together by the crucifix1 with the moonlight falling on them and through the great arches in a silvery rain4 ,annette saw her husband wipe his forehead1 though the night was cool4 ,he breathed heavily1 and looked at the earth beneath his feet1 as if he saw through it1 and beheld the martyr lying where he fell centuries before4 8,o my dear60 she said1 8,i know that there is no lion like remorse4 ,but is it no comfort to you that you are not alone80 8,it is both a comfort and a pain10 he answered gently4 8,i should be desolate without you1 and ,i should have done something desperate1 perhaps1 if ,i had been alone4 ,you must understand my gratitude and my regret without expecting me to express them4 ,i cannot speak4 ,i know ,i have wronged you bitterly1 and that you are an angel of goodness to me2 but ,i can say no more about it4 ,if ,i were at my mother's feet this moment1 ,i should be speechless4 ,i cannot pray even4 ,i acknowledge the justice of ,god1 and will endure whatever he sends4 ,that is all ,i can say40 ,he had forced himself to speak1 she perceived1 with a great effort4 ,the season of complaints and outcries had gone past1 and he had entered on the way of silence4 ,they went out1 and left the ruin to its solemn tenants--the gliding shadows1 which might be the troubled ghosts of the slayers1 and the floating lights1 which might be the glorified souls of the slain1 visiting the loved spot where they had seen the heavens open for them4 ,the streets were nearly deserted when the two returned to them1 their horses walking4 ,they stopped at the fountain of ,trevi1 leaned awhile on the stone rail1 and watched the streams that burst in snowy foam all along the front4 8,what a heap of coals and ashes ,rome would be without her fountains60 ,annette said4 8,it would be like a family of patriarchs where no children are seen4 ,and yet the waters do not always seem to me so childish4 ,theirs is the youth and freshness of angels4 ,see how triumphant they look6 ,they have been a long while in the dark1 till they may have despaired of ever seeing the sun again4 ,it is the way of souls1 ,lawrence4 ,they walk in darkness and pain1 they cannot see their way1 and they sometimes doubt if light any longer exists4 ,and at last they burst from their prison1 and find themselves in the city of ,god40 8,yes10 he said1 8but they have not sinned2 they have only suffered4 ,i have always thought1 ,annette1 that the saints have the easier life4 ,you know we are told that the way of the transgressor is hard40 8,but the saints did not choose that life because it was the easier10 she replied4 8,they gave no thought to such a reward1 but it was bestowed on them2 and probably1 when they chose1 the other way seemed the easier1 in spite of what the preacher says4 ,the person who chooses a good life because it is the easier will never persevere in it2 for the devil will always persuade him that he has made a mistake1 and1 since he chose from a selfish motive1 ,god will owe him no help4 ,the saints took what was hard1 and what seemed the hardest because it was right1 and left the consequences with ,god2 and they had their reward4 ,the sinner takes what seems the easiest1 and thinks only of himself2 and he1 too1 has his reward4 ,do not the waters look lovely8 ,they are so fresh and new6 ,how beautiful an image it is to compare divine grace to a fountain60 ,they drove on through the town1 across the bridge of ,s4 ,angelo1 and saw the angel sheathing his sword--or was he unsheathing it8--against the sky1 and1 leaving their carriage at the entrance of the piazza of ,s4 ,peter's1 walked across it to that majestic temple1 which1 more than any other1 and at that hour more than ever1 seemed worthy of the ,spouse of the ,spirit4 ,golden and white1 the mystical flood of moonlight veiled it1 rippling along its colonnades1 glittering in its fountains1 setting a pavement of chalcedony across the piazza and up the wide ascent1 and trembling round the dome that swelled upward like a breast full with the divine milk and honey with which the church nourishes her children4 ,lawrence stopped near the obelisk4 8,the first question the church asked of me when ,i was brought before her1 an infant10 he said1 8was what ,i had come to ask of her1 and my sponsors answered for me1 ,faith4 ,now once again she asks the same question40 ,he was silent a moment1 looking up at the church1 but with eyes that saw only the sacred ,mother4 ,tears rolled down his face1 and his lips trembled2 but there was no sign of that desperate passion which had so worn him4 8,i ask for forgiveness and perseverance10 he said4 ,she observed that he did not ask for peace4 ,he went forward to the steps1 and knelt there2 and as he wept and prayed1 his wife heard ever the same petition that ,god would have mercy on his mother1 that in some way he would spare her the blow that threatened to fall upon her1 and that she might know how he loved her and mourned his ingratitude4 ,annette withdrew from her husband1 and paced to and fro not far away4 ,she1 too1 had a mother who was about to be stricken with grief on her account1 and whom she might never again see in life4 ,she had almost forgotten her husband and how time was flying1 when she heard his voice at her side4 8,my poor ,annette1 ,i am killing you10 he said4 8,come home4 ,see6 the day is breaking40 ,the east was1 indeed1 growing pale with the early dawn1 and the western colonnade was throwing long shadows as the moon declined4 ,it was time for them to return4 ,chilled and exhausted1 they entered their carriage1 and were driven home4 ,the dawn of that same day1 when in its course the sun rose from the ,atlantic1 and brightened the ,new ,england shore1 saw ,mrs4 ,gerald and ,honora ,pembroke go to early ,mass together4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had visited them the morning before1 and requested them to go to communion that day1 and pray for themselves1 their friends1 and for his intention4 8,i have a difficult duty to perform10 he said1 8and ,i want all the help ,i can get4 ,so make yourselves as saintly as possible1 my dear friends4 ,confess and prepare yourselves for holy communion as if it were to be your last1 and pray with all your strength1 and do not allow a single smallest venial sin to touch you all day40 ,f4 ,chevreuse often asked them to pray for his intention1 and all they observed in this was his unusual earnestness4 ,it had the effect of making them also unusually earnest in their devotion4 ,mrs4 ,gerald was1 indeed1 so absorbed that she failed to notice that when ,honora came from the priest's house1 where she had been just before evening1 she did not look quite well4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had requested her to come there from her school1 before going home1 and she had been with him nearly an hour4 8,so you have been to confession10 ,mrs4 ,gerald said1 arranging the tray for their tea4 8,i thought we would go there together this evening40 ,she spoke in a very gentle1 almost absent way2 for she had been saying1 as she went about1 all the short prayers she could remember to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and would resume them presently4 8,so we will go together10 ,miss ,pembroke replied4 8,but ,i wanted to see ,f4 ,chevreuse this afternoon40 ,she seated herself in a shady corner of the room1 and opened her prayer book2 but it trembled so in her hand that she was forced to lay it aside1 and pretend to be occupied with her rosary instead4 ,now and then she stole a glance at her companion1 and saw with thankfulness that she was entirely occupied with her devotions4 ,as she went about1 preparing with dainty care their simple meal1 her lips were moving2 and sometimes she would pause a moment to bless herself1 or to kiss the crucifix suspended from her neck1 or to dwell on some sweet thought she had found hidden in a little prayer1 like a blossom under a leaf4 ,and later in the evening1 when the two returned from the priest's house1 there was nothing to attract attention in ,miss ,pembroke's manner2 for they sat reading and meditating till it was bedtime4 ,it was their custom1 since they lived alone1 to prepare thus strictly for the reception of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,mrs4 ,gerald stood a minute before the embers of the dying fire1 when they were ready to go upstairs1 the hand she had stretched for the bedcandle resting on the edge of the mantelpiece near it4 8,how peaceful we are here1 ,honora60 she said in her soft way1 yet rather suddenly4 ,miss ,pembroke was bending to push the few remaining coals back1 and her reply was indistinct1 yet sounded like an affirmative4 8,we have so much to be grateful for10 ,mrs4 ,gerald went on4 8,i do not think that we could be more comfortable4 ,i am sure that greater riches would disturb me4 ,indeed1 ,i never wanted riches1 except for ,lawrence2 and now he does not need them4 ,i can truly say that ,i have all ,i desire40 ,miss ,pembroke did not reply nor look up4 ,she only stooped lower1 and stretched her hands out over the coals1 as if to warm them4 ,yet the two had always been so in harmony that her silence seemed to be assent4 8,f4 ,chevreuse spoke beautifully to me tonight10 ,mrs4 ,gerald continued1 still lingering4 8,he kept me some time talking after ,i had made my confession2 and1 what is unusual with him1 he spoke of himself4 ,he said that all the favors he has to ask of ,god are for others2 but that when he comes to pray for himself1 he can only say1 #8,amen4' ,now and then1 he said1 he thinks to ask some special favor2 but when he lifts his eyes to heaven1 only one word comes3 #8,amen6 amen6' ,i did not understand1 while he spoke1 how much it meant2 but ,i have been thinking it over since ,i came home1 and ,i see that the word may include all that a ,christian need say40 ,a murmured 8,yes60 came from ,honora1 who turned her head aside that the candle might not shine in her face4 8,and now1 dear ,mrs4 ,gerald1 since we are to rise early1 we had better go to bed4 ,can ,i do anything for you8 ,is there anything to do tonight80 8,nothing1 thank you1 dear60 ,they went upstairs together1 and1 when they parted1 ,miss ,pembroke embraced her friend with unusual tenderness4 8,may you have a good night's sleep60 she said2 and1 in the anguish of her heart1 could almost have added1 8,and may you never wake60 ,for ,f4 ,chevreuse had wisely judged it best to prepare her to sustain her friend when the hour of trial should come2 and ,honora1 better than any other perhaps1 understood what that shock would be4 8,go out in the morning and dismiss your school for the day10 the priest had said to her4 8,then return home immediately1 and make some excuse for it4 ,you will easily be able to plead a headache1 ,i fancy4 ,tell ,mrs4 ,gerald that ,f4 ,o',donovan is coming to see her1 so that she may not go out4 ,and pray1 my child1 pray6 ,what else is there for any of us to do in this terrible world but pray80 ,honora was obliged to make her excuses before going to school1 for ,mrs4 ,gerald at length noticed her altered looks1 and almost insisted on dismissing the school for her4 ,but she would not allow that4 8,i shall feel better to go out than to sit in the house waiting10 she said1 quite truly4 8,but ,i will come back at once4 ,pray do not be anxious about me4 ,you know ,i am strong and healthy40 ,when she returned1 she found that ,mrs4 ,gerald had1 with motherly affection1 made every preparation for her comfort4 ,a deep sofa was pushed into a shady corner of the sittingroom1 pillows and a shawl were laid ready1 and1 as she entered the room1 she perceived the pleasant odor of pennyroyal1 their favorite remedy for colds and headaches4 ,mrs4 ,gerald set down the steaming cup she held1 and began to remove her young friend's bonnet and shawl4 8,i thought you would rather lie down here than go up stairs by yourself10 she said4 8,i will keep everything quiet40 ,honora submitted to be made an invalid of1 since this tender soul could have no greater pleasure than to relieve suffering2 allowed herself to be assisted to the sofa2 let ,mrs4 ,gerald arrange the pillows under her head and cover her with the shawl2 then drank obediently the remedy offered her4 ,but all the while her heart was sinking with an agony of apprehension1 and she listened breathlessly for a step which was to bring doom to this unconscious victim4 8,now what else can ,i do for you1 dear80 her nurse asked1 looking vainly to see what had not been done4 ,honora answered1 8,nothing02 but1 recollecting that something might be needed1 if not for her1 added1 8,you might place a glass of water and the camphorbottle here where ,i can reach them40 ,mrs4 ,gerald brought them1 from the mere pleasure of serving4 8,but you must not drink the water1 for you are to be kept warm10 she said4 8,your hands are quite cold now4 ,and1 you know1 camphor never does you any good40 ,she was about turning away when ,honora took her hand1 and detained her4 ,she dared not look up1 but she held the hand close to her cheek on the pillow4 8,dear friend10 she said in a stifled voice1 8it sometimes almost hurts me to remember how good and kind you have always been to me4 ,i hope ,i have never seemed ungrateful2 ,i have never felt so4 ,but in future ,i want to be more than ever to you4 ,let me be your daughter1 and live with you always4 ,i do not want to go away with any one else40 8,my daughter60 said ,mrs4 ,gerald1 full of loving surprise and pleasure2 and stooped to leave a kiss on the girl's forehead4 8,and now1 dear mother10 said ,honora1 8do not fancy that ,i am very sick4 ,in an hour1 all will be over40 ,mrs4 ,gerald smiled at this promise of sudden cure4 8,then ,i will leave you quiet a little while1 and go out to water my plants4 ,the seeds have come up which ,i sowed in the tracks my other two children made2 and in a day or two1 when ,lawrence and ,annette come home1 their footprints will be quite green40 ,she spoke with a gentle gaiety1 for she was happy4 ,so much affection had been shown her1 she seemed to be of such help and value to those she loved best1 that life assumed for her an aspect of spring and2 youth1 and a gladness long unknown to her rose up in her heart4 ,as she left the room1 ,honora looked eagerly after her1 raising herself on her elbow1 as soon as she was out of sight1 and listening toward the door4 ,when she heard her step on the veranda1 she started off the sofa1 and ran to look out through a blind into the garden4 ,mrs4 ,gerald was on her knees by the precious tracks1 which she had carefully enclosed with slender pegs of wood1 and was sprinkling with water the tiny blades of green that grew thickly inside4 ,a soft and tender smile played round her lips1 and the wrinkles that pain and anxiety sometimes drew in her face were all smoothed away4 ,the spring morning hung over her like a benediction1 silent and bright1 not a breath of wind stirring2 and in that secluded street1 with its cottages and embowering trees1 she was as safe from public observation as she would have been in the country4 ,honora glanced at the clock4 ,it wanted five minutes of ten4 8,five minutes more of happiness60 she murmured1 and1 from faintness1 sank on her knees before the window1 looking out still with her eyes fixed on that quiet1 bending figure4 ,mrs4 ,gerald stretched her hand and slowly made the sign of the cross over each one of those precious footprints4 8,may all their steps be toward heaven60 she whispered4 8,may angels guard them now and for ever1 and may the blessings of the poor and the suffering spring up wherever they go1 like these flowers1 in their path40 ,she rose and stood looking off into distance1 tears of earnest feeling glistening in her eyes4 8,two minutes longer60 murmured ,honora1 who felt as if the room were swimming around her1 so that she had to grasp the windowledge for support4 ,she could not see1 but she heard a step on the sidewalk1 and1 though it was more measured than usual1 there was no possibility of mistaking it4 ,only one step would come in that way and stop at their gate this morning4 ,she heard ,f4 ,o',donovan's voice1 and presently the two came into the entry together4 8,perhaps you had better come into the parlor10 ,mrs4 ,gerald was saying4 8,honora is lying down in there4 ,she has a bad headache this morning40 8,nevertheless1 we will go in and see her10 was the reply4 ,miss ,pembroke started up1 frightened at her own weakness4 ,it would never do to fail now1 when all the strength she could show would be needed4 ,she had only time to seat herself on the sofa when they entered the room4 8,my dear child6 why did you not lie still80 ,mrs4 ,gerald exclaimed4 8,i am sure ,f4 ,o',donovan would excuse you40 8,i would rather sit up1 if you will come and sit by me10 ,honora answered2 and1 taking ,mrs4 ,gerald's hands1 drew her down to the sofa1 and sat there holding her in a half embrace4 ,the lady noticed with surprise that no greeting passed between the priest and ,honora1 and that he had not uttered a word of sympathy for her illness1 nor1 indeed1 scarcely glanced at her4 ,he went to the window1 and opened one of the blinds4 8,allow me to have a ray of sunshine in the room10 he said4 8,why should we shut it out8 ,it is like divine love in a sorrowful world40 ,mrs4 ,gerald had hardly time to notice this somewhat unusual freedom of manner on the part of ,f4 ,o',donovan1 for1 as he came and seated himself near her1 she was struck by the paleness and gravity of his face4 8,are you ill8 ,has anything happened80 she asked hastily2 but he saw that in her anxiety there was no thought of danger to herself4 ,it was a friendly solicitude for him2 and she instantly glanced at ,honora1 as if connecting her illness with his altered appearance4 ,that her young friend might have some cause of trouble seemed to her quite possible2 for she had never been able to disabuse her mind of the belief that ,honora had become more interested in ,mr4 ,schninger than she would own1 and that she had never recovered entirely from the shock of his disgrace4 8,i have great news to tell you10 said ,f4 ,o',donovan4 8,mr4 ,schninger is proved innocent1 and will immediately be set at liberty40 8,how glad ,i am60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,gerald1 who immediately believed that she understood all4 8,but how is it known80 8,the real criminal has confessed10 the priest went on2 8and the confession and the circumstances are all of a sort to excite our deepest compassion4 ,for it was not a deliberate crime1 but only one of those steps which a man who has once consented to walk in the wrong path seems compelled to take4 ,the poor fellow was deceived1 and led on as all sinners are4 ,he was in pecuniary difficulties1 and yielded to a temptation to take ,f4 ,chevreuse's money1 intending to repay it4 ,the rest followed almost as a matter of course4 ,mother ,chevreuse defended her son's property1 and the poor sinner had to secure what he had risked so much to obtain1 and escape the disgrace of detection4 ,others were approaching1 and he was desperate4 ,he gave an unlucky push1 with no intention but to free himself1 and the devil looked out for the result4 ,but1 if you could know how entirely that poor soul has repented1 not only the fatal step in which his errors ended1 but every smallest fault that led to it1 you would have only pity for him4 ,mother ,chevreuse died a good and holy woman1 full of years and good works1 and perhaps her death will be the cause of one man being a saint4 ,he promises everything for the future1 and that with a fervor which no one can doubt4 ,he acknowledges the justice of any contumely and suffering and loss which may befall him4 ,the only thought too hard for him to bear is that of the sorrow he has brought on his own family4 ,if he could suffer alone1 he would not complain2 he would suffer tenfold1 if it were possible1 to spare those he loves40 ,mrs4 ,gerald had listened with intense interest to this story1 and when it was ended she drew a long breath4 8,poor man60 she sighed4 8,has he a wife80 8,yes2 he has a wife who is all devotion to him1 and who will follow him to the last4 ,she will never be separated from him40 8,will she go to prison with him8 ,will she be allowed to do that80 ,mrs4 ,gerald asked in surprise4 8,oh6 it is not a question of imprisonment10 the priest replied4 8,he has escaped1 and will probably never be taken4 ,his confession was written1 sealed1 and entrusted to a priest1 to be opened at a certain time4 ,it was opened this morning40 ,the two watched ,mrs4 ,gerald with trembling anxiety as she sat a moment with downcast eyes1 musing over this strange story4 ,honora did not dare to breathe or stir1 lest she should loosen the thunderbolt that hung suspended over their heads1 ready to drop1 and the priest was inwardly praying for wisdom to speak the right word4 8,i hope he has no mother10 ,mrs4 ,gerald said1 without looking up4 8,that is the hardest part of all10 said ,f4 ,o',donovan4 8,he has a mother4 ,it is that which renders his remorse so terrible4 ,but fortunately she is a ,christian woman1 who will know how to bend to the will of ,god1 and leave her afflictions at his feet4 ,she will be comforted by the thought that her son is a sincere penitent1 and is by this awful lesson put for ever on his guard against sins which might otherwise have seemed to him trivial40 8,oh6 but think of her responsibility60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,gerald1 raising her eyes quickly4 8,think of her remorse and fear when she looks back on her training of that child1 and thinks that all his faults and crimes may be laid at her door4 ,i know a mother's heart1 ,f4 ,o',donovan1 and ,i tell you there will be no comfort for that mother4 ,you cannot have seen her4 ,where is she8 ,i would like to go to her40 8,she does not yet know10 replied the priest1 almost in a whisper1 and stopped there1 though other words seemed about to follow4 ,she gazed at him in surprise1 and her look began to grow strange4 ,she only looked intently1 but said nothing2 and in that dreadful silence ,honora ,pembroke's arm closed tightly about her waist1 and her breath trembled on the mother's paling cheek4 8,cast yourself into the arms of ,god60 exclaimed ,f4 ,o',donovan4 8,do not think6 ,do not fear nor look abroad4 ,hide yourself in the bosom of ,god6 ,sin and sorrow are but passing clouds1 but heaven and hope and peace are eternal60 ,those beautiful violet eyes that had wept so many tears1 now dry and dilating1 were fixed upon him1 and the face changed slowly4 ,one wave of deep red had flown over it and sunk1 and from pale it had grown deathly white1 and over that whiteness had stolen a faint gray shade4 8,mother6 mother6 speak60 cried ,honora ,pembroke1 weeping2 but the form she clasped was rigid1 and the face was beginning to have a blank1 unnatural expression4 8,live for your son's sake60 said ,f4 ,o',donovan1 taking in his her cold hands--8live to see his repentance1 to see him win the forgiveness of the world and of ,god40 ,but that blankness overspread her face1 and the light in her fixed eyes grew more dim4 ,the priest stood up1 still holding strongly one of her hands1 and with his other made the sign of the cross over her1 giving with it the final absolution4 ,then he seated himself beside her1 and1 while ,honora fell at her feet1 put his arm around the rigid form1 and touched the cheeks with his warm1 magnetic hand1 and pleaded tenderly and with tears1 as if she had been his own mother1 now a word of human love1 now a word of divine hope2 and suddenly he stopped1 and ,honora1 with her face hidden in ,mrs4 ,gerald's lap1 heard him exclaim1 8,depart1 ,christian soul1 out of the body1 in the name of the ,father who created thee1 in the name of the ,son who redeemed thee1 and in the name of the ,holy ,ghost who has sanctified thee40 ,she started up with a faint cry1 and saw that ,mrs4 ,gerald's head had dropped sideways on to her shoulder1 her eyes were halfclosed1 and her relaxing form was sinking backward1 supported by ,f4 ,o',donovan4 ,how it happened she did not know1 but almost at the same instant ,mrs4 ,macon entered the room followed by a doctor1 and to ,honora's confused sense it seemed as though helpers were all about and she was separated from her friend4 ,she heard ,f4 ,o',donovan's voice repeating the prayers for the dead1 and presently the weeping responses of the servant1 but she was powerless to join them4 ,she roused herself only when she heard the priest speak her name4 8,did ,i make any mistake8 ,did ,i do well1 do you think80 he asked anxiously4 8,i did not know any better way40 ,honora opened her eyes and looked about4 8,there was no better way10 she said4 8,the result would have been the same in any case1 and she suffered only a minute40 ,tears were swimming in his fine eyes4 8,she has1 indeed1 hidden herself in the bosom of ,god1 where no harm can reach her1 and it is best so4 ,we can see that it is most merciful for her4 ,but for that unhappy son44440 8,do not name him60 exclaimed ,miss ,pembroke1 shuddering4 8,i cannot think of him without abhorrence6 ,see what ruin he has wrought wherever he has been4 ,what has escaped him8 ,nothing6 ,do you1 can you1 believe there is hope for one whose soul is such an abyss of weakness and selfishness8 ,he has stripped from me my dearest friends2 he has smitten those who loved him best44440 ,she stopped1 half from the bitter weeping that choked her words1 half because the priest had laid his checking hand on her arm4 8,the silence of death is in the house10 he said gently4 8,do not disturb it by anger4 ,leave ,lawrence ,gerald to the lashes of his guilty conscience4 ,believe me1 it will be punishment enough4 ,forgive him1 and pray for him40 8,not yet6 ,i cannot yet60 she protested4 8,he has been forgiven too much4 ,but ,i will say no more4 ,i am sorry ,i should have spoken so in her home40 8,come out into the air of the garden a little while2 it will refresh you10 the priest urged4 8,i must go directly to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 but ,i will return4 ,he went to ,mrs4 ,ferrier more than an hour ago1 and was to wait there for me or come this way to learn the result4 ,poor ,f4 ,chevreuse6 he is sorely tried4 ,everything rests on him4 ,don't sit here in the dark any longer4 ,come60 8,you had better go1 ,miss ,pembroke4 ,you can do nothing here10 ,mrs4 ,macon said to her4 ,she went out and hid herself in a little arbor that had been a favorite retreat of ,mrs4 ,gerald's on warm summer days1 and sitting there1 too stunned for weeping1 now that the first burst of tears was dried1 tried to recollect and realize what had happened4 ,as she sat there she heard presently the trampling of horses and the roll of a carriage1 and mechanically leaned forward to see who was passing1 but without in the least caring4 ,the bright bays and the sparkling harness were very familiar to her eyes1 and she saw that ,mrs4 ,ferrier herself was in the carriage4 ,the woman's face was red and swollen with weeping and excitement1 and as she passed the cottage she put up her hand as if she would have shut it from her sight4 ,evidently her interview with ,f4 ,chevreuse had been a stormy one1 and had left her in anything but a charitable frame of mind4 ,miss ,pembroke looked indifferently at first1 but a moment after she rose and took a step forward to see better2 for ,f4 ,chevreuse and ,f4 ,o',donovan had appeared in the street in front of the carriage and stopped it1 and the elder priest was speaking sternly to ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 8,where are you going80 he demanded4 8,i am going to the prison to tell them to let ,mr4 ,schninger go free10 she answered defiantly4 8,i am going to take him to my house40 8,you are going to do nothing of the sort10 said the priest4 8,you have no right to1 and will only do harm1 and disgrace yourself40 8,i couldn't be more disgraced than ,i am already1 with that 4440 she began in a loud voice1 but ,f4 ,chevreuse stopped her4 8,silence60 he said authoritatively4 8,you are insane40 8,john1 drive on60 she called out of the window4 8,john1 you will not drive a step further10 said the priest in a low voice4 8,you'd better do what he says1 ma'am10 said ,john1 leaning down from the box4 8,and you'd better not talk so loud4 ,people are beginning to notice40 8,i should like to know what you think of yourself for a priest1 making my own servants disobey me10 the poor woman cried1 relapsing into tears4 ,and then1 instantly recovering her spirit1 she added1 8,if ,i cannot go to the prison1 ,i will know where my poor daughter is4 ,i believe ,mrs4 ,gerald could tell4 ,she must know where they are hid4 ,i will have ,annette back again40 8,you had better come in and ask ,mrs4 ,gerald10 ,f4 ,chevreuse said calmly4 8,do not hesitate6 ,it will1 perhaps1 be better for you to see her40 ,she shrank a little1 yet could not bear to remain inactive4 ,to her mind1 she had been hushed1 and imposed on1 and silenced by everybody1 in order that this worthless criminal might ruin her daughter's happiness1 and obtain possession of her money1 and she was burning to pour her anger out on some one4 ,f4 ,chevreuse's authoritative interference1 while she yielded to it1 only exasperated her more4 8,i will go in and find where ,annette is10 she said resolutely1 and stepped out of her carriage1 too much excited to stumble4 ,honora ,pembroke came forward and stood between her and the door1 looking in astonishment at the two priests who followed her4 8,let her go in60 ,f4 ,o',donovan said4 ,she was obliged to1 indeed1 for ,mrs4 ,ferrier's strong hand set her aside as if she had been a feather4 ,the woman entered with a haughty step and a high head1 her silks rustling about her through the solemn silence1 and walked straight to the sitting room4 ,mrs4 ,macon met her at the door1 but she put her aside1 and took a step into the room2 only one step1 and then she stopped short1 and uttered a cry4 8,see how that mother heard the news60 said ,f4 ,chevreuse in a low voice at her side4 8,have you any questions to ask her80 ,mrs4 ,ferrier retreated a step1 and leaned against the doorframe4 ,they all drew back and left her a full view of the silent form stretched on the sofa1 and only ,honora ,pembroke's weeping disturbed the silence4 8,you don't say that it killed her60 she exclaimed in a low1 frightened voice2 then1 before they could answer1 she threw up her arms1 and ran across the room4 8,you poor dear60 she sobbed4 8,you poor1 brokenhearted dear60 ,she flung herself on her knees beside the sofa1 and embraced and wept over the motionless form there1 all her anger1 all thought of self1 forgotten in a generous and loving pity and grief4 ,f4 ,chevreuse glanced at his brother priest with a faint1 sad smile4 8,her heart is right10 he said4 8,it is always right40 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,material ,faith4 ,give me a ,god whom ,i can prove ,by certain academic rules1 ,approved by all the learned schools2 ,and if he fitteth not our groove1 ,we'll leave him for unscienced fools ,to idolize4 ,but if his attributes should be ,all classed within high ,reason's bound-- ,his origin and parts be found ,with analytics to agree-- ,this ,god1 whom we can solve and sound1 ,we'll patronize4 ,but still our right we will reserve-- ,a sacred privilege of ,science-- ,to herald forth our noncompliance ,with ,scriptural accounts that swerve ,from our grand basis2 such defiance ,we'll not endure4 ,we'll rule out the creation chapter2 ',tis so absurd6 and lacks support ,of brilliant sages in our court ,whose own hypotheses are apter4 ,so exit ,moses' crude report ,for something newer4 ,the ,bible we will not reject ,in toto2 no1 we'll let it stand1 ,lest our fair fame should bear a brand2 ,but when we've banished ev'ry sect1 ,then forth we'll drag from ,lethe's sand ,our fossil link6 ,completing the material chain ,by philosophic labor wrought1 ,and beaten out by mighty thought6 ,eureka6 what a motley train ,of dry bones1 labelled to a jot1 ,round ,learning's brink6 ,such wondrous titles ne'er were heard ,in all the mythologic lore6 ,we'll drape in gloom of ,stygian shore ,all held as truth2 and at our word ,darkness1 in cloak of ,light1 shall soar ,to ,reason's throne6 ,then1 when this wheeling globe is ours1 ,we'll send ,god forth a wand'ring myth ,void1 and bereft of son1 or kith3 ,and stoneeyed fossils1 robed in flowers1 ,from sea of spice to frozen frith1 ,shall teach alone4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,i4 8,what the lady wants1 sir1 is hair10 said ,edward4 8,hair60 ,i repeated scornfully1 at the same time glancing at the wealth of darkbrown hair which fell dishevelled over the shoulders of the ,lady from ,idaho4 8,hair60 ,it was evident that no comb had touched that wonderful chevelure for several days4 8,i shall never be able to comb it out again10 said the ,lady from ,idaho in a weak1 despairing voice4 ,she lay on a sofa in a stateroom on board the transatlantic steamer ,lima1 from ,new ,york to ,liverpool1 calling at ,queenstown4 ,she had been terribly seasick4 ,during seven days she had not eaten enough to keep a buffalognat alive4 8,i don't mean #8air1' sir10 said ,edward1 raising his nose to an altitude of #de1 with the lofty dignity of your true ,english waiter4 8,i means hair--wentilation40 8,ah6 yes4 ,i believe you are right1 ,hedward40 ,hedward was a steward on board the ,lima1 to whose fostering care the writer was entrusted4 ,the ,lady from ,idaho had reached that point of seasickness when one does not want the trouble even of getting better4 ,we carried her on deck1 however1 and laid her1 well wrapped up1 on one of the cushioned seats4 ,the circular horizon of many days was being broken by the ,irish coast just coming into view4 ,the mere sight of land seemed to revive the fair ,idaho traveller4 ,as we neared the coast1 and the green of the fields and trees could be seen1 she said3 8,oh6 what a goodly sight4 ,what a beautiful country6 ,i could chant its praises with the most enthusiastic ,irishman of them all60 ,we feasted our eyes on the beautiful coast until darkness fell upon it and its outline was marked for us only by the lights which traced the curves of the shore4 ,we exchange rocketsignals with the shore and with other steamers lying in the bay4 ,the landbreeze has set the ,lady from ,idaho on her feet again4 ,the tug comes alongside to take the mails and those passengers who wish to land at ,queenstown4 ,all is bustle and excitement4 ,there are regretful leavetakings between fellowpassengers whom the traditional 8stand offishness0 of ,englishspeaking people prevented from enjoying each other's society until it was almost time to part4 ,among those who go on shore at ,queenstown are the ,lady from ,idaho--poor seasick soul6 she would have gone on shore days ago1 if she could have found any shore to go on2 a young ,irishman bringing his ,american bride home for inspection by his friends in 8the ,black ,north02 some ,american ladies and gentlemen making their first ,european tour1 evidently determined to be pleased with everything they see2 some specimens of young and infant ,america1 and the writer4 ,there's not much provision for the comfort of passengers on board the tug4 ,the night is rather moist1 but the cabin is 8stuffy0 and illventilated1 and we prefer remaining on deck4 ,the 8,cove of ,cork0 is certainly a beautiful place by day or night4 ,but the night effect is the finer1 me judice4 ,the rows of lights rising above each other1 tier on tier1 on the heights1 cast a magic glamour over the scene4 ,the tug has reached her dock4 ,the customhouse officers have come on board4 ,horrid moment6 ,worse1 however1 in anticipation than in reality1 everywhere except on the trans,atlantic docks of ,new ,york ,city4 8,have you any cigars or tobacco80 8,no40 8,any firearms80 8,no1 sir10 ,i answer1 and inwardly bless my stars that my better and more sensible half has left behind1 for lack of room1 the 8sixshooter0 which ,i carried for ten years in the free land of the ,west4 ,what a piece of luck6 ,i have been assured by ,irish friends that had ,i brought that unhappy 8six shooter0 with me1 ,i should most undoubtedly have been arrested for some undefined bloody intentions with regard to that most susceptible animal1 the lion of ,great ,britain4 ,the lion would have been very much mistaken2 for never were the ,irish shores visited by any one whose heart was more full of peace and goodwill4 ,ireland is not a safe place for any one who has a trans,atlantic odor about him during a ,fenian paroxysm4 ,the possession of a pocket derringer is sufficient evidence of belligerent intentions4 ,new,yorkmade boots are objects of suspicion1 and in times of excitement have been the cause of trouble to the wearer4 ,as harmless and commercial an article as a wooden nutmeg1 carried merely as a patriotic souvenir1 may entail considerable annoyance on its possessor1 and perhaps necessitate the good offices of his consul to enable him to pursue his tourist path of pleasure or business in peace4 ,in such periods as anti,fenian frenzy1 ,english ports are the safest and pleasantest2 for in ,ireland1 then1 the lion is rampant1 roaring and seeking whom he may devour4 ,it is better to keep away from his superserviceable retainers in ,ireland4 ,but the political horizon is unclouded4 ,the bloodyminded revolutionists of the pen and inkstand are quiescent for the nonce4 ,we find the officials kind and polite4 ,they opened only one of our trunks4 ,they gave its contents merely a cursory inspection1 and chalked cabalistic characters on all our boxes1 portmanteaus1 satchels1 etc4 ,they fished for no fee1 nor was any offered them4 ,it is nearly midnight when we leave the tug4 ,we step ashore4 ,after a quarter of a century of absence1 my foot is upon my native heath4 ,my name is not ,mac,gregor1 dear reader1 nor is it ,micawber4 ,i do not think people feel much at the moment that anything happens to them4 ,it is either before or after2 in anticipation or retrospection4 ,in describing their sensations1 they tell us what they suppose they are going to feel1 or what they think they ought to have felt4 ,i have stood bare headed by the grave of ,washington at ,mount ,vernon4 ,i believe the man and his work to be among the greatest that ever blest the world4 ,what did ,i feel8 ,a kind of sorrowful1 reverential1 awestruck mental numbness2 then a sad yet selfish pity for my kind1 who1 however good and great they be1 e'en to this favor must they come at last4 ,i could not have distinctly shaped a thought or given expression to any of the ideas which a visit to the grave of ,washington might be supposed to suggest to a conventionally susceptible imagination4 ,yet my eyes were full of tears4 ,in the evening1 however1 in a comfortable room at ,willard's1 in an easychair by a cheerful fire1 in the pleasant ease of slippers and cigars1 with a quire of thick1 white1 unglazed letterpaper before me1 any kind of steel pen 7,i hate a gold pen for literary work2 it has a countinghouse suggestiveness that seems to disagree with the muses71 with mayhap a modicum of vin chaud at my elbow1 what pages of 8,thoughts suggested by a visit to the grave of ,washington0 ,i could have 8knocked off06 ,but unluckily ,jones rushed in with the sad news that poor ,thompson had been killed on the other side of the river1 and drove all the intended 8,thoughts0 out of my head4 ,there is no real present4 ,we have only the past and the future4 ,the debarkation of a number of ladies1 children1 trunks1 boxes1 and carpetbags is not generative of the softer emotions4 ,the night is damp and chilly4 ,it has reached the wee sma' hours4 ,there is no omnibus or hack to take us to the hotel4 ,some nightbirds1 with low1 flat caps and ,corkonian accents1 offer to carry our luggage and show us the way to the hotel4 ,it is 8only a step or two40 ,the cortge sets out for the hotel4 ,corkonian youngsters--who ought to have been in their beds1 if they had any beds to go to--come suddenly out of the darkness1 and ask1 with wonderful chromatic elocution1 the privilege of carrying our satchels4 ,it is useless to tell them we do not need their assistance4 ,they will not be denied4 ,they keep up their chromatics until we succumb4 ,well1 it is sixpence each for them--a treble1 or ,american1 gratuity4 ,an ,american1 native or adopted1 to whom1 especially if he have lived in the ,west1 8a quarter0 seems the lowest gratuity that he can offer to the negro who blacks his boots in a sleepingcar1 feels an impulse of lavishness on touching ,irish ground4 ,he 8feels good10 and wishes to make all around him partake of the feeling4 ,half a dollar seems the least that he can offer the waiter at the hotel with justice to his own dignity and that of the country he has the honor to represent4 ,he is not always so generous when he returns at the end of his tour1 and the gratuity system of ,britain has disgusted him and helped to deplete his purse4 ,then he comes down to the smallest silver coin in his portemonnaie4 ,he cannot offer coppers1 and never gets as low as the ,englishman's 8tuppence40 ,the ,english and the ,irish in ,ireland inveigh bitterly against the ,american propensity to give extravagant douceurs4 ,they say that ,americans are spoiling their waiters1 porters1 servants1 etc4 ,they call this liberality snobbishness1 desire to display6 ,the fact is1 it is partly a matter of habit1 partly a want of knowledge of the comparative values of 8tips0 at home and abroad4 ,what ,american from the further side of the ,mississippi expects to get anything for a penny8 ,add to this1 what ,i before remarked1 that the ,american in ,ireland 8feels good10 and wants to scatter around all the good he can4 ,well6 here we are at the hotel4 ,a somewhat stupefied porter receives us4 ,he has to see somebody before he can inform us as to the probability of entertainment4 ,he has not indicated any room where the ladies and children can sit and take the nightchill off while we await the result of his conference with ,mr4 or ,mrs4 ,boniface4 ,we remain standing in the entry1 our carpetbags and wraps in our hands4 ,at length the comatose porter returns1 and says that bedrooms are ready for us6 8,can we have any supper80 8,no1 sir4 ,the cook's gone home1 sir40 8,not a cup of tea80 8,no1 sir4 ,it's too late1 sir40 8,at least1 we can have some hot ,irish whiskeypunch80 8,no1 sir4 ,there's no hot wather in the house1 sir40 8,is there any cold water in the house80 8,of coorse there is1 sir10 replies our negative ,amphitryon1 slightly roused by the question4 8,then bring me some ,irish whiskey and cold water40 8,yes1 sir1 ,i'll thry1 sir4 ,i'll see if the barmaid isn't asleep1 sir1 and get the key from her1 sir40 ,we were then presented with onethird of a tallow candle each1 and marshalled to our respective sleepingapartments4 ,no chance of a little pleasant chatter and some gentle exhilaration on our first night on ,irish soil4 ,we sleep pretty well1 however1 and pretty long into the forenoon of the next day4 ,waiter comes to say that we can have breakfast in the coffee room whenever we desire it4 ,this is a delicate hint that we are not early risers4 ,he wants to know when we wish breakfast and of what we wish it composed4 8,chops and tomatosauce1 ham and eggs--0 8,yes1 sir4 ,rashers and eggs1 sir40 8,beefsteak1 tea1 and coffee1 in half an hour40 ,raining6 ,the view of the bay is rather cheerless4 ,everything looks dankish1 dingy1 and dull4 8,can you realize that you are in ,i ,ireland80 ,i inquire of the ,lady from ,idaho4 8,not in the least10 responds the most amiable of her sex4 8,can you80 8,no1 indeed40 ,it is not a good morning for the interchange of ideas4 ,misty mornings never are4 ,as for certain projected 8,thoughts on touching ,irish soil after twentyfive years' absence10 their suggesting themselves under such a murky sky is out of the question4 ,they will have to wait for the bright1 creative sun4 ,perhaps1 after a good warm breakfast1 one may be able to think some 8,thoughts10 if the railway timetables will admit of it4 ,the 8coffeeroom0 of 8the best hotel0 is cold and cheerless4 ,smoke without fire is obtained from some wet coaldust1 economically caked1 according to the mode of thrifty housekeepers in the ,british ,isles1 in an infinitesimal grate in a remote corner of the room4 ,impossible to think any 8,thoughts0 here4 ,some solemnlooking men1 very particular about their chops--,i mean their muttonchops--are enjoying--or1 more correctly1 consuming1 for there is no evidence of enjoyment--their morning meal4 ,our breakfast is not a bad one4 ,the chops are excellent2 the beefsteak1 soso4 ,i have eaten better beef in ,new ,york4 ,the bread is hard and heavy1 but white and not illtasted4 ,i wish the ,irish and ,english waiters would adopt the short alpaca jacket and long white apron of the waiters of ,paris and ,new ,york4 ,it is a much neater and cleaner costume4 ,the greasy full dress coat and limp1 whitybrown neckcloth are not only absurd2 they are often disgusting4 ,still raining6 ,the sidewalks are hid from view by the thicklypassing umbrellas4 ,let us go and buy some umbrellas6 ,life seems to be impossible without them here4 ,in the three kingdoms1 umbrellas are indispensable to respectability4 8,i hate respectability10 said the ,lady from ,idaho with a vicious emphasis4 ,i was rather astonished by this outburst1 but ,i reflected that allowance must be made for ladies' tempers on draggletail mornings4 8,such weather10 ,i remarked1 8is enough to make one hate anything40 8,it is not that10 she retorted4 8,i hate respectability1 rain or shine40 8,des gots et des couleurs--you know the old proverb40 8,there is nothing more selfish1 more hypocritical1 more cowardly1 than #8respectability4' 0 8,my dear madam1 ,i did not take the trouble of coming from the other side of the ,rocky ,mountains for the purpose of chopping logic4 ,i must buy umbrellas40 ,i bought me an umbrella4 ,thenceforward ,i was only separated from it during sleep and meals while ,i remained in the ,british ,islands4 ,it was almost always necessary4 ,the wretch who sold it to me1 however1 saw that ,i wore overshoes1 and charged me about three ,irish prices4 ,i feel certain that the day will come when he will be fitly punished4 ,he will emigrate to the ,united ,states sooner or later1 and the hackmen or restaurateurs of ,new ,york will avenge me6 ,steam is a wonderful leveller4 ,it is destroying national costume and toning down national peculiarities4 ,the same round hat which was worn in ,new ,york when ,i left is worn in ,queenstown2 the same fashion of winter overcoat4 ,the upanddownthegamut intonations of the ,cork brogue1 however1 bring you to a consciousness of your true latitude and longitude4 ,the long1 hooded cloth cloaks of the peasant women have some suggestions of nationality about them4 ,occasionally1 too1 a girl of seventeen or eighteen with bare feet and short kirtle is seen4 ,this is characteristic4 8,buy a bunch of ,irish shamrocks from me1 sir8 ,now1 do1 sir1 if ye plase40 ,we cannot refuse4 ,we lay in a plentiful supply of the chosen leaf of bard and chief4 8,long life to you1 sir1 and to the purty ladies and the beautiful childer1 and all the blessings in the world on ye4 ,may ye never know what it is to want anything for them60 ,the shamrocks alone were not dear2 but with such a prayer added1 we felt as if we were taking the poor woman's stock in trade for nothing4 ,as a matter of course1 ,i expected to find ,ireland rather backward as regards women's rights and that sort of thing4 ,i was somewhat surprised1 therefore1 on entering the telegraph office1 to find a telegraphist of the gentler sex4 ,she seemed to be quite a business young lady--quick1 intelligent1 and polite4 ,with the least possible display of conscious superiority1 she instructed me in the mode of filling those absurd ,british blanks for my first ,british telegrams4 ,with the condescending gentleness of an amiable 8schoolmarm0 instructing a good boy of unfortunately limited knowledge and capacity1 she 8posted0 me in the names and location of streets in ,dublin4 ,she was industrious as well as intelligent4 ,she had brought her knitting4 ,during our conversation1 she doubly improved the shining hour by rolling into a ball a skein of worsted which a most serious and attentive young lady of eight or nine summers held distended on her outstretched and uplifted hands4 ,the hotel at which we stopped was managed by women4 ,i afterwards remarked1 in my trip through the island1 that the internal economy of most of the hotels in ,ireland is under female direction4 ,the postoffices and postal telegraph offices are very generally managed by women4 ,there are numerous institutions for the care of aged1 sick1 or destitute women1 or for the rescue and reformation of the poor erring sisters who have been led away from the paths of purity and peace4 8,i really believe1 after all10 said the ,lady from ,idaho to me one day1 in conversation on this subject1 8that they take better care of their women than we do40 ,we take the cars for ,cork4 ,we ride to the 8beautiful city0 through the loveliest bit of landscape on which the sun ever shone1 or1 more appositely1 on which the gentle rain from heaven ever fell4 ,it is indeed a land of loveliness and song4 ,the goodnatured guard1 having remarked our overshoes doubtless1 puts his face to the carwindow1 and enthusiastically asks3 8,well1 sir1 an' isn't this a counthry worth fightin' for80 ,confound the fellow6 even though he be brightfaced and seems good natured4 ,i wish those people who are eternally talking about fighting and never doing it--except among themselves--would stop talking1 or1 if they cannot do anything better1 go out1 take a good 8licking0 manfully1 and be done with it4 ,daring and doing1 even if one gets the worst of it1 is better than loud talking and nothing doing4 ,i hate the vox et prterea nihil4 ,we have had too much of it4 8,faith10 says the guard1 8it's the fine1 healthylooking childer ye've got4 ,shure1 they don't look like ,yankee childer at all1 at all40 8,if by ,yankee you mean ,american1 my friend1 that they undoubtedly are10 replies the gentleman responsible for the little responsibilities who are too healthylooking to be like 8,yankee childer02 8but they come from ayont the ,mississippi1 which may account in some degree for their hardy appearance40 8,what town is that on the other side of the water80 8,passage1 sir40 ,passage6 ,shade of 8,father ,prout06 ,how often have we rolled our tongues in luscious enjoyment around thy roaring lyric in praise of that wonderful borough6 8,the town of ,passage ,is large and spacious1 ,and situated ,upon the ,lay2 ,it's nate and dacent1 ,and quite convanient ,to come from ,cork ,on a summer's day4 ,unfortunately1 it is not exactly the kind of a day that one would like 8to slip in1 ,to take a dippin' ,fornint the shippin' ,that at anchor ride2 ,or in a wherry ,cross o'er the ferry ,to ,carrigaloe ,on the other side20 for it still rains1 and ,carrigaloe is upon our side1 as a signboard and the voice of the guard informs us3 8,carrigaloe60 ,we shall not have an opportunity of testing the reliability of the poet's promise that 8land or deck on1 ,you may surely reckon1 ,whatever country ,you come hither from1 ,on an invitation ,to a jollification ,with a parish priest ,that's called #8,father ,tom4' 0 ,the guard blows his whistle4 ,we leave ,passage and its satellite1 ,carrigaloe1 behind1 and with them the pleasant vision of a cheerful evening with the hospitable and largehearted ecclesiastic of the inimitable song4 ,not in this wide world is there a lovelier piece of landscape than that between ,queenstown and ,cork4 ,here the ,lee is bordered by lovely lawns of the freshest green1 sloping gently to the water's edge4 ,further on it flows between verdurous walls of lofty trees4 ,the leaves of their drooping branches kiss the rippling current as it passes4 ,yonder the ,castle of ,blackrock frowns over its gentlyflowing tide4 ,the grass and the leaves are green with a vivid greenness that justifies all that the poets have sung about the ,emerald ,island4 ,what glory in thy long1 green vistas1 beautiful ,glanmire6 ,our road is bordered on one side by the river2 on the other1 rich demesnes1 bounded by trees1 ivycovered walls1 and mosscovered rocks1 from which fall miniature cascades and waves the green and graceful fern4 ,the landscape needs only one modest charm to make its loveliness complete4 ,i miss the humble cottage1 lowly yet lovely1 where honest labor finds its comfort and repose4 ,there are rich mansions and umbrageous groves and broad pastures1 but no smoke ascends from cheerful hearths of tillers of the soil4 ,the peasantry1 whose cottages might grace these lovely glades1 are building themselves new homes on the broad prairies of the ,west4 ,the humble wooden sheds or the rough cabins on the brown and treeless plains1 sacred to the ,lares of independence and selfreliance1 are far lovelier in the eyes of the lover of his kind than thy greenest glades1 beautiful ,glanmire6 8,a bold peasantry1 their country's pride1 ,if once destroyed1 can never be supplied40 ,here is the beautiful city4 ,it does not do itself justice today4 ,the rain1 which softens and freshens the beauties of the country1 blackens and bedraggles the town4 8,god made the country1 and man made the town40 ,but what are those deep1 soft tones that reach us through the humid air8 ,can it be8 ,yes1 there is no doubt about it4 ,we are listening to 8,the bells of ,shandon ,that sound so grand on ,the pleasant waters ,of the river ,lee6 8,i've heard bells tolling ,old ,adrian's mole in1 ,their thunders rolling ,from the ,vatican2 8,and cymbals glorious ,swinging uproarious ,from the gorgeous turrets ,of ,notre ,dame2 8,but thy sounds are sweeter ,than the dome of ,peter ,flings o'er the ,tiber1 ,pealing solemnly4 8,oh6 the ,bells of ,shandon ,sound far more grand on ,the pleasant waters ,of the river ,lee60 ,cork1 with its fine bridges crossing the branches of the ,lee1 might1 under bright atmospheric effects1 lay claim to its antique designation2 but1 amid mud and rain1 the most enthusiastic traveller can see no extraordinary beauty even in ,paris itself4 ,church spires and buildings darkened by the rain have a gloomy look4 ,even the church of ,s4 ,anne1 which may fairly be said to have 8two sides to it0--one being of differently colored stone from the other--has had its peculiar claims to the traveller's attention somewhat weakened by the effect of the rain4 ,we have concluded to wend our way quietly toward ,dublin1 taking in our route anything that may be of interest4 ,the ,great ,southern and ,western ,railway runs through one of the most beautiful districts in ,ireland4 ,a long panorama of beautiful and characteristic scenes is unrolled as you steam along4 ,green hedges and slopes1 furzecovered fences1 centuryold trees covered with moss and ivy1 rippling streams1 a ruined abbey or dismantled tower1 bits of soft blue appearing through slatecolored clouds--the humid atmosphere toning down all harsh lines1 and yet spreading a sweet though melancholy softness over all--this limited by the gentle undulations of the ground1 whose beautiful curves give life to the landscape1 yet circumscribe its horizon1 and you have the peculiar characteristics of an ,irish landscape4 ,there is an air of solidity about the track and its accessories to an eye habituated to trans,mississippi railroads4 ,very pretty are those stations of stone1 covered with green ivy1 every foot of space in front of them devoted to the culture of some sweet1 simple flowers4 ,the ,lady from ,idaho1 who has recently been dipping her gentle nose into the cryptogamia1 is in ecstasies over the magnificent ferns we have passed at various points of our route4 ,for an excellent railway dinner1 let me recommend ,limerick station to the traveller4 ,the best railway breakfast ,i have ever eaten--and ,i have eaten not a few in both hemispheres--,i ate at ,altoona1 on the ,pennsylvania ,central4 ,it was twelve years ago1 however4 ,the best railway dinner ,i have ever eaten ,i had at ,limerick ,junction4 ,it would have done credit to many a pretentious hotel on either continent4 ,it surpassed the menu of private hotels in ,london1 8patronized by officers of both services and their families40 ,it was a better meal than ,i have had at what is considered one of the best hotels in ,northern ,germany1 and did not cost half so much4 ,it was well and comfortably served1 malgr the ponderous solemnity of the ,british style of hotel attendance1 which to me is a terrible bore4 ,plenty of time was allowed us to eat and enjoy our meal4 ,some jovial young gentlemen at the table politely caused champagne to be offered us1 in compliment to our trans,atlantic character4 ,they insisted1 as far as politeness would admit1 on regaling us2 but we declined indulgence in the lively beverage4 ,sparkling wines are not good to travel on4 ,one of the gentlemen was fascinated by a specimen of infantine ,america--a member of our party1 and one of its most important members1 by the way4 ,the champagne1 probably1 had a softening effect on the gentleman4 ,he lamented his childless condition1 and expressed his readiness to give fabulous amounts for the little ,columbian stranger4 ,the father of the latter good humoredly told the gentleman that ,young ,america1 white or black1 is out of the market1 and has been so for some years4 ,the bell rings4 ,we resume our seats in the train4 ,we have a carriage to ourselves4 ,the guard told us1 on leaving ,cork1 that he would try to keep us alone4 ,this means that he wants a gratuity at the journey's end2 for your conductor1 or 8guard10 on ,european railways is not above taking a shilling or a sixpence4 ,he shall have it1 so far as we are concerned4 ,the manner of starting a train is good4 ,the bell rings--signal to the passengers to take their seats4 ,there are two guards1 one in front and one in rear1 each supplied with a whistle4 ,they look along the train to see that the doors of all the compartments are closed4 ,the forward guard1 seeing all right at his end1 blows his whistle4 ,the rear guard1 to make assurance doubly sure1 glances along the entire train1 and1 finding everything in readiness1 whistles4 ,the second whistle is the signal to the engineer1 who then sounds the steamwhistle1 and the train starts4 ,the trains generally exceed ours in rapidity1 but are very much behind them in comfort and elegance4 ,there is no drinkingwater in the ,english or ,irish carriages4 ,there are no stoves to keep one warm in cold weather or during the chilly hours of the night4 ,if the weather is cold1 tin foot warmers1 filled with water which is not always warm1 are furnished in the proportion of one to two firstclass passengers4 ,there is no luxurious sleepingcar1 where you can sleep comfortably1 awake refreshed1 find your boots ready blacked when you get up1 and wash yourself at a marble wash stand4 ,no comfortable hotelcar1 into which you can step from the sleepingcar in your slippers1 and enjoy your beefsteak and fried potatoes1 or your quail on toast1 at the rate of thirty miles an hour4 ,in consequence of the absence of arrangements for personal comfort on trains1 the ,british traveller is obliged to weight himself down and half fill his compartment with rolls of railway rugs1 bottles of water1 and plethoric lunchbaskets1 to his own great inconvenience1 as well as that of his fellowtravellers4 ,the trouble caused by the want of a proper system of baggage transportation compels the traveller to carry huge leather portmanteaus about five times as large as an ordinary ,american travellingsatchel4 ,as these are considered 8parcels that can be carried in the hand10 the traveller is allowed to take them into the carriage with him4 ,by this means he avoids the trouble of watching the 8luggagevan0 at junctions1 and the delay of waiting for its unloading at the terminus4 ,then come bundles of umbrellas and canes strapped together1 and the leather hatbox--that inseparable adjunct of ,british respectability4 ,behold the unprotected matron1 surrounded by half a dozen family jewels1 with any quantity of wraps and lunchbaskets1 and bottles and umbrellas1 and band boxes and multitudinous matters wrapped up in endless newspaper packages6 ,how she glares at you when you step as carefully as you can among the formidable piles to three square inches of a seat in the interior corner6 ,woe be to him who displaces one of the parcels sacred to family use4 ,i might be able to stand a ,gorgon1 but ,i could not stand that4 ,please do not put me in the carriage with the matron6 ,rather in the van with the untamable hyena1 ,mr4 ,guard1 if you please6 ,imagine a succession of ,broadway omnibuses1 with windows and doors at either end1 placed laterally behind an engine1 and you have an ,european railway train4 ,half the passengers necessarily sit with their backs to the engine4 ,the firstclass carriages are upholstered in cloth or plush like hackney coaches4 ,the benches are divided into two double seats on each side1 giving seats for eight passengers in each compartment4 ,the compartment is lighted by a small and generally dim and smoky oillamp placed in the roof4 ,in the secondclass carriages the seats are not divided4 ,six persons are supposed to be accommodated on each bench4 ,on some lines the seats are very thinly cushioned with leather2 generally1 they are not cushioned4 ,in ,france and ,belgium the secondclass carriages are cushioned and backed with gray cloth1 and the difference in comfort between them and the first class carriages is not worth the difference of fare4 ,this is about one third greater for firstclass tickets4 ,twelve persons1 with a proportionate quantity of wraps1 bundles1 baskets1 bottles1 umbrellas1 and portmanteaus1 pack a compartment pretty closely4 ,your ,european traveller makes as much preparation for a trip of sixty miles as an ,american would for an allrail journey from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco4 ,an ,american railroad car is quite a cheerful 8institution02 whereas travelling seems to be a more serious business on the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,a compartment--first or second class--is a gloomy place4 ,in firstclass carriages1 the 8swells0 and snobs are afraid to imperil their dignity by risking intercourse with somebody who may be 8nobody40 ,the result is silence and solemnity4 ,in secondclass carriages you often find very pleasant people--clergymen1 professional men1 young tourists1 artists1 and students--who can talk pleasantly and well1 and have no snobbish1 conventional dread of doing so4 ,it is a common saying in ,england that only fools and ,americans travel firstclass4 ,i have heard of a crusty old ,irish peer1 who1 being asked why he always travels thirdclass1 replied that he does so because 8there is no fourth class40 ,i think the venerable lord was rather ostentatious of his humility4 ,i would not advise any of my ,american friends to try third class travelling in ,england or ,ireland4 ,a thirdclass car is a cold1 dirty1 noisome place4 ,it is full of tobaccosmoke and the smell of strong drinks of various kinds4 ,it is worse than the forward car on a prairie railroad1 filled with immigrants and 8railroad hands40 ,mail trains are generally composed of first and second class carriages only4 ,class distinctions meet us everywhere4 ,we find a first and second class waitingroom1 first and second class restaurant1 thirdclass waitingroom and thirdclass restaurant4 ,the waitingrooms are separate for each sex in each class4 ,you are parted from your wife1 sister1 or sweetheart4 ,if you have something of importance to communicate to your fair companion1 and should appear near the door of the ladies' waiting room for that purpose1 a pre,raphaelite female1 armed with a broom1 throws herself into the breach1 and fiercely demands your business1 while she reduces you almost to a jelly by a ,gorgon glare4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,cora4 ,a flower of the pale1 sad ,south3 ,yet pale nor sad is she2 ,for she blooms on a wonderful tree ,that knows not blight or drouth-- ,a certain miraculous tree ,our ,lady has planted down ,south4 ,a rose let me call you1 dear girl-- ,a fadeless and thornless rose2 ,so richly your modesty shows ,its blushes bejewell'd with pearl-- ,and a dewdrop of grace every pearl-- ,that ,i think of the ,mystical ,rose4 ,i have seen1 and must needs pass on2 ,but this ,i bear with me away3 ,a fragrance that will not be gone1 ,but haunts me1 and most when ,i pray4 ,it comes like the memories of ,may ,from the pure1 happy years that are gone4 ,then the ,lord of the sweet and the fair 7,for whom is all beauty alone71 ,i pray him that floweret so rare ,no hand may dare cull but his own2 ,that no other bosom may wear ,this rose of the ,south than his own4 ,charles ,x4 ,at ,holyrood47#ic7 ,by ,the ,comte ,achille ,de ,jouffroy ,from ,paris ,ou ,le ,livre ,des ,cent,et,un4 ,several friends of the exiled royal family1 having been led by devotion to their cause to visit ,scotland1 have published detailed accounts of the residence at ,holyrood4 ,these narratives have left but little untold concerning the august proscribed personages1 their situation1 their mode of life1 and their habits1 the uniformity of which no important circumstance occurred to modify during the two years of their abode in the ancient palace of the ,stuarts4 ,the reader1 therefore1 must not expect to meet in the following sketch with descriptions which have already been given by others with much minuteness1 and which have been repeated in various works4 ,here will be found merely a small number of observations1 impartially collected1 which may serve to combat prejudices of a diverse nature that have been called forth1 as well by the assertions of an unjust and bitter hatred1 as by the injudicious efforts of a flattering servility4 ,certainly1 any enemy of the royal family1 unless he were insane or wicked1 had he been admitted into the privacy of ,holyrood1 must at least have ceased to regard them with dislike4 ,their most prejudiced adversary1 no matter to what distinguished rank of society he might belong1 could not have learned to know the domestic virtues displayed by these princes in adversity without wishing himself to have a father1 a son1 a wife1 a sister1 or children resembling them4 ,on the other hand1 those who1 through attachment1 duty1 or interest 7for there are political situations which a wellcomprehended interest forces some to retain1 even after the occurrence of disasters7--those1 ,i say1 who have made themselves the noisy apologists of this family have carried exaggeration so far as to attribute to them qualities and talents which would have been more than sufficient for ruling even in these difficult times2 without reflecting that this blindness of zeal in regard to princes who met with so sudden a downfall while surrounded by a faithful army1 and in the midst of devoted provinces1 must diminish the confidence due to that portion of the eulogium which is really just4 ,as private individuals1 the ,bourbons of the elder branch have never merited the smallest of the outrages which it has been their fate to endure2 as sovereigns1 it is well known they have been great chiefly in their fall1 and have shown their courage and resolution less in their lives than in their deaths4 ,the writers of whom ,i speak1 carried away by the feelings of their hearts1 have poured them forth in eloquent descriptions4 ,identifying themselves1 so to speak1 with the misfortunes of which they have been witnesses1 they have given us chiefly the recital of their own emotions4 ,i shall not imitate them2 the spectacle of an entire family1 precipitated from the most brilliant of thrones into the miseries of exile1 is of itself sufficiently touching2 it has in it enough of sad sublimity to render it useless to overload the picture with the pretentious ornaments of the elegiac style4 ,to put together sentimental phrases for the purpose of describing a misfortune like this is to place one's self1 no matter what talents one may possess or exhibit1 very much beneath the level of the subject4 ,i have considered this preamble needful in order to avoid being taxed with coldness4 ,to speak with a suitable calmness of the ,bourbons may perhaps be permitted to one who for fifteen years has defended their cause1 and who has followed them into banishment2 who has never obtained from them either favors or places1 and who also has never betrayed them4 ,in quitting ,france1 ,charles ,x4 had only carried away with him1 after so much splendor1 a sum barely sufficient for a modest subsistence during a few years4 ,the abode at ,lullworth was expensive2 its vicinity to ,france made it accessible to a crowd of travellers1 many of whom came only to solicit from the king1 in return for services past1 or in view of services offered1 the assistance which the unfortunate monarch was no longer in a condition to grant without reducing himself to want4 ,in order to escape from these importunities1 and to withdraw himself from the painful necessity of refusing1 he asked and obtained from the ,british government the enjoyment of the asylum which he had already for a long time inhabited during the period of his first exile4 ,the capital of ,scotland1 in which is situated the palace of ,holyrood1 is in the same latitude as ,moscow1 but its vicinity to the sea renders its temperature much more endurable4 ,edinburgh is1 in many respects1 the most agreeable residence which a stranger can select in ,great ,britain4 ,the liberal arts are there cultivated with a particular devotion4 ,it is a large town1 picturesque in the extreme1 and sumptuously built4 ,the seat of old ,edinburgh is worthy of remark2 in seeking for a comparison which may convey an idea of it1 the device of the arms of the kingdom naturally occurs to furnish me with one4 ,imagine1 at the entrance of a deep and narrow valley formed by the hills of ,salisbury and ,calton1 an enormous lion1 half couched4 ,his head1 which is turned towards the rising sun1 and overlooks the plain1 is a peaked rock1 three hundred feet in elevation1 and nobly crowned by the old castle4 ,to the right and left1 the houses are suspended from his flanks1 like the waves of his mane4 ,the ridge of his spine is represented by a long street1 which1 dividing the two opposite declivities1 begins from the esplanade of the castle1 and terminates at the ,canongate in front of the portal of ,holyrood4 ,the new town occupies the plateau of ,calton hill4 ,larger than the old town1 it is also better built1 and all the streets are laid out in regular squares4 ,this city1 take it altogether1 resembles none other with which we are acquainted4 ,it is an assemblage of monuments of every age and in every style1 built of beautiful stone1 many of them very carefully constructed1 and thrown1 in the most picturesque manner1 upon projections of rugged rocks1 in the hollows of precipices1 on the slopes of valleys4 ,magnificent bridges1 gigantic causeways1 unite the different parts of the city4 ,the ancient and the modern are preserved without alteration of character4 ,here rise houses of eleven stories1 the highest of which is on a level with the great street of which we have spoken4 ,there1 beside a ,greek peristyle1 the luxury of the boudoir is sheltered by embattled towers4 ,at the sight of this singular town1 of this variety of edifices1 of these steep mountains1 of the sea1 and of the sky1 we can more fully comprehend the genius of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,everything here seems created to clothe with form and substance the conceptions of romance4 ,here we can walk1 if we like1 under ,athenian porticos or in ,gothic cloisters1 and can pass from the sombre tints of a feudal habitation to drawingrooms freshly decorated in the modern style of luxury2 we can leave the modest sidewalks of the bourgeois of the ,x,vth century1 above which the projecting roofs and gables are still in good preservation1 to enter upon railways1 those marvels of modern invention4 ,at every step our eyes are met by objects less precious1 perhaps1 from the value they represent than from the associations they recall3 the crown of gold enriched with jewels1 the sceptre1 and the sword of the ancient kings of ,scotland1 discovered1 fifteen years ago1 in a walledup room of the old castle2 the furniture used by ,mary ,stuart2 the embroidery which occupied the last happy leisure hours of this unfortunate queen2 the tapestry raised by the assassins of ,rizzio when they entered her apartment2 the bed of crimson damask on which she used to sleep4 ,here we tread on the ashes of a long line of kings1 of a multitude of celebrated personages2 and the last circumstance worthy of note1 in this abode so suggestive of mysterious traditions and royal misfortunes1 is that the wreck of the court of the ,tuileries have taken refuge beneath the ancient hereditary roof of ,james ,,ii4 ,the palace of ,holyrood is nothing but a cold and gloomy cloister1 flanked at the two extremities of its anterior front by towers4 ,the apartments of ,charles ,x41 situated on the first floor1 extend over one of the sides of the cloister1 and over the angle opposite the principal entrance4 ,after crossing a vestibule leading to the chapel1 an antechamber1 an unfurnished gallery1 a billiardroom1 we enter the diningroom--a gloomy apartment with bare walls1 containing only an oval table and chairs4 ,from thence we pass into a drawingroom twentyfive feet square1 opening upon a small1 uncultivated enclosure called a garden1 and furnished in the style of the drawingroom of a ,parisian bourgeois4 ,it was in this apartment that receptions for strangers were held from eleven to twelve o'clock in the morning2 and in the evening1 all the royal family met here after dinner4 ,the persons belonging to the household and the invited guests were admitted to these soires1 which lasted until about ten o'clock4 ,the ,duc de ,bordeaux7#id7 and mademoiselle played games together2 the king had a whisttable2 the dauphiness and her ladies worked at a round table4 ,frequently the conversation became general1 and was almost always interesting4 ,the ,french and ,english newspapers were read and commented upon4 ,sometimes the king and the dauphin would repair to the billiard room1 and play a few games together4 ,in these soires1 there was no more etiquette observed than is usual in the house of a gentleman living on his estates4 ,at the left of the drawingroom1 a door led to an intermediate apartment1 forming the private study of the king4 ,into this opened his bedchamber4 ,with the sleepingroom of the king communicated that of the ,duc de ,bordeaux1 situated on the same floor1 and looking into the courtyard4 ,the ,baron de ,saint ,aubin occupied a room at the side2 the apartments of mademoiselle were on the upper floor4 ,the ,duc de ,blacas1 when he was at ,holyrood1 had the superintendence of the household2 when he was absent1 the details of these functions were directed by the ,baron de ,saint ,aubin4 ,the suite was composed of about forty persons1 lodged in the town in the vicinity of the palace4 ,the equipages of the king were limited to one carriage1 hired by the month4 ,when this was not sufficient1 another coach was sent for2 and three saddlehorses sufficed for the rides of the king and his family4 ,charles ,x41 having given up the amusement of hunting1 and needing exercise to maintain his health1 was in the habit of walking every day three or four miles around ,holyrood4 ,the table was supplied abundantly1 but without luxury2 the king usually invited two or three strangers1 but the number of covers seldom exceeded fourteen or fifteen4 ,such was the mediocrity to which fate had reduced this family1 so lately surrounded by the greatest possible luxury and splendor4 ,no sign of regret1 no trace of vexation1 could be perceived on the countenance of ,charles ,x4 ,never did a word of bitterness escape from the lips of these illustrious sufferers4 ,the dauphiness1 whom some have dared to represent as a vindictive and fanatical woman1 was gentleness itself4 ,in vain would any one have sought1 in the expression of her face1 so full of goodness and resignation1 for even the appearance of a pride which nevertheless her elevated rank would have sufficiently justified4 ,as to the dauphin1 so far did he carry his abnegation of all personal resentment that he was more than once heard to recall with commendation the talents and bravery of some officers whom he had overwhelmed with his favors1 but who1 nevertheless1 had been the first to betray him4 ,every one admitted to ,holyrood could not but recognize and admire the presence of those virtues which form the charm of domestic life4 ,they doubtless do not suffice for those upon whom ,heaven has imposed the terrible task of governing men4 ,the most marked trait in the character of ,charles ,x4 is indecision2 in that of the dauphin1 a pretension to acuteness1 which has more than once discouraged his friends1 without inspiring confidence in his enemies4 ,as for the dauphiness1 the intensity of her misfortunes in this world has led her to fix her hopes upon a better one4 ,pious1 although tolerant1 she herself feels that her counsels would be of little avail in this age of incredulity4 ,in what she desires for ,france1 she never can separate religion from legitimacy4 ,when1 at ,holyrood1 she heard of the pillage of the archbishopric1 these words fell from her lips3 8,alas6 the ,french have cast off religion1 and at length ,i begin to comprehend why it is they hate us40 ,the ,duchesse de ,berri was a being apart in the royal family4 ,young1 animated1 full of regrets1 of desires1 and of hopes1 she could not pardon those who had prevented her from presenting herself before the ,parisians on the #cjth of ,july1 #ahcj1 in order to claim from them the crown for her son4 ,confident in her adventurous courage and in her ability to create for herself another future1 her irritation for the past and the projects she still contemplated1 little agreed either with the calm resignation of the dauphiness or with the habitual prudence of the king4 ,she could only endure for a few weeks the monotony of the residence at ,holyrood4 ,besides1 the rigor of the climate appeared to affect her health1 and she repaired to the mineral waters of ,bath4 ,here various speculators came to surround her1 in a manner to take possession of her as of a pledge for their future fortunes1 and induced her to borrow considerable sums of money on the property still remaining to her1 in order to defray the expenses of the projected expedition4 ,the duchess was brought to ,london1 where the final arrangements for this loan were to be made4 ,she was concealed in a small house1 and not a single ,frenchman1 excepting those composing the circle by whom she was surrounded1 knew what had become of her until the day of the embarkation4 ,the announcement of the departure of the duchess was received at ,holyrood with a species of consternation4 ,the expedition she was about to undertake was regarded as an act of extreme imprudence4 ,to throw herself into ,france1 in order to create an insurrection1 without arms1 without money1 without the prospect of assistance from any ,european power2 to give herself up to the chances of inconsiderate promises made by a few men without influence and without resources2 to calculate chiefly upon the defection of an army1 recomposed in part1 and still agitated by the preceding defection into which the sudden departure of the king had precipitated it--this was1 in the eyes of the exiles of ,holyrood1 to attempt an enterprise of which the success would scarcely have justified the temerity1 and of which the success itself was considered impossible4 ,other reasons for fear1 which we may now be permitted to recall1 disturbed the heart of the old monarch4 ,he distrusted the impetuosity of the duchess1 her fiery temperament1 her ardent and independent character1 which1 even should it not lead her to disregard conventionalities1 might authorize those possessing her confidence and affection to overstep their limits in her affairs4 ,he foresaw more than one disaster2 he dreaded all sorts of misfortunes4 ,the unfortunate princess was destined to experience them all4 ,the ,duc de ,blacas was commissioned to follow her1 and to oppose1 as far as it might be in his power1 the dangerous influence of her advisers2 but the resolution of the duchess was too much in unison with her tastes and character4 ,soon the position of ,m4 de ,blacas towards her became no longer tenable1 and he returned without having accomplished anything1 to the great displeasure of the king4 ,charles ,x4 never approved of the projects for civil war4 ,when these were proposed to him1 he did not manifest that aversion which has been attributed to him by his flatterers2 he simply replied that1 in the times in which we live1 civil war is a thing difficult to undertake and impossible to sustain4 ,he had been a king2 he was acquainted with the secrets of the government2 he knew that all the forces of the kingdom being at the present day centralized1 the provinces cannot withdraw themselves from the power of the telegraph and of the budget2 and that nothing but a signal disaffection on the part of the army would be likely to produce a second #bjth of ,march4 ,the riots which took place in the capital at first excited his attention2 but after the days of the #eth and #fth of ,june1 he appeared to have ceased to fear1 or rather to hope1 for their success4 ,as for foreign war1 ,charles ,x4 never could endure the idea of it4 ,never did it enter his thoughts to implore the armed intervention of other sovereigns4 ,he believed that a third invasion of ,france1 were it to take place1 would lead to incalculable disasters2 to the partition of the territory4 ,perhaps1 also1 he felt that he could not claim the assistance of his allies1 in virtue of the treaties of #ahae2 since1 during his reign1 the government had always been inclined to throw off the yoke of those treaties4 ,the late ministry1 in its endeavors to restore ,france to her natural limits1 had excited distrust in the cabinets of ,london1 the ,hague1 ,berlin1 ,vienna1 and ,turin4 ,it was not1 therefore1 probable that these powers would assist in restoring a government which had placed itself in a hostile position to them all1 without demanding1 in return1 ruinous sacrifices and humiliating guarantees4 ,it is needful to look at things from this point of view1 in order to appreciate the policy which was followed at ,holyrood4 ,with foreign governments few or no relations were maintained2 with the interior1 various correspondences1 the authors of which differed in plans1 in principles1 and in views4 ,all were received1 all were replied to1 in accordance with their various ideas and modes of thinking4 ,the object was to offend no one1 to discourage no opinion1 in the uncertainty as to which opinion would be the most useful4 ,many excellent royalists1 with the most praiseworthy disinterestedness1 wrote to place at the disposal of the king their hearts1 their fortunes1 and their lives4 ,if any means were sought for to utilize these generous offers1 it was frequently discovered that these worthy people possessed neither money nor influence1 and that many of them were advanced in years4 ,others sent plans of conspiracies which included threefourths of ,france1 but with lists of names for the most part unknown4 ,they undertook1 they said1 to cause ,henry ,v4 to be proclaimed all over the kingdom1 provided ,charles ,x4 would send them in advance sufficient sums of money4 ,some personages1 who still figure on the theatre of politics1 took measures to remit1 with great precaution1 their offers of service4 ,it is worthy of remark that such notes arrived each time there was any rumor of revolt or any prospect of war in foreign countries4 ,these offers were not expressed in as precise terms as the preceding ones2 they were always accompanied by conditions1 of which the principal ones were that the direction of the movement in question should be confided to no one excepting the authors2 that a provision should be made of entire approval of the measures upon which they might decide2 and1 above all1 that the portfolios of the ministry of the restoration should be ensured to them4 ,they alone1 they asserted1 understood the needs of ,france and the way to rule her4 ,in a few missives of another kind1 some old servants set forth the faults which1 in their opinion1 the king had committed during his reign1 and ended by offering him advice in case he should regain the throne4 ,some of these1 irritated by what they considered the oblivion of their former services1 permitted themselves to utter bitter reproaches1 without pity for misfortunes the sight of which should have been sufficient to disarm even a just resentment4 ,these letters were received with perfect indifference4 ,there were1 however1 demands which1 by dint of their audacity1 obtained greater success4 ,a person wrote from ,paris to one of the servants of the king3 8,i am about to publish a work which will contain the account of various acts of the government of ,charles ,x4 ,you know that the offices ,i held afforded me opportunities of knowing many things2 the revolution of ,july has deprived me of my situation and my pension2 the public loves scandal2 the publishers will pay a high price for it2 and ,i will furnish it to them unless ,i receive thirty thousand francs1 which ,i cannot do without40 ,if these are not the precise terms of the letter1 at least ,i am sure that ,i have not altered the sense4 ,the author of this letter had been employed under the ,restoration2 he had received many favors from both the last two monarchs2 a compromise was made with him4 ,i do not know what was the sum sent1 but ,i do know that the person employed to mediate in this affair was successful2 the threatened work was never published4 ,among the offers of services which reached ,holyrood1 some deserve particular mention for their singularity4 ,a hero of ,july1 famous during the fatal days1 and furious at not having been able to obtain some office1 proposed to rally all the republicans among his friends to the cause of ,henry ,v41 and concluded his epistle by announcing that he would repair in person to the seacoast1 and with his own hands place the plank of debarkation beneath the feet of the legitimate heir to the crown4 ,a personage who has for a long time figured under the ,empire had despatched to ,england a very active agent1 who offered1 at the same time1 his services to the princes of ,holyrood1 to the ,duchesse de ,berri1 and to the heirs of ,napoleon2 meanwhile1 the personage in question was negotiating at ,paris with the republicans4 ,the result of this quadruple piece of diplomacy was that he obtained employment from the government of ,louis ,philippe4 ,already1 during the period of their former exile1 had the august occupants of ,holyrood had but too many opportunities to estimate the real value of the offers1 the schemes1 the demands1 the pretext for which was furnished by a projected restoration1 of a crowd of ambitious and intriguing men4 ,wearied1 as it were1 by the variety of sentiments expressed towards them1 the obliging interest they manifested was merely the effect of an exquisite politeness4 ,unhappily1 in this indifference they lost sight of real devotion to their cause2 they did not appear to have made any very great progress in the art of estimating men--an art the ignorance of which had been the cause of their second downfall4 ,and1 besides1 in order to receive these propositions with profit1 to give them a useful direction1 it would1 first of all1 have been necessary that the most important political point--that of legitimacy--should be settled and proclaimed4 ,those who have asserted that there existed on this subject a perfect unanimity of opinion among the royal family and among their advisers as to the right to the crown in the present situation of affairs1 either have not known all the truth1 or else have concealed a portion of it1 in conformity with their own political views4 ,during his residence at ,holyrood1 ,charles ,x4 addressed to the principal courts of ,europe a confirmation of his abdication at ,rambouillet2 but1 besides that this confirmation1 being declared free1 indicates that the abdication was always considered as forced1 and therefore null1 ,charles ,x41 in this second instrument1 expressly reserves to himself the regency of the kingdom4 ,the dauphin1 on the other hand1 positively refused to give a similar declaration4 8,i sign nothing10 said he2 8not that ,i desire to dispute with my nephew a crown of which ,i am far from envying him the possession1 but1 on the contrary1 in order to preserve it for him1 in case the follies which are being committed in his name should render my reappearance necessary40 ,lastly1 in regard to the ,duchesse de ,berri1 no law1 no historical precedent1 could have been found to authorize her to consider herself regent of the kingdom during the minority of her son4 ,had not the abdication of ,charles ,x4 been conditional1 and1 besides1 where could there have been found a statesgeneral legally convoked to recognize madame in this capacity8 ,the uncertainty on this point became a source of discussion for the various members of the suite4 ,the servants of the king1 those of the dauphin1 and those of the ,duc de ,bordeaux held many grave arguments over their respective pretensions to the title of the royal household2 but we must add that these all ended in discussion4 ,the royal family1 who lived together in a sincere and patriarchal union1 appeared to take but little interest in these various opinions2 whether it were that these unfortunate princes believed it impossible for them at this time to recover the crown1 or whether they regarded the possession of it as something little desirable1 they frequently conversed upon this subject as if it had been a question of historic right foreign to themselves4 ,one opinion1 one feeling1 however1 united them all1 and this was that all rights to the crown must one day centre upon the head of ,henry ,v41 and that it was necessary to educate him in such a manner as to prepare him worthily to sustain this high destiny in case ,providence should call him to it4 ,here we must speak of the education which is being given to the young prince under the direction of the ,baron de ,damas4 ,much good1 and also some evil1 has been said of him4 ,in the first place1 however1 it appears to me that too great importance has been attached to his functions4 ,in order that the character of the governor should have any decisive influence over that of his pupil1 it would be necessary for the two to live in comparative isolation4 ,perhaps1 surrounded by all the pomp of the ,tuileries1 the fetters of etiquette might have tended to produce such isolation2 but in the greater freedom consequent upon exile1 interruptions of all kinds prevent this species of influence4 ,at all hours of the day the ,duc de ,bordeaux is receiving new and varied impressions4 ,he receives them from his teachers1 from his professors1 from his servants1 from the strangers who approach him1 from the paternal solicitude of his grandfather1 from the gentle piety of his aunt1 from the companionship of his young and charming sister2 he receives them from his studies1 from his exercises1 from his travels1 from his recollections--in short1 from his misfortunes2 for he is of an age and of an intelligence to understand and to feel them4 ,we must take into account the combined influence of all these diverse impressions1 in order to draw probable deductions as to the profit he is one day to receive from his present education4 ,at all events1 if the ,baron de ,damas does not possess very enlarged ideas1 his character is firm and upright4 ,for many things he deserves commendation3 he endeavors to prevent all flatterers from approaching his pupil2 from those by whom he is surrounded he exacts nothing but sincerity and cheerfulness4 ,and then1 he is careful to admit to the presence of the young prince1 in unrestrained confidence1 all strangers1 and especially all ,frenchmen1 who desire access to him1 unless their request should be prompted merely by the wish to gratify an impertinent curiosity4 ,the office of ,m4 de ,damas has been envied1 and even sought after1 by some of those persons who style themselves the courtiers of misfortune1 but who are perhaps merely the courtiers of greatness expected1 or at least hoped for4 ,but it may reasonably be doubted whether this governor could be replaced in a manner advantageous to the young prince4 ,among the notabilities of the present epoch who might be designated for this important position1 is there one who combines the necessary qualifications8 ,would we seek among the number of those who1 by their interested counsels or by their calculated disaffection1 contributed to the overthrow of the throne of ,charles ,x41 for men to teach his grandson the art of restoring and of preserving the throne8 ,can we confide in these systemmongers at a period like this1 when all systems have made shipwreck8 ,no2 all that can be done is to make of the young prince a man of learning without pedantry1 of sincerity without indiscretion1 of courage without temerity4 ,in the present age1 in which everything indicates the necessity of a power strong enough to restrain the elements of anarchy introduced by sophists into society1 in which the overthrow of ancient institutions leaves to power only the force it can obtain from armies1 what is chiefly to be desired in the king of a nation like ours is military qualities combined with liberality1 enlightenment1 religion1 prudence1 and justice4 ,now1 none of these conditions are wanting in the education which is now being given to the ,duc de ,bordeaux--neither proper methods on the part of the preceptors1 nor the disposition to receive on the part of the pupil4 ,m4 ,barande1 one of the most learned men of our time1 instructs the young prince1 with admirable precision1 in the facts of history1 combined with chronology and geography4 ,the ,abb de ,meligny explains to him with simplicity the doctrines of religion4 ,m4 d',hardivilliers inspires him with a taste for1 and a knowledge of1 the fine arts4 ,the first elements of the science of war form the subjects of his games and of his recreations4 ,young ,henri rides on horseback1 practises fencing1 shoots with the pistol1 speaks and writes several languages4 ,his memory is unusually excellent2 his discernment is beyond his age4 ,the regular distribution of his time gives him habits of order and of diligence4 ,his health1 watched over by ,dr4 ,bougon1 is robust2 his frame1 fortified by exercise1 is strong and agile4 ,in a word1 he is an intelligent1 sprightly1 vivacious child1 and yet1 withal1 a reasonable one4 ,there is no mother who would not be proud of him2 no father whose every wish would not be gratified by the possession of such a son4 ,having thus sketched his portrait1 ,i do not intend to imitate the enthusiasm of those who have gathered up and published his most unimportant remarks1 and have even1 in their exaggerated admiration1 attributed to him1 possibly1 speeches of their own4 ,at the sight of this royal child1 proclaimed1 at the hour of his birth1 future monarch of a great empire1 and now entering upon his adolescence in exile1 this reflection naturally presents itself3 ,how if he had never been born8 ,had he not been born1 probably ,france would not have been disturbed4 ,the partisans of the younger branch1 certain of one day attaining to power1 would have had patience2 the republicans of ,july would not have been able to enter by the breach opened by the ,orlanists and the disaffected royalists4 ,his grandfather and his uncle might have died upon the throne4 ,had he not been born1 and had the double abdication still become indispensable1 ,louis ,philippe would today be more firmly seated on his throne than any monarch in ,europe2 for in him would be found resolved the great problem of the union of fact and of right1 of legitimacy and of force4 ,had he not bean born1 444 but he has been born1 he is growing to manhood1 and in him are being developed all the characteristic signs of the rejuvenescence of his race4 ,in this age of tribulations and of wonders1 who may venture to sound the abyss of the future8 ,this was what was said at ,holyrood1 and it was added3 8,did not ,m4 ,odillon ,barrot1 when1 in the drawingroom at ,rambouillet1 he executed the task assigned to him of announcing to ,charles ,x4 the hard decree of exile1 pronounce the memorable words3 #8,sire1 watch well over this royal child2 one day he will be of importance to the destinies of ,france8' 0 ,new ,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,the ,,cross4 ,by ,david ,lewis4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,lewis has certainly deserved well of the inhabitants of ,mount ,carmel4 ,his translation of that incomparable gem1 ,s4 ,teresa's ,autobiography2 his truly splendid work1 the translation of the writings of ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 and now his ,life of the latter saint1 make up a series of works for which ,english ,catholic literature is deeply indebted to him4 ,the devoted and enthusiastic interest which ,s4 ,teresa1 the ,queen of ,carmel1 has inspired in modern times is something wonderful1 though it cannot seem strange or surprising to any one who is acquainted with her history and capable of appreciating her character4 ,happily for the world1 ,s4 ,teresa has found among her devotees several both able and willing to make her life and works known with an intelligent and painstaking zeal for which we cannot be too grateful4 ,f4 ,bouix and ,canon ,dalton are conspicuous among these devout admirers of the modern glory of ,carmel who have labored so faithfully and with so much pious and scholarly learning and taste to diffuse the light and fragrance of her sanctity and doctrine4 ,mr4 ,lewis devotes himself more especially to ,s4 ,john of the ,cross2 but it was really only a part of the great work of ,s4 ,teresa which ,s4 ,john executed1 both by his labors and his writings4 ,he was her spiritual son1 the chief instrument of carrying out the reform with which she was inspired among the friars of the order of ,carmel2 and in his works he was1 so to speak1 ,s4 ,teresa's theologian and expositor4 ,every one who has been interested in ,s4 ,teresa's life must have wished for a good life of ,s4 ,john of the ,cross2 and whoever has tasted of the delicious fountain of divine doctrine in his works must have desired it still more4 ,such a life ,mr4 ,lewis has undertaken to give us1 compiling it from the older ,spanish biographies4 ,mr4 ,lewis's biography of the saint is short and succinct1 but very precise1 accurate1 and complete in its narrative of facts and events4 ,so far1 it is what was wanted2 and to one who has learned to know the interior life of ,s4 ,john in his writings it is sufficient4 ,it is not1 however1 in itself1 by any means such a complete and adequate portraiture of ,s4 ,teresa's counterpart and companion as we possess of herself1 thanks to the happy thought of her confessor1 who obliged her to write her own life1 and to the devoted and affectionate biographers who have supplied so fully all that she herself omitted4 ,the number of those who will read this ,life with pleasure and profit must necessarily be a comparatively small one4 ,and we forewarn all its readers1 even devout ,catholics accustomed to reading the lives of saints1 that it requires a robust faith to avoid being scandalized or frightened by this one4 ,s4 ,john was most cruelly persecuted and maltreated by his own brethren and superiors of the ,mitigated ,rule1 and even by one unworthy prior of the ,reform4 ,moreover1 the austerity of his life and the additional sufferings which ,god sent upon him may easily frighten and dismay most of us1 soft and effeminate ,christians as we are1 when they are looked at as presented in a dry historical narrative1 and apart from the inward consolations1 the supernatural graces1 the high contemplation1 which made trials and crosses sweet to this great and heroic soul4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 expect this book to be a favorite with the common run of even pious readers4 ,but those who are capable of enjoying and profiting by it will be greatly rejoiced that it has been written and published4 ,,what ,,is ,,darwinism8 ,by ,charles ,hodge1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,there is a great deal of modest wisdom in this small volume from the pen of one of the most learned and accomplished of the ,princeton gentlemen4 ,dr4 ,hodge chiefly aims at showing what the real virus of ,darwinism consists in1 and finds it to be the denial of final causes1 or virtual atheism4 ,there is also a very good summary of arguments against the theory of evolution1 and there are careful1 wellstudied criticisms upon various writers of distinction upon themes connected with the author's topic4 ,we are glad to see that ,dr4 ,hodge affirms the infallibility of reason--that is1 its possession of first principles which are unerring1 and its capacity of attaining to the knowledge of truth or true science4 ,we do not approve1 however1 of his definition of scientific evidence as that which is attained through the senses1 or his distinction between science and theology4 ,it is most important to maintain the rights of philosophy and theology as the highest and most certain of sciences1 having supremacy over all others4 ,we suppose that ,dr4 ,hodge admits this in regard to the things themselves1 but we consider it important to retain even the terms by which the things are properly designated1 and to resist at all points the impertinent as well as futile attempts of modern scientists to dethrone the queen of the sciences4 ,the style and tone adopted by ,dr4 ,hodge in this volume are remarkably quiet and moderate1 and we trust that this characteristic of his manner of arguing with persons who are disposed to lend an ear to the sophistry of modern infidels will give it a readier access to their minds4 ,there is1 however1 an excess of amiability in the praise which is awarded to ,mathilde ,blind's 8excellent translation0 of ,strauss4 ,we recommend this book without hesitation as one which1 so far as it goes1 is satisfactory and likely to prove very useful4 ,,madame ,,agnes4 ,by ,charles ,dubois4 ,translated from the ,french by ,m4 ,p4 ,t4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,by ,marie ,rheil4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,s4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,this brace of ,french novels1 under one cover1 comes very opportunely at this time1 when careful teachers are on the lookout for premiums which will be at once attractive and safe to put into the hands of their young charges1 and summer tourists are in search of literary provender to stow away in their portmanteaus and saddlebags4 ,those who have watched the progress of the stories through these pages are aware that the ,french literature which comes out under ,catholic auspices is very different from that which reaches the public through the secular press4 ,we are inclined to look on ,the ,farm of ,muiceron as somewhat unique among recent works of fiction4 ,the writer1 as well as most of her characters1 speaks the language of the ,french peasantry2 and1 if a more learned interlocutor is introduced1 the author frankly tells us 8not to expect her to explain the meaning of the big words he uses40 ,should the reader thence conclude that the plot is weak1 and its evolution more so--in fact1 that he has taken up a goodygoody book--he will speedily get rid of that absurd idea before he proceeds very far2 and he will also be convinced that the translation of such a work requires peculiar qualifications4 ,a knowledge of classical ,french will not alone suffice4 ,an intimate acquaintance with provincial modes of thought and expression1 and of such ,english equivalents for the idioms as will best preserve their racy flavor1 are essential4 ,this advantage we are satisfied the present version has1 as the translator unites to a thorough knowledge of her own tongue a practical familiarity with the dialect intended to be represented4 ,every linguist knows the wonderful capabilities of the ,french language in its delicate shades and modulations of expression2 and if the translation fails to reproduce them1 the fault must be laid at the door of our unyielding vernacular4 ,we do not intend to anticipate the pleasure of the reader by any attempt to analyze the contents of either story4 ,some of the scenes of the second are laid in the midst of the stormy days of ,july1 #ahdh1 and hence many of its descriptions read like a page of contemporary history1 and its pictures of rustic life are full of simplicity and pathos4 ,madame ,agnes will suit readers of a more serious cast1 or the same readers in a different mood2 and the two combined may serve as light and shade to each other4 ,the solidity and gravity of the one sets off the vivacity and navet of the other4 ,madame ,agnes is decidedly a story of real life in its lifelikeness to everyday experience1 and its lessons may1 perhaps1 the sooner find their way to the reader's heart and conscience for that reason4 ,,the ,,new ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart4 ,compiled and ,translated from ,approved ,sources4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahgd4 ,confraternities of the ,sacred ,heart will welcome this additional manual4 ,it contains every kind of devotion that lovers of the ,sacred ,heart can wish for4 ,we hope it will have a wide sale4 ,,sins ,,and ,,its ,,consequences4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,,who ,,is ,,jesus ,,christ8 ,five ,lectures4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,bishop ,hedley4 ,,the ,,pope ,,and ,,the ,,emperor4 ,nine ,lectures4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,j4 ,n4 ,sweeney1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,archbishop ,manning's sermons are plain1 practical discourses in his usual clear and masterly style4 ,bishop ,hedley's lectures give an exposition of the ,catholic doctrine of the ,incarnation and the principal heresies which have sought to corrupt and subvert it1 with an explanation of redemption and the ,real ,presence4 ,they are both theological and eloquent4 ,dr4 ,sweeney sketches graphically the contests between the head of the church and the imperial power from ,jesus ,christ to ,pius ,,ix4 ,each of the three volumes is of small size1 but full of instruction4 ,,the ,,french ,,prisoner ,,in ,,russia4 ,translated from the ,french by ,p4 ,s41 a ,graduate of ,s4 ,joseph's ,academy1 ,emmittsburg4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,it has been said that a ,french novel is either very bad or very good1 and we are glad to be able to place the one before us in the latter category4 ,it is the story of a ,french family1 the head of which1 an officer in ,napoleon's grand army1 with his son1 is taken prisoner during the ,russian campaign1 and sent to ,siberia4 ,no tidings having been heard from them after the disastrous retreat from ,moscow1 they are supposed to be dead1 and the mother and only daughter1 a most amiable and gentle girl1 are thrown upon the world in poverty and sickness4 ,when years have elapsed1 and the ladies have succeeded in winning an humble competence1 news arrives that the lost ones are alive2 so the mother and daughter set out on a long and dangerous journey to effect their release4 ,how they fared in their noble mission1 and what dangers they encountered on the way1 will be best learned from the book itself4 ,the original tale is written in excellent ,french style1 which is ever simple and fluent1 and the translation appears to have been carefully made with proper regard to the idiom of our vernacular4 ,s4 ,,joseph',s ,,ascetical ,,library4 ,edited by ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,no4 ,,ix43 ,,meditations ,,for ,,every ,,day ,,in ,,the ,,year ,,and ,,the ,,principal ,,festivals4 ,by the ,ven4 ,f4 ,lancicius1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the fact that ,jesuits edit this library is its best guarantee and recommendation in respect to the sound and solid character of the works which will be included in its series4 ,the wellknown good taste and literary culture of the ,english fathers of the society is a warrant for the care and skill with which the editorial work is performed4 ,the present volume is most carefully and tastefully published1 and its contents are of the best quality4 ,the work itself is an old and standard one by one of the best writers of the society4 ,the volumes of this library cannot be too strongly recommended to all devout ,catholics4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,by ,professor ,dr4 ,ernst ,curtius4 ,translated from the ,german by ,adolphus ,wm4 ,ward1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,we have already given an extended notice of the previous volumes of this work1 and we now simply repeat the judgment previously expressed4 ,it is the most complete1 and1 in many respects1 it is the best history of ,greece yet placed within the reach of the ,english reader4 ,,glory ,,and ,,sorrow2 and ,,selim1 ,,pasha ,,of ,,salonica4 ,translated from the ,french by ,p4 ,s4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,here are more stories for premiums4 ,while the didactic purpose is not lost sight of1 the narratives are sufficiently enlivened to hold the reader's attention throughout4 ,in the first tale the young student is warned against the consequences of an excessive ambition for wealth and power2 and contentment with his position in life is inculcated as a necessary condition of happiness4 ,selim is a tale of the wars between the ,christians and ,turks in the ,east4 ,,catherine ,,hamilton4 ,a ,tale for ,little ,girls4 ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,s4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,we have no doubt this will prove a very attractive book to the little folks1 and would be glad to see it widely circulated among them4 ,,may ,,papers4 ,by ,edward ,ignatius ,purbrick1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this pretty book1 just received in this country1 was prepared originally for the use of the boys at ,stonyhurst ,college4 ,it is the first attempt1 we believe1 in ,english to adapt the instructions for the month particularly to young people1 and we therefore think it worthy of special mention4 ,a ,criticism4 ,,lafayette1 ,,ind41 ,april #ba1 #ahgd4 ,the article 8,on the ,wing10 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,may1 is one of unusual merit2 but in the haste of composition1 the writer1 at page #baf1 makes a mistake in stating that ,s4 ,peter's ,church at ,rome was 8built from the designs of ,bernini1 and completed by ,michael ,angelo40 ,bernini had nothing to do with the edifice proper4 ,he only built the baldacchino over the high altar and the colonnade in the public square adjoining the church4 ,michael ,angelo completed the piers of the dome1 and made a wooden framework on which to construct a dome2 but the dome was constructed by ,giacomo della ,porta from designs of his own4 ,the edifice proper was finished by ,carlo ,maderno1 and on the plan of a ,latin cross1 the suggestion of ,bramante1 overruling ,michael ,angelo's suggestion of the form of a ,greek cross4 ,it is very seldom that ,,the ,,catholic ,,world is at fault1 even in ecclesiology2 but ,i think here is a plain case4 ,having made ,s4 ,peter's something of a study both in ,rome and at home1 ,i feel myself at liberty to make you these comments4 ,yours very truly1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,wilstach4 ,the poem 8,for ever10 originally sent to this magazine1 and published in our ,may number1 was also published in ,lippincott's of the same month1 the author concluding1 from its nonappearance in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 that it had been declined4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aab4--;,,july1 #ahgd4 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,dr4 ,louis ,bchner's work1 ,kraft und ,stoff1 first appeared in ,germany in the year #ahee1 and met with such a favorable reception by a numerous class of ignorant or wicked progressionists7#ie7 that from that year up to the end of #ahgj it passed through ten ,german editions1 without counting the several translations into other languages4 ,the present writer had lately the fortune1 or the misfortune1 to be presented with an ,english copy of this abominable work17#if7 and was informed that the knights of the square and the trowel had taken a special interest in its propagation4 ,it could not be otherwise2 for the work itself is a masonic work4 ,no one who knows the true character of freemasonry1 and has read the book1 can have the least doubt of its masonic origin4 ,only a mason of the blackest dye could have displayed such a cool effrontery1 artful dishonesty1 and diabolic malice as the author of ,force and ,matter did in almost every page of his little volume4 ,dr4 ,bchner is one of those dangerous men who have a great talent for perverting truth4 ,he knows how to dazzle the simple with brilliant quotations1 how to perplex the acute with unanswerable riddles1 how to entangle the cautious in a web of plausible objections4 ,he knows how to supplant reason by rhetoric2 and the more embarrassing his case1 the greater is his assurance and the higher his pretension4 ,it is in the name of science that he pretends to speak4 ,such is the fashion just now4 ,secret societies began their open war against the church and against ,god in the name of philosophy2 when beaten on this ground1 they appealed to liberality1 then to progress1 then to civilization1 and now to science4 ,all these words1 on their lips1 were lies4 ,freemasons and their cognate societies have never been fond of real 8philosophy10 and never had truly 8liberal0 views4 ,the world never made any 8progress0 in the right direction when it followed them2 their pretended 8civilization0 never meant anything else than the tyrannical subjugation of the church by 8civil0 powers4 ,and now their 8science10 so far as it is theirs1 is only a travesty and prostitution of truth4 ,the world owes nothing to them except the increase of crime1 the loss of public honesty1 and the threatened triumph of villany4 ,with ,dr4 ,bchner1 as with many others of the same ilk1 science is a mere pretext4 ,his real object is to attack ,god's existence1 a future life1 human liberty1 and all those truths which underlie sound philosophy1 morality1 and religious belief4 ,a work so well calculated to do harm1 and which has already infected with its poison a numerous class of readers1 needs refutation1 and we will engage in the unpleasant task4 ,we hope we shall be able to show that ,dr4 ,bchner's ,force and ,matter1 all its pretensions notwithstanding1 is1 in a philosophical point of view1 a complete failure4 ,one ounce of truth and a cartload of lies is just what the doctor dispenses to his benighted admirers throughout the pages of his baneful production4 ,to make things clearer1 and to give ,dr4 ,bchner the best opportunity of speaking for himself1 we have thought of putting the whole discussion in the form of a dialogue between the doctor and ourselves4 ,we know that a lengthy conversation with such a sworn enemy of truth may prove disgusting in a high degree1 as he will utter nothing but sophisms or blasphemies4 ,but the sophist must be unmasked and the blasphemer confounded4 ,we hope our readers will excuse us for paying such attention to an infidel writer2 we would have ignored him altogether1 if his work were not as dangerous as it is unworthy of a doctor4 ,i4 ,flippancy ,and ,scholasticism4 ,reader4 ,indeed1 doctor1 ,i fear that your ,force and ,matter will make you a bad reputation4 ,our most esteemed philosophers say that you are a sophist1 and that a man of your attainments cannot be a sophist but by deliberate choice4 ,they evidently imply that you are a knave and an impostor4 ,as for myself1 ,i confess that ,i do not see the cogency of your reasonings2 but1 before declaring you a knave and an impostor1 ,i should like to hear from your own mouth what you may have to say in your behalf4 ,bchner4 ,i am not surprised1 sir1 at anything said against me4 ,when ,i published my work1 8,i knew that my attempt was bold1 and that ,i should have to sustain a fierce struggle with the prejudices of the age0 7p4 viii47 ,but 8things cannot be represented different from what they are2 and nothing appears to me more perverse than the efforts of respectable naturalists to introduce orthodoxy in the natural sciences0 7p4 xvii47 ,you say that our most esteemed philosophers call me a sophist4 ,you mean the schoolmen1 of course2 in fact1 the scholastic philosophy1 still riding upon its high though terribly emaciated horse1 conceives that it has long ago done with our theories1 and has consigned them1 ticketed materialism1 sensualism1 determinism1 etc41 to the scientific lumberroom1 or1 as the phrase goes1 has assigned them their historical value4 ,but this philosophy1 my dear sir1 sinks daily in the estimation of the public1 and loses its ground 7p4 xviii47 ,reader4 ,i would remark1 with your permission1 that the public is not nowadays a very acute judge of these matters4 ,for what does the public know of scholastic philosophy8 ,bchner4 ,by the public ,i mean the scientific world1 sir4 ,reader4 ,the scientific world1 dear doctor1 knows very little of scholastic philosophy4 ,i am sure you will not deny the fact4 ,can you tell me where1 when1 for how many years1 under what professors1 and in what books1 your scientific men had an opportunity of studying scholastic philosophy8 ,they have1 no doubt1 heard something of it--just enough to realize the fact that there was a science in the world of which they were profoundly ignorant4 ,but this gives them no right to pass a judgment4 ,i venture to say that neither you nor ,moleschott1 ,feuerbach1 ,darwin1 ,tuttle1 ,huxley1 or any of your school1 have ever studied1 or consulted1 or perhaps even so much as touched with your hands1 a single volume of scholastic philosophy4 ,bchner4 ,this may be2 but it is quite enough for us to know that 8the singular attempts of the old school to construe nature out of thought instead of from observation have failed1 and brought the adherents of that school into such discredit that the name of natural philosopher has become a byword and a nickname0 7p4 xix47 ,reader4 ,no1 doctor4 ,this is not true4 ,the name of natural philosopher is still much respected and revered2 and ,i trust nothing will ever succeed in making it despicable1 except1 perhaps1 the shameless usurpation of it made by your friends1 the freethinkers1 whose philosophy is nothing but a mean conspiracy against truth4 ,it is their fault1 indeed1 if the name of natural philosopher is sneered at when connected with their own persons4 ,why should they put on a garb which fits them not8 ,if you call ,moleschott or ,darwin natural philosophers1 every one certainly will smile2 but call ,ampre or ,faraday by this name1 and you will see every one take down his hat in sign of respect and approbation4 ,then1 you should not imagine that because a few discoveries have been lately made by our men of science 7,i say a few1 because most of them are only new applications of old theories1 while many others are mere hypotheses71 you should not imagine that we have acquired the right to despise the discoveries and the wisdom of all past ages4 ,it was our forefathers who created modern science4 ,where would you be without a ,kepler1 a ,galileo1 a ,newton1 and scores of others1 who laid down the ruling principles of all the branches of science8 ,if they knew less than we do about empirical manipulations1 they knew a great deal more about the conditions of legitimate speculation4 ,to construe nature 8out of thought instead of from observation0 has never been their method2 if ,i wished to retaliate1 ,i could easily prove that it is yours4 ,bchner 7defiantly74 ,try1 sir4 ,reader4 ,well1 since you challenge me1 ,i shall ask you whether it is from observation1 and not out of thought1 that you have construed your 8uncreated0 matter4 ,i know1 and you also know1 that it is only 8out of thought40 ,but we shall have time to do justice to this and other topics4 ,the point ,i now insist on is1 that what you say of the scholastic method of 8construing nature0 is a rank calumny4 ,understand me1 doctor4 ,natural science has two objects in view3 the first is to ascertain the truth about natural facts2 the second is to discover the nature of the principles and causes to which such facts must be traced4 ,as the first of these two objects is attained by observation and experiments1 so is the second by thought--that is1 by reasonings based on the positive results of observation and experiment4 ,now1 you must admit that the duty of the metaphysician is not to make observations or experiments4 ,this belongs to the physicist4 ,the metaphysician accepts the facts as ascertained by the physicist2 and it is from such facts1 not from thoughts1 that he starts his speculation on the nature of things4 ,of course1 if the physicist be wrong in his statement of facts1 the metaphysician will be led astray and build a theory without foundation2 yet the fault will not be his4 ,and if the physicist be ignorant of some important law of nature1 the metaphysician will be compelled to supply for the law with a guess at a probable hypothesis4 ,this is in the nature of things4 ,with a muttonchop you cannot make roast beef1 can you8 ,bchner4 ,no1 indeed4 ,reader4 ,i mean that our forefathers had not at their disposal such an abundance of means for investigating the secrets of nature as we now possess4 ,certainly1 the most important of such secrets1 before the time of ,copernicus1 were inaccessible to the metaphysicians4 ,i allow1 then1 that the theory of the scholastics remained incomplete1 and was most imperfect so long as universal attraction was unknown and chemistry undeveloped4 ,but this proves nothing4 ,the imperfection of the old physics gives you no right to affirm that the schoolmen construed nature out of thought4 ,speculation always implies thought2 but to start one's speculations from the data of observation1 as it was customary with the scholastic philosophers1 is not to reject observation4 ,bchner4 ,i demur to this statement1 sir4 ,it is well known that the old school was all grounded on the priori method4 ,reader4 ,certainly not1 my dear doctor4 ,one cannot reason without abstract principles2 but when such principles are the result of experimental knowledge1 it would be folly to pretend that they constitute an priori method of construing nature out of thought instead of from observation4 ,do you demur to this also8 ,bchner4 ,what ,i assert1 sir1 is that 8the times of the scholastic bombast1 of philosophical charlatanism1 or1 as ,cotta says1 of intellectual jugglery1 are passing away0 7p4 xix47 ,reader4 ,you are not serious1 doctor4 ,first of all1 you know nothing about scholastic bombast4 ,were you to read one page of any of our great scholastic doctors1 you would be amazed at the simplicity of their style1 and at the utter recklessness of your allegation4 ,in the second place1 the times of bombast and charlatanism are not passing away4 ,read ,huxley4 ,can you find anything more bombastic than his ,lay ,sermons8 ,read ,darwin4 ,is he not a philosophical charlatan8 ,read your own ,kraft und ,stoff4444 ,bchner4 ,brilliancy is not charlatanism1 sir4 ,it is a fact that while the pretended high speculations of the old school are hopelessly unintelligible1 our discoveries1 8by directing investigation to facts1 have compelled thought to leave the misty and sterile regions of speculative dreams1 and to descend to real life0 7p4 xxii47 ,can you condemn us for this8 8,it lies in the nature of philosophy that it should be common property4 ,expositions which are not intelligible to an educated man are scarcely worth the ink they are printed with4 ,the philosophical mist which envelops the writings of scholars appears intended more to conceal than to exhibit their thoughts0 7p4 xix47 ,reader4 ,it is all a mistake1 doctor4 ,if you reflect for a moment on your oracular sentences1 you will see that they are mere nonsense4 ,you say that it lies in the nature of philosophy that it should be common property4 ,i wonder if this can be true4 ,i fancy that philosophy1 like any other science or discipline which is acquired by study1 is the property of those alone who have studied it2 and ,i hope that no man of sense will contest such an evident truth4 ,you say that philosophical expositions should be intelligible to every educated man2 but this is true only on the assumption that the education of which you speak includes a thorough training in philosophy2 which1 unfortunately1 is not the case with a great number of socalled educated men4 ,you say that whatever is clearly conceived can be clearly expressed2 but you forget that what is clearly expressed for the scholar may still be obscure to the uninitiated4 ,is it possible that a doctor like you1 and a president of a medical association1 should overlook the fact that every science has a number of technical terms and scientific phrases which must be learned in special books and by special study before its speculations can be comprehended8 ,it is therefore supremely ridiculous to talk of 8the mist that envelops the writings of scholars40 ,everything is misty to the uninstructed4 ,let him study1 and the mist will disappear2 for it is not the doctrine that wants clearness1 but it is the eye of the ignorant that is blurred4 ,and now1 what shall ,i say of that pompous phrase of yours1 that modern discoveries 8have compelled thought to leave the misty and sterile regions of speculative dreams1 and to descend to real life08 ,i hope you will allow me to call it 8modern bombast0 and 8philosophical charlatanism02 for ,i cannot call it by any other name4 ,if you mean by such words to denounce ,kant1 ,hegel1 ,schelling1 and other ,german dreamers of the same school1 ,i have nothing to say in their defence2 but if you intend thereby to stigmatize the ,catholic schools1 to which you ,germans1 no less than the rest of the civilized world1 owe your intellectual education1 ,i cannot help saying1 dear doctor1 that your hostile insinuations are dictated by malice and hatred of truth4 ,why do you defame what you know not8 ,how can you call a sterile region that speculative philosophy which formed all our great men8 or dreams those evident conclusions against which reason cannot rebel without slaying itself8 ,is not this very strange in a doctor8 ,you were confident that 8intellectual jugglery10 to use ,cotta's expression1 would be stronger than historical truth2 but we are quite prepared to meet you on this ground as on others2 for we ,catholic thinkers are not afraid of bombastic words4 ,we do not even think that your 8jugglery0 is at all 8intellectual40 ,for is it intellectual to make sweeping assertions when you can give no proofs8 ,or is it intellectual to sneer at your opponents1 instead of replying to their arguments8 ,i presume1 dear doctor1 that your freemasons alone would see anything intellectual in such a proceeding4 ,bchner4 ,you imagine1 sir1 that ,i must be a freemason4 ,i shall not answer that1 as it has nothing to do with my book4 ,yet ,i wish to inform you that freemasonry everywhere favors the progress of 8modern science02 and therefore ,i would not object to being called a freemason1 whether ,i am one or not4 ,but as to making assertions of which ,i give no proofs1 ,i defy you1 sir1 to substantiate the charge2 and as to my not replying to my opponents1 ,i am sure you will modify your judgment when you examine the prefaces to the various editions of my work4 ,reader4 ,i accept the challenge4 ,it will not be more difficult to give you full satisfaction on these two points than it has been to rebut your flippant denunciations of the scholastic philosophy4 ,,ii4 ,tergiversation ,and ,jugglery4 ,reader4 ,you say1 then1 that in the prefaces to the various editions of your work you have replied to your opponents4 ,bchner4 ,certainly ,i do4 ,reader4 ,i have read all your prefaces4 ,in the very first you make this declaration3 8,we will not be in want of opponents2 but we shall only notice those who speak from experience and combat us with facts0 7p4 xx47 ,this amounts to saying3 8,when we shall be attacked with any sort of arms1 arrows1 pistols1 knives1 swords1 guns1 and sticks1 we shall not defend ourselves except against sticks40 ,against sticks1 of course1 you may defend yourself by the use of other sticks2 but1 if you are attacked with artillery1 will your sticks be to you a sufficient protection8 ,you knew very well1 when publishing your book1 that you were to be attacked with reasons4 ,to declare that you would notice only those adversaries who would attack you with facts was to declare that you were not ready to meet your real opponents4 ,bchner4 ,against fact there is no reasoning4 ,reader4 ,this is not the question4 ,it is true that against fact there is no reasoning2 but when we argue against your false conclusions1 we do not attack your facts1 but your sophisms only1 most erudite doctor4 ,then you add that 8speculative philosophers may fight among themselves from their own point of view1 but should not delude themselves into the belief that they alone are in possession of philosophical truth0 7p4 xx47 ,these words reveal your tactics1 which are3 8,let them fight among themselves1 and not against me2 but if one of their number attacks me1 and ,i cannot hold my ground1 let him know that1 if he is right1 ,i also am right2 for he is not alone in possession of philosophical truth40 ,this is1 doctor1 the silly plan of defence you have adopted and carried out against the attacks of ,catholic philosophers4 ,how can you1 then1 pretend that you have answered your opponents8 ,i mean your real opponents4 ,when the ,frankfurter ,katholische ,kirchenblatt took you to task for your impious and absurd publication1 what did you answer8 ,here are your words3 8,we shall pass over the fierce denunciations of the ,frankfrter ,katholische ,kirchenblatt1 conducted by the parish priest1 ,beda ,weber4 ,the melancholy notoriety which that individual has acquired1 as one of the most eccentric of the ultramontane party1 permits us simply to dismiss him4 ,we shall only tell the reader that the ,frankfrter ,kirchenblatt carries its hatred against the modern direction of science so far as to recommend the application of the criminal law against its representatives4 ,the public may thus learn what these gentlemen are capable of1 should they ever become possessed of power4 ,the same bloody hatred with which science was once persecuted by religious fanaticism would revive anew1 and with it the ,inquisition1 and autodafs1 and all the horrors1 with which a refined zealotism has tortured humanity would be resorted to1 to satisfy the wishes of these theological cutthroats4 ,we must turn from these enemies1 quite unworthy of a serious refutation1 to another opponent0 7p4 xxiii47 ,here1 then1 you confess that you have cowardly turned your back to the enemy4 ,bchner4 ,cowardly8 ,reader4 ,yes4 ,if you do not like the word1 ,i will say prudently4 ,in fact1 the reason you allege--that such an enemy was unworthy of serious refutation--is a miserable pretext4 ,whoever is not blind can see that your furious declamation against ,beda ,weber was an impudent attempt at crushing1 if possible1 by insults1 the man whom you could not defeat with reasons4 ,it is mean and disgusting4 ,what can your readers say when you dare not even let them know ,beda ,weber's objections1 on the plea that the reverend priest 8has acquired a melancholy notoriety as one of the most eccentric of the ultramontane party08 ,if such is the verdict of the masonic lodges1 we cannot but congratulate ,beda ,weber for the compliment paid to him4 ,his very 8hatred against the modern 7masonic and infidel7 direction of science0 shows that he is a man of sound and clear judgment2 and his opinion that 8the criminal law0 should be applied against the atheists and the corruptors of youth recommends him to us as a man of order and a true friend of civil society2 for nothing is more necessary for the preservation of order and the peace of society than the enforcement of law4 ,when such men make denunciations1 they should not be 8simply dismissed10 dear doctor4 ,religious fanaticism1 refined zealotism1 tortures of humanity1 persecution of science1 and the rest1 even if they were not threadbare lies1 would not authorize you to 8simply dismiss0 a learned opponent as unworthy of serious refutation4 ,i will say nothing about that malicious insinuation concerning 8what these gentlemen are capable of1 should they ever become possessed of power40 ,were they capable of any monstrosity1 this would not help your defence of ,force and ,matter4 ,but those gentlemen have been possessed of power for ages1 and the nations redeemed from barbarism1 and enriched with monuments of art1 and with scientific1 literary1 and charitable institutions1 show 8what they were capable of40 ,of course freemasonry is capable of something else2 a glance at the present deplorable condition of ,germany suffices to show what you are capable of when you are possessed of power4 ,but1 ,i repeat1 were we as wicked1 in your opinion1 as you are in fact1 this would be no reason for not answering our arguments4 ,your book is an attack against religion4 ,the professors of religion are therefore your natural opponents4 ,it is to them1 therefore1 that you owe your explanations4 ,and yet this is what you publicly profess yourself unable to do4 ,bchner4 ,i never made such a profession4 ,reader4 ,you made it very openly4 8,with regard to parsons and ecclesiastics10 you say1 8who never cease to enlighten and to assail us with their eloquence1 we beg to repeat that we cannot discuss with them0 7p4 lxiv47 ,of course you endeavor to cover your retreat1 as usual1 by pretending that 8these good people have1 from the beginning of the world1 had the privilege of using their zeal and ignorance in crying down everything that does not suit their business0 7ibid472 but this vile language only betrays your inability to cope with them4 ,you are so generous as 8not to disturb them in their vocation10 because 8no rational man doubts the total incapacity of these gentlemen to enter upon such questions0 7p4 lxv47 ,bchner4 ,why should ,i answer them8 ,they are mere theologians2 and ,i maintain that 8there is no theological or ecclesiastical natural science1 and there will be none so long as the telescope does not reach the regions where angels dwell0 7p4 lxv47 ,reader4 ,this is a very poor excuse1 dear doctor4 ,theologians are not debarred from dealing with natural sciences4 ,to mention no others1 ,copernicus was a canon2 ,secchi is a ,jesuit2 ,moigno is a priest4 ,moreover1 the subject of the question is not natural science1 but your sophistry2 and you cannot deny that ecclesiastical studies make men competent to judge of logical blunders4 ,but1 leaving all this aside1 did you not try to refute the ,allgemeine ,zeitung1 though you pretend that 8in struggling with such penheroes1 it seems to you that you are acting like ,don ,quixote0 7p4 xxviii478 ,did you not fight1 also1 against ,mr4 ,karl ,gutzkow1 although he1 8as is well known1 has never impeded the daring flight of his genius by the ballast of science0 7p4 xxix478 ,and1 to omit others1 did you not do your best to answer the ,allgemeine ,kirchen ,zeitung1 although it meets you1 as you say1 8with theological eccentricity and rodomontades0 7p4 xxxvii478 ,it would appear1 then1 that you are not afraid of accepting battle when you have any hope of overcoming your adversary4 ,and therefore1 when you shrink from answering your ,catholic opponents1 it is evident that you do so only because with them you have no hope of success4 ,bchner4 ,you are quite mistaken1 sir4 ,reader4 ,no1 indeed4 ,i am certain that you cannot hold your ground against a ,catholic opponent1 and ,i am ready to show you immediately that such is really the case4 ,i have already told you that your ,force and ,matter is a book full of sweeping assertions1 of which no proof is given4 ,you challenged me to substantiate the charge1 and ,i have accepted the challenge4 ,i say1 then1 that your very first proposition1 on which all the other arguments employed in your work are ultimately based1 is one of those assertions of which no proof is or can be given4 ,do you accept the battle on this ground8 ,bchner4 ,i do4 ,reader4 ,please1 then1 what do you consider to be the fundamental proposition of your work8 ,bchner4 ,it is this3 8,no matter without force1 and no force without matter0 7p4 #b74 ,reader4 ,is this proposition altogether universal1 so as to admit of no possible exception8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir1 absolutely universal1 without any possible exception4 ,reader4 ,then please tell me on what grounds such an absolute universality can be established4 ,bchner4 ,on many grounds4 ,first1 as ,dubois,reymond profoundly remarks1 8fundamentally considered1 there are neither forces nor matter4 ,both are merely abstractions1 assumed from different points of view1 of things as they are4 ,they supplement and presuppose each other4 ,separately they do not exist4 ,matter is not like a carriage1 to which the forces1 like horses1 can be put or again removed from4 ,a particle of iron is1 and remains1 the same1 whether it crosses the horizon in the meteoric stone1 rushes along in the wheel of the steamengine1 or circulates in the blood through the temples of the poet4 ,these qualities are eternal1 inalienable1 and untransferable0 7pp4 #a1 #b74 ,reader4 ,i would remark that the qualities of matter are not eternal4 ,of course1 as long as matter continues to exist1 its essential constitution must remain intact2 but to say that the qualities of matter are eternal is to assume not only that matter will last for ever1 but also that it has existed from all eternity4 ,science has no right to make this assumption1 since it has no means of ascertaining its truth2 for evidently eternity does not come under observation and experiment4 ,but leaving aside this question1 which we may examine later1 ,i say that your quotation from ,m4 ,dubois does not account for the universality of your proposition4 ,bchner4 ,hear ,moleschott3 8,a force not united to matter1 but floating freely above it1 is an idle conception0 7p4 #a74 ,reader4 ,this is a mere assertion4 ,bchner4 ,hear ,cotta3 8,nothing in the world justifies us in assuming the existence per se of forces independent of the bodies from which they proceed and upon which they act0 7p4 #b74 ,reader4 ,this is no proof4 ,it is quite clear that those forces which proceed from the bodies cannot be independent of the bodies4 ,but your proposition is that no force whatever can exist without matter2 and therefore you should prove that all forces1 without exception1 are dependent on matter4 ,bchner4 ,first of all1 we must admit that there is no matter without force4 8,imagine matter without force1 and the minute particles of which a body consists without that system of mutual attraction and repulsion which holds them together1 and gives form and shape to the body2 imagine the molecular forces of cohesion and affinity removed2 what then would be the consequence8 ,the matter must instantly break up into a shapeless nothing4 ,we know in the physical world of no instance of any particle of matter which is not endowed with forces by means of which it plays its appointed part in some form or another1 sometimes in connection with similar or with dissimilar particles4 ,nor are we in imagination capable of forming a conception of matter without force4 ,in whatever way we may think of an original substance1 there must always exist in it a system of mutual repulsion and attraction between its minutest parts1 without which they would dissolve and tracelessly disappear in universal space4 ,a thing without properties is a nonentity1 neither rationally cogitable nor empirically existing in nature0 7pp4 #b1 #c74 ,reader4 ,very good so far4 ,but this is no recent discovery2 it is an old truth constantly taught1 and much more exactly expressed1 by those schoolmen whom you imagine to have been 8the persecutors of science40 ,thus far1 then1 you have only rehearsed the old doctrine4 ,but now you have to show that1 as there is no matter without force1 so also there is no force without matter4 ,bchner4 ,yes4 8,force without matter is equally an idle notion4 ,it being a law admitting of no exception that force can only be manifested in matter1 it follows that force can as little possess a separate existence as matter without force0 7p4 #c74 ,reader4 ,take care1 doctor6 ,you are now assuming what should be proved4 ,you assume a law1 admitting of no exception1 that force can only be manifested in matter4 ,bchner4 ,the law is known4 8,imagine an electricity1 a magnetism1 without the iron or such bodies as exhibit these phenomena1 and without the particles of matter1 the mutual relation of which is just the cause of these phenomena2 nothing would then remain but a confused idea1 an empty abstraction1 to which we have given a name in order to form a better conception4 ,if the material particles capable of an electric condition had never existed1 there would have been no electricity1 and we should never have been able by mere attraction to acquire the least knowledge or conception of electricity4 ,indeed1 we may say electricity would never have existed without these particles4 ,all the socalled imponderables1 such as light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 etc41 are neither more nor less than changes in the aggregate state of matter--changes which1 almost like contagion1 are transmitted from body to body4 ,heat is a separation1 cold an approximation1 of the material atoms4 ,light and sound are vibrating1 undulating bodies4 ,electrical and magnetic phenomena1 says ,czolbe1 arise1 as experience shows1 like light and heat from the reciprocal relation of molecules and atoms0 7pp4 #c1 #d74 ,reader4 ,have you done8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 ,reader4 ,is this all your proof8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 ,reader4 ,then allow me to state that you have not shown what you promised4 ,you have proved1 indeed1 that the forces of matter exist nowhere but in matter2 but as every one admits this1 there was no need of your proof4 ,your duty was to prove the universal proposition1 no force without matter2 and therefore you had to show that there are no other forces than the forces of matter4 ,bchner4 ,this is evident2 as 8force can as little exist without a substance as seeing without a visual apparatus1 or thinking without an organ of thought0 7p4 #d74 ,reader4 ,i am afraid1 doctor1 that you do not speak to the point4 ,the question is not whether a force can or cannot exist without a substance2 it is1 whether there is no other substance than matter4 ,before denying the existence of force without matter1 you must conclusively show that all substance is matter4 ,bchner4 8,nothing but the changes we perceive in matter by means of our senses could ever give us any notion as to the existence of powers which we qualify by the name of forces4 ,any knowledge of them by other means is impossible0 7p4 #d74 ,reader4 ,i should be glad to know how you can infer from such a remark that all substance is matter4 ,what you perceive in material objects proves1 indeed1 the existence of matter and of the forces of matter2 but how does it prove the nonexistence of other substances and of other forces8 ,you1 surely1 imagine that our senses are our only source of knowledge1 and that the supersensible1 as unknowable1 must be consigned to the region of dreams4 ,bchner4 ,certainly4 8,we maintain that human thought and human knowledge are incapable of discovering or knowing anything supersensual4 ,this is the necessary general result of modern investigation0 7p4 xli47 ,reader4 ,a curious result indeed6 ,by which of your senses do you perceive abstractions1 such as philosophy1 morality1 affirmation1 veracity8 ,i put you the alternative3 either show that you touch1 hear1 smell1 taste1 or see1 with your material eyes1 any of such abstract notions1 or confess1 according to the general result of your ridiculous modern investigations1 that you can have none of such notions1 and are essentially incapable of reasoning4 ,bchner4 ,you try to draw me out of the real question1 sir4 ,reader4 ,by no means4 ,it is your denial of our capability of knowing anything supersensual that draws us out of the question4 ,bchner4 ,my object was to show that there is no matter without force1 and no force without matter4 ,this proposition can be established without any special reference to our mental operations4 ,reader4 ,you may try2 on condition1 however1 that our knowledge of the supersensible be not called in question4 ,bchner4 ,the science of force is physics4 8,this science makes us acquainted with eight different forces3 gravitation1 mechanical force1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 affinity1 cohesion1 which1 inseparably united to matter1 form and give shape to the world0 7p4 #ah74 ,any force which cannot be reduced to a combination of these forces is therefore to be looked upon as chimerical4 ,nothing is more evident4 ,reader4 ,evident8 ,i think1 doctor1 if ,i were you1 ,i would be ashamed of uttering such a rank sophism4 ,you beg the question altogether4 ,what right have you to assume that there are no real forces in the universe but those mentioned in our physical treatises8 ,to assume this is to assume that there is nothing in the world but matter--the very thing which you should demonstrate4 ,and therefore you are as far as ever from having shown your universal proposition1 no force without matter4 ,indeed1 you will never show it4 ,truth is stronger than you4 ,bchner4 ,then tell me1 sir1 on what ground do you base your belief in the existence of supersensual forces8 ,reader4 ,excuse me1 doctor4 ,we were not discussing the question1 8,what are my grounds for believing their existence80 ,our question was1 8,what are your own grounds for proclaiming their nonexistence80 ,when a man makes an assertion contrary to the common belief1 it is his duty to give good reasons in its support4 ,if he cannot1 let him give up his assertion1 and go back to the common belief4 ,common beliefs1 on the contrary1 are in no need of special demonstration so long as they are not attacked with plausible reasons4 ,that there are supersensual forces is a common belief4 ,as you have failed to adduce any serious proof to the contrary1 this common belief remains unshaken4 ,you ask on what grounds ,i base my belief4 ,i might answer that ,i base it on the ground of universal consent1 and ,i might show that this universal consent must have a universal foundation1 which cannot be invalidated4 ,but ,i will tell you a special reason for admitting supersensual forces4 ,it is that there are facts which cannot be accounted for by the forces of matter4 ,bchner4 ,what fact8 ,do you mean the exploded fact of creation8 ,reader4 ,i will soon come to the fact of creation1 if you wish1 and compel you to swallow back your nasty epithet4 ,but the fact ,i alluded to was that the phenomena of consciousness and of volition are unaccountable1 if there is nothing besides material forces4 ,this you cannot deny2 for you say you 8cannot but acknowledge that in the relation of brain and soul1 phenomena occur which cannot be explained from the simple physical relation of force and matter0 7p4 lxiv47 ,as long1 therefore1 as you admit nothing but matter and material force1 there are facts which1 by your own confession1 cannot be explained4 ,thus1 you see1 not only have you failed to substantiate your fundamental assertion1 no force without matter1 but you are constrained1 on your own showing1 to admit forces that transcend matter4 ,,iii4 ,creation4 ,reader4 ,you say1 doctor1 that creation is an exploded fact4 ,may ,i ask why8 ,bchner4 8,those who talk of a creative power1 which is said to have produced the world out of itself1 or out of nothing1 are ignorant of the first and most simple principle1 founded upon experience and the contemplation of nature4 ,how could a power have existed not manifested in material substance1 but governing it arbitrarily according to individual views8 ,neither could separatelyexisting forces be transferred to chaotic matter1 and produce the world in this manner2 for we have seen that a separate existence of either is an impossibility0 7p4 #e74 ,reader4 ,i beg to remind you that we have not seen the impossibility of force without matter4 ,all your efforts to show it have been vain4 ,it is childish1 therefore1 on your part1 to pretend that those who talk of a creative power 8are ignorant of a first principle founded upon experience and the contemplation of nature40 ,the contemplation of nature is1 on the contrary1 the ladder by which rational creatures ascend to the knowledge of the ,creator4 ,you ask3 ,how could a power have existed not manifested in material substance8 ,i answer by another question3 ,how could the world have existed1 if no such power exists8 ,this is the real question at issue4 ,and pray1 doctor1 do not speak of separatelyexisting forces transferred to chaotic matter4 ,this is not the way we account for the production of the world4 ,we do not admit of chaotic matter before creation4 ,and again1 do not suppose that we can ever dream of a ,creator producing the world out of himself4 ,we are not pantheists2 and we know that the world has been produced out of nothing4 ,this is the true notion of creation according to both theology and philosophy4 ,bchner4 ,very well4 ,but 8the world could not have originated out of nothing4 ,a nothing is not merely a logical1 but also an empirical non entity4 ,the world1 or matter with its properties1 which we term forces1 must have existed from eternity1 and must last for ever--in one word1 the world cannot have been created0 7p4 #e74 ,reader4 ,these are bold assertions indeed4 ,how can you make them good8 ,bchner4 8,the notion #8eternal' is certainly one which1 with our limited faculties1 is difficult of conception4 ,the facts1 nevertheless1 leave no doubt as to the eternity of the world0 7p4 #e74 ,reader4 ,what facts1 if you please8 ,bchner4 ,here is one fact3 8,that the world is not governed1 as is frequently expressed1 but that the changes and motions of matter obey a necessity inherent in it1 which admits of no exception1 cannot be denied by any person who is but superficially acquainted with the natural sciences0 7p4 #e74 ,now1 if the world is not governed by a superior power1 we cannot make it dependent for its origin on any superior power4 ,this leaves no doubt as to the eternity of the world4 ,reader4 ,i wonder1 doctor1 if you have ever learned or understood the first principles of philosophy4 ,young students may teach you that1 from the necessity to which matter is subjected of obeying certain laws of motion1 it is absurd to infer the necessity of its existence4 ,what is subject to obedience is not independent1 and what has a necessity of obeying is essentially dependent4 ,moreover1 do you not see that what is subject to change cannot be necessary1 and cannot be eternal8 ,you appeal to natural sciences4 ,this is ridiculous4 ,there is no need of modern sciences to know that the phenomena of the material world follow an invariable law4 ,this was known in all past ages2 yet no man in his senses has thought of concluding that therefore matter was a necessary being4 ,pagan philosophers1 who had lost the primitive traditions of mankind1 admitted uncreated matter without further examining the question2 but none of them pretended to prove the eternity or necessity of matter from its subjection to definite laws of motion4 ,the absurdity of such a deduction is manifest4 ,suppose a geometrician were to argue thus3 ,what follows an invariable and necessary law exists from eternity2 but every triangle follows this invariable and necessary law3 that the sum of its angles equals two right angles2 and therefore every triangle exists from eternity4 ,what would you reply8 ,bchner4 ,i would reply that the laws of geometry are mere abstractions4 ,reader4 ,and so are all physical laws also4 ,when a thing exists1 it cannot but be what it is according to its essence4 ,if it is a figure of geometry1 it exists according to geometric laws1 and has its geometric properties2 and if it is a material substance1 it cannot but have the properties of matter1 and so long as it exists it cannot but retain the same properties4 ,this is evident4 ,but from the fact that a thing existing is necessarily subject to the laws of its nature you cannot conclude that it necessarily exists1 unless1 indeed1 you are not even superficially acquainted with the laws of reasoning4 ,hence it is clear that your argument has no weight4 ,bchner4 8,but that a power--taken for the once in its abstract sense--could only exist so long as it is active is no less clear4 ,in assuming1 therefore1 a creative absolute power1 a primeval soul1 an unknown x--it matters not what name we give it--as the cause of the world1 we must1 in applying to it the notion of time1 say that it could not have existed either before or after the creation4 ,it could not have existed before1 as the notion of power is not reconcilable with the idea of nothing or inactivity4 ,it could not have been a creative power without creating something4 ,we must1 therefore1 suppose that this power has for a time been inert in the presence of chaotic and motionless matter--a conception we have already shown to be absurd4 ,it could not have existed after the creation1 as rest and inactivity are again incompatible with the notion of force4 ,the motion of matter obeys only those laws which are inherently active2 and their manifestations are nothing but the product of the various and manifold accidental or necessary combinations of material movements4 ,at no time and nowhere1 even in the most distant space reached by our telescope1 could a single fact be established1 forming an exception to this law1 which would render the assumption of a force external1 and independent of matter1 necessary4 ,but a force which is not manifested does not exist1 and cannot be taken into account in our reasoning0 7p4 #f74 ,what do you answer1 sir8 ,reader4 ,i answer that this pretended argument cannot entrap any one but an ignorant man1 or one who desires to be cheated or to cheat himself4 ,and first ,i observe that you begin by surmising that the ,creator would be 8an abstract power02 now1 the surmise is an absurdity4 ,secondly1 you suppose that we 8assume0 a creative absolute power--which is not the case2 for we do not assume its existence1 but we prove it4 ,thirdly1 you call the ,creator 8a primeval soul1 an unknown x02 and both expressions are very wrong indeed4 ,fourthly1 you say that we must apply to the ,creator 8the notion of time0--which is sheer folly2 as every one knows that time has no existence but in the successive changes of created things4 ,even you yourself say that 8the mere application of a limited notion of time to the creative power involves a contradiction0 7p4 #g74 ,and therefore1 when you affirm that the creative power 8could not have existed either before or after creation10 you commit a great blunder by assuming that before creation there should have been time4 ,but leaving aside all this1 and supposing that the phrase 8before the creation0 may be understood in a legitimate sense as expressing the priority of eternity and not of time1 ,i will come directly to your argument4 ,you say that a creative power could not exist before creation1 8as the notion of power is not reconcilable with the idea of nothing or inactivity40 ,this reason proves nothing1 except1 perhaps1 your ignorance of logic4 ,try to reduce your argument to the syllogistic form1 and you will see what it amounts to4 ,bchner4 ,the syllogism will run thus3 ,a power can exist only as long as it is active4 ,but the creative power before the creation was not active4 ,therefore the creative power could not exist before the creation4 ,i hope this proves something else than my ignorance of logic4 ,reader4 ,and yet your logic is sadly at fault4 ,do you not see the equivocation lurking in the middle term8 ,what do you mean by active8 ,does this word stand for acting1 or for able to act8 ,if it stands for acting1 then your major proposition is false2 for a power exists as long as it is able to act1 although it is not actually acting4 ,this is clear2 for have you not a power of talking as long as you are able to talk1 although you may actually be silent8 ,if1 on the contrary1 the word active stands for able to act1 then it is your minor proposition that will be evidently false2 for the creative power1 before the creation1 was able to create the world1 although we conceive it as not yet creating anything4 ,hence your nice syllogism is a mere sophism1 and your conclusion a blunder4 ,your other assertion1 8,it could not have been a creative power without creating something10 is likewise sophistical4 ,for the epithet 8creative0 in your argumentation means 8able to create02 and consequently it does not entail actual creation1 but only its possibility4 ,thus the blunder is repeated4 ,but you proceed3 8,we must1 therefore1 suppose that this power has for a time been inert in the presence of chaotic or motionless matter40 ,in these few words ,i find three mistakes3 ,first1 you again introduce time where there can be nothing but eternity2 secondly1 you assume that a power not exercised is inert--which is false1 because inertness means destitution of selfacting power2 thirdly1 you put chaotic and motionless matter in the presence of the creative power before this power has been exercised--which is to assume that chaotic matter was not created1 but only received movement4 ,you understand1 doctor1 that in arguing1 as you do1 from the point of view of your adversaries1 you cannot take such liberties4 ,if you wish to refute creation1 you must take it as it is understood and defended by its supporters2 or else you will only refute your own hallucinations4 ,but ,i will not insist on these latter remarks4 ,i made them only that you may better realize how deficient and miserable is your method of reasoning4 ,bchner 7bitterly74 ,thank you for the compliment4 ,reader4 ,however1 ,i have more to say2 and ,i hope1 doctor1 that you will not lose your temper1 if ,i proceed onward in the same strain4 ,in the second part of your argument you say that the creative power 8could not have existed after the creation1 as rest and inactivity are again incompatible with the notion of force40 ,this is evidently a mere reiteration of the sophism just refuted4 ,if the reason you allege had any weight1 it would follow that1 when you have ceased curing a patient1 your medical power would vanish1 and1 when you have ceased talking1 your talkative power would be extinct2 in fact1 rest and inactivity1 according to you1 are incompatible with the notion of power4 ,i say 8power10 although you here make use of the word 8force10 which is calculated to mislead your readers4 ,the word 8force0 is frequently used to express a quantity of movement2 and1 of course1 rest and movement exclude one another2 hence to designate the creative power by the name of 8force0 may be a dishonest trick1 though a very clumsy one1 to inveigle readers into the belief that rest and creative power are incompatible4 ,here1 however1 ,i must point out another great blunder1 which a man of your talent should have been able to avoid4 ,there is a truth1 doctor1 of which you seem to be quite ignorant1 though certainly you must have heard of it more than once4 ,it is that the creative power1 after the production of creatures1 does not remain inactive4 ,creatures need positive conservation1 and would fall into nothingness were they not continually kept in existence by the same power by which they have been first brought into being4 ,hence the creative power is always at work4 ,what is1 then1 your supposition of its inactivity but a new proof of your ignorance8 ,what you add concerning the motion of matter has no importance4 ,i might admit with you that1 prescinding from miracles 7which you are blind enough to deny71 8at no time and nowhere1 even in the most distant space reached by our telescope1 could a single fact be established which would render the assumption of a force external1 and independent of matter1 necessary40 ,this1 however1 regards only the stability of the laws of motion2 and it would be absurd to infer that therefore the existence of matter and its conservation need not be accounted for by an external cause4 ,but you again give a proof of your ignorance by adding that 8the motion of matter obeys only those laws which are inherently active40 ,what does this mean8 ,try to understand the term 8law10 and you will see that to call law 8inherently active0 is an unpardonable nonsense4 ,and hoping that this suffices to show the absolute worthlessness of your pretended argument1 ,i will let you go on with your other allegations4 ,bchner4 ,you do not reflect1 sir1 that in your theory the creative power must have been idle for an eternity2 and this cannot be admitted4 ,for 8to consider the power in eternal rest1 and sunk in selfcontemplation1 is an empty arbitrary abstraction without any empirical basis0 7p4 #f74 ,reader4 ,not at all1 doctor4 ,to consider ,god in eternal rest is not an empty arbitrary abstraction2 it is a real and necessary conclusion from incontrovertible premises4 ,is it philosophical to assume1 as you do1 that creation would likely put an end to ,god's eternal rest8 ,god always rests unchangeably in himself1 whether he actually exercises his creative power or not4 ,he has in himself his happiness1 and in himself he rests for ever independently of creation4 ,this we say without thinking for a moment of your 8empirical basis40 ,for we know that it is a silly thought1 that of endeavoring to find an empirical basis for a purely intellectual truth4 ,but if by the want of an empirical basis you mean a want of known facts from which to show ,god's existence and infinite perfection1 then your duty would have been to substantiate your assertion by showing that such facts are not real facts1 or have no connection with the existence of a supreme being4 ,this you have omitted to do1 and thus all your argument consists of bold assertions1 not only without proofs1 but without the possibility of proof4 ,is it not strange1 then1 that you fancy to have cornered your readers1 and compelled them to resort to the most absurd fictions to uphold the existence of a creative power8 ,you say1 in fact1 that they have no other resource but to admit 8the singular notion that the creative power had suddenly and without any occasion arisen out of nothing1 had created the world 7out of what871 and had again1 in the moment of completion1 collapsed within itself1 and1 so to say1 dissolved itself in the universe0 7p4 #g74 ,indeed1 were we as stupid as any creature can be1 we would still find it impossible to dream of such a foolish assumption4 ,you add that 8philosophers and others have ever cherished this latter notion1 believing that they could1 by this mode of reasoning1 reconcile the indisputable fact of a fixed and unchangeable law in the economy of the universe with the belief in an individual creative power0 7ibid47 ,i do not hesitate to tell you1 doctor1 that nothing but hatred of truth could prompt you to utter such a gross lie4 ,bchner4 ,yet 8all religious conceptions lean more or less towards this idea0 7p4 #g74 ,reader4 ,this ,i deny4 ,bchner4 ,let me explain4 ,philosophers admit the idea1 8with this difference3 that they conceive the spirit of the world reposing after the creation1 but yet1 as an individual1 capable of again suspending his own laws0 7p4 #g74 ,reader4 ,this explanation is not to the point4 ,your assertion implied that philosophers and others ever cherished the notion that the creative power had suddenly arisen out of nothing1 and that all religious conceptions lean more or less towards this idea4 ,this is what ,i challenged you to show4 ,does your explanation show it8 ,on the contrary1 it shows that the idea towards which religious conceptions lean is quite different4 ,bchner4 ,be this as it may1 8conceptions of this kind cannot concern us1 not being the result of philosophical reasoning4 ,individual human qualities and imperfections are transferred to philosophical notions1 and belief is made to occupy the place of actual knowledge0 7p4 #g74 ,reader4 ,i perceive1 doctor1 that you are persistently wrong4 ,it seems as though you could not open your mouth without uttering some false or incongruent assertion4 ,what are those conceptions which 8cannot concern us08 ,are they not the dreams you have just imagined8 ,how1 then1 do you insinuate that the existence of a creative power does not concern us1 because your dreams are not the result of philosophical reasoning8 ,and pray1 who ever 8transferred individual human qualities and imperfections to philosophical notions08 ,has this phrase any intelligible meaning8 ,lastly1 it is evidently false that1 in order to admit a creative power1 8belief is made to occupy the place of actual knowledge40 ,the existence of ,god is a philosophical truth2 now1 philosophy is a method of knowledge1 not of belief4 ,i trust ,i have sufficiently exposed your 8intellectual jugglery0 to let you see that you are at best a charlatan1 not a philosopher4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,dante's ,purgatorio4 ,canto ,fourteenth4 ,,note4--,this canto1 like the preceding 7,,xiii471 illustrates the sin of envy1 which ,dante deems a special vice of the ,florentines1 against whom and the other inhabitants of ,valdarno he inveighs with a bitterness that savors more of the style of the ,inferno than of 8the milder shade of ,purgatory40 ,in the ,thirteenth ,canto1 ,envy has been rebuked by voices of love and gentleness2 as1 for instance1 the kindly comment of the ,virgin at the marriage feast of ,cana1 8,they have no wine40 ,these and similar words are the scourge which the envious have to endure4 ,but the bridle1 ,dante says1 are tones of a contrary import1 such as the terrific voice of ,cain1 who passes by in a peal of thunder1 but invisible1 followed by the dreadful cry of ,aglauros1 described in the concluding paragraph of this canto4 8,what man is this who round our mountain goes1 ,before that death has let his pinions free1 ,who doth at will his eyelids ope and close80 8,i know not2 but am sure not sole is he3 ,demand thou of him who the nearest art1 ,and gently ask1 that he may deign reply40 ,thus to the right two spirits there1 apart1 ,bent each toward each1 conferred as ,i came nigh2 ,then turning up their faces as to speak1 ,one said3 8,o soul6 that still in mortal hold ,art on the way thy home in heaven to seek1 ,for charity console us1 and unfold ,whence comest1 and who art thou8 for the grace ,accorded thee in us the wonder wakes ,due unto things which ne'er before had place40 ,and ,i3 8,through middle ,tuscany there flows ,a brook whose founts in ,falterona spring1 ,nor do an hundred miles its current close3 ,from that stream's banks this body of mine ,i bring3 ',twere vain to tell you how my title goes2 ,for yet my name hath not much heralding40 8,if well ,i probe the sense thou hast conveyed ,with intellect10 the first who spake replied3 8,thou meanest ,arno60--and the other shade ,said to the former3 8,wherefore did he hide ,that river's name as men are wont to do ,of things most horrible80--and then the one ,whom that inquiry was directed to1 ,discharged him thus3 ,guido ,del ,duca4 8,why he that name doth shun ,i cannot tell3 but meet it is the name ,of such a valley perish from the earth6 ,since from its head 7where so abounds the same ,great alpine chain which cast ,pelorus forth1 ,with springs that few spots are impregnate more7 ,to where it seeks1 arriving at the main1 ,what the sky sucks from ocean to restore 7,whence rivers have what waters they contain71 ,virtue by all is hunted for a foe ,as 'twere a snake2--whether from fault of place ,or evil custom goading nature so3 ,wherefore that miserable valley's race ,have changed their kind to that degree 'twould seem ,circe had pastured them4 ,among brute swine1 ,more fit for mast than human food1 the stream ,winds its poor way2 then1 lower down its line1 ,finds curs that snarl beyond their power to bite1 ,and turns from them his nostril as in scorn4 ,falling it goes1 and more it grows in might1 ,the curst ditch finds that of those dogs are born ,a pack of wolves4 ,through many a whirlpool then ,he comes to foxes in deceit so deep ,they fear no catching by more crafty men4 ,what though o'erheard1 no silence will ,i keep6 ,and well for this man1 if in mind he bear ,what my true spirit unfolds4 ,one of thy blood ,shall hunt those wolves4 ,i see thy grandson there ,harrowing the borders of that savage flood2 ,all fly before him1 all are in despair3 ,he makes a market of their living flesh1 ,then1 like old beasts for slaughter1 lays them low3 ,staining his fame with many a murder fresh2 ,he comes all bloody from that wood of woe1 ,leaving such wreck that in a thousand years ,to its primeval state it shall not grow40 ,like one whose visage alters when he hears ,ill hap foretold1 as 'twere in dread which way ,the blow may strike1 ,i saw that other soul ,stand turned to hear1 disturbed and in dismay1 ,soon of those words as he had grasped the whole4 ,his troubled air1 and what the other said1 ,to know their names wrought in me such a thirst ,that ,i with prayers direct inquiry made4 ,wherefore the shade who had addrest me first ,began again3 8,thou wouldest that ,i deign ,do thee a grace ,i did in vain beseech2 ,but since the will of ,god in thee so plain ,doth favor show1 ,i will not stint my speech2 ,therefore know this3 ,guido del ,duca am ,i4 ,my blood with envy was so burnt1 so bad1 ,thou mightst have seen me livid grow and dry ,had ,i but seen another's face look glad4 ,such of my sowing is the straw ,i reap6 ,o human race6 why bring your wishes down ,to pleasures that exclude all partnership8 ,this is ,rinieri2 this the prize and crown ,of ,casa ,calboli1 whereof no child ,hath made himself an heir of his renown4 ,nor yet alone hath his blood been despoiled1 ',twixt ,po1 the ,pennine1 ,reno and the shore1 ,of what best needs for truth and happiness2 ,for through those borders there be plenty more ,of stock so bad1 to make their venom less ,by cultivation 'twere but vain to try4 ,where is good ,lizio8 and ,mainardi8 ,where ,pier ,traversaro and ,carpigna's ,guy8 ,o ,romagnuoles6 what bastard shoots ye bear1 ,when sprouts a ,fabbro in ,bologna1 when ,bernardin ,fosco makes ,faenza heir ,from coarse grass to a growth of gentlemen6 ,no wonder1 ,tuscan1 at my weeping thus ,while ,i recall1 remembering them so well1 ,guido of ,prata when himself with us1 ,and ,ugolin of ,azzo1 used to dwell3 ,frederic ,tignoso and his goodly troop2 ,the ,traversara1 ,anastagi race2 ,now disinherited both houses droop6 ,ladies and knights1 the toils repose and grace ,they wrapt us in of courtesy and love ,there where the best blood such bad hearts debase6 8,o ,brettinoro6 why dost thou not move ,from thy proud seat1 thy family wholly gone1 ,and many more1 to shun corruption's course8 ,bagnacaval does well to have no son1 ,and ,castrocaro ill1 and ,conio worse ,to breed such ,counties taking further pains3 ,and well enough too1 when their devil is dead1 ,may the ,pagani do1 though some remains ,bear witness 'gainst them of impureness fled4 ,o ,ugolin de' ,fantoli6 most sure ,is thy good name1 since no degenerate head ,is looked for now its brightness to obscure4 ,but go thy ways now1 ,tuscan6 more delight ,i find in weeping than in words--too stirred ,by this talk of our country40 ,we were quite ,sure those dear souls our way's direction heard1 ,and from their silence knew that we went right4 ,soon as proceeding we became alone1 ,a voice1 like lightning when it strikes1 did say1 ,rushing on tow'rds us with its thunderous tone1 8,whoever findeth me the same shall slay607#ig7 ,then fled as thunder1 when the bolt is thrown ,from the torn cloud1 in rumbling dies away4 ,when on our ears a moment's truce there fell1 ,another crash came of like rattling shock ,as of a rapid thunder1 peal on peal3 8,i am ,aglauros1 who became a rock60 ,on this1 ,i drew back from my forward pace ,to cling for shelter close behind the bard1 ,and when the air was hushed in all its space1 ,he said to me3 8,that was the bit7#ih7 full hard ,which should each man within his limit stay4 ,you take the bait so fondly that the small ,hook of th' old enemy makes you his prey1 ,and bridle boots you naught1 nor warning call4 ,heaven calleth to you1 and the eternal round ,shows you of beauties that about you roll1 ,and still your eye is grovelling on the ground2 ,wherefore ,he smites you who discerns the whole40 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,vii4 ,lorenzo1 ,duca di ,valenzano1 belonged to one of the noblest families of upper ,italy2 but his mother was a native of ,sicily1 and it was from her he inherited his title as well as the fortune already in his possession1 which would be considerably increased if an important lawsuit 7the usual accompaniment of a ,sicilian inheritance71 which brought a great part of it into litigation1 should terminate successfully4 ,his object in coming to see my father was to place this business in his hands2 and1 after his first visit1 he usually came once or twice a week4 ,at first he merely bowed to me as he passed1 or1 at most1 addressed me a few words on leaving the room4 ,the remainder of the time was spent in looking over voluminous documents with my father4 ,nevertheless1 these visits soon became a little incident in my monotonous life1 and ,i began to look forward to them with a certain impatience4 ,the duke1 at this time1 was scarcely more than thirty years of age2 but he by no means seemed young in my eyes4 ,a few premature wrinkles and an observant1 thoughtful look imparted a gravity to his face which was not1 however1 its prevailing expression2 for it was frequently ironical and sarcastic to the last degree1 and so mobile that it was not always easy to decide on the impression it left4 ,his general appearance1 however1 was noble and striking1 as well as the tone of his voice1 which involuntarily commanded attention to all he said4 ,several weeks elapsed without any other variety than the few moments1 more or less prolonged1 which he passed at my table at the end of each visit4 ,he generally made some unimportant remarks respecting my lessons1 my bird1 or my flowers1 which he noticed ,i cultivated with a care somewhat unusual in our clime4 ,in fact1 he only spoke to me as he would to a child4 ,i replied in a corresponding tone1 and1 very soon1 not only without embarrassment1 but with a pleasure ,i made no attempt to conceal4 ,i had begun to be devoured by ennui in so inactive and solitary a life1 and ,i eagerly welcomed any diversion that came in my way4 ,my father1 at such times1 remained silent and grave1 and seemed somewhat impatient when these brief conversations were prolonged a little more than usual4 ,one day1 when the duke approached my table as usual1 ,i had a large atlas open before me1 and he noticed that ,i was examining the map of ,asia4 ,i was studying without any effort1 and yet with a certain interest resulting from curiosity which1 added to an excellent memory1 made me an unusually good scholar4 ,the duke looked at the map a moment1 and1 after some observations that excited my interest1 he pointed to a place near the ,himalaya mountains1 and remarked3 8,one year ago today ,i was there40 ,i knew his extensive travels had rendered him celebrated1 as well as his success as a sculptor1 doubly surprising in a man of his rank and so enterprising an explorer4 ,i had acquired this information from conversations respecting the duke since his arrival at ,messina1 where his presence had caused a sensation4 ,on this occasion1 seeing my interest strongly excited1 he seemed to take pleasure in giving an account of that remote region1 which ,i sometimes interrupted by questions that appeared to surprise him4 ,the facility with which ,i was endowed made me really superior in many respects to most girls of my age2 and as for information1 ,i might have been considered a phenomenon in my own country4 ,the conversation that day might have been indefinitely prolonged had not my father found a pretext for abridging it by suddenly proposing to take the duke to the further end of the garden1 in order to examine some ruins and a ,greek portico on a height from which there was an admirable view4 ,the duke looked at me1 as if he wished ,i could join in the walk2 but my father not seconding this mute suggestion1 he was forced to accompany him1 not1 however1 without giving me1 as he left the room1 a look that seemed to express compassion1 interest1 and respect4 ,as soon as ,i was alone1 ,i abruptly closed my atlas1 rose from my seat1 and abandoned myself to a violent fit of irritation and grief1 as ,i hurried with long steps through the extensive gallery1 exclaiming aloud against the undue sternness and severity of my father4444 ,he did not see that he was thus rendering the seclusion he had imposed upon me beyond my strength to bear--a seclusion that would have been transformed by one word of affection1 sympathy1 or even kindness4 ,instead of this1 did he not even appear to be annoyed that ,i should receive any from this stranger8 ,it was impossible for me to resume my studies4 ,i had an hour to wait before ,ottavia would come1 as she did every day1 to accompany me to the garden--as if ,i were a mere child1 instead of being allowed to wander at my own pleasure till sunset4 ,hitherto ,i had endured everything humbly2 but my patience was now exhausted1 and ,i felt a disposition to revolt which ,i only repressed with difficulty4 ,was this merely against a rgime of such excessive severity1 or was it the result of a slight return of confidence in myself inspired by the interest1 and almost deference1 which this stranger had just manifested8 ,it was doubtless both2 and the consequence was1 ,i felt an agitation ,i could not subdue1 and an irrepressible longing for any change whatever in a mode of life that had become insupportable4 ,tired of walking up and down1 ,i at last took a seat by the window1 where ,i could1 at a distance1 see my father and his client4 ,i watched them with an attention that soon diverted my thoughts and ended by wholly absorbing me4 ,i at once noticed that1 instead of proceeding to the end of the garden to see the ruin my father had spoken of1 they had stopped in a broad alley leading from the house to a white marble basin1 in the form of a vase1 which stood in the centre4 ,this alley1 bordered with a clipped hedge of box1 extended beyond the basin to a small grove of olivetrees leading to the hill it was necessary to ascend in order to see the ruin4 ,they seemed to have wholly lost sight of the proposed object of their walk2 for when ,i first saw them1 they had scarcely reached the basin1 and were now slowly returning towards the house4 ,the duke appeared to be listening to my father1 every now and then striking the hedge they were passing with a stick he held in his hand4 ,all at once he stopped1 and1 passing his arm through my father's1 he led him to a bench1 on which they both sat down4 ,i could see them distinctly1 and1 without hearing what they said1 could distinguish the sound of their voices4 ,it was the duke's ,i now heard4 ,at first he spoke with his head bent down1 as if with some hesitation1 but by degrees with more animation and fire1 and finally with clasped hands1 as if pleading some cause or asking some favor4444 ,once he raised his eyes towards the window where ,i was1 though he could not see me4 ,was he speaking of me8444 ,had he ventured to intercede in my behalf8444 ,i looked at my father anxiously4 ,his face expressed the greatest surprise as well as extreme dissatisfaction1 but it gradually changed4 ,he became very attentive2 and when at last the duke extended his hand1 he took it in his1 and seemed to be making some promise4 ,then they rose and resumed the way to the house1 but by a shady path where my eyes could no longer follow them4 ,that day our dinner was less gloomy than usual4 ,my father conversed with ,mario as he had not done for a long time1 and the latter1 with satisfaction1 attributed to himself this change 7which1 to do him justice1 had been the object of persevering effort74 ,but ,livia1 who had more penetration1 saw there was some other reason2 for she speedily observed that this change was especially evident towards me4 ,in fact1 for the first time since the fatal day that seemed like a dividing line in my young life1 ,i once more saw in my father's eyes the fond look ,i was formerly accustomed to2 and this paternal and almost forgotten expression gave me new life and a sensation of joy and happiness that made me raise my head as a flower beaten down by the storm looks up at the first return of the sun4 ,the explanation was not long delayed4 ,the next day my father sent for me at an earlier hour than ,i generally went to him1 and after a preamble which ,i scarcely comprehended1 and which by no means served to prepare me for what ,i was about to hear1 he informed me that the ,duca di ,valenzano had asked for my hand4 ,i remained stupefied with astonishment1 and my father continued3 8,it was impossible to expect a proposal like this for one of my daughters2 but however brilliant it may be1 ,i should unhesitatingly decline it were not the duke personally worthy of love and esteem4 ,as to this ,i am satisfied from all ,i hear respecting him4 ,but it is for you to decide about accepting his hand4 ,i will not impose my will on you4 ,consider the subject1 ,ginevra4 ,the ,duca di ,valenzano will come this evening to receive your reply40 ,my father might have said much more without my thinking of interrupting him4 ,i was in such a state of utter amazement that ,i could hardly realize what he said1 and the perspective thus suddenly opened before me conveyed no definite idea to my mind4 ,it was easier to believe he was jesting with me than to suppose such a man as the duke would propose for me to become his wife6444 ,i returned to my chamber extremely agitated1 and this feeling was not diminished by witnessing my sister's emotion and ,ottavia's noisy demonstrations of joy when ,i told them of the proposal that had just been communicated to me4 ,the ,duca di ,valenzano was not only a person of high rank1 but he was thought to possess every accomplishment1 and it was evident that every one looked upon my consent as a matter of course4 ,un homme accompli6 ,before going any further1 ,i cannot help stopping to remark here to what a degree the world1 generally so severe1 shows itself indulgent in certain cases2 and how often this indulgence is shared even by those who try to think they are not influenced by external circumstances6 ,assuredly neither my father1 nor my sister1 nor the simple ,ottavia attributed the favorable impression produced on their minds to the brilliant position of this unexpected suitor1 or the special merit he had acquired in their eyes1 to the mere fact of his having thought of sharing his lot with me4 ,it would have been difficult for me to express my own feelings1 for ,i hardly understood their nature4 ,i was flattered2 ,i was touched2 ,i was even very grateful1 for it was evident that the duke had begun by pleading my cause with my father1 and hitherto he had been by no means unpleasing to me4 ,why1 then1 could ,i not think of him now without a kind of repugnance1 fear1 and aversion8 ,and why did ,i feel as if ,i should prefer never to see him again8 ,i asked myself these questions1 at first silently1 and then aloud1 as was often my habit when with ,livia and ,ottavia1 who1 though so different from each other1 were nevertheless so alike in their affection for me4 8,that is quite natural1 carina10 replied ,livia4 8,you scarcely know the ,duca di ,valenzano1 and the very word marriage is one of serious import1 and even fearful1 when it falls for the first time on the ears of a young girl4 ,but this will pass away40 8,do you think so80 8,oh6 yes4 ,i am sure of it4 ,when you know him better1 and especially when he1 in his turn1 comprehends the qualities of your mind1 and heart1 and soul1 he will conceive such an affection for my dear ,ginevra that she will soon love him in return1 and not a little1 ,i imagine40 8,i think so1 too10 said ,ottavia1 laughing4 8,they say he is very captivating1 to say nothing of his being one of the greatest and wealthiest noblemen of ,italy4 ,ah6 ah6 what a different tone those wicked people will assume who say44440 ,livia looked at ,ottavia1 who stopped short4 8,livia6 do not stop her10 ,i exclaimed4 8,go on1 ,ottavia2 ,i insist upon it4 ,i wish to know what wicked people you refer to1 and what they say40 ,ottavia once more regretted her precipitation1 and would rather have remained silent2 but ,i continued to question her till she acknowledged some people had taken the liberty of saying ,i should never marry on account of 8what had taken place40 8,what a vague1 cruel way of speaking60 exclaimed ,livia indignantly4 8,everybody knows now there was nothing1 absolutely nothing at all1 in that gossip2 that it was all a mere falsehood40 8,everybody80 444 ,i said with sudden emotion4 8,but has not my father continued to treat me as if ,i were culpable80 ,then after a moment's silence1 ,i added3 8,do you think these falsehoods have come to the ears of the ,duca di ,valenzano80 8,how can ,i tell80 replied ,livia4 8,and of what consequence is it8 ,his proposal shows that he is sure1 as well as we1 that you have nothing at all to reproach yourself for40 ,i made no reply4 ,a new thought struck me1 and ,i felt the necessity of being alone1 in order to reflect on what had been suggested by her words4 ,i therefore left my two companions abruptly1 and took a seat at the end of the terrace on a little parapet that looked on the sea1 and there ,i remained nearly an hour4 ,that night1 when the ,duca di ,valenzano returned1 my father1 at my solicitation1 told him that1 before coming to any decision1 ,i wished to have some private conversation with him4 ,it was not without difficulty ,i induced my father to convey this message2 but the duke immediately assented1 and with so much eagerness that it might have been supposed my request had only anticipated a wish of his own4 ,,viii4 ,i was in my usual place in the gallery1 and alone1 when the duke entered at the appointed hour4 ,i rose1 and extended my hand4 ,he was astonished1 ,i think1 to find me so calm1 and perhaps so grave1 and looked at me a moment in silence1 as if he would divine what ,i was going to say to him4 ,seeing that ,i remained silent1 he at length said3 8,donna ,ginevra1 ,i thought myself skilled in reading the expression of your eyes2 but in looking at you now1 ,i cannot tell whether the word that is about to fall from your lips is yes or no40 ,i found it difficult to reply2 but overcoming my embarrassment at last1 ,i succeeded in saying3 8,yes or no84444 ,if ,i only had that to say1 ,m4 le ,duc1 ,i could have charged my father with it4444 ,but before speaking of the reply ,i am to make1 ,i must make one request4 ,you must tell me sincerely what you think of me1 and ,i will afterwards tell you with the utmost frankness wherein you are mistaken40 ,he looked at me with an attentive air1 and then smiled1 as he said3 8,tell you what ,i think of you8444 ,that might lead me to say more than ,i have yet the right to say4 ,but ,i will tell you1 ,donna ,ginevra1 what ,i do not think1 and1 in so doing1 ,i shall1 ,i imagine1 comply with your request4 ,let me fully assure you ,i attach no importance whatever to the words of a coxcomb2 and ,i would call any one a liar1 and treat him as such1 who would dare to repeat them64440 ,he saw1 by the expression of joy that flashed from my eyes1 that he had guessed aright4 8,poor child6 444 poor angel60 he continued1 8it would be strange indeed if ,i took any other attitude than this before you40 ,and he was about to kneel at my feet1 when ,i eagerly prevented him4 8,do not do that1 ,i beg of you60 ,i exclaimed4 8,and say1 if you like1 that ,i am a child1 but do not call me an angel4444 ,oh6 no1 never say anything so far from the truth6 ,listen to me1 for ,i requested this interview only that you might know all--what is true as well as what is false40 8,what is true80 he said in a slight tone of surprise4 8,yes4 ,listen to me4 ,i thank you for not having believed what 444 what was said concerning me1 for that1 indeed1 was false4 ,i am1 however1 culpable1 and it is right you should know it4 ,perhaps you will then change your mind1 and think no more about me40 ,he looked at me again1 as if he would read the depths of my soul4 8,is it with this design10 he said1 8that you speak so frankly80 ,i knew not what reply to make1 for ,i no longer knew what ,i wished4 ,i found a charm in the mingled tenderness and respect of which ,i so suddenly felt myself the object4 ,besides1 ,i had suffered greatly from my long seclusion1 and my heart involuntarily turned towards him who was trying to deliver me from it4444 ,my fear and repugnance vanished beneath his sympathetic look4 8,no10 ,i said at last1 8it is not for that reason40 8,then speak frankly10 he said1 8and let me hear this important revelation1 whatever it may be40 8,and will you promise solemnly never to reveal my secret80 8,yes1 ,i solemnly promise40 ,in spite of the solemnity of his words1 ,i saw it was with difficulty he repressed a smile4 ,but when he saw the agitation produced by the recollections thus awakened1 his expression became serious4 ,for a moment a cloud came over his face2 but in proportion as ,i entered into the details of that last night of my mother's life--my thoughtlessness1 my shock1 and1 finally1 my despair and repentance--he became affected1 and listened with so much emotion that his look inspired me with confidence1 and ,i finished without fear the account ,i had begun with a trembling voice4 ,as has been seen1 ,i thought myself more guilty than ,i should have been had there been any truth in the vague1 unmerited reproaches ,i had endured2 for the slight fault ,i had really committed seemed indissolubly connected with the fearful calamity that followed6444 ,that was why ,i thought myself unpardonable1 and why ,i preferred to endure the most unfounded suspicions concerning me rather than reveal the truth to any one in the world--above all1 to my father4 ,but it seemed to me ,i ought not1 for the same reason1 to conceal it from him who had so generously offered me his hand1 whatever might be the result4 ,i therefore continued1 and he listened without interrupting me4 ,when ,i had ended1 he spoke in his turn1 and what he said decided the fate of my life4 ,i already felt relieved by the complete revelation of a secret ,i had hitherto kept with an obstinacy that was perhaps a little childish4 ,and in listening to the soft accents of his sonorous1 penetrating voice1 my heart was more and more comforted1 and soon allowed itself to be persuaded into what it was sweet and consoling to believe--that1 as he said1 ,i exaggerated the consequence of my thoughtlessness2 that if ,i had afflicted my mother1 ,i had time to ask and obtain her forgiveness2 that ,i was ignorant of her dangerous condition1 and1 when ,i became aware of it1 ,i supposed ,i had been the cause2 444 but all this was unreasonable4444 ,and as to the flower4444 ,here he stopped1 and his brow darkened for a moment4 8,answer me frankly10 he said slowly2 8if ,flavio ,aldini were still alive1 if he were here under this window today1 and implored you to give him that little sprig of jasmine ,i see in your belt44440 ,he had not time to finish4 8,is it possible10 ,i exclaimed1 8you1 who say you understand me1 who pretend to have read my heart1 can mention a name that has become so odious to me84440 ,then ,i continued1 ,i imagine to his great surprise3 8,you are the first to whom ,i have acknowledged the fault he made me commit1 for ,i do not consider the ear of the priest to whom ,i confessed it as that of man4 ,there ,i experienced the indulgence of heaven1 and was forgiven by ,god as well as my mother4444 ,but would you know what cost me the most that day8 ,not1 certainly1 my sorrow for the past2 not my firm resolutions as to the future2 nor even the humble acceptation of all the humiliations that have been inflicted on me4444 ,no1 what cost me the most was to promise to overcome my resentment1 to subdue the bitterness awakened by the very name of ,flavio1 and to utter it every day in prayer for the repose of his soul64440 ,i was1 in speaking thus1 very remote from the regions familiar to ,lorenzo4 ,while ,i was uttering these words1 my face was lit up with an expression very different from any he had ever seen there4 ,he gazed at me without seeming to hear what ,i said1 and at length replied with evident emotion3 8,i thank you for telling me this1 though one look at you is sufficient to efface all doubt1 as darkness vanishes before the approach of day40 ,after a moment's silence1 he resumed3 8,and now1 ,ginevra1 ,i implore you to delay no longer the reply ,i have come to receive40 ,the recollections of the past had made me forget for a few moments the present2 but these words recalled it1 and ,i looked at him as if confounded4 ,there was a moment's silence4 ,my heart beat loudly4 ,at length ,i silently took from my belt the little sprig of jasmine he had just spoken of1 and gave it to him4 ,he understood the reply1 and his eyes lit up with gratitude and joy4 ,i felt happier than ,i had anticipated4 ,was not this1 in fact1 what ,i had dreamed of1 what ,i had longed for--to be loved8 ,and would it not be easy to love in return such a man as this8 ,as these thoughts were crossing my mind1 and ,i lowered my eyes before his1 he suddenly said3 8,do you know how beautiful you are1 ,ginevra80 ,at these words ,i frowned1 and a blush rose to my forehead which once might have been caused by gratified vanity1 but now was only occasioned by sincere1 heartfelt displeasure4 8,never speak to me of my face1 ,i beg of you10 ,i said to him1 8unless you wish to annoy or displease me40 ,he looked at me with the greatest astonishment1 though he felt no doubt as to my perfect sincerity1 and1 taking my hand in his1 said3 8,you are a being apart1 ,ginevra1 and resemble no one else in any respect4 ,it will be difficult sometimes to obey your request1 but ,i will do so40 ,had ,i been able to read ,lorenzo's heart1 ,i should1 in my turn1 have been astonished1 and perhaps frightened1 at the motives that had induced him to link so suddenly his life with mine4 ,the beauty of which ,i was no longer vain2 the talents ,i possessed without being aware of it2 the strangeness of finding me in a kind of captivity1 and the somewhat romantic satisfaction of delivering me from it and changing my condition by a stroke of a wand--such were the elements of the attraction to which he yielded2 and if it had occurred to any one to remind him that the girl who was about to become his wife had a soul1 he would very probably have replied by a glance of surprise1 a sarcastic smile1 or a slight shrug of his shoulders1 as if to say3 8,perhaps so1 but it does not concern me40 ,it happened in this case1 as often happens in many other circumstances1 that a word1 a look1 or the tone of a voice impresses1 persuades1 and influences1 and yet 7perhaps for the happiness of the human race7 does not reveal the inner secrets of the soul4 ,my engagement was announced the next day1 and the last of ,may appointed for the marriage4 ,there was a month before the time--a month the remembrance of which still stands out in my life like a season of enchantment4 ,the restored confidence of my father1 joined to the thought of our approaching separation1 had revived all the fondness of his former affection4 ,lorenzo had succeeded in making him regret the excess of his severity towards me4 ,indebted to him1 therefore1 for the return of my father's love as well as the gift of his own1 he seemed like some beneficent genie who had dispersed every cloud1 and restored to my youth the warm1 golden light of the sun4 ,i thanked him for this without any circumlocution1 and sometimes in so warm a manner that he must have been the most unpresuming of men to suppose me indifferent to the sentiments he so often expressed1 though not so ardently as to disturb me4 ,he respected the request ,i made the first day4 ,he suffered me to remain the child ,i still was1 in spite of having experienced such varied emotions4 ,perhaps the strong contrast he thus found in me formed a study not devoid of interest to a man blas by all he had seen and encountered in the world4 ,the preparations for so brilliant a marriage completely filled up the time of the busy ,ottavia1 who was charged by my father to omit nothing in the way of dress requisite for the fiance of the ,duca di ,valenzano4 ,mario1 prouder than he was willing to acknowledge of an alliance that reflected lustre on the whole family1 showed himself friendly and satisfied4 ,besides1 the transformation that had taken place in my whole appearance within a few months1 as well as in my way of life1 had softened his manner towards me2 and the more because he attributed the merit of it to himself1 and often repeated that1 had it not been for him1 my father would not have had the courage to persevere in a severity that had had so salutary a result4 ,he loved me1 however1 as ,i have had occasion in the course of my life to know2 but as there are people in the world who are kind1 and yet are not sympathetic1 so there are also many who on certain occasions manifest some feeling1 and yet are not kind4 ,mario was of the latter class4 ,at certain times1 on great occasions1 he seemed to have a heart capable of affection and devotedness2 but1 as a general thing1 it was rather evil than good he discovered in everything and everybody1 without excepting even those with whom he was most intimately connected1 and perhaps in them above all4 ,livia alone1 after the first few days1 seemed to have a shade of thoughtfulness and anxiety mingled with her joy1 and ,mario1 who observed it1 unhesitatingly declared it was caused by the prospect of remaining an old maid1 doubly vexatious now her younger sister was about to ascend before her very eyes to the pinnacle of rank and fortune4 ,but ,i knew ,livia better than he1 and1 though unable to read all that was passing in her soul at that time1 ,i was sure that no comparison of that kind1 or any dissatisfied consideration of herself1 had ever crossed her mind4 ,but ,i did not suspect that her pure1 transparent nature1 as well as the instinct of clearsighted affection1 enabled her to see some threatening signs in the heavens above me that seemed to every one else so brilliant with its sun and cloudless azure4 ,but the die was cast1 and it would have been useless to warn as well as dangerous to disturb me4 ,she therefore confined herself to reminding me of all my mother's pious counsels4 ,she made me promise never to forget them1 and she1 too1 promised to pray for me4 ,but when ,i told her she must continue to aid me with her advice1 and remain true to her rle of my guardian angel1 she shook her head1 and remained silent4 ,one day1 when ,i spoke in this way1 she replied3 8,do not be under any illusion1 ,ginevra4 ,marriage is like death4 ,one may prepare for it1 one may be aided by the counsels1 the prayers1 and the encouragement of friends till the last moment2 but once the line is crossed1 as the soul after death finds itself alone in the presence of its ,god1 its heavenly bridegroom1 to be eternally blessed by his love or cursed by its privation1 so the wife finds herself alone in the world with her husband4 ,there is no happiness for her but in their mutual affection4 ,if this exists1 she possesses the greatest happiness this world can afford4 ,if deprived of it1 she lacks everything4 ,the world will be only a void1 and she may still consider herself fortunate1 if this void is filled by sorrow1 and not by sin64440 8,what you say is frightful40 8,yes1 it is frightful2 therefore ,i have never been able to covet so terrible a bondage4 ,o my dear ,gina6 may ,god watch over you44440 8,you terrify me1 ,livia4 ,i assure you ,i should never have regarded marriage under so serious an aspect1 from the way in which people around us enter into it40 ,livia blushed1 and her eyes1 generally so soft1 assumed an expression of thoughtfulness and severity4 8,i am nearly twentysix years old10 she said1 8and am therefore no longer a girl1 as you still are4 ,but in a few days you will assume the duties of womanhood4 ,you will place your hand in ,lorenzo's1 and pronounce the most fearful vow there is in the world4 ,let me therefore say one thing to you1 which ,i am sure is the faithful echo of your mother's sentiments1 and what she would certainly tell you likewise4 ,ginevra1 rather than imitate any of those to whom you refer1 rather than seek away from your own fireside a happiness similar to theirs1 it would be better for ,god to call you to himself this very hour4 ,yes10 she continued with unwonted energy1 8sooner than behold this1 ,i would rather--,i who love you so much--,i would far rather see those beautiful eyes1 now looking at me with so much surprise1 close this very instant never to open again60 ,i was1 indeed1 surprised4 ,for were not these words1 or at least the idea they conveyed1 what ,i had found written in the little book ,livia had never read1 and was it not my mother herself who actually spoke to me now through the voice of my sister8444 ,,ix4 ,this conversation left a profound and painful impression on me1 but it was counteracted by the increasing attachment ,lorenzo inspired4 ,during this phase of my life ,i only perceived his charming1 noble qualities1 the unusual variety of his tastes1 his mental endowments1 and1 above all1 his love for me1 which it seemed impossible to return too fully4 ,it would have required a degree of penetration not to be expected of one of my age to lift the brilliant veil and look beyond4 ,therefore the natural liveliness of my disposition1 which had been prematurely extinguished by successive trials of too great a severity1 gradually revived4 ,it was no unusual thing now to hear me laugh and sing as ,i used to4 ,the influence of this new cheerful life counteracted the effects of the factitious life ,i had led the previous year4 ,under ,lorenzo's protection1 and escorted by ,mario1 ,i was allowed to take long rides on horseback1 which restored freshness to my cheeks1 and inspired that youthful feeling which may be called the pleasure of living--a feeling that till now ,i had been a stranger to4 ,my mind was developed by intercourse with one so superior to myself1 and who endeavored to interest and instruct me4 ,in a word1 my whole nature developed and expanded in every way1 and for awhile ,i believed in the realization here below of perfectly unclouded happiness4 ,a sad accident1 however1 occurred1 which cast a shadow over the brief duration of those delightful days4 ,it was now the last day but one before our marriage1 and for the last time we were to make an excursion on horseback1 which was also to be an adieu to the mountains1 the sea1 and the beautiful shore that had been familiar to me from my infancy4 ,for1 immediately after1 we were to leave ,messina2 and though it was to go to ,naples1 ,i thought more of what ,i was about to leave than what ,i was to find1 and the melancholy of approaching separation seemed diffused over all nature around me4 ,our horses were waiting at a gate at the end of the garden1 which1 on that side1 opened into the country4 ,mario and ,lorenzo had gone before1 and ,i was walking slowly along to join them1 holding my skirt up with one hand1 and leaning with the other on ,livia1 who was going to see our cavalcade set off4 ,mario had already mounted his horse1 but ,lorenzo1 on foot beside ,prima1 my pretty pony1 was waiting to help me mount4 ,he held out his hand4 ,i placed my foot on it1 and sprang gaily up4 ,as soon as ,i was seated1 he stepped back to mount his own horse1 while ,livia remained beside me to arrange the folds of my long habit4 ,just then the wind blew off her light straw hat1 to which was attached a long1 blue veil1 and both passing suddenly across my horse's eyes before ,i had fairly gathered up the bridle1 he took fright4 ,i was unable to check him4 ,he sprang madly away1 bearing me along the narrow alley leading from the garden to the highway4 ,i heard the screams of those who remained motionless behind1 but nothing afterwards except a hum in my ears4 ,a flash seemed to pass before my eyes1 but ,i retained my consciousness4 ,i realized that ,i was lost4 ,the alley1 like that in the garden1 was bordered with a thick hedge of box extending to the road1 which was here at an immense height along a cliff overlooking the sea and protected by a low parapet4 ,my ungovernable horse was evidently about to leap over it and precipitate me below4444 ,i recommended myself to ,god1 dropped the bridle1 gathered up the folds of my habit with both hands1 and1 murmuring the words1 ,madonna santa1 aiutate mi67#ii7 ,i allowed myself to fall on the hedge which bordered the alley4 ,i might have been killed in this way no less surely than the other2 but ,i escaped4 ,the thick1 elastic box yielded to my weight without breaking1 which prevented me from receiving any harm from the fall4 ,i remained stunned and motionless1 but did not lose my senses4 ,i know not how many seconds elapsed before ,i heard ,lorenzo's voice4 ,i opened my eyes1 and smiled as ,i met his gaze4 ,i shall never forget the passionate expression of love and joy that flashed from his pale1 terrified face1 which was bending over me6 ,he raised me from the verdant couch where ,i lay1 and pressed me in his arms with mute transport4 ,i1 too1 was happy4 ,i felt an infinite joy that ,i had been saved and was still alive4 ,i leaned my head against his shoulder1 and closed my eyes4 ,my hat had been thrown off1 and my hair1 completely loosened1 fell almost to the ground4 ,in this way he carried me back amid cries of joy from those who had followed us4 ,nothing was heard but exclamations of thanksgiving to ,god and the ,virgin when1 escorted by a crowd swelled by all on the road or in the neighboring fields1 who had perceived the accident1 we arrived at the principal entrance to the house4 ,there they made me sit down1 and in a few moments ,i was sufficiently restored to realize completely all that had happened4 ,lorenzo continued to support me1 and poured forth his joy in tender1 incoherent words4 ,my father embraced me4 ,ottavia wept1 as she kissed my hands4 ,mario himself was affected4 ,in the first moment of confusion ,i did not notice that my sister alone was wanting4 ,but this absence soon struck me1 and ,i eagerly asked for her1 calling her by name as ,i looked around me4 ,there was a moment's hesitation1 and ,i saw two of the servants near me making the odious sign of which ,i have already explained the signification4 ,and--must it be said8--,lorenzo's hand that held mine contracted also1 and ,i saw that he1 likewise1 was so absurd as to wish to protect me in this way4 ,i rose4444 ,i no longer felt the effects of the fall ,i had just had4 ,i pushed them all aside1 and him the first4 ,the circle around me opened1 and ,i saw my sister1 pale and motionless1 leaning against one of the pillars of the vestibule6 ,i forgot everything that had occurred4 ,i thought of nothing but her1 and threw myself on her neck4 8,do not be alarmed1 my dear ,livia10 ,i said loud enough for every one to hear4 8,i assure you ,i have received no injury4 ,i thought you were more courageous4 ,it does not seem like you to be so frightened4 ,the ,madonna1 you see1 has protected me4 ,i know you said a fervent ,ave ,maria for me when you saw me so swiftly carried away1 and your prayer was heard44440 ,livia pressed me in her arms without speaking1 and tears began to flow from her eyes4 ,leaning on her arm1 and refusing assistance from any one else1 ,i started to go to my chamber4 ,but just as ,i was leaving the porch a thought occurred4 8,and my poor ,prima10 ,i said4 8,what has become of her80 ,the reply to this question made me shudder4 ,the poor animal had sprung over the parapet1 and fallen down the precipice into the sea6444 ,our delightful excursions had ended in a sinister manner1 and more than one painful feeling mingled with my joy at having escaped so great a peril4 ,my heart felt heavy and oppressed1 and my first act on entering my chamber with ,livia was to fall on my knees before a statue of the ,madonna1 which1 in honor of the month of ,may1 was brilliant with lights and flowers4444 ,livia knelt beside me1 but her prayer was longer than mine1 and ,i saw that she continued to weep as she prayed4 8,come1 ,livia10 ,i said to her at last1 not wishing her to suppose ,i thought her sadness could have any other cause than my accident1 8your distress concerning me is unreasonable4 ,you weep as if ,i had been carried by my poor ,prima to the bottom of the sea1 instead of being here alive with you40 ,livia rose1 wiped her eyes1 and smiled4 8,you are right1 ,gina10 she said in a calm tone4 8,i ought to profit by the few moments we have together1 for we shall not be left alone long4 ,i have something to tell you1 dear child--something that will surprise you1 perhaps--not about you1 but myself40 ,i looked up in astonishment4 8,let me first put up your long1 thick hair1 and take off your habit1 so soiled and torn4 ,then you shall sit quietly down there1 and ,i will tell you what ,i have to say40 ,i allowed her to do as she wished1 and obeyed her without reply or question4 ,she appeared thoughtful and agitated1 and ,i saw there was something extraordinary on her mind4 ,when ,i had1 according to her injunction1 taken the only armchair there was in my chamber1 ,livia seated herself on a stool near me4 8,listen to me1 ,gina10 she said4 8,it will not take long for what ,i have to say4 ,do not interrupt me4 ,you are really here before me10 continued she1 passing her hand over my hair in a caressing manner1 and looking at me affectionately4 8,god has protected you1 and ,i bless him a thousand times for it4 ,but say if1 instead of this1 the horror of seeing you disappear for ever had been reserved for me an hour ago--me who love you more than my own life--do you know to what the witnesses of this catastrophe would have attributed it8 ,do you know what1 perhaps1 they think now84440 ,i blushed in spite of myself1 but made a negative sign1 as if ,i did not comprehend her4 8,you shake your head1 but you know very well what ,lorenzo and ,mario would have thought1 and who knows but my father himself1 and everybody else8444 ,was ,i not beside you this time also8 ,did ,i not bring you illluck8444 ,did not every one around you just now have this idea in their minds1 and were they not ready to exclaim1 #8,jettatrice'--#8,jettatrice1' 0 repeated she in a stifled voice--8a name harder to bear than an injury1 more difficult to defy than calumny1 it is really on her to whom it is applied1 and not those she approaches1 this fatal influence falls60 8,livia60 ,i exclaimed1 turning red once more1 but trying to laugh1 8is it really you1 my pious1 reasonable sister1 who uses such language8 ,the folly to which you allude has more than once vexed me to tears1 and ,i must confess ,i cannot now bear that you should seriously speak to me in such a way40 ,livia smiled1 as she embraced me1 and ,i saw it pleased her to hear me reply in this manner4 ,but she soon resumed more gravely3 8,you know very well1 ,ginevra1 what ,i think of this myself4 ,therefore for a long time ,i despised this folly1 and endeavored to overcome the cruel impression it left upon me2 for10 continued she1 her voice trembling with emotion in spite of herself1 8it is a peculiarly hard trial1 you may suppose1 to feel your heart full of tenderness1 sympathy1 and pity for others1 and yet seemingly to bring them danger and misfortune4444 ,for instance1 to extend your arms to a child and see its mother hesitate to allow you to take it1 or even to look at it4 ,but let us change the subject4 ,i have never alluded to this trial1 and1 if ,i speak of it now1 it is not to excite your sympathy1 but1 on the contrary1 to tell you ,i am no longer to be pitied4 ,the hour that has just passed was horrible1 it is true1 but it put an end to my hesitation and doubt4 ,i see my way clearly now1 and peace has returned to my soul40 ,her eyes1 though still full of tears1 wore an expression of celestial joy4 ,i looked at her with astonishment1 but did not try to interrupt her4 ,she continued3 8,gina1 my darling sister1 you have found your sphere1 and ,i have found mine4 ,may ,god grant you all the happiness1 yes1 all the joy1 to be found in this world6 ,but it will not equal mine4 ,pity me no longer1 ,i repeat4 ,it is to me he has given the better part40 ,her voice1 her accent1 and her looks expressed more than her words4 ,i understood her1 and was seized with strange emotion4 ,yes1 very strange6 and a feeling very different from what might have been supposed4 ,i loved ,livia1 and my approaching separation from her filled me with so much sorrow as to dim my happiness4 ,now ,i felt that a barrier even more insurmountable than distance was to come between us4 ,it was not1 however1 affliction on my part1 or pity for her1 that ,i experienced4 ,it was--shall ,i say it8--an inexplicable feeling of respect and envy--a vague1 unreasonable wish to follow her2 a mysterious aspiration for something higher1 nobler1 and more perfect than wealth1 position1 rank1 and the clat so soon to surround me1 and more precious than the love itself that had fallen to my lot6 ,i remained a long time incapable of making my sister any reply1 my eyes1 like hers1 fastened on the faroff horizon1 now tinged with the softest evening hues4 ,o my ,god6 a ray of the same light fell on us both at that moment2 but for her it was the pure1 calm light of the dawn2 for me it was like a flash of lightning which gives one glimpse of the shore1 but does not diminish the darkness of the coming night or the danger of the threatening storm4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,anglican ,orders47#ajj7 ,i4 ,canon ,estcourt's book is1 in all respects1 a most remarkable one1 and can hardly fail to make an era in the controversy4 ,it is a monument1 not merely of successful research1 but of that intimate acquaintance with a very complicated and difficult subject which nothing but the assiduous labor of years can give4 ,it is perfectly calm and judicial both in its tone and in its conclusions2 for learning1 like charity1 is long suffering4 ,it does not contain1 we believe all parties will admit1 a single instance of overstrained or ad captandum argument1 whilst moving with measured pace to its unassailable conclusions4 ,so studiously gentle has ,canon ,estcourt been throughout in his language1 and so scrupulous in his choice of weapons1 that we can hardly wonder if some of his ,catholic readers are startled as though the trumpet had given an uncertain sound1 and if ,anglicans1 like the executioner's victim in the story1 hardly know at first that the fatal blow has been struck4 ,the scope which ,canon ,estcourt proposes to himself 7p4 #c7 is to ascertain the value of ,anglican pretensions to orders as judged by the standard of ,catholic theology4 ,anglicans have professed themselves anxious that the ,holy ,see should reconsider their case4 ,they insist that the practice of ordaining converts from the ,anglican ministry who aspire to the priesthood is1 upon ,catholic principles1 inconsistent with any real knowledge of the history of ,anglican ordinations4 ,few things1 we suppose1 would surprise a ,catholic more than to find that the authorities of the church had been pursuing a course in regard to ,anglican orders which1 though morally justified by a host of suspicious circumstances1 yet was not in accordance with the real facts of the case4 ,still1 such a misfortune1 however improbable1 is not inconceivable4 ,there is nothing incompatible with the principles of the ,catholic faith in the supposition that the ,holy ,see may have been practically misled in a matter of historical evidence1 where such misleading could involve no misrepresentation of truth and no fatal mischief4 ,it would have been otherwise had a formal decision been given upon any point of doctrine1 as1 for instance1 the validity of this or that form2 or1 again1 if the decision1 though merely practical in its form1 yet1 like the admission of ,greek orders at ,florence1 had held an integral portion of church life dependent upon its correctness4 ,we think ,canon ,estcourt has proved that ,anglican orders1 regarded in the light of the latest research into their documentary history1 are thoroughly untrustworthy2 and that any reconsideration of their case by the authorities of the church could only result in a confirmation of the ancient practice4 ,he shows1 #ast1 that the consecration1 under any form1 of ,parker's consecrator1 ,barlow1 is doubtful1 and that it is exceedingly doubtful if the assistance of ,bishop ,hodgkin at ,parker's consecration would make up for the inefficiency of the consecrator4 #b;d4 ,that1 although certain deficiencies in the ,anglican form for the priesthood1 upon which various ,catholic controversialists have laid stress1 are not in se invalidating1 yet that1 regard being had to the genesis and context of the form1 and to the theology of those who framed and first used it1 it cannot be regarded as an implicit signification of the ,catholic doctrines of the priesthood and the sacrifice--such as a form consisting of the same words might be1 amongst ,greeks or ,abyssinians--but as an implicit denial of the same4 ,thus the ,anglican form is substantially different from any form which the church has accounted as even probable1 and is quite inappropriate for conferring the 8potentiam ordinis40 ,before proceeding to examine ,canon ,estcourt's treatment of the two main points of the question1 the status of ,parker's consecrator1 and the value of the ,edwardine form1 it will be well to consider an objection that may be brought against him from the ,catholic side4 ,it may be urged that1 in his anxiety to do justice to his opponents1 he has allowed them to assume a better position than they have any right to occupy4 ,anglicans owe the assumed assistance of a duly consecrated bishop at ,parker's consecration1 and the assumed use of a form as ,catholic as the ,edwardine1 to the assumed correctness of the ,lambeth ,register4 ,this document records that on the #agth of ,december1 #aeei1 ,parker was consecrated at ,lambeth1 according to the rite of ,edward ,,vi41 by ,barlow1 ,coverdale1 ,scory1 and ,hodgkin4 ,of these1 ,coverdale and ,scory had been consecrated by undoubted bishops1 using the ,edwardine rite2 ,hodgkin by an undoubted bishop1 using the ,catholic rite4 ,this ,register was first produced by ,francis ,mason in #afaf2 and even ,canon ,estcourt1 whilst granting the truth of its main statements1 denies that it can be accepted as 8an authentic and contemporaneous account of the facts as they occurred40 ,on the other hand1 there is a timehonored account which has long passed current amongst ,catholics1 and which still finds able and zealous defenders amongst their number47#aja7 ,according to this account1 at a meeting held at the ,nag's ,head inn in ,chepeside1 ,scory alone performed the ceremony upon ,parker and sundry other ordinandi1 by laying the ,bible upon their head or shoulders1 and saying1 8,take thou authority to preach the word of ,god40 ,here1 whatever may be said of the consecrator1 the form is confessedly insufficient4 ,canon ,estcourt1 following ,lingard and ,tiernay1 simply rejects the ,nag's ,head account as controversially worthless1 and accepts that given by the ,lambeth ,register as substantially correct4 ,we think that he is amply justified in so doing4 ,of course1 however1 each account must stand upon its own basis1 and the rejection of the one does not involve the admission of the other4 ,the ,nag's ,head ,story4 ,as ,canon ,estcourt1 in his enumeration of sources of evidence 7p4 #aa71 remarks1 8,a story that has passed from person to person merely by verbal tradition1 even if names are quoted as authority1 but without written testimony1 cannot be accepted as evidence1 nor allowed to have weight as an argument1 even it considered probable as an historical fact40 ,now1 it is notorious that the ,nag's ,head story depends merely upon hearsay testimony1 without a particle of documentary evidence4 ,whatever vague rumors may have been current1 there is no proof that the story ever assumed a 8questionable shape0 until ,f4 ,holiwood 7,sacrobosco7 published it in #afjd4 ,stapleton1 one of our most learned and vigorous controversialists1 in a work published only five years after the date assigned to the ,nag's ,head consecration1 does not mention it2 and1 moreover1 says in so many words that the ,anglican bishops were consecrated according to the rite of ,edward ,,vi4 ,neither has ,saunders a word of it among all his wellmerited vituperation of the 8,parliament bishops10 in his ,clavis ,davidica2 nor ,rischton1 the continuator of his ,de ,schismate4 ,these writers certainly lacked neither information nor courage4 ,it is true that when once the ,nag's ,head story was brought out1 controversialists on either side were apt to interpret the expressions of the earlier ,catholic writers as referring to this particular charge2 but when we turn to them1 we find nothing more than the general charge of invalidity47#ajb7 ,dr4 ,champneys1 who wrote in #afaf1 relates the story upon the authority of ,f4 ,bluett1 a prisoner in ,wisbech ,castle1 who said he had it from ,mr4 ,neale1 the eyewitness4 ,this lastnamed person1 being at the time ,bishop ,bonner's chaplain1 was sent by him1 so the story runs1 to inhibit ,kitchen of ,llandaff from consecrating1 and thus witnessed the whole irregular proceeding4 ,all the threads of tradition--with one exception1 which we shall notice further on--appear to centre in ,f4 ,bluett4 ,he told ,dr4 ,champneys2 he told1 so says ,dr4 ,champneys1 ,f4 ,holiwood1 who printed the story1 in a condensed form1 in #afjd4 ,dr4 ,kenrick thought he had discovered from ,pitts7#ajc7 another mouthpiece of ,neale's in ,neale's friend1 ,mr4 ,orton2 but it is not so4 ,pitts1 in his biographical notice of ,neale1 after stating that various particulars1 which he gives1 are upon the authority of ,orton1 proceeds to say of ,neale3 8,this was the very same man who was sent by ,bonner10 etc41 emphatically marking off the ,nag's ,head story as not being one of the things he had heard from ,orton1 though otherwise sufficiently notorious4 ,of ,bluett nothing is known1 except that he was for a long while prisoner for the faith1 which of course speaks volumes for his honesty4 ,but a lengthened imprisonment is not unfavorable for delusions1 especially of a religious character4 ,when we come to consider the character of the reputed firsthand in the line of tradition1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,neale1 we find ourselves upon very different ground4 ,if ,f4 ,bluett's lengthy imprisonment is deservedly reckoned in his favor1 what shall we say of a man who was able1 on the accession of ,elizabeth1 after having been ,bishop ,bonner's chaplain1 to take a public professorship in ,oxford1 and who1 on his giving this up1 was in a position to build himself a house opposite ,hertford ,college1 long known by the name of ,neale's ,buildings8 ,these facts1 admitted on all hands1 sufficiently bear out ,anthony ,wood's account of him3 that his religion 8was more ,catholic than ,protestant10 that he dreaded being called in question 8for his seldom frequenting the church and receiving the sacrament40 ,wood is certainly not writing with a controversial purpose1 and this is hardly the line that a ,protestant depreciation of a hostile witness would take4 ,the defenders of the ,nag's ,head story have had to meet the objection that ,bonner dared not1 whilst a prisoner1 have taken the bold step ascribed to him1 by an appeal to his notorious fearlessness4 ,on the other hand1 every one admits that ,neale was an arrant coward2 8of a timorous nature10 says ,wood2 8of a nature marvellously fearful10 says ,pitts4 ,now1 if ,bonner showed his courage by inhibiting1 what must have been the courage of the man who ventured into the lion's den to execute the inhibition1 and stood doggedly by to see how far it was obeyed8 ,surely we should have reason to be surprised if1 after such an exhibition of courage1 ,neale had been afraid to put the matter on paper1 or to breathe a word of it except to ,f4 ,bluett4 ,it has been attempted to establish the ,nag's ,head story upon another line of tradition1 independent1 not only of ,bluett1 but of ,neale4 ,mr4 ,ward1 in his ,nullity of the ,protestant ,clergy1 when mentioning the wellknown examination of the ,lambeth ,register1 in #afad1 by certain ,catholic priests then in confinement1 at the request of ,archbishop ,abbot1 continues3 8,but ,mr4 ,plowden1 yet living1 does depose that he had it from ,f4 ,faircloth's own mouth1 with whom he lived many years an intimate friend1 this ensuing answer of ,f4 ,faircloth's to ,abbot3 ,my lord1 said he1 my father was a ,protestant1 and kept a shop in ,chepeside1 and assured me that himself was present at ,parker's and the four ,protestant bishops' consecration at the ,nag's ,head in ,chepeside10 etc4 ,this is mere hearsay1 but we confess that we see no grounds for doubting that ,f4 ,faircloth made just the answer attributed to him4 ,he was doubtless a firm believer in the ,nag's ,head story as related by ,bluett1 and his father1 who had been a shopkeeper in ,chepeside1 was able to tell him that the ,nag's ,head ,inn was no myth2 nay1 that there had been a meeting of bishops there2 that he1 ,faircloth senior1 had seen them4 ,who does not know how often and how honestly ocular evidence for an unimportant item is accepted as evidence of the whole8 ,if old ,faircloth had been able to give any real confirmation of the story1 surely more would have been made of him4 ,even if it be admitted that a consecration of some sort did take place at the ,nag's ,head1 there is an important discrepancy in the versions given by ,holiwood and ,champneys of the ,neale and ,bluett story1 which is fatal to it as an accurate account of what took place4 ,holiwood says that ,scory 8caused ,john ,jewell to rise up ,bishop of ,salisbury1 and him that was ,robert ,horn before to rise up ,bishop of ,winchester1 and so forth with all the rest40 ,if this is to be taken as an exact account of what took place1 no specific form at all was used2 and ,f4 ,fitzsimon follows to precisely the same effect3 8,scory orders them all to kneel down2 then1 taking the hand of ,parker1 says1 #8,rise1 ,lord ,bishop of ,canterbury'2 in like manner to ,grindal1 #8,rise1 ,lord ,bishop of ,london1' 0 etc4 ,but1 according to ,dr4 ,champneys1 8,having the ,bible in his hand1 they all kneeling before him1 he laid it upon every one of their heads or shoulders1 saying1 #8,take thou authority to preach the word of ,god sincerely' 0--a very distinct form indeed1 however invalid4 ,we reject1 then1 the ,nag's ,head story1 #ast1 as lacking all but hearsay evidence1 and hearsay evidence is at the command of any cause2 #b;d1 as exhibiting various notes of intrinsic improbability2 #c;d1 as wholly irrelevant1 in the present aspect of the controversy1 to the question of ,anglican orders4 ,it is irrelevant1 because1 whatever was or was not done at the ,nag's ,head1 it is quite clear that the parties concerned1 the government1 and the bishops were no more satisfied with it than ,catholics would have been1 but continued to move for ,parker's consecration precisely as if nothing had been done4 ,at the same time1 we protest against the notion that the ,nag's ,head story was a gratuitous lie4 ,for1 first1 it is admitted that the bishops did meet at this identical inn for purposes convivial or otherwise1 and to such meeting--viz41 the confirmation dinner--both ,fuller and ,heylin1 ,strype and ,collier1 trace the story47#ajd7 ,secondly1 the wellknown disbelief in orders prevailing amongst the ,protestant party2 their repeatedly shrinking from the ,catholic challenge to produce their proofs2 their insistence1 when speaking of their episcopacy1 that ordination by a priest was valid1 when taken together1 justified ,catholics in the growing suspicion that there was a terrible flaw somewhere1 an irregularity which even an ,elizabethan conscience stickled at4 ,no one who reflects upon the genuine horror and contempt which the sight of the henpecked bishops of ,england1 with their woman pope1 excited throughout ,christendom1 can regard the ,nag's ,head story as an extravagant or gratuitous outcome of ,catholic imagination4 ,the principal interest of the fable lies in the fact that it fairly got through the ,anglican skin1 and forced the production of the ,lambeth ,register4 ,all the denials of their orders by controversialists like the ,jesuit ,harding1 all ,saunders's taunts about petticoat government1 affected them no whit4 ,orthodoxy and honesty might go to the winds1 but one virtue they did set store by1 and that was ,christian gravity2 and this tavern story so stung them that they could keep their counsel no longer4 ,the ,lambeth ,register4 ,we shall now proceed1 taking ,canon ,estcourt as our guide1 to examine1 in chronological order1 the various documents connected with ,parker's consecration4 ,on the #aith of ,july1 #aeei1 ,elizabeth issued the cong d'elire to the ,chapter of ,canterbury1 that see having been just seven months vacant after the death of ,cardinal ,pole4 ,on the #ith of ,august the election took place4 ,september #i1 a royal commission was issued for the confirmation and consecration of ,parker1 to whom letterspatent of the same date were addressed4 ,the commission was addressed to ,tonstall of ,durham1 ,bourne of ,bath and ,wells1 ,pole of ,peterborough1 and ,kitchen of ,llandaff1 being four out of the five remaining ,catholic bishops1 ,turberville of ,exeter being the only one omitted4 ,but joined with the above four were the returned refugees1 ,barlow and ,scory4 ,of the four ,catholic bishops1 the first three positively refused to consecrate1 and were shortly after deprived4 ,kitchen of ,llandaff1 unfaithful though he was1 somehow managed to get out of it2 perhaps on the score of his weak sight--the excuse attributed to him in the ,nag's ,head story4 ,next in order comes a paper yet remaining in the ,state ,paper ,office1 which may be called the programme of the consecration4 ,canon ,estcourt gives a facsimile4 ,it details the various steps to be taken for the consecration of ,parker1 and contains marginal notes in the handwritings of ,cecil and ,parker4 ,cecil's notes are significant4 ,upon the direction in the text1 in accordance with a statute of ,henry ,,viii41 that application should be made for consecration to some other archbishop within the king's dominions1 or1 in default of him1 to four other bishops1 he remarks3 8,there is no archb4 nor iiij bishopps to be had2 wherefore qurendum1 etc40 ,upon the direction that ,king ,edward's ordinal be used1 he remarks3 8,this booke is not established by parlement40 ,the second commission1 ,december #f1 #aeei1 was addressed to ,kitchen1 ,barlow1 ,scory1 ,coverdale2 ,hodgkin1 the ,suffragan of ,bedford2 ,salisbury1 ,suffragan of ,thetford2 and ,bale1 who had been ,bishop of ,ossory4 ,it concludes with the following dispensing clause3 8,natheless supplying by our supreme royal authority of our proper motion and assured knowledge1 if there be or shall be aught wanting 7in those things which1 according to our aforegiven mandate1 shall be done by you1 or any of you1 for performing the aforesaid7 of what is requisite or necessary1 whether according to the statutes of this our realm or the laws of the church1 the quality of the times and the pressure of circumstances demanding it40 ,canon ,estcourt produces a facsimile1 8taken from the original draft extant in the ,public ,record ,office1 with the autograph signatures of the civilians giving their opinion that the commission #8in the form pennyd' may be lawfully acted on40 ,the ,lambeth ,register testifies that1 in accordance with the commission1 8four of those named--viz41 ,barlow1 ,scory1 ,coverdale1 and ,hodgkin--did1 on the #ith of ,december1 confirm ,parker in ,bow ,church1 the elect appearing by his proxy1 ,nicholas ,bullingham2 and that1 on the #agth1 the same four bishops performed the ceremony of consecration in accordance1 save in one particular1 with the ritual of ,edward ,,vi4 ,we thus summarize ,canon ,estcourt's summary of the reasons for giving credence to the above facts recorded by the ,register3 #a4 ,the official minute with ,cecil's and ,parker's notes4 ,it was never used in the controversy until referred to by ,lingard4 ,it can be no forgery1 for the forger would not have been such a fool as to forge ,cecil's remarks as to the illegality of the proceeding4 ,this document shows the intention of the parties concerned to proceed as the ,register says they did proceed4 #b4 ,the letterspatent issuing the commission of ,december #f1 #aeei1 are enrolled in ,chancery on the patent rolls1 the highest official test of genuineness4 ,the original draft of the commission is still preserved in the ,state ,paper ,office1 with ,cecil's writing on it1 and the autograph signatures of the civilians4 ,this paper has never been produced in the controversy1 and no forger would have taken such useless trouble4 #c4 ,in the recently discovered diary of ,henry ,machyn1 a merchant tailor in ,london1 we find the following entries3 ,the xxiii day of ,june #aeei were elected vi new ,byshopes com from beyond the sea1 master ,parker ,bysshope of ,canturbere1 master ,gryndalle ,bysshope of ,london1 docthur ,score ,bysshope of ,harfford1 ,barlow of ,chechastur1 doctur ,bylle of ,salysbere1 doctor ,cokes of ,norwyche40 444 ,upper part of page burnt away4 8,parker electyd bishope of ,canterbere40 8,the xvii day of ,desember was the new byshope of ,canterbury doctur ,parker1 was mad ther at ,lambeth40 8,the xx day of ,desember afornon1 was ,sant ,thomas evyn1 my lord of ,canturbere whent to ,bow ,chyrche1 and ther wher v nuw byshopes mad40 ,the genuineness of these entries is beyond all suspicion4 ,had they been made for a controversial purpose1 they would have been used earlier in the controversy4 ,although the diary contains various inaccuracies--e4g41 the date assigned to ,parker's election1 which is before the real date of his cong d'elire1 and the loose use of the term 8mad10 which1 in regard to the bishops at ,bow ,church1 should stand for confirmation1 and in ,parker's case for consecration--still1 it is evidence that on the date given in the ,register something was done to ,parker which could be described as 8being made bishop40 ,bow ,church was the regular place for confirmation1 ,lambeth for consecration4 ,the fact that the five1 or rather six1 bishops were consecrated on ,s4 ,thomas's day1 on the eve of which they had been confirmed1 although this last was at ,lambeth1 and not at ,bow ,church1 makes the confusion in their case not unnatural4 #d4 ,there is a detailed memorandum of the consecration1 in a contemporary hand1 preserved among the ,,mss4 of ,foxe1 who died in #aehg1 8probably nearly of the same age as the ,register itself1 perhaps even older0--i4e41 older than the ,register in the condition in which we now possess it4 ,this document has been but recently introduced into the controversy1 and will be again appealed to when the actual condition of the ,register is under consideration4 #e4 ,stapleton's assertion that 8the ,bishoppes were ordered1 not according to the acte #bh 7#be7 ,h4 ,,viii41 but according to an acte of ,edw4 ,,vi41 repealed by ,queen ,mary1 and not revived in the first year of ,q4 ,eliz40 #f4 ,act #h ,eliz41 cap4 #a1 not only lays down the law for the future1 but enacts that all acts done 8about a confirmation or consecration1 in virtue of the queen's letterspatent1 were good and perfect2 and that all persons consecrated bishops according to the order of #e and #f ,edward ,,vi4 were rightly made and consecrated40 ,this is equivalent to an assertion that such consecration had actually taken place4 ,in addition to these proofs1 there are various incidental references to ,parker's consecration on the #agth in contemporary works and letters1 which have been carefully collected by ,mr4 ,bailey in his ,defensio1 p4 #ai4 ,altogether1 there is no gainsaying the evidence for the substantial correctness of the ,lambeth ,register4 ,at the same time1 ,canon ,estcourt shows1 we think1 conclusively that the existing ,lambeth ,,ms41 as we have it1 is not the original record of what took place1 but rather a glossed version thereof1 in which certain important and awkward facts are1 without being denied1 carefully suppressed4 ,besides the ,lambeth ,,ms41 there are two others2 one in the ,state ,paper ,office1 the other in ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,the former1 to judge by its corrections1 would seem to have been a rough draft1 and was probably submitted to ,cecil for approval before the registration4 ,canon ,estcourt thinks that the ,cambridge ,,ms4 was a transcript from that in the ,state ,paper ,office1 inasmuch as they agree in giving the form1 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum10 in ,latin1 whereas that of ,lambeth has it in ,english4 ,because of this and other variations1 neither of these ,,mss4 can be regarded as a transcript from that of ,lambeth1 or as tending to authenticate its present condition4 ,canon ,estcourt prints the ,foxe ,,ms41 of which we have spoken1 side by side with the ,lambeth ,register2 and we see that1 whilst in the former ,barlow is distinctly stated to have been the consecrator1 and the rite used that of ,edward ,,vi41 the latter makes no distinction between ,barlow and the other three1 and makes no reference whatever to the ordinal of ,edward ,,vi4 ,whether the ,foxe ,,ms4 is a commentary upon the ,register or upon the rough draft1 or1 as ,canon ,estcourt is inclined to think1 is taken from the ,register as it originally stood1 it is1 anyhow1 the testimony of a contemporary ally of the parties concerned to the existence of important circumstances which the existing ,register carefully suppresses4 ,it is difficult for us--as1 indeed1 it was for ,catholics of the generation immediately succeeding that of ,elizabeth's accession--to understand the nervous anxiety that possessed the ,protestant party lest they should give their enemies the slightest legal pretext against them4 ,the completeness of ,elizabeth's triumph naturally tended to obliterate1 in the minds of her victims1 the precarious condition of parties in the beginning of her reign4 ,there is1 however1 ample testimony that this nervousness did exist4 ,when ,horne1 the ,elizabethan ,bishop of ,winchester1 tendered ,bonner1 a prisoner in the ,marshalsea1 the oath of supremacy1 the latter demurred1 on the ground that ,horne was no bishop in the eye of the law1 forasmuch as he had been consecrated according to the ordinal of ,edward ,,vi4--which had never been legalized after its proscription1 #a ,mary1 sess4 #b1 c4 #b--;and had also contravened the statute #be ,henry ,,viii41 c4 #bj1 requiring as consecrators either an archbishop and two bishops or four bishops4 ,as it was notorious that ,horne was consecrated by ,parker and two other bishops1 this last count was understood as tantamount to saying that ,parker was not legally archbishop1 on the ground that1 of the bishops concerned in that ceremony1 three had been deprived and the fourth deposed4 ,this bold plea that1 to use the words of one of ,cecil's correspondents1 quoted by ,canon ,estcourt1 p4 #aai1 8there was never a lawful bishop in ,england1 so astonished a great number of the best learned that yet they knew not what to answer him2 and when it was determined he should have suffered1 he is remitted to the place from whence he came1 and no more said unto him40 ,after this we can understand the persistency with which controversialists like ,jewel1 who were in the secret1 shirked the challenge1 so frequently addressed them by ,catholics1 to show the steps of their succession4 ,it is highly probable that the ,protestant party1 in the anxiety caused by ,bonner's onslaught1 so far tampered with the ,register as to gloss over the vulnerable points4 ,it is noteworthy that this same paper of ,foxe's contains a summary upon ,bonner's case1 showing the connection in the author's mind4 ,it would be unreasonable to admit the mere implication of the ,register1 that there was no distinction of consecrator and assistants1 against the explicit statement of the ,foxe ,,ms4 ,the one point in which ,parker's consecration1 according both to the ,lambeth ,register and to the ,foxe ,,ms41 deflected from the ,edwardine ordinal was this3 that whilst the latter prescribes that the consecrator alone should hold his hands upon the elect's head during the prayer of consecration1 all four bishops are said to have held their hands upon ,parker's head4 ,but1 as ,canon ,estcourt observes1 we are not to suppose that1 in acting as they did1 ,barlow and the others had devised something new and unknown before1 and which therefore requires exceptional treatment4 ,on the contrary1 they were following the rubric of the ,exeter ,pontifical1 which in this point agrees with the ,roman rite4 ,supposing1 then1 ,barlow and his companions to stand in the relation of consecrator and assistants1 would the incapacity1 from want of consecration1 of the consecrator be supplied by the capacity of an assistant8 ,mr4 ,haddan appeals triumphantly to ,martne's dictum that 8the bishops who assist are for certain not merely witnesses but co operators407#aje7 ,but this goes but a little way4 ,it is admitted on all hands that the assistants are something more than mere witnesses1 although they emphatically fulfil that office4 ,they are at least cooperators by the official signification of their approval and support4 ,those who held up the arms of ,moses did something more than witness to the marvels wrought by those uplifted hands4 ,the comparatively small number of theologians who maintain the necessity of three bishops for a valid consecration are the only ones who maintain that the assistants are1 properly speaking1 consecrators4 ,anyhow1 the action must be regarded as taking place per modum unius1 for the opus is one1 not manifold2 but once annihilate the principal consecrator1 and the ratio by which the assistants coalesce in unum opus is gone4 ,if we may be forgiven a homely phrase in connection with a solemn subject1 ,tom is doing nothing2 therefore those who are merely operative in virtue of their assistance of him are merely helping him to do nothing4 ,we do not know any theologian who has said in so many words1 or whose theory requires1 that the assistant should be held as compensating for the inefficiency of the consecrator4 ,canon ,estcourt1 with characteristic moderation1 urges that it is at least probable that no such compensation could take place1 and therefore1 according to ,catholic principles1 the safer side would have to be taken1 and the ceremony repeated4 ,it is1 then1 of vital importance to the ,anglican cause that there should be no doubt whatever about ,barlow's consecration4 ,canon ,estcourt does not deny that it is probable he may have been consecrated4 ,he does not pretend to do more than show that there are the gravest reasons for doubting the fact of his consecration4 ,we wish to examine fairly the momenta on both sides4 ,barlow's ,status4 ,william ,barlow had been professed as an ,augustinian ,canon of ,s4 ,osith's ,priory1 in ,essex4 ,he had been early distinguished as the protg and obsequious servant of ,anne ,boleyn4 8,in ,october1 #aecd1 he was sent as ambassador into ,scotland1 in conjunction with ,thomas ,holcroft1 in order to persuade ,king ,james to renounce the ,pope407#ajf7 ,in the early part of the next year1 he was again in ,scotland1 8in company with ,lord ,william ,howard1 who conveyed the garter to ,king ,james02 and ,january #bb1 #aecf1 for the third time went to ,scotland1 8on a joint embassy1 again with ,lord ,william ,howard40 ,he had been elected to the bishopric of ,s4 ,asaph on the #afth1 six days before4 ,he was confirmed by proxy either on the #bb;d or the #bc;d of ,february4 ,he remained in ,scotland during ,february and ,march1 and seems to have left in the beginning of ,april4 ,on the #ajth of ,april1 ,barlow was elected ,bishop of ,s4 ,david's1 and on the #bast was confirmed in person in ,bow ,church4 8,the archbishop's certificate of the confirmation is dated on the same day1 but makes no mention of consecration1 nor is the fact recited1 as usual1 in the grant of temporalities which was issued on the #bfth40 ,on the #bgth1 a summons to ,parliament is sent3 8,reverendo in ,christo ,patri ,w4 ,menevensi ,episcopo40 ,on the #ast of ,may1 he is installed at ,s4 ,david's1 and before the #acth is writing a joint letter1 with ,lord ,william ,howard1 from ,edinborough1 addressed to the king and ,cromwell1 in which he signs himself ,willms ,menev1 the style of ,bishop of ,s4 ,david's4 ,he calls himself and is called ,bishop of ,s4 ,david's on and after ,april #be1 but not before4 ,on this account1 several of the defenders of his consecration have plausibly conjectured that he was consecrated on ,april #be1 8which10 ,mr4 ,haddan tells us1 8was a ,sunday1 and when he was certainly in ,london40 ,mr4 ,haddan himself1 however1 prefers to follow the order of precedence in the ,house of ,lords and in the ,upper ,house of ,convocation1 which places ,barlow after the ,bishops of ,chichester and ,norwich1 who were consecrated1 the latter certainly1 the former probably1 upon ,june #aa1 #aecf4 ,he assigns ,june #aa as the date of ,barlow's consecration4 ,lord ,william ,howard left ,edinburgh for ,england on or before ,may #bc1 and ,barlow writes to ,cromwell on that same day that he 8has protracted his taryaunce somewhat after my lord's departure10 8for a daye or twayne10 at the request of the ,queen of ,scots4 ,from this ,mr4 ,haddan concludes that on ,june #aa1 when a consecration was known to have taken place1 he was in ,london4 ,canon ,estcourt1 however1 has brought to light a warrant of ,cromwell's to the ,garter kingatarms1 who had accompanied the embassy1 and did not return until ,june #ab1 on which day he presented himself to ,cromwell4 ,the warrant is dated ,june #ab4 ,the kingatarms would doubtless have returned1 when the embassy was at an end1 with ,lord ,william ,howard1 and therefore before ,barlow4 ,but we are not left to conjecture2 the warrant speaks of ,barlow as 8the bishopp then elect of ,s4 ,asaph1 now elect of ,s4 ,david's40 ,therefore1 on the #abth1 he was still unconsecrated4 ,barlow's episcopal register is wanting both at ,s4 ,david's1 and at ,bath and ,wells 7to which last he was translated in #aeda72 and at ,s4 ,asaph's no register at all exists for the period when he nominally held the see47#ajg7 ,the next consecration of which we have any record--after the #abth of ,june1 when we know ,barlow was unconsecrated--took place on ,july #b2 but on ,june #cj1 ,barlow took his seat in the ,house of ,lords1 and from that time acts and is treated as though he lacked nothing of the episcopal status4 ,we are now in a position to collect and estimate the momenta for and against ,barlow's consecration4 ,on behalf of his consecration1 it is urged1 #ast1 that it 8must be regarded as certain until it can be disproved027#ajh7 for no adequate motive can be assigned for the omission of a ceremony which could not be omitted without incurring severe penalties1 to which the archbishop who neglected to consecrate would be also subject4 #b;d4 ,that he was acknowledged1 both by ,parliament and by his brother bishops1 to be in all respects a bishop after ,june #cj1 #aecj1 when he took his seat in the ,house of ,lords2 and that no syllable was breathed against his consecration1 either by friend or foe1 from that date until ,dr4 ,champneys first questioned it in #afad1 fortyeight years after his death1 and eighty from the commencement of his episcopate4 #c;d4 ,the fact that his consecration is not recorded in the archiepiscopal register is not much to the purpose1 since out of thirtysix consecrations1 in ,cranmer's time eight exclusive of ,barlow's1 in his predecessor1 ,warham's1 time1 six out of twentysix are not entered47#aji7 #dth4 ,his episcopal acts respecting the property of his sees would have been legally invalid in default of consecration2 but although these acts were legally disputed1 no one suggested the flaw of nonconsecration4 ,on the other hand1 it must be remembered that the question is really not whether ,barlow's consecration can be 8disproved10 but whether1 in spite of what may be legitimately urged in its behalf1 there are not sufficient grounds for suspecting that it never took place4 #a4 ,neither ,barlow nor ,cranmer believed in consecration4 ,in their answers to the 8questions on the sacraments0 which were submitted to the king1 they say that1 for making a bishop1 8election or appointing thereto is sufficient40 ,barlow1 in a sermon delivered by him at ,s4 ,david's1 ,november #ab1 #aecf1 is charged with having said3 8,if the king's gr41 being supreme head of the ,church of ,england1 did chuse1 denominate1 and elect any layman1 being learned1 to be a bishop1 that he so chosen1 without mention being made of any orders1 should be as good a bishop as he is or the best in ,england40 #b4 ,this doctrine was undoubtedly favored by the king2 for in another part of this same paper on the sacraments1 where the bishops are attempting to take a rather more ,catholic line1 we have notes in the king's handwriting to this effect4 ,the bishops having answered1 8,making of bishopes hath twoo partes1 appointment and ordering10 his remark is1 8,where is this distinction fonde80 and they continuing1 8,appoyntament1 whiche the appostels by necessyte made by common election1 and sometimes by their owne several assignment1 could not then be doon by ,christen princes1 bicause at that time they were not2 and nowe at these days appertayneth to ,christen princes and rulers20 the king's note is3 8,now sins you confesse that the appostylles did occupate the won part1 whych now you confesse belongyth to princes1 how can you prove that orderyng is wonly committed to you bysshopes80 #c4 ,canon ,estcourt 7p4 #fi7 shows that the other side has no right to assume that ,barlow and ,cranmer would have incurred any penalties by the mere pretermission of consecration2 for the act #be ,henry ,,viii41 cap4 #bj1 declares3 8,if any archbishop shall refuse or do not confirm1 invest1 and consecrate1 he shall incur a prmunire02 and there is no special mention of the bishop elect among the persons liable to penalties1 the clause running in general words3 if 8any person admit or execute any censures1 etc41 or other process or act to the contrary or let of due execution of the act40 ,the notion that the leases and other episcopal acts connected with diocesan property would not be legally valid in default of consecration is a gratuitous assumption4 ,certainly neither ,mr4 ,haddan nor ,mr4 ,bailey has attempted to produce any evidence4 ,what the law really takes cognizance of in such questions is the possession of the temporalities1 an indisputable right to which is given by the writ of restitution4 ,the recognition of ,parliament1 upon which so much stress has been laid1 cannot be regarded as any proof of consecration1 since it naturally and inevitably ensued upon the issue of this same writ4 ,this is sufficiently proved by the fact that ,parliament summoned ,barlow to take his seat1 and gave him his full episcopal title1 when1 as has been shown above1 he certainly was not consecrated4 ,doubtless some of the more zealous of the ,catholic party might have made a disturbance had they realized the omission2 but1 as ,canon ,estcourt observes 7p4 #gh71 ,gardiner was absent as ambassador in ,paris during the whole of #aecf and #aecg4 ,as to ,cranmer's register1 it is true that it was very carelessly kept2 but of the nine unrecorded consecrations1 ,barlow's would be the only one for which no collateral evidence whatever can be furnished4 ,no document recites it1 and every date that has been as yet conjectured for it has been exploded4 ,barlow's contemporary1 ,foxe1 in his record of the ,lambeth consecration1 whilst specifying accurately the dates of the consecration of the other bishops engaged1 is only able to say of ,barlow that he was consecrated 8tempore ,henrici ,,viii40 ,canon ,estcourt points out that although there was no regular register kept at ,s4 ,david's--and we know that the breviaries and martyrologies which contained records of episcopal succession were burnt in the next reign as superstitious--yet that it is sufficiently odd that all the chapter books have been lost1 and that the ,liber ,computi1 still extant1 has a break in it for several years before #aeci4 ,but this is not all4 ,canon ,estcourt has found out1 on examining the original document first printed by ,mason as the restitution to ,barlow of the temporalities of ,s4 ,david's 8out of the ,rolls ,chapel in ,chancery10 that the enrolment had really been made in the office of the exchequer1 as though the matter were purely secular1 instead of on the patent rolls in chancery4 ,then1 on examining the original form--which ,mason reproduced imperfectly1 so as to conceal its real character--and comparing it with the normal writ of restitution1 it turns out to be1 no writ of restitution1 but 8a grant of the custody of temporalities on account of the vacancy of the see10 with the extraordinary addition of 8to hold to him and his assigns during his life40 ,these grants of the custody of the temporalities of a diocese which had accrued during a vacancy were common enough4 ,the peculiarity of ,barlow's grant is that it is a grant of custody made to do duty for a writ of restitution4 ,the grant of custody was ordinarily made as a preliminary to the writ of restitution4 ,no limit was assigned to it1 but it naturally and necessarily merged in the restitution1 of which it was a gracious foretaste4 ,in the case of ,cranmer1 indeed1 as ,canon ,estcourt points out1 the grant of custody was made after he had received the restitution of the temporalities in the usual form2 but the grant is carefully limited to the profits accruing from the commencement of the vacancy to the date of restitution4 ,barlow's grant is for life1 and1 by anticipating in its completeness all that the writ of restitution could give1 it would preclude the crown from making restitution in the proper form without a surrender of the grant of custody4 ,before consecration1 a bishop cannot sue out a writ of restitution1 as the act requires1 but the king sometimes ex gratia allowed it2 the form1 however1 of such indulgence is well known1 and is very different from that of the document in question47#aaj7 ,the form actually chosen 8may be supposed to have saved the necessity of obtaining either the archbishop's mandate or the archdeacon's commission02 in fact1 to have made ,barlow free of his see at once without any official formalities1 and to 8secure him in the enjoyment of the temporalities of the see1 whether his character of bishop was perfected spiritually or not40 8,the effect of the grant1 both in ,barlow's own mind and in official quarters1 may be seen from what followed4 ,the next day a writ of summons to the ,house of ,lords was issued1 and ,barlow himself immediately assumed the style and title of bishop40 8,it seems highly probable that this special and novel form was deliberately adopted as suiting the views of all parties1 and being highly favorable to any ulterior designs which the king might have upon the temporalities of the church at large40 ,it must be remembered1 too1 that many of the arguments tending to show the unlikelihood of the omission1 such as its unprecedented character1 the want of apparent motive1 or1 again1 the exceedingly imperfect character of the registration1 tend to diminish the chances of detection4 ,true1 ,barlow was not a man inclined to sacrifice much to his convictions2 but he had a hearty hatred for sacerdotalism1 a strong sense of humor1 and1 if we judge from his sermon quoted above1 the impudence1 if not the courage1 of his opinions4 ,a competitor for a tyrant's favor must always risk something to keep a front place1 and on this point he knew how the king was minded4 ,altogether1 he would seem to be by no means an unlikely man to have played the part assigned to him4 ,we conceive that these momenta do amply justify grave suspicions of ,barlow's consecration1 and consequently the repetition of any rites depending for their validity upon his consecration4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 ,f4 ,chevreuse had no time to linger in the house of mourning2 for it was his duty to inform ,mr4 ,schninger at once of his deliverance4 ,but that it was necessary to guard the unhappy mother from any chance of hearing the news too abruptly1 even the claims of a supreme misfortune like hers could not have been allowed to take precedence of a wrong so deep as that from which he had suffered4 ,after he was informed1 silence would1 of course1 be impossible2 for when ,mr4 ,schninger knew1 the whole world must know4 ,until the evening before1 the priest had not permitted himself even to guess what might be the contents of the package entrusted to his charge4 ,humanly speaking1 he knew nothing4 ,whatever he might have learned by virtue of his sacred office was hidden in the bosom of ,god2 not even in his most secret thoughts did he suffer his mind to dwell upon it4 ,the only action he had taken in the matter was such as might have seemed necessary to one who had no more than a faint suspicion of what was about to take place2 he had requested ,f4 ,o',donovan to be with him that day1 and he had made sure that ,mrs4 ,gerald should have the only preparation possible for whatever might threaten her1 in a wellmade communion4 ,for her sake he had opened the package the evening before1 in order to be able to put ,honora ,pembroke on her guard4 ,he did not read the confession to her1 nor did he read it himself1 but glanced over the letter which ,annette had enclosed to him4 8,a great misfortune is about to fall upon our dear friend10 he said1 8and ,i trust to your piety and discretion to do what you can for her4 ,her son will not return home4 ,he has fled from the country1 and she may never see him again4 ,tomorrow she will know all1 and the world will know all4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 who has been unjustly accused and condemned1 will be released4 ,you must be strong and watchful4 ,see that nothing disturbs her tonight1 or interferes with her making a good communion4 ,do not think of yourself1 but of her4 ,there is not much to do2 perhaps there will be nothing to do1 but simply to stand guard and see that nothing comes near to trouble her mind1 and to have her at home in the morning at ten o'clock1 and without visitors40 8,it will kill her60 said ,honora when she could speak4 8,it will kill her60 ,f4 ,chevreuse sighed4 8,i think it will2 but there is no help for it4 ,justice must be done40 ,it had indeed killed her1 and more quickly1 therefore more mercifully1 than they had anticipated4 ,and now ,f4 ,chevreuse1 having been the messenger of disgrace and desolation1 had to be the messenger of joy4 ,he wiped away resolutely the tears that started at sight of that pitiful victim of maternal love4 8,today1 at least10 he said1 8,i must have no feeling4 ,i must do my duty faithfully1 and only my duty4 ,i cannot allow myself to sympathize with the slayer and the slain in the same hour40 ,it was very hard for such a man not to sympathize with a true joy or sorrow whenever it came within his ken--him to whose lips1 even in moments of care or sadness1 the frank laugh of a child would bring a smile1 and to whose eyes1 even in moments of joy1 the sorrow of a stranger would call the sudden moisture4 ,but the very excess1 and1 still more1 the contrast1 of these contending emotions enabled him to hold himself in a sort of equilibrium4 ,like one who walks a rough path carrying a cup filled to the brim1 and looks not to right nor left1 lest he should lose its contents1 so ,f4 ,chevreuse carried his full heart1 and would not yield to any emotion till his work was done4 ,when he entered the corridor leading to ,mr4 ,schninger's cell1 he was somewhat surprised at meeting ,mr4 ,schninger's lawyer coming out4 ,the surprise was mutual1 but they merely saluted each other1 and passed on4 8,he doesn't give up yet10 remarked the turnkey confidentially4 8,his lawyer comes every little while1 and the warden has given orders that they shall talk without a guard4 ,he1 the lawyer1 is the only person who can talk alone with a convict1 except the chaplain1 and1 of course1 you1 sir60 ,f4 ,chevreuse had selfpossession enough to bow his acknowledgments4 8,but ,i wish to enter the cell this morning10 he said2 8,i don't want to talk through the bars2 and ,i wish to enter alone40 ,the man looked embarrassed4 ,there was a limit even to the privileges of ,f4 ,chevreuse4 8,you can lock me in with him1 and go away10 the priest said1 impatient of delay4 8,i will be responsible for you this time4 ,i looked for the warden1 but he is not about the house4 ,let me go in1 and1 as soon as the warden returns1 say ,i wish to see him40 ,the guard yielded1 though unwillingly4 ,there was something imperative in the priest's manner which he did not venture to resist4 ,moreover1 ,f4 ,chevreuse was so well known as a man who scrupulously upheld legitimate authority1 and obeyed to the letter the regulations of any establishment he might enter1 that it was evident there must be some urgent reason when he would set a rule aside4 ,the bolts were drawn back1 the door grated on its hinges1 and the priest stepped into the cell4 ,he scarcely took any notice of the prisoner1 who sat looking at him something as a newlycaged lion may look when first his keeper ventures into the cage1 but watched the guard while he locked the door again1 and listened to the sound of his retreating steps as they echoed along the corridor4 ,the prisoner's voice1 deep and harsh1 demanded his attention before he turned to him4 8,may ,i ask1 sir1 the meaning of this intrusion80 ,f4 ,chevreuse almost started at the sound4 ,his mind had been so occupied by sorrowful and pathetic images1 and he had1 moreover1 so associated ,mr4 ,schninger with thoughts of joy and freedom1 that the concentrated bitterness of those tones smote him discordantly4 ,he had for the time forgotten that the prisoner could not even suspect that his visitor was one who brought good tidings4 ,his surprise was so great1 therefore1 at this repelling question1 that for a moment he looked at the speaker attentively without replying1 and the look itself held him yet a moment longer silent4 ,mr4 ,schninger had changed terribly4 ,it was as though you should take some marble statue of a superb heathen deity1 and carve down the contours1 sharpen the lines without changing them1 carefully1 with mallet and chisel1 gnaw away the flesh from muscle and bone1 and cut in the lines of anger1 impatience1 and hatred1 and of an intense and corroding bitterness4 ,then1 if the statue could be made hollow1 and filled with a fire which should glow through the thin casing till it seemed at times on the point of melting it quite1 and bursting out in a destroying flame1 you would have some semblance of what this man had become after seven months of imprisonment4 ,f4 ,chevreuse was terrified4 8,mr4 ,schninger60 he exclaimed1 8,i have come to bring you liberty4 ,do not look so at me6 ,try to forgive the wrong that has been done you4 ,all shall be righted4 ,the criminal has confessed1 and you are to go free as soon as the necessary steps shall be taken40 ,not a gleam of pleasure softened the prisoner's face4 ,only his brows darkened over the piercing eyes he fixed on his visitor4 8,so ,mr4 ,benton has betrayed me60 he said in a low voice that expressed more of rage and threatening than any outcry could have done4 8,i do not know anything of your lawyer1 nor have any communication with him10 the priest replied4 8,i do not know what you mean by betrayal4 ,i repeat1 ,i have come to bring you good news4 ,do not you understand80 ,he began to fear that ,mr4 ,schninger had lost his reason4 8,your innocence is established4 ,you are known1 or will at once be known1 to have been greatly wronged40 8,it is a trick60 the prisoner exclaimed passionately4 8,benton has either betrayed me or bungled1 and you think to offer me as a gift--for which ,i am to be grateful1 and merciful too--what ,i have won for myself4 ,i will not take liberty from your hands60 ,he started up1 and1 with a gesture of the hand1 seemed to fling the priest's offer from him4 8,do you fancy1 sir1 that ,i have been idle here8 ,does a man sleep in hell8 ,did you fancy that ,i was going to wait for justice to come to me8 ,no6 ,i was shut into a cage2 but ,i am not the sort of animal who can be tamed and made to play tricks for my keeper4 ,i have been busy while the world forgot me40 8,i did not forget you10 hastily interposed the priest4 8,and others also have tried40 8,tried60 echoed the prisoner scornfully4 8,sir1 when a claybank falls on a poor workman1 everybody runs to the rescue4 ,not a minute is lost4 ,people rush in haste to dig him out before he is dead4 ,that you call humanity4 ,you do not even dignify it by the name of charity4 ,a man would be a brute to do otherwise than help in such a case4 ,but here am ,i1 overwhelmed with a mountain of wrong and disgrace1 shut in a cage that is changing me into a madman1 and people pause to consider2 they are politic1 they are careful not to soil their fingers or inconvenience their friends in giving me liberty4 ,i am a ,jew1 and1 therefore1 out of the pale of your charity4 ,but1 ,jew though ,i am1 priest1 ,i take the side of the ,christ you pretend to adore against your accursed and hypocritical ,christians4 ,if your doctrines were true1 still ,i am a better ,christian than any of those who have believed me guilty40 ,he seemed to have quite forgotten the priest's errand1 or not to have understood what it meant4 8,what you say may be all true10 ,f4 ,chevreuse replied calmly4 8,but that can be thought of another time4 ,you have something more pleasant to dwell on now4 ,have you understood my errand here80 ,in spite of the deep and wearing excitement under which he labored1 ,mr4 ,schninger perceived that his visitor was trying to soothe him1 and was somewhat alarmed at his violence4 ,he controlled himself1 therefore1 and1 as much from physical weakness as from a desire to appear selfpossessed1 resumed his seat1 motioning his visitor to another4 8,from the time when ,annette ,ferrier came here and begged me to fly1 ,i have known whose place ,i was occupying10 he said in measured tones1 his gaze fixed steadily upon the priest's face4 8,i sent for my lawyer the next morning1 and put him on the track4 ,i had not enough proof to prevent the fellow going away2 but his every step has been followed4 ,i know where he stopped in ,london and in ,paris2 and a despatch from ,rome has come saying he is there4 ,tomorrow morning an answer will be sent to that telegram1 ordering his arrest40 ,f4 ,chevreuse was confounded4 ,for a moment he knew not what to say4 8,i think you will perceive that ,i do not need your assistance1 sir10 ,mr4 ,schninger continued haughtily4 8,the power is in my hands1 and ,i shall use it as seems to me best40 8,and so10 said the priest1 recovering his speech1 8you are willing1 from pride and a desire for revenge1 to stay here weeks1 perhaps months1 longer1 and await the result of another trial1 rather than accept the tardy justice which that unhappy man offers you1 not knowing that you suspected him1 and rather than permit me to be the medium of his reparation6 ,i can make great allowances for the effect which your terrible wrongs and sufferings must necessarily have produced on your mind2 but ,i did not expect to see you show a needless acrimony4 ,i did not think that you would wish to strike down a man1 even one who had injured you1 in order to take violently what he offers you with an open hand1 not knowing1 remember1 that you have the power to compel him40 ,mr4 ,schninger still looked steadfastly at his companion1 but with a changed expression4 ,he looked no longer suspicious1 but uncomprehending4 ,indeed1 his mind was so preoccupied and excited that he had only half listened to the priest's communication1 and the only impression he had received was that ,lawrence ,gerald's friends1 knowing his danger1 were trying to temporize1 and that1 while securing his escape1 they would obtain the release of his substitute by some quibble of the law4 ,he was not sufficiently recollected to perceive1 what he would at any other time have acknowledged1 that ,f4 ,chevreuse was not the man to lend himself to such a plot in any case1 still less in this4 8,four weeks ago10 the priest resumed1 8,lawrence ,gerald and his wife gave me a packet which was to be opened and acted on today4 ,they were going away for a little journey1 they said4 ,i did not know where they were going1 and ,i do not know1 nor wish to know1 where they are4 ,i will not interfere with the course of the law1 nor shield any offender from justice1 especially at the cost of the innocent4 ,but since1 in this case1 ,i have been the sufferer by that crime1 ,i claim the right to forgive1 and to wish1 at least1 that the criminal1 whoever he may be1 should be left to the stings of his own conscience4 ,i would have said the same for you had ,i ever believed you guilty4 ,that packet contains ,lawrence ,gerald's confession4 ,only two persons have been allowed to know it before you1 besides the two who had to prepare them for the reception of such news4 ,the mothers had a right prior even to yours1 and ,i needed two assistants4 ,now1 whatever you may do1 my duty is the same4 ,i have to place that confession in the hands of the authorities1 and testify that ,i received it from ,lawrence ,gerald and his wife1 and that ,i signed without reading it4 ,then my work will be done4 ,i do not know much of the technicalities of the law1 nor what delays may be necessary2 but ,i presume your further detention will be short and merely nominal40 ,he paused1 but ,mr4 ,schninger made no reply3 he only sat and listened1 and looked attentively at the speaker4 8,if ,i could rejoice at anything1 ,i should rejoice at your release from this wretched place1 and from the still more wretched charge that was laid on you10 ,f4 ,chevreuse continued2 8but ,i have witnessed too much sorrow to be able to say more than ,god speed you40 ,mr4 ,schninger did not appear to have heard the last words4 ,he stood up and drew in a strong breath1 and shivered all through4 ,the thought that it was to be for him no slow fight for liberty1 but that liberty was at the threshold1 had at length entered his mind4 8,let me out of here60 he exclaimed1 almost gasping4 8,i cannot breathe6 ,open the door4 ,you cannot hold me any longer4 ,open the door1 sir60 he cried to the warden1 who stood outside1 looking at him in astonishment4 ,f4 ,chevreuse began a hasty explanation to the officer2 but the prisoner seized the bars of the door in his delirious impatience1 and tried to wring them from their places4 8,seven months in a cage60 he exclaimed4 8,i cannot bear it another hour4 ,open the door1 ,i say6 ,why do you stand there talking80 8,with all my heart1 ,mr4 ,schninger60 the warden said4 8,but you must try to be calm4 ,you have borne confinement patiently for seven months2 try to bear it a little longer till the formalities of the law shall have been complied with4 ,we cannot dispense with them4 ,there shall be no delay1 ,i assure you1 sir40 ,mr4 ,schninger was too proud to need a second exhortation to control himself2 was1 perhaps1 annoyed that he should have incurred one4 ,he immediately drew back1 and seated himself4 8,allow me to say1 sir10 he remarked coldly1 8that ,i have not borne imprisonment patiently4 ,i have merely endured it because ,i was obliged to submit to force4 ,and now will you please to open the door8 ,i will not go out till ,i may2 but set the door wide4 ,do not keep me any longer under lock and key40 ,the warden called to his guard1 who were not far away4 ,indeed1 several of them1 curious to know what was going on1 had gathered in the corridor1 only just out of sight of those in the cell4 8,unlock the door of ,mr4 ,schninger's cell10 he said in a loud voice4 8,he is no longer a prisoner40 ,the bolts shot back1 and the door clanged open against the stone casing4 8,let me be the first one to congratulate you1 sir10 the officer added4 ,mr4 ,schninger did not see the hand offered him1 though he replied to the words4 ,he was looking past the officer1 past the wondering faces of the guard who peeped in at the door1 and his glance flashed along the corridor1 through which a ray of sunlight shone from the guardroom1 and fresh breezes blew4 ,a slight quiver passed through his frame1 and he seemed to be resisting an impulse to rush out of the prison4 ,it was only for one instant4 ,the next1 he became aware of the eyes that curiously observed him1 and1 by the exercise of that habit of selfcontrol which had become to him a second nature1 shut off from his face every ripple of emotion4 8,i thank you1 sir60 he said in answer to the warden's compliments4 8,and perhaps you will be so good as to send those men away from the corridor1 and to let ,mr4 ,benton know that ,i want to see him here immediately40 ,the guard disappeared at once1 one of them as messenger to ,mr4 ,schninger's lawyer2 but the warden still lingered4 8,you will want to change your clothes10 he said4 8,and after that1 ,i shall be happy to place a room in my house at your disposal1 where you may receive your friends and transact business till the time comes for you to go free40 ,mr4 ,schninger glanced down with loathing on his prison uniform1 remembering it for the first time since that day of horror and despair when he had waked from a halfswoon to find himself invested with it and laid on the narrow bed in his cell4 ,perhaps the officer1 too1 remembered that day when he had said that he would rather resign his office than receive such a prisoner into his care1 when he had exhausted arguments and persuasions to induce him to submit to prison rules1 and how1 when at last he had felt obliged to hint at the employment of force1 he had seen the strong man fall powerless before him4 8,these clothes would hardly fit ,mr4 ,lawrence ,gerald10 ,mr4 ,schninger remarked1 smiling scornfully4 8,but perhaps there will be no question of his wearing them40 ,the warden uttered an exclamation4 8,is it ,lawrence ,gerald8 ,it cannot be60 ,he had not been told the name4 8,and why not1 sir80 demanded the ,jew haughtily4 ,the officer was silent1 disconcerted by the question1 which he did not attempt to answer4 8,poor ,mrs4 ,gerald60 he said1 looking at ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,mrs4 ,gerald's fondness for her son was almost a proverb in ,crichton4 8,mrs4 ,gerald's troubles are over10 said the priest briefly4 ,mr4 ,schninger went to the window1 and stood there looking out1 his back to his companions4 ,to his hidden tumult of passions1 his fierce1 half formed resolutions1 his swelling pride1 his burning anger and impatience1 this news came with as sudden a check as if he had seen the cold form of the dead woman brought into the cell and laid at his feet4 ,he had been thinking of the world of men1 of the bigoted crowd which had condemned him unheard1 of the judge who had pronounced sentence1 and the jury who had found him guilty--of all the cold outside world which has to be conquered by strength1 or to be submitted to2 and now rose up before him another world of pitying women1 whose tenderness reversed the decisions pronounced by the intellects of men1 or swept over them with an imperious charity2 who were ever at the side of the sufferer1 even when they knew him to be the sinner1 and whose silent hearts felt the rebound of every blow that was struck4 ,he saw the priest's mother1 a sacrifice to the interests of her son2 the criminal's wife1 as he had seen her that night in his cell1 with the only halfveiled splendor of her silks and jewels mocking the pallid misery of her face2 and now this last victim1 more pitiful than all6 ,a sighing wind seemed to sweep around him1 far reaching and full of mingled voices1 the infinite wail of innocent and suffering hearts4 ,how gross and demoniac in comparison were the bitter1 warring voices of hate and pride and revenge6 ,to his startled mental vision it was almost as though there appeared before him hideous and brutal forms cowering away from faces full of a pure and piercing sorrow4 ,he perceived that he had been taking low ground1 and1 with a firm will1 caught himself back1 setting his foot on the temptation that had been making him a companion for demons4 ,wronged he had been in a way that he could not help2 but he could at least prevent their lowering him in mind4 ,they should not induce him to yield to passion or to meanness4 ,he turned proudly toward his two companions1 who still waited for him to speak4 8,if the arrest of ,lawrence ,gerald is not necessary for my release1 then ,i hope he may escape10 he said4 8,it is bad enough to be shut up in this way when one has a clear conscience2 but with such a conscience as he must have1 imprisonment could lead only to madness or suicide40 8,or to penitence10 added ,f4 ,chevreuse with emphasis4 ,mr4 ,schninger did not reply2 this alternative was beyond his comprehension4 ,but he glanced at the priest2 and in doing so1 his eyes were attracted to the doorway1 which was quite filled by the ample figure of ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 8,i couldn't help coming1 father10 she said quite humbly4 8,and1 besides1 ,honora ,pembroke said she thought it right that ,i should4 ,i sha'n't stay long or say much4 ,i only want to say that when ,mr4 ,schninger goes out of this place1 my house and all in it are at his disposal40 ,the scene she had witnessed had quieted her completely1 and there was even a certain dignity in her submissive air4 ,but when she turned to ,mr4 ,schninger1 her tears burst forth again1 in spite of her efforts to restrain them4 8,you'll have to learn to forgive and forget10 she said in a stifled voice1 which she vainly strove to render calm4 8,i'm the only one left to make amends to you40 ,mr4 ,schninger came forward instantly1 and extended his hands to her4 8,i have nothing to forgive in you10 he said warmly2 8and ,i would not wish to forget your kindness4 ,i thank you for your offer1 but ,i cannot give any answer to it now4 ,if ,i decline1 it will not be because ,i am ungrateful4 ,and now let me say goodby to you till a more favorable time40 ,she had had the discretion not to wait for this intimation1 and had of herself made the motion to go4 8,try to forgive and forget10 she whispered hoarsely2 and1 pulling her veil over her tearswollen face1 hurried away4 ,this was ,mr4 ,schninger's first visitor1 but not his last4 ,before an hour had passed1 the news had overspread the whole city1 producing a strange revulsion of feeling4 ,there were1 perhaps1 those who were1 at heart1 sorry to know that the ,jew was innocent4 ,they had from the first expressed their belief in his guilt1 and they had been loud in their opinion that he should be sentenced to the full extent of the law4 ,this class were not only disappointed in their prejudices1 but humbled in their own persons4 ,they could not but feel that they had rendered themselves at once odious and ridiculous4 ,but the majority of the people were disposed to render full justice4 ,all the ,protestant clergymen called on him1 though but few of them had ever spoken to him4 ,it was right1 they said1 that every man of dignity and position in the city should pay some respect to the stranger who had suffered in their midst such a cruel injustice1 and the fact that he was a ,jew should make them all the more anxious in doing so2 for the public must see that they did not persecute any one for his religious belief4 ,judges1 lawyers1 bankers1 professors1 men of wealth1 who were nothing but men of wealth--all came to express their regrets and to offer their hospitality4 ,he saw none of them1 though he sent courteous messages to some4 ,he was too much engaged in business that day to receive visitors4 ,only one received a decided rebuff4 8,as for the judge who sentenced me to be hanged10 ,mr4 ,schninger said1 8no compliment which he can pay will ever render his presence tolerable to me40 ,all the young ladies took their walk in the direction of the prison that day1 and all the young gentlemen followed the young ladies2 and1 in passing1 they lingered and looked1 or cast sidelong glances1 at the windows of the warden's parlor1 where it was understood ,mr4 ,schninger was4 ,people who did not like to be suspected of romance or of curiosity had some excuse for going in that direction1 and those who had business in the prison were esteemed fortunate4 ,probably onehalf the town took occasion that day to look at the windows of the warden's house4 ,but it cannot be said that they were wiser for having done so1 for not a glimpse did one of them get of ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,but when the soft spring evening deepened1 and all the curious crowd had withdrawn1 and the same full moon which ,lawrence ,gerald and his wife had seen the night before1 flooding with its radiance the melancholy splendors of ,rome1 was veiling with a light scarcely less brilliant the beautiful young city of ,crichton1 two men emerged from the warden's house1 and1 taking a quiet bystreet1 where the trees made a delicate shadow with their budding branches1 climbed the hill to ,south ,avenue4 ,they walked leisurely1 and almost in silence1 only exchanging now and then a quiet word2 but one who watched closely the taller of the two might have perceived that his quiet signified anything but indifference to the scene around him1 and that he was full of a strong though controlled excitement4 ,he stepped as though curbed1 and every moment glanced up at the sky or at the branches over his head1 and drew in deep breaths of the fresh spring air4 ,a fine delight ran bubbling through his veins4 ,all the feverish mass of humanity1 with its petty hates and still more hateful loves1 its jealousies1 its trivial fears and despicable hopes1 was put aside1 and he was entering into a new and freshlyblooming creation1 where mankind1 too1 might partake of the nobility of nature4 ,they passed ,mrs4 ,ferrier's house1 with its broad front and long gardens1 looking very stately in that softening light1 and1 after a few minutes1 reached the summit of the hill1 where only a single tree stood guard1 and all about them the world1 of which they seemed to be the centre1 lay spread in tranquil beauty1 its hills and dales1 its towns and forests1 bound with a ring of mountains that showed with a soft richness against the sky4 ,the city lay white beneath them1 and the ,saranac wound like a silver ribbon across the view4 ,where the hills dipped1 one sparkling point1 audible with dashing foam1 told where the ,cocheco danced day and night with white and blithesome feet4 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 standing one silent moment to contemplate the scene1 was startled to see his companion break from his side1 and1 running to the tree at a little distance1 catch one of its branches1 and swing himself into the air by it4 ,the priest's first glance was one of dismay2 his second1 a smiling one4 ,he understood the abounding joy of which the act was an outbreak1 and was pleased with the boyishness of it1 and that the impulse should have been yielded to in his presence4 ,sad as he was1 he could not help feeling glad to see another possessed by a full and unthinking happiness4 ,mr4 ,schninger laughed1 as he returned to his companion4 8,don't be afraid10 he said2 8,i am not a lunatic4 ,i am free6 ,do you know what a delight it is to be in a place where you can swing your arms without hitting anything8 ,i could run here half an hour1 and neither turn nor be obliged to stop2 and ,i can stand upright without feeling as though my head were going to strike40 ,while speaking1 he was continually making slight motions1 as though trying if he had the free use of his limbs2 and when he stopped1 he lifted his head to its full height1 and drew in a long breath4 8,how delicious the air is60 he exclaimed4 8,how fresh and pure6 ,it comes here from the forests and the mountains and the sea4 ,there is no smell of lime or close dampness or human breaths in it4 ,pah6 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 when you preach again1 and tell your people what they have to be thankful for1 in spite of sorrow and poverty1 remind them of the air they breathe1 the sun that shines on them1 the sky above their heads1 and the power to move about as they will4 ,if this sky were gray1 and pouring down rain1 ,i should still think it beautiful2 for it is the sky1 and not a stone40 ,he walked away again to a little distance4 8,instead of being obliged to give a reason for being happy1 ,i think we should be obliged to account for being unhappy10 he said1 coming back4 8,how many sources of delight we have which we overlook because we are accustomed to them6 ,mere motion1 walking1 running1 any natural and unconstrained motion1 is a pleasure2 breathing is a pleasure2 the eyes have a thousand delights4 ,it is a source of pleasure to exercise one's strength and overcome obstacles4 ,i never went up a hill in the country or climbed any height but ,i felt like singing4 ,swimming1 skating1 riding1 driving--how exhilarating they are6 ,and for all these delights you do not need the companionship of man4 ,yourself and nature--these are enough40 8,i did not know you were so fond of nature10 ,f4 ,chevreuse said1 smiling4 8,i do not think ,i ever mentioned it to any one before10 remarked the other carelessly4 ,the priest was struck by this reply1 and looked with astonishment on the man who for thirty years had loved nature1 yet never said a word in praise of it4 ,could it be because of a reserved and unsocial disposition8 ,or was it that he had been too much isolated8 ,the priest was almost afraid to speak1 lest he should check a confidence at once so charming and so manly4 ,he quite understood that it was the unusual and deep agitation of ,mr4 ,schninger's mind which had brought this feeling to light1 as the sea1 in its agitation1 may toss up a pearl4 ,he said nothing1 therefore1 but waited for his companion to speak again1 not observing him1 but looking up at the illuminated dome above4 8,when one is free1 and has the use of one's limbs1 and is happy1 then one believes in a good ,god1 who is a father to his creatures10 ,mr4 ,schninger resumed in a voice as gentle as he might have used when a child at his mother's knee4 ,he had been holding his hat in his hand2 but in speaking1 he covered his head4 ,at the same instant1 ,f4 ,chevreuse uncovered his1 and the ,jew and the ,christian1 each after his manner1 acknowledged the presence of ,god in that thought1 which was almost like a visible presence4 8,to me10 said the priest1 8the acknowledgment comes more surely when ,i am in trouble4 ,it seems to me that if ,i were in chains and torments1 he would be nearer to me than ever before40 8,that is because you have been taught to believe in a suffering ,god10 was the calm reply4 8,i have been taught to see in ,god a being infinitely glorious and strong1 a mighty1 shoreless ocean of deep joy4 ,that he could suffer pain1 that his puny creatures could torment and kill him1 has always been to me a thought at once absurd and blasphemous4 ,it is probably for this reason that you see him best in sorrow1 and ,i in joy40 ,he stood a little while thinking1 then added quietly1 as if speaking to himself3 8,yet it is a sweet and comforting thought40 ,f4 ,chevreuse blushed red with a sudden gladness1 but said nothing4 ,it was no time for controversy2 and1 besides1 he had the wisdom to leave souls to ,god sometimes4 ,that people are to be converted by a constant pelting of argument and attack he did not believe4 ,his experience had been that converts of any great worth were not made in that way1 and that the soul that studied out its own way helped by ,god1 and teased as little as possible by man1 was by far the most steadfast in the faith4 ,they went slowly down the hill together in the direction of the priest's house1 and stopped a moment to lean on ,mrs4 ,ferrier's gate in passing4 ,that lady had just entered her house1 having been all the day and evening at ,mrs4 ,gerald's4 ,she would gladly have stayed all night had ,honora allowed it4 ,the two men had1 unseen or unrecognized1 been near enough to hear the long sigh the good creature gave as she mounted the steps to her door1 and the exclamation she made to the servant who followed her3 8,little did ,i think last night at this time what horrible things were going to happen within twentyfour hours40 ,some persons have that way of dating backward from startling events1 and renewing thus the vividness of their sensations4 ,she did not know what kind thoughts were following her in at the door1 or she might have been comforted4 ,they went on1 and soon came in sight of what had been ,mrs4 ,gerald's home4 ,the blinds were all closed1 and not a ray of light was visible4 ,under the vines and large1 overhanging trees the cottage appeared to shrink and hide itself4 8,i would like to go in for one minute1 if you do not object to waiting10 ,f4 ,chevreuse said4 8,that poor girl means to sit up all night1 and she is likely to have no one else in the room4 ,it is a gloomy watch1 and she may feel better1 if ,i speak a word to her40 8,pray do not think of me60 ,mr4 ,schninger exclaimed4 ,f4 ,chevreuse stepped into the yard1 and1 as he held the gate open for his companion1 ,mr4 ,schninger followed1 though with some hesitation4 ,there were many reasons why he would not be willing to enter that house4 ,indeed1 the priest well knew that it was no time to take him there openly2 but for some reason he wished him to come near enough1 at least1 to feel the sorrow and desolation which had fallen upon it4 ,perhaps he wished to soften ,mr4 ,schninger still more toward the unhappy man the burden of whose guilt he had borne2 perhaps he wanted to remind him how entirely that burden had been removed from him by showing how cruelly it had fallen elsewhere4 ,the priest tried the door before ringing1 and1 finding it not locked1 stepped quietly into the entry1 which was lighted through the open doors of rooms at either side4 ,in one of these rooms sat three or four persons4 ,he said a few words to them1 and closed the door of their room before going to the other4 ,mr4 ,schninger held back a moment1 but could not resist longer the temptation to approach4 ,the outer door was still open1 and a soft light shone over the threshold of it from the parlor4 ,drawn step by step1 he went to the threshold1 and stood just where the light and shadow met1 and the door framed a picture for him4 ,the room seemed to be nearly all white and flowers4 ,white draperies covered the windows1 the pictures1 and the cabinets and tables1 the coldness changed to a tender purity by flowers and green leaves1 arranged1 not profusely1 but with good taste4 ,on what appeared to be a sofa covered with black lay a motionless1 whitedraped form lying easily1 as one might sleep2 but there needed not the covered face to show that it was the sleep of death4 ,candles burned at the head of the sofa1 and a priedieu stood before it4 ,all this ,mr4 ,schninger took in at a glance2 but his eyes rested on what was to him the principal object in the room--,honora ,pembroke1 sitting near the head of the sofa1 with the light of the candles shining over her4 ,she looked up1 but did not speak1 as ,f4 ,chevreuse came in and knelt at the priedieu4 ,her eyes dropped again immediately to her folded hands1 and she sat there motionless1 an image of calm and silent grief4 ,her face was pale and utterly sad and languid with long weeping1 her hands lay wearily in her lap1 and her plain black dress1 and the hair all drawn back together and fastened with a comb1 showed how distant from her mind was the thought of personal adornment4 ,yet never had she looked more lovely or shown how little her beauty depended on ornament4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 looking at her attentively1 perceived that her face was thinner than when he had seen it last2 and though the sight gave him a certain pain1 it gave him1 too1 a certain pleasure4 ,he would have thought her cruel had she been quite prosperous and happy while he was in torment4 ,f4 ,chevreuse rose from his knees1 and ,miss ,pembroke looked up and waited for him to speak4 8,had you not better go to bed1 and leave the others to watch80 he asked4 8,you will be exhausted40 8,i do not want to leave her1 father10 she replied4 8,if she had had a long illness1 it would have been different2 but it is all so short1 so sudden60 ,she stopped a moment1 for her voice begun to tremble a little2 but resumed3 8,she has no one left but me1 and ,i want to stay by her till the last40 8,you will not be lonely80 he asked1 dropping further objections4 8,oh6 no4 ,the others will sit all night in there1 with the doors open between4 ,at daybreak ,mrs4 ,ferrier is coming down1 and then ,i shall go to rest4 ,i am glad you came in40 8,i was passing by with ,mr4 ,schninger10 he said1 8and ,i asked him to wait for me a moment40 ,her eyes had dropped again while she spoke1 seeming too heavy to be lifted2 but as the priest said this1 she glanced into his face2 then1 becoming aware that the streetdoor was open1 looked toward it4 ,mr4 ,schninger stood there motionless4 ,a change passed over her face1 her sadness becoming distress4 ,she rose from her seat and went to him1 her hands clasped4 8,mr4 ,schninger10 she said1 8she was the last person who would have wronged you or any one40 ,then1 seeing that he had not come as an accuser1 she held out her hands to him4 ,the night before he had been like one buried alive1 and his hand had been against all the world2 tonight life had crowded back upon him with its honors1 its friendships1 its pathos1 and this last scene of sorrow and tenderness4 ,he bent1 and kissed the hands she gave him1 but did not utter a word1 and they parted instantly4 ,honora returned to the priedieu1 and1 kneeling there1 hid her face and began to weep again1 and ,mr4 ,schninger went out to the gate without giving a backward glance4 ,f4 ,chevreuse joined him immediately4 8,all these wretched doings have left ,miss ,pembroke very lonely10 he said4 8,she has really no one left who is near to her1 though she has a host of friends4 ,but what1 after all1 is a host of friends1 as the world calls them1 worth8 ,when a thunderbolt falls on you1 people always gather round1 and a great deal of kind feeling is struck out2 but1 perhaps1 you have needed the kindness a great deal more in the long1 dry days when there was no thunder4 ,it is the constant1 daily1 intimate friendship that gives happiness4 ,but there6 it is of no use to abuse the world1 especially when one forms a part of it1 and is thus abusing one's self4 ,all of us feel our hearts warm towards people who are in great affliction1 when we do not think of them in their ordinary trials4 ,it is only ,god who is constant to all needs1 who knows all4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 you are welcome40 ,they had reached the house1 and the priest turned on the threshold to offer his hand to the man whom he had so long courted in vain1 and who had so many times refused his friendship4 ,he knew that he had conquered when his hospitality was accepted4 ,he had conquered1 in so much as he had won the ,jew's friendship and confidence2 for1 having renounced his distrust1 ,mr4 ,schninger was1 in an undemonstrative way1 generously confiding4 ,hard to win by one whose circumstances were so alien to his own1 when won1 there was no reserve4 ,f4 ,chevreuse's sittingroom was never a very pleasant one1 except for his presence4 ,it had too many doors1 was too shut in from outside1 and had also the uncomfortable air of being the first of a suite4 ,one never feels at rest in the first room of a suite4 ,he felt the unpleasantness of the place1 without in the least knowing the cause of it1 and always took his special visitors into his mother's room4 ,mother ,chevreuse had1 womanlike1 known precisely what her son's apartment lacked1 and had given it a pleasant look by employing those little devices which can introduce a fragment of beauty into the most desolate place2 but her mantle had not fallen on ,jane1 the housekeeper1 and thus it chanced that the priest had1 without knowing it1 lost more than his mother4 ,her sittingroom was cheerfully lighted when the two entered it1 and the table1 prepared for supper1 awaited them4 ,it was the ,thursday before ,palm ,sunday1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse had eaten nothing since taking a cup of coffee and a crust of bread in the morning2 and now1 the work and excitement of the day over1 and nothing worse than he had anticipated having happened1 he felt like resting and refreshing himself4 ,if ,mrs4 ,gerald had been alive and mourning1 he would have been tormented by the thought of her2 but she was safe in the care of ,god1 and he left her there in perfect trust4 ,andrew1 the manservant1 sacristan1 and factotum of the establishment1 was lurking somewhere about when the priest entered1 and came forward to make a crabbed salutation4 ,if he ever felt in an amiable mood or was satisfied with anything1 this man took good care that no one should know it2 and not all the cheerfulness1 patience1 and amiability of ,f4 ,chevreuse could for a moment chase away the cloud that brooded over his face1 or make him acknowledge that there was anything but tribulation in his life4 ,the priest bore more patiently the constant1 petty trial of such a presence about him because he believed that sorrow for the death of ,mother ,chevreuse had changed the old man from bad to worse1 when the truth was that the lady had skilfully hidden much of their servant's crabbedness1 or had so displayed the comical phase of it that it had ceased to be an annoyance1 and was often amusing4 8,tell ,jane to give us our supper right away1 ,andrew10 the priest said4 8,and bring up a bottle of wine with it40 8,jane is gone to bed1 sir10 ,andrew announced1 and stood stubbornly to be questioned1 his whole air saying plainly that all had not been told4 8,gone to bed60 echoed ,f4 ,chevreuse4 8,what is the matter with her80 8,she says she is sick40 ,the man suffered an acrid smile to show in the corners of his mouth4 8,jane sick60 said the priest1 much concerned4 8,is there any one with her8 ,has anything been done for her80 ,in speaking1 he took a step toward the door4 8,oh6 don't you trouble yourself1 sir10 interposed ,andrew quickly1 finding that he must deny himself the pleasure of a long crossexamination4 8,she says she doesn't want anything or anybody4 ,she'll get well when she's ready4 ,she's got the supper1 and ,i can manage to bring it up4 ,all the doctors and all the nurses in the world won't make her well till she's a mind to be40 8,well1 well60 said ,f4 ,chevreuse1 rather mortified at this exposition of his domestic trials4 8,bring up the supper40 ,jane had1 in fact1 one of those convenient illnesses sometimes indulged in by some women1 and now and then by men1 when they are seized by a fit of ungovernable illhumor which they dare not show in its true guise1 or when they desire to appear very much abused1 or to escape blame for some ill doing4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had not been home since early morning1 and dinner had been prepared1 had waited1 and been put away--no small grievance to even a goodnatured housekeeper4 ,secondly1 about noon1 when all the rest of the city knew it1 ,andrew above all1 the great news of the day had burst upon ,jane4 ,it was too much2 and when1 toward evening1 ,andrew had come home with an order that supper should be prepared for two that night1 and a little extra preparation made1 and that1 moreover1 the priest's visitor would stay all night1 the housekeeper's cup ran over4 ,news had started from the priest's house1 and made the circuit of the city1 electrifying everybody1 and she had been the last to hear it1 and had heard it at last from ,andrew6 ,she would not have dared to hint such a thing2 but she thought that ,f4 ,chevreuse should have told her before leaving the house1 even if he had commanded her silence4 ,it would have saved her the mortification of being taken entirely by surprise and displaying such utter ignorance4 ,while she mused1 the fire burned4 ,she would henceforth bear herself very stiffly toward ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,since he thought that she was not to be trusted1 that she was nothing but a servant1 she would act like a servant4 ,all those things which she had done for his comfort without being asked she would now wait to be asked to do4 ,he should see the difference between a housekeeper1 who should1 according to her opinion1 be in some sort a friend1 and a mere hired servant4 ,she would be very dignified1 and immensely respectful and reverential2 would be astonished if he should ask if anything was the matter2 would do in great and anxious haste whatever he should command1 and no more than he commanded2 and she would go to ,f4 ,o',donovan for confession4 ,in short1 this woman1 who knew that all the comfort of the priest's home depended on her1 marked out for herself a line of conduct which would have made that home a place of penance to him1 and herself a minister of torment2 while at the same time she could not only hold herself guiltless of fault1 but even assume an air of unwonted sanctity4 ,to be frankly and honestly disagreeable or wicked1 one does not need to study2 but a pious hatefulness requires careful preparation4 ,her plan of future conduct arranged1 ,jane perceived that a notable pivot was needed where it should turn from her past behavior2 and what so suitable as a short illness8 ,besides1 she did not feel equal to assuming her new rle as yet4 ,the temptation was too strong to give way to anger4 ,she bewailed ,mrs4 ,gerald1 therefore1 with many tears2 ,mrs4 ,gerald's death1 which might have happened from any other cause1 being the only point in the whole story which she would recognize or hear anything about4 ,weeping brought on a headache1 and the headache increased4 ,at five o'clock in the afternoon ,jane bound her head up in a wet linen band1 and began to feel unable to stand or walk4 ,duty alone compelled her to keep about4 ,what would become of the house1 if she were to give up8 ,what could a poor woman do who had no home or friends of her own1 and was obliged to take care of a priest's house8 ,she must work and watch early and late1 sick or well4 ,nobody but herself knew what a trial it was4 ,and here the victim began to weep over her own misfortunes4 ,presently1 at six o'clock1 ,jane began to feel a pain in her back2 but nothing would induce her to rest4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had sent word that he would have some one to sup and stay all night1 and she must get the bedroom ready1 and cook something extra4 ,she didn't see how she could do it1 but it must be done4 ,when her gossips had gone home1 after vainly offering their assistance1 ,andrew came in and found the housekeeper holding on to her head with one hand1 while with the other she did work which there was not the least need of doing4 ,he had been watching with great interest the progress of her malady1 and perceived that it was near the crisis4 ,the supperhour had been casually mentioned in the priest's message as about seven o'clock4 ,at halfpast six ,jane could not suppress an occasional moan of pain2 and at ten minutes before seven she consigned the supper1 which was all prepared1 to the care of ,andrew1 and staggered into her own room1 holding on by chairs and tables as she went4 ,she would not1 perhaps1 have indulged in such violent symptoms had she seen the smiles with which her fellowservant beheld her tottering progress across the room4 ,fully persuaded that she had vanquished his scepticism1 and half convinced herself that she was suffering severely1 ,jane set herself to listen for the priest's coming4 ,seven o'clock came1 but not ,f4 ,chevreuse2 halfpast seven1 and still he had not appeared4 ,jane stole out into the kitchen1 scarcely able to stand1 and renewed the spoiling dishes4 ,she did not wish to leave anything to be complained of1 meaning to be herself the only one illused4 ,at length she heard a foot on the doorstep1 and1 making haste to shut herself into her room1 with only a very little opening left1 ,jane became a prey to grief and pain4 ,all these movements ,andrew had listened to with great edification2 but what ,andrew did not know was that the invalid1 skurrying out to stand at the foot of the stairs when she heard talking in the room above1 had had the pleasure of listening to the whole conversation regarding her state of health4 ,ten minutes after1 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 without much surprise1 it must be owned1 saw his housekeeper coming feebly into the room where he sat at table1 her face red and swollen with laborious weeping1 and expressing chief among its varied emotions and sentiments a saintlike and anxious desire and determination to sacrifice herself to the utmost rather than omit the smallest possible duty4 ,it was an unwelcome vision4 ,there was a point beyond which even he did not want to have his sympathies drained4 ,he felt that he was human1 and would like to rest both mind and body4 8,i am afraid1 ,f4 ,chevreuse10 she began1 in a very sick voice1 leaning against the side of the door--8,i am afraid that your toast is too dry4 ,i made it fresh three times44440 8,never mind1 ,jane10 he interrupted1 rather impatiently4 8,it does very well4 ,you need not trouble yourself40 ,jane came into the room a few tottering steps1 and rested on the back of a chair4 8,i don't know how ,andrew brought things up10 she said1 very short of breath1 but not so much so but she could fire this little shot4 8,i suppose they are all at sixes and sevens4 ,but ,i wasn't able to do any44440 8,if you are not well1 you had better go to bed10 said the priest quite sharply4 8,andrew will do all ,i want done40 ,taken unawares by this unusual severity1 ,jane lost her discretion4 8,it is my place to look that things are properly done in the house1 and ,i shall do it10 she said1 half defiant1 half hysterical1 and took a step nearer to the table4 ,as she did so1 her eyes fell on the pale and haggard face of their guest4 ,at that sight she paused1 transfixed with a genuine astonishment1 for she had expected to see ,f4 ,o',donovan2 and1 after one wild glance1 as if she had seen a ghost1 uttered a cry and covered her face with her hands4 8,jane60 exclaimed the priest in a voice that told her he was not to be tried much further4 8,have you lost your senses80 8,my heart is broken for ,mrs4 ,gerald60 she cried1 weeping loudly4 8,i haven't been able to stand hardly since ,i heard about her4 ,oh6 such a wicked world as this is4 ,i shall be glad when the ,lord takes me out of it4 ,to think that ,i shall never see her again1 that44440 ,f4 ,chevreuse laid down his knife and fork1 which he had made a pretence of using4 8,you and ,mrs4 ,gerald were by no means such intimate friends that her death should plunge you in this great affliction10 he said4 8,her nearest friends bear their sorrow with fortitude4 ,your agitation is therefore quite uncalled for4 ,i have no further need of you tonight4 ,if you want anything done for you1 ,andrew will go for some of your friends40 ,there was no possibility of resisting this intimation1 and the housekeeper retired speechless with rage and mortification4 8,mr4 ,schninger10 remarked the priest gravely1 when they were alone1 8women are sometimes very troublesome40 8,f4 ,chevreuse10 returned his visitor with equal gravity1 8men are sometimes very troublesome40 8,that is very true10 the priest made haste to admit4 8,i didn't mean to say anything against women40 ,and yet1 at the woman's first glance and cry of horror and aversion1 ,mr4 ,schninger's face had darkened4 8,was he always to have these vulgar animosities intruded on him80 he asked himself4 ,it was one of those annoyances which a proud and fastidious person would like to have the power to banish for ever with a gesture of the hand or a word4 ,the two friends talked long together that night1 and ,mr4 ,schninger told the priest quite freely all his plans4 8,i shall stay here and take up my life where ,i left it off1 except that ,i must now give up all contest for that disputed inheritance10 he said4 8,all ,i had has been thrown away in the struggle4 ,whether there would1 in any case1 have been a possible success for me ,i do not know4 ,it is now too late4 ,this infernal persecution--,i shall never call it anything else1 sir--has destroyed my last chance1 and ,i have only to dismiss the subject from my mind as far as possible4 ,i received today a letter signed by all my former pupils1 begging me to resume my instruction of them4 ,they expressed themselves very well1 and ,i shall consent4 ,the ,unitarian minister has invited me to play the organ in their church1 but ,i have not decided on that yet40 8,i would like to have you play in my church10 the priest said4 8,our organist is dead1 and the singing is getting to be miserable4 ,our music would1 ,i am sure1 be more pleasing to you2 but1 if doctrines make any difference1 you would find yourself more at home with the ,unitarians4 ,i don't see any difference between them and the reformed ,jews40 8,doctrines do not make any difference1 especially as ,i am not obliged to listen to them10 ,mr4 ,schninger replied with a dignity that verged on coldness4 8,in music ,i do not find any doctrines2 and it is not necessary to believe in order to give the words their proper expression4 ,or rather1 ,i might say that the artist has a poetical faith1 a faith of the imagination1 in all things grand1 noble1 or beautiful1 and can utter with fervor1 in his art1 sentiments which have no place in his daily life2 or1 if they have a place1 it is not such as would be assigned to them by the theologian4 ,in his mind a pagan goddess and a ,christian priest may have niches side by side1 and it would be hard to say which he preferred4 ,your ,raphael painted with equal delight and success a ,madonna and a ,galatea4 ,your ,mozart wrote ,masses and operas1 and vastly preferred to write operas4 ,he says that he wrote church music when he could do nothing else40 8,so much the worse for them60 said ,f4 ,chevreuse rather hotly4 8,raphael would have painted better ,madonnas--,madonnas which would have answered their true purpose of inspiring holy thoughts--if he had devoted his gifts entirely to ,god2 and ,mozart would have written better ,masses1 if he had done the same4 ,when you see a thorough ,christian artist1 it will be one who will never lower himself to a subject contrary to1 or disconnected with1 religion4 ,the others have been false1 and consequently have had only glimpses where they might have had visions4 ,some of them were great1 but they might have been immeasurably greater4 ,no1 ,i repeat1 do not imagine that you are going to feel or play our music as you might if you were a good ,catholic4 ,but excuse me60 he said1 recalling himself4 8,i have given you rather more of a lecture than ,i meant to4 ,i still want you to take our music in hand1 if you will40 8,i will with pleasure1 if you will be content with my interpretation of it10 ,mr4 ,schninger said with a smile4 ,he was not in the least displeased with the priest's lecture1 and1 on the contrary1 decidedly liked it4 ,he was stirred by anything which consecrated art as an embodiment of the divine rather than a mere expression of the human4 ,surprise is but a shortlived emotion2 and when ,mr4 ,schninger was left alone that night1 with the first opportunity in many months of thinking in an unobserved solitude1 he wondered more at his own calmness than at anything which had happened to him4 ,the hideous suffering from which he had but just escaped looked far away1 and so alien that he could contemplate it almost with a cold inquisitiveness1 as something in which he had no part4 ,it was scarcely more to him than the delirious dreams of a fever which had passed away4 ,indignation and a desire to revenge himself might rise again1 would rise again2 but for the present they slept4 ,the first joy of freedom1 too1 was over4 ,nothing remained but a feeling of quiet and security4 ,doubtless he had1 without knowing it1 been soothed by the many kind and regretful words that had been addressed to him that day1 and felt less disposed to dwell on his own wrongs when he knew that so many others were thinking and speaking of them4 ,all round the room assigned to him hung the pictures that had belonged to ,mother ,chevreuse--an oldfashioned portrait of her husband in the uniform of a ,french officer1 a ,s4 ,ignatius of ,loyola1 a ,s4 ,antony preaching to the fishes1 a print1 on a gold ground1 of the miraculous ,lady of ,perpetual ,succor1 and a ,santa ,prassede sleeping on her slab of granite4 ,mr4 ,schninger held his candle up to examine each of these1 all but the portrait familiar to him in their originals2 and as he looked1 the places where he had first seen them1 the stately palaces and the quiet churches1 enclosed his imagination within their walls4 ,he saw again the lines of sombre columns leading up to the glowing mosaics of the tribune1 where the vision of ,s4 ,john hung petrified in air2 the dim lamp in the mysterious chapel of the ,colonna ,santa shone out again inside its grating1 and the walls glittered dimly back4 ,he saw the thickets of camellias mantled with bloom under an ,april sky1 a little forest of white at the right hand1 and a forest of rosered at the left1 and ever the fountains sparkling through4 ,how strange it was6 ,he set down his candle1 almost impatiently1 as if a beautiful vision were being melted in the light of it1 and blew it out4 ,how strange it was6 ,when he was in ,rome1 he had hated it while he admired it2 but now1 as the thought of it came up1 his heart yearned out towards it1 and grew tender and full with longing for it4 ,how strange that his dearest affections should cluster where his deepest hates had pierced1 and that1 whenever an accusing thought arose1 an excusing one immediately answered it4 ,the city of the ,ghetto was becoming to him also the city of the silveryhaired old man who had opened its gates4 ,to remember him was like remembering a pure white star that had shone out one still evening long ago4 ,mr4 ,schninger put aside the curtain that hardly barred the full moonlight from the room1 and leaned out into the night4 ,not many streets distant ,honora ,pembroke sat wakeful and mourning1 alone with her dead4 ,by what fatality was it that the silent woman lying there1 and the weeping one beside her1 should have the power to stand1 with their softness and their pallor1 between him and his remembrance of that gloomy mansion of hate and crime1 the shadow of whose portal had but just slipped from him8 ,the cold and trembling hands he had kissed that night had quenched for a time all anger in his heart4 ,he sighed1 thinking of that sad household1 and his gaze turned tenderly and steadily in its direction4 ,he would have liked to call down a blessing on the head he loved had it not been so much nearer the source of all blessing than he was4 ,she was right1 no matter what she believed4 ,all she held good was good1 at least as far as she was concerned1 and no blame of false doctrine could be imputed to her4 ,a ray of light stronger than that of the moon shining across his eyes attracted his attention4 ,it came from ,f4 ,chevreuse's sittingroom1 the one window of which was at right angles with the window where he leaned4 ,a small1 displaced fold of the curtain showed him the priest on his knees there before a crucifix1 his hands clasped1 his blackrobed form as motionless as if it had been carved out of ebony4 ,here1 too6 ,could he have no other friend than a ,christian priest for his hand and heart to cling to8 ,yet all was sweet and peaceful1 and everything conspired to soothe him4 ,the air touched him with a breath too soft to be called a breeze1 the city was still about him1 and only a foamy murmur told where the sleepless river flowed4 ,triumph1 joy1 and sweetness he had felt1 and at last came gratitude to ,god and forgiveness of man4 ,one of his last thoughts that night was of pity for ,lawrence ,gerald4 ,in that pity he was not alone2 for nearly the whole of ,crichton shared it4 ,they had known the young man from his childhood1 had blamed and petted him1 had put every temptation in his way1 and been ready to defend him when he yielded4 ,in spite of his haughtiness and assumption1 there was not a single person in the city1 perhaps1 who really disliked him4 ,his captivating beauty and wayward sweetness won more affection than the highest virtues or the noblest gifts of mind would have won4 ,when a stranger and a ,jew was accused1 they could believe him to have been actuated by the most cruel malignity2 but it was impossible to impute such feelings to ,lawrence ,gerald4 ,he was weak and imprudent1 and had become involved1 and so led on beyond his intention4 ,each one could imagine1 even before the confession was made public1 just how it had happened2 and when they read the confession1 the feeling was almost universal in favor of his escape4 ,only a few1 sternly just1 insisted on hoping that he would be brought to suffer the full penalty of the law4 ,fathers and mothers whose boys1 scarcely more governable than he1 had played and grown up with him1 looked with terror on their own children2 and young men who secretly knew themselves to have been preserved only by what they would have called chance from crimes as bad as his1 shuddered at the thought of his being brought back among them to be tried for his life4 ,a sort of panic seized upon all when they saw what horrors could grow out of that which had seemed to be mere youthful errors1 and how criminal had been the leniency of public opinion and of the law4 ,mr4 ,schninger's case had held no moral for them1 for he was an alien2 but what ,lawrence ,gerald was some of their own might be4 ,they were conspicuously generous1 these people1 in that charity which stays at home and makes excuses for its own little circle2 and for this time1 at least1 they regretted that their charity had not gone beyond that boundary1 and extended to the stranger within their gates4 8,i confess before ,almighty ,god1 to the man who has been so wronged on my account1 and to my friends and neighbors1 whom ,i have deceived0--so ,lawrence ,gerald's confession began--8that ,i am guilty in deed1 though not in intention1 of the death of ,madame ,chevreuse1 for which ,mr4 ,schninger is now unjustly condemned4 ,i had gambled1 and was in debt to a man who threatened to expose me if ,i did not pay him at once4 ,i knew that the exposure would ruin me4 ,i should have lost my situation1 my marriage would have been prevented1 and my mother's heart would have been broken4 ,the debt was not a new one4 ,i had not gambled for a good while1 and had resolved never to do so again2 and ,i have kept that resolution4 ,if ,i would have broken it1 and increased my debt1 the man would have waited4 ,i was tempted to1 but ,i resisted4 ,it seemed to me better to take the money--,i did not call it stealing--when ,i could get it1 and repay it privately after my marriage4 ,i knew that ,i could have it then1 a little at a time4 ,i had known many men to be excused for such things--men who had used money that belonged to others1 meaning to repay it some time1 and the law had not punished them severely4 ,yet there was not a case where the need seemed to be as great as mine4 ,i thought of it a long time before ,i felt as if ,i could do it1 and then ,i didn't resolve that ,i would4 ,i only felt that ,i would take advantage of whatever chance occurred4 ,i never arranged anything4 ,f4 ,chevreuse dropped his latchkey into the furnace register one day when he was at my mother's4 ,i got it out afterward1 and kept it4 ,i knew already that the key of our streetdoor would unlock his4 ,those two helps ,i regarded as an intimation of what ,i was to do4 ,i even thought them providential2 and ,i promised ,god that if ,i should succeed in getting the money and paying my debts1 ,i would lead a good life in future4 ,i didn't know that ,i was blaspheming4 ,afterward ,i heard ,f4 ,chevreuse say just how much money he had1 and where he kept it4 ,he was talking to my mother and me4 ,i took that as another intimation4 ,i said1 ,such a good man as he would not be permitted to help me along in this way1 if ,i were not to do what ,i am thinking of4 ,then ,i knew that for one night he would be away2 but still ,i did not resolve4 ,i only followed wherever circumstances led me2 and every circumstance led me straight on to crime4 ,we were at ,mrs4 ,ferrier's that evening singing1 and the night was dark4 ,if it had been a bright night1 ,i should not have ventured to go to the priest's door4 ,i said to myself that it was perhaps ,god who had made the night dark for me4 ,i went home from ,mrs4 ,ferrier's1 and went to my own room1 taking the key of the streetdoor with me4 ,i stayed there till all were asleep2 and ,i thought that if my mother had left her chamberdoor open1 ,i would not go out1 for she might hear me going downstairs4 ,she usually left it open1 but that night it was shut4 ,i went down the back stairs1 and got out of a little window at the back of the house2 and even then ,i did not say surely to myself what ,i was going to do4 8,it was necessary that ,i should have some disguise1 and ,i had none2 but ,i had seen ,mr4 ,schninger lay his shawl down in ,mrs4 ,ferrier's garden1 and ,i thought he had left it there4 ,i took that for another sign4 ,if the shawl were not there1 ,i would go home again4 ,it was there1 and ,i wrapped myself in it1 and walked toward the priest's house1 ready to turn back at the least obstacle4 ,the only person ,i saw was a policeman1 and he was behind me1 so that ,i was forced to go forward4 ,a thundershower was coming up1 and the sound of it deadened my steps4 ,when ,i reached the door1 ,i stopped again1 and1 for the first time1 made a plan4 ,if any one should find me unlocking it1 ,i would say that my mother was sick1 and ,i had come for ,mother ,chevreuse4 ,if ,andrew or ,jane should meet and know me as ,i entered1 ,i would tell the same story1 and would ask for ,mother ,chevreuse1 and then confess the whole truth to her4 ,i knew she would pity1 and perhaps she would help1 me4 ,if ,mother ,chevreuse herself should come upon me1 and recognize me1 ,i would confess to her1 and beg her mercy4 ,nobody saw or heard me till ,i had got the money into my hands1 and was going away2 and then it was too late to confess4 ,all my irresolution had gone away1 and ,i was desperate4 ,it was no longer a question of confessing to one person1 but of being exposed before three1 and1 of course1 before the world4 ,all the excuses ,i had made for myself before became as nothing1 and ,i knew that ,i was a thief4 ,the money was in my hands1 ,i had earned it1 and ,i meant to keep it4 ,the rest is all like a flash of lightning4 ,why did she cling so to me8 ,i told her twice to let go1 or ,i might hurt her4 ,my blood was all in my head4 ,if those two servants had come and seen me there1 ,i should have killed myself before their faces4 ,i heard their steps coming1 and ,i pushed her with all my strength4 ,i did not stop to think where we were4 ,she let go then2 but ,i have felt her soft hands clinging to me ever since4 ,it maddens a man to have a woman's soft hands clinging to him when he wants to get away4 ,after that1 ,i ran back to ,mrs4 ,ferrier's garden1 and left the shawl1 and then ,i went home4 8,when ,i was sick1 and thought ,i was going to die1 and couldn't get another priest1 ,i confessed to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and he forgave me2 but he told me that ,i must consent to his telling all in order to clear ,mr4 ,schninger as soon as ,i should be dead4 ,i consented2 but ,i did not die1 and so he could do nothing4 ,i hereby give him leave to tell all that ,i then told him4 ,i have not been to confession since1 because ,i didn't want to give him a chance to say anything to me4 ,i forgot then to tell him that ,i had the money still1 but ,i shall give it back with this4 ,of course ,i did not dare to use it4 ,i told the man ,i owed to do his worst about it1 and he did nothing1 only said he would wait till ,i could pay him4 ,i found ,i had gained nothing1 and lost all4 8,my wife found me out1 ,i do not know how1 and ,i never asked2 and it is she who writes this from my dictation4 ,john1 my mother's footman1 found me out1 and ,i have never asked him how4 ,he will sign this1 but without reading it4 ,i think he has no proof against me4 ,f4 ,chevreuse knows nothing except what he has learned in the confessional4 ,this will be left with him1 to be opened four weeks from today4 ,with him1 also1 ,i leave a letter to my dearest mother1 whom ,i am not worthy to name1 and a letter for ,mr4 ,schninger40 ,the letter to his mother was buried with her4 ,no one ever read it1 unless those dead eyes could see4 ,the letter to ,mr4 ,schninger was simply to beg the forgiveness which1 the writer added1 he scarcely hoped to receive4 ,the confession was written in a clear1 even hand1 with evident deliberation and painstaking on the part of the amanuensis2 and if the writer's heart had trembled1 not a line showed it4 ,only here and there a large blister on the paper showed where a tear had fallen4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,grundy were shocked at the writer's insensibility2 but then ,annette ,ferrier always was queer1 they added4 ,perhaps only one of the many who read that confession was aware of the sting it contained for ,f4 ,chevreuse1 or dreamed that those 8soft1 clinging hands0 would be felt by him also1 as well as by the criminal1 for many a day4 ,mr4 ,schninger shrank with a pang of sympathetic pain when he saw the words1 and almost wondered that ,annette ,gerald could1 even in that moment of supreme misery1 have been unaware of their cruelty4 8,i own to you10 ,f4 ,chevreuse confessed years afterward to ,f4 ,o',donovan1 8that when ,i first read those words1 ,i realized for one moment how a man might be willing to kill another4 ,the image of him flinging off my mother's clinging hands--well1 well6 ,the time will never come when ,i can speak calmly of it4 ,fortunately for me then1 it was ,holy ,week1 and ,i had my crucified ,lord before me1 and plenty of work on my hands4 ,mr4 ,schninger helped me1 too4 ,i knew what he meant1 though he made no explanation4 ,he only said1 #8,your ,christ is strong1 if he can keep your hand from clinching4' 0 ,christ was strong1 and the ,jew was yet to feel his might4 ,just at present1 however1 he had earthly things to think of1 and a trial to endure particularly disagreeable to one of his temperament4 ,he had to be a second time the lion of the hour1 to be stared at1 followed1 observed in all he did1 listened to in all he said--in short1 to be the temporary victim of public curiosity4 ,conquering his disgust and annoyance1 he chose the best method of making this trial a short one1 by showing himself quite freely4 ,he took rooms at a quiet hotel frequented by business men1 and very seldom visited by ladies4 ,if the mood should take him to pace his room at night1 he did not choose that any sympathizing heart should be counting his footsteps4 ,he called on his former pupils1 and made appointments with them1 and listened with patience to their earnest1 and often tearful1 protestations of regret and indignation in his regard4 ,he gathered up into his hands1 one by one1 the threads of ordinary life1 and tried to interest himself in them again1 and to renew some of his old pleasures2 but he could not unite them and weave his heart in with them as before4 ,a gulf1 of which he only now became aware1 lay between him and the past4 ,it was not the sense of wrong and loss1 it was not even that he had a greater distrust of mankind2 it was at once higher and deeper than anything merely personal3 it was a disgust and fear of life itself1 as he had seen and felt it1 a sense of instability and of hollowness everywhere4 ,his desires for wealth and power and fame dropped into an abyss1 and left no sound to tell that they were substances or had encountered any substance in their descent4 ,like one who1 walking over a bridge1 suddenly perceives that1 instead of solid arches of stone beneath1 there is only a thin and trembling framework between him and the torrent1 he felt that he might at any moment fall through into the unknown world1 or into nothingness4 ,this man had called himself a ,jew1 partly from an inherited allegiance1 which ran in his blood1 though it was no longer niched in his brain1 partly1 also1 from a generous unwillingness to desert the unfortunate4 ,he cherished the fragments of his ancient traditions as the poet and the antiquary cherish the ruins of an antique temple1 in which the vulgar see only broken rocks and rubbish1 but from which their imaginations can rebuild portico and sculptured frieze and painted ceiling4 ,their eyes can discern the acanthus leaf where it lies half choked in dust1 and the dying glimmer of what once was gold1 and1 faintly burning through its encrusting soil1 the imperishable color of that rare stone1 blue as the vault of a midnight sky4 ,in the ruin of his people ,mr4 ,schninger still beheld and gloried in that sublime race which1 in the early world1 had borne the day star on their foreheads4 ,but it was only a memory to him1 and the present was all vanity4 ,while in prison1 he had thought that liberty was1 of all things1 the most precious4 ,in his emptied heart it had been the one object of longing2 and in the first moments of freedom he had found it intoxicating4 ,but the joy it gave effervesced and died away like foam1 and the emptiness remained4 ,looking back on that prison life1 he almost wondered at the agony it had caused him1 or even that the shameful death which had threatened him should have had power to move him so1 or that the opinions and the enmities of men should have struck such bitterness from his soul4 ,what was it all but motes in the beam8 8,vanity of vanities1 and all is vanity40 ,but life must be lived1 and work must be done2 and he took up the duties that came to hand1 and performed them almost as if he loved them4 ,one small pleasure1 indeed1 he gave himself4 ,escaping from the city1 with as much care as if he had been flying from justice1 he took a long1 solitary walk in the pinewoods where1 nearly a year before1 he had gone with a ,may party1 and1 searching there1 he brought back handfuls of pale1 nodding snowdrops1 and sent them by a trusty messenger to ,honora ,pembroke4 8,they are for her or for ,mrs4 ,gerald1 as she may choose10 he said4 ,she made no answer1 but the messenger saw her lay the delicate blossoms in the white hand of the dead1 while her tears fell on them1 drop by drop4 ,mr4 ,schninger's generosity of feeling would have prompted him to attend the funeral1 but his good taste prevented4 ,he would have been too much observed there4 ,he watched the procession as it passed by his window--an oldfashioned1 solemn1 genuine ,new,england funeral2 no mourning carriages with laughing people inside1 no hired bearers but a long line of friends and neighbors1 who knew and lamented the dead1 walking after her with downcast faces1 to stand by her grave till the earth should have covered her in4 ,in a town like ,crichton such a death for such a cause would create a deep impression2 and crowds stood all about the cottage when the friends who were admitted came out from its doors1 and a grave silence prevailed in all the streets as they passed through them4 ,it was ,good ,friday2 and that evening1 for the first time1 the new organist was to take charge of the choir in the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,there was but little to do1 for the singers were not in training--only a hymn or two to sing before the sermon1 and nothing after4 ,mr4 ,schninger was glad that he should thus be able to leave the church before the sermon without seeming disrespectful to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 as he would have seemed in going out and coming in again when the sermon was over4 ,he had not the least objection to hearing ,catholic sermons1 provided they did not bore him--had1 indeed1 heard many of them2 but he did not wish to hear ,f4 ,chevreuse speak on the passion and death of ,christ4 ,to him1 that had always been the weakest point in the ,christian theology4 ,he could reverence almost to the verge of adoration the sublime humility and sweetness and patience of that life which they called divine2 but he shrank from the agony which crowned it as something weak and unfitting4 ,a life so perfect ending thus was to him incongruous2 as though the eye1 travelling up a lofty and exquisite column1 should see a rude block at the top instead of a perfect capital4 8,if it does not prove the falsehood of the whole10 ,mr4 ,schninger said to himself1 8it proves a great mistake somewhere2 and ,i would rather not hear such a man as ,f4 ,chevreuse try to make it seem reasonable40 ,but he would not be in too great a hurry to go4 ,he lingered a little1 arranged the music1 and stopped at the door of the choir long enough to hear the priest announce his text3 ,the ,lord hath laid upon him the iniquities of us all4 8,my ,isaiah60 he thought4 8,i wonder what he meant in writing that80 8,good ,friday is1 to my mind1 not so much a day of sorrow as a day of remorse10 the priest began4 8,the ,jews were ungrateful1 and we are ungrateful40 8,that dear1 just soul60 ,mr4 ,schninger muttered with a smile1 as he went slowly out4 ,going down the stairs1 he caught now and then a sentence4 8,we sin1 and are forgiven1 and then we sin again2 and we sin against a ,god whom we acknowledge2 they sinned against a ,god in whom they did not believe40 ,and again3 8,peter sinned once1 but he never denied his ,master a second time2 ,magdalene was once a sinner1 but never again40 ,mr4 ,schninger stopped at a narrow pointed window near the foot of the stairs1 and looked out into the night4 ,he had half a mind to go back and listen to the sermon4 ,there was something enchaining in the way ,f4 ,chevreuse preached4 ,his were no cutanddried orations where the form is first laid out1 and each part fitted in as exact as a mosaic1 and where no fault can be found1 except that there is such an absence of faults4 ,he poured his heart out2 he announced a truth1 and then1 in a few sentences1 he threw a picture before their eyes to illustrate it2 he walked the platform where he stood1 and seemed at times so transported by his feelings as to forget that he was not talking to himself alone4 ,mr4 ,schninger paused in the lower door1 and listened again1 hating to stay1 hating still more to go away1 so empty did his soul feel4 ,the speaker gave a brief backward glance over what he had already said4 ,they had seen the agony in the garden1 and now they were going to see what it meant4 ,they had seen the cup put aside by the hand of ,christ1 and now they were going to see him drink it to the dregs4 ,they had seen him bear uncomplainingly the stripes and the thorns1 now they were going to hear him cry out in the agony of desolation4 ,with a rapid touch he sketched the scene--the surging1 angry crowd1 driving and hurrying forward a man in the midst1 who drags and stumbles under a heavy cross4 ,the priest wrung his hands slowly1 walking to and fro1 with that sight before him4 8,o my ,god60 he said1 half to himself1 8is it thus that ,i see thee8 ,thy divinity is reduced so small--so small that it requires all the fulness of my faith to discern it4 ,this man is covered with dust and blood4 ,he hath fallen beneath his load1 and the dust of the street is on him1 on his hands1 and even his face1 with the blood and the sweat4 ,they buffet him1 they laugh at him0--the speaker faced his congregation suddenly1 stretching out his hands to them4 8,a ,god6 a ,god60 he cried1 and was for a moment silent4 ,mr4 ,schninger turned away1 shuddering at this image of ,divinity in the dust4 ,yet he had not gone far when1 in spite of him1 his feet were drawn back4 ,f4 ,chevreuse stood beside the great black and white crucifix1 to which he did not seem to dare to lift his eyes4 8,the cup is at his lips at last6 ,he has lost sight of the ,father6 ,the ,lord has laid upon him the iniquities of us all4 ,all the murders1 all the adulteries of the world are on him2 all the sacrileges are on him2 all the brutality1 the foulness1 the lies1 the treacheries1 the meannesses1 the cruelties--they are all heaped upon him4 ,all iniquities1 past1 present1 and to come1 overclouded and hid his divine innocence out of sight4 ,and the ,father1 seeing him so1 relented not1 spared him not1 but poured on his head the full measure of his hatred of our sins1 as if he were the criminal who was guilty of them all40 ,mr4 ,schninger started back as if lightning had flashed in his face1 uttered a faint cry1 and hurried from the church4 ,he knew why the veil of the temple was rent and the face of the sun darkened2 and he knew why the ,son of ,god had bled at every pore4 ,he walked once rapidly round the square1 baring his head to the tender coolness of the air4 ,when he reached the church again1 ,f4 ,chevreuse had finished speaking1 and was just turning away4 ,but he paused1 as he saw ,mr4 ,schninger walk up the aisle as unconscious of the astonished congregation who gazed at him as if the church had been empty4 ,he knelt at the communion railing4 8,f4 ,chevreuse10 he said in a voice that every one heard1 so still were all1 8,i have not yet kissed the cross on which my ,god was crucified40 ,f4 ,chevreuse drew the small crucifix from his girdle1 and presented it1 his hands trembling and tears rolling down his face2 and all the congregation fell on their knees while the ,jew kissed the cross on which his ,god was crucified4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,jesuit ,martyrs ,of ,the ,commune47#aaa7 ,in this little volume the ,rev4 ,f4 de ,ponlevoy has faithfully recorded the ,acts1 as he well entitles them1 of five brave men of our own time1 who went forth 8rejoicing10 like the apostles of old1 8that they were accounted worthy to suffer reproach for the name of ,jesus40 ,the author has not attempted a biography or any detailed account of the lives of these brave men previous to their arrest 8in the name of the ,commune10 but simply an exact statement1 far more impressive1 of their known words and acts from that moment which so plainly marked them as chosen ones of ,god4 ,these ,jesuit fathers suffered in most saintly companionship1 and the world will heartily echo the pious wish of our author that other societies may do for their martyred brethren that which he has so lovingly accomplished for his4 ,the ,jesuits in ,paris during the war of #ahgj saw plainly the gathering signs of darker days yet to come for ,france2 but it is not in their traditions to yield anything to fear1 and so they were resolved1 the moment the armistice was concluded1 to open their school of ,s4 ,genevive and ,college of ,vaugirard4 ,at the very beginning of the war with ,prussia1 these two establishments had been freely passed over to the military authorities for the use of the sick and wounded1 hundreds of whom had been there received and tenderly cared for1 many of the fathers attaching themselves to the ambulances and hospitals with the utmost devotion4 ,consequently these buildings now needed many repairs and to be almost entirely refurnished4 ,the residence in the ,rue ,lafayette had fared better1 as the greater part of the community were ,germans who had been obliged to leave ,france at the beginning of the war1 while the house fell under the protection of the ,american minister1 charged by ,prussia to watch over the interests of its people in ,paris4 ,add to which this modest mission had the deserved reputation of being very poor--not much of a bait for the blood hounds of the ,commune4 ,at the house in the ,rue de ,svres such measures were taken as prudence seemed to suggest1 leaving the rest to ,providence4 ,thus at first it had seemed best to keep some members of the order in ,paris--men at once necessary and willing to stay4 ,some were sent to the provinces1 and others remained scattered throughout the ungrateful capital4 ,at the conclusion of the armistice the ,college of ,vaugirard was hastily prepared for pupils1 and its reopening fixed for the #ith of ,march1 by which time nearly two hundred students had applied for admission4 ,but on the #ahth the longthreatened revolution burst forth1 and the rector1 more anxious for the pupils than for the fathers1 hurried both to the countryhouse of the college1 at ,moulineaux1 between ,issy and ,meudon4 ,however1 they were soon compelled to retreat precipitately1 first to ,versailles1 and finally to ,saint ,germainen,laye2 for1 placed exactly in the narrow belt between the belligerent lines1 they found themselves1 upon the breaking out of hostilities between ,paris and ,versailles1 veritably between two fires4 ,the deserted ,college of ,vaugirard was surrounded1 occupied1 and pillaged1 but no one was there to be arrested4 ,the school of ,s4 ,genevive required more time for repairs1 and was to be opened on ,march #bj2 but the insurrection1 coming in the interval1 necessitated new delays1 and parents were notified to await further announcements4 ,the rector1 ,f4 ,lon ,ducoudray1 born at ,laval1 ,may #f1 #ahbg1 a man of great spirit and energy1 was not one to lose time or to be dismayed in the hour of trial4 ,he at once sent out four of the fathers1 one to negotiate a loan in ,england or ,belgium to meet the exigencies of the moment1 and the others to seek in the provinces an asylum for the exiled school1 which was finally removed to a countryhouse at ,athis,mons1 on the railway line to ,orlans1 not far from ,paris4 ,the pupils were notified that the school would open on ,april #ab2 the rector1 who had remained in ,paris to superintend the final arrangements1 was to join his community on ,monday1 the third4 ,on ,sunday1 the second1 ,f4 ,ducoudray perceived that ,f4 ,paul ,piquet1 a sick priest left at ,s4 ,genevive1 was rapidly sinking1 and at a quarterpast eight in the evening this good father had the happiness of leaving this world and its momentarilyincreasing trials4 ,it was a great loss to the house1 and at this time a very painful embarrassment4 ,the next morning 7,monday7 the ,commune issued a decree confiscating all the furniture and property belonging to religious houses1 and at ,s4 ,genevive they every instant expected a visit on the part of the new rulers of the city4 ,nevertheless1 ,f4 ,ducoudray sent for several of the fathers to come up from ,athis to attend the funeral ceremonies of the deceased priest1 set for ,tuesday1 ,april #d4 ,all at once1 just after midnight on ,tuesday1 before these fathers had returned to ,athis1 the buildings were encircled by a battalion of ,national ,guards1 armed to the teeth4 ,the ,rue ,lhomond1 the ,rue d',ulm1 the ,passage des ,vignes1 the very woodyard at the foot of the garden1 all were guarded4 ,there were repeated blows at the door of ,no4 #ah4 ,the brother porter went at once to say that the keys1 according to custom1 were in the rector's room1 and that he would go and get them4 ,but at this simple and reasonable answer the outsiders got into a rage2 a summons was sounded three times at rapid intervals2 the whole neighborhood was startled by a general discharge at all the windows of the ,rue ,lhomond2 there were loud threats of bringing cannons and mitrailleuses from the ,place de ,panthon near by4 ,presently the doors were opened1 and the rector himself appeared1 calmly requesting to be allowed to make some remarks in the name of common justice and of individual liberty4 ,but the day for these things had gone by4 ,for sole response the leader signified1 revolver in hand1 that he constituted the rector his prisoner in the name of the ,commune1 and should occupy and search the house for the arms and munitions of war therein concealed4 ,but in reality they were here1 as everywhere else1 on a hunt for the cashbox4 8,that which we most need10 said a member of the ,commune1 8is money40 ,right away every one in the house was on his feet1 and each one followed his instinct2 but first of all one priest hurried to the private chapel1 where1 for precaution1 the ,blessed ,sacrament had been previously placed1 and hastened to secure it against profanation4 ,the envoys of the ,commune were in number and force enough to carry on several operations at once4 ,they arrested everybody they could lay their hands on--priests1 lay brothers1 even the servants of the school--and1 as fast as they found them1 seated them in the entrance hall1 and kept them there for several hours4 ,they ransacked the entire house2 the rector himself led them everywhere4 ,the search was very long and very minute1 without the desired result2 for they found no arms and very little money4 ,f4 ,ducoudray1 without falsifying himself in the slightest1 replied with so much unconcern1 with such dignity and politeness1 that they said to each other in astonishment3 8,what a man this is6 ,what energy of character60 ,at last1 after three painful hours1 they took him to the hall2 but even from the first moment they separated him from his brethren1 and put him in a little vestibule of the chapel in front of the parlors4 ,it is almost superfluous to add that the pillage of the house commenced almost at once1 accelerated1 and the next day completed1 by bands of women and children4 ,at five in the morning the recall was sounded2 it was the signal for defiling and departing for the prfecture of the police4 ,the prisoners were ranged between two lines of ,national ,guards4 ,first came the rector1 a little ahead of the others2 behind him the ,rev4 ,,ff4 ,ferdinand ,billot1 ,emile ,chauveau1 ,alexis ,clerc1 ,anatole de ,bengy1 ,jean ,bellanger1 ,theodore de ,regnon1 and ,jean ,tanguy1 four lay brothers1 and seven servants4 8,well10 said ,f4 ,ducoudray1 with a radiant countenance1 to ,f4 ,caubert1 who was nearest him4 8,ibant gaudentes17#aab7 did they not80 8,what is he saying there80 asked the uneasy guards4 ,f4 ,caubert repeated the sentence2 ,god knows what they understood by it6 ,at the prfecture a major exclaimed3 8,why have you brought me these rascals 7coquins78 ,why didn't you shoot them on the spot80 8,gently10 answered one of the guard2 8it is necessary to proceed calmly1 or you yourself might get it before the rest40 ,the same officer then asked1 revolver in hand1 for the director4 8,i am here10 replied ,f4 ,ducoudray1 advancing4 8,i know that you have arms concealed in your house40 8,no1 sir40 8,i have it on certain authority40 8,if there are any1 it is without my knowledge40 8,you have an iron will4 ,we are going to see about that1 we two2 and if we do not find them1 you do not get back here40 ,then followed a number of charges against the priests1 such as poisoning the sick and wounded in the hospitals and ambulances1 perversion of youth1 and complicity with the government of ,versailles4 ,f4 ,ducoudray1 following the example of his divine ,master1 made no reply1 and1 after being loaded with insults1 was finally taken secretly and locked up in a cell of the ,conciergerie prison4 ,the others were confined in a common hall of the depot prison1 intended for vagrant women4 ,in the meantime1 two priests and one brother1 who had escaped detection in the tumult1 remained at ,s4 ,genevive4 ,the brother was an invalid confined to his bed1 and the two priests1 one of whom had been concealed all night in the garden1 met in his room after the guards had left1 and it remained for nearly two months virtually their prison4 ,the saintly president of the house of the ,rue de ,svres1 ,f4 ,pierre ,olivaint1 had seen all his flock sheltered from the gathering storm1 and on that ,monday was alone in the house with one reverend companion1 ,f4 ,alexis ,lefebvre1 and several devoted brothers1 incapable of fear4 ,all day long warnings and entreaties poured in upon him to cause him to fly in advance of the impending visit from the ,commune4 8,but what would you have80 he answered tranquilly4 8,i am like the captain of a vessel1 who must be the last to leave the ship4 ,if we are taken today1 ,i shall have but one regret3 that it is ,holy ,tuesday1 not ,good ,friday40 8,why1 now1 my child10 he said again1 at six o'clock1 to one who implored him to save himself while there was yet a moment1 for it was certain there was to be a visit on the part of the ,commune that very evening--8why1 now1 my child1 why do you excite yourself8 ,is it not the best act of charity we can perform to give our life for the love of ,jesus ,christ80 ,and then he went to the lower floor1 facing the hall door1 and calmly went on with his office4 8,i am waiting10 he said to a friend who passed by1 pressing his hand4 ,just as they were assembling in the refectory for the evening collation1 at the usual hour of a quarterpast seven1 the brother porter was summoned2 a delegate of the ,commune was at the door1 behind him a company of ,national ,guards4 ,the brother was instructed to detain them in the vestibule or in the parlor until the superior himself should come4 ,brother ,francis did so1 in spite of the impatience and threats of the visitors4 ,in anticipation of this visit1 but two hosts had been left in the morning1 and now each father hurried to his room1 and each had his viaticum ready4 ,f4 ,lefebvre returned the first1 soon followed by ,f4 ,olivaint4 ,the delegate announced the object of his mission--to look for arms and munitions kept in reserve by the ,jesuits2 but1 being himself called away on important business1 deputed citizen ,lagrange to take his place4 ,this man1 well worthy of the deed1 ordered every avenue of escape to be guarded1 and then1 followed by nearly half his force1 began the tour of inspection1 accompanied by ,f4 ,olivaint1 and preceded by two brothers1 one with a light1 the other carrying the keys2 two other brothers were stationed at the entrance with the guards1 and1 as each room was examined1 ,lagrange left two of his men to guard it4 ,to have any idea of the shameless impiety and vulgar insolence of these functionaries of the ,commune1 one must have seen and heard them2 for three hours the search continued1 amid threats and mockery1 through all which ,f4 ,olivaint remained calm and reserved4 ,the critical moment came while in the procurator's chamber1 where the cashbox was discovered4 8,hurry and open it10 they cried4 8,where's the key80 8,i haven't it2 it is not even here10 answered ,f4 ,olivaint4 8,our father procurator1 who is absent1 has it with him40 ,then came the tempest2 one of the brothers was sent off with three guards1 arms in hand1 to hunt up the father procurator1 and bring him back alive or dead4 ,in the end1 ,f4 ,caubert really did arrive1 and opened the box4 ,it was empty4 ,naturally1 the siege had suppressed all receipts and increased all expenses2 for a long time the ,jesuits had lived only by borrowing4 8,we are robbed10 ,lagrange exclaimed4 8,all right1 the superior and the steward are my prisoners1 in the name of the ,commune4 ,off to the prfecture of police60 ,f4 ,lefebvre begged to be taken with his brethren4 8,no1 no10 was the answer4 8,you stay here and hold this house in the name of the ,commune40 ,and actually the sentence was prophetic2 for the house guarded by ,f4 ,lefebvre was spared with him4 ,at about halfpast eleven o'clock the two prisoners departed1 never to return2 they sought in vain for a carriage1 to make the long transit4 ,as they passed out1 ,f4 ,olivaint saw1 in the crowd in the street1 a group of compassionate friends2 he saluted them with a smile1 as if to say3 8,weep not for me40 ,lagrange and his company quartered themselves at the ,place ,vendme1 as proud of their prowess that night as if they had captured ,versailles2 a single piquet of armed men took the prisoners to the prfecture1 and there1 instead of being placed with the others in the common hall1 they were immediately and secretly locked up in the cells of the ,conciergerie4 8,,ff4 ,olivaint and ,caubert are in prison10 ,f4 ,lefebvre wrote to our author at ,versailles4 8,they absolutely would not take me4 ,i am alone at the house1 with ,brother ,bouill1 both fearless1 thank ,god6 ,the others are dispersed1 and come from time to time to see me4 ,i have placed the ,blessed ,sacrament in the gallery near my room1 and1 when they return1 ,i shall consume the sacred hosts4 ,the church will be closed4 ,they are arresting the priests4 ,monseigneur himself is at the prfecture of police2 they say these are the hostages1 ,i am told4 ,pray1 pray for me1 my father6 ,oh6 how happy ,i should be to give my life for our ,lord60 ,f4 ,ducoudray accepted his imprisonment without any surprise4 8,before long10 he had said1 on ,march #ai1 to the ,prince de ,broglie--8before long our churches will be closed1 our houses devastated1 our persons arrested1 and ,god knows who will regain his liberty4 ,the things which are to be done will have a particular character of hatred to ,god1 and--that which is very sad for a priest to say--there will prove to be no other argument for the miserable ones who are to be masters of ,paris than the cannon4 ,i have lived for seven months in the very midst of these men1 and ,i have not met with one heart or one honest mind among them40 8,for six months10 he wrote under date of ,feb4 #bj1 8,i have seen only grief and mourning4444 ,my ,god6 must ,i say to you that ,i can still hope8 ,paris has lost the last fibre of moral and religious sense4 ,its population is mad1 delirious4 ,can we hope for the return of divine mercy when this immense city thinks only of founding a society based on the absence of religion and on the hatred of ,god8 ,only a miracle can help us out of the abyss in which we are plunged4 ,i hold my peace4444 ,my heart is too heavy1 and my soul too gloomy40 ,f4 ,olivaint1 loving his country not less1 was filled with joy from the very moment of his arrest4 8,ibant gaudentes10 he said with sparkling eyes to the archbishop's secretary1 who passed his grating--8,ibant gaudentes2 it is for the same ,master60 8,france10 he said1 8like the world1 requires to be ransomed by blood--not the blood of criminals1 which sinks into the ground1 and remains mute and barren1 but the blood of the just1 which cries to heaven1 invoking justice and imploring mercy40 8,there must be victims10 said ,f4 ,caubert4 8,it is ,god who has chosen them40 ,on the evening of ,holy ,thursday there came a change4 ,the archbishop1 the president1 ,bonjeau1 ,,ff4 ,ducoudray1 ,clerc1 and de ,bengy1 each in a separate compartment of a prison carriage1 were conveyed from the ,conciergerie to the prison of ,mazas4 ,f4 ,olivaint and ,f4 ,caubert were left alone at the ,conciergerie1 in separate cells1 debarred from all possible communication4 8,and from this hour10 cries ,f4 ,ponlevoy1 in tender remembrance17#aac7 8,i seem to myself to be really writing an episode of the ,catacombs4 ,the church is ever fruitful in generous souls1 but it is the hour of trial that more than any lays bare the depths of the heart2 and if1 on one side1 there is in the martyrs a patience beyond all grief1 there is in the ,christian a charity stronger than death itself40 ,a system of correspondence was organized outside those now hallowed prison walls1 and continued to the very end1 consoling and sustaining the captives1 and laying up treasures for the faithful far and wide through the edifying little notes thus preserved4 ,and finally1 on ,thursday1 ,april #ac1 safe means were found to convey to the prisoners at the ,conciergerie not simply a consolation1 but the ,consoler himself4 ,only a few hours after this was accomplished1 ,,ff4 ,olivaint and ,caubert were removed to ,mazas1 whither three of their order1 as we have seen1 had preceded them4 ,the prison of ,mazas1 on the boulevard of the same name1 is constructed on the system of cells4 ,at its door all motion ceases2 life itself fades out2 the isolation is complete2 the unfortunate detained there are buried alive4 ,but the love and devotion of the faithful contrived to pierce even these gloomy walls1 and letters were again carried back and forth between the imprisoned priests and their exiled brethren4 ,these letters contained few facts1 but1 put together1 make a most exquisite journal of the interior life of the saintly captives4 ,f4 ,ducoudray opens this series of letters by a formal one to his superior1 giving an account of the situation and of his own personal disposition4 8,you know our history and its sadness10 he writes4 8,here ,i pass much time in prayer1 and a little in suffering4 ,isolation1 separation1 uncertainty1 and1 above all1 the privation of not being able to celebrate ,mass--this is indeed cruel6 8,no possible communication cum concaptivis meis4 ,they are there1 near to me1 in the same corridor2 that is all ,i know4 8,this is the part it is the will of ,god we should perform4 ,for us1 we have only to follow the apostle's counsel3 #8,in omnibus exhibeamus nosmetipsos1 sicut ,dei ministros1 in multa patientia1 in tribulationibus1444 in carceribus1 in seditionibus1 444 per gloriam et ignobilitatem1 per infamiam et bonam faman4'7#aad7 8,say to my friends10 ,f4 ,olivaint wrote to one of his brethren1 8that ,i do not find anything to complain of2 health pretty good2 not a moment of ennui in my retreat1 which ,i continue up to the very neck4444 ,i know nothing of my companions40 8,i thank you from the bottom of my heart10 to another1 8for your charity to the poor prisoners4 ,here is a work ,i did not fully comprehend until ,i was in prison4 ,how well you practise it--,i might almost say too well6444 ,no1 the time does not seem long to me40 444 8,in reality10 he writes again1 8,i do very well in body2 and as for the spirit1 it seems to me that ,i am making a retreat of benediction1 ,deo gratias40 444 ,later on3 8,i am at the twentyfourth day of my retreat4 ,i had never hoped that a retreat of a month would be granted me2 and see1 now ,i am touching that term4 ,well1 if we do not regain our liberty by the end of the month1 ,i shall not1 ,i hope1 lose anything in this way by the prolongation of the trial4 ,you will understand that here we have no news to give4 ,and those frightful cannon that never cease grumbling6 ,but that1 too1 reminds me to pray for our poor country4 ,if it were required to give my miserable life to put an end to its troubles1 how quickly ,i would make the sacrifice60 ,those cannon jarred on the ears of the other captives4 8,we hear day and night the roar of cannon10 ,f4 ,clerc wrote to his brother4 8,i conclude that the siege and my detention will not end tomorrow4444 ,people talk of the cloister of religious houses2 that of ,mazas is not to be despised4444 ,we have neither ,mass nor sacraments4 ,never1 ,i well believe1 did prisoners more desire them4 ,i pray to the good ,god1 ,i study1 ,i read1 ,i write a little1 and ,i find time goes quickly1 even at ,mazas4444 ,do not take further measures to see me2 ,i fear further efforts would bring you annoyance1 and ,i have little hope of the result4 ,these gates will be opened by another hand than yours2 and1 if they open not1 we know well that we must be resigned4444 ,i am proud and happy to suffer for the name ,i bear4 ,you know well the blow did not take me by surprise4 ,i did not desire to evade it1 and ,i wish to support it4 ,i do not hope for the deliverance of which you speak4444 ,the less ,i am master of myself1 the more ,i am in the hands of ,god2 there will happen to me what he wills1 and he will give me to do that which he wishes ,i should do4 ,omnia passum in eo qui me confortat40 ,f4 ,caubert writes in the same tone3 8,my health up to the present remains good4 ,for the rest1 ,i have all that is necessary1 and even over4 ,besides1 the moral serves to strengthen the physical in giving courage and strength4 ,now1 this comes to me because ,i am full of confidence in ,god1 and most happy to do his will in all that he really demands of me4 ,for the rest1 the prison rule1 in spite of its stern and austere side1 is not in itself injurious to the health4 ,they have us take the air every day for an hour1 solitarily1 and each in his turn4 ,the delicate stomachs can obtain the food they need4 ,twice a week they give us soup and a bit of beef4 ,the house is conducted with propriety1 order1 and regularity4444 ,we can visit the doctor or the apothecary daily4 ,there is a library comprising a pretty good number of books of great variety1 and any one can ask for them to pass the time4 ,as for the details of the mnage1 that which they bring me is quite sufficient1 and ,i need no more4 ,it simplifies matters not to have my cell encumbered1 otherwise ,i should get things a little pell mell40 ,to hear these good fathers1 everything was right1 everybody good to them4 ,undoubtedly they suffer1 but1 as they are patient1 they suffer less than others2 as they have hope1 they endure better than others2 finally1 as they love ,christ crucified1 their joy is greater than their pain4 ,a ,frenchman and a ,jesuit conquered by hard treatment or most distressing privation6 ,never6 ,starving1 dying by inches1 in stripes and in prison1 under the tomahawk1 at the stake1 in hunger and thirst1 in burning ,india or the snows of ,canada1 at the mercy of ,western savages or ,paris revolutionists1 it is ever the same thing--everything is right and nice and fine2 much better than could be expected4 ,the story1 fresh in our minds1 of our own early missionaries1 exiles of the first ,revolution1 prepares us to hear the sweet patience of the ,american forests echoing today in the prison of ,mazas4 ,god wills it4 ,ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,m4 ,ponlevoy1 who had the tender curiosity to visit the prison of ,mazas on a holiday1 when it could easily be inspected1 says3 8,i saw those three stories of long corridors1 with double galleries1 radiating around a centre where lately there was a chapel--ah6 if the ,commune had but had at least the humanity to leave to the captives the divine ,prisoner of the tabernacle--on both sides1 on all the floors1 the doors loaded with bolts and provided with regular gratings1 and those narrow cells1 of which the inventory could be made in a single glance6 ,facing the entrance1 the grated window1 which measured the air and light2 in one corner the hammock2 opposite1 the little table1 with just room enough for a straw chair2 behind the door a plank for a cupboard1 a broom1 and some pieces of coarse crockery completed the furniture4 ,as for the famous promenade so often mentioned in their letters1 it was a little triangular prisonyard1 shut in by a grating in front1 and walls on the sides1 without shelter anywhere1 and no other seat than a stone in one corner4 ,during their solitary recreation the captives could absolutely see no one1 unless the guard under the arch who held them in surveillance40 ,but the human heart is still human1 however resigned the will4 ,say what they would1 the prison was still a prison1 and ,mazas certainly was more like ,calvary than paradise4 ,after all1 ,christians are not stoics1 and the martyr himself feels the weakness of the flesh1 that he may overcome it by the vigor of the spirit4 8,this poor heart60 writes brave ,f4 ,ducoudray4 8,it sometimes will be tempted to escape and to bound4 ,the imagination willingly takes its part4 ,neither lets itself be ruled as much by reason as ,i would wish4 ,thence come1 at times1 certain fits or impressions of weariness1 the suffering of the soul1 throwing it into languor1 discouragement1 uneasiness1 and disgust4 #8,magnum est et val de magnum1 tam humano quant divino posse carere solatio et pro honore ,dei1 libenter exilium cordis velle sustinere4'7#aae7 ,there is matter in that one comprehends only when one feels it4 ,i had the good thought1 when leaving the house1 to put into my pocket a small volume containing the ,new ,testament and the ,imitation4 ,i have read ,s4 ,paul much4 ,what a great and admirable heart6 ,it expands my soul to read it1 for it has been #8in laboribus plurimus1 in carceribusabundantius1'7#aaf7 as he writes himself4 ,and ,i1 though ,i am yet but a carcere uno1 ,i boast of suffering somewhat4 ,but if we are those of whom it is written3 #8,eritis odio omnibus propter nomen meum1'7#aag7 how contemptible our tribulations in comparison with those of the great apostle60 8,i am still10 he wrote at another time1 ,may #e1 8more ill omened than the greatest pessimist4 ,you tell me they fix the #bjth as the final term of the civil war4 ,i much fear it will be prolonged even to the #cjth4 ,military operations go slowly4 ,the war beyond the ramparts offers difficulties2 the war of the streets has its difficulties also--most bloody ones1 alas6444 ,we touch upon the week of great events1 or1 at least1 the beginning of great events4444 ,what a punishment6 ,it was expected4 ,it is here40 ,two or three human consolations were vouchsafed the prisoners1 after a time4 ,on ,may #e they were permitted to read several of the daily papers approved by the ,commune1 and about the same time ,f4 ,ducoudray had the inestimable privilege of twice seeing and saluting1 at a short distance1 ,f4 ,clerc1 and of once seeing far off ,f4 ,bengy1 his beloved brethren and fellowprisoners4 ,in ,may another favor was vouchsafed4 ,f4 ,clerc's brother had been incessant in his attempts to obtain an interview with him1 but without any success2 at last a dear friend1 a lady1 received permission to visit the prisoner1 and1 as a ,french lady must needs have an escort1 she took ,m4 ,clerc for hers4 ,this was an inexpressible happiness to the noblehearted priest1 and his thanks to ,god for the favor were boundless4 ,f4 ,caubert1 whose simple and exquisite letters1 full of golden thoughts1 we would gladly linger over if there were only space enough1 received1 ,may #aa1 a visit from the ,minister ,plenipotentiary of the ,united ,states1 which was very agreeable to him4 8,it appears10 he said1 8that ,i had been recommended to him by some person of his acquaintance4 ,he came to inquire most cordially1 in true ,american style1 how ,i got along1 and if ,i had need of anything40 ,here1 in uncertainty1 inaction1 and shut out from all the world1 these brave men made light of all the trials and privations to which their bodies were so long and painfully subjected4 ,the ,communists knew too much1 however1 to think of breaking their spirit by bodily suffering2 they had the means of creating cruel anguish in the heart of every priest within those prison walls1 and well they knew how to use it4 ,from every cell came a cry such as no rack or stake could draw from them4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 fifth day of their confinement1 ,f4 ,clerc wrote to his brother3 8,today is the feast of feasts1 the ,pasch of the ,christians1 the day the ,lord has made4 ,for us there is no ,mass to say or hear40 ,just at the hour of leaving the ,conciergerie1 ,,ff4 ,olivaint and ,caubert had the happiness1 so longed for and so unexpected1 of receiving the 8,consoler himself40 ,then came the long days at ,mazas1 and no such consolation possible4 8,oh6 if we could but soon ascend the altar60 cries ,f4 ,ducoudray in the early days at ,mazas4 8,here is a privation to which ,i can never become accustomed40 8,here10 ,f4 ,clerc wrote ,may #e--8;here no confession1 no ,mass1 not even on ,sunday4 ,we are lodged1 fed--it is enough for animals40 8,i pass my time10 ,f4 ,ducoudray again1 8praying much1 suffering some2 for the privation of the ,holy ,mass1 the isolation1 the separation1 are cruel1 but ,i see not the end40 ,on ,may #h an order was promulgated which put an end to all visits2 on that very day ,f4 ,ducoudray had expected to receive our ,lord himself4 8,what a sacrifice60 he exclaims4 8,i have offered to our ,lord this hard trial1 incomparably more painful yesterday than ever1 on account of the precious pledge of the love of the divine ,master4 ,i seek to make my poor heart the altar on which ,i sacrifice4 ,i shall add that of yesterday as new fuel to the sacrifice40 8,six ,sundays passed in darkness10 writes ,f4 ,olivaint1 ,may #ad4 8,how many days without ascending to the altar60 ,and the next day3 8,i am at the fortyfirst day of my retreat4 ,after today1 ,i intend to meditate only on the ,eucharist4 ,is it not the best means of consoling myself that ,i cannot ascend to the altar8 ,if ,i were a little bird1 ,i would go somewhere every morning to hear ,mass1 and then ,i would willingly come back to my cage40 ,the fathers outside the prison walls1 understanding well the longing indicated by these and similar expressions1 had endeavored in every way to find means to answer their desires4 ,but it required infinite precautions to secure the faithful and sure transmission through all the formalities of surveillance4 ,what is there prudence and love together may not accomplish8 ,at last the doors opened2 the prisoners came not out1 but the ,redeemer entered4 ,towards midday of the #aeth the ,long,desired arrived4 ,that tells all4 ,only ,,ff4 ,ducoudray1 ,olivaint1 and ,clerc could be reached at first4 ,each of these was given four sacred hosts1 and each preserved and carried on his breast1 as on a living altar1 the ,god of his heart and his heritage for all eternity4 8,there is no more prison10 ,f4 ,clerc wrote to his brother1 8no more solitude2 and ,i have confidence that if our ,lord permits the wicked to satisfy their malice1 and for a few hours to prevail1 he will profit by them in that very moment to glorify his name by the feeblest and vilest of his instruments40 ,once again1 ,may #bb1 an opportunity was found to reach the captives4 ,two feeble but intrepid women traversed the vast1 deserted districts to ,mazas4 ,this time all measures had been taken1 and each prisoner received a share--four sacred hosts wrapped in a corporal1 as in a shroud1 duly enclosed in a little box with a silk case and a cord1 in order that it might be carried around the neck4 ,coming at that hour1 the ,saviour seemed to say again3 8,i return1 not to live with you1 but to carry you with me40 ,for the end was at hand4 ,we linger for a few moments over the last letters gathered here in a most fragrant1 fadeless wreath4 ,on the #afth ,f4 ,clerc wrote his last letter1 truly his nunc dimittis3 8,ah6 my ,god1 how good thou art6 ,how true it is that the mercy of thy heart will never fail6444 ,i had not dared conceive the hope of such a blessing--to possess our ,lord1 to have him for companion of my captivity1 to carry him on my heart1 and to rest on his1 as he permitted to his beloved ,john6 ,yes1 it is too much for me1 and my thought cannot compass it4 ,and still it is4 ,but is it not true that all men and all the saints together could not conceive the ,eucharist8 ,o the ,god of the ,eucharist6 how good he is1 how compassionate1 how tender6 ,does it not seem as if he made again the reproach3 ,you have asked nothing in my name2 ask now1 and you shall receive8 ,i have him now without having asked2 ,i have him now1 and ,i will never leave him more1 and my desire1 fainting for want of hope1 is reanimated1 and will only increase in the measure that possession lasts4 8,ah6 prison1 dear prison1 thou whose walls ,i have kissed1 saying1 ,bona crux1 what happiness thou hast won me6 ,thou art no longer a prison2 thou art a chapel4 ,thou art no longer even a solitude1 because ,i am not alone2 but my ,lord and my ,king1 my ,master and my ,god1 lives here with me4 ,it is not only in thought that ,i approach him2 it is not only by grace that he approaches me2 but he has really and corporally come to find and console the poor prisoner4 ,he wished to keep him company2 and can he not do it1 allpowerful as he is8444 ,oh6 lost for ever1 my prison1 which wins for me the honor to carry my ,lord upon my heart1 not as a sign1 but the reality of my union with him4 8,in the first days ,i demanded with great earnestness that our ,lord should call me to a more excellent testimony to his name4 ,the worst days are not even yet passed2 on the contrary1 they are coming near1 and they will be so evil that the goodness of ,god will be obliged to shorten them2 but1 at all events1 we are now drawing near to them4 ,i had from the first the hope that ,god would give me the grace to die well2 at present my hope has become a true and solid confidence4 ,it seems to me that ,i am prepared for anything through ,him who sustains me and will accompany me even unto death4 ,will he do it8 ,that which ,i know is1 that if he will not1 ,i shall have a regret which nothing but submission to his will can calm40 ,f4 ,ducoudray gives us his farewell letter also4 ,it ends with alleluia in the heart and the fiat on the lips3 8,i have received all4 ,tuesday what a surprise1 what joy6444 ,i am no more alone4 ,i have our ,lord for guest in my little cell4444 ,and it is true1 credo6 ,on ,wednesday ,i seemed to live over again the day of my first communion1 and ,i surprised myself by bursting into tears4 ,for twentyfive days ,i had been deprived of the rich blessing--of my only treasure6 8,i shut myself in the guestchamber10 he continued1 referring to the room in which the ,last ,supper was eaten1 and that 8upper chamber10 in which the disciples remained concealed until the coming of the ,holy ,ghost1 8and much ,i wish1 after these ten days which separate us from ,pentecost are passed1 to see again the light of heaven4 ,between now and then what events may arise6 ,we are near the crisis2 but if it is prolonged1 we have reason to fear that horrible events will take place4 ,i cannot prevent myself at times from being greatly impressed at finding myself connected with such grave circumstances4 ,but here we make a good retreat1 which will facilitate our entrance into eternity4 ,i have held myself1 from the first day of my arrival here1 ready for any sacrifice whatever2 for ,i have the strong1 sweet confidence that if ,god permits hostages and victims to be made of us priests and religious1 it will truly be in odium fidei1 in odium nominus ,christi ,jesu47#aah7 8,we pray1 pray much1 disposed to live if ,god pleases1 to die if ,god pleases1 as worthy children of our most happy father1 ,s4 ,ignatius40 ,happy the pen that is broken after those last lines4 8,it should be well understood10 wrote ,f4 ,caubert1 8that it is really ,god who gives us courage in our trials2 otherwise the courage would very soon exhaust itself4 ,for me1 ,i have to run often to prayer to renew mine1 like a poor clock that has to be wound up every little while4 ,in a life so isolated1 sequestered and devoid of occupation1 ennui comes quickly4 ,one can easily make himself a rule1 but we cannot always read or pray4 ,i should have experienced much of this in myself during this my three weeks' retreat had ,i not been sustained by this very dose of prayer4 ,you understand that in this monotonous life1 whenever the good ,god hides his presence 7and that is usual1 in order to make the trial greater71 one must often feel the sinking of nature4 ,but this feeling of weakness is precisely the very thing that drives us constantly near to ,god4 ,the good ,god is most admirable in his manner of sustaining the soul through these very depressions4 ,our feebleness is as a chain binding us to his strength1 and as an attraction drawing us to his infinite goodness4 8,you say to me that it must be that ,i suffer4 ,in a measure it is true2 but if one had nothing to endure1 the good ,god would find nothing in his account4 ,he desires to show mercy to all1 and1 that he may do so1 he wills that we should offer him some sorrows borne for love of him4 ,alas6 if one were not a prisoner 7,i speak for myself71 perhaps he would too easily forget that charity requires that we should have compassion on poor sinners1 and offer something for their intention4 ,and then is not the priest the friend of ,god1 and should he not1 by this title1 devote himself to obtaining for his brothers reconciliation with ,god1 the father of all--the father so full of goodness and so ready for indulgence--especially when he hears himself importuned by the voice of a friend80 8,i take little account of the time of my imprisonment10 he wrote later4 8,i prefer to leave all that in the hands of ,god1 and to give up to him the care of all that concerns me4 ,he knows better than ,i what is most useful for my soul4 ,i seek to remember often that one glorifies him so much more1 the more that one suffers for his love and to accomplish his holy will4 ,in reality1 in submitting to the trial1 we practise in an admirable manner the annihilation of ourself4444 ,is it not also by the sacrifice of ourself that we best imitate our ,lord8 ,it is true that my soul has not yet reached to that perfection and to a love so pure and so detached4 ,it is necessary to pass through trials to reach this union with ,god4 ,he sends them1 in his goodness1 to purify the soul and to break down the obstacles which oppose themselves to this union4 ,pray for me1 that ,i may draw this profit from my present trial40 ,a few rapidlywritten words from ,f4 ,olivaint were the last greeting from one of the tenderest hearts and sweetest souls in the world4 8,what deplorable events60 he wrote1 ,may #ah1 to ,f4 ,lefebvre4 8,how well ,i understand the weary souls of other days who fled to the desert6 ,but it is worth much more to stay in the midst of perils and difficulties to save so many unfortunates from shipwreck4 ,my health is always good1 and1 after fortysix days1 ,i am not tired of my retreat--just the contrary40 ,to ,f4 ,chauveau3 8,thanks from my heart4 ,yes1 we are nearing the end1 by the grace of ,god4 ,let us seek to be ready for all that comes4 ,confidence and prayer6 ,how good our ,lord is6 ,if you but knew how1 especially for several days past1 my little cell has become sweet to me6 ,forsan et hc olim meminisse juvabit4 ,who knows that ,i may not regret it some day8 ,i think just as you do--that ,eugene ,count ,eugene de ,germiny should not interfere2 but in the end1 if1 by the favor of ,m4 ,urbain and his associates1 ,i have need of help1 ,i will ask for ,eugene4 ,in any case1 thank him for me4 ,tenderest remembrances to ,armand2 many thanks to all2 benedictions to our friends and benefactors4 ,i believe that all of our own here are doing well4 ,for me1 ,i am perfectly sustained4 ,once more our ,lord is good6 ,yours from the heart4444 ,may #ai1 '#ga40 ,on ,monday1 the #bb;d1 the order was given to proceed at once1 and on the spot1 to the execution of all the hostages confined at ,mazas4 ,this was kept concealed from the prisoners1 but they could not help suspecting it1 from the additional gloom growing every moment heavier and more ominous throughout that evergloomy building4 ,the guards came and went1 exchanging mysterious words among themselves1 replying to the questions of the condemned by threatening allusion1 or by an affected silence even more significant4 ,however1 the director of the prison1 moved by a sentiment of humanity1 or perhaps of prudence1 ventured to represent to the imperious ,commune that an execution in a simple house of detention would be contrary to all forms and precedents2 and consequently they were ordered to ,la ,roquette1 the prison for those condemned to death4 ,it was on this day that the two pious women succeeded in reaching ,mazas1 and giving to each of the ,jesuit priests there four sacred hosts1 with conveniences for carrying them around the neck4 ,nearly all were transferred to ,la ,roquette late in the evening of ,may #bb;d2 but there were so many1 the wagons were not large enough to hold all1 and some were left at ,mazas until the next day4 ,what a moment that must have been when the prisoners1 so long in solitude1 not even knowing who were their companions in misfortune1 came from their cells1 and1 meeting in the office1 beheld and recognized one another6 ,priests1 religious1 laymen1 all surrounded the ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,the transit was long and painful4 ,the prisoners1 forty in number1 were crowded into baggagewagons belonging to the railway of ,lyon1 and exposed to the gaze and the insults of all4 ,they had to cross the populous quarters of the ,faubourg ,saint ,antoine and the ,bastile1 where the insurrection was still mistress4 ,the convoy went at a walk1 between two lines of armed men1 followed by the grossest insults and by a maddened multitude4 8,alas6 monseigneur10 said a priest1 leaning towards the archbishop1 8look at your people now40 ,when they reached ,la ,roquette that night1 they were assembled at once1 without any other formality1 in the hall1 called by name1 and shown by a person with a lantern to a long corridor on the lower floor2 and as each one passed on in the order named1 a door opened and closed upon a captive4 ,the darkness was intense2 but it is good to remember that in some of the cells there was the ,real ,presence1 shedding light and peace4 ,the ,commune was in desperate straits1 and it was at first intended to execute the victims as soon as they should arrive at ,la ,roquette2 but a few hours were gained through the jealousy of the director4 ,in the cells was a bed1 and such a bed6--a pile of straw and a coverlet1 and that was all2 no tables1 not even a chair4 ,still1 ,roquette was better than ,mazas1 for the cells were not vaults1 and1 though one was locked up1 he was not entombed4 ,and1 besides1 they were permitted to see each other by means of a window between every two cells1 and at recreation1 which they were allowed to take in a corridor together1 and even in some unoccupied cell opening into the corridor4 ,food was scarce from the first2 even bread was rare4 ,f4 ,olivaint shared some little things which remained to him with the archbishop1 and had the happiness1 also1 of giving him the ,bread of the ,strong1 for which the prelate was overcome with gratitude4 ,every hour the ,commune was losing ground4 ,it had only strength left for crime1 and it hastened1 with its dying breath1 to order the execution en masse of the hostages of ,la ,roquette4 ,this was modified to sixty at first4 ,at any price the ,commune demanded the head of the priests--those hated men who had troubled the world for eighteen hundred years4 ,about eight o'clock in the evening of ,may #bd1 when the prisoners were in their cells1 there was heard a confused noise in the distance--the voices of men and of children1 a clamor and laughing that was still more terrible1 mixing with the clash of arms4 ,it came nearer and nearer1 and some fifty rascals1 ,avengers of the ,republic1 ,garibaldians1 soldiers with all kinds of arms1 ,national ,guards with all sorts of costumes1 gamins of ,paris1 poured into the prison1 hungry for the blood of six victims1 their share4 ,they rushed the whole length of the corridor containing the cells of our dear prisoners1 and ranged themselves at the head of a small spiral staircase which led to the chemin de ronde4 ,as they passed1 each prisoner was pelted through the grating of his cell with a running fire of insult and sentence of death4 ,then some one1 assuming the office of herald1 summoned the prisoners to be ready and to respond each one as his name was called4 ,after that1 as each name was pronounced1 a door opened1 and a victim presented himself4 ,m4 ,bonjeau1 ,,ff4 ,duguerry1 ,clerc1 ,ducoudray1 ,allard1 and ,archbishop ,darboy were the six chosen4 ,all were present1 all were ready1 and1 in the order named1 the procession began4 ,the archbishop and his companions1 preceded and followed by this frightful escort1 descended the dark1 narrow staircase one by one4 ,so unrestrained was the insolence of the captors that their leader was obliged to interfere4 8,comrades10 he cried1 8we have something better to do than to insult them--that is1 to shoot them4 ,it is the command of the ,commune40 ,no place of execution had been fixed upon4 ,they would have liked to have had it on the spot1 but that would give too many witnesses2 the first chemin de ronde was in view of the prison windows1 and the occupants of the cells on every floor could see all1 hear all4 ,so they passed to the second1 where they would be sheltered by high ramparts4 ,the victims were ranged in a line at the extreme end of this path1 at the foot of the great outside wall4 ,those left behind knelt1 prayed1 and held their breath4 ,the fire of a platoon was heard1 followed by a few scattered shots1 then cries of ,vive la ,commune6 which told that all was over4 ,there were martyrs now1 not victims4 ,towards morning the bodies were thrown into a handcart and carried to ,pre la ,chaise1 where they were tossed into a ditch2 no coffins1 no ceremony of any kind4 8,what matters it10 ,f4 ,olivaint had said and proved--8what matters it to a ,jesuit1 who daily sacrifices his heart1 once to sacrifice his head80 ,two days passed1 and ,friday came1 rainy1 and the prisoners were confined to their corridor4 ,as they were taking their noonday recreation1 a delegate of the ,commune appeared1 and1 standing in their midst1 called off fifteen names4 ,f4 ,olivaint was the first4 8,present10 he answered1 crossing the corridor4 ,f4 ,caubert was second1 and ,f4 de ,bengy third4 ,this last name was badly written1 and worse pronounced4 8,if you mean to say de ,bengy10 he replied1 8it is ,i1 and ,i am here40 ,the condemned men asked to be allowed to go for a moment to their cells1 as some had slippers on1 and no hats4 8,no10 was the response1 8for what remains for you to do you are well enough as you are40 ,new victims were added from other parts of the prison until there were fifty in all1 the number required by the ,commune4 ,these were taken a long road to ,belleville1 a faubourg at a great distance1 in order1 probably1 to excite the passions of the mob1 and rouse them once more4 ,the procession started at about four o'clock from ,la ,roquette4 ,first came a guard bareheaded1 who loudly announced that these were ,versaillais1 made prisoners that morning4 ,the escort consisted of five hundred armed men1 ,national ,guards1 to whom were added1 for this genial occasion1 the ,enfants ,perdus of ,bergeret and rowdies under various names4 ,presently the women1 veritable furies1 and the children joined in1 howling1 shrieking1 imprecating1 blaspheming4 ,the crowd increasing in numbers and insolence1 the guards were obliged to interfere to protect the prisoners1 not from insult1 but from extreme violence4 ,the fury of the mob constantly demanded the moment of execution2 a military band was added to the procession to drown the clamor and make the crowd more willing to wait4 ,finally they reached the entrance to the ,cit ,vincennes4 ,the passage is narrow1 the crowd was enormous1 and growing ever more furious as they neared the end4 ,an aged priest1 who could not keep up1 was shot and killed by a woman1 and dragged to the place of general execution4 ,after a time1 they found some grounds laid out for country parties or picnics1 and an enclosure1 uncovered1 which was intended for a dancinghall4 ,the fifty prisoners were forced into this1 jammed savagely against the walls1 while the crowd showered maledictions upon them4 ,then1 at about six o'clock1 there took place a scene absolutely indescribable2 not an execution1 but a slaughter4 ,they were not shot1 but massacred4 ,one discharge followed another2 there was an attempt made to fire by platoons1 but it was badly managed4 ,the heroines of the ,commune climbed the walls1 urging on the men and insulting the priests4 ,the tumult at its height lasted for about fifteen minutes4 ,at seven o'clock all was ended4 ,the bodies were left stretched upon the ground until the next day1 when they were thrown into a cellar or vault4 ,it was the deaththroe of the ,commune4 ,the blood of the just had cried to heaven1 and ,france lifted up her head4 ,the next day was ,pentecost2 the ,commune was crushed1 the doors of ,roquette were opened1 the bodies of the martyrs were recovered1 and on ,wednesday1 ,may #ca1 the ,jesuit church1 for two months closed like the rest1 was opened once more1 and the funeral ceremonies of the five of their order whose imprisonment we have so hastily followed celebrated with the utmost solemnity4 ,their remains now repose in the ,jesuit chapel of the ,rue de ,svres4 8,there must be victims2 it is ,god who has chosen them40 ,they recognized the divine call1 and went forth rejoicing4 ,ibaut gaudentes4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,iii4 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,part ,,iii4 ,he ,sang4 ,i4 ,beside the well she stood1 and water drew3 ,the bowl1 high held in both her hands1 ,i drained2 ,she smiled1 and sparkles showered of gelid dew ,on my hot hair1 and brows with travel stained4 8,o maiden6 by thy lambs1 and by thy kids1 ,and by that holy1 hospitable hand1 ,know'st thou her name whom ,love to name forbids1 ,that fairest fair one of the faroff land80 ,her eyes grew large2 in wonder half1 half ruth ,she spake1 like one who sorrowed1 yet forgave 8,our land a land of beauty is1 ,o youth6 ,her maids are fair and good2 her sons are brave40 8,o maiden6 by those eyes1 and quivering lids1 ,forgive6 ,from thee ,love hides not his sweet lore3 ,breathe it to none--not even thy lambs and kids--0 ,then whispered ,i thy name1 but told no more4 ,,ii4 ,how base the soldier's revel o'er his wine6 ,the tale around the encampment fire2 the song6 ,would ,i might hear1 ,o maid6 no voice but thine1 ,or clash of swords that meet to right the wrong6 ,why must his earthlier nature taint1 or vex ,man's race8 ,his heart is brave2 his thoughts are large2 ,benigner angels guard thy happier sex1 ,the angels that have innocence in charge4 ,the brightest of that band ,i saw in dream ,to thee make way3 a lily stem she bore3 ,she vanished1 lost in thee1 as gleam in gleam ,is lost3 thou glittered'st brighter than before4 ,,iii4 ,who shall ascend into thy realm1 ,o ,love8 ,it is a garden on a mountain steep3 ,from heaven it hangs1 the woods1 the clouds above2 ,sees many rivers into ocean creep4 ,round it are icy spires2 that vale they guard2 ,but who can breathe the airs that o'er it blow8 ,within it blooms the rose1 and drops the nard2 ,but who can clasp the roses of the snow8 ,the bird that sings there sings as sings a bride2 ,but who her mystic chaunt can understand8 ,o maid1 ,i saw thee ere we met1 and cried1 8,the land she treads on is a virgin land60 ,,iv4 ,gladdening1 as if in founts of ,eden dipped1 ,thy beauty cheers and strengthens hearts forlorn1 ,not like the shafts of ,islam1 venomtipt2-- ,dove's eyes thou hast1 the glances of the morn4 ,thy father's joy art thou1 thy mother's boast2 ,upon the dusty track by pilgrims trod ,laugheth the cripple2 and the warlike host ,divides before thee1 giving thanks to ,god4 ,the merchants praise thee1 and the wandering guest-- 8,her veil down streams with such a humble pride1 ,fairer is that alone than all the ,west ,irreverent boasts of charms that scorn to hide60 ,v4 8,is thy love fairer than each other maiden80 ,the young maids ask me4 ,answer find ,i none3 ,i know but this2--she shines on hearts griefladen ,like visitant from star more near the sun4 ,above her vesture's hem a lustre hovers3 ,whiter her veil than earliest white of dawn1 ,now lifted as on sighs of happy lovers1 ,around her now1 like mist o'er ,hesper1 drawn4 ,sweet is her voice1 as though with saint and angel ,her converse had been ever1 and were still3 ,with her she seems to waft some high evangel1 ,so light her step1 so frank with all goodwill4 ,let her be child1 or girl1 or maid1 or woman-- ,i know not what she is4 ,alone ,i know ,she moves o'er earth like creature more than human1 ,missioned from ,god to spread his peace below4 ,,vi4 ,when1 travelworn1 on thee ,i chance to muse1 ,breezelike the fragrance comes across my heart ,of springflowers breathing sweetness through their dews2 ,so blissful and so bountiful thou art4 ,that hour ,i sing no song2 but all my soul ,inly with laughter loud of music rings3 ,the anthems of a spirit o'er me roll2 ,of virtue1 loveliness1 and love he sings4 ,all light1 the fields of duty round me spread2 ,beyond them honor sits1 with thee beside3 ,a heaven all glory flashes overhead2 ,an earth all rapture trembles like a bride4 ,,vii4 ,changed is my love from what it was when first ,forth from my heart that dream of fair and good1 ,like ,eve from side of sleeping ,adam1 burst1 ,and by me1 when ,i woke1 in glory stood4 ,that dream wert thou6 ,a dream1 and yet how true6 ,still1 still ,i see thee oft beside that brook1 ,standing 'mid lilies in the evening dew1 ,and in thy hand a little open book4 ,dear are such memories2 dearer far than these ,art thou--now known2 a lovely human soul ,running on levels of some spiritbreeze ,with wingd feet to virtue's glittering goal4 ,the songs and sufferings of our native land1 ,the faith that lifts her high all griefs above1 ,these1 and thy daily tasks of heart and hand1 ,thee too have raised1 and with thee raised my love4 ,,viii4 ,my hand1 made strong by years of manly strife1 ,has taught my heart to love in manly sort2 ,i know thee now--a maid--one day a wife2 ,no more a phantom from the fairy court4 ,mine ,arab sires their towers crosscrowned had raised ,like thine1 on crag and peak1 and dwelt therein1 ,hundreds of years ere first in scorn they gazed ,far down on crescent flags of ,saladin4 ,seldom for us the unequal strife hath ceased3 ,age after age that martyrcrown we bear1 ,here in our old untamed1 inviolate ,east1 ,the ,church for three short centuries bore elsewhere4 ,wife of our race must share the heroic mould3 ,a mother 'mid our mothers with calm eye ,must look on death3 like that great heart of old ,must give her own--if ,god so wills--to die6 ,,ix4 ,from things that be around thee stand apart1 ,for ,i thy lover am1 and fight afar3 ,a sword ,i send thee1 that betwixt thy heart ,and alien things henceforth there may be war4 ,i send thee not the trophies ,i have won1 ,tokens of town redeemed1 or rescued shrine3 ,i send a sword2 thy life is now begun3 ,look up6 ,in heaven1 too1 hangs the sword1 a ,sign6 ,with this commandment have ,i bound thine eyes1 ,that1 fixed and set1 henceforth no more they swerve3 ,mine are they4 ,she my life who glorifies ,on me must gaze not1 but that cause ,i serve6 ,x4 ,in single fight we met3 the invader fell2 ,two hosts stood mute1 one gloomy1 both amazed2 ,his eyes1 the eyes of one that hears his knell1 ,on me1 and not my lifted sword1 were raised4 ,forth from that shivered helm outstreamed afar ,his locks duststained4 ,forth from those eyes there shone1 ,baleful in death1 hate's neversetting star3 ,he hoped no mercy1 and he asked for none4 ,then cried my heart1 8,a sister's hands have twined1 ,how oft6 those locks2 a mother's lips have pressed3 ,perhaps this morn the cassiashaking wind ,waved them1 richscented1 o'er his true love's breast40 8,foe of my race10 ,i said1 8arise2 live free2 ,but lift no more against the ,faith thy sword60 ,was it thy prayer1 or but the thought of thee1 ,that sentenced chieftain rescued and restored8 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,,ii4 ,after mature reflection1 the ,lady from ,idaho pronounced the ,dublin ladies the most beautiful in ,europe4 ,i consider the judgment an important one4 ,if the fair arbiter had any prejudice1 it could only be a general one against the recognition of beauty in others of her sex4 ,i have been informed by young gentlemen of my acquaintance who profess a thorough knowledge of womankind that such a prejudice is not unusual in feminine minds4 ,i think ,madame ,idaho was rather astonished at the result of her observations4 ,it is possible that1 before her visit to ,ireland1 she supposed that feminine beauty in ,ireland offered only one style3 that of the robustious or 8,irish washerwoman0 type4 ,she did not say so1 however4 ,while ,i agreed with her1 in general1 in her estimate of the ,dublin beauties1 ,i ventured to ask if their lovely feet were not a trifle too flat and too large for perfect symmetry4 8,not at all10 was the reply4 8,it is the horrid1 clumsy1 broadtoed ,english chaussure that makes the ladies' feet look so broad and flat4 ,if they wore ,american brodequins1 their feet would look as small1 in proportion1 as--ahem6--as those of any other nation40 ,no more on those feet4 ,of the various manifestations of ,irish beauty1 the most engaging is the union of black or darkbrown hair with soft blue eyes1 a skin with the whiteness of milk1 and cheeks with the bloom of the rose4 ,it is inexpressibly soft and attractive4 ,and that wonderful blush that decks the cheek of youth and age6 ,is it the soft moisture of the climate which makes the grass so green1 even in the winter of the year1 that causes the cheek to bloom so rosily1 even in the winter of old age8 ,a magnificent jeunesse of the sterner sex may also be seen on promenade in ,grafton ,street every afternoon4 ,bright1 intelligentlooking1 of splendid physique1 well dressed1 not 8flashy10 the students of the university and the other colleges--the picked youth of the country--are not inferior in appearance to any class of young men in the great educational institutions either at home or abroad4 ,they have an amiable weakness for lightcolored ,jouvins and single eyeglasses4 ,you shall not find two out of twenty unprovided with a glazing for the left eye4 ,they are armed with canes--for use as well as ornament4 ,i witnessed a 8,town and ,gown0 row in ,january of #ahg1 in which the canes did vigorous service4 ,a little snow had fallen4 ,snow is a very precious thing in ,ireland4 ,it does not last long1 and must be used at once4 ,the foolish janitors had swept the snow into little heaps4 ,this was temptation too strong for undergraduates4 ,snowballing commenced4 ,the young gentlemen paid their compliments to the town through the railings of ,college ,green4 ,the unwashed young gentlemen of the town replied vigorously4 ,the fun grew fast and furious4 ,in the delightful excitement of the moment some of the students1 not having the fear of the board before their eyes1 paid their compliments to some of the dons1 who happened to cross the outer quadrangle in cap and gown1 with snowballs of no contemptible solidity4 ,the excitement increased4 ,the gownsmen went outside the college grounds1 and charged on the town ragabrashes who were collected outside4 ,the police intervened in the interest of order1 and were attacked by both parties4 ,the policeman is the natural enemy of the student as well as of the ragabrash4 ,the police proceeded to make some arrests among the leaders of the gownsmen1 and began brandishing their clubs4 ,snowballs were thrown aside1 and canes were used4 ,it was a sight to see the canes go up and down4 ,the gownsmen succeed in rescuing the prisoners from the police1 and retire within the walls1 taking a captive policeman with them1 and cheering in triumph4 ,the police invade the college precincts1 and rush to the rescue of their captured comrade4 ,they are driven out1 and the victorious students follow them into the street4 ,the police suddenly turn on their pursuers1 seize one of the college leaders1 and1 by a pretty piece of strategy1 lift him on an outside car1 and drive off with him at full speed to the nearest police station4 ,rescue was out of the question1 the coup was executed so quickly4 ,everybody rushes after the car1 and the green is deserted4 8,et le combat cessa faute de combattants40 ,after a week of 8hearings0 at the police court and intense excitement among the university men1 the ringleaders were fined4 ,the fines were paid at once4 ,the captured policeman1 who was a little battered and bruised1 received ten pounds from the students for 8stickingplaster40 ,the board wisely let off the offenders with a reprimand1 and the trouble ended in a grand display of fireworks by the students4 ,old ,trinity is an imposing structure4 ,lifesize statues of ,burke and ,goldsmith are placed at either side of the principal entrance4 ,the college grounds cover about thirty acres--a beautiful green spot in the heart of the city4 ,in the centre of the outer quadrangle is a pretty campanile4 ,the provost has a pleasant residence within the college limits4 ,entry into the grounds is free to all4 ,a chief porter1 in a swallowtailed coat and blackvelvet jockeycap1 watches over the principal entrance4 ,the examinationhall1 the library1 the lecturerooms1 the museum1 etc41 are each under charge of a special ,cerberus in a jockeycap1 who shows you the room or building under his particular charge4 ,each ,cerberus expects a gratuity4 ,he will be very obsequious if he gets what his modesty considers a sufficient douceur1 and the reverse if he does not4 ,the new museum building is a fine edifice4 ,the entrancehall and principal staircase are remarkable for the splendid specimens of every variety of native marble they contain4 ,the old rooms1 where the museum now is1 are damp and cheerless4 ,there is an interesting collection of ancient ,irish weapons1 ornaments1 etc4 ,what is said to have been the harp of ,brian ,boroihme will be pointed out to you by the jockeycapped janitor1 who will also inform you that1 though the public is admitted1 the collection is intended for the use of the students1 and not as an exhibition of curiosities4 ,lectures1 to which the public are admitted free1 are given twice a week by the various professors during termtime4 ,i had the pleasure of attending some lectures by ,sir ,robert ,stewart1 the professor of music1 and one by the professor of ancient history4 ,the latter gentleman handled ,mr4 ,froude in an eminently courteous and scholarly manner1 but at the same time most decidedly 8without gloves40 ,his lectures1 however1 were but poorly attended1 while ,sir ,robert crammed the examinationhall with the taste and fashion of ,dublin1 from the ladylieutenant down4 ,all flocked to hear his comparison of the ,scotch and ,irish bagpipes1 illustrated by performers on these instruments4 ,lady ,spencer1 it seems1 has taken the ,irish bagpipes under her patronage4 ,her ladyship seems to be a very amiable and charming person1 but as to her taste in musical instruments--well6 dgustibus non4 ,trinity ,college is on the east side of ,college ,green4 ,on the north is the principal faade of the old ,parliament ,house4 ,it was sold to the ,bank of ,ireland after the ,union4 ,the ,house of ,commons is now the teller's office4 ,the principal faade is of the same order4 ,it is grandly simple and impressive4 ,the semicircular colonnades of ,ionic columns produce a noble effect4 ,this building is said to be the finest development of the order among modern structures in ,europe4 ,i am inclined to think that this pretension is not without foundation4 ,the dingy appearance of all public buildings in ,ireland and throughout the ,british ,islands--the effect of smoke and almost continual rain--detracts greatly from their effect4 ,a porter in livery1 with a scarlet waistcoat and a nose to match1 shows you the ,house of ,lords4 ,a statue of ,george ,,iii4 stands where the throne formerly stood4 ,in all other respects the room remains as it was when ,ireland had 8a ,parliament ,house of her own40 ,tapestries of the ,siege of ,derry and the ,battle of the ,boyne are hung on the walls4 ,if you give your redbreasted conductor a sufficient gratuity1 he will ask you to 8take a chair10 that you may be able to say 8you had a seat in the ,house of ,lords40 ,one must not leave ,college ,green without paying his compliments to the equestrian statue of ,william ,,iii41 which stands nearly opposite the ,bank of ,ireland4 ,the king is costumed en ,romain4 ,the bronze representative of the glorious and pious ,dutchman and his charger have suffered severely at the hands of their enemies4 ,the steed's foreleg1 which is raised1 as in the act of stepping1 has been broken off more than once1 and replaced in contempt of proportion4 ,a curious critic has calculated that1 if the leg were straightened out1 it would prove to be about half a foot longer than the other legs4 ,a gilded wreath on the brows of the statue gives it rather a 8gingerbread0 appearance4 ,at the end of ,college ,street is a bronze statue of ,thomas ,moore4 ,the ,dublin critics call it 8a gloomy horror that murders the memory0 of the poet4 ,the unrivalled songster is enveloped in a long cloak1 and holds a tablet and pencil4 ,he seems to be taking an inventory of the cabs and 8outsides0 that pass his station4 ,the statue reminded me of that of ,mr4 ,lincoln in ,union ,square4 ,both have the same weatherbeaten1 8,ancient ,mariner0 appearance1 even to the trowsers of truly nautical extent4 ,at the end of ,westmoreland ,street--which is a continuation of ,college ,street--is a statue of ,william ,smith ,o',brien1 which is quite respectable in design1 and does not lack spirit in execution4 ,the artist saw that voluminous trowsers are incompatible with bronze or marble4 ,two minutes' walk brings us to the ,city ,hall--formerly the ,exchange--situated on ,cork ,hill4 ,it is a fine building of ,portland stone with a ,corinthian portico of six lofty columns4 ,it is surmounted by a cupola4 ,in the hall is a statue of ,grattan by ,chantrey1 one of ,o',connell by ,hogan1 of ,dr4 ,lucas by ,rontilias1 and of the ,third ,george by ,van ,nost4 ,if you wish to see the ,council ,chamber--which has nothing more attractive than portraits of the various lordmayors1 ,o',connell among the number--a gruff and crusty old porter in blue coat and brass buttons will admit you1 moyennant finance4 ,even an extra obolus will not soften this rough old ,cerberus4 ,we are now close by the ,cork ,hill entrance to 8the ,castle40 ,a figure of ,justice1 or ,fortitude--,i really forget which--surmounts the gate1 and a private of the ,coldstream ,guards stands sentry4 ,he will not stop you1 as entry is free to all4 ,about eleven in the morning is a good time to visit the castleyard4 ,at that hour the guard is relieved1 and a magnificent military band will delight your ears with most excellent music4 ,the castle is a rambling structure1 situated in a poor quarter of the city4 ,there are two quadrangles3 the upper and the lower castleyard4 ,in the upper are the apartments of the viceroy2 in the lower1 the offices and the castle chapel4 ,the only portion of the original building now standing is the ,record ,tower1 anciently known as the ,ward ,tower4 ,irish prisoners of state were here formerly confined4 ,general ,arthur ,o',connor1 ,i believe1 was the last state prisoner who had to endure its hospitality4 ,the castle chapel is really a ,gothic gem4 ,it is built of ,irish limestone and oak4 ,the carving in the interior is exquisite4 ,the windows bear the arms of the various lordlieutenants in stained glass4 ,the verger--a patriarchallooking ,englishman in a long1 gray beard--was very polite and attentive4 ,he looked so 8respectable10 so venerable1 that we hesitated to offer him a gratuity1 lest we might offend him4 ,he soon undeceived us on this point1 for he accepted an ,english shilling2 and pocketed it with an expression of thanks4 ,the traveller through the three kingdoms never fails to discover a great many very respectablelooking persons who are not above receiving gratuities of sums from a threepenny piece upwards4 ,s4 ,patrick's ,cathedral is situated in a poor and squalid portion of the city4 ,the poor buildings which cluster close around it mar its general effect4 ,it was closed when we reached it1 but a silver key will open ,s4 ,patrick's1 like most other buildings1 at most hours4 ,we were informed that in one of the dingy tenements hard by we should find a person who would admit us4 ,we did find him--a man still young1 dressed in very rusty black4 ,he smelled very strongly of whiskey1 entre nous4 ,the interior of the cathedral is simple and grand4 ,in the choir hang the helmets1 swords1 and banners of the ,knights of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,the spot where ,swift and ,stella sleep was the one most interesting to us1 and thither our guide led us at once4 ,swift's memorial is a plain slab of marble affixed to one of the pillars4 ,he is buried in front of it4 ,the church is damp and cold4 ,our guide seems to feel the need of another stimulant4 ,his voice trembles as he reads the caustic dean's inscription on ,marshal ,schomberg's tomb2 for our guide has picked up some ,latin--off the tombstones1 probably4 ,the dean made several applications to the descendants of ,schomberg for funds to raise a monument to their deceased ancestor4 ,but they never vouchsafed a reply to the dean4 ,he finally put up a tablet at his own expense4 ,the inscription1 which was written by him1 shows that he was very bitter on the subject4 ,the place where ,swift lies now needs a little care4 ,our conductor said he had called attention to it in vain2 but1 as ,i said before1 he smelt strongly of the native beverage4 ,there is a very fine monument to the officers and men of the #ahth ,royal ,irish who fell in the ,indian ,rebellion4 ,but the oldest and most remarkable monument in the church is that of ,boyle1 the first ,earl of ,cork4 ,it is from twenty to thirty feet high1 and represents the earl and countess lying side by side1 surrounded by their children1 thirteen in number1 if ,i remember rightly4 ,the figures are kneeling4 ,they are lifesize1 and are colored4 ,s4 ,patrick's has been recently restored in its original style by a wealthy brewer of ,dublin at a cost of seven hundred thousand dollars4 ,it procured him a baronetcy4 ,the grandeur of the interior is not marred by pews4 ,the movable seats--such as one sees in ,notre ,dame and the ,madeleine--are adopted4 ,a pregnant notice is posted on each chair4 ,it informs the public that 8the future sustentation0 of the cathedral depends solely on the voluntary contributions made by the public at the ,offertory4 ,pity the sorrows of the disendowed ,irish ,church6 ,we were not able to visit ,christ ,church and the tomb of that ancient filibuster1 ,strongbow1 as the church was closed for repairs4 ,a wealthy distiller has undertaken the restoration of this cathedral at his own expense4 ,it is said that he also expects to get a baronetcy for his money1 like his rival1 the manufacturer of 8,foker's ,entire40 ,money is a glorious thing1 if one has plenty of it4 ,tom ,stumps1 who sells just enough of man's brainstealing enemy to eke out a miserable living1 is a low1 disreputable fellow4 ,bob ,shallow1 who manufactures the liquid madness en grana and makes a fortune by selling it to ,tom ,stumps and his like1 becomes a distinguished patriot1 a public benefactor1 and 8,sir ,robert ,shallow1 ,esq41 ,justice of the ,peace and coram40 ,the cathedral in ,marlborough ,street is in the ,grecian style1 with a portico of ,ionic columns1 in imitation1 as we are told1 of the faade of the ,temple of ,theseus at ,athens4 ,massive columns separate the nave and aisles4 ,the interior decorations are of great richness4 ,in my humble judgment1 they trench on the florid4 ,the ,four ,courts1 on ,usher's ,quay1 rise in solemn grandeur over the ,liffey4 ,this building stands on the site of the ancient ,monastery of ,s4 ,savior4 ,it was finished in #ahjj4 ,the central front has a fine portico of six ,corinthian columns surmounted by a rich pediment4 ,on the left stands a statue of ,moses4 ,on either side are statues of ,justice and ,mercy4 ,at the extremities of the faades are reclining figures of ,wisdom and ,authority4 ,the main building is flanked by spacious quadrangles enclosed by arcades of stone4 ,the quadrangles are entered by broad and lofty gateways4 ,the main hall is circular in shape1 and about seventy feet in diameter4 ,the 8,four ,courts10 ,chancery1 ,queen's ,bench1 ,exchequer1 and ,common ,pleas1 open into this hall4 ,it is a busy1 buzzing place in termtime4 ,lawyers with plenty of briefs1 and plenty of lawyers without briefs1 may be seen there1 the former having hurried interviews with their clients1 the latter dawdling about with quizzing glasses on their eyes1 exhibiting their wigs and gowns1 and eating oranges and 8currantbuns40 ,the courtrooms are small1 uncomfortable1 badly lighted1 and ill ventilated4 ,the hall is covered by a lantern and a dome supported by ,corinthian pillars4 ,in the spaces between the windows are allegorical altirelievi--,justice1 ,wisdom1 ,liberty1 ,law1 etc41 and medallions of ,moses1 ,lycurgus1 ,solon1 and other great lawgivers4 ,during night sessions a colossal statue of ,truth1 holding a torch lit by gas1 illuminates the hall4 ,over the entrances to the courtrooms are basreliefs of subjects in ,english and ,irish history4 ,the hall contains statues of ,lord ,plunkett and other legal celebrities4 ,the customhouse is on ,custom,house ,quay1 four or five squares east of the ,four ,courts1 and1 like the latter building1 looks upon the ,liffey4 ,the riverfront is about a hundred and thirty yards long4 ,the portico is ,doric4 ,the ,union of ,england and ,ireland is allegorically represented in alto relievo4 ,the sister kingdoms are sailing in the same shell1 while ,neptune drives away ,famine and ,despair4 ,the building is surmounted by a lofty dome which bears a statue of ,hope4 ,dublin is well supplied with means of locomotion at cheap rates4 ,there are omnibuses1 streetrailroads1 outsides1 insides1 covered cars1 and four wheelers4 ,the fourwheeler is something the same as the ,new ,york coup4 ,the fares for cars or coups are sixpence ,english per trip for two persons1 sixpence for each additional person1 and an additional sixpence for each stoppage or 8setdown40 ,the streetcars1 or 8tramway cars10 have seats on the roof1 which are a few cents cheaper than the seats in the interior4 ,the 8top seats0 are much used by all classes in fine weather4 ,the city ordinances are very strict regarding cabmen and cardrivers1 and the magistrates show the 8jarveys0 no mercy when they are proved to have made overcharges or illegal demands4 ,the drivers are consequently very careful in their dealings with the general public4 ,if you have a trans ,atlantic flavor about you1 8jarvey0 will expect a gratuity4 ,you give him his exact fare4 ,in order to keep within the law1 he does not make a demand for a greater sum1 but1 allowing the coin to rest on his open palm1 he looks at it with an air of superb disdain1 and then1 eyeing you with a sidelong glance1 he asks with an air of primitive innocence3 8,an' what's this for1 sir80 8,for your fare10 you reply sharply1 with a determination not to be imposed upon4 8,humph60 he says4 8,shure it's a mighty long dhrive for half a bob4 ,faith1 it's hard for a poor divil to make a livin' nowadays40 ,ten to one you agree with him1 and give him an additional threepence or sixpence1 which he receives with enthusiastic wishes that your life may be prolonged to an indefinite extent4 ,our party patronized the fourwheelers extensively1 but never had the hardihood to venture on an 8outside0 in daylight4 ,we were averse to public display4 ,during our stay in ,ireland we tried the 8outside0 on one occasion only2 then it was against our will4 ,fortunately1 it was at night4 ,we reached ,dublin1 from a visit to some friends in the south1 by the #aj ,p4,m4 train4 ,all the coups and covered cars were engaged4 ,our lodgings were about two miles from the railway station4 ,walking1 with the travelling 8traps0 necessary on ,british railroads1 was out of the question4 ,we were compelled to take an 8outside40 8,how do you feel80 ,i asked the ,lady from ,idaho after we were seated and had started4 8,rather out of place10 she replied4 8,i feel as if ,i ought to be a little intoxicated40 ,her answer expressed my feeling exactly4 ,it seemed to me that ,i was going 8on the biggest kind of a spree40 ,railroads furnish rapid transit to suburban retreats where reside professional and commercial men whose business is in the city4 ,one can live in the pleasant little village of ,kingstown1 the harbor of ,dublin1 six miles from the city1 and reach ,dublin in fifteen minutes4 ,trains run each way every halfhour4 ,it has taken me an hour and a half to come from ,eightysixth ,street to the ,city ,hall by the streetcars4 ,this was when we met with no accidents1 and made a good trip4 ,but ,new ,york has the worst locomotive arrangements of any city in the world1 and immeasurably the dearest4 ,i had counted upon finding a great many beggars in ,ireland4 ,i expected1 whenever ,i alighted from coach or car1 to have to run the gauntlet of a crowd of hungry petitioners4 ,i was most agreeably disappointed4 ,during my stay in ,ireland ,i was asked for charity in the public streets only once4 ,it was in ,dublin1 by a wretchedlooking woman with a sick child4 ,a fine view of ,dublin is obtained from one of the eminences in the ,phnix ,park4 ,it takes in the entire line of quays4 ,this view has something of a reduced and smokeblackened effect of ,paris4 ,the ,phnix is one of the finest and most extensive parks in the world4 ,it covers nearly eighteen hundred acres4 ,it is true that art has not done much for it1 but nature has done a great deal4 ,it possesses some of the most beautiful characteristics of ,english park scenery--beautiful green lawns1 dotted with clumps of trees4 ,large herds of deer course swiftly over the uplands1 or stop in groups1 half frightened1 to reconnoitre1 in a coy sideglance1 the intruder into their domain4 ,charming rides1 drives1 and walks invite the dwellers in the city to pure air and healthful exercise4 ,a portion of the park is railed off into a 8,people's ,garden10 where poor as well as rich have free ingress1 and can gladden their townweary eyes with the sight of growing shrubs and budding flowers1 and graceful waterfowl sailing on the pretty meres4 ,a lofty monument to the ,duke of ,wellington--not possessed of any artistic grace1 however--crowns one of the knolls4 ,on the right of the main avenue is the ,viceregal ,lodge4 ,near it is the column1 mounted by a phnix1 erected by the celebrated ,lord ,chesterfield1 who first caused the park to be thrown open to the people4 ,the ,english ,government never sent to ,ireland a viceroy who had less prejudices against the people he was sent to govern4 ,somewhere in his celebrated letters he speaks of 8his friends the ,irish10 and says3 8,they always liked me1 and ,i liked them40 ,the ,viceregal ,lodge1 with its dependent buildings1 is a delightful summer retreat4 ,i do not wonder that the viceroy should be glad to see the return of spring1 that he might get away from the poor locality in which the castle is situated4 ,the ,hibernian school for soldiers' children is situated at the lower extremity of the park4 ,the ,zological ,gardens are not far from the ,king's ,bridge entrance4 ,the collection is a fair one1 but the damp climate does not agree with the animals1 and they have the same woebegone appearance as their fellow sufferers in the ,regent's ,park4 ,the elephants have a faded1 mildewed appearance4 ,the furred animals are suggestive of wornout hair trunks4 ,in neither the ,dublin nor the ,london ,gardens do they look so bright and sleek as1 under the brighter sky and more genial atmosphere of ,paris1 in the ,jardin des ,plantes and the ,jardin d',acclimatation4 ,the collection of lions is good4 ,among them is a noble leo which the keeper informed us was born in the gardens4 8,why1 he is an ,irish lion60 said one of our party1 hazarding a gentle joke4 ,there was no response from the keeper4 ,not the merest ripple of a smile4 ,decidedly1 the ,irish in ,ireland are becoming a serious people4 ,between the ,under ,secretary's ,lodge and the ,hibernian ,school is the historical tract known as 8,the ,fifteen ,acres40 ,it was a celebrated duellingground in the old days1 when a 8crooked look0 was followed by an invitation to pistols and coffee4 ,there it was that 8the ,queen's ,bench went out with the ,common ,pleas10 and the 8,chancery winged the ,exchequer40 ,it was there that ,daniel ,o',connell met ,mr4 d',esterre1 and killed him4 ,beyond the park lie the famous 8,strawberry ,beds10 where the ,dubliners crowd1 in the season1 to enjoy their 8sweet strawberries smothered in cream40 ,an omnibus plies regularly between the city and the ,botanical ,gardens at ,glasnevin2 but it is better to take a fourwheeler1 and suit your own time and convenience4 ,make your bargain with ,jehu before you start1 however4 ,the gardens are about thirty acres in extent4 ,the cemetery where lie the ashes of the great orators1 ,curran and ,o',connell1 is at ,glasnevin4 ,the monument to ,o',connell is an imitation of that puzzle to antiquarians--the ,irish ,round ,tower4 ,the effect of the monument is not good4 ,it seemed to me grotesque and out of place4 ,i could not at first explain to myself why it produced such a harsh1 unpleasing effect4 ,a glance at the veritable ,tower of ,clondalkin enlightened me4 ,the mock tower wants the mellowing touch of artistcenturies to soften down its hard1 new outlines1 and make it seem in keeping with the repose that reigns in the ,city of the ,dead4 ,a pilgrimage to the birthplace of ,thomas ,moore was a labor of love which we promised ourselves would be among the first performed after reaching ,dublin4 ,we learned that the spot where the bard first saw the light was in ,anngiers ,street1 generally pronounced by the ,dubliners ,aingers ,street4 ,everybody we asked professed to know all about it1 yet nobody could tell us the number of the house4 ,anngiers ,street is not a very long street4 ,we concluded to go through it from end to end1 and at either side1 examining every house in detail4 ,anngiers ,street commences at ,stephen ,street1 in rear of the castle1 and extends to ,bishop ,street4 ,it is not a particularly clean street4 ,it is only just to say1 however1 that it is no dirtier than continental1 transatlantic1 or ,britannic streets of like degree4 ,we began our pilgrimage at the wrong end1 but our patient search was at length rewarded4 ,the house is ,no4 #ab1 at the corner of ,anngiers ,street and ,little ,longford ,street4 ,it was then occupied by 8,thomas ,healy1 ,wine and ,spirit ,merchant40 ,according to some of little ,tom's biographers1 the old house has always been devoted to the sale of intoxicating beverages4 ,his father was what ,uncle ,sam calls by the undignified name of 8rumseller40 ,but 8honor and shame from no condition rise10 and ,tom's muse may owe her seductive1 anacreontic blush to his early associations4 ,a weathersoiled and smokeblackened bust of the poet occupies a niche between the windows of the second story4 ,the house has been recently painted and renovated4 ,when these repairs were commenced1 the bust was removed by the proprietor1 and was not replaced at their completion4 ,the worthy vender of wine and spirits who occupied the house1 though he believed in filling bumpers fair1 and their power of smoothing the brow of ,care1 was probably rather bored by the continual visits of votaries to the shrine of the poet4 ,the sacrifices of these pilgrims to the rosy muse were most probably merely theoretical4 ,they did not 8send round the wine10 or order any of it sent to their address in the city4 ,they took none of those 8brimming glasses0 generative of 8wit's electric flame40 ,a plague on such pilgrims6 say ,i1 marry and amen6 ,the bust of the bard shall no longer be a beacon for them4 ,but the statesmen and critics who sit at the base of ,nelson's ,pillar soon noticed that the niche was empty4 ,their poetical ire was raised to an unpleasant degree4 ,they brought such influences to bear on the proprietor of the ,cradle of ,genius that the bust was at once restored to its accustomed niche4 ,the ,dubliners have a passion for flowers and rockwork4 ,every available foot of ground in front and in rear of their houses is devoted to the cultivation of flowers and the building of miniature grottos4 ,the city is spreading very fast1 and rows of cottages are building in the suburbs on all sides4 ,in general1 the houses are not what we ,americans would call comfortable4 ,the fireplaces are very small2 for coal is scarce and dear1 and a bundle of kindlingwood1 composed of half a dozen chips not much larger than matches1 is an object of purchase4 ,the grates seem constructed to throw out smoke instead of heat4 ,in this they are well seconded by the moist1 heavy atmosphere4 ,living is good and cheap1 however--about one fourth cheaper than it is in our principal cities on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,liquors are good in quality and moderate in price4 ,clothing of all kinds costs twothirds less than in ,new ,york1 and is not 8shoddy40 ,the ,english custom of wearing flowers in the buttonhole prevails in ,dublin4 ,the commerce in flowers is therefore extensive1 and the shops devoted to that charming traffic make delightful displays of floral treasures4 ,the ,irish fruit1 however1 with the exception of strawberries1 gooseberries1 and currants1 is inferior to ours4 ,american apples are for sale at all fruiterers'1 at prices very little greater than those of ,new ,york4 ,carving in 8bogoak0 is quite an important trade in ,dublin4 ,indeed1 it may much more probably be called an art4 ,i have seen some very artistic specimens of bogwood ornaments--statuettes1 groups1 etc4 ,ladies' chains1 brooches1 and bracelets of ,irish bogoak were very fashionable a year or two since4 ,the fashion extended even to ,london and ,paris4 ,the ,dublin streets are dull at night4 ,the quality of gas supplied the city is poor4 ,early closing is pretty general1 and all the principal stores are closed at dark4 ,doubtless this is better for the clerks and shopmen1 and more economical for their employers4 ,but it is not so pleasant for that large class of the community who love to saunter along the lighted streets in the evening1 and feast their eyes on the treasures in the illuminated shopwindows4 ,there is little to tempt the tourist into the ,dublin streets at night4 ,i should advise him--or particularly her--to avoid promenading on ,saturday evening4 ,i regret to say that evening is very generally observed by handicraftsmen and laborers1 and even by shopmen and clerks1 as a ,bacchanalian festival4 ,the number of persons who sacrifice to the rosy god at the week's end is lamentably great4 ,monday is a workmen's holiday1 and it is very hard to get mechanics to work on that day4 ,the unsavory localities of ,dublin are designated by strange names4 ,here are a few by way of example3 ,bow ,lane1 near the ,insane ,hospital founded by ,dean ,swift1 who1 as he says or sings1 8,left the little wealth he had ,to build a house for fools or mad1 ,to show1 by one satiric touch ,no nation wanted it so much02 ,cook's ,lane1 ,paradise ,row1 ,cuff ,street1 ,bride ,alley1 ,lung ,lane1 ,smoke ,alley1 ,black ,horse ,lane1 ,bull ,alley1 ,pill ,lane1 ,marrowbone ,lane1 ,pig ,town1 and ,stony ,batter4 ,one ,corpus ,christi4 8,flowers8 ,are they for a bride80 he said1 ,and wondered if that graceful head1 ,now bent to catch the soft perfume1 ,was soon to wear their tender bloom2 ,but when she raised her modest eyes1 ,and answered him in half surprise1 8,no1 they are for our ,lord10 he smiled1 ,and thought3 8,this is indeed a child40 8,give me the loveliest10 she said 8,delicate white and rosy red1 ,and heliotrope and mignonette1 ,all that you know and ,i forget2 ,and heap these crimson roses1 so3 ,yes1 they are costly1 that ,i know2 ,but what can be too fair or sweet ,to strew beneath ,his sacred feet80 ,the light was fading2 broken flowers ,lay scattered through the aisles in showers2 ,for all their fragrant wealth that day ,had marked the ,master's glorious way1 ,and now1 before the altarrail1 ,a girl knelt1 motionless and pale4 ,a line of sunlight touched her hair1 ,her slender hands were clasped in prayer2 ,in silent bliss the moments passed1 ,for she had lingered to the last1 ,unconscious1 in that holy spot1 ,of eyes that watched and wearied not4 8,how beautiful60 the whispered thought1 ,all human1 all of earth1 she caught2 ,and reading what that thought expressed ,by the one keynote in her breast1 ,uplifting her adoring head1 8,is ,he not beautiful80 she said4 ,a thrill of awe1 a flush of shame1 ,he knelt1 and named his ,saviour's name4 ,softly she glided from the place3 ,he never looked upon her face2 ,low bent to earth his suppliant head1 8,o ,lord6 make me a child10 he said4 ,relatio ,itineris ,in ,marylandiam4 ,narrative of a ,voyage to ,maryland4 #afcc4 ,by ,f4 ,andrew ,white1 ,s4,j4 ,the most beautiful chapter in the colonial history of ,north ,america is that setting forth the colonization of fair ,maryland1 ,terra ,mari1 or1 as she was preeminently called1 the ,land of the ,sanctuary4 ,and yet this is1 strange to say1 one of the least read and least known of the chapters of our early history4 ,every ,american knows all about the ,puritan ,pilgrim ,fathers1 and the ,mayflower1 and ,plymouth ,rock1 and all the facts and fictions concerning the settlement of ,new ,england4 ,most ,americans devoutly believe1 upon the authority of ,new ,england orators and historians1 that the ,pilgrim ,fathers aforesaid were the founders of the civil and religious liberty now organized in this great republic1 mistaking a strife for sectarian ascendency and domination for a contest for the great principles of religious liberty4 ,in point of fact1 the ,puritan ,pilgrims held in intense horror the very principles now so generously assigned to them4 ,they wanted1 not equality1 but supremacy4 ,it was only in ,catholic ,maryland that religious equality was truly established1 both by the design of the ,catholic proprietary1 ,lord ,baltimore1 and by the legislative enactments of the freemen of the province1 who cordially invited all persons persecuted for their religious belief to find not only a refuge in ,maryland1 but all the rights and privileges1 civil and religious1 enjoyed by themselves1 the founders of the colony4 ,here1 and here only1 then1 do we see the first rays of true civil and religious liberty in the ,american colonies--a glimmer of light in old ,s4 ,mary's like ,portia's candle3 8,portia--,that light we see is burning in my hall4 ,how far that little candle throws his beams6 ,so shines a good deed in a naughty world40 ,if now1 indeed1 the greater glory dims the less1 we must not forget the light of the candle in the then surrounding darkness4 ,everything connected with the early history of ,maryland is1 and ought to be1 deeply interesting to every ,american of liberal culture or sentiment4 ,we are pleased to see that the ,maryland ,historical ,society is making earnest efforts to gather and save all the fragmentary lore pertaining thereto4 ,the volume we now have in hand bears evidence of the fact4 ,we give the titlepage in full1 as a summary of its substance3 8,fund ,publication1 ,no4 #g40--,relatio ,itineris in ,marylandiam4 ,declaratio ,coloni ,domini ,baronis de ,baltimoro4 ,excerpta ex ,diversis ,litteris ,missionariorum1 ab anno #afce1 ad annum #afch4 7,seal of ,maryland ,historical ,society47 8,narrative of a ,voyage to ,maryland4 ,by ,f4 ,andrew ,white1 ,s4,j4 ,an ,account of the ,colony of the ,lord ,baron of ,baltimore4 ,extracts from different letters of missionaries1 from the year #afce to the year #afgg4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,a4 ,dalrymple1 ,s4,t4,d4 ,baltimore1 ,february1 #ahgd4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 7,printers to the ,maryland ,historical ,society740 ,the ,historical ,society gives us a neat octavo volume of nearly #bjj pages1 issued in a style that would do credit to any publishing house in ,america1 or1 for that matter1 in ,europe either4 ,the learned editor1 ,dr4 ,dalrymple1 tells us in the preface where and how these valuable documents were obtained3 8,about the year #ahcb the ,rev4 ,william ,mc,sherry1 ,s4,j41 discovered1 in the archives of the #8,domus ,professa' of the ,society in ,rome1 the originals of the ,,mss4 which are named on the titlepage4 ,he carefully copied these ,,mss41 and placed the copies in the library of ,georgetown ,college1 ,d4 ,c41 of which institution 7being at the same time the provincial of the society in ,maryland7 he afterwards became the honored president40 ,translations were made and printed of these manuscripts2 but1 copies being nearly exhausted1 the ,historical ,society determined to make a new issue1 accompanying the new translation with the ,latin text1 as far as that could be obtained1 some pages of the original transcripts being unfortunately lost4 ,the present volume is of the new issue1 and it is little to say that its contents are intensely interesting4 ,it is quite charming to follow good ,f4 ,white1 missionary1 saint1 scholar1 8vir non minus sanctitate vit1 quam doctrina conspicuus10 in his humble and earnest and successful labors among the savage aborigines of ,maryland4 ,his great soul was given up to his holy mission4 ,we follow the little fleet1 the ,ark and the ,dove 7what beautiful and significant names--the ark of ,noah1 and the dove sent forth by the patriarch671 over the waste of waters1 where they had not only the dangers of the sea1 but ,turks and pirates1 to dread1 even from the ,british ,channel onward over the whole ,virginian ,ocean4 ,on the #beth of ,march1 ,a4,d4 #afcd1 the pious missionaries celebrated1 as they believed1 the first ,mass ever said in ,maryland4 ,but it seems that some of their own order had preceded them on this field2 for as early as #aegj ,f4 ,segura and other ,spanish ,jesuits from ,florida were endeavoring to bring the ,indian tribes on the shores of the ,chesapeake into the ,christian fold1 when they were ruthlessly murdered before the rustic altar on which they had daily offered the ,holy ,sacrifice for the traitors who slew them 7,woodstock ,letters74 ,the colonists in ,s4 ,mary's soon made friendly relations with the ,indians1 and the missionaries had the inexpressible happiness of bringing many over to the true faith4 ,the fathers would oftentimes leave the dwellings of the whites to abide entirely with the ,indians1 though the governor disapproved of remote excursions1 on account of the treachery of hostile tribes1 who were always hovering around the borders4 ,the fathers1 moreover1 had no light duties in attending to the spiritual wants of the colonists themselves1 who were largely1 but by no means exclusively1 good ,catholics4 ,in those primitive days1 when all the freemen of the province met in general assembly for the purposes of legislation1 ,f4 ,white and his colleagues were summoned to take part in the sessions2 but they declined the honor1 and1 as 8they earnestly requested to be excused from taking part in the secular concerns of the colony1 their request was granted40 ,they could do their work more effectively1 ad majorem ,dei gloriam1 in the rude ,indian wigwam where they had established an altar1 than in the hall of the legislative assembly4 ,lord ,baltimore obtained lands from the ,indians by purchase1 and not by conquest1 and colonists and ,indians and missionaries were usually upon the most friendly terms together4 ,the ,indians treated the strangers to their dishes1 to pone and omini1 and roasting ears1 and game1 and fish1 and oysters2 and1 in return1 during a season of famine1 the ,indians were supplied from the not overabundant stores of the colonists4 ,the natives then were not inclined to strong potations3 8,they are especially careful to refrain from wine and warm drinks1 and are not easily persuaded to taste them1 except some whom the ,english have corrupted with their own vices40 ,alas6 from that day to this how many untold thousands of the children of the forest have been sent1 body and soul1 to perdition by the infusion and diffusion among them of ,english vices6 ,the missionaries give accounts of their labors with a navet that is charming4 ,we can see them starting on the broad river in a little boat--a father1 an interpreter1 and a servantman of all work1 with their supplies of bread and cheese1 and dried corn and beans1 with a bottle of wine for religious purposes1 a casket with the sacred utensils1 and a table as an altar for performing sacrifice1 and another casket with trifles for the ,indians--bells1 combs1 fishinghooks1 needles and thread1 and other such commodities4 ,they take a tent to cover them when beyond the reach of ,english residents1 and1 after a weary day's work1 they lie down by the open fire to take their rest4 8,if fear of rain threatens1 we erect our hut1 and cover it with a larger mat spread over2 nor1 praise be to ,god1 do we enjoy this humble fare and hard couch with a less joyful mind than more luxurious provisions in ,europe40 ,in fact1 they are so happy in their work that they think ,god gives them already a foretaste of the blessed life of the future4 ,upon one of these excursions a friendly ,indian was pursued by enemies and transfixed with a spear2 they 8pierced him through from the right side to the left1 at a hand's breath below the armpit1 near the heart itself1 with a wound two fingers broad at each side40 ,some of the man's friends were converts1 and they called in ,f4 ,white to prepare him for death4 ,the missionary gave him suitable instructions1 taught him short prayers1 and received him into the church1 and1 touching his wounds with relics of the most holy cross1 took his leave1 directing the bystanders1 when he should breath his last1 to take him to the chapel for the purpose of burial4 ,the next day this same ,indian1 with a companion1 followed the father in a boat1 showed him the red spots where the wounds were of the previous day1 exclaiming 8that he is entirely well1 nor from the hour at which the father had left yesterday had he ceased to invoke the most holy name of ,jesus1 to whom he attributed his recovered health40 ,the people of the lower counties of ,maryland have always had a reputation for culture1 refinement1 and good manners4 ,they appear to have these traits by inheritance4 8,the ,catholics who live in the colony10 writes a missionary 7,a4,d4 #afdj71 8are not inferior in piety to those who live in other countries2 but in urbanity of manners1 according to the judgment of those who have visited the other colonies1 are considered far superior to them40 ,we find we are extending what was intended for a brief notice into a regular article1 for which the reader may or not thank us2 an abiding and essential interest in the cause must be our apology4 ,we will say but little more1 though the theme admits of vast expansion4 ,in ,lord ,baltimore's ,declaratio1 or account of the colony--which1 by the way1 is very much couleur de rose 78,it is sad to contrast the glowing accounts of ,maryland in the ,declaratio and the painful experience of the missionaries10 says the editor with great justice7--we find him inviting his countrymen to go to his colony1 not only to better their material interests1 but also to spread the seeds of religion and piety--a work1 he says1 dignum angelis1 dignum ,anglis4 ,this recalls to mind the happy witticism of the great pontiff who sent ,augustine to perform the same work with the ,english themselves4 ,there is scarcely a page of this new issue of the ,relatio1 and the accompanying letters1 that does not invite special interest4 ,surely those missionaries were men of ,god1 living and dying to serve him only4 8,i would rather10 writes ,f4 ,brock1 laboring in the conversion of these ,indians1 8expire on the bare ground1 deprived of all human succor1 and perishing with hunger1 than once think of abandoning this holy work of ,god from fear of want40 ,within a few weeks after writing that letter1 worn out with privations1 he went to rest from his labors4 ,good ,f4 ,white1 seized by ,claiborne's rebel soldiers1 was sent in irons to ,england1 where he died like a saint1 as he had lived4 8,his selfdenial1 privations1 and sufferings10 says ,dr4 ,dalrymple1 himself a ,protestant minister1 8and the touching patience and cheerfulness with which they were all endured1 move our profound respect and admiration4 ,f4 ,white deserves a high place of honor amongst the many heroic missionaries of the ,society of ,jesus40 ,what wonderful men they were indeed1 the old ,jesuit missionaries6 ,we of the present day could scarcely believe their lives possible but for the ,f4 ,de ,smets and kindred spirits who repeat them even in our own day4 ,laudamus viros gloriosos4444 ,omnes isti in generatione su gentis gloriam adepti sunt4--,eccles4 cap4 xliv4 ,we may repeat that the ,maryland ,historical ,society has done a good work in bringing out this volume anew2 and its agents1 editor1 translator1 and publisher have all done their work in the most creditable manner4 ,we observed in the translation1 excellent as it is1 some few points open to criticism2 as1 e4g41 p4 #aj1 8,to the ,very ,rev4 ,father1 ,general ,mutius ,vitelleschi40 ,the comma is misplaced between father and general4 ,on p4 #aa it is said1 speaking of ,s4 ,clement1 8who1 because he had been tied to an anchor and thrown into the sea1 obtained the crown of martyrdom40 ,a man is not a martyr because of his execution in any fashion1 but because of the principles for which he suffers4 ,we find1 on p4 #ab1 the word ,sabbatum rendered ,sabbath1 instead of ,saturday1 which would convey the true idea in this case4 ,there may be some other slight inaccuracies of the same or a similar kind1 but1 upon the whole1 they are unimportant1 and the translation is a fair and creditable rendering of the text4 ,finally1 we would say that if the reader would wish to spend a few hours1 safely1 profitably1 and pleasantly in field and camp1 with true soldiers of the cross1 let him obtain and read the ,relatio ,itineris1 with the accompanying documents4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,iv4 8,de ,fil ,en ,aiguille407#aai7 ,by the time we had been a fortnight at ,r---- ,r----1 the sentiment of the dolce far niente7#abj7 of the ,italians seemed gradually to take possession of ,mary and myself4 ,i sketched a little1 and ,mary sat in the loggia1 reading occasionally1 and dreaming a great deal4 ,frank was still absent2 having1 in the most unjustifiable way1 undertaken a complete tour in the ,abruzzi1 accompanied by his friend1 ,don ,emidio ,gandolfi1 who had given him rendezvous at ,monte ,casino4 ,one day1 however1 when ,i came home from a delightful ramble all over the gardens of the ,villa 8,mon ,caprice10 ,mary greeted me with the exclamation3 8,frank will arrive the day after tomorrow1 and ,don ,emidio is coming with him40 8,i thought it had been settled ,don ,emidio was to go back to ,rome40 8,settled by whom1 my dear ,jane8 ,i conclude he has changed his plans40 8,well6 ,i know how it will be3 we shall have none of ,frank's society2 he will for ever be making excursions with ,don ,emidio where we cannot go40 8,their distant excursions are over2 and we want them for all the places we have to visit near ,naples4 ,up to now we have been so taken up with the ,vernons that ,i have not cared for much more than the walk backwards and forwards to their house and our own4 ,but we have a great deal to see1 and ,i am longing to begin40 8,oh6 ,don ,emidio has seen it already a dozen times4 ,it would only bore him to go over it again40 ,i cannot conceive what made me say this to ,mary4 ,i think ,i was cross4 ,i know ,i was tired and hot with my walk4 ,she made no answer for a few seconds2 but ,i felt she was looking at me4 ,and so ,i did that stupid thing which one always hates doing and cannot the least prevent--,i blushed4 ,having thus made myself look like a fool1 ,i glanced at ,mary1 and our eyes met4 8,do you dislike ,don ,emidio1 ,jane1 that you speak in that way80 8,dear me6 no1 not at all4 ,i only did not suppose he would care to go over all the old places again40 8,it is not always the places2 it is sometimes the company that is the chief attraction40 8,oh6 yes2 ,i know ,don ,emidio is devoted to ,frank40 8,i think he likes us all1 ,jane40 8,no one can help liking you1 ,mary2 and ,i dare say he does not dislike me40 8,is that all you think about it1 my dear80 8,of course it is4 ,what more is there to think about it80 ,and then1 as ,i knew ,i was blushing again1 ,i went out of the room to take off my hat4 ,but ,i did not care to go back to ,mary directly1 for fear she should say anything more to make me cross4 ,so ,i ran down to ,villa ,casinelli to have a chat with the ,vernons4 ,i found them all in a state of very great excitement4 ,ida was looking anxious1 her eyes glistening like diamonds1 and a bright1 hectic spot on each cheek--which ,i never like to see1 knowing how delicate she is4 ,elizabeth1 who is always calm and gentle1 and rather slow in speaking and moving1 was sitting opposite ,ida1 with her large1 dark velvet eyes full of tears4 ,as ,i entered1 ,ida started up1 exclaiming3 8,o ,jane6 what do you think those dreadful ,casinelli have done now8 ,this morning1 before anybody was up1 they cut down the chapel bell1 which was hung outside the door on our floor1 near the servants' rooms1 so that ,lucia might ring it every morning4 ,and now1 today1 a feastday1 on which the congregation was sure to be numerous1 when ,lucia went to ring the bell for the first time 7you know we always ring it thrice71 she found that the rope was left dangling1 but no bell4 ,after hunting about everywhere1 one of the ,camerota1 the father of your ,paolino1 found it tied to a figtree on the terrace just above the chapel4 ,the contadini7#aba7 are in a wild state of indignation1 and ,i really am at a loss to imagine what will happen next2 for what with the insult to religion1 the annoyance to ,padre ,cataldo1 and the constant anxiety to ourselves1 ,i begin to think we shall have to throw it all up1 and leave this place40 ,i had already heard a great deal about the ,casinelli and their extraordinary conduct4 ,indeed1 ever since we had been near neighbors to the ,vernons1 the ins and outs of this intricate and truly ,italian intrigue had formed one of the chief themes of our daily conversations4 ,but to enable my readers to follow the plots and stratagems of this ,macchiavelian family1 ,i must give an account of the whole group4 ,my story will represent a state of things not1 ,i imagine1 to be found anywhere out of ,italy4 ,every nation has its characteristics1 its qualities1 and their corresponding defects4 ,the peculiar finesse and acuteness of the ,italians make them the best constructors of a plot that imagination can conceive1 and give them a proportionate facility for carrying it on and working it out4 ,they are natural born actors4 ,and they can so identify themselves with the character they wish to assume that not only is it exceedingly difficult for the most diligent observer to detect the false from the true1 but ,i doubt if even they themselves do not end in interiorly confusing the two so absolutely as to efface all moral lines of demarcation4 ,they can make themselves a false conscience on a gigantic scale1 and end in themselves believing the lies they have invented4 ,the ,casinelli are a numerous family1 consisting of seven daughters and two sons1 all equally endowed with the faculty1 of assuming a part1 not for days or weeks1 but for years or for a whole life4 ,the one fixed and determinate object of the nine persons is1 as is usual with ,italians1 to make money4 ,to obtain wealth1 and always more wealth1 all means seem lawful to them1 and no stratagem too low4 ,the house1 garden1 and vineyards of ,casinelli make altogether a nice and profitable little property1 and1 of course1 it belongs to them all--that is1 each has a share in it4 ,they have wisely agreed that more will be gained by their all holding together1 as regards the property1 than by any division1 especially as it is but small4 ,they reserve a few rooms on the ground floor of the house for their own use1 though their residence is principally in ,naples4 ,the other two sets of apartments in the house they let to strangers4 ,but in order to make sure of all the fish that may come to the net1 the elder brother is stated to be the owner of one of the suites of rooms1 and one of the sisters of the other4 ,the sister professes to be a very dragon of virtue1 and will receive no tenants who do not bear an unspotted reputation1 and who cannot also give evidence of a more than merely respectable position of life--they must be well1 and even highly1 connected4 ,the brother1 on the contrary1 is quite ready to part with his rooms to anybody who pays his rent4 8,what does he care about who they are1 or what they do1 so long as he gets his money80 ,and in the case of the honest man happening to have a preference for the brother's rooms1 while the gay ,lothario has set his heart on the spinster's domain1 ho6 presto1 the proprietorship is quickly changed2 the brother owns the sister's side of the house1 while the sister is the fair possessor of the brother's portion4 ,if you are so ill advised as to look dubious and express an impression that it had been otherwise1 you are met with a calm1 indulgent smile at your evident deficiency of intelligence3 8,dear me6 no4 ,were you not aware it was nothing of the kind8 ,some repairs necessary to be made in my brother's rooms had led to his holding mine for a time4 ,he wanted them for a friend of his4 ,i regretted the fact2 but ,i was not acquainted with the character of the tenant when ,i conceded my rooms to my brother1 because ,i was myself called from home0 7or some such reason71 8and was unable to attend to the letting4 ,i deeply regretted the fact2 but it was done without my knowledge40 ,and thus they turn about2 always contriving to run with the hare1 and hunt with the hounds4 ,as a rule1 it is the sister who comes forward and acts as padrona7#abb7 when the parties wishing to hire either set of rooms are evidently respectable4 ,if they are the reverse1 the rooms are let nevertheless1 but then it is the brother who meets the storm4 ,and thus they enact the little man and woman who come out of the clock3 the lady in fair weather1 the gentleman in greatcoat and umbrella when it is wet4 ,i am not aware of what the ,casinelli family motto is2 but it ought to be1 8,divide and govern40 ,for they adopt the same doublesurface process as regards politics4 ,one brother is a staunch ,bourbonist1 the other a fervent ,liberal4 ,in public each bewails the opinions of the other4 ,and thus1 between the two1 they catch the favor of both parties1 and divide the spoils between them4 ,if circumstances call for extreme measures in order to gain some end in view1 the whole family will combine together to fall upon one particular member who1 for the time being1 represents some political view at that moment discredited4 ,their lamentations over the one black sheep are long and loud4 ,everybody's sympathy is appealed to2 everybody must lend an ear to the terrible calamity which has befallen their illustrious family1 inasmuch as one of the race has been1 or is1 guilty of--1 whatever the crime in question may be4 ,such grief1 such indignation1 expressed on the highest moral grounds1 attracts attention1 procures small favors from compassionating friends1 creates at least an interest1 and adds to their importance and consideration2 while all the time the black sheep himself is privy to the whole affair1 and receives1 in the secrecy of the domestic circle1 his full share of indemnification for having stood as whippingboy for the rest of the family4 ,he keeps quiet for a little while1 as being under a cloud4 ,then presently he reappears to enjoy the results of his own condemnation4 ,the elder brother and sister1 who are the prima donna and tenor of the domestic comic opera1 are always said to be on bad terms with each other2 not that they are so in reality1 but because1 if one has made a bad bargain or inconveniently offended anybody1 the other can immediately step forward1 pretending severely to blame the delinquent1 and offering his or her services to repair the injury1 or1 in the case of a bad bargain having been made1 insisting on a readjustment of the case2 not from personal motives1 having1 as he or she states1 no interest in the matter1 but solely from a sense of justice4 ,in short1 they 8hedge0 in a way that would make their fortune a thousand times over at ,epsom or ,ascot4 ,no matter what horse loses1 they are sure to have made up their book in such a way that they must win something out of whatever happens4 ,and1 meanwhile1 the member of the family who appears to the outsider to take his part against all his own kith and kin obtains the eternal gratitude of the deluded individual1 who is not aware that he has been assisting at a family intrigue1 based upon his own misfortune1 and intimately and minutely combined by the whole set of them4 ,when the ,vernons wished to rent one of the suites of apartments1 it was the elder sister who came forward with expressions of the warmest delight4 ,what she had long desired had been that some family should reside there who had a chaplain1 and that thus their pretty little chapel1 entirely cut out in the tufa rock on the sands of the seashore1 which rock forms the foundation of the house1 would again come into use4 ,she was eloquent in describing how that formerly that chapel had been so useful to the numerous vignaiuoli and their families living on and near the premises4 ,they themselves1 she stated1 were no longer rich enough to afford themselves so great a consolation1 now that the one brother who had been in the priesthood was dead4 ,she was quite certain that ,padre ,cataldo was a saint2 and1 for her part1 no one but the ,vernons should inhabit that part of the house1 for their mere presence would bring a blessing on all the rest4 ,she even talked of restoring whatever was wanting in the chapel1 and doing it up4 ,it had been sadly neglected1 and the cobwebs hung in festoons from the rude but effective carving above the altar on the coved roof and the walls4 ,the subject of the basreliefs was the ,assumption1 and1 though roughly done1 it had a very good effect1 scrolls and angels' heads being intermixed with the principal figures1 and the whole distempered in white picked out with bright blue4 ,a great deal was said about the reparations1 and the ,vernons1 who did not then know what sort of people they had to deal with1 imagined all that was required for the use of the chapel would be found4 ,they soon discovered their mistake1 and1 beyond a little cleaning done1 they had to provide almost everything4 ,as soon as the ,vernons had prepared it1 the eldest ,casinelli brought all her friends to look at it1 that they might admire the piety of her family1 and learn the sacrifices they had made in order to afford this consolation to the neighborhood6 ,but wisely judging that unforeseen circumstances might occur which would show their interests and the way to make more money might lie in another direction1 the eldest brother was directed to assume quite another tone4 ,he was therefore deputed to act the sceptic on the occasion1 and make supercilious remarks about his sister's excess of piety1 and the inconvenience and folly of these extremes of devotion4 ,he shrugged his shoulders about it1 and lamented that1 not being master1 he could do nothing to refrain her from so rashly committing herself to possible expenses1 and even to probable difficulties with the present government1 from the presence of a zealous and hardworking ,jesuit father4 ,at the same time1 he gave no handle against himself in the matter1 but preserved an outwardly civil manner towards the ,vernons1 and a cold regret towards ,padre ,cataldo4 ,as time went on1 the ,vernons discovered that there was an everincreasing difficulty about all that was requisite for the altar4 ,the altar linen was withdrawn1 and they had to find their own4 ,the vestments were borrowed one day1 and never returned4 ,by the time we arrived1 almost everything for the service of the altar was the property of the ,vernons2 and ,ida's active fingers had achieved the happiest results from very limited materials4 ,meanwhile1 there could be no doubt of the good that was being done in the neighborhood from the reopening of the little chapel and the active piety of ,padre ,cataldo4 ,the parish church is a long way off1 and up a very steep hill4 ,the result is that few of the little children and women could get to church at all4 ,there is a chapel1 dedicated to ,our ,lady of ,dolors1 by the roadside at ,posilippo1 but it is very small4 ,and there is another built by the ,minutoli when1 for love of the poor1 they left their beautiful villa of 8,mon ,caprice10 and raised an asylum for the aged poor1 and a house to which they themselves retired1 giving away all they could spare from their own modest requirements4 ,but this also is somewhat at a distance2 and1 moreover1 the population is large1 and the accommodation altogether but scanty4 ,i have seldom seen more fervor and devotion than in the little chapel at ,casinelli1 hewn out of a rock1 with its simple decorations and a few natural flowers on the altar4 ,there was no music1 and ,i cannot for a moment pretend that there was the slightest approach to harmony in the loud1 harsh1 powerful shouting which the ,italian peasantry are content to mistake for singing4 ,but1 at least1 there was real devotion1 as they sat with eyes fixed on the preacher1 who so beautifully and so earnestly discoursed to them as a father might to his children4 ,i have often seen the tears streaming down their cheeks2 and then from time to time we would hear of first this and then that hardened sinner who came creeping back to his or her duties1 and making us all glad4 ,several small boys served at the altar2 and as the honor was highly prized1 they had been made to come in rotation to obviate quarrels4 ,one small creature of about four years of age1 and who had quite the most marvellous eyes and the longest lashes ,i ever saw1 was specially pertinacious about his rights4 ,in short1 there was something touchingly primitive and real about the whole thing which could not fail deeply to impress us who came as strangers into this little seaside sanctuary4 ,as we sat waiting for the priest to arrive1 or in the silent parts of the ,mass1 we could hear the waves lapping the yellow sands just outside the halfclosed door4 ,this was the public entrance2 and sometimes1 in rough weather1 ,i think it must have entailed a little sprinkling of salt water on the worshippers4 ,we entered the chapel by a flight of marble stairs1 in a tower which led from the inner court of the ,villa ,casinelli1 and which stairs brought us into an aisle of the chapel1 cut further in the rock1 and consequently always somewhat dark4 ,i remember ,mary's going to ,mass before breakfast1 and having desired ,paolino to bring her coffee1 and put it in one of the niches of the marble staircase2 which he did1 greatly amused and pleased at so unusual a proceeding4 ,it was never1 however1 repeated1 for the wind blew fresh and cold1 and the ,vernons were almost hurt at what might look like a mistrust of their ever ready and abundant hospitality4 ,there was altogether something about the arrangement and position of the chapel so unlike the beaten ways of everyday life that1 united as it is with the memory of the beautiful short addresses of the father and the devotion of the people1 it remains in our minds heightened by a tinge of romance4 ,and now there was the fatal apprehension that all this was to be destroyed4 ,it was some little time before ,mary and ,i could quite make out what this suddenlydeveloped though long smouldering hostility to ,padre ,cataldo and the ,vernons could mean1 the ,casinelli had appeared so anxious to be civil to the latter1 and had professed such delight at first that the chapel should be reopened4 ,at length we learnt the facts of the case1 which were as follows3 ,the ,vernons had been residing at ,casinelli for about two years1 and doing a great deal of good in their immediate neighborhood1 when an ,italian gentleman1 a strong ,liberal1 and openly professing infidelity1 applied for the set of apartments corresponding to those occupied by the ,vernons4 ,in this case it was the brother who appeared as the owner1 and who1 careless of all save his rent1 let it at once to the ,martorelli1 as we will call the gentleman in question and the lady who accompanied him4 ,this1 of course1 was a grand opportunity for the sister to come forward in the family comedy1 and enact her part4 ,so with loud bewailings and great disturbance of the whole household1 she took to her bed1 and sent for all her acquaintances to come and bewail with her the wickedness of her brother1 who had let the apartments to such people--not even respectable6--and so brought a slur on his father's house4 ,everybody was entreated to pray that the brother's hard heart might be touched and his conversion effected4 ,but1 in the meanwhile1 nothing was done by any member of the family to prevent the ,martorelli from taking quiet possession1 as tenants1 of a property which belongs to all the ,casinelli1 and about the letting of which1 therefore1 every one had a voice4 ,this case was so glaring a one1 and was so likely to bring the ,casinelli into disrepute1 that it was found necessary to drill all the members of the family to act the part of outraged propriety4 ,therefore all the seven sisters refused acquaintance with the newcomers1 while they redoubled their attentions to the ,vernons1 wearying them with reiterated invectives against the ,martorelli1 and ostentatiously going the whole round of the garden1 rather than run the risk of meeting them in the avenue which leads to the principal entrance4 ,six months elapsed1 and during that time the brother was a constant guest at the ,martorelli's1 while more and more he evinced a marked absence of civility towards the ,vernons1 and especially towards ,padre ,cataldo4 ,on one occasion1 as the brother returned from dining with the ,martorelli1 he said something positively insulting to the ,vernons1 whom he met in the garden4 ,this was overheard by some of vignaiuoli17#abc7 and was repeated to the seven sisters1 who accordingly went in a body1 the next day1 to call on the ,vernons1 with redoubled regrets about their brother and about the vicinity of such objectionable people as the ,martorelli1 who1 however1 they rejoiced to add1 would certainly vacate the apartment in another month4 ,the ,vernons1 knowing no reason to doubt their statement1 were naturally gratified to hear it1 as the garden belonged equally to all the inhabitants of the house1 except a very small portion assigned to each family1 only sufficient for the cultivation of a few flowers4 ,time1 however1 wore on1 and another six months had expired without making any difference as regarded the presence of the ,martorelli4 ,far from showing any signs of intended departure1 ,signor ,martorelli was allowed to undertake several improvements in the house and garden at his own expense4 ,about the same time some of the sisters called on ,padre ,cataldo1 and1 without making any allusion to the works that were being carried on by their tenant1 they informed him1 with every demonstration of zeal1 that the lady who resided in the house with him had shown some signs of a better state of feeling than the gentleman2 and that1 in short1 she was a very interesting person--one about whose welfare they could not but feel anxious4 ,they added that1 when she saw people going to and from the chapel1 she was noticed to sigh deeply1 and had actually expressed surprise that no one had ever invited her to enter the chapel2 while1 on the other hand1 their brother was always taunting them with a want of real charity in having avoided any intercourse with this perhaps repentant sister4 ,they had therefore1 they asserted1 after many misgivings1 come in a body to consult his reverence as to what he would advise them to do4 ,personally1 they could have no wish to know such people2 but here1 possibly1 was a question of the salvation of a soul1 and all selfish sentiments must be laid aside for that4 ,perhaps their knowing her might do good2 did his reverence not think that1 with such an end in view1 they ought to sacrifice their natural aversion1 and call on the interesting lady8 ,of course the only reply that a priest could make to such a question was that no consideration should stand in the way when any hope of doing good is in question4 ,and then all the seven damsels1 breaking forth in expressions of submission to his advice1 and appearing to take it as if the initiative had come from him1 with pious phrases and low courtesies1 left his reverence's presence4 ,from that day the greatest intimacy and constant intercourse sprang up between the two families4 ,the seven sisters and the young lady were inseparable4 ,signor ,martorelli's sentiments and principles were deeply bewailed2 but if her husband1 as he is called1 and as we hope he is1 showed so little religion1 at least she was a promising subject2 and whenever they saw the ,vernons1 it was always to relate the growing success of their happy manuvre4 ,time1 however1 sped on his way1 and no practical results followed4 ,signora ,martorelli entered no church1 while the man threw off the mask1 and openly began to do the devil's work among the pious contadini7#abd7 of the place4 ,he would send for two or three of the young lads at the hour of ,mass on ,sundays and feast days1 and promise them a trifling sum1 if1 instead of going to church1 they would execute some commission for him4 ,when they hesitated1 he would laugh at their scruples1 and ridicule their attachment to the ,jesuit father1 and their caring to have objects of devotion like a rosary or the picture of a saint4 ,by degrees his discourses to them became impregnated with positive blasphemy2 he grew bolder in his expressions of hatred against religion1 and more virulent in his attacks on the ministers of the church4 ,at length he had messages conveyed to the ,vernons1 to the effect that the bell for ,mass 7which was never rung before #h o'clock7 was an intolerable nuisance to him2 and he threw out hints of revenge if it was not discontinued4 ,whenever it was rung1 suddenly furious sounds proceeded from his part of the house4 ,and really it would seem as if the wretched man were seized with the rage of the possessed1 and that1 when that bell sounded1 the devil entered into him4 ,the ,vernons' servants became the objects of mysterious threats and of vile calumnies4 ,a wretched peasant was bribed to frighten one of them at night2 and a more daring sinner1 but who afterwards repented with tears1 was induced1 by promises of money1 to fire at ,padre ,cataldo one evening as he was entering the avenue where the man stood concealed4 ,at length the climax was reached which ,i have related at the beginning of this chapter1 and the ,mass bell was cut down in the night1 and hung upon a figtree4 ,i remained a long time with ,ida and ,elizabeth1 discussing what would be the best course to pursue2 and as ,i have got so far in the history of the ,mass bell1 ,i think ,i had better carry it on to the end1 though it will lead me beyond many of the other incidents of our stay at ,posilippo4 ,it was decided that ,ida should write very civilly but very firmly to the elder sister1 remonstrating at the bell being removed4 ,the sisters rose up in a body1 and all together intoned a loud lamentation over the wickedness of the world4 ,it was their desire the bell should be replaced1 and that in all things the reverend father should do whatever he thought proper4 ,it was impossible to say who had removed the bell2 no one could so much as guess who could be at the bottom of so much wickedness2 but as it was quite overwhelming1 the eldest sister1 true to her traditions and habits1 retired to bed1 informed her friends of the circumstance1 and gathered them round her couch for two days of sympathy and condolence4 ,the bell was1 of course1 replaced by the still trusting ,vernons2 but the atheistic ,martorelli only escaped condign punishment at the hands of the indignant contadini through the remonstrances and commands of ,padre ,cataldo1 who1 in this instance1 had unusual difficulty in getting his orders obeyed1 and in preventing the insults that had been heaped upon him from being revenged by his loving but hotheaded ,italian penitents4 ,the next ,sunday morning ,mary and ,i1 who had far less faith in the possibility of any sincerity in the ,casinelli than even the ,vernons1 listened anxiously for the first sound of the ,mass bell4 ,my watch was1 ,i suppose1 in advance of the right time2 for it was five minutes past eight1 and ,i had not heard a sound1 when ,mary came running in with the joyful exclamation that it was all right1 and that the bell was pealing loud4 ,the good ,posilippians looked out of their cavernous houses1 and peeped from their windows2 and as we stood at our garden door1 we could hear them calling to each other just as ,mary had done to me--that the bad man had not dared again to cut down the bell in the night4 ,it was not long1 however1 before ,martorelli1 whose rage knew no bounds1 began to express his threats against the ,vernons1 and especially against their chaplain1 too loudly to escape notice4 ,the father himself was well aware of these threats1 because they never failed to be repeated by the people about the place1 who were all devoted to him4 ,of course he avoided telling the ,vernons1 for three girls and one aged lady could do little in the matter1 except feel very anxious for his safety4 ,on the other hand1 he was not the man to avenge1 or even protect1 himself4 ,but as he was constantly out till late in the evening1 preaching at different churches1 giving retreats1 and visiting the sick1 several of the men who formed part of the congregation decided that he was never to be allowed to go down that treacherous winding path which leads from the ,strada ,nuova through the vineyards and garden to ,casinelli1 except accompanied by one of them4 ,the terraces are admirably adapted for shooting down upon your enemy1 as he passes just beneath you1 while you lie concealed amongst the beans above4 ,at length some of the wiser and more authoritative of the men1 disgusted at the annoyances to which the females of the ,vernon household were exposed1 and at the threats against ,padre ,cataldo's life1 had ,martorelli summoned before the magistrates as a disturber of the peace4 ,this strong measure kept him quiet for some time2 and it was during this happy interval that ,frank and ,don ,emidio ,gandolfi returned from their long wanderings1 ,frank1 of course1 to take up his abode with us1 and ,don ,emidio to return to his ,neapolitan villa1 his principal residence being in ,rome4 ,the day of their return we were all sitting in the loggia together watching the evening light1 which1 falling on the rocks of ,sorrento and on the island of ,capri1 seemed to turn them into pink topaz set in a sapphire sea4 ,i was eagerly relating the history of the bell to our two gentlemen1 and1 forgetting that ,don ,emidio was an ,italian1 ,i launched out in strong expressions against the cunning and intrigue of the whole nation4 ,in the midst of my harangue ,i suddenly looked up1 and there was ,don ,emidio leaning forward with his elbows on his knees1 his hands loosely clasped1 his deep1 calm eyes fixed on my eager face1 and a slight1 sly smile curving his welldefined mouth4 ,i stopped dead short1 and blushed to the eyes4 ,we were so used to seeing him with us1 and to hearing him talk in his perfect ,english1 that1 in the heat of my discourse1 ,i forgot ,i was abusing his countrymen4 ,frank laughed outright when1 looking at ,don ,emidio1 he saw the expression which had so suddenly arrested me1 and ,mary alone looked sorry for me4 8,o ,don ,emidio60 ,i exclaimed1 8,i forgot you were not one of us4 ,i forgot you were an ,italian40 8,it needs no apology1 signorina4 ,i agree with a great deal that you say4 ,in the first place1 you spoke chiefly of ,neapolitans4 ,i am only half a ,neapolitan4 ,and1 secondly1 whatever you may think of ,italians you are too just not to believe there are many honest men amongst them40 8,you are very kind to let me off so easily4 ,no one who knew ,padre ,cataldo1 who is a ,neapolitan1 could fail to believe in the possibility of honest ,italians40 8,excuse me1 signorina1 if ,i say that you would be nearly as far wrong in taking ,padre ,cataldo as a guarantee for there being honest men amongst us as you would be in believing us all rogues because you have met with people like the ,casinelli40 8,why so80 8,because saints are as much an exception to the generality as are accomplished ,machiavellians like the ,casinelli40 8,you are right10 said ,mary4 8,but do you not think that just as the ,french are specially addicted to vanity1 so the ,italians are to intrigue80 8,i do4 ,it is the reverse of the medal4 ,the ,french are sanguine1 and the drawback to that is selfconceit4 ,the ,italians are astute1 and the corresponding defect is cunning40 8,as ,emidio is too sensible to be thinskinned at our speaking out our thoughts10 interrupted ,frank1 8,i must say that ,i have always thought the ,italians great in duplicity40 8,the ,italian does not care to tell you an untruth about a trifle4 ,if he did so1 it would be from carelessness rather than from purpose4 ,but when once he sees his way1 or thinks he sees it1 to accomplishing some distant and important end1 then the full strength of his closeknit mind and his marvellous faculty of mental investigation are brought to bear4 ,he is unscrupulous because he is passionate4 ,not passionate only as a sudden burst1 but condensed1 sustained passion4 ,the object he has in view1 no matter what it be1 becomes the object of his passion1 and gradually he weaves around it the web of his whole being4 ,with fixed1 undeviating purpose1 he bends all things to one point4 ,if truth will serve him1 he will employ truth2 where that fails1 deceit will be as readily adopted4 ,he overlooks mountains and valleys1 walls and barriers1 in pursuit of his end2 or rather he sees through them1 as if they were merely a mist1 and fixes his unflinching gaze on what he is resolved to obtain beyond them4 ,so long as his purpose is unchanged1 nothing will stay his progress4 ,once that changed1 no matter how or why--out of his own will or through the will of others--and the whole fabric of deceit passes from him like a mantle loosely draped from his shoulders1 only to be resumed when next required40 8,you seem to me to have made it out very clearly1 ,emidio10 said ,frank4 8,now1 what is the good side of this disagreeable picture80 8,the good side is the strength of will and the power of sustained and concentrated thought and purpose4 ,turn all that in the right direction1 and you will find it leads you to a long list of heroic saints1 surpassed in no country1 and equalled only in ,spain1 where some of the like characteristics exist40 8,but surely10 said ,i1 8,france also is a great land of saints40 8,no doubt4 ,but1 generally speaking 7of course there are exceptions71 they belong to a different category4 ,the greatest contemplatives have been ,italian or ,spanish40 8,but1 ,don ,emidio1 ,i don't like to think that nationality1 which seems to include temperament1 and even climate1 can have anything to do with the making of ,god's saints40 8,and why1 signorina1 should you object to it when ,he who makes his saints makes also the climate and the temperament8 ,he has linked the outer and inner world too closely together for us to have any reason to be astonished that he should observe certain general laws in connection with the gifts of his highest graces40 ,mary started forward from the depths of her armchair1 and said eagerly3 8,then do you really think that the slower temperament and depressing climate of ,england1 for example1 have prevented1 and will prevent1 our country from being honored by great saints80 8,i am very far from thinking it4 ,on the contrary1 and strange as it may appear at first sight1 there are certain characteristics amongst the ,english which assimilate them1 in my mind1 to the ,italians in a way ,i never could assimilate the ,french4 ,i allude to your steadiness of purpose and to your reserved and silent habits4 ,these qualities1 when laid hold of by grace1 tend to lead to contemplation and mystic holiness1 much as do the qualities we have spoken of among ,italians40 8,then1 ,i suppose1 the extraordinary energy and versatility of the ,french are likely to make them more active than contemplative40 8,just so1 signorina1 and yet there have been wonderful exceptions2 and ,i should be wrong in making out anything like a rigid rule4 ,in the first place1 #8the wind bloweth where it listeth'2 and1 in the next1 the demarcations of national character are not sufficiently strong to necessitate any given development of even mere natural qualities1 much less of spiritual qualities40 8,i suppose1 in short1 all you really mean1 ,don ,emidio10 resumed ,mary1 8is that1 when it pleases ,god to make a saint in the full acceptation of the term1 he makes use of natural conditions blended with the supernatural40 8,god always works with a method1 signora--by rule and measure4 ,we cannot solve all the divine problems2 but we know that they are according to truth and justice40 ,don ,emidio's last words seemed to shut us all up in silent thought4 ,frank went on puffing at his cigar in a way which set my wicked imagination wondering how far smoking was conducive to meditation4 ,but then ,i never heard of a saint who smoked4 ,perhaps if any very holy man1 whose canonization was in progress1 had been given to smoking1 the devil's advocate would lay hold of it1 and try to destroy the cause4 ,i do not think tobacco was much in vogue when the great modern saints lived4 ,s4 ,philip ,neri1 for instance1 that largehearted1 8largesleeved07#abe7 saint--,i wonder if1 in these days1 he would have smoked8 ,but then he was a priest4 ,that makes a great difference4 ,i think a layman might have an occasional cigar4 ,there is that dear old ,frank lighting his second4 ,but ,don ,emidio has had only two tiny cigarettes4 ,what nonsense runs in my head6 ,and1 meanwhile1 the red lights have all died away4 ,capri lies like a large1 dense cloud on the bosom of the sea2 and though all the sunlight has faded from the sky1 there is a strange color of mingled purple and orange that seems to flash upon the water1 and that ,i never saw anywhere except in the ,bay of ,naples4 ,presently we are roused from our reverie by the sound of voices2 and ,ida's tall figure stands by the open window looking out upon us1 while ,elizabeth and ,helen are behind4 8,how silent you all are60 exclaims ,ida with a laugh4 8,i am afraid we shall disturb you40 8,oh6 it is only that ,don ,emidio has been talking to us so much about heroic sanctity that we are all in a state of depression from the consciousness that we have no hope of ever reaching it40 8,i am quite sure you never will1 if you set about it in this melancholy fashion4 ,besides1 nobody is a saint till he is dead2 and who knows but what you may live to pray at my tomb yet80 8,yours1 ,ida dear80 said ,mary quite gravely4 8,why not8 ,there are so many kinds of saints2 and ,i may yet come out as quite a new variety4 ,but that is not what ,i am come about4 ,padre ,cataldo is gone to see the poor man ,i told ,mary of this morning4 ,he has got the fever1 and1 when he is delirious1 he keeps calling so piteously for the padre that this is the second time today he has had to toil up our hill to go to him1 besides all his other toils4 ,as soon as the man is pacified1 he promised to come here4 ,he told us at dinner that tomorrow will be a free day1 and that for once he could make an excursion with us1 if we liked to go to ,bai40 ,it was soon all settled4 ,i thought it strange the two gentlemen did not wish to ride1 but preferred coming in the carriage with us4 ,for my part1 ,i longed to be on horseback1 and1 in their place1 ,i would have ridden4 ,padre ,cataldo looked in for a moment to learn our plans1 and then ,don ,emidio took leave of us4 ,he had a long way to drive home4 8,your villa is on the ,vomero1 is it not80 ,i said4 8,no1 signorina2 it is at ,capo di ,monte4 ,do you prefer the ,vomero80 8,oh6 dear1 no4 ,i think ,capo di ,monte very beautiful40 ,he was holding my hand1 as he wished me goodnight4 ,i thought what an odd question it was to ask me4 ,what could it matter which ,i liked best8 ,i told ,mary ,i thought ,don ,emidio was sometimes a little absent1 and hardly knew what he was saying4 ,but ,i suppose ,mary did not agree with me1 for she only smiled and made no answer4 ,the next morning ,i overheard ,mary lamenting to ,frank about the way in which ,paolino disturbed her rest1 beginning1 as early as halfpast four1 firing at the little birds in the garden4 ,i used to envy that lad his faculty for early rising4 ,the first streak of light through his shutterless window saw ,paolino on the alert4 ,and then he would go strolling out into the garden1 leaning over the low wall that divided our entrance from the main road1 hailing all his comrades on their way to their work1 whistling and shouting to his sisters1 who lived in a portion of the villa where we had originally thought of taking apartments but for its dirty and miserable condition4 ,these noises so early in the morning1 and close to our windows1 were bad enough2 but when to these the constant firing of a gun was added1 ,mary's powers of endurance failed4 ,it would have been a waste of feeling to compassionate the birds1 who flew away from ,paolino's aim with perfect impunity4 ,it was therefore from no apprehensions for the few songsters of a garden in ,southern ,italy that we complained4 ,but all day long ,paolino was absent at inopportune moments1 attempting a hopeless massacre of sparrows and finches4 ,he had often been scolded about it1 but the instinct of sport in the boy was superior to any fear of being found fault with4 ,when at length it reached such a pitch that ,mary even was induced to complain1 ,paolino had to endure a sharp scolding from ,frank4 ,the result of which was that1 a few hours after1 he took the gun1 with tears in his eyes1 to ,monica1 requesting her to carry it to his father1 that through him it might be returned to the friend who had lent him the fatal weapon4 ,he alleged that he had not the moral courage to have the gun in his possession1 and yet refrain from inordinate use of it2 and thus1 as he said1 the only way was to put the occasion out of his reach4 ,the little birds enjoyed peaceful matins ever after1 and ,paolino rose wonderfully in our esteem4 ,the roomy landau and the impish coachman were ready early to take us on our long excursion2 while ,pascarillo1 the coachman's master1 and the owner of many carriages1 provided another conveyance for the rest of the party4 ,don ,emidio went with ,mary1 ,ida1 and myself2 ,padre ,cataldo and ,frank with ,mrs4 ,vernon and the other girls4 ,we took the ,posilippo road1 intending to return by the ,grotto of ,puzzuoli4 ,nothing can be more beautiful than the view which greets you at the top of the hill1 and which1 in a steep winding descent1 brings you to the town of ,puzzuoli4 ,to the left is a high bank of verdure covered with flowering shrubs1 and here and there a goat browsing on some almost inaccessible peak4 ,the sea always seemed to me to be even bluer here than in the ,bay of ,naples4 ,we drive past places bearing some of the grandest names of antiquity2 ,puzzuoli itself was once a 8little ,rome02 ,cicero's villa was here2 here ,sylla died4 ,temples unrivalled in beauty covered those hillsides1 and villas with umbrageous trees were dotted all over those flat plains where the willows wave their long1 yellow twigs amid rows of tall poplars1 and here and there a plane tree4 ,here are the market gardens that supply ,naples1 or rather a portion of them4 ,but all the land is full of sulphur springs1 and it is only in certain seasons of the year that ,puzzuoli and its neighborhood is fit for habitation4 ,then ,neapolitans and strangers come to take the sulphur baths1 the hateful vapors of which catch our breath as we pass4 ,i have a growing sense of everything being unreal around me2 and no length of time or habit removes the impression4 ,the sea has swallowed up onehalf of the spots sacred to classic memories4 ,but where are the trees of ,cicero's villa that ,pliny praises8 ,what wild havoc or gradual but most obliterating change has availed to wipe away all but the faintest traces of what once was looked on as a paradise8 ,fire and water alike have combined to erase the last relics of that luxurious pagan time4 ,the volcanic action in all this part of ,italy and the encroaching ocean have sufficed to wipe out all but the faintest indications of a state of luxury1 wealth1 architectural beauty1 and lavish decoration to which old ,phnicia1 ,greece1 and ,rome had lent their aid in the long course of ages4 ,never was ruin greater1 perhaps1 since the beginning of the ,christian era4 ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 ,nineveh and ,babylon1 have passed away more entirely4 ,but in ,puzzuoli1 ,misenum1 ,cum1 and ,bai the ruin is more pathetic1 from the fact that enough remains to betray how vast those villas and baths and temples once were1 and how absolutely the aggressive force of silent nature has overpowered and swept away or buried the proud achievements of man4 ,we proceed from one marvel of destruction to another4 ,the ,mare ,morto is to our right1 shrunk to a tiny lake2 and yet this was to have been1 when completed1 the great port for ,roman merchandise4 ,the same melancholy feeling of utter destruction and radical change in the whole aspect of the country fills the mind wherever we turn2 and through all the excursions we made in this neighborhood1 ,i never found it less2 while ,mary1 who had been here many years ago1 recollected having experienced the same impression1 and found that it returned upon her1 if possible1 with fuller force4 ,it may be as well to remind my readers that the ancient name of ,puzzuoli was ,puteoli4 ,and perhaps in no one place are crowded1 within a circumference of about twelve miles around it1 so many and such intimate associations with pagan ,rome and the old classic life4 ,the crumbling tufabanks by the roadside are filled with rectangular ,roman bricks1 the remains of baths connected with the villa residences and temples of antiquity4 ,also1 there are considerable remains of ,columbaria and large tombs4 ,we passed beneath the ,arco ,felice1 and1 clambering up a high bank1 reached the cottage of a vignaiuolo1 and rested beneath an elmtree while ,i made a drawing of ,lago ,fusaro and part of the ,elysian ,fields4 ,we saw the ,lake of ,lucrinus1 but the oysters are gone4 ,we shuddered as we approached ,avernus4 ,the dense forest which once flung its black shadows on the waters has long ago been felled or died away4 ,the wholesome midday sun shot laughing beams on the clear surface1 disarmed of all preternatural horror4 ,the ,elysian ,fields are1 indeed1 a smiling plain of land partially cultivated1 and partially covered with trees and brushwood1 the king's favorite huntinggrounds4 ,we women refused to enter the ,sibyl's cave1 liking neither damp nor sulphurous smells4 ,the horrors of the surroundings are all swept away4 ,the little birds fly over the once deadly ,lake of ,avernus as safely as from ,paolino's harmless gun2 and as we look back through the dim avenue of misty ages1 it is curious to reflect that what is a dream of the past to ourselves was hardly less so to others who are now but shadowy representatives of a world gone by to us2 for it was ,agrippa whose engineering robbed ,avernus of many of its terrors1 and probably disturbed even the placid oysters of ,lucrinus4 ,thus the sense of unreality grows upon us1 as we visit one spot after another1 and find the green tendrils of the young vine1 the bluepurple blossoms of the vetch1 and bright scarlet poppies covering with gay garlands the few vestiges of a world that is dead and gone4 ,yet even here ,i am tempted to repeat1 8,le pass n'est pas mort1 il n'est qu'absent107#abf7 and yet how far absent6 ,how the old gods have died away from their own sylvan scenes1 and the nymphs fled1 shamefaced1 from lakes no longer solitary6 ,victor ,emanuel will scare no dryads from their leafy bowers1 and is hardly the man to trace the small footprint of the chaste huntress on the yielding moss1 as he pursues the wild boar through what were doubtless once her covers4 ,no laughing ,bacchante peeps behind the trailing vine1 or dances1 with light1 flowing tresses and scanty tunic1 to the trilling of double pipes4 ,the goats are here1 but the satyrs are absent4 ,the vines show promise of rich grapes2 but ,bacchus1 grapecrowned1 with the skin of the spotted pard across his sunbronzed chest1 and the tragic melancholy of liquid eyes with sleepy lids1 is nowhere found2 for1 be it remembered1 the god of wine was no drunken lout1 but rather one who1 at least in his ripe youth1 was but quickened and inspired by the blood of the red grape4 ,the myths and fables have long ceased4 ,as myths1 they held a divine truth1 dimly shadowed forth4 ,as fables1 they degenerated1 like all halftruths1 into wholesale errors4 ,then human depravity swept over them1 and left its poisonous slime o'er all4 ,we go back to the memory of those times with mingled feelings of wonder and of pain4 ,but amid the decaying fragments of classic lore there shines forth one little incident which quickens our pulse1 and bridges over all the succeeding ages with a touch of feeling that obliterates time and space4 ,the words are few1 but they are dearer to us than the epics of ,virgil1 or the letters of ,cicero1 or all else that may grace the memory of this lovely land3 8,the south wind blowing1 we came the second day to ,puteoli1 where1 finding brethren1 we were desired to tarry with them seven days40 8,finding brethren60 ,yes1 even here1 beneath the shade of marble porticos1 temple1 and fane devoted to an infamous religion1 the ,name that is above every name was whispered by a few4 ,the sign of the cross was secretly made by quiet inhabitants of ,puzzuoli's noisy streets1 the ,virgin ,mother was revered1 and the words of ,s4 ,paul and ,s4 ,luke listened to as a message from above4 ,and how little the citizens of ,puteoli knew of the divine mysteries which were going on among them6 ,and now1 as if the wicked city had been in every sense too near the gate of hell1 the volcanic flames have penetrated the earth's thin crust on all sides1 and flung down and devoured the traces of brilliant1 triumphant1 and overbearing vice1 leaving in its place a handful of ,christian peasants and a few relics prized by the scholar and the antiquarian4 ,i must own to my readers that ,i am chiefly repeating ,don ,emidio's words1 and that1 as we approached ,bai1 ,i with startling indecorum exclaimed3 8,but it must not be forgotten that we have come here to eat oysters1 whether or not the ,lake of ,lucrinus produces them40 ,we did eat oysters4 ,we alighted at the humblest little wayside inn close to the shore4 ,we sat beneath the trellised vine that covered the vast loggia4 ,the lemons were gathered1 as sauce for the oysters1 in the garden below2 the ruins of the circular temple of ,venus or ,mercury shone1 deep red1 in the light of the setting sun4 ,the merry landlord and a halfdozen nondescript servants1 men and maids1 proposed to dance the tarantella for us4 ,the women happened to lack beauty1 and the men youth4 ,but that was not our reason for declining the pleasure4 ,the dance was doubtless innocent enough2 but it was not often we were favored with the company of 8,nostro ,zio ,prete10 our uncle priest1 and we thought it more decorous not to order dances in his presence4 ,i must explain to my readers that the peasantry in ,south ,italy call a priest uncle when they do not call him father2 and that in some of our excursions1 when ,padre ,cataldo bargained about carriages or refreshment 7and which must always be done if you do not want to be scandalously overcharged71 they always protested that for no consideration would they attempt to impose on their uncle priest6 ,happily for us1 our reverend uncle was a ,neapolitan1 and too well acquainted with the true value of the services we received for us to have any apprehension of being cheated in any expedition organized by him4 ,perhaps our host himself surmised our reason for declining the tarantella1 for he did not press it2 and returning to our carriage1 we drove home by moonlight through the ,grotto of ,puzzuoli4 ,switzerland ,in #ahgc4 ,lake ,of ,lucerne4 ,it was a lovely evening as we sailed away1 a happy1 lively party1 from ,lucerne4 ,our minds were full of the enthusiasm for his native land which ,herr ,h----'s descriptions had excited1 but for one characteristic of the ,lake of the ,forest ,cantons we were as yet totally unprepared1 namely1 its unusual and wonderful variety4 ,every traveller viewing it from ,lucerne readily admits its extreme beauty4 ,its interest is acknowledged beforehand1 according to the greater or lesser degree in which each one can clothe its shores with historic memories1 but its remarkable diversity of scenery is a feature generally ignored until seen1 although amongst ,swiss lakes it is in this respect preeminent4 ,and this peculiarity is mainly attributable to its geographical formation4 ,consisting1 as it does1 of divisions completely distinct one from the other1 they lead us on1 as if designedly arranged in the most artistic manner1 in a series of 8surprises10 from one picture to another1 on an everincreasing scale of beauty4 ,that part of the lake which is nearest to ,lucerne may be said to resemble in shape a ,maltese cross1 so equal do its proportions appear to the passing observer4 ,in characteristics and detail1 however1 it differs widely4 ,the northern shores1 though spreading round two of the arms in undulating hills1 may decidedly be called flat compared to the magnificent line of ,alpine peaks towering along the southern extremity4 ,at one of the angles of the cross stands ,mount ,pilatus1 #e1ijj feet high--at the opposite one the ,rigi1 #e1eda feet above the sea--like two sentinels guarding the entrance to the territory beyond4 ,the tourist sailing straight onwards from ,lucerne is fain to believe that the lake ends where a spur of the ,rigi seems to stretch across the southern bay1 right before him4 ,no other explanation appears possible until the spot itself is reached1 when suddenly a channel1 hitherto unperceived1 opens to the right1 between that mountain and the opposite shore--the two promontories thus disclosed rejoicing in the rather ignoble appellation of 8,die ,nasen10 or 8,the ,noses40 ,what a beautiful and perfectly different view is then disclosed1 as the steamer darts through the narrow strait to the village of ,buochs1 at the foot of its own ,buochserhorn1 the base of which is covered with comfortable farmhouses1 embosomed in their orchards1 changing step by step into chlets as they ascend to the higher pastures6 ,at once we have got into another country4 ,a landlocked bay1 that to the eye seems nearly circular1 bordered on one side by the precipitous but wooded mountains of ,unterwalden1 and on the opposite by the southern peaks and slopes of the ,rigi1 between whose folds nestles pretty ,gersau1 not large enough to be called a town nor unimportant enough for a village4 ,a sunny1 peaceful picture--a 8happy lake of ,rasselas0--from which no exit is visible1 nor1 we might suppose1 ever need be sought for6 ,at the further end1 towering in the distance1 snowclad summits peer above the clouds2 but1 more striking than all1 rise two curiouslypointed peaks close by1 which stand1 we are told1 right above the white houses of ,schwyz4 ,so here we are truly in the cradle of ,switzerland--the genuine 8,urschweiz06 ,and as we sail towards ,brunnen 7the port of ,schwyz1 three miles inland7 we try to trace their resemblance to a bishop's distinctive mark1 which has given to these two bare rocks1 nearly five thousand feet high1 the familiar name of 8,the ,mitres40 ,but where is the land of ,tell--,uri and the ,rti8--for again our course seems barred at ,brunnen3 valleys1 meadows1 and a background of mountains alone lie before us4 ,once more turn round on the quay of ,brunnen1 at a sharp angle to the right1 and say1 can a more exquisite picture anywhere be found6 ,here1 in this bay of ,uri--for so this part is named--instead of the great expanse near ,lucerne1 the lake has narrowed into a space not wider than a valley1 whilst huge mountains jut forward1 and1 dipping perpendicularly into the green waters beneath1 barely leave room in some spots for the road1 which is an engineering achievement of recent years1 whilst in others it must needs be carried on through tunnels and open galleries4 ,right in front1 the ,uri ,rothstock rears its lofty head1 with its glacier--a transparent wall of ice three hundred feet in height--sparkling in the sun4 ,tell's home lies within its folds4 ,but close by1 just opposite1 is the ,rti1 almost undistinguishable until the steamer passes near it4 ,at the head of the bay1 on its broad1 green meadows1 lies ,aldorf1 below the ,bristenstock1 which alone1 when we reach that spot1 hides from us the mighty ,gothard4 ,a paradise it truly seems on a brilliant sunny day1 with a people worthy of such a land and nurtured into excellence amidst this noble nature4 ,but we have not reached them yet1 and have to see and hear of others before we come to this quarter4 ,like every other part of ,switzerland1 the shores of ,lucerne ,lake are thickly inhabited4 ,no signs of poverty are anywhere visible1 and an air of comfort is diffused over the whole district4 ,the most fruitful portion1 however1 is preeminently the strip of land lying at the base of the ,rigi1 where the straight wall of the mountain rises precipitately facing the north4 ,so proverbial is its fertility that it is called the 8,garden of ,lucerne10 and through winter and summer that town is supplied with fruit and vegetables by the peasants of this neighborhood4 ,the steamers which now navigate the lake carry them thither in numbers with their produce on every marketday4 ,of its numerous villages1 ,weggis held the first place until the last three years1 when the engineers of the wonderful ,rigi ,railway fixed on ,vitznau1 three miles further on1 for their station4 ,up to that period1 no one ever thought of this outoftheway little village1 lying in a sheltered nook close under the ,rigi,nase4 ,weggis1 on the other hand1 was the startingpoint for all aspirants to sunsets on the ,kulm3 the chief place for horses and guides1 and full1 in consequence1 of animation and importance4 ,but the world marches on rapidly nowadays1 and matters1 therefore1 are much changed2 for few1 except the timid1 or the most determined seekers of the picturesque1 think of choosing this route to the summit1 when both time and trouble can be saved by the railway ascent to those hundreds of summer tourists whose excursions are made at high pressure speed4 ,vitznau1 consequently1 is daily advancing in importance1 and the price of land has risen in an incredibly short space of time from fifty centimes to five francs per metre4 ,no buildings1 however1 have yet been attempted1 except two pretty hotels2 and it was to one of these1 opened this season on the water's edge1 that we had telegraphed for rooms4 ,but it was not large enough to accommodate all our party1 so my friend ,anna ,l---- and myself adjourned at night to the second one1 situated further back near the church4 ,the evening continued fine1 and as the moon shone on the calm waters whilst we supped under the veranda of the inn1 every one was happy and contented4 ,the young ,c----s declared they felt 8most romantic10 we elders 8sehr sthetisch0 7very sthetic71 as ,heine calls it1 and all looked forward with confidence to the morrow4 ,the plan was1 by sleeping here1 to start in the first train1 which is generally the least crowded1 and1 halting at ,kaltbad1 thence to explore the other parts of the ,rigi4 ,it had been devised by ,herr ,h----8cunningly devised10 he secretly told ,mr4 ,c----1 8in order to humor the nerves of the ladies1 always stronger in the early morning1 and which he knew1 though he chose to conceal this fact from us1 would be sorely tried by the alarming railway40 ,as to a change of weather1 no one ever dreamt of it4 ,there had been such a spell of fine days and lovely moonlights that nothing else was taken into account4 ,but1 alas for presumptuous confidence6 ,what was our dismay on awaking to hear the unwelcome sounds of rain6 ,patter6 patter6 drop after drop1 it fell against the window2 and1 rising in trepidation1 the painful fact became evident that a steady downpour had commenced4 ,there was no wind1 but such thick clouds rolled down from the mountain and spread over the lake that the opposite shore was soon invisible4 ,it might pass off1 and we determined to have patience2 so1 when the bell tolled for ,mass at halfpast seven o'clock1 seizing our umbrellas we rushed across the cemetery1 which separated our hotel from the church4 ,this latter1 as suited to so small a village1 is not large nor richlooking--on the contrary2 but all was very clean1 the building solidly constructed1 and the congregation1 despite the rain1 fairly large1 and most attentive4 ,everything was arranged1 too1 on the same system as elsewhere4 ,the cemetery full of holywater stoups1 with a separate corner for the children1 the church doors open all day long1 the lighted lamp betokening the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and men and women often1 as we noticed1 passing in and out1 to say a prayer in its divine presence4 ,at halfpast nine the train was to start1 but the rain grew heavier each minute1 and no one1 we supposed1 could think of ascending the mountain in such weather4 ,at the appointed time1 however1 the steamers arrived from both ends of the lake1 with their shiploads of enterprising tourists4 ,how we pitied them6 ,to have come so far in this weather1 only to be disappointed--for no one surely could land on such a day6 ,but experience has since taught us differently1 and shown that in no part of ,switzerland1 or perhaps of any other country1 does this class so pertinaciously defy the elements as on the ,lucerne ,lake and the ,rigi ,railway4 ,today1 from behind our hotel windows1 we watched hundreds rushing on shore1 in their waterproofs1 and with dripping umbrellas1 to the railway station--adventurous spirits1 who trusted to their good stars to drive away the clouds from the mountaintop on their arrival2 or1 if the views should fail them1 at least to go through the 8sensation0 of this singular railway4 ,and1 in this one respect1 no one could be disappointed4 ,a 8sensation0 it certainly would be3 whether pleasant or terrifying must depend on each individual temperament4 ,and now the sloping engines emerged from their night's hidingplace1 and we too began to share the general excitement4 ,one by one our party ran to the pretty station1 and there stood examining the proceedings4 ,so fascinating did the attraction become1 that every time there was an arrival or departure whilst we remained at ,vitznau1 books1 writing1 and all other occupations were hastily thrown aside to scamper off to the still novel sight4 ,but a very unwise course this proved2 for1 instead of reassuring our feeble nerves1 the disinclination to make a personal experience of the ascent visibly increased as the day wore on4 ,and what wonder6 ,the engines were unlike any we had ever seen2 shaped in a slanting fashion to fit the mountain side4 ,there were five1 but of these each one was attached to only one carriage1 which contains cross benches for fifty passengers 7with an ominous printed request 8not to move6071 and with open sides1 so that nothing should obstruct the view to those whose nerves might retain their customary tranquillity4 ,five such trains compose each departure1 hence1 should the arrivals exceed #bej1 the unlucky 8last0 are left behind at ,vitznau to wait patiently for the next trains--two or three hours later4 ,and now we understood the cause of the rush on shore1 and the violent squeezing between the rails of the ticket office1 which had so much puzzled and amused us4 ,in midseason this constantly happens1 it being a case of 8first come1 first served40 ,even today1 all the carriages were full4 ,as a rule1 therefore1 it is calculated that on an average between #a1ajj and #a1bjj tourists daily ascend the ,rigi during the summer months from this point alone4 ,up they went at a short interval between each train2 the engine not preceding1 but pushing the carriage before it--mounting slowly to all appearances1 but withal rapidly1 for in less than five minutes they were lost to sight2 climbing first high above the churchtower1 and then above the cottages1 which one by one here overtop the village4 ,it took away one's breath to look at them3 a seeming tempting of ,providence thus scaling mountain walls and precipices at the measure of from #ah to #be--perhaps all the more aweinspiring to day by reason of the weather and the mysterious cloudland they boldly pierced through4 ,as yet1 no serious accident has happened4 ,let us hope none ever may6 ,the principle of construction1 with a central notched rail1 tightly grasped by a cogwheel1 besides the powerful brakes belonging to each carriage1 seem to promise fairly4 ,the trains1 too1 proceed in reality so slowly1 and with such caution1 that a man is always able to walk in front of the first carriage4 ,most striking was it to watch the down trains two hours later2 the guard blowing a horn as they passed the height above the village1 then marching into the station with a solemn countenance that seemed to tell of perils met and conquered1 leisurely followed by the sloping engine1 looking helpless and distorted once it reached the level ground4 ,steady and seriouslooking men these guards and enginedrivers are1 quite unlike the daring beings to whose care we so thoughtlessly entrust our precious lives in everyday railway travelling4 ,in walk and dress1 too1 they have a mountain air and bearing1 at once telling us of the life to which they were 8born and bred10 and reminding us of the intrusion of our material world into their hitherto simple sphere4 ,so far1 however1 it does not appear to have interfered with ,vitznau habits4 ,being what the ,french call a 8cul de sac10 without even a road over the promontory to ,gersau1 there is no temptation to linger here1 and the trains and steamers are made to fit in so exactly that1 except in the case of undue numbers1 or for a hasty luncheon1 few travellers ever do remain4 ,nothing struck us so much during our enforced stay as the sudden relapse into its ordinary quiet which took place at ,vitznau the moment train or steamer passed on4 ,the nature of its position will also prevent this pretty village from ever losing much of its original character4 ,it consists of but forty or fifty houses situated on a narrow ledge1 a small strip of land1 between the precipitous ,rigi cliffs on one side and the lake on the other1 so that room does not exist for very large extension4 ,only this summer it narrowly escaped destruction from the effects of a thunderstorm higher up1 such as had not been known for years4 ,the stream overflowed into a torrent1 carrying all before it1 and the villagers and railway officials had to turn out in the middle of the night to open channels and raise embankments1 and only succeeded by great exertions in arresting destruction4 ,personally1 ,i should fear the rocks rolling from above more1 as they have often done at ,weggis--but of this the natives seem to take no account4 ,we were told that there is one point on the road between this and ,weggis--to which larger village the ,vitznau children go to school1 three miles distant--where stones fall so constantly that the little ones are always on the lookout1 and make a run when they see them approaching4 ,yet this pretty spot has many attractions1 especially for invalids4 ,we met a gentleman lately who had passed a winter here1 and was loud in its praises4 ,nothing can exceed the morality and sobriety of the people2 the winter climate1 too1 is perfect--he and the parish priest had made observations together during one season1 which proved that the temperature is as mild as that of ,montreux and of other sheltered spots on this side of the ,alps4 ,fruit grows here abundantly1 even figs and melons1 as in ,italy1 and flowers thrive equally well4 ,one of the prettiest features in the place was the numberless girls in front of the station with small baskets of each--the grapes having just arrived from ,italy over the ,st4 ,gotthard1 and come hither by the steamers2 but the 8fresh figs0 and 8beautiful peaches0 which they offer in excellent ,english are genuine ,vitznau productions4 ,the day advanced1 yet there seemed no cessation of the downpour1 and all were in despair at being thus caught at such a spot1 without the resources even of a large hotel4 ,at last 8a happy thought0 suggested the idea of our abandoning the ,rigi altogether6 8,let us move on to ,gersau10 said one--8just round the corner60 broke in another weatherbound traveller1 who gave a glowing report of its charms and comforts4 ,even the young people1 who in the morning were so anxious for the railroad excitement1 were worn out by waiting and the little likelihood of a change4 8,no sooner said than done0 was therefore the result of our conversation1 and the telegraph had ordered our rooms1 and our luggage was on board the steamer1 before we almost reflected on the consequences4 ,but what matter if we never saw the ,rigi6 ,it was more than likely those travellers would never reach the top in that dreadful railway1 and our vexed spirits refused to recognize the attractions of anything on such an afternoon but the prospective charms of comfortable salons and piles of the latest newspapers1 which we prophetically beheld awaiting us at ,gersau4 ,in twenty minutes we had crossed to ,buochs1 tried in vain to discover the landscape thence--so lovely from this point in fair weather--through the heavy mist of rain and cloud hanging over the lake1 and found ourselves lodged in 8the palatial hotel0 7as the prospectus calls it7 at ,gersau1 close alongside the water's edge4 ,no sooner were we fairly landed than the curtain of cloud began to rise1 and we clearly beheld the opposite shore4 ,half an hour afterwards1 we were discussing the possible return of fine weather1 when a sudden commotion took place around us4 ,waiters rushed right and left closing windows1 housemaids even shutting shutters1 without any apparent reason1 like demented beings1 not giving themselves time to answer our questions4 ,at last1 they declared that a storm of wind was approaching1 although we could perceive no symptoms of it1 and truly1 as they foretold1 there soon came rushing by one of those sudden squalls against which kindly guide books have so many words of warning4 ,small waves rose rapidly1 and in less than half an hour1 without one drop of rain1 the whole surface of the lake was in commotion4 ,then came a great excitement6--half the village and all the travellers crowded to the shore1 and every eye fixed on the centre of the lake told of a tiny boat in extreme danger4 ,had the clouds still continued1 it could scarcely have been seen1 but now a large1 wellmanned craft pulled out to the rescue4 ,it took a long time to reach the sinking boat1 for the lake is wider here than it seems1 but at last there was a cry of joy on shore when three men were seen to jump from one to the other1 and so certain did we then feel of their safety that only a few remained to greet their arrival4 ,the wind1 too1 subsided1 and later that evening the moon struggled--though feebly--to reassert her empire4 ,the ,gersau ,hotel is certainly excellent1 owing to the skilful direction of ,herr ,mller1 one of the potentates of the place1 as are the majority of hotelkeepers in all these ,forest ,cantons4 ,he also built the one at the ,rigi,scheideck1 on the peak above ,gersau1 equally celebrated for its comfort2 but lately a company1 which calls itself the ,regina ,montium 7one of the supposed meanings of the word ,rigi71 has purchased it together with others on the mountain4 ,we found the ,gersau establishment full1 many having come down from the higher 8pensions10 and amongst the number two or three acquaintances who laughed at our fear of the railway and general lack of spirit4 ,but nothing is so discouraging to tourists as rain1 especially when nearer to the end than to the beginning of their rambles4 ,we were all in bad humor at the trick the clouds had played us1 and planless and annoyed we all retired early to bed that night4 ,but 8la nuit porte conseil10 and there is no resisting a sunshiny morning6 ,the ,angelusbell once more awoke us1 but this time to sun and brightness4 ,again the church was close by1 its bell ringing for halfpast seven o'clock ,mass4 ,anna and ,i quickly answered its bidding4 ,it is a goodsized parish church1 of the solid1 unarchitectural style of building usual in these parts1 but making a pretty effect with its lofty tower seen rising against the high green hill behind it4 ,today1 the ,mass was for the dead1 and the benches were all full1 as at ,lucerne2 respectably dressed men on one side1 while the women knelt on the other4 ,what most struck us1 however1 were the children2 the boys in front of the men1 and about twenty girls in the two front benches opposite4 ,these were in charge of a devout looking young schoolmistress1 whose sweet1 placid countenance seemed to tell of pleasant hours for her youthful scholars4 ,later1 we learned that the children1 though obliged to attend school by law1 are not compelled to attend ,mass1 but that1 as a rule1 they do so both by their own and their parents' desire4 ,nothing could be tidier than the little maidens' appearance2 their frocks clean1 and their hair neatly plaited round their heads1 all according to the same pattern1 probably as their mothers had done before them2 and so attentive and reverential were they1 that although we strangers knelt right behind them1 not one ever turned to look at us4 ,each had her prayerbook1 which she read attentively1 and1 besides1 her rosary wound round her hand when not in use1 all in the same fashion and of the same pattern4 ,this small incident carried our thoughts back swiftly to another land1 recalling a sermon we had heard in ,london by the ,archbishop of ,westminster1 when1 after speaking of the olden days of the true faith in ,england1 and the culpability of its first disturbers1 he made allowance for the 8invincible ignorance0 of the mass of its people nowadays2 8for10 exclaimed his grace1 8who has there been since then to teach the little maidens their rosary1 and to bring them to our ,lord and his blessed ,mother80 and we thanked ,god1 as we beheld the ,gersau children making their genuflections with serious little countenances1 that there is still one nook at least left in this world where the demon of heresy and unbelief has not penetrated1 and where piety and reverence are1 from earliest childhood1 taught to go handinhand with modern life4 ,at the offertory of the ,mass another peculiarity occurred4 ,suddenly1 an elderly woman rose1 and1 going forward1 was followed by all the other women in the church1 who1 in single file1 advanced towards the altar1 walked round it by a passage at the back1 laid an offering on the altar itself1 and then quietly returned to their places4 ,the oldest man1 on the other side1 now rose1 and followed by all the men1 in like manner proceeded through the same ceremony1 only varied by their passing round the altar from the contrary side1 and depositing1 as did some of the women too1 an offering besides on a small table in front of the choir4 ,it was weeks before ,i could learn the origin of this custom1 but then1 opening by chance an old history of ,switzerland1 ,i found this rule quoted from an ancient document1 which purported to regulate the relations between pastor and people some centuries ago4 ,there it was stated that the offering for the priest should be laid on the altar itself1 and that for the sacristan on a small table outside--so steadily and closely do these conservativerepublicans still keep1 even in form1 to the pattern of their ancestors4 ,the ,mass being only one of commemoration and not of burial1 the congregation soon dispersed to their different avocations4 ,in this way tourists are so often deceived1 when1 coming in at a late hour1 they find foreign churches empty4 ,i remember a ,protestant lady who had passed three winters in ,rome once asking me seriously if ,catholics ever went to holy communion4 ,i thought her mind must be wandering1 but discovered on enquiry that she had never been inside a church1 even in ,rome1 before eleven o'clock or later2 therefore1 though many were hearing ,mass1 she had noticed none at holy communion4 ,it had never occurred to her that1 contrary to her ,protestant custom1 ,masses were begun1 and devout ,catholics received holy communion in those same churches1 long before she probably was awake each morning4 ,so in the present instance1 the congregation1 consisting of workingmen and women1 might have been through half their daily occupations before any traveller at ,gersau thought of looking in at the church1 8wondering at its desolation60 ,the sun was streaming in brightly through an open sidedoor1 inviting us to depart by that exit4 ,what a beautiful sight met us on the threshold6 ,the lake1 placid and sunny1 framed in by surrounding green slopes and peaks1 lay close in front1 separated only by the public road to ,brunnen from a beautiful little cemetery belonging to the church4 ,here were a crowd of pretty monuments1 the majority ,i in stone1 but some in white marble1 in excellent taste1 bordered with flowers1 or delicately twined round with creeping roses and ivy4 ,the children's corner lay to the right1 and there an old woman was sprinkling holy water and arranging flowers on some of the poorer graves1 which lay between them and the handsome tombs in the pathway from the churchdoor to the road--a path that quite formed a 8via sacra0 of ,gersau notabilities4 ,judging from these1 the population would seem to consist of ,camenzinds and ,kttels4 ,an occasional ,mller figured on a tombstone1 but otherwise it might safely be assumed that what was not ,camenzind was ,kttel--if not ,kttel1 ,camenzind4 ,the names1 even if only seen once1 would have attracted notice--,camenzind1 especially1 had a nonlocal sound1 and we willingly jumped at the conclusion that it may be one of those which1 according to ,herr ,h----'s theory1 still exist in these cantons1 and are equally to be found in ,swedish and ,northern valleys to this day4 ,that they are the living autocrats of ,gersau admits of little doubt1 for every house above the common run is certain on enquiry to prove the property of this family4 ,the manufactory1 too1 at the end of the village belongs to them4 ,a beautiful restingplace they certainly have between their church and the lake1 which every ,camenzind and ,kttel must have been looking upon from their tenderest years1 for many centuries past4 ,when our party met at breakfast1 it was amusing to see what a complete change the sun and general brightness had effected4 ,all were equally bent on retracing our steps at once1 the railroad being the only drawback in the foreground4 ,the juniors would not consent to give that up on any account1 but the elders still hesitated1 daunted by yesterday's recollections4 ,opportunely1 a casual acquaintance proposed a solution that conquered all difficulties4 ,he suggested that the younger folk should take the railway1 and the timid1 going on to the next steamboat station--,weggis--get horses there1 and thence ascend by road in the old fashioned style4 ,what we 7for ,i was among the latter class7 should lose in 8sensation0 he asserted that we should gain in interest and picturesqueness1 and his plan1 suiting all parties1 was at once adopted4 ,having an hour to spare before the steamer was due1 we strolled through the village4 ,no wonder that ,gersau has an individuality of its own1 for it is a rare specimen descended almost to our own day of those village communes ,herr ,h---- had spoken to us of1 which1 taking advantage of the debts and embarrassments of their feudal lords1 had purchased exemption from them early in the middle ages4 ,indeed1 none of these small communities retained their independence down to late times with the exception of ,gersau4 8,it was forgotten1 hidden away in its beautiful retreat10 say some2 8steady1 selfrespecting1 and not quarrelsome10 say others1 with more likelihood of truth4 ,at all events1 the fact is undeniable that it owned obedience to none but its own local authorities4 ,tradition says1 and the date is proudly recorded on the wall of the town hall--a true peasant townhall1 only one degree superior to the surrounding houses--that the peasants of ,gersau1 having put aside their savings for this purpose during ten years1 bought their freedom from the ,counts von ,moos1 for the sum of #fij 8,pfund pfenninge10 in #acij4 ,years before1 in #acei1 they had made a treaty with the four ,forest ,cantons1 and were acknowledged by them as confederates1 which singular position this small community retained until the ,french invasion of #agih1 since which time they have been incorporated with the ,canton of ,schwyz4 ,the place is1 literally1 nothing more than a large village1 said to contain only #b1bgf inhabitants1 but1 seen from the lake with the animation given to it by the tourist life1 and the manufactories of the ,camenzinds along the shore1 it makes the effect of a much larger population and of a very thriving town4 ,penetrating1 however1 as we did to the original background of houses1 we found them of quite another character4 ,swiss peasant dwellings1 in general1 are more comfortable than those of almost any country1 and so capacious as to be thoroughly patriarchal1 often sheltering numberless children and grandchildren together under the one roof4 ,these of ,gersau look like true family strongholds2 as if they contained in themselves the histories of many generations1 and everything seemed so stationary1 so unmoved and immovable1 that we could not help thinking of ,hawthorne's description of an ,english country village1 where he fancied he saw the grandfathers and grandmothers marrying over and over again in their descendants1 so completely had the place and people a centenarian air about them4 ,pretty it was1 too1 to see these picturesque homes extending one above the other up the defile behind1 amidst their orchards and fresh green pasturegrounds1 headed by the ,rigi,scheideck ,hotel1 which crowns the summit and looks quite near1 though it is not so in reality4 ,the intercourse between the two now gives ,gersau much stirring importance1 but1 as in the case of ,weggis1 the advance of 8civilization0 is likely to prove of permanent injury to it4 ,next year a railroad1 branching off from ,kaltbad1 is to be finished along the brow to the ,scheideck1 when the stream of tourists will of course flow in that direction4 ,and perhaps nowhere could there be more excuse for abandoning 8picturesque old ways40 ,although it seemed a short ascent1 and we saw a merry party starting from the ,pension ,mller on horseback1 intending to dine and sleep at the top1 we found on enquiry that it would take them at least two and a half hours to reach the ,scheideck1 and between three and four hours for the unfortunate carriers who followed soon after laden with the ladies' huge trunks4 ,nothing could be more painful than to see these men1 some quite old1 staggering under the weight1 and to know what a stiff climb awaited them higher up4 ,at present there is no road up the hill nor any other means of transport1 and the whole supplies for that large establishment at the top have to be taken up by these carriers4 ,it was fortunate for the ladies' happiness that they had started before their luggage1 for the sight would have completely spoiled the welcome one's trunks always receive on their arrival when you are tempted to part with them even for a short time--tenderhearted1 as they certainly looked1 the finery would doubtless have been left to repose quietly beside the lake below4 ,the thunderstorm of which we had heard so much at ,vitznau committed even greater mischief at ,gersau this summer4 ,two small streams here unite1 and an unusual mass of water rolling down from the hillside that night1 increased them to a violent torrent1 which broke down the strong embankment1 carrying all before it--sweeping two houses into the lake and flooding the manufactory to the first floor4 ,a poor woman and two children were also drowned2 in fine1 the damage done was very great4 ,there had not been time for repairs when we visited it1 and the broken walls and scattered stones told their own tale4 8,appeals10 too1 were hung up on all sides1 but also many notices of 8thanks0 from the commune to every one who had helped on the occasion1 worded in the same touching style we had noticed in the ,lucerne papers--giving a most agreeable impression of the natural simplicity and dignity of this small community4 ,as we steamed away back again round the ,rigi,nase1 the sun was resting on the pretty spot1 inhabited by the descendants of the original hardworking peasants1 and it seemed as if the spirits of former ,camenzinds1 ,kttels1 and ,mllers must look down approvingly on their posterity1 who are not yet ashamed to profess their faith1 nor unwilling to have their children still taught how to unite liberty with religion1 and thus preserve the two treasures intact4 ,certainly there is no magician like ,apollo--and none who so well knows how to make himself valued by occasional fits of absence4 ,under his influence1 ,vitznau was today another place1 an ideal picture of the stir and movement of modern life1 combined with a tranquil beauty which we could not have imagined1 veiled in cloud and mist as it had been on the day before4 ,it already looked like an old friend1 though only the acquaintance of one day4 ,there were the curious engines1 showing themselves ready to brave the dangers of the ascent2 the pretty station with its fruit and flower girls and photograph stall2 the old church1 and the two hotels1 looking bright and clean--all standing out in relief against the precipitous cliff behind1 and surrounded by luxuriant chestnut and walnut trees1 and patches of green1 freshened up by the recent rain4 ,even the ,nasepromontory was clothed with timber down to the shore1 and the water reflecting the trees was only of another lighter shade1 that beautiful transparent green which is now known as 8,eau de ,nil40 ,one felt too that the picture could never be much spoiled1 there being no space for ugly buildings1 or the factory life which1 although it tells of employment with its own peculiar charms1 rather mars the picturesque beauty of the landscape at ,gersau4 ,moreover1 the brightness was enhanced by the national flag of ,switzerland floating over the hotel1 looking more red and striking then ever against the green background4 ,yes6 striking is the true word for it1 not showy--nor flaunting its importance like the tricolor and many another particolored standard of our own days1 but solemn and yet attractive1 one quite impossible not to notice wherever or however seen4 ,it had always suggested some history to my mind1 with its white cross on the red ground1 which could not have been adopted without a purpose1 but since yesterday it had acquired a new and deep interest1 for one of the pamphlets ,herr ,h---- had bestowed on me in ,lucerne treated of nothing but this same flag4 ,it was a sermon preached before the 8,pius,verein0 or 8,pius ,union0 of ,switzerland1 at the general meeting1 which took place at ,einsiedlen in the summer of #ahgb1 entitled the 8,wappenschild0 or 8coatof arms0 of the ,swiss 8,pius ,union40 ,during the rain of yesterday ,i had read it through1 and most interesting it was to note the very characteristics he had foretold that we should observe pervading all sermons in these parts3 the constant allusions to their beautiful nature and uninterrupted reference to their past history4 ,it commenced by recording how the 8,pius,verein0 had been founded in #ahed by some devout ,catholics who could not stand by quietly noticing the evil tendencies of the age without protesting1 and who had1 in consequence1 8assembled on the shore of the tranquil lake of the ,forest ,cantons1 where #ejj years previously their forefathers had met together in order to shake off the hated yoke of the ,austrian governors and imperial ,vogts40 ,it then proceeded in most eloquent language to give the reasons why1 amongst a variety of flags1 none could be found which corresponded so completely to the sentiments of the associates as the national standard of ,switzerland--the white cross on the red ground4 8,the white cross had originally been chosen10 said the preacher1 8as being the emblem of purity and innocence10 and the honesty1 uprightness1 and union of their ancestors in that distant age were forcibly dwelt upon for the imitation of their descendants1 whilst he drew a lamentable picture of the divisions and ineffective schemes of the present day4 ,the second part explained that these ancestors had placed this white cross on a red field--first1 because red1 being the color of blood1 was the symbol of bravery1 and was justly claimed by those same ancestors1 who had made ,swiss courage a proverb1 and who had so often shed their hearts' blood in defence of liberty and of their faith2 for through ,christian liberty alone could civil liberty be attained4 ,new 8,vogts0 or 8governors10 continued the preacher1 8threaten our land nowadays1 but let us manfully resist1 and conquer them4 ,the ,lardenberg7#abg7 of avarice which formerly seized the oxen of a poor man1 and put his eyes out1 today tries to blind the poor by a godless press and scandalous literature1 robbing them of their most precious possessions--of their churches1 convents1 priests1 and schools4 ,let us fight against this vice in ourselves1 in our families and our communes4 ,sundays and holidays displease them1 and instead of church services and hymns they wish to hear of nothing but labor on these days4 ,let us then be more strict than ever in the sanctification of the ,sunday1 and give our enemies the example of disinterested love and charity6 ,the #8,wolfenschiess' of sensuality and selfindulgence is more likely to bring our beloved land under the slavery of ,satan now than #ejj years ago--a worthy undertaking1 therefore1 for the #8,pius,verein' would be the establishment of temperance societies4444 ,and let us courageously fight the third #8,landvogt'--the ,gessler of luxury1 wealth1 and despotism4444 ,commerce and industry are the sources of public prosperity1 but let not the golden calf of gain become the god of our ,x,i,xth century4 ,let not our factories become modern ,zwinglius1 nor their proprietors force others to bend the knee to the hat of selfinterest1 nor to offer up the sacrifice of their freedom and liberty of speech4 ,the red field with its white cross will remind us in all this of our forefathers' example4 8,red1 too1 is the color of fire1 and symbolizes love of country4 ,it reminds us of the fifty men of ,schwyz1 who decided the fate of that first fight for freedom1 the great battle of ,morgarten--of the love of fatherland shown by an ,arnold von ,winkelried1 an ,adrian von ,bubenberg1 a ,nicholas von der ,flue1 and the many thousand others who left wife1 children1 trades1 and home1 to seek the death of heroes for love of country4 ,compare their conduct with the boastful toasts of the present day1 and see the difference between deeds and words4 ,they reproach us only because we do not boast with these boasters1 and that we seek to give our #8,union' a religious character4444 ,but history will judge us differently6 ,let us on our side show love and charity to all2 to those also who differ from us in belief2 love our confederates as fellow,christians2 maintain every bond of union--and in this the red ground of the white cross may be the sign of fraternal love and harmony40 ,lastly1 the preacher showed how 8red typifies the aurora or the dawn of day10 alluding to the 8battle near ,murten1 where1 after a short prayer recited by the combatants1 the sun broke through the heavy bank of clouds1 lighting up the horizon in brilliant colors1 and their leader1 ,hans von ,hallwyl1 exclaimed1 ,up1 confederates1 and forward1 for ,god lights us to victory6--a prophecy which proved perfectly true4 ,a firm trust and reliance on the ,lord gave soul1 courage1 and strength to our ancestors1 and never were they deceived4 ,god has preserved our fatherland in a marvellous manner1 and why should we despair8 ,great should be our hopes of a better future4444 ,for every reason1 then1 ought we to choose the white cross on the red field as the flag of our ,pius,verein4 ,let us show to our ,lord and to the world that we seek nothing for ourselves1 but1 treading in the footsteps of our forefathers1 only strive for the welfare of our fatherland4444 ,god will be with us6 and we shall have the intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 and of the patrons of our ,union1 ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo and ,nicholas von der ,flue4444 ,let us hold firm to our glorious faith1 and then1 when the sign of the ,son of ,god--our ,holy cross1 our #8coatofarms'--shall appear amidst the clouds1 may it lead us in triumph on that dreadful day into the eternal fatherland of heaven60 ,fresh from the impression of these eloquent words1 it was impossible not to look on this beautiful flag today with increasing admiration1 nay affection4 ,but my reveries were cut short by the young ,c----s1 whose approaching railway ascent caused them intense excitement4 ,george ,c----1 the son1 especially1 became full of animation when he undertook to procure the tickets for his sisters at the office4 ,stationing himself close to the gangway1 he bade them follow at their leisure1 as he would jump on shore and put his experience of yesterday's many long hours to profit4 ,accordingly1 the instant the steamer came alongside the quay1 he got ahead of all the other passengers1 and giving one bound to the office1 proudly flourished his tickets for the first carriage to us who remained on board1 long before the untaught crowd thought of moving4 ,a few who knew better1 like himself1 made a rush too1 and one old man tripped and fell1 whilst another leaped over him1 without allowing himself time to help his companion--so selfish does excitement and locomotion make all ages and ranks6 ,we likewise moved on1 and so rapidly1 that there was barely time to see the start of the first train containing our young friends1 who were waving handkerchiefs to us1 as their carriage seemed to creep above the churchtower up the mountain1 or to note the fruitful gardenland stretching along the shore with the precipitous wall of rock above1 extending the whole length of this side of the ,rigi1 when in a few minutes we reached our landingplace at ,weggis1 and found ourselves sitting in the garden of the 8,golden ,lion40 ,odd ,stories4 ,,vii4 ,the ,philosophers ,of ,the ,dragon's ,bower4 ,in the reign of ,king1 and in the ,dragon's ,bower of the beautiful tea garden of the statesman ,kung1 had assembled the philosophers ,tung1 ,bang1 ,sing1 ,lung1 ,wing1 ,hang1 with the rich mandarins ,bo and ,sho4 ,sipping that exquisite beverage which1 as yielded by a choice herb grown only in the flowersprinkled garden of ,kung1 has imparted to the ,hi,tea philosophy the peculiar intellectual flavor which distinguishes it from the ,lo,tea doctrine1 they discussed the problems of existence4 ,only a vague1 brief record has been preserved of that eventful meeting1 so well called by ,yung ,sing1 the poet1 8the shock of minds10 and which1 it was long maintained by the ,hi,tea school1 had solved the mysteries of preordained genesis and circumstantial fixture4 ,the dialogue turned upon that profound saying of the old man of ,chow1 the wise ,lautze--8,the ,tau which can be taued is not the eternal ,tau40 ,vainly having sought in his own poor wit the meaning of this sublime sentence1 the mandarin ,sho begged the six sages1 in the grace of their princely hearts1 and with the light of their shining minds1 to make it clear to his benighted intelligence4 ,tung3 ,tau is the unbounded entity4 ,bang3 ,thunder without sound4 ,sing3 ,unsung music of all things4 ,lung3 ,breath of life without life4 ,hang3 ,justice of accidents4 ,wing3 ,eternal entity of nonentity4 8,in short10 added ,tung1 8the supreme principle ,tau is the uncircumscribed limit of universes2 the order of disorder2 the contradiction which reconciles2 the peace into which all storms subside2 the mother and father of action2 the source of the unworshipped unworshipping worship1 and of power beyond dominion40 ,the mandarin ,sho acknowledged this to be a grand definition of ,tau2 but1 being a collector of the imperial revenues1 prayed to be informed of the use and value of ,tau in the practical administration of the affairs of men2 for to save his worthless life he could not see 7begging the favor of the assembled wisdom7 how ,tau was of any use whatever4 8,it's of no use10 said ,wing2 8and there's the beauty of it40 8,then what is the use of mentioning it80 tartly added ,hang1 a devoted admirer of the ,tau theory4 ,at this arose an admirable wrangle over the question of use and beauty1 in that happy style of wit which only the great ,hi,tea school of wisdom could boast4 ,its upshot was that matter resolved itself into the final irresponsibility of all things4 8,but woe to that mortal10 said ,tung1 8who carries not about him the talisman of wisdom which imparts to everything its infinite magic1 and who1 groaning in the prisonhouse of the senses1 sees not the eternal day beam in all things4 ,with eyes he sees not2 with life he lives not4 ,he hath the six becloudings of ,kungfootse40 8,the wise man10 said ,bang1 8fears no fate4 ,torrents1 tempests1 earthquakes1 are but blustering fictions2 nothing is true but his courage4 ,fixed in his will1 his condition is victory2 and if he falls1 he finds in the elements his kindred1 and in nature his home40 ,here the countenance of the philosopher ,tung was observed to change from yellow to pale green1 with signs of great agony caused by unknown interior workings2 for1 it was afterward told1 his morning repast had been poisoned by an ignorant cook and a bad doctor4 ,lost in their thoughts1 the sages heeded not his groans4 8,always should the sage rejoice10 said ,sing4 8,his spirit should take part in the feast of events1 the sublime comedy of life4 ,does fortune desert him8 ,let him be glad that it seeks another4 ,is his friend dead8 ,let him be glad that he is gone to joy4 ,in every event we can as easily discover reason for cheer as for despair40 ,ere ,sing had finished speaking1 an ornamented tile from the roof of the ,dragon's ,bower1 loosened by one of those disturbances of the earth not unknown to the learned men of the ,east1 fell upon the bare head of the philosopher ,bang1 who1 after experience of a severe fright1 was borne away helpless from the scene4 ,wing smiled1 ,sing laughed1 and a perceptible scorn was on the lips of ,hang4 ,thus said ,lung1 he who had been called the gaunt thinker3 8,what think you8 ,is there anything better than life1 friends8 ,here we live1 responsible neither to be nor to do nor to die2 life and fate stand pledged for us4 ,do we fall out of the charmed circle8 ,we are caught up into another4 ,do we die8 ,then we live again2 or1 if we do not10 continued ,lung1 gasping1 8so much the better4 ,what so excellent as life2 what so merciful as death80 ,here a painful fit of coughing compelled the philosopher to pause4 ,but what now most drew the attention of the company was the entrance of the statesman ,kung1 who1 in a voice of dignified emotion1 informed the wise ,sing that his brother had been suddenly seized and decapitated on a charge of conspiracy1 and all his immense fortune confiscated to the state1 save a portion awarded to his betrayer4 ,pangs and groans shook the bosom of the sage1 as he left the teatable2 for his brother's bounty had been the mainstay of his life4 8,o friends60 cried ,kung1 8the law is inexorable2 it kills its child and devours its mother1 and swallows the substance of its benefactors2 but the state reigns and the king lives1 and the land is happy4 ,praised be the king60 8,praised be justice60 echoed ,hang1 who had counselled the astute ,kung in the preparation of his criminal code4 8,justice reigns in ,king1 and acts through ,kung4 ,what is nature but justice1 and what are her thousandfold accidents but executioners8 ,every man gravitates to his fate1 and every fate is a judgment4 ,the king makes death3 he can do no wrong2 let no man mourn40 ,long after the piercing mind of ,hang had perished under the terrors of that great instrument which his genius invented for the reform of mankind2 long after the astute ,kung had yielded up his life to the demands of state 7for he had put to death by mistake the favorite dog of his imperial master71 these sentences1 which seem to tear to pieces the leading tenet of the ,lo,tea doctrines as the dragon tears the bull1 were remembered in the realm of ,king4 ,spake at last that strange sage whose eyes are as starlight to the darkness of common minds1 and whose vision seeks the abode of ,tau4 8,since we but dream we live10 said ,wing1 8let us live to dream well4 ,in reason are the pillars of our temple2 in imagination is its worship4 ,happy are ye who1 out of the toils of vain science and hard action1 take rest in the bower of fancy1 the pavilion of dreams1 the garden of poetry1 or roam the royal huntinggrounds of imagination to capture logic in the chase of pleasure1 and find wisdom by seeking delight4 ,thrice fortunate ye10 continued the stareyed ,wing1 taking another whiff from his pipe of opium1 8who1 when the caprices of power have driven you from doctrine1 can retreat upon your dreams4 ,life is a fiction2 let us dream that it is the truth40 ,such was the curious doctrine of that wonderful man1 whose visions of demons and the powers of the air have so often filled the imperial stage1 and who died in the frenzy of his powerful mind4 ,the refined mandarin ,bo--he who1 for his reticence1 had been entrusted with so many affairs of state--heard all these words of the learned1 and spoke not4 8,all men and things10 he said to himself1 8serve him who listens1 and resist him who talks4 ,shrewd is he who gains without giving40 ,immersed in these thoughts1 the silent mandarin could only nod his head to a remark of the mandarin ,sho1 that life was a business of profit and loss1 and the best speculations were always practical4 ,what man can foretell his fate8 ,the frank and candid ,sho1 whose manners concealed his purpose1 lost his head for speculating with the king's money4 ,the secret ,bo1 through his love of silence1 forgot to send his kinsman ,bang a physician who would have saved his life1 and so was disinherited1 and died a beggar4 ,the thinkers of ,lo,tea1 having taken the measure of these and other events subsequent to the great dialogue of the ,dragon's ,bower1 could not avoid the boast that their humble philosophy was better than a proud one2 whereupon the infuriated statesman ,kung sent a number of them into exile4 ,when the old philosopher of ,chow heard of these sayings and doings1 he murmured3 8,halftruths are contradicted1 whole truths are verified4 ,there is no courage without right fear2 no good silence without true speech2 no aspiration without reverence2 no dignity without humility2 no good without affection2 and philosophy has no room for a cold heart and a vain mind4 ,but life is not contradicted1 though lives are slain4 ,tau reigns40 ,o sages6 how by thinking shall ye add a foot to your stature8 ,and how shall it avail ye when a brick1 as it were1 dropped down by a tornado centrewise1 so to speak1 on a shaven head1 shall fracture your systems of philosophy8 ,what withstands the accidents of fate save the divine ,truth1 which is no accident8 ,new ,publications4 ,,life ,,and ,,doctrine ,,of ,s4 ,,catherine ,,of ,,genoa4 ,translated from the ,italian4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #dah4 ,the ,catherines are a wonderful group among the female saints4 ,the one of ,genoa was a married lady1 and this circumstance will undoubtedly make her ,life doubly interesting to those who are in the same condition1 and sometimes are tempted to envy those who live in the cloister4 ,the remarkable ,life of this saint1 accompanied by her ,spiritual ,dialogues1 now first published in ,english1 will have an additional interest1 in the eyes of all its readers1 on account of the introduction by ,f4 ,hecker1 which is dated ,annecy1 ,oct4 #g1 #ahgc4 ,the translation was made several years ago1 and left1 in the state of a rough draught1 by a lady well known for her high culture and virtues--the late ,mrs4 ,ripley4 ,it has been lately revised with care1 and made as accurate as possible4 ,the work itself has long been very famous1 and ranks next to the writings of ,s4 ,teresa among the spiritual treatises of female authors4 ,its spirituality is of a very high order1 suited for those who1 either from necessity or by their own free choice1 are trying to climb the rugged heights of ,mount ,carmel4 ,,the ,,christian ,,cemetery ,,in ,,the ,,xixth ,,century2 or1 ,the ,last ,warcry of the ,communists4 ,by ,mgr4 ,gaume4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,brennan1 ,a4,m41 with a preface by the ,very ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,preston1 ,v4,g4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,bros4 #ahgd4 ,mgr4 ,gaume attacks1 with his usual trenchant vigor and sarcasm1 in this volume1 the horrible travesty of funeral obsequies which atheists are wont to perpetrate at the burial of what they regard as mere clods of earth1 the carcases of dead animals4 ,these enemies of the human race are not content with the enjoyment of the civil right to live and die like beasts themselves1 but they must needs attempt to desecrate the cemeteries of ,christians1 and to interfere with their right to live and die1 and be buried like rational and immortal beings who expect a resurrection from the dead4 ,it is highly important that the eyes of all men who have any glimmering of reason and religious belief left should be opened to the loathsome wickedness and brutality of the sect of atheists and communists who are everywhere conspiring for the destruction of society and the human race4 ,this book will serve as an eyeopener to all who read it attentively4 ,we trust it will also act as an antidote to the heathenish and revolting notions respecting the burning of the bodies of the dead which have of late been so offensively presented in many newspapers4 ,the book has been well translated and neatly printed4 ,we cannot1 however1 admire the graveyard view on the cover1 which reminds us of the cardoors on the ,camden and ,amboy ,railway1 with a gravestone and a weepingwillow4 ,,life ,,of ,s4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,villanova2 with an ,introduction by ,f4 ,middleton1 ,o4,s4,a4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgd4 ,this is a reprint of one of the ,oratorian ,series1 and gives a sufficiently good biography of the great ,archbishop of ,valentia1 which is better translated than most of its companion volumes4 ,the introduction is quite a learned and eloquentlywritten paper1 chiefly valuable on account of its information respecting learned and able members of the ,augustinian ,order who were champions of the faith against the modern heresies4 ,,on ,,some ,,popular ,,errors ,,concerning ,,politics ,,and ,,religion4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,lord ,robert ,montagu1 ,m4,p4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the popular errors attacked and refuted in this collection of essays are such as relate to political ethics1 the mutual bearings of religion and law1 church and state1 civil marriage1 education--in a word1 they are the errors of the party of revolution1 the socalled principles of #aghi4 ,lord ,robert ,montagu has made a work by ,f4 ,franco1 ,s4,j41 the basis of his own1 which is neither1 strictly speaking1 original1 nor yet a translation or compendium of ,f4 ,franco's work4 ,the ,protestant and secular papers are just now peculiarly inquisitive about the doctrines of sound and instructed ,catholics on these mixed questions4 ,it is not very easy to satisfy them by mere newspaper and magazine articles written in haste and under the pressure of editorial labors4 ,here is a book where they may find the information they are in quest of1 and where ,catholics also may gain much instruction4 ,we have no reason to wish to withhold the full1 clear1 and unreserved statement of our ,catholic doctrines on any subject from our non,catholic fellowcitizens4 ,the great difficulty lies in the universal confusion of ideas on these subjects1 and the general want of willingness to inquire and discuss thoroughly and fairly4 ,the ,european ,catholic press is fairly teeming with books and articles of the most consummate ability on these burning questions of the day1 and we welcome every effort made by those who write in ,english to place these products of sound learning and thought before our own reading public4 ,this book is an effort of that kind1 and we hope it will be read by a great number of both ,catholics and non,catholics who wish to inform themselves about the true issues between the church on one side1 ,csarism and revolution on the other4 ,this is the first volume of 8,s4 ,joseph's ,theological ,library0 ,series1 edited by the ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 and is to be followed by several others4 ,,the ,,sacred ,,anthology4 ,a ,book of ,ethnical ,scriptures ,collected and ,edited by ,moncure ,daniel ,conway4 ,new ,york3 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #ahgd4 ,as a specimen of the typographical art1 this book is superb4 ,the literary taste and skill exhibited in its preparation are also of a high order4 ,its contents are1 moreover1 specimens of the productions of genius and wisdom gathered from all time and all cultivated nations1 including many passages from the inspired writings4 ,so far1 the book is one which may be valuable to one who knows how to use it1 and is competent to discriminate between the truth and the error which it contains4 ,nevertheless1 the intention of the author and the real scope of the volume are radically anti,christian and antitheistic4 ,the very idea of presenting a conglomeration of the ,divine ,scriptures and of the sacred writings1 legends1 and philosophical works of heathens1 is to place all religions on a common level4 ,in the index the author1 with the pert assumption of a neological sciolist1 takes care to assert as a fact the want of genuineness and authenticity of a great part of the books of the ,bible4 ,as a mere opinion1 this is in defiance of sound criticism1 and has been often exploded4 ,to put forward such an opinion1 in defiance of the learning of the whole ,christian world1 as something certain and unquestionable1 is simple impudence1 and is as unscientific as it is irreligious4 ,in the extracts on theism the author has adroitly given the whole a pantheistic issue4 ,the ignorant1 the unwary1 and those who wish to escape from the sense of responsibility to ,god may be deceived by this kind of art4 ,but really1 and in the view of a true and comprehensive science1 all that can be gathered from false religions and imperfect philosophies1 both in those things which resemble1 and those which are partly or wholly dissimilar to1 the divine philosophy of revelation and ,christian theology1 confirms and proves the divine truth of the ,old and ,new ,testaments and the concurrent religious tradition of the church of ,god from the creation of man4 ,proudhon was right when he said that a man who is logical must be an atheist or an ultramontane4 ,whoever stands by what is positive1 and is ready to follow it to its consequences1 belongs logically to the ,catholic side4 ,whoever takes the negative belongs with atheists and materialists4 ,one sad and startling proof that the great mass of those who reject the ,catholic ,church1 and yet are not ready to renounce the name of ,christian1 are sliding downward1 is the multiplication of books like this one1 and much worse than this1 published by our principal firms1 and everywhere advertised along with works professedly ,christian and pious4 ,we suppose that most of these gentlemen profess to be ,christians4 ,where is their conscience1 then1 when1 for the sake of money1 they disseminate the works of ,renan1 ,strauss1 ,bchner1 and other infidels and atheists1 which are sapping the foundations of religion and morality1 and poisoning the public mind8 ,where is the public conscience which tolerates this8 ,and why do not the ,protestant periodicals1 newspapers1 synods and conventions1 pulpits and lecturing rostrums1 resound with a cry of alarm1 warning and denunciation8 ,have they lost all interest and all courage in the matter1 or are they going over to the enemy8 ,,dialogues ,,of ,,st4 ,,gregory4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,gregory the ,great is illustrious among the popes1 and even among the doctors of the church1 for his genius4 ,there is an exquisite flavor in his writings which is peculiar to them4 ,edited and published with the utmost care and the most perfect literary taste1 like all the books of this series1 this volume adds one more gem to the treasury of ,english ,catholic literature which is now so rapidly filling up4 ,the publication of entire works of the fathers presents the evidences of the ,catholic religion in the most convincing form1 and is therefore a way of propagating the faith in some respects superior to the ordinary method of controversy4 ,it is also most valuable for ,catholics as a means of increasing and deepening their knowledge of our holy faith4 ,it is to be hoped that a taste for books of this description will become more general among reading ,catholics1 and that all who have the means of doing so will in every way promote their general circulation4 ,,tigranes3 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,days ,,of ,,julian ,,the ,,apostate4 ,translated from the ,italian of ,f4 ,john ,joseph ,franco1 ,s4,j4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgd4 ,this historical romance1 which is not literally translated1 but condensed and abridged--judiciously1 we think1 for it is plenty long enough as it is--is much superior to the most of similar works of fiction founded on early ,christian history4 ,it is full of information which only a learned man could give with accuracy1 and the events it describes are of thrilling interest4 ,the ,messenger of the ,sacred ,heart1 from whose pages the translation is reprinted1 we have already had occasion to say1 is as distinguished for its literary excellence as it is for its edifying piety4 ,we hope to see much more frequent and more important contributions to sacred literature in future from the learned and accomplished group of professors at the ,woodstock ,college4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,human ,,progress4 ,a ,lecture by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,moriarty1 ,a4,m41 ,chatham ,village1 ,n4 ,y4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen4 ,this pamphlet1 which has as neat an appearance as if it had been printed in ,london or ,boston1 is a good specimen of a wellwritten popular lecture1 of just the sort to please and instruct an ordinary audience4 ,our familiar friend1 the ,new ,zealander1 who is an indefatigable traveller1 and whom we last saw in a ,french costume in the columns of a ,paris newspaper1 turns up again in the lecture4 ,lord ,macaulay would have been astonished1 when he drew the picture of this venerable personage sitting on a broken arch of ,london bridge1 if he could have foreseen how many would make use of it to adorn their discourse4 ,we can say nothing1 however1 to ,f4 ,moriarty1 which does not recoil upon ourselves2 for have we not done the same thing8 ,,catholics ,,and ,,roman ,,catholics4 ,by an ,old ,catholic 7,bishop ,coxe74 ,buffalo3 ,martin ,taylor4 ,this reply to ,dr4 ,ryan's pamphlet seems to have elated the spirits of our ,episcopalian friends no little4 ,it is receiving due attention at present in the columns of the ,catholic paper at ,buffalo1 and no doubt the articles published in that paper will appear in a pamphlet form when they are completed4 ,etiquette will not allow us to interfere in this controversy until the principals have done with it4 ,if anything is left for us to say after that1 we may pay our respects to ,dr4 ,coxe in this magazine4 ,,the ,,baltimore ,,gun ,,club4 ,from the ,french of ,jules ,verne4 ,freely translated by ,edward ,roth4 ,philadelphia3 ,king ,baird1 ,publishers1 #fjg ,sansom ,st4 ,it is a daring attempt to improve on ,jules ,verne1 but ,mr4 ,roth has1 on the whole1 been successful in making his celebrated story of the great ,columbiad and the shot fired from ,florida to the moon even more ,american and more interesting to ,americans than before4 ,de la ,terre la ,lune has been translated previously1 but ,mr4 ,roth has introduced some little points of his own1 and local traits which it would have been almost impossible for a foreigner to seize4 ,,theologia ,,moralis ,,novissimi ,,ecclesi ,,doctoris ,s4 ,,alphonsi1 ,,in ,,compendium ,,redacta1 ,,et ,,usui ,,venerabilis ,,cleri ,,americani ,,accommodata4 ,auctore ,a4 ,konings1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,pars ,prima4 ,bostoni3 ,typis ,patricii ,donahoe4 #ahgd4 ,this is the first instalment of what promises to be a valuable work1 and one which has been much needed4 ,the treatises on moral theology hitherto in use in this country are1 with the exception of ,archbishop ,kenrick's1 which is not in a very convenient form for a textbook1 of ,european origin1 and are unsatisfactory in ,america both by excess and defect4 ,in this first part of ,f4 ,koning's work1 containing the treatises1 8,de ,actibus ,humanis1 de ,conscientia1 de ,legibus1 de ,peccatis1 de ,virtutibus10 there is not1 of course1 so much opportunity for the introduction of matter peculiar to this country as in those which will follow4 ,the objection may be made to the book that the various opinions of theologians are not always given on controverted points2 but this is unavoidable in a treatise merely intended as an exponent of ,s4 ,alphonsus4 ,the system advocated is that of equiprobabilism4 ,,children ,,of ,,mary4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,seven simple and interesting biographies of young pupils of the ,maison des ,oiseaux1 ,paris4 ,the book is nicely bound and suited for a premium4 ,,twelve ,,tales ,,for ,,the ,,young4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is the second volume of ,mrs4 ,parsons's 8,twelve ,tales for the ,young10 the first volume having appeared several years ago4 ,they are what the title indicates1 and we may add are very good and instructive4 ,,silvia1 ,,and ,,other ,,dramas4 ,by a ,sister of ,charity4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty4 ,the plays performed by the young ladies in our convent schools are often very pretty and entertaining spectacles to those who can appreciate the charm of innocence and simplicity4 ,of course there is a great demand for dramas which are suitable for such occasions1 and the supply is not always easy4 ,it is a great flavor to those concerned in preparing these plays when the managers of the convent theatres publish some good dramas4 ,those before us are from ,mt4 ,st4 ,vincent4 ,the author has shown a great deal of judgment and good taste1 and no little dramatic and poetic talent4 ,the publisher has brought them out in a pretty dress4 ,they will do well for private family theatricals1 as well as for schools1 and make also a nice little volume for a present4 ,,the ,,letter,,books ,,of ,,sir ,,amias ,,poulet1 ,,keeper ,,of ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,scots4 ,edited by ,john ,morris1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,london3 ,burns and ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society74 ,the heart of our late friend1 ,mr4 ,meline1 would have leapt up at sight of this book1 and his pen would have given our pages another racy article1 had it appeared while he was still in this mortal coil4 ,the letters in this collection are many of them newly discovered and now first published4 ,they throw new light on the villainy of ,walsingham1 and thus really add something to the already numerous documents in the ,marian controversy4 ,,school ,,hygiene4 ,by ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,o',sullivan4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,dr4 ,o',sullivan's pamphlet is a paper which all persons having the oversight of schools will find worthy to be carefully read and preserved4 ,,bric,a,,brac ,,series--,,personal ,,reminiscences4 ,by ,chorley1 ,planch1 and ,young4 ,edited by ,richard ,henry ,stoddard4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgd4 ,an agreeable volume of chat1 gossip1 and anecdote about many wellknown persons1 with other miscellaneous bricabrac1 very well printed1 and having an uncommonly pretty binding4 ,in this last department of art the recent efforts of publishers are enough to fill one with astonishment2 but success is rare1 unless they may be regarded as attempts to illustrate the metaphysical definition of ens rationis4 ,something really pretty is therefore always doubly welcome4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aac4--;,,august1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,much as has been written on matter by ancient and modern philosophers1 the last word about its constitution has not yet been said4 ,the old school of metaphysicians1 in spite of its high intellectual attainments1 could not unravel this perplexing subject1 because it had not a sufficient knowledge of natural facts4 ,the modern scientist1 on the other hand1 in spite of his vast knowledge of facts1 can never reach the ultimate consequences implied in them1 because he is too little acquainted with the old principles of philosophical speculation4 ,for1 as all the questions connected with the constitution of matter are of a metaphysical character1 purely experimental science cannot answer them2 it can only supply materials to the philosopher for their solution4 ,in the study of natural philosophy observation picks up the spontaneous revelations of nature1 experiment verifies and controls the results of observation by compelling nature to act under definite conditions1 and speculation discovers the relations intervening between effects and effects1 as also between effects and causes1 thus paving the way to the determination of the nature of causes from the nature of their effects4 ,we are of opinion that the scientific materials gathered from observation and experiment since the discovery of universal attraction are quite sufficient for the purpose of determining the constitution of matter2 and we presume that1 under the guidance of positive science1 we may safely engage in a full philosophical investigation of this interesting subject4 ,we are not ignorant that the treatment of this great question has always presented1 and still presents1 many difficulties and dangers1 against which proper precautions are to be taken4 ,sometimes the phenomena on which our reasonings must be based are so complex that it might be doubted whether they reveal more than they mask the truths which we aspire to discover4 ,again1 we are very easily misled by the outward appearance of things1 and blinded in a measure by deeprooted prejudices of our infancy1 which1 besides being shared by all classes of persons1 have in their favor the almost irrefragable sanction of the popular language4 ,moreover1 many conflicting hypotheses have been advanced by philosophers of different schools in their attempt at solving the questions concerning the nature of material things2 and thus the subject of our discussion comes before us with an accompaniment of many elaborate theories1 old and new1 which it becomes our duty to subject to a careful criticism1 lest they overcloud the intellect and obstruct our vision of truth4 ,fortunately1 however1 as we shall see in the sequel1 only three of those theories can be considered to have a real claim to the attention of the modern philosopher1 and each of them1 by proper management1 can be made to yield a fair portion of truth4 ,we propose to commence with the consideration of those natural facts from which the true nature and the essential constitution of material substance can be most easily ascertained4 ,we shall then determine accurately the essence of matter1 examine its constituents in particular1 and point out their necessary relations1 according to the scholastic method4 ,and1 lastly1 we shall inquire what1 in the light of modern science1 must be the philosophical theory of the generation and corruption of material compounds4 ,i4 ,existence of matter4 ,the first foundation of what we shall say hereafter is that matter1 or material substance1 really exists4 ,by 8matter0 we mean a being which is the proper subject of local motion1 or ,ens mobile1 as the ancient philosophers define it4 ,hence1 if there is local motion1 there is matter4 ,and since local motion is undeniable1 the existence of matter is equally undeniable4 ,it is all very well for the idealist to say that we perceive nothing but phenomena4 ,local movement1 of course1 is only a phenomenon2 but evidently such a phenomenon would be impossible1 if nothing existed which could receive local motion4 ,but that which can receive local motion we call matter4 ,and therefore what we call matter is something real in the world4 ,origin of matter4 ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 and other pagan philosophers taught that matter is eternal and uncreated4 ,this old error has been utterly dispelled by the light of ,christian philosophy2 yet it has been lately revived1 and is studiously propagated in our own days by a set of infidel scribblers1 who pretend1 in the name of science1 to do away with what they call the obsolete notion of a ,creator4 ,it may therefore be useful to say here a few words about the contingency and the creation of matter4 ,we have already shown1 in an article on the extrinsic principles of being17#abh7 that the changeableness of a thing is a sufficient proof of its coming out of nothing1 inasmuch as nothingness is the true extrinsic principle of passivity and potentiality4 ,as matter is evidently passive and potential1 it directly follows that matter has come out of nothing4 ,but since unbelievers are not philosophers1 though they call themselves so1 and may not be able to realize the value of an argument based on metaphysical grounds1 and since we hear them repeat without end that science--their degraded science--has done away with the old dream of creation1 we deem it expedient to appeal to science itself1 and bring forward from it a clear proof of the fact of creation4 ,this proof is to be found in the very constitution of the primitive molecules of bodies1 as ,prof4 ,clerk,maxwell has recently shown in a very remarkable lecture on molecules47#abi7 ,his scientific argument is contained in the following passage3 8,the molecule1 though indestructible1 is not a hard1 rigid body1 but is capable of internal movements1 and1 when these are excited1 it emits rays1 the wavelength of which is a measure for the time of vibration of a molecule4 ,by means of the spectroscope the wavelength of different kinds of light may be compared to within one tenthousandth part4 ,in this way it has been ascertained not only that molecules taken from every specimen of hydrogen in our laboratories have the same set of periods of vibration1 but that light having the same set of periods of vibration is emitted from the sun and from the fixed stars4 ,we are thus assured that molecules of the same nature as those of our hydrogen exist in those distant regions1 or at least did exist when the light by which we see them was emitted4444 ,light1 which is to us the sole evidence of the existence of these distant worlds1 tells us also that each of them is built of molecules of the same kind as those which we find on earth4 ,a molecule of hydrogen1 for example1 whether in ,sirius or ,arcturus1 executes its vibrations in precisely the same time4 ,each molecule1 therefore1 throughout the universe1 bears impressed on it the stamp of a metric system as distinctly as does the metre of the ,archives of ,paris or the double royal cubit of the temple of ,karnac4 ,no theory of evolution can be formed to account for the similarity of molecules2 for evolution necessarily implies continuous change1 and the molecule is incapable of growth or decay1 of generation or destruction4 ,none of the processes of nature1 since the time when nature began1 have produced the slightest difference in the properties of any molecule4 ,we are therefore unable to ascribe either the existence of the molecules or the identity of their properties to the operation of any of the causes which we call natural4 ,on the other hand1 the exact equality of each molecule to all others of the same kind gives it1 as ,sir ,john ,herschel has well said1 the essential character of a manufactured article1 and precludes the idea of its being eternal and selfexistent4 ,thus we have been led1 along a strictly scientific path1 very near to the point at which science must stop4 ,not that science is debarred from studying the internal mechanism of a molecule which she cannot take to pieces1 any more than from investigating an organism which she cannot put together4 ,but in tracing back the history of matter science is arrested when she assures herself1 on the one hand1 that the molecule has been made1 and1 on the other1 that it has not been made by any of the processes we call natural4 ,science is incompetent to reason upon the creation of matter itself out of nothing47#acj7 ,we have reached the utmost limit of our thinking faculties when we have admitted that1 because matter cannot be eternal and self existent1 it must have been created4 ,that matter1 as such1 should have certain fundamental properties1 that it should exist in space and be capable of motion1 that its motion should be persistent1 and so on1 are truths which may1 for anything we know1 be of the kind which metaphysicians call necessary4 ,we may use our knowledge of such truths for purposes of deduction1 but we have no data for speculating as to their origin4 ,but that there should be exactly so much matter and no more in every molecule of hydrogen is a fact of a very different order4444 ,natural causes1 as we know1 are at work1 which tend to modify1 if they do not at length destroy1 all the arrangements and dimensions of the earth1 and of the whole solar system4 ,but though1 in the course of ages1 catastrophes have occurred1 and may yet occur1 in the heavens2 though ancient systems may be dissolved1 and new systems evolved out of their ruins1 the molecules out of which those systems are built1 the foundationstones of the material universe1 remain unbroken and unworn4 ,they continue to this day as they were created1 perfect in number and measure and weight1 and from the ineffaceable characters impressed on them we may learn that those aspirations after accuracy in measurement1 truth in statement1 and justice in action1 which we reckon among our noblest attributes as men1 are ours because they are essential constituents of the image of ,him who1 in the beginning1 created not only the heaven and the earth1 but the materials of which heaven and earth consist40 ,such is the verdict of true science as interpreted by the eminent ,english mathematician and natural philosopher4 ,the whole is so instructive and interesting that we think we have no need of apologizing for the length of the quotation4 ,essential properties of matter4 ,the constituents of things are revealed to us by their properties4 ,for1 as every being acts according as it is in act1 and suffers according as it is in potency1 from the activity and the passivity with which a being is endowed we can easily find out the special nature of the act and of the potency which constitute its metaphysical essence4 ,hence1 if we wish to ascertain the essential constitution of material substance1 we must first ascertain and thoroughly understand the properties which are common to all material substances1 and without which no material substance can be conceived4 ,in doing this we must guard against confounding1 as many scientists do1 the essential properties of matter with the general properties of bodies4 ,extension1 impenetrability1 divisibility1 porosity1 etc41 are general properties of bodies2 but it does not follow that they are essential properties of material substance as such1 as they may arise from accidental composition4 ,those properties alone are essential which are altogether primitive1 unchangeable1 and involved in the principles of the substance2 and such properties1 as we shall see1 are1 so far as material substance is concerned1 the three following3 active power to produce local motion1 passivity for receiving local motion1 and inertia4 ,these three properties correspond to the three constituents of material substance4 ,there are philosophers who deny that material things have any active power4 ,they know that matter is inert1 and they cannot see how activity can be reconciled with inertia4 ,there are others1 on the contrary1 who1 for a similar reason1 being unable to deny the activity of bodies1 deny their inertia4 ,from what we are going to say it will be manifest that these philosophers have never known exactly what is meant in natural science by the inertia of matter4 ,other writers1 especially those of the old school1 while admitting the three essential properties of matter which we have just mentioned1 contend that material substance has a fourth important and connatural1 if not essential1 property--viz41 continuous extension--without which1 they say1 nothing material can be conceived4 ,they further teach1 and would fain have us believe1 that all material substance is endowed with extension and resistance2 and many of them think that extension and resistance constitute the essence of matter4 ,this last opinion is very common among philosophical writers1 and deserves the most careful examination1 as it bears very heavily on an essential point of the controversy in which we have to engage4 ,let us see1 then1 first1 what we have to think regarding the activity1 the passivity1 and the inertia of matter2 and1 when we have done with these1 we shall take up the question of material continuity1 of which we hope to give a full analysis and a satisfactory solution4 ,activity1 passivity1 and inertia4 ,the special character by which the phenomena of the material world are recognized consists in their being brought about by local motion4 ,for it is a wellknown fact that in things purely material no change takes place but through local movements2 so that we cannot even conceive a change in the material world without a displacement of matter4 ,hence all the actions of matter upon matter tend to produce local movement1 or to modify it2 and all passion of the matter acted on is a reception of movement4 ,that all material substances possess activity1 passivity1 and inertia is quite certain on experimental grounds4 ,no conclusion is better established in science than that all the particles of matter act on one another according to a fixed law1 and receive from one another their determination to move from place to place1 while they are incapable of setting themselves in movement or modifying the movement received from without4 ,now1 it is clear that they cannot act without being active1 nor receive the action without being passive1 nor be incapable of modifying their own state without being inert4 ,this shows that activity and inertia do not exclude one another4 ,a particle of matter is said to be active inasmuch as it has the power of causing the movement of any other particle2 and is said to be inert inasmuch as it has no power of giving movement to itself4 ,it is plain that these two things are very far from being contradictory4 ,those philosophers1 therefore1 who have apprehended an irreconcilable opposition between the two1 must have attached to the term 8inertia0 a meaning quite different from that recognized by physical science4 ,balmes remarks1 in his ,fundamental ,philosophy17#aca7 that there is nothing perfectly still either on earth or in the heavens2 and for this reason he expresses the opinion that all bodies have a constant tendency to move4 ,and as he cannot see how such a tendency can be reconciled with the inertia of matter1 he comes to the conclusion that bodies are not inert4 ,but it is scarcely necessary to remark that the constant tendency to move which we observe in bodies is the result of universal attraction1 and not of a selfacting power inhering in the matter of which the bodies consist2 and therefore such a tendency does not in the least interfere with the inertia of matter4 ,a simple reference to the laws of motion suffices to convince the most superficial student that such is the case4 ,malebranche goes to the other extreme4 ,he supposes that bodies have no activity of any kind1 and that accordingly all the phenomena we witness in the physical world are produced by ,god alone4 ,this theory1 as every one will acknowledge1 is supremely extravagant and unphilosophical4 ,it leads to idealism and to pantheism4 ,to idealism1 because1 if bodies do not act1 there is no reason why they should exist2 as nothing can be admitted to exist throughout creation which has no aptitude to manifest in its own reality a reflex of the ,creator's perfections4 ,and since manifestation is action1 no created being can be destitute of active power4 ,this argument drawn from the end of creation may be supplemented by another drawn from the impossibility of our knowing the existence of bodies if they do not act4 ,for1 if bodies do not act on our senses1 we cannot refer to bodies for the causality of our sensations2 and thus the only link by which we have the means of connecting our subjective impressions with exterior objects will be destroyed4 ,hence1 if bodies are not active1 there is no reason why they should be admitted to exist1 and we are accordingly condemned to an absurd idealism4 ,nor can we escape pantheism4 ,for1 if the impressions we receive from outside are caused by ,god alone1 we cannot but conclude that whatever we see outside of us has no other objectivity than that of the divine substance itself appearing under different forms4 ,now1 this is a pantheistic doctrine4 ,therefore the theory which denies the activity of bodies leads to pantheism4 ,we will say nothing more about this preposterous doctrine and its absurd consequences4 ,plain common sense1 without need of further argument1 condemns whatever calls in question the reality and objectivity of our knowledge concerning the exterior world4 ,but1 while we admit with all the physicists1 and indeed with all mankind1 that material substance is competent1 through its natural activity1 to cause local motion1 we must guard against the opinion of the materialists1 who pretend that the active power of matter is also competent1 under certain conditions and through certain combinations1 to produce thought4 ,nothing1 perhaps1 can be more inconsistent with reason than this assumption4 ,were matter not inert1 the hypothesis might deserve examination2 but an inert thinking substance is such an enormity that it cannot1 even hypothetically1 be entertained4 ,the thinking faculty evidently implies selfacting power1 whereas inertia evidently excludes it2 and therefore1 so long as we keep in mind that matter is inert1 we cannot1 without evident inconsistency1 extend the range of its activity to immanent operations1 but must confine it to the extrinsic production of local motion4 ,let us here remark that1 of all the arguments usually employed in psychology against the materialistic hypothesis1 this one drawn from the inertia of matter is the most valuable as it is the most simple and incontrovertible4 ,the inertia of matter is so universally admitted that it is hardly necessary to say a word about it4 ,no fact1 indeed1 is more certain in science than that matter1 when at rest1 cannot but remain so until it receive from without a determination to move2 and likewise that1 when determined to move with any velocity and in any direction1 it cannot but move with that velocity and in that direction until it receive some other determination from without4 ,this incapability of changing its own state constitutes1 as we have already stated1 the inertia of matter1 and is the very foundation of mechanical science4 ,as to the natural passivity of material substance1 we need only say that it consists in its capability of receiving1 when it is acted on1 any accidental determination to move in any direction and with any velocity4 ,that matter has this passivity is an obvious experimental truth2 and that matter has no other passivity except this one we shall prove in another place4 ,meanwhile1 it is evident from the preceding considerations that all matter is active1 passive1 and inert4 ,the principle of activity1 in every being1 is its essential act1 and the principle of passivity its essential term1 which is a real passive potency27#acb7 hence the activity and the passivity of matter are a necessary result of the essential constitution of material substance1 and are therefore essential properties of the same4 ,the inertia of matter is also a necessary result of the essential constitution of material substance2 for the only reason why an element of matter cannot give motion to itself is to be found in the mutual relation of its essential principles1 which is of such a nature that the principle of passivity cannot be influenced by any exertion of the active principle1 of which it is the intrinsic term4 ,now1 this relation1 for which we shall fully account hereafter1 belongs to the essence of the substance as truly and as necessarily as the essential principles themselves4 ,hence the inertia of matter is an essential property of matter no less than its activity and passivity4 ,action at a distance4 ,the activity of material substance is a very interesting subject of investigation2 its nature1 its mode of working1 the law of its exertion1 and the conditions on which the production of its effects depends1 give rise to many important questions1 which1 owing to philosophical discords1 have not yet received a satisfactory solution4 ,the first of these questions is3 ,does material substance act at a distance1 or does it require1 as a condition sine qua non for acting1 a mathematical contact of its matter with the matter acted upon8 ,philosophers and scientists have often examined this grave subject1 but their opinions are still divided4 ,those philosophers who form their physical views from the scholastic system1 commonly hold that a true material contact is an indispensable condition for the action of matter upon matter1 and think it to be an evident truth4 ,but physicists1 8with few exceptions10 as ,prof4 ,faraday remarks1 admit that all action of matter upon matter is an actio in distans1 and he himself supports the same doctrine1 although suggesting that it should be expressed in somewhat different terms4 ,we propose to show that this latter solution is the only one consistent with the principles both of science and of philosophy4 ,and as the opposite view owes its origin1 and in a great measure its plausibility1 to the known theory of kinetic forces as deduced from the impact of bodies1 we shall argue from the same theory in support of our conclusion4 ,here is our argument4 ,when a body impinges upon another body1 if any communication of movement is made by a true and immediate contact of matter with matter1 its duration must be limited to that indivisible instant of time in which the distance between the struggling particles of matter becomes #j4 ,but in an indivisible instant of time no finite velocity can be communicated4 ,and therefore no real movement can be caused in the impact of bodies by a true and immediate contact of matter with matter4 ,we think that this argument admits of no reply4 ,its major proposition is the statement of an obvious geometric truth4 ,nor can it be gainsaid by assuming that the duration of the action can be prolonged2 for the action1 in the opinion of those against whom we now are arguing1 is supposed to require true material contact2 and it is plain that two particles of matter coming into contact cannot remain in contact for any length of time1 however inappreciable1 unless in the very first instant of their meeting their velocities have become equal2 it being evident that two particles of matter animated by different velocities cannot preserve for any length of time the same relation in space4 ,to assume1 therefore1 that the contact can be prolonged1 is to assume that from the very first instant of the collision the unequal velocities of the struggling particles have been equalized1 or1 in other terms1 that the velocity imparted has been communicated in the very first instant of the impact4 ,but if so1 then the assumption of a prolonged contact1 as a means of communicating the velocity1 is altogether useless1 and involves an evident contradiction4 ,it is therefore necessary to concede that1 if the velocity is communicated by a true and immediate contact of matter with matter1 the communication must be made in an indivisible instant of time4 ,the minor proposition of our syllogism is equally evident4 ,for it is one of the fundamental axioms of mechanics that actions1 all other things being equal1 are proportional to their respective duration2 whence it is plain that an action of which the duration is infinitesimal cannot produce more than an infinitesimal effect4 ,and therefore no finite velocity can be produced by true material contact4 ,against this argument four objections may be advanced3 ,first1 that although in the contact of one point with another point no finite velocity can be communicated1 yet in the case of a multitude of material points coming into collision the effect might be appreciable4 ,secondly1 that a particle of matter may be carried straight away by another particle which impinges upon it with sufficient velocity4 ,thirdly1 that a distinction is to be made between continuous and instantaneous actions1 and that1 although a continuous action produces an effect proportional to its duration1 as in the case of universal attraction1 yet instantaneous actions1 as in the case of impact1 may not necessarily follow the same law4 ,lastly1 that even admitting the impossibility of producing finite velocity in an infinitesimal unit of time1 yet finite velocity might still be communicated in an infinitesimal unit of time without any new production1 as modern scientists assume4 ,to the first objection we answer that1 if each material point cannot1 in the instant of the contact1 acquire more than an infinitesimal velocity1 the whole multitude will have only an infinitesimal velocity2 and thus no movement will ensue4 ,to the second we answer that a particle cannot be carried straight away unless it receives a communication of finite velocity2 and such a communication1 as we have already shown1 cannot be made in the instant of the contact4 ,the third objection we answer by denying that there is any rigorously instantaneous action4 ,when physicists speak of 8instantaneous0 actions1 they mean actions having a finite duration1 which1 however1 is so short that it cannot be appreciated or measured by our means of observation4 ,and therefore what is called an 8instantaneous0 action is nothing but a continuous action of a short duration4 ,now1 a difference of duration is not a difference in kind2 and accordingly1 if actions are proportional to their duration when their duration is longer1 they are no less so when their duration is shorter4 ,the last objection takes for granted that there can be a communication of velocity without production of velocity2 which amounts to saying that the velocity of the impinging body is transmitted identically to the body impinged upon4 ,this is1 however1 a mere delusion4 ,the velocity acquired by the body impinged upon has no previous existence in the impinging body2 and accordingly its communication implies its real production1 as we have proved in one of our past articles47#acc7 ,the actio in distans can also be proved from the very nature of material activity4 ,it is generally admitted that the active power of matter is either attractive or repulsive2 for all men of science agree that the movements of the material world are brought about by attractions and repulsions4 ,now1 attraction and repulsion do not imply a material contact between the agent and the patient1 but1 on the contrary1 exclude it2 and therefore all the movements of the material world are due to actions at a distance4 ,that attraction excludes material contact is quite evident1 for attraction produces movement by causing the approach of one body to another2 and it is evident that no approach will be possible if the bodies are already in immediate contact4 ,it is therefore an essential condition for the possibility of attraction that the agent be not in immediate contact with the patient4 ,and as for repulsion1 it is known that it serves to keep the molecules of a body distant from one another1 and consequently it is exercised at molecular distances4 ,this is especially evident in the case of elastic fluids4 ,for repulsion obtains among the molecules of such fluids1 whether the said molecules be pressed nearer or let further apart4 ,and therefore repulsion1 too1 is exercised without material contact4 ,some modern physicists try to do away with repulsion1 and explain the pressure exercised by a gas against the vessel in which it is confined by saying that the gaseous molecules are continually flying about in all directions1 and continually impinging on the interior surface of the recipient1 where their excursions are intercepted1 and that this continuous series of impacts constitutes what we call the pressure of the gas on the vessel4 ,but this new theory cannot bear one moment's examination4 ,it is wholly gratuitous2 it disregards mechanical principles by admitting that the movement of the molecules can go on unabated in spite of repeated impacts1 and it assumes that the momentum of a moving molecule is its active power2 which is utterly false1 as we will show later4 ,other physicists have tried to get rid of attraction1 also1 by assuming that those effects which we ascribe to attraction are to be attributed to ethereal pressure4 ,this hypothesis has no better foundation than the preceding one1 and is equally untenable for many reasons which we shall explain hereafter4 ,the actio in distans can also be directly proved by the consideration of statical forces4 ,we know that the action which tends to communicate movement in a given direction cannot be frustrated or neutralized1 except by an action of the same intensity applied in an opposite direction4 ,it is evident1 on the other hand1 that1 if the first requires an immediate contact of matter with matter1 the second also must be subject to the same condition4 ,now1 this latter is altogether independent of such a condition4 ,accordingly1 the former also--that is1 the action which tends to communicate the movement--is independent of a true material contact4 ,the minor proposition of this syllogism may be proved as follows3 ,let a small cube of hard steel be placed on a smooth1 horizontal plate of cast iron lying on a table4 ,the cube will remain at rest on the plate1 notwithstanding the action of gravity upon it1 because1 while the cube tends to fall and presses the plate1 the action of the plate frustrates that tendency1 and keeps the equilibrium4 ,now1 the cube and the plate do not immediately touch one another with their matter2 for we know that they can be brought nearer than they are4 ,we may place1 for instance1 a second cube on the top of the first1 and thus increase the pressure on the plate1 and cause the plate itself to react with an increased intensity4 ,but it is obvious that neither of the two actions can become intenser1 unless the cube is brought nearer to the plate2 for the resistance of the plate cannot be modified1 unless some of the previous conditions be altered2 and since the two surfaces have remained the same1 no other condition can be conceived to be changed except their relative distance4 ,it is therefore a change1 and in fact a diminution1 of the distance between the cube and the plate that entails the change of the action4 ,whence we see that1 even in the case of the socalled physical contact1 bodies do not touch one another with their matter4 ,this shows that physical contact does not exclude distance2 and therefore1 when we say that two bodies touch one another1 the fact we express is that the two bodies are so near to one another that they cannot approach nearer without their molecular arrangement being disturbed by their mutual actions4 ,therefore the hypothesis that a true material contact of matter with matter is needed for causing or for hindering movement is irreconcilable with fact4 ,as a further development of this proof1 we may add that one of the necessary conditions for the equilibrium of the cube on the plate is1 that the action of the plate have a direction opposite to the action of the cube4 ,now1 no direction whatever can be conceived but between two distinct1 and therefore distant1 points4 ,accordingly1 there cannot be the least doubt that all the points belonging to the surface of the plate are really distant from those of the neighboring surface of the cube4 ,whence we conclude again that their mutual action is exercised at a distance4 ,other proofs of the same truth might be drawn1 if necessary1 from other considerations4 ,faraday1 from the phenomena of electric conduction1 was led to the conclusion that each atom of matter1 though occupying a mere point in space1 has a sphere of action extending throughout the whole solar system47#acd7 ,boscovich17#ace7 from the law of continuity1 demonstrates that movement is not communicated through material contact4 ,and mechanical writers generally consider all dynamical forces--that is1 all accelerating or retarding actions--as functions of distances2 which shows that all motive actions depend on distance1 not only for their direction1 but also for their intensity4 ,we have no need of developing these proofs1 as we think that the preceding arguments are abundantly sufficient to convince all intelligent readers of the truth of our conclusion1 viz43 #a4 ,that distance is a necessary condition of the action of matter upon matter2 #b4 ,that the contact between the agent and the object acted on is not material1 but virtual1 inasmuch as it is by its active power 7virtus71 and not by its matter1 that the agent reaches the matter of the object acted upon2 #c4 ,hence that any material substance1 which is anywhere by reason of its matter1 has within itself a power prepared to act where the substance itself is not present by its matter4 ,as the actio in distans shocks vulgar prejudices1 and has therefore many decided adversaries1 it is plain that we must be ready to meet a great number of objections4 ,for the present we respectfully invite those who consider the action at a distance as an obvious impossibility to examine carefully the arguments by which we have established the impossibility of the action by material contact4 ,as to their own reasons for a contrary opinion1 we hope to answer them satisfactorily as soon as we have done with the explanation of a few other preliminaries4 ,power and velocity4 ,the question which now presents itself is the following3 ,is velocity the active power of material substance8 ,this question has some importance in the present state of science1 on account of the confusion generally made by physical writers between powers1 forces1 actions1 and movements4 ,we answer that1 although active power and velocity are now generally considered as synonymous1 they are quite different things4 ,here are our reasons3 ,in the first place1 it is philosophically evident that the result of an action and the principle of the action cannot be of the same nature4 ,but velocity is certainly the result of an action1 whilst the active power is the principle of the action4 ,and therefore velocity and active power cannot be of the same nature4 ,but surely1 if velocity has not the nature of an active power1 it is not an active power1 as every one must admit4 ,in the second place1 the active power of creatures1 be they material or immaterial1 is the power by the exertion of which they manifest themselves and their natural perfection1 thus leading us to the knowledge of the existence and the perfections of our ,creator1 such a knowledge being the end of creation4 ,active power is therefore not an accidental and changeable affection1 but an essential1 primitive1 and permanent appurtenance of all created substances2 nor does it come from interaction of creatures1 but only from creation itself2 so that we might well apply to it what ,s4 ,paul says of the power of kings and rulers3 8,there is no power except from ,god40 ,and accordingly velocity1 which is an accidental and changeable affection of matter1 cannot be the active power of the material substance4 ,in the third place1 if velocity were the active principle of matter1 matter would have no definite nature of its own4 ,for 8nature0 is defined as the principle of motion2 and material substance would be destitute of such a principle2 for velocity1 by which it is assumed that it would cause movement1 has no part in the constitution of the substance itself4 ,hence we must conclude that either material substance has no definite nature of its own1 or1 if this cannot be admitted1 the active power of matter is not its velocity4 ,in the fourth place1 a mass of matter at rest acts on the body by which it is supported1 and exercises a pressure against it2 and therefore matter is active independently of actual movement2 which conclusively shows that the active power of matter has nothing common with its velocity4 ,lastly1 velocity is an accidental mode2 and nothing accidental possesses active power1 as has been shown in one of our philosophical articles47#acf7 ,thus it appears that the active power of material substance is not its velocity4 ,those physicists who acknowledge no other powers but 8masses multiplied by velocities0 are therefore wholly mistaken4 ,the product of a mass into its velocity does not represent an active power1 and not even a dynamical force1 but simply the quantity of an effect produced by a previous action4 ,it is true that a mass animated by velocity can do work1 which a mass at rest cannot do4 ,but we have shown in the article just mentioned that such a work is done1 not by velocity1 but by the natural powers inherent in the body1 the velocity being only a condition sine qua non4 ,nor does it matter that the work done by a body is a function of its velocity4 ,this only proves that the greater the velocity of the body1 the greater is the resistance required to exhaust it4 ,sphere of action4--,the next question is3 ,has matter a sphere of action8 ,that is1 ,does a primitive element of matter act around itself with equal intensity on all other elements equally distant from it8 ,the answer must be affirmative4 ,and first1 since the active principle of material substance is destined1 as above stated1 to produce local movement1 it is evident that its action must proceed from a term marking a point in space1 and reach other terms marking other similar points4 ,local movement1 in fact1 cannot be produced1 unless the term acted on be determined by the agent to follow a certain direction2 for the direction of the movement must be imparted by the agent which imparts the movement4 ,now1 the direction of the movement1 and of the action which causes it1 cannot evidently be conceived without two distinct points1 the one marked in space by the agent1 the other by the patient4 ,hence the exertion of the active power of matter necessarily proceeds from a point in space to other points in space4 ,whether such points be rigorously unextended and mathematically indivisible we shall inquire in another article2 our object at present is only to show the necessity of a local term from which the direction of the action has to proceed towards other local terms4 ,this being understood1 we can now show that the point from which the action of a material element is directed is the centre of a sphere of activity1 or1 in other terms1 that the primitive elements of matter act in a sphere of which they occupy the centre4 ,this proposition implies that material elements not only act all around1 or in every direction1 but also that they act with equal intensity at equal distances4 ,this we show in the following manner4 ,the earth1 the planets1 and the sun act in all directions1 and the intensity of their respective actions1 all other things being equal1 depends on their distance from the bodies acted on2 so that1 all other things being equal1 to equal distances equal actions correspond4 ,that such actions really proceed from the earth1 the planets1 and the sun respectively there can be no doubt4 ,for to no other sources can the actions be referred than to those bodies from which both their direction and their intensity proceed4 ,now1 the action by which a planet is attracted is directed to the centre of the sun1 and the action by which a satellite is retained in its orbit is directed to the centre of the planet to which it belongs4 ,on the other hand1 the intensity of all such actions varies only with the distance of the planet from the sun1 and of the satellite from the planet4 ,whence we conclude that the actions which we attribute to these bodies are really their own4 ,now1 if such great bodies as the sun1 the earth1 and all the planets act thus in a sphere1 it is manifest that every particle of matter in their mass acts in a sphere4 ,for the action of the whole mass1 being only a resultant of the particular actions of all the component elements1 cannot but follow the nature of its components2 and therefore1 from the fact that the action of the whole mass is directed in a sphere1 and has equal intensity at equal distances1 we must conclude that all the component actions are similarly directed1 and have equal intensities at equal distances4 ,hence every element of matter has a sphere of action1 and acts all around itself with equal actions on all other elements equally distant from it4 ,this conclusion applies to all matter4 ,for we have proved1 on the one hand1 that matter cannot act except at a distance1 and1 on the other1 we can show by a general argument that the actions themselves must be equal at equal distances around each centre of activity4 ,it is evident1 in fact1 that the actions of any material element on any other must be equal when the local relation between the elements is the same4 ,but whatever be the position in space of the element acted on1 its local relation to the other element remains the same whenever the distance between them is not altered2 for so long as we consider two elements only1 no other local relation can be conceived to exist between them than that of distance2 and therefore a change of position in space which does not alter the distance of the two elements leaves them in the same relation with one another1 however much it may alter their relation to other surrounding matter4 ,since1 then1 the elements which are arranged spherically around a given element are all equally distant from it1 they are all equally related to it1 and are all acted on in the same manner4 ,and therefore all material element acts with equal intensity on all other elements equally distant from it4 ,the truth of this proposition being very generally acknowledged by astronomers and physicists1 we need not dwell on it any longer4 ,we must1 however1 mention and solve two objections which have been advanced against it4 ,the first is1 that the cohesion of the molecules in a certain number of bodies is more energetic in some directions than in others2 as in crystals1 which are cleavable only in definite planes4 ,this would tend to show that material elements do not always act in a sphere4 ,the second objection is1 that the action of the sun and of the planets1 on which the demonstration of our proposition is grounded1 can be denied4 ,some modern physicists1 in fact1 hold that what we persist in calling 8universal attraction0 is not attraction1 but only an ethereal pressure exercised on the celestial bodies2 and if this be the real case1 the action of matter in a sphere will be out of the question4 ,in answer to the first objection1 we say that elements of matter and molecules of bodies are not to be confounded4 ,the molecule is capable of internal movements1 as we have already remarked2 and therefore every molecule consists of a number of primitive elements having a distinct and independent existence in space4 ,hence the action of a molecule is not a simple action1 but is the resultant of the actions proceeding from those distinct elements2 and it is plain that1 if such elements are made to approach the centre of the molecule in one direction more than in another1 the resultant of their actions will be greater in one direction than in another1 and the neighboring molecules will adhere to each other more firmly in one direction than in another4 ,this inequality of molecular actions does not1 however1 extend beyond the limits of molecular distances2 for1 when the distance is great 7and we can call great those distances in comparison with which the diameter of a molecule is of no account71 all the distinct centres of elementary action may be admitted to coincide with the centre of the molecule1 and all their spheres to coalesce into one sphere4 ,and thus at such greater distances all molecules1 no less than all primitive elements1 act in a sphere4 ,the second objection rests on the singular assumption that the universal ether1 owing to the centrifugal force called into existence by the rotation of the celestial bodies1 is reduced1 around each of them1 to a density directly proportional to the distance from the centre of the rotation4 ,hence they suppose that the ether which surrounds and presses the earth must be denser on the hemisphere where there is night than on that where there is day1 because the former is more distant from the sun than the latter2 and they infer that on the former hemisphere the pressure of the ether must be greater than on the latter2 which brings them to the conclusion that the earth must move towards the sun with a velocity proportional to the difference between the two pressures4 ,such is the theory by which some modern thinkers tried to supplant universal attraction4 ,we need not go far to show the utter absurdity of this rash conception1 as the most common phenomena and the most elementary principles of mechanics supply us with abundant proofs of its falsity4 ,centrifugal force is necessarily perpendicular to the axis of the rotation1 and is proportional to the radius of the circle described4 ,hence its intensity1 which is a maximum on the equator of the revolving body1 diminishes from the equator to the poles1 where it becomes #j4 ,if1 then1 the ether surrounding the earth 7or any other celestial body7 acquires by centrifugal force a greater density at a greater distance from the earth1 the effect must be greater at the equator than in any latitude from the equator to the poles1 and bodies must accordingly have a greater weight1 and fall with greater impetus1 at the equator than in any latitude4 ,moreover1 all bodies should fall in the direction of the pressure--that is1 perpendicularly to the axis of rotation1 and not perpendicularly to the horizon4 ,then1 also1 the pressure of the ether being proportional to the surface of the falling body1 of two equal masses having different surfaces1 the one whose surface is greater should fall with a greater impetus4 ,now1 all this is contrary to fact4 ,the preceding remarks suffice to annihilate the theory4 ,we might add that centrifugal forces are not active powers1 as the theory assumes1 but only components of the rotatory movement1 and affections of the rotating matter4 ,hence1 if the ether surrounding the earth does not rotate with it1 its condensation through centrifugal force is a patent impossibility2 while1 if the ether rotates with the earth1 its condensation through centrifugal force will again be impossible1 inasmuch as its centrifugal force will be greater and greater in proportion as its distance from the earth is greater4 ,it is rarefaction1 not condensation1 that would take place in this latter hypothesis4 ,one word more4 ,if the mere difference of the pressures exercised by the ether on the two hemispheres of a planet is sufficient to communicate to it a considerable centripetal velocity1 as the theory asserts1 how can we escape the conclusion that all progress of a planet in its orbit should have been checked long ago by the total pressure of the same ether on its advancing hemisphere8 ,it is strange indeed that a theory so preposterous in its assumptions and so absurd in its consequences can have found favor with scientific writers in the full light of this nineteenth century6 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,,iv4 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,part ,,iv4 ,she ,sang4 ,i4 ,it came3 it reached me from afar3 ,i kissed the seal1 the cords unwove2 ,came wafted from the fields of war ,on all the odorous airs of love4 ,close hid ,i sang2 close hid ,i sighed ,in places where no echoes were1 ,where dashed the streams through gorges wide1 ,and sprays leaned back on moistened air4 ,i sang a song1 half sighs1 yet proud1 ,and smothered by those downward rills1 ,a music proud1 and yet not loud1 ,as when her babe a mother stills4 ,,ii4 ,behold6 for thee1 and for thy love ,i fain would make my spirit fair3 ,for this ,i strive2 for this ,i strove3 ,my toil1 though late1 shall blossom bear4 ,before thy face the plant shall rise1 ,in thy fair presence bloom and flower3 ,o love me6 ,thou art great and wise3-- ,heartgreatness is the woman's dower4 ,thou mad'st me as a warrior young ,that yearns to flesh a maiden sword1 ,that burns for battle with the strong1 ,that pants to crush some rebel horde4 ,rebels ,i count all things in me ,that bear no impress of my ,king6 8,fair is a great king's jealousy2 ,his worth he knoweth02 thus ,i sing4 ,,iii4 ,i stood upon a rock what time ,the moon rushed up above the plain3 ,the crags were white like frosty rime2 ,her beams upon me fell like rain4 ,it was her harvest month of might3 ,the vales and villages were glad2 ,i cried--my palms against the light-- ,like one with sudden pinions clad1 8,whom seek'st thou1 ,o thou rising moon ,that broad'nest like a warrior's shield8 ,whom seest thou8 ,thou shalt see him soon1 ,my ,warrior 'mid the tented field6 8,he reaches now some gorge's mouth2 ,upon his helmet thou shalt shine2-- ,seest thou1 ,o moon1 from north to south1 ,another loved one like to mine80 ,,iv4 ,no merchant from the isles of spice ,who stands in hushed hareem or hall ,who parts his goods1 and names the price1 ,was ,i1 ,o friend6 ,i gave thee all4 ,when from me ,i had all things cast ,except thy gifts1 that hour ,i found ,a gift ,i1 too1 might give at last-- ,the being thou had'st made and crowned6 ,i am not nothing since thy vow ,enriched my heart4 ,that wealth is mine3 8,nothing0 ,i call myself1 that thou ,may'st hear1 ,o love6 and call me thine4 ,v4 ,high on the hills ,i sat at dawn ,where cedar caverns1 branching1 breathe ,their darkness o'er the dewy lawn1 ,while slowly bloomed in heaven a wreath ,of eastern lilies4 ,soon the sun ,ascended o'er the far seatide ,smiting to glory billows dun ,and clouds and trees2 and loud ,i cried1 8,thou too shalt rise1 my sun--thou too-- ,o'er darkling hearts in power shalt rise1 ,and flame on souls1 and flash on dew ,of tears that dim expectant eyes40 ,and every wind from vale and glen ,sang loud1 8,he1 too1 shall rise and shine6 ,a warrior he1 a chief of men1 ,a prince with might2 and he is thine40 ,,vi4 ,men praised my words4 ,thy spirit dwells ,within me1 strangely linked with mine3 ,at times my mind's remotest cells ,brighten with thoughts less mine than thine4 ,a gleam of thee on me they cast3 ,they wear thy look2 they catch thy tone3 ,a kingdom in my breast thou hast3-- ,the words they praised were not mine own4 ,,vii4 ,a chance was that--our meeting first8 ,at morn ,i read a quaint old book ,that told of maiden palacenursed ,who met a prince beside a brook4 8,beside our brook the lilies blow10 ,i mused1 8greengirt1 and silvertipped02 ,and1 dreaming of their bells of snow1 ,at eve adown the rocks ,i tripped4 ,sudden ,i saw thee6--saw thee take ,toward me thy path6 ,i turned1 and fled3 ,so swiftly pushed ,i through the brake ,my girdle dropped3--still on ,i sped4 ,had ,i but guessed that past the dates ,that hour the stranger youth made way1 ,i ne'er had left my maiden mates ,beside that brook1 alone1 to stray4 ,,viii4 ,surely my thoughts1 ere yet we met1 ,even then were loyal to their lord2 ,the tides of all my being set ,towards thee with blind yet just accord4 ,when first ,i kenned1 through showers aslant ,the snowy ,lebanonian line1 ,when first ,i heard the nightbird's chant1 ,even then my beating heart was thine4 ,when minstrels sang the sacred strife1 ,and thus ,i wept1 8,the land made free ,by warrior's sword is as a wife ,whose head is on her husband's knee10 ,then1 too1 ,i nursed this hope sublime3 ,my breast unconscious turned to thee3 ,let no one say there lived a time ,when thou wert nothing unto me6 ,,ix4 ,how often1 dimmed by grateful tears1 ,i see that convent near the snow ,wherein ,i lived those seven sweet years1 ,and seven times saw the lilies blow2 ,there sent to couch on pavements cold1 ,fearless to suffer and to dare1 ,and reverence learn from nuns darkstoled ,who live in penance and in prayer4 ,there1 too1 of love they sang--there1 too-- ,ah6 not this love of maid and youth6 ,to that first love oh6 keep me true1 ,thou ,who art ,love at once and ,truth6 ,have ,i not heard of hearts that nursed ,this human love1 yet wronged their troth8 ,that first1 great love they outraged first3-- ,falsehood to that was death to both6 ,x4 ,now glorious grows my ,warrior's name3 ,the very babes his praises spread3 ,but late released1 this morn they came ,around me1 clamouring1 8,give us bread60 ,his light was on them6 ,freed by him1 ,a land redeemed ,i saw them tread6 ,i gazed on them with eyes teardim3 ,i blessed them1 and ,i gave them bread4 8,what man is this80 our ancients sought3 8,this chief we know not can we trust80 ,thou gav'st them back1 unbribed1 unbought1 ,their towers far off1 their state august4 ,thou gav'st to warriors proved of yore ,victory1 by carnage undisgraced2 ,to matrons hearts unpierced by war2 ,to maids their nuptials high and chaste4 ,to others1 these3--but what to me8 ,i speak it not3 ,i know it well3 ,the fawn whose head is on my knee ,as well as ,i that gift might tell6 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,x4 ,livia was the first to return to herself and put an end to my singular and illtimed reverie4 8,i hope1 however1 you do not imagine my resolution is to be attributed to the jettatura10 she said4 ,these words immediately recalled me to a sense of all that had taken place the previous hour4 ,i reflected an instant1 and then replied3 8,no2 ,i know too well what you yourself would think of a vocation that had such an origin40 8,and yet ,i cannot deny10 she said1 8that it has had a certain influence on my destiny2 for1 thanks to the jettatura1 ,i have had a heavy1 mysterious cross to bear4 ,it is not to get rid of this cross ,i wish to leave the world1 but to embrace it more closely and experience more fully the blessings it has revealed to me40 8,that is above my comprehension1 ,livia4 ,i no longer understand you40 8,you know very well1 however1 do you not1 that love is the chief element of happiness80 said she slowly4 8,yes1 ,i believe that4 ,happiness consists chiefly in loving and being loved1 ,i imagine4 ,everything else is merely accessory40 8,and you know what is accessory loses all importance when the whole heart and soul are absorbed in some adored and adorable being80 8,yes2 444 but the difficulty is to love thus though ,i say this hesitatingly1 lest it seem ungrateful to ,lorenzo40 8,you are right1 ,ginevra4 ,it is very difficult1 and even impossible1 in this world1 as you will some day realize more fully than you do now40 ,we were both silent for a few moments4 8,and my father10 ,i at last resumed--8what will my poor father say to this separation80 8,what would he say1 ,i beg to know1 if a noble1 wealthy man--in fact1 a great lord like ,lorenzo--should ask my hand on condition of carrying me away1 like you1 beyond the mountains and the sea8 ,do you think he would refuse8 ,well1 neither will he refuse ,him who demands my heart and life4 ,for1 after all1 is not he alone great--the only ,lord8444 ,but of course my father will decide the matter4 ,it will be when and as he wishes40 ,this conversation gave me a glimpse of a world into which the hour had not yet come for me to penetrate1 and ,i was diverted from the thoughts it awakened in my soul by the excitement and agitation that followed4 ,but every word of this last conversation remained fixed in my memory2 whereas the incidents and impressions of the following day only seem like a dream--yes1 like a dream when ,i recall the confusion of that last day1 the preparations both for my wedding and my journey 7for ,i was to leave my father's house and my native land nearly at the same time71 ,ottavia's feverish excitement1 and the quiet activity of ,livia1 who thought of everything1 and arranged everything calmly and in order4 ,then there was a succession of calls from our young friends and relatives1 who1 according to the custom in our country1 could not be present at the wedding1 and therefore came to take leave of me on the eve1 and admire at their leisure the rich presents of the bridegroom1 especially the jewels1 which were unusually splendid4 ,among these young girls ,i particularly remember my two cousins1 ,mariuccia and ,teresina1 who1 as well as their mother1 ,donna ,clelia1 experienced many conflicting emotions on the occasion of their young cousin's brilliant marriage4 ,but interest and curiosity finally overcame the grain of illhumor which my aunt especially could not help feeling at seeing me attain a rank and position which her most ambitious flights could not hope for her daughters to obtain4 ,donna ,clelia was my father's sister1 but she did not resemble him in the least4 ,she was married to a wealthy man of an obscure family1 and1 as she was remarkable for nothing but her ability as a manager and her kind heart1 she had passed her life in a different sphere from that my father had attained by his talents and celebrity4 ,this sometimes caused a temporary feeling of spite1 but she was in the main an excellent woman and a good mother4 ,at length the great day came and nearly passed away2 for it was not till night came on--that is1 about nine o'clock in the evening--that the ceremony took place4 ,the large salon was illuminated with all the lights in the crystal chandelier1 and at the farther end of the room an altar had been placed1 adorned with lights and flowers4 ,before it stood good old ,don ,placido1 awaiting those he was to unite4 ,his long1 white beard and ,capuchin habit formed a singular contrast to the elegant toilets around him and the total lack of any religious aspect--as was proper at a wedding in the midst of a brilliant assembly like this1 and in a place better fitted for worldly gayety than the celebration of a holy rite4 ,don ,fabrizio soon appeared1 leading the pale1 trembling bride clothed in white1 and wearing on her forehead a coronet of diamonds whose fleurons indicated her new rank4 ,every eye was fastened on her1 as she knelt beside the bridegroom at the feet of the venerable old priest who had baptized her1 and was now waiting to bless her marriage4 ,i only remember that the very moment when ,don ,placido was joining our hands ,livia's words occurred to my mind3 8,you are going to pronounce the most fearful vow there is in the world10 and my voice failed me4 ,lorenzo1 on the contrary1 spoke unhesitatingly and with perfect distinctness4 ,don ,placido then addressed us a few words that affected me to tears1 for he spoke of her who was not here to accompany her child to the altar2 and this sorrowful recollection1 alluded to in language so touching1 made me forget everything else1 and for a few moments entirely absorbed me4 ,i cannot recollect anything more till1 leaning on ,lorenzo's arm1 ,i descended the grand staircase1 in order to go to the palace he owned at a short distance1 and where he had lately resided4 ,the night was glorious1 the air soft and balmy1 and ,i took a seat in the open carriage with nothing around me but my lace veil4 ,my bridal dress was becoming1 notwithstanding my paleness1 and the diamonds ,i was covered with sparkled in the light of the torches borne by the attendants4 ,a murmur of admiration ran through the crowd at my appearance2 and when ,lorenzo took a seat at my side1 the air resounded with cheers and enthusiastic exclamations4 ,we at last set off amid cries of 8,evviva i sposi60 8,evviva il duca60 8,evviva la duchessa607#acg7 444 ,we set off1 but not alone4 ,according to our custom1 we were preceded1 accompanied1 and followed by a crowd of relatives and friends who thronged the house which ,i now entered for the first time4 ,i was obliged to receive them all1 listen to them1 reply1 and1 above all1 do the honors of a place more familiar to every one there than to myself6 ,this old palace had been very magnificent once1 but it was now in the dilapidated condition into which all buildings for a long time uninhabited generally fall4 ,on this occasion the walls were covered with rich hangings1 and on every side there was a profusion of lights and flowers4 ,it was brilliantly illuminated without1 and through the open windows of the salon came the sound of ravishing music in the garden4 ,for this evening1 at least1 they had succeeded in giving to this ancient habitation not only a sumptuous and cheerful aspect1 but one really fairylike4 ,it will not seem surprising that1 agitated and excited as ,i had been1 the brilliancy of such a soire was repugnant to my feelings4 ,it may not even seem astonishing that1 in spite of all that was apparently combined to intoxicate me with joy and pride1 a scene so brilliant1 so little in accordance with the solemn emotions of the day1 should have produced an entirely opposite effect on me4 ,the transition had been too sudden and abrupt4 ,this was the first time but once ,i had ever been in the gay world1 and the recollections associated with that occasion were the most terrible of my life1 as well as the most deeply graven on my memory4 ,it is not strange1 therefore1 that ,i felt a painful depression of spirits1 as well as a fearful embarrassment and an irresistible desire to escape from them all--even from ,lorenzo himself1 whose radiant look seemed so unable to comprehend my feelings that ,i could not turn to him for the sympathy that had heretofore inspired me with so much confidence in him4 ,i looked around in vain for a glimpse of my compassionate sister2 but she had been made no exception to the custom forbidding young girls to be present at nuptial festivals4 ,my father1 after escorting me to the door of my new home1 had returned1 not being able to overcome his repugnance to mingle in the world4 ,mario that evening was cold and sarcastic4 ,i felt1 therefore1 alone and frightened1 and quite overcome by emotion and fatigue4 ,in addition to this1 ,i had a severe headache from the weight of the coronet ,i wore1 and1 feeling nearly ready to faint1 ,i went to one of the balconies1 when1 perceiving some steps leading to a vast loggia1 ,i hastily descended1 and almost ran to seat myself on a stone bench at the end of the terrace which overlooked a part of the garden more retired and obscure than the rest4 ,there ,i felt ,i could breathe freely4 ,away from the crowd and the dazzling lights1 the sound of the music faintly heard at a distance1 and looking up with delight through the foliage at the tranquil heavens brilliant with stars1 ,i took off the rich diadem that burdened my head1 and felt relieved as the evening wind blew back my hair and cooled my brow4 ,i leaned my head against my clasped hands1 and did what had hitherto seemed impossible--,i collected my thoughts a moment3 ,i reflected and prayed4 ,i was married4 ,my past life was at an end4 ,a new and untried life had begun4 ,what had it in reserve for me8 ,what lay in the future1 seemingly so brilliant1 but in reality so dark8 ,i could not tell1 and at this moment ,i felt a vague terror rather than joyful anticipations4 ,for the second time that evening ,livia's voice seemed to resound in my ears1 and this time to echo the words my mother had written4 ,i seemed to make them some promise ,i hardly comprehended myself1 and ,i murmured the words3 8,rather die64440 ,lorenzo's voice recalled me to myself4 ,his eyes1 which had never lost sight of me1 immediately perceived my absence1 and he was now at my side4 ,he was alarmed at first at the sight of my tears1 my disordered hair1 and the coronet lying on the stone bench beside me1 but was reassured when ,i looked up with an appealing expression1 and understood me without giving me the trouble to speak4 8,poor ,ginevra60 he softly said in a caressing tone of protection which he so well knew how to assume4 8,yes1 you are right4 ,this display is foolish1 this crowd is odious1 and has been too much for your strength4 ,and how absurd10 he continued1 8to hide this golden hair1 and burden so young and fair a brow with heavy jewels6 ,you did not need them1 my ,ginevra4 ,you were certainly charming with the coronet on1 but much more so as you are4444 ,ah6 do not shake your head4 ,you must allow me to say what ,i please now4 ,you no longer have the right to impose silence on me1 and ,i am no longer bound to obey you44440 ,so saying1 he led me slowly back to the house1 but1 instead of returning to the rooms still crowded with company1 he took me another way leading to a boudoir of a circular form1 which was ornamented with particular care4 ,the gilding1 the mirrors1 and the paintings did not seem to have suffered from the effects of time like the rest of the house4 ,nothing was wanting that could give this little room a comfortable and sumptuous aspect4 ,the soft light of a lamp suspended from the ceiling was diffused throughout the room1 and perfect silence reigned4 8,this is your room1 ,ginevra10 said ,lorenzo1 carelessly throwing on one of the tables the circlet of diamonds he held in his hands4 8,here you can quietly repose undisturbed by the crowd4 ,there is absolutely nothing to disturb you here2 the music itself can scarcely be heard4 ,i will leave you1 my ,ginevra1 to explain your absence and endure till the end of the evening the fearful task it pleases them to impose on us1 but from which1 at least1 they must allow me to deliver you40 ,,xi4 ,the following day1 as the breeze declined1 ,i was standing beside ,lorenzo on the deck of the ship that was bearing us away4 ,i had left behind me all ,i had hitherto known and loved1 and my eyes were yet tearful from my last farewells4 ,i stood looking at the receding shores of ,sicily1 and the magnificent amphitheatre of ,messina rising up before us1 which presents so imposing an appearance when seen from the sea4 ,we soon passed between the two famous whirlpools which often afford a comparison for those among us voyageurs over the sea of life who escape one only to fall into the other--a comparison figuratively very apt1 though in reality it is quite doubtful if in our day any navigator ever falls either into ,scylla or ,charybdis4 ,when nothing more was to be seen1 and night came on with its serene and starry heavens1 revealing only the outline like a silvery vapor which marked the coast of ,italy1 ,i consented at last to leave the place where ,i had been standing motionless1 and took a seat under an awning ,lorenzo had had put up for me on deck4 ,during the hour of calm repose ,i enjoyed there--my first and almost only hour of perfect happiness6--,i was inspired with renewed hope and confidence while listening to the penetrating accents of the husband whose idol ,i was1 as he depicted the future in language whose magic charm seemed to open a whole life of pleasure before me4 ,after a few days' rest at ,naples1 we were to take a delightful journey through ,italy and ,france4 ,we should behold all the places and objects ,i had so often seen in imagination1 and whose names were so familiar to my memory4 ,the interest ,i was capable of feeling in every subject1 the curiosity so natural to the young1 and the undeveloped sense of the beautiful which ,lorenzo knew so well how to draw out and gratify1 the taste for art with which he was gifted--all these chords1 as yet nearly untried1 seemed to vibrate within me as ,i listened to him4 ,i was like a docile instrument from which a skilful hand knows how to draw forth sounds hitherto unsuspected4 ,as in certain compositions of the great masters1 the same musical idea is persistently reproduced in the most varied modulations1 so on all subjects and on all occasions he found means to lead my heart back to the certain conviction of being loved--loved as much as in my most ambitious dreams ,i had ever imagined it would be sweet to be loved4 ,at that moment the vow so 8fearful0 seemed easy to keep2 and if ,livia's words had occurred to me then1 they would doubtless have excited a smile6444 ,one false note1 however1 or at least a doubtful one1 disturbed for an instant the harmony that seemed to reign between us4 ,every one who has crossed1 on a beautiful summer night1 the sea that washes those enchanted shores1 has doubtless experienced the undefinable impression of mingled delight and peace1 enthusiasm and dreaminess1 that sometimes comes over one while watching the stars becoming more intense in their brilliancy1 and the luminous sea like a widespread mirror reflecting the immensity of the heavens4 ,we grew silent1 and after a time ,i rose and went to the side of the ship to contemplate more fully the beauty of the night1 and there1 with uplifted face and clasped hands1 one of those inarticulate prayers rose from my heart in which the happiness of the present moment is confounded with admiration for the wonders of the divine creation1 and the soul truly feels itself greater than the entire universe1 because it alone has the power to render thanks to ,him who not only created it but the whole world4 ,lorenzo had followed me1 and taken a seat on the bench that ran along the side of the ship1 where1 with his head leaning on one hand1 and his back to the sea1 he sat intently gazing at me4 ,filled with devout thoughts1 ,i took his hand1 and1 pressing it in mine1 ,i said3 8,o my dear husband6 let us offer up one short prayer together--a prayer of thanksgiving to ,god44440 ,his only reply was to seize both of my hands1 and kiss them one after the other1 and then to laugh gently1 as one would at the prattling of a child6444 ,a sudden sensation of pain darted through my heart like an arrow2 and if it had not been so dark1 he might have seen how pale ,i at once turned4 ,but he did not notice or suspect my emotion1 though his eyes were fastened on my face4 8,beatrice in suso1 ed io in lei guardava107#ach7 he said in his most caressing tone4 ,then he continued3 8,your eyes are my heaven1 ,ginevra4 ,i need not raise them any higher40 ,the sentiment to which ,i had appealed was one so utterly unknown to him that he unconsciously destroyed the emotion ,i felt4 8,ah6 ,lorenzo10 ,i exclaimed in my anguish1 8,dante had a different meaning1 or ,beatrice would not have allowed him to use such language40 ,then ,i stopped1 obeying for the first time the instinctive feeling1 so painful but right1 that checks every word on a woman's lips which1 as has been so well expressed1 would be profaned if not understood4 ,but this was rather instinctive than the result of thought with me4 ,and though the ray of truth that time was to reveal more fully was vivid1 it was only transient1 444 and my momentary disappointment left no permanent impression at the time1 though ,i did not forget it1 and the recollection came back at a later day4 ,coming from ,sicily1 the sight of the ,bay of ,naples does not1 of course1 inspire the same degree of wonder and admiration felt by those who come from the north2 but it was with a feeling of delight my eyes wandered around1 after passing ,capri1 and beheld at the right the wonderful chain of mountains at whose foot lies the charming shore of ,sorrento2 at the left ,posilippo and all the pleasant villas that crown its height2 in front the marked outline of ,vesuvius standing out against the majestic ,apennines in the distance2 and1 finally1 ,naples1 smiling and lovely1 seated on the inner shore of its beautiful bay6 ,whatever may be said as to the possibility of finding anywhere else in the world a prospect as magnificent as this1 and even if it is true that there is one1 it would be impossible to remember it when the view ,i have just described is presented to the eye for the first time4 ,while we were thus rapidly crossing the bay1 and ,i was gazing on every side with delight1 ,lorenzo pointed out the ,villa ,reale1 beyond which stood the house we were to live in1 surrounded by a large garden--a charming habitation which combined all the attractions of the country and all the advantages of the city1 and which1 when ,i entered it for the first time1 seemed like a beautiful frame to the sunny picture of my future life4 ,on this occasion we only remained a fortnight at ,naples2 but this was sufficient to make me appreciate my new home1 and the prospect of returning to it an additional pleasure in the journey before us4 ,it is1 in fact1 only pleasant to travel around the world when we can see in imagination a place awaiting us where some day we are to find rest and deposit the treasures we have accumulated4444 ,happily for me1 ,i was then far from foreseeing those ,i should have to bring back when ,i returned to this spot6444 ,the day after our arrival ,lorenzo took me for the first time into his studio1 where ,i was filled with astonishment at the exquisite perfection of the productions ,i found there4 ,i had often heard him called a great artist1 and ,i now realized it was no idle flattery4 ,but ,i involuntarily turned my eyes away from many of them1 and stood gazing with admiration at a statue which was incontestably the finest in the gallery4 ,it represented a young girl whose flowing drapery was marvellous in execution and grace4 ,her face1 though perfectly beautiful1 had an expression of grief and terror4 ,a lamp stood at her feet1 but the light had gone out4 ,lorenzo's pride as an artist had never been gratified with a more lively or more nave admiration than mine4 8,o ,ginevra mia60 he exclaimed1 8if ,i have hitherto been considered an artist1 what shall ,i be when ,i have you for my model and my judge80 ,he then told me that this beautiful statue represented a vestal1 but it lacked a pendant which he had never been able to execute4 8,but now10 he added1 8,i am sure of succeeding4 ,i have long sought a model for my second vestal1 and at last ,i have found one40 ,he put my hair back with one hand1 and1 examining me attentively with a thoughtful air1 continued1 as if talking to himself3 8,yes1 444 these faultless features1 the noble1 dignified air of the head1 the profound expression of the eyes1 and the gravity of the mouth1 constitute the very type ,i want4 ,i could not find a better combination of all ,i need for my noble1 mysterious vestal--the vigilant1 faithful guardian of the sacred fire4 ,i will begin it tomorrow40 8,not here1 will you80 said ,i1 glancing uneasily at a ,bacchante as unlike as possible to the statue ,i had been admiring1 and which ,i could hardly believe came from the same hand4 ,lorenzo looked at me with astonishment1 and hardly seemed to comprehend me4 ,he only regarded such things from an artistic point of view--perhaps a valid excuse1 but it was the second time within two days his uncommon penetration had been at fault4 ,he was really skilful at reading a passing thought that had not been expressed1 and in penetrating somewhat below the surface1 but he was incapable of looking deeply into a soul1 or of following it when it rose to certain heights4 ,when ,i clearly made known my wishes1 however1 he immediately assented to them1 and took me into an adjoining room that was smaller4 8,just as you please10 he said4 8,you shall come here to sit to me1 and ,i promise you1 ,ginevra1 that there shall be nothing in this studio except what you are willing to look at40 ,,xii4 ,during my first stay at ,naples we made no visits1 and our doors were closed against every one4 ,it was our honeymoon4 ,lorenzo chose to pass it entirely alone with me1 and ,i was far from wishing it otherwise4 ,every one respected our solitude4 ,nevertheless1 as soon as my arrival was known1 ,lorenzo's friends and acquaintances1 with the proverbial courtesy of ,neapolitan society1 sent me their cards as a sign of welcome4 ,we looked them over together in the evening1 and ,i thus learned the names of the acquaintances ,i should soon have to make4 ,lorenzo sometimes laughingly made comments on them which were more or less flattering and diffuse4 ,one evening1 however1 he excited a feeling of surprise and uneasiness4 ,i had1 as usual1 taken up the cards that had been left that day1 when ,i saw him change color at the sight of one1 which he snatched hastily from my hand1 and tore into a thousand pieces4 ,the extreme suddenness of the act checked the question ,i was on the point of asking4 ,i remained silent1 but the name ,i had read on the card was graven ineffaceably on my memory in consequence of the occurrence4 ,i shall never forget it4 ,lorenzo quickly recovered himself at seeing my surprise1 and told me it was the card of a foreign lady who had left ,naples1 and whose call ,i never need trouble myself to return4 ,then taking up the next card1 he read aloud3 8,stella d',oria1 ,contessa di ,san ,giulio40 8,ah6 as for her10 he exclaimed1 8you will like her1 ,i know1 and ,i am willing you should become friends4 ,i used to consider her a little too perfect to suit me1 but ,i am of a different opinion when it is a question of my wife44440 ,the new statue was begun without any delay4 ,i sat to him two or three hours every day1 and in the evening we took long walks on the heights of ,camaldoli1 where we were most sure of not meeting any one4 ,he enjoyed my admiration for the wonderful aspect of nature around us1 and took pleasure in giving me a fresh surprise every day4 ,and he was not yet tired of entertaining me with the varied events of his past life1 and of witnessing the interest his conversation invariably excited in one who possessed an intelligent but unstored mind4 ,complete harmony seemed to reign between us1 and yet more than once during the brief duration of these happy days it was suddenly disturbed by some discordant note which caused the vague uneasiness ,i have already spoken of that seemed like one of those momentary shooting pains that are the premonitions of some fixed1 incurable disease4 ,in both cases they are experienced a long time before the cause is understood1 and the disease is often far advanced before the tendency of these symptoms is clear and unmistakable4 ,the terrible chastisement that followed the gratification of my vanity on that one occasion had inspired me1 as ,i have said1 with a kind of repugnance1 if not terror1 to have my face praised4 ,this repugnance on the part of a young girl who had reason to be proud of her beauty was an originality which had perhaps given me additional attraction in ,lorenzo's eyes4 ,now ,i was his wife1 ,i could not1 of course1 expect him to obey me and keep up the same reserve in our intercourse4 ,and yet how many times1 especially during those long sittings in the studio1 ,i longed to impose silence on him6444 ,how many times ,i felt a blush mount to my forehead when1 after arranging my drapery and attitude1 unbraiding and putting my long hair to suit his own fancy1 and making me change my position a dozen times1 he would fall into an ecstasy against which my whole soul revolted6 ,was this the passion full of mingled tenderness and respect that ,i should have been as proud to inspire as to experience8 ,was this really being loved as ,i had longed to be8 ,i sometimes asked myself if his admiration for the hands1 arms1 face1 and whole form of a statue was of a different nature4 ,i did not yet go so far as to wonder if some other woman1 merely endowed with greater beauty than ,i1 could not easily rob me of a love that had so frail a foundation4444 ,fortunately1 we left ,naples when the fortnight was at an end1 though the statue was not half finished4 ,our long ttette had not proved to be all ,i had anticipated4 ,i hoped more from the journey1 and this hope was not disappointed4 ,lorenzo was capable of being the best and most intelligent of guides everywhere1 and such he was during our rapid journey through ,italy1 where we only remained long enough in each city to admire the monuments and museums1 though we did not follow the beaten track of ordinary tourists4 ,lorenzo thought himself versed in everything relating to art and history1 and yet he did not seem to realize that the church had also had its rle in the history of his country4 ,therefore one side of ,italian history escaped him entirely1 and ,i do not know if1 even at ,rome1 it had ever occurred to him there had been any change whatever of religion between the building of the ,temple of ,vesta and the time when the dome of ,michael ,angelo was raised in the air4 ,both are worthy of admiration in a different degree1 and he regarded them with the same eye4 ,but ,i did not then perceive all he left unexpressed4 ,my thoughts and attention were absorbed by all there was around me to see4 ,i was astonished to find myself in a world so fruitful in sources of interest that perhaps there is no one man on earth able to investigate them all equally4 ,one alone1 independent of the rest1 might really suffice for the study of a whole lifetime4 ,at length we arrived at ,paris4 ,lorenzo1 of course1 had frequently made long visits there1 and had a host of friends and acquaintances there as well as everywhere else4 ,a few days after our arrival1 ,i attended a large ball for the first time since my marriage1 and the second in my life4 ,i heard my name murmured on every side4 ,i was surrounded with homage and overwhelmed with compliments4 ,i was afterwards informed ,i had been the object of universal admiration2 that nothing was talked of but the beauty of the ,duchessa di ,valenzano and her diamonds2 and that a journal accustomed to give an account of the gayeties of the season had devoted a long paragraph to the description of my dress and person4 ,all this was reported to us by a young cousin of ,lorenzo's whose name1 in reality1 was ,landolfo ,landini1 though his friends usually called him ,lando ,landi4 ,he had lived in ,paris several years1 and considered himself almost a ,frenchman4 ,he had acquired the stamp of those people who have no aim in life--as easily imitated as they are unworthy of being so--and had wasted the natural cleverness and goodnature which redeemed some of his faults4 ,he prided himself particularly on using the language of polite society1 and was under the illusion that he completely disguised his nationality4 ,when he fell in with a fellowcountryman1 however1 he allowed his natural disposition to reassert itself1 and indulged in a flow of language that might have been amusing to some1 but to me was frivolous and tiresome1 and1 after listening to the account of my grand success the previous evening with a coolness that seemed to astonish him1 ,i fell into a reverie that had more than one cause4 ,why had ,lorenzo watched me so attentively all the evening before8 ,it was the first time we had appeared in society together1 and he was anxious ,i should create a sensation4 ,he himself had carefully selected the dress ,i was to wear1 and ,i was pleased with the admiration with which he regarded me4 ,on this point ,i had no hesitation3 ,i was anxious to please him1 but not to please2 and as to the gay world into which he now introduced me1 ,i entered it with the pleasure and curiosity of a child1 and the lively interest inspired by everything that is new2 but ,i had become strangely insensible to the pleasure of being admired1 or even the gratification that springs from vanity4 ,in alluding once more to this fact1 ,i will add that it was the effect of an exceptional grace2 for at no remote period of my youth had my mother detected the germ of this poisonous plant which was to shed so baleful an influence over the simplicity and uprightness of my nature4 ,this plant had been swept away in a single tempestuous night1 and a divine hand had plucked out almost its last root4 ,was this peculiar grace 7the forerunner of a much greater one ,i was to receive at a later day7 granted me in answer to the prayer of my dying mother8 ,or was it to the sincere repentance that had so overwhelmed my soul8 ,these things are among the mysteries of divine mercy beyond one's power to fathom4 ,but it is certain ,i was thus preserved from one of the greatest dangers that await most ladies in the fashionable world4 ,i was very far from being invulnerable on all points1 as the future showed only too plainly2 but ,i was on this4 ,nevertheless1 ,i had not been put to so decided a proof before4 ,never had ,i seen or imagined so brilliant a scene4 ,i was delighted and charmed1 and unhesitatingly gave myself up to the enjoyment of the evening2 but the incense lavished on me added nothing to my pleasure4 ,it only produced a certain timidity that lessened my ease and greatly diminished my enjoyment4 ,i sincerely think if ,i had been less beautiful or more simply dressed--in a word1 less admired--,i should have been happier and much more at my ease4 ,in my embarrassment ,i was glad to find ,lorenzo always near me1 and the more so because ,i had no idea it was not absolutely the custom4 ,but ,i noticed with some surprise that he observed every movement ,i made with a strange attention1 and listened to every word ,i uttered when addressed4 ,perhaps others did not perceive this1 but ,i understood his quick1 observant glance and the expressive features he knew so well how to control1 and ,i knew also the art with which he could seem occupied with what was going on at one end of a room1 while his whole attention was absorbed in what was said at the other4 ,in short1 ,i felt he had not lost sight of me a single instant the whole evening1 and that not one of my words had escaped him4 ,i wondered if his affection for me was the sole cause of this constantlymarked solicitude4 ,this was the primary cause of my uneasiness4 ,another arose from the conversation that was actually going on in my presence1 which ,i listened to with pain1 and as a passive witness2 for ,i could take no part in it4 ,how could ,lorenzo take any pleasure in the trivial details1 the unmeaning gossip1 and the doubtful jests of ,landolfo ,landini8444 ,how could he question him1 reply to what he said1 and encourage him to continue8 ,and yet ,lorenzo was a very different person from his cousin4 ,he was very far from leading an aimless life4 ,he had undertaken long1 dangerous journeys that had entailed great exertion and incredible fatigue1 in order to increase his extensive and varied knowledge4 ,he was capable of continued application4 ,talents like his could only be acquired by profound study of a hundred different subjects1 as well as by long1 serious1 persevering practice in the art in which he had become such a proficient4 ,one can hardly conceive of frivolity in an artist1 and yet this anomaly exists4 ,i have since remarked it in others1 as ,i observed it now in ,lorenzo--a proof1 doubtless1 that to soar above the everyday world1 and keep at such heights1 talent and genius1 no more than the soul1 should be separated from ,god6 ,the morning at length passed away1 and about four o'clock we ordered the calche for a long drive4 ,the first hour was devoted to making numerous purchases4 ,lando ,landi escorted us4 ,perfect familiarity with the shops of ,paris was one of his specialties4 ,above all1 he knew where to find those curiosities that are almost objects of art1 and which have the gift1 so precious to those who sell them1 of inducing people who make the first purchase to continue indefinitely2 for each new object of that class acquires additional value in the eyes of a connoisseur1 and in such matters1 more than any other1 l'apptit vient en mangeant47#aci7 ,we remained more than an hour in the first shop we stopped at4 ,lorenzo was in his element4 ,he was a genuine connoisseur in everything4 ,he examined bronzes1 porcelains1 furniture of every epoch1 carved wood from all countries1 and old tapestry1 with a sure and experienced eye1 and the merchant1 seeing whom he had to deal with1 brought out of his secret recesses treasures hidden from the vulgar1 and multiplied temptations ,lorenzo seemed very little inclined to resist4 ,as for me1 ,i took a seat beside the counter1 and looked with indifference at the various objects that were spread out before me1 but of which ,i was quite unable to perceive the value1 which was somewhat conventional4 ,i was a little astonished at the number and value of ,lorenzo's purchases1 but1 on the whole1 the business did not interest me much1 and ,i felt glad when it was at an end4 8,bravo6 ,lorenzo10 said ,lando as soon as we reentered the carriage4 8,you don't do things half way4 ,that is the way ,i like to see other people spend their money4 ,it consoles me for not having any myself to throw out of the window40 8,i have got to entirely refurnish my palace in ,sicily10 said ,lorenzo1 8as well as to decorate my house in ,naples1 which is quite unworthy of her who is to live in it40 8,you are jesting1 ,lorenzo10 said ,i4 8,you know very well ,i think nothing is lacking40 8,that is the consequence of your extreme youth1 my dear cousin10 said ,lando4 8,wait a while1 and you will find out how much becomes indispensable to one who has lived in ,paris40 8,at all events10 said ,lorenzo1 8now or never is the time for me to gratify my fancy4 ,i am just going to housekeeping4 ,i have barely spent a third of my present fortune1 and am perfectly confident as to that ,i shall have2 for everybody knows that a cause undertaken by ,fabrizio dei ,monti is a cause gained40 ,at that instant a beautiful lady in a conspicuous dress passed us in an elegant calche1 and the conversation suddenly took a different turn4 ,lorenzo silently questioned his cousin with a look1 and ,lando began to give him in a low tone some information which an instinctive repugnance prevented me from listening to4444 ,i began 7perhaps unjustly7 to conceive a strong dislike to this ,cousin ,landolfo1 and ,i imagine he would have been very much astonished had he guessed with what eye ,i now looked at his face1 generally considered so handsome4 ,it was of a type often admired out of ,italy1 because somewhat different from that foreigners are accustomed to1 who have no idea to what a degree it is common in that country4 ,a dark complexion1 rather handsome eyes1 fine teeth1 and curly black hair1 formed in my eyes a most unpleasing combination1 and1 without knowing a word they were saying1 ,i felt positively certain he had never in his life uttered a syllable ,i should think worth listening to4 ,at length we left the boulevards1 drove through the ,champs ,elyses1 and at last found ourselves in the shade of the ,bois de ,boulogne4 ,while my two companions were conversing together in a low tone1 ,i abandoned myself to the pleasure of being in a cool place where ,i could breathe more freely2 for1 unaccustomed to going out during the middle of the day in summer1 the heat had seemed overpowering4 ,apart from this1 there was nothing here to strike a person accustomed to the loveliest scenery in the world4 ,unused as ,i was to ,parisian life1 the charm of which often produces an impression that effaces all others1 the things ,i saw had no other prestige in my eyes than what they were in themselves4 ,viewed in this light1 the museums1 churches1 and palaces seemed less grand and magnificent than those we had seen before1 and the promenades less picturesque and less varied4 ,i missed particularly the lovely vistas which everywhere in ,italy form the background of the picture1 and attract the eye1 and elevate the mind to something higher than the mere treasures of history and art that have accumulated in all old ,italian cities4 ,and yet it cannot be denied that ,paris has the power of making itself preferred to any other place in the world4 ,it speaks a different language to every individual1 and is comprehended by all4 ,it is filled with treasures of every kind1 and has wherewithal to gratify every taste indiscriminately1 from that which is evil in its vilest form to an excess of goodness amounting to sublimity2 from the most refined extravagance of fashion to the extreme renunciation of charity2 and from pleasure in its most dangerous aspect to piety in its most perfect manifestations4 ,it flatters vanity and vice more than would be dared anywhere else1 and yet it prides itself on being able to produce examples of goodness1 devotedness1 and humility that are almost unparalleled4 ,in a word1 every one1 for a different reason1 feels more at home there than anywhere else in the world4 ,he who once learns to love ,paris finds it difficult to like any other city as well2 and he who has lived there finds it hard to resign himself to live in any other place4 ,it is the one city on earth that has been able to vie with ,rome in the honor of being the home of all nations4444 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,the ,rock ,of ,rest4 ,s4 ,,matthew xvi4 #ah4 ,tossed on many a wave of doctrine1 ,restless1 weary1 ill at ease ,with beliefs that quiet others1 ,but as vague to me as these2 ,i have done with idly chasing ,phantom lights1 that rise and fall2 ,drift no more with drifting doctrines-- ,grown indifferent to them all6 ,shall ,i long regret the visions ,of a rest so inly wooed8 ,shall ,i long go on deploring ,creeds1 that but opinions proved8 ,quenched be every weak emotion6 ,bring my future weal or woe1 ,weal nor woe shall blight or bless me-- ,faith1 nor creed1 shall move me now6 ,murmuring thus1 there came a whisper ,from the ,friend who knew me best3 8,seek the rock on which ,i builded3 ,on that rock alone is rest40 ,suddenly1 with light supernal1 ,faith1 the higher reason1 came1 ,and my foot touched base eternal-- ,benedictions on his name6 ,r4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,brussels1 ,,belgium4 ,anglican ,orders4 ,,ii4 ,the ,validity ,of ,the ,edwardine ,rite4 ,before entering upon the theology of the question1 we must meet an initial objection of ,anglicans to our attempting to criticise the ,edwardine rite4 ,they insist that the question has been settled long ago1 and in their favor1 by no less an authority than the ,holy ,see and its legate1 ,cardinal ,pole4 ,the cardinal1 they say1 in accordance with instructions from ,rome1 admitted all the schismatical bishops and clergy1 who were not irreconcilables1 in the orders they had received in schism1 whether according to the ,pontifical or according to the ,edwardine rite4 ,great stress has been laid upon this by ,anglican controversialists from ,bramhall down to ,mr4 ,haddan2 and certainly1 if it be a true statement of the case1 the value of the objection can scarcely be overrated4 ,its truth must be decided by an appeal to the ,papal briefs and to the official acts of the legate4 ,the bull of ,march #h1 #aeecd1 granting full legatine faculties to ,pole1 authorizes him to deal with two classes of the bishops and clergy--viz41 of the clergy1 those who have not received orders at all1 and those who have received them ill2 that is to say1 orders null and orders irregular 7ordines quos nunquam1 aut male susceperunt74 ,the bishops1 in like manner1 who have received cathedral churches from ,henry or ,edward are divided into those on whom 8the gift of consecration has been heretofore conferred10 and 8those on whom it is not yet conferred0 7munere consecrationis eis hactenus impenso vel si illud eis nondum impensum exstiterit74 ,the cases in which the ordination or consecration had been validly though irregularly conferred are also described as 8received from heretical or schismatical bishops1 or in other respects unduly0 7quod iis ab episcopis hreticis et schismaticis aut alias minus rite et non servat form ecclesi consuet impensum fuit74 ,by these last words power is given 8to consider cases in which the ancient form of the sacrament had not been observed1 and1 if the form used was sufficient for validity1 to admit it as such1 and to admit a person ordained in such a manner to exercise the orders so received40 ,canon ,estcourt shows that the 8minus rite0 cannot be intended to designate1 as ,mr4 ,haddan and others have maintained1 the ,edwardine orders4 ,he appeals to the dispensations granted to no less than eight bishops1 all ordained according to the ,pontifical in ,henry ,,viii4's time1 wherein their orders are referred to as received 8ab episcopis hreticis et schismaticis aut alias minus rite40 ,in the faculties granted by ,pole to his bishops for the absolution and rehabilitation of priests1 he carefully explains their limitation to cases in which 8the form and intention of the church have been preserved40 ,thus it is clear 8that though the cardinal had power to recognize ordinations in which some departure had been made from the accustomed form1 yet that1 on examination1 he found no other form in use which could be admitted by the church as valid40 ,in the same faculties he permits the ordination1 if they are otherwise fit1 of those whose orders are 8null40 ,he describes them as persons holding benefices without being ordained4 ,in #aeed1 ,bonner1 ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells1 gave a commission to his vicar general 8to deal with married laics who1 in pretence and under color of priestly orders1 had rashly and unlawfully mingled themselves in ecclesiastical rights1 and had obtained de facto parochial churches with cure of souls and ecclesiastical dignities1 against the sacred sanctions of the canons and ecclesiastical rights1 and to deprive and remove them from the said churches and dignities40 ,it is impossible to conjecture who else these unordained beneficiaries can be1 if they are not the ,edwardine clergy4 ,anglicans1 on the other hand1 have made a great deal of a certain testimonial letter granted by ,bonner to ,scory1 which speaks of the latter's sin and repentance1 and of his subsequent rehabilitation by ,bonner1 and restoration to the public exercise of the ecclesiastical ministry within the diocese of ,london4 ,as ,scory is spoken of as 8our confrre1 lately ,bishop of ,chichester10 it is urged that the ministry to the exercise of which he was restored must have been that of a bishop4 ,canon ,estcourt1 after pointing out certain grounds for suspecting the authenticity of this letter1 remarks that ,bonner's faculties only extended to the case of priests1 8so that ,scory must have acknowledged the nullity of his consecration1 in order to enable ,bonner to deal with him at all02 and1 after all1 8the letter does no more than enable him to celebrate ,mass in churches within the diocese of ,london0--in fact1 to exercise that office1 and that office only1 which he had received 8servat form et intentione ecclesi40 ,so much for the ,holy ,see's approval of the ,edwardine orders4 ,anglicans have tried to make out a charge of inconsistency against the ,holy ,see1 on the ground that it did not recognize the episcopate of ,ridley1 ,latimer1 and ,ferrer--who were all three supposed to have been consecrated according to the ,roman ,pontifical--but degraded them from the priesthood and inferior orders only4 ,canon ,estcourt admits that ,ferrer was treated merely as a priest1 but he shows that his consecration had been a medley rite1 in which the order of the ,pontifical was not followed4 ,as to ,latimer1 he remarks that there is no pretence for saying that he was not degraded from the episcopate2 and that1 with regard to ,ridley1 the great weight of authority makes for his having been degraded from the episcopate4 ,cardinal ,pole1 in his commission1 ordered that both ,ridley and ,latimer should be degraded 8from their promotion and dignity of bishops1 priests1 and all other ecclesiastical orders40 ,the ,bishop of ,lincoln1 in his exhortation to ,ridley1 says3 8,you were made a bishop according to our laws40 ,heylin says that they were both degraded from the episcopate4 ,the only authority for the contrary opinion is ,foxe1 who makes the acting commissioner ,brookes1 ,bishop of ,gloucester1 conclude an address to ,ridley thus3 8,we take you for no bishop1 and therefore we will the sooner have done with you40 ,foxe then proceeds to describe the actual ceremony as a degradation from the priesthood4 ,canon ,estcourt's reviewer in the ,dublin ,review of ,july1 #ahgc1 maintains that ,foxe was right4 ,the reviewer thinks that ,ridley and ,latimer were not degraded from the episcopate1 because the status episcopalis was not recognized in those who1 though validly consecrated1 had not received the ,papal confirmation4 ,upon this we remark1 #ast1 that the ceremonies of degradation came into use when it was a very common opinion in the church that degradation destroyed the potestas ordinis4 #b4 ,that the form of degradation1 in so many words1 expresses the taking away the potestas ordinis--8amovemus a te10 8tollemus tibi10 8potestatem offerendi10 8potestatem consecrandi0--and this in contradistinction to another form of perpetual suspension--8ab executione potestatis40 ,the ceremony aims at effecting the destruction of orders1 so far as this is possible4 ,it may be called a 8destruction of orders10 in the same sense that mortal sin is called the crucifixion of ,christ anew4 ,indeed1 in one place1 the clause1 8quantum in nobis est10 is introduced4 #c4 ,degradation does not depend upon previous confirmation2 for ,innocent ,,ii4 7#aaci7 thus deals with those who had been consecrated bishops by the antipope ,peter ,leo1 who therefore assuredly had never been confirmed or acknowledged in any way by the pope4 ,after exclaiming1 8,quoscunque exaltaverat degradamus10 etc41 etc41 8he violently wrested their pastoral staffs from their hands1 and ignominiously tore from their shoulders the pontifical palls in which their high dignity resides4 ,their rings1 too1 which express their espousals with the church1 showing them no mercy1 he drew off407#adj7 ,if the ,bishop of ,gloucester really acted as ,foxe describes1 he did so on his own responsibility1 and in the teeth of ecclesiastical precedent4 ,perhaps the most important and interesting portion of ,canon ,estcourt's book is that in which he discusses the theological value of the ,edwardine form4 ,it is not merely of controversial importance1 but is really calculated to throw light upon the theology of orders1 which1 as a ,catholic contemporary well observes1 is still in course of formation4 ,canon ,estcourt1 following ,benedict ,,xiv41 ,de ,syn4 ,dioc41 lib4 viii4 cap4 #aj1 maintains1 as the more probable opinion1 #a1 that1 in the case of the priesthood1 the second imposition of hands1 with the prayer for the infusion 8of the virtue of the sacerdotal grace10 is all that is really necessary for validity2 although1 in practice1 we of the ,west must ordain again sub conditione1 if the tradition of the instruments has been omitted4 #b4 ,that in the case of priests1 the third imposition of hands1 with the words1 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost2 whose sins thou dost remit1 they are remitted unto them2 and whose sins thou retainest1 they are retained10 is not essential1 and1 if omitted1 is to be supplied without repeating the rest4 #c4 ,that as to the episcopate1 the 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum10 with the imposition of hands1 is all that is essential2 and1 finally1 he allows1 in deference to the ,holy ,office 7vide infra71 that the form--i4e41 the prayer immediately accompanying the imposition of hands--need not express the specific character or work of the order conferred1 as1 for instance1 the ,holy ,sacrifice in the ordination of a priest4 ,consistently with these principles1 ,canon ,estcourt admits that1 so far as words go1 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost0 is a sufficient form both for the episcopate and the priesthood4 ,as regards the episcopate1 this has been long a common opinion4 ,as regards the priesthood1 the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,inquisition1 in #agjd1 decided that certain ,abyssinians had been validly ordained priests by imposition of hands and the words1 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum40 ,from this it follows that the ,anglican forms for ordaining priests and bishops are1 so far as words go1 sufficient4 ,they are as follows1 from #aedi to #affb1 for the priesthood3 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost2 whose sins thou dost forgive1 they are forgiven2 and whose sins thou dost retain1 they are retained2 and be thou a faithful dispenser of the word of ,god and of his holy sacraments1 in the name of the ,father1 etc40 ,for the episcopate3 8,take the ,holy ,ghost1 and remember that thou stir up the grace of ,god which is in thee by imposition of hands2 for ,god hath not given us the spirit of fear1 but of power and love and soberness40 ,in #affb1 certain changes were introduced by the ,high ,church party4 ,in the form for the priesthood1 after the words 8,holy ,ghost0 was added1 8for the office and work of a priest in the church of ,god1 now committed unto thee by the imposition of our hands40 ,for the form of the episcopate was substituted1 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost for the office and work of a bishop in the church of ,god1 now committed unto thee by the imposition of our hands1 in the name of the ,father1 etc40 ,of course the value of ,anglican orders 8secundum formam0 must depend upon the value of the form as it originally stood4 ,the subsequent alterations are important as marking1 #ast1 the dissatisfaction of the ,high ,church party with the forms upon which their orders depended2 #b;d1 the low theological standard which satisfied them1 after all4 ,so far as the material words of the ,edwardine forms go1 they are sufficient--i4e41 they are words capable of being used in a sense in which they would be sufficient--but the words are ambiguous4 ,the form of ordination1 although it need not express1 must signify or mean1 the essential idea of the order4 ,where it does not carry its meaning on the face of it1 we must look for it in the rite and liturgy of which it forms a part4 ,this is not an appeal to the mere subjective intention of the minister1 but to the objective meaning of the words4 ,upon this principle we must1 in order to get at the value of the ,anglican forms1 discover1 #ast1 by an examination of the various admittedly valid rites of ordination1 what such words should mean2 #b;d1 by an examination of the ,anglican rite1 what these words1 in the position which they occupy in that rite1 do or do not mean4 ,canon ,estcourt examines the numerous rites which the ,roman ,church acknowledges to be valid1 whether fallen out of use1 and only to be found in the pages of ancient sacramentaries1 or still living and operative1 in ,east or ,west1 among ,catholics or among those who have separated from ,catholic unity4 ,he finds three qualities in which they all unite3 #ast1 a recognition of the divine vocation or election of the ordained2 #b;d1 a recognition of the 8virtus sacramentalis0 of orders1 as something quite distinct from and beyond the grace which is also given to the ordained to acquit himself worthily in the duties of his calling2 #c;d1 a constant recognition of1 and appeal to1 the main scope and duty of orders--the offering of the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,canon ,estcourt next proceeds to examine the ,anglican liturgy and ordinal with special reference to these three points3 #a4 ,the divine election4 #b4 ,the sacramental virtue4 #c4 ,the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,and he finds that both the liturgy and the ordinal are the result of a deliberate manipulation of the ancient ,catholic ritual previously in use1 in order to the exclusion of these three points1 which contain the essential idea of holy orders4 ,ordination in the ,anglical ritual no longer appeals to a divine election1 of which it is the expression and the fulfilment4 ,it is merely the public expression of the approval of the authorities of church and state4 ,for the 8virtus sacramentalis0 it has substituted a mere grce d'tat4 ,from this it only naturally follows that episcopal ordination cannot be of indispensable necessity1 or more than a matter of regulation and propriety which1 in an emergency1 may be abrogated4 ,this is the express teaching of many of the early ,anglican reformers4 ,even when engaged in defending their episcopal succession1 they are careful to say that they do not regard it as indispensable4 ,hooker1 who is in many respects so much more orthodox than his predecessors and contemporaries1 allows 8that there may be sometimes very just and sufficient reason to allow ordination to be made without a bishop40 ,canon ,estcourt prints considerable portions of the ,anglican ordinal and liturgy in parallel columns1 with the corresponding text of the ,sarum and ,exeter pontificals and missals4 ,we see with what an unerring sacrilegious instinct everything bearing upon the ,holy ,sacrifice1 and even upon the ,real ,presence1 is either cut out or perverted4 ,as regards the ,second ,book of #aeeb1 it is clear that it was the work of sacramentarians who disbelieved in the ,real ,presence in any sense1 and was undertaken for the express purpose of purging the ritual of what previous handling had still allowed it to retain of the impress of that ,presence4 ,mr4 ,cardwell1 in his comparison of the 8,two ,books of ,edward ,,vi410 pref4 xxvii41 admits that ,cox and ,taylor1 who were probably the working members of the commission1 appear to have looked upon the oblation of the ,eucharist as consisting merely of 8prayer1 thanksgiving1 and the remembrance of our ,saviour's passion40 ,of ,cranmer1 the most influential member of the commission1 we are told that 8about a year after the publication of ,king ,edward's ,first ,book1 ,archbishop ,cranmer abandoned his belief in the ,real ,presence--a change which seems to have been very acceptable to the young king and his favorites407#ada7 ,in the revision of #affb1 an apparent attempt was made to attain to the expression of a higher doctrine1 both as regards orders and the ,holy ,eucharist2 but even if the expressions introduced were in themselves adequate1 as ,canon ,estcourt fairly shows they were not1 of what avail could have been so tardy a restoration8 ,but if we examine these restorations and emendations1 we can hardly avoid coming to the conclusion that they were not really dictated by any conception of1 or aspiration after1 a higher doctrine1 but were the genuine fruits of a conservative reaction fired by controversial pique4 ,the ,first ,book substituted for the ,catholic faith a hazy ,lutheranism2 the ,second ,book for this again a hazy sacramentarianism2 and the revision of #affb1 a hazy compound of the two1 with the addition of a ,catholic phrase or so in order to support claims to a wider sweep of church authority4 ,thus the revisers of #affb introduced the words 8priest0 and 8bishop0 into the ordination form1 whilst doing absolutely nothing toward restoring the idea of sacrifice to the liturgy4 ,but1 it may be urged1 there is one portion of the ,anglican form for making priests which expresses the ,catholic doctrine of priestly virtue--the power of forgiving sins4 ,unfortunately for ,anglicans1 whatever force may lie in this expression--and all precedents are against its being regarded as a sufficient form--is neutralized by the ,lutheran new form of absolution which had been introduced in addition to the two ,catholic forms4 ,at best1 one is left in doubt whether the mighty words have not shrivelled into a ,lutheran sense1 in which sins are not forgiven1 but the forgiveness of sin is merely declared4 ,it is impossible to do justice in a review to the exhaustive completeness of ,canon ,estcourt's treatment of this portion of his subject4 ,his conspectus of the ,catholic missals and the different editions of the ,book of ,common ,prayer in parallel columns enables us1 as it were1 to detect the pulsations of each several heresy1 and to appreciate its share in what may be called the passion of the ,catholic liturgy in ,england4 ,a quotation from each of his parallels may serve as examples of1 #ast1 the action of the ,lutheran ,first ,book upon the missal2 #b;d1 the ,zuinglian ,second ,book upon the ,first ,book2 #c;d1 the compromise of #affb4 ,the ,sarum ,missal4 ,we thy servants1 and likewise thy holy people1 do offer to thy excellent ,majesty1 of thy gifts and bounties1 a pure victim1 a holy victim1 the holy bread of eternal life1 and the chalice of everlasting salvation4 ,the ,book ,of ,common ,prayer1 #aedi4 ,we1 thy humble servants1 do celebrate and make here before thy divine ,majesty1 with these thy holy gifts1 the memorial which thy ,son hath willed us to make4 #aedi4 ,he hath left us in those holy mysteries1 as a public pledge of his love1 and a continual remembrance of the same1 his own blessed body and precious blood for us to feed upon spiritually1 to our great and endless comfort4 #aeeb1 ,untouched ,in #affb4 ,he hath instituted and ordained holy mysteries1 as pledges of his love1 and for a continual remembrance of his death1 to our great and endless comfort4 ,the ,sarum ,missal4 8,the body of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ #aedi3 which was given for thee preserve thy body and thy soul unto everlasting life40 #aeeb4 8,take and eat this in remembrance that ,christ died for thee1 and feed on him in thy heart with thanksgiving40 7,this form was substituted for that of #aedi1 in #aeeb1 and was appended to it in #affb47 ,canon ,estcourt's argument against the validity of ,anglican orders is no argument from lack of sufficient intention on the part of ,anglicans4 ,neither do we think that such an argument could be maintained1 in accordance with the commonlyaccepted principles of theology4 ,if it is a sufficient intention for valid baptism to intend to administer the form of ,christian initiation1 it is sufficient1 in the case of orders1 to intend to administer the form of ,christian ordination1 although the ceremony in either case may be regarded as merely an external form without any intrinsic value4 ,it is only as a witness to the sense of the form that the intention of ,anglicans is brought into court2 and it is not the intention with which they ordain at which we demur1 but the intention with which they have altered the ordination service and liturgy--i4e41 the form of ordination and its context4 ,had these alterations been merely the result of an antiquarian leaning towards a more primitive though less perfect utterance of the same truth1 or of a puritanic craving after simplicity1 the irreverence would have been of the extremest kind1 but still there would have been no grounds for disputing the orthodox sense1 and so the validity of the form4 ,but1 on the contrary1 the very object of the alterations1 as ,canon ,estcourt has shown1 was the elimination of the orthodox doctrines of priesthood and sacrifice1 and therefore of the significance upon which the validity of the form depends4 ,the doubts which should beset the minds of honest ,anglicans on the subject of their orders1 if they have the least scruple as to the orthodoxy of their position1 are simply overwhelming4 ,if they turn to the early church1 they find that there are at least as many precedents and authorities for regarding as null the ordinations of heretics and schismatics as for accepting them4 ,morinus' opinion is that such ordinations are invalid1 except where the church has thought fit to dispense with the impediment2 and ,morinus is a genuine student of antiquity1 and no mere controversialist4 ,true it is ,anglicans may appeal to what is undeniably the more common doctrine in the ,roman ,church--viz41 that such ordinations are valid--but then she unflinchingly condemns ,anglicans1 whereas she has never condemned ,morinus4 ,it is nothing to the purpose to say that the practice of the church prevents her using ,morinus' opinion against ,anglicans--which is begging the question against ,morinus2 the point is1 ,can ,anglicans escape using it against themselves8 ,again1 when they direct their attention to the special facts of their own history1 their view is to the last degree discouraging4 ,their latest antagonist1 ,canon ,estcourt1 has notoriously given up to them every point to which they could make the remotest claim1 and has broken and thrown away every weapon to which the least exception could be taken2 and yet it has come to this3 that their only title to orders is a succession probably broken by the non consecration of ,barlow1 and an ambiguous form which1 when read in the light of their mutilated ordinal and liturgy1 is unlike any that has been accepted as even probably adequate either by ,east or ,west4 ,even if ,anglicans could find their identical form1 as far as words go1 in approved ordinals1 they could not argue from this the sufficiency of their own form4 ,mutilation and involution1 although they contract within the same span1 can never be identical4 ,you might as well pretend that there is no difference between a stamen from which you have plucked the leaves and an undeveloped bud4 ,it is true that originally different portions of the church were allowed1 in regard to orders1 to give expression to the same truth in various forms with various degrees of explicitness2 but this can afford no precedent to an individual church for mutilating a common form in order to deny a common truth4 ,the ,abyssinian ,decision4 ,we cannot conclude our review without noticing an important criticism made upon our author in the shape of a letter to the ,month1 ,november ,december1 #ahgc1 by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,s4,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 whilst expressing his thorough concurrence with ,canon ,estcourt in every other particular1 thinks that he has attached an undue force to the decision of the holy office upon ,abyssinian orders4 ,canon ,estcourt has understood the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,inquisition1 in their decree in #agjd1 to have ruled that the form1 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum10 understood in the sense of the ,abyssinian liturgical books1 is valid for the priesthood1 although1 in the particular case1 no further expression is given to this sense1 at least no expression within the limits of the form strictly so called--i4e41 the verbal formula synchronous with the matter4 ,the decree which he so understands is as follows3 ,question3 8,the ordainer passed hurriedly along a line of deacons1 laying his hands upon the head of each1 and saying1 #8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum'2 are they validly ordained in tal modo e forma1 and admissible to the exercise of their orders80 ,answer3 8,the ordination of a priest with the imposition of hands and utterance of the form as in the question is undoubtedly valid40 ,f4 ,jones1 whilst allowing that ,canon ,estcourt's interpretation is the natural one according to ordinary canons of criticism1 insists that the decree1 8when interpreted in the light of certain rules which arise out of what is called the stylus curi10 asserts1 indeed1 the sufficiency of the imposition of hands as matter1 when used with the form1 but does not define the sufficiency of the particular form1 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum40 ,the rules in question are as follows3 #a4 ,the meaning of the answer depends upon the meaning of the dubium4 #b4 ,nothing but what is directly stated is decided4 #c4 8,if there is anything in the wording of a decision which appears inconsistent with the teaching of an approved body of theologians--such teaching as amounts to a true theological probability--the decision is to be interpreted so as to leave such teaching intact1 unless the decision should itself show that it intended to condemn that teaching1 and to take away that probability40 #d4 ,such decisions are formed on the presumption that every point except the one in question is correct1 on the maxim1 8,standum est pro valore acts40 #e4 ,when the validity of an ordination is the subjectmatter of a decision1 it must be assumed that the decision has been made after an inspection of the ordinal4 #f4 8,it is hardly safe to allege the authority of a decision 7,i speak merely of a curial decision71 particularly when the details of the case are but imperfectly known to us1 without having ascertained the sense in which1 after its promulgation1 it was understood by those who were most competent to measure its importance40 ,we shall examine these rules when we come to consider the worth of ,f4 ,jones' application of them to the case in hand4 ,but first it will be well to see what effect the elimination of the ,abyssinian decision would have upon ,canon ,estcourt's controversial position4 ,pp4 #aehafc4 ,canon ,estcourt considers various objections made by ,catholic controversialists to the ,anglican form of the priesthood4 ,he is considering the question of the form in its strict sense--viz41 that portion of the ordination formulary which is synchronous with the matter1 whether this last consist in the tradition of the instruments or in the imposition of hands4 ,one objection urged by ,lequien1 amongst others1 is grounded upon the very common doctrine that the form of priestly ordination must express the principal effect of the sacrament of order by making mention of the priesthood in relation to the sacrifice1 which is its principal object4 ,now1 if1 as ,f4 ,jones suggests was the case1 the unmutilated ,coptic rite was in use in ,abyssinia up to #agjd1 and the examples given by ,ludolf and ,monsignor ,beb are merely imperfect copies2 and if no decision as to the form was given in #agjd1 then1 so far as anything has been shown to the contrary1 ,lequien's objection holds good that no approved form for the priesthood fails to make an appeal to the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,and now as regards ,f4 ,jones' rules for interpreting the 8stylus curi10 and their application to the ,abyssinian decision4 ,we have no criticism to make upon ,rules #a and #b4 ,they are sufficiently obvious even to a non expert4 ,rule #c cannot1 we think1 be admitted without qualification4 ,it is no doubt an important principle that the presumption is in favor of an interpretation which leaves intact a probable opinion1 supposing that this is not the formal subject of the decision2 but we must not do violence to the natural sense of words1 and it is quite possible that such a decision might completely evacuate the probability of an opinion of which it took no direct cognizance whatever4 ,the ,council of ,florence did not directly intend to condemn the opinion requiring as absolutely necessary the tradition of the instruments1 yet effectively it has done so4 ,as to ,rule #d1 8,standum est pro valore acts10 its application to the case before us must depend upon whether the course indicated is equivalent to the introduction of a new 8actus40 ,to ask1 as the dubium does1 concerning the validity of 8tal modo e forma10 implies that this is given in its integrity4 ,in the ,abyssinian case1 it was a question whether certain persons were to be allowed to say ,mass and perform other priestly functions1 and the ,sacred ,congregation allowed them4 ,as to ,rule #e1 no doubt an inspection of the ordinals is to be presumed2 but here the very contention of the questioner is that the ordinal had not been followed4 ,moreover1 there was ample evidence1 in the sacred books quoted by ,ludolf and ,monsignor ,beb1 accessible to the ,sacred ,congregation1 and which1 according to ,f4 ,jones' principle1 we may assume it had before it1 that in ,abyssinian hands the ,coptic ritual had been seriously tampered with4 ,the translation from the ,abyssinian1 as given by the abovenamed writers1 is certainly not an imperfect version of the ,coptic1 but a deliberate compilation from the ,coptic form and that of the apostolic constitutions1 which would hardly have been made except for ritual purposes4 ,if we may accept the earliest and most precise evidence as to actual practice in ,abyssinia--that of the missionary ,francis ,alvarez 7#aebj71 the one prayer used by the ,abuna1 with the imposition of hands1 is not the form 8,respice10 but1 in the ,coptic tongue1 the prayer 8,divina gratia qu infirma sanat407#adb7 ,but these words1 as ,canon ,estcourt points out1 p4 #aha1 8in the ,coptic and ,jacobite rites1 are said by the archdeacon or one of the assisting bishops4 ,in the ,nestorian and ancient ,greek1 they are said by the bishop without imposing his hands2 and only in the modern ,greek1 the ,maronite1 and the ,armenian are they united with the imposition of hands40 ,this looks as if the ,abyssinian ritual was a complete medley4 ,this view is borne out by ,f4 ,godigno1 ,s4,j4 7,de ,abyssin4 ,rebus1 p4 #bbd71 who tells us that the ,jesuit ,patriarch of ,abyssinia1 ,oviedo1 as long as he lived in thiopia1 always doubted very much1 and with good reason1 if the ,abyssinian priests had been duly and lawfully ordained1 inasmuch as the forms of consecration used by the ,abuna were so uncertain that they seemed to have been corrupted4 ,on which account1 in those matters which belong to orders1 and which require in the minister a real character1 he never could persuade himself to use their offices1 lest haply the sacraments should be rendered void4 ,f4 ,jones thinks that ,assemani would certainly have noticed these corruptions1 had they existed1 in his ,controversia ,coptica1 composed for the information of ,propaganda in #agca4 ,but ,assemani was not called upon to consider the corruptions of ,abyssinia2 for1 as he tells us in his preface1 the occasion of his writing was the conversion of two ,egyptian monks of the ,alexandrian ,church1 of whose reordination there was question4 ,as to ,rule #f1 obviously nothing can be more important than the estimate of a decision expressed by contemporary theologians2 but it is very easy to misinterpret their silence4 ,in his defence of the ,coptic rite1 urges ,f4 ,jones1 ,assemani ought to have quoted the authorization of a form which fortiori authorized the ,coptic4 ,we reply that ,assemani had no lack of far more obvious and splendid instances of the recognition of the ,coptic rite2 that he had no need of such indirect support4 ,the examination of the ,abyssinian monk ,tecla ,maria1 in #aeid1 sufficiently shows that it was impossible to judge of ,abyssinian ordinations by the ,coptic rite4 ,assemani himself acknowledges1 p4 #bbg1 that either ,tecla ,maria's memory failed him1 or his ordainers must have been 8poco pratici del rito ,coptico o l'avessero in qualche parte alterato40 ,f4 ,godigno 7l4 c47 says that the reason of ,tecla ,maria's reordination was the corruption of the rite4 ,on the other hand1 it is clearly a great exaggeration to say that the missionaries made nothing of ,abyssinian orders1 and that the motive of reordination was the nontradition of the instruments4 ,of ,john ,bermudes1 the first of the ,jesuit patriarchs1 ,ludolf 7pars4 ii4 p4 #dgc7 tells us that he 7,bermudes7 has recorded in so many words1 that he received all the sacred orders1 including the episcopate1 with right of succession to the patriarchate1 from the ,abuna ,mark1 under condition that the pope would confirm it1 and that the pope confirmed and ratified all ,mark's acts4 ,again1 the ,portuguese ,de ,francia1 one of the negotiators for the ,jesuits1 tells the ,abyssinian king that he had been taught that1 if he is in danger of death1 and cannot get a ,catholic priest1 he must ask the ,abyssinians for communion47#adc7 ,certainly1 this ,abyssinian decision has not as yet made much mark in theology4 ,canon ,estcourt is able to mention one work in which it occurs--a certain edition of the theology of ,antoine1 a ,jesuit1 and ,prefect of ,propaganda under ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,but then there is a vast technical difference1 anyhow1 between a decision taking the shape of a practical rule of procedure and a speculative definition4 ,for more than a century after the ,council of ,florence1 its recognition of ,greek orders had no perceptible influence upon the language of theologians concerning the matter of the priesthood4 ,it takes time to translate from the language of action into that of speculation2 but who can deny that in any fair controversy such action must be discounted4 ,it remains to be determined whether1 everything considered1 the decision of the ,sacred ,office admits of ,f4 ,jones' interpretation2 whether the dubium can be understood1 as he suggests 7p4 #def71 to turn exclusively upon these two points3 the nontradition of the instruments and the deviation from the ,coptic rite which prescribes that the bishop's hands should be imposed upon each ordinandus during the whole of the form ,respice1 instead of during the one phrase1 8,repleeum ,spiritu ,sancto10 which ,f4 ,jones thinks the missionaries paraphrased by 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum40 ,now1 we must say that it is hardly probable that in #agjd the missionaries should be seriously exercised about the nontradition of the instruments4 ,neither is it likely that they should have proposed1 in the same breath1 the two difficulties suggested by ,f4 ,jones2 for why should deviation from a rite1 the substantial validity of which they doubted1 be a difficulty8 ,they ask about the validity of a form and a manner of imposing hands1 which they describe 8talmo do e forma40 ,there may have been other prayers used in the service from the ,coptic ordinal and liturgy1 but the dubium excludes them from 8tal forma40 ,f4 ,jones' notion that the 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum0 is a mistranslation of the ,coptic 8,reple eum ,spiritu ,sancto0--which is not found in the ,abyssinian version--is1 we think1 quite untenable4 ,no distinction was more thoroughly appreciated on both sides than that between an imperative and a precatory form4 ,the ,patriarch of the ,maronites1 in #aegb1 informs the pope3 8,in our ,pontifical1 the orders are conferred without a form by way of prayer407#add7 ,in #ahfj1 the missionaries inform the ,sacred ,congregation 8that the ,monophysites believe the essence of ordination consists in the expiration 7insuflazione7 the ordainer makes in the act of saying1 #8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum4' 07#ade7 ,amongst the various deviations from the ,coptic rite which ,assemani notes in the evidence of ,tecla ,maria1 the ,abyssinian says of his ordainer1 8,insufflavit in faciem meam40 ,this 8insufflatio0 almost implies an imperative form1 and so far isolates the words from any precatory formularies that may precede and follow them4 ,most probably this form was obtained from the missionaries with whom the ,abyssinians had been so long in intercourse4 ,doubtless the ,sacred ,congregation did not sanction the form 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum0 taken by itself simply1 but specificated in the sense of the ,abyssinian liturgy2 but this is exactly ,canon ,estcourt's contention against ,anglicans4 ,in spite of ,f4 ,jones' shrewd and interesting observations1 we are of opinion that ,canon ,estcourt's appreciation of the ,abyssinian decision is the true one4 ,at any rate1 his interpretation is sufficiently probable to make it most important to show that1 even so understood1 it cannot sanction ,anglican orders4 ,postscriptum ,since the above was written1 the discussion has been continued in the ,month by an answer from ,canon ,estcourt in ,january1 and an elaborate rejoinder by ,f4 ,jones in ,february4 ,something of what we have written has been anticipated2 but1 on the whole1 we have thought it better to leave our article as it stands1 and content ourselves with appending such further remarks as may seem called for4 ,f4 ,jones1 in his second letter1 insists that ,canon ,estcourt has mistaken what the missionaries proposed as a solitary deviation from a wellknown and approved rite for the whole form used on the occasion4 ,he proceeds to support his position by italicizing the concluding words of the answer of the ,holy ,office allowing the missionaries to admit the person so ordained 8to the exercise of his orders according to the rite1 approved and expurgated1 in which he was ordained40 8,the ,holy ,office1 then10 he argues1 8did not suppose that the ,abyssinians were ordained with only the words1 #8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum1' but presumed that some rite1 and that an approved rite1 had been followed40 ,now1 it is quite certain that the schismatical ,abuna did not make use of a rite expurgated and approved by the ,holy ,see2 therefore the word 8rite0 must refer to the sacerdotal rite to the exercise of which the person in question was ordained1 which rite he might use in its expurgated and approved form2 but whether the bare words1 ,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum1 were used1 or the fuller ,abyssinian or ,coptic forms1 the priest would have been ordained in that rite with a view to the exercise of which he had been ordained4 ,as to the question whether the thiopic liturgy1 as distinct from the ,coptic1 was approved1 we cannot admit that a conclusion in the negative can be drawn from the passage ,f4 ,jones quotes from the encyclical of ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,the pope lays down that the ,oriental churches in communion with ,rome consist of four rites--,greek1 ,armenian1 ,syrian1 and ,coptic2 but he is clearly only giving general heads4 ,the thiopic1 if approved1 might well have been included under the ,coptic4 ,the ,melchite and ,chaldaic liturgies are approved2 but in this enumeration they are not distinguished from the ,syrian and the ,greek1 of which they are respectively slight variations4 ,further on in this encyclical1 the pope says that 8,greeks1 ,maronites1 ,armenians1 ,copts1 and ,melchites had been given churches in ,rome1 in order that they may perform their sacred offices each according to his rite40 ,we know that the ,abyssinians also had a church in ,rome1 where we may assume that they were allowed the same privilege4 ,the fact that an expurgated edition of the thiopic liturgy was brought out in ,rome in #aedi goes some way to show that the liturgy was approved47#adf7 ,this was the first of the ,oriental liturgies published in ,rome1 and may be found in various editions of the ,bibliotheca ,patrum 7,paris1 #afbd1 tom4 vi471 together with the thiopic rite of baptism and confirmation4 ,this rite of confirmation affords a curious example of the unprincipled variations of thiopic ritual4 ,it is almost the same as the ,coptic rite published by ,assemani1 to which ,f4 ,jones refers1 but it carefully eliminates the direct form1 8,accipe ,spiritum ,sanctum10 wherever it occurs in the ,coptic4 ,we are inclined to believe that the ,abuna sometimes ordained in the ,coptic1 sometimes in the ,abyssinian1 tongue2 but we must confess that the only direct testimony we have met with on this point is in favor of the ,coptic4 ,still1 whatever was the language used1 there is ample evidence to show that the ,abyssinians were in the habit of materially diverging from the ,coptic ordinal4 ,to the testimonies of ,oviedo and ,alvarez1 already quoted1 we may add that of ,f4 ,soller4 ,referring to ,f4 ,bernat's correspondence1 he says that that father discusses 8the different rite of ordination and other points of difference between the ,copts and ,abyssinians407#adg7 ,we submit that the ,holy ,office had no grounds for assuming the use of the ,coptic1 or1 indeed1 of any specific ritual in the case brought before them4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,v4 8,les ,dieux taient alors si voisins de la terre ,qu'ils y venaient souvent avec ou sans mystre407#adh7 8,there is no sense of desolation greater than that produced by the sight of a dismantled palace and a deserted garden40 ,these were the words with which ,don ,emidio broke a long and somewhat sad silence which had fallen on our little party the day we went to ,portici4 ,it is a long drive of four miles on the rough pavement of huge slabs common to ,naples and its environs4 ,we passed over the bridge where ,s4 ,januarius had gone forth with cross and banners1 incense and choristers1 to meet the torrents of burning lava from ,mount ,vesuvius1 and arrest the destruction of the city by prayer4 ,it made me shudder to think how very near that destruction we had then been4 ,for1 of course1 if the lava had once gone so far1 there was no natural reason why it should not do so again1 and even pass on further still4 ,that bridge is now hardly outside the town4 ,indeed1 town succeeds town1 and the whole way from ,naples to ,portici is one long street1 chiefly consisting of villas and handsome palaces1 now sadly neglected1 but probably still containing many treasures1 and all with more or less of garden ground attached4 ,portici is a royal palace2 but for years none of the royal family have resided there1 and it is used chiefly for public offices4 ,it is sad to see these magnificent buildings left nearly empty2 and we can only wonder at the extraordinary wealth of the past when we reflect that ,portici is one only of many other beautiful royal residences which are no longer kept up4 ,even ,caserta1 which is said to be the largest palace in ,europe1 is all but deserted4 ,don ,emidio was telling us an anecdote in connection with it4 ,just before the revolution of #ahfj the palace had been put in order1 partially refurnished1 and redecorated1 for the reception of ,francis ,,ii4 and his bride1 the ex,king and ,queen of ,naples4 ,amongst other valuable ornaments1 in one room the walls had hangings attached with massive gold fleursdelis4 ,when the revolution broke out1 a ,neapolitan duke1 one of the very few of the really noble families who turned traitor to their king1 was appointed to adapt and readjust the palace for the usurper4 ,the whole matter was put into his hands1 in perfect confidence1 no doubt1 that he would see it properly carried out4 ,for some time the palace was closed to the public4 ,when again it was opened on certain days1 and those who had known it before saw it again1 they observed that all the gold fleursdelis had disappeared4 ,of course the fact provoked enquiry2 but no account of them was ever rendered1 and all researches proved fruitless4 ,no one doubted but that they had been 8annexed0 by the liberal aristocrat1 but1 equally1 no one dared call him to task4 ,for as annexation on a large scale was the order of the day1 it did not answer to look too closely into minor examples of the same4 ,nevertheless1 the story got whispered abroad1 and his reputation1 in consequence1 was far less golden than the missing fleursdelis4 ,one day the duke was standing at a window in his own palace overlooking the courtyard1 when a poor artisan1 who had already sent in his bill more than once1 came to request payment4 ,the duke1 who thought1 or pretended to think1 the charges in the bill were exorbitant1 began to upbraid and scold the man from the window4 ,at the same moment the wife of one of the men servants of the establishment was crossing the yard4 ,the duke called to her1 exclaiming1 8,it is a downright theft4 ,but these artisans are all thieves1 are they not1 ,donna ,rafaele80 8,your excellency is a better judge of that than ,i am10 was the reply1 8since the greater ought to know the lesser40 8,i wonder how the duke took it80 said ,i4 ,don ,emidio gave me a knowing look1 and shook his right hand under his left elbow4 ,we all laughed2 but no description can convey the inimitable drollery of ,neapolitan pantomime4 ,it is a thousand times more eloquent than words4 ,what expression1 such as 8to make yourself scarce10 or 8to skedaddle10 could convey what is indicated by that wagging of the straightened hand under the elbow8 ,you see the thief escaping4 ,it is the same in everything else4 ,there is a gesture for all the emotions and most of the casualties of daily life4 ,no beggar tells you he is hungry2 but standing silently before you1 with a perfectly immovable expression1 he opens his mouth1 and points downwards with his finger4 ,a woman and half a dozen children gathering round you1 and all doing the same thing1 produces an effect so curiously divided between the ludicrous and the pathetic that it is far harder to refuse an alms than if the request were made in downright words4 ,it is the same with the coachmen of the hired public carriages4 ,you are driving rapidly along1 and your coachman passes another whom he knows4 ,in less than a second he has conveyed to his friend full information of where he comes from1 where he is going1 and how soon he will be back1 probably concluding with the amount of the fare for which he has agreed to do the distance2 and all without a word being uttered4 ,the ,neapolitans carry the same extraordinary pantomimic power into all scenes and all places1 including the pulpit1 or1 more likely1 the platform1 from which the priest delivers his ,lenten or ,month of ,mary discourses4 ,he walks to and fro in the heat of his argument1 he sits down1 and starts up again1 he weeps1 and he even laughs4 ,it is often very striking2 and it is so natural1 it belongs so essentially to the genius of the people1 that it is never ridiculous1 nor does it seem out of place4 ,of course sometimes it is done less well and gracefully than at others2 but it is too thoroughly in unison with the language and habits of the people ever to appear incongruous4 ,we were sitting on the low wall of the outer steps leading to the tower entrance of a building at the end of the ,portici pleasuregrounds when this conversation occurred4 ,the tower belongs1 ,i believe1 to an observatory1 and all around are the stables1 the barracks1 and the appurtenances of the palace1 now empty and silent4 ,the grass grew high and thick in the courtyard4 ,the deepred blossoms of the wild sorrel1 with the sunlight shining through them1 looked like drops of blood among the grass4 ,the oxeyed daisies boldly faced the blue1 glaring sky4 ,the low1 long building used for stables was in front of us4 ,then a dark1 dense wood of ilex and corktrees1 like a strong1 black line4 ,and beyond that no middle distance was visible1 but stark and sudden rose the seamed and barren sides of ,mount ,vesuvius4 ,no beneficent and tender white cloud broke the intense1 monotonous blue of all the wide heavens4 ,the sky1 the grim mountain1 the black wood1 and the deserted stables--that was all2 bathed in sunshine1 sparkling with intense light1 silent with brooding heat1 and unspeakably desolate with a broad1 unmodulated1 horrific beauty like the face of the sphinx4 ,suddenly there came over me a dim1 weird feeling of the ancient pagan world4 ,there was an inner perception and consciousness that in some undefined way it was homogeneous to the scene around me and to unredeemed man4 ,it was cruel in its beauty2 as poetic1 but not picturesque1 beauty so often is4 ,i started up1 and exclaimed1 8,let us get back4 ,the old gods are about this place1 and ,i cannot stay40 ,time has not effaced the impression1 and ,i can recall the inner vision at any moment4 ,frank declared we should come again1 and have a picnic there with the ,vernons4 ,but ,i protested ,i would not be of the party4 8,by the bye1 ,jane10 said ,frank1 8why did ,elizabeth not come80 8,because little ,franceschiella was buried this morning1 and neither ,ida nor ,elizabeth would leave the poor mother2 while ,helen remained to keep ,mrs4 ,vernon company40 ,franceschiella was a lovely child of six years who had died of a fever the day before4 ,she was the only child1 and that fact1 added to her quite extraordinary beauty1 had made the trial doubly hard to bear for her adoring parents4 ,for1 indeed1 it was little less than adoration that ,franceschiella received1 not only in her own home1 but from all her neighbors4 ,we were very much struck in this instance by the poetic nature of the ,italians4 ,the father was a vignaiuolo1 the mother did a little needlework1 or took in washing2 but no nobleman's child was ever more carefully bathed and dressed and nourished than this one darling1 and that partly in consequence of her angelic beauty and her infantine charm4 ,the little creature ran every risk of being entirely spoilt by the amount of petting and flattery that she received on all sides4 ,on ,sundays and holidays they always dressed her in white with a red coral necklace2 and the mother or the cousins would weave a wreath of flowers to crown her beautiful1 golden hair1 that fell below her waist4 ,she had deep violet eyes with black lashes1 and a milkwhite skin4 ,she was very forward for her age1 and singularly intelligent4 ,but she was surely never meant to live long in this rough world4 ,she came to it like a stranger1 and she remained a stranger all the time of her brief sojourn--as though some princess from the distant lands of poetry and romance had come for a brief visit to dwell with common mortals4 ,there was an inexpressible refinement in all the little creature's ways which would have become a real cross to her and the occasion of endless trials had she lived long enough to find the harsh side of life ruffling her angel wings4 ,it was in mercy the child was taken away before the period of white frocks and fresh flowers had come to an end4 ,life could have brought to her nothing but temptation and anguish4 ,but of course in proportion to her exceptional nature was the despair of the poor parents in seeing her fading before their eyes4 ,as little ,franceschiella had been unaccustomed to restraint or coercion of any kind1 it was exceedingly difficult1 during her short illness1 to induce her to take the necessary remedies4 ,and nothing could be more touchingly beautiful than the arguments used by the distracted parents to persuade her to swallow the nauseous draughts4 ,as usual1 there was a crucifix near the bed1 and an image of the ,mater ,dolorosa--the devotion of the ,neapolitans being very specially to the ,seven ,sorrows of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,they would beg the poor little darling to take her medicine in honor of ,our ,lord's thirst on the cross1 or of ,our ,lady's anguish when ,his dead form was laid in her arms4 ,and these were not unmeaning or merely mystical phrases1 to which the child could attach but little sense4 ,they were as household words to her2 familiar to her childish thoughts from the moment she could lisp1 and woven into her life as the mysteries of the faith only are in lands altogether ,catholic4 ,but nothing was to avail to keep the pretty human flower from fading fast4 ,and before a week had past little ,franceschiella had taken flight ere any of the ugliness of mortal life had tarnished her sweet loveliness4 ,they crowned her with roses1 and laid her1 dressed in white1 in the little wooden coffin filled with flowers4 ,then they flung handfuls of colored sugarplums over her1 and placed a white camellia between her still red lips1 saying1 as they did so1 8,she breathes flowers40 ,and so they carried her1 in the open bier1 the uncovered1 lovely face turned towards the heavens1 and thus laid their darling in the dark grave1 but in the full hope of a bright resurrection4 ,the mother's anguish was extreme4 ,the ,neapolitan women are an excitable and highly nervous race2 which arises1 no doubt1 in great measure from the climate1 as every stranger knows who finds the effect produced on his nerves by this intoxicating atmosphere1 which ,i have heard compared to drinking champagne4 ,as in the case of the peasantry much selfcontrol has not been inculcated1 the result is the frequency of terrible nervous attacks producing convulsions--what we should probably designate as very aggravated hysteria4 ,after ,franceschiella's death the mother became subject to these attacks1 and seemed incapable of receiving any consolation till heaven granted her the hope of again becoming a mother4 ,on the day we went to ,portici the ,vernons had hardly left her4 ,and it was very charming to see the ,christian sense of equality on their side1 and the deference and gratitude shown them by their peasant neighbors on the other4 ,but why did ,frank so particularly ask why ,elizabeth had not come1 instead of asking equally about ,ida and ,helen8 8,you have1 then1 seen ,medusa in the woods of ,portici1 ,miss ,jane80 said ,don ,emidio suddenly to me1 as we were driving home in absolute silence4 ,i looked up out of my brown study to find his eyes fixed upon me4 8,do you mean that ,i am changed to stone80 8,you are as silent as one40 ,i laughed1 and said1 8,at least1 thank heaven1 ,i am not malheureuse comme les pirres17#adi7 as the ,french say1 though ,i may be as silent as they4 ,i did not1 however1 see anything in those dark ilex groves4 ,i only suddenly felt the awfulness of nature when you look at her in all her inexorable beauty1 with the rhythm of her apparently changeless laws and her sublime disdain of man4 ,she breathes and blossoms1 she burns and thunders1 she weeps and smiles1 utterly independent of us all4 ,she knows no weakness2 no decay touches her but such as she can repair4 ,she embraces death1 that she may produce life4 ,she is ever fertile1 ever lavish of herself and of her gifts4 ,but she never cares4 ,her mountains are granite even to the feet of her ,creator1 as he climbs the heights of ,calvary4 ,her noontide heavens are brass to the cravings of man's heart in his midday toil4 ,she will not pause in the twentyfour hours of her inevitable day1 though sundown should bring death to one and despair to many again and again4 ,she treads her evervictorious march over ruined nations1 buried cities1 and broken hearts4 ,oh6 ,i could hate her--cruel power1 terrible ,pythoness2 mocking me with sunshine1 scaring me with storms2 ever rejoicing in her strength1 ever regardless of me4 ,i cannot explain why these thoughts came to me1 as across the dark wood ,i traced the violet scars on awful ,vesuvius1 and heard the low whispers of the wind in the long grass at our feet4 ,suddenly faith seemed to die out of me4 ,i forgot what ,i believe2 and back came trooping the pagan gods and the pagan world1 with the strong feeling that pantheism is the inevitable religion of the natural man1 and that were ,i not1 thank ,god1 a ,christian and a ,catholic1 some form of it would grow into my mind1 as the impress left by the face of nature4 ,for a moment a dark cloud overshadowed me while ,i looked into the depths of the old pagan belief2 and it became so real to me that ,i shuddered4 ,it has left me silent2 that's all40 8,that's all60 repeated ,don ,emidio with a sly smile1 and imitating my voice in a way that ,i half thought was rather impertinent4 8,allow me to tell you that ,i think that is a great deal4 ,i do not imagine there are many young ladies who come out for a day's pleasuring to the gardens of ,portici or elsewhere1 and indulge in such profound reflections as you do40 ,i looked round1 and saw that ,frank and ,mary were listening4 ,frank said3 8,i believe ,jane is quite right2 and she has so well described the effect which the aspects of nature produce on the mind of man that ,i am convinced her words embody and express the riddle of the sphinx4 ,the laws of nature1 taken without the doctrine of the ,incarnation1 which alone is the keystone to the whole creation1 form the enigma which is put before us to understand and answer2 failing which1 we perish40 8,but all paganism was a falsified adumbration of the ,incarnation2 the gods for ever assuming a human form1 and the men becoming gods10 said ,mary4 8,it had that germ of truth in it which every system must have to be built at all1 no matter in what monstrous form4 ,but it required revelation to tell us that the #8,word was made flesh and dwelt amongst men4' ,and that alone explains nature4 ,she is the herald1 the servant1 or rather the slave1 of ,him by whom and for whom all things were created4 ,she speeds on her way in the full vigor of those laws which were impressed upon her as she first sprang from the hand of her ,creator4 ,she does not stop to share our griefs or our joys1 for she has a higher mission4 ,but she has ceased to be terrible to us1 for faith has unveiled her face1 and her harmonious forces no longer scare us by their inexorable relentlessness4 ,her one mission is to sing of ,god1 and repeat to ,time the refrain of ,eternity40 8,why1 then1 do we sometimes pine for her sympathy80 said ,i4 8,ah6 ,miss ,jane10 exclaimed ,don ,emidio1 8that is because we are for ever looking for sympathy in the wrong place and from the wrong people40 8,not always10 ,i replied4 ,what made me say so8 ,and why did ,don ,emidio change color and look at me so fixedly8 ,i was still wondering when we reached home4 ,mary and ,i were1 as usual in the evening1 sitting in the loggia4 ,but ,frank was not with us1 and ,i missed his genial talk and the odor of his cigar4 8,what has become of ,frank this evening1 ,mary80 8,he has gone down to see the ,vernons1 and said he should persuade them to come to us40 8,i hope he will succeed1 for ,i do not like his spending his evenings away from us4 ,this is not the first nor the fourth time he has gone to ,casinelli as soon as he got up from dinner40 8,ah6 well1 ,jane1 we must not be selfish4 ,he has his life to live1 as you have yours2 and ,i must expect one day to lose you both40 ,i felt my heart stop1 and then beat violently4 ,what did ,mary mean8 ,and why did some veil seem suddenly to fall from my eyes8 ,it was some moments before #a spoke2 and then ,i tried to say in my ordinary voice3 8,you have some presentiment about ,frank1 ,mary4 ,what is it80 8,i have presentiments about both of you4 ,but ,i do not want to force your confidence40 ,in a moment ,i was kneeling by her side4 8,dearest ,mary1 do you suppose ,i have any secrets from you8 ,i tell you everything4 ,if ,i do not tell you more1 it is because ,i know no more40 ,it was a sudden impulse1 dim but overwhelming1 which made me add those strange words4 ,mary looked at me intently4 8,has it never struck you that ,frank has a reason for going so often to the ,villa ,casinelli1 as ,emidio has a reason for coming so often here80 ,our eyes met for one moment4 ,then ,i hid my face in my hands1 and burst into tears4 8,o ,mary6 what bittersweet things are you saying8 ,i do not want to lose ,frank1 and ,i do not want to leave you1 or to tread in other paths than those ,i have known since my childhood4 ,are you sure it is so8 ,why have ,i not known it till now8 ,and even now ,i doubt40 8,that is because you were not in the least looking out for it1 and were absorbed in other thoughts1 preventing that retrospection which would have shown you that ,emidio's manner towards you has been intensifying with every day of our stay here4 ,and now what answer will you give when the time comes80 8,do not ask me yet1 dear ,mary4 ,i must have leisure to reflect4 ,at this moment my heart is more full of ,frank and ,elizabeth than of anything else40 8,ah6 my dear1 he could not have made a wiser choice2 she is a girl after my own heart1 so true1 so tender1 so good1 and so utterly unselfish40 8,i only hope she will not spoil ,frank40 8,i am not afraid of that1 for she has a high sense of duty for herself and for all who approach her40 8,and what is to become of ,ida and of you1 ,mary80 8,i cannot think10 said ,mary with a sweet1 sad smile4 8,but ,i suppose we shall both of us be happy in the happiness of those who are so dear to us4 ,it is worse for me than for her4 ,she loses a sister4 ,i lose a brother and sister both40 8,you don't know that1 ,mary4 ,nobody has proposed to me1 and1 if somebody did1 ,i am not certain what answer ,i should give40 8,but ,i am10 rejoined ,mary4 ,i clapped my hand over her mouth1 exclaiming1 8,don't say it1 ,mary dear4 ,let me be free and feel free4 ,i am frightened at the thought of promising myself to any one1 even where ,i may feel ,i could love40 8,be free1 dear sister1 until the moment has come when you are sure it is ,god's will you should enter on another phase of woman's destiny40 8,and may ,i never do so1 except to accomplish his will60 ,i replied2 and with one long kiss on dear ,mary's brow ,i turned away1 for we heard approaching footsteps4 ,frank and ,elizabeth entered first4 ,ida and ,padre ,cataldo followed4 ,i looked to see if there were a fifth figure behind1 and was rather relieved to find ,don ,emidio was not there4 ,i needed time to collect my thoughts before ,i saw him again4 ,perhaps1 after all1 ,mary was mistaken1 and attached more importance to this matter than was necessary4 ,at any rate1 ,i was in no hurry to see ,don ,emidio again4 ,frank seemed in high spirits1 and ,elizabeth looked serenely1 calmly happy4 ,her soft manner and her slow1 graceful movements had long ago won for her the nickname of ,pussy2 particularly as her velvet ways were not unmixed with a playful slyness2 so that from time to time she came out with some remark far more acute and incisive that at first you would have given her credit for4 ,it was a relief to me when ,i heard ,frank say that he had been particularly anxious to induce ,padre ,cataldo to join us1 because he had promised to give us the account of an unfortunate man whose execution he had attended some years ago in the course of his priestly ministrations4 ,ida was looking as thoughtful as ,mary2 and ,i saw her eyes constantly wandering to where ,frank and ,elizabeth were sitting together4 ,we were all too preoccupied to talk1 but were very glad to listen to a long story4 8,frank tells us1 reverend father10 began ,mary1 8that some twenty years ago you attended the execution of a poor criminal4 ,it would interest us very much if you would give us the particulars4 ,in what part of ,italy did it occur80 8,it took place in the ,basilicata10 replied the father1 8and the whole province was filled with consternation2 for the culprit did not belong to the lower ranks of life1 but was a gentleman by birth1 education1 and position4 ,he was the proprietor of a chteau and a considerable patrimony near one of the towns of the province1 and his crime was the murder of his own brother4 ,for many generations the family had had an undesirable reputation for deeds of violence and sudden acts of rage or revenge4 ,it was not the first time that the history of the family chronicled some bloody act2 though it was the first time1 at least in modern days1 that any member of this unfortunate house had suffered the utmost penalty of the law4 ,i am unable to tell you what gave rise to the violent feeling of hatred which the elder brother entertained for the younger4 ,there had been many quarrels and disputes between them from their boyhood upwards4 ,frank told me the other day you had been talking about the extraordinary power the ,italian1 and especially the native of ,southern ,italy1 has of following out one design through all obstacles and difficulties1 silently and secretly1 for years4 ,if they possess this tenacity of character in the search for wealth1 ,i am afraid they have it equally in questions of revenge4 ,and for some reason or other this had been the sentiment of ,conte ,falcone for his brother1 ,don ,carlo4 ,one day ,don ,carlo was found stabbed through the heart1 and suspicion immediately fell on ,conte ,falcone4 ,he was arrested1 but the trial was a long one1 and some months were passed in collecting evidence4 ,at length he was convicted1 and from the moment of his condemnation made no attempt to deny his guilt4 ,at that time the prison at ,potenza1 where he was to await his execution1 was under the direction of a ,jesuit father1 whose efforts were ceaseless for the good of the unfortunate criminals under his charge4 8,naturally1 ,conte ,falcone was a special object of care and anxiety1 from the enormity of his crime1 and from the fact that his position and circumstances are generally in themselves a guarantee against offences of so deep a dye4 8,no efforts were wanting on the part of the ,jesuit priest4 ,he was with his prisoner day and night1 endeavoring to bring him to a true repentance of his sin against ,god and against humanity4 ,and he succeeded4 ,he found the count from the first overwhelmed with remorse1 and his object was to prevent this remorse degenerating into despair1 and thus excluding the light of faith4 ,happily1 ,conte ,falcone1 grievously as he had offended against the laws of ,god1 had never given place to rationalistic or scoffing doubts4 ,it needed but to transform the awful bitterness of human remorse into the tenderness of perfect contrition2 and this great work in the culprit's soul was happily accomplished in time to give him courage to bear the dreadful intelligence that all efforts made at the ,court of ,appeal to get the sentence commuted had entirely failed4 ,this was an unusual and remarkable fact1 for capital punishment is very rarely carried out in ,italy2 many would tell you not sufficiently for the protection of society4 ,probably in this case the judges were urged to unusual severity by the position of the criminal1 lest it should appear that1 being a nobleman1 he was less severely dealt with than a common man might have been4 ,moreover1 it was not forgotten that this was the third time one of his unfortunate family had taken the life of a relation1 and it was thought necessary an example should be made4 ,the priest accordingly announced to him that his fate was sealed1 and that the next morning he must proceed on the terrible journey which was to be his last4 8,in the kingdom of ,naples1 as well as in some other parts of ,italy1 it is the law that the execution of a criminal should take place on or near the spot where the deed was done40 8,what a terrible law of retribution60 exclaimed ,mary4 8,yes1 and one strictly in conformity with many passages of the ,holy ,scriptures1 and with the ,biblical spirit generally40 8,has it not been supposed1 father10 asked ,frank1 8that possibly after death the souls in purgatory1 as also the lost1 suffer for their errors there where they were guilty of them80 8,it is a common opinion1 and it goes far towards explaining the accounts of strange noises and spectral forms in places where it is known there has been a murder4 ,the very sound of the fatal blow is repeated through the hours of the night1 as though the disembodied spirit were condemned for ever to reenact the semblance of that crime which has grown into one idea1 one allabsorbing memory of the past4 ,the soul becomes1 as it were1 the personification and essence of its fatal crime40 8,what a fearful verification of the worm that dieth not60 said ,mary4 8,but surely10 ,i exclaimed1 8we may have softer and happier feelings about the souls in purgatory80 8,of course we may10 replied the father1 almost smiling at my look of horror and anxiety4 8,if they frequent the scenes of their past1 it is not to inspire us with fear2 for of that dreadful passion they are now themselves no longer capable1 the blessed security of their future annihilating all touch of apprehension4 ,if they reappear to the living1 it is either to remedy some evil or to solicit our prayers4 ,i never could understand the terror people have of what they call ghosts40 8,it would be strange indeed10 said ,mary1 8not to wish to see again those we have loved and lost1 even their disembodied souls40 8,and yet it is not lawful to desire it with ardor or to entreat for it2 because it is outside the bounds of ,god's usual dealings with his creatures to permit the dead to revisit the living1 or rather to reappear to them2 for ,i believe they revisit us constantly1 and probably mostly dwell amongst us1 unseen and1 alas6 generally forgotten40 8,oh6 no1 not forgotten1 dear father10 said ,mary1 the tears filling her eyes4 8,not forgotten by such as you1 figlia mia47#aej7 ,but we have entered on a subject which might keep us discussing till midnight4 ,i go back to my poor penitent40 8,was he your penitent from the first1 father8 ,were you the director of the prison80 8,you have robbed me of my disguise1 cara figlia47#aea7 ,i meant to have told you a story1 but not to talk of myself4 ,however1 it does not matter1 and ,i will lay aside all disguise4 ,the journey the unhappy count had to make to his native place was perhaps the most terrible part of his punishment4 ,but ,i had the satisfaction of seeing him receive the announcement with the greatest resignation1 once more offering it as an atonement for his crime4 ,as he was a man of considerable refinement and education1 his resignation arose from no lack of power to appreciate the dreadful contrast between his present position on returning to his home and that which he had once filled4 ,it would be impossible to put into words what he felt on arriving to meet an ignominious death at the place where he had been the great man and the most influential person4 ,early in the morning of the dreadful day on which we began our long journey he was led out of the prison1 and mounted on an ass--such being the law in that part of ,italy4 ,the slow paces of the beast added considerably to the torture of the count's feelings1 it being impossible to hasten a progress every hour of which seemed an age4 ,he had made his general confession to me before that fatal morning1 and constantly on the road he would turn to me for a word of consolation and encouragement1 or to renew his frequent acts of contrition4 ,i need hardly say ,i never left his side for a moment4 ,poor fellow6 what an agony the whole journey was to him1 and1 from sympathy1 hardly less so to me2 for he was bound hand and foot1 and the animal was led by one of the guards1 the others following and surrounding him on horseback4 ,you know enough of us ,italians to be aware that1 physically and morally1 we are more sensitively constituted than any other ,european nation4 ,our feelings are extraordinarily keen1 and our imaginative powers excessive2 and these two qualities combine to give us a most intense love of life4 ,all the incidents of our journey1 which occupied the entire day1 must have been1 and indeed ,i can bear testimony that they were1 the perfection of anguish to the count1 such as seldom can fall to the lot of any man1 taking his whole life together4 ,the sun poured its scorching rays on his uncovered head2 he1 being bound1 could not in any way help himself2 and several times he turned so faint that the guards had to fetch water to revive him4 ,i obtained permission at last for his poor head to be covered--all the more so as ,i apprehended a sunstroke4 ,i held the cup for him to drink from1 and sometimes supported him for a few seconds in my arms to relieve him as well as ,i could from the restraint of his painful position4 ,it was nightfall when our awful and melancholy procession reached the prison of the count's native town4 ,his own chteau was not far distant6 ,i had written to have a chapel prepared in the prison2 and in that chapel1 kneeling at the foot of the altar1 he whom ,i had come to love as the very child of my soul spent the entire night4 ,naturally1 his first thought on arriving was for his wife and his two little children4 ,and he entreated to be allowed to see them once more4 ,i was not then aware of what was the custom on such melancholy occasions1 and ,i applied for permission to send for the countess and her children4 ,but ,i found that they had been removed from their home by the order of the magistrates1 and were already at a considerable distance4 ,this had been done from motives of humanity1 that the poor wife might not be almost within hearing of the dreadful event which was to take place on the morrow1 or his children grow up with a full knowledge of their father's fate4 ,it was almost more than ,i myself could bear when ,i had to return to him in the prison1 and tell him of the illsuccess of my request4 ,it was the last drop of extreme bitterness4 ,it was the vinegar and the gall2 the absolute isolation from all that he had loved1 the utter desolation of his human affections4 ,a spasm of agony passed over his face2 but the only words he spoke were1 #8,the will of ,god be done4' 0 8,in the morning he again made his confession with the ardent contrition and fervor of a saint4 ,he heard a ,mass as preparation for his last communion4 ,he received the ,blessed ,sacrament at the second ,mass1 and assisted at a third in thanksgiving4 8,the dreadful moment was now at hand4 ,the horrid black limbs of the fatal guillotine stood stark and rigid against the bright morning sky in the great public square of the town4 8,every church in the place was thronged with worshippers1 praying and offering their communions for the salvation of the poor soul so soon to be wrenched from sweet life1 and sent to its everlasting doom4 ,the public square was also filled with spectators--a silent1 awestruck throng1 while occasionally a prayer would seem to quiver on the air from the suppressed voice of a hundred people4 8,at length the count appeared1 supported by the guards2 for by that time he was in a very exhausted state4 ,his last act was to press my hand in silence4 ,it was the signal for me to give him the last absolution4 ,i had just turned aside1 hardly conscious myself from excess of feeling1 when the fatal knife fell4 ,a cry of horror ran through the crowd2 and then immediately they dispersed1 many of them repeating aloud the ,de profundis1 as they retired to their homes4 8,i always remember poor ,falcone in my daily ,mass2 though ,i cannot say ,i think he is in any further need of prayers1 but is1 ,i hope1 long since in a position to benefit me by his40 8,what is your opinion1 father10 asked ,mary1 8of public executions80 8,in the present state of feeling in ,italy they are beneficial rather than otherwise4 ,i attended the execution of two soldiers a few years ago at ,terracina4 ,the whole town was crowding to the church the evening before1 and at an early hour on the day itself1 to pray for the poor men4 ,it was like the general communion at the close of a mission2 and those who actually witnessed the execution seemed to do so with no other object than to assist the poor criminals by their prayers4 ,many of the women were on their knees in the public place4 ,and ,i do not believe but that such a fervor of devotion had a beneficial effect upon all4 ,it is1 or at least it was1 the same thing in ,rome4 ,but where1 as in ,london and ,paris1 that idea of intercessory prayer has died out with the faith of which it forms a part1 and the vilest rabble collects from a brutal curiosity to see a man hung or guillotined1 then ,i am convinced that public executions are demoralizing1 and tend to increase the crimes they are meant to repress40 8,all ,i know is10 said ,frank1 suddenly starting up1 8if a fellow could only have the goodluck to be hung in the presence of a large ,italian crowd1 ,i think he would have a better chance of going straight to heaven than by any other death4 ,i think ,i should like to go in for that sort of thing myself40 8,o ,frank6 what do you mean80 8,why1 this is what ,i mean3 ,if you have a long illness1 you get weak in mind and in the power of volition1 as well as weak in body4 ,i know1 if ,i have only a headache1 how difficult it is to say my prayers4 ,fancy1 then1 what it must be through a long1 painful illness4 ,whereas1 if you are going to be hung1 you have all your faculties about you2 you are in no doubt of when you are going to die2 the time is fixed to the minute4 ,you have made your last confession2 and ,i can imagine being able then to make such an act of perfect contrition1 with all the forces of one's mind and soul1 that would land one safe past the realms of purgatory4 ,i often feel as if it would be my only chance1 and not a bad one1 either40 ,padre ,cataldo looked amused4 ,elizabeth did not appear quite to like it1 and ,i overheard her say to him3 8,i think you might manage to end an honorable life in a more honorable way1 and secure heaven all the same40 ,i thought ,i heard something in reply about 8with your help and your example02 but ,i did not listen1 as ,i wanted to induce ,padre ,cataldo to tell us about his wonderful escape during the revolution of #ahfj4 ,i said something to him about it2 but he turned it off1 and ,mary whispered to me that he never liked to talk about it1 but that ,don ,emidio knew all about it1 and we could ask him to tell us the next time we met4 ,padre ,cataldo now took leave1 ,frank accompanying him back1 and promising to return for the ,vernons later4 ,as soon as they had left1 ,ida told us that all their troubles and anxieties in reference to the ,casinelli and the chapel bell had been renewed4 ,there had been an interregnum of comparative peace1 and we had entertained the hope that all was likely to go on quietly4 ,but it turned out that one of the sisters some days previously had called on ,mrs4 ,vernon and her daughters to explain that the bell ringing for ,mass was such a cause of annoyance to the other lodgers that she really must request that it should be entirely given up4 ,of course ,mrs4 ,vernon refused4 ,the chapel had been conceded to them2 ,mass was said there daily by the express permission of the cardinal archbishop1 and was of the greatest benefit to the neighborhood2 and she and her daughters absolutely declined to sanction such an insult to religion4 ,signorina ,casinelli proposed that the bell should be hung somewhere in the garden at a considerable distance4 ,but this also was refused4 ,it was not rung at an early hour4 ,it was not a large bell1 and it was absurd to have the chapel in one place1 and the chapel bell an eighth of a mile away1 to say nothing of the trouble of sending some one to ring it4 ,signorina ,casinelli left the house in high dudgeon2 and the next day she waylaid ,padre ,cataldo1 as he was returning through the garden from visiting the sick4 ,she flew into a violent rage the moment she saw him1 and told him that1 rather than offend their other tenants1 they would1 the house being their property1 shut up the chapel entirely4 ,unfortunately1 no written agreement respecting the use of the chapel existed between the ,vernons and the ,casinelli2 and it had never entered any one's head that they could be guilty of such a transaction4 ,the threat was1 however1 only too well carried out4 ,that same evening the bell was cut down and carried away4 ,the ,vernons learnt from the vignaiuoli in their neighborhood that the ,casinelli had had some difficulty in finding any workmen who would undertake the job4 ,they had first sent for a mason in their own employ2 but he had absolutely refused to have anything to do with a work which he considered as sacrilegious2 and turning to the padrona1 the eldest sister1 he exclaimed1 8,judas also sold his ,master for money1 but ,i will have nothing to do with conduct which resembles his4 ,you may manage your own affairs in your own way40 ,the following ,saturday they completed their evil work by literally doing as they threatened4 ,a message was sent to the ,vernons to warn them that they had better take out of the chapel anything therein which belonged to them without loss of time1 as that night it was to be locked and the keys withdrawn4 ,it was a sad office indeed for the ,vernons to have to strip the little chapel of all its ornaments1 the work of their hands and their hearts4 ,they did it in silence1 and in silence they bore the heavy trial2 for had they allowed themselves any expressions which would have served as a cry for the peasantry around1 it would have been difficult to restrain the grief and indignation of these poor people at finding themselves deprived of their ,mass and of the instructions of a priest whom they all loved as a father4 ,ida's delicate health made it very difficult for her to walk to any church up the high hill at the foot of which ,casinelli is situated4 ,padre ,cataldo had to go elsewhere to say his ,mass1 to the great inconvenience of himself and others4 ,but that was as nothing compared to the grief of seeing all his little flock dispersed4 ,signore ,casinelli informed his tenant1 in the presence of several persons1 that henceforth he might consider himself master of the situation4 ,and so he has remained4 ,but the ,casinelli have never since been able to command the slightest respect from the vignaiuoli and peasantry of the neighborhood4 ,they have lost all prestige4 ,and long before these pages see the light the ,vernons will have left ,casinelli to establish themselves in one of the many villas whose doors were open to them from that moment4 ,all in the neighborhood wanted to let their apartments to them and ,padre ,cataldo2 and if anything could console them for all they had had to sacrifice1 it might be the amount of sympathy and respect which met them on all sides and from all classes2 while the incident1 far from diminishing ,padre ,cataldo's field of usefulness1 seemed to have opened out fresh spheres for him to work in1 and to have extended his influence far and wide4 ,the garden in which our villa of ,r---- ,r---- stood led by steps and winding paths to a tiny bay and to a long series of rocks and large natural caves4 ,there was more than one bath1 fed by the fresh seawater1 in whose limpid depths we not unfrequently saw brilliant seaanemones1 and even small fish which sometimes forced their way through to the openings left in an artificial dike to supply the bath with water4 ,here and there a wooden bridge was thrown over some part where the water broke the communication from one cave to another4 ,the views from the wide1 arched openings of the caves were very lovely2 ,naples and the bay on one side1 and the flower clad1 precipitous rocks of the coast of ,posilippo on the other4 ,at night the fishermen's boats which had been moored in these caves1 and in others like them1 came gliding out with a lighted torch at the prow4 ,and all through the night many of them might be seen1 with the black figures of two or three fishermen dimly distinguished from time to time2 though more generally all that can be seen is the dark1 shadowy form of the boat and the flaring torch1 intended to attract the unwary fish into the net4 ,i should have liked the caves better had they not been disfigured by the stuffed1 gaunt forms of a hippopotamus and some alligators and similar monsters1 which were placed in all sorts of unexpected places1 and seemed to meet you round the corner with gaping jaws4 ,these caves had formed part of a public place of resort some years ago1 but were now deserted and forgotten1 with all the monsters rapidly falling into dusty decay4 ,we had been for some time at the villa before my curiosity had ever led me to explore this strange place4 ,when ,i did so1 it was in company with ,don ,emidio4 ,but as ,i protested that ,i did not like crocodiles and hippopotami1 he suggested that we should climb the rock outside the cave to the pretty little pink and green kiosk which crowned it1 and which commanded a lovely view from where it stood embedded in aloes and cacti1 opuntias and zoccas1 besides many varieties of climbing plants4 ,nothing could be prettier than the winding paths1 protected on one side by a rustic fence1 while every cranny in the rock on the other side bore some tuft of blossom or afforded roothold for the wild tresses of some flowering creeper4 ,mary and ,frank had remained in the lower garden1 while we wandered into every nook and corner1 and finally sat down to rest inside the kiosk1 which1 with windows all round1 presented to us a wide and lovely scene4 ,it was here ,i consented to become ,don ,emidio's wife4 ,that effected1 no matter how or in what words--for those things seldom read wisely--,i suggested that we should rejoin ,mary and ,frank4 ,don ,emidio took the latter by the arm1 and walked with him a little way apart4 ,i remained silent1 sitting at ,mary's feet4 ,when ,don ,emidio joined us1 it was without ,frank4 ,i asked where he was4 8,gone down to ,casinelli10 was the reply4 ,i knew why4 ,he was determined to have his fate also decided that same day1 that same hour4 ,i had no doubts for him4 ,i knew that ,elizabeth would consent2 and ,i felt partly glad1 and partly saddened at the thought that our life1 hitherto so united and bound up in each other1 was about to divide and separate1 each following his or her own destiny1 and weaving a new web of life's joys and sorrows4 ,don ,emidio left us soon4 ,but long after1 ,i saw him leaning over the parapet of the road1 waiting for ,frank to return from ,casinelli1 that he might learn whether his wishes also were to be crowned with success4 ,i could see the meeting from my window1 as the tall figures of the two friends stood dark against the deep blue of an ,italian starlight night4 ,i could have no doubt of the nature of the intelligence conveyed by ,frank to his friend2 for1 to my horror1 ,don ,emidio threw his arms around him and kissed him1 as ,italians do4 ,poor ,frank6 thought ,i1 how will he put up with such an un,english proceeding8 ,no doubt it had happened to ,frank before2 for he did not1 so far as ,i could judge at that distance1 start with astonishment4 ,but it set me thinking about my future husband's foreign ways4 ,and the next morning1 when ,frank and ,i had talked over the more serious questions in our affairs1 ,i found myself drifting into that part of the matter4 8,i wonder1 ,frank1 if ,i shall ever get quite reconciled to his ,italian customs1 so as either not to notice1 or to prefer them80 8,it is to be hoped so1 since he will be your husband4 ,but what do you mean in particular80 8,why1 you know he will call me ,miss ,jane2 any one else would say ,miss ,hamilton40 8,that is an evil which is already at an end4 ,no doubt for the future he will call you simply ,jane1 and speak of you a short time hence as la ,contessa ,gandolfi40 8,then ,i wish he would not embrace you1 ,frank40 ,frank laughed aloud4 8,he would be hurt if ,i repulsed him4 ,they all do it4 ,he will soon see that in ,england it is not the custom1 and then he will give it up--at least while there40 8,another thing is1 ,i do not like his wearing a large ring--though ,i own it is a handsome one--on his forefinger4 ,we think that vulgar in ,england40 8,and it does not happen to be vulgar here2 that is all about it1 my dear ,jane4 ,i am afraid ,i cannot help you in that matter4 ,but possibly in time you will succeed in bringing him round to your views2 though ,i doubt your ever being able to break him of occasionally transferring that ring from his finger to his thumb whenever he is particularly anxious to remember something4 ,when you see his palazzo in ,rome1 you will find that he possesses a beautiful portrait1 by ,vandyke1 of an ancestor on his mother's side4 ,that very ring is on the forefinger of the portrait4 ,emidio is the living image of that picture4 ,and you can hardly blame a man for carrying out a likeness he has such reason to be proud of40 8,there is one other thing1 ,frank1 which strikes me as odd4 ,if he is sitting in the armchair when ,mary or ,i come into the room 7and you know we are not rich in armchairs here71 he never gives either of us that chair1 but fetches us another1 and goes back to the armchair himself40 8,jane1 you are a little fool4 ,do you not know that in ,italy1 at least in the south1 it is the height of illbreeding to offer any one the chair you have just occupied yourself8 ,a cool seat is always a desideratum in this climate1 even though it may be a less luxurious one40 8,shall ,i ever1 do you think1 be able to take back to ,england with me a husband with such a name as ,emidio8 ,what a pity he was not christened ,paul1 or ,stephen1 or even ,anthony6 ,but ,emidio60 ,by this time we were both laughing--,frank at me1 ,i at myself4 8,you need never call him ,emidio in public4 ,we call him so because1 when we have been travelling about ,italy alone together1 we found it convenient to drop his title4 ,but you know he is il ,conte ,gandolfi4 ,his mother was the only child of a noble ,roman family1 and consequently a great heiress4 ,she married a ,neapolitan ,conte ,gandolfi2 and that is how it happens that with a ,neapolitan name his chief residence is in ,rome1 in the palazzo that belonged to his mother4 ,his father was not a man of very considerable fortune1 and his only property here is his villa at ,capo di ,monte1 where he spends the summer4 ,a nobler heart and a finer nature ,i never saw4 ,there is the simplicity of a child1 the honor of a trueborn gentleman1 the delicacy of a woman1 the courage of a hero1 and the piety of a saint40 ,the tears stood in my eyes2 and taking dear ,frank's hand in mine1 ,i said1 8,thank you1 dear old fellow1 for saying that4 ,and1 thank ,god1 you too have drawn a prize60 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,,iv4 ,immortality ,of ,matter4 ,reader4 ,and now1 doctor1 what other argument do you allege against creation8 ,bchner4 ,the immortality of matter1 and the immortality of force4 ,reader4 ,the immortality of matter8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 8,matter is immortal1 indestructible4 ,there is not an atom in the universe which can be lost4 ,we cannot1 even in thought1 remove or add an atom without admitting that the world would thereby be disturbed1 and the laws of gravitation and the equilibrium of matter interfered with4 ,it is the great merit of modern chemistry to have proved in the most convincing manner that the uninterrupted changes of matter which we daily witness1 the origin and decay of organic and inorganic forms and tissues1 do not arise1 as was hitherto believed1 from new materials1 but that this change consists in nothing else but the constant and continuous metamorphosis of the same elementary principles1 the quantity and quality of which ever are1 and ever remain1 the same0 7p4 #i74 8,the atoms are in themselves unchangeable and indestructible2 today in this1 tomorrow in another form1 they present by the variety of their combinations the innumerable forms in which matter appears to our senses4 ,the number of atoms in any element remains1 on the whole1 the same2 not a single particle is formed anew2 nor can it1 when formed1 disappear from existence0 7p4 #aa74 ,reader4 ,do you say in the same breath that no particle of matter can be formed anew1 and that1 when formed1 it cannot disappear8 ,when is it formed1 if it cannot be formed at all8 ,bchner4 ,the phrase may be incorrect1 but the idea is sound1 and the argument conclusive4 ,reader4 ,poor doctor6 the idea is as inconsistent as the phrase is incorrect2 and the argument is not worthy of the name4 ,let us admit that matter1 elements1 and atoms have been observed to remain always and everywhere the same4 ,does it follow that matter1 elements1 and atoms are indestructible8 ,by no means2 it only follows that1 be they destructible or not1 they have not been actually destroyed4 ,you say that by the destruction or addition of an atom 8the world would be disturbed40 ,let it be disturbed2 what then8 ,bchner4 ,then the laws of gravitation and the equilibrium of matter would be interfered with2 which cannot be admitted4 ,the laws of nature are unchangeable4 ,what has been constantly true for the past must be true for ever4 ,reader4 ,you are utterly mistaken1 doctor4 ,the world may be disturbed by the creation or the annihilation of matter without the laws of nature being interfered with4 ,i admit that the laws of nature are unchangeable2 they have been true for the past1 and they will be true for ever4 ,but what is the object of these laws8 ,nothing but the mode of production of the phenomena of the material world4 ,hence you have a law of gravitation1 a law of propagation of sound1 a law of impact1 a law of reflection and of refraction1 and generally laws of motion1 but you have no law of existence and no law of substance4 ,whence it is clear that all your laws of nature would remain exactly the same whether any new portion of matter were brought into being or any portion of existing matter annihilated4 ,suppose that your own body were annihilated2 would any law of nature be upset8 ,would the sun cease to illuminate the earth8 ,would the earth cease to revolve round its axis or to attract bodies8 ,would the ocean cease rolling its waves to the shore8 ,would fire cease to burn8 ,in one word1 would any law of statics or of dynamics cease to be true8 ,nor can you decline this supposition by saying that annihilation itself would be against the laws of nature4 ,for all your laws of nature1 as ,i have just remarked1 regard the movements1 and not the substance1 of the material world4 ,your laws suppose the existence of matter in the same manner as civil laws suppose the existence of civil society2 and as these latter are not modified by an increase or a decrease in the number of the individuals subject to them1 so neither would the former be modified by any increase or decrease in the number of material elements4 ,there would be1 of course1 a change in the phenomena themselves1 because the execution of the laws would be carried on suitably to the new condition of the case2 but the laws would remain the same4 ,consequently any amount of matter could be annihilated without the least change in the laws of nature4 ,let the moon be annihilated2 the ebb and flow of the ocean will be altered1 but the laws of motion will remain the same2 for the ebbing and flowing of the waters will still be proportional to the action of the disturbing causes4 ,let a stone be annihilated in the act of its falling to the ground2 the law of attraction will remain unaltered1 as it will still be true that every falling body must acquire1 under gravitation1 a uniformly increasing velocity4 ,hence the unchangeableness of natural laws cannot be alleged as a proof of the indestructibility of matter2 and your argument is worthless4 ,the utmost you can be allowed to assume is that matter1 whether destructible or not1 has hitherto continued to exist1 and no particle of it has ever been annihilated4 ,this last assertion1 however1 is admitted by natural philosophers1 not because there is any scientific proof of it1 but simply because science has no grounds for denying it4 ,science has no means of ascertaining1 for instance1 whether any remote star has been annihilated1 or any new star created1 in the last thousand years2 and if the common belief is that no new matter has been created1 and no portion of matter annihilated1 we owe it1 not to science1 but to the teaching of the ,bible1 which represents the work of creation as long ago completed1 and the conservation of all created substances as the effect of design4 ,but you1 who laugh at revelation1 and pretend to substantiate all your assertions by facts1 have no right to assume that no matter has ever been annihilated4 ,hence not only are you unable to show that matter is indestructible1 but you cannot even maintain that no particle of matter has ever been destroyed4 ,but ,i will no longer insist on this point4 ,i admit that no atom of matter can ever be lost to the world by natural processes4 ,my reason is that the natural actions of bodies1 whether physical or chemical1 tend merely to the production1 modification1 or neutralization of movement1 and that no amount of change in the movement of an atom can cause the atom to vanish4 ,this is not1 however1 a discovery of modern chemistry1 as you seem to believe4 ,the scholastic philosophers had not the fortune to know modern chemistry2 yet they never believed that new compounds were made of new materials1 though you recklessly assert that 8it was hitherto believed02 but they always uniformly taught that matter was ingenerable and incorruptible4 ,there was therefore scarcely any need of modern chemistry to teach us that no portion of matter can be lost by natural processes4 ,yet this is not the real question4 ,what we want to know is whether an atom1 or any number of atoms1 has a necessary existence and cannot be annihilated by ,god4 ,this is your assumption2 and this is what you are unable to show4 ,your argument is1 in fact1 nothing but a vicious circle4 ,you say3 8,there is no ,god2 and therefore matter cannot be annihilated02 and at the same time you say3 8,matter cannot be annihilated2 and therefore there is no ,god40 ,this is1 in reality1 the covert drift of your argumentation1 when from the assumed indestructibility of matter you conclude1 first1 that matter could not have been created1 and1 further1 that the existence of a ,creator is a gratuitous hypothesis4 ,on the other hand1 you cannot make good your assertion that matter is indestructible without first denying the existence of a ,creator4 ,such is your nice logic in what you probably consider to be one of your best arguments4 ,and let me here make a passing remark on the word 8immortality10 which you have chosen to designate the pretended indestructibility of matter4 ,immortality is not simply 8existence without end10 but 8life without end40 ,hence living beings alone can be immortal4 ,do you assume1 then1 that a grain of dust or an atom of matter is a living being8 ,if you say yes1 where are the facts that will lend a support to such an unscientific doctrine8 ,if you say no1 then the immortality of your matter is nothing indeed but a new form of what you would style 8philosophical charlatanism40 ,to conclude3 the indestructibility of matter is a ridiculous invention of ignorant empiricists1 who know neither what matter is nor what is philosophical reasoning4 ,they make1 indeed1 a great deal of noise with their scientific publications2 but their ephemeral celebrity is due to an organized system of mutual laudation and to ,masonic support1 as you know4 ,let only twenty years pass1 and you may be sure that our children will laugh at your celebrities3 and if your ,force and ,matter is to reach them1 they will laugh at you too4 ,common sense cannot slumber for ever2 and when it awakes1 then will all your infidel scribes be pronounced designing knaves4 ,bchner4 ,i thought you would never end1 sir2 but1 long as your answer has been1 it has failed to convince me4 ,the force of my argument lies in this3 that what can have an end must have had a beginning4 ,if1 therefore1 matter is not indestructible1 it must have had a beginning4 ,reader4 ,certainly4 ,bchner4 ,but a beginning of matter is inconceivable4 ,for how could matter come into existence8 ,reader4 ,by creation out of nothing4 ,bchner4 ,this is what ,i deny4 ,for out of nothing nothing can arise4 ,this is an axiom4 ,hence 8never can an atom arise anew or disappear2 it can only change its combinations4444 ,matter must have existed from eternity1 and must last for ever0 7p4 #ab74 ,reader4 ,i am not in the least surprised to hear that my long talk did not convince you4 ,it is always difficult to convince a man against his will4 ,my object1 however1 was not to give you a positive demonstration of the fact of creation1 but only to show that the reasons which you were parading against creation amount to nothing4 ,of this ,i hope ,i have not failed to convince you4 ,but now you come forward with a new argument1 which indeed is very old1 consisting in a pretended axiom1 that out of nothing nothing can arise4 ,suppose1 doctor1 that ,i deny your axiom4 ,how would you show that ,i deny a truth8 ,bchner4 8,how can any one deny the axiom that out of nothing nothing can arise80 7p4 #ab74 ,reader4 ,you must know1 doctor1 that what you assume to be an old axiom is only an old error4 ,in fact1 why do you say that out of nothing nothing can arise8 ,simply because natural energies can do nothing without pre existing materials4 ,hence your argument amounts to this4 8,natural energies never make anything out of nothing2 therefore out of nothing nothing can be made40 ,that this conclusion is a great blunder ,i need not prove1 ,i presume1 as logic teaches that no conclusion can be more general than its premises4 ,where is1 then1 the ground of your pretended axiom8 ,nor can you reply that the natural energies are the only energies known to us1 and that1 if these cannot make anything out of nothing1 the axiom is unexceptionably true4 ,this would be to assume what you are bound to prove1 to wit1 that there is no power above the natural forces2 and to assume this is what logicians call ,petitio principii4 ,on the other hand1 you cannot maintain that such natural forces are the only ones we know2 for you cannot limit the range of human knowledge within the narrow sphere of mere empiricism without denying human reason4 ,bchner4 ,we have no notion of supersensible forces4 ,reader4 ,you talk without reflection1 doctor4 ,if you have no such a notion1 what is it1 then1 that compels you to admit any demonstrated truth8 ,is it attraction1 heat1 electricity1 or any of your physical or chemical forces8 ,no2 it is the force of demonstration1 it is the force of truth4 ,this is no vain theory2 ,i appeal to your own experience4 ,your intellect is obliged to yield to the force of evidence and demonstration just as inevitably as the pendulum is obliged to yield to the force of gravitation4 ,and since a real effect requires a real cause1 hence whatever thus really compels your intellect to yield must have a real power1 and that evidently supersensible4 ,but reverting to your pretended axiom1 ,i have yet to remark that1 strictly speaking1 it does not even hold in the case of natural causes2 in other terms1 ,i say that nothing is ever produced by natural causes except out of nothing4 ,of course no tailor ever made a coat without cloth1 and no carpenter ever built a ship without preexisting materials4 ,this ,i admit2 but if you closely examine the point1 you will see that to make a coat or a ship is not to produce it1 and that the action of the tailor and the carpenter wholly consists in modifying and arranging the materials so as to give them a form4 ,it is1 therefore1 this form alone that is produced4 ,now1 clearly1 this form1 before its production1 was nothing2 for it had no existence4 ,and therefore the work of the tailor or the carpenter is a production of something out of nothing47#aeb7 ,and thus either you must deny that anything is ever produced1 or you must give up your axiom that nothing can be produced out of nothing4 ,bchner4 ,i cannot give up my axiom without inconsistency4 ,i will rather deny that anything is ever really produced4 ,in fact1 8,those are children1 or persons with a narrow sphere of vision1 says ,empedocles1 who imagine that anything arises that has not existed before1 or that anything can entirely die and perish0 7p4 #ae74 ,reader4 ,these are empty words4 ,bchner4 ,on the other hand1 8the immortality of matter is now a fact scientifically established1 and can no longer be denied0 7p4 #ac74 ,reader4 ,indeed8 ,bchner4 ,yes2 8,its actual proof is given by our scales and retorts0 7p4 #ac74 ,reader4 ,i thought ,i had already shown that your scales and retorts are incapable of giving such a proof4 ,bchner4 8,sebastian ,frank1 a ,german who lived in #aebh1 says3 ,matter was in the beginning in ,god1 and is on that account eternal and infinite4 ,the earth and everything created may pass away1 but we cannot say that that will perish out of which matter is created4 ,the substance remains for ever0 7p4 #ad74 ,reader4 ,do you endorse these words8 ,bchner4 ,certainly4 ,reader4 ,then you catch yourself in your own trap4 ,for if matter is created1 as your ,german writer says1 surely there is a ,creator4 ,bchner4 ,but if matter was in the beginning in ,god1 and was eternal1 it is plain that matter could not be created4 ,reader4 ,perfectly true4 ,and therefore1 since matter1 according to your ,german authority1 has been created1 surely matter was not in the beginning in ,god4 ,but1 after all1 can you endorse ,frank's words without admitting a ,god8 ,and can you admit a ,god and a ,creator while fighting against creation and the existence of ,god8 ,be honest1 doctor1 and confess that bad indeed must a cause be which cannot be maintained but by clumsy sophistry and shameful contradiction4 ,v4 ,immortality ,of ,force4 ,reader4 ,in your theory1 doctor1 force is immortal4 ,this ,i cannot understand4 ,would you tell me how you come to such a conclusion8 ,bchner4 8,indestructible1 imperishable1 and immortal as matter is also its immanent force4 ,intimately united to matter1 force revolves in the same neverending cycle1 and emerges from any form in the same quantity as it entered4 ,if it be an undoubted fact that matter can neither be produced nor destroyed1 but merely transformed1 then it must also be assumed as an established principle that there is not a single case in which force can be produced out of1 or pass into1 nothing2 or1 in other words1 can be born or annihilated4 ,in all cases where force is manifested it may be reduced to its sources2 that is to say1 it can be ascertained from what other forces a definite amount of force has been obtained1 either directly or by conversion4 ,this convertibility is not arbitrary1 but takes place according to definite equivalents1 so that not the smallest quantity of force can be lost0 7p4 #af74 ,reader4 ,how do you account for this theory8 ,bchner4 8,logic and our daily experience teach us that no natural motion or change1 consequently no manifestation of force1 can take place without producing an endless chain of successive motions and changes1 as every effect becomes immediately the cause of succeeding effects4 ,there is no repose of any kind in nature2 its whole existence is a constant cycle1 in which every motion1 the consequence of a preceding motion1 becomes immediately the cause of an equivalent succeeding one2 so that there is nowhere a gap1 nowhere either loss or gain4 ,no motion in nature proceeds from or passes into nothing2 and as in the material world every individual form can only realize its existence by drawing its materials from the immense storehouse of matter1 so does every motion originate from the equally immense storehouse of forces1 to which sooner or later the borrowed quantity of force is again returned4 ,the motion may become latent--i4e41 apparently concealed2 but nevertheless it is not lost1 having merely been converted into equivalent states1 from which it will escape again in some shape4 ,during this process force has changed its mode2 for force may1 though essentially the same1 assume in the universe a variety of modes4 ,the various forms may1 as already stated1 be converted into others without loss1 so that the sumtotal of existing forces can neither be increased nor diminished1 the forms only changing0 7pp4 #ag1 #ah74 ,reader4 ,what do you mean by 8forms of forces08 ,bchner4 ,physics1 as ,i stated to you on another occasion1 8makes us acquainted with eight different forces--gravitation1 mechanical force1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 affinity1 cohesion1 which1 inseparably united to matter1 form and give shape to the world4 ,these forces are1 with few exceptions1 mutually convertible1 so that nothing is lost in the process of conversion0 7p4 #ah74 ,reader4 8,with few exceptions08 ,i fear that any exception will prove fatal to your theory4 ,but go on1 doctor2 ,i wish to hear more about your conversion of forces4 ,bchner4 8,we may cite a few instances of transformation or convertibility of forces4 ,heat and light are produced by combustion4 ,heat again is converted into mechanical power in steam1 and mechanical force can again by friction be reconverted into heat1 and1 as in the electro magnetical machine1 into heat1 electricity1 magnetism1 and light4 ,one of the most frequent conversions of force is that of heat into mechanical force1 and vice versa0 7pp4 #ah1 #ai74 ,reader4 ,what conclusion do you draw from these and similar facts8 ,bchner4 ,i draw the conclusion that in speaking of forces 8the word lost is an incorrect expression2 for in all these and similar cases there is not a minim of power lost as regards the universe1 but merely as regards the immediate object4 ,the expended force has in reality only assumed different forms1 the sumtotal of which is equivalent to the original force4 ,innumerable examples may be adduced to establish this law1 which is expressed in the axiom that force can neither be created nor destroyed--an axiom from which results the immortality of force1 and the impossibility of its having a beginning or an end4 ,the consequence of this recentlydiscovered natural truth is the same as that deduced from the immortality of matter1 and both form and manifest from eternity the sum of phenomena which we term world4 ,the cycle of matter sides1 as a necessary correlate1 with the cycle of force1 and teaches that nothing is generated anew1 that nothing disappears1 and that the secret of nature lies in an eternal and immanent cycle1 in which cause and effect are connected without beginning or end4 ,that only can be immortal which has existed from eternity2 and what is immortal cannot have been created0 7pp4 #ba1 #bb74 ,reader4 ,i have heard with great attention all you have said1 doctor1 and ,i am sorry to see that you are as wrong as ever4 ,your argument is altogether ludicrous4 ,bchner4 ,it is1 however1 a mere statement of known facts4 ,reader4 ,i question this very much4 ,but even if the alleged facts were unquestionable1 and could not receive any other interpretation than that which you give of them1 your conclusion about the 8immortality of force0 would still be groundless4 ,in fact1 the forces of which you speak are all material1 and have their existence in matter alone4 ,it is therefore vain and preposterous to argue about the immortality of such forces when you have already failed to show the immortality of matter itself4 ,you boast that your argument is a mere statement of facts2 and so do all modern sciolists1 more or less awkwardly1 when pushed to the wall4 ,but what are the facts8 ,is heat a form of force8 ,is it a form convertible into another form8 ,i perceive from your style that you never studied this subject2 you only repeat like a parrot what other parrots have learned to say1 without the least notion of the true state of things4 ,tell me1 what is a form of force8 ,what is force itself8 ,bchner4 ,it is not my duty to define force4 ,i accept the definition of the physicists4 ,reader4 ,this is exactly what ,i expected to hear4 ,yet when a man undertakes to philosophize on anything1 he ought to know very distinctly what that thing is4 ,do you make any difference between 8forces0 and 8powers08 ,bchner4 ,no1 sir1 as is evident from my terminology4 ,reader4 ,do you discriminate between 8force0 and 8quantity of action08 ,bchner4 ,no1 sir4 ,reader4 ,do you identify 8force0 with 8quantity of movement08 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 ,reader4 ,then it is evident that you confound force1 power1 quantity of action1 and quantity of movement4 ,bchner4 ,all these terms are substantially identical in science4 ,reader4 ,true1 the lowest school of physicists considers them as substantially identical1 and in this manner they succeed in persuading themselves and many others that the quantity of living force existing in the world is always invariably the same4 ,but1 after all1 those physicists speak very incorrectly1 and are not to be followed in their blundering terminology4 ,a quantity of movement is not an action1 but the result of action2 and a quantity of action is not a power1 but the exertion of power4 ,in fact1 the same power acts with different intensity in different conditions2 and equal actions produce different movements in bodies actually subject to different dynamical determinations4 ,hence it is impossible to admit that powers1 actions1 and movements are synonymous4 ,and now1 which of these three notions do you choose to identify with force8 ,if you say that force is 8a quantity of movement10 then it will be false that no force is ever lost2 for any quantity of movement can be lost without compensation4 ,thus a stone thrown up vertically loses its quantity of movement without compensation47#aec7 ,if you say that force is 8a quantity of action10 it will again be false that no force is ever lost2 for all successive actions successively pass away1 and continually change their direction and their intensity1 according as the distances and positions of the bodies acted on are altered4 ,lastly1 if you say that force is 8power10 then it is false that forces are transformed or convertible2 for the power of each element of matter remains unalterably the same1 as you yourself acknowledge1 throughout all the vicissitudes of time4 8,a particle of iron10 you say with ,dubois,reymond1 8is and remains the same1 whether it crosses the horizon in the meteoric stone1 rushes along in the wheel of the steamengine1 or circulates in the blood through the temples of the poet40 ,bchner4 ,would you1 then1 repudiate science8 ,reader4 ,by no means4 ,i love and respect true science4 ,i only repudiate that false and presumptuous dogmatism which prompts a class of physicists to draw general conclusions from particular1 and often questionable1 premises4 ,bchner4 ,do you1 then1 condemn the method of induction8 ,reader4 ,not at all4 ,i condemn the abuse of that method4 ,what right have modern scientists of extending the principle of the 8conservation of force0 beyond the boundaries marked by observation and experiment8 ,all they have a right to say is that in the impact of bodies an equal quantity of movement is lost by one body and acquired by another4 ,this is the fact4 ,but does it follow that therefore the movement lost by the one body passes identically into the other8 ,this is what they imagine2 and this is what cannot be proved1 because it is absurd4 ,movement is an affection of matter1 and has no independent existence1 as you well know4 ,it cannot1 therefore1 pass identically from body to body any more than a movement of anger can pass identically from man to man4 ,and yet it is on this absurd notion of nomadic movement that the whole theory of the conservation of force1 as now held by your advanced thinkers1 has been raised4 ,they say3 8,the quantity of movement which is lost by one of the bodies1 and that which is acquired by the other1 are perfectly equal2 therefore a quantity of movement passes identically from one body to another40 ,in other terms they say3 8,there is equality2 therefore there is identity40 ,is this legitimate induction8 ,good logic would lead us to argue in the following manner3 ,the actions of the two struggling bodies1 being equal and opposite1 must produce equal and opposite quantities of movement2 hence the quantity of movement which is destroyed in the impinging body must equal the quantity of movement produced in the body impinged upon4 ,such is the only logical view of the subject2 it agrees both with reason and with fact1 and it strikes your theory at the root4 ,for what is destroyed is no more2 and what is produced had no existence before its production4 ,we might allow you to talk of the 8conservation0 and 8conversion0 of forces1 were you reasonable enough to consider such expressions as mere conventional technicalities suited to explain the relations of effects to effects rather than of effects to causes4 ,but you construe the technical phrases into real and absolute principles1 and try to explain causation by substituting the effect for the cause2 which is as ridiculous an abuse of the word 8force0 as if a carpenter pretended that his iron square is the square spoken of in the treatises of geometry4 ,but this is not all4 ,what right have you to apply such a theory1 whether right or wrong1 to gravitation8 ,bchner4 8,the pendulum of every clock shows the conversion of gravitation into motion0 7p4 #ba74 ,reader4 ,indeed8 ,what do you mean by gravitation8 ,the attractive power of the earth1 or its action1 or the weight of the pendulum8 ,surely the attractive power of the earth is not converted into movement2 for it remains in the earth1 and it continues its work4 ,neither is the weight of the pendulum converted into movement2 for the pendulum does not cease1 while moving1 to have weight1 nor does it weigh more when1 at rest2 and at the end of its oscillation is not found to have expended or consumed any portion of its weight4 ,you are therefore obliged to say that it is the action of the earth that is converted into movement4 ,but such an expression can have no meaning2 because the action is the production of an act1 and it is the act itself1 not its production1 that constitutes the formal principle of the movement4 ,on the other hand1 a production which becomes the thing produced is such an absurdity that not even a lunatic could dream of it4 ,thus it is quite evident that in no imaginable sense can gravitation be considered as converted into movement4 ,it produces movement1 but is not converted into it4 ,you see1 doctor1 that your so boasted theory has no foundation either in reason or in fact4 ,bchner4 ,but we cannot deny that mechanical movement is convertible into heat1 that heat may become light1 and that all other such forces can be transformed4 ,reader4 ,i repeat1 and1 on the strength of the reasons which ,i have brought forward1 ,i maintain that the term 8conversion of forces0 may be admitted as a conventional phrase1 but not as exhibiting a philosophical notion4 ,a real conversion of mechanical movement into heat would require that a movement of translation should be transformed into a movement of vibration by being distributed among the molecules of the body which is heated4 ,this ,i have already shown to be impossible4 ,things follow a different course4 ,when the hammer falls upon the anvil1 its action 7and not its movement7 shakes the first range of molecules which it encounters4 ,these molecules are thus constrained to approach the following set of molecules lying immediately under them1 and to trouble their relative equilibrium4 ,these latter1 in their turn1 trouble the equilibrium of the following set1 and so on till all the molecules of the anvil partake in the movement1 each molecule undergoing alternate compression and dilatation1 the first through the violent action of its neighbors1 and the second by the reaction due to its immanent powers4 ,the consequence of all this is that a rapid succession of vibratory movements is originated in each molecule2 and thus1 as soon as the movement of translation of the falling hammer is extinguished1 the movement of vibration is awakened in the molecules of both the anvil and the hammer4 ,now1 what is this but a case of impact8 ,for just as the hammer impinges on the surface of the anvil does each molecule of the anvil impinge on its neighbor2 and therefore what you call a transformation of mechanical into vibratory movement is not a real transformation of the one into the other1 but the extinction of the one and the production of the other4 ,thus heat is generated by percussion2 and in a similar manner it would be generated by friction and by other mechanical processes4 ,whenever heat is produced1 molecules are set into vibrations of a certain intensity1 and their relative equilibrium disturbed4 ,evidently1 such a disturbance of the molecular equilibrium is due to interaction of molecules--that is1 to molecular impact4 ,now1 ,i have already shown1 and you have understood it1 ,i hope1 that1 in the case of impact1 the movement never passes identically from this matter to that1 but is produced in the one at the same rate as it is extinguished in the other4 ,i might say a great deal more on this subject1 but here ,i stop1 as ,i almost regret having said so much4 ,your theory of the conservation of force does not bear out your 8immortality of force10 and is so destitute of proof that it does not deserve the honor of a longer refutation47#aed7 ,,vi4 ,infinity ,of ,matter4 ,reader4 ,how do you account1 doctor1 for your assertion that 8matter is infinite08 ,bchner4 ,in a very simple manner3 8,whether we investigate the extension of matter in its magnitude or minuteness1 we never come to an end or to an ultimate form of it4 ,when the invention of the microscope disclosed unknown worlds1 and exhibited to the eye of the investigator the infinite minuteness of organic elements1 the hope was raised that we might discover the ultimate organic atom1 perhaps the mode of its origin4 ,this hope vanished with the improvement of our instruments4 ,the microscope showed that in the hundredth part of a drop of water there existed a world of animalcules1 of the most delicate and definite forms1 which move and digest like other animals1 and are endowed with organs1 the structure of which we have little conception of0 7p4 #bc74 8,we term the most minute particle of matter1 which we imagine to be no longer capable of division1 an atom1 and consider matter to be composed of such atoms1 acquiring from them its qualities1 and existing by their reciprocal attraction and repulsion4 ,but the word atom is merely an expression for a necessary conception1 required for certain purposes4 ,we have no real notion of the thing we term atom2 we know nothing of its size1 form1 composition1 etc4 ,no one has seen it4 ,the speculative philosophers deny its existence1 as they do not admit that a thing can exist which is no longer divisible4 ,thus neither observation nor thought leads us1 in regard to the minuteness of matter1 to a point where we can stop2 nor have we any hope that we shall ever reach that point0 7p4 #bd1 #be74 ,reader4 ,that point has been reached1 doctor4 ,the theory of primitive1 unextended elements is well known and advocated by good scientists and thoughtful philosophers4 ,but let this pass1 as ,i long for your demonstration of the infinity of matter4 ,bchner4 8,like the microscope in respect to the minuteness1 so does the telescope conduct us to the universe at large4 ,astronomers boldly thought to penetrate into the inmost recesses of the world2 but the more their instruments were improved1 the more worlds expanded before their astonished eyes4 ,the telescope resolved the whitish nebul in the sky into myriads of stars1 worlds1 solar and planetary systems2 and the earth with its inhabitants1 hitherto imagined to be the crown and centre of existence1 was degraded from its imaginary height to be a mere atom moving in universal space4 ,the distances of the celestial bodies are so immense that our intellect wonders at the contemplation of them1 and becomes confused4 ,light1 moving with a velocity of millions of miles in a minute1 required no less than two thousand years to reach the earth from the galaxy6 ,and the large telescope of ,lord ,rosse has disclosed stars so distant from us that their light must have travelled thirty millions of years before it reached the earth4 ,but a simple observation must convince us that these stars are not at the limit of space4 ,all bodies obey the law of gravitation1 and attract each other4 ,in assuming1 now1 a limitation1 the attraction must tend towards an imagined centre of gravity1 and the consequence would be the conglomeration of all matter in one celestial body4 ,however great the distances may be1 such an union must happen2 but as it does not happen1 although the world exists from eternity1 there can be no attraction towards a common centre4 ,and this gravitation towards a centre can only be prevented by there being1 beyond the bodies visible to us1 others still further which attract from without--and so forth ad infinitum4 ,every imagined limitation would render the existence of the world impossible0 7pp4 #be1 #bf74 ,reader4 ,is this the whole of your argument8 ,bchner4 ,yes1 sir4 ,reader4 ,i should like to know how could the large telescope of ,lord ,rosse disclose stars so distant from us that their light must have travelled thirty millions of years before it reached the earth8 ,do you not know that in thirty millions of years light travels two million millions of times over the distance from the earth to the sun8 ,and do you hope the world will believe that1 thanks to ,lord ,rosse's telescope1 it has been possible to determine the parallax of a star two million millions of times more distant from us than we are from the sun8 ,the world indeed is ignorant and credulous2 but when the lie is too impudent1 it is apt to cry you down as a charlatan4 ,you are most imprudent1 doctor4 ,you had no need of ,lord ,rosse's telescope for your argumentation2 and your mention of the distant stars disclosed by it was therefore an inexcusable blunder4 ,but the argument itself has no foundation4 ,you imagine that1 if the world were not infinitely expanded in all directions1 all matter1 by universal gravitation1 would have conglomerated into one celestial body4 ,but tell me1 ,does the moon gravitate towards the earth8 ,bchner4 ,of course it does4 ,reader4 ,how do you account1 then1 for the fact that the moon has not fallen1 nor is likely to fall1 on the earth8 ,is it because the moon is attracted by some matter lying outside its orbit8 ,bchner4 ,it is on account of centrifugal force accompanying its curvilinear motion4 ,reader4 ,i am delighted to see that you can explain the fact without appealing to the infinity of matter4 ,let us go on4 ,as the moon gravitates towards the earth1 so do all satellites towards their planets1 and all planets towards the sun4 ,and yet none of the satellites have fallen into their planets1 and none of the planets into the sun4 ,is this owing to the matter which lies outside of the planetary and solar system8 ,i presume1 doctor1 that the enormous distance of fixed stars from us will not encourage you to believe that their attraction on any planet can cope with its gravitation towards the sun4 ,on the other hand1 this gravitation is not neutralized by the action of any exterior matter2 for all planets actually obey the solar attraction1 as their orbital movement conclusively shows4 ,this same orbital movement implies also a centrifugal tendency2 and this tendency sufficiently prevents the falling of the planets on the sun4 ,this is unquestionable doctrine4 ,bchner4 ,i admit the doctrine4 ,reader4 ,accordingly it is evident there is no need of infinite matter to prevent the celestial bodies from clustering into one central body4 ,centrifugal forces1 in fact1 are sufficient1 even by your own admission1 to remove all danger of such a catastrophe2 and centrifugal forces are to be found wherever there is curvilinear movement around a centre of attraction1 that is1 throughout all the world1 according to astronomical induction4 ,consequently your argument in favor of the infinity of matter is a mere delusion4 ,bchner4 8,if we can find no limit to minuteness1 and are still less able to reach it in respect to magnitude1 we must declare matter to be infinite in either direction1 and incapable of limitation in time or space4 ,if the laws of thought demonstrate an infinite divisibility of matter1 and if it be further impossible to imagine a limited space or a nothing1 it must be admitted that there is here a remarkable concordance of logical laws with the results of our scientific investigations0 7p4 #bg74 ,reader4 ,your great scientific investigations give no result that favors the infinity of matter4 ,this we have just seen4 ,logical laws give no better results4 ,it is idle1 doctor1 to assume that there is any law of thought which demonstrates the infinite divisibility of matter2 and it is as capricious to assert the impossibility of imagining that the space occupied by matter is limited4 ,you say that outside that space there would be nothing1 and therefore there would be no space except that occupied by matter2 whence you conclude that space would be limited4 ,do not fear1 doctor1 for the fate of space4 ,outside the space which is occupied by matter there is yet infinite space unoccupied by matter4 ,space is not made up of matter4 ,move the matter2 you will not move space4 ,remove all matter2 space will not disappear4 ,of course you cannot understand this1 because whoever blots ,god out of the world extinguishes the source of his intellectual light1 and is therefore doomed to grope for ever in the dark4 ,but we ,christian philosophers1 who admit a ,god infinite and immense1 have no great difficulty to understand how there can be space not occupied by matter4 ,wherever ,god is1 there is space which can be occupied by matter2 for wherever ,god is1 there he can create any amount of matter2 and wherever matter can be placed1 there is space2 for space is nothing but the possibility of locating matter4 ,it is not my intention to dilate on this topic1 nor is it necessary4 ,to answer your difficulty ,i need only say that space1 though void of matter1 is always full of ,god's substance1 to whose immensity alone we must resort1 if we desire to account at all for the existence of infinite space4 ,,vii4 ,dignity ,of ,matter4 ,reader4 ,i scarcely expected1 doctor1 that you would devote a chapter of your book to such a trifling and unscientific subject as the dignity of matter4 ,is not matter1 as such1 the lowest of all known substances8 ,what is the dignity of matter8 ,bchner4 ,you belong to the old school1 sir4 ,i will tell you what is the modern view of matter3 8,to despise matter and our own body because it is material1 to consider nature and the world as dust which we must endeavor to shake off1 nay1 to torment our own body1 can only arise from a confusion of notions1 the result of ignorance and fanaticism0 7p4 #bh74 ,reader4 ,you begin with a false assumption1 doctor4 ,we of the old school do not despise the body 8because it is material40 ,god created matter2 and whatever proceeds from ,god is very good4 ,we1 however1 consider the body as of a lower nature than our rational soul1 and try to put a check to its unruly appetites--a thing which you1 being a physician1 will surely approve and commend as conducive to the preservation of health1 not to say of morality4 ,bchner4 8,matter is not inferior to1 but the peer of1 spirit2 the one cannot exist without the other2 and matter is the vehicle of all mental power1 of all human and earthly greatness0 7p4 #bh74 ,reader4 ,this is1 doctor1 the most abject and degrading materialism4 ,bchner4 ,i am not afraid of this word1 sir4 8,we frequently hear those persons contemptuously called materialists who do not share the fashionable contempt for matter1 but endeavor to fathom by its means the powers and laws of existence2 who have discerned that spirit could not have built the world out of itself1 and that it is impossible to arrive at a just conception of the world without an exact knowledge of matter and its laws4 ,in this sense the name of materialist can nowadays be only a title of honor4 ,it is to materialists that we owe the conquest over matter and a knowledge of its laws1 so that1 almost released from the chains of gravitation1 we fly with the swiftness of the wind across the plain1 and are enabled to communicate1 with the celerity of thought1 with the most distant parts of the globe4 ,malevolence is silenced by such facts2 and the times are past in which a world produced by a deceitful fancy was considered of more value than the reality0 7p4 #bi74 ,reader4 ,you commit blunders upon blunders1 doctor4 ,we do not call materialists those who do not share 8the fashionable contempt for matter10 but those who deny the existence of a spiritual soul1 or teach that matter is not inferior to1 but the peer of1 spirit1 and that the one cannot exist without the other1 just as you teach4 ,and therefore your definition of materialism is your first blunder4 ,again1 contempt for matter is not1 and never has been1 8fashionable02 second blunder4 ,that materialists endeavor 8to fathom the powers and laws of existence0 is a third blunder2 for they are not even capable of fathoming their own ignorance1 as our present discussion shows very clearly4 ,a further blunder is to speak of 8the powers and laws of existence10 as if there were any law of existence4 ,a fifth blunder is to give credit to the materialists for having discerned 8that spirit could not have built the world out of itself40 ,this was discerned long ago by ,christian philosophers2 whereas your materialists have even failed to discern that spirit could create the world out of nothing4 ,a sixth blunder is contained in your assertion that 8it is to materialists that we owe the conquest over matter and a knowledge of its laws40 ,indeed1 you might as well say that we owe light to darkness1 and wisdom to dolts4 ,go and study1 ,o great doctor and president of the medical association of ,hessen,darmstadt6 and then tell us whether ,newton1 ,volta1 ,galileo1 ,galvani1 ,biot1 ,ampre1 ,cuvier1 ,faraday1 ,liebig1 and scores of other great scientists were materialists4 ,to such men we owe modern science2 but what does science owe to your materialists8 ,what law did they discover8 ,what conquests have they achieved8 ,it is absurd for them to complain of 8malevolence0 when they are treated with the contempt they deserve4 ,they are1 in fact1 mere plunderers and traitors of science4 ,but ,i wonder1 doctor1 whether your love of materialism is much calculated to show the dignity of matter4 ,you have not adduced as yet any reason why we should think of matter very highly4 ,you have said1 indeed1 that matter is 8the peer of spirit02 but this is mere twaddle1 as you admit of no other spirit than what would be a result of material combination4 ,i want something better--something like a good argument--before ,i can appreciate the dignity of matter4 ,bchner4 8,pretended worshippers of ,god have in the middle ages carried their contempt for matter so far as to nail their own bodies1 the noble works of nature1 to the pillory0 7p4 #bi74 ,reader4 ,what do you mean8 ,bchner4 8,some have tormented1 others crucified themselves 4440 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,who crucified himself8 ,when8 ,where8 ,can any one nail himself to a cross any more than he can raise himself by his belt8 ,bchner4 8,crowds of flagellants travelled through the country1 exhibiting their lacerated backs4 ,strength and health were undermined in the most refined manner1 in order to render to the spirit--considered as independent of the body--its superiority over the sinful flesh0 7p4 #bi74 ,reader4 ,the flagellants were a set of fanatics2 but their excesses do not prove the dignity of matter4 ,after all1 had they been materialists1 they would surely have done something worse than to scourge themselves4 ,they may have undermined their strength and their health1 as you remark2 but how much greater is the number of materialists who shorten their lives by shameful disorders1 since they have lost all hope of a future and better life8 ,do you pretend that what is done by your adepts for the sake of worldly or sensual pleasure cannot be done by ,christians for the sake of eternal salvation8 ,we believe in eternal salvation1 and we know what we believe4 ,strength and health are goods of a lower order than morality1 and no true man would hesitate to endanger them for a superior good4 ,but on what authority do you assume that in the middle ages strength and health were undermined 8in the most refined manner08 ,bchner4 8,feuerbach relates that ,s4 ,bernard had1 by his exaggerated asceticism1 lost his sense of taste1 so that he took grease for butter1 oil for water0 7p4 #cj74 ,reader4 ,you know that ,feuerbach is no authority2 and yet ,i should like to know1 how can a man lose his sense of taste by asceticism8 ,does asceticism affect the tongue or the palate8 ,s4 ,bernard lived sixtythree years1 in spite of continuous intellectual and corporal work1 so that you can scarcely say that his manner of undermining his strength and health was 8most refined40 ,as to grease and butter1 ,i have the honor to inform you that ,s4 ,bernard seldom tasted either1 as they were excluded from the ,cistercian table4 ,what do you say to that8 ,bchner4 8,rostan reports that in many cloisters the superiors were in the habit of frequently bleeding their monks1 in order to repress their passions0 7p4 #cj74 ,reader4 ,bosh4 ,bchner4 8,he further states that injured nature avenged itself1 and that rebellion1 the use of poison and the dagger against superiors1 were by no means rare in these living tombs0 7p4 #cj74 ,reader4 ,and you believe such lies8 ,of course there is no reason why they should not be circulated among the ignorant and superstitious4 ,they are fond of believing such things1 and they are served according to their taste4 ,the supply always meets the demand4 ,oh6 how truly right was ,s4 ,paul when he said that those who turn a deaf ear to truth are doomed to swallow fables6 ,those who do not believe the ,catholic ,church1 the highest authority on earth1 by just judgment stupidly believe the lies of a ,rostan and of a hundred other charlatans of modern times4 ,but let us not forget the real point at issue4 ,your object was to show the dignity of matter4 ,where are your proofs8 ,do you think that the dignity of matter can be established by defamation8 ,every intelligent reader will infer1 on the contrary1 that it is from lack of reasons that you are obliged to disgrace your work with libel and slander4 ,bchner4 ,i am not a forger1 after all4 ,i have cited my authorities4 ,but the dignity of matter appears from the fact that it is to matter that we owe science4 8,have those who start from ,god and not from matter ever given us any clue as to the quality of matter and its laws1 after which they say the world is governed8 ,could they tell us whether the sun moves or is at rest8 whether the earth is a globe or a plain8 what was ,god's design8 ,no6 ,that would be an impossibility4 ,to start from ,god in the investigation of nature is a phrase without meaning4 ,the unfortunate tendency to proceed in the investigation of nature from theoretical premises1 and to construe the world and natural truths by way of speculation1 is long abandoned2 and it is by pursuing an opposite course of scientific investigation that the great advance of our knowledge of nature in recent times must be ascribed0 7pp4 #ca1 #cb74 ,reader4 ,it is evident that all our knowledge begins in sensible representations1 and therefore depends on matter4 ,but how can you infer from this the dignity of matter8 ,when you ascend a ladder1 the first step is always the lowest2 which shows the contrary of what you wish to prove4 ,matter is the lowest of all objects of knowledge1 while the highest is ,god4 ,from matter we start1 and in ,god we must end4 ,this every one admits2 you1 however1 assume that some philosophers 8start from ,god1 and not from matter40 ,who are they8 ,are they1 forsooth1 those who teach that matter has been created by ,god8 ,then you are unjust to them1 and falsify the history of science1 by giving us to understand that they could not tell us whether the sun moves or is at rest1 and whether the earth is a globe or a plain4 ,it was not the atheist or the materialist that taught us astronomy and geography4 ,the materialist can only tell us1 as you do1 that 8all natural and mental forces are inherent in matter0 7p4 #cb71 which is no science at all2 and that 8in matter alone forces can manifest themselves10 or that 8matter is the origin of all that exists0 7ibid471 which is the reverse of science4 ,this they can prate2 but as for the great laws of nature1 they had to learn them from us--,i mean from men who did not preach the dignity of matter with the foolish and ignoble purpose of dethroning ,god4 ,you condemn those who 8construe the world and natural truths by way of speculation40 ,this ,i have already answered2 but ,i may remind you that by condemning speculation you condemn yourself4 ,experimental knowledge is very good2 but it is by speculation alone that our knowledge acquires its scientific character4 ,hence your view of science without speculation is as absurd as your assumption of matter without spirit and without ,god4 ,this may suit materialists1 for they stop supinely at the lowest step of the ladder2 but intellectual men have a mind to ascend the ladder to the very top4 ,what is the use of knowing matter1 if you know nothing else8 ,matter is the alphabet of science2 to study matter1 and to ignore the methods of rising from matter to spirit1 and from the world to ,god1 is to study the alphabet alone during all your life1 and to die an abecedarian4 ,this is what you crave2 this is what you adorn with the venerable name of science2 whereas we believers not only study the alphabet1 but also read the great book of the universe1 and know that the book has an ,author1 whose thoughts it reveals4 ,you have vainly labored to establish the dignity of matter4 ,had you known how to read the book of nature1 you would have discovered that matter has no natural dignity but that of being the lowest work of ,him whose works are all perfect4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,who ,will ,remember8 ,like as a pebble on the salt seasands ,that some wave washes to an unknown shore1 ,so shall we quietly be swept away ,from out the millions to be seen no more4 ,who will remember1 who will say 8dear friend08 ,who will walk sadly seeking yet a trace ,of wellknown footsteps1 of caressing hands1 ,of some remembrance of a lost1 dead face8 ,ask not too much of human hearts that wait2 ,fresh buds will blossom for their eyes at last1 ,and flowers dead1 however sweet they were1 ,are1 like the whole of earth's dead treasures1 past4 ,church ,music47#aee7 ,i4 ,from the earliest times music has had a place in the public worship of all peoples--among the pagans1 among the ,jews1 among ,christians4 ,its use in this connection has been dictated by ,god himself in the act of constituting the human mind2 it has1 moreover1 received his express sanction1 as we learn from the ordinances of the ,jewish people4 ,in the new law it has even been consecrated by his own divine example1 since we read that our ,lord and his apostles sang hymns together4 ,his birth was heralded to the world by the song of his angels1 and heaven is represented to the ,christian as a place where we shall sing for ever the praises of ,god4 ,church music1 therefore1 dates from the origin of ,christianity1 and has constituted ever since an integral1 though not an essential1 part of public worship among ,christians4 ,the church has her simple offices and her solemn offices1 and she has made the use of music one of the chief marks by which they are distinguished4 ,church music grew with the growth of the church4 ,as ,christians increased and prospered1 music was more and more cultivated1 and was more largely introduced into their solemn exercises of worship4 ,the extent to which sacred music was cultivated in the early church cannot be easily determined2 we have no reason to think it was very great4 ,when ,europe emerged from that sad state of confusion which came over it with the invasion of the northern barbarians1 and music was revived as a science and an art1 it was1 like the other branches of learning1 at first confined mostly to the clergy1 and its productions were for a long time almost exclusively of a sacred character4 ,the church being an indestructible institution1 her traditions are handed down by one generation of her children to another4 ,it was thus that in a dark day of confusion and destruction she preserved for us the treasures of ancient learning and the arts2 and the world today owes to her not only the modern developments of poetry1 painting1 sculpture1 and architecture1 but also the beautiful and varied combinations of modern music4 ,at first1 as we have just said1 there was no music but that which was dedicated to holy purposes1 except such rude melodies as nature in all ages teaches the most uncultivated4 ,the musical drama did not exist2 and music does not seem to have made any essential part of the pageants or spectacles destined for the public entertainment4 ,it was from the church that music was introduced into the chamber1 the hall1 and the street1 and in the beginning secular music imitated and borrowed the forms of that which was sacred4 ,the music used in the sacred offices at first and during many centuries was the plain chant4 ,how much of this chant was taken from pagan or ,jewish sources cannot be determined1 for authorities differ widely2 but in any case it was so modified and improved by the fathers of the ,eastern ,church1 and afterwards in the ,west by ,,ss4 ,ambrose and ,gregory1 when they adapted it to the purposes of ,christian worship1 that it is now frequently called the ecclesiastical chant1 though it is oftener called ,gregorian1 from the pope just mentioned4 ,in the beginning it was what its name indicates--plain and simple4 ,it was sung in unison1 and its melodies did not exceed the compass of the most ordinary voices4 ,but unison was found monotonous1 as also the uniformity of time or measure generally observed in plain chant4 ,the first departure from the old and severe forms was made when1 about the middle of the ,i,xth century1 they introduced a sort of rude harmony constructed on the chant4 ,but this did not satisfy the craving for change1 and the love of novelty1 once indulged1 led the way to many excesses4 ,baini gives us an example of the abuses that then became prevalent4 8,they would write1 for example1 a ,mass10 he says1 8taking as a subject the melody of the ,gregorian ,ave ,maria4 ,three parts in the harmony would sing portions of the ,kyrie1 ,gloria1 and ,credo at the same time1 while a fourth would take up at intervals the entire ,ave ,maria40 ,not merely were the sacred words of the composition itself 8shaken together in most admired confusion10 but1 as we have just said1 the words of other sacred pieces were foisted among them1 so that they no longer expressed any one idea4 ,worse far1 the gaps were even sometimes filled up 8with snatches of old songs10 the ballads of the day1 and those not always of the most unexceptionable character4 ,attempts were also made to vary the stately measure of the chant4 ,indeed1 all sorts of devices were introduced in the search for novelty1 and so great had become the abuse about the period of the ,council of ,trent that a celebrated cardinal declared that some of the church music of his day was so unfit to be offered to ,god that nothing but invincible ignorance could excuse from mortal sin those who offered it4 ,at this juncture arose the illustrious ,palestrina4 ,born in an age of the most vitiated taste1 and himself not quite exempt from its unfavorable influences at the opening of his professional career1 his exalted and discriminating genius was guided to disentangle the sweet spirit of song from the mazes in which it was wellnigh lost1 and to rescue his art from the merited reproaches which it was receiving on every side4 ,he was encouraged and assisted in his task by two saints1 ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo and ,s4 ,philip ,neri4 ,when his celebrated ,missa ,pap ,marcelli was first heard in #aefe1 it at once banished from the churches all the profane novelties that had preceded it1 and became the model for church compositions during the next hundred years1 when with ,carissimi began the change to what is modern4 ,when ,pius ,,iv41 the reigning pontiff1 heard it1 he declared it satisfied all the requirements of sacred music2 in fact1 so charmed was he by its exquisite strains that he compared it to the melodies that the ,apostle ,s4 ,john had heard in the heavenly ,jerusalem1 saying that another ,john 7,palestrina's ,christian name was ,john7 had given us in the earthly ,jerusalem a foretaste of the music in heaven4 ,from that day to this the use of ,palestrina's music has been retained in the ,pope's own choir1 to the exclusion of all other except the simple plain chant1 with which it is made to alternate4 ,even when the ,pope officiates or presides at any celebration outside his own chapel1 his choir accompanies him and sings the same music4 ,it is this music1 alla ,palestrina1 that travellers go to ,rome to hear1 especially during ,holy ,week4 ,one generation has thus followed another to ,rome for three hundred years2 and the harmonies of ,palestrina1 though ever ancient1 are1 like the beauty of divine truth1 found to be ever new4 ,though ,palestrina has retained his hold on the ,papal choir at ,rome1 music far different in character from his has been introduced into the other choirs1 even of ,rome4 ,the perfection of the organ and of other instruments used to accompany the voices of singers1 and the consequent discovery of other and more scientific complications in the art of harmony1 especially since the introduction of the natural discord1 the development of melody1 joined with much greater skill in execution and the incessant thirst for novelty1 have led to the introduction into nearly all the churches of compositions in which the voices and instruments are heard together in every variety of combination4 ,add to this that about two centuries ago the opera took its rise1 and the dramatic style1 followed in it and developed by it1 made its influence felt in the church4 ,for kings and princes then began the practice of selecting the same musician to preside over the performances of their theatres and of their chapels2 nay1 the whole staff of the theatre was brought into the chapel on ,sundays1 as is done today in ,dresden4 ,nothing better and nothing different was required for the chapel1 except the substitution of other words and a toning down of the measures of the drama1 and thus the chapel became merely a sort of sacred concertroom4 ,but the matres de chapelle at these courts were the first musicians of their day1 and their success in operatic music1 sounded over all ,europe1 caused their sacred compositions to be looked on with undiscriminating favor by the public4 ,and as the weakness of human nature is such that inferiors naturally imitate their superiors1 and sometimes even copy their faults1 it became the fashion to sing in churches the sacred music used in courtchapels1 especially as this was more easily obtained1 being printed at the expense of the courts4 ,besides this1 the modern composers of opera seem to have the ambition of composing also for the church4 ,but they generally forget how very different the church and the theatre are1 and they seldom care to follow a different method in the church from that which gains them applause in the theatre2 and the public are frequently as forgetful in this matter as the composers4 ,it must be added that the directors of choirs seem to have a fatal habit of following1 even in church1 if they are allowed1 the prevailing style set by the latest and most popular writers for the stage4 ,when the model so successfully set by ,palestrina was first departed from1 and instrumental music used in conjunction with vocal1 there may have been a certain gain1 as the chant became more melodious and less monotonous without losing its depth and solemnity4 ,gradually1 however1 the grave style of the older musicians disappeared1 and the music of the church has become1 at least in some places1 almost as light and as airy as that of the theatre4 ,this music sometimes seems written in derision or contempt of the sacred words2 as1 #a1 when a prayer of supplication1 such as the ,kyrie eleison and ,dona nobis pacem1 is set to numbers as lively as those of a jig 7frequently the case with ,haydn74 #b4 ,when the words are omitted1 even though they be of importance2 as the words of the ,creed1 qui ex ,patre ,filioque procedit 7nearly always omitted1 even in the longest ,masses of ,haydn74 #c4 ,when they are interminably repeated or senselessly inverted4 ,in ,mozart's ,twelfth ,mass we have3 ,crucifixus1 et homo factus est4 ,what shall we say of the operatic solos1 duos1 trios1 etc41 instrumental interludes1 sincopations1 etc41 which1 to any one who reflects1 are in direct contradiction to all our notions of what is reverent and appropriate to the church8 ,,ii4 ,from what has been said in the preceding pages1 there are three general forms of church music3 the plain chant1 the music termed alla ,palestrina1 and modern figured music4 7a47 ,plain chant is the old and original song of the church1 of which the forms1 like those of a dead language1 are fixed and immutable4 ,long1 long ago the secret of plain chant composition was lost1 and it is probable that we have lost in great measure also the secret of its proper execution4 8,the leading idea which is represented by plain chant10 says ,canon ,oakeley17#aef7 8and in no degree by any other style of music1 except that which consists in bare recitative1 is that in certain cases music best discharges her office by retreating1 as it were1 in despair before certain divine words1 and contenting herself with merely providing a vehicle for their utterance1 so simple as not by any studied beauty of its own to detract from their intrinsic majesty and power4 ,this1 ,i think1 will be admitted to be the leading idea of plain chant1 though ,i am far from denying that accidentally this idea produces some of the most attractive charms of the divine art in its results4444 ,in many of these accidental instances plain chant not only excels other music1 but absolutely sets it at defiance in its own particular line40 ,hence a celebrated musician is reported to have said that he preferred the plain chant of the ,preface and the ,pater ,noster to all he himself had ever written4 ,in the beginning this chant was not even harmonized4 ,it was plain and unadorned1 as its name implies--cantus planus4 7b47 ,the music of ,palestrina is the last and triumphant result of the efforts that were made in his time and before it to vary1 to modify1 and to adorn the plain chant1 which all had found too simple and too monotonous4 ,pope ,john ,,xxii41 elected in #acaf1 complains of the novelties introduced into the execution of plain chant in his day4 ,these innovations he condemns as unbecoming and undevotional1 especially the attempts to vary the measure2 but he immediately adds3 8,we do not intend by this to prohibit that occasionally1 especially on festival days1 either at the solemn ,masses or the other divine offices1 some harmonious combinations 7consonanti qu melodiam sapiunt71 viz41 harmonies of the octave1 the fifth1 the fourth1 and such like1 on the simple ecclesiastical chant1 be sung2 in such manner1 however1 that the integrity of the chant remain untouched1 and nothing of this grave and stately music 7musica bene morata7 be changed1 especially since these harmonies delight the ear1 excite devotion1 and prevent the spirit of those who sing to ,god from drooping0 7torpere non sinunt74 7,extr4 ,comm41 lib4 iii41 cap4 #a1 ,docta ,sanctorum47 ,this ,constitution is the earliest utterance of the popes concerning church music--at least since innovations were attempted--that we possess4 ,the abuses of which ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 complained continued to exist1 and even to increase1 till the time of the ,council of ,trent1 when ,palestrina produced that style of music which is known by his name1 and which1 though built upon the plain chant1 is as unlike it as ,grecian is unlike ,italian architecture4 ,it is equally unlike modern music4 ,it differs from plain chant1 being an unbroken series of artisticallyconstructed harmonies1 in which unison is unknown4 ,it differs from modern music by the absolute disuse of instruments of any kind 7even the organ71 by the exclusion of all passages for soli1 and by being written in plain chant tonality4 8,with the grave ,gregorian melody1 learnedly elaborated in rigorous counterpoint1 and reduced to greater clearness and elegance without any instrumental aid10 says ,picchianti1 8,palestrina knew how to awaken among his hearers mysterious1 grand1 deep1 vague sensations that seemed caused by the objects of an unknown world1 or by superior powers in the human imagination407#aeg7 7c47 ,modern music differs essentially from all that went before it1 and this difference is attributable to two principal causes3 #a4 ,the improvement in the manufacture and the use of instruments1 and their introduction into the church2 and1 #b1 ,the influence of theatrical music on that of the church1 before alluded to4 ,modern music could not be in ancient times1 for the want of modern instruments4 ,as the perfection of the art of vaulting gave us that advance on the simple lines and heavy masses of ,grecian architecture which we have in ,gothic and ,italian architecture1 so the modern developments in orchestration have changed the whole character of music in the church and out of it4 ,the influence of operatic music on that of the church is seen in the attempt of modern composers of church music to make it dramatic4 ,church music1 as ,palestrina and the other great masters of the old ,roman school had conceived it1 had been treated as an emanation of pure sentiment1 stripped of all human passion--as something ideal4 ,the modern composers1 on the contrary1 pretend by their music to express dramatically the sense of the text4 ,they say that1 to be dramatic1 it is not necessary to be theatrical1 and they point to certain compositions of ,cherubini1 ,beethoven1 ,hummel1 and even ,haydn1 in which they say the contrary is practically demonstrated47#aeh7 ,it must1 however1 be confessed that modern composers1 by trying to be dramatic1 have more frequently fallen into the great fault of being theatrical than they have avoided it4 ,the use of instrumentation and of dramatic expression has given them immense scope1 but their success bears no proportion to their talents1 their opportunities1 their numbers1 and the immense quantity of their compositions4 ,like the ,athenians of old 7,acts xvii47 spoken of by ,s4 ,paul1 they incessantly crave something new1 and1 in their search for novelty1 more often give us what is novel and strange than what is beautiful and appropriate1 so that their compositions hardly ever continue to be used for a long time2 they are soon thrown aside and forgotten2 and1 indeed1 we think it no exaggeration to say that1 if all their compositions1 except a very few1 were burned1 or should otherwise perish1 the church would suffer no loss4 ,in consequence of the failure of modern composers to meet the requirements of ,catholic devotion1 though their music has been introduced into our churches and given every chance of trial1 complaints against it are heard on every side4 ,we grumble about it in our conversations2 we write against its excesses in the public journals2 bishops complain of it in pastoral letters2 provincial councils are forced to issue decrees about it2 the ,sovereign ,pontiffs themselves not unfrequently raise their voices1 sometimes in warning1 sometimes in threats--in a word1 the evil seems to have attracted general attention1 as a similar evil did in the time of ,john ,,xxii4 and at the period of the ,council of ,trent1 and a remedy is called for4 ,i4 ,on account of the unsatisfactory character of most modern compositions1 some have proposed that we should go back plainly and simply to the original or plain song4 ,this was proposed in two able articles in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,dec41 #ahfi1 and ,feb41 #ahgj1 and the ,paulists of ,new ,york have actually made the experiment4 ,the reasons in favor of the resumption of plain chant and the exclusion of all other music may be stated thus3 #a4 ,it is the original song of the church2 it is of venerable antiquity2 it was originated under ecclesiastical influences1 and has been sanctified by having been always associated with what is best and holiest in the history of the church4 #b4 ,it is so dissimilar from the music of the world that it is recognized at once and by everybody as ecclesiastical1 and can never be confounded with secular music4 #c4 ,it possesses1 when well sung1 an air of stateliness and solemnity which is never reached by all the refinements and artifices of modern music4 ,if it is less dramatic than figured music1 it is also more expressive1 because in it the words of the ritual speak for themselves naturally and without affectation1 and therefore most eloquently2 whereas in figured music the words are made so subservient to the musical numbers1 are so senselessly repeated and so jumbled together1 that their meaning is disguised rather than conveyed1 and they cannot speak intelligibly to the mind1 especially of the uneducated4 ,now1 ,s4 ,paul says that psalmody should speak to the understanding2 and ,benedict ,,xiv41 speaking of ,s4 ,augustine1 who used to be moved to tears by the ,ambrosian chants he heard at ,milan1 says3 8,the music moved him indeed1 but still more so the words he heard4 ,but he would weep now also for grief2 for although he heard the singing1 he could not distinguish the words40 ,no one will dare to say that to the ninetynine onehundredths of every congregation the ,requiem of ,mozart1 with all its beauty of melody and its wealth of harmony1 would be as expressive and as provocative of the feelings proper to the funeral service as the old and evercharming plain chant ,requiem4 #d4 ,plain chant is the best safeguard against vainglorious display and its host of attendant evils1 because it allows no scope for personal exhibition1 and does not give undue prominence to individuals4 #e4 ,it is the only chant used in many places1 and is found sufficient for the purposes of worship4 #f4 ,it alone has had the express authorization of the church4 ,this is a fair exposition of the arguments in favor of plain chant4 ,we admit the full force of the arguments derived from the venerable antiquity of plain chant1 its ,christian origin1 its long and exclusive connection with the rites of religion1 its dissimilarity with the music of the world1 its simplicity1 its impressiveness1 and its incompatibility with individual display2 but it must be remembered against it that it requires for its execution1 especially here1 where the knowledge of it and the taste for it are to be acquired1 conditions not easily fulfilled2 that its range is very limited2 and that1 however grand the impression it sometimes creates1 its resources are soon exhausted2 whence to those who for a long time hear it and nothing else it becomes extremely monotonous1 and burdens the ear with a dull weight of sound not always tolerable4 ,this will be admitted by all who in seminaries and monasteries have been most accustomed to hear it4 ,in those countries where plain chant is exclusively used every sort of device is resorted to on festival days to escape its monotony1 e4g41 by harmonies on the chant which are out of all keeping with it1 as also by interludes on the grand orgue1 by which onehalf of the words of the text are absolutely omitted1 and the recollections of the world are frequently as vividly brought to mind as by any modern vocal compositions4 ,no one will deny the appropriateness and impressiveness of plain chant on certain solemn occasions1 especially those of sorrow1 but it is confessedly unequal to the task of evoking and expressing the feelings of ,christian joy and triumph4 ,if the plain chant ,requiem is superior to ,mozart's1 the ,masses of ,haydn are far more suitable to the joys of ,easter day than anything we can find in plain chant4 ,the writer in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world before alluded to tells us that plain chant prays4 ,give me1 he says1 the chant that prays4 ,but prayer is fourfold1 like the ,sacrifice of the ,mass2 viz41 it is latreutic--that is1 the homage of adoration2 it is propitiatory1 inasmuch as it tries to appease ,god's anger2 it is impetratory--that is1 it asks and supplicates for what we need2 but it is also eucharistic--that is1 it gives ,god praise and thanksgiving4 ,now1 if plain chant expresses better our feelings of adoration and supplication1 it certainly must borrow from figured music the triumphant strains of praise and thanksgiving4 ,however1 if the argument from authority for plain chant held good1 notwithstanding all we have said1 we should instantly waive further discussion4 ,but the force of this argument we absolutely deny4 ,dr4 ,burney has created the impression that the ,council of ,trent was at one time on the point of banishing figured music from the church4 ,this was not the case4 ,benedict ,,xiv4 7l4 xi41 c4 #g1 ,de ,syn4 ,dic471 following ,cardinal ,pallavicini1 the historian of the council1 says3 8,it was proposed by some bishops1 zealous for ecclesiastical discipline1 that musical chant should altogether be banished from the churches1 and the plain chant alone retained2 but as others observed that this novelty sic would give rise to innumerable complaints and immense trouble1 it was finally resolved1 not that musical chants should be prohibited1 but that they should be reformed1 according to certain rules1 to the requirements of piety and gravity40 ,and1 in fact1 the ,council of ,trent merely decreed that ,ordinaries should banish from their churches that music in which1 either by the organ or by the chant1 8anything lascivious or impure is introduced1 in order that the house of ,god may seem to be and may be a house of prayer0 7,sess4 xxii41 ,decr4 de obs4 et ev4 in cel4 ,miss47 ,the other decree 7,sess4 xxiv41 cap4 #ab1 ,de ,ref47 adds nothing to this4 ,the teaching of the theologians is much more lenient than that of many of our modern dogmatists4 ,the great theologian1 ,suarez 7,de ,orat4 ,voc41 lib4 iii41 c4 #h71 arguing against ,navarre1 a rigorist of his day1 says3 8,it is a sufficient argument that this use 7of organic or figured music7 is retained throughout the church1 and that in the very church of ,rome itself1 and in the chapel of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the divine offices are sung after this manner40 ,he then proceeds to comment as strongly as any one on the danger of excesses and abuses2 only he does not seem to feel1 either with the objectors of his day or with some writers of the present time1 that figured music is intrinsically mischievous1 any more than that it is ecclesiastically irregular4 ,a later and better authority1 ,benedict ,,xiv41 speaking as a theologian in his work ,de ,synodo ,dic41 loco cit41 and as ,pope1 in his ,constitution ,annuus2 #aith ,feb41 #agdi1 addressed to the bishops of the ,pontifical ,states1 says that it would be an extreme measure to banish figured music from the church1 and that he considers it sufficient to banish such music as is theatrical 7modi theatrales74 ,much has been made of the plea that plain chant is the only chant that has ever been expressly authorized4 ,now1 it must be remembered1 #a1 that when plain chant originated1 music was not used outside of the church1 and that in the dark ages churchmen were the only ones who knew music1 and that the church was necessarily its guardian2 and1 #b1 that for three hundred years the church has treated her authorized version with strange incuria2 for of this chant there is now no version commanded 7though the differences of versions are very remarkable indeed71 and till within a year or two there was no version to which any special authorization or even recommendation was given by the popes4 ,even the version now being prepared under the supervision of the ,roman ,congregation of ,rites is merely recommended4 ,we must be excused for this long argument about plain chant1 but we have been forced into it by the exaggerations of the advocates of this chant1 who are1 like some of the advocates of ,gothic architecture1 extremists1 and in their zeal fear not to censure the whole church1 and even the ,pope himself4 ,they indeed censure the church2 for the use of figured music has penetrated everywhere with episcopal sanction and ,papal toleration1 and1 say what we may1 it must be admitted that all the theories advanced for the exclusive use of plain chant have invariably fallen to the ground under the hand of practice4 ,we deny1 then1 the obligation of confining ourselves to plain chant1 if we except that which is in the ,missal and the ,pontifical1 and which contains what is sung by the priest or bishop at the altar4 ,but while we deny the obligation of using the plain chant exclusively1 we would retain a large portion of it1 #a1 because there are parts of it so appropriate to special services that we can invent nothing better2 such as the ,requiem1 the ,lamentations1 the ,veni ,creator1 and many hymns1 and the incomparable psalm tones1 as charming today as when heard by ,s4 ,augustine1 who says of them3 8,as the voices flowed into my ears1 truth was instilled into my heart1 and the affections of piety overflowed in tears of joy40 #b4 ,because1 like our vestments and other appendages of our ceremonial1 it carries us back to the nevertobeforgotten past4 #c4 ,because by being used alternately 7as in the ,papal choir7 with music of a different and more modern character1 it contributes most powerfully1 by the effect of contrast1 to the dignity and grandeur of church celebrations4 ,to ,be ,concluded ,next ,month4 ,comparison ,of ,waves ,with ,flowers4 ,certainly1 no more am ,i gladdened by the emulous reflections which the earth and sea1 with dark shades and distant projections1 form2 when alike in charms and powers the sparkling foam competes with snowwhite flowers1 for the garden1 envious of the curling waves of ocean1 loves to imitate their motion1 and the amorous zephyr gives back the perfumes which it drinks in by blowing over the shining waters1 and makes the waving leaves an ocean of bright flowers2 when the sea1 sad to view the natural beauties of the garden1 while it tries to adorn its own realm1 destroys its majestic mien1 and1 subject to second laws1 blends with sweet effect fields of blue with waves of green2 colored now like heaven's blue dome1 now plumed with various hues1 the garden seems a sea of flowers1 and the sea a garden of bright foam4--,calderon4 ,a ,glimpse of the ,green ,isle4 ,,iii--,concluded4 ,i return to some incidents in our journey to and arrival at ,dublin4 ,goold's ,cross is the nearest station to the ,rock of ,cashel1 from which it is distant about five miles4 ,we alight here4 ,we go to visit one who is kin and more than kind4 ,his lares are enshrined at ,mora ,house4 ,an ,irish conveyance1 called a covered car1 takes us thither pretty comfortably4 ,there are three kinds of cars for the transportation of travellers in ,ireland1 not including the 8lowbacked car0 which is1 or was1 designed for the movement of farm produce1 and1 according to ,sam ,lover1 of rustics on antenuptial expeditions intent4 ,apropos1 ,i did not see a specimen of the 8lowbacked car0 from ,queenstown to ,kingstown4 ,that timehonored and poetical vehicle seems to have given place to a modern boxcart1 in the ,east and ,south at least4 ,the three varieties of car above mentioned belong to the genus known as jauntingcars4 ,first1 there is the 8outside car10 on which the passengers are seated facing outward and back to back4 ,the space between the backs of the sitters is railed off into a place for baggage--or1 ,anglic1 luggage--called the 8well40 ,it is one of the wells in which truth is not always to be found4 ,at the front end of 8the well0 is a raised seat for the driver4 ,the 8outside car0 furnishes seats for from two to three persons on each side4 ,when the seats are not full1 the driver usually sits on a side 8to balance the cyar40 ,the 8inside car0 is the converse of the 8outside40 ,in the former the sitters face each other2 their legs are in a space between the wheels1 instead of outside them1 as on the latter4 ,it is entered by a small door at the back4 ,the driver occupies a raised seat in front4 ,the 8covered car0 is an 8inside0 with a high1 square covering of black oilcloth4 ,it is used in rainy weather4 ,it has some disadvantages4 ,you can see only through the curtain at the back4 ,there are no openings at the sides1 and the small glazed apertures in front are placed too high to admit even of an occasional glimpse of the face of ,nature4 ,you can only see the dame from behind4 ,both the 8inside0 and the 8covered car0 have a tendency to tilt backwards4 ,you are eternally slipping down the seat toward the door4 ,a sudden start may drop you out like a too wellwarmed plate from the hand of a greedy guest4 ,i came near dropping out once or twice in a ride of a few miles4 ,in one of these conveyances it is wise to take a double hitch around infant ,america4 ,a hearty welcome meets us at ,mora ,house4 ,it is situated in the heart of a most lovely country4 ,the house is embowered in trees and shrubbery4 ,the walls1 offices1 and outhouses are covered with ivy4 ,along the front of the house is a conservatory4 ,around it are parterres with evergreens and early flowers1 and borders of darkgreen box4 ,broad pastures1 spreading their green slopes into the distance1 are relieved here and there by clumps of tall oaks4 ,cattle and sheep dot the landscape1 giving it life without taking from its beautiful repose4 ,in the background the ,rock of ,cashel1 with its ruins and lofty round tower1 rears its grim silhouette against the evening sky4 ,the frame of the picture is completed by the mountains of misty blue in the far distance4 ,among them towers the peak from which1 according to tradition1 his sable majesty--in a very hungry moment doubtless--is said to have taken a 8,devil's ,bit40 ,over all this is spread a sky half blue1 half cloud1 with the softest of clareobscures4 ,what a feeling of peace steals over my soul as ,i look upon this sweet landscape6 ,what a lovely spot for that retirement1 8friend to life's decline10 8,to husband out life's taper at the close1 ,and keep the lamp from wasting by repose06 ,alas6 there is no such gentle decline for us1 poor nomads of the ,new ,world6 ,we must work with tongue1 or pen1 or sword1 or pencil by the failing light of the lamp until the last of its flickering rays dies into darkness for ever4 ,after luncheon our gentle cousin takes us to look at his horses and his dogs4 ,one is a ,mount ,st4 ,bernard1 a colossal brute and a prime favorite4 ,then we visit his kitchen garden1 and his cows1 and his beehives1 and1 in short1 everything that is his4 ,next we examine the paintings and the photographs2 among the former a lifesize oilpainting1 by ,o',keefe1 of an uncle1 a university man1 a brilliant scholar1 who sat in more than one professor's chair4 ,thus we occupied the time until dinner was announced4 ,then we sat down to one of those longdrawnout1 oldfashioned dinners which commence at six in the evening and end any time before midnight4 ,gentle cousin1 having heard the ,lady from ,idaho express a desire to see an ,irish turffire1 had one made in the diningroom2 and a bright1 pleasant1 cheerful1 cleanly fire it is4 ,we persuaded the ladies to honor in the breach1 for this once1 the absurd ,british custom of withdrawing from the table after the dessert4 ,what a pleasant evening we spent6 ,next morning we found rain still falling4 ,it softened the atmosphere without obscuring it4 ,the ,rock of ,cashel loomed up grimly but distinctly in the distance4 ,there is now little that is regal about 8,cashel of the ,kings40 ,it has its ruins1 but nothing else4 ,the approaches to the ruins show more of poverty and discomfort than ,i remember to have seen in any other town in ,ireland4 ,there is a majesty about the ruins4 ,the rock on which they stand is about three hundred feet high4 ,there is a lofty round tower in a good state of preservation4 ,the frescos in one of the halls1 said to have been the councilchamber1 are in a state of wonderful freshness4 ,the floors of some of the apartments in the second story seem as perfect as ever they could have been4 ,the carved stonework over the porch of one of the entrances--to ,cormac's ,chapel1 ,i think--is the admiration of connoisseurs4 ,every foot of this ground awakens a historical remembrance4 ,i see the rude rulers of ancient ,ireland assembled in their regal state4 ,the second ,henry and ,edward ,bruce pass before my mind's eye4 ,i see that fierce and unscrupulous nobleman1 the eighth of the ,geraldine earls of ,kildare1 and think of his astonishing ideas of right and wrong4 ,when ,mormon ,harry took him to task for burning the ,cathedral of ,cashel1 he pleaded as his excuse that when he fired the church he thought the bishop was in it6 ,what a pleasant neighbor ,lord ,gerald must have been6 ,we have a delightful drive to the little old town of ,thurles4 ,the green of the fields and the hedges is enhanced by the contrast of thousands of soft1 yellow primroses4 ,how purely fresh those primroses look6 ,here bunches of violets peer forth bashfully1 their modest little faces freshly washed by the gentlydropping rain6 ,thurles is a station on the ,great ,southern and ,western ,railway4 ,there we take rail for ,dublin4 ,it is an old town with a quaint old ivymantled tower which dates from the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,the tower stands by a bridge1 and watches over an infant stream that becomes a broad river before it reaches the sea4 ,it is a relic of the time when ,thurles was a walled town4 ,thurles is the seat of the ,catholic ,archbishop of ,cashel4 ,there are two convents1 the ,presentation and the ,ursuline4 ,the ,sisters of the former institution devote themselves to the education of the poor4 ,the ,ursuline ,sisters have an academy for young ladies of the wealthier and more aristocratic classes4 ,the ,presentation school gets a share of the ,government educational fund1 and is subject to the supervision of the ,government inspectors4 ,the mode of teaching in the ,presentation school is very similar to that of the public schools in ,new ,york4 ,the children sang in chorus remarkably well4 ,there is also a collegiate institution for the education of candidates for the priesthood4 ,we visited both convents1 and were kindly and hospitably received4 ,among the objects most worthy of a visit is the cathedral1 which in taste and magnificence of decoration promises to surpass all modern ecclesiastical buildings in ,ireland4 ,it has rich marbles from ,italy1 fine specimens of native marble1 lapis lazuli and verdantique1 in stones that are worth their weight in gold4 ,some of the work on the altars is exquisite4 ,the cathedral will be a superb memorial of the piety and taste of the present archbishop1 ,dr4 ,leahy4 ,we had the pleasure of visiting1 and being visited by1 that distinguished ecclesiastic and most refined and courteous gentleman4 ,very kindly and hospitably did he entreat us4 ,about four or five miles from ,thurles are the ruins of ,holy ,cross ,abbey4 ,our ride thither was through a delightful country in all the humid beauty of an ,irish spring4 ,the ruins are not extensive4 ,they have been so often and so minutely described that a detailed description is not necessary here4 ,besides1 ,i am not writing a guidebook4 ,i must mention1 however1 a stone balustrade which is quite artistic in its effect4 ,the principal window is a splendid piece of work4 ,it is in excellent preservation4 ,there are a number of tombs of considerable age in the abbey4 ,near the principal window is one to which a singular legend is attached4 ,it was related to us by the guardian of the place1 an old woman of eighty1 but hale and hearty1 chatty and cheerful--such a pleasant female ,old ,mortality as the immortal ,sir ,walter would have loved to study and depict4 ,i have often wondered at the cheerfulness with which the old among the ,irish poor bear the burden of lengthened existence4 ,the tomb is of stone1 and in its upper surface is a hollow4 ,the old woman told us that it was worn by a raindrop which for many years fell unceasingly from the roof until the constant dropping wore into the stone the hollow that we saw4 ,the drop began to fall on the commission of some crime1 or some offence against the church--she did not recollect which--by 8one of the family0--8perhaps some trouble with the priest of the parish40 ,it continued to fall1 drip1 drip1 drip1 rain or shine1 year in and year out1 until the crime was atoned for1 or the offence pardoned1 or the family sold out and left the country4 ,then the drop ceased to fall1 and has never fallen since4 8,do you think the story is really true80 asked the ,lady from ,idaho of the old custodian4 8,do ,i think its thrue1 ma'am80 said the old woman1 giving her territorial ladyship a diplomatic look4 8,shure1 it isn't for the likes o' me to be denyin' the likes of that4 ,and shure1 ma'am1 can't you see the hole for yourself80 8,of course4 ,there is no better proof than that40 8,and don't you see1 ma'am1 that it's rainin' now at the very minnit that ,i'm talkin' to ye80 8,there certainly can be no doubt about that10 replied the ,lady from ,idaho1 glancing upwards at the umbrella which ,cousin ,george held over her head4 8,and don't you see1 ma'am1 that niver a dhrop falls on the tomb where the hole is1 now80 added the old woman triumphantly4 8,i do indeed10 replied ,mme4 ,idaho4 8,that last argument is conclusive4 ,even if it were not1 ,i am of easy faith in such matters40 8,and wisely so10 chimed in ,cousin ,george4 8,doubting ,thomas makes a miserable traveller4 ,he loses the pleasures of travel in the search for proofs that he is not enjoying himself without proper warrant4 ,if he finds evidence for us that our pleasures of association are not justified by fact1 that we have no right to be pleased by legends he can disprove1 we tell him he is a fool for his pains4 ,we do not want his facts4 ,we are determined to believe in our favorite legends1 in spite of him and all the ,gradgrinds in the world40 ,the old woman looked at ,cousin ,george with rather a puzzled air4 ,she had listened most attentively1 leaning her old head forward1 and with withered forefinger pushing back her mobcap from her timedulled ear2 but ,cousin ,george's harangue was evidently ,greek to her4 ,she instinctively divined1 nevertheless1 that ,george was talking on her side of the question2 for she said1 nodding her head approvingly the while3 8,faith1 and shure it's mighty right ye are1 yer honor60 ,a gratuity1 calculated according to the ,american standard1 resulted in a series of blessings and a succession of antique 8dips10 known as 8courtesies0 by the ,irish peasant women of a past generation4 ,we took the cars again at ,thurles on our way ,dublinward4 ,there is an air of comfort and solidity about the few farmhouses we notice on our route1 but they were indeed few4 ,the proportion of land under tillage was comparatively very small4 ,the country seemed generally to be in pasturage4 ,large flocks of sheep and herds of cattle were to be seen4 ,the small proprietors and farmers had disappeared4 ,we saw a couple of women working in the fields4 ,this annoyed the ,lady from ,idaho very much4 ,she said that no matter how beautiful the landscape might be1 that blot destroyed all her enjoyment of it4 ,our travelling companion1 ,viator1 bade her season her admiration for a while until she reached the interior of ,germany1 where she would see many a team of wayward sisters harnessed to the plough and driven by a beery lord of the creation4 ,mme4 ,idaho said she did not want to go where such sights could be seen4 ,we pass ,kildare1 with its worldfamed 8,curragh10 an extensive flat1 on which a few thousand ,british troops were encamped at the time4 ,at every station we find a policeman or two casting argus eyes over things in general4 ,physically1 the policemen--the 8,royal ,irish ,constabulary0--are among the finest specimens of the genus homo ,i have seen4 ,they are tall1 generally over six feet1 and magnificently moulded4 ,their uniform1 though somewhat sombre1 is in good taste3 a dark1 green tunic and trousers1 with a small1 visorless foragecap ornamented in front with a harp in scarlet4 ,clondalkin1 which is within a few miles of ,dublin1 possesses a round tower in excellent preservation4 ,it is about eighty feet high4 ,the entrance is about twelve feet from the ground4 ,it has four openings or windows some ten feet below the roof4 ,we are in ,dublin1 at ,king's ,bridge terminus1 so called from being near the bridge erected over the ,liffey to commemorate the visit to ,dublin of the fourth of the royal personages so unflatteringly designated by the author of ,childe ,harold4 ,a charming ,irish landscape greets the eye as you approach the city2 on the left the prettiest portion of the ,liffey and the ,phnix ,park2 on the right a gentlyundulating expanse of green fields bordered by old trees and dotted with ancient churches and picturesque cottages1 bounded in the distance by the soft outline of the ,wicklow ,hills4 ,one of our party expected to meet a brother whom he had not seen since they were both boys nearly a quarter of a century ago4 ,arrived at the terminus1 and once more restored to liberty by the unlocking of the carriagedoors1 he looked around anxiously for the individual he expected to find waiting for him4 ,he could pick out no one in the crowd whom he could claim as a brother4 8,i do not think there is any one here10 said ,mr4 ,hibernicus with an air of disappointment1 after vainly peering into the faces of a dozen gentlemen1 who seemed rather surprised by his close scrutiny4 8,what kind of a brother do you expect1 ,mr4 ,hibernicus80 asked the ,lady from ,idaho4 8,i assure you1 my dear madam10 replied ,mr4 ,hibernicus1 8,i have not the remotest idea what ,jack looks like now4 ,he was quite a boy when we parted1 and ,i have not seen even a photograph of him since4 ,i hoped that instinct would reveal to me1 as to honest ,jack ,falstaff1 the #8true prince4' 0 ,we stood irresolute for a moment1 when a gentleman with a long beard l',amricaine approached our group4 ,raising his hat1 and acknowledging the presence of ladies by a bow1 he said to ,mr4 ,hibernicus1 who was still endeavoring to bring his instinct into play3 8,may ,i ask1 sir1 if you are looking for anybody80 8,i am looking for my brother1 sir10 replied ,mr4 ,hibernicus4 8,permit me to inquire if you expect any one80 8,i expect my brother10 returned the gentleman4 8,are you ,jack80 8,i am ,jack40 8,how are you1 ,jack80 ,and the brothers1 after a vigorous handshake and some inquiries after 8,soandso10 took things as coolly as if they had only been parted a quarter of an hour instead of a quarter of a century4 ,decidedly1 people born to the ,english tongue have a horror of anything approaching to demonstrative sensibility4 ,they have nothing dramatic about them4 ,what a scne two ,frenchmen or two ,italians would have made out of such a meeting after many roving years6 ,during the days when a generous and romantic credulity gave me undeserved credit for burning the midnight oil over ,homer and ,horace1 ,i had a ,french studentfriend named l',orient--an ami intime of six months' standing4 ,l',orient made a six weeks' trip to ,england1 and ,i was at the station to receive the great traveller when he returned4 8,te revoil toi6 ,comment vastu80 said ,i1 putting forth my hand for a friendly shake4 ,but l',orient was not to be put off with anything so commonplace as the usual ,english pumphandle reception4 8,enfin1 je te revois60 he exclaimed1 throwing his arms around me1 8ce cher ami6 ,ce brave ,jeem6 ,ce vieux de la vieille60 ,and putting a hand behind each of my ears1 thus rendering escape impossible1 he kissed me vigorously on both cheeks4 ,then we walked toward our hotel1 l',orient holding my hand in his4 ,we met ,jules2 and l',orient left me1 and threw himself on ,jules3 8,ce cher ,jules6 ,ce brave ,jules60 etc41 etc41 and performed a double osculation on ,jules4 ,next we met ,victor1 and then ,benoit and several others1 each of whom was accosted by l',orient and embraced in the same effusive manner4 ,our two brothers meet after a separation of half a century with a simple 8,how are you1 ,jack80 and a handshake4 ,what demonstration would be lively enough for my old friend l',orient under such circumstances8 ,yet l',orient did not feel a tithe of what ,jack and his brother felt4 ,i often think it would be better for us if we were more demonstrative4 ,we should perhaps be better satisfied with ourselves1 and perhaps others would be better satisfied with us also4 ,i had directed my telegram from ,queenstown to a wrong number1 but the telegraph people took the trouble to find the person to whom it was addressed4 ,i have had occasion frequently to use the postal telegraph4 ,i have found its management admirable4 ,the postoffice department is also excellently well conducted4 ,if there is any possibility of delivery1 a letter is sure to be delivered4 ,one of my friends writes a hand so hard to decipher that ,i can generally achieve most success in unravelling its mysteries by turning his missives upside down and studying his hieroglyphics in an inverted position4 ,he wrote to me at ,dublin1 and addressed me at a street unknown to the ,dublin directory4 ,in ,new ,york this would have been the last of the letter4 ,the ,dublin postofficials referred the letter from one postal district to the other until the person to whose care it was addressed was found1 and it was forwarded to ,paris1 where ,i happened to be at the time4 ,dublin occupies both sides of the ,liffey4 ,the river runs through the city from east to west4 ,the streets along its banks are subdivided into 8quays40 ,the banks are faced with granite1 of which the parapets are also constructed4 ,the river is spanned by nine handsome bridges1 seven of stone and two of iron4 ,the river streets extend about three miles on either side4 ,each block1 as we would say in ,new ,york1 has a different name4 ,thus there is ,usher's ,quay1 ,merchants' ,quay1 ,wellington ,quay1 etc41 on the north side1 extending from the ,phnix ,park gate to the ,north ,wall ,lighthouse4 ,on the south side are ,arran ,quay1 ,king's ,inn ,quay1 where the ,four ,courts are situated1 ,upper ,ormond ,quay and ,lower1 ,eden ,quay1 ,custom ,house ,quay1 etc4 ,the entire street reaches from ,king's ,bridge to the end of the ,south ,wall at ,dublin ,bar ,lighthouse4 ,the ,liffey may be considered as the diameter of a circle in which ,dublin is contained2 the circular roads which run around it describe the circumference4 ,west of ,carlisle ,bridge1 which is the head of navigation1 the ,liffey is a dull and uninviting stream1 especially at low water4 ,it is not more than eighty yards wide4 ,the mouths of the sewers which empty into it are some feet above lowwater mark4 ,their contributions to its by no means pellucid flood are not agreeable to contemplate either from an sthetic or from a sanitary point of view4 ,i should suppose the quays to be unhealthy places for residence4 ,one must have the suicidal mania very strong indeed who would throw himself into the ,liffey between ,king's and ,carlisle ,bridges4 ,beyond ,king's ,bridge you get into the country1 where the stream is not defiled by the filth of the city4 ,sackville ,street is the principal street of ,dublin4 ,it is about twice as wide as ,broadway1 but is not longer than from ,canal ,street to ,houston ,street4 ,its shortness takes away from its impressiveness4 ,at the foot of ,sackville ,street stands ,nelson's ,pillar1 a ,doric column about a hundred and twenty feet high1 with a figure of the great admiral leaning against a capstan on the summit4 ,a fine view can be had on a clear day 7which is not always to be had7 from the top of the monument1 to which you may ascend by a spiral staircase in the interior on payment of a small fee4 ,the steps at the base of the column are generally occupied by squatting idlers of all ages4 ,on a fine day--i4e41 when it does not rain--every inch of sitting space is occupied4 ,belated 8squatters0 may be seen waiting for hours until place is made by the retirement of some of the sitting members4 ,then a general rush is made for the vacant place4 ,here the politics of the nation and of the universe are discussed by the unwashed politicians of the ,irish capital4 ,i endeavored to ascertain how these squatters manage to live2 but ,i was told that it is one of those mysteries which no one can penetrate4 ,the ,general ,post,office and the ,rotunda are near the monument4 ,the ,post ,office is a fine structure of stone with a portico of ,ionic pillars five feet in diameter4 ,its pediment is surmounted by three statues3 ,ireland at the apex1 ,fidelity on the left1 and ,mercury on the right4 ,in certain post offices that we wot of ,mercury would indeed be the right statue in the right place1 and might be considered to have a double significance--as a celestial messenger and a patron of thieving postoffice clerks4 ,certain tourists have claimed for ,sackville ,street the proud preeminence of being 8the finest thoroughfare in ,europe40 ,i do not think the claim well founded4 ,i do not consider it equal to some of the new boulevards in ,paris1 or even to some of those in ,brussels4 ,it is certainly grand and imposing as far as it goes1 but it does not go far enough4 ,sackville ,street1 however1 presents a lively scene on a fine afternoon4 ,beautiful women1 welldressed gentlemen1 rich toilets1 and magnificent equipages may then be seen2 the toilets superior to anything to be seen out of ,paris1 the equipages not to be equalled out of ,london4 ,nothing that ,i have seen on the ,continent of ,europe can compare with the 8turnouts0 and 8cattle0 driven in ,dublin4 ,the most beautiful equipage ,i have noticed1 and at the same time the chastest in its elegant simplicity1 was that of ,earl ,spencer1 the present viceroy2 four dark bays--bloodhorses--with postillions and outriders in a dark livery almost black1 with white buckskin breeches and topboots4 ,not a brass button or strip of tawdry gold lace to be seen4 ,compared with this equipage1 the state carriages at ,buckingham ,palace and those at ,versailles looked like circus wagons4 ,carlisle ,bridge1 the embouchure of ,sackville ,street1 being considerably narrower than the street1 is generally the scene of something like a 8,broadway jam40 ,on a busy day it reminds one of the ,fulton ,street crossing--even to the policeman4 ,the lite of ,dublin1 however1 will be found in ,grafton ,street about four ,p4,m4 ,this street1 though narrow--narrower even than ,broadway--is the brightest1 cheeriest street in ,dublin4 ,it is laid with asphaltum1 and is delightfully free from mud or noise4 ,it is the fashionable shopping street4 ,equipages in the very perfection of good taste may be seen in long lines at both sides of the street in front of the principal shops1 while ranks of magnificent 8,yellowplushes10 in rich liveries and powdered heads1 wait1 with the grand imperturbability of flunky dignity1 to open the carriagedoor for madame or 8my lady40 ,i have already said that the ,irish in ,ireland are becoming a serious people4 ,i did not meet a single specimen of the ,irish joker1 indispensable to the tourist in ,ireland a quarter of a century ago4 ,if he ever existed as they represented him1 the railways have killed him4 ,now there is no time for display of wit1 so called4 ,i think the extinction of the genus 8joker0 is something to be grateful for4 ,i did not see any evidence of suffering among the laboring classes or any more raggedness than in ,england1 ,france1 or ,germany4 ,artisans are becoming scarce1 and can command good wages4 ,it is hard to get agricultural laborers2 they can almost set their own terms4 ,those who may be obtained cannot be kept very long2 they work merely to save enough to join their relatives and friends in the ,land of the ,free4 ,the traditional costume of the stage ,irishman is as rarely seen in ,ireland as the shortwaisted1 longtailed coat1 and striped trousers of the stage ,yankee in the ,united ,states4 ,i saw but one pair of 8kneebreeches0 between ,cork and ,kingstown4 ,i did not encounter a single shillelah4 ,grapes ,and ,thorns4 ,chapter ,,xiv--,uprooting ,thorns4 ,by ,the ,author ,of 8,the ,house ,of ,yorke40 8,you are happy1 then60 ,f4 ,chevreuse said to ,mr4 ,schninger the next evening when they were talking together4 ,his companion repeated the word with a doubting inflection4 8,i have always associated the idea of happiness with excitement10 he said2 8and ,i am too calm for that4 ,i should say that ,i am deeply satisfied40 ,mr4 ,schninger had been rehearsing in the church the music for the next day1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse had sat in the sanctuary listening1 marking with what will and effect the leader accomplished his work4 ,he showed small regard1 indeed1 for the vanity or the personal dignity of the singers he was training1 but the success was admirable4 ,if the men and women around him had been organpipes or keys1 he could scarcely have treated them with less ceremony4 ,when the rehearsal was over1 he dismissed them without a word1 except the command to be promptly in their places the next morning4 ,knowing the touchiness of singers in general1 and the peculiar touchiness of some of his own choir1 the priest fully expected to see some manifestation of resentment among them2 but they seemed merely surprised and a little awestruck1 and1 after a momentary hesitation1 withdrew in silence1 leaving the organist alone in the loft1 with the soft gloaming painting the air about him1 as he closed the instrument with tender care1 and drew the curtain about it4 ,while waiting for him to come down1 the priest perceived for the first time a lady dressed in deep mourning1 who knelt near the door1 and who quietly followed the singers from the church4 ,miss ,pembroke had the habit of visiting the ,blessed ,sacrament at this hour2 and she was1 moreover1 making a ,novena1 which she had begun the night before1 with a special intention4 ,in that ,novena her dear ,sisters at the convent had joined1 only ,sister ,cecilia knowing what the intention was4 ,mr4 ,schninger went into the house with ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and stood with him at an open window looking out in that exquisite hour when day and night meet in midair1 the sunset not yet relinquishing all its rose and gold1 the night drawing only her tenderest film of purple across the sky1 and crushing back her trembling stars like glimmering tears crushed between darkfringed eyelids4 ,the two men looked out1 both unconsciously pleased because the evening was beautiful and spring in its freshness1 and consciously thinking of other things4 8,they are all taking their places again10 ,mr4 ,schninger said1 after looking upward a moment in silence4 8,my patriarchs and prophets6 ,i hated to see them discrowned1 and growing dim1 and fading away into myths4 ,now they burn out again with a greater splendor than ever4 ,the church of the fulfilment has never shown such men as my prophetic church4 ,the glory of the later ritual is theirs4 ,when the church which sees would express her emotion1 she borrows the song of the men who foresaw4 ,they were a grand race4 ,i would like to build a church1 and dedicate it to ,king ,david1 and have a stone statue of him playing on his harp over against the altar40 ,f4 ,chevreuse smiled1 but said nothing4 ,he was watching with intense interest the development of this new ,christian1 who took his religion as he might have taken a crown4 ,mr4 ,schninger had an odd way of performing what in any one else would have been acts of humility with a proud unconsciousness1 or an unconscious pride that was a little puzzling4 ,of what is commonly called piety he showed not a sign2 yet he did without hesitation or apparent effort what ordinary piety shrinks from4 ,one might say that he possessed a sublime common sense1 which1 perceiving the relative importance of ,god and man1 worshipped ,god as a matter of course1 taking no thought whether man were pleased or not4 ,certainly1 had any religious persecution threatened him1 he would have taken it as a piece of astonishing impertinence4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had only just checked in himself an intention to compliment the convert on what he took to be the bravery of his profession of faith the evening before1 finding that ,mr4 ,schninger had been as disregardful of the crowd who had listened to him as if they had been wooden posts2 and he refrained also from referring to the cool 8,oh6 come to think of it1 ,i do not eat meat today10 with which he had that day1 at the hotel table1 sent his plate away in the face of a score of staring people1 who1 however1 did not venture to smile4 ,if any one had exhorted him not to be ashamed of ,god1 he would probably have asked simply1 ,do you think ,i am a fool8 ,their conversation approached this topic after a while4 8,one thing that has always astonished me is the mean spirit so many ,christians have10 ,mr4 ,schninger said4 8,their religion seems to degrade rather than ennoble their character4 ,they make such grand1 heroic talk because they overcome some contemptible temptation which a pagan should be ashamed to yield to1 and seem to regard themselves as constant proofs of special divine interposition because they are not habitual liars1 thieves1 and robbers4 ,they delight1 apparently1 in calling themselves miserable and worthless1 which is a shame to them and a contradiction of ,god4 ,if they had been so worthless1 the ,almighty would not have taken so great pains to be reconciled to them40 8,you are regarding the dignity of man1 not that of ,god10 remarked the priest quietly4 ,then1 seeing that his companion did not understand his meaning1 added3 8,these expressions of humility and abasement come with sincerity only from those souls which1 gazing heavenward1 have seen so much of the glory of ,god that they shrink to nothingness in comparison4 ,it is by looking at him that they grow small in their own eyes1 and their little faults1 if you would call them so1 become so mountainous in appearance4 ,there is1 indeed1 an immense dignity in man1 but he loses in contemplating it2 for there is sure to grow up in his soul as immense a pride and egotism4 ,we are quite safe when we leave our honors to the guardianship of the ,god who gave them1 and occupy our minds in caring for his honor1 which was once so fatally lost sight of that all mankind were smitten with a curse4 ,we are a fallen race4 ,adam and ,eve could once walk with heads erect in the face of heaven1 but no human being since40 ,seeing his pupil frown1 ,f4 ,chevreuse added more lightly3 8,but ,i do not think it worth while to make the devil of too much consequence4 ,our ,lord said1 #8,get thee behind me1 ,satan4' ,now1 most people would be afraid to have the devil behind them4 ,they would be continually peeping over their shoulder to see what he was about4 ,his great strength is in our misconception of him4 ,i don't suppose any man ever yielded to him and consented to offend ,god but he was astonished afterward to see how easily he might have conquered1 and how small was the bribe for which he had sacrificed so much40 8,the devil1 too10 said ,mr4 ,schninger with an odd little smile4 8,must ,i accept him80 8,no2 you must reject him10 retorted the priest4 ,and then came question after question4 ,how did the church explain this8 ,what was the meaning of that8 ,f4 ,chevreuse found his philosophy and theology somewhat tested by this searching questioner1 who1 without doubting1 wished that all things should be made plain to him4 8,i always had a tender feeling for ,christ10 he said1 8and sometimes a slight questioning if he might not be the ,messias2 but only last night were the needed links supplied which made my fragmentary acquiescences a single conviction4 ,but though satisfied with ,christ1 ,i am not satisfied with religion as ,i see it4 ,there are too many trumpery glozes and comments and complications4 ,i like common sense in religion1 and without it religion has no dignity in my eyes4 ,nothing1 not even his humility and love1 was more conspicuous in the character of ,jesus ,christ than his common sense and consistency4 ,how honest he was6 ,i say it with all reverence and adoration4 ,how free he was from evasion and policy1 and that prudence which is founded on an infinite number of small lies6 ,he always detected a fallacy1 and exposed it2 and he was constantly appealing to the reason and good sense of his followers4 ,when he propounded a mystery1 it was not a mystery because it was involved and obscure1 but because it was so great that we could not see all the parts of it4 ,his mysteries hang like suns in space4 ,how little there is in common between his transparent nobleness and the petty tricks of1 ,i must say1 the majority of ,christians1 their weights and measures for the offences they may dare against him1 and those which are over the permitted guilt1 their excuses1 their compromises6 ,why1 sir1 there never was a time when ,i did not think1 there never will be a time when ,i shall not believe1 that the greatest foes to the ,christian church are ,christians themselves40 8,you are quite right10 ,f4 ,chevreuse answered with an air of sorrow and mortification4 8,there is a vast difference between ,christ and ,christians4 ,he is ,god1 and we are men4 ,and it is the thought of this difference which makes us walk with that downcast face which so offended you a few minutes ago4 ,do not come to too many decisions at once4 ,wait1 and learn by experience4 ,here in your reach now is all the splendor of faith1 a free gift for you to work out your life by4 ,your privileges are peculiar4 ,you have had no sacrament to misuse2 and when you are baptized1 you will stand as new and sinless a man as ,adam was at his creation4 ,in that instant1 if your intention is pure1 you will possess heaven in your soul4 ,it does not often fall to the lot of a man to be sure of such happiness4 ,let us see how you will use the privilege4 ,show us1 if you will1 the ideal ,christian1 and we will be glad to see and imitate him4 ,but beware of pride60 8,my dear friend60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,schninger1 8,i did not mean to be presuming nor to wound you4 ,i am sure you do not wish me to say it1 but to me you1 at least1 are perfect40 ,f4 ,chevreuse laughed slightly4 8,only wait and see10 he said4 8,and now a score or two of penitents are waiting to confess1 and ,f4 ,o',donovan is wondering if ,i am going to let him stay in the confessional till midnight4 ,i must leave you4 ,why do you not go up and see ,mrs4 ,ferrier8 ,she has been anxiously inquiring for you today1 and complaining a little4 ,go and make the good soul happy4 ,miss ,pembroke will be glad to see you too1 ,i am sure4 ,she has gone to live with ,mrs4 ,ferrier4 ,they do not receive company2 but send your name in1 and you will be welcome40 8,i had forgotten them both60 ,mr4 ,schninger said with some compunction4 8,i will go at once40 ,f4 ,chevreuse soon found that he had been mistaken in two of his assertions2 ,f4 ,o',donovan was not in the confessional1 and ,miss ,pembroke was not at that moment in ,mrs4 ,ferrier's house4 ,both had gone to the convent1 one called there1 the other hastening to follow when she knew his errand4 ,little ,anita was dying1 killed by her first vision of the wickedness and agony of the world4 ,she had heard of sin as one living far inland hears of the ocean1 which he has never seen2 and now the bitter waves of that wide1 salt sea she believed so far away and alien had rolled in about her4 ,it touched her feet and her garments1 and left its poisonous rime there2 it caught and strangled before her eyes those she had trusted and been near to2 it tossed its sacrilegious foam on to the very altar of ,god4 ,her soul trembled within her1 and she turned her face away from life1 and hid it in the bosom of her ,lord4 8,o my ,god6 my ,god60 she prayed4 8,forgive me6 but ,i cannot live40 ,there was no physical malady2 but the heart1 which1 like a busy shuttle1 tosses to and fro its rosy threads1 weaving soul and body together1 faltered1 and let slip link after link4 ,the invisible folded wings detached themselves1 trembling2 the spiritual hands left the bodily hands cold1 and stretched out into eternity1 trembling1 always trembling2 the whole soul1 still full of the fear and agony of the world1 shrank outward4 ,the ,sisters knelt about her1 cruelly grieved4 ,was this delicate saint to be torn away from them thus1 leaving them no consolation but the memory of her blameless life8 ,was she to go down to the grave without a sign of victory8 ,were they to keep for ever this last vision of her1 prostrate in the shadow of that low portal8 ,and even while they prayed1 just giving up hope1 as the slight form grew cold and rigid1 all at once it shone out like a marble statue on which a sudden sunbeam falls4 ,the eyes flashed wide open1 the shining soul stood tiptoe in them an instant1 then parted softly4 ,it is not for us to follow1 even in fancy1 the flight of that innocent soul1 nor to witness the tears of mingled sorrow and joy which the ,sisters shed over their young companion1 nor to listen to the prayers they said1 nor the sacred communings they held together4 ,our business is with earth1 with ,honora ,pembroke1 driving homeward soberly through the still evening4 8,drive slowly10 she said to the footman--not ,john now4 8,there is no haste40 ,and she added to herself3 8,i want a chance to think40 ,there was1 indeed1 little chance to think in her new home2 for good ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 who did her thinking with her tongue1 could not conceive any need for solitude1 and was constantly breaking in upon the few moments of retirement her young friend allowed herself to ask if she had 8got through10 if she were ill1 if she would please to come down1 or if she objected to company4 ,and then would come the recapitulation of her trials1 her fears for her daughter1 and lamentations without end4 ,that ,miss ,pembroke herself might be sad and troubled1 and stand in need of cheering and sympathy1 did not seem to enter her mind4 ,so thus early in their intercourse the young woman was fain to seize every excuse for a moment of solitude4 ,whether she would have taken advantage of this had she known that a visitor awaited her return is doubtful4 ,the drive was not interminable1 however1 and it was still early in the evening when she reached the house and entered4 ,she stopped at sound of a voice in the drawingroom4 ,it was ,mrs4 ,ferrier who spoke1 but her words were quite sufficient to tell whom she spoke to4 8,i shall never1 never get over your having been treated so--never60 8,madam10 said ,mr4 ,schninger with a decision which scarcely covered his displeasure1 8,i request as a favor that you will never again mention this subject to me4 ,i am sorry for your trouble in the matter1 and grateful for the kindness you have shown me2 but you must see that it is something of which ,i do not wish to be reminded40 ,miss ,pembroke's impulse was to go immediately upstairs4 ,a kind of terror seized her at the thought of meeting him4 ,what if he should know that she was making a ,novena1 and what it was for6 ,she stopped one moment1 irresolute1 then went into the bright drawingroom where the two sat4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier uttered a little exclamation1 not having heard her come2 but ,mr4 ,schninger had heard the carriage1 the door1 even the step that paused at sound of their voices1 and half divined that he had come near not seeing ,miss ,pembroke that night4 ,she gave him her hand with dignified and earnest friendliness4 8,i cannot tell you how happy you made us all last night10 she said4 8,you are welcome40 ,he found something haughty in her mode of address1 like that of a queen speaking to a subject1 and looked at her intently to discern its meaning1 if possible4 ,alarmed at his searching expression1 she turned abruptly away from him with unmistakable haughtiness this time4 ,but no sooner had she done so than1 smitten by a swift recollection of the folly and injustice of the act1 she returned with a glance and gesture so full of mute1 impulsive penitence that it more than atoned2 it explained4 ,the proud surprise in his face melted to a quiet smile4 ,he resumed his seat by ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 and began to talk with her1 taking no further notice of ,honora for a few minutes4 ,but when he saw her sitting silent and pale1 her momentary trouble forgotten in the recollection of the solemn scenes which she had witnessed in the last few days1 he spoke to her4 8,i hope you will take some interest in my choir10 he said2 8for ,i wish to improve it very much4 ,the material is bad1 the greater part of it4 ,those persons seem to have been selected who had loud1 blatant voices and a firm belief that they were excellent singers4 ,they make noise enough1 and are not afraid2 but they are vulgar singers4 ,i want a choir of boys in addition to them4 ,you must know some good voices among the children40 ,she brightened4 ,it was a pleasant surprise to hear something in common life spoken of1 and to have one who knew all assume that all was not lost4 8,i know a good many such voices10 she said2 8and ,i should be glad to help you4 ,could not ,i make the selection1 and teach them the first lessons8 ,it would be small work for you40 8,if you would be so good10 he replied1 quite as if he had expected the offer4 ,and so1 without more words1 ,miss ,pembroke was installed as ,mr4 ,schninger's musical assistant4 ,it was a timely employment and interest in her changed life1 and exerted a softening influence on his4 ,he gradually relinquished the designs he had meditated1 and looked on his sufferings in a more impartial light4 ,whatever prejudice had existed1 he could not doubt1 when he examined the subject calmly1 that he had been condemned on a reasonable array of circumstantial evidence1 and that1 without prejudice1 any other man would have been condemned on the same evidence4 ,besides1 even had there been a chance of success in the attempt1 he could not have received as much in legal reparation as was voluntarily given him by the public4 ,the city was1 in a manner1 at his feet4 ,the highest officials1 both in private and in their public capacity1 tendered to him their respect1 their regrets1 and offers of any assistance he might need4 ,people felt that they could not do too much for him4 ,it was quite true1 as ,mrs4 ,ferrier said to him3 8,now is the time for you to break the law1 if you want to4 ,you could do anything1 and no one would find fault with you for it40 ,for the real criminal1 who shall say how it happened that he was not brought to justice8 ,there was certainly an immense activity in searching where he was not4 ,the law put on its most piercing spectacles1 then shut its eyes and looked in every direction4 ,the spectacles saw nothing4 ,if they were on the point of having a glimpse1 they were instantly turned in another direction4 ,we have all seen such justice when wealth and influence are on the side of the culprit4 ,letters came from ,annette to her mother with only the smallest circumlocution1 and answers were sent to them with the most transparent diplomacy in the world4 8,when my poor ,gerald heard of his mother's death10 ,annette wrote1 8,i thought for a while that he would die4 ,he lay for hours almost insensible1 and only revived from one swoon to fall into another4 ,but he soon recovered from the first shock1 and is1 ,i think1 glad to know that her sufferings were so short4 ,but he says nothing1 and ,i do not talk to him4 ,i wait to see what ,god will do with his soul4 ,he is like a frail building that has been overthrown so thoroughly that not one stone remains upon another1 and is being built up again in a different shape4 ,i can perceive a strength in the new foundations of his life which ,i had not believed him capable of4 ,indeed1 he is not humanly capable of them4 ,but this is the city of miracles1 and ours is a miraculous faith4 ,as ,i have told you1 he says nothing4 ,his life is almost an absolute silence1 and1 ,i might say1 blindness to earthly things4 ,i never see him looking at any beautiful or sublime object except the crucifix4 ,even ,i seem to be only a voice to him4 ,he begins lately to show a disposition to be active1 which is to me a sign that his mind is becoming settled40 ,annette did not think it best to describe the nature of the activity that her husband was showing1 well knowing that it would have made ,mrs4 ,ferrier believe herself to be1 in addition to her other afflictions1 the mother inlaw of a maniac4 ,for the work he did1 here and there1 wherever it could be quietly done without attracting attention1 was menial4 ,she had seen him help the poor man unload his cart of stones1 or take the spade from his hands to labor in his stead1 and he was constantly performing menial labors in the house4 ,all this was done1 not with any appearance of being an eccentric gentleman1 but as one of the poor4 ,for day by day his dress had been growing rude and his whole aspect changed4 ,the sun had burnt his fair skin and faded his unshorn beard1 and1 by means best known to himself1 his delicate hands had become dark and rough4 ,looking at the firm1 silent lips and downcast eyes1 ,annette could scarcely doubt that the man she had called her husband was gradually and purposely effacing all the beauty and daintiness of which he had been so proud4 ,he never went out with her1 and if by chance they were likely to encounter in the street1 he avoided the meeting4 ,no one1 except the people of the house where they lived1 suspected that there was any acquaintance or connection between this dainty signora and this man1 who grew every day less and less to be distinguished from the common laborer4 ,but in humbling himself ,lawrence ,gerald had not been unmindful of the one earthly duty remaining to him4 8,are you willing to give me up entirely1 ,annette80 he asked her one day4 ,she answered with a brief affirmative4 8,follow wherever ,god leads you10 she said2 8and do not stop an instant to think of me40 ,he was used to depending on her1 and to being sure that she meant what she said1 and could perform her promises4 ,yet he wished to make certain4 8,you have to go out alone1 and have no protection but that of servants10 he said4 8,i do not need any other protection2 ,i am quite safe here10 she replied4 8,you cannot marry again10 he went on4 8,i have no wish to60 ,perhaps there could not have been a stronger proof of the purification which ,annette ,gerald's character had undergone than the fact that this reply was made without a tinge of bitterness or regret4 ,she spoke with gentle sincerity--that was all4 ,as an absorbing affection had made her consent to be taken without love1 so now a pity and charity yet more engrossing enabled her to find herself discarded without anger4 8,follow ,god1 and think no more of me10 she said4 8,i remain here4 ,go when and where you will40 ,it was the first time they had spoken together for several days1 and was more by accident1 apparently1 than of their seeking4 ,passing through the room where ,annette was1 ,lawrence had seen her trying to open a window that resisted her slight hands1 and had opened it for her4 ,then the sweet clangor of the ,ave ,maria breaking out from all the towers at once1 they had paused side by side a moment4 ,perhaps he had wished to speak1 and seized this opportunity4 ,at her answer he looked at her earnestly1 for the first time in months1 it seemed to her1 and with a look she could not endure without emotion1 so faraway and mournful1 yet so searching1 was it4 ,it was a gaze like that of one dying1 who sees the impassable gulf widening between his eyes and what they rest upon4 ,how many1 many glances she had encountered of his6--laughing1 critical1 impatient1 in the old days that now seemed centuries past2 superficially kind1 penitent1 disregardful1 careless1 but never from the depths of his soul till now4 ,now she knew at last that his soul had depths1 and that1 as she stood before him1 he was aware of her1 and saw her as she was4 8,annette10 he said1 almost in a whisper1 8words cannot tell my sense of the wrong and insult which ,i have heaped upon you--on you more than all the rest put together40 8,do not speak of that10 she said1 trying still to be calm4 8,of all the women ,i have hurt or destroyed1 you are the noblest10 he went on1 seeming not to have heard her4 ,she drew her breath in quickly1 and stood mute1 looking down1 and some strong band that had been holding her down--how long she knew not1 perhaps for years1 perhaps for her whole life--loosened1 and she felt herself growing upright4 ,she was like the graceful silver birch that has been bowed over by the snow1 flake after flake1 till its head touches the ground1 when the warm sun begins to melt its burden1 and it lifts a little1 and feels itself elastic4 ,in days when ,honora ,pembroke was his ideal1 8noble0 was the word he applied to her1 and ,annette ,ferrier always felt herself grow small when she heard him utter it4 8,of all women ,i have ever known1 you are the noblest and most lovely10 he said slowly4 8,i was blind4 ,too late ,i have learned that4 ,and if ,i had a wish left1 it would be that ,god would reunite us in heaven40 ,the snows had melted1 and she stood upright at last4 ,there was a confused whispering in her brain4 ,since she was loved and honored1 why need they part8 ,she could comfort him1 be at his side always1 and help him to win back peace1 if not happiness4 ,they would perform works of charity together1 and in humbling herself she would raise him4 ,she lifted her eyes1 and opened her lips to speak some such word1 but checked herself on seeing him turn away4 ,his face was no longer calm and sad1 but full of anguish4 ,all the enticements of human life had assailed his soul1 and were fighting against its one stern tenant1 remorse4 ,silently1 and with a feeling of unacknowledged disappointment1 she awaited the result1 scarcely doubting that he would yield4 ,when had he not yielded8 was the bitter question that rose in spite of her1 only to be thrust down again under many excuses1 as she called to mind his sufferings and his isolation4 ,he stood near the window1 with his face turned to the light1 and she watched the struggle without daring to move or to speak4 ,what silent clash of warring passion held him thus rigid she could only guess2 what voices sweet and pitiful were pleading1 and what voices stern and terrible replying1 who can say8 ,it did not need that angels of darkness should be there2 the human heart was enough4 ,in that swift review when the soul1 anticipating a privilege of eternity1 can compress a lifetime into a moment1 what visions of all that life might give could have presented themselves6--dusky eves and sunlighted mornings1 when the singing of birds1 mingled with the prattle of children1 and quiet and elegant leisure1 and smiling friends1 made earthly existence seem like an ,elysian dream2 ever present affection1 with its excuses for every fault1 its recognition1 prompt and inspiring1 of every virtue1 its cheering word for the hour of sadness1 its loving check1 its sympathy1 its silent tenderness2 the freedom of earth which wealth can give1 every portal opening as if by magic1 existence a perpetual feast4 ,they crowded upon him mercilessly1 and tossed to and fro his grief and remorse as the sea tosses its dead1 that are now but faint white outlines1 half lost in froth1 now cold faces starting clearly out of the thin1 green wave4 ,how many times that soul was lost and won in those few minutes none but the invisible witnesses of the scene could tell4 ,he moved at length1 and ,annette stepped nearer with sudden alarm1 as she saw him put his hand into his bosom slowly1 as if with dread to draw forth what was there4 ,the hand closed on what it sought1 and with bitter shrinking1 as if it were his heart he was thus uprooting1 brought it to light4 ,it was no knife1 nor pistol1 nor vial of poison1 as she had feared1 but a folded paper4 ,she had seen it in his hands before1 and wondered what he kept with such care4 ,he opened it and read2 and she1 leaning nearer1 read also1 without stopping to consider her right4 ,this was the breviary ,lawrence ,gerald carried in his bosom1 written largely and clearly1 and signed with his name in full3 8,i am a gambler1 a housebreaker1 a thief1 a sacrilegious liar1 a murderer1 and a matricide40 8,o my love6 stand firm6 stand firm60 the wife tried to say2 but the words died in a whisper on her lips1 as her heart fainted with pain and delight4 ,he did stand firm without having heard her admonition4 ,she saw the unsteady lips close again1 the gazing eyes droop1 the whole face and form compose itself4 ,that brief reminder1 written to be a visible witness when the voice of conscience should fail1 was more potent than poison or blade or bullet4 8,i wish to take a room by myself in another part of the city10 he said4 8,are you willing80 8,certainly60 she replied4 8,but ,i would like to know where it is4 ,not10 she added quickly1 8that ,i would intrude or trouble you in any way4 ,but you cannot expect me to lose all interest in you1 and ,i shall feel better to know where you are1 and to go once to see your room and the people you are with40 8,i will let you know as soon as ,i find a place10 he said4 8,of course ,i wish to support myself1 to be removed from all society1 except those persons whom ,i must see1 and to wait my time in penance4 ,you understand it all1 ,annette4 ,i no longer exist in the ordinary life of men4 ,i am either in purgatory or in hell--,i do not yet feel sure which40 ,he was going away1 but turned at a little distance1 and looked at her once again4 8,my dear10 he said faintly1 8goodby60 ,she could not utter a word1 could only clasp her hands over her face1 and so lose his last glance4 ,for as he spoke that farewell1 and as she heard his retreating step1 the door of her sealed and frozen heart burst open1 and her dead love1 stirring uneasily in its grave during these last days1 rose up stronger than ever before1 and resumed the throne it was never again to abdicate4 ,there1 at last1 was a man worth loving6 ,the next evening she received his new address2 and he added3 8,i shall be out tomorrow1 and the padrona will admit you1 if you wish to come40 ,of course she went2 but1 what had not been to her a matter of course1 the place pleased her4 ,the house was in an old and crowded part of the city1 where the streets swarmed with poor people2 but the room was at the very top1 in an odd corner quite removed from noise and communication with any other apartment1 and had an eastern and a northern window that looked off over palace roofs and through towers and domes to the beautiful mountains4 ,close to its southern wall pressed a church tower1 and on a level with its windows rose the sculptured faade1 wreathed with angels4 ,once there1 one might easily forget the steep1 dark stair1 the squalid street below1 and even the bare walls and floor of the room itself4 ,annette had not allowed herself to bring any article of comfort1 still less of adornment1 though her heart had ached with longing to do so4 ,but she placed a beautiful crucifix on the one poor table1 and left a volume of lives of saints beside it4 ,a bunch of roses hung at her belt1 and her fingers lingered on them in doubt for a moment4 ,but she checked that impulse also4 ,how much might roses breathe of woman's presence there and all the graces and sweetnesses of life6 ,but before leaving1 she hung over an arm of the crucifix a single small bud1 where the petals showed like a drop of blood oozing through the green4 ,as she was placing this last souvenir1 her tears dropping over flowers and cross1 there was a sound as though a hurricane should draw in its breath before blowing1 the floor of the room trembled1 then there came a tremendous and reverberating stroke4 ,the great bell in the tower was striking the hour of noon1 and the chamber shook as a bird's nest shakes when a storm sweeps over the tree in which it is built4 ,for the moment everything in the universe was obliterated but sound4 ,she breathed its tremulous waves1 she was enveloped and borne up by its strong tide2 the very sunshine and the blue of the sky were like bright1 resounding tones4 ,then the stroke ceased2 and1 circling round and round in fainting rings1 the music of the bells went out to join the music of the spheres1 perhaps to creep with a golden ripple up the shores of heaven4 ,the woman who had opened the door wondered much to see the pale signora come down with a face flushed with weeping2 but a liberal gift disposed her to think the best of everything4 8,you must be very good to him1 and not allow any one to intrude10 ,annette said to her4 8,i shall come to the church here below every morning at seven o'clock2 and if he should be ill1 or any accident should happen to him1 ,i wish you to come there and tell me4 ,but you must not talk to him4 ,speak to him only when he asks you to40 ,that evening she wrote to her mother3 8,lawrence has left me1 and is in the arms of ,god4 ,that is all ,i can say1 except that ,i trust he has won a perfect forgiveness4 8,i am sorry1 dear mamma1 if you are lonely1 but ,i cannot return to ,america4 ,i do not wish for society anywhere4 ,here in ,rome is my place1 with my religion and the poor to occupy my time4 ,try to be happy1 and to think of me as peaceful and contented4 ,and1 mamma1 if there should be any good1 honest man whom you would like to marry1 ,i shall be glad of it4 ,goodness is the chief thing40 ,mrs4 ,ferrier wept profusely over this letter1 not doubting that ,lawrence was dead4 8,the poor fellow60 she said4 8,after all1 he wasn't so bad as he might have been40 ,and then1 bethinking herself1 she wiped away her tears1 and calmed her grief as much as possible2 for it would not do to render herself unpresentable4 ,it was necessary to go at once with the news to ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,the way that ,mrs4 ,ferrier took to the priest's house was a roundabout one2 it led in an opposite direction1 and stopped before a new drygoods store of the most glittering sort4 ,there was1 in fact1 no shop in ,crichton so fine or so much frequented as this4 ,people went there at first from curiosity1 and were disposed to make themselves very merry regarding it2 but there seemed to be nothing to laugh at1 unless it might be certain erroneous notions in their own minds4 ,everything was well ordered and businesslike1 the clerks attentive and respectful1 and the proprietor perfectly dignified and watchful4 ,indeed1 a slight excess of dignity and watchfulness had at first marked his conduct1 and made his customers wary of giving offence4 ,we have already intimated that ,mrs4 ,ferrier had a new footman4 ,this functionary1 a slim and sentimental young man1 let down the step for his mistress2 but before she had made her majestic descent1 the proprietor of the shop stood in the door1 bowing to his wealthy customer4 ,she beckoned him out1 and motioned the footman away out of hearing4 8,poor ,lawrence is dead1 ,john60 she said plaintively1 a smile tempering her grief4 8,and it's best so1 of course4 ,i've just got a letter from ,annette4 ,and1 ,john--0 ,the lady paused1 and looked down1 and laughed a little4 8,well1 what is it80 asked the new merchant with an appearance of curiosity4 8,she's willing40 ,john's face expressed two contrary emotions at this announcement--one of pleasure1 the other a dogged sort of resentment that ,annette's willingness should have been considered of consequence4 8,it is pleasanter to have everybody pleased10 the lady said soothingly4 8,of course1 though1 it doesn't make one bit of difference with me so far as what ,i shall do2 for you know1 ,john1 ,i'd stand by you through thick and thin4 ,now ,i must go to ,f4 ,chevreuse40 8,there isn't a more respectablelooking merchant in the city of ,crichton10 said ,mrs4 ,ferrier emphatically to herself1 as she drove away4 8,beg y'r pardon1 mum80 said the slim footman1 leaning over4 8,i wasn't talking to you60 exclaimed his mistress indignantly4 ,it was1 indeed1 observed by everybody that ,mrs4 ,ferrier was very high with this unfortunate man1 who was humility personified1 and only too assiduous in his obedience4 ,she had assumed a trifle more of state with all her servants2 but the footman was scarcely allowed to breathe freely4 8,i shouldn't wonder1 now1 if he might think he could marry ,annette10 she muttered to herself1 as they drove on4 ,poor fellow6 his ambition did not soar beyond ,betty1 and she was treating him with cruelty4 ,however1 with a storyteller's prescience1 we are fully aware that his trials are only the little waves which are sending him nearer and nearer to his haven1 and that before the year is over the day will be named4 ,already in our mind's eye we see the fair ,betty in her bridal robes1 with her magnificent and patronizing mistress fastening on the veil1 and giving her a kind and resounding kiss at the same time4 ,we even hear the small whisper with which she silences her bridegroom's last jealous misgiving when he comments on the salute given her by the master of the house3 8,what6 you think that ,i could ever have had a fancy for him--a man who drops his h's80 ,the withering contempt of this remark was decisive4 ,but we are anticipating4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier found the priest at home1 and gave him the letter to read4 ,he read it attentively1 but came to a different conclusion from hers4 ,he did not tell her so1 though1 for it was evident that ,annette wished them to think that her husband was dead4 ,her former letters had prepared him to suspect a state of things very near the truth4 ,after a long conversation1 in which ,f4 ,chevreuse perceived that his visitor was lingering and hesitating in an unusual manner1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier at last called his attention to the concluding sentences of the letter4 ,he read it a second time1 glanced up through his spectacles at his visitor1 read it again1 and gave the letter back1 quite uncomprehending4 ,he was1 doubtless1 the only person in ,crichton who could have been unconscious of her meaning4 8,you may think me foolish1 father1 at my time of life1 to be thinking of marrying again10 she said deprecatingly4 8,but you have no idea how lonely ,i am4 ,honora will soon have a house of her own1 anybody can see that2 ,annette won't come back1 and ,louis won't live here1 after what has happened4 ,i have nothing to do but wander from room to room of my great house1 and think how awfully lonesome ,i am1 and almost wish that ,i had a little cabin that ,i could fill4 ,i don't feel as if ,i were in a house1 but as if ,i were out somewhere4 ,many a time ,i've gone and sat in my chamber closet1 just to feel my elbows hit something40 ,she paused1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse said1 8,yes60 as sympathizingly as he could1 wondering greatly what was to come4 8,john is a decent man1 and my equal in everything but money10 she went on4 8,oh6 it's ,john60 ,f4 ,chevreuse exclaimed1 light breaking in4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier dropped her eyes and smiled4 8,i don't see any harm in it1 if you have got your mind made up10 the priest said1 recovering from his first astonishment4 8,i suppose it would be of no use for me to try to break off the arrangement1 even if ,i wanted to40 8,well1 ,john is pretty set10 the lady admitted modestly4 8,i dare say10 was the smiling rejoinder4 8,when is it to be80 8,in a month1 if you please4 ,he is started in business now1 and is doing well1 and there's no reason why he shouldn't be a great merchant as well as any other man4 ,he's capable of it1 if anybody is10 she said1 becoming a little defiant4 8,certainly60 replied ,f4 ,chevreuse with perfect gravity4 8,there is not a law in the commonwealth which will prevent his being as great a merchant as he pleases4 ,the world of trade is open to ,john1 and ,i wish him all success in it4 ,do you put your property into his hands80 ,instantly the beautiful modesty of the brideelect gave place to the businesslike acuteness of the woman who knew perfectly well the value of money4 8,no1 father1 we keep our accounts separate10 she said4 8,he had half enough to start in business with1 and ,i lent him the other half4 ,the income of the whole is to go toward our housekeeping1 but he will have nothing to do with the rest of my property40 ,f4 ,chevreuse nodded4 8,i see that you haven't lost your head4 ,you have managed your own affairs so well thus far1 you may as well continue to do the same1 for your children's sake40 ,a month later there was a quiet marriage at the priest's house2 and the only notice the ,crichtonians had of it was when ,john appeared again in ,mrs4 ,ferrier's carriage1 this time by her side1 instead of in the dicky4 ,everybody smiled except ,honora ,pembroke4 ,she alone1 perfectly polite1 and refraining from all interference1 felt haughtily indignant at the marriage4 ,it was in vain that ,f4 ,chevreuse tried to reason away her prejudices4 8,i do not object because he was poor10 she said4 8,riches are less a distinction than a difference4 ,but he has been a servant1 and that is irreparable40 ,the priest began to hum a tune3 8,ah6 a ira1 a ira1 a ira6 ,les aristocrats la lanterne40 ,somewhat to his surprise1 she blushed slightly1 but did not smile4 8,you may think me foolish1 or even guilty of sinful pride10 she said with a certain stiffness2 8but this is a feeling of which ,i cannot rid myself4 ,i do not like to sit at table with a person who has once brought me my soup1 nor on the same seat in the carriage with one who used to let down the step for me4 ,of course ,i recognize and submit to the situation2 but ,i shall go to my own house again immediately40 8,well60 said the priest1 8it takes a good while to get acquainted with people4 ,here have ,i known you these ten years and more1 have seen you simple1 unpretending1 humble1 apparently1 good to the poor1 and going freely among them4 ,i thought ,i knew you thoroughly2 yet all at once ,i come upon the rock in that smooth stream4 ,have ,i ever caught a little gray shadow of it before1 ,i wonder8 ,well1 well6 ,i won't undertake to blast it out of the way at once4 ,i am sorry1 though1 that you do not like ,john40 8,i like him in liveries10 said ,miss ,pembroke with dignity4 8,i tell you10 persisted the priest1 8they are going to be a very happy couple40 8,i haven't a doubt of it10 she replied4 8,but that is no excuse40 ,he laughed1 and let her go4 ,the haughty recoil of pride in the fibre was not to be reasoned away4 ,it was a clear afternoon in midautumn2 and when ,miss ,pembroke stepped from the priest's door1 she paused a minute on the sidewalk1 and hesitated which way to go4 ,she did not wish to return home1 and she did not think of any other place where she would rather go4 ,and then1 without looking1 she was aware of a tall gentleman1 who came down the street1 and1 still without looking1 knew that he had crossed to her side of the street1 and was approaching her4 ,and then1 with a perverseness which was scarcely natural to her1 she turned quite coolly in the opposite direction1 and walked from him1 perhaps lest he might think that she wished for his company4 ,not but she and ,mr4 ,schninger were on the most friendly1 and even cordial1 terms--it was1 indeed1 taken for granted in ,crichton that they were the best of friends--but--in short1 she walked away from him4 ,perhaps she found his full and prosperous life a little discordant with her saddened one4 ,she almost fancied sometimes that he had an air of triumphant pride1 and that he was being spoiled by the adulation paid him on all sides4 ,she had been wishing lately that she could go to ,annette2 and1 now that ,gerald was dead1 if the ambiguous letter they had received really meant that1 perhaps ,annette would like to have her4 ,miss ,pembroke felt strangely lonely in her native town1 where she knew everybody1 and where she had not1 certainly1 to complain of any lack of attention4 ,but she would be lonely for ever rather than ,mr4 ,schninger should think that she waited on ,f4 ,chevreuse's step for him4 ,he must have been at the end of the street when she came out1 and--surely he would never dare to think that she saw him1 and had been giving him time to overtake her6 ,mr4 ,schninger was meantime walking leisurely behind her quickening steps1 intending to overtake her presently1 but wishing first to watch her a little1 and to think of some things4 ,one was that he did not approve of her wearing black any longer4 ,she was beautiful in anything1 but too sad in this2 and1 besides1 it interfered with certain plans of his4 ,he made a slight reckoning1 as nearly correct as the masculine mind could make it on such a subject4 ,she might put on gray1 or black and white1 immediately4 ,that would enable her to wear a rich purple in the winter4 ,he liked to see her in purple4 ,some day1 when she should be older1 she must have a trailing robe of purple velvet with diamonds4 ,well1 in the spring1 then1 she could change her deeper color for one of those delicate lavenders or lilacs that women know how to look pretty in2 and then the way would be quite open for white1 and rose1 and blue1 and all the fresh1 gay colors a bride might wish to wear4 8,we should be married by the first of ,may1 at latest10 thought the gentleman very decidedly4 ,miss ,pembroke was quite right in fancying that there was something triumphant in ,mr4 ,schninger's air2 but she did not believe1 and it was not true1 her pettish charge that he was being spoiled by adulation4 ,all was going well with him4 ,hosts of friends surrounded him--friends as sincere as any one can claim2 he did not believe they would stand any great test1 but1 also1 he did not believe that they were hypocrites4 ,in his profession he was winning gold and reputation2 and1 what no one but himself knew as yet1 the fortune for which he had vainly struggled so long was approaching him of itself4 ,two of those who had stood between it and him had died1 and there remained now but a feeble old man4 ,with his death all other claims would die4 ,and not least in his cause of congratulation was his conviction that this fair woman1 who walked before him with the black drapery fluttering back from her light foot1 the braid of hair just showing its glossy bronze beneath the mourning veil1 and1 as she turned the corner of a street1 the curve of her smooth cheek glowing like a peach1 was his own4 ,what made her cheek so red now8 8,honora60 he said1 quickening his pace4 ,she stopped with a start4 8,mr4 ,schninger60 8,i beg your pardon60 he exclaimed1 recollecting that he had never called her by her ,christian name before4 8,i was thinking1 and ,i forgot40 ,she walked soberly by his side without asking what the subject of his thoughts had been4 ,his exclamation may have revealed to her something of their nature2 but she was far from suspecting that she was engaged1 still less that her marriageday was fixed4 ,she had1 indeed1 no reason to suppose that ,mr4 ,schninger had any intention of renewing the suit that she had once rejected4 8,you are willing to take a walk80 he asked1 and1 when she nodded assent1 added3 8,let us go up the ,cocheco4 ,last night's frost has added the finishing touch to the trees1 and everybody is admiring them40 ,a beautiful road1 almost as wild as a country lane1 led between the river bank and the flowery cliffs beside it1 and here at evening all the youths and maidens1 and many of their elders in whom age had not chilled the love of nature1 used to walk soberly in the soundless path1 or climb the cliffs1 or sit on the mossy rocks1 or venture out on the rocks that studded the stream4 ,not a pleasant evening but found people strolling through this romantic avenue4 8,nowhere but in ,new ,england does nature dazzle1 ,i think10 ,mr4 ,schninger said4 8,see this mapleleaf6 ,it is a fine scarlet1 and as glossy as a gem1 even when examined closely4 ,and the elmleaf is as fine a gold4 ,everywhere else the autumn foliage is dingy when looked at so closely4 ,the sky1 too4 ,look at those long lines of fire that are beginning to stretch overhead1 and at the gathering crimsons6 ,in half an hour the heavens will be as brilliant as the earth4 ,in ,italy the colors are soft1 like the colors in an old painting2 they have great depth and richness1 but they lack the fresh brilliancy of the skies in the ,new ,world4 ,you must go to ,italy soon1 ,honora40 ,this time the name was used without an apology4 8,i have been thinking of it10 she replied quietly1 and began to feel as a stranded seaweed may when1 after having lain awhile painfully on the dry sand1 it finds the bright sea slipping under it1 and lifting it from its hard restingplace4 ,without a word of explanation she found herself claimed and cared for4 8,i wish to go there again as a ,catholic10 he continued1 8and see with the eyes of faith what ,i saw before with the eyes of an artist4 ,i shall always admire most the ,catholicism of ,america1 or what the ,catholicism of ,america is going to be4 ,it is more intelligent1 noble1 and reverent4 ,it isn't a sort of devotion that expresses itself in tawdry paper flowers4 ,indeed1 ,i believe that ,america is destined to show the world a ,catholicism morally more grand than any it has yet seen--a worship of the heart and the intellect1 where children shall be delighted1 and yet common sense find nothing to regret4 ,still1 ,rome is the sacred city of the martyrs1 the popes1 and the temples4 ,i think we should go there in two years at latest40 ,he had spoken earnestly1 and had absolutely forgotten how much remained unsaid1 so sure was he of her4 ,honora's glance of astonishment and incredulity reminded him4 ,he bent a little nearer1 smiling1 and said softly3 8,but we shall be married long before that time1 dear1 shall we not80 8,it is the first ,i have heard of it10 ,miss ,pembroke managed to say with a certain degree of composure1 after a moment4 8,you surely are not vexed60 he said quickly1 beginning to fear that he had assumed too much4 8,i asked you once in the proper1 loverlike fashion1 and you refused me1 not because you were indifferent to me--you never said that--but because you would not marry and would not love one who denied your ,saviour4 ,that obstacle no longer exists4 ,you did not imagine that ,i had become indifferent to you8 ,that is out of the question4 ,have ,i made a mistake80 8,no2 it is ,i who have made a mistake10 she answered frankly4 8,i was afraid that you had given me up40 ,she hesitated a little1 then1 since he still listened1 added3 8,i am very glad that you have not40 8,thank you60 he said4 ,they walked slowly up the road between the foaming river and the glowing cliffs1 praising the skies and the trees as they went1 finding everything beautiful1 finding each the other more beautiful than all else4 ,and when the evening began to fade a little1 they turned their steps1 and went down again with the river1 filled with that deep and quiet happiness which leaves nothing to wish for and nothing to tell4 ,the very next morning a little note was sped from ,miss ,pembroke to ,sister ,cecilia with the following mysterious announcement3 8,my ,novena has succeeded perfectly6 ,i will come very soon and tell you all about it40 ,since the matter is settled1 we may as well own at once that when ,mr4 ,schninger first announced himself a ,catholic1 ,honora had said to her friend and confidant at the convent1 8,if ,i do not marry him1 ,i shall never marry any one02 and that the result of this confession was a ,novena1 in which the young woman had asked that she might find favor in his sight4 8,i told him about the ,novena10 ,miss ,pembroke said when she made her explanatory visit to the convent4 8,and ,i told him that you and all the ,sisters joined with me2 and he bade me thank you for his part1 and say that he hoped you would never be sorry for having done so40 ,but ,honora did not tell how astonished and touched her lover had been at this confession of what seemed to her the most simple thing in the world4 8,i never thought of asking ,god for you10 he said2 8and yet there is nothing in the world so well worth praying for4 ,i am a very ignorant ,catholic1 ,honora1 in all except doctrine4 ,you will have much to teach me4 ,but1 then10 he added1 smiling1 8we have all our lives for that40 8,the only blot on my happiness10 ,honora said to her friends1 8is the thought of ,annette4 ,a letter came from her last night which seems to shut us all out from giving her either society or comfort4 ,she evidently does not wish to see any one she has ever known4 ,she says that her time and thoughts are entirely occupied40 ,annette ,gerald was fully occupied4 ,she was like one who stands at the head of a long flight of winding stairs1 watching another descend1 and1 beginning to lose sight of the object of her attention1 begins to follow slowly1 intent1 at the same time1 not to be too near or too far away4 ,it was necessary that she should keep ,lawrence ,gerald in sight without attracting attention either to him or to herself4 ,as a rich lady1 driving in her own carriage1 she could not do this4 ,she therefore gave up her carriage1 and moved to an humbler apartment1 where she lived with one servant4 ,still1 the dainty elegance of the widow's attire she had assumed1 fastidious in her choice1 not consciously1 but from habit1 pointed her out as of a different class from the people she went most among4 ,to remedy this1 it was necessary only to be passive2 and in a few months ,roman dust and mud and brambles had reduced her to a dinginess almost ,roman1 and she could go unremarked1 could see ,lawrence about his work1 digging in the excavations1 carrying stone and mortar for the masons1 doing any rough labor that offered4 ,she could see him in the church1 where he spent an hour every morning2 she knew that every ,sunday he entered the same confessional1 and1 as she could well guess1 told the same tale to the priest1 who1 when his penitent left him1 leaned forward and looked after him with a sad and earnest gaze4 ,more than once1 late in the evening1 she had looked up from the street where her close carriage stood waiting1 and seen1 out on the corner of the open roof1 to which no one but he had access1 his form drawn clearly against the transparent purple of the sky1 and1 after waiting as long as prudence would allow1 had gone away to her lonely apartment1 leaving him there in company of the marble angels that clustered about the church front1 and the blessed bells1 and whatever invisible spirits ,god should will and his own soul invoke4 ,never did she see a light in that lofty window2 and1 after a while1 it occurred to her to ask the reason of the padrona1 who often came to the church in the hope of receiving money from the lady4 8,he never will have a candle10 the woman said4 8,i think he is very poor4 ,and he never drinks wine or eats meat4 ,and1 signora1 he is growing very pale40 ,that night ,annette ,gerald extinguished the candles in her own apartment1 and never lighted them again4 ,she could weep and pray without light4 ,the next day she dismissed her one servant1 and thenceforward waited on herself4 ,no ease or elegance must her life know while his was passed in such poverty4 ,he ate the dry1 sour bread of the poor2 she ate it too4 ,he discarded every luxury of the table2 she also became an ascetic4 ,if she put wine or fruit to her lips1 tears choked her1 and she set them aside4 ,as he went down1 so she followed him1 unseen1 weeping pitifully1 watching constantly1 loving utterly4 ,without suspecting it1 both became after a while objects of interest to those about them4 ,no dinginess or apparent poverty could hide their refinement2 and the extraordinary piety of both invested them with a certain sacredness in the eyes of these people1 who had walked and talked with saints4 ,the rude workmen ceased1 not only to jest with1 but to jest in the presence of this man who never smiled1 or spoke without necessity1 whose pale face was for ever downcast1 and who1 in the midst of ,italian indelicacy1 carried himself with the refinement of an angel4 ,in the long noon rest of the hot summer days they withdrew from the place where he threw himself down1 faint with fatigue and the heat1 and left him to that solitude he unmistakably desired4 ,only little children ventured near the 8penitent10 as he began to be called1 and smiled wistfully in his face1 and kissed the hand that now and then gave them a soldo4 ,once1 as he lay asleep on the grass1 in the shadow of a ruined arch1 an artist1 who was just returning home from a morning's sketching in the ,campagna1 paused to look at him4 ,the other workmen lounged about at a distance1 some asleep1 some eating their noon luncheon of dry bread1 others smoking and talking4 ,this one seemed laid there apart for a picture4 ,thrown carelessly on his back1 with his hand under the cheek turned a little aside1 and the hat dropped off1 his form and face were fully seen4 ,it was not the form and face of a plebeian4 ,the elegant shape was not disguised by its faded garments2 the beauty of the face1 delicately flushed with heat1 and beaded with perspiration1 was even enhanced by the unshorn and untended beard and the confused mass of clustering hair2 and the expression of calm melancholy1 which was not obliterated even by the unconsciousness of sleep1 did not belong to a common nature4 ,the artist drew softly nearer1 and opened his portfolio1 too much engaged to give more than a passing glance to a woman who stood by the arch4 ,with a rapid pencil he sketched his subject1 trying to catch that hovering sadness and the weary bend of the head4 ,drawing back presently to see if he could add anything to his sketch1 he perceived that the woman who had been standing by the arch was at his side1 watching his progress4 8,don't let the shadow run off so10 she said1 looking at the sketch1 not at him4 8,show how the sunshine comes1 close to his feet1 so that he has only a step to take to reach it4 ,and do you see how those yellow flowers lean against his hair in the form of a crown8 ,put them in too2 and the group of workmen yonder1 and a corner of the excavation1 with that beautiful pedestal half uncovered4 ,as you have it1 it is only a pretty poem without meaning2 give the whole1 and it will be a tragical story40 ,the artist looked intently at the lady while she spoke4 ,surely she must be the sister of the sleeper6 ,their two faces would do to stamp on a coin1 the man's profile showing beyond the woman's4 8,finish the sketch quickly before he wakes10 she said4 8,i will pay you whatever you want for it4 ,some day ,i will have you paint it4 ,don't forget the red poppies at his feet4 ,and can you see1 can you show1 that there is a blister on his hand80 ,wondering much at this strange sort of poor people whom he found himself among1 the artist obeyed4 8,but ,i want to keep the sketch10 he said4 8,i will make a copy for you1 if you will come to my studio for it40 8,certainly not60 she exclaimed1 and for the first time looked at him with a clear and haughty gaze4 8,you have no right to keep it1 for you took it without permission4 ,it would be dishonorable and intrusive of you to show that to any person4 ,we are not contadini60 ,the artist rose and bowed4 8,madam1 allow me to present my sketch to you10 he said with equal pride4 8,some day you will know1 and then you will no longer be offended10 she said calmly1 and took the sketch from his hand just as the sleeper stirred and began to awake4 8,and now1 ,i beg you never to notice him again1 or mention him to any one till ,i come to you for the picture40 ,and so three years passed away1 and there came an ,easter morning such as ,easters used to be in the days when the pope was ,king of ,rome1 and there was one city in the world where the business was religion4 ,who can forget the scene1 having once beheld it--the sky built up of sapphires1 glitter on glitter of such blue as the queen of heaven might make her mantle of2 the full1 warm gold of the sunshine looking the sad ruins in the face till they smile1 and revealing its hidden rainbows now and then1 as the foamy columns of fountains sway in the light breeze1 and catch it unawares2 the birds1 with long1 pointed wings1 that cut the air1 and seem inebriated with the delight of flying4 ,then the crowd in the piazza of ,s4 ,peter's1 the millennial mingling of rich and poor1 royal and plebeian1 making in all a scene to be witnessed nowhere else4 8,how familiar1 yet how new60 said a lady who stepped from her carriage at the barrier4 8,it is all ,i could wish6 ,i am glad1 ,max1 that we did not come sooner to ,rome4 ,i would rather my first sight of it should be a festal one40 ,this lady was richly dressed1 and the black lace of her large ,spanish veil was drawn back from a face like a fresh lily4 ,she was instantly addressed as principessa by all the beggars about4 8,i am sorry ,i cannot give you the title1 ,honora10 her husband said1 and smilingly dropped a coin into each outstretched hand4 8,so nothing disappoints you8 ,i thought it would be so4 ,now1 we must not linger outside40 8,let us go slowly up2 and please do not speak to me10 ,mrs4 ,schninger said4 8,no1 ,i do not want your arm now4 ,i must enter ,s4 ,peter's the first time praying40 ,they went slowly up the ascent1 ,honora with her hands clasped1 and her eyes dilating as they entered the grand vestibule4 ,then ,mr4 ,schninger lifted the heavy curtain1 and she crossed the threshold4 ,at that first step into ,s4 ,peter's a ,catholic feels as though he had touched the beating heart of mother church4 ,the crowd pressed in2 but still another crowd remained outside1 keeping their places for the papal benediction1 and listening for the silvery burst of trumpets inside which should tell that the risen ,god stood on the central altar of ,christendom4 ,among this crowd was a group1 for which they made way1 as it crossed the piazza and approached the steps4 ,yet it was only two poor laborers who supported a sick man between them4 ,the thin and transparent face of this invalid1 bathed now in the perspiration of weakness1 showed that he was worn by consumption or by a long and exhausting fever4 ,he was so weak1 indeed1 that his two assistants supported him in their arms2 and when they reached the stone posts at the foot of the steps1 he knelt there1 and leaned against one of them1 almost insensible4 ,a lady1 following closely behind1 wet her handkerchief in colognewater1 and handed it over his shoulder to one of the men1 but did not herself speak to them4 ,he revived a little at that1 and1 still leaning against the central post1 remained fixed in prayer4 ,a whisper began to creep among the poor people about4 ,some of them had seen this man1 and knew what they conceived to be his story1 and they told it in intervals of listening to the strains of heavenly music faintly heard now and then from the church4 8,he is a penitent10 one whispered1 8and has been doing penance here as a laborer1 though he is so rich--so rich6 ,some say that he killed his own mother2 but who knows8 ,the beautiful signore6 ,look at his face6 ,she must have provoked him2 and perhaps she was a very wicked woman4 ,ah6 ,i could tell stories of mothers4 ,they are not all like the blessed ,madonna4--,there are the trumpets6 ,alleluia6 alleluia6 ,blessed is he who cometh in the name of the ,lord6--,and so this poor signore has been living a hard life1 and is about to die2 and he has come at last to get the ,holy ,father's blessing4 ,he would not ask for it before4 ,but1 indeed1 he might1 for he is as holy as the blessed ,labr1 though he sleeps in a bed and works for his living1 instead of begging it4 ,the pale signora who stands behind him is his sister4 ,she has been in ,rome all these years1 watching over him1 without his knowing it4 ,see6 she stands out of his sight now4 ,he worked up to a week ago1 and then he fell one day in a faint4 ,she was near by1 and called a carriage to take him home4 ,and since then she has had a room in the same house1 but told the padrona not to let him know4 ,she is rich1 for all her poor clothes4 ,she puts something into every hand that is held out to her4 ,see the way she looks at him6--,ah6 there they come40 ,mass was over1 and the crowd in the church came pouring out4 ,it was with difficulty that ,lawrence ,gerald's protectors could keep his place in that pressure4 ,but that he had revived1 they could not have done so4 ,with the first intimation that the moment for which he had so long waited was at hand1 he had roused himself1 and exerted his whole strength4 ,upright on his knees1 with his arms clinging to the post against which he leaned1 he fixed his eager eyes upon the balcony where the ,pope would in a short time appear4 ,he saw nothing else1 not even two familiar forms and faces directly in front of him1 which he could scarcely have seen even then with indifference4 8,my ,god60 exclaimed ,honora ,schninger1 and clung to her husband's arm4 8,look1 ,max6 ,it is ,lawrence1 and he is dying60 ,mr4 ,schninger drew his wife aside4 8,it is no time to recognize him now10 he said4 8,and there is ,annette behind him4 ,poor fellow6 poor fellow60 ,annette pressed close to her husband1 ready to catch him if he should fall4 ,she knew that he had had an exhausting day4 ,he had risen at early dawn to hear ,mass and receive communion1 though not really able to leave his bed1 and had afterwards spent his remaining strength in the first careful toilet he had made for years4 ,after having so long heaped every indignity on his own body1 today he had seemed desirous of treating it with respect as the temple of ,god4 ,he still wore the dress of the laborer1 but his face was shorn of its illtended beard1 his hair brushed once more into silken waves1 and his linen snowy white4 ,and more exhausting than these efforts had been the excitement of mind under which he labored1 and his fear lest in some way he should miss the benediction he so longed for4 8,i want to be placed directly in front of the balcony10 he had said1 8where ,i can see the ,pope's face4 ,i shall recognize his face at once4 ,who knows but he may look at me8 ,if he should1 then ,i shall think that at last ,god looks at me40 ,the crowd hushed itself1 as the golden cross came in sight1 and after it the crowned and mitred heads1 all in white save one4 ,and that one1 under its glittering tiara1 wore a crown of snowy hair dearer to ,catholic hearts than gold or jewels4 ,on this central face the eyes of the sick man fixed themselves with a wide and imploring gaze1 and his hands stretched themselves out1 as if to beg that he might not be forgotten4 8,do not fear60 ,annette whispered in his ear4 8,the ,holy ,father knows all your story1 and pities you2 and there is one standing beside him who will remind him that you are here4 ,he will know just where you are40 ,to the waiting and trembling penitent this was like a whisper from his good angel4 ,he associated no other thought with the voice4 ,the silence deepened till nothing could be heard but the swift wings of a bird flying over the piazza1 and the soft 8zitti6 zitti60 of the fountains1 and the heart that each one in that vast crowd felt beat in his bosom4 ,surely that mild and blessed face was turned his way6 the penitent thought4 ,surely1 surely1 the ,holy ,father had looked at him1 searching the crowd one instant with his eyes1 and finding him6 ,then a single voice was heard--the only voice in the universe1 it seemed4 8,may the holy ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 in whose power and authority we confide1 intercede for us with the ,lord40 8,amen60 chanted the choir1 as though the world had found voice4 ,again the single voice3 8,through the prayers and merits of blessed ,mary ever ,virgin1 of blessed ,michael the archangel1 of blessed ,john the ,baptist1 of the holy ,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 and all the saints1 may the omnipotent ,god have mercy upon you1 may all your sins be remitted1 and ,jesus ,christ lead you to eternal life40 8,amen60 8,indulgence1 absolution1 and remission of all your sins1 space for true and faithful repentance1 hearts ever contrite1 and amendment of life1 may the omnipotent and merciful ,god afford you40 8,amen60 8,and may the blessing of the omnipotent ,god1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 descend upon you1 and remain with you for ever40 8,amen60 ,every stain was washed away6 ,full and strong the blessing flowed1 a divine river from the throne of ,god himself6 ,on its tide were borne away1 not only guilt1 but the memory of guilt2 not only fear1 but the remembrance that fear had been4 ,supported in the arms of his wife and attendants1 and of the old friends of whose presence he was unconscious1 ,lawrence ,gerald lay back with his eyes half closed1 and a smile of such peace and ecstasy on his face as could only come from ,god4 ,his soul was gliding sweetly away on the echoes of that last amen4 ,the military bands began to play1 the guns boomed from ,sant' ,angelo1 the bells of ,s4 ,peter's rang out with a joyful clash on the air1 and all ,rome broke into music over the resurrection4 ,and there was joy before the angels of ,god over one sinful soul redeemed4 ,the ,end4 ,madame ,du ,deffand4 8,men have died1 and worms have eaten them1 but not of love10 the poet tells us4 ,and women too have died1 and worms have eaten them1 but not of ennui1 although ,mme4 du ,deffand for nearly fourscore years woke the echoes of ,versailles and ,paris with the pitiful lament3 8,i am bored6 ,i am bored6 ,i am dying of ennui60 ,if she eventually did die of it--which we stoutly deny--a malady that took eighty years to kill its victim can hardly be called a very cruel one4 ,the vivacious1 gossipping1 wearied old lady contrived to extract a very reasonable amount of amusement1 even of excitement1 out of the existence whose wearisomeness she was for ever denouncing2 and it is only fair to add that she contributed a very goodly share of amusement to other people4 ,this renowned heroine and victim of ennui1 ,marie de ,vichy,chamroud1 was born into this wearisome world in the year of grace #afig1 of a noble family of the province of ,burgundy4 ,the ,de ,vichy,chamrouds were richer in parchments than in lands2 so it fell out that ,marie1 young1 lovely1 accomplished1 and teeming with wit1 was condemned to marry an old man1 and1 what was still more terrible1 a wearisome old man1 who had not a single taste in common with her4 ,immediately on leaving the convent where she received what in those days was considered a liberal education1 the beautiful young lady was presented to her future lord4 ,if she bored herself as a young girl1 free and happy1 and with life before her1 what must she have done as the wife of a querulous1 stingy old man8 ,all the revenge that was in her power ,marie took4 ,she bored her husband as much as he bored her1 until at last1 in sheer desperation1 he agreed to give her an annuity1 and let her go her way without him4 ,as ,marquise du ,deffand1 free and comparatively wealthy1 the young wife began a new era4 ,she opened a salon which soon became the centre of the wit and fashion of ,paris4 ,all that was eminent in war1 arts1 sciences1 literature1 and folly came there1 and tried to chase away her eternal ennui4 ,amongst her many admirers1 the ,president ,hnault occupies the most conspicuous place1 both from the dignity of his own character and the enduring nature of their mutual attachment4 ,hnault was one of the most remarkable men of his time4 ,he was educated by the ,oratorians1 and had early the inestimable advantage of enjoying the advice1 and almost the intimacy1 of ,massillon4 ,he counted the scarcely lesser privilege of early personal acquaintance with the great poet ,racine4 ,as soon as he had completed his studies1 young ,hnault was introduced at court1 where he at once made a favorable impression4 8,this is not to be wondered at10 says a chronicler of the times2 8for1 in truth1 he was a youth of gracious parts1 gay1 witty1 amiable1 a good musician1 and gifted with the art of making light and graceful verses40 ,while the ,duchesse de ,maine held her brilliant court1 ,hnault was a constant presence there1 and one of its principal ornaments4 ,he was so universally beloved that it was popularly said of him3 8,there is a man who has more friends than he can count1 and not a single enemy40 ,and this lucky man was the devoted admirer of ,mme4 du ,deffand for over fifty years4 ,he attained considerable fame as an author1 and not the least remarkable feature in his works is that their authorship was vehemently contested1 not only during ,hnault's life1 but for many years after his death4 ,most of his books were first published anonymously--a circumstance which1 in their early career1 may have explained the doubts concerning their origin4 ,but the ,abrg ,chronologique1 which ,hnault regarded as his best1 appeared with the author's name at the outset1 and this1 strange to say1 was the one which the world refused longest to believe was his1 and persevered in long attributing to the ,abb ,boudot4 ,a copy of the book was found1 in the abb's own writing1 amongst his papers when he died1 and this is the only piece of evidence on which ,hnault's detractors built their obstinate denial that he was the author of the ,abrg4 ,admitting that this fact looked suspicious1 the book itself from first to last bears the stamp of ,hnault's composition in the most unmistakable manner2 the choice of the subject1 its style and treatment1 all point emphatically to him as the author1 while there is abundant explanation of the accidental presence of the compromising copy amongst ,boudot's papers4 ,hnault was in the habit of employing him to copy out his compositions4 ,voltaire1 in one of his letters to the president1 recommends the abb as a very clever copyist1 and also as a useful person to make researches for him at the ,royal ,library2 and ,grimm also recommends him for the same purpose1 informing ,hnault that ,boudot had employment at the library1 and was in charge of the literary and historical department4 ,a man who held this subaltern post1 and was treated as a mere scribe by such authorities1 and who never pleaded guilty to writing even a pamphlet in his life1 is1 to say the least1 a very unlikely person to be the author of such a work as ,hnault's ,abrg4 ,mme4 du ,deffand and ,grimm1 who both liked to sharpen their wits pretty freely at the president's expense1 never for an instant doubted the reality of his authorship1 or suspected that any one had had a share in his books4 ,unlike so many of his distinguished literary contemporaries1 ,hnault was a practical ,christian4 8,his piety10 says the ,marquis de ,agesson1 8was as free from fanaticism or bitterness as his books were from pedantry40 ,mme4 du ,deffand1 who spared her friend on no other points1 spared him on this4 ,she never laughed at his religion4 ,on that score alone he was safe from her irony and sarcasm4 ,she even openly commended him for challenging ,voltaire's impious vituperation of the faith2 and in her own correspondence with the infidel philosopher she speaks almost with enthusiasm of the clear intellect1 the pointed wit1 and irresistible goodness of his antagonist4 ,when he was past eighty1 ,hnault wrote privately to ,voltaire1 imploring him1 in the most touching terms1 to retract some of his diabolical satires on religion2 and this letter1 which1 unhappily1 we know remained without effect1 was found amongst ,voltaire's papers after his death4 ,he1 on his side1 strove to win over ,hnault to the 8enlightened school10 and with artful flattery and subtlest sophistry urged him to change certain historical passages in the ,abrg ,chronologique which strongly vindicated the influence of ,christianity4 ,but the ,christian writer withstood these blandishments4 ,in a literary point ,voltaire contributed in no small degree to the reputation of ,hnault1 whose style he praised with creditable candor4 ,it is strange to see the lively and bored old marquise holding steadily the friendship of these widely dissimilar men4 ,diderot1 ,d',alembert1 and ,montesquieu were also habitus of her brilliant salon4 ,but none of them could do more than give her momentary deliverance from her lifelong enemy--ennui4 ,she went on boring herself1 in spite of the perpetual crossfire of esprit that the brightest wits of the age kept up around her1 and she bored her friends almost to exasperation by the unceasing repetition of the complaint3 ,que je m'ennuie6 ,que je m'ennuie6 ,at the age of fiftyfour a terrible misfortune befell the marquise4 ,she grew blind4 ,it was soon after this that she became acquainted with ,mlle4 de l',espinasse4 ,the sprightliness and the energy of this young girl were an immense consolation to ,mme4 du ,deffand1 and cheered her for a time in that 8eternal night10 as she pathetically described it1 in which she now dwelt4 ,but they did not agree for long4 ,after living happily together for some few years1 they quarrelled and separated4 ,it is impossible to say whose fault it was4 ,each had violent partisans1 who accused the other1 but proved nothing4 ,mme4 du ,deffand was undoubtedly difficult to live with1 as all people are who draw exclusively on those around them for amusement2 but she was old and she was blind1 and it is beyond doubt she was a kind benefactress to her young companion1 and that1 at the moment of separation1 she wrote a most touching letter to her1 asking forgiveness for all she had done inadvertently to pain her1 and urging the young girl to remember how cruelly she was afflicted both by blindness and by ennui4 ,to this ,mlle4 de l',espinasse returned a curt and ungracious answer4 ,nor did she imitate the kindliness of speech of her quondam employer1 who always spoke of her ever after their quarrel with the utmost goodnature and forbearance4 ,just as her home was resounding to these domestic discords1 ,mme4 du ,deffand made the acquaintance of ,horace ,walpole4 ,they were spontaneously pleased with each other4 ,mme4 du ,deffand would have probably been still more so1 if she could have foreseen how triumphantly this new friendship was destined to rescue her memory from oblivion4 ,we know more of her and her salon through the voluminous correspondence that passed between her and that prince of gossips and most brilliant of scribblers than through any other source2 although she comes in1 it is true1 for more ridicule at his hands than eulogy4 ,he constantly reproaches her for making him the laughingstock of ,paris and ,london by her absurd affection1 and coarsely tells her he does not want to be the hero of a novel where the heroine is a blind octogenarian4 ,this correspondence was published at the beginning of the century1 and was hailed as a valuable addition to the ,french literature of that period4 ,on reading it1 one feels transported into the society of the fascinating women and accomplished men whom it so cleverly depicts4 ,mme4 du ,deffand passes in review the authors and actors of her time with a graphic power of delineation rarely equalled4 ,unsparing in her criticism1 she is in some instances no doubt too severe1 and occasionally even unjust2 it is nevertheless acknowledged that in her literary judgments she is rarely at fault2 they are marked throughout by discrimination1 taste1 and delicacy4 ,horace ,walpole made ,mme4 du ,deffand's acquaintance when she had become quite blind2 on his being presented to her1 she drew her hand over his face1 in order to ascertain whether he was plain or handsome1 and what his age was4 ,her touch had acquired such sensitive delicacy in course of time that it enabled her to calculate people's ages and looks with the greatest accuracy4 ,in quite the latter years of her life ,mme4 du ,deffand1 who had never been avowedly an unbeliever1 although practically so1 turned her thoughts to religion1 and sought in the teaching of the faith those consolations to her ennui that wit and philosophy had failed to secure her4 ,she announces this change of sentiment1 with her usual frankness1 in one of her letters to ,walpole4 ,her biographers throw but little light on the subject4 ,la ,harpe alludes to her having had many interviews with the celebrated ,jesuit1 ,f4 ,lenfant--an episode which is dismissed by ,mme4 du ,deffand herself with the remark that 8the ,pre ,lenfant was very clever1 and that she was much pleased with him40 ,the ,pre ,lenfant who is thus incidentally introduced to us in the memoirs of the lively ,french woman was one of the countless noble and touching victims of the ,revolution--that raging torrent that drowned so many gentle voices in its roar4 ,he was gifted with an eloquence that drew around him all the lovers of rhetoric and the most able men of his day4 ,the poet ,young heard him1 and was so struck by his power and pathos that he entreated a ,protestant clergyman of his acquaintance to go and hear him2 the latter did so1 and embraced the faith4 ,once1 on coming out from a sermon of the ,pre ,lenfant's1 preached at ,s4 ,sulpice during ,lent1 ,diderot exclaimed to ,d',alembert1 who had been drinking in every word from beginning to end1 with his eyes riveted on the preacher3 8,it would be hard to hear that man often without becoming a ,christian40 ,when the order of the ,jesuits was disbanded in ,france1 the ,pre ,lenfant was thrown upon the world4 ,he was then fortyseven years of age4 ,the decree which despoiled him of his religious garb could not rob him of its spirit4 ,he continued his good works and his apostolate with fervor and wisdom4 ,several crowned heads tried to win him to their courts1 but in vain4 ,the son of ,s4 ,ignatius held steadily aloof from the tempting snare4 ,he preached indefatigably at all times and places1 at ,lunville1 ,vienne1 ,versailles1 wherever he was called2 and everywhere the great and the learned flocked round his pulpit4 ,his contemporaries describe the effects of his eloquence as electrical4 ,he captivated his hearers1 not so much by the magnificence of his language1 as by the pathos of his voice and the force of his own faith4 ,pre ,lenfant preached the ,lent of #agia before the court2 but on refusing to take the oath of the clergy to the civil constitution1 he was obliged to withdraw4 ,shortly afterwards he was taken prisoner and condemned to death4 ,on being brought before his judges1 the people cried out that his life might be spared1 and1 yielding to the cries1 his jailers let him go2 before1 however1 he had got free from the crowd1 a woman called out3 8,there goes the king's confessor60 ,at these words the thirst for blood1 that had seemed for a moment satiated or suspended1 rose up anew4 ,the mob set upon him like tigers4 ,the ,pre ,lenfant uttered only words of love and forgiveness1 and1 raising his hands to heaven1 exclaimed3 8,my ,god1 ,i thank thee for allowing me to offer my life for thee1 as thou hast offered thine for me60 ,and with this gracious sentence on his lips the ,jesuit father fell and expired under the blows of the murderers4 ,this little sketch of the ,marquise du ,deffand would be incomplete without a passing mention of the author of the ,esprit des ,lois1 who was one of the most distinguished of her numerous friends4 ,her letters to ,montesquieu have been preserved2 they are1 however1 much less interesting than those to ,walpole1 and consequently much less known4 ,mme4 du ,deffand could be a staunch friend1 though she was often a trying one2 she proved herself such to ,montesquieu4 ,amongst other good offices1 she cleared him from the charge of avarice which was laid at his door so generally4 ,history revoked the verdict1 it is true1 but only when the subject of it was gone beyond the reach of earthly rehabilitation4 ,montesquieu's exceeding modesty and desire to have his benefits known only to the recipients was the real1 and perhaps the only1 cause of his reputed avarice4 ,one example of his delicate generosity we cannot refrain from giving4 ,he was in the habit of visiting ,marseilles to see his sister1 ,mme4 d',hricourt1 who resided there4 ,during one of these visits he happened one evening to be lounging on the quay2 the weather was sultry1 and it occurred to ,montesquieu that he would take a boat1 and have a row on the sea4 ,his attention was drawn to a young man who was looking out for a customer4 ,he hailed him1 and got in4 ,as soon as they were out a little at sea1 ,montesquieu perceived that his boatman was a novice at the work1 and rowed with difficulty4 ,he questioned him1 and learned that he was1 in truth1 a jeweller by trade1 and a boatman only on ,sundays and holidays1 in order to gain a trifle towards helping his mother and sisters1 who were working to procure #d1jjj crowns to ransom his father1 who was a prisoner at ,tetuan4 ,montesquieu was deeply touched by the story4 ,he made a resolution on the spot1 but said nothing4 ,before landing1 however1 he got from the boatman his father's name and the name of his master4 ,on parting1 he handed him his purse1 and walked away rapidly2 great was the delight of the young man1 on opening it1 to find that it contained sixteen golden louis4 ,six weeks after this the captive suddenly appeared in the midst of his wife and children4 ,he saw1 by the astonishment mingled with their joy1 that it was not to them he owed his liberation2 but the surprise and gratitude of all were increased on his telling them that not only was his ransom paid1 but likewise his voyage home and his clothing2 and1 over and above this1 a sum of fifty louis d'or had been handed to him on starting4 ,the young boatman no sooner heard this fairy tale than he bethought him of the generous stranger who had presented him the purse and expressed such sympathy on hearing of his sorrow4 ,he determined to seek him4 ,for two years he did so1 but in vain4 ,the name of the benefactor to whom he and his owed such a sweet and magnificent debt of gratitude remained an impenetrable mystery4 ,at last one day1 while walking in the streets of ,paris1 he suddenly encountered ,montesquieu face to face2 the young man fell upon his knees1 kissed the hand of his benefactor1 and entreated him to come with him to the home he had blessed1 and witness the joy that he had brought back to a desolate family4 ,but ,montesquieu feigned ignorance and surprise1 declared he knew nothing of what the young man was talking about1 and at last1 wrenching his hand away abruptly1 he disappeared in the crowd1 nor did his pursuer succeed in finding him again4 ,this action would never have been discovered had not ,montesquieu's executor found among his papers a memorandum in his own handwriting1 stating that he had sent #g1ejj francs to ,mr4 ,main1 an ,english banker at ,cadiz2 on the latter being applied to for information1 he replied that he had given that sum1 by the order of ,m4 de ,montesquieu1 for the ransom of a man named ,robert1 a ,marseillais1 detained as a slave at ,tetuan4 ,inquiries were set on foot1 and the ,robert family told the rest4 ,this touching incident was made the foundation of many dramatic pieces4 ,if it did no more than clear a noble character from the unworthy charge of heartlessness and avarice1 the world would have been the better for its discovery4 ,cain1 ,what ,hast ,thou ,done ,with ,thy ,brother8 ,by ,ernest ,hello4 ,from ,the ,revue ,du ,monde ,catholique4 ,by way of preface1 ,i will relate a true story given by ,f4 ,agathon1 a priest of the ,monastery of ,ruba1 and preserved in the ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert4 ,f4 ,agathon says3 8,one day ,i descended into the valley of ,ruba to find the holy solitary1 ,f4 ,pmeu1 as ,i wished to consult him on a subject that weighed heavily upon my mind4 ,we conversed until late in the evening1 and then he sent me into a cavern to pass the rest of the night4 ,now1 as it was winter1 and the cold extreme1 ,i was nearly frozen4 ,the next morning1 when the old man came in to see me1 he asked3 #8,how have you passed the night1 my son8' 8 #8,father1' ,i answered1 #8,i must say1 in truth1 ,i passed a terrible night1 on account of the extraordinary severity of the cold4' 8 #8,and ,i did not feel it at all1' he replied4 8,these words filled me with astonishment1 as he was nearly naked1 and ,i said3 #8,i beg of you1 father1 to tell me how that could have happened4' 8 #8,for the reason1' he answered1 #8that a lion came and lay down beside me1 and kept me warm4 ,but nevertheless1 my dear son1 ,i can assure you that ,i shall be devoured by wild beasts4' 8 #8,why do you say so8' ,i asked4 8 #8,because1' he replied1 #8when ,i was a shepherd in our country 7we were both from ,galatia71 ,i would have saved the life of a traveller1 if ,i had accompanied him2 but ,i did not show him that charity1 and he was devoured by the dogs4 ,therefore ,i shall most certainly meet with a similar death4' 8,and it really happened as he said4 ,for three years afterwards he was torn to pieces by wild beasts40 ,i4 ,dear ,marie1 cease to think of me2 all is ended2 ,i am lost4 ,i do not tell you what will become of me2 ,i know nothing myself4 ,i only know that yesterday ,i received the fatal blow1 from which ,i cannot recover4 ,i had just finished the last picture1 of which ,i have so often spoke to you--,the ,first ,glance4 ,it is the portrait of a young man1 who awakens and looks around him1 as though he saw everything for the first time4 ,some of my friends thought the picture splendid1 but added that it would not sell well1 as my name was unknown to the public4 ,after innumerable attempts1 all equally unfortunate1 ,i showed it yesterday to a very rich amateur--,baron de ,brienne4 ,he examined the picture1 thought it remarkable1 and then asked if ,i had often exhibited my pictures4 ,on my replying in the negative1 his expression changed4 8,i thought10 said he1 8,i did not know your name4 ,you must make yourself known4 ,this picture has great merit1 and this sketch also10 he added1 throwing a rapid glance at my other picture just commenced--you know it1 ,marie--,cain after his ,crime--8but1 in fact1 you are not known10 he concluded4 8,but1 sir10 ,i replied1 8,i am endeavoring to make myself known40 8,well10 continued the baron1 8you have talent1 that ,i acknowledge2 but ,i doubt if it is the kind of talent that will be appreciated by the public4 ,if ,i bought your picture1 ,i would be asked where ,i found it4 ,as it stands there1 it has a certain value2 but if you were dead1 it would be worth a hundred times as much1 and perhaps would soon find purchasers1 possibly myself among the first4 ,you see ,i can't change the world4 ,so it is with men2 they will pay the most ridiculous price for objects of art whose worth is guaranteed by a signature1 but will not bother themselves to talk up unknown talent4 ,i10 he added with a happy smile1 8recently gave a hundred thousand francs for a picture which ,i do not place above yours2 but it was a ,murillo6 ,i am a modest man1 and always side with the majority4 ,the majority is always right1 and1 for my part1 ,i am not vain enough to think ,i know more than the entire human race4 ,make yourself known2 everything is in that4 ,make yourself known2 put your pictures in the exhibition2 receive medals and decorations4 ,but1 above all1 die2 your pictures then will be worth so much gold4 ,you see you are talking to a practical man1 who don't believe in neglected genius4 ,au revoir1 monsieur4 ,you really have talent2 more even than that1 ,i do not hesitate to say you have genius4 ,au revoir40 ,this1 ,marie1 was my last adventure4 ,all the others were similar4 ,i will spare you any further details4 ,i have told you in a few words what in reality was a long agony4 ,but despair is brief2 it has not the courage to dwell on separate facts2 it sums up the causes1 and only shows the effects4 ,now1 my dear ,marie1 you know what happened yesterday4 ,the day before there came another gentleman1 who had not the time to examine my picture as it deserved4 ,this he explained to me for two hours without looking at the picture4 ,he really had no time2 for example1 every morning he visits his stables from ten to twelve1 and in the afternoon rows on the lake from four to six4 ,as for ,baron de ,brienne1 when he left1 he assured me he held my talent in the highest estimation2 that he would like to have a gallery of pictures all painted by me1 as it would probably one day be very valuable2 later1 my pictures would sell splendidly1 and he could make money by the operation4 ,if there is ever to be a later day for me1 ,i shall find him1 when ,i will no longer need him1 and he will be the first to show me honor4 ,adieu1 ,marie4 ,i was so sanguine1 so buoyed up with hope1 it needed all this time--all this precious time1 of which these gentlemen had so little to waste--to bring me where ,i am now4 ,i think the baron saw despair in my face1 for he used a singular expression on leaving which ,i had not provoked by any remark4 8,my dear sir1 do not look so dismal and wretched4 ,i am not the ,don ,quixote of budding genius4 ,make yourself known1 make yourself known1 and you will find me6 ,but if your courage fails1 you will commit blunders and spoil your talent1 for which ,i will not be responsible2 like ,pilate1 ,i wash my hands of you60 ,i listened to them going down the stairs4 8,no1 no10 said he to his wife2 8you see for my portrait ,i must have a master1 a signature40 8,perhaps10 replied the baroness--8perhaps we have done wrong to discourage the young man40 8,discourage8 ,what are you talking about8 ,i told him he had great talent4 ,do you wish to know what ,i think80 he added1 as he stood for an instant before her4 8,what ruins art in the present day is that it is gorged with gold1 and that too few men of genius die in the hospital--that is the reason60 ,adieu1 ,marie4 ,something else was said1 which ,paul did not hear4 ,the baroness paused1 as she was about to enter the carriage4 8,well1 what is the matter with you80 said her husband4 8,i am not very well10 she replied4 8,so much more reason for getting in the carriage4 ,what ails you80 8,the face of that young man haunts me4 ,who knows what despair may drive him to8 ,who knows how terrible may be his hidden suffering8 ,let us go back4 ,i feel as though we had just committed a crime4 ,let us go back4 ,thirty years ago ,i read a story which ,i had long forgotten1 but that now returns vaguely to my memory as a warning4 ,i no longer remember the whole1 but the impression comes back vague and terrible after thirty years4 ,ah6 let us go back40 ,the baron stopped1 and laughed immensely4 8,ha6 ha6 ,are you crazy8 ,haven't ,i the right to choose the pictures ,i wish to buy8 ,is there a law which compels me to buy pictures from this gentleman8 ,i speak to you very seriously1 my dear2 such fancies as these will make you crazy4 ,there is a great deal of insanity in our present day4 ,let us take care1 let us take care60 ,,ii4 ,marie1 after reading her brother's letter1 was half frantic with terror1 as she knew him thoroughly1 and understood his bitter despair4 ,she lost no time1 but left in the first train4 ,arrived in ,paris1 she ran to the little house in the ,quartier ,latin where ,paul lived4 ,she was too excited to take a carriage4 ,the rapid walk seemed to soothe her4 ,in the cars she longed for quicker movement2 in the street she wished for wings2 at the door she would rather have been at the other end of the world4 ,she dared not go up4 ,she stopped1 suffocated with the beating of her heart4 ,if it was already too late--the thought nearly paralyzed her with horror4 ,if she were a minute too late6 ,finally1 when on the stairs1 she wept4 ,then she dared ring4 8,i have wept10 she thought2 8he is saved40 ,taught by a long and singular experience1 the young girl knew that tears were for her the mysterious and certain sign that her prayer was granted4 ,she rang4 ,a servantgirl1 without speaking1 led her to a bed1 and uttered a single word--8,dead0--and then added3 8,the funeral will take place in two hours4 ,he threw himself into the ,seine from the bridge of ,austerlitz40 8,he is not dead10 said ,marie4 8,the registration of the death has been made10 said the woman4 ,without replying1 ,marie looked fixedly at him1 and said to herself3 8,he is not dead4 ,i have wept2 he is not dead4 ,paul60 she called4 ,silence4 8,paul60 ,silence4 ,she seized a mirror1 and held it to her brother's lips4 ,at the moment she took it in her hand she burst into tears4 8,you will see that he is saved60 she said4 ,the woman thought her crazy4 ,marie still held the mirror before ,paul's lips4 ,dead silence2 her own poor heart nearly stopped--the mirror was tarnished6 ,,iii4 ,seven years afterwards ,m4 le ,baron de ,brienne was conversing in a numerous and choice circle4 ,it was at a grand dinner4 ,the women were crowned with flowers and sparkling with jewels4 ,the conversation turned upon a great crime which had recently been committed1 the details of which filled two columns of every paper4 ,suddenly the ,baron de ,brienne became singularly agitated1 and then1 in a voice which he endeavored to keep calm1 but whose trembling was still further shown by the effort to subdue it1 said3 8,it appears that the police have not yet discovered any trace of the assassin40 8,i don't know10 replied a guest4 8,i believe not10 said another4 8,excuse me10 replied a third person2 8according to the latest accounts1 the police1 if not positively sure1 had at least great hopes40 ,the ,baron de ,brienne was as white as his napkin4 ,he tried to overcome and conceal his excitement1 and attempted to eat2 but the effort was too great4 ,he swooned1 and fell heavily to the ground4 ,every one rose and crowded around him4 ,water was thrown in his face1 salts were held for him to inhale4 ,the hostess neglected none of the ceremonies usual in such cases4 ,fortunately1 there was a physician among the guests4 ,every attention was lavished upon ,m4 le ,baron4 ,his carriage was called1 and he was taken home4 ,the next day he was better2 at the end of three days he was well4 ,he made them bring any quantity of papers1 and read them to him4 ,mme4 la ,baronne1 who was the reader1 suddenly paused1 and said3 8,here is more of the horrid crime of which we were all talking when you were taken ill40 8,well80 said the baron in a singular tone4 8,well10 continued the baroness1 8the murderer has been arrested4 ,but what a strange interest you take in the affair60 8,i80 replied the baron4 8,oh6 not at all2 ,i can very truly say that4 ,why do you think otherwise80 8,because you are so strangely excited whenever the subject is mentioned40 8,what do you mean1 talking about my excitement80 he replied4 8,can you possibly imagine1 like those stupid people at dinner the other evening1 that this affair interests me in the slightest degree8 ,they were all there looking at me1 looking at me 444 with eyes 444 with eyes4444 ,are you1 too1 going to stare at me now with those eyes 444 with those eyes44440 ,mme4 la ,baronne rose1 and wrote two lines3 8,dear doctor1 come instantly40 8,carry that to the telegraph office10 she said to the servant4 8,she did not count the words10 muttered the man in astonishment1 as he withdrew4 8,it must be something very serious40 ,,iv4 ,three months had elapsed1 and the baron had resumed his ordinary life1 when one evening1 in a salon in the faubourg ,saint,honor1 a gentleman remarked1 in the course of conversation1 that it was astonishing the number of crimes one daily heard of4 ,and he related the last murder that the daily paper had brought under his eyes4 ,said the baron3 8,why do you make such an assertion8 ,never were crimes so rare as today2 manners and customs are so much softened1 we can almost say there are no longer any criminals4 ,none can be found in the higher class of society2 and when we speak of the aristocracy1 it means the entire nation4 ,indeed1 to speak the truth1 ,i believe very little in the wonderful crimes with which the daily journals fill their columns when there is a dearth of political news40 8,you are very incredulous1 ,m4 le ,baron10 replied the ,comte de ,sartigny4 8,probably it is from kindness to the editors that the police seek the criminals1 and the courts judge them40 8,you say10 answered the baron1 8that the police seek the criminals4 ,it is false1 ,m4 le ,comte4 ,in the first place1 only one is guilty1 and the police are not hunting him up2 he is already found1 and he has no accomplice4 ,he has been found1 ,i tell you1 he has been found2 and the man has no accomplice4 ,perhaps ,i don't know it4 ,ha6 ha60 ,while the baron1 pale as death1 spoke these words1 with terror imprinted on his face1 the count looked steadily at him1 and said3 8,you say that ,i have spoken falsely1 ,m4 le ,baron8 ,will you repeat that remark8 ,i think those were your words1 but perhaps ,i was mistaken40 8,i only say one thing10 replied the baron1 8which is1 that the criminal has been found and arrested40 8,but a moment ago you denied the reality of the crime40 8,i only say one thing1 ,m4 le ,comte3 that there is no doubt about the name of the assassin40 ,the master of the house took the count by the arm1 and led him to the recess of a window4444 8,ah6 very well1 very well2 ,i did not know it10 said the count1 as he left the room4 ,while they were conversing together1 the baron made several vain efforts to rise4 ,he experienced the supreme anguish of a man who1 while still in the possession of his faculties1 feels they are leaving him--of a man who has not fainted1 but who is about to faint1 and who feels on his brow the first drops of cold sweat4 ,the baroness made her excuses for leaving so early1 and1 when alone with her husband1 asked anxiously3 8,what can be the matter with you80 8,and you too1 you too10 he replied1 pushing her from him1 as he raised his bloodshot eyes4 ,v4 8,we must10 said the doctor1 8enter into his mania1 so as to endeavor to discover the cause4 ,we must make him talk without questioning him4 ,do you know1 madame1 in the life of ,m4 le ,baron1 of any fact that may have left a disagreeable remembrance80 8,doctor1 do you mean a guilty remembrance80 8,no1 madame2 something terrifying40 ,the baroness thought a long while4 8,no10 said she1 8not one4 ,our life has always passed most tranquilly4 ,you know how people of the world live2 well1 so we live1 and have always lived4 ,my husband is a quiet man1 who has never had a quarrel in his life with any one1 and has never done an injury that ,i know of40 8,you have never seen in the baron any anxiety of conscience80 8,any anxiety of conscience8 ,he8 ,why should he have any8 ,he has never in his life done anything to reproach himself with40 8,the baron10 replied the doctor1 8has the reputation of being benevolent and kindhearted4 ,i don't think he is naturally very imaginative2 do you1 madame80 8,not at all1 doctor4 ,i think he is just the contrary4 ,i can even say he has very little faith40 8,but when and where did you first perceive the commencement of this mania80 8,it was one day when nothing strange had happened4 ,some one had been speaking of a young sculptor1 who now is very famous4 ,a friend told us that he owed his success to a rich banker1 who had discovered his talents by some happy accident1 and had aided him with his fortune and influence4 ,when our guests had left1 and we were alone1 ,i thought he would kill himself2 as now1 without the slightest reason40 8,in his daily life does he show any eccentricity of which ,i am yet ignorant80 8,not precisely eccentricity10 said ,mme4 de ,brienne4 8,his tastes have changed very much1 but that cannot be called eccentricity4 ,he formerly spent quite a fortune in purchasing pictures1 of which he has a very fine collection1 that he admired extravagantly2 now he never looks at them4 ,but he has always been rather fickle40 8,does he talk in his sleep80 8,no2 but one morning 7now that you make me think of it7 he awoke terribly frightened at a dream4 #8,ah6 what a dream ,i have had1' he said to me4 ,his face looked worn and haggard1 and1 as ,i begged him to relate it1 he turned away his eyes1 and refused peremptorily4 ,i insisted1 but he kept silent1 and ,i have never been able to make him relate it40 ,the doctor reflected4 8,perhaps that is the whole secret10 said he4 8,but if we were to ask him about it now1 probably tomorrow we would be obliged to confine him40 8,confine him80 cried the baroness4 8,do you think him so seriously affected80 8,very seriously1 madame1 and more so as he is perfectly sane in relation to other affairs4 ,his mania is confined to one point1 and is what we call hallucination4 ,my duty compels me to tell you1 madame1 that it is a case where science up to the present time has been very unsuccessful40 8,but1 doctor1 never was there a man less crazy4 ,as for the pictures1 which was the only passion ,i ever knew him to have1 he prided himself on never having done a foolish thing2 he only bought pictures of known value1 with the signatures of the artists fully guaranteed4 ,i1 for instance1 who am speaking to you1 would have sometimes acted more unwisely than he4 ,i remember once he even refused44440 8,nevertheless10 interrupted the doctor1 8the case is very serious40 ,the baron was alone in his room4 ,his wife listened attentively at the door1 and watched him through the keyhole4 ,he raised the curtains1 shook the cushions on the sofa1 searched around1 and1 when convinced that he was alone1 spoke in a low voice2 but his wife caught his words4 8,no one suspects me4 ,no one1 not even she2 and yet everything should warn them1 everything4444 ,the circumstances that accompanied the act are reproduced every instant4 ,for example1 the clouds in the sky have nearly always the same form as at that moment4444 ,the clouds do it purposely2 they have assumed since that day certain positions always the same4 ,what do they resemble8 ,what ,i do not wish to say1 but ,i know well since my dream4 ,oh6 that dream4444 ,i am cold1 frozen4 ,why is it no one ever speaks to me of that dream2 that no one in this house remembers it8 ,and yet they were all there 444 in the dream4444 ,my wife was there1 and the other one also10 he added1 lowering his voice4 ,and after a silence1 occasionally broken by unintelligible words1 and joined to a strange pantomime1 he continued3 8,it was frightful4 ,how that man struggled for his life60 ,and speaking always lower and lower1 the baron gasped out3 8,he clung to me1 and1 when ,i pushed him into the water1 an expression passed over his face such as was never seen but then in this world4 ,it was near the bridge of ,austerlitz4 ,how he glared at me as he disappeared the last time6 ,how is it that in the street the passersby do not say on seeing me1 #8,there is the man1 there he is--the man who had the dream'8 ,but was it a dream or reality8 ,men often pass me quickly in the street4 ,who knows but that they know or see something80 ,the baron walked around the room1 greatly excited1 and then1 pausing1 he sighed1 and said in a mournful tone3 8,how do other men act--those who are not followed8 ,they can take a step without hearing behind them another step that goes quicker or slower1 according as they walk4 ,then there are men who do not hear steps behind them as they walk4 ,yet ,i always seek the noisiest places2 but no noise ever deadens the sound of that step1 so faint but so invincible4 ,the noise of carriages1 the roar of cannon--,i have tried everything4444 ,if possible ,i would live amidst thunder2 but the lightning might fall near me1 and cover me with ruins2 still should ,i hear that faint1 almost imperceptible noise1 a foot that just touches the ground4 ,i am cold6 ,how cold it is6 ,fire no longer warms me6 ,how lightly that foot touches the ground4 ,it does not press heavily like ours4 ,no1 decidedly not2 it was no dream--it was reality4 ,that foot never is tired2 but when ,i stop1 it stops4 ,it has a certain manner of stopping that makes me always feel that it is there1 and that it will resume its walk when ,i do mine4 ,sometimes ,i would rather hear it1 and ,i walk to make it walk2 when it is silent1 its menace is to me more terrible than the sound of the step4444 ,if it would only change place6444 ,but1 no2 always at an equal distance from me4 ,ah6 how cruel4 ,if ,i could but see some one1 ,i think the most horrible spectacle would be less terrifying than this dreary void4 ,to hear and not see60 ,here the baron rapidly jumped backwards1 and put out his hand as though to grasp something in the air1 then exclaimed3 8,gone6 ,he has escaped--escaped1 as ever60 ,,vi4 ,the course of the baron's ordinary life flowed on as smoothly as ever4 ,nothing was changed1 and those who were not much with him perceived no difference2 to them he was the same as heretofore4 ,the following summer he wished to go to the seashore4 ,they left for ,brittany4 ,they spoke of the pleasant walks and drives1 and the baron1 in an absent manner1 asked on which part of the coast was the most sand4 ,he would not hear of the cliffs2 he wanted sand--only sand4 ,gvre was recommended by a gentleman who was seated near them at the table d'hte4 ,the baron instantly decided upon going to ,gvre4 8,at what hour shall we leave80 asked the baroness4 ,the we evidently displeased the baron4 ,he wished to go alone4 ,he gave a thousand pretexts to prevent his wife accompanying him4 ,as she would not admit them1 he said1 contrary to his usual custom1 8,i will0 444 8,i wish to go alone10 said he4 8,am ,i in prison8 ,do you take me for a criminal80 ,the baron left ,port ,louis in the steamboat4 ,his wife followed him1 without being seen1 on another boat1 and watched his movements through a spy glass1 as he paced up and down the shore at ,gvre4 ,first1 according to his usual custom1 he assured himself that he was alone4 ,then he would take several steps1 and return quickly1 seeing nothing2 he searched in the sand1 and1 finding his own footsteps1 he sought a little further on the trace of the other one4 ,all in vain4 ,disappointed1 he went to another spot1 and recommenced his weary walk1 always seeing his own footprints1 never the other4 ,he had hoped in the sand2 the sand had proved false1 as everything else4 ,,vii4 ,meanwhile1 the doctor was in ,paris1 and one evening in a salon in the faubourg ,saint ,germain4 ,the conversation was on madness2 and the doctor1 who was a celebrated alieniste1 was asked many questions as to the causes of insanity4 8,the causes of insanity10 said he1 8are so profound and mysterious that to know them one must make the tour of the invisible world40 8,i have known10 said one gentleman1 8insane persons who thought themselves guilty of crimes which they had never committed--innocent men1 intelligent and good1 incapable of harming a bird1 and who thought themselves assassins40 ,among the guests that evening was a famous artist1 ,m4 ,paul ,bayard1 whose most admired works1 ,the ,first ,glance1 and ,cain after his ,crime1 ranked with the chefsd'uvre of the greatest masters of the day4 ,said ,m4 ,bayard3 8,i have not studied1 like you1 doctor1 from life4 ,i don't know any insane persons1 and what ,i am going to tell you is not founded on fact4 ,but this is what ,i think about this strange remorse felt by innocent people3 who knows if they may not have committed spiritually the crime of which they think themselves guilty materially8 ,in this hypothesis they have completely forgotten the real and spiritual crime1 which they committed really and spiritually2 they did not even know or feel it at the instant they committed it4 ,but this crime real1 spiritual1 and forgotten is transformed1 by virtue of madness1 into a material crime1 of which they are innocent1 but of which they believe themselves guilty4 ,perhaps a man has betrayed his friend2 instead of accusing himself of this treason1 he accuses himself of another fault which resembles that one1 as the body resembles the soul4 ,i repeat1 ,i cannot cite an example4 ,it is purely hypothetical2 but something which ,i cannot define makes me think it possible1 nay1 even probable4 ,the guilty person deceived his conscience2 conscience in turn deceives him4 ,to make a child understand1 we give examples of sensible things4 ,perhaps justice thus acts with these men1 and1 finding them insensible in the sphere of the mind1 transports their crime into the sphere of the body4 8,perhaps it is a real crime1 but too subtle to be understood by them1 that descends to their level1 and pursues them under the appearance of an external and sensible crime1 the only one which they can understand4 ,there are whimsical scruples which resemble madness1 as exaggeration resembles falsehood4 ,who knows if these scruples are not the wanderings1 or1 if you prefer it1 the transpositions of remorse8 ,i say remorse4 ,i do not say repentance1 for repentance enlightens1 and remorse blinds4 ,between repentance and remorse there is an abyss3 the first gives peace1 the second destroys it4 ,perhaps conscience1 not being able to make itself felt by the guilty person on its own ground1 speaks to him1 by way of revenge1 in language as coarse as himself1 on his own domain4 ,through a terrible justice1 it makes him reproach himself with what appears unjust on the surface1 but which is a thousand times just at the bottom4 ,conscience1 which spoke in vain at the moment of the crime1 now arms itself against the criminal as a phantom4 ,we are men here tonight1 as we appear to each other2 but who knows if we are not for some one somewhere1 at this moment1 phantoms80 ,the doctor rose1 and1 taking the artist's hand1 said3 8,i do not know how much truth there may be in your theory4 ,i only know one thing3 that you are a man of genius1 and1 if ,i had doubted it before1 ,i am now convinced of it4 ,i will reflect on your words2 they open to me a new horizon40 8,i have always been pursued by the thought10 said the artist1 8that there is a moment when a man understands for the first time what he has seen since his infancy4 ,it is the day when the eyes of the mind open4 ,it is this ,i have attempted to show in my picture--,the ,first ,glance4 ,but as the horizon is constantly enlarging1 ,i endeavor to throw upon everything1 each time1 a look which ,i may call ,the ,first ,glance4 ,in the other composition1 ,cain after his ,crime1 ,i wished to show in ,cain1 not the melodramatic assassin1 but a vulgar1 common man4 ,the stigmata of anger1 of which he received the visible mark1 opens to him the eyes of the soul4 ,he throws upon his crime a first glance4 ,there are spiritual ,cains whose arms are innocent4 ,perhaps there may be some among the insane1 of whom we have spoken2 and in that case there is more truth in their madness than in their previous security4 ,their insanity only deceives them about the nature of the crime2 their security deceived them about the crime itself40 ,the doctor was thoughtful4 ,he took the artist aside1 and in a low tone said3 8,shall we leave together80 ,and they left4 ,after their departure the conversation turned on what had just been said4 8,were you always a materialist80 asked one person of his neighbor4 8,it is scarcely fair or generous to choose this moment for such a question10 was the reply4 8,as for me10 said a young lady1 8,i don't like to hear ,m4 ,bayard talk4 ,he is a great artist--that ,i admit2 but when he commences in that style1 he worries me60 8,would it be indiscreet1 madame1 to ask you why80 timidly inquired a young man with a badlytied cravat4 8,because ,i am afraid he is right in his opinions4 ,i wish to pass gaily through life2 and if we believe what he says1 life would be such a serious affair1 we should have to think4 ,really1 to hear him1 we can imagine ourselves surrounded with mysteries40 ,,viii4 8,i wish to see and study your picture of ,cain4 ,i was going to say your portrait of ,cain10 said the doctor to the painter2 8for it seems to me that you must have known him personally1 from the manner in which you have spoken to me of him40 8,perhaps ,i have known him10 said ,paul4 8,at any rate1 come60 ,and they entered the studio4 ,arrived before the picture1 the doctor started back in surprise4 ,the portrait of ,cain was that of the baron1 horrible in the resemblance4 ,there was on that face the coldness of the criminal and the horror of the cursed4 ,the coldness did not impair the horror1 nor the horror the coldness2 and from the mouth of ,cain the spectator might expect to hear the words that ,s4 ,bridget heard from the mouth of ,satan when he said to ,god3 8,o ,judge6 ,i am coldness itself40 ,indifference and despair were in those eyes1 on those lips1 and on that brow4 ,but the despair was not heartrending1 for repentance was wanting1 and this despair even appeared expiatory1 like justice eating its bread4 ,the doctor remained a long while motionless4 ,the horizon opened before his eyes4 ,his science sought new depths4 ,he did not precisely reflect1 but he remembered1 and1 perhaps for the first time in his life1 passed an hour in profound contemplation4 8,so you know him80 said he at last to ,paul4 8,whom do you mean80 8,why1 my patient60 8,i don't know any of your patients40 ,professional discretion arrested the name before it passed the doctor's lips4 8,but1 really10 said he1 8this head is a portrait4 ,you could not have drawn it by chance40 8,neither one nor the other10 replied ,paul4 8,no one sat for me1 and ,i did not draw it by chance4 ,it appears to me1 when ,i work1 certain faces are offered to me without forcing themselves upon me4 ,i perceive them interiorly2 for my eyes are closed and ,i see nothing4 ,perceive is not the proper word1 for the sense of sight is not needed4 ,if ,i perceive them1 it is with an unknown sense which is not that of sight1 and in a peculiar condition1 in comparison with which wakefulness is profound sleep4 ,i think these perceptions correspond with some reality1 either distant or future1 whose photographic likeness at that moment passes before the eyes of the mind4 8,this faculty1 which may be called natural inspiration1 has never abandoned me4 ,the aptitude to surmise what ,i do not know is the highest form of the activity of my mind1 and not only do ,i surmise what ,i do not know1 but very often ,i do it1 ,i realize it1 without intention and without knowledge4 ,it is as though ,i were an actor in a drama of which ,i was ignorant4 ,i recite a part in a play that ,i do not know1 and whose title and plot are equally unknown4 8,yet ,i feel myself free1 and the profound sentiment of my liberty bursts forth1 above all1 in the remembrance of my faults4 ,i wished to die1 but death did not want me4 ,i have sometimes asked myself if1 having wished to lose my life1 ,i might not lose inspiration1 which would be for me a subtle and cruel manner of death4 ,it has seemed to me that the question has been agitated somewhere1 and that inspiration1 which has compassion on the weak1 came back to me gratuitously4 ,if ,i had been criminal from malice1 it would have abandoned me1 perhaps1 or have become in me the auxiliary of a future crime4 ,it might have refused to help me1 or have assisted me in doing wrong40 ,,ix4 ,shortly after this interview the baron returned to ,paris1 apparently calmer than usual4 8,he is much better10 said ,mme4 la ,baronne4 8,the doctor alarmed me terribly2 but ,i knew very well in reality there was no danger4 ,my husband is a cold man1 and ,i have nothing to fear for his reason40 ,the following night the baron waited until the house was quiet1 and then went on tiptoe1 as though afraid of being surprised or disturbed4 ,once safely in his picture gallery1 he cut each of the pictures with a penknife1 and then one by one burst them open by placing his knee against the canvas2 and1 that accomplished1 left the house toward morning4 ,the porter saw him pass1 but did not recognize him4 8,who is that old man10 said he to his wife1 8who passed the night in the house80 ,the baron's hair1 black the night before1 was white as snow4 ,they waited for him at breakfast1 they waited for him at dinner2 he did not return4 ,in searching his papers his wife found a note containing these words3 8,this time ,i will not escape2 the police are on my track40 ,said madame3 8,i always feared some misfortune would happen to me40 ,the next day the baron's body was found in the ,seine under the bridge of ,austerlitz4 8,i am much distressed1 but not astonished10 said the doctor to madame4 8,i always thought his madness absolutely incurable40 8,ah6 doctor1 he destroyed all the pictures4 ,i have not even his portrait40 8,you shall have it1 madame10 said the doctor4 ,eight days afterwards the doctor kept his promise4 ,he brought the baroness a photograph4 ,madame de ,brienne was profoundly agitated1 and nearly fainted4 8,oh6 what a resemblance10 she gasped1 8what a resemblance6 ,doctor1 how was it done8 ,this is not natural4 ,it is not his portrait1 it is himself4 ,he is going to speak4 ,i am afraid60 ,there was horror in the astonishment of the poor woman4 ,she threw upon her husband and herself a first glance4 8,but tell me1 doctor1 where did you find it80 8,allow me to keep the secret1 madame40 ,in reality1 the thing was very simple3 they had only photographed the picture of the great artist--,cain after his ,crime4 ,the ,legend ,of ,vallambrosa4 ,an ancient myth like ivied vesture clings ,about fair ,vallambrosa's cloistered walls1 ,telling that 'neath the roof sweet charity ,has spread her soft1 warm draperies within ,what time eight circling centuries have traced1 ,in memories gray and green1 her blessedness4 ,of the fair1 nestling valley here to sing1 ,with sweetstrung choice of cadenced synonymes1 ,could better music hold the ear1 to note ,its silverdropping streams and shadowy dells ,than that wherewith ,italia christened it1 ,calling it ,aqua,bella1 or the ,val,ambrosa1 liquidtoned and clear8 ,no ripple1 ,methinks1 of happier tones or tenderer hues ,could voice its lapsing falls and verdant vales ,than lives within such naming6 ,hither came ,long years agone--long years before the years ,that gave the legend birth--a prayerful priest1 ,bearing the cross where untamed beast and bird1 ,alone frequenting1 poured in wildest notes ,the praise for life which lowest life uplifts6 ,and here1 as ever1 man's triumphant voice ,leaped up above the brute's1 beseeching heaven ,to consecrate with holy dews1 and bless1 ,the heights which1 cycles later1 cradling held ,the hermitage of one so famed2 and grew1 ,as seed luxuriant in rich soil will grow1 ,because all teeming life must needs expand1 ,these walls of generous hospice that outstretch ,their sheltering arms to weary travellers4 ,if it be true1 as we have often heard1 ,that lukewarm sinners make but lukewarm saints1 ,perhaps the converse proof we hold in hand2 ,for1 mark6 once lived in ,florence1 of the proud ,gualberto house1 one heir to all its pride1 ,giovanni named--he this same sinnersaint4 ,quickened by summers of some eighteen years1 ,and flushed by southern suns to fervid warmth ,of life impetuous1 his youthful form ,bore stamp already of the venturous will ,of a gay1 dashing cavalier outgiven ,to heedless coursings in the round of sense4 ,and yet there dwelt adeep within his breast ,a living well of tenderness that flowed ,in gentle care for ,hubert1 his beloved ,and only brother4 ,hubert 7a twelvemonth ,scarce younger7 stood between his tempted soul ,and much that might have swayed it past recall ,over the margin of sin's dread abyss4 ',twas not that ,hubert was a chastened saint1 ,but love within the brother's ardent soul ,invested him with raiment pure and white-- ,love holding from assoil the fabric fine ,itself had wove1 and still will choose to weave ,so long as life is life1 or love is love4 ,thus1 when unto ,giovanni came a dawn ,that kindled to a conscious glow of health ,his own quick pulse1 yet1 warming1 failed to melt ,the frozen current in pale ,hubert's veins1 ,because those veins had felt the frigid touch ,of steel in duelling combat1 there arose ,within his anguished heart a stern demand ,against the murderer of life for life-- ,an unrelenting thirst of blood1 to quell ,the ghostly phantoms of his fevered brain1 ,and satisfy with feast of sweet revenge ,his brother's manes4 ,on one ,good,friday morn1 ,followed by armed retainers1 and slow bent ,unto ,san ,miniato to attend ,high ,mass1 in faithfulness to ,hubert's soul1 ,he met unwittingly within a pass ,that leads to the ,basilica this man1 ,of all men hated most4 ,close1 face to face1 ,spellbound they stood a moment's span2 then flashed ,from out ,giovanni's sheath his gleaming sword1 ,and by its glittering sign with one will rose ,from every trusty scabbard near at hand ,sharp kindred swords that gleamed defiant fire ,into the bright'ning day1 and in his face ,who stood unarmed1 alone4 ,the unsheathed sword ,of pitiless ,giovanni had wellnigh ,its rueful deed of deadly wrath made sure ,when he1 the helpless foe confronted thus ,by certain death1 saw in death's pallid light ,the spectre of his sin as it must seem ,to disembodied spirits1 and he fell ,prone1 horrorstricken1 at the avenger's feet4 ,there1 graving on the ground with level arms ,the crucial sign1 he prayed for pardoning grace1 ,and grace of lengthened days for penitence1 ,and all in name of ,him whose agony ,upon the cross he thus in dust recalled6 ,the sword is stayed1 and in the tremulous pause ,great waves of varying passions meet ,and battle in ,giovanni's breast4 ,through all ,a voice1 as of faint music o'er the din ,of tumult1 whispers3 8,who loveth brother more ,than me1 or any loved one more than me1 ,is all unworthy of me40 ,quick1 with ever ,conquering motions of the ,spirit's power1 ,as winds of peace the passionate waters calm1 ,his sword is dropped1 and1 offering helpful hands1 ,he cries3 8,thou who hast slain my brother be ,as ,christ doth will--a brother unto me40 ,o'erwhelmed with gratitude1 and filled with deep ,contrition for his sin1 the uplifted foe ,lets fall his head upon ,giovanni's neck1 ,and there with loosened torrent of remorse ,he pours the unguent of his tears1 as once ,another penitent poured costly balm ,upon the ,holiest ,one1 growing therefrom ,through mercy's twofold grace to peace and joy4 ,while yet the day was young1 the legend tells ,how both these humbled1 contrite cavaliers ,offered their thanks for comfort at the shrine ,whither their steps together now were led2 ,and how1 while kneeling at the crucifix1 ,broke from the ,saviour's parted lips a smile ,upon ,giovanni1 while the sacred head ,in gracious token bowed4 ,o crowning joy6 ,too much to halo one poor human brow1 ,and not the radiance divine extend ,to others all unconscious1 even as once ,himself had been of its illumining might6 ,henceforth no other smile was aught to him ,if for a passing moment it could hide ,the memory of that glory from his eyes4 ,henceforth the impulse of his life was one ,deep1 passionate desire to shadow forth1 ,in the best shadowy way a mortal can1 ,the glowing flame of beatific fire ,that hallowed smile had kindled in his soul4 ,and thence so perfect was his ,godward walk ,that scarce five summers of devoted life ,were added to his eighteen worldly years ,before ,san ,miniato's brotherhood ,decreed him to its abbacy4 ,but1 no6 ,nor stole nor triple crown had charm for one ,too wholly ,christ's to care for stole or crown1 ,save for that lustrous crown of ransomed souls ,his earnest life might win to shine as stars4 ,for this to ,vallambrosa's lonely height ,in rapt and silent vigil he withdrew2 ,but even as sweetness bursts the seedling's cell1 ,so holiness from him exhaled in light ,that drew1 to seek his counsel1 devotees ,led faithfully by his unswerving faith ,to live with him a life of prayer and praise4 ,or1 if they came not cowled as lowly monks1 ,still hither fared the noble of the land1 ,even kings whose purple paled beside his gray1 ,and royal ladies and most knightly knights1 ,to pour their wealth of treasure at the feet ,of one all saintly4 ,thus the order grew ,of worldfamed ,vallambrosa1 where today ,the weary find repose and welcoming cheer1 ,and benison of heavenly graciousness4 ,and thus of one soul's overflow of light ,the ,saviour's smile is seen in saving love ,to stream adown the everwidening years ,that close and closer bring us to the day ,of promised joy1 when all our utmost need ,shall in that glorious smile be satisfied4 ,odd ,stories4 ,,viii4 ,snifkin4 ,there certainly was a time when dogs were more respected than now4 ,such a period in particular must have been the reign of ,gigag1 when the ,odomites1 who had once kicked1 maimed1 and starved their poor curs in a manner inhuman1 now fed and fondled them with an affection that was almost canine4 ,this revolution in sentiment was entirely due to what may be called a genius of instinct possessed by one extraordinary dog4 ,his owner1 who was none other than the goblin ,gigag1 had1 in one of those journeys which he sometimes took through his underground thoroughfare1 named his fourfooted companion1 with a fond conceit1 ,snifkin2 and when they emerged into the atmosphere of the king's grounds1 the latter was allowed the chief place at supper among the royal dogs4 ,some of this manycolored pack were wont to bark1 as others were to bite4 ,some were renowned for scent and vigilance1 and others for speed and courage2 still others for motley skins1 lapping lips1 great ears1 and yelling1 yelping1 and howling4 ,but the dog ,snifkin united their best qualities with a sagacity that was almost diplomatic4 ,he never barked till he was prepared to bite1 and he sometimes bit without barking4 ,he had a scent and sight which are only acquired by dogs who have seen a great deal of human nature4 ,so various and cabalistic seemed the marks and colors upon him1 that the vulgar ascribed them to the science of ,gigag rather than to natural revelation4 ,to crown all1 the dog ,snifkin showed his ivory teeth at times1 sneezing1 snorting1 and laughing in a way next to human for its friendliness4 ,from a number of the faculties described arose two incidents which increased the fame and worth of all dogs1 and which no man can sufficiently admire4 ,a miser1 in whom the sagacious ,snifkin recognized a former oppressor of his kind1 came to plead his cause at court1 alleging his ownership of four hundred and ninetyfive thriving estates1 and prosecuting his poor nephew for about as many cents4 ,at a contrast so preposterous the knowing dog could not contain himself1 and sniffed1 snorted1 and showed his teeth to such a degree that even his royal master1 at whose side he sat during the hearing of the plea1 was forced to join in the general guffaw which greeted the miser4 ,another incident related chiefly to one of four malcontent noblemen1 who1 with bows and smiles1 came to the royal presence4 ,with no more ado the dog ,snifkin jumped at his throat1 bringing him to the foot of the king1 when a concealed bodkin fell out of his bosom1 and a number of poisons1 which ,gigag recognized as badly prepared1 were strewn upon the floor4 ,without a word the king understood why it was that his dumb counsellor had not taken soup that day4 ,while irons were being placed on the limbs of the malcontents1 a collar made of the finest cloth of gold1 adorned with precious stones1 was put upon the neck of the loyal dog4 ,by sovereign order it was decreed that1 taking with him all the dogs in the kennels of the palace1 the crown crier should go out and cry to all the people the patriotism of ,snifkin1 and the fidelity of dogs generally4 ,but it would require a million miracles to convince those whose unreason has placed them nearest to the brutes1 that dogs and other animals1 human and inhuman1 exist for the trying and proving of the souls of men4 ,as ,snifkin was one day seated in the high easychair of the barber who clipped and shaved for the king's dogs1 a commotion in the street provoked him to bark loudly1 hazarding thereby the loss of his nose at the hands of the barber4 ,arrived in the street1 what was his surprise to see fifty of the royal hounds yelping in the most distressful manner over the loss of his tail by the chief hound1 who had provoked by impudent barking a slashing cut from the sword of a cavalier1 who1 it came to be known1 was a conspirator against the life of ,king ,gigag4 ,not being able to contend with swordsmen1 ,snifkin quickly seized upon the largest and finest specimen of the breed of curs who barked against the king's hounds1 and made short work of him4 ,this act1 loyal though it was1 became the signal for that factious state of feeling among the ,odomites which eventuated in the famous war of tails4 ,most of the best dogs belonging to the houses which barked against the king having had their tails cut off1 it grew to be a fashion with the malcontents of the realm to reject everything with a tail to it1 even were it a shirt1 or an entailed estate not already owned and occupied by one of their number1 or a story which was not to be continued4 ,in fact1 it became a question whether they would give ear to any tale whatever1 and hence it was truly said of the malcontent faction that their ears were longer than their tails4 ,of course the scientific king lost no time in improving the situation2 indeed1 of putting an end to it4 ,he trained a pack of dogs1 under the teaching of ,snifkin1 to scent out treason1 and1 when that was done1 he managed to give the hydrophobia to a large number of rebellious curs1 who afterwards bit their masters4 ,the dog ,snifkin barked against this measure in vain4 ,a war now broke out1 assisted by the prince of a neighboring country1 who had conceived a great hatred of the goblin ,gigag4 ,it was the habit of the royal dogs to discover supplies to their masters1 and guard their camp at night1 and1 besides1 to indicate in what direction were the princely headquarters and trains of the enemy1 which they knew by the smell of many viands4 ,the same1 perhaps1 would have been the practice of those dogs without tails who barked for the malcontents and their ally1 were it not that the poor fare they received compelled their flight to the better provisions of the enemy4 ,nevertheless1 it would have gone hard with ,king ,gigag if his rival's device of drawing off the dogs by a concentration of savory meats in an ambushed ravine had succeeded2 for the king1 had it not been for the sagacity of ,snifkin1 would certainly have gone to the dogs4 ,despairing now of being able to foil their antagonists1 the allies heard with growing dismay the general bark and howl in the king's camp at night ere his warriors slept upon their arms4 ,only a low growl here and there1 or perhaps the voice of some lonely hound who had strayed out of camp to bay the moon1 broke the silence of the sleep of war4 ,while thus the silent avalanche was prepared that was to overwhelm the allies in the carnage of civil strife1 a most unforeseen accident occurred4 ,king ,gigag was on his rounds through the camp when a dog taken with hydrophobia bit him in the leg4 ,returning mad to his headquarters1 he saw the dog ,snifkin laughing and wagging his tail1 and1 frenzied by the sight1 he drew his sword1 and at once cut off the whole of that pleasant appendage4 ,immediately the dog ,snifkin became the most beautiful young prince you ever saw4 ,seizing an enchanted blade that hung up in the tent of the goblin1 he defended himself with fury1 and by an artful stroke put the unlucky ,gigag out of his pains4 ,when it became known throughout both camps that ,king ,gigag had cut off the tail of the dog ,snifkin1 a reconciliation grew apace between those dogs who had tails and those dogs who had none2 and1 indeed1 the royal hounds especially were anxious to have their tails cut off1 so that they might turn at once into princes2 but1 unfortunately1 this result never happened1 two of these dogs at least having been curtailed1 to their great shame and mortification1 without so much as becoming scullions1 or anything but unlucky dogs4 ,it was then seen by the ,odomites that the dog ,snifkin was none other than their longlost ,prince ,gudood1 who would have been devoured by the giant ,googloom1 had not the goblins got hold of him and changed him into a dog2 in which character he served the excellent goblin ,gigag1 who1 however1 was not made aware of his identity by the evil goblins from whom he had escaped4 ,by means of a birthmark on his right arm the allied lords were speedily brought to understand that this1 indeed1 was the longlost prince who had been affianced to the daughter of the neighboring king4 ,and now with one heart and soul they hastened the marriage of the prince and princess1 who ever afterwards lived happily in the joy and glory and union of both kingdoms4 ,in the magnificent bridal procession nothing was more astonishing than the thousand trained dogs of all kinds1 large and small1 who marched in order1 clad sometimes in variegated suits1 and wearing rich collars4 ,first came the royal hounds and mastiffs2 second1 a fine breed of mountaineer dogs as large as wolves2 third1 two or three hundred pointers1 spotted all colors2 fourth1 as many setters1 their backs streaked with colors like gold and snow2 fifth1 a battalion of mixed red1 white1 and blue dogs2 sixth1 a body of skyterriers1 followed by the finest array of blackandtan dogs that was ever known2 sixth1 a large number of dogs who looked like nothing so much as walking hearthrugs2 seventh1 a noble lot of shaggy waterdogs as large as men2 then a great many shepherddogs1 spaniels1 poodles1 pups2 after these a battalion of dogs shaved to look like lions2 and finally a rearguard of bulldogs with their tails cut off1 walking as steadily as firemen on parade4 ,a loud and harmonious barking at intervals interrupted the sound of the wedding bells1 and five hundred terrier dogs at least stood up on their hind legs when the marriage ceremony was performed4 ,thus the reign of humanity and utility succeeded to the reign of science and pelf4 ,only dogs were allowed to do the fighting1 and they were treated so well that they did nothing worse than bark4 ,the following conversation was one time overhead among them in a street near the king's palace3 ,royal ,mastiff4--,bowoghowow6 ,bowgh6 ,hound without tail4--,boowoogh6 ,boohoo6 ,wowoo6 ,terrier dog4--,grrrrrow1 rrow6 ,bulldog4--,hrrrumgrrum4 ,bowowgh6 ,from these syllables it was conjectured by the knowing that the new ,king ,gudood had no enemies1 and that peace abode in the land4 ,new ,publications4 ,,de ,l',,autorite2 ,,ou1 ,,la ,,philosophie ,,du ,,personnalisme4 ,,lettre ,,au ,,rev4 ,,pere ,j4 ,f4 ,,hecker1 ,,suivie ,d',,un ,,appendice ,,sur ,,la ,,souverainete ,,du ,,peuple4 ,,par ,,dwight ,h4 ,,olmstead4 ,traduction approuve par l'auteur4 ,genve3 ,japonnier et ,steuder4 #ahgd4 ,this pamphlet1 the ,english original of which we have not seen1 has been sent to us from ,geneva1 by the author1 we presume4 ,the ,rev4 ,f4 ,i4 ,t4 7not ,j4 ,f47 ,hecker has been abroad1 travelling for the restoration of his impaired health1 for more than a year1 and cannot1 therefore1 give his personal attention to ,mr4 ,olmstead's very courteous ,letter1 at least for the present1 and in the columns of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,moreover1 the author is mistaken in attributing a certain article in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 with which he chiefly employs his pen in the ,letter1 to ,f4 ,hecker4 ,the article in question is one of the numerous contributions with which ,dr4 ,brownson enriched and adorned our pages during the interval of the suspension of his own ,review4 ,in our opinion1 ,mr4 ,olmstead has not dealt a very heavy blow upon the headpiece of his veteran antagonist4 ,in fact1 we do not see that he has attempted any serious answer to arguments which he would find it no easy task to refute4 ,mr4 ,olmstead deals more in objections and assertions than in arguments1 and his assertions are so general and vague that one would need to write a treatise on general and special metaphysics to refute them4 ,they merely amount to this3 that ,mr4 ,olmstead agrees with ,kant and ,j4 ,stuart ,mill4 ,f4 ,hecker's works were written for persons who either believe in some sense in ,christianity1 or at least in ,god and in human reason and intelligence4 ,it is not necessary to prove the premises admitted by the persons with whom you argue4 ,if they are ,protestants1 you assume the truth of ,christianity4 ,your only effort is then to prove that ,catholicity is the genuine ,christianity4 ,if they are rationalistic theists1 you prove that the truth of ,christianity1 and specifically the authority of the church as one of its essential doctrines and laws1 is demonstrable from principles of reason and natural theology4 ,when it is a question of arguing with an atheist or sceptic1 these topics must be postponed1 and the discussion turned upon the first principles of metaphysics4 ,even here something in common must be admitted as a starting point for argument4 ,if a man denies everything or doubts everything1 the only thing which can possibly be done is to watch him closely until he asserts something1 and then you can do no more than show to a bystander his absurdity4 ,if we understand ,mr4 ,olmstead correctly1 he admits the reality of all that is contained within selfconsciousness1 and considers all else1 by the mere fact of its being exterior to consciousness1 as an unknown quantity in respect to its reality4 ,he merely holds this1 however1 as an opinion1 and admits that the contrary is very probable4 ,if he is in earnest--and it is fair to presume that he is--in searching for philosophical truth1 the only way in which a ,catholic philosopher could argue with him to any purpose would be by presenting a theory of the origin of ideas and knowledge1 which would give him something objective as a primitive element in his very first act of intellectual self consciousness4 ,this is rather too serious a task to be performed in a hurry4 ,whatever we have to say on these great fundamental topics of philosophy has been already partly said in the elaborate articles which have appeared in our columns1 and will be said hereafter in articles of a similar nature4 ,we refer the author of the ,letter and others in a similar position to ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 passim1 to get what modicum of light we are able to furnish them4 ,if they wish for more light1 they must go to the great works of great authors1 and study them carefully4 ,as for the great number of very excellent persons who do not trouble their heads with philosophy1 and who complain that our philosophical articles are too dry and abstruse1 we must beg them to content themselves with the lighter portions of the magazine1 and allow us to give a reasonable amount of space to the few readers who have some taste and capacity for real science4 ,,holy ,,places3 ,,their ,,sanctity ,,and ,,authenticity4 ,by ,f4 ,philpin de ,rivires1 of the ,london ,oratory4 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,f4 ,de ,rivires gives play both to reason and imagination in an instructive and agreeable manner in treating of the attractive topic of holy places4 ,the book contains some interesting information about the recent explorations in ,jerusalem4 ,,the ,,month ,,of ,,mary ,,of ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,by ,henri ,lasserre4 ,translated from the ,french 7#bc;d edition7 by ,mrs4 ,crosier4 ,london3 ,burns and ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,henri ,lasserre's beautiful work--of which a translation1 which the best judges have pronounced to be of the very highest literary merit as well as the most literal accuracy1 appeared in this magazine--is abridged and divided into thirtyone chapters for each day of the month of ,may1 in this neat and pretty volume4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin pressed very hard on the head of the old serpent when she appeared at the rocks of ,massabielle4 ,the sympathizers with this 8revolutionnaire malheureux10 as ,renan calls him1 in his warfare on the ,queen of ,heaven1 frequently show their perplexity and vexation at the overwhelming proof of the miracles she has wrought1 by an attempt at scornful ridicule1 which is always unaccompanied by any argument1 or any attempt at meeting the challenge so often addressed to them to rebut the evidence ,m4 ,lasserre has furnished4 ,louis ,veuillot1 probably the wittiest man now on the earth1 once said of a certain ,frenchman that he was a clever writer1 but fort piqu contre le ,saint ,esprit4 ,dr4 ,coxe1 who has formerly shown himself to be a clever poet1 to say the least1 in his recent pamphlet against ,bishop ,ryan1 which is not at all clever1 but only cunning1 has exhibited a great pique against ,our ,lady of ,lourdes4 ,in this we see a fulfilment of the ancient prophecy1 8,i will place enmity between thee and the woman1 between thy seed and her seed40 ,the vulgar and unmeaning jibes of the infidel and the heretic1 as well as the pious writings and devout pilgrimages of the faithful1 alike serve to make the wonderful event of ,lourdes more and more widely known all over the world1 to the greater glory of ,god1 and his ,blessed ,mother4 ,a ,,full ,,catechism ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,religion 7preceded by a short history of religion71 from the creation of the world to the present time4 ,with ,questions for ,examination4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,rev4 ,joseph ,deharbe1 ,s4,j41 by the ,rev4 ,john ,fander4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is the most celebrated catechism of the century1 has been most extensively approved and brought into use1 and will be of great service to those who are employed in teaching young people the ,christian doctrine1 as well as for the instruction of converts4 ,,the ,,commonitory ,,of ,s4 ,,vincent ,,of ,,lerins4 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,there is no treatise of such small size as the ,commonitory among ,christian writings1 so far as we know1 which has been so universal in fame and influence1 and has made its author so illustrious1 as this one4 ,the neat little libretto1 containing the translation1 with some accompanying testimonies of eminent ,protestant divines to the excellence of the work1 is edited by the ,rev4 ,john ,lynch1 of ,ballymena1 ,diocese of ,down and ,connor1 ,ireland4 ,in the preface he mentions the fact that ,s4 ,vincent and ,s4 ,patrick were fellowstudents4 ,the treatise can be easily read and understood by any intelligent person1 and yet contains an amount of instruction and information on ,catholic doctrine equal to that which is ordinarily spread through volumes4 ,,monasticon ,,hibernicum4 ,with ,engravings in ,gold and ,colors1 ,maps and ,views4 ,by ,mervyn ,archdall1 ,a4,m4 ,edited by the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,moran4 ,vol4 ,i41 #dto4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly4 #ahgc4 ,this wellknown historical work is now republished in the most splendid style4 ,it is a history of religious houses and orders in ,ireland1 extensive1 learned1 and full of romantic and religious interest4 ,the first volume contains two fine views of the exterior and interior of ,s4 ,patrick's ,cathedral1 ,dublin1 one of the ancient episcopal palace1 and several engravings1 in gold1 of different religious orders4 ,the work is1 of course1 a costly one1 and is only published by subscription4 ,every wealthy ,irishman in the ,united ,states ought to subscribe for a work which is an honor to his country and the ,catholic religion4 ,the first edition is1 however1 limited to one thousand copies1 and we presume that persons desiring to procure a copy will find it necessary to send on their names immediately4 ,,cherubini3 ,,memorials ,,illustrative ,,of ,,his ,,life4 ,by ,edward ,bellasis1 ,barristerat,law4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,with a portrait47 ,this is an elaborate biography of the great musical composer1 edited and published with the greatest care in an attractive style of typography4 ,it cannot fail to interest very much those who have a taste for musical literature4 ,,la ,,sainte ,,ecriture ,,et ,,la ,,regle ,,de ,,foi4 ,par l',abb ,bgin1 de l',universit ,laval4 ,qubec3 ,cot et ,cie4 #ahgd4 ,with admirable precision and clearness the ,abb ,bgin develops and defends in this volume the ,catholic doctrine of the rule of faith in accordance with the soundest and most orthodox theology4 ,we cannot sufficiently recommend his treatise to clergymen and other students of sacred science4 ,there are some mistakes in the spelling of ,english names1 as is very usual in ,french books4 ,for example1 we have ,richard ,buxter instead of ,baxter4 ,whoever wishes to preach1 lecture1 or write for the press on the topics treated in this volume will find it even more available for use than the treatises contained in our dogmatic textbooks4 ,,sketches ,,of ,,illustrious ,,soldiers4 ,by ,james ,grant ,wilson4 ,new ,york4 ,george ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgd4 ,this work has a promising look1 the author's name reminding us that the military profession was for some time his own1 and that he is a diligent student of the literature of his subject4 ,military biography has a strange charm for most readers2 indeed1 it is doubtful whether fiction has an equal fascination at certain periods of our lives4 ,few of us have attained middle age without having had our cheeks frequently glow and our patriotism grow warm at the narration of deeds of prowess performed by our favorite heroes4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the production of this species of literature has fallen to a great extent into the hands of literary adventurerswriters who looked only to making the most of a profitable enterprise4 ,hence the periodical eruption of lives of great captains1 distinguished1 indeed1 as men count greatness1 but whose most valid claim to eminence consisted in their ability to destroy whatever opposed the realization of the objects of their ambition1 and the permanent maintenance of unjustlywon crowns4 ,to this cause we may partly attribute the fact that people have wellnigh lost sight of the loftiest form of heroism--that which prompts a man to stake everything on the defence of a principle2 to brave all dangers and sustain all privations1 so that conscience be kept pure and the ,christian character preserved unsullied4 ,the work under notice belongs to a different category4 ,it is written1 for the most part1 in a calm1 judicial spirit1 the author evidently intending to avoid partisanship1 and exhibiting a painstaking fidelity to the data before him4 ,occasionally1 however1 he betrays the heroworshipper in the case of individuals who appear anything but admirable to us4 ,on such common ground as the sketch of ,washington we are glad to express our agreement with the author4 ,we also like his estimate of anecdotes as illustrations of character4 ,,universal ,,pronouncing ,,dictionary ,,of ,,biography ,,and ,,mythology4 ,by ,j4 ,thomas1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgd4 ,a ,,complete ,,pronouncing ,,gazetteer4 ,edited by ,j4 ,thomas and ,t4 ,baldwin1 assisted by several other gentlemen4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 7,sold at #be ,bond ,st41 ,new ,york7 ,next to a dictionary of the language we rank dictionaries of persons and places1 as works of reference for those engaged in writing1 and1 indeed1 for all intelligent readers as well4 ,we hear of so many men of eminence1 or of localities so nearly alike in orthography1 that we never feel entirely at ease without reference to a good authority2 so that1 for the mere purpose of identification1 books like these are worth all they cost4 ,the period and country at and in which a given subject lived1 his occupation1 his contemporaries1 and for what he was distinguished2 the county1 state1 or kingdom in which a certain city or town lies1 serve all ordinary uses4 ,should we desire more1 we can at our leisure resort to the encyclopdias or individual biographies for fuller information4 ,of course these works would be more acceptable if written from our point of view2 but that we cannot expect for a long time to come4 ,meanwhile1 being reasonably impartial1 as we have found them to be so far as we have examined1 we accept them as the best attainable4 ,lest the fact that they are each in one volume should convey an inadequate idea of their extent1 we may state that the ,biographical ,dictionary has #b1cde closelyprinted royal octavo pages1 and the ,gazetteer xviii4#b1ahb pages of the same size and compactness4 ,we know of no works of the kind so convenient and full in all matters for which they are ordinarily consulted4 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,by ,joseph ,e4 ,worcester1 ,,ll4,d4 ,boston3 ,brewer ,tileston4 #ahgd4 ,as it would be quite superfluous to advise any one to get a dictionary at the present time1 we content ourselves with asking our readers to get the best--,worcester's ,unabridged4 ,we have warmed towards this author1 among other reasons1 because he is less of an iconoclast than some of his fellowlexicographers4 ,it has grieved us not a little to see our favorite words maltreated as if they had no personality about which to be sensitive1 or pedigree whereof to be proud4 ,we can scarcely recognize them in the new dress1 or rather mask1 in which they are often presented4 ,were we a boy again1 not a hair of our head would rise at a specter1 and we should have an additional reason for refusing allegiance to a sovereign who held only a scepter--though the sun should still refuse to set on her dominions4 ,in saying this we would by no means disparage a standard in spelling4 ,when some new ,ursa ,major shall arise who will not only give us an uniform1 harmonious system of orthography1 but such substantial reasons in favor of it as will satisfy the learned and confound all opponents1 we may yield to the general verdict4 ,but we are not at all on the lookout for such a contingency while our language is in the process of formation1 and expect to possess our ,worcester ,unabridged in peace for many long years to come4 ,the work has lxviii4#a1ghf pages quarto1 and is quite as full1 we believe1 as any other extant in the various tables1 grammatical and other information having a bearing on the main purpose of the volume4 ,the same publishers also issue ,worcester's ,comprehensive ,dictionary1 ,worcester's ,primary ,dictionary1 and ,a ,pocket ,dictionary1 compiled from the quarto and school dictionaries of ,j4 ,e4 ,worcester1 by ,loomis ,j4 ,campbell2 for those who desire inexpensive and portable manuals4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xix41 ,,no4 #aad4--,,september1 #ahgd4 ,matter4 ,,ii4 ,the activity displayed by matter in the production of natural phenomena is twofold1 viz41 attractive and repulsive2 and the question has been raised whether these two kinds of activity can reside in one and the same subject1 or1 owing to their opposite nature1 require separate subjects4 ,with regard to molecules1 it is quite certain1 though some have thought otherwise1 that in all ponderable bodies each molecule is in possession of both powers2 but with regard to the primitive elements which enter into the constitution of a molecule1 the question needs a special treatment1 as no direct evidence is supplied by experimental science for an affirmative more than for a negative solution1 and different views have been advanced which it is important to examine in the light of philosophical principles1 that we may ascertain which of them has the best claim to adoption both in philosophy and in molecular mechanics4 ,attractive and repulsive powers4 ,since it is well known that all the phenomena of the material order1 whether physical or chemical1 ultimately depend on attractions and repulsions1 we are compelled to admit the existence in nature of attractive and repulsive powers4 ,neither attractive powers alone nor repulsive powers alone would afford us a rational explanation of natural facts4 ,if the primitive elements of matter were all repulsive1 and nothing but repulsive1 then neither the cohesion of material particles nor the gravitation of bodies would be possible2 no solid and no liquid would exist2 and all matter from the very beginning of its existence would have vanished in a state of extreme attenuation through the immensity of space4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the primitive elements of matter were all attractive1 and nothing but attractive1 no expansive power would be found in nature2 for the expansion of bodies evidently depends on a repulsion prevailing between their molecules4 ,all solid and liquid bodies likewise proclaim the existence of repulsive powers by the resistance they oppose to compression4 ,this resistance shows that their molecules are endowed with powers whose exertion impedes their mutual approach as soon as they have reached a certain limit of distance4 ,it is plain that the power which impedes the approach under pressure must be a repulsive one4 ,thus both attractive and repulsive powers exist in nature4 ,but do they exist together in the same primitive element of matter8 ,boscovich answers in the affirmative2 but his answer is not supported by any cogent reason4 ,having found no other means of accounting for the impenetrability of bodies1 he assumed that every element of matter is so constituted as to be attractive at all great distances1 according to the law of universal attraction1 but that each element1 at molecular distances1 becomes repulsive in order to resist pressure1 and again attractive in order to exercise chemical affinity1 and then repulsive again1 these alternations going on a certain number of times1 till at last repulsivity alone prevails1 which indefinitely increases when the distance of two elements indefinitely diminishes4 ,yet this theory is by no means needed to account either for the impenetrability of bodies or for any other phenomenon2 as what ,boscovich ascribes to elements may be1 and is in fact1 a property of molecules--that is1 of a compound system of elements4 ,on the other hand1 the theory is unnaturally complex1 and the alternation of the attractive and repulsive exertions looks as unscientific as the epicycles of the old astronomers and other hypotheses once admitted as plausible1 and now superseded by a fuller knowledge of natural laws4 ,to a mind which examines the question of attractive and repulsive powers in the light of philosophy1 it must be evident that each primitive element of matter cannot possess them both4 ,if an element is attractive at any distance1 it must be attractive at all distances1 whether enormously great or indefinitely small2 likewise1 if an element is repulsive at any distance1 it must be repulsive at all distances4 ,this proposition can be proved as follows3 ,opposite actions cannot originate from one and the same simple principle when such a principle has no control over itself1 but acts by inherent necessity4 ,but in each primitive element of matter there is but one simple principle of activity1 which has no control over itself1 as it acts by inherent necessity4 ,and therefore no primitive element can be both attractive and repulsive1 but is either attractive at all distances or at all distances repulsive4 ,in this syllogism the major is evident4 ,an active principle which1 like the human soul1 can1 by immanent operations1 assume at pleasure different attitudes towards the term of its action1 and which masters the conditions and controls the intensity of its exertions1 may perhaps be considered competent to originate actions of opposite kinds47#aei7 ,but a being which is destitute of immanent operations1 and acts by an inherent necessity of its nature1 has no power to modify itself or to alter its intrinsic determination2 and its action is so ruled by its intrinsic determination that there is no chance of its being either transmuted into its opposite1 or even partially suspended4 ,now1 in a primitive being the principle of activity is nothing else than the simple act which formally determines its nature2 and it is plain that wherever there is one simple formal act1 there can be only one formal determination to act4 ,and consequently a simple principle of activity which has no immanent operations cannot be the source of two opposite kinds of actions4 ,bodies and their molecules1 on account of their physical composition1 contain as many distinct principles of activity as they contain physical components or elements2 hence we can easily account for their capability of originating opposite actions by admitting that among those elements some are attractive and others repulsive4 ,but in a primitive element it is impossible to admit of two opposite active principles2 for a primitive element is a being entitatively one1 having only one essential act1 and consequently only one active principle and one intrinsic determination to act4 ,it would therefore be absurd to expect from such an element actions of such an opposite nature as are attraction and repulsion4 ,for evidently1 to enable the element to display two opposite powers1 two opposite determinations would be necessary4 ,hence1 if the intrinsic determination enables the primitive element to attract1 such an element will always attract1 and never repel2 and if1 on the contrary1 the intrinsic determination enables the primitive element to repel1 such an element will always repel1 and never attract4 ,in other terms1 the attractive and the repulsive power cannot coexist in the same primitive element4 ,this conclusion1 which affords the only possible basis for the speculations of molecular mechanics1 is one of those which mere scientists cannot reach through their empirical and inductive method2 but its truth is not less certain for that2 it is rather all the more certain1 as it is not founded on accidental facts1 but on the unchangeable nature of things and the transcendental relation of the principles involved in the constitution of real beings4 ,our proposition may be confirmed by reflecting that the change of attraction into repulsion1 according to ,boscovich1 would depend on the diminution of the distance between the agent and the patient4 ,now1 this view is inadmissible4 ,for a change of distance1 though necessarily accompanied by a change in the intensity of the action1 cannot exercise any influence on the specific nature of the action4 ,the intensity of the action is an accidental thing1 and can change without in the least interfering with the nature of the agent2 and for this reason it can1 and must1 depend on distance as a condition implied in the exercise of the active power4 ,but the nature of the action always follows the nature of the substance from which it proceeds4 ,now1 a change of distance does not change the nature of the substance4 ,and accordingly the nature of the action must remain the same1 even though the distance be indefinitely diminished4 ,moreover1 if there were any distance at which the action of a primitive element could change from attractive to repulsive1 evidently the element1 at such a distance1 would be unable to exercise either attraction or repulsion1 as ,boscovich concedes2 and therefore1 at such a distance1 the material element would have no activity4 ,we may1 then1 ask3 ,whence does the attractive power emanate which is to have uncontrolled sway at all greater distances8 ,does it emanate from any point of space outside the element8 ,then it would not be the active power of the element1 as it would have nothing to do with it4 ,on the other hand1 it is obvious that if it emanates from the element1 it does not end at a distance from it4 ,for1 since the active power is really identical with the formal principle from which the primitive element receives its nature1 it is as necessary for the elementary power to reach the very centre of the element as it is for the form to be intrinsically terminated to its matter4 ,whence it follows that the elementary power of attraction1 which prevails at all great distances1 must emanate from the very centre of the element4 ,but if so1 why shall it not prevail up to that very centre8 ,is it1 forsooth1 because in the neighborhood of the centre an opposite principle prevails8 ,were this the case1 the same primitive being would have two formal acts1 and it would be two beings and two natures2 which is an evident contradiction4 ,as long1 therefore1 as we adhere to the fundamental doctrine that a primitive being cannot have more than one simple principle of activity1 we must admit that a primitive element1 if attractive at any distance1 is attractive at all molecular distances1 and1 if repulsive at molecular distances1 is repulsive at all distances4 ,against the existence of attractive and repulsive powers in distinct primitive elements some objections now and then have been made4 ,it has been said1 first1 that what we call repulsion is only a result of certain vortical movements of the ether all around the molecules of ponderable bodies4 ,this objection is based on a false supposition4 ,we have already shown that the arbitrary theory of the vortices fails altogether to explain the great phenomenon of universal attraction2 and we may easily show that it fails as completely in regard to molecular repulsion4 ,in fact1 the centrifugal forces which are developed by vortical movements1 and which in this theory are assumed as the cause of the phenomena of molecular resistances1 are not active powers4 ,they are components of the vortical movements1 and nothing more2 that is to say1 they do not efficiently produce movements1 but are the formal principles of movements already produced4 ,to ascribe to them the molecular resistances and the impenetrability of bodies is1 therefore1 to admit the effect without the cause4 ,secondly1 some authors object that the resistance called into play by pressure is not a real action1 and requires no efficient repulsive powers4 ,they consider it1 according to the vulgar prejudice1 as a merely passive resistance2 for they imagine that a body1 when pressed or impinged on1 resists the progress of the obtruding body by its own inert matter1 which with its materiality obstructs the way onward4 ,this old explanation is still popular with the great mass of the uninstructed1 but is scientifically and philosophically worthless4 ,for whatever causes a real change really acts2 now1 a body resisting the advance of another body causes a real change in the rate of its movement2 therefore a body resisting the advance of another body really acts4 ,its resistance is therefore active1 and not passive2 that is1 it consists in an exertion of repulsive power1 and not in a material obstruction of the path4 ,hence what physicists call 8force of inertia0 is not a passive resistance proceeding from the inertia of matter1 but an active exertion of the molecular powers1 and has been so called only because1 all other things being equal1 its intensity is proportional to the mass of the inert body47#afj7 ,evidently1 inertia itself cannot resist or check the advance of an impinging body4 ,nothing but a positive action can do it2 for nothing but a positive action can communicate to the advancing body that impetus in the opposite direction which alone is competent to neutralize the impetus of the advance4 ,physicists know this very well1 though many of them1 owing to the difficulty of analyzing and expressing certain things with philosophical accuracy1 do not always use1 in this particular1 a very correct language--a thing which1 after all1 must not surprise us1 as one can be well read in physics without necessarily being a profound philosopher4 ,the third objection is aimed at our argument against ,boscovich's theory1 in which we have said that attraction and repulsion are actions of opposite kinds4 ,boscovich1 on the contrary1 maintains that attraction and repulsion differ only as the greater from the less1 and therefore cannot be considered as actions of a different kind4 ,he says3 8,both actions are of the same kind2 for the one1 as compared with the other1 is negative2 and negative things do not differ in kind from positive ones4 ,that the one1 as compared with the other1 is negative1 is evident from this3 that they differ only in direction4 ,that the negative and the positive belong to the same kind is evident from the principle1 ,more and less do not differ in kind4 ,in fact1 from the positive1 by a continued subtraction or diminution1 we obtain first some smaller positive quantities1 then zero1 and lastly1 if we still go on in our subtraction1 negative quantities407#afa7 ,this argument1 notwithstanding its speciousness1 is not difficult to upset4 ,it is not true1 in the first place1 that attraction and repulsion differ only in direction2 on the contrary1 they differ in everything except in direction4 ,two points ,a and ,b being given1 there is only one direction from ,a to 99,b991 whether ,a be attractive or repulsive4 ,if ,a is attractive1 its attraction is directed from ,a to ,b2 and if ,a is repulsive1 its repulsion is no less directed from ,a to ,b4 ,this is quite evident1 as the action must in all cases proceed from the agent to the patient4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the two actions must have the same direction4 ,the movements of ,b will indeed have opposite directions1 according as ,b is attracted or repelled2 but this does not show that the actions themselves have opposite directions2 it shows1 on the contrary1 that those actions1 though directed in the same manner from ,a to ,b1 are of a different nature1 and proceed from opposite principles4 ,and this conclusion may be confirmed by remarking that the direction is always from a point to a point1 or from matter to matter2 and consequently it is not the active power or the action1 but only the position of the material centres1 that can determine any direction4 ,accordingly1 so long as such a position is not inverted1 it is impossible to conceive two opposite directions from ,a to ,b4 ,it is therefore evidently false that attraction and repulsion differ in direction4 ,it is not true1 in the second place1 that attraction and repulsion differ only as the positive differs from the negative1 or the greater from the less4 ,in the mathematical expression of mechanical relations1 if we consider a movement as positive1 the movement which points to an opposite direction must1 of course1 be affected by the negative sign4 ,the same we must do with regard to forces and actions2 for we estimate the actions by the movements which they produce1 and we express them only in terms of movement--that is1 by their effects4 ,but this does not mean that there is either any movement or any action absolutely negative2 for a negative movement would be no movement1 and a negative action no action4 ,it is in a relative and conventional sense only that movements are considered as positive or negative2 and1 moreover1 either of the two opposite movements can be assumed as positive or as negative1 at will2 which shows very clearly that the negative and the positive do not differ in this case as the greater differs from the less1 as ,boscovich assumes2 for either of the two can1 at pleasure1 be taken as positive1 whereas it would be absurd to pretend that either of the two can1 at pleasure1 be pronounced to be the greater4 ,thus1 when a stone is thrown up vertically1 and abandoned to itself1 if its ascent is taken as positive1 its descent will be considered as negative4 ,now1 according to ,boscovich's reasoning1 we should infer that the ascent is greater than the descent1 though they are evidently equal4 ,and in the same manner1 if the ascent is taken as negative 7which nothing forbids71 the descent must be taken as positive2 whence1 according to ,boscovich1 we ought to infer also that the descent is greater than the ascent4 ,any argument which leads to such glaring contradictions must be radically false4 ,and therefore it is false that attraction and repulsion differ from one another as the greater from the less4 ,it might be urged1 as a fourth objection1 that if an attractive and a repulsive power differ in kind1 then a repulsive element and an attractive element will be two kinds of material substance2 which is inadmissible4 ,for we cannot admit two kinds of primitive material beings essentially different1 as the essence of matter must be the same in all the elements4 ,to this we answer that although there are two kinds of elements1 there are not two kinds of matter4 ,in other terms1 an attractive element differs from a repulsive one as to the principle of action1 but not as to the matter itself4 ,in fact1 the essence of a material being as such requires nothing more than a form giving existence to matter2 hence1 wherever there is a form giving existence to matter1 there also is the essence of matter4 ,now1 matter is as much and as completely actuated by a form or act which is a principle of attraction as by a form or act which is a principle of repulsion4 ,for the actuation of the matter by its form is not efficient1 but formal2 and its result is not to approach by attraction or to recede by repulsion1 but to be simply and absolutely2 so that neither attractivity nor repulsivity has any bearing on the essential constitution of a material element as such--that is1 inasmuch as it is material4 ,accordingly1 two elements of opposite natures differ in kind as agents1 but not as material beings2 and thus the essence of matter as such remains one and the same in all the elements4 ,matter1 as we have already shown1 is the centre of a sphere of activity2 and it is evident that1 by this activity of an attractive or of a repulsive nature1 the centre remains a centre1 and the sphere a sphere1 without the least alteration4 ,gold and ivory differ in kind2 but a sphere of ivory and a sphere of gold do not differ in kind as spheres1 and their centres do not differ in kind as centres4 ,in a like manner the sphere of activity of an attractive element does not differ from the sphere of activity of a repulsive element1 nor the centre of the one from the centre of the other4 ,and therefore two elements1 however different in their nature as agents1 do not cease to be of the same kind as material4 ,their form is different1 but informs equally1 and their matter is exactly the same4 ,we have stated that ,boscovich was led to admit two opposite powers in the same element1 because he thought this to be the only means of accounting for the impenetrability of bodies4 ,we observe that1 although the impenetrability of bodies peremptorily proves the existence of repulsive powers1 it by no means proves that the repulsive power coexists with the attractive in the same primitive element4 ,hence ,boscovich's inference is not legitimate4 ,molecules1 as we have already remarked1 may possess both powers1 as their composition involves a great number of elements1 which can be of different natures4 ,and this suffices to explain the impenetrability of bodies1 and all other properties dependent on molecular actions1 without need of arbitrary hypotheses4 ,a last objection against the doctrine we have established might be drawn from the difficulty of reconciling the existence of repulsive elements with universal attraction2 for if we admit that repulsion can be exercised at astronomical distances1 it will be difficult to see how the celestial bodies can attract one another in the direct ratio of their masses1 as the law of attraction requires4 ,the answer is obvious4 ,if all matter were repulsive1 universal repulsion would be the consequence4 ,but if bodies are made up partly of attractive and partly of repulsive elements1 then will either universal repulsion or universal attraction prevail1 according as the number and power of the repulsive elements is greater or smaller than that of the attractive ones4 ,hence1 from the fact that in the solar system and elsewhere attraction prevails1 it follows1 indeed1 that the attractive powers are the stronger1 but it does not follow that they are the whole stuff of which bodies are compounded4 ,as to the law of attraction in the direct ratio of the masses1 a distinction is to be made4 ,the law is certainly true if by masses we mean the masses acted on2 not so1 however1 if for the masses acted on we substitute the masses of the attracting bodies4 ,the fact of universal attraction shows that two planets1 all other things being equal1 must be attracted by the sun in the direct ratio of their masses4 ,this is an established truth4 ,but to say that1 all other things being equal1 the sun and the earth would attract the moon in the direct ratio of their absolute masses1 is to assume what no fact whatever gives us the right to assert4 ,physicists very commonly admit this second assumption1 and consider it a part of the law of attraction2 but they would be not a little embarrassed were they required to undertake its demonstration4 ,they take for granted that all the particles of matter are equally and uniformly attractive4 ,now1 this assumption has never been established by facts2 it simply arises from an unlawful generalization--that is1 from the extension of the law of kinetic forces to dynamical actions4 ,the momenta of two bodies animated by equal velocities are proportional to the masses of the same bodies2 but nothing justifies the inference that therefore the attractive powers must be proportional to the masses4 ,indeed1 it is scarcely possible to believe that equal masses of lead1 iron1 and zinc possess equal powers4 ,their properties are1 in fact1 so different that we cannot assume their constitution to be the result of an assemblage of equal powers4 ,hence we maintain that1 unless two bodies have the same molecular constitution1 their attractions cannot be proportional to their masses47#afb7 ,universal attraction being also proportional to the inverse squares of the distances1 as we are going to show1 we may add that the existence of repulsive elements in the sun and in the planets by no means interferes with this law4 ,in fact1 the total action of one celestial body on another1 on account of the great distance at which the law of universal attraction is applied1 equals the algebraic sum of all the actions by which one body makes an impression upon the other4 ,hence1 if all the elements of which the body consists1 whether they be attractive or repulsive1 act proportionally to the inverse square of the distance1 it is evident that the resultant of all such actions will also be proportional to the inverse square of the distance1 whenever the form of the body is spherical1 or nearly so1 as is the case with the celestial bodies4 ,and thus it is plain that no valid objection can be drawn from universal attraction against the existence of repulsive elements4 ,law of elementary actions4 ,we have now to establish the general law of elementary attraction and repulsion4 ,we hold that the actions of every primitive element are always inversely proportional to the squares of the distances1 no matter whether such distances be great or small1 astronomical or molecular4 ,this proposition can be briefly proved in the following manner3 ,astronomy teaches us that the ,newtonian law1 according to which the actions are inversely proportional to the squares of the distances1 is true for all the celestial bodies4 ,now1 the total action of one celestial body upon another is a resultant of elementary actions1 and arises from the algebraic sum of them all4 ,hence it follows that every element of matter1 when acting from certain distances1 obeys the ,newtonian law2 for it is evident1 from the theory of the composition of forces1 that the sum of the elementary actions cannot follow the ,newtonian law unless these actions themselves follow it4 ,but if the law is true in the case of astronomical distances1 it must be true also in the case of microscopical and molecular distances4 ,for as a primitive element cannot have two laws of action1 so neither can it follow at molecular distances any other law than that which it follows at all other distances4 ,that a primitive element cannot have two different laws of action will be manifest by considering that the law which an element obeys in its actions results from the intrinsic determination of its nature--that is1 from its formal constitution--inasmuch as the principle of action is1 in every primitive substance1 the formal principle of its very being3 ,principium essendi est principium operandi4 ,now1 a primitive element has but one formal principle of being2 for it is entitatively one1 and therefore it has but one formal determination to act1 which1 as resulting from its essential constitution1 is unchangeable and inviolable4 ,but it is evident that from one formal determination to act only one law of action can possibly result4 ,two laws would be two formal results1 and would require two formal principles giving two different determinations4 ,accordingly1 since each primitive element has but one formal principle1 it cannot have two laws of action4 ,and therefore the ,newtonian law1 which primitive elements follow at astronomical distances1 must prevail also at all other distances4 ,let the reader observe that this conclusion regards the action of primitive elements1 not the action of molecules4 ,that molecular actions at molecular distances are not inversely proportional to the square of the distance is a known fact4 ,molecular cohesion1 for instance1 is immensely greater than it could possibly be by the ,newtonian law2 so also molecular repulsion4 ,this is what prevented physicists from recognizing the applicability of the ,newtonian law at molecular distances4 ,as long as the primitive elements were confounded1 under the name of atoms1 with the molecules of the socalled primitive bodies1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 carbon1 etc41 it was impossible to recognize in the molecular actions any trace of the ,newtonian law2 hence came the division of attraction into universal and molecular1 the first following a known law1 the second following some other law or laws which physicists could never discover4 ,their embarrassment was a necessary consequence of an incomplete analysis of the material compound4 ,the molecule of a given substance1 though often called an atom1 is a system of primitive elements2 and elements acting according to the ,newtonian law can give rise to molecular systems which1 at very small distances1 will act according to any other law that may be indicated by molecular phenomena4 ,this other law depends entirely on the number1 kind1 strength1 and geometrical arrangement of the primitive elements which enter into the constitution of the molecule2 and since molecules of different primitive substances are very differently constituted1 every kind of molecule must have its own peculiar law of acting at molecular distances--a fact on which the scientific explanation of the different physical and chemical properties of different substances entirely depends4 ,hence it is clear that all the attempts at finding a general law of molecular attraction were1 from the very nature of the case1 destined to fail4 ,the only general law of action which all matter obeys is the ,newtonian law2 and what was once considered to form an exception to it is now acknowledged to be the result of its application to a complex system of attractive and repulsive elements4 ,from the fact that the actions of all elements are proportional to the inverse squares of the distances1 it follows that the sphere of activity of material elements extends beyond any assignable limit4 ,the intensity of the action cannot1 in fact1 become #j unless the distance becomes infinite4 ,the objections to which this corollary of the ,newtonian law may give rise will be answered in our next article1 where all the difficulties concerning the actio in distans will be solved4 ,mode of action4 ,a last question remains here to be examined respecting the action of primitive material elements--viz41 whether such an action needs a medium through which it may be transmitted and communicated to distant bodies1 or whether1 on the contrary1 it is exerted upon them directly without dependence on any material medium4 ,in answering this question we must be careful not to confound action with movement4 ,movement1 though not properly transmitted1 is propagated1 as we shall explain2 and this cannot take place where there is no movable matter4 ,those who are wont to identify movement with force1 and force with action1 as is unfortunately the fashion even in scientific treatises1 will no doubt imagine that actions must be transmitted or propagated through a material medium1 just as sound through air1 or as light through luminiferous ether4 ,but action is not movement2 and therefore the question how elementary actions--that is1 how attractions or repulsions--reach distant bodies has to be resolved on its own merit1 as one altogether distinct from the question about the propagation of movement4 ,this premised1 we are going to show that the elementary actions are independent of all material medium of communication4 ,in the first place1 there is no reason why we should assume that the elementary action 7attraction or repulsion7 depends on a medium of communication1 except inasmuch as we may apprehend that the action itself1 or the active power whence it proceeds1 is in need of being transmitted to some matter located at a certain distance4 ,but neither the elementary power nor the elementary action can be transmitted to the distant matter4 ,and therefore neither the power nor the action can be dependent on a medium of communication4 ,in this syllogism the major is evident2 and the minor can be proved in two manners3 ,first1 because the power and the action are1 of their own nature1 intransmissible4 ,secondly1 because1 prescinding from their intransmissibility1 no medium can be assigned which would be capable of transmitting them4 ,and as to the first1 we know that nothing can be transmitted to a distant place except by local movement2 but neither the active power nor the elementary action is capable of receiving local movement2 for there is no other subject capable of local movement than matter alone1 on account of its passive potentiality4 ,hence neither power nor action can be transmitted4 ,and in the second place1 even were they transmissible1 what medium could be found for their transmission8 ,if any such medium could be found1 it would consist of some matter like ether or air1 this being the view of those who admit the necessity of such a medium4 ,on the other hand1 a material substance is not a suitable medium for transmitting action or power4 ,for whenever an active power is exerted upon matter1 the result of the exertion is nothing but a determination to a change of place2 as it is well known that matter cannot receive any other determination4 ,and therefore it is not the power that is received in the matter acted on1 but only the act produced by its exertion1 which act is otherwise called a momentum either statical or dynamical4 ,strictly speaking1 not even the action itself is received in the matter1 although we are wont to tolerate such an expression2 for the action properly so called is the production of an act1 and the matter receives1 indeed1 the act produced1 but not its production4 ,and thus the action1 properly speaking1 is terminated to the matter1 and not received in it4 ,hence we see that neither the power of the agent nor its exertion is received in the matter acted on2 it is merely the produced accidental act1 or1 in other terms1 the momentum1 that is received4 ,but evidently matter cannot transmit what it does not receive4 ,and therefore matter cannot be a medium for transmitting either power or action4 ,whether it can transmit movement we shall examine at the end of the present question4 ,this argument would suffice to show that elementary actions are quite independent of a material medium4 ,yet as the prejudice against which we are fighting is ancient1 popular1 and deeply rooted1 we think it will not be superfluous to confirm our proof by a few other considerations4 ,those who maintain the transmission of forces admit a material medium1 in which1 by successive contact of particles with particles1 the transmission of the force to a distant body is supposed to be carried on4 ,by the word 8force0 they understand action as well as movement4 ,now1 let us ask them whether the particles of their material medium come into mathematical contact or not4 ,if they do not come into mathematical contact1 then the action is not transmitted by the medium from one particle to another1 for there will be a vacuum between them2 and vacuum is not a material medium4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the particles come into mathematical contact with their own matter1 then1 as we have already shown in our past article1 they cannot by such a contact communicate any movement to each other2 and since the transmission in question should be carried on by successive communications of movement1 it is plain that no such transmission will be possible4 ,and accordingly the theory of the transmission of actions through a medium must be rejected4 ,moreover1 elementary actions are either attractive or repulsive1 and neither of them can be conceived without intensity and direction4 ,now1 no direction is possible unless there be two points distinctly ubicated in space4 ,and therefore the action1 no matter whether attractive or repulsive1 cannot reach any material point which is not distant from the matter of the agent4 ,but if so1 the action is independent of a medium of communication2 for the material medium1 if it were needed1 should lie between the agent and the patient in such a manner as to link them together1 and fill by its material continuity the gap by which they are separated2 and if this were the case1 the medium could not be set in motion1 as its contact with the agent would exclude distance1 and consequently the possibility of any direction from the agent to the medium itself4 ,some will say that this argument proves nothing1 as the direction of the action can be sufficiently accounted for by the direction of the impulse4 ,but this conclusion is evidently wrong4 ,for what impulse can they imagine to proceed from the sun to the moon8 ,uncultivated minds are easily deluded by unlawful generalizations4 ,they apply to all actions what they imagine to agree with some special phenomenon2 and because they see that in the case of impact there is an impulse in a certain direction1 they hastily conclude that the direction of every action depends on the direction of some impulse4 ,we may remark that1 even in the case of impact1 it is not safe to conclude that the direction of the movement will follow the direction of the impulse1 unless the impulse be central1 and the body impinged upon homogeneous4 ,but leaving aside the theory of impact1 which has nothing to do with the present question1 what impulse can explain the continuous resistance of a body to statical forces8 ,what impulse can account for the expansive tendency of gases1 and for their continuous pressure against the recipients in which they are contained8 ,what impulse1 above all1 can account for universal attraction8 ,we have mentioned this objection1 not because it needed any scientific or philosophical discussion1 but simply because it is one of those notions to which the prejudices of our infancy give easy admittance into our minds when we allow ourselves to be guided1 as is often the case1 by our senses and imagination1 in matters pertaining in great part to the intellectual order4 ,our mistakes in the appreciation of the character and conditions of natural facts most ordinarily originate in the unwarranted assumption that1 since the facts are sensible1 our knowledge of them must wholly depend on our senses2 whilst the truth is that our senses perceive the movements1 but not the actions which cause them1 and therefore do not see the entirety of the natural facts1 but that portion only which is most superficial4 8,a fundamental fact1 like an elementary principle1 never fails us10 says ,m4 ,faraday1 speaking of natural philosophy2 8its evidence is always true2 but1 on the other hand1 we frequently have to ask1 ,what is the fact8 often fail in distinguishing it--often fail in the very statement of it--and mostly overpass or come short of its true recognition4 ,if we are subject to mistake in the interpretation of our mere sense impressions1 we are much more liable to error when we proceed to deduce from these impressions 7as supplied to us by our ordinary experience7 the relation of cause and effect2 and the accuracy of our judgment1 consequently1 is more endangered407#afc7 ,and now1 let no one imagine that we have any intention of denying the existence of a material medium between the celestial bodies4 ,we only deny that there is a medium for transmitting actions4 ,again1 we do not deny that when the earth1 for instance1 acts upon the moon1 the elements of matter lying between the earth and the moon exert their activity on one another4 ,but we maintain that their actions are their own1 and proceed from their own intrinsic and permanent power1 and not from any extrinsic agent1 and that such actions are not travelling from element to element till they reach the moon4 ,neither do we deny that the elements located between the earth and the moon are also acted on1 for it is clear that gravity must tend to alter their position in space2 but we hold that the whole possible effect of gravity on all such elements is movement1 and that movement is a mere change of place1 and not a transmission of the action by which it is produced4 ,how the movements themselves are communicated from element to element we shall explain presently4 ,meanwhile1 from the fact that the elementary actions are independent of all material medium of communication1 we infer that bodies1 in attracting and in repelling1 act with equal promptitude1 and without loss of time1 whether the distance of the body acted on be great or small4 ,time1 in fact1 follows movement2 for without movement there is no succession4 ,now1 the action of a body does not reach the distant body through movement--that is1 through successive transmission2 on the contrary1 each element is1 of its own nature1 determined to act directly and immediately on every other element existing in the indefinite sphere of its activity4 ,hence a body will indeed act with a greater intensity at a less distance1 but will not act sooner than at a greater distance4 ,there have been scientists who surmised that the solar attraction may perhaps need time for reaching the earth and the planets1 and therefore that the attraction may reach ,mercury in a shorter time than ,jupiter or ,neptune4 ,from what precedes it is manifest that the surmise is wholly without foundation4 ,light needs time for its propagation1 because it consists in a kind of movement2 but attraction1 as we have just remarked1 is not movement1 and therefore is not dependent on time4 ,propagation of movements4 ,we have shown that there is no material medium for the transmission of forces1 if the word 8forces0 is taken to mean 8actions02 but if the word is intended to express 8movements10 then the material medium is quite indispensable4 ,we read very frequently in scientific books that actions are transmitted2 but as this is not true of the actions themselves1 we must suppose that the phrase is intended to express only the fact of a progressive development of the effects resulting from those actions4 ,in the same way1 when we read that actions are conveyed through a material medium1 we interpret this expression as meaning that a material medium is strictly required for the progressive development of the series of effects due to such actions4 ,we will explain the fact by an example4 ,if1 a mass of air being at rest1 a string is stretched in order to elicit sound1 the vibrations of the string will be communicated to the neighboring molecules of air by the action 7not by the movement7 of the string itself2 these first molecules1 being thrust out of their position of equilibrium1 will1 by their action 7that is1 by the exertion of a power residing in each of their component elements1 not of a power coming from the string1 nor by their movement1 nor by transmitted action71 put in movement a following set of molecules1 and so on indefinitely2 so that1 in the whole series of molecular vibrations1 each preceding molecule causes the motion of the following one1 and causes it by the exertion of its own powers1 not of any power transmitted4 ,it is evident that the string cannot give activity to the molecules of air4 ,these molecules1 whether the string vibrates or not1 have already their own activity and their own mutual action2 only their actions balance each other as long as the mass of air is at rest4 ,but when the string begins to vibrate1 the equilibrium being broken near it1 those molecules of air which first cease to be in equilibrium begin to act on the following molecules with a different intensity1 according to the change of the molecular distance4 ,thus the movement by which the distance is altered is not the cause1 but the condition1 of the phenomenon4 ,what we say of air and sound applies to any other medium1 as ether with its vibrations1 whether luminous or calorific4 ,the molecules of ether have their own powers1 and exert them continually1 whether there exists a flame determining a series of vibrations or not2 but with the flame the first molecules of ether which are displaced from their position of equilibrium will acquire a new local relation with regard to the following1 and their actions will be of a new intensity1 sufficient to cause the displacement of the next set of molecules1 and so on4 ,the flame1 then1 causes the displacement of the first set of molecules2 the first set displaced causes the displacement of the second2 the second displaced causes the displacement of the third1 etc42 each set producing its own effect by its own inherent powers1 not by the exertion of any power communicated to them by the flame1 and their displacement being not a cause1 but only a condition1 on which the intensity of the exertion depends4 ,hence it appears that in phenomena of this description it is not the action1 and much less the power1 that is transmitted1 but only the movement1 or the formal perturbation of the equilibrium2 and even the movement is not properly transmitted1 but only propagated2 because the movement of each following molecule is not the identical movement of each preceding one1 but is a movement really produced in the very impact of the one on the other1 as our reader must have easily gathered from our preceding discussion4 ,and therefore one movement succeeds another indefinitely1 the one being a condition for the existence of the other2 which constitutes propagation1 not properly transmission4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,antar ,and ,zara2 ,or1 8,the ,only ,true ,lovers40 ,v4 ,an ,eastern ,romance ,narrated ,in ,songs4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,part ,v4 ,they ,sang4 ,i4 ,sudden1 in golden arms he came3 ,i stood begirt with maiden bands3 ,sudden he came1 all bright like flame2 ,upon my head he laid his hands4 8,this day past victories ,i disown3 ,this day ,i seek the battlefield ,a stranger chief1 a knight unknown1 ,without a blazon on my shield40 8,not man1 but ,he the worlds who made1 ,my hope shall frustrate or approve0-- ,i only bent my knee1 and said1 8,victor or vanquished1 thee ,i love40 ,,ii4 ,they set me on a milkwhite horse2 ,our household tribe around me trod2 ,like rivers down a rocky course1 ,on rushed the warriors vowed to ,god4 ,i rode1 the victor's destined prize1 ,last stake when hope was all but gone3 ,the flashes from a virgin's eyes ,like music swept the warriors on6 ',twas theirs their maid elect to guard1 ,the direful battle's gentle guest3 ',twas mine to watch1 inspire1 reward2 ,to honor all--to crown the best4 ,but who that stranger chief from far ,that like some brave ship tempesttossed ,bore on o'er all the waves of war2 ,redeemed a battle all but lost8 ,i knew4 ,the victor's crown ,i dropp'd ,upon thy brows1 my future lord3 ,that night thou satt'st--,o boon unhoped-- ,the first time by my father's board6 ,,iii4 ,the victory ours1 the feasting o'er1 ,the nameless victor gazed around2 8,emir6 ,i claim the prize of war1 ,thy daughter's hand40 ,my father frowned4 8,uplift her in thine arms10 he said2 8,then scale yon hillside smooth and dry3 ,this done1 my daughter thou shalt wed3 ,to halt--forget not--is to die40 ,i stood3 my beating heart cried out1 8,thou canst not fail60 ,that cry he heard3 ,he raised me 'mid the warriors' shout2 ,forward he rushed without a word4 ,his breath came quick3 his brows grew dark3 8,my brother1 lover1 friend10 ,i cried3 ,he reeled3 his eyes were stiff and stark3 ,i wept1 8,this day thou winn'st thy bride60 ,he fell--but on the summit won1 ,amid the vast and wide acclaim3 ,he lay1 a dead man1 in the sun3 ,i kissed his lips1 and felt no shame4 ,round him the warriors stood amazed2 ,his love--'twas that brought back his life3 ,down on him long my father gazed1 ,then spake1 8,my son1 behold thy wife60 ,,iv4 ,on carpets heaped my mother sate3 ,i sate1 ,i nestled on her knee2 ,we heard a murmur round the gate3 ,my mantle1 purple as the sea1 ,i drew about my little feet1 ,and nearer sought my mother's breast3 ,he came2 she spake1 not slow to greet ,with courteous words the victorguest4 ,slowly my veil my mother's hands ,lifted1 to boast the battle's prize2-- 8,prince6 thou would'st give thy life and lands1 ,if ,i but raised it to her eyes60 ,v4 ,i knew thee well when first we met2 ,i knew thee well when seldom seen2 ,when we had parted1 plainlier yet ,i read thy nature--nay1 thy mien4 ,thine earliest glance my tremors stayed2 ,then softly1 and by slow degrees1 ,with thee my confidence ,i made1 ,and1 pleased1 discovered ,i could please4 ,but now that we are drawn so near1 ,i lose thee in thine own fair light2 ,vanish the outlines once so clear3-- ,i know thee more by faith than sight4 ,,vi4 ,upon my shoulder1 lightly as a bird1 ,her white hand lit3 then back she fled1 afraid2 ,beside my seat once more she stood1 nor stirred1 ,but loosed her hair1 and round me dropped its shade4 ,down to my feet it fell--a sudden night3 ,she spake1 8,thy darkness and eclipse am ,i2 ,but thou my sunrise art1 and all my light2 ,still to weak things love grants the victory40 ,more dulcet than the viol rang her laugh2 ,low laughed her mother2 laughed her nurse full loud3 8,not thee ,i fear10 she cried1 indignant half1 ,and kissed1 methought1 the head o'er which she bowed4 ,,vii4 ,my ,lyre reproved my childish mirth3 ,my ,lute1 remembering sad1 old years1 ,complained1 8,thy feet are yet on earth2 ,thou caroll'st in the vale of tears40 ,i hung my head3 ashamed ,i moved2 ,i answered soft with whispering voice1 8,o ,love6 'tis thou that stand'st reproved2 ,the fault is thine1 if ,i rejoice2 8,not less this covenant have ,i made3 ,i will not fold my hands in sleep ,till aid to those who cry for aid ,i stretch--have wept with them that weep40 ,,viii4 ,he sang1 8,i dreamed4 ,of thee1 all night1 one thought ,shone like a white flower on a darkling mere ,or like one star that flashes1 rapturefraught1 ,through one blue gulf of heaven serene1 and clear40 ,she sang1 8,i dreamed not3 happiest sleep is deep3 ,i woke as wakes the young bird in the woods2-- ,thy spirit must have hung above my sleep1 ,a bower balmbreathing from a thousand buds40 ,we strove in song2 we sang1 my love and ,i1 ,where laughed the streams1 and where the rock's broad breast ,echoed the untaught1 ecstatic harmony3 ,we warred in happy songs2 but hers was best4 ,,ix4 ,thou art not mine as ,i am thine3 ,as great1 or greater1 is thy love2 ,but loftier thoughts above thee shine1 ,and lordlier aims before thee move4 ,the hand now clasping mine--that hand ,let drop this hand to grasp the sword2 ,it hurled in ruin from our land ,the impostor ,prophet's sons abhorred4 ,manhood fell on thee with my tears ,at parting4 ,with a woman's joy ,i loved the warrior 'mid his peers-- ',twas girlish fancy loved the boy6 ,x4 ,mother of him ,i loved and love1 ,my mother too1 ere long1 to be6 ,with loving words his choice approve1 ,and take thy daughter to thy knee3 ,so shall mine eyes1 upgazing still1 ,thine eyes in filial reverence watch2 ,my hand be subject to thy will2 ,my heart from thine its greatness catch4 ,the young can learn1 and ,i am young ,and labor to be good and true-- ,tell her1 ,o thou that know'st6 ,i long ,to give her age its honors due4 ,,xi4 ,he sang1 8,upon the myrtle's silver stem ,thy name ,i carved4 ,henceforth that tree is mine60 ,lowlaughing 'neath her vinewrought anadem ,she sang1 8,thy name ,i graved upon the pine6 8,the slenderer hand the stronger bark subdued-- ,say1 is it lordlier1 bound and tamed to lead ,the forestmonarch from his sunburnt wood1 ,or snare some little bird that took no heed80 ,we sang in valleys where the spring flowers sprang ,to passionate life3 the eagle o'er us sailed3 ,down plunged the torrents1 and the gray cliffs rang3 ,we clashed our songs in war2 but hers prevailed4 ,,xii4 ,methought to thine my angel spake3-- ,near us he seemed1 and yet above-- 8,two children these6 their sport they take2 ,they teach each other how to love40 ,thine angel answered thus to mine3 8,when ,virtue1 perfected by pain1 ,has changed earthlove to love divine1 ,then1 stooping1 we will lift these twain 8,from this dull cave of mortal life ,lowroofed1 and dimly lit with spars1 ,to realms with love's whole glories rife1 ,and overvaulted by the stars1 8,where souls that love their ,god are one2 ,where ,he who made them is their joy3 ,play on--too young for love--play on6 ,your sports are sport of girl and boy60 ,,xiii4 ,two hands--they meet2 they part--'tis better so2 ,parted1 they meet to shape one coronal3 ,two feet--they meet2 they part1 now swift1 now slow ,they pace to music through one palace hall4 ,two eyes--they move in concord3 wanderers long1 ,at last they rest on one unmoving star3 ,two mouths1 in kisses met1 dispart in song-- ,sweet are our meetings2 sweet our partings are4 ,,xiv4 ,i come1 ,i go2 yet neither shall repine3 ,sad is the parting2 the return is sweet3 ,once more the battle with a voice divine ,decrees our severance4 ,soon once more we meet4 ,we part not1 save in seeming4 ,we are one1 ,in spirit one2 in spirit we rejoice2 ,two voices are we1 blent in unison1 ,two echoes of one mountainthrilling voice4 ,nearer we are than words1 than thought1 can reach2 ,nearer we shall be2 nearest1 met on high2 ,nearest as not belonging each to each1 ,but both to ,him--that ,love ,who cannot die4 ,the ,veil ,withdrawn4 ,translated1 ,by ,permission1 ,from ,the ,french ,of ,madame ,craven1 ,author ,of 8,a ,sister's ,story10 8,fleurange10 ,etc4 ,,xiii4 ,that evening we went to the opera1 the next night to the theatre2 then came invitations without number to a series of dinners1 matines1 and soires that succeeded each other without intermission4 ,i refrain from enumerating them1 for ,i am writing the history of my soul rather than my exterior life4 ,i will merely say1 therefore1 that after continuing this course several weeks1 ,i found myself in a most singular and unhappy frame of mind4 ,my thoughts1 imagination1 and whole mind became too much absorbed in the amusements and pleasures the young are often carried away with through curiosity and a superabundance of life and activity1 which might be satisfied more completely1 however1 and in a less dangerous way1 than by a career of pleasure1 the almost inevitable effect of which is to produce a kind of intoxication4 ,this intoxication overpowered me to a certain degree1 but it left me1 however1 the faculty of realizing the change that had come over me1 and ,i felt a painful desire to be what ,i once was4 ,i had no peace of mind4 ,i could not reflect or pray1 even in my short intervals of leisure1 and1 in order to avoid the irksomeness of solitude1 ,i gladly returned to the round of pleasure into which my husband liked to draw me4 ,i had1 it is true1 the double safeguard of his love for me and my indifference to any other admiration but his4 ,a vague uneasiness sometimes crossed my mind like an ominous cloud1 but ,i did not dream there could possibly be any danger for either of us in the enervating atmosphere of flattery and frivolity which we breathed more and more constantly4 ,lorenzo continued to hover around me in public1 or1 if he remained at a distance1 to watch me with an attention that was disagreeable because it seemed inexplicable4 ,nothing could have pleased me more than to have his eyes always meeting mine1 and to find him everywhere near enough to speak to2 but this was quite a different thing1 for1 even when ,i was not looking towards him1 ,i could feel his persistent eyes fastened on me1 and as soon as ,i raised my head he would turn away as if to avoid encountering my glance4 ,was it with love or pride that his eyes thus followed me8 ,was it not rather as if he expected to take me by surprise1 or was mistrustful of me8 ,when this doubt occurred to my mind1 ,i felt the blood rush to my face1 and love and pride revolt in my heart4 ,one day we were invited to a large dinnerparty in one of those magnificent houses in ,paris which have the now rare advantage of a fine garden4 ,it was past the season for full dress1 and ,i merely wore a white muslin trimmed with lace1 and a wreath of flowers whose colors harmonized with that perfect taste shown in everything at ,paris4 ,when ,i made my appearance1 the whole company united in exclaiming that my fresh toilet was wonderfully becoming4 ,perhaps they were right4 ,i was of an age that flowers suited better than jewels1 and my complexion could bear the light of day without any danger4 ,the days were now at their longest1 so1 in spite of the interminable length of a grand dinner1 the delicious twilight hour was not quite gone when we rose from the table1 and all issued forth through the windows into the garden4 ,if ever the sight of the green grass1 the leaves on the trees1 the perfume and brilliancy of the flowers1 and the varied hues of the sky as day declines1 are more attractive and grateful at one time than another1 it is certainly when contrasted with the stifling atmosphere1 the air impregnated with the odor of dishes1 and the brilliant artificial light1 at a grand dinner in midsummer4 ,therefore it was with inexpressible relief and an almost childlike joy ,i flew down the steps into the garden as soon as the master of the house left my movements free1 and strolled along the broad alley that divided the lawn1 inhaling with delight the freshness of the balmy air4444 ,my life of pleasure had never quenched the ardent love of solitude that sometimes came over me1 and ,i now longed to be alone4 ,i desired this the more because ,i felt uneasy about a new change in ,lorenzo's manner1 and wished to reflect undisturbed on the inference ,i should draw from it4 ,for the first time since our arrival at ,paris he had not1 to my knowledge1 watched one of my movements1 though ,i had received more flattery that day1 perhaps1 than ever before4444 ,during the dinner he appeared devoted to his neighbors--on one side1 a lady who was still beautiful1 though no longer in the bloom of youth2 and on the other1 a young gentleman with a thoughtful1 striking face1 who grew animated whenever ,lorenzo addressed him1 and seemed to reply with much interest4 ,i was told that the former was ,mme4 de ,b----1 the other the young ,count ,gilbert de ,kergy1 8a great traveller also10 added the master of the house1 beside whom ,i was seated4 8,and it was solely the hope of meeting the ,duca di ,valenzano that induced him to accept my invitation to dine with us today4 ,he does not care for the grand monde2 and when he returns from one of his extensive journeys1 he shuts himself up at home1 or plunges into the charitable world1 which is another grand monde little suspected by strangers who only come to ,paris for a time40 ,all this might perhaps have interested me at some other time1 but my mind was now occupied in trying to ascertain the reality of the change ,i had remarked4 ,it was now my turn to give sly glances towards the other side of the table1 but ,i did not once detect ,lorenzo looking towards me4 ,and yet it was not owing to the interest he took in the conversation4 ,how many times ,i had seen him apparently absorbed in conversation1 while a rapid glance of the eye convinced me he had been constantly attentive to every movement ,i made4 ,there was nothing of this kind today4 ,i knew him too well not to perceive the difference1 but ,i did not know what to think of it1 or if ,i had any reason to rejoice at it4 ,these thoughts beset me during the trifling conversation that varies the ennui of a large dinner1 and even prevented me from perceiving that our host was a gentleman of superior intelligence1 and profiting by it4 ,before leaving the table1 ,i stealthily turned my eyes once more in the direction they had so often taken within an hour4 ,it was evident that ,lorenzo did not trouble himself any more about me today than any other husband about his wife in public4 ,but this time ,i perceived his young neighbor looking at me rather attentively1 though with a look of seriousness almost amounting to austerity1 very different from the glances so often encountered in the world which always made me lower my eyes4 ,his inspired me with a kind of sympathy1 and did not give me the slightest embarrassment4 ,i had1 however1 no opportunity for reflection during my walk1 for ,i was almost immediately surrounded by friends1 and ,i soon turned back to hunt for ,lorenzo4 ,daylight was almost gone1 which made it difficult to recognize any one2 but at last ,i discovered him on the steps by means of his lofty stature and noble features1 which were distinctly defined against the light of the salon within4 ,near him sat his next neighbor at dinner1 holding a fan in her hand1 and talking in an animated manner4 ,lorenzo appeared to be listening without making any attempt to reply4 ,once or twice he turned his head towards the garden4 ,he was looking for me1 perhaps4444 ,it had now grown entirely too dark to distinguish any one around me4 ,i was standing motionless near a bench on which sat two or three gentlemen talking together4 8,mme4 de ,b---- looks almost as handsome as ever this evening10 said one of them4 8,one would really think she was trying to regain her ascendency64440 8,it would be very difficult1 however1 to supplant that lovely1 golden haired ,sicilian40 8,impossible1 certainly1 in the eyes of any other man2 but in those of her husband1 who knows80 ,this was one of those speeches that are always flying at random1 and striking the ear on every side in the world--speeches which one hears without listening to1 but which weaken the moral sense1 as physical diseases are produced by breathing dangerous miasmata too frequently4 ,since ,i had lived in this atmosphere many things of a similar nature had been said in my presence4 ,alas6 it was sufficient to hear ,lorenzo and ,lando's conversation to learn how far light words of this kind can go4 ,i therefore tried to attach no importance to the gossip ,i had thus accidentally overheard4 ,even if ,lorenzo did formerly pay homage to this now somewhat faded beauty1 why should ,i care8 ,that did not trouble me for the moment4 ,my only anxiety was to ascertain if his happening to meet her was the cause of the change ,i had observed1 or if ,i must seek some other4 ,in a word1 ought ,i to be anxious or to rejoice8 ,having escaped1 in the almost utter darkness1 from those who tried to detain me1 ,i was slowly advancing towards the steps when ,i suddenly met ,lorenzo4444 ,he was in search of me1 for he had on his arm my thin mantle of white cashmere1 which he wrapped around my shoulders4 ,i joyfully seized hold of his arm1 and said in a low tone3 8,pray do not go in yet1 ,lorenzo4 ,let us walk awhile in this beautiful covered alley40 ,he began to laugh4 8,that would be very sentimental10 said he1 8for people who are no longer in their honeymoon2 but no matter1 ,i consent4 ,honi soit qui mal y pense4 ,besides1 ,i see yonder an illuminated tent1 where1 ,i am told1 they are preparing a musical surprise for us4 ,let us go in that direction40 ,we walked a short distance without speaking4 ,there was nothing absolutely calculated to wound me in what he said1 but his light1 indifferent tone was not what ,i longed to hear4 ,amid all the excitement of fashionable society1 ,i felt that his love constituted the only happiness of my life2 and if ,i had supposed that to be the only cause of his vigilance and anxiety concerning me1 ,i should never have sought to escape from it4 ,but ,i had been doubtful about this1 and felt so still4 ,and ,i was too open1 too confiding1 and perhaps too petulant1 to remain in doubt any longer4 8,let us stop here1 ,lorenzo10 ,i said when we arrived at the end of the covered walk4 8,i see people coming this way4 ,we can follow them into the tent1 and it will be supposed we came with the crowd40 ,in fact1 a brilliant soire succeeded the dinner4 ,the salons and garden were filled with company4 ,the light from the tent extended to the place where we were standing1 though we were out of sight4 ,i sat down on a bench against a tree1 and ,lorenzo took a seat beside me4 8,i have a question to ask you10 said ,i suddenly4 8,promise to give me a sincere reply40 ,he seemed surprised4 ,he raised his eyebrows slightly1 and his smiling face became clouded4 8,i do not much like to be questioned1 ,ginevra1 ,i forewarn you40 8,but you always seem to like to have me answer your questions40 8,yes1 but without depending on it2 for ,i know how to question and obtain an answer without giving you the trouble to reply40 8,and is that why you look at me instead of speaking1 and your eyes are always following me so attentively80 ,he smiled1 and made no reply for a while4 8,perhaps that has been the cause of my doing so till today40 8,till today80 8,yes2 since you ask me1 ,i confess it without any hesitation4 ,love does not always1 among its privileges1 possess the faculty of seeing clearly4 ,therefore ,i have been mistrustful of mine1 and have not allowed it to influence me in the least in studying you40 ,i made a slight gesture of surprise4 8,listen1 ,ginevra4 ,one never knows what a young soldier is till his first battle4 ,neither can one tell what a young woman of your age is till she appears on the terrible battlefield of the fashionable world4 ,but if ,i have any faculty1 it is1 ,i believe1 that of not being deceived in a study of this kind4 ,be assured1 ,ginevra1 that from this time ,i shall watch you no more40 8,then1 ,lorenzo10 said ,i1 somewhat hurt1 8you really watched me through suspicion1 and all this time was necessary to convince you ,i am to be trusted80 8,i wished to see you under fire10 said he1 resuming his jesting tone4 8,do not complain of this1 ma belle ,ginevra4 ,you have come out of the trial victorious--victorious to such a degree that1 though ,i thought you more charming today than ever1 ,i have not once thought of watching you4 ,and yet10 continued he in a tone he tried to render playful1 but which was bitter in spite of himself1 8those flowers that are so becoming to you are not all calculated to reassure me40 ,and plucking a red carnation from my wreath1 he held it up before me with a smile that seemed cruel1 and was about to put it in his buttonhole when1 pale as death1 ,i snatched it from his hand1 and threw it as far as ,i could4 8,lorenzo60 ,i said in a trembling voice1 8you are ungenerous6444 and you are very unjust64440 ,i should have done better to say1 as well as think1 that he did not know what he was doing4 ,no2 he little knew what had taken place in my soul since the day he thus recalled1 which was so sanguinary1 so fatal in its results4 ,no2 he could not conceive the intolerable pain he gave me by thus suddenly reviving my regret1 my sorrow1 and my shame6444 ,he could read my heart to a certain extent1 but how far he was--alas6 how incapable he was--of penetrating to the bottom of my soul1 and fully comprehending1 or even suspecting1 the radical change which that one day had wrought in my nature4 ,he saw with surprise and alarm my agitation and the sudden paleness of my face1 and endeavored to calm me2 but ,i noticed he was at once anxious and annoyed about the emotion he had excited4 ,i made a violent effort to regain my selfcontrol1 and soon succeeded in allaying the throbbing of my heart4 ,but ,i felt as if an icy wind had crossed my path1 chilling too soon the opening flowers of my dawning happiness1 and causing them to droop their heads4 ,,xiv4 ,from that day ,lorenzo1 as he promised1 ceased to manifest any interest in what ,i did in society4 ,but this apparent confidence afforded me no pleasure4 ,i remained painfully wounded at what had passed between us4 ,i considered his suspicions even more humiliating than those of my father1 and began to feel that the fault ,i had so greatly deplored had not merited so long and cruel a chastisement4 ,moreover1 ,i was only relieved from the anxiety caused by his vigilance to experience another which was soon to increase and reveal to me at last my true destiny4 ,it did not1 in fact1 require a long time to discover that ,lorenzo's new attitude was sometimes less like confidence than indifference4 ,it frequently happened that ,i searched a long time for him in the different salons where we were accustomed to spend all our evenings1 without being able to find him4 ,one day ,i perceived him talking in a very animated manner with ,mme4 de ,b----1 and1 when ,i approached1 ,i fancied there was a slight expression of displeasure in his face1 which1 though promptly concealed1 was sufficient to cause me a painful sensation of embarrassment4 ,when we were alone1 however1 ,i found him unchanged4 ,his manner towards me had lost nothing of its charm2 he seemed as affectionate as ever1 and yet an invisible barrier had risen between us1 which was constantly increasing1 and ,i began to experience a feeling of solitude that was especially painful in society1 but from which ,i was nowhere completely exempt4 ,but the success of my first appearance in the world had now given way to that of fashion4 ,the arrival of some foreign prince1 whose name ,i no longer remember1 prolonged the gay season at ,paris this year1 and one reunion succeeded another as if it were carnival time4 ,there was not one to which ,i was not invited1 and1 though an undeniable need of rest began to overpower the feverish activity that for some time had come over me1 ,i was unable to stop1 for ,i began to perceive that a quiet1 tranquil life was insupportable to ,lorenzo unless in his studio4 ,out of that1 he wished to be incessantly in motion1 and1 as he could not now seriously resume his artist life1 he gave himself up entirely to that of the world1 and was not yet indifferent to the pleasure of having me accompany him4 ,it was therefore impossible for me to extricate myself from the giddy round of which ,i had grown so weary1 and ,i sometimes envied those who were satisfied with the mere pleasure of attracting attention4 ,i felt astonished then1 and ,i still am1 at the wonderful part played by vanity in these gayeties1 which are so different to those who participate in them from what they seem to the crowd who are excluded4 ,the music1 the dancing1 the splendid apartments1 the gayety of youth requisite to enjoy all this1 and1 to crown the whole1 the pleasure of meeting those who are dear1 are the chief attractions and keenest enjoyments which cause those who have the power of exhausting them to be envied by all who are deprived of them4 ,if this were really all1 such a life would be ennobled to a certain degree in my eyes1 for its dangers and its pleasures would at least be commensurate with the love and the disapprobation of which they are the object4 ,but the seductions of the world consist chiefly in the satisfaction of eclipsing others1 and the intoxication it causes is almost always produced1 not by the pleasure it gives1 but by the vanity of those who mingle in it4 ,this seems strange when we reflect upon it1 and we can see1 without rising very high1 that not only happiness1 but pleasure1 and even amusement1 can find a better source2 and consequently those who really possess these envied blessings are the people who are supposed to be the most debarred from them4 ,as for me1 ,i was no longer lighthearted1 but ,i tried to appear so in society2 for the sad expression ,i could not always disguise had excited some observations that wounded my pride4 8,what6 the fair ,ginevra really melancholy80 said ,lando ,landi1 sitting down beside me one evening at a concert1 and speaking in the familiar tone authorized by his relationship1 but which was none the less displeasing4 8,i have always denied it1 because you are so invariably cheerful when ,i see you out of this everlasting din1 as ,i do every day4 ,i only supposed you a little weary of so gay a life--a thing conceivable1 even in your case1 for one gets tired of everything1 even of turning people's heads2 but this evening you really have the air of a tragic muse40 8,i am a little fatigued1 that is all40 8,listen to me1 cousin1 and do not treat me so badly4 ,i see you do not like me1 which proves ,i am not selfconceited2 and ,i am not angry with you1 which proves ,i am not malicious4 ,moreover1 ,i greatly admire and love you1 and yet 7give me some credit for this7 ,i do not pay court to you40 8,come1 ,lando1 no more of such jests1 but come to the point40 8,i was about to beg you to show some confidence in me4 ,you are sad1 and ,i will tell you why3 you have heard some nonsensical gossip about ,lorenzo4 ,now1 cousin1 let me tell you44440 8,what gossip80 ,i asked1 turning red with an air of displeasure4 8,you understand me perfectly well4 ,i am certain ,i tell you nothing new4 ,it may seem presuming to speak of this1 but ,i must justify ,lorenzo4 ,believe what ,i say1 and do not attach any importance to a passing politeness in memory of former times1 which means nothing1 and really does not1 on my word of honor1 merit such a flash from your beautiful eyes40 ,he had indeed found the means of making them flame up4 8,really1 ,lando10 said ,i haughtily1 8it would serve you right if ,i never spoke to you again40 ,but he was evidently so seriously astonished that ,i saw ,i was wrong4 ,he had been presuming without knowing it or intending it4 ,i therefore continued in a milder tone3 8,i assure you1 you are absolutely mistaken4 ,i am neither sad nor anxious1 444 only a little ennuye1 that is all4 ,and tonight ,i am sleepy1 and wish to return home as soon as possible4 ,give me your arm1 and let us go in search of ,lorenzo40 8,it is not much after midnight10 he said2 8you must really remain a while longer to hear the last two pieces40 8,no1 ,i tell you ,i have had enough of it4 ,but if you wish to remain here1 you need not feel obliged to escort me4 ,the first person ,i meet will render me that service40 8,ma cher60 said he1 rising and shaking his head1 as he concluded to give me his arm4 ,we began our voyage of discovery through the long row of salons1 but could not find ,lorenzo anywhere4 ,lando said nothing1 but ,i noticed he cast a quick1 mistrustful glance around every room we entered1 and it occurred to me he had not told the truth1 but merely wished to reassure me when he knew ,lorenzo was having a ttette it was as humiliating for me to be ignorant of as to discover4 ,lando had touched a sorer spot than ,i was willing he should see4 ,for in spite of an apparently very frank explanation on this point from ,lorenzo himself a few days before1 suspicion had entered my heart1 and ,i was in constant need of being reassured4 ,was not this acknowledging ,i already had reason to tremble8 ,at length we arrived at the last salon4 ,lorenzo was not there4 ,there was only a small room beyond1 not as well lighted as the rest4 8,that is the library10 explained ,lando in his way2 8or1 at least1 a cabinet full of books1 where no one ever goes40 ,an almost imperceptible movement of his arm made me feel he wished to prevent me from entering4 ,this was enough to induce me to go straight to the door1 where ,i stopped short1 at once reassured and amazed4 ,four men were there by themselves1 sitting around a cardtable with a green covering4 ,two of them were playing1 and ,lorenzo was one of them2 the others followed the game with the most intense interest4 ,i remained leaning against the door1 motionless1 and my eyes fastened on him4 ,was that really ,lorenzo8444 ,what a change in his countenance6444 ,what a strange expression in his mobile face6 ,he did not perceive me1 and ,i felt that my voice would have sounded in his ear in vain4 ,he neither saw nor heard anything around him4 ,his looks1 his attention1 his mind1 and his whole being seemed absorbed in the cards he held in his hand4 ,he was calm1 but his slightlycompressed eyebrows showed that luck was against him4 ,in a few minutes he drew a roll of gold pieces from his pocket1 and threw them on the table4 ,his opponent rose1 but ,lorenzo remained in his seat1 and began a new game with one of those who had been watching the old one4 8,take a seat here10 said ,lando1 leading me towards one of the sofas in the room where we were4 8,i am going to tell ,lorenzo you are waiting for him4 ,do not go in yourself40 ,i made a sign of assent1 and for the first time gave ,lando credit for some tact4 ,his usually smiling face had1 moreover1 an air of anxious solicitude that not only surprised me1 but redoubled the strange1 unexpected shock ,i had just experienced4 ,he went into the next room1 and1 after waiting a long time1 ,i at last saw him come out2 but he was alone4 8,it is impossible to speak to him till the end of the game10 he said in a tone of vexation4 ,then1 after a moment's silence1 he added with a forced laugh3 8,my dear cousin1 you would have done much better to follow my advice and wait for ,lorenzo in the concertroom instead of coming here after him4 ,but since you persisted in doing so1 allow me to give you one bit of advice1 now you have caught him falling into his old bad habit again40 8,again80 ,i said with an air of surprise4 8,well1 yes4444 ,for a year he did not touch a card1 he told me1 for he well knew that for him the mere touch was like a spark that kindles a fire4 ,he vowed--not to play moderately1 for he is incapable of moderation in anything--but never to touch a card again1 and he expressed great satisfaction some days since that he had kept his promise so faithfully4 ,but today he has broken it4 ,who knows what will happen tomorrow8 ,make use1 therefore1 of the influence you still have over him2 use all the persuasive powers you possess to induce him to resolve once more on a wise course4 ,it is a thing1 you may be sure1 that threatens your happiness1 as well as his1 a thousand times more than all the fair ones in the past1 present1 or future who should attempt to rival you60 ,in spite of all that was displeasing in ,lando's manner1 language1 and sentiments1 and even in the expressions he made use of in giving me this advice1 ,i felt it was dictated by sincere interest1 and it touched me4 ,i felt weighed down by this new trouble4 ,this was a fear ,i had never experienced before4 ,it was absolutely foreign to everything that had crossed my mind4 ,was this to live1 love1 and be happy8 ,everything around me looked dark1 and the night seemed to penetrate to my very soul4 ,the time ,i had to wait seemed interminable4 ,the concert was over1 the rooms were growing empty1 and we were to be the last4 ,i rose with an impatience ,i could no longer control1 and went again to the cabinet4 ,lorenzo was rising from the table just as ,i entered4 ,i saw him slip another roll of money into his opponent's hands4 ,then he came towards me with his usual expression4 ,it was evident he had no suspicion of my having been so near him for more than an hour4 8,excuse me1 ,ginevra10 said he4 8,what6 is the concert over8 ,and you had to search for me8444 ,it is unpardonable2 but ,i had no idea they would get to the end of that interminable programme so early40 8,but it is nearly two o'clock10 said ,i4 ,he glanced towards the clock1 and looked surprised4 ,lando1 meanwhile1 had hurried away to get my cloak2 but he soon returned with it1 saying the carriage was waiting for us4 ,i entered it with ,lorenzo1 after giving my hand more cordially to his cousin than ,i had ever done before4 ,on the way home ,lorenzo1 after a long silence1 thought proper to explain that he had got tired of the concert1 and for amusement had had recourse to a game of cart4 ,lando's words were still in my ears4 ,my heart1 too1 was filled with inexpressible anxiety and profound affection for this dear partner of my life who was so charming in manner1 and whom it would have been so sweet to love in peace6 ,i leaned my head against his shoulder1 and1 passing my arm through his1 said3 8,lorenzo1 if ,i take the liberty of giving you one word of advice1 will you follow it8 ,if ,i beg you to make me one promise--a promise that will render me happy--will you not grant it80 ,he made so abrupt a movement that ,i was almost frightened4 ,but he immediately resumed his selfcontrol1 and1 softly kissing my hand and forehead1 said in a tone that was not rude1 but which seemed to forbid all reply3 8,ginevra1 ,i think ,i told you the other day that ,i do not like to be questioned1 and ,i now tell you that ,i like advice still less1 and1 above all1 ,i cannot bear to make promises4 ,so let this warning suffice4 ,avoid these three shoals1 if you wish to remain in my eyes what ,i now consider you--the most charming of women40 ,,xv4 ,the following day was ,sunday4 ,notwithstanding so fatiguing an evening1 the lateness of the hour when ,i retired1 and the restless night that followed1 ,i was ready for ,mass at the usual hour4 ,but for the first time since my marriage ,lorenzo sent me word not to wait for him4 ,of course ,i had never been under any great illusion as to his religious sentiments4 ,i supposed that habit1 rather than piety1 induced him to accompany me to church2 but ,i was far from suspecting that he had hitherto made it a point to do so because he thought it necessary to keep an eye on me there as well as elsewhere4 ,above all1 ,i little expected the habit to be laid aside as soon as he was reassured or became interested in something else4 ,i consoled myself on this occasion by thinking he would go to a later ,mass2 and for the first time ,i went out alone and on foot1 the distance being so short between our hotel in the ,rue de ,rivoli and the ,church of ,s4 ,roch4 ,the life ,i had led for two months was not precisely adapted to dispose my soul for prayer4 ,besides1 accustomed as ,i had been to the churches of ,italy1 those at ,paris seemed destitute of all beauty1 and ,i found it difficult to get used to so different an aspect4 ,but other impressions soon modified this4 ,the goodness and piety that so thoroughly impregnated the atmosphere which surrounded my childhood were rather the spirit of our family than of the land that had providentially given me birth4 ,and yet there is1 in ,sicily1 as well as all ,southern ,italy1 a great deal of faith1 though it cannot be denied that1 at this time1 great moral relaxation and religious indifference were too prevalent1 especially among those who belonged to the upper classes4 ,there1 more than anywhere else even1 holy souls led hidden lives1 and edification was rather to be found in the obscurity of certain firesides than in the world at large1 or even in the usages of public worship4 ,all the religious exercises of our family were performed in the chapel of the old palace we occupied4 ,this chapel was spacious1 richly ornamented1 and architecturally beautiful4 ,we not only heard ,mass there on ,sundays1 but every day1 and two or three times a week ,don ,placido gave us an instructive1 edifying discourse4 ,my father1 mother1 ,livia1 ,ottavia1 ,mario 7who1 in spite of his faults1 retained his respect for holy things71 and several faithful old servants constituted the attentive1 devout congregation4 ,my childhood was not wanting in any of those influences that have so powerful an effect on afterlife4 ,ottavia often took ,livia and myself to the evening ,benediction in one of the neighboring churches1 and my heart still throbs at the remembrance of the pious transport with which ,i knelt before the illuminated tabernacle on which stood the monstrance4 ,the church used to be filled solely by people of the humbler classes1 even on festivals4 ,it was a rare thing to find a single person belonging to the upper classes4 ,what struck me1 therefore1 above all1 at ,paris1 was the complete difference of the churches in this respect4 ,i was at first even more surprised than edified4 ,for if ,i had often remarked the absence of the wealthy in ,sicily1 here ,i was struck with the absence of the poor4 ,i looked around for the people clothed in rags1 whose fervor had so often redoubled mine1 and did not like to feel that ,i was separated from them4 ,this separation is much more marked where the custom of private chapels has been established4 ,christian equality calls the rich and great to the foot of the altar1 no less than the poor and lowly2 and if they do not all meet there1 whether in ,france or ,italy1 we cannot blame those whose attendance at church is an example to the absent1 whatever rank they may belong to4 ,but to return to this ,sunday morning4 ,i knelt down and heard ,mass with much less distraction than usual4 ,i was1 it is true1 rather sad than devout at the time1 but ,i prayed more fervently than ,i had done for a long time1 and1 when ,i slowly and reluctantly left the church1 the inner soul1 that resounds like a lyre under the divine hand1 had received a slight touch1 and for the first time for a long while ,i felt the movement of one of those hidden chords that cannot be sounded without causing all the others to vibrate4 ,as ,i approached the door of the church1 ,i noticed a young girl kneeling on a chair1 whose face did not seem wholly unknown to me4 ,she held a purse in her hand1 and was soliciting contributions for orphans4 ,i deposited my offering1 and received her smiling thanks in return4 ,as ,i passed on1 ,i heard her whisper my name to a lady of noble and distinguished appearance beside her 7whom ,i supposed to be her mother71 who1 with her eyes fastened on her book1 had not observed me4 ,as ,i went on1 ,i recollected having met this pretty girl two or three times in company1 but did not know her name4 ,i felt surprised that she should know mine1 though this often happens to strangers who are pointed out as objects of curiosity1 while they only know a few of those around them4 ,i had no time1 however1 to dwell on this accidental meeting1 or quietly enjoy the impressions left by the services at church2 for ,lorenzo's first words immediately revived all the recollections of the morning4 8,you are late1 ,ginevra10 said he4 8,it is halfpast eleven4 ,breakfast is waiting1 and ,i am in a hurry40 ,we took seats at the table in silence1 but he soon resumed3 8,you have scarcely time to dress4 ,have you forgotten that we are going to the races8 ,lando ,landi is to come for us before one o'clock40 ,yes1 ,i had completely forgotten it4 ,i felt an earnest desire to withdraw from the engagement4 ,i wanted one day of peace and quiet repose4 ,i felt the need of drinking in more deeply the breath of pure air ,i had just tasted4 ,could ,i not have a few hours to myself8 ,must ,i at once go where ,i should inhale a different atmosphere8 ,and what an atmosphere6444 ,seeing that ,i remained silent and had a pensive air1 he said in an impatient tone3 8,well1 ,ginevra1 what is it8 ,what have you to tell me or ask me84440 ,i replied without any circumlocution3 8,i have nothing to say1 except that ,i am tired to death of those races1 and beg you to excuse me from accompanying you today40 ,his face immediately cleared up4 8,is that all80 said he4 8,as to that1 you are at perfect liberty to do as you please4 ,you may be sure10 continued he1 laughing1 8that ,i shall only contradict you on great occasions4444 ,but what will you do with yourself this afternoon1 if you do not go to the races80 8,i shall do like everybody else in ,france--go to ,vespers40 ,he gave a derisive laugh that was horrible4 8,everybody else1 do you say8 ,it would be very difficult to tell how many in ,paris even go to ,mass60 ,i looked at him1 as he said this4 ,he understood my meaning1 and appeared displeased4 8,come1 ,ginevra10 said he in an illhumored manner1 8are you going to insist that ,i must always agree with you80 8,by no means1 ,lorenzo1 you know very well40 8,but you did not like it because you had to go to church without me this morning40 ,i hesitated an instant1 but at last replied with some emotion3 8,of course ,i love to have you with me wherever ,i go1 and more especially there2 but it would be better1 however1 for you to go to church always without me than ever to go solely for me40 ,this reply increased his displeasure1 and he said in a tone he had never used before3 8,unfortunately1 the truth is1 my dear child1 if ,i should consult my own inclinations1 ,i might perhaps never go at all40 ,tears came into my eyes1 and my heart ached with the strongest feeling of grief ,i had ever experienced6444 ,o my ,god6444 ,i must have had some love for thee1 even at that time1 since the very thought of any one's not loving thee caused me so much pain6444 ,lorenzo's tone1 look1 and whole manner not only showed his utter indifference1 but the complete incredulity he felt4 ,i had never suspected it before1 because it was something foreign to my experience4 ,i knew it was possible to violate the law of ,god1 but did not know it could be denied4 ,i understood lukewarmness and negligence1 for ,i had seen both in others as well as in him2 but ,i had never before encountered lack of repentance and ignorance of duty4 ,this cold denial of any love for ,god and of all belief in him ,lorenzo1 of course1 had not expressly declared1 but it had been betrayed by his manner doubtless even more than he would have wished4 ,with all the inconsistencies of my character and the faults of my age1 he must have seen that ,i had too lively and profound a faith not to be displeased at anything that jarred on it1 and heretofore he had been circumspect without being hypocritical4 ,he saw the effect he had produced1 and1 as he had not become indifferent to me1 he regretted it2 but he knew he could not at once repair his mistake1 and contented himself for the moment by trying to divert my mind from it by a change of subject4 ,and ,i likewise felt it would be better to talk of something else4 ,this prudence was by no means natural to my disposition1 but ,i began to understand his4 ,besides1 his injunctions of the evening before were still too recent to be forgotten4 ,the conversation did not last long1 for ,lando1 punctual to his engagement1 arrived at halfpast twelve with a beaming face1 a flower in his button hole1 and in his hand an enormous bunch of violets destined for me4 8,what60 he exclaimed when he learned my intentions for the afternoon4444 8,but that is impossible6 ,not go to the races8 ,why1 you must4 ,remain at home when the weather is the finest in the world8 ,i never heard of such a thing4444 ,deprive me of the pleasure of taking you in my calche1 and making everybody envy me8444 ,that is the most cruel caprice that ever entered a woman's head64440 ,here ,lorenzo left the room an instant to look for his hat1 and ,lando suddenly began in another tone3 8,i am in earnest1 cousin4 ,you would do much better to go40 ,what did he mean8 ,i remained doubtful and troubled1 but ,lorenzo immediately returned1 and ,i had no time for reflection4 ,as they were leaving the room1 my husband approached1 and1 taking me by the hand1 looked at me with an expression his eyes now and then assumed1 and which always dispersed1 as by some enchantment1 the clouds that rose too often between us4 ,he slightly caressed my cheek with the glove in his hand1 and whispered with a smile3 8,come1 ,ginevra mia1 do not be angry4 ,let me see you smile again40 ,then turning towards ,lando1 8,it is not yet one o'clock10 he said4 8,let us start1 and1 before going to the ,bois de ,boulogne1 we will stop at the ,madeleine40 ,his looks1 as well as his words1 allayed my anxiety2 but a thousand different ideas crossed my mind1 and after they were gone ,i remained thoughtfully leaning on the balustrade of my balcony1 where ,i followed them with my eyes to the end of the street1 wondering what ,lando meant1 and if ,i had really done wrong not to accompany them4 ,the weather at that time was fine4 ,the clearness of the sky1 as well as the verdure of the trees1 attracted my attention more than the aspect of the street1 and of the garden already filled with the crowd of animated1 happy1 and gaylydressed people1 that give every pleasant summer day at ,paris the appearance of a festival4 ,but ,i was absorbed in my own thoughts1 and looked at it all without noticing anything4 ,i had a vague feeling that1 among the dangers that seemed to encompass me in the new life into which ,i had been thrown1 there were two ,i had special reason to dread4 ,the first--the greatest--would have broken my heart1 and on that ,i could not dwell for an instant4444 ,the second threatened the loss of our property1 and would diminish our income1 if not absolutely ruin us4 ,this1 too was alarming1 but much less so than the other in my eyes1 though just the contrary in ,lando's estimation1 if ,i read him aright4 ,after considerable reflection1 ,i concluded that he merely referred to something of the same nature he had alluded to the evening before1 and ,i put it aside to ask myself with far deeper anxiety if ,i had really had a glimpse of ,lorenzo's heart1 as he looked at me on leaving the room1 or whether he was playing a part1 and deliberately deceiving me4 ,the heavenly expression that sometimes beamed from his eyes always inspired me with a confidence in him that was equal to my affection4 ,i had just experienced its effect4 ,the look1 however1 was so transient that it rather resembled the reflection of a distant light than any actual1 real feeling4 ,whereas his mocking laugh and the tone that today for the first time accompanied it were--alas6 ,i could not doubt it--the expression of his real sentiments1 and this contradiction terrified me4444 ,he seemed to possess two natures1 and my head grew weary in trying to decide which of the two was his real one--a question ,i frequently had occasion to ask afterwards1 and to wait a long time for the reply--as doubtful to him then as it was to myself4444 ,i left the window1 and1 buried in an armchair1 ,i allowed the time to pass away in reflections of this kind without opening the book ,i held in my hand1 or noticing the gradual obscurity of the sky1 that a short time before had been so clear4 ,it was not threatening enough1 however1 to hinder me from going on foot to ,vespers1 which it was nearly time for1 the hour not being as late at ,s4 ,roch's as elsewhere4 ,i started without any delay1 giving orders for my carriage to be at the church door at the end of the service4 ,the salutary impressions of the morning and the excessive anxiety and sadness that ,i afterwards experienced had somewhat counteracted the more or less unhealthy influences that result from a continued life of pleasure4 ,i was now in that frame of mind when it is easy to collect one's thoughts2 when the soul1 so to speak1 flies to the first place of refuge in which it is sure of repose4444 ,who has not experienced the strange1 mysterious1 refreshing influence of prayer1 even when mute and inarticulate8444 ,who has not1 in this way1 laid down for an instant all his sorrows1 all his fears1 all his sufferings1 and afterwards taken up the load again with a renewed strength that seemed to have lightened the burden8444 ,i had suffered but little at that time in comparison with what life still had in reserve for me4 ,but after a while we learn to suffer1 and in this science1 as in all others1 it is the beginning one always finds the most difficult4 ,a fearful storm1 it is true1 had assailed the first flower of my springtime1 and spread darkness and gloom over the heavens of my sixteenth year2 but springtime and the sun returned1 and at an age when others only begin life ,i was commencing mine the second time4 ,but this new life of happiness was1 ,i now felt1 threatened in a thousand ways4 ,apprehension1 a worse torture than sadness2 a vague1 undefined fear1 more difficult to endure than the woes it anticipates2 the uncertainty1 doubt1 and suspicion1 so much more intolerable to one of my nature than any positive suffering1 rendered my heart heavy and depressed1 and ,i felt it would be a relief to weep as well as to pray4 ,i knelt on the only vacant chair in the church1 and remained a long time motionless1 my face buried in my hands1 unable to give utterance to my wants1 but knowing ,god could read my heart1 as1 when we meet a friend after a long separation1 we are often silent merely because we have so much to communicate1 and know not where to begin4 ,in this attitude ,i heard ,vespers sung for the first time in my life1 this office of the church being1 as is well known1 much less frequently used in the south of ,italy than in other places4 ,i have already mentioned the public religious observances of my childhood4 ,i had1 therefore1 never heard ,vespers chanted in this way4 ,the voices of the choristers were harmonious1 and the responses were no less so4 ,a large number of the congregation joined in the chant4 ,there was something monotonous rather than musical in it1 but it was more musical than reading1 and it produced a strangely soothing influence on me4 ,i laid aside all thought of myself1 and attentively followed the admirable lines of the ,psalmist2 and when the ,magnificat was intoned1 ,i rose with the whole congregation to chant this divine hymn with a sensation of joy and hope that1 for the moment1 made me forget the painful impressions ,i felt when ,i entered beneath these arches now resounding with its words4444 ,benediction followed1 recalling the earliest1 dearest remembrances of my childhood1 and increasing the emotion ,i already felt4 ,when the monstrance containing the divine ,host was placed above the altar1 ,i lost all thought of where ,i was4 ,i forgot whether it was ,paris1 ,rome1 or ,messina1 and whether the arches above me were those of some magnificent church1 or some humble chapel1 or a mere oratory like that in which ,i had prayed from my childhood4 ,what difference did it make8 ,the sun shines everywhere alike1 and diffuses equal light in all places4 ,how much more truly shines throughout the whole ,catholic world the living1 uncreated ,light1 present on all our altars6 ,time and place were forgotten4 ,i was once more with my beloved mother1 once more with ,livia1 my sweet1 saintly sister1 and the faithful ,ottavia2 and when1 at the end of one of those hymns that are usually sung before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 a young voice1 pure and clear1 uttered the word ,patria17#afd7 it seemed at that moment to have a double meaning1 and designate1 not only my earthly1 but my heavenly country4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,pius ,,vi4 ,those were terrible days4 ,even the faithful quailed1 and asked each other timidly whether it was possible that ,god's enemies had at last prevailed1 and that the ,rock had been shaken and the ,word passed away4 ,voltaire had come and done his work1 and gone1 leaving a new generation behind him to fight the devil's cause1 to flaunt his standard over ,christendom1 to revile 8the ,galilean10 and wage war against his church--the subtle1 deadly1 persevering war of envious hatred1 conquered impotence1 malignant fury4 ,there was a shout of hellish triumph throughout the ranks of ,voltaire's disciples2 it seemed as if their victory was now secure2 the old man of the ,vatican1 who for generations had remained unconquerable as fate1 was in the power of the soldier who had conquered fate1 who held ,europe in the hollow of his hand1 who raised up kings with a nod1 and overthrew dynasties with a word4 ,he had overcome the world1 why should he not overcome the pope8 ,he had demolished a score of thrones1 why should he not annihilate this fisherman's chair that for seventeen centuries had defied the combined forces of the world8 ,poor fools6 ,why not6 ,jean ,angelo ,braschi was born at ,cesena on the #bgth of ,december1 #agag1 of a noble but poor family4 ,his parents left him all the patrimony they had1 a faith of the royal antique sort1 and an education worthy of the name he bore4 ,he was little more than a boy when ,clement ,,xiv4 saw of what stuff the young cleric was made1 and appointed him his secretary4 ,this was ,braschi's first step on the ladder which was to lead him to the perilous heights of the purple--8the dye of empire and of martyrdom40 ,when ,clement ,,xiv41 pursued by the entreaties and threats of ,european potentates1 yielded a weak concession to their cabals1 and spoke of 8reform0 to the general of the ,jesuits 7who answered1 ,loyolalike1 in royal scorn of the implied calumny3 ,sint ut sunt1 aut non sint71 ,braschi1 then cardinal1 took his stand by their side1 resented every outrage offered to the sons of ,ignatius1 those courtiers of martyrdom in all ages1 and thus vindicated his future claim to a place in the palm bearers' ranks4 ,he opened his house to the persecuted ,jesuits2 he braved everything in his unswerving1 uncompromising fidelity to their order4 ,what else could befall him but the crown of the confessor or the martyr8 ,europe hailed his accession with delight4 ,the pulses of the rising monster1 ,revolution1 were beginning to beat1 and the nations were growing afraid1 they knew not yet of what2 but all eyes were turned to ,rome1 as to the rock where the safety of the world was anchored4 ,the advent of a man like ,pius ,,vi41 firm as adamant1 who could brave death1 not merely for the faith1 but for every tittle of principle which the uttermost integrity of the faith included--a man whom his enemies likened to ,moses for his meekness1 and to ,solomon for his strong wisdom2 who lived like an anchorite and officiated with the splendor of the prophet king1 who loved the beauty of ,god's house and the place where his glory dwelt--the advent of a priest like this to the papal throne gave joy all over ,christendom4 ,pius ,,vi4 was elected on the #aeth of ,february1 #agge4 ,seldom has the weight of that unearthly crown fallen more heavily on its wearer's brow than it fell on that of the new pontiff4 ,in the temporal order he saw before him a mountain to be uplifted2 in the spiritual order no farseeing eye could fail to detect the ominous signs of the coming storm4 ,pius lost not a moment in designing and carrying out vast schemes of material improvement in his dominions4 ,in those days the ,pontine marshes were swamps of poison that had hitherto defied all petty attempts at reclaiming them4 8,how do you live in this dreadful place80 inquired a traveller of one of the inhabitants of the dismal soil4 8,signor1 we do not live2 we die60 was the answer4 ,pius ,,vi4 declared that henceforth they should live4 ,colossal works were set on foot1 and1 if the pestilential marshes were not radically purified1 they were so much improved as to justify the people in proclaiming the energetic pontiff as the worker of that miracle4 ,during his pontificate the draining was so successful that ,pius himself declared this alone was ample reward for all his sufferings4 ,the port of ,ancona was repaired1 and its entrance adorned with a lighthouse2 works of art were sought for1 revealed1 and cherished4 ,spiritual works were founded and fostered with royal munificence and paternal care4 ,the ,christian ,brothers were called to ,rome and a noble school built for them1 on the front of which was inscribed the title so glorious and so dear to the ,vicar of ,christ3 8,pius ,,vi41 the ,father of the ,poor40 ,but not even the wisdom and prestige of this ideal pontiff could suffice to shelter him from the tempest that was slowly but steadily travelling towards the ,holy ,city4 ,the infidel philosophers of ,france and ,germany had done their work2 they had sown1 and now the time had come for reaping4 ,austria first showed symptoms of disaffection4 ,joseph ,,ii41 who was too cowardly to rescue his own sister7#afe7 from the hands of the torturers1 had become the tool of his minister1 ,kaunitz1 whose delight it was to worry the pope with the small artillery of a cunning and treacherous diplomacy4 ,these weapons1 however1 were not the ones that could move ,pius ,,vi4 ,they glided off from the shield of his unalterable patience1 humility1 and truth like arrows from a marble surface4 ,nor could the weak monarch withstand the charm of the saintly pope when he came within its influence4 ,he rallied to his side when he visited ,rome in #aghc1 and promised to be faithful to him4 ,but it was a broken reed1 the friendship of the vacillating ,joseph4 ,spain1 ,tuscany1 and ,venice next came to sadden the ,holy ,father's heart and strengthen his growing fears4 ,his gentleness held them captive for a time2 but they too were of the tribe of broken reeds4 ,when friends prove false1 then is the time for the treason of foes to flourish4 ,catherine of ,russia1 the woman with the wily head of the snake joined to the cruel heart of the tiger1 came with honeyed words of reverence to tender offers of service1 nay1 even of allegiance1 to ,pius4 ,a farsighted woman1 this tiger queen who was stealing into ,poland1 and sucking the nation's blood1 as she crawled into its heart4 ,then there was ,frederick of ,prussia1 more honest than many a selfstyled son of the church in those days2 he was grateful to the prince who first assigned him his title of king4 ,gustavus ,,iii4 came to do homage to the man who had drained the ,pontine marshes1 and made a noble road through that region1 so long the tomb of all who dwelt within its poisonous area4 ,pius received these marks of courtesy with his accustomed gentle grace2 he knew what they were worth1 and was grateful without being beguiled4 ,they were1 in truth1 the last rays of the sun that was soon to set in darkness over his reign1 and to close it in sufferings unparalleled for fourteen centuries in the annals of the church4 ,france was to give the signal1 and she was now ready4 ,france1 that had so often raised the standard of the church1 and defended it with the blood of her fairest chivalry--,france was to sound the warcry hounding on the fanatics to the destruction of her own purest glory4 ,the ,reign of ,terror was inaugurated4 ,the ,constituent ,assembly had decreed the civil constitution of the clergy4 ,bishops were no longer to be what they had hitherto been2 they were henceforth to be the nominees of an unbelieving mob2 the beautiful structure of the spiritual hierarchy was to be destroyed4 ,to legalize the crime1 an oath was exacted from the priesthood2 those who refused to take it--and their name was legion--were deprived of the pittance allotted them by the state1 and turned away to starve4 ,sixty thousand preferred starvation to the bread thus bought at the price of perjury4 ,of one hundred and thirtyeight bishops1 four only took the oath4 ,monasteries were dissolved2 scandals arose on all sides4 ,the papal nuncio1 ,cardinal de ,bernis1 was insulted and compelled to fly from ,paris4 ,the pope was burned in effigy4 ,thus did ,france sound the tocsin that was to herald in the earthquake--8a great horror of darkness and shakings of the world1 and a cup of trembling which all the nations shall drink40 ,faith is being driven out1 and 8philosophy0 is riding in like a conqueror on her ruins4 ,peace and the brave pageant of virtue and all goodly things are banished1 and in their place enter decay and chaos and unbelief2 and then the ,revolution is ready4 ,the world is wheeling round1 humanity is going mad1 nothing is stable on the earth--nothing but the rock of ,peter1 against which the storm beats in foolish and impotent rage4 ,pius raises his voice above the whirlwind1 and those who hearken hear it3 8,god is unchangeable4 ,truth is immutable4 ,the church can make no compromise4 ,let us stand faithfully by the cross4 ,god will save his own and redeem his word40 ,avignon exhibited a hecatomb of murdered priests4 ,on the #bdth of ,october1 #agia1 over two hundred were butchered in the ,glacire of that city4 ,in ,september of the following year three bishops and three hundred priests were on one day massacred in ,paris4 ,numbers fled to ,rome for protection4 ,the fragments of the altar and the throne met in the ,eternal ,city--,mesdames de ,france and the ,king and ,queen of ,sardinia1 proscribed prelates and priests2 and ,pius opened his fatherly arms to all4 ,this shelter was1 however1 soon to be torn from them4 ,on the #aeth of ,february1 #agic1 the commandant of the ,french fleet at ,naples walked into the ,roman consulate1 and ordered the consul to hoist the red flag and the cap of liberty over the building4 ,the consul refused2 a row ensued2 blood was shed4 ,the ,french government declared itself insulted1 and threatened the pope in violent language4 ,meantime1 the ,directory succeeded to the ,convention1 and people drew a long breath1 and hoped a change had come for the better4 ,but1 as ,carnot said3 8,if now there was less blood shed1 there were more tears40 ,the guillotine was still erect1 and its work only slackened because the arms of the executioners were weary4 ,the republican armies were progressing in their triumphal marches4 ,italy still remained to be conquered4 ,bonaparte was entrusted with the expedition4 ,a series of victories brought him quickly to the gates of ,rome4 ,he proposed the most humiliating conditions to the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,pius was summoned to cancel every bull1 brief1 and pastoral that the ,holy ,see had issued from the beginning of the ,revolution to the present time4 ,the pope firmly refused to comply4 ,bonaparte was at first full of insolent fury1 and threatened to annihilate ,rome and the ,vatican4 ,he relented1 however1 not out of deference to ,pius1 but to show his defiance of the home government1 and drew up a treaty of his own invention1 which1 ruinous as it was1 the ,holy ,father meekly signed1 in order to save his people and prevent bloodshed4 ,this treaty of ,tolentino1 as it was called1 secured to ,bonaparte the sum of thirtyone millions of francs1 sixteen hundred cavalry horses1 and a portion of the ,romagna4 ,the ,roman treasury was drained by this monstrous ransom2 the people were starving1 the misery was terrible4 ,pius was brokenhearted1 but his courage1 fed by a faith that was anchored in ,god1 never faltered4 ,his conduct all through these dreadful days was that of a saint4 ,he found his only solace in prayer and in fortifying the faith of his suffering flock4 ,but he had as yet only tasted the first drops of his chalice4 ,the ,directory had resolved to get possession of ,rome4 ,a pretext must be created1 since ,pius would not furnish even the semblance of one1 for breaking the iniquitous treaty1 which had thus far secured to him the integrity of the ,holy ,city4 ,general ,duphot was fired on by the ,roman troops acting in discharge of their duty4 ,berthier was at once ordered to leave ,ancona1 where he was stationed with the ,french army1 and to march on ,rome and encamp under its walls4 ,his first step was to issue a proclamation exciting the citizens to revolt1 insulting and calumniating the pope and his government1 and announcing himself as the liberator of an oppressed people4 ,he entered the city next day1 and took possession by placing seals on the museums and galleries1 which were 8henceforth the property of the grande nation that had come to set free the ,roman people40 ,a tree of liberty was planted on the capitol2 tricolor flags floated on the public monuments1 and tricolor ribbons decked the ears of ,marcus ,aurelius' horse4 ,the ,holy ,father was outraged in his own house2 his furniture was taken from him1 and his jewels2 he was despoiled even of his pontifical robes2 his private library1 a valuable collection of #dj1jjj volumes1 was seized and sold to a dealer for #ab1jjj crowns4 ,the deliverers of ,rome crowned these proceedings by inviting their victim to wear the tricolor cockade by way of a badge of authority from ,france4 ,pius ,,vi4 replied with majestic meekness3 8,i can wear no livery but that with which the church has clothed me40 ,this answer was distorted into an insulting challenge to the ,french government1 and ,haller immediately received orders to convey the pope by force out of ,rome4 ,pius gently pleaded his age and many infirmities1 and entreated the poor grace of being allowed to die in the midst of his people4 8,oh6 for that matter1 you can die wherever you are10 was the brutal retort1 and measures were commenced for carrying him away by force1 in case he made any resistance4 ,this was not likely2 but the old pontiff's heart was breaking4 8,god's will be done60 he murmured4 8,let us bow to whatever he sees good to ordain60 ,fortyeight hours were all that was allowed him to prepare for this sudden departure4 ,he devoted the short time entirely to the affairs of the church and to the performance of his religious duties4 ,the night of the #bjth of ,february was fixed for the departure4 ,it was late when ,haller brusquely entered the ,holy ,father's room1 and found him prostrate before the crucifix1 bathed in tears4 8,it is time to go10 he said1 and the ,french escort entered and rudely hurried the old man down the ,vatican stairs and into the carriage that was waiting for him4 ,in it were seated his physician and his groom of the chambers1 and two other officers of his household4 ,the people followed the carriage1 loudly lamenting1 and invoking all blessings on their beloved pastor4 ,at ,viterbo many ,french priests flocked round him with the ,italian crowds1 and fell on their knees for a last benediction4 ,the first halt of the travellers was in ,tuscany4 ,the ,directory would fain have sent their august prisoner to ,sardinia1 but they were deterred in this by fear of the ,english government1 and so proceeded to ,sienna1 where for three months the ,augustinian convent had the privilege of harboring the persecuted ,vicar of ,christ4 ,whilst here the finger of ,providence showed visibly its protecting care of him4 ,the ,holy ,father had just left his room one morning when the ceiling fell in1 and crushed everything beneath it2 the house was violently shaken by an earthquake1 and suffered much damage4 ,this event forced ,pius to seek hospitality at the ,monastery of ,chartreuse1 in ,florence1 where he arrived on the #b;d of ,june4 ,here some tender consolations awaited him4 ,the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany came frequently to the feet of his venerated pastor1 to assure him of his loyal attachment4 ,the ,king and ,queen of ,sardinia also gathered round him1 driven from ,rome1 where they had been so lovingly welcomed on being robbed of the throne which the saintly sister of ,louis ,,xvi4 had adorned so nobly4 ,her husband had ever been a devoted son of the ,holy ,father1 and now declared that the sight of his serenity in the midst of trials so overwhelming was enough to make him forget his own sorrows4 8,i cannot regret my throne1 for ,i find more than it gave me at the feet of your ,holiness60 he once exclaimed4 8,alas6 beloved prince10 replied ,pius1 8all is vanity here below4 ,what examples of this are we both6 ,let us look up to heaven2 there await us those thrones that can never perish40 ,they entreated him to go with them to ,sardinia the moment it was possible for themselves to return there2 but ,pius refused4 ,he alleged his age and suffering health as a reason for remaining where he was2 but the true motive was the fear that his presence in the generous king's dominions might prove fatal to him and his people4 ,they parted with many tears1 never to meet again on earth4 ,all this time the captive pope devoted his whole mind to the government of the church and the strengthening of his afflicted children4 ,he lost no opportunity of sending messages of encouragement to those who were at a distance1 exhorting them to suffer cheerfully1 pointing to the day of joy and of triumph that would soon dawn after the short night of darkness4 ,his own serenity was a fountain of hope and sweetness to all who beheld it4 ,like the great apostle1 he seemed in deed and in truth to glory in his infirmities and in ,christ crucified4 ,a multitude of proscribed priests and prelates had fled to ,england1 whence they wrote eloquent letters of condolence to their captive chief1 protesting their allegiance to him and to the faith1 and their readiness to die for both1 if needful4 ,these proofs of devout affection deeply moved the ,holy ,father1 and consoled him for much4 ,the ,directory began at last to feel alarmed at the attitude of foreign cabinets towards the ,holy ,see4 ,england spoke in fearless condemnation of the cruelty of the ,french government towards ,pius1 and made no disguise of her sympathy with the exiled priests and royalists4 ,france commanded the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany to drive the pontiff out of his states2 but that prince replied with royal dignity3 8,i did not bring the pope here1 and ,i certainly will not drive him away40 ,the grand duke paid for his boldness2 his dominions were forthwith invaded1 and ,etruria added to the ,french territory4 ,austria was next appealed to1 and requested to receive the pope into custody1 a convent on the ,danube being named as a suitable abode2 but ,austria haughtily declined4 ,spain lastly refused to become his jailer4 ,nothing1 therefore1 remained but to secure his person by bringing him to ,france4 ,humanity cried out against the barbarity of subjecting the venerable old man to so long and painful a journey in his present state2 but ,france had no ears for the voice of humanity4 ,pius ,,vi4 was now partially paralyzed2 he was covered with blisters1 and unable to move without labor and acute pain4 ,but what of that8 ,he was dragged to ,parma1 where a few days' rest was granted4 ,the medical men even then declared they would not take the responsibility of proceeding with their prisoner1 lest he should die on the road4 ,the ,french commissioner1 impatient of so paltry an obstacle in the way of his orders1 burst into the pope's room1 flung down the bedclothes1 and1 seeing with his own eyes the truth of the report1 turned on his heel with the remark1 8,alive or dead1 he must go on60 ,the cortge started accordingly4 ,all along the road the gentle martyr was cheered by the love and pity of the people4 ,multitudes ran for miles by the side of his carriage1 bareheaded1 weeping1 and invoking the blessing of the ,most ,high upon him4 ,pius was moved to tears at the sight of their courage in thus openly compassionating him1 and with his suffering hand1 almost disabled as it was1 he made an effort to bless them again and again from the window4 ,on the #bdth they reached ,milan4 ,the escort1 in order to hide his presence from the people1 and prevent similar scenes of enthusiasm and indignation1 conveyed their prisoner into the citadel at three o'clock in the morning4 ,on the #bfth they hurried him out of his sleep in the dead of the night1 and conveyed him secretly to ,oulx1 and the next morning they started to cross the ,alps4 ,who shall describe the sufferings of ,pius ,,vi4 during that transit8 ,his body was now one wound2 his feeble strength was almost spent2 he seemed scarcely more than a breathing corpse4 ,they placed him roughly in a sort of sedanchair1 while the rest of the escort followed on mules4 ,the road over the mountains was precipitous and stony2 every step was agony to the suffering pontiff4 ,the cold was intense4 ,some ,piedmontese officers1 touched with compassion1 took off their warm pelisses1 and begged him to use them2 the ,holy ,father thanked them with emotion1 but refused4 8,i do not suffer10 said he gently1 8and ,i have nothing to fear2 the hand of ,god is upholding me4 ,courage1 my friends6 ,let us put our confidence in ,god1 and all will be well with us40 ,on the #cjth the wayfarers reached ,brianon4 ,pius was visibly moved on beholding the soil of ,france1 that unhappy land where such fearful crimes were being perpetrated1 but where ,god was already preparing miracles of repentance4 ,he was taken to the hospital for a lodging4 ,the people1 horrified at the wretched1 attenuated aspect of the ,vicar of ,christ1 a prisoner in the hands of the men who had deluged their country in blood1 were loud in expressing their pity and respect2 they flocked in crowds round the hospital1 calling out for the ,holy ,father to appear at the window and bless them4 ,but the jailers forbade him to show himself1 and forced the people to disperse4 ,the few companions of his exile who had accompanied him so far were now taken from him1 his confessor and valet being alone permitted to remain4 ,this cruel isolation lasted for nearly a month1 and would no doubt have been continued still longer if the progress of ,soovorof's army in ,italy had not frightened the ,directory1 and decided them to send their prisoner further on to ,grenoble1 where he was rejoined by his faithful attendants4 ,watched and humiliated as he was1 his journey hither was one long ovation in every village and town through which he passed4 ,the people would not be beaten off1 but flocked in thousands to greet him1 falling on their knees round the carriage1 rending the air with their cries1 and calling down vengeance on those who persecuted ,jesus ,christ in the person of his vicar4 ,the women everywhere were foremost in testifying their devotion to the ,holy ,father4 ,they disguised themselves as peasants1 as servants1 or venders1 and bribed the guards to admit them to his presence1 where ladies of the highest rank were proud to perform any menial service for him4 ,at ,grenoble a hundred young girls dressed in white came forth to meet him1 singing canticles and strewing flowers in his path4 ,pius ,,vi4 smiled lovingly on them1 and blessed them with tears in his eyes4 ,precautions were useless2 no threats could restrain the hearts of the pastor's children1 and this sorrowful journey1 in spite of its cruelties1 resembled the triumphal march of a king amidst his people4 ,they reached ,valence on the #adth of ,july4 ,the pope was lodged in the citadel4 ,close by1 imprisoned in a ,benedictine convent1 were thirtytwo priests who had shared his hospitality in ,rome1 and been compelled to leave it when he had been taken away4 ,they entreated on their knees to be allowed to go and ask his blessing2 but the prayer was denied1 and the ,holy ,father was strictly forbidden to go beyond the gardengate1 which was guarded day and night1 lest by showing himself he should excite disturbance amongst the people4 ,all prohibitions were alike to ,pius now1 for he felt that the goal was at hand1 and the journey would soon be ended4 ,he was suffering terribly1 and knew that the hand of death was upon him4 ,sweet came the summons to the pilgrim pontiff4 8,all journeys end in welcomes to the weary40 ,pius had trod the stony path1 crossladen like his ,master1 crowned1 like him1 with the thorny diadem of sacrifice and love1 and now the promised land was in sight1 and angel songs were breaking on the pilgrim's ear3 8,come1 thou who hast suffered persecution for my sake2 come and reign with me in my kingdom40 ,for some days the ,holy ,father remained altogether absorbed in prayer1 as if unconscious of everything around him4 ,often in the midst of his prayer he would break out into expressions of pardon towards his enemies1 or pity for the sufferings of his children4 8,what are the sufferings of my body compared to what my heart endures for them80 he once exclaimed4 8,my cardinals1 my bishops1 scattered and persecuted1 444 ,rome1 444 my people1 444 the church1 444 ,o my ,saviour6 in what a state am ,i forced to leave them all40 ,the symptoms of final dissolution now rapidly increased1 and the pains he endured were so terrible as to bring on long fainting fits4 ,on the #bhth of ,august ,pius asked for the last rites of the church4 ,he insisted1 in spite of the agonies he was suffering1 on being dressed in full pontificals1 and placed in a chair1 so as to receive the ,holy ,viaticum with the greatest possible reverence4 ,his supreme devotion all through life had been to the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,his desire was complied with1 and then1 placing one hand upon his breast1 and the other on the ,holy ,gospels1 he made with great solemnity his dying confession of faith according to the pontifical formula4 ,he then repeated several times1 in the most impressive tones1 his free forgiveness of his enemies1 invoking the mercy and pardon of ,god upon them2 he prayed earnestly also for the conversion of ,france2 this done1 he received the ,bread of ,angels4 ,on the #bith1 the following day1 ,extreme ,unction was administered by the ,archbishop of ,corinth4 ,the ,holy ,father seemed to rally slightly after this1 and was able to turn his attention a little to temporal affairs4 ,at midnight the palpitations of his heart and other symptoms gave warning that the end had come4 ,the faithful little band of friends and fellow captives gathered round their dying pastor1 and kissed the hand that could no longer lift itself to bless them4 ,the ,archbishop of ,corinth gave the papal absolution1 which the ,holy ,father received with deep humility and fervor1 and1 after a faint effort to give a last blessing to those who were kneeling in tears at his feet1 he breathed his last with the words of the benediction half finished on his lips4 ,it was an hour after midnight on the #bith of ,august1 #agii4 ,pius ,,vi4 was in his eightysecond year1 and had governed the church for twentyfour years1 six months1 and fourteen days4 ,a cry of anguish and of exultation rang through ,christendom when the news of his death went forth4 ,the faithful mourned their shepherd1 the brave pastor who had loved them and defended them even to death2 the wicked rejoiced and clapped hands1 exclaiming1 8,now we have done with him6 ,this old man is the last of the popes6 ,he has died in a foreign land1 hunted like a dog1 without honors or followers4 ,his court and his hierarchy are dispersed2 we have done with ,rome and ,roman popes60 ,shortsighted fools1 that knew not how to distinguish between defeat and victory1 because they could not read the mystic scroll which the hand of ,god has traced above the cross3 8,in this sign thou shalt conquer60 ,the remains of the venerable old man were exposed for several days2 the crowds were so great1 both day and night1 that it was found impossible to remove them at once1 as had been intended4 ,the people proclaimed the martyrpope a saint1 and flocked round the bier to gaze upon those worn and emaciated features where the majestic peace of death now sat like a golden shadow4 ,for miles around ,valence multitudes flowed in to see him1 to touch the bier1 to throw flowers upon it1 and bear them away again as sacred relics4 ,the authorities of the place did not even try to prevent these public demonstrations of respect and enthusiasm4 ,the ,directory thought fit to be silent regarding them1 and even issued orders that the pope should be laid out with the state becoming a sovereign4 ,thus the victim who had been denied the commonest mercies of humanity when he was on his deathbed was surrounded in his coffin with the pomp and paraphernalia of royalty4 ,the body was finally placed in the citadel of ,valence1 where it remained until ,bonaparte1 on being raised to the consulate1 had it removed under a bombastic decree setting forth 8the magnanimity of the grande nation to a good but weak old man who had for a while been the enemy of ,france1 owing to perfidious advisers1 etc40 ,this grandiloquent proclamation ended in the remains of the first sovereign in ,christendom being transported to the common burialground1 where the charity of a ,protestant courageously raised a small stone chapel over his grave4 ,a few years later 7#ahja7 the body was brought back to ,rome1 and placed in the fitting shrine of a martyred pope--the ,basilica of ,s4 ,peter4 ,so does the ,king of ,heaven overturn the designs of earthly kings1 making sport of their power1 and confounding their vain rebellion4 8,elias smote the waters of ,jordan with his mantle1 and with ,eliseus passed over on dry ground4444 ,and ,eliseus said unto him3 ,i pray thee let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me40 ,and as the friends went on1 behold a chariot of fire and horses of fire came and parted them both asunder1 and ,elias went up to heaven1 and ,eliseus saw him no more2 but he took up the mantle of the prophet that had fallen from him1 and went back and stood by the banks of the ,jordan1 and smote the waters with the mantle1 and they parted1 and he went over as before4 ,and who are these that we behold like a cloud travelling towards us from the ,west8 ,lo6 they come1 a grand procession1 cleaving the waters1 singing glad songs1 and bearing in their hands gifts of gold and frankincense4 ,welcome1 ye goodly company of pilgrims1 who 8have feared neither distance nor danger0 to come from the furthest ends of the earth to lay the tribute of your love at the feet of ,peter4 ,thrice welcome6 ye sons and daughters of ,america1 who have come to clasp hands with your brethren of the ,old ,world1 and to receive the loving embrace of our common father4 ,may ye be blessed ten thousandfold for the joy your love has brought to his suffering heart6 ,one venerable figure shines forth amidst the band2 the wisdom of nigh fourscore years is on her brow1 the peace of a long life spent in the service of her ,lord4 ,she gazes on the wonders of the ,holy ,city1 on its glorious shrines1 its stately temples1 its monasteries and convents1 its brave army of priests and monks and nuns1 and1 filled with holy envy at the sight1 her fervent spirit exclaims3 8,oh6 if we could but carry this away with us4 ,if we had these riches in ,america60 8,nay1 lady1 grudge us not our treasure6 ,pray rather that this likewise may not be taken from us1 and give thanks to ,god for the great things that are being accomplished in your own wonderful land4 ,there the faith is like the sun at daybreak1 scarcely yet above the horizon1 but already powerful and splendid4 ,what has become of that sun amongst us8 ,oh6 ,i will not utter it4444 ,verily1 there is ,one who will blow with his breath1 and the cloud shall be scattered4 ,let us pray only that the day be hastened407#aff7 ,the mystic mantle which ,christ first laid upon his apostle has descended through the ages1 through evil times and persecutions1 to the prophet of our own days1 untorn1 unstained1 a garment of immortality and strength4 ,now1 as then1 it bears him in safety through the flood2 now1 as then1 does he 8throw salt upon the waters10 and cure them1 so that all those who come and drink thereof have life and salvation4 ,for ,god changes not1 nor can those who love him and love one another in his love perish1 nor their hope be confounded4 ,assunta ,howard4 ,i4 ,juxta ,crucem4 ,the full moon was pouring a flood of light upon the marble pavement of ,s4 ,peter's1 and1 by its weird influence1 increased to an almost startling immensity the vastness of that mighty work of art1 worthy offspring and expression of the faith which has subdued the world4 ,the soft radiance in the nave seemed to throw into deeper gloom and an almost immeasurable space the everburning lamps which1 like fixed stars1 surround the central point of ,christendom--the tomb of the great apostle1 to whom was first given the power of the keys4 ,no one could remain unmoved in such an awe inspiring scene2 certainly not two1 at least1 of the three persons who alone stood within the church1 silently receiving impressions which come but seldom in a lifetime4 ,and yet1 as the same sunbeam1 falling upon different objects1 will produce different colors1 so on these three minds the impressions were stamped according to their preparation to receive them4 ,to the man1 in whom the moonlight1 bathing him in brightness1 revealed the appearance of gentle birth and refined culture1 it was merely the human1 the miracle of art1 the power of man to design and execute2 while the pure soul of the fair young girl at his side was struggling through the human up to the divine4 ,the patient old sacristan standing apart1 keys in hand1 had dwelt for years in the midst of material and spiritual greatness with a faith so simple that he never dreamed it was sublime4 8,how grand60 at length exclaimed ,mr4 ,carlisle4 8,what a power there is in architecture2 and how well those masterminds understood and used this power for the elevation of man60 8,yes10 replied his young companion2 8and it seems to me that in church architecture every detail should be symbolic1 and the whole should convey to the soul the impression of some one of ,god's attributes4 ,s4 ,peter's is so truly the home of the ,christian world1 and draws the heart so lovingly to itself1 that it always seems to express the paternity of ,god4 ,but to night there is more than this4 ,it speaks to my very soul of the ,father1 but #8the ,father of an ,infinite ,majesty4' 0 ,mr4 ,carlisle smiled4 8,another of your pretty fancies1 ,assunta4 ,one would hardly expect to find such grave thoughts beneath this shining hair1 which the alchemy of the moonlight is fast turning into gold40 ,the usual ready answer did not come2 for any light conversation was out of harmony with the emotion inspired by such surroundings4 ,besides1 the young girl was struggling with herself and against herself in a contest little suspected by her companion4 ,the wonderful influence of the time and place had brought near the moment of defeat or victory4 ,it is sometimes the way of ,god with the soul to prepare it gradually for some struggle1 and then suddenly and unexpectedly to bring it face to face with the trial1 and to permit its whole future to hang upon the decision of a moment4 ,thank ,god6 to the faithful soul the strength is never wanting4 ,it was such a crisis as this which clouded the bright face and darkened with doubt the mind of one in whom youth and innocence would seem to preclude the possibility of mental conflict4 ,it was but a few days since she had become convinced that the guardian who had been to her both friend and father had come to feel for her a love which indeed might include that of father and friend1 as the greater includes the less1 but which was something more than either4 ,and with the consciousness there came a strange yearning of her heart to go forth and meet his heart with an equal love1 to trust herself to the protecting care she knew so well1 to yield to the happiness which promised to gild her life with a radiance too dazzling to be all of earth4 ,but there arose a barrier between them1 and hence the struggle4 ,strange how we play the devil's advocate against our conscience6 ,must she respect that barrier8 ,what if he were almost an infidel2 would it not be her sweet mission to take heaven by violence1 if need be1 and by her importunate prayers obtain for him the light of faith8 ,dangerous sophistry6 ,and yet on this quicksand how many women wreck themselves1 instead of steering the bark freighted with the loved soul into the calm waters of truth6 ,they two1 the guardian and his ward1 had entered the church while yet the setting sun was irradiating column and statue with a glowing splendor2 and they had continued to walk slowly and almost in silence up and down the long nave until the light had faded and darkness had succeeded the short twilight4 ,they were about to leave the calm influence and the majesty of repose which this vast temple of ,god ever inspires1 when suddenly the moon1 rising to a level with the window above the porch1 poured its magic working beams upon the pavement4 ,they paused1 and1 turning to the sacristan1 who was about to close the doors for the night1 begged a few moments' delay1 which he1 with unusual cordiality1 granted4 ,and what were the busy thoughts which induced so prolonged a silence during that hour's walk1 until the gathering darkness and then the rising moon warned them how the time was passing1 of which they had taken so little note8 ,suffice it to say that the mind of each was filled with the other4 ,with ,assunta ,howard1 the new sentiments kindled in her heart had conjured up the memory of a scene which1 associated with her first sorrow1 was a living picture to her imagination4 ,again1 as if it were but yesterday1 she1 a little child1 entered the room of her dying mother1 and saw her lying pale and beautiful upon her bed1 her crucifix in her hand1 and beside her the little table covered with white linen1 upon which were the exquisite flowers and the still burning candles placed there in honor of her divine ,lord1 whom she had just received as the ,viaticum of her journey home4 ,the little ,assunta thought how much her mamma looked like the beautiful ,s4 ,catherine1 borne in the arms of the lovely angels1 which hung above her own bed2 and she wondered if the angels would come before she had time to kiss her mother once again4 ,it was almost with a feeling of awe that she whispered in the ear of the good priest who raised her in his arms1 8,is mamma a saint now80 8,my precious child10 said the mother1 strengthened for this bitter parting by the divine ,guest who was reposing in her heart1 8mamma must leave her little ,assunta1 her good little girl4 ,but before long ,i hope that ,i shall be with the dear ,jesus and his sweet ,mother1 whom you love so much4 ,so you will be glad for mamma1 and always remember how much she loves you4 ,i am not very strong1 my darling1 but put your arms around my neck1 and your curly head close to mine1 while ,i say something to you4 ,you will not understand me now1 my poor child1 but ,i know that you will try and remember all1 and one of these days you will know what ,i mean4 ,my darling1 when you are grown up to be as tall as mamma1 some one will perhaps find a way into that loving little heart4 ,my little daughter1 if divine love claims it1 and our dear ,lord wishes you to be all his own1 do not hesitate1 but gladly give your life as a sweet offering to him who has chosen you4 ,give him your whole heart without a fear4 ,but if it is a human love which seeks to make my treasure all its own1 think long and well and prayerfully1 my child1 before you give your heart into its keeping4 ,and1 ,o ,assunta6 remember1 never marry one who does not cherish your faith as you do2 who cannot kneel with you before the altar1 and love you in ,god1 even as you do him4 ,i do not ask you to promise me this1 for ,i feel that it would not be right to bind you by a promise which you cannot understand4 ,yet it is your dying mother's wish4 ,but ,i must kiss the wondering expression away from those dear eyes4 ,one of these days dear ,f4 ,joseph will remind you of my request when you are old enough to understand--will you not1 father8 ,but my little girl can remember that she is to be poor papa's dear comfort1 and never forget the little prayer for him every day1 that ,god will give to him--tell me what you ask for papa1 my darling80 ,the little ,assunta answered through her sobs3 8,i want papa to love my blessed ,mother ,mary1 and ,i ask ,god to make him4 ,and1 mamma1 you said ,i must say faith2 but ,i don't know what that means1 except when ,i say it in the catechism1 and so ,i ask ,god to make him as good as mamma is1 and a saint just like ,s4 ,joseph in my picture2 and ,i think he will1 mamma1 because you know he heard me once when ,i asked him to let me go to school to ,sister ,rose40 ,the mother smiled1 as she replied3 8,how earnestly ,i hope so1 my daughter6 ,and papa has promised me to leave you with the good ,sisters for a long time2 so you must please him by being his good1 obedient child4 ,and now1 my dear1 precious little girl1 kiss me--once again1 my darling4 ,i am very tired1 and must rest4 ,perhaps1 when ,i wake up1 ,i shall see1 instead of my darling's golden curls1 the golden gates of the celestial city4 ,when ,i am gone1 ,assunta1 child of ,mary1 say every day3 #8,dear ,jesus1 take mamma home soon4' ,now call papa40 ,the priest1 who had stood by in silence1 came forward and lifted the poor bewildered child down from the bed4 ,he saw that the strength which had until now supported the mother in this time of trial was quite exhausted4 ,she uttered aloud the words1 8,thy will1 not mine0--words which1 since that night beneath the olives in ,gethsemane1 express both the bitterness of the chalice and the ministry of the angel--then her eyes closed2 and though for a short time consciousness remained1 they never opened until the resplendent majesty of the glorious humanity of her divine ,lord burst upon her soul's vision4 ,as the child turned away to obey her mother's request1 the priest began to repeat the ,proficiscere1 anima ,christiana1 with which the church so lovingly speeds her children on their last journey2 and for the first time she realized that her mother was indeed going from her4 ,she crept softly from the room1 only to rush away to her own little chamber1 where1 kneeling before the picture of ,s4 ,catherine1 evermore associated with that great1 first sorrow1 she poured out the grief of her loving1 childish heart in sobs and tears4 ,and it was this scene which was again before the mental eye of the young girl as she stood there in the moonlight1 herself so fair a picture4 ,her sainted mother1 with her look of heavenly repose1 and the angelborne ,s4 ,catherine1 blended themselves into one image in her mind1 while the ,holy ,spirit was guiding her innocent soul4 ,suddenly an impulse seized her2 perhaps it was what mystic writers call an inspiration4 ,turning to her guardian1 whose eyes had for some time been wonderingly fixed upon her1 she hastily exclaimed3 8,one moment1 my friend10 and then walked quickly towards the chapel1 where hung the lamp which told of the divine ,presence upon the altar4 ,mr4 ,carlisle was quite accustomed to what he was pleased to call her 8pretty1 graceful piety10 and so1 without surprise1 he turned to exchange a few words with the patient sacristan1 while1 on her knees before her ,lord1 ,assunta fought and conquered in the first real battle of her life4 ,she realized fully now the love which seemed to offer her such human happiness1 and she knew what it would cost her to refuse it4 ,but then came the remembrance of her mother's dying words--8,unless he can love you in ,god0--and her heroic soul gathered up its strength for the consummation of the act of sacrifice4 ,with one appealing1 heartbreaking prayer for help1 she bowed her head1 and made to ,god the promise which her mother had not required from the child4 ,and those alone who know what it is to offer up the crown and joy of life in sacrifice can understand the peace and rest which came to her troubled heart1 even through the vision of a life robbed of its brightness4 ,absorbed as she was1 she had forgotten the world outside and its distracting claims until her guardian stood beside her4 8,petite10 he whispered1 8in thy orisons be all my sins remembered4 ,but since the list is somewhat long1 ,i think you must not wait to recall them now4 ,your one moment has lengthened into fifteen by my watch1 and ,i have exhausted my powers of eloquence in my endeavors to charm that good old man into forgetfulness of the flight of time4 ,can you not leave heaven for earth and us poor mortals8 ,there are so many angels up in heaven1 they can afford to spare us our only one40 ,rising hastily1 ,assunta exclaimed3 8,i have been very thoughtless1 and you1 as always1 kind and patient4 ,we will go at once40 ,her gentle apologies to the old sacristan added value to the gift she slipped into his hand2 and as he closed and locked the door behind them1 he muttered to himself3 8,she is a saint anyhow1 if she is an ,american40 ,as they passed down the steps towards the carriage1 ,mr4 ,carlisle suddenly stopped1 exclaiming3 8,why1 child1 what is the matter8 ,you have the real martyrlook on your face4 ,i read there1 as in a book1 that combination of suffering and triumph which we see in pictures1 representing those times when men were not so chivalrous as now1 and inflicted persecutions on account of a devotion which is so natural to your sex1 and which10 he added1 laughing1 8is so particularly becoming where the woman is young and pretty4 ,but10 he said uneasily1 8,i cannot see that expression in the face of my petite4 ,sunshine is her element2 and the cloud which should cast a shadow upon her life would burst forth in thunder over mine4 ,but what is it8 ,has the moonlight enchanted you80 8,no1 dear friend10 replied ,assunta1 endeavoring to speak gayly4 8,enough that you grant me the triumph4 ,the laurel wreath is a woman's ambition4 ,you need not bestow the martyr's palm until it is deserved4 ,and now let us go home40 8,indeed1 that is the one thing in this world which ,i do not intend to do1 at least at present4 ,thanks to my good sister's welltimed headache1 we have a rare opportunity to follow out our own sweet will in the most unconventional manner4 ,there is no respect for the world and the propriety ,clara preaches left in me tonight4 ,i1 for one1 shall take advantage of the absence of that inconvenient third party and her friend ,mrs4 ,grundy to drive to the ,colosseum4 ,if you decline to accompany me1 ,i will just remind you that the walk home is somewhat long and the hour somewhat late40 ,saying which1 he gave his order to the coachman1 and took his seat beside ,assunta in the barouche4 ,after a short silence1 he continued3 8,the catisaway sensation takes me back to my schoolboy days4 ,though ,i confess dear ,clara to be the very best of the tabby race1 still she does show her claws sometimes when ,i propose an escapade that shocks her sense of what is becoming at the advanced age of thirtyfive4 ,to see the ,colosseum tonight is not to be resisted4 ,there is no dampness whatever in the air1 and the moon has risen just high enough to make the shadows perfect40 8,i think10 said ,assunta1 8that it must be a very guilty conscience that needs so many words in its justification4 ,i1 for my part1 am so strong in innocence that ,i will meet ,clara on my return with an unblushing brow--to speak poetically--as far as the ,colosseum is concerned4 ,the evening is certainly lovely enough to reduce even your friend ,mrs4 ,grundy to a spirit of meek acquiescence4 #8,how beautiful is night6' ,do you remember the first lines of ,thalaba8 ,it must have been just such a moon as this that suggested the opening of that remarkable poem40 8,did you not read it to me8 ,how can you ask1 then1 if ,i remember8 ,however1 ,i did not hear it then for the first time4 ,the dogs1 with their human eyes1 made a great impression even upon my boyish mind4 ,but here we are40 ,and jumping down from the carriage1 he held out his hand to her4 ,one moment she hesitated2 for1 by that instinct which is the shadow of a coming event1 she felt that her trial was not yet at an end4 ,but if it must come1 why not then8 ,she might never again be so prepared to meet it4 ,there is a fervor of heroism which immediately succeeds a sacrifice that makes us strong to endure4 ,if there is a step to be taken1 it is better not to wait until the inevitable reaction is upon us with its enervating influence4 ,the hesitation was too instantaneous to be remarked1 and ,assunta allowed her guardian to assist her to alight2 and placing her arm within his1 they passed the sentinel1 and entered the vast amphitheatre4 ,it was indeed a perfect ,roman night2 and1 to an artistic eye1 nothing could be more imposing than the strong contrast between the deep gloom beneath those bewildering arches1 which threw their dark shadows across the open arena1 and the brightness of a winter's moon4 ,the two walked towards the centre1 and seated themselves upon the steps of the large cross which rises in the midst of this mighty relic of heathen ,rome4 ,assunta almost shuddered1 as if at an evil omen1 when she observed that she had unconsciously placed herself so that the shadow of the cross fell directly upon her1 and stretched out its unnatural length at her feet4 ,but even had she been superstitiously inclined1 she might well have felt that no place could be so safe and sure as beneath the shadow of the cross2 it rested so protectingly on her young head1 seeming to stand between her and evil4 ,soon she realized this1 and checked the impulse which1 alas6 too many of us follow when suddenly we find ourselves close under ,calvary--the mount whose crown is a cross1 and whose cross is salvation--the impulse to move 8out of the shadow into the sun10 out of the cloud which wraps us about in love into the sunlight with which the world seeks to dazzle us into forgetfulness4 ,gradually they fell into a quiet conversation1 the beauty of the scene1 the many associations of the past which cling to these ancient walls1 furnishing ample topics4 ,at last ,mr4 ,carlisle1 turning suddenly to ,assunta1 said3 8,and how many years is it since your poor father summoned me to his bedside1 and told me of the troublesome charge ,i should find in the convent1 to be transferred into my hands when the patience of the nuns had reached the limit of endurance1 and my young lady the age of eighteen80 8,it is five years since1 my most ungracious and ungrateful guardian4 ,but you will soon be released from duty4 ,the fifteenth of next ,august will be my twentyfirst birthday4 ,it was because ,i came into the world on the ,feast of the ,assumption that my dear mother gave me the name1 at which all her good1 practical ,american friends wondered and held up their hands4 ,well1 on that morning ,i shall offer you freedom1 and ,i shall expect to hear you exclaim1 quoting your favorite ,shakespeare1 #8,for this relief much thanks6' 0 8,and ,i suppose you will think10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 somewhat bitterly1 8that it will be enough1 after all these years1 to say1 #8,you have been kind to me1 my guardian1 quite like a father2 ,i am very grateful1 and hope that we may meet again'2 and with a goodby and a pretty courtesy shake off the shackles1 and take yourself1 with all your sunshine1 out into the world to make bright the life of others1 forgetting him whose life you alone have the power to darken by absence4 ,ah6 child10 he said1 his tone changing to tender earnestness1 8do you not know with what tie ,i would bind you to me so that no age could have the right to separate us8 ,do you think that it is as a father that ,i love you8 ,that might have been once2 but now it is the love of a man of thirtyfive1 who for the first time has found his ideal of woman realized4 ,assunta1 do ,i ask too much8 ,when that day comes of which you speak1 will you not give me the right to devote my life to you8 ,you were looking forward to the day which was to give you freedom2 and you hesitate to put yourself under bondage8 ,if you knew my love for you1 you would believe that ,i ask but the right to love and protect you always4 ,have ,i been so severe a guardian that you dare not trust me as a husband8 ,assunta1 you do not speak4 ,if you cannot love me now1 will you not at least let me try to win your love80 ,and as he looked into the face which she now turned towards him1 he exclaimed with a mingling of doubt and triumph1 8,child1 you do love me60 ,it was well for ,assunta that she had fought her battle beforehand1 else she could hardly have hoped to conquer now4 8,my dear1 kind friend10 she said sadly1 8,i would have given much to spare you this4 ,it seems indeed a poor return for all you have been to me to reject the love for which ,i am very grateful4 ,but it must be so4 ,i cannot marry you1 ,mr4 ,carlisle40 ,the triumph in his face faded2 but1 fortunately for his diminishing hope1 doubt remained4 8,petite10 he said1 8,i have taken you by surprise4 ,do not give me your answer now4 ,let me take home tonight but a hope and your promise to reconsider your hasty decision1 and ,i will try to be content4 ,but you are so cold1 so calm1 ,assunta4 ,can it be that ,i have entirely deceived myself1 that perhaps some other0--,he paused4 8,i am calm1 my friend10 she answered1 8because there is no struggle of indecision in my mind4 ,there is very great regret that ,i must give you pain1 and it costs me more than you know to do so4 ,i entreat you to be generous--more generous than ,i have been to you--and end this trying conversation40 8,i cannot end it without one question more2 pardon me if ,i am wrong in asking it4 ,assunta1 there is something that ,i do not understand4 ,you do not say that you could not love me1 but that you cannot marry me4 ,who or what is it1 then1 that comes between us80 8,god60 ,and she spoke the word so reverently that for one moment ,mr4 ,carlisle was subdued and silent4 ,then the bitterness which was always latent in his nature gained the ascendency1 as he replied3 8,some interference of your church1 ,i suppose40 ,assunta was not a saint1 and her previous emotion had weakened her powers of selfcontrol1 for she spoke with unusual spirit4 8,yes1 the church does interfere1 thank ,god1 to save her children1 else were she no true mother40 ,then1 a little ashamed of her warmth of defence1 she continued1 without seeming to notice ,mr4 ,carlisle's ironical repetition of her words 8save her children03 8,you will no doubt consider me fanatical1 but you have a right to know why ,i refuse the love which ,i value so much1 and which1 at the same time1 ,i must beg you to forget4 ,i can never marry one who is not of my faith4 ,i believe that1 in a true marriage1 there must be more than the tie of human love--there must be the union of soul and the blessing of the church4 ,and more than this1 there is the insuperable barrier of a solemn promise made to ,god in consequence of my dying mother's last request4 ,need ,i say more8 ,and must ,i lose my best friend because ,i can only respect and love him #8as friends love'8 ,i had not looked for so great a sacrifice40 ,and for the first time the tears stood in her eyes and her voice trembled4 ,she waited for a few minutes1 but no reply came4 ,then1 noticing that the moon had risen above arch and wall1 and1 pouring its light full upon the open arena1 had sent the shadows back to their hidingplaces1 she said gently3 8,mr4 ,carlisle1 it is getting late4 ,shall we go home80 ,he started from his moody silence1 and1 taking in his the hand that rested on the cross1 he said3 8,assunta1 you are a noble girl2 but10 he added with a faint smile1 8this conclusion does not make your words easier to bear4 ,but you are shivering4 ,is it so cold8 ,come1 we will go at once40 ,and as he led the way towards the carriage1 he wrapped her shawl closer about her1 saying1 8,my poor child1 how thoughtless ,i have been60 ,once seated1 there was again silence until they reached the entrance of the villa4 ,as they ascended the long staircase1 ,mr4 ,carlisle paused4 ,his old tenderness of manner had all returned1 and he was her guardian1 and nothing more1 as he said3 8,assunta1 ,i have not been generous4 ,i have taken an unfair advantage of my position1 and have told you what ,i had not intended you should know until you were released from all obligation to me4 ,my child1 will you trust your friend and guardian to be only that until next ,august shall make you free8 ,i cannot promise to give up all hope1 but ,i will not repeat what ,i have said tonight4 ,can you forgive me so far as to go back to our old relations8 ,will you trust me80 8,most gladly10 said ,assunta4 8,i feel as if my friend1 whom ,i had mourned as lost1 has been restored to me4 ,and1 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 the day will come when we will both look back without regret upon the decision which was made tonight under the shadow of the cross40 8,i hope so1 even while ,i doubt1 fair prophetess40 ,but his thought was of the time when he might even yet win that stern conscience to his views1 and then indeed he could afford to think without regret of a past disappointment2 while she was thinking of that sweet providence of ,god which1 in compensation for sacrifice1 always lets us see in the end that all things are for the best to those who can wait and trust4 ,mr4 ,carlisle opened the drawingroom door1 and entered an apartment which had the rare combination of elegance and comfort1 of art and home4 ,mrs4 ,grey1 his pretty1 widowed sister1 was fond of what she called the 8dim religious10 and therefore the candles were not lighted2 but a blazing woodfire contributed light as well as warmth1 while the silver urn upon the side table hissed out an impatient welcome4 ,mrs4 ,grey herself was lying upon the sofa in the most charmingly artistic costume and attitude2 and the injured manner she assumed rather added to her fascination4 ,she idolized her only brother2 and when1 after a short wedded happiness of two years1 he had offered the childless widow a home with him1 she had gladly accepted2 and after a few months of becoming weeds and retirement1 she was so far consoled as to mitigate her crape1 and allow her brother's visitors to gaze from a distance upon her charms4 ,the mitigating process had gone on until she was now the gayest of the gay1 except when an occasional headache reminded her that she was mortal1 and others that amiability is not to be found in perfection in this world any more than any other virtue4 ,she was too frivolous to satisfy her brother's deeper nature1 but he was as fond of her as her affection for him deserved4 ,she had taken the orphan ,assunta into her heart as if she had been a sister2 though she insisted that the position of matron to a beautiful young girl was no sinecure4 8,really1 ,severn10 she exclaimed1 as he seated himself beside the sofa1 8you must have thought it very entertaining for me to stay alone five mortal hours with only my poor head for company40 8,dear ,clara1 if ,i had dreamed you would be doomed to such a dearth of companionship1 ,i should not have gone at all40 8,hush6 ,no impertinence10 she said4 8,where have you left ,assunta80 8,here ,i am10 said the young girl1 entering the room at the same moment1 and answering for herself4 8,and how is your head1 ,clara8 ,i hope you have not been suffering all this time40 8,your sympathy is very pretty and pleasing1 ,assunta2 but1 indeed1 it is of too mushroom a growth to be very consoling4 ,confess that this is the first time ,i have been in your thoughts since you left the house4 ,but10 she exclaimed1 suddenly recollecting herself1 8you have been out alone all this time4 ,dear me6 ,i hope you did not meet any one you knew1 for what would they think8 ,where have you been80 ,and as she spoke1 she rose from the couch1 and went about the womanly occupation of making tea4 8,we went to the ,colosseum10 replied her brother2 8and truly the night was so lovely that if it had not been for you and your head1 who knows but we might have wandered about until the ,roman police lighted upon us1 and committed us to the care of the ,holy ,office as vagabonds80 8,nonsense6 ,i would risk you with ,assunta anywhere1 as far as that is concerned4 ,she is ,papal protection in herself4 ,she is wrapped about in the yellow and white1 metaphorically speaking4 ,besides1 ,i believe it is not exactly the province of the ,holy ,office to deal with vagabonds1 but with heretics40 8,and what am ,i80 8,oh6 ,i don't know anything about religion4 ,has ,assunta been calling you a heretic80 8,assunta never calls me hard names10 he answered1 and he could not forbear adding under his breath3 8,but she has made me count the cost of unbelief40 8,has she been trying to convert you80 asked his persistent sister4 8,she has offered me every inducement10 was his reply4 8,assunta1 here is your tea10 called ,mrs4 ,grey2 for the young girl had been arranging her music in another part of the large drawingroom during the conversation4 8,yes2 and she needs it very much1 poor child10 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 placing a chair for her4 8,i was so selfish that ,i did not even notice it was cold until she was quite chilled through4 ,you find your own head such poor company that you must go with us next time1 ,clara1 and take better care of us40 ,and then they relapsed into a quiet teadrinking2 after which1 and the removal of the various articles which constitute the tea service1 ,mrs4 ,grey returned to her sofa1 while ,assunta went to the piano1 and played some of ,mendelssohn's 8,songs without ,words10 and ,mr4 ,carlisle sat in deep thought before the fire4 ,it was a state of things which ,clara could not endure long4 ,anything like constraint gave her the sensation of a caged bird1 and she began at once to beat her wings against imaginary bars4 8,i never knew such stupid people4 ,severn1 do please light my candle4 ,i am sure ,i trust my dreams will be more agreeable1 or ,i shall die of ennui4 ,goodnight1 dear ,assunta4 ,do not fatigue me by your efforts to rival the larks in early rising1 if you have any mercy40 ,and looking the very picture of lovely discontent--if so paradoxical an expression may be allowed--she retired to her own room4 ,assunta extended her hand as usual to her guardian4 ,he held it a moment1 and then said3 8,goodnight1 petite2 we will begin anew tomorrow02 and then he returned to his armchair1 which he did not leave for many hours4 ,assunta was very tired2 but it was rather with the weight of the cross she had lifted upon her shoulders than from any physical fatigue4 ,she soon dismissed her maid1 and1 like a victorious soldier wearied with the conflict1 she fell into a dreamless sleep1 not1 however1 until she had returned thanks for the victory to the ,god of battles4 ,,ii4 ,cor ,cordium4 ,it was an established custom of the household of ,villa ,moroni to be quite independent of each other until the twelve o'clock breakfast afforded occasion for an agreeable reunion4 ,however pleasant an early family gathering may be in many home circles1 where the habits and pursuits of all are entirely dissimilar and incongruous we escape much of the roughness of life by not attempting too early an interchange of forced courtesy4 ,indeed1 in ,mr4 ,carlisle's family it would have been difficult to effect an earlier meeting than the one which suited all parties so well4 ,mrs4 ,grey declared that the morning hours with ,morpheus were absolutely necessary to her peace of mind4 ,and certainly the drowsy god must have been lavish of bright visions during those hours when the sun was so carefully excluded from the apartment of the fair sleeper2 for when at last he permitted the pretty lady to awake from her dreams1 she came from the hands of her maid into the outer world the very quintessence of amiability and freshness4 ,who would feel assured of such a result had she seen the sun rise8 ,true1 it might occur to some persons who take severe views of life to wonder what her soul was doing all that time2 but it never did to her4 ,the supernatural was to her a terra incognita4 ,she had skimmed over her sorrow as seabirds over the waves of the ocean1 scarcely bearing away a drop on their spread wings4 ,the waters had never gone over her soul and forced her to cry from out of the depths to the ,god whom she acknowledged in theory1 but persistently ignored in practice4 ,yet she was so lovely and affectionate1 and besides1 when she chose to exert herself1 she had so much good sense withal1 by all means let her enjoy life's sunshine1 and pluck its sweetest roses1 carefully guarding her dainty fingers from contact with the hidden thorns4 ,but why waste our time in moralizing over one who would smile in unconsciousness of our meaning if we uttered our thoughts aloud1 and charm the frown from our brow by some pretty petulance8 ,mr4 ,carlisle understood as little of the supernatural as his frivolous sister4 ,but he had a deep1 earnest nature1 which could not be satisfied with the mere outside of life4 ,mental food he must have1 though it may be a question whether the mind is ever fully nourished when the soul is starving4 ,he therefore1 after taking his coffee and smoking his cigar1 devoted his morning hours to reading or writing in the cosey little room he used as a library4 ,the carriage was thus left at ,assunta's disposal2 and she usually availed herself of it to assist at ,mass1 accompanied by her maid2 and often an errand of mercy or charitable visit was accomplished before her return4 ,it was her guardian's wish that she should never walk about the city1 unless accompanied by himself1 else she would many times have preferred to show her ,american independence by taking a morning stroll with her faithful ,marie4 ,the morning after the eventful visit to the ,colosseum was ,friday1 and on that day ,assunta was accustomed to make her confession and receive ,holy ,communion4 ,she awoke with a stunned feeling1 as if recovering from a blow4 ,it was still very early1 but1 remembering the duties before her1 she arose quickly4 ,she was so glad that it was ,friday2 for good ,f4 ,joseph would certainly be in the confessional2 as he always expected her1 and she felt the need of his counsel4 ,it was the same ,f4 ,joseph du ,pont who had placed her beside her dying mother1 but who had shortly afterwards returned to ,rome4 ,when1 a few weeks since1 she had arrived in the ,eternal ,city1 he had welcomed her as a dear child1 and she loved and respected him as a true spiritual father4 ,the sun was just rising when she entered the carriage and drove to the ,ges4 ,her confession was soon made1 and after the ,precious ,blood had poured its healing drops upon her soul through the words of the absolution1 she said3 8,father1 can you spare me a few minutes more this morning8 ,i want your advice40 8,certainly1 my child10 answered the good priest4 8,it is nearly an hour before my ,mass4 ,how can ,i help you80 8,last evening10 said ,assunta in a low voice1 8,i did what ,i believed to be right2 but the morning light has only confused my mind1 and ,i see nothing clearly4 ,father1 ,mr4 ,carlisle1 my guardian1 asked me to marry him40 8,and you1 my child80 questioned the priest somewhat anxiously4 8,i had been prepared somewhat to expect it4 ,i had thought of my mother's request1 and remembered that it was in accordance with the teaching of the church1 and ,i was impelled to fortify myself by a promise to ,almighty ,god to fulfil to the letter my dear mother's wish4 ,therefore1 when the question came1 ,i could only refuse40 8,it cost you something to do this1 ,i can see1 my poor child1 and this morning you are suffering from the revenge our human nature takes upon us when we have done it violence4 ,let us look at the matter calmly before ,god4 ,i believe that you are right1 but it will help you to look at both sides of the question4 ,it is a reasonable service that ,god requires of us2 and1 be very sure1 he never leads us to the altar of sacrifice without bestowing upon us the strength and generosity we need to place our offering upon it4 ,perhaps you were a little too impulsive in binding yourself by anything like a vow4 ,we must always be very careful not to mistake impulse for inspiration4 ,however1 as ,i understand you1 your mind was already decided1 and the promise to ,god was to act as a protection to yourself against your own human weakness4 ,am ,i right80 8,partly1 father10 replied ,assunta1 8and yet1 as ,i knelt before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,i felt that the sacrifice was required of me in a way ,i thought ,i could not mistake40 8,then1 my child1 doubtless the ,holy ,spirit has inspired it for some end that we do not now see4 ,but1 aside from that1 without that additional and conclusive obstacle in the way of such a marriage1 ,i think you acted rightly4 ,our holy mother1 the church1 is very wise1 as well as very lenient2 and it is with great reluctance that she risks the soul of one of her precious children by placing it under the constant influence of one without faith4 ,it is very true that while there is wisdom in knowing how to keep a rule1 there is still greater wisdom in knowing when judiciously to make the exception4 ,and ,i confess that1 from a human point of view1 yours would seem to be an exceptional case4 ,you are quite alone in the world2 and your guardian has been1 and no doubt would always be1 a faithful friend4 ,as a man1 ,i esteem him highly for his many noble qualities4 ,the world will unquestionably look upon such a marriage as eminently fitting2 and so it would be1 but for the one thing which is so important4 ,we1 however1 cannot act upon human principles1 as if this world were all4 ,it was not without reason1 my child1 that your poor mother said those last words to you4 ,when she was married1 her faith was as strong1 her life as true and pure1 as yours4 ,but your father's intellect was powerful1 and her love for him so great that she yielded to him until she nearly lost her soul4 ,god be blessed for his mercy1 she had the grace to die as a saint1 and is now1 as ,i hope1 in heaven4 ,but ,i have seen her in an agony of remorse such as ,i should grieve indeed to witness in this dear child of hers4 ,the last two years of her life after her return to her faith were truly years of martyrdom1 passed in the struggle to reconcile those duties which never should conflict--her love of ,god and duty to her husband4 ,it was from the very depths of her own sad experience that she pleaded with her little girl4 ,my child1 that mother is praying for you now40 8,i believe it1 father10 said ,assunta1 deeply moved by this story of her beloved mother1 which she heard for the first time4 8,so1 my child1 the past is all as it should be2 and now for the future4 ,may ,god grant you the grace to be always as good and brave as you were last night6 ,i would not discourage you1 and yet ,i must remind you that the sacrifice is only begun4 ,it is not likely that your guardian1 with only human motives to urge him1 will give up so easily where his heart is engaged4 ,he will1 of course1 do all he can to turn you from your purpose1 and no doubt your own heart will sometimes plead on his side4 ,here lies your further trial4 ,and yet ,i cannot1 as under other circumstances ,i should do1 advise you to shun the temptation4 ,you cannot leave your guardian's care until you are of age2 therefore you must face the trial4 ,but ,i trust you entirely1 my child--that is1 ,i trust to the purity of your heart and the power of grace that is in you to guide your actions1 even your very thoughts4 ,you must try to be as you have been before2 try to forget the lover in the guardian4 ,avoid coldness of manner as a safeguard2 for it would only place you in an unnatural position1 and would inevitably strengthen in the end the feelings you would conquer4 ,it is not easy to give an exact rule of conduct4 ,your own good sense will teach you1 and ,god will be with you4 ,and1 my child1 you must pray for your guardian1 and at the same time it must be without any future reference to yourself in connection with him4 ,is this too hard for you8 ,do your best1 and grace will do the rest4 ,by remembering him before ,god you will learn lo purify your feelings towards him--to supernaturalize them2 and by committing your future unreservedly to the loving providence of ,god1 your prayer will be a constant renewal of the act of sacrifice you have made4 ,make it heroic by perseverance4 ,do ,i explain myself clearly1 my child80 8,yes1 father1 perfectly so2 and ,i feel so much comforted and strengthened40 8,well1 these are but the words of your father1 spoken out of his love for you4 ,go now1 child1 and prepare to receive your divine ,lord1 and listen for the words of peace and comfort he will speak to your soul4 ,to him ,i commend you with all confidence4 ,one thing more--remember that there is nothing which helps us so much in such a trial as acts of charity towards the poor and the suffering4 ,i know that you never fail in this respect2 but now especially ,i would urge you to forget yourself in sympathy for others as occasion offers1 though you must always recognize those claims which your position in society entails upon you4 ,come to me freely whenever you feel that ,i can help you4 ,god bless you6 ,i shall remember you in the ,holy ,sacrifice40 ,the good priest went to vest himself for ,mass1 while the young girl returned to the place before the altar where ,marie was patiently awaiting her4 ,she was herself a pious woman1 and time spent in church never seemed long to her4 ,when the ,mass was over and her thanksgiving ended1 ,assunta returned home with her heart lightened of its burden4 ,she dressed herself for breakfast with her usual care and taste1 and1 finding that it still wanted half an hour or more before the great gun of ,sant' ,angelo would boom out the mid day signal1 she seated herself at the piano1 and song and ballad followed each other in quick succession4 ,her voice and manner were in harmony with herself4 ,her music soothed1 but never excited4 ,it had not the dangerous power to quicken the pulse and thrill the heart with passionate emotion1 but it roused the better feelings1 while it conveyed to the listener a restful1 satisfied impression which ambitious1 brilliant performers rarely impart4 ,she was just beginning ,cherubini's beautiful ,ave ,maria when ,mr4 ,carlisle entered the room4 8,here is our early bird welcoming us in true songster fashion4 ,do not stop yet1 petite1 8,my soul in an enchanted boat1 ,which1 like a sleeping swan1 doth float ,upon the silver waves of thy sweet singing40 ,but as ,assunta had already left the piano to greet her guardian and his sister1 he continued3 8,by the way1 ,clara1 my quotation has suggested to me an answer to your question4 ,assunta1 my fickle sister1 who a week ago was ready to live and die in a picturegallery1 has just now assured me that the very mention of a picture or statue is a fatigue to her2 and she has mercilessly compelled me to find some new and original bit of sightseeing for today4 ,we cannot1 of course1 visit any church1 since the ,holy ,father is1 unfortunately for her1 not an iconoclast4 ,but1 ,clara1 what do you say to making a ,shelley day of it8 ,we will take ,prometheus ,unbound with us to the ,baths of ,caracalla1 and there1 on the very spot which inspired the poem1 we can read parts of it4 ,and when we are tired1 we can prolong our drive to the cemetery1 and visit ,shelley's grave1 as a proper conclusion4 ,how do you like the plan80 8,oh60 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 8it will be deliciously sentimental2 only breakfast is announced1 and ,i am in a famished condition4 ,i was up so early this morning4 ,it must have been before eleven when that stupid girl called me1 and it is an hour since ,i took my coffee40 8,poor ,clara60 said ,mr4 ,carlisle1 8your condition is truly pitiable4 ,i should think you might find the almshouse a pleasant change40 ,mrs4 ,grey seemed only amused at her brother's sarcasm1 when suddenly she checked her silvery laugh1 and1 springing from the table1 at which she had just seated herself1 she went towards ,assunta with such a pretty1 penitential air that she was quite irresistible4 8,my dear child10 she exclaimed1 8speaking of almshouses reminds me of something you will never forgive4 ,promise me not to scold1 and ,i will devote myself henceforth to the cultivation of my memory40 8,what is it80 asked ,assunta1 smiling at her earnestness4 8,i am sure such a pleading look would force forgiveness from a stone40 8,well1 then1 for my confession1 since you absolve me beforehand4 ,while you were out yesterday morning that miserable woman of yours sent word that she was sick1 and something about not having a mouthful of bread in the house4 ,i forget the whole message4 ,my maid saw the girl who came1 and ,i promised to tell you4 ,but you remember my wretched headache4 ,you forgave me1 you know40 ,assunta looked both grieved and vexed for a moment1 and then she controlled herself enough to say3 8,i must attach a condition to my forgiveness1 ,clara4 ,will you let me drive to the house on our way to the baths8 ,i will only detain you a few minutes40 8,heavens6 ,assunta1 you will not go there yourself80 exclaimed the astonished ,clara4 8,i dare say it is some filthy hole1 and perhaps the woman may have fever4 ,send a messenger with some money4 ,i'll give her five dollars40 8,thank you4 ,i will take the five dollars to her willingly10 replied the young girl2 8but ,i will take myself too4 ,i can easily walk10 she added1 looking for permission to her guardian1 as the occasion was exceptional4 ,displeasure at his sister's thoughtlessness was evident in ,mr4 ,carlisle's tone1 as he said3 8,you will go in the carriage1 ,assunta1 and ,i will accompany you4 ,we will return for ,clara after the visit4 ,giovanni1 order a basket of provisions to be put up before one o'clock1 and be ready yourself to go with us and take charge of it2 and now that the matter is settled1 we will have some breakfast40 ,poor ,mrs4 ,grey looked disconcerted2 but she thought it her duty to make a further protest4 8,you surely will not wear that dress1 ,assunta8 ,it will never be fit to put on again40 ,mr4 ,carlisle laughed outright at this new objection1 while ,assunta said with a smile3 8,why1 ,clara1 have you so soon forgotten your admiration of ,mrs4 ,browning's ,court ,lady1 who put on her silks and jewels1 and went to the hospital as to the court of the king8 ,on the same principle ,i should be arrayed in purple and fine linen1 for ,i am going to the court of the ,king of kings2 and if ,i am not very much mistaken1 this same poor woman1 whose contact you fear so much1 will find her place very near to the throne in the ranks of the celestial nobility4 ,however1 ,i should be sorry to ruin my new dress1 as you predict1 and ,i will be very careful40 ,the breakfast was soon despatched1 the carriage came punctually to the door1 and ,mr4 ,carlisle and his ward drove rapidly towards the miserable home of the poor woman1 who1 in the midst of her poverty1 possessed a faith at which ,assunta often wondered4 8,you are very kind1 ,mr4 ,carlisle10 she said4 8,i am sorry ,i have given you so much trouble40 8,in this case10 he replied1 8the trouble is not altogether disinterested4 ,i must myself find out what the sickness is before ,i can allow you to enter the house4 ,i cannot let you run the risk of fever or any other malignant disease4 ,you see ,i came as a sort of police40 8,but10 said ,assunta1 touched by his thoughtful care of her1 at the same time anxious not to be prevented making what amends she could1 8,i am so accustomed to visiting the sick1 ,i do not think there can be any danger40 8,my child10 he said1 8as long as your life can be guarded by me1 it shall be done4 ,you are under obedience still1 you know40 ,she dared not insist2 and1 indeed1 at the same moment they reached the wretched dwelling4 ,after exacting from her the promise to remain in the carriage1 ,mr4 ,carlisle ascended the broken staircase4 ,in a few moments he returned1 and1 without saying a word1 he took the basket from ,giovanni1 and again went up the stairs4 ,as he reappeared1 he said to the coachman3 8,drive on slowly4 ,i will walk a little4 ,you must not go in1 ,assunta40 ,he continued to follow the carriage at a quick pace for a quarter of a mile2 then he hailed the driver1 and took his seat beside the wondering girl1 saying3 8,i thought it would be best to give myself an airing after leaving that room4 ,petite1 the poor woman died two hours since of a terrible fever4 ,you could have done nothing1 and1 as usual1 ,clara was mistaken in the message4 ,they sent word to their #8guardian angel1' as they are pleased to call a certain little friend of mine1 of their suffering and need1 but with the particular warning that she should on no account direct her flight that way1 lest she should expose the unangelic part of her nature to contagion4 ,i left the basket1 and money enough to supply all the temporary wants of the children2 but it was a dreadful scene10 he added with a shudder4 ,he had striven to speak lightly at first1 because he saw the distress in ,assunta's anxious face and tearful eyes4 ,but his own feelings were strangely stirred1 and he forgot his selfcontrol1 as he continued1 in a voice low and husky from the very intensity of emotion3 8,child1 ,i am in an agony of terror at the bare thought of what might have been the result had you been exposed to that atmosphere1 whose every breath was poison4 ,my ,god6 when ,i think of the danger you have so narrowly escaped4 ,oh6 if ,i might always shield this dear life at any risk to mine40 8,my life is in ,god's hands10 said ,assunta coldly1 as she gently disengaged the hand which her guardian had clasped in his1 as if he would show1 by the action1 the power of his love to avert any and every evil which might threaten her4 ,poor child6 she longed to ask more about the woman's death1 and especially to express her gratitude to ,mr4 ,carlisle for his kindness2 but she dared not face his present mood4 ,however1 as they again reached the villa1 she said hurriedly and in a tone full of anxiety3 8,mr4 ,carlisle1 you have exposed yourself to great danger1 and ,i do not forget that it was for my sake4 ,i shall not be satisfied unless you promise me that you will take every possible precaution to avoid any future evil consequences4 ,i should never forgive myself if any harm came to you40 ,her eyes lowered beneath the look he for one moment fixed upon her appealing face2 then1 with the exclamation1 8,an unblessed life is of little consequence10 he sprang from the carriage1 and1 saying to ,giovanni1 8,i will summon ,mrs4 ,grey10 he dashed up the stone staircase4 ,assunta sank back with a feeling almost of despair at the task before her4 ,even if she had not to struggle with her own heart1 it would have been hard enough to steer the right1 straight course between these contradictory moods in her guardian2 one moment so tender and thoughtful1 the next so full of bitterness4 ,how could she reconcile them8 ,how should she ever be able to bear her burden1 if this weight were added to it day by day8 ,assunta possessed the gift--which1 advanced to a higher degree1 might be termed the natural science of the saints--of receiving religious impressions and suggestions from the natural objects about her4 ,now1 as in a listless manner she looked around1 her eyes fell upon the snowcrowned hills which bound the ,roman horizon1 and rested there4 ,she had no thought of the classic associations which throng those mountainsides and nestle in the valleys4 ,she needed strength1 and instantly the words were present to her mind3 8,i have lifted up my eyes to the mountains1 from whence help shall come to me40 ,and following out the consoling train of thought1 she passed from those peaceful ,roman hills to ,jerusalem and the mountains which surround it1 even 8as the ,lord is round about his people40 ,then1 by a natural transition1 she turned her thoughts to the poor woman who had just left behind her poverty1 privation1 and suffering1 and1 accompanied only by that hope and love which had endured and survived them all1 had entered1 so she confidently hoped1 into the possession of ,god--the ,beatific ,vision4 ,what a contrast between the temporal and eternal6 ,her silent requiem for the departed soul was interrupted by ,mrs4 ,grey's bright presence and merry voice4 8,i cannot imagine what you have been doing to ,severn10 she said2 8but he is in one of his unaccountable conditions of mind1 and declares that he will not go to drive--pressing business1 etc4 ,i am sure we can do without him very well1 all but the reading part1 which had been assigned to him4 ,it is so late1 at any rate1 that perhaps we had better give up the baths1 and drive at once to the cemetery4 ,you see ,i have secured an excellent substitute for our recreant cavalier10 she added1 as a gentleman emerged from the massive doorway4 8,come1 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 we are waiting for you40 ,there was just a shade of stateliness in ,assunta's manner as she greeted the somewhat elegant man of the world1 who seated himself opposite to her4 ,she would gladly have been dispensed from the drive altogether1 feeling as she did then2 nevertheless1 she submitted to the necessity which could hardly be avoided4 8,truly1 ,miss ,howard10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 as they drove away1 8,i begin to believe the ancient goddesses no myths4 ,flora herself would find in you a worthy rival4 ,it is not often that ,i have the happiness to be placed opposite two such lovely ladies40 8,very good for a finale1 ,mr4 ,sinclair10 replied ,mrs4 ,grey2 8but if you were to speak your mind1 you would be calling me ,ceres1 or something else suggestive of the #8sere and yellow leaf4' 0 8,that is a gross injustice1 not only to me1 but to yourself10 answered ,mr4 ,sinclair in his most gallant tone4 8,have not the poets ever vied with each other in disputes as to the respective merits of spring1 with its freshness1 and the rich bloom of early summer8 ,and permit me to add that neither has yet been able to claim a victory4 ,in such a presence it would be rash indeed for me to constitute myself a judge40 8,unwise1 certainly10 rejoined ,mrs4 ,grey1 8to take into your hand such an apple of discord4 ,women and goddesses are pretty much alike1 and the fate of ,paris might be yours4 ,remember the ten years' siege40 8,ah60 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 8there you do not frighten me4 ,welcome the ten years' siege1 if during that time the fair ,helen were safe within the walls4 ,after ten years one might perhaps be reconciled to a surrender and a change of scene1 since even the lovely ,trojan's beauty must have lost the freshness of its charms by that time40 8,o faithless men60 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 very much as if she were pronouncing an eulogy4 8,miss ,howard10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 8you are silent4 ,does our classic lore fail to enlist your interest1 or are you studying antiquities80 8,pardon me10 replied ,assunta2 8it was rude in me to be so abstracted4 ,i must excuse myself on the ground of sympathy for suffering which ,i have been unable to alleviate40 8,by the way1 ,assunta10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,grey1 8how did you find your protge80 8,she is dead10 replied the young girl1 softly4 8,oh6 ,i am so sorry4 ,how very sudden6 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 you were telling me about the ,braschi ball when ,severn interrupted us4 ,when did you say it is to be80 8,in about three weeks10 replied the gentleman4 8,i hope that you ladies will be there4 ,our ,american blondes are greatly in demand among so many black eyes4 ,you are going1 are you not80 8,most certainly we shall10 answered ,mrs4 ,grey with ready confidence1 the future being to her but a continuation of today4 ,the cloud that might appear on her horizon must be much larger than a man's hand to turn her attention to it from the sunshine immediately about her4 ,and so1 between pleasantry and gossip1 the time passed until the carriage stopped at the gate of the cemetery4 8,you have chosen a very serious termination to your afternoon's drive1 ,mrs4 ,grey10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 as he assisted the ladies to alight4 8,i always carefully avoid whatever reminds me of my latter end40 8,let me play ,egyptian coffin1 then1 for once10 replied ,mrs4 ,grey1 but with a merry laugh that belied her words4 8,i will lead you to a contemplation of the fate of genius4 ,i dote on ,shelley1 and so we have made a pilgrimage to his grave40 8,you have every appearance of a pilgrim about to visit some sacred shrine10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair with an echo of her bright laugh4 8,lead on1 fair pilgrim princess2 we humble votaries will follow wherever your illustrious steps may guide40 ,a small1 horizontal slab1 almost hidden beneath the pyramid of ,caius ,cestus--itself a tomb--is all that marks the restingplace of the gifted1 illfated ,shelley4 8,here is your shrine1 my lady pilgrim10 said ,mr4 ,sinclair1 as he removed some of the green overgrowth from off the inscription4 8,somebody make a suitable quotation10 said ,mrs4 ,grey4 8,you know we ought to be sentimental now40 ,assunta at once rejoined3 8 #8,how wonderful is ,death-- ,death and his brother1 ,sleep6' ,poor ,shelley6 ,but ,i do not like the inscription1 ,clara2 or rather1 ,i do not like such an expression on such a grave4 8,what do you mean1 dear ,assunta80 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 looking at her as if she were talking ,sanscrit4 8,i think it is lovely4 ,cor cordium--the heart of hearts1 is it not8 ,i am sure nothing could be more appropriate40 8,it does not seem to me appropriate10 answered ,assunta2 8but then you know ,i always do have strange ideas--so you say4 ,why should ,cor cordium be written over the ashes of one who was burned in true pagan fashion1 and who1 as ,i think1 should rather be pitied for what he did not do1 with his marvellous gifts1 than loved for anything he has done80 ,as she paused1 a voice beside her exclaimed1 8,i am sure ,i cannot be mistaken4 ,is not this ,miss ,howard80 ,assunta turned and welcomed with a pleased surprise the young man who appeared so unexpectedly1 then she presented him to her companions as ,mr4 ,percival1 of ,baltimore1 the brother of her only intimate school friend4 ,he was tall and slender1 not handsome1 but with a manly and at the same time spiritual face4 ,his eyes were his finest feature1 but their beauty was rather that of the soul speaking through them4 ,assunta had not seen him since her school days at the convent1 and then she had known him but slightly2 so she was herself surprised at her ready recognition of him4 8,and what has brought you so far away from my dear ,mary80 she asked after the first greetings were over4 8,i am on that most unenviable of expeditions--healthseeking10 was his reply4 8,after graduating at college1 the physician doomed me to a year of travel2 and so we meet again at ,shelley's grave60 8,yes10 said ,mrs4 ,grey1 8and ,assunta and ,i were in the midst of an amiable quarrel when you found us out4 ,i engage you on my side1 ,mr4 ,percival4 ,it is about the inscription1 which ,i like and ,assunta does not1 for reasons which are ,greek to me40 8,i was just going to say10 said ,assunta1 8that ,cor cordium seemed to me a sacred phrase wholly misapplied1 though ,i have no doubt the irreverence was unintentional40 ,and turning to ,mr4 ,percival with that sort of spiritual instinct which teaches us where to look for sympathy even in a crowd1 she continued3 8,i hope that ,i am not guilty of the same want of reverence in thinking that if those words are to be inscribed on any grave1 they should be written upon that stone which was rolled against the opening of the new sepulchre in the garden1 and sealed with the ,roman seal2 for there the true ,cor cordium was enclosed40 8,mr4 ,percival1 ,i see that you have gone over to the ranks of the enemy10 said ,mrs4 ,grey2 8and if ,mr4 ,sinclair deserts me1 ,i shall never be able to stand my ground against two such devotees40 8,i am yours to command1 ,mrs4 ,grey10 replied ,mr4 ,sinclair with an expression of contempt in his tone4 8,but perhaps it might be well to transfer our operations to another battlefield4 ,allow me to offer you a souvenir of the occasion40 ,and he handed to each of the ladies a sprig of green from beside the marble tablet4 ,assunta quite simply shared hers with ,mr4 ,percival at his request1 and then they retraced their steps4 ,as they approached the carriage1 ,mrs4 ,grey very cordially begged ,mr4 ,percival to occupy the fourth seat1 which he reluctantly declined1 as also the invitation to visit them4 8,for10 said he1 8tomorrow ,i start for ,jerusalem2 and1 ,miss ,howard1 when ,i am kneeling1 as ,i hope to do1 in the ,chapel of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 ,i shall remember you and those suggestive words of yours40 8,you could not do me a greater kindness10 replied ,assunta1 8than to remember me there4 ,and when you return1 what do you intend to do in the way of a profession8 ,you see ,i am interested for ,mary's sake4 ,i know what her desire is40 ,an hour before1 if this question had been proposed to him1 ,augustine ,percival would have been able to give a probable answer4 ,though he had not yet decided1 his few days' sojourn in ,rome had stirred up within him a feeling which had been latent even in his boyhood1 and from the depths of the ,catacombs and beneath the lofty domes he had thought he heard an interior voice which whispered to him1 8,follow me40 ,and now a fair young face had made him hesitate1 though1 in justice to him1 it must be added that no mere charm of beauty would have touched him for a moment4 ,it was the purity and beauty of mind and soul1 which he read and appreciated1 that caused him to reply to ,assunta's question3 8,the matter of my future vocation will be left1 ,i think1 until my return40 ,then1 with many pleasant farewell words1 they parted2 and1 except to mention the meeting to her friend in her next letter1 ,assunta thought no more of the thread of another life which had for a moment crossed hers4 ,that evening there were guests at the villa2 and1 as usual1 ,assunta's amiability was taxed by the repeated demands for music4 ,as she sat absently turning over the leaves before her in one of the intervals1 ,mr4 ,carlisle came and stood beside her4 8,petite10 he said1 8,i have been to see the authorities about the family of that poor woman who died today1 and everything will be arranged comfortably for them2 so you need feel no further anxiety60 8,how good you are1 dear friend60 she replied4 8,god bless you for it60 8,it is your blessing that ,i want10 said he4 8,it was for you that ,i took the little trouble you are pleased to magnify into something deserving of gratitude40 8,please do not say so1 ,mr4 ,carlisle10 said ,assunta earnestly4 8,you do such noble acts1 and then you spoil them by your want of faith40 ,the word was unfortunately chosen4 8,if by faith10 ,mr4 ,carlisle replied1 8you mean your ,catholic faith1 ,i cannot force myself to accept what does not appeal to my reason4 ,i can respect an honest conviction in others when ,i am in turn treated with equal liberality2 but10 he added in a low tone1 8,i could hate the faith1 so called1 which comes between me and the fulfilment of my dearest wish40 ,there was a call for more music1 and so there was no opportunity1 even had there been inclination1 for a reply4 ,but as ,assunta was passing wearily to her room after the last guest had departed1 ,mr4 ,carlisle stopped her1 and1 after his usual goodnight1 he said3 8,forgive me1 child4 ,i have not been myself today40 ,two weeks afterwards1 when her guardian lay prostrate on his bed in the delirium of fever1 ,assunta remembered those few words1 which at the time had given her pain1 with that agony of sorrow which can only be aroused by the knowledge that the soul of one beloved may at any moment be launched upon the immeasurable ocean of eternity1 rudderless and anchorless4 ,to ,be ,continued4 ,church ,music4 ,concluded47#afg7 ,,ii4 7,continued47 ,having settled that plain chant should have a part1 and indeed a large part1 in our choral service1 but that figured music should not be excluded1 it remains for us to say what figured music is to be used in alternation with plain chant1 or substituted when plain chant is completely set aside4 ,some seem to imagine that no figured music is suitable for the church but that which is termed alla ,palestrina4 ,they urge the great fitness of this species of music for church purposes2 for1 like the plain chant1 it is ancient1 can boast a long and exclusive connection with the ,catholic ceremonial1 admits of no personal display1 is dissimilar from the music of the world1 never alters the words or does violence to them1 is not only distinctly ecclesiastical but papal1 and quite as solemn and grave as plain chant1 while it is of wider range and of far more pleasing effect4 ,though written in strict measure1 it follows the tonality of plain chant4 ,its origin is holy1 since ,s4 ,charles and ,s4 ,philip were intimately associated with ,palestrina4 ,then1 again1 it has the best possible authorization--that of having been used for the last three hundred years by the popes1 to the edification of the whole world1 non,catholic as well as ,catholic4 ,we admit all these claims4 ,but against the use of this species of music amongst us there is a fatal objection4 ,it was written to be sung without instrumental accompaniment1 which1 when used in conjunction with it1 always mars its effect2 and hence1 though nothing more suitable can be imagined for ,lent and ,advent1 when1 according to the rubrics 7too often slighted71 the sound of the organ should not be heard1 we cannot be expected to sing it at other times2 for we absolutely need the organ to make amends for our scanty numbers1 our lack of proficiency in execution1 to support the voices1 and to give variety to the service4 ,the organ is regarded by us as essentially a church instrument by its nature and the associations we connect with it2 indeed it never fails to arouse in us deeper feelings of reverence and devotion1 and we cannot do without it4 ,an attempt was made in several of the ,german cathedrals some years ago to revive music of the ,palestrina style1 to the exclusion of the more modern2 but circumstances1 we think1 have already led to some modifications of the strict rules first proposed4 ,,iii4 ,practically1 we can hardly hope ever to exclude from our churches modern figured music--as ,benedict ,,xiv4 says1 that would be an extreme measure2 but we can exclude1 and are bound1 he says1 to exclude1 such compositions of it as are unsuitable for church purposes4 ,but how shall we determine what is suitable and what is not8 ,music1 it will be said1 is a mere matter of taste1 and the adage has it1 ,de gustibus non est disputandum4 ,but there is bad taste as well as good taste4 ,moreover1 church music is a matter of principle as well as of taste1 and good taste in this case is closely allied to principle4 ,taste is the instinct or habit1 or rather the instinct following habit1 and perfected by it1 whereby we are enabled to discern and detect what is most proper and congruous in each province of art4 ,now1 the reason for employing music in the service of the church is religious or it is none4 ,unless the musical sounds1 therefore1 subserve the meaning of the text1 they are better away4 8,where the religious song is accompanied by musical instruments10 says ,benedict ,,xiv41 8these must serve solely for adding to its force1 so that the sense of the words penetrate deeper into the hearts of the faithful1 and their spirit1 being roused to the contemplation of spiritual things1 be elevated towards ,god and the love of divine objects40 ,that style of music1 then1 will be the most religious which deals most reverently with its subject1 and gives the least scope to the play of irreligious dispositions4 ,being the most suitable to its subject1 it will also be in the truest taste4 ,hence that music will be the most suitable and the best which in its construction will correspond most perfectly with the peculiar spirit of each festival and with the special character of each service2 which will most naturally and reverently render the sense of the words without changing1 inverting1 or abridging them1 or marring their sense by useless and tiresome repetitions1--which1 in other words1 will speak as distinctly and as religiously to the ear as the altar1 the vestments of the priest1 and the ceremonies speak to the eye4 ,music and ceremonies1 and everything connected with them1 should be in the most perfect harmony1 reminding all that they are in the house of ,god1 and assembled in his presence to pay him homage on earth like that rendered him by the members of the church triumphant in heaven4 ,hence1 #a1 church music should not in any way recall the world1 its temptations or its pleasures2 and the prohibition made by popes and councils against the introduction into the church of compositions written originally for the theatre or the concertroom1 but with other words1 or of compositions written for the church1 but in a style suggestive of the stage1 is so evidently just and proper that any one who objects to it must be wanting in common sense4 8,humana nefas miscere divinis0 finds its application here4 ,to carry the minds of worshippers in the church back to the theatre by the music is a crime1 for it is a desecration47#afh7 ,hence1 #b1 not even the feelings of the congregation should ever tempt the director of the music of the church to admit what is not in every respect most suitable to the place1 the time1 and the occasion4 ,fortunately1 we have no difficulty here in the ,united ,states with our own people4 ,the only trouble is when we go out of our way to satisfy the expectations of non ,catholics who occasionally are present at our services1 or of a few musicians not otherwise interested in the services4 ,hence1 #c1 undue prominence should never be given to individual singers4 ,it is1 to say the least1 very distracting4 ,hence1 #d1 the director of the music should never be willing to sacrifice the liturgy1 even the least part of it1 to the exigencies of the music1 whatever they may happen to be2 but1 on the contrary1 he should be ever ready1 if need be1 to sacrifice even the most admirable musical numbers to the exigencies of the ceremonial4 ,in other words1 he should never forget that music is one of the many accessories to our public worship--never the essential--and is never to be heard merely for its own sake4 ,this is brought out clearly and distinctly in two decrees that have for us in this section of country the full force of law--a decree of the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore1 and another decree of the ,third ,provincial ,council of ,new ,york3 8,that all may be done according to prescribed order1 and that the solemn rites of the church may be preserved in their integrity1 we admonish pastors of churches to labor earnestly to remove those abuses which in our country have crept into the church chant4 ,let them therefore provide that the music be subservient to the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass and the other offices1 and not the divine offices to the music4 ,let them also bear in mind that1 according to the ritual of the church1 it is not lawful to sing hymns in the vernacular languages at ,high ,mass and at solemn ,vespers407#afi7 8,at solemn ,masses singers are prohibited from so protracting the ,offertory1 the ,sanctus1 and the ,benedictus that the celebrant is obliged to delay till they have made an end of singing407#agj7 ,the general principles we have laid down will be still better understood if we examine the declarations made by the church through several of the popes4 ,the most notable and the most precious of these are the brief of ,benedict ,,xiv4 already mentioned1 and the rules for composers given by ,pius ,,ix4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv41 in his ,constitution ,annus #ai1 ,february1 #agdi1 begins by laying down the general principle that the music of the church must be so ordered that nothing profane1 nothing worldly1 and especially nothing theatrical1 be heard in it4 ,he repeats this principle again and again1 and says that there is no one who does not detest operatic music in the church1 and who does not look for and desire a difference between the music of the church and the music of the stage4 ,he then reminds us of the ,constitution of ,pope ,innocent ,,xii41 by which it is forbidden to sing at solemn ,mass and ,vespers motets or hymns that are not a part of the ,mass or the ,vespers of the day2 that is1 at solemn ,mass1 the only pieces allowed to be sung besides the ,kyrie1 ,gloria1 ,credo1 ,sanctus1 ,benedictus1 and ,agnus ,dei are the ,introit1 ,gradual1 ,offertory1 and ,communion of the ,mass of the day 7a single exception being made for ,corpus ,christi1 when the ,o ,salutaris6 or other hymn of the office of the ,blessed ,sacrament may be sung at the ,offertory71 and at solemn ,vespers only the ,antiphons and the proper hymn with the ,psalms4 ,he then proceeds to condemn frequent repetitions of the same words1 and places the chief distinction between theatrical music and church music in this3 that in the former the words are made quite subservient to the singing and the accompaniment2 whereas in the latter the words are rendered intelligibly1 and the music is made subservient to them4 ,he next instructs bishops to banish from the church absolutely all instruments except the organ2 but with the organ he allows the use of violins1 violas1 violoncellos1 contrabassos1 and bassoons1 because these add1 he says1 to the force of its tones2 but he prohibits cymbals1 horns1 trombones1 oboes1 flutes--in general1 all windinstruments1 as also harps and guitars1 because all these1 he says1 recall the theatre4 ,he directs that while the singing is going on the instruments must merely accompany1 never take the place of1 the voices4 ,he allows suitable symphonies when these are dissociated from the office proper--probably meaning the pieces played at the beginning and the end of service1 and to fill up pauses when the choir is silent4 ,he closes by urging the ,italian bishops to comply with these instructions faithfully1 that foreign bishops coming to ,rome may see in ,italian1 and especially in ,roman1 churches the public offices properly carried out1 and thus be induced to imitate them4 ,the present vicargeneral of ,pius ,,ix41 ,cardinal ,patrizzi1 by order of the ,pope1 wrote two letters to composers of church music in ,rome1 on the #ahth and #bjth of ,november1 #ahef1 and in them he so far supplements the directions of ,benedict ,,xiv4 that we have wherewith to determine without much difficulty what music is1 and what music is not1 admissible in ,catholic choirs4 ,in his first letter he says3 8,the most sustained gravity is to be observed1 and nothing introduced suggestive of theatrical pieces1 either by the arrangement or by the melody2 too many repetitions1 and all changes and arbitrary inversions of the words are to be avoided4 8,at ,mass1 ,exposition1 and ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and other sacred ceremonies1 organists are forbidden to execute the whole or parts of theatrical pieces1 or to play in a too florid or distracting style2 and their music ought to be such as to promote the recollection and devotion of the faithful4 8,as we consider an interruption between the various parts of the words of the liturgy very unbecoming1 even when any verse is finished1 as being an occasion of distraction and noise among the musicians and hearers1 we order that every part of the offices1 especially at ,mass1 shall be sung through continuously1 so that the ,kyrie1 ,gloria1 and other parts may each have a unity of structure40 ,in his second letter he teaches composers the necessity of their having for their object the praise of ,god and the devotion of the faithful1 and shows how church music in its whole construction ought to differ from that of the stage4 8,if all composers10 he says1 8drew their inspirations from piety and religion1 as some of them have the good spirit to do2 if they always kept before their minds that their music ought to tend to praise ,god in his holy temple1 and to excite the devotion of the faithful1 there would have been but little need to make rules for musical composition4 ,but it is only too true that1 in some instances1 to the great surprise of the truly religious among the faithful1 there has been heard in the churches certain music unworthy of the house of ,god1 and showing that the composer1 far from having in view the service of the divine ,majesty and the edification of his hearers1 has only aimed at displaying his own imagination1 and that he has forgotten the church and written for the theatre1 not only by borrowing its style of melody1 but also by introducing portions of theatrical music1 to which he has sometimes violently adapted the words of the sacred liturgy4 ,in order that so great a scandal may not be renewed1 and that those who write music for the church may have a rule to keep them within due bounds1 we prescribe as follows3 8#a4 ,music destined for execution in the churches ought to be distinguishable from profane and theatrical music1 not only in its melodies1 but also in its whole character2 hence 8#b4 ,those movements are forbidden which would not be naturally inspired by the sacred character of the words1 and which would be suggestive of the theatre4 8#c4 ,we forbid too lively or exciting movements2 if the words require cheerfulness and joy1 let it be expressed by the sweetness of religious mirth1 and not by the unbridled liveliness of the dance4 8#d4 ,in all movements1 whether slow or quick1 the words of the sacred text must be pronounced clearly1 and never more quickly than in ordinary discourse4 8#e4 ,the words must be put to music in the order which they occupy in the sacred text4 ,when the sense has been entirely expressed1 it will be allowable to repeat some word of it1 or some phrase of it1 as may be necessary1 without inversion1 without confusion of the sense1 and with the required moderation4 8#f4 ,all the words must be sung1 and none added nor any omitted4 ,it is not allowed for one syllable of them to be changed4 8#g4 ,we forbid ariettas1 duets1 and trios in imitation of theatrical pieces4 ,recitative and everything approaching to it is forbidden2 as also operatic finales1 such as are known by the term cabaletta4 8#h4 ,as regards instruments1 long introductions and long preludes are to be avoided1 whether with full orchestra or with solos4 8#i4 ,without depriving instrumental music of the grace and coloring which art and good taste suggest1 an effeminate softness is to be avoided1 as well as immoderate noise1 which is always tiring and unbecoming in the house of ,god4 8#aj4 ,the composer must not forget that the use of instrumental music in the churches is in a state of simple toleration2 the object of it must be to sustain and enrich the singing1 to be far from overpowering it1 or from enfeebling and deadening it1 or reducing it to a mere accessory40 ,these rules1 if adhered to1 would give us music which would meet the requirements both of devotion and of art2 nor do they exclude such variety as the diversity of our feelings calls for4 ,it could1 by its placid1 quiet1 and smoothflowing measures1 soothe and subdue us into that mood which best fits us to offer to ,god reverential homage1 and to make acts of resignation when we feel the hand of affliction bearing heavily upon us2 but also1 by more joyous and inspiriting strains1 dispose us to praise ,god according to the immensity of his greatness1 in joy and gladness1 on loud sounding cymbals 7in cymbalis jubilationis71 and send us back to the battle of life with renewed courage and strength4 ,,iv4 ,but1 it will be asked1 can this style of music which we have just sketched be had8 ,most certainly4 ,it is true our organists do not know it2 for they are lamentably illread in musical lore4 ,they seem to imagine that whatever is published as music for the service of the ,catholic ,church is to be regarded as 8,catholic music10 and perfectly proper1 and they scarcely dream of looking further than to the publications or importations of ,ditson1 ,peters1 and ,novello1 or of critically examining these to test their fitness for the purposes of divine worship4 ,to take the two best composers of their class1 how few organists have taken the trouble to study critically the ,masses of ,haydn and ,mozart4 ,of the sixteen ,masses composed by ,haydn1 there are only four in which the words are all correct4 ,these are ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 and #i4 ,all the others are consequently defective4 ,in ,nos4 #g1 #h1 and #aa1 although all the words are to be found in one or other of the voice parts1 yet each voice is often singing different words at the same time4 ,in ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #af the words ,qui ex patre filioque procedit are altogether omitted4 ,in ,nos4 #c and #af the words et in unum ,dominum ,jesum ,christum1 filium ,dei unigenitum1 are wanting4 ,in ,no4 #b the words ,qui cum ,patre et ,filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur are omitted4 ,in ,no4 #aj the words ,domine ,deus1 ,agnus ,dei1 ,filius ,patris1 qui tollis peccata mundi miserere nobis1 are omitted4 ,in the ,credo all the words from et in unum ,dominum as far as per quem omnia facta sunt 7inclusive71 and again all the last part of the ,credo from et in ,spiritum to the end1 are altogether omitted4 ,in ,no4 #ab the words ,qui tollis peccata mundi 7secundo7 are omitted4 ,in ,no4 #ac the words ,jesu ,christe1 ,domine ,deus1 are omitted4 ,the words ,filius ,patris are immediately followed by miserere nobis1 quoniam tu solus1 etc4 ,again1 in the ,credo of this same ,mass1 after the words et invisibilium we find the text read thus3 credo per quem omnia1 etc41 with all the intermediate part left out4 ,no4 #ad consists of a ,kyrie and ,gloria only4 ,in the ,gloria the words ,qui tollis peccata mundi1 suscipe1 etc41 qui sedes1 etc41 are omitted4 ,in ,no4 #ae the words ,qui tollis peccata mundi 7secundo7 are omitted4 ,in the ,credo of this ,mass1 beginning with ,et resurrexit1 different words are sung simultaneously by each part1 as remarked above of ,nos4 #g1 #h1 and #aa4 ,while it cannot be denied that much of the ,mass music of ,haydn is the most beautiful in the world1 some of it is trivial and undevotional1 and it would seem as if1 by some of his movements1 he wished to 8,make the soul dance a jig to heaven40 ,concerning the sacred compositions of ,mozart1 a recent ,french author1 ,m4 ,felix ,clement17#aga7 makes the following startling assertion3 8,the religious musical compositions of ,mozart are much less numerous than is generally believed1 and the catalogues of music publishers and the repertories of matres de chapelle are not to be trusted4 ,many of these musicians frequently take the liberty of stealing from ,mozart's operas1 and even from his compositions for instruments1 and of adapting them to a ,latin text1 let the adaptations be worth what they may4444 ,the only authentic religious compositions of ,mozart are the following3 8,a ,stabat mater for four voices1 without instruments1 and very short4 8,a ,veni ,sancte ,spiritus for four voices1 two violins1 two hautboys1 two horns1 a clarinet1 tympanum1 alto1 and violoncello4 8,a solemn ,mass for four voices1 two violins1 two hautboys1 two altos1 four clarinets1 and tympanum1 #agfh4 8,a short ,mass for four voices and the same accompaniment1 #agfh4 8,a ,grand ,offertory for four voices and similar accompaniment1 #agfh4 8,an ,ave ,verum ,corpus1 #agia4 8,the ,mass of ,requiem4 8,two solemn ,masses in ,c major40 ,there are adaptations in many of ,peters' publications that are simply shocking1 and even our most worthy ,anthony ,werner forgot himself while he was compiling the ,memorare and the ,cantate1 and inserted a few compositions that are out of rule1 and therefore out of taste4 ,again1 few organists amongst us have a sufficient knowledge of ,latin1 of the structure of the ritual1 and of the traditions of the church to judge of the appropriateness of compositions2 and the evil is aggravated to the last degree by the custom of making the organist the director of the music as well4 ,hardly any of them know either the theory or the practice of plain chant4 ,music of the kind we have described as fit for church use abounds in ,italy1 but mostly in the condition of ,,ms4 ,the works of the ,augustan age of ,italian music1 from the time of ,carissimi to that of ,jommelli1 including those of ,durante1 ,leo1 ,clari1 ,steffani1 ,martini1 and ,pergolesi1 and even of later masters1 like ,terziani1 afford inexhaustible treasures almost entirely neglected4 ,the new order of things in ,italy has wrought and is working mischief there in more ways than one4 ,thus it has already been the occasion of the loss of a great number of valuable musical manuscripts1 and unfortunately the end is not yet4 ,the revolution of #ahdh caused a great deal of wanton destruction1 the result of that spirit of vandalism which seems to possess all revolutionists2 and the recent suppression of so many churches by the ,italian government has brought about the dispersion and consequent loss of the manuscripts of as many musical libraries--a loss that can never be repaired4 ,if we do not resume the execution of the compositions of the older masters1 we must at least recur to them for the purposes of study4 ,in no other way can we shake off the influence of the drama4 ,we have learned from the instructions of ,benedict ,,xiv4 and the cardinal vicar of ,pius ,,ix4 that there is a distinction between the music of the stage and that of the church1 and that this distinction is based on the fact that in the latter the music must be written to suit the words of the sacred text1 and that the music1 whilst having that serious and chastened expression which befits the language of devotion1 should be distinctively vocal and choral2 whereas in the former the tendency is to make the words suit the modulations of the music1 to subordinate the voices to the rich and powerful instrumental symphony which accompanies them1 to flatter the popular ear by light and taking airs1 and to display to the best advantage the voices of individual singers and their wonderful execution4 ,these characteristics of secular music1 due to the influence first of ,mozart and afterwards of ,rossini more than to that of any other composers1 have been too long felt in the music of the church1 and to be rid of them we must lean more towards the past1 and return to the study of those grave and solemn forms which existed prior to their day1 and in which the instrumental accompaniment contained no suggestion of levity1 and was used to support and enrich the vocal harmony without drawing attention from it4 ,the celebrated ,robert ,franz is now editing some of the works of ,durante1 who flourished not long after the departure from ,palestrina was made1 and whose piety and exclusive devotedness to church music have given a more ecclesiastical character to his compositions than to those of any other composer of his day4 ,in ,france the war between those who advocate the exclusive use of plain chant and those who plead that music may have some share in the divine service is waged fiercely1 and the consequence is that both parties go to extremes1 and both assert principles with regard to the respective merits of the two styles that are utterly untenable4 ,there is no country in the world where plain chant is so much sung1 and none where so much wretched stuff is palmed off as sacred music4 ,nevertheless1 ,france has composers of merit1 who might achieve great results if they had a public of broader views to write for1 chief among whom is ,gounod1 who1 in his ,messe ,solennelle and his ,ave ,verum1 has struck the right chord1 and proved himself able to write sacred music for great occasions1 in which all the resources of modern art may be combined with a solemnity and an expression of piety not less remarkable than that which we find in the compositions of ,palestrina4 ,in ,england the advocates of what we may call the canonical style of church music are not inactive4 ,the late ,cardinal ,wiseman had an excellent collection of ,palestrina music1 published in the most elegant style by ,burns4 ,years ago ,monsignor ,newsham1 at the cardinal's suggestion1 composed for smaller choirs four chorus ,masses1 to be sung in unison or in parts ad libitum4 ,they are easy1 flowing1 and very devotional1 and strictly in rule4 ,they are published by ,novello4 ,mr4 ,richardson1 an excellent musician1 has revised some of the ,masses of ,haydn and ,mozart1 and1 without altering substantially the music of these two great composers1 reset the words with rare skill2 so that we have all the beauty of the music1 while the text of the ,mass does not suffer4 ,they are published by ,burns ,oates4 ,of late years ,archbishop ,manning has had a series of six ,masses composed by excellent musicians1 chiefly for unison singing1 but they may also be sung alternately in parts4 ,they have a full and artistic organ accompaniment1 and are so arranged that the effect produced by them is scarcely inferior to that of vocal part music1 while they are not hard to learn1 and do not overtax the voices4 ,he has also had other ,masses published for four voices in the highest style of art4 ,these are by eminent composers1 and have organ obbligato accompaniment4 ,they are full without being of inconvenient length4 ,in these1 as in the preceding ,masses1 the ,sanctus and ,benedictus in no case exceed the proper limits4 ,they are published by ,burns ,oates4 ,other compositions of the same class are promised4 ,of what is being done in ,belgium we cannot speak so confidently2 but at the last ,catholic ,congress of ,mechlin the subject of church music received due attention2 prizes were offered for compositions that would meet the requirements of devotion as well as art1 and a concursus actually took place1 and the works of the contestants published4 ,it is in ,germany that the movement in favor of the reform of church music has been the most active and has made the most progress4 ,we have already mentioned the introduction of the ,palestrina style of music into some of the ,german cathedrals1 and four immense volumes of music of that class have been published by ,pustet1 of ,munich2 and1 as we have just said1 ,franz is publishing and drawing attention to the works of ,durante1 who represents the style that came into vogue when ,palestrina was first departed from4 ,but they have a large and able society1 called the ,cecilia1 extending all over ,germany1 which last year numbered #g1jjj1 and is ever increasing4 ,they have at their head ,f4 ,francis ,witt1 an exemplary priest of ,spire1 whom the ,germans call 8the modern ,palestrina40 ,he is trying to achieve in our day the success that ,palestrina met in his4 ,the number of compositions for the church published by this society or under its own influence is immense4 ,a writer in the ,london ,tablet stated recently that by means of ,s4 ,cecilia's ,society a thorough reform had been effected in the church music of ,germany1 and that frivolous compositions in the secular style have at last been banished from the churches4 ,the writer of this paper remembers hearing in the autumn of #ahfi1 in the ,cathedral of ,munich1 two ,masses of this school1 which contained no passages for soli1 and in which the words were treated as respectfully as in the compositions of ,palestrina and his school1 none being repeated or inverted4 ,the accompaniment of the organ and the orchestra1 in which no wind instruments were heard--except1 perhaps1 the bassoon--was so fully subordinated to the voices and so perfect otherwise that his ear has been spoiled1 as it were1 and every similar performance heard since in other places has been a grievous disappointment4 ,he never heard any music more pleasing artistically1 and at the same time more devotional and proper4 ,it showed that composers can give us the best music which modern art can furnish1 and yet keep strictly within the limits marked by ecclesiastical authority4 ,the ,cecilia ,society of ,germany has a branch in this country1 which has recently begun to publish select music1 and to issue a musical journal called the ,cecilia4 ,the editor is ,f4 ,singinberger1 and the publishers ,fisher ,brother1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,the publications of sacred music amongst us have not been very numerous or very remarkable for excellence4 ,among the very best we feel bound to notice the publications17#agb7 and especially the elegant compositions7#agc7 of ,mr4 ,falkestein1 who has shown that he knows how to unite in his skilfullyconstructed and charming yet devout compositions the depth and severity of the old ecclesiastical masters with the graceful and flowing melody and orchestral effects of the modern school4 ,there is no lack of goodwill and talent amongst our musicians1 but the trouble is that they have not the models by the study of which they may form a true ecclesiastical style4 ,a library is as necessary to the student of music who hopes to be a composer as it is to the student of literature who has the ambition of becoming an author4 ,our directors of church choirs need a larger acquaintance with the great masters1 especially the older ones4 ,above all1 they need to have a better knowledge of ,gregorian chant4 ,for this chant should not only form a part of our service1 as was already stated in the first part of this paper1 but it should also be the source of inspiration to those who wish to compose for the church1 as it was to ,palestrina and his followers1 as it is today to ,gounod4 ,the language of ,mr4 ,ritter may be exaggerated1 but it conveys a truth to be remembered37#agd7 8,the ,gregorian chant10 he says1 8runs like a red thread through the musical part of the service of the ,catholic ,church2 this really sacred song creates in ,catholic countries the first impressions which touch the soul of the young ,christian on his entrance into the church1 and is1 as such1 the indestructible echo of his first sacred associations4 ,as ,holy ,writ forms the invariable foundation of the religious and moral principles of the true ,christian1 so the ,gregorian chant ought to form the ground and invariable theme of the true church composer2 and as long as composers understood and valued this inestimable1 noble1 and really sacred practice their works composed for the church truthfully and appropriately fulfilled their solemn office2 these works were thus imbued with the sacred character derived from the themes of the sacred songs2 then necessarily a distinct line of demarcation was drawn between secular and sacred music40 ,a ,week ,in ,wordsworth's ,haunts4 ,we had only a week to spare1 but we were not long in choosing where to spend our holiday4 ,at that time the ,lake ,country was accessible1 but not yet crossed through and through1 by railroads4 ,the cars took us from ,london almost through to ,windermere1 but1 that being the gate of the sanctuary1 they went no further4 ,we had to cross the 8,black ,country10 a weird region of coalmines and furnaces1 where scarcely a blade of grass meets the eye2 interminable plains1 strewn with gaunt machinery and bristling with tall brick chimneys or low1 wide1 ovenlike buildings1 stretch from the track of the railroad as far as the horizon2 a muffled noise1 rumbling and crackling1 is the only sound besides the shrill whistle of the engine2 the sky is black as with the promise of ten thousand thunderstorms1 the murky air hangs like a pall over the earth1 and tongues of flame shoot up now and then from the mouths of the furnaces4 ,at night the scene is gloomily splendid2 everywhere lurid flashes leap up from these openings1 for the work is incessant here2 half naked forms stalk from chimney to pit1 wheeling giant barrows or pushing forward heavy trucks on tramways2 no sound but the neverceasing rumble of wheels and crackle of flames--apparently a silent ,pandemonium or ,dantesque city of ,dis2 at any rate1 a sight that one does not easily forget4 ,windermere is the largest1 the most fashionable1 and the best known of the ,english lakes4 ,it was ,saturday night when we reached it and went to an inn overlooking the calm sheet of water4 ,the moon was up1 and streaked the shadows of the great mountains that lay across the lake with her shimmering silver pathway2 the little boats moored by the various landings rocked to and fro in the gentle breeze1 and the wavelets came with a 8swish0 against the pebbly shore4 ,next morning1 on inquiring for the ,catholic church1 we were told that there was a private chapel in the house of a ,catholic gentleman who lived on an island in the lake1 and allowed any respectable tourist to come on ,sunday4 ,we rowed over to the island1 and found it all a garden3 smooth lawns to the water's edge1 broad gravel paths through groves of elm and chestnut1 a glowing parterre1 rustic seats1 fountains and marble balustrades1 and by the boathouse a little group of gay skiffs dancing up and down on the blue water4 ,the chapel was upstairs1 and there was an outside staircase leading to it1 down which we saw a familiar figure coming slowly towards us4 ,it was that of a ,london priest whom we knew1 and who1 like us1 was spending a brief holiday among the lakes4 ,he had come over to say an early ,mass2 the master of the house was not at home1 he said1 but the chaplain would be glad to welcome all ,catholics1 many of whom came during the touring season4 ,after ,mass we strolled for an hour about the garden1 admiring the vistas contrived between the trees1 at the end of which glimpses of the blue sky and sparkling water1 with some gray or purple peak cleaving the line of the horizon1 could be seen4 ,from every point of the lake itself these mountains strike the eye2 for the most part bare of trees1 their lower ledges covered with green pastureland1 and seamed here and there with the foamy streak of a beck or stream2 their summits sheer rock4 ,their names all have a grand1 free sound that suits their craggy1 majestic beauty--,helm ,crag1 ,hammar ,scar1 ,silver ,how1 ,skiddaw4 ,this one is the monarch of the lake country4 ,great ,how is a single1 conspicuous peak rising at the foot of ,lake ,thirlmere1 to the west of the lovely vale of ,legberthwaite1 near the highroad between ,ambleside and ,keswick4 ,ambleside is a favorite resort of students2 young men from the two universities often come to spend the long vacation here1 where reading1 walking1 and boating can be combined4 ,the scenery is very beautiful2 the valleys are broken up into a thousand nooks where fern and heather grow1 and some tiny rivulet trickles beneath the broadarched fronds of the bracken2 every old wall wears a golden crown of celandine1 or1 in native dialect1 pilewort2 the 8ghyll0--i4e41 a short1 steep1 narrow gorge1 a miniature caon--is traversed by the foamy brook1 leaping to the waterfall called in ,cumberland a 8force02 the birch1 the rowan1 the oak1 cling to the rocky ledges that jut out over the little cataract1 and everywhere above the greenery lies the shadow of the great lonely hills4 ,black ,comb in ,cumberland ,wordsworth calls a spot fit for a 8ministering angel0 to choose1 for from its summit1 on a tolerably clear day1 ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland are all three visible4 ,many of the mountains1 both in ,cumberland and ,westmoreland1 have traces of inscriptions on the native rock which have by some learned men been supposed to be ,runic1 but which it is now generally agreed to call ,roman4 ,they are very rude1 and much effaced by time and the action of the weather2 hence the uncertainty4 ,it was by the shores of ,windermere that a party of young men1 all enthusiastic ,tractarians1 spent a vacation in one of the first years of that movement now called ,puseyite and ritualistic1 but then known as the ,young ,england movement4 ,in those days ladies washed and ironed the church linen1 and wore their dainty fingers to the bone sewing surplices and embroidering altarcloths2 while others would take it by turn to sweep the churches and dust the pews2 and others again1 intent on doing penance1 would kneel for hours on stone floors1 and even use the discipline unsparingly1 until the doctor's verdict put an end to their misguided zeal4 ,blindly they were beating about for the truth1 and thought they had found it in practices of selfdenial4 ,it was a touching blindness--one that ,god often and often enlightened during those fruitful years4 ,young men made a point of exercising bodily mortification1 even in vacation time1 and1 when thrown by circumstances amid unsympathizing companions1 would carry their zeal into the commonest actions1 and make a silent boast of their newfound faith4 ,one ,friday1 for instance1 a few young members of ,parliament1 assembled in the lobby of the ,house of ,commons1 called for 8tea and toast0 instead of the unfailing muttonchop of tradition1 and the mild protest created quite a sensation4 ,on going home they were received by their several households as champions of a holy cause who1 from humble beginnings1 were going to bring about a mighty revolution1 a national awakening4 ,it was very beautiful1 this childlike faith in their own ideal--so beautiful that ,god rewarded many of those who held it by leading them into the everlasting reality of the great universal1 apostolic church4 ,the athletic young hermits of ,ambleside were not left out of the reckoning4 ,one day one of them strayed out alone over the hills1 with some old volume of the fathers under his arm1 and his questioning young soul eager for the knowledge which the wonderful serenity of this mountain region seemed at the time to typify so well4 ,he was out a long time1 and1 when he came home to his companions1 he seemed to them transfigured4 ,a new peace and yet a more ardent enthusiasm had come to him1 and he spoke in words almost incomprehensible to them3 8,i have found the man who has the idea60 ,what had happened to him was this3 ,in his walk he had met a young stranger1 and spoken to him4 ,kindred thoughts and aspirations had led them into a long and eager conversation1 wherein it soon appeared that the stranger1 with his fair1 girlish face and dreamy blue eyes1 was the master1 and his new friend only the humble disciple4 ,they had talked on into the twilight1 and the latter1 entranced1 at last asked the name of him who in a few short hours had taught him to see things in a clearer1 diviner light than all the patristic reading had been able to do during his college course4 ,the young man opened the book he had with him1 and showed him his name written on the flyleaf4 ,it was ,frederick ,william ,faber4 ,from ,windermere we started on our real tour4 ,the native conveyances are called 8cars10 and hold four people sitting opposite each other1 but sideways and parallel with the horses4 ,from a rough1 square box1 painted dark blue or green1 up to a real townmade carriage in the same shape1 this conveyance is universally in use over the north4 ,everywhere the same beautiful scenery--moist nooks1 a natural fernery1 tumbling waterfalls1 walls covered with wild flowers2 here and there an oldfashioned inn with an oldfashioned landlord1 waiting himself on his customers1 and sitting down to tell them at his ease all the gossip and the guidebook lore of the neighborhood1 the best time to go up the mountain1 when it was safe to take a boat out on the mere1 the accident in the leadmine last year1 etc41 etc4 ,at such an inn1 8,the ,swan10 we passed one night1 and had an excellent and abundant rustic supper1 not a hundred yards from the brand new tourist hotel1 8,the ,prince of ,wales10 gaslighted and highpriced1 with saucy waiters and ,london upholstery1 and each floor exactly the counterpart of the other1 like a penitentiary4 ,ullswater is a stormy lake1 a sort of caldron enclosed in steep1 forbidding rocks rising perpendicularly from the water4 ,above them is a wooded tableland1 with old houses hidden up the slopes beyond1 one a ruined monastery1 with a modern home fashioned out of a few available fragments of strong medival masonry1 and a sort of museum or armory contrived among the standing arches of a less useful portion of the building4 ,it was a steep climb to get to it1 and for miles on either side of the pathway1 that was half a natural staircase1 there was no other road to it4 ,the view over the dark lake was impressive2 the waters1 calm enough now1 lay beneath us like a floor of black marble1 with a fringe of heavy shadows along the edge where the cliffs overhung it4 ,now and then we would pass detached hamlets with their sturdy1 grave population all astir1 the women fine specimens of their sex1 with that frank expression and grand physical development which are bred of mountain training and openair life4 ,together with all the people of the north1 they have many peculiar customs1 and altogether form a race apart from the inhabitants of other ,english counties4 ,the accents of their nervous1 expressive dialect1 the names of their mountains and lakes1 the flavor of quaintness and individuality that hangs about their life1 somehow suggest the old times of early ,christianity when ,s4 ,wilfrid ruled in ,york1 or struggled inch by inch for his invaded territory and ignored rights4 ,stopping to water your horses in one of these hamlets1 you may see a knot of men standing silently and expectantly round the door of a clean1 home like cottage1 and just outside1 laid on the porch seat1 a basin filled with sprigs of boxwood4 ,the men are waiting for a coffin to be borne out1 and1 when it comes1 they will all fall into line behind it1 and each1 taking a sprig from the basin1 will throw it into the grave after the prayers have been said4 ,of course this is a ,catholic reminiscence of the days when the box sprigs were used to sprinkle the coffin with holy water1 as they are now in most countries on the ,continent2 but1 besides this1 boxwood is an evergreen1 and therefore a symbol of the immortality of the soul4 ,sometimes we would come to a little mountain tarn1 across which we were ferried1 car1 horses1 and all4 ,the regular travelling in these regions is done by stagecoaches1 of which we availed ourselves for sending forward our slender baggage1 so as to be quite independent and unencumbered in our movements4 ,the mountain lakelets1 that are never mentioned in guidebooks1 are very beautiful with their fringe of rushes and boggy earth starred with white and golden flowers1 and their flocks of teal and wild duck dwelling in peace in these undisturbed wildernesses4 ,grasmere1 a village on one of the larger lakes bearing the same name1 was ,wordsworth's home for eight years1 the first eight of this century4 ,he was born in ,cumberland1 and the homepassion that has gained him his title of ,lake ,poet never left him4 ,fortunate in his worldly circumstances1 he went to ,cambridge1 and1 though a desultory reader1 took a fairly creditable degree after four years' study4 ,he made tours on foot through ,wales and ,germany1 and published his poetical reminiscences1 though with little success2 but through their medium he gained the friendship of ,coleridge1 his fellowpoet and lifelong companion4 ,he settled at ,grasmere in #agii with his sister1 who was throughout his life1 even after his marriage1 his guiding star--the kindred spirit whose approval and sympathy were the secret sources of his intellectual life4 ,of her he says1 speaking of a peak which they could see from their 8orchardseat03 8,there is an eminence1 of these our hills1 ,the last that parleys with the setting sun4 ,the meteors make of it a favorite haunt2 ,the star of ,jove1 so beautiful and large ,in the midheavens1 is never half so fair ,as when he shines above it4 ',tis1 in truth1 ,the loneliest place we have among the clouds4 ,and she who dwells with me1 whom ,i have loved ,with such communion that no place on earth ,can ever be a solitude to me1 ,hath to this lonely summit given my name40 ,of his wife he wrote1 after three years of marriage1 words contrasting his first impressions as a lover with the sweet1 solemn experience of a husband4 ,then 8a phantom of delight1 444 a lovely apparition1 444 a dancing shape1 an image gay1 ,to haunt1 to startle1 and waylay10 but now 8,a being breathing thoughtful breath1 ,a traveller betwixt life and death2 ,the reason firm1 the temperate will1 ,endurance1 foresight1 strength1 and skill2 ,a perfect woman1 nobly plann'd1 ,to warn1 to comfort and command2 ,and yet a spirit still1 and bright ,with something of angelic light40 ,song seemed to gush from ,wordsworth's soul as naturally and copiously as water from a mountain spring4 ,some of his verses were written with a slatepencil on stones in lonely places2 for instance1 in a deserted quarry on one of the islands at ,rydal1 on a stone half way up the grim mountain of ,black ,comb1 in ,cumberland1 or with a common pencil on a stone in an outhouse on the island at ,grasmere4 ,he lived poetry4 ,everything with him was a pretext for verse2 neither the commonest household occurrence nor the sublimest spectacle of nature up there among those rocky fells and green valleys lying under awful shadows of coming storms1 was a stranger to his ready pen4 ,he says of himself that 8,the sounding cataract ,haunted me like a passion2 the tall rock1 ,the mountain1 and the deep and gloomy wood1 ,their colors and their forms were then to me ,an appetite1 a feeling1 and a love40 ,there are few places so thoroughly fitted for a poet's home as the lake country of ,cumberland and ,westmoreland1 yet more so then than now1 when it has become the fashion to make a tour among the lakes1 even as one does down the ,rhine4 ,england has wakened to the consciousness of her own beauty within the last forty years1 and a hometour often takes the place of a foreign one2 yet to those who first visited these ,edenspots the rare charm is gone1 for sightseers have taken the place of the 8wanderer10 and regular guides usurp the simple escort of a stray shepherd whom in old times you might have happened to meet by some force1 on the cool banks of which he would have told you1 in his racy dialect1 the old traditions and legends of the neighborhood--the legend of the horn of ,egremont ,castle1 for instance1 a ,cumberland tale1 telling how ,sir ,eustace ,lucie and his brother ,hubert rode away to the ,holy ,land1 and the former1 pointing to the 8horn of the inheritance0 that hung by the gateway1 and which none could sound1 8,save he who came as rightful heir ,to ,egremont's domains and castle fair10 said to his brother3 8,if ,i fall1 and ,christ our ,saviour demand my sinful soul1 do thou come back straightway1 and sound the horn1 that we may have a living house in thee40 ,and ,hubert promised4 ,but out in ,palestine ,sir ,eustace disappeared1 and1 when the news was brought to ,hubert that his elder brother lay 8deep in ,jordan flood10 he said darkly to the messengers3 8,take your earnings4 ,oh6 that ,i could have seen my brother die40 ,he went home1 and whether he sounded the horn or not none knew2 it was never heard1 but ,sir ,hubert lived in glee for years1 with wife and sons and daughters1 until one day 8,a blast was uttered from the horn ,where by the castle gate it hung forlorn10 and ,sir ,eustace came back safe and unsuspecting4 ,hubert rose up and fled in silence1 and it was years before he was again heard of2 then he came and asked forgiveness1 and obtained it1 and ended his penitent life in the cloister2 so that ,eustace's 8heirs of heirs1 through a long posterity1 sounded the horn which they alone could sound40 ,the same legend is told of the ,hall of ,hutton ,john1 an old house of the ,huddlestones in a lonely valley on the river ,dacor1 also in these parts4 ,or it might be the tradition of ,henry1 ,lord ,clifford1 the shepherdboy1 whose father lost his title and estates during the wars of the ,roses4 ,henry was restored1 after twentyfour years of shepherd life1 in the first year of the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 and it is recorded that1 when called to ,parliament1 he behaved nobly and wisely1 but otherwise came seldom to ,london or the court1 and rather delighted to live in the country1 where he repaired several of his castles1 which had gone to decay during the late troubles4 8,there is a tradition10 says ,wordsworth himself1 8current in the village of ,threlkeld 7in ,cumberland1 where lay the estate of his father inlaw1 ,sir ,lancelot ,threlkeld71 that in the course of his shepherd life he had acquired great astronomical knowledge40 ,the poet clothed this incident 7as he did every other that struck his fancy in that poetic land of the north7 in verse1 singing a lay of the ,red ,rose1 revived at last1 the flower of ,lancaster1 and weaving in the tale of the boy's wanderings on 8,carrock's side10 in 8,rosedale's groves10 and 8,blencathara's rugged coves40 ,the common name of this lastmentioned mountain is ,saddle,back4 ,near ,threlkeld1 hidden in the gorges of the purple hills1 lies ,bowscale ,tarn1 where the people of the country still believe two immortal fish to dwell4 ,tarn signifies1 in northcountry dialect1 a small mountain mere1 or lake4 ,wordsworth's descriptions of scenery are exquisite2 everywhere you find the traces of that personal love of the places he paints1 that patient1 detailed minuteness of touch which only comes of long gazing on a favorite scene1 and of familiarity with its every aspect1 in winter and summer1 in storm and sunshine1 in mist and rainbow4 ,every place has some tender associations in his memory2 the stately firgrove whither he was wont 8,to hasten1 for ,i found beneath the roof ,of that perennial shade a cloistral place ,of refuge1 with an unencumbered floor10 reminds him of a dear friend1 8a silent poet0 but a sailor by profession1 after whom he called the pathway to the grove1 whence 8,the steep ,of ,silver ,how1 and ,grasmere's placid lake ,and one green island0 could be distinctly seen4 ,that friend never returned1 but perished by shipwreck in the discharge of his duty4 ,here1 too1 in this beautiful lake country1 both at ,grasmere and at his later and more celebrated home1 ,rydal ,mount1 in ,westmoreland1 ,wordsworth lost others dearer yet--two of his children1 who died young1 and ,dora1 his favorite daughter1 who died six years after her marriage4 ,when on his own deathbed1 three years later1 his wife1 brave and selfforgetting to the last1 comforted him by whispering3 8,william1 you are going to ,dora40 ,his poems are so complete a guidebook to the lake country1 as well as a series of living sketches of the people of the north1 that it is almost unavoidable to treat them as tourists in ,scotland do ,the ,lady of the ,lake1 or tourists at ,rome ,childe ,harold4 ,in his day1 however1 many popular traits were in full vigor which now have almost disappeared4 ,for instance1 he says himself that 8the class of beggars to which the old man here described belongs will probably soon be extinct4 ,it consisted of poor and mostly old and infirm persons1 who confined themselves to a stated round in their neighborhood1 and had certain fixed days1 on which1 at different houses1 they regularly received alms1 sometimes in money1 but mostly in provisions40 ,in his verse he describes the 8,old ,cumberland ,beggar0 thus3 8,him from my childhood have ,i known2 and then ,he was so old1 he seems not older now4 ,he travels on1 a solitary man-- ,his age has no companion40 ,the passing horseman does not throw him a careless alms1 but stops1 lingers1 and drops a coin safely into the old man's hat2 the tollbar keeper sees him from a distance1 and leaves her work to lift the latch for him2 the postboy slackens his horse's speed1 and turns with less noisy wheels out of his path2 the very dogs do not bark at him4 8,but deem not this man useless4 ,statesmen6 ye ,who are so restless in your wisdom1 ye ,who have a broom still ready in your hands ,to rid the world of nuisances2 ye proud ,heartswoln1 while in your heart ye contemplate ,your talents1 power1 and wisdom1 deem him not ,a burden of the earth40 ,no2 he is 8a record binding together past deeds and offices of charity02 8a silent monitor0 to those who sit sheltered 8in a little grove of their own kindred02 an object to call forth that blessed feeling that you have1 though 8poorest poor10 been 8the fathers and dealersout of some small blessings02 a prompter to 8tender offices and pensive thoughts40 ,see this picture3 8,such pleasure is to one kind being known1 ,my neighbor1 when with punctual care1 each week1 ,duly as ,friday comes1 though press'd herself ,by her own wants1 she from her chest of meal ,takes one unsparing handful for the scrip ,of this old mendicant1 and from her door1 ,returning with exhilarated heart1 ,sits by her fire1 and builds her hope in heaven40 ,and the poet1 the lover of nature1 the child of the mountain1 ends by a warning and a prayer3 8,reverence the hope whose vital anxiousness ,gives the last human interest to his heart4 ,may never ,house1 misnamed b#8of ,industry1' ,make him a captive6 ,for that pentup din1 ,those lifeconsuming sounds that clog the air1 ,be his the natural silence of old age60 ,though we have quoted ,wordsworth's poetry1 it is not as a poet but as a man that we speak of him here1 not desiring to criticise his verse or to enter into discussions concerning the judgment given of it by critics of his own time4 ,in the ,lake ,country his personality strikes you with the same sense of reality and continued presence as do the everlasting hills and the changeless lakes themselves4 ,he died only a quarter of a century ago1 though his principal poems all belonged to the first and second decades of this century4 ,in #ahad ,the ,excursion was published1 and the poem which has made his chief fame was so severely criticised at the time that one of the reviewers boasted that he had crushed it4 ,a brother poet1 ,southey1 exclaimed3 8,he crush ,the ,excursion6 ,he might as well fancy he could crush ,skiddaw60 ,if his verse was coldly received at first1 it was chiefly because emotional1 passionate poetry1 such as ,byron's1 ,moore's1 ,scott's1 and ,campbell's1 was the fashion then4 ,wordsworth's was calm as nature herself1 and concerned itself little with man's history1 past or present4 ,when he did mingle the deeds of men with the loving touches of his scenery descriptions1 he would choose pure1 white lives1 such as would not jar with the calmness of lake and fell1 of opal sky and shimmering water4 ,here is what the legend of the ruined hermitage on ,s4 ,herbert's ,island1 on ,lake ,derwentwater1 suggested to him4 ,the story of the holy friends is told also in ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west4 8,this island1 guarded from profane approach ,by mountains high and waters widely spread1 ,is that recess to which ,s4 ,herbert came ,in life's decline1 a selfsecluded man1 ,after long exercise in social cares ,and offices humane1 intent t' adore ,the ,deity with undistracted mind1 ,and meditate on everlasting things4 ,but he had left ,a fellowlaborer whom the good man loved ,as his own soul2 and when within his cave ,alone he knelt before the crucifix1 ,while o'er the lake the cataract of ,lodore ,peal'd to his orisons1 and when he paced ,along the beach of this small isle1 and thought ,of his companion1 he would pray that both 7,now that their earthly duties were fulfilled7 ,might die in the same moment4 ,nor in vain ,so prayed he2 as our chronicles report1 ,though here the hermit number'd his last day1 ,far from ,s4 ,cuthbert1 his beloved friend3 ,those holy men both died in the same hour40 ,derwentwater is the most picturesque of all the lakes in point of smiling landscape4 ,it has several little wooded islands dotting its surface2 its waters are clear and more blue than those of the other lakes1 and the mountains round the shore are less abrupt and naked4 ,lodore ,force tumbles almost perpendicularly into it from the steep1 shelving rocks that jut out from the dense forest growth1 like the backbone of a huge black snake wriggling through the underbrush4 ,these are the same waters whose sound swept over the lake and smote the ears of the hermitsaint twelve centuries ago4 ,it is1 except one1 the most romantic waterfall in the ,lake ,country4 ,below this wooded hill1 and on the very margin of ,derwentwater1 stands a little oldtime inn1 as clean as a ,dutch house1 with a rustic porch and a little lawn before it1 ringed in with chains hung in festoons from four or five low posts4 ,in the middle is a miniature gun1 which is fired off every now and then for the amusement of the tourists4 ,the echoes thus awakened among the surrounding hills are almost endless4 ,this beautiful ,north ,country has another interest not so romantic--that of its mines1 which are mostly of lead4 ,just across ,derwentwater there is a fine mine1 which1 from its convenient position1 is often visited4 ,we rowed across the lake to see it2 but if you have seen one mine1 you will scarcely care to see a second--at least if you have no better motive than curiosity4 ,to us on that first expedition it was simply fun4 ,luckily1 there was no proposition made to don male attire for the only woman of the party2 a huge oilskin coat with an ample hood quite wrapped her up and protected her for the downward journey4 ,we got into a rough box or 8basket10 preferring this quicker and more adventurous mode of descent to the species of chair contrived for the visitors to the mine1 and were shot down in an incredibly short space of time to the second 8level0 of what we saw there is really very little to tell4 ,the lodes or veins of metal looked like irregular lines of shining moisture drawn on the rocky walls2 there was a tramway occupying the whole of the narrow gallery that formed the level1 and up and down this tramway1 at a tremendous rate1 and with a noise like thunder1 came the trucks loaded with ore4 ,we had to squeeze up against the wall as they passed4 ,the path was more than half submerged2 we splashed into pools and puddles at every third or fourth step1 and the moisture dropped persistently from the glistening roof4 ,we should have gone to the third and lowest 8level0 had it not been so thoroughly under water that the miners had to wear long waterproof boots midway up their thighs when they worked there4 ,on going up again we stopped at the first level1 which looked exactly like the other4 ,we did not gain much information by our excursion1 but it was a rare frolic1 and we were greatly excited4 ,our clothes came out of the 8basket0 in a soaked and streaky condition2 but nobody cared1 the achievement was enough to make up for anything4 ,some years later we tried the same sort of experiment1 and did not find it nearly so exciting4 ,it was at an ironmine in ,monmouthshire1 near the river ,wye1 famed in the legends of the ,round ,table2 we were let down the shaft in a kind of iron cage 7the miners' regular conveyance71 which swung unpleasantly to and fro1 grinding against the sides of the narrow opening1 and bumping us roughly down at the bottom1 where1 as their time was nearly out1 the men were gathering1 ready to go up4 ,here there was literally nothing to see4 ,the work was done a long way off1 and there was no time to go there2 besides1 the place was several inches under water4 ,the interest of this expedition consisted simply in going down and coming up again1 and in the feeling that we could 8say we had done it40 ,what was really interesting on this same occasion was the sight of the ironworks and furnaces at nightfall4 ,the metal was put into the furnaces at one end1 and came out at the other in a continuous stream of intensest light2 blindingly white it poured out1 running slowly and spreading itself into a network of grooves all parallel with each other1 ready fitted for its reception1 where it was left to cool4 ,few things so truly realize one's idea of light as molten metal4 ,there seemed no color in this beautiful stream1 and one could fancy just such an intense glow as that to be the very radiance round the throne of ,god4 ,it was impossible to stand near it for more than a second1 the heat was so fierce1 and we had to watch the calm1 uninterrupted lustre from a respectful distance4 ,this work was going on in a kind of open shed1 sheltered above to protect the furnaces and machinery1 but open at the sides1 where in the darkness all kinds of strange groups and forms succeeded one another4 ,the commonest circumstances took on solemnity and mystery in this halflight1 the red flashes from inside darting like tongues into the fading light1 and making of it all a wonderful1 living ,rembrandt4 ,to return to our lakes4 ,we had seen all the great ones1 and driven across the country in all directions--through mountain passes where the bare crags and bowlders lay heaped together1 as if the ,titans had flung them there to bar the passage to their fastnesses2 through smiling pastoral valleys where the summer stream bubbled peacefully enough1 hiding its secrets of roads washed away and trees uprooted by its anger in early spring2 by ,esthwaite ,lake with its solitary yewtree celebrated by ,wordsworth2 out into a bleak region of gray stone walls and hungrylooking pastures to ,westdale 7valley7 and ,wastwater4 ,lonely and silent lies the black mere under its frowning cliffs2 no house1 no inn1 near it2 tourists seldom pass it1 and tradition says that its depths have never been plumbed4 ,we got a boat at a fisherman's hut2 it was not often he used it for anything but the necessities of his craft4 ,and yet1 in spite--or rather because--of this desolation1 ,wastwater has made a more lasting impression on us than the showlakes with their pretty activity and cheerful bustle of touristlife4 ,westdale would be just the place to live in if the mind needed bracing and restoring2 few places within the pale of civilization can so truly boast of being absolute solitudes4 ,we trust it is not changed even yet4 ,quite close1 but you would not suspect it from the grim1 rocky aspect of the scenery1 is a little waterfall4 ,it is in a narrow gully1 a mere cleft in the rock1 but alive with a thousand varying shades of green--ferns in abundance and in every stage of development1 broad1 dark1 glossy leaves of waterplants1 and waxy spikes of rockwort4 ,the incline of the waterfall is so gentle1 and so many bowlders jut out from the stream1 that you could almost climb up this natural staircase2 the snowwhite spray dashes all over the banks1 turning to diamonds in the hearts of the tiny flowers1 and to rainbows on the broad surface of leaves2 and the noise of the waters--their plash1 their gurgle1 or their trickle1 as they strike moss1 pebble1 or little hollows round the big bowlders--seems like a living voice4 ,our week was nearly up1 and we were to meet the noonday train at a station several miles beyond ,wastwater4 ,the road lay through rocky passes1 and was reckoned a bad one4 ,our cardriver was doubtful as to whether we could make the distance in the time that remained2 for we had been tempted1 by the rugged beauty of the lovely vale1 to overstay our appointed time for exploration and naturalhistory collections4 ,the drive was sufficiently exciting1 a last bit of 8fun0 to end our holiday1 and we jolted over the rough road1 crossing the worn channels of mountain streams1 and noticing on the steep sides of the hills what looked like moving bowlders1 but what were in reality small1 surefooted sheep1 white1 brown1 and black4 ,the country grew bleaker as we went on1 till at last we reached the primitive railway station just in time4 ,we were very sorry to part with our ,north ,country driver and his car1 and return to the civilized mode of rapid locomotion2 the more so as the scenery through which we flew for two or three hours was as barren and as desolate as the shores of the ,dead ,sea4 ,gray stone walls made a sort of magnified chessboard of the level country1 enclosing small fields of forlornlooking stubble or bits of darkred ploughed land4 ,it was inexpressibly dreary1 and a marvellous contrast to the beautiful region1 bold and rocky1 or wooded and smiling1 which we had left behind us4 ,at last we reached ,furness1 our last haltingplace4 ,here there was a coquettish little station1 gay with ornamental wood and wirework1 and with autumn flowers and late climbing roses1 while beyond the trim lawn stood an inviting hotel--modern1 it is true1 but decked out in villa style1 full of baywindows and gables1 with green ,venetian blinds and long ,french windows opening into a garden4 ,there was no trace of a village near1 or of any human dwelling but these two buildings4 ,the reason was that both of these were subservient to the ruins of ,s4 ,mary's ,abbey1 which stood1 as it were1 within the hotelgarden4 ,s4 ,mary's1 ,furness1 is one of the three most stately and most perfect ruined abbeys in ,england2 the others are ,fountain's ,abbey in ,yorkshire1 and ,tintern on the ,wye1 ,monmouthshire4 ,it is built of red sandstone1 the warm hue contrasting beautifully with the luxurious growth of evergreens all round and inside its arches and cloisters4 ,the tracery of the great pointed windows is almost intact1 but here and there the tracery of delicate climbing plants is so interwoven with it that the marvel of carving is lost in the wealth of each summer's renewed growth4 ,the church is built in the shape of a cross4 ,the walls and windows of the nave are untouched1 and down the centre are the two rows of columns that divided it from the aisles--round ,saxon pillars1 alternating with clustered ,gothic shafts1 a sheaf of colonnettes forming one support4 ,the bases of all of them remain1 though every one is broken more or less near the base1 none being more than two or three feet high4 ,of course the roof is gone1 and everywhere around shaft and pillar grow tall flowering grasses1 shrubs with bright berries and spearlike leaves1 while a carpet of grass as green as an emerald covers the stone floor4 ,there were seven altars in the church1 and the steps to the smaller ones are even now marked by the gradual ascent of the turf4 ,poking into the earth with a walkingstick1 we soon came to the stone steps1 not more than three inches under ground4 ,the chancel and sedilia are very perfect1 and everywhere the piscin are visible in the walls4 ,the chapterroom preserved its stone groined roof up to twenty or thirty years ago1 when it fell in4 ,on the walls are the remains of lovely1 intricate diaperwork4 ,the refectory is a long hall with a row of columns 7only the bases exist now7 down the centre1 and the principal dormitory is said to have been exactly above this4 ,the whole is now open to the sky4 ,the quiet cloister1 with some of the old graves of dead and gone ,cistercian monks1 is still traceable1 and beyond is a little enclosed and railedin stone chamber1 contrived out of the ruined walls1 but carefully roofed in1 and used to stow away such fragments of sculpture as have been found within the precincts of the abbey4 ,they are thus preserved from the rapacity of tourists4 ,there are bones and skulls among them1 too4 ,the ,north of ,england was once called the gardenland of the ,cistercians2 their abbeys abounded in that region1 and their power1 temporal and spiritual1 was paramount4 ,the abbots at the head of those religious corporations of early days had episcopal jurisdiction and claimed episcopal privileges1 and were far more powerful than the wandering bishops who had no abbey to back their authority4 ,they had tracts of land and many serfs4 ,in many respects the 8villeins0 of the church were a happy and a privileged set of people4 ,they were not obliged to serve in the king's armies1 as were the serfs of secular lords1 and they could not be sued for debt or trespass1 or any other local offence4 ,they were immediately and solely under the jurisdiction of the abbot1 which superseded1 in their case1 that of the common law4 ,in return for their service1 agricultural and otherwise1 the abbot gave them shelter1 food1 clothing1 and protection--not an unequal bargain1 even for our days2 but when we transport ourselves into the conditions of life in the middle ages1 it will be easily seen how desirable a fate it was to be 8made over to the church40 ,in those days protection was a greater boon than even food1 lodging1 or clothing2 it was then what 8habeas corpus0 and the right of inviolability of domicile are now2 and so long as the substance existed1 it is idle to quarrel with the garb in which it was clothed4 ,the ruins were thronged all day2 that was the only drawback to our enjoyment1 but we remedied that at night4 ,every train came laden with tourists to see ,furness ,abbey2 they walked about with guidebooks and luncheonbaskets1 and popped champagnecorks in the cloisters1 and strewed chickenbones among the bases of the great ,saxon pillars1 chatting1 laughing1 and joking1 and evidently enjoying themselves as they would at a country fair or a cattleshow4 ,this went on all day long2 but towards night1 after a late dinner at the hotel1 they subsided1 and scarcely a soul was to be seen in the garden4 ,the men were in the billiardroom1 and the women probably packing their things for the morrow's journey2 so we slipped out1 two of us1 and went over to the deserted ruins4 ,the moon was up1 not quite at her full1 but bright enough to make the scene very beautiful1 and there were many stars as well4 ,it is not easy to describe the impression this nightview of the old ,catholic abbey made on us2 one might as well try to catch a moonbeam1 and examine it and find out what it is made of4 ,every one can sketch the picture for himself2 every one with a love of the beautiful1 the spiritualized1 will understand what was its solemn charm4 ,we roamed about in silence from nave to cloisters1 from refectory to chapelroom1 and then1 handinhand1 went with something of awe in our hearts into the old chancel1 where in the days of the monks none ever went but the cowled1 whiterobed ,cistercians themselves--an angel and virgin choir meet to sing the praises of the ,lamb4 ,by the sedilia1 in the beautiful carved recesses of which scarcely a stone is out of place or an ornament broken off1 we knelt down and said the rosary together for the conversion of ,england4 ,presently a strange green light flashed before our eyes1 right above the place where the high altar had stood of old2 it was gone in a minute1 and the calm radiance of the moon was still undisturbed4 ,seen1 as it was1 in this dim1 silent place of song and worship1 it was very impressive2 and had it been nothing but what we first took it for--i4e41 a railway signal--even then it would have remained in our imagination1 idealized into something symbolic4 ,green is the color of hope1 and where is there more room for hope than under the arches of a ruined abbey1 once the pride of a ,catholic country1 the home of learning and charity1 the representative of a nation's civilization8 ,we stayed a long while yet1 lingering about the dusky arches1 catching sight of the starry sky through the ,gothic tracery of the windows1 repeopling the place in fancy with its silent1 prayerful denizens in their white robes and hoods1 and wondering what that fitful flash might have been4 ,next morning we saw in the newspaper that just at that very hour a meteor of greenish hue had appeared and been observed in many places all over ,england4 ,you may imagine how glad we were to find that it had been no railway signal that had cleft the white moonlight while we were praying in the chancel4 ,it was a beautiful remembrance to carry away from the ,abbey of ,s4 ,mary at ,furness4 ,god does not forget the places where his feet have rested1 and there are heavenly1 undying flowers yet in the gardens of ,paradise which the angels fling down on those consecrated spots which princes once endowed1 because they humbly acknowledged that 8the roses and flowers of kings1 emperors1 and dukes1 and the crowns and palms of all the great1 wither and decay1 and that all things1 with an uninterrupted course1 tend to dissolution and death407#age7 ,so we took leave of the beautiful ,north ,country1 its lakes1 its solemn mountains1 its abbeys1 and its hardy1 independent people1 whose character has in it yet all the elements out of which ,god1 infusing into them his grace1 moulded the great ,northumbrian saint1 ,wilfrid of ,york1 the ,thomas ,becket of the ,v,ith century4 ,on ,the ,wing4 ,a ,southern ,flight4 ,,vi4 8,an evil spirit swept the land1 ,of ruin and unrest40 ,not far from the villa we occupied there stood an uninviting house1 as it appeared to me1 the loggia of which was surrounded on three sides with green trelliswork1 and commanded a fine view of ,naples and the bay4 ,outside the door ,i had noticed barrels of oysters1 as indicative of what we might find inside4 ,this was the ,caffe ,frisio1 renowned in ,naples1 spite of its unattractive appearance4 ,i was somewhat surprised when1 a few days after our engagement1 ,don ,emidio suggested to ,mary that we should all dine there1 including1 of course1 the ,vernons4 ,i remonstrated4 ,i did not see the fun of leaving our own quiet1 cool house1 with a modest but sufficiently wellcooked dinner prepared by ,monica and served with the honest awkwardness of our unpretending ,paolino1 for the hurry of noisy waiters and the clickclack of other people's plates and glasses4 ,i stood up for my point with my usual undiscerning obstinacy until ,i thought ,i saw a puzzled and halfpained expression come over the usually serene brow of my future master4 ,of course ,i yielded instantly1 and1 before ,i had stammered out a dozen words1 found ,i had gone the length of declaring that my appetite for that day would fail me unless ,i dined at the ,caffe ,frisio4 ,that point gained1 ,don ,emidio hurried off 7no6 ,i am wrong there2 ,i never as yet have seen him hurry about anything7 to press the ,vernons to be of our party4 ,from thence he went1 no doubt in his usually leisurely style1 to order dinner for us4 ,he was no sooner gone out of the room than ,i turned to ,mary a bewildered face of inquiry1 and asked her if she could at all understand ,emidio's being so anxious we should dine at a caffe4 ,mary's reply was an indirect one4 ,she look my hand in hers1 and said with a smile3 8,i sometimes wonder1 my dear girl1 whether you will quite easily take to the foreign ways of your intended husband40 8,do you doubt it1 ,mary8 ,i think1 on the contrary1 there is something so charming in that strange mixture of childlike simplicity and manly generosity which is so remarkable in the really good and noble ,italians4 ,emidio always reminds me of a highbred schoolboy40 8,that is even more the characteristic1 perhaps1 of a thoroughly consistent ,catholic life from childhood upwards than of any particular nation2 though ,i agree with you that it is generally evident amongst ,italians4 ,joy is the attribute of childhood1 as distinct from any other period of life2 and a joyful spirit is one of the marks of hidden sanctity4 ,but ,i was not thinking of anything so serious as this4 ,i mean that ,i wonder whether you will take easily to the outofdoor1 unprivate life which is engendered amongst ,italians by their beautiful climate1 and which makes it not only a simple1 but almost a necessary1 thing that ,don ,emidio should immediately think of celebrating your engagement by dining at the celebrated ,caffe ,frisio40 8,i certainly wondered why he wished it1 but ,i suppose it is the custom1 and ,i am quite content40 8,you will doubtless1 as you go on1 find many customs which you will have to comply with4 ,at ,capo di ,monte you will sit in the open loggia of your husband's house1 instead of in your drawingroom with closed doors1 as you would do in ,england4 ,when you want your manservant1 you will call for him at the top of the stairs at least quite as often as you will ring a rare and occasional bell4 ,you will order your dinner1 from the balcony1 of the cook below1 just starting for his marketing4 ,and ,i am afraid you may very possibly see your maid surreptitiously laying out your fine linen to dry on the trimcut box hedge which surrounds the geometrical divisions of your garden4 ,of course in your palazzo in ,rome you may succeed in keeping up a little more state4 ,but even there1 and certainly in ,villegiatura7#agf7 at ,naples1 you may have to make up your mind to your chef calling your attention to an unusually fine piece of beef in its uncooked state which he designs for your dinner that day40 8,do you remember1 ,mary10 ,i replied1 laughing1 8the manservant one day in ,rome bringing you in a beautiful pigeon with an evervarying purple breast that reminded me of the shot silks or stuffs in ,raphael's pictures8 ,you asked the man if he supposed you could by any possibility eat it an hour after you had fondled it40 8,i had to go without meat for luncheon that day1 and the pigeon's life was spared4 ,i fed it with rice1 and it used to sit on my chest and pick the grains from between my lips40 8,at last it got too bold1 and1 mistaking your teeth for grains of rice1 pecked at your lips till they bled40 ,what a mischievous bird it was6 ,when we came home1 after leaving it at liberty in the house1 we found all the heads of a bouquet of violets that stood in water picked off and strewed on the table1 and all the pens taken from the pentray and laid on the floor4 ,finally one day the pins had been extracted out of the pincushion and put on the table1 and the long1 black hairpins taken out of ,mary's silver toiletbox and laid on the bed4 ,at last we noticed a black pigeon that used to come often and sit on the waterpipe of the house opposite4 ,we never closed the windows on account of our purple pigeon1 as it had shown no disposition to leave its human friends for others of its own kind4 ,but blood is stronger than water2 and no doubt the black pigeon had wonderful tales to tell of the many roofs of ,rome as presenting eligible habitations1 and of the daily markets in the ,piazza ,navona and beneath the shadow of the ,pantheon as affording an easilyobtained repast among the refuse4 ,so one day1 when we came home1 the window was open1 and the pigeon nowhere to be found4 ,nor did we ever again see the black seducer sitting on the neighboring waterspouts4 ,after all we were very much amused at our dinner at ,frisio4 ,we ate frutti di mare17#agg7 and macaroni dressed with pomi d'oro47#agh7 ,of the meat the less said the better4 ,i rarely thought any of it good at ,naples2 though no further off than ,sorrento the beef is excellent4 ,all provisions are1 in fact1 better there than at ,naples4 ,our supply of butter came from ,sorrento1 and was obtained for us by ,pascarillo1 our coachman's master2 so that frequently1 as we passed his door returning home from our drive1 his wife would hail us1 and hand into the carriage the fresh butter wrapt up in green vineleaves4 ,when dinner was over1 and we sat looking out on the sea1 ,i remembered that ,emidio had promised to tell us the story of ,padre ,cataldo's escape at the time of the ,italian revolution in #ahfj1 and ,i asked him to give us the particulars4 8,this will be a very good time to do so1 ,miss ,jane10 was his reply1 8because we are quite safe at ,frisio from the father's presence4 ,he does not like talking of it4 ,you very probably have heard of the earthquake in ,italy that took place in #aheg2 though ,i dare say the devastation it caused was hardly noticed in the ,english papers4 ,the ,jesuit ,fathers had a college at ,potenza which was partly thrown down at the time1 and consequently the boys had been sent home to their parents and most of the fathers dispersed4 ,padre ,cataldo and one other alone remained4 ,you are aware that ,potenza is the principal town of the ,basilicata1 and is the see of a bishop4 ,there were forty villages in the same province destroyed at the same time4 ,the king 7of course ,i mean ,francis ,,ii47 had obtained that ,padre ,cataldo should be sent on a mission to the inhabitants of these unfortunate villages1 not only to preach in the different places1 but to carry relief to the inhabitants1 and to organize the proper burial of the dead1 who lay neglected among the ruins at the imminent risk of breeding a pestilence4 ,he was also to encourage the poor people to rebuild their habitations1 and to aid them once again to gain their livelihood and resume the cultivation of the land4 ,he was engaged in this arduous labor for a period of about fifteen months1 during which he lived amongst the people with the affection of a father and almost the authority of a ruler2 for there was nothing they would not do at his bidding40 8,the work accomplished1 he returned to the halfruined college at ,potenza4 ,there was but one other priest in residence with him there1 and ,padre ,cataldo had hardly joined him when the revolution broke out4 ,the ,jesuits were far from apprehending any violence at first from the inhabitants of ,potenza1 a great many of whom were much attached to them4 ,but at that time they had not had personal experience of the insidious ways by means of which the revolutionists instil their doctrines into the minds of the unsuspecting4 ,they soon1 however1 began to notice that the caffes were thronged with noisier guests than usual1 and who remained till late into the night discussing and disputing over their wine or coffee4 ,the few shops where books or newspapers could be found in the not highlyeducated or literary town of ,potenza began to display pamphlets with brilliant colored covers and dubious titles4 ,the men frequenting the churches were fewer1 and those that came were less respectful in their demeanor4 ,at night the young men wandered about in file1 arminarm1 walking rapidly with what no doubt they thought a military step1 a flower stuck behind the ear1 the hat on one side1 and singing revolutionary songs in a loud and often inebriated voice4 ,the symptoms were all bad4 ,and the fathers were not surprised when one morning1 having noticed an unusual agitation in the streets and the piazza1 they received a secret message to the effect that they would do well to leave the town as quickly and as quietly as possible1 for the one simple reason that where there is a ,jesuit the revolutionist is his enemy4 ,the persons sending this message to the fathers added that if their advice were not forthwith taken1 acts of violence might follow4 8,not very far from the ,jesuit college there lived a priest who had known ,padre ,cataldo for many years1 and who1 though himself corrupted by revolutionary principles1 and not in any way an honor to his sacred calling1 maintained a great friendship and regard for the father4 ,he had gone on from one thing to another in his own downward course until at this time he was actually one of the leaders of revolutionary principles in the ,basilicata4 ,he had nevertheless always told ,padre ,cataldo that in case of need he would befriend him4 ,and he kept his word2 for one night1 when ,potenza was getting too hot for a ,jesuit to remain in safety1 and the only question seemed to be what kind of violence against the college would be attempted1 the apostate priest arrived in his own carriage1 to fulfil his old promise1 and safely conveyed ,padre ,cataldo to a house at some distance where he could lie hidden for the night4 ,the flight had been so sudden that ,padre ,cataldo1 who was not likely at any time to be cumbered with wealth1 had come away without a franc in his possession4 ,the next morning he despatched three messengers to various friends in the neighborhood to say where and in what condition he was2 and they1 in return1 sent him the money he needed4 ,with this he procured for himself the disguise of lay clothes1 and set out to join the ,jesuits residing at ,bari4 ,when he arrived1 he found the ,jesuits had already left2 and the condition of the country was such that he was unable to proceed with any hope of safety to ,noci1 his native place1 where his parents lived4 8,for many days he had to fly from place to place disguised as a layman1 and with a false beard4 ,but even so there was something in his whole appearance which betrayed him4 ,one day he was walking along the street1 swinging a walkingstick1 when he heard one man say to another1 as they passed him1 #8,there goes a ,jesuit in disguise4' 8,a lady residing at ,bitonto concealed him in her house for one night4 ,he left the house before dawn2 but already the rumor had spread that a ,jesuit was in hiding there1 and early in the morning the brother of the lady1 who was a liberal and the syndic of the town1 came to tell her the people were in such a state of excitement that if she did not give up the father1 they would burn the house to the ground4 ,and it was not till she had taken him into every hole and corner of the place that she could persuade him there was no one concealed there1 and that his assertions to that effect calmed the mob4 #8,the foxes have holes1 and the birds of the air nests1' but1 like their ,master1 the priests of the ,son of man had not where to lay their heads4 ,thus driven from place to place1 and hunted down like a wild beast1 ,padre ,cataldo at length reached ,venosa1 where1 as he had once preached a very successful mission1 he was well known and much respected4 ,he took up his abode at the house of some friends1 and the next morning1 which was the ,feast of ,s4 ,ignatius1 the founder of his order1 he went to the church to say ,mass4 ,while he was vesting in the sacristy he received a message that the intendente or governor of the place wanted to speak with him4 ,it so happened that the intendente was the brotherinlaw of a man who had been condemned to death for murder a short time previous4 ,padre ,cataldo had been acquainted with the case2 and as he considered it had been attended with extenuating circumstances1 and that the crime was not premeditated1 he had used his influence with success to get the sentence commuted to a term of years' imprisonment at the galleys4 ,he also obtained permission for the man1 who was a jeweller1 to work at his trade during his incarceration4 ,padre ,cataldo had not happened to see any members of the family since that event1 in which he had saved them from so great a calamity4 ,very naturally1 therefore1 on hearing that the brotherinlaw of the criminal wanted to see him1 he thought he had come to thank him for saving his relative from the guillotine4 ,but on going to the door to receive him he found the governor surrounded by soldiers1 who1 at a word from him1 seized the father as their prisoner4 ,he was at that time suffering from fever brought on by exposure to all weathers in his endeavor to elude his enemies2 creeping into some sheltering house late at night1 when the evening damp1 so fatal in ,italy1 was falling2 making his way over fields and mountains in the noontide heat1 and getting from place to place through byways1 as he dared not take the frequented road2 and of course often without sufficient food4 ,he was put upon a horse1 and conducted by a guard of soldiers to a small place called ,rionero4 ,it was a long day's journey1 and his sufferings were intense4 ,having been seized before he had begun his ,mass1 he had not tasted food4 ,when they reached ,rionero in the evening1 they found a terrible scene4 ,the revolutionists had entire possession of the town4 ,it is said that the piazza--the large open place in the centre of every ,italian town--literally ran with blood4 ,strange to say1 many persons connected by family ties with the intendente who had so cruelly betrayed ,padre ,cataldo perished in the massacres of that night4 ,i know a man who saw the father brought into the town in the midst of the guard4 ,the insane fury of the mob at the sight of a ,jesuit knew no bounds4 ,it was the ,ecce ,homo over again in the person of one of his servants4 ,he was taken through the piazza on horseback1 and the soldiers did nothing to restrain the people4 ,they flung at him every missile they could lay their hands on2 and as it was evening1 a band of masons were returning from their work1 and1 transported with rage1 actually threw their tools at him1 and beat him with them as he passed4 ,to all this illusage he made no other reply than by blessing them4 ,some of the most violent cried out1 #8,here is the ,king of the ,basilicata4' ,did they know they were parodying the cry of #8the ,king of the ,jews'8 ,at length the prisondoors shut him in from his persecutors2 and as he lay there1 bruised all over1 and severely cut about the head and face1 he could hear them crying out that they would yet get at him to burn him alive1 while actually they began building up a pile in the centre of the piazza for that purpose4 8,the liberal priest who had been his friend in the first instance1 and had brought him away from ,potenza1 had by this time heard of his arrest1 and immediately came to the rescue4 ,this1 however1 was no easy matter4 ,he was himself one of their leaders2 and1 lest they should accuse him of infidelity to their cause1 he was obliged to begin by pretending that he shared their views with respect to ,padre ,cataldo4 ,it was only in this way that he could succeed in getting himself heard4 ,by degrees he induced them to consider whether1 on the whole1 the burning alive of a wellknown ,jesuit priest in their piazza would be altogether a wise proceeding4 ,it might get them into trouble at some future day4 ,it might be considered an extreme measure4 ,at length he gained sufficient influence for them to propose that the question should be decided by an appeal to the people4 ,the general inhabitants of the town were not a bad set of people4 ,they were probably not very courageous in a good cause1 and they were overwhelmed by the noisy and daring wickedness of the revolutionists4 ,but when thus appealed to1 their real sentiments found expression2 and ,padre ,cataldo1 whose prisoncell overlooked the piazza1 could hear the shouts of ,noi lo vogliamo salvo47#agi7 ,soon after his prisondoor was unlocked1 and in the dead of the night he was conducted by two guards to a distance from the town1 where they left him4 ,faint with loss of blood1 bruised1 and weary1 he managed to reach the house of some friends4 ,he lay there for a fortnight1 ill from fever and the cruel treatment he had received4 ,and it was not till some time after1 when the troubles had calmed down1 that he was able to return to ,naples in safety40 ,we sat silent for a few seconds at the end of ,don ,emidio's account4 ,it seemed to bring the nature and qualities of revolution keenly before us when we thus heard of what it had done to one so well known and so beloved by us all4 ,ida was the first to speak2 and she told us that not long after they had settled at ,posilippo with ,padre ,cataldo1 a gentleman had called to see him on some business1 accompanied by a young man4 ,ida remarked that when the latter came into the room1 as soon as his eyes fell on ,padre ,cataldo1 he turned deadly pale4 ,as he was only in attendance on the other gentleman1 he sat a little back1 and no one paid much attention to him1 while she watched him4 ,she saw he was greatly overcome and trembled very much4 ,she tried to enter into conversation with him1 but he seemed too absent to talk4 ,when at length the gentleman had concluded what he came to tell ,padre ,cataldo1 the latter turned towards the younger man1 who got up and approached him1 exclaiming1 8,o father6 how is it ,i find you here8 ,i thought you had died at ,rionero4 ,i witnessed the treatment you received there1 and ,i and many others believed you were dead4 ,by what miracle did you escape80 ,when the conversation became more general1 the young man1 who could hardly recover from his emotion1 told ,ida that he should never forget the father's countenance1 as he sat silent and calm on his horse1 with stones1 sticks1 and missives of all sorts flung at him4 ,the blood poured from his head2 but there seemed to be a celestial light beaming from his face which reminded him of the pictures he had seen of the martyred saints4 ,we finished our evening on our own loggia4 ,it was a lovely night1 and we felt we could never weary of watching the moonbeams on the sea1 and1 when the moon had gone down1 the fishermen's little boats1 noiselessly sailing one by one from the dense1 dark shadow of the caves where they are moored1 and then1 each with a burning torch at the prow1 casting anchor and waiting for the fish to rise to the light4 ,from time to time the fishermen utter a soft1 monotonous cry to each other in a minor key1 which comes floating through the darkness on the still nightair like an echo from another world4 ,there must be a strange fascination in this life of the fisherman1 whose occupation begins as other men are laying aside theirs1 and is continued through the silence of the night on the vast solitude of the ocean4 ,don ,emidio drew his chair near to where ,i was sitting1 leaning on the low wall of the loggia and looking down upon the plain of waters1 which so mysteriously appear to flash an unreal light from their dark bosom1 as if the sea itself gave out sparks4 ,presently ,i heard a voice asking me if ,i thought ,i could learn to love the worldfamous beauty of the ,bay of ,naples4 8,i have learnt to love it from the first moment ,i saw it2 for ,i love all that is beautiful4 ,and when the beauty of this glorious land comes to be wound up with the duties of my life1 ,i shall love it doubly40 8,say with life's affections too1 dear ,jane40 8,why should ,i not say it8 ,of course ,i mean it40 8,will you never tire of this unmitigated beauty8 ,will you never1 cara mia1 have a pining for a soft1 gray day1 with the perfumed damp that comes up from the velvet moss and dense greenery of an ,english copse8 ,will you heave no sigh for the pale but varied and most abundant wild flowers of your chilly springs1 a lapful of primroses1 a wealth of cowslips8 ,shall ,i have you longing after a narrow lane of yellow sand1 the trees meeting overhead1 the meadowsweet growing lavishly in the moist hedge1 and the ripe nuts hanging just within reach1 crisp and sweet in their slippery brown shells8 ,shall ,i hear you reproaching me that the mushrooms are dotting the ,sussex downs all round the fairy rings1 and that you long to tread the close1 fine grass where the sheep are browsing1 with the little hillocks of purple thyme scenting the breeze with its aromatic breath8 ,when your nerves are overstrung by the continuous dry heat and the brisk air of our joyous land1 will not your ,saxon nature long for one of the short autumn days of old ,england1 when you might walk through the fields to the edge of the western hill1 and watch the sun sink amidst yellow and red clouds painted on a pale blue sky1 and then1 returning in the soft wind of evening redolent with nameless perfumes1 feel the damp like a creamy balm uncurl your locks and bathe your cheek as if with moist kisses8 ,it will be almost dark when you reach home2 there is a low wood fire flickering on the hearth1 and the steam of the urn curling up with a scent of newmade tea4 ,papers1 pamphlets1 magazines1 and new volumes by the dozen from the ,london library are there to greet you4 ,and day by day1 hour by hour1 in that land of rapid thought and universal intelligence1 the latest news from pole to pole finds its way with every post into the remotest depths of the ,i country4 ,cara mia1 it will not be so here40 ,there had been a choking sensation in my throat as ,emidio described the dear old land of my birth1 and brought so vividly before me exactly those little touches of home and country life which ,i should most certainly not find in my future ,roman palazzo or in the villa at ,capo di ,monte1 beyond the garden of which ,i could not stray into any wild woods and barren but everbeautiful heaths1 as in ,england4 ,but there was something in the close of the vision he called up before me which turned the current of feeling and made me smile4 ,strange as it may seem1 ,i felt it was the newspapers and the ,i rapid intelligence that ,i could spare the more easily4 8,there are good old books ,i have never read1 ,emidio1 and which you have in your library4 ,from time to time we will get a few new ones from the teeming ,british press4 ,i am none the happier in ,england for tracing day by day the progress of modern ideas4 ,i will turn my thoughts upon the past4 ,i may sometimes sigh for the shady lanes and breezy downs of ,england2 but ,i think the imperious beauty of ,italy will hold quite as much sway over my heart in time4 ,are you satisfied80 8,i am satisfied as much as my jealous ,italian nature will allow me to be40 8,are all ,italians jealous80 8,nearly all1 especially husbands40 8,but ,i shall never give you cause40 8,i am quite sure of that4 ,but it will not prevent my being jealous4 ,do not look frightened1 carissima47#ahj7 ,i am not going to prove a regular ,bluebeard1 like some of my countrymen4 ,but it would sound strange to your ,english ears to know the intense sense of appropriation which an ,italian has with regard to his wife4 ,it is true he adores her2 but it is an adoration which would exclude the remotest homage of the merest stranger4 ,he waits upon her1 watches her1 serves her4 ,but it is possible to have too much of that1 particularly when it is done with an evident intention to prevent the approach of any other human being4 ,i had an acquaintance--for ,i cannot exactly call him a friend2 he was too great a fool for that--who would not allow his wife to set her foot outside the door unless he accompanied her4 ,she was not permitted to look out of the window1 if he could prevent it2 and he actually one day consulted me on the possibility of running a railing in front of his windows inside the rooms to prevent her getting near enough to look out40 8,and they did not shut him up as a madman80 8,not at all2 though ,i think the generality allowed he was eccentric4 ,the poor woman had a melancholy time of it2 for of course1 if he would not allow her to look out1 neither would he allow any one else to look in40 8,well6 and how did it end80 8,the only way any man of sense could expect it to end4 ,she got out of the window and over the wall one fine night1 and left him4 ,the poor thing went no further and to no other place than her father's house4 ,but nothing would ever persuade her to return to her husband1 who grew yellower and greener every day until he finally died--of jealousy40 8,serve him right10 was all ,i deigned to reply1 being too indignant to be grammatical4 8,i knew a young girl10 continued ,don ,emidio1 8who had made up her mind she would marry a certain ,neapolitan duke of immense wealth4 ,her parents did not object 7which they ought to have done74 ,but her confessor1 that ,padre ,cristoforo whom you heard preaching through the month of ,may at ,santa ,catarina1 did everything he could to dissuade her4 ,the only answer she would ever make to his remonstrances was that she should have a carriage4 ,all life seemed to rsum itself in her mind in the possession of that one luxury1 with just the addition of gowns from ,paris4 ,she was married to the old duke1 and very soon after came to ,padre ,cristoforo to complain of her hard lot4 ,he could only repeat that he had warned her how it would be1 and recommend her to take a drive in her carriage1 and ever more and more to drive in her carriage1 reminding her that it was for that she had married4 ,alas6 she had to confess that even that consolation was denied her1 as her husband was too jealous of the passersby to allow of her being seen driving out1 and that for the most part she was kept to the house4 ,it is true he was constantly making her magnificent presents of that other great object of her ambition--dresses from ,paris2 but1 as she represented to him1 they were quite useless to her1 as she could not wear them shut up alone with him in the house4 ,now1 are you not frightened by this peculiarity in us ,italians1 carina1 or are you prepared for it80 ,emidio was laughing1 and so was ,i1 when he more gravely added3 8,the other day we were talking of the reverse of the medal1 as regards the good or bad qualities of different people and nations4 ,and ,i think ,i can promise you1 cara mia1 that as my respect for you1 and ,i hope my own good sense1 will always preserve me from this ludicrous excess of a national characteristic1 so the only form which it will take will be in making me more observant that you should receive from my hands alone those little attentions1 and what the ,french call petits soins17#aha7 which are so necessary to a woman1 and which make up so large a share in the lesser enjoyments of her life4 ,i hope never to bore you4 ,but ,i hope always to wait upon you40 ,i looked over my shoulder as we came to this point in our discourse4 ,frank and ,elizabeth were discussing their future also in another part of the loggia4 ,and ,i thought to myself1 if we could have compared notes1 we should no doubt have traced many differences characteristic of ,english and ,italian future husbands4 ,but ,i am convinced that both ,english maidens were equally content with their prospects4 ,we paid more than one visit to the great museum of ,naples1 now called the ,museo ,nazionale1 but which ,mary and ,frank remembered as the ,museo ,borbonico4 ,since they were last here1 the dynasty being changed1 the name of the collection and the arrangement of the objects have also changed4 ,mary1 who is very decided in her artistic preferences1 had her favorites here1 as ,i have always found she had in every collection of pictures or statues she had once visited2 and faithful to her old loves1 she never could rest or look at other objects till she had revisited those that had already struck her imagination4 ,i do not know whether it may arise from the fact that in ,rome the attention is naturally more turned1 in the collections at the ,vatican1 to those which have reference to the life and customs of the early ,christians1 in preference to the indications of pagan life2 but certainly the objects in the museum at ,naples brought before me1 with a vividness ,i had never felt elsewhere1 the very minutest details of old ,roman existence4 ,and ,i believe1 in point of fact1 no collection equals that at ,naples1 enriched as it is by the treasuretrove of ,pompeii and ,herculaneum4 ,it would be quite easy to furnish a house with every requirement of life from roof to kitchen out of the abundance of these interesting relics of the long ago past4 ,and as ,i wandered about the large chambers filled with kitchen utensils1 lamps1 vases1 and female ornaments1 and then passed into the halls where are the frescos that decorated the walls of their dwellings1 ,i felt ,i could realize to myself the many differences in the external forms of their life and our own4 ,the first conclusion ,i arrive at is that there was more sameness and less multiplicity4 ,for instance1 there was a certain received form for lamps4 ,you had your choice1 in the ornamental parts1 of the heads of lions or of griffins1 but the shape was the same4 ,in the kitchen the like shape reigned as in the triclinium or the ci--the diningroom and drawing rooms of the ancients--minus the ornaments47#ahb7 ,the same absence of diversity is observable among the jewels4 ,there could be very little difference1 except in size and weight1 between one lady's necklace and another's4 ,the houses1 judging from the discoveries at ,pompeii1 and borne out by the classic writers1 were all built on the same model1 some large and magnificent1 others small and mean1 but alike in structure4 ,i pause1 and ask myself how life went on without modern china in the houses of the great4 ,though much of their glass was beautiful1 yet what a difference between their earthenware pots and our ,svres and ,dresden1 ,worcester and ,minton6 ,everywhere the tables and seats and chairs were alike4 ,the difference lay in the draperies and the cushions1 never in the shape4 ,it sounds bald and trite to register these remarks2 but if we carry out the thought1 and try and place ourselves where the men and women of ,rome and its subject provinces stood1 and in imagination sleep in a cubiculum7#ahc7 six feet long and four wide1 sit on a marble representation of a campstool1 and lay our work or our book--which latter will be in the inconvenient shape of a long roll of papyrus--on a round marble table with three lion's paws for legs2 if we fancy our rooms divided one from the other by portires1 or hangings1 instead of doors1 artistically draped in longitudinal folds1 and fastened with cords by the fashionable upholsterer of the day2 if to this we add an almost entire absence of washingbasins1 and1 instead1 a lavishness in the article of marble baths1 all more or less taken in public2 if from vestibule and atrium17#ahd7 from hospitium7#ahe7 and exedra17#ahf7 we dismiss all notion of knicknacks1 all glassfronted cabinets1 all buhl and marqueterie1 all enamelled snuffboxes1 china pugdogs1 and filigree2 with no ,berlinwool work and no miniatures2 a few severely beautiful bronze figures1 some busts1 some heathen goddesses in tinted marble1 standing cold and naked in a niche2 an everplashing fountain like the pattering of incessant rain--if we bring all this vividly before us1 we shall soon feel that the minute yet all but infinite circumstances of external life having been so different from our own1 the whole flow of thought and fancy must have been different4 ,we owe more than we are aware1 both for good and evil1 to the way we furnish our houses4 ,and if we decorate them according to our own ideas1 we must remember that those decorations are for ever throwing back our ideas upon ourselves in a perpetual reflection until a sort of moral identity is established4 ,my impression is that the greater simplicity of form1 combined1 as was the case with the ancients1 with a very high though but slightly varied style of decorative art1 may have left a greater solidity1 unity1 and intensity in the oldworld characters1 as compared with what we find in modern minds1 distributed amongst such an endless variety of objects4 ,it is a great thing to be elevated by noble desires and high ,christian aims above the trivialities of modern life4 ,but if those high aspirations are absent1 it is perhaps a safeguard to take to old china1 old lace1 and ,louis ,quinze furniture4 ,it breaks up the thoughts into a kaleidoscope of fancies2 and that1 on the whole1 is decidedly preferable to the restlessness of youth1 health1 and idleness1 leading to a craving for gladiatorial fights and scenes of bloodshed and cruelty4 ,in those days the virtuous were nobly virtuous1 and were very rare4 ,the vicious were horribly vicious1 and formed the generality4 ,it always struck me that an old ,roman house must have been a dull home4 ,and ennui is the mother of naughtiness quite as surely as the devil is the father of lies4 ,there are minds which cannot be great1 as there are lives which never are much more than harmless4 ,surely for these the multiplicities of modern times1 the toys of fashion1 the novelties of the day1 in dress1 furniture1 and ornament1 are safetyvalves and almost godsends6 ,at least they are better than the arena1 with its brutalizing scenes of blood and horror1 where a vestal had but to turn her thumb to take the life of the victim bleeding before her eyes6 ,these results of modern civilization are not ,christianity2 and ,i am taking a very low standard in all ,i am now saying4 ,but they are the dross of a civilization leavened by ,christianity1 and they are very different from the poison that found its way into the daily life of ,roman men and women from the seething wickedness of the great heathen empire4 ,nothing can exceed the interest of the paintings taken from ,pompeii4 ,of course ,i was intimately acquainted with them from engravings1 and had been all my life4 ,one of the early impressions of my childhood was the delight of finding that the grave old ,romans 7and therefore the ,greeks before them71 for whom ,i had a very pagan admiration1 were capable of appreciating humor as expressed in the movements and attitudes of animals4 ,i was overjoyed at this touch of sympathy with a dead past2 and ,i recommend all visitors to ,naples to look out for certain cocks and hens and other creatures among the lesser mural decorations taken from ,pompeii4 ,the wellknown dancing girls ,i had never properly admired until ,i saw them being copied by a ,neapolitan artist in the ,museum4 ,he had not deviated one hair's breadth from the original outline2 but the mere restoration of vivid coloring had imparted to them an airy1 floating grace which ,i had failed fully to detect in the scratched and faded originals1 but which ,i at once felt must have belonged to them when they decorated some rich ,pompeian's house4 ,while ,i was wandering about1 trying to live for an hour the inner homespun life of a ,roman maiden by gazing long on the walls she must have looked on1 ,mary had gone in search of the ,farnese ,bull and the exquisite half head and figure of the ,psyche1 that wonderful embodiment of virginal grace and feminine delicacy which makes one long to have seen the statue in its unmutilated condition4 ,she had stood for a good quarter of an hour before the ,aristides 7for we insist on believing it is ,aristides71 and was1 as she told me afterwards1 growing more and more in the consoling belief that many of the old pagans will have found a place among the thrones of the blest through the mercy of ,him who never asks for more than he has given1 and who since the creation has never left the world without a witness of himself4 ,then she visited the ,farnese ,flora1 that wonderful triumph of art over matter1 where in a statue of above twelve feet such floating grace is expressed that she seems to be skimming along the ground1 while the light wind plays in the drapery4 ,i found ,mary lost in thought before a beautiful bronze statue of ,mercury in repose4 ,the lithe figure has just sat down to rest on the edge of a rock4 ,the tension of the muscles is gradually relaxing4 ,one foot as yet only touches the ground with the heel4 ,wait a moment1 and the foot will yield and rest4 ,never was fatigue gradually giving way to repose more exquisitely depicted4 ,then ,mary turned to the dead ,amazon with the death wound beneath her breast1 and finally declared that having satisfied herself by revisiting these1 that for one reason or another had haunted her for twenty years1 she was ready to admire the others4 ,it is curious how the long lines of statues and busts seem to give out cold4 ,the same stone walls covered with pictures could never be so severely cold4 ,the old gods and heroes seem to breathe upon you with an icy breath from out of the grave of the old classic world4 ,the best pictures in the ,naples ,museum are not very numerous1 but are admirable specimens of the ,italian schools4 ,they are collected into one or two rooms1 deserving time and study4 ,a cursory view of the others will be sufficient to satisfy most people4 ,there is much more to be seen besides the relics from ,pompeii and ,herculaneum1 the statues and pictures4 ,it is all worth visiting1 and1 to be fully appreciated1 requires many hours to be spent on each different class of objects4 ,i had a very distinct and not altogether a pleasant recollection of the mysterious grotto of ,pozzuoli1 which had haunted my imagination ever since ,i was here as a child4 ,ida and ,i had made an engagement to visit ,astroni1 ,victor ,emanuel's happy huntinggrounds1 one day when we were to have the carriage to ourselves2 and accordingly we were to pass through the grotto4 ,you approach it by a deep cutting in the rock1 the sides of which are draped with ivy and hanging plants1 with bright tufts of wild flowers wherever a few grains of earth give them a roothold4 ,there is a small oratory to the right as you enter1 of a most simple and rustic kind1 and kept by a ,capuchin1 whom ,i cannot call a venerable hermit1 as he happened to be of rather youthful appearance4 ,on festas his little altar was covered with flowers1 and a few votive candles burnt before the obscure picture of the ,madonna within the dark recesses of the cave4 ,when the poor ,capuchin heard a carriage approaching1 he would hurry forth with a little tin box1 which he held up to us for an alms4 ,we seldom failed to give him some1 and from time to time it would be silver instead of the more frequent copper2 and then his gratitude became eloquent1 and many a blessing followed us down the murky gloom of the long1 unsavory grotto4 ,certainly1 this strange road1 which it appears dates from the middle of the first ,christian century1 is not calculated to leave a pleasant impression1 though in many ways it presents picturesque bits which reminded me of some of ,salvator ,rosa's pictures4 ,it would be quite dark but for the yellow1 faint light of gaslamps1 not sufficient in number to dispel the gloom1 which is greatly increased by the clouds of dust the numerous carts1 carriages1 and herds of goats are constantly raising1 the latter adding thereto their own peculiarly suffocating odor4 ,it is paved in the same way as the ,neapolitan streets1 and the noise reverberates from the roof4 ,it has a curious effect when you lean forward to see the bearded goats just visible through the dusty air1 and further on1 perhaps1 a cabriolet laden with people--six inside1 four out1 and one boy at least1 after the ,neapolitan fashion1 hanging in a net beneath the vehicle--drawn by one horse1 always equal to his load1 no matter how starved and miserable he may be4 ,on it comes1 the merry inmates singing1 shouting1 piercing the darkness1 but compelled thereby to slacken their pace a little1 lest there should be a collision in this ,erebus4 ,we were always silent and a little uncomfortable in the din1 the dust1 and the darkness4 ,yet it had to be passed through again and again1 as being the only road out into the country1 unless we went all round by the ,strada ,nuova and ,nisida4 ,at the entrance of the grotto from ,naples is the supposed tomb of ,virgil1 hidden beneath ivy and acanthus leavesjust as a poet would have wished6 ,we came out from the grotto on the busy1 picturesque village of ,fiorigrotta1 where the whole population seem to live out in the one long street4 ,astroni is an extinct volcanic crater1 the sides of which are clothed with ilex and other trees4 ,it is circular1 and a wall runs along the upper rim to prevent the escape of the deer and wild boar that are kept there for the king's pleasure4 ,there are two carriageroads through the dense forest4 ,at the bottom of the basin there are a few open spaces1 marshy land1 and water4 ,the solitude and silence are intense2 for1 as usual in ,italy1 there are not many singing birds1 and what there are do not give song during the heat of the day any more than in our northern climes4 ,i never shall forget the silence that reigned1 nor the feeling of solitude induced by peering through the trees1 looking down on the small lakes of intensely blue water below1 and knowing that in those dense thickets myriads of wild animals were hiding in their lair1 while we were the only human beings4 ,the gates are kept locked1 and it requires a special order to penetrate this sylvan scene4 ,it does not seem to me a very satisfactory way of sporting4 ,you are too sure of your game1 walled in as it is all round4 ,after visiting the extinct crater1 we saw the emptied lake of ,agnano1 once notorious for malaria1 now drained off and leaving a wide plain more or less adapted for agriculture4 ,at present it seems in a rather neglected state1 of which nature has taken advantage to cast her unsolicited gifts of flaunting bright wild flowers broadcast over the whole space4 ,one of our most interesting excursions was to the ,solfatara1 not far from the ,lago ,agnano4 ,this also is an extinct crater2 and yet so barely extinct that we feel1 as we tread the sulphurcheckered soil1 and hear the hollow reverberation if we stamp on the ground1 as if at any moment it might again burst forth4 ,from time to time our nostrils were disagreeably met by a puff of steam redolent of sulphur2 and occasionally these puffs grow stronger and more threatening4 ,the stones you pick up are tinged with yellow4 ,the vegetation is sparse and dwarfed4 ,at the further end of the plain is a cave1 from whence at regular intervals rush clouds of hot steam1 while a roaring1 boiling sound surges within4 ,the aperture is large enough for a person to enter by stooping a little4 ,most of our party peeped in1 but instantly retired from the suffocating and horrible stench and great heat4 ,the rocks are covered with sulphur and alum2 and in my eagerness that we should all equally benefit by the sight1 ,i wanted to persuade ,ida just to take one peep4 ,it would1 however1 have been a risk to do anything which even for a second might embarrass the action of her delicate lungs and weak heart4 ,she tried to approach1 but turned back with the feeling that one puff more would have suffocated her4 ,i think we all felt as if we were standing in one of the outer halls of a region never to be mentioned 8to ears polite10 and almost too 8,dantesque0 to be pleasant4 ,we gladly breathed a purer atmosphere as we passed out of the gate 7inside which is a fabric of sulphurworks71 and bent our steps between white walls on which the green lizards basked1 and between fields of unripe corn and mulberrytrees1 till we reached an open space commanding a fine view of the ,gulf of ,pozzuoli and the hills beyond4 ,from thence we turned into the ,capuchin church dedicated to ,s4 ,januarius1 and said to be built over the spot where he suffered martyrdom in #cje4 ,there is a stone1 on which he is believed to have been beheaded1 let into the wall1 and protected with an iron grating4 ,it is seamed with red marks as of blood4 ,it is very probably a stone on which he knelt and on which the blood fell4 ,but a block1 whether of stone or wood1 for the purposes of beheading1 is a modern invention4 ,the ,romans used a sword--as the ,turks use a scymitar for that ghastly purpose to this day--and the patient knelt upright4 ,it was pleasant to rest in the cool church1 which1 humble as it is1 is not without its quota of beautiful marbles1 and is kept exquisitely clean1 with fresh flowers on the altar1 and all care taken of it as if the community were still there4 ,we found only a lay brother left in charge4 ,i think he said he had a companion4 ,all the poor fathers were dispersed by ,victor ,emanuel's government1 and ,mass is only said on feastdays2 though it seemed to be the only church in that immediate neighborhood1 and the poor of the district must greatly miss the presence of the ,capuchin fathers1 those special friends of the poor4 ,as we came down the hill1 we were met by peasant lads1 who wanted us to buy lumps of sulphur and the skeletons of the pretty little fish called the seahorse1 which abound in this part of the ,mediterranean1 and which are just like the knights among chessmen4 ,they may be seen alive in quantities in the aquarium at ,brighton4 ,they twist the tapering end of their tails round a fragment of seaweed1 or indeed1 as the buoyancy of the water keeps them up1 they need but to touch something stationary4 ,and there they stand in groups1 motionless1 and looking for all the world like a grave assembly of horses' heads of the most delicate race1 and with noses slightly turned up4 ,nothing can be more graceful than the way they hold themselves4 ,their heads are not bigger than those of ordinarysized chessmen4 ,as the ,vernons had been at ,posilippo all through the eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius in ,april1 #ahgb1 they were naturally anxious we should see something of the devastation it had occasioned4 ,we determined1 therefore1 to drive to ,san ,sebastiano1 a village which was almost entirely destroyed4 ,as we approached the spot1 it seemed as if we were driving into the kingdom of chaos1 where 8the earth was void and empty40 ,on either side lay wide plains of grayblack lava1 looking as if a dead1 unfertile earth had been furrowed with the burning shares of some gigantic and infernal plough1 and had remained calcined and sterile for ever after4 ,we left the carriage and climbed up a large mound of lava4 ,i found myself nearly on a level with the low roof of the small church1 round which the lava had crept1 but had spared it4 ,i looked down into the basement of a house below me4 ,the lava had poured in and filled what once were rooms1 but had left the walls and the roof standing4 ,there was part of a street left1 the lava having1 with seeming caprice1 turned off to the left1 as it poured down the mountain1 just in that spot4 ,our friends told us that as they used to sit by the hour and watch the progress of the burning stream through glasses1 they could see the small white houses1 with the fiery flood approaching1 when suddenly each house seemed to leap into the air like a lighted straw1 and then was seen no more4 ,a cat ran past me1 in haste to save her paws4 ,we could not stand still long1 for1 though more than a year had elapsed1 the land was still too hot to be pleasant2 and when we reached home1 we found our feet were blistered4 ,the poor creatures whose homes have thus perished approach you timidly with bits of lava to sell4 ,they still have a scared look in their faces4 ,but nothing will persuade them to shift their quarters and leave their grand but dangerous neighbor4 ,they are trying to rebuild their village1 and are deaf to all the remonstrances of the great scientific philosopher7#ahg7 who lives a hermit's life in the observatory halfway up the mountain4 ,he has a ,capuchin priest as a companion2 and the latter was able to give the last rites of the church to about forty of the unfortunate people1 who1 actuated by curiosity1 had attempted to climb the mountain during the eruption4 ,it seems they had never calculated upon the effect of the burning heat from a distance4 ,they thought if there were a certain space between them and the lava1 they should be safe4 ,they forgot that actual contact was not needed2 and they were scorched to death long before the stream reached the spot where they stood4 ,not one of those thus licked up by the breath of the volcano ever recovered1 or even lived long enough to quit the place4 ,signor ,palmier and the ,capuchin saw a carriage full of people1 coachman and two horses1 advancing up the mountain4 ,suddenly the whole was submerged4 ,they could only tell where it had been arrested by the carrion birds hovering over a certain spot for many days after6 ,a ,discussion ,with ,an ,infidel4 ,,viii4 ,laws ,of ,nature ,and ,miracles4 ,bchner4 ,we differ very widely in many points1 sir2 but there is one point about which we shall have no difficulty in agreeing--the immutability of natural laws4 ,in fact1 you have already conceded that the laws of nature are unchangeable4 ,reader4 ,yes1 ,i admit the unchangeability of the laws of nature2 but ,i most strongly protest against your rash inference that therefore miracles are impossible4 ,bchner4 ,yet my reasoning is very plain4 8,the law of nature1 observes ,moleschott1 is a stringent expression of necessity4 ,there exists in it neither exception nor limitation2 and no imaginable power can disregard this necessity4 ,a stone not supported will in all eternity fall towards the centre of the earth2 and there never was1 and never will be1 a command for the sun to stand still0 7p4 #cc74 ,reader4 ,is this what you call 8reasoning08 ,bchner4 ,yes4 8,the experience of thousands of years has impressed upon the investigator the firmest conviction of the immutability of the laws of nature1 so that there cannot remain the least doubt in respect to this great truth0 7p4 #cd74 ,reader4 ,this ,i grant4 ,bchner4 8,science has gradually taken all the positions of the childish belief of the peoples2 it has snatched thunder and lightning from the hands of the gods 4440 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,it was ,christianity1 not science1 that conquered the gods4 ,bchner4 8,the eclipse of the stars and the stupendous powers of the ,titans of the olden times have been grasped by the fingers of man0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,how can the fingers of man grasp the eclipses and the ,titans8 ,bchner4 8,that which appeared inexplicably miraculous1 and the work of a supernatural power1 has1 by the torch of science1 proved to be the effect of hitherto unknown natural forces0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,you dream1 doctor4 ,has 8the torch of science0 made known those hitherto unknown forces8 ,no scientific work has yet explained how1 by an act of the will1 water can be changed into wine1 how the deaf and dumb can be instantaneously cured1 how the blind can be made to see1 the paralytic to walk1 and the dead to rise1 at the sound of a voice1 four days after burial1 and when already in a state of advanced putrefaction4 ,you may of course deny these facts1 as you deny that the sun ever received a command to stand still2 but to say that 8the torch of science0 has shown these facts to be the effect of unknown natural forces is to tell us the most stupid lie that can be uttered4 ,lies1 you know1 should at least be credible4 ,bchner4 8,we have the fullest right1 and are scientifically correct1 in asserting that there is no such thing as a miracle4 ,everything that happens does so in a natural way--i4e41 in a mode determined only by accidental or necessary coalition of existing materials and their immanent natural forces4 ,no revolution on earth or in heaven1 however stupendous1 could occur in any other manner0 7p4 #cd74 ,reader4 ,these are mere words4 ,i deny that science gives you the least right to suppress miracles4 ,how can you establish such a right8 ,bchner4 8,wherever fire and water meet1 vapors must arise and exert their irresistible power4 ,where the seed falls in the ground1 there it will grow2 where the thunderbolt is attracted1 there it will strike4 ,can there exist any doubt as to these truths80 7p4 #ce74 ,reader4 ,please1 doctor1 come to the point4 ,bchner4 8,how is it possible that the unalterable order in which things move should ever be disturbed without producing an irremediable gap in the world1 without delivering us and everything up to arbitrary power1 without reducing all science1 every earthly endeavor1 to a vain and childish effort80 7p4 #cf74 ,reader4 ,all this rhetoric is most absurd1 doctor4 8,the order in which things move0 is not unalterable2 and ,he whom you call an 8arbitrary power0 can alter it when he pleases without asking your permission1 or without reducing science to a childish effort4 ,bchner4 ,what8 ,you contradict yourself1 sir4 ,for1 if the order in which things move is changeable1 the laws of nature cannot be unchangeable4 ,reader4 ,not at all4 ,you sophistically confound two things entirely different--the law of nature1 and the course of nature4 ,the first is unchangeable1 because it is connected with the essence of things2 but the second is changeable1 as a constant and universal experience compels us to admit4 ,however much you may hate 8arbitrary power10 you cannot deny that1 besides necessary causes1 there are others which are free in their exertions4 ,can you deny1 for instance1 that a stone may be thrown upwards in spite of gravitation1 or that we can catch hold of the stone from the window1 and1 in spite of gravitation1 we can prevent it from falling back to the ground8 ,now1 if we do this1 we do not change the law of nature1 and nevertheless we modify the course of nature by freely producing a phenomenon which nature would not produce4 ,bchner4 ,would you call this a miracle8 ,reader4 ,the question is impertinent4 ,i call it a change in the course of nature4 ,now1 if the course of nature can be modified without the law of nature being altered1 it is absurd to pretend that there is contradiction in holding the unchangeableness of the latter and the changeableness of the former4 ,this being evident1 let us go a step further1 and draw an obvious conclusion4 ,we can1 when we please1 catch the stone from the window1 and prevent it from falling2 and cannot ,god do the same8 ,we are free to exert our power2 but is not ,god free1 or has he less power than we have8 ,if you are honest1 you will own that what can be done by us can be done by our ,creator and ,lord4 ,now1 if he stops the stone in the air1 a miracle will be wrought1 and no law of nature violated4 ,you cannot deny the possibility of miracles without denying ,god4 ,bchner4 8,a spirit independent of nature cannot exist2 for never has an unprejudiced mind cultivated by science perceived its manifestation0 7p4 #cf74 ,reader4 ,are you not ashamed1 doctor1 to repeat such a nonsensical assertion8 ,you have already failed to prove it1 and ,i have shown its absurdity in a preceding discussion4 ,must ,i answer it anew8 ,the only answer you now deserve is that 8,the fool has said in his heart1 #8,there is no ,god4' 0 ,fools1 in fact1 deny ,god in their hearts1 but cannot deny him in their minds1 because atheism is not the result of intellectual knowledge1 but of moral depravity4 ,our present question1 however1 is not theism or atheism1 but the possibility of miracles without any breach of natural laws4 ,surely1 if there were no ,god1 no miracle would be possible2 but your argument was that if the laws of nature are unchangeable1 no miracle is possible2 and this ,i have shown to be false4 ,if there is a ,god1 as we must now assume1 miracles are possible4 ,in the same manner1 if a single true miracle has ever been wrought1 there is a ,god4 ,bchner4 8,apparent exceptions from the natural order have been called miracles1 of which there have been many at all times0 7p4 #cf74 ,reader4 ,you should know better1 doctor4 ,the church is not satisfied with 8apparent0 exceptions from the natural order2 the exception must be rigorously proved4 ,bchner4 8,we should only waste words in our endeavor to prove the natural impossibility of a miracle4 ,no educated1 much less a scientific1 person who is convinced of the immutable order of things can nowadays believe in miracles4 ,we find it rather wonderful that so clear and acute a thinker as ,ludwig ,feuerbach should have expended so much logic in refuting the ,christian miracles4 ,what founder of religion did not deem it necessary1 in order to introduce himself to the world1 to perform miracles8 ,and has not his success proved that he was right8 ,what prophet1 what saint1 is there who has not performed miracles8 ,the miracleseeker sees them daily and hourly4 ,do not the tablespirits belong to the order of miracles8 ,all such miracles are equal in the eye of science2 they are the result of a diseased fancy0 7pp4 #cf1 #cg74 ,reader4 ,this is miserable logic1 doctor4 ,why do you speak of the natural impossibility of miracles8 ,have we ever taught that miracles are naturally possible8 ,we know that nature works no miracles1 and that all miracles are supernatural4 ,it is therefore either a mean trick or a logical blunder on your part to pretend that the natural possibility of miracles is the point in question4 ,that no educated or scientific man can nowadays believe in miracles is not only an empty boast1 but also a disgraceful calumny4 ,we ,christians believe in miracles1 and yet1 ,i venture to say1 we need not resort to you for lessons in science or education4 ,as a reason for not believing in miracles1 you allege 8the immutable order of things02 that is1 you assume what is to be proved4 ,the order of things is so far from being immutable that we see it modified at every moment4 ,it is the laws of nature1 not the order of things1 that are immutable4 ,that ,feuerbach 8expended so much of logic in refuting ,christian miracles0 ,i will not deny2 ,i only say that his logic1 like your own1 is mere sophism and cavil4 ,of course you call him 8so clear and acute a thinker02 but we know what this means on the lips of ,freemasons4 ,if he was 8so clear and acute a thinker10 why did he not furnish you with at least one good argument against ,christian miracles8 ,besides1 you pretend that all founders of religion deemed it necessary to perform miracles4 ,what then8 ,were it true1 the fact would scarcely help your cause2 for it would only prove that there have ever been impostors1 as there have been quacks and coinforgers4 ,now1 who would think of selling counterfeited articles1 if there had existed none genuine8 ,would there be quacks1 had there been no doctors8 ,and yet your reasoning leads to the conclusion that1 because there are so many quacks1 there can be no doctors4 ,are you1 then1 a mere quack yourself8 ,you say with a malicious sneer that all prophets and saints performed miracles4 ,yes2 they performed miracles1 or rather1 to speak more correctly1 ,god wrought miracles through them4 ,yet1 in the teeth of sacred and ecclesiastical history which testifies to an infinite number of unquestionable miracles1 you are shameless enough to conclude that no miracle has ever been performed1 on the plea that miracleseekers1 table spirits1 and diseased fancy must have conspired to deceive the world4 ,is it necessary to refute such a silly assertion8 ,was ,elymas the magician a miracleseeker when ,s4 ,paul1 to punish him for his opposition to ,christianity1 struck him blind with a word in the presence of the ,roman centurion8 ,was it a trick of tablespirits that made the blind see1 the lame walk1 or the dumb speak8 ,was it diseased fancy that impressed on an immense crowd the belief that they had been miraculously fed by ,christ in the desert1 where no provisions were at hand8 ,no1 doctor1 you are not silly enough to believe anything of the sort4 ,bchner4 ,but what do you answer to the following difficulties8 ,first1 if we admit miracles1 8science will be reduced to a vain and childish effort0 7p4 #cf74 ,secondly1 how can we conceive 8a supreme legislator who allows himself to be moved by prayers and sobs to reverse the immutable order which he himself has created1 to violate his own laws1 and with his own hand to destroy the action of natural forces80 7p4 #ch74 ,thirdly1 8every miracle1 if it existed1 says ,cotta1 would lead to the conviction that the creation is not deserving the respect which all pay to it1 and the mystics would necessarily be obliged to deduce from the imperfection of the created world the imperfection of the ,creator0 7p4 #ch74 ,fourthly1 8is it a view worthy of ,god to represent him as a power which now and then gives a new impulse to the world in its course1 and puts on a screw1 etc41 like the regulator of a watch8 ,if the world has been created by ,god perfect1 how can it require any repairs80 7p4 #ci74 ,fifthly1 we see that nature works without superior control2 8its action is frequently quite independent of the rules of a higher reason1 now constructing1 now destroying1 now full of design1 then again perfectly blind and in contradiction with all moral and rational laws4 ,that in the formation of organic and inorganic bodies1 which are constantly being renewed1 there can be no direct governing reason at work is proved by the most striking facts4 ,the nisus formativus inherent in nature is so blind and so dependent on external circumstances that the most senseless forms are frequently engendered1 that it is often incapable of obviating or overcoming the slightest obstructions1 and that frequently the contrary of what according to reason should happen is effected0 7pp4 #da1 #db74 ,these are serious difficulties1 sir4 ,reader4 ,i hardly think them to be serious1 doctor4 ,the first entirely disappears when you reflect that the conclusions of physical science are all hypothetic1 inasmuch as they regard phenomena which must take place under the action of given powers1 to the exclusion of any other power extraneous to those taken into account4 ,such conclusions1 therefore1 imply the condition that no extraneous agent and no disturbing cause interferes with the production of the phenomena4 ,if an extraneous power interferes1 the conditions are changed1 and with them the phenomena2 but science is not upset4 ,a stone not supported must fall4 ,not supported2 such is the condition4 ,now1 whether you1 or ,i1 or the roof1 or ,god1 or an angel support it1 the consequence will be that the stone will not fall4 ,now1 ,i ask you1 is science 8reduced to a vain and childish effort0 because you or ,i or the roof prevent the stone from falling8 ,i presume1 doctor1 that if such were the case1 science would long since have disappeared from this world4 ,why1 then1 should science become a vain and childish effort as soon as ,god would do himself what we can freely do without destroying science8 ,take another example4 ,nature builds no stately palaces1 no fine steamers1 no locomotives1 no railroads4 ,all such things are our free creations4 ,yet surely you will not maintain that by building palaces or by boring mountains we destroy science1 although we may interfere very materially with the works of nature4 ,now1 if our free action upon nature does not destroy science1 why should ,god's free action destroy it8 ,answer me in the name of reason3 ,what theory of natural science would be falsified were ,god to send angels to build you a palace1 or devils to dig you a grave8 ,and now ,i come to your second difficulty4 ,you assume that the supreme legislator cannot work a miracle without destroying the action of natural forces and violating his own laws1 thus reversing the immutable order which he himself has created4 ,but you are mistaken4 ,the order of things is not immutable2 this ,i have already shown4 ,on the other hand1 we have just seen that no law of nature is ever violated by a miracle4 ,lastly1 ,god's action does not destroy the action of natural forces1 but produces an effect superior to and independent of them4 ,nor is this strange2 for we ourselves can do the like within the range of our limited powers4 ,when we go upstairs1 do we destroy the action of gravity that urges us downwards8 ,by no means4 ,the action of gravity continues its work1 but our contrary exertion prevails2 and thus our body obeys the resultant of the two opposite actions1 both of which obtain their effect4 ,you see1 therefore1 that there is no need of destroying the action of natural forces in order to produce an effect which natural forces cannot produce4 ,after these remarks1 nothing remains of your second difficulty but 8the prayers and sobs0 which you cruelly ridicule as useless and superstitious4 ,but our ,father who is in heaven listens to such prayers and is moved by those sobs4 ,this is abundantly proved by innumerable authentic facts2 and this suffices for us4 ,your third difficulty is based on ,cotta's notion that the creation deserves respect on account of its perfection4 ,cotta may be one of your great men1 but surely he does not know what he is speaking about4 ,what 8respect0 do we owe to creation8 ,benighted barbarians thought1 indeed1 that the sun1 the earth1 and the stars deserved respect2 but how can a man who pretends to be a philosopher1 and who professes himself an enemy of superstition1 adopt such a stale pagan view1 unless he blinds himself and renounces reason by bestowing upon matter the worship which he refuses to the living ,god8 ,to say that the world is 8perfect0 is a mere equivocation4 ,the world is perfect after its own manner1 inasmuch as it serves all the purposes for which it has been made2 it is perfect in the same sense in which we say that a thermometer1 a telescope1 or an engine is perfect2 it is a perfect instrument in ,god's hand for the attainment of a determinate end2 and therefore its perfection is relative only1 and might be greater and greater without end4 ,now1 ,cotta's argument overlooks this obvious restriction1 and presents the world as absolutely perfect4 ,if the world is imperfect1 says he1 ,god is imperfect2 but miracles would show that the world is imperfect2 and therefore miracles would show that ,god is imperfect4 ,now1 is not this1 doctor1 asinine logic8 ,we might as well argue thus3 ,if an engine is imperfect1 its maker is imperfect2 but the opening of a turningcock for admitting more steam shows that the engine is imperfect2 and therefore that opening shows that the enginemaker is imperfect4 ,and this leads me to your fourth difficulty1 which is nothing but a repetition of the third4 ,you ask3 8,is it a view worthy of ,god to represent him as a power which now and then gives a new impulse to the world in its course80 ,i answer1 ,yes2 it is quite worthy of ,god to exercise his power in the world in the way he thinks fit4 ,shall we say1 then1 that ,god1 8like the regulator of a watch1 puts a screw on the world08 ,why not8 ,the watchmaker is not degraded by regulating his work4 ,but1 then1 8the world requires repairs08 ,i say1 ,yes4 ,and if you conclude that the world 8has not been created perfect10 ,i reply that although it came out relatively perfect from the hands of the ,creator1 it has gradually and most sadly deteriorated by the malice of man4 ,moreover1 the world1 whether more or less perfect in itself1 without a constant active intervention of its ,creator can neither work nor last for a moment4 ,the world is1 therefore1 constantly 8repaired10 to use your expression1 and has 8screws put on it10 as history testifies2 and other 8screws0 are undoubtedly ready for further 8repairs0 when they will be wanted4 ,your last difficulty arises from your assumption that nature works without being controlled by a superior power4 ,but how do you know that nature is not controlled8 ,what are the 8striking facts0 which prove that 8there is no direct governing reason at work0 in the formation of organic and inorganic bodies8 ,your nisus formativus proves nothing4 ,you say that the nisus is 8blind40 ,you may well call it blind1 inasmuch as it is a work of secondary causes2 but you cannot deny that it is ruled by a superior reason4 ,what does it matter if 8most senseless forms are frequently engendered08 ,you yourself admit that the nisus formativus depends very much 8on external circumstances10 which may mar or spoil the work of organization1 and which nothing obliges the superior reason to alter or improve4 ,on the other hand1 such senseless forms are not so 8frequently0 engendered as you pretend2 and if a few such senseless or monstrous forms can move you to doubt whether their formation is controlled by a superior reason1 ,i do not see why the immensely greater number of other forms perfectly constituted should not constrain you to banish the doubt1 and to recognize that matter not controlled and not directed by reason cannot co ordinate its efforts towards the formation of an organism of which it knows neither the plan nor the object4 ,i trust1 doctor1 that these remarks suffice to solve your difficulties1 and to show that the world is governed by a superior reason4 ,bchner4 ,it may be2 yet 8what this or that man may understand by a governing reason1 an absolute power1 a universal soul1 a personal ,god1 etc41 is his own affair4 ,the theologians1 with their articles of faith1 must be left to themselves2 so the naturalists with their science4 ,they both proceed by different routes0 7p4 #dc74 ,reader4 ,this is no reply1 doctor1 and your remark is misplaced4 ,the existence of a personal ,god1 the possibility of miracles1 and many other such truths1 are proved by natural reason4 ,had ,i refuted your objections by quoting 8theologians0 and 8articles of faith10 your reply might have some meaning4 ,but since your allegations have been answered by reason1 what does it avail to say that 8theologians1 with their articles of faith1 must be left to themselves08 ,moreover1 you unwittingly condemn your own tactics4 ,for if theologians are to be left to themselves1 why do you1 then1 who are no theologian1 and not even a philosopher1 invade the province of theology1 and fight against faith8 ,if you have any desire to know the truth about the reality of miracles1 ,i will tell you what you have to do4 ,m4 ,artus1 a ,frenchman1 on the #bc;d of ,july1 #ahga1 publicly challenged all the freethinkers of the world to show the falsity of any two out of the many miracles registered in ,m4 ,lasserre's book entitled ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 and staked #aj1jjj francs upon the issue of the contest4 ,this money was safely deposited by him in the hands of a notarypublic in ,paris2 and fifty judges were appointed1 some of whom were members of the ,french ,institute1 and others fellows of other celebrated institutions and academies1 or members of the bar1 including even a ,protestant2 so that there could be no suspicion of fanaticism1 ultramontanism1 or mysticism about them4 ,now1 incredible as it may appear to you1 none of your great braggarts has dared from that day till now to accept the challenge4 ,it is for you1 who are so peremptory in denouncing miracles1 to come forward1 and to blot out by an act of philosophical valor the stain which the cowardice of your enlightened friends has left on the glory of freethinkerism4 ,it is for you1 ,i repeat2 for if a man of your standing and reputation quails before the challenge1 the world will most reasonably conclude that you have no faith whatever in your own doctrines4 ,,ix4 ,the ,heavens4 ,reader4 ,the laws of nature are universal4 ,such is the subject of the seventh chapter of your ,force and ,matter4 ,i need hardly say that1 while admitting with you the universality of the natural laws1 ,i cannot but condemn the materialistic spirit which disgraces your explanation of that obvious truth4 ,but in the chapter which follows you speak of the heavens in a most objectionable style4 ,bchner4 8,every schoolboy knows that the sky is not a glass shade covering the earth1 but that1 in contemplating it1 we behold an immense space interrupted by infinitely distant and scattered groups of worlds0 7p4 #ea74 ,reader4 ,this ,i grant2 but ,i am at a loss to understand how the contemplation of the heavens can furnish you an argument against the existence of ,god4 ,is it not strange that what has hitherto been considered to proclaim most loudly the existence1 and magnify the power1 of ,god1 has become1 in your hands1 an evidence in support of atheism8 ,bchner4 ,the heavenly masses 8are in constant motion--a motion singularly combined and complicated1 yet in all its modifications merely the result of a single universal law of nature--the law of attraction4444 ,all these motions may be determined and predicted with mathematical exactness4 ,as far as the telescope of man reaches1 the same law1 the same mechanical arrangement1 according to the same calculated mechanical formula1 is found4 ,nowhere is there a trace of an arbitrary finger which has ordered the heavens or pointed out the path of comets4 #8,i have searched the heavens1' says ,lalande1 #8but have nowhere found the traces of ,god4' ,and when the ,emperor ,napoleon asked the celebrated astronomer ,laplace why there was no mention of ,god in his ,mcanique ,cleste1 he replied1 #8,sire1 je n'avais pas besoin de cette hypothse4' ,the more astronomy progressed in its knowledge of the laws and motions in the heavens1 the more it repudiated the idea of a supernatural influence1 and the easier it became to deduce the origin1 grouping1 and motions of the heavenly bodies from the properties inherent in matter itself4 ,the attraction of atoms rendered the bodies compact1 whilst the law of attraction1 in combination with their primary motion1 produced the mode of their reciprocal rotation which we now observe0 7pp4 #ea1 #eb74 ,reader4 ,waiving the more than problematic plausibility of your premises1 and setting aside the blasphemies which you have diligently copied from the books of the ,french unbelievers1 and which are too stolid to need an answer1 ,i reply1 doctor1 that you are always too hasty in drawing your conclusions4 ,why did you not reflect that the matter of which the celestial bodies are formed must have had an origin1 that the revolutions of those bodies cannot be ruled by an abstract law1 and that their enormous distances1 as well as the expanse of their orbits through the immensity of space1 compel the admission of an infinite being ranging infinitely above matter and necessarily prior to it8 ,you should not have overlooked the fact that the heavens proclaim ,god's existence by their immensity far more eloquently than by the revolutions of the celestial bodies4 ,you speak of movements ruled by a law4 ,i admit the movements and the law which rules our calculation of the movements4 ,but without space there is no movement1 and without ,god there is no space2 therefore without ,god there is no movement4 ,extricate yourself1 if you can4 ,do you concede that without space there is no movement8 ,bchner4 ,it is evident4 ,reader4 ,do you admit that without ,god there is no space8 ,bchner4 ,this ,i deny4 ,reader4 ,then what do you mean by 8space08 ,bchner4 ,i fancy that space is nothing but the volume of bodies4 ,reader4 ,how is this possible8 ,a body moves through space4 ,now1 does a body move through its own volume1 or does it move through the volume of other bodies8 ,on the contrary1 the body cannot move without pushing away before it all other bodies and volumes whatever from the space they occupy4 ,it is therefore evident that space1 as such1 is not the volume of bodies4 ,bchner4 ,then ,i shall say that space is the capability of bodies and motion4 ,reader4 ,this definition of space may be admitted if properly understood4 ,but what is such a capability8 ,is it1 in your opinion1 a real and positive entity8 ,bchner4 ,i should not think so1 unless1 indeed1 it be occupied by bodies4 ,reader4 ,i know that many are of this opinion1 that the reality of space depends on the presence of bodies2 but ,i say that1 if such were the case1 then empty space would be mere nothing4 ,now1 if you admit this1 you will be compelled to admit also the absurdity that a mere nothing can be greater or smaller4 ,for between two neighboring atoms there may be a greater or smaller interval of space2 and such an interval1 by the hypothesis1 would be nothing4 ,hence it is evident that space1 no matter whether occupied or unoccupied1 must be something real4 ,bchner4 ,then ,i say that space is a mere relation of material objects4 ,reader4 ,there are relations of bodies in space2 but all such relations presuppose the existence of absolute space1 and therefore space itself is none of those relations4 ,moreover1 since all real relations have their reason in something real1 which is the foundation of the relativity1 it follows that space1 as that through which one body is really related to another1 is in itself a reality1 independently of the relations which may result from the existence of bodies in it4 ,and again1 before bodies can be considered as related through space1 they must be each located in space4 ,but1 evidently1 they cannot be located in space if there is no space4 ,and therefore there must be space before any local relation of bodies can be imagined as possible4 ,hence you cannot maintain that space is a mere relation4 ,bchner4 ,perhaps ,i shall be obliged to say with ,kant that space is only a subjective form of the mind4 ,reader4 ,then you will entangle yourself still more4 ,the assumption would imply the denial of all real distances1 of all real volumes1 of all real movements1 of all real phenomena1 and of all natural laws4 ,for if space is only a subjective form of our mind1 then there is no space out of the mind2 and consequently there are no real distances and no real movements in the outside world1 and science becomes an array of lies4 ,bchner4 ,what is1 then1 your notion of space8 ,reader4 ,space is the region of all possible ubications and movements4 ,do you accept this definition8 ,bchner4 ,why not8 ,it is substantially the same as that which ,i have given by saying that space is the capability of bodies and motion4 ,reader4 ,very well4 ,then1 since ,i have shown that this capability of bodies and motion is a positive reality1 space is a positive reality4 ,moreover1 space is neither matter nor any of the forces of matter1 nor dependent on matter1 but prior to it1 and is prerequired as a necessary condition for the existence of matter4 ,lastly1 space is independent of time and motion1 and therefore is absolutely and strictly eternal and unchangeable4 ,do you object to these conclusions8 ,bchner4 ,no1 sir4 ,reader4 ,then you concede that space is an infinite1 eternal1 unchangeable1 independent reality1 prior to matter and above matter1 and therefore1 according to your own theory1 prior to the world and above it4 ,now1 to concede so much1 and then to deny ,god1 would be an evident contradiction4 ,for you must admit that absolute space is either a substance or not4 ,if it is a substance1 then it is an infinite1 eternal1 independent1 unchangeable substance1 embracing and transcending with its immensity all imaginable worlds2 and a substance having such attributes is what we call ,,god4 ,if space is not a substance1 it must still have the reason of its reality in a substance from which it borrows its infinity1 its eternity1 its immutability1 and of which it is the extrinsic manifestation4 ,hence the contemplation of the heavens and of 8the immense space interrupted by infinitely distant and scattered groups of worlds0 affords an irresistible proof of ,god's existence1 and leaves no room for your pretended 8scientific0 objections4 ,if there is no ,god1 there is no space2 and if there is no space1 science is a dream and scientists mere visionaries47#ahh7 ,bchner4 ,i cannot fight on this ground1 sir4 ,space is a mystery which our reason has no power to explain2 and ,i decline to argue about anything that transcends reason4 ,the strongest argument in favor of the existence of a personal ,god was ever drawn from the necessity of a first mover1 in order to account for the movement of the celestial bodies4 ,but such a necessity has never been proved2 and therefore 8even in this remote position a personal creative power cannot hold its ground0 7p4 #eb74 ,reader4 ,you cannot cover your retreat by pretending that space is a mystery2 for if space is a mystery1 then science also is a mystery--a conclusion which you do not accept4 ,but while you thus implicitly acknowledge your defeat1 you try to secure a safer position by alleging that the movement of the heavenly bodies may have originated in the powers of matter itself without any exterior impulse from a first mover4 ,i wish you to remark that the words 8first mover0 can be understood in two manners2 for not he only who directly imparts the first movement1 but he also who governs the exertions and establishes the conditions on which the first movements depend1 can be called 8first mover40 ,the old philosophers1 who did not know the fact of universal gravitation1 proved the existence of ,god by affirming the necessity of a first mover--that is1 of a first cause--giving the first impetus to the heavens1 and governing their revolutions4 ,but since gravitation became known philosophers have acknowledged that all matter could receive motion through the action of other matter1 and therefore that the first movements in the material world could arise from matter itself1 with no need of a special impulse from without4 ,this1 however1 does not mean that we can dispense with a 8first mover40 ,however great your effort to convince yourself that 8matter is eternal1 and the motion of matter as eternal as matter itself0 7p4 #ec71 you will not succeed4 ,matter is created2 and ,he who created it placed it in definite conditions1 that it could exert its powers in a definite manner and give rise to definite effects4 ,to him1 therefore1 as to a first cause1 are to be traced all the movements arising from his production and arrangement of all the proximate causes4 ,now1 the first cause of all movements is a 8first mover40 ,what can science object against this evident truth8 ,bchner4 8,why matter assumed a definite motion at a definite time is as yet unknown to us2 but the investigations of science are as yet incomplete1 nor is it impossible that we may get some clue as to the period of the first origin of individual worlds4 ,even at this day astronomers give cogent reasons that some of the nebular spots are worlds in embryo1 which1 by gradual condensation and rotation1 will become worlds and solar systems4 ,we have1 therefore1 concluding from analogy1 a right to say that those processes through which the existing solar systems have arisen can have formed no exception to the general laws inherent in matter1 and that the cause of the first definite motion must have existed in matter itself0 7p4 #ec74 ,reader4 ,this is possible2 but is it true8 ,bchner4 8,we are the more justified in asserting this1 as the many irregularities1 contingencies1 etc41 in the economy of the universe and individual bodies1 exclude the thought of an external personal activity0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,what8 ,are you serious8 ,bchner4 8,if it were the object of a personal creative power to create worlds and dwellingplaces for men and animals1 why1 we may ask1 these enormous1 waste1 useless spaces1 in which but here and there suns and planets swim1 floating about as imperceptible points8 ,why are not all planets of our system so formed as to be inhabited by man8 ,why is the moon without water and atmosphere1 and consequently adverse to every organic development8 ,wherefore the irregularities and enormous differences in the size and distances of the planets of our solar system8 ,why the deficiency in order1 symmetry1 and beauty8 ,why have all comparisons1 analogies1 speculations1 in regard to the number and forms of the planets1 proved idle fancies8 ,why1 asks ,hudson ,tuttle1 did the ,creator give rings to ,saturn1 which1 surrounded by its eight moons1 can have little need of them1 while ,mars is left in total darkness8 ,and again1 the moon's rotation round its axis is1 in relation to that of the earth1 such that it always presents to it the same surface4 ,what is the reason of this8 ,if there be design in this arrangement1 it must be admitted that it is very imperfect4 ,why did the ,creator not impart to the celestial bodies that order from which the intention and the design could irresistibly be inferred80 7pp4 #ec1 #ed74 ,reader4 ,unfortunate man that you are6 ,you have already received the just punishment of your rebellion against truth2 you have been struck with blindness4 ,the thing is evident1 say what you will4 ,you make a fool of yourself1 as your preposterous queries prove nothing but your arrogance1 ignorance1 and malice4 ,you will never be cured of your blindness till you lower your tone and humble your pride before the ,god whose works you disregard1 and whose wisdom you call in question4 ,you are a smoky little candle challenging the sun thus3 8,why these enormous1 waste1 useless spaces80 ,is it necessary to inform you that those spaces are not waste and useless8 ,we have just seen that the expanse of the heavens reveals the infinity of the ,creator2 accordingly1 the enormous spaces which you arrogantly call waste and useless proclaim most eloquently the highest truth1 the necessary truth1 the source of all truths4 8,why are not all planets of our system so formed as to be inhabited by man80 ,in return let me ask you1 ,why is not the atmosphere so formed as to be inhabited by fishes8 ,indeed1 if ,god has no need of peopling the air with fishes1 it would be hard to say on what principle he can be obliged to people the planets with beings exactly similar to us in their organization4 ,it is plain that man1 though the best creature on earth1 is not the last effort of ,omnipotence2 there can be rational beings made according to other patterns1 having a different organization and different needs4 ,but whether there are or not1 it is not for you to ask why the planets are not so made as to be inhabited by man4 ,it is no less preposterous to ask1 8,wherefore the irregularities and enormous differences in the size and distances of the planets of our solar system80 ,if the planets were all alike1 and their distances equal1 would you not pronounce the world monotonous1 and the plan of creation a limited conception of an unintelligent mind8 ,but now it is variety that offends your sthetics2 and you denounce it as being 8irregularity40 ,did you never hear that variety is a source of beauty8 ,to me1 the musician who always harps on the same chord is a nuisance2 and ,i am sure that you too would prefer a full orchestra1 with all the 8irregularities and enormous differences in the size1 etc410 of the instruments employed4 ,you find in the heavens 8a deficiency in order1 symmetry1 and beauty40 ,this only shows your bad taste4 ,do you think that symmetry is indispensable for beauty8 ,an oak is beautiful1 though its branches are not symmetrical4 ,the seashore1 the hill1 the valley1 the mountain1 would lose much of their beauty1 were they to be reduced to symmetrical forms4 ,then you speak of a want of 8order40 ,what do you imagine order to be8 ,look on a chessboard when the game is going on4 ,is there any order8 ,if you are no chessplayer1 you will not perceive order1 but confusion2 and yet there is order4 ,order is a suitable disposition of things in pursuance of an end1 and must be different when it has to lead to a different end4 ,he who has no knowledge of the end pursued cannot judge of the suitableness or deficiency of the arrangements made in view of such an end4 ,when you think that the pieces are most disorderly mixed up on the chessboard1 then perhaps they are in the most perfect order1 and the intelligent player already knows that he is about to checkmate his adversary4 ,so do not speak again of the order of the heavens until you are called into the secret council of ,divinity4 ,i thought1 doctor1 that you had some ability2 yet how dull that man must be who asks 8why all comparisons1 analogies1 speculations1 in regard to the number and forms of the planets1 have proved idle fancies06 ,the why is evident4 ,it is because men are ignorant1 and yet presumptuous4 ,but does our ignorance show that there is a deficiency of order in the heavens8 ,no2 our ignorance only shows that the best thing we can do is to hold our tongue4 ,as to the rings of ,saturn1 what do you know besides their existence8 ,and how could you show that1 because ,saturn has eight moons1 the rings can have no duty to perform8 ,but then1 you say1 8,mars is left in total darkness40 ,i reply that twelve hours of darkness are not a total darkness4 ,moreover1 the dense atmosphere and the small diameter of ,mars are calculated to afford it a long crepuscle1 which may shorten very sensibly the length of its night4 ,and1 after all1 what need is there that ,mars should have a moon8 ,could we not do on earth without our moon8 ,but you are scandalized that our moon 8always presents to us the same surface10 and never deigns to show its other side4 ,what a disorder6 ,what an evidence of a want of design6 ,this it is that causes you to exclaim that 8if there be design in this arrangement1 it must be admitted that it is very imperfect40 ,i remark that you here admit with ,tuttle that there may be design in this arrangement4 ,but if there is a design1 there is a designer4 ,who is he8 ,is he not the ,omnipotent8 ,for how can he fulfil his design if he does not hold the heavens in his hand8 ,the design1 however1 in your judgment1 is imperfect4 ,why8 ,only because your ignorance can put a question to which it cannot make an answer4 ,you say3 8,why did the ,creator not impart to the celestial bodies that order from which the intention and the design could irresistibly be inferred0 ,your curiosity1 doctor1 lacks modesty4 ,what right have you to be instructed in detail of the intentions of the ,creator8 ,is he not the ,master8 ,is he obliged to discover his secrets to you1 rebel and arrogant being1 who disregard the most clear evidence of his very existence8 ,would you be able to understand his plan if he were willing to reveal it8 ,the heavens proclaim ,god's existence and attributes2 they glorify him by their beauty1 variety1 and harmony2 they reveal the general scope of creation2 but they withhold the secrets which ,god has reserved for himself4 ,god's providence and his government of the world are infinitely wise1 but they are inscrutable4 ,bchner4 ,although you treat me with little regard1 and apply to me very hard epithets1 ,i wish to make a short remark on what you call 8providence03 8,some perceive in the position and relations of the earth to the sun1 moon1 and stars a designing providence2 but they do not consider that they confound cause and effect1 and that we should be differently organized if the inclination of the ecliptic were different or not existing0 7p4 #ee74 ,reader4 ,i think that you would have done better if you had withheld your remark4 ,that ,i treat you with little regard ,i do not deny2 but1 in truth1 ,i believe that if you deserve respect as a doctor1 you deserve only contempt as the author of ,force and ,matter4 ,freemasons praise your person and extol your book2 be satisfied with this4 ,to us you are nothing but a blind and obstinate sophist4 ,if we apply to you some hard epithet1 you gave us the fullest right to do so2 for remember that you have called our great men 8charlatans40 ,we1 at least1 when we call you ignorant1 arrogant1 presumptuous1 take care to prove that such epithets are well applied2 whilst you make denunciations1 and give no proofs4 ,and now as to your remark about ,providence4 8,some10 you say1 8perceive in the position and relations of the earth to the sun1 moon1 and stars1 a designing providence40 ,indeed1 all great philosophers1 nay1 all mankind1 perceive that designing providence2 but1 from your words1 it would seem that this is only a peculiar bias of a few obscure and eccentric thinkers4 ,hence those words1 8some perceive10 are calculated to conceal or disguise a great historical truth--the testimony of mankind in favor of divine providence4 ,this may be called a trick4 ,but what follows is a real blunder4 ,those who recognize a providential order 8do not consider10 according to you1 8that they confound cause and effect40 ,where is there confusion8 ,do you mean that what we call 8,providence0 is an effect of natural laws8 ,bchner4 ,exactly so4 ,reader4 ,natural laws are abstractions1 and abstractions can produce nothing4 ,did you ever imagine that a law of geometry could make a circle1 or that a law of harmony could write a quartetto8 ,laws do not produce facts1 but are gathered from facts of which they exhibit the general expression4 ,thus the natural laws are not natural causes1 but abstract formulas1 and do not rule the world1 as scientists too often assert1 but only our calculations and scientific inductions4 ,your blunder is evident4 ,but is it true1 at least1 that 8we should be differently organized if the inclination of the ecliptic were different or not existing08 ,no1 doctor1 you are not happy in your illustration4 ,a change of inclination of the ecliptic would only alter the distribution of heat on the terrestrial surface without altering its amount2 and as now men can live under different latitudes and in different climes without being differently organized1 so also they would live and thrive under some different inclination of the ecliptic without acquiring a different organization4 ,and if so1 it would appear that your physical knowledge is as limited as your philosophical attainments4 ,bchner4 ,of course ,i am a doctor in medicine1 not in physics or in philosophy2 but this ,i know3 8that empirical philosophy1 wherever it may search for it1 is nowhere able to find a trace of a supernatural influence1 either in time or space0 7p4 #ee74 ,reader4 ,quite true4 ,your 8empirical philosophy0 is unable to find anything supernatural1 wherever it may search for it4 ,but are you so simple as to believe that1 if there is a ,god1 you should be able to reach him with the telescope1 or to detect him by the microscope1 or to get by the balance an indication of his presence1 or to find him in a retort1 as a residue after some chemical manipulation8 ,shame6 shame6 ,is this your method of convincing yourself that there is no ,god8 ,then1 by shutting yourself in a dark cellar1 you should be able also to convince yourself that the sun does not exist4 ,is it not a mockery to pretend that there is nothing supersensible1 because it cannot be reached by experimentation upon sensible things8 ,i cannot but repeat that you have received the punishment of your rebellion against truth4 ,a man of your ability would never fall into such absurdities from want of light2 it is your hatred of truth that distorts your reason and instigates you to heap sophism upon sophism1 and blasphemy upon blasphemy4 ,you need not search for ,god2 you know him1 and try in vain1 like ,cain1 to fly from his face4 ,bchner4 ,you make a sermon rather than a discussion4 ,reader4 ,but whose fault is it if your assertions are so openly incongruous as not to bear discussion8 ,even your 8empirical philosophy0 is a myth4 ,are you not ashamed to appeal to a science which has no existence8 ,chemistry is empirical1 and other parts of physics may be empirical2 but empirical philosophy is nothing but a bombastic word without meaning1 a fit conclusion to a chapter wherein you try to make the heavens bear witness against their ,maker4 ,x4 ,the ,earth4 ,reader4 ,after the heavens you try to enlist the earth also among your witnesses against ,god4 ,but what can the earth say in your favor8 ,bchner4 8,the investigations of geology have thrown a highly interesting and important light on the history of the origin and gradual development of the earth4 ,it was in the rocks and strata of the crust of the earth1 and in the organic remains1 that geologists read1 as in an old chronicle1 the history of the earth4 ,in this history they found the plainest indications of several stupendous successive revolutions1 now produced by fire1 now by water1 now by their combined action4 ,these revolutions afforded1 by the apparent suddenness and violence of their occurrence1 a welcome pretext to orthodoxy to appeal to the existence of supernatural powers1 which were to have caused these revolutions in order to render1 by gradual transitions1 the earth fit for certain purposes4 ,this successive periodical creation is said to have been attended with a successive creation of new organic beings and species4 ,the ,bible1 then1 was right in relating that ,god had sent a deluge over the world to destroy a sinful generation4 ,god with his own hands is said to have piled up mountains1 planed the sea1 created organisms1 etc40 7p4 #ef74 ,reader4 ,and so he did4 ,but mark that these ,biblical expressions are metaphorical4 ,bchner4 8,all these notions concerning a direct influence of supernatural or inexplicable forces have melted away before the age of modern science0 7p4 #eg74 ,reader4 ,melted away8 ,indeed8 ,and how8 ,bchner4 8,like astronomy1 which with mathematical certainty has measured the spaces of the heavens1 so does modern geology1 by taking a retrospective view of the millions of years which have passed1 lift the veil which has so long concealed the history of the earth1 and has given rise to all kinds of religious and mysterious dreams0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,to call our views 8religious and mysterious dreams0 is no argument1 doctor4 ,we have a history of the earth far more certain than all your modern geology2 and that portion of geology which is not fiction and charlatanism not only does not contradict1 but rather completes and confirms1 the ,mosaic history4 ,bchner4 ,this is what ,i cannot admit4 8,it is now known that there can be no discussion about those periodic creations of the earth of which so much was said1 and which to this day an erroneous conception of nature tries to identify with the socalled days of creation of the ,bible2 but that the whole past of the earth is nothing but an unfolded present0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,you say1 8,it is known40 ,no1 sir1 it is not known2 it is only wished4 ,you infidels pretend to know a great many things of which you are ignorant4 ,if you know that geology refutes the ,bible1 how does it happen that you cannot impart to us such a knowledge in a rational manner--that is1 by proving what you assert8 ,bchner4 8,geology1 supported by the knowledge of surrounding nature and its governing forces1 is enabled to trace the history of what has happened in infinite periods of time with approximating exactness1 frequently with certainty4 ,it has proved that everywhere and at all times only those material and natural forces were in activity by which we are at present surrounded0 7p4 #ei74 ,reader4 ,this cannot be proved by geology4 ,bchner4 8,nowhere was a point reached when it was necessary to stop scientific investigation1 and to substitute the influence of unknown forces0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,not even for the origin of life8 ,bchner4 8,everywhere it was possible to indicate or to conceive the possibility of visible effects from the combination of natural conditions2 everywhere existed the same law and the same matter0 7ibid47 ,reader4 ,of course4 ,but this does not exclude the intervention of a superior cause4 ,bchner4 8,an enlightened intellect no longer requires the aid of that powerful hand which1 acting from without1 excites the burning spirits of the interior of the earth to a sudden rebellion1 which pours the waters as a deluge over the earth1 and shapes for its designs the whole structure like soft clay0 7p4 #fj47 ,reader4 ,this is openly false4 ,all enlightened intellects acknowledge that ,he who declared his intention of desolating ,sodom by fire and the world by the ,deluge must have had a hand in the fulfilment of his menace4 ,bchner4 ,this is your ,bible history1 which we reject4 ,reader4 ,but can you refute it8 ,bchner4 8,how curious and whimsical is not the conception of a creative power1 which conducts the earth and its inhabitants through various transitions and immense periods of time to a more developed form1 in order to make it finally a fit dwellingplace for the most organized animal--man6 ,can an arbitrary and almighty power require such efforts to attain its object8 ,can it not immediately and without delay do and create what seems good to it8 ,why these roundabouts8 ,the natural difficulties alone which matter meets with in the gradual combinations and formations of its parts can explain to us the peculiarity of the origin of the organic and inorganic world0 7p4 #fj74 ,reader4 ,it is ridiculous to speak of 8efforts0 of the ,almighty2 for no one but a fool could dream of such an absurdity4 ,moreover1 you confound creation with formation4 ,by creation matter received existence immediately1 without 8roundabouts02 for creation is not movement1 and therefore needs no time4 ,this creation of matter was the work of ,god alone2 but the formation of the earth was successively brought about1 according to ,god's plan1 through the exertion of the natural powers1 which were not created to remain idle1 but to carry on the objects intended by their ,creator4 ,now1 the exertion of natural powers could not give rise to a perfect order of things 8immediately and without roundabouts40 ,hence your argument is worthless2 and it is worthless precisely on account of the 8difficulties which matter meets with in the gradual combinations and formations0 of complex things4 ,but matter meets with a much greater difficulty1 which you omit to mention4 ,the difficulty is that matter does not know how to form a molecule of hydrogen2 and yet there is hydrogen4 ,bchner4 ,it chanced to be formed by nature4 ,reader4 ,indeed8 ,chance might form one molecule1 or two1 but could not form millions of millions of them all perfectly equal to one another1 for chance excludes uniformity4 ,nor does it avail to say that their formation is the work of nature2 for nature1 according to you1 is only matter1 and consequently it cannot do more than matter itself is capable of doing4 ,bchner4 ,science is still imperfect2 we cannot as yet explain everything4 ,but geologists refute the ,bible as to the six days of creation4 8,the socalled coal formation alone required1 according to ,bischof1 #a1jjd1agg2 according to ,chevandier's calculation1 #fgb1ghh years4 ,the tertiary strata1 about #a1jjj feet in thickness1 required for their development about #cej1jjj years2 and before the originally incandescent earth could cool down from a temperature of #b1jjj degrees to #bjj1 there must1 according to ,bischof's calculation1 have elapsed a period of #cej millions of years4 ,volger finally calculates that the time requisite for the deposit of the strata known to us must at least have amounted to #fdh millions of years6 ,from these numbers we may form some notion as to the extent of these periods of time4 ,they give us1 moreover1 another hint4 ,the enormous distances in the universe which stagger our imagination1 in combination with these almost unlimited periods of time1 lead us to acknowledge that both time and space are infinite and eternal0 7p4 #fa74 ,reader4 ,you are always the same4 ,your conclusion that time is infinite is pinned on the statement that the periods of geology are almost unlimited--that is1 not altogether without limit4 ,i need not show that such a rash conclusion is contradicted by your very calculations4 ,and again1 as to the geological periods themselves1 their length does not clash with the six days of creation as described by the ,bible4 ,the word 8day0 is often used in the ,bible to express a great interval of time1 and may be interpreted as an 8epoch10 or1 as you say1 a 8period40 ,this is1 in fact1 the interpretation of the word now accepted by our writers when explaining the days of creation4 ,only our writers1 more prudent than you1 do not pretend to determine the length of those epochs or periods2 for they do not indulge in wild calculations or imaginary data4 ,when we see a difference of #cca1chi years between the results of two calculations regarding the period of the coal formation1 we may well suspend our judgment1 and not commit ourselves by the premature choice of either opinion4 ,but we admit the periods1 nor are we afraid of identifying them with the days of creation4 ,the ,bible has nothing to fear from geology or any other science4 ,we might1 on the contrary1 prove from geology the truth and divine inspiration of the ,mosaic narrative4 ,moses was no geologist1 and could not know the order of the events which took place before the creation of man1 except by supernatural revelation4 ,now1 in his cosmogony we observe not only the description of an order of events like that deduced from modern geology1 but 8a system in the arrangement1 and a far reaching prophecy10 as ,prof4 ,dana well remarks17#ahi7 8to which philosophy could not have attained1 however instructed40 ,you see1 doctor1 that your geological periods1 instead of refuting the ,bible1 furnish us with a new argument in support of its divine origin4 ,have you anything to reply8 ,bchner4 ,your explanation of the ,bible is quite new4 ,reader4 ,be it so4 ,our ancient doctors1 however1 knew very well that the word 8day0 in the ,bible frequently means a great length of time4 ,had they known geology1 they would have unanimously interpreted the six days as six great geological periods1 just as we do4 ,bchner4 ,but ,i have still other arguments deduced from the primeval generations4 ,reader4 ,i am ready to meet them4 ,but ,i really think it is scarcely worth the trouble to continue the discussion1 as you have hitherto uniformly failed in every point you have tried to establish4 7,to ,be ,continued74 ,hymn ,of ,the ,flowers4 ,a ,memorial of the ,first ,mass of ----1 ,one of ,eleven ,young ,jesuits ,who ,said ,their ,first ,masses at ,woodstock on the ,feast of ,s4 ,aloysius1 ,june #ba1 #ahgd4 ,i4 ,chosen from many1 ,tenderly nurtured1 ,we budded to sunlight1 ,our fragrance we scattered2 ,queens of the garden1 ,languishing beauties1 ,reserved for high favor-- ,fair flowers6 fair flowers6 ,,ii4 ,emblems of purity1 ,fitting for virgins1 ,our sisters are gathered ,to grace the blithe maidens ,who go to their bridals-- ,oh6 fair be their fortune4 ,glad flowers6 glad flowers6 ,,iii4 ,emblems of innocence1 ,fondly we're sought for3 ,young mothers will scatter ,the blossoms just budding1 ,will scatter our sisters1 ,kept still fresh and dewy1 ,with sad pearls of affection1 ,o'er the vanishing image ,of the lost darling-- ,ah6 kindred with blossoms4 ,sad flowers6 sad flowers6 ,,iv4 ,emblems of triumph1 ,emblems of glory1 ,the nations will cull them1 ,will cull from our sisters ,to honor their true ones4 ,mingling with life1 ,mingling with death1 ,the flowers will crown the hero's brow1 ,or wreathe the stone that marks his grave4 ,frail flowers6 frail flowers6 ,v4 ,but we--,o glad fortune6 ,o blest among flowers6-- ,we have been chosen ,high o'er our sisters3 ,culled for the altar1 ,we gave all our beauty1 ,we spent all our perfumes1 ,when ,god's priest in oblation ,pronounced his first fiat4 ,how we trembled with rapture ,when the ,christ was descending6 ,oh6 our bloom caught new glory ,from the priest's face all radiant1 ,as he held for adoring ,his ,god in his hands1 ,and our odors were mingled ,with prayer from his lips4 ,and1 oh6 the pale mother ,who guided his lisping1 ,who gave up her peerless1 ,the one jewel left her1 ,robbed her breast for ,god's warfare1 ,the gift ne'er recalling-- ,how her heart is now pealing1 ,ringing out unto heaven ,glad chimes that are drowning ,the dull whispers of sorrow6 ,and the prayer of th' ,anointed1 ,the heartvoice of the mother1 ,the breath of the flowers1 ,triple incense1 are wafted ,up1 up to ,god's footstool4 ,ah6 such incense is treasured2 ,our odors shall die not4 ,they give fragrance in heaven ,to that glad first oblation ,of ,god's priest at the altar4 ,blest flowers6 blest flowers6 ,kathleen ,waring4 ,the loveliest of autumn days shed its warmth and brightness over magnificent ,rome1 while the bells from many towers announced the hour of twelve1 and a still more emphatic reminder of midday boomed from ,castle ,sant' ,angelo1 the firing of whose cannon frequently startles strangers1 though even they soon become unconscious of its loud report4 ,citizens meeting complained of the horrible sirocco day2 visitors congratulated one another upon such beautiful weather for the fulfilment of their plans2 and a very perceptible thing was that not even in the ,eternal ,city can every individual be satisfied4 ,in no way could an unbeliever be better convinced of this solemn truth than by a peep into the principal parlor of the ,htel d',angleterre1 where a travelling party had just arrived4 ,an elderly gentleman stamped up and down the apartment1 furiously gesticulating1 and undoubtedly making use of rather forcible language1 consigning hotels in general1 and the ,htel d',angleterre in particular1 to pretty uncomfortable quarters4 ,at every approach to a small ttette placed near the window he fiercely glared upon a lady1 evidently his wife1 whose sweet1 smiling face served to exasperate her husband beyond endurance4 ,a large fan1 plied industriously1 stirred not only the black feathers of her own bonnet1 but the scarlet ones jauntily stuck in a dark gray hat that persistently drooped1 for no reason in the world but to conceal a very amused countenance which might have added fuel to the fire of the gentleman's anger4 ,though for a time he is denied the gratification of a peep at so winning a face1 we will take it ourselves1 and see what is under that gray hat with the scarlet plumes3 ,a pair of dark eyes sparkling with fun1 which all those curling black lashes cannot hide1 while a few saucy rings of hair1 lying here and there on the forehead1 cause a surmise as to whether they are the result of nature and warm weather or curlpapers nightly twisted up4 ,it would be difficult to form an estimate of a mouth whose underlip is being held in bondage by two rows of exceedingly white teeth1 but we will imagine it a rosebud1 and hasten to make the acquaintance of yonder thundercloud1 who pouts so abominably1 and is still so like her of the mischievous aspect4 ,agathe ,waring leaned on the back of her chair1 and1 when her father stamped his feet1 she did likewise2 when his frown deepened and voice waxed louder1 her pout became more decided1 and very beautiful hands doubled into fists that shook defiantly at invisible landlords4 ,mrs4 ,waring1 observing this1 remarked3 8,i think1 ,agathe1 you have chosen a dangerous employment for hands so valued as yours4 ,do you not fear your vehemence will be the cause of a sprained wrist or finger8 ,then where will be our delightful evening music4 ,a young lady who1 at the faintest suspicion of danger ahead1 generally clasps her hands behind her1 is to be wondered at when seen bravely challenging our most dreaded enemies40 8,it may be very amusing to you and ,kathleen1 mamma2 but ,i confess to not perceiving the joke10 replied ,agathe1 glancing complacently at her formidable weapons4 8,how you can see papa so worried1 and be perfectly unconcerned1 is more than ,i understand40 8,but1 my dear1 would it mend matters in the least were your sister to weep tears of vexation1 and ,i to vociferate against the unfortunate people of this hotel1 who were never less in fault than now8 ,if your father had taken my advice1 and telegraphed for rooms1 this occasion for trouble would have been avoided2 but1 as he considered such a precaution unnecessary1 we need not regard ourselves as dreadfullyinjured travellers40 8,am ,i not sufficiently annoyed1 madam1 by this turn of affairs10 shouted the elderly gentleman1 8that you should consider it essential to remind me what your advice was in ,florence8 ,i have never yet met the woman who did not delight in being able to say1 #8,i told you so4' 0 8,now1 papa10 said ,kathleen with a merry glance from her bright eyes1 8,i look upon that speech as a calumny and an injustice to ,agathe4 ,when all our luggage was left in ,paris1 simply because you would not heed her injunction to be very careful in looking after it1 she did not gratify herself by any such malicious words as #8,i told you so4' ,indeed1 her sympathy was far greater than ours1 as we only felt indignant at having nothing to wear40 ,this boldlyuttered sentence proved quite soothing to ,mr4 ,waring1 who ceased his restless walk to twine an arm about his daughter's waist1 whose head leaned fondly against the dusty sleeve1 and desired no sweeter restingplace4 8,yes1 whatever my faults1 whatever my grievances1 this little daughter is ready and willing to share them10 said he1 gently patting ,agathe's cheek4 8,it has always been a wonder to me that a brute like myself should possess three treasures such as my wife and daughters4 ,but the more valuable the treasure1 the more difficult its keeping4 ,if that atrocious landlord will only give us an apartment for this afternoon1 ,i'll go in quest of permanent quarters1 and leave you to rest until my return40 ,an immediate ringing of the bell brought the attendant1 who was requested to inquire into the possibility of procuring at least a single room for the remainder of the day1 during which time other accommodations might be sought4 ,an answer1 to the effect that there was a small chamber1 engaged by a party who would arrive that night1 which until then was at the service of the ,american gentleman1 caused a gathering together of bags1 boxes1 and baskets1 an ascent of several stairs1 and a happy entrance into the nicelyfurnished and exceedingly pleasant apartment4 ,the waiter1 before his departing bow1 made many apologies for the crowded condition of the house having rendered it impossible to receive monsieur1 and hoped their inability to please would be forgiven4 ,mr4 ,waring's wrath1 until then on the wane1 appeared gradually gaining ascendency1 and a convenient lunchbasket would certainly have made the acquaintance of the waiter's head had not the latter prudently withdrawn4 8,the impudence of that dog in presuming to beg my pardon6 ,what do ,i care how crowded the house may be or how impossible it is to accommodate us8 ,i don't suppose this hotel is the only habitable place in ,rome2 if so1 ,i'll just take up my abode in the ,colosseum1 and be done with it40 ,neither ,mrs4 ,waring nor ,agathe could resist smiling at this outburst1 while ,kathleen laughed outright4 8,i shall consider it my first duty1 on entering the ,colosseum1 to set you up as a statue of ,perversity1 surrounded by imps of contradiction4 ,during the last halfhour you have been in a towering passion because the ,htel d',angleterre could not contain you4 ,now the poor waiter humbly laments the numerous visitors and nonelastic material of the house1 and you are ready to annihilate him for supposing us anxious to remain in it40 8,are you not ashamed of yourself1 ,kathleen ,waring80 cried ,agathe4 8,were ,i papa1 you should not speak to me in that rude manner4 ,you surely do not approve of it1 mamma80 8,my dear ,agathe10 said her mother1 8,i cannot disapprove when ,i so fully appreciate the spirit in which your sister thus addresses her father4 ,do not imagine you are alone in your affection for him1 and that the sole mode of expressing that affection is by unvarying respectfulness in language and constant caressing4 ,we all know you to be more dignified than ,kathleen1 and to possess much greater stability of character2 then how can you expect her to be otherwise than more thoughtless and much saucier than yourself80 ,this last sentence1 accompanied by a meaning smile1 brought a crimson flush to ,agathe's cheek and an angry retort to her lips1 the utterance of which was stayed by a kiss from her sister1 who whispered3 8,never mind1 ,aggie2 just be as firm and stable and dignified as you choose4 ,i'll be your admirationpoint for ever1 and ,i am sure mamma is as proud of her model of strength and her impersonation of sauciness as she can be2 then why need we quarrel80 8,well1 it would be a waste of ammunition1 mavourneen10 replied ,agathe2 8so1 instead of letting loose my tongue1 ,i'll exercise my arms4 ,be good enough to get me the clothesbrush from your bag1 that ,i may dust papa's coat40 ,by plentiful application of soap and vigorous use of towels ,mr4 ,waring now appeared resplendent1 and announced his intention of at once going in search of rooms4 8,in my absence10 said he1 pausing at the door1 8,i desire the three treasures to repose1 and hope to find them bright and sparkling this evening40 ,the ladies did retire1 and slept soundly several hours1 while ,mr4 ,waring made every effort to obtain a suite of rooms1 first at the different hotels1 which were all full1 next at two or three casas recommended by his banker4 ,at last in a small house1 opening on the ,piazza di ,spagna1 he succeeded in engaging five bright1 cheerful apartments1 though at quite a high price1 since the number of visitors at ,rome increased rents far beyond their usual rate4 ,leaving orders with his padrone to secure a manservant as soon as possible1 he next made arrangements with the proprietor of the nearest restaurant to supply him with the necessary breakfast and dinner1 which must be daily occurrences to sustain the vitality of even the most enthusiastic tourist4 ,with a sigh of relief that his preparations were complete1 ,mr4 ,waring returned to the hotel1 and found his wife and daughters radiant in their fresh toilets and expectant eagerness4 ,there is nothing so destructive of beauty as fatigue added to the dust and soot of railway travelling2 and an individual emerging from this double ordeal deserves the congratulation of friends4 ,mr4 ,waring bestowed a gaze of admiration upon each lady in turn1 kissed his wife1 pulled one of ,agathe's curls1 and whirled ,kathleen round and round to the tune of a cracked handorgan stationed beneath the window1 which just then ground out a very fine waltz4 ,breathless and panting1 ,kathleen soon sank on the sofa1 while her mother came to the rescue with a fan1 and ,agathe opened the window to throw the musician some coppers4 8,there is little need to inform us of your success10 said ,mrs4 ,waring1 8as this emphatic greeting tells its own tale4 ,i am really glad you were able to return before dark1 as we feared you might be detained later40 8,well1 you cannot fail to like the rooms10 said ,mr4 ,waring2 8for they are five in number1 quite handsomely furnished1 and two overlook the ,piazza di ,spagna4 ,i think1 as it is a mere step from here1 we had better walk1 and have our luggage sent by these people4 ,if you are half as tired riding as ,i am1 you will infinitely prefer proceeding to our destination on foot40 8,we should like nothing better60 cried the three ladies1 and immediately began to collect their scattered property4 ,this being duly disposed of1 the black bonnet and gray hats donned1 our party set out4 ,the ,ave ,maria was ringing1 and the sweet sound of many bells penetrated the hearts of even these ,protestants1 who understood so imperfectly its beautiful significance4 ,dusk was fast changing into darkness1 while black clouds chased each other over the sky1 and the rising wind betokened the sure approach of a storm4 ,our travellers hastened their footsteps1 and only reached their parlor when a terrific flash of lightning poured through the windows1 and the rain fell in torrents4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,waring at once went on a tour of investigation1 in which neither of the girls could be induced to join4 ,agathe approached the window and gazed upon the outdoor fury1 with only clasped hands and awestricken countenance to betoken her feeling4 ,kathleen buried a miserably pale face in the cushions of her armchair1 and sobbed most piteously2 for the poor child dreaded nothing so much as thunder and lightning4 ,after a short lapse of time1 ,agathe turned impatiently from her post of observation1 and exclaimed3 8,without exception1 ,katy1 you are the greatest goose ,i ever met1 to be sitting there crying when you might have the benefit of yonder magnificent panorama4 ,it is too absurd that the least sign of a storm must send you into hysterics4 ,do you not suppose there is quite as much danger for me as for you8 ,yet let me sob as you are doing1 and how foolish you would think me6 ,do control yourself this once1 or your eyes will be red and ugly to morrow1 and you not presentable40 ,agathe had intended simple expostulation2 but anger got the better of her1 and her last words were very commanding--so much so as to rouse ,kathleen1 who cried3 8,i am sure ,i don't care for eyes1 or appearance1 or anything else1 and ,i wish you would let me alone4 ,because you have a reputation for courage and firmness1 you imagine you are justified in persecuting me2 but ,i tell you you are not4 ,i cannot see any great courage and firmness in facing that lightning4 ,if there should ever be a call upon me for such qualities1 ,i will beg the good ,lord to give them to me1 but not for the purpose of staring at a storm40 ,with this the dark head again took refuge in the cushions1 and ,agathe returned to her former position4 ,the scene was indeed magnificent1 and fully compensated for any uneasy feeling she might have experienced in thus exposing herself4 ,the entire sky within range of vision seemed one dense1 black cloud1 hanging but a few feet above the housetops1 every moment sending forth flashes of light1 at times sharp1 forked1 fearful1 again soft1 widespread1 and of sufficient duration to illumine the entire piazza beneath4 ,the pouring rain could not conceal surrounding objects1 but rather served to enhance their beauty1 since they appeared through a mist that served to screen the hard1 substantial reality4 ,high up1 beyond the fine steps which are a prominent feature in this piazza1 rose the church and convent of the ,trinit di ,monte1 looking1 in its elevation and noble strength1 a fit emblem of a religion so true and sublime4 ,inclining from its height to the level beneath1 the aforesaid steps were lonely and deserted1 deprived of their lounging idlers1 but nevertheless beautifully reflecting from their wet surface the brightness above4 ,one might have imagined the piazza1 with its brilliant shops1 caffes1 hotels1 and booths1 to be the noisy1 bustling world1 having in its midst those steps so numerous1 so difficult of ascent1 but in the end leading to rest1 peace1 heaven6 ,how pitiful1 then1 to see no foot ascending6 ,and if this little picture be one of sorrow1 how much worse the great1 real world1 where so few mount the stairs within reach of all6 ,some walk round1 others glance up and promise a beginning tomorrow2 but how many heed the warning8 ,now1 now is the time2 tomorrow may never come6 ,it is not probable1 however1 that such thoughts found favor with ,agathe1 whose ,protestant mind was in no way addicted to pious musing1 since her church furnishes such meagre food for heart and brain4 ,her eyes1 roving restlessly about1 suddenly became fixed upon the tall1 muffled figure of a man hurrying through the rain with bent head and quickening speed4 ,devoid of fear1 of suspicion1 she watched until he neared the piazza's centre1 when1 after one long1 blinding streak of lightning1 a fearful crash followed1 and she distinguished the object of her curiosity lying prostrate on the ground4 ,a sharp cry from her lips brought ,mrs4 ,waring1 to whom1 with trembling limbs and horrorstricken face1 she pointed out the prostrate form4 ,kathleen1 who had crept up behind her mother1 no sooner beheld it than she ran from the room1 and1 meeting her father in the hall1 breathlessly exclaimed3 8,o papa6 do go quickly4444 ,there is a poor man lying in the street who has been struck1 444 and nobody seems to know it4 ,please go to him4444 ,bring him here4 ,get some one to help you2 for he may not be quite dead40 ,before she had ceased speaking her father was downstairs ordering a servant to follow him2 and from their position ,mrs4 ,waring and ,agathe saw the two rush into the driving rain1 gently raise the body1 and carefully bear it towards the entrance4 ,kathleen had hastily arranged pillows and blankets on the sofa2 so there was no delay in fixing something on which to lay the poor fellow1 and very soon the entire family were making a desperate effort to restore animation1 as ,mr4 ,waring declared there was life in the body4 ,his assertion was verified when1 after a while1 the young man drew a long breath1 and opened such bewildered1 astonished eyes as made every one smile4 8,ah6 my fine fellow10 cried ,mr4 ,waring1 8,i'll wager you you are on the road to life again1 and we are spared the trouble of attending your funeral--a thing1 ,i candidly assure you1 ,i had expected to do not very long ago40 8,o papa60 whispered ,kathleen1 glancing timidly at the pale face1 blue eyes1 and curling brown hair1 8don't talk to the poor fellow about funerals when he has been so near the grave2 it cannot be pleasant40 8,never mind1 ,miss ,puss1 ,i will set him straight10 replied her father4 8,now1 my friend1 ,i have always heard1 and there is an indistinct idea of my having read it1 that people struck by lightning never feel it4 ,as you are a living witness to the truth or falsehood of this statement1 ,i would like to have your views on the subject40 ,this1 delivered with the air of a man thirsting for knowledge1 brought a smile to the patient's mouth1 and caused a general laugh4 8,i am truly grieved10 replied the lightningstruck1 8that my knowledge is of questionable authority1 because ,i cannot tell whether ,i felt a blow on the head or not1 though there is a halfdefined recollection of some one pounding me there1 and producing about five hundred simultaneous sensations2 whether really so or the fruit of my active imagination ,i am unable to avow40 8,well1 for our own satisfaction1 we will believe you did have five hundred feelings jumbled together1 and take it as a warning to avoid like strokes40 8,such profanity shall not be allowed60 said ,mrs4 ,waring2 8and ,i really think1 ,mr4 ,waring1 you should conduct our patient to a comfortable room where he may sleep away his weakness4 ,kathleen will share ,agathe's apartment1 that he may occupy hers40 ,all protestations to the effect that he could walk to his hotel being indignantly denied1 the young man was immediately consigned to bed1 and commanded to sleep as long as he could4 ,for about half an hour the family sat up discussing the accident1 and did not separate until its victim was unanimously pronounced handsome1 elegant1 charming6 ,the sun was many hours high next morning before our friends thought of stirring1 and the two girls were yet sound asleep when their mother came tapping at the door4 ,her knock was so slight as to be scarcely perceptible1 and1 receiving no response1 she entered4 ,the change from bright sunshine to this darkened room at first made it impossible to distinguish clearly2 but opening the blind a very little way1 ,mrs4 ,waring smiled to herself1 as1 glancing about the apartment1 she murmured3 8,those careless1 careless girls6 ,what is to be done with them80 ,evidently1 the careless girls had taken small trouble to arrange their things before retiring1 and now a somewhat confused picture greeted the despairing mother's eye4 ,the bureau appeared the favorite receptacle for almost all articles4 ,a colossal brush1 instead of properly supporting the rightful partner of its joys and sorrows1 made desperate love to an inkstand1 a red bow1 and a bottle of cologne1 whose stopple had stepped over the way to consult an oracle of a watch about the probable comfort of the poor1 deserted comb that patiently reposed on a prickly pincushion4 ,the oracle1 unwound and unmoved1 refused utterance1 and sullenly stared at a crowd of rings1 bracelets1 belts1 reticules1 hairpins1 false curls1 and handkerchiefs indiscriminately gathered together4 ,they were not interested in the watch1 but bemoaned the sad fate of a coquettish gray hat with a scarlet plume1 one string of which had caught in a tightlyshut drawer1 and cruelly hung its fair possessor4 ,a grand civil war had transpired in other parts of the room2 the washstand implements were horribly mutilated and dashed about2 the four shoes and stockings had taken leave of each other1 and angrily stationed themselves in different corners2 and1 last1 a huge trunk had brutally emptied itself of its contents1 that now lay limp and helpless1 here1 there1 everywhere4 ,had not ,mrs4 ,waring been well accustomed to such a display1 it is possible she might have been dismayed2 but as nothing is equal to habit1 she preserved her equanimity1 and1 approaching the nearest bed1 her attention was at once arrested by a tiny pair of beads which she perceived dangling from ,kathleen's wrist4 ,with a dark frown she retreated to the door1 and cried3 8,girls6 girls6 it is time to get up4 ,you have slept long enough even for weary travellers1 and your patient has been waiting an hour to see the young ladies before taking leave4 ,do hurry and come at once to the parlor40 8,yes1 mamma1 we will10 answered two very lazy voices4 8,yes1 my dears1 ,i do not doubt it10 said ,mrs4 ,waring2 8but let me see you well out of those two comfortable beds1 as you cannot be trusted in my absence40 ,in the midst of the commotion which followed ,mrs4 ,waring escaped1 and1 slowly walking along the hall1 murmured3 8,is it possible ,kathleen still retains those absurd convent notions1 and am ,i ever to regret having sent her to ,mt4 de ,c----8 ,surely1 in three years she must have forgotten those ridiculous impressions2 yet what does that rosary mean1 and why should she sleep with it encircling her arm8 ,well1 it will only make matters worse to discuss them1 and1 until ,i am certain what the poor child intends1 ,i shall say nothing40 ,by this time the drawingroom was reached1 and1 entering1 ,mrs4 ,waring found her husband and their guest in hot dispute as to the best manner of sightseeing in ,rome4 ,mr4 ,waring expressed abhorrence of guidebooks and his resolution never to use them4 ,the stranger intimated such a resolve rash4 ,mr4 ,waring inquired why4 ,the young man said guidebooks being absolutely essential in a place so filled with objects of interest as ,rome1 he was willing to wager ,mr4 ,waring would have three or four in his possession by the end of the week4 ,mr4 ,waring indignantly repudiated this idea1 and the argument might have continued indefinitely had not the girls made an opportune appearance4 ,in their wake came a delicious breakfast1 after partaking of which the young man rose to depart4 8,i cannot10 said he1 8pretend to thank you for such kindness to a stranger1 for words are inadequate to express my gratitude4 ,my obligations will be increased tenfold if you only permit me to continue an acquaintance so happily begun40 8,my dear fellow10 cried ,mr4 ,waring1 8don't mention gratitude2 and as for an acquaintance happily begun1 if you choose to consider as such one brought on by lightning1 we are at your disposal1 and nothing will delight us more than receiving you as our friend4 ,but friends should know what to call one another1 and1 though my name is ,alexander ,waring1 yours is still a dead secret40 8,a thousand pardons60 exclaimed the stranger4 8,my negligence is truly shocking2 but it is ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,waring1 with their lovely daughters1 who have charmed me into a forgetfulness of ,howard ,lee1 and it is they who must forgive him40 ,of the two lovely daughters1 ,kathleen pouted bewitchingly at the foregoing speech1 while ,agathe gracefully inclined her head4 ,the gentlemen shook hands most heartily1 and ,mrs4 ,waring cordially invited ,mr4 ,lee to return often1 assuring him of a sincere welcome4 ,thus1 amidst compliments and acknowledgments on both sides1 ,howard ,lee took leave of his friends1 promising to see them very soon again4 ,it is scarcely necessary to add that the promise was observed1 and during the next month or two he was almost constantly one of the gay little party which roved among the grand old ruins of ,rome1 wandered about its art galleries and into its temples and churches1 always consulting guidebooks with a faith in1 and a dependence on them that undoubtedly made ,mr4 ,lee winner of his wager4 ,it is very remarkable what wonderful things can transpire in a little while1 though we are not certain whether you consider it remarkable that ,mr4 ,lee soon manifested extraordinary interest in the movements of ,miss ,kathleen4 ,if that young person chose to stare an old statue out of countenance1 she would not be long without the assistance of another pair of eyes that had suddenly remembered some neverbeforeknown merit about the image1 and were instantly intent on it4 ,if ,kathleen thought proper to sit among the ruins1 he1 completely overcome by fatigue1 would rest by her side4 ,we are much afraid this was not all that happened2 for there were certainly some very ardent glances sent from his eyes to her sparkling black ones1 that softened and glowed as they drank in the language of the blue ones4 ,and at every new approach of the tall1 manly figure didn't the gray hat with the scarlet plume droop lower and lower2 didn't the round1 dimpled cheeks beneath rival the feather in color2 didn't the little hands clasp each other tightly1 that their trembling might not make too bold a confession of her happy agitation8 ,you cannot be surprised that1 standing together by the beautiful ,trevi fountain one moonlight night1 to her was told in eloquent tones the old1 old story which every woman hears once in her life1 be she ever so poor1 so ugly1 so disagreeable4 ,but this woman was lovely1 bewitching2 and the tale seemed exquisite harmony when softly1 beseechingly it fell upon such ears4 ,long after the low voice had ceased telling what was music to her soul ,kathleen stood silent4 ,the water dashed from and over rocks in playful sport1 defying the peaceful glance of the moon1 which bade it be quiet4 ,the churchbells rang out the hour of ten1 and from the distance sounded ,agathe's laugh1 with the accompanying expostulation from several ladies and gentlemen who were begging her to sing4 ,at last clear and full to these lovers came the sweet old song1 8,kathleen ,mavourneen40 ,howard waited till the music died away1 then whispered1 8,why art thou silent1 ,thou voice of my heart8 ,oh6 why art thou silent1 ,kathleen ,mavourneen80 8,oh6 spare me1 spare me10 cried ,kathleen4 8,i cannot1 cannot answer6 ,if you but knew60 8,and do ,i not know you are what ,i love with all my heart1 what ,i long to call my own8 ,have you not encouraged me8 allowed me to believe you cared for me80 8,oh6 ,i never meant it4 ,i would not have had you know that ,i cared for you4 ,have pity on me1 ,mr4 ,lee1 and do not ask why6 ,i can give no answer to your kind words4 ,believe me that it is best as it is40 8,miss ,waring1 your friends are coming--will interrupt us in one minute2 can you give me no hope8 ,is there nothing you will say to comfort my yearning heart80 8,all ,i can say is1 ,wait2 in a little while you will cease to wish for my affection when you have learned what it is essential you should know before ,i can give an answer to your question40 8,nothing can change my desire10 pleaded ,howard1 gazing upon the tearladen eyelashes and trembling lips4 8,only tell me now what you think ,i must know1 and then see if it makes the slightest difference40 8,no1 ,mr4 ,howard10 said ,kathleen1 regaining composure1 8wait a few days2 then ,i will either send for you or write what ,i have to communicate4 ,with you will rest the decision4 ,remember always that ,i have cared for you1 and that now it is a sad goodnight ,i wish you1 knowing it may be my last40 ,here they were joined by their party1 and ,kathleen flying to the protection of her mother's arm1 ,mr4 ,lee took his place by ,agathe's side1 and thus they returned home4 ,poor ,kathleen passed a miserable night1 and awoke next morning with head aching so badly as to prevent her appearance at breakfast4 ,towards noon she improved1 and by three o'clock presented herself in the drawingroom1 where were her mother and sister4 ,telling them she was going out for a little fresh air1 and to feel no uneasiness if she did not immediately return1 she left the house1 ran across the piazza1 up the steps1 and stood in front of the ,trinit di ,monte4 ,pausing a minute1 8,this is the #hth of ,december1 the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 so certainly there must be ,benediction here this afternoon1 as they tell me the church belongs to the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,i'll try1 anyhow40 ,the little portress1 in her very ugly cap1 informed la signorina1 8,yes1 benediction would be given in one hour from that time4 ,would she walk into the chapel now and wait1 or would she prefer going away to return80 ,la signorina would wait2 so she was shown into the church1 and there left to her own reflections1 which were one long struggle with feelings so contrary that to make them agree was impossible4 ,the poor child had1 ever since leaving the convent of ,mt4 de ,c----1 been praying for courage to avow a faith which she knew would anger her father1 distress that darling mother1 and call forth words of bitter ridicule from ,agathe4 ,now to these considerations was added the fear of losing ,howard ,lee's affection4 8,ah6 ,jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph10 she cried1 8help me in this my agony4 ,send down upon me your blessing1 that ,i may be strengthened in the path which has become so difficult to my faltering feet6 ,endow my heart with that courage ,i once boasted ,i would ask for when its need should be discovered4 ,o my ,father in heaven6 look upon thy child with pity1 and heed her earnest supplication40 ,for an entire hour she wavered between the earthly devotion that awaited but a word to be hers1 and the higher ,love1 that requires many crosses and sacrifices before it recompenses the heart4 ,it will never desert1 never wound4 ,the sun sank lower in the heavens1 and the light in the chapel took a soft1 mysterious tone that lent supernatural quiet and stillness to the place1 greatly soothing ,kathleen's restless mind4 ,her head leaning on the railing in front of her1 her lips moving in unconscious prayer1 she fell into a deep1 dreamless sleep that was only disturbed when over her senses stole the faint sound of music1 gradually1 gradually unclosing those delighted eyes shining with blissful wonder1 as she supposed it all must have been a dream1 from which she waked to find herself safe in the dear old convent4 ,surely1 there was the beautiful altar1 the ,blessed ,sacrament exposed1 many candles burning amid vases of exquisite flowers1 the venerable priest kneeling at the altar's foot2 above all1 the convent girls1 in blue uniforms and white veils1 entering two by two1 making their genuflections1 and standing in their places till all were ready1 when tap6 from the ,sisters' bench1 and down they sat4 ,from the organloft the sweet litany she knew so well came pouring into her ears just as of yore2 as of yore the priest1 the ,sisters1 and convent girls sang in familiar tones3 8,mater ,christi1 ,mater divin grati1 ,mater purissima40 ,with happy heart and tearful eyes she sang out the ,ora pro nobis1 while many looked to see from whence came the joyful notes1 so splendidly swelling their chorus4 ,through the litany1 the ,o ,salutaris6 and the ,tantum ,ergo her strong1 young voice was clear and sweet1 and none guessed that in the girl's heart a fearful struggle had taken place1 and that there the good ,lord had come and left a gift which would never decay1 never be worthless1 but ever bright and glorious4 ,a last prayer for strength was uttered during ,benediction1 and ,kathleen felt half her difficulties were overcome when she stood up at the ,laudate ,dominum4 ,that night she confessed to her parents her intention of becoming a ,catholic1 and besought their permission to take the step4 ,mr4 ,waring was furious at first1 and vowed she shouldn't--not if he knew himself2 but three days' fussing and fuming brought him to the conclusion she might do as she chose1 8but1 for heaven's sake1 never expect him to love her as much again10 and enforced his resolution by hugging and kissing her on the spot4 ,mrs4 ,waring was very sad at the aspect of affairs1 but had so long anticipated it as to be little surprised4 ,deeming a refusal of her sanction worse than useless1 she also said her daughter might do as she pleased4 ,only ,agathe was inexorable2 for1 having begun by condemning her sister's course1 she considered it incompatible with firmness ever to change4 8,how you can have allowed yourself to be so wound about the little fingers of those priests and nuns ,i can't divine10 she cried4 8,it indicates such contemptible weakness to turn from the religion in which you were born to that of a ,papist--above all things1 a ,papist6 ,were ,i to live a hundred years1 ,i could not do it40 8,no1 my poor sister10 thought ,kathleen2 8with all your character1 ,i fear you have not the daring courage required to combat the distress of parents1 the anger of friends1 the loss of a beloved object4 ,no2 it is a precious gift of ,god1 and must be prayed for40 ,next ,kathleen wrote to ,mr4 ,lee1 informing him of all that had taken place1 of her intention to become a member of the ,catholic ,church in a few weeks1 and renewed her request that he would forgive the pain she had caused him in remembering the grief she herself endured2 with many wishes for his future prosperity1 she remained his true friend4 ,no answer came to this at all1 and the ,warings saw nothing more of ,howard ,lee4 ,delicacy prevented their asking an explanation from ,kathleen1 and1 as she proffered none1 his name was never mentioned among them4 ,the days passed on1 and ,kathleen1 being at last considered sufficiently instructed1 had prevailed on the ,sisters of ,trinit di ,monte to allow her retreat to be made with them1 and her baptism and first communion to take place in their church4 ,christmas was the time appointed for the consummation of ,kathleen's desire4 ,the chapel had been beautifully decorated by the nuns and girls2 and a little ,bethlehem1 removed some slight distance from the altar1 was the emblem of the glorious feast4 ,a new ,mass had been learned1 and1 while the organ pealed forth its first tones1 the whiterobed girls filed in1 followed by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,waring and ,agathe1 who1 by dint of persuasion1 had been induced to appear on the occasion4 ,last entered ,kathleen1 and knelt in front of the altar4 ,she was faint and trembling1 but did not lose a syllable of the words that made her a ,christian1 a ,catholic1 and soldier of heaven4 ,she was baptized1 of course1 before the celebration of ,mass1 and during it received for the first time the ,holy ,communion4 ,mr4 ,waring seemed much moved1 his wife cried outright1 and ,agathe's flushed face and shining eyes belied the unconcern she tried so hard to assume4 ,no one noticed the tall1 dark figure standing in the furthest corner of the church1 nor saw the gaze riveted upon the fair1 sweet girl at the altar4 ,as everything here must have an end1 so did the music1 the lights1 all that had brightened the chapel4 ,the dark figure had hurried away1 the girls in white had disappeared1 the ,warings were gone2 only the little ,babe of ,bethlehem still lay in the manger1 and one lamp shed its faint lustre in honor of that ,blessed ,sacrament which is for you1 for me1 for all who but seek it4 ,on the evening of the same day ,kathleen was playing soft chords on the piano1 and indulging in waking dreams1 when she was greatly disturbed by the entrance of a man bearing in his arms a huge package of something very delicate1 to judge from the care with which said package was deposited on the table4 ,before ,kathleen could frame a question concerning the matter the man was gone4 ,approaching the very remarkable bundle1 she perceived a card suspended bearing these words3 8,a ,christmas gift for ,miss ,k4 ,waring40 ,still wondering1 she gently detached the paper cover1 and there1 delighting her eyes1 was a tiny ,christmastree literally filled with bon bons1 colored candles1 and children's toys1 while two or three small papers concealed some more valuable presents no doubt4 ,in perfect amazement she ran to the door and called father1 mother1 and sister1 who1 hastening to the room1 uttered exclamations of pleasure at the sight4 ,the candles were instantly lighted1 and the tree admired from every point1 though a thorough mystification ensued as to the donor4 ,each surmise only seemed to make the matter worse2 so they instituted a search among the separate parcels4 ,the first opened displayed a gold locket with the initials ,a4 ,w4 in pinheads of pearls2 the next contained a handsome silver tobaccobox for ,mr4 ,waring2 the next1 a musical workbox with ,mrs4 ,waring's name2 yet still there was nothing for ,kathleen4 ,more astonished than ever1 they examined once again2 and right on the very top of the tree1 buried deep in its branches1 was a round pasteboard box about the size of a lady's watch4 ,being opened1 it disclosed a knot of hardtwisted notepaper1 which ,kathleen unwrapped and unfolded until she came upon an old1 worn medal of the ,immaculate ,conception1 from which hung a blue ribbon4 ,as the paper in her hand had something written on it1 she made haste to read1 and here is the secret3 8,will my dear one take for a ,christmas gift the little medal herein enclosed1 which was put around my neck by my mother when ,i made my first communion eighteen years ago8 ,i have kept away from you1 that you might have a pleasant surprise for this ,christmas day1 though ,i went to communion for you this morning1 and also saw the triumph of your brave spirit in the ,church of the ,trinit di ,monte4 ,if1 when ,i come to you this evening1 my little medal is about your neck1 ,i shall know you accept me as your devoted ,,howard ,,lee40 ,kathleen stood looking at the words through gathering tears1 and was not conscious of the quiet withdrawal of her parents and sister until the door opened gently to admit ,howard1 who1 glancing quickly at the blue ribbon on her bosom1 advanced eagerly1 and1 bending low1 exultantly murmured3 8,why art thou silent1 ,thou voice of my heart8 ,oh6 why art thou silent1 ,kathleen ,mavourneen80 ,new ,publications4 ,,thomas ,,grant1 ,,first ,,bishop ,,of ,,southwark4 ,by ,grace ,ramsay4 ,with two portraits4 ,london3 ,smith1 ,elder ,co4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the late ,bishop ,grant was remarkable for learning1 ability1 and sanctity4 ,the events of his life1 both before and after the period of his ordination1 are interesting4 ,as rector of the ,english ,college in ,rome1 and as bishop1 his administration was successful and filled with great services to the ,catholic ,church in ,england1 particularly in respect to the reestablishment of the regular hierarchy4 ,the story of his life is told in a lively and pleasing manner1 and the publisher has issued the volume in a style which makes it attractive1 though somewhat costly4 ,the author1 whose nom de plume is ,grace ,ramsay1 is one of the best of our ,english ,catholic writers4 ,we have been indebted to her graceful pen for some of the most agreeable articles in our magazine1 and we are pleased to learn that some remarks in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world on the character of the late illustrious ,bishop of ,southwark first suggested to her the idea of writing his biography4 ,,blessed ,,margaret ,,mary ,,alacoque4 ,a brief account of her life4 ,to which are added a selection from her sayings and the ,decree of her ,beatification4 ,by the ,rev4 ,charles ,b4 ,garside1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this tiny and pretty little book costs only fifty cents4 ,we make its small size and price thus prominent1 in order to encourage those who have not money or time to bestow on large books to buy this one and to help its circulation4 ,it contains the substance of the larger biographies of a saint who has done one of the most wonderful works of modern times1 and has become justly the object of an extraordinary devotion among the faithful4 ,the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of our ,lord has become the great devotion of our day1 to the incalculable benefit of the church and the promotion of the most solid piety among the faithful4 ,pius ,,ix4 has constituted himself the ,superior,general of the ,congregation of ,missionaries of the ,sacred ,heart1 and has expressed to several of its members his desire to consecrate the universal church to the ,adorable ,heart of our ,lord1 if he is asked to do it4 ,we trust that the petition to the ,holy ,see will not long be delayed1 and that it will be made in such a way as to show most conclusively how ardent is the sympathy of the members of the church with their august head in his pious sentiments4 ,it is most natural that all who love this devotion should desire to know something of the favored recluse of ,parayle,monial who was chosen by our ,lord as the medium of his revelation1 making known his will that it should be universally promulgated and cherished4 ,there can be no doubt of the real1 supernatural1 and divine character of the extraordinary graces conferred upon her for this intention4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 in his ,decree of ,beatification1 declares that 8whilst she devoted herself day and night to continuous prayer1 being often rapt in ecstasy1 the gifts of divine grace were most plenteously showered upon her0 7p4 #hi74 ,again1 that 8it was now1 as she was praying before the august ,sacrament of the ,eucharist1 that ,christ our ,lord intimated to her that it would be most pleasing to him if the worship of his most ,sacred ,heart1 burning with love for mankind1 were established1 and that he wished the charge of this to be consigned to her0 7p4 #ij74 ,when the ,pope speaks in this manner1 and the most learned and holy bishops1 theologians1 and other sound and judicious ,catholic writers everywhere reecho1 amplify1 and confirm by solid reasoning and evidence the calm and cautious statements of the supreme authority1 hesitation1 criticism1 and doubt are out of place4 ,infidels and heretics may scoff2 we expect them to do it4 ,but devout ,catholics do not need to wait for a positive command under pain of sin in order to believe readily and joyously2 and to let their hearts take fire with the devotion that burns everywhere among the faithful1 kindled by a spark from heaven which fell into a virgin bosom1 and has been communicated from her1 under the fanning of the wings of the divine ,dove1 until it has enkindled the whole world4 ,we trust the time may soon come when the canonization of the ,blessed ,margaret ,mary will give to the whole church the privilege of celebrating ,mass in her honor1 and make her day a universal feast4 ,in the meantime1 we welcome and most earnestly recommend the little book of ,f4 ,garside1 and wish for it the widest possible circulation4 ,,the ,,spiritual ,,conflict ,,and ,,conquest4 ,by ,dom ,j4 ,castaniza1 ,o4 ,s4 ,b4 ,edited with ,preface and ,notes by ,canon ,vaughan1 ,monk of the ,english ,benedictine ,congregation4 ,reprinted from the ,old,english translation of #afeb4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,vast numbers of ,catholics have read the treatise which in ,english has been known by the title of ,the ,spiritual ,combat1 and has been widely circulated in many other languages besides the ,italian1 from which the ,english translation was made4 ,it has been always attributed to ,f4 ,scupoli1 a ,theatine1 who in reality only translated and adapted it1 with alterations and additions1 from the ,spanish of ,dom ,castaniza1 a ,benedictine who lived at the same time with ,s4 ,teresa4 ,in this altered form it has been generally esteemed as second only to the ,imitation of ,christ1 which1 by the bye1 has lately been conclusively proved not to be the work of ,thomas ,kempis1 ,gerson1 or any other writer to whom its authorship has been ascribed4 ,the complete work of ,dom ,castaniza1 which was translated into ,english in #afeb1 is now once more brought to light1 and republished in the most perfect manner1 with a preface and notes1 increasing its value very considerably1 by a member of the remarkable ,vaughan family1 a brother1 we presume1 of our illustrious and highly honored friend1 the ,bishop of ,salford4 ,we are disposed to regard this treatise in its present complete form as decidedly the best spiritual guide in the ,english language for the great majority of devout ,catholics4 ,this is very high praise1 but it is1 in our opinion1 not exaggerated4 ,let our readers examine for themselves1 and we are inclined to think they will find our judgment correct4 ,we ought to say that even now1 as it stands1 a considerable portion of the first part of the book is made up of ,scupoli's additions4 ,in the main1 we have no fault to find with the translation4 ,we like that oldfashioned1 terse1 strong ,english which is found in ,old ,english writers4 ,but it is sometimes rude and even coarse1 and in the present work there are a few passages which are revolting to the more correct modern taste1 and which therefore become really irreverent4 ,the ,month has a very severe1 though1 as is always the case in that periodical1 a courteous and polite1 critique on the preface and notes of ,canon ,vaughan4 ,it accuses him of boasting too much of his order1 and of 8girding0 at other people4 ,we have looked through the book with this criticism in our hand1 and we must say that we find it overstrained4 ,we cannot see any evidence that ,canon ,vaughan is disposed to undervalue other orders different from his own1 or that his remarks upon methods of direction used in other societies are intended to censure anything except indiscretion and exclusiveness in their application4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns4 ,by ,m4 ,a4 ,t41 ,author of ,the ,house of ,yorke4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,another story from the pen of the author of ,the ,house of ,yorke4 ,turning as the interest of the tale does on the discovery of a criminal in whose stead an innocent man is imprisoned and actually condemned1 it is yet so skilfully conducted that none of the disgusting realistic details of what is known as the sensational school are brought in to mar the work4 ,it really is a case of touching pitch1 and yet not being1 in a literary sense1 defiled4 ,the circumstantial evidence on which the supposed murderer is condemned is very well managed1 and1 until the facts are thrust upon the reader1 there is no chance of his discovering the real criminal4 ,this is a very great attainment in novelwriting1 and1 in this day of hackneyed 8situations10 one very seldom reached4 ,it is difficult nowadays to take up any book1 especially one referring to such events as are treated in ,grapes and ,thorns1 without at once seeing through the conventional skeleton of the story1 and picking out the main points in it beforehand4 ,as to style1 we can only say of this book what all the literary world said of ,the ,house of ,yorke--that it alone would recommend even the flimsiest web of story4 ,the author has1 in addition to this rare charm of style1 a faculty1 so far as we know peculiar to herself among current novelists1 of investing with poetical grace the most commonplace things of everyday life1 even such hopelessly prosaic subjects as the engine and engine driver of a nighttrain1 and1 worse still1 a grocer's shop and a palette full of syrups6 ,the descriptions of ,rome are a feature of the book1 but so are the delineations of ,new ,england scenery1 in snowstorm and autumn glories as well as in its summer dress of fresh greenery and moistness1 which is so delicately sketched in the picture of the ,pond farm1 the waterlilies1 and the strong1 beautiful young boatwoman4 ,but to come to the chief point1 the characters2 for of the story itself we say nothing1 hoping that every reader of this notice has either read the book or will immediately do so4 ,annette is unquestionably the only heroine of the tale1 although in the beginning one may be induced to consider the beautiful1 conscientious1 highprincipled ,honora ,pembroke as entitled to that place of honor4 ,mrs4 ,gerald is another welldrawn female character in the story4 ,the most touching thought in the whole story is contained in her gentle words after she has found her son's footsteps on the fresh mould of the violetbed under her window3 8,i mean to sow little pink quill daisies in those two footprints4444 ,when they come back1 the tracks will be green40 ,anita1 the little conventflower1 is a very beautiful conception2 she is like one of the ethereal angels of ,fra ,angelico1 not a common mortal4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier is the very reverse1 but her generous championship of ,max ,schninger goes far to redeem the vulgarity that shocks one in the early part of the book1 where she constitutes herself spy over ,lawrence's actions1 and lectures him to the verge of insanity4 ,we have now mentioned the name of the hero of the story1 ,schninger1 the ,jewish musician1 on whom falls the false accusation of murder4 ,his character is all but faultless1 the only exceptions1 perhaps1 being his rather uncontrolled and fierce burst of joy when released from his seven months' imprisonment1 and his general attitude towards ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,the latter is more excusable than the former2 but if the hero of a book were faultless1 he would be unnatural as a man4 ,schninger is a wonderful conception2 so selfreliant1 selfcontained1 and yet not harsh1 not repulsive even1 in his defiance4 ,the opinion of the world is nothing to him2 he has his own standard of right and wrong1 and he lives up to it2 he would think martyrdom a trifle1 if endured for the truth2 he sees straight to the core of things1 and will be as uncompromising a ,christian after his conversion as he was an earnest ,jew before it4 ,we think1 however1 that the author has made a mistake in making him a ,reformed ,jew4 ,doubtless it was meant to enable him to parade the superior spirituality which was the only form of religion possible for such a man2 but the ,reformed ,jews are no nearer to a high spiritual standard1 as contrasted with the orthodox ,jews1 than the ,lutheran or ,calvinist sects are as contrasted with the true ,church4 ,they are mere secessionists from the old faith1 and1 like all branches divided from the parent trunk1 are more or less withering into atheism and infidelity4 ,an orthodox ,jew is much more likely to be converted to ,catholicity than a ,reformed ,jew4 ,f4 ,chevreuse is a very beautiful character1 especially after the scene in ,lawrence's room1 where the priest and his penitent are alone with their solemn secret1 and face to face with ,god4 ,some one once said of ,the ,house of ,yorke that there was an undefinable 8something0 wanting in the character of the priest of that story1 and that doubtless it was not given to any one to be able to delineate truly a perfect priest4 ,perhaps it is so1 for it is most difficult to portray a life in which the supernatural mingles with and effaces the natural to such an extent as it does in the life of a true priest2 but in ,f4 ,chevreuse the author has gone as near to the ideal as any one could well go4 ,lawrence ,gerald is a very difficult character to analyze--a peculiar product of ,american civilization 7this assertion would be very hard to prove categorically1 but every one who has read the book will understand what we mean72 a man for whom our feelings change1 during the progress of the tale1 to a degree that almost gives him at the last the moral preeminence which at the beginning would have been difficult to award even to saintly ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,truly1 in his case1 as he himself says1 8,nothing but utter ruin could have brought him to his senses40 ,there are souls whose salvation ,god works in this way1 and ,lawrence's penance certainly reads like some biography of a medival sinner gradually turning into the life of a grand saint4 ,the human element is not absent1 either1 in this picture1 of a most unusual expiation1 and no scene in the book will be read with more emotion than that of the artist sketching the sleeping ,lawrence1 and adding1 at the eager suggestion of the 8woman under the arch10 the 8cluster of yellow flowers which touched his head in the form of a crown40 ,we venture to say that nothing short of the influence of a sojourn at ,rome and the personal contact with a life of exuberant1 allpervading ,catholicity1 such as that of the ,italians1 could have suggested such a remarkable ending to ,lawrence's career4 ,of the subordinate characters of ,grapes and ,thorns--,john1 the shrewd1 hard1 honest footman2 ,jane1 the faithful but exasperating housekeeper of ,f4 ,chevreuse2 ,dr4 ,porson1 the ,crichton cynic and man of the world2 ,f4 ,o',donovan1 the fast friend at need of his brotherpriest2 ,mother ,chevreuse1 the bright1 tender1 brave woman1 of whom we get but a glimpse2 ,sister ,cecilia1 a counterpart of ,honora--we can only say that they show the varied acquaintance of the author with many and widely different types of mankind4 ,the pettiness and prejudice of 8liberal0 ,crichton are well defined in the hueandcry which soon follows ,schninger's arrest1 and the equally intemperate revulsion in his favor when he is proved innocent4 ,it is remarkable that no one but ,f4 ,chevreuse and ,mrs4 ,ferrier believed firmly in his innocence while circumstances all pointed so suspiciously to him as the murderer1 except1 of course1 those who already knew the miserable secret4 ,in spite of the great merits of this story1 it has1 nevertheless1 like ,the ,house of ,yorke1 one great defect which mars its excellence1 not perhaps as a work of art1 but as a specimen of the ,catholic ideal in art4 ,annette1 the heroine1 acts foolishly1 unreasonably1 and against the sense of personal dignity and worth which the perfect ,christian maiden must cherish1 as next to her faith and honor1 in marrying the unhappy ,lawrence ,gerald4 ,this shows that the author's ideal woman is not the highest type of her sex1 and that she fails to appreciate the lofty1 ,christian idea of conjugal love and of marriage4 ,honora ,pembroke ought to have been the heroine1 and although she has not been fortunate enough to win the sympathy of critics and readers generally1 especially of the fair sex1 we are glad to see that the author has given us at least one specimen of a woman who is governed by conscience and reason1 and not by sentiment4 ,another fault1 against which we beg leave here to caution all our writers of light articles and stories for the magazine1 is the introduction of the writer's private and personal opinions on matters connected with religion and the church4 ,we request1 once for all1 that such matters may be left to the editor of the magazine and those whom he judges competent to treat of them expressly4 ,,an ,,essay ,,contributing ,,to ,a ,,philosophy ,,of ,,literature4 ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,haffelfinger4 #ahgd4 ,the aim of this essay is to give such principles as are calculated to counteract the false and baneful ideas proposed in our textbooks on ,english literature4 ,the author1 one of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 who modestly conceals his name1 is a worthy confrre of ,gerald ,griffin4 ,evidently1 his reading is extensive1 his taste fine and accurate1 and his mind truly philosophical4 ,the unassuming book he has put forth is one which teachers in the department of ,english literature and intelligent students of the same will find to be of great service4 ,,amelia2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,piety4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgd4 ,this is a story quite romantic and sensational in its character1 but withal very pious1 and showing very dramatically high virtue in contrast with great wickedness1 and triumphing over it4 ,in one part of it ,amelia makes a promise which a ,catholic could not make without grievous sin4 ,she promises1 namely1 her supposed parents1 who were ,protestants1 that if they will listen to a discussion between a priest and a minister1 she will embrace their religion1 provided they declare their conviction that the minister has the best of it4 ,the use of the word 8,catholicism0 to express the ,catholic religion1 though sometimes allowable1 is awkward and unsuitable as it occurs in the story4 ,critically speaking1 this story is not much1 but it may amuse children1 who are generally not very critical if there are plenty of remarkable incidents to excite their emotions4 ,there are hosts of stories like this in the ,french language1 many of which are much better4 ,it is a pity that more care and taste are not sometimes shown in selecting among them for translation4 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,the ,,empires1 ,,historical ,,periods4 ,by ,henry ,william ,wilberforce4 ,preceded by a ,memoir of the ,author by ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,with a portrait4 ,london3 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the essays contained in this volume are reprints of articles from the ,dublin ,review4 ,the memoir1 by the dear friend of the author1 ,dr4 ,newman1 though brief1 is a complete little biography of a justly distinguished and most estimable man1 who honored the illustrious name of ,wilberforce by his sacrifices1 his virtues1 and his valuable literary labors4 ,,alexander ,,the ,,great4 ,a ,,dramatic ,,poem4 ,by ,aubrey de ,vere1 ,author of 8,legends of ,s4 ,patrick40 ,london3 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society474 ,a dramatic poem by ,aubrey de ,vere could not be other than noble in theme and thoughtful and delicate in execution4 ,almost alone among the poets of the day1 not many of whom equal1 and not one of whom surpasses1 him in the higher qualities of insight and subtle imagination1 he seems never to have felt the debasing touch of that materialism which in one department of letters seeks to elevate science at the expense of faith1 and in another to degrade poetry to be the beautiful but shameless minister to all that is lowest in man's nature4 ,religion1 which he has served so faithfully1 has rewarded his devotion by lifting him into a clearer atmosphere than can be breathed by men devoid of faith1 and has made him worthy to be ranked with those true poets who sing not alone for the busy1 itching ears of their contemporaries1 but for a wider1 because a more enduring1 audience4 ,nevertheless1 ,mr4 de ,vere's lyric poetry1 subtle and delicate as it is1 could hardly1 we should say1 have prepared his readers for the power shown in his conception and delineation of the hero of his drama1 ,alexander1 the greatest of the great conquerors whom the world has seen4 ,his poem is absolutely simple in aim and in detail1 and gains interest1 if not solely1 yet almost solely1 from the manner in which he has strongly though briefly expressed his idea of what a great conqueror1 a man with aims truly imperial1 swayed by no mean passion1 and filled with the idea of welding into one all peoples1 and informing them by the highest purely human intelligence1 should be4 ,what literal truth there is in the picture--how nearly the ,alexander of the play resembles him who died at thirtythree1 the master of half the world--is not a question of any special interest4 ,it is enough that ,mr4 de ,vere's hero is a noble and intrinsically true conception1 and a fit measure by which to estimate the true proportions of those lesser men whom the world once in an age sees filled with the lust of empire1 but void of the skill and quick insight which should make them avoid its perils4 ,in his play1 indeed1 ,mr4 de ,vere1 who follows the tradition of ,josephus1 and makes ,alexander visit once the temple at ,jerusalem1 and pay to its highpriest such reverence as he had never shown to mortal man1 makes him listen there to the warning that his power must have its 8term and limit10 and that he who would indeed wear the world's crown 8should be the ,prince of ,peace40 ,and yet the errors and mistakes by which great men seem blindly to throw away at last the fruits of their long toil seem to the onlooker as if they might have been so easily avoided that it is always necessary to remind one's self how little is truly in the power of man1 and how surely ,god controls even the crimes and follies of those who seem to rule the world4 ,aside1 however1 from the fine scenes in which ,mr4 de ,vere brings out his idea of his hero1 the play has many subsidiary beauties of a different kind4 ,what poet but himself could have written the two lovely scenes between ,hephestion and ,arsino1 and made his readers see so well the love which either felt1 but of whose return neither was aware8 ,the minor characters1 indeed1 are drawn throughout with the hand of a master who never wastes a stroke1 and who has the art of showing his readers what he wills by lifting them and not by lowering himself4 ,who has painted in our day a lovelier picture than that in which ,hephestion shows us ,arsino's mother8 8,who knew your mother ,till death shall reverence woman's race6 ,in her1 ,though doublydower'd1 a mother and a queen1 ,there lived a soft1 perpetual maidenhood1 ,an inexperienced trust1 timid1 yet frank1 ,shy1 yet through guilelessness forgetting shyness4 ,she seem'd a flowerlike creature come to fruit2 ,she moved among her babes an elder sister2 ,then1 wakened by an infant cry or laugh1 ,full motherhood returned40 ,some qualities of ,mr4 de ,vere's work1 which are more generally known than the virile force displayed in his grasp of the characters of his play1 are shown at their best in the two or three lyrics which occur in it4 ,let us end an inadequate notice1 which may send our readers to the poem itself1 by quoting his exquisite paraphrase of one of the most beautiful of the ,psalms3 8,we sate beside the ,babylonian river3 ,within the conqueror's bound1 weeping we sate2 ,we hung our harps upon the trees that quiver ,above the rushing waters desolate4 8,a song they claimed--the men our tasks who meted-- #8,a song of ,sion sing us1 exile band6' ,for song they sued1 in pride around us seated2 ,how can we sing it in the stranger's land8 8,if ,i forget thee1 ,salem1 in thy sadness1 ,may this right hand forget the harper's art6 ,if ,i forget thee1 ,salem1 in my gladness1 ,my tongue dry up1 and wither1 like my heart6 8,daughter of ,babylon1 with misery wasted1 ,blest shall he be1 the man who hears thy moans2 ,who gives thee back the cup that we have tasted2 ,who lifts thy babes1 and hurls them on the stones60 ,,adeline ,,de ,,chazal2 ,,or1 ,,first ,,experience ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,after ,,leaving ,,school4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,sister of ,s4 ,joseph4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahgd4 ,a great number of young graduates are just now beginning this 8first experience10 after receiving their medals1 crowns1 and premiums1 and listening to the valedictories with which goodby is said to academic halls and groves4 ,miss ,adeline de ,chazal's experience1 and her remarks upon the same1 will probably come home to this class of young ladies with more interest than to any other set of readers4 ,they will find it edifying and instructive1 and1 if they act upon the advice it contains1 they will certainly take a safe course4 ,the list of books for reading is good1 so far as it goes1 but might receive a considerable increase4 ,,the ,,helpers ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,souls4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,b4 ,garside4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the ,helpers of the ,holy ,souls are a religious congregation of women in ,france1 whose special devotion is to aid the souls of the faithful departed in purgatory by their prayers1 good works1 and other suffrages4 ,f4 ,garside gives an account of their foundress and a history of their institution1 with suitable reflections on the great utility of the special object which they have undertaken to promote4 ,,rosemary4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,,short ,,stories4 ,by the same4 ,,the ,,neptune ,,outward ,,bound4 ,by ,winnie4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgd4 ,the first two of these pretty books for children are reprints from the ,english editions already noticed in this magazine2 the third is a lively1 wholesome story imitating ,oliver ,optic4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected4 ,,footnotes #a 8,essentialis ratio substanti ut sic non consistit in esse per se1 quatenus per hc verba describitur ipsum subsistere in actu1 sed in hoc quod habeat talem essentiam1 cui debeatur subsistentia1 seu qu ex se sit sufficiens principium illius40--,suarez1 ,metaph4 ,disp4 #cd1 sect4 #h1 n4 #aa4 #b 1 4--,dialect41 c4 #d4 #c 1 1 1 4--,dialect41 c4 #d4 #d 1 4--,dialect41 c4 #ci4 #e 8,quod in suo maneat1 nec ope subsistat aliena 7,deus71 appellatur substantia40--,de ,incarn41 c4 #aj4 #f ,this absence is a real negation--a negation of imperfection1 so long as we speak of ,god1 who cannot admit of an inferior nature being inserted in the plenitude of his reality2 but a negation of further perfection when we speak of created things1 which are potential1 and can be raised supernaturally above their natural condition4 #g ,contra ,gent41 lib4 #a1 c4 #be4 #h 8,substantia non addit supra ens aliquam differentiam1 qu significet aliquam naturam superadditam enti3 sed nomine substanti exprimitur specialis modus essendi0 7,de ,verit41 q4 #a1 a4 #a74 ,hence this special mode does not constitute the nature or essence of the thing itself1 and for this reason it is not mentioned in its definition1 as ,s4 ,thomas says1 ,quodlib4 #i1 q4 #c4 #i 8,prima substantia est qudam natura sensibilis1 qu nec de subjecto dicitur1 nec in subjecto aliquo est40--,in ,logic4 ,arist41 c4 #e1 ,de ,substantia4 #aj 8,non est de essentia eius subsistentia1 sed modus substanti40--,in #c part1 q4 #gg1 a4 #a4 #aa ,lib4 xi4 c4 #ad4 #ab ,vol4 #b1 q4 #a1 de accident4 #ac 8,in substanti rationem redeuntes1 tria quoad ipsam considerare possumus3 primum1 quod existat1 et quidem in se2 alterum1 quod tali potius quam alia realitate constat1 seu essentia1 ex qua determinat vires operandi dimanant2 tertium1 quod se possideat1 sitque sui juris in existendo4 ,primum proprie et prcise constituit notionem substanti2 alterum conceptum offert natur2 postremum denique1 444 ideam suppositi prbet40--,metaph4 ,gen41 n4 #fd4 #ad 8,ex duobus1 nempe ex re prdicamenti1 et ratione essendi ejus1 qu est ratio prdicamenti1 constituitur ipsum prdicamentum1 et diversificatur unum prdicamentum ab alio40 #ae ,de ,verit41 q4 #a1 a4 #a4 #af 8,non propter defectum alicujus quod ad perfectionem human natur pertineat1 sed propter additionem alicujus quod est supra humanam naturam1 quod est unio ad divinam ,personam40--,summa ,theol41 p4 #c1 q4 #d1 a4 #b4 #ag 8,persona divina sua unione impedivit1 ne humana natura propriam personalitatem haberet40--,ibid4 #ah 8,existere ex se solum dicit habere entitatem extra causas1 seu in rerum natura2 unde de se indifferens est ad modum existendi innitendo alteri ut sustentanti1 et ad modum existendi per se sine aliquo sustentante40--,metaph4 ,disp4 #cc1 sect4 #d1 n4 #bd4 #ai ,it is known that this analogy has been erroneously interpreted by some old and modern heretics1 who taught that ,christ's body is in the ,holy ,eucharist by impanation or by consubstantiation1 and not by transubstantiation4 ,the heresy of impanation asserts that the ,eternal ,word in the ,holy ,eucharist becomes bread by assuming hypostatically the substance of bread4 ,the heresy of consubstantiation assumes that in the ,holy ,eucharist the substance of ,christ's body is united with the substance of the bread1 and that therefore the ,eucharist contains both substances4 ,these heresies are1 of course1 mere corruptions of the traditional doctrine4 ,the first corrupts it by confounding the substantive sustentation with the personal assumption1 and by substituting the latter in the place of the former4 ,the second corrupts it by supposing that a thing substantively supported by an underlying substance continues to exist as a substance2 which is against the traditional definition of substance1 and against the very analogy of which it pretends to be the interpretation2 for1 in virtue of such an analogy1 it is as impossible for a thing thus supported to be a substance as it is impossible for the human nature assumed to be a human person4 ,hence what logically follows from the analogy of the two mysteries is neither impanation nor consubstantiation1 but real and proper transubstantiation--that is1 a real substitution of one substance for another under the remaining sensible species4 #bj 8,subsistere dicit determinatum modum existendi per se et sine dependentia a sustentante2 unde illi opponitur inesse vel inexistere2 dicitque determinatum modum existendi in alio40--,disp4 ,metaph4 #cc1 sect4 #d1 n4 #bd4 #ba ,at the consecration of a church to the ,sacred ,heart4 #bb ,what1 sir6 you bring us all those pretty ladies6 ,you will revolutionize our poor curate4 #bc ,according to ,gov4 ,dix's report for #ahgd1 our 8evangelical0 state church will have to draw the sum of #h1fjj1jjj 7eight million1 six hundred thousand dollars67 out of the public treasury to erect two 8evangelical0 asylums1 one 8evangelical0 hospital1 and one 8evangelical0 nonsectarian state reformatory6 ,from the same report we learn that our 8evangelical0 system of public education cost the state for the year ending ,september #cj1 #ahgc1 the sum of #bj1cee1cda 7twenty million1 three hundred and fiftyfive thousand1 three hundred and fortyone dollars672 and that our 8evangelical0 state church owns twentyseven millions1 seventy thousand1 three hundred and ten dollars' worth of school property6 ,remember that ,catholics pay their proportion of the taxes1 and that most of the public schools are not only 8evangelical0 in their religion1 but some even formally ,methodist by the 8hymns0 and prayers taught in them6 #bd ,how little publicity the 8,evangelical0 press have given to this letter1 because it favored the ,catholics6 #be ,one of our judges--an ex,methodist minister--lately in open court violated the parental right over offspring by sending a ,catholic child to a ,protestant establishment in spite of the respectable father's opposition4 #bf ,the following are the words of our ,state constitution in regard to religion3 8,the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference1 shall for ever be allowed in this ,state to all mankind40--,art4 #a1 sec4 #c4 ,now1 it is known that the 8free exercise0 of the ,catholic religion is not 8free0 in most of our state institutions2 and in most of them there is 8preference and discrimination0 in favor of 8,evangelical0 clergymen and against the ,catholic ,church4 ,the writer could prove by affidavits that in the very city of ,new ,york there is religious persecution in some of the state institutions1 if the general scope of his remarks permitted him to go into many details4 ,where is the ,catholic priest living near a state institution but knows that there is 8discrimination0 made against him8 #bg ,will ,gov4 ,dix1 therefore1 tell us by what right of 8eminent domain0 ,victor ,emanuel robbed the ,pope and confiscated the church property8 ,does ,gov4 ,dix forget that he was one of those who approved this confiscation at the great 8,italian unity0 meeting8 #bh ,s4 ,leonides was also a bishop4 ,see ,euseb41 ,hist4 #f1 c4 #ab2 also ,s4 ,jerome1 ,catal41 c4 #ed4 #bi ,catal4 et ,ep4 ad ,magn4 #cj ,hret4 ,fab41 l4 #a1 c4 #h4 #ca ,stromata1 #a1 #a4 #cb ,s4 ,jerome1 ,catal41 c4 #ed4 #cc ,ibidem4 #cd ,hist4 ,univ4 ,douzime ,epoque4 #ce ,tertullian4 #cf ,general ,history of the ,catholic ,church1 ,darras4 ,american translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #bah4 #cg ,monks of the ,west1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cc4 #ch ,hres41 #fd4 #ci ,orig4 ,defens41 l4 #d1 note p4 #ce4 #dj ,preface1 ,bellamy's ,translation of ,origen's ,apology4 #da ,ps4 cxviii4 #db ,preface to ,vulgate4 #dc ,pref4 ad ,ephes4 #dd ,pref4 in ,pentateuch4 #de ,pref4 in ,job4 #df ,introd4 in ,cantica1 etc41 translated by ,jerome from ,origen4 #dg ,lib4 #b adv4 ,rufinus et passim4 #dh ,in c4 #f ,ep4 ad ,rom4 #di ,tract4 in ,matt4 #ej ,apud ,euseb41 l4 #f1 hist4 c4 #ai4 #ea ,life of ,s4 ,cecilia1 pp4 #i and #aj4 #eb ,cel41 l4 #c4 #ec ,butler's ,saints1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ada4 #ed ,leviticus1 hom4 #i4 #ee ,see ,acts of the ,council of ,nice for proof of this line of reasoning--8,apostolic ,canons40 #ef ,can4 de ,hierarchia ,ecclesi ,con4 ,nicenem4 #eg ,apud ,hieron41 adv4 ,theophilus4 #eh ,apud ,hieron41 #b lib4 8adv4 ,rufinus10 et opera ,s4 ,gregory ,nyssen4 #ei ,de ,principiis1 lib4 i4 #d4 #fj ,see ,life in ,butler1 note vol4 iii4 #fa ,lib4 #b4 adv4 ,rufinus4 #fb ,apud ,hier41 lib4 #b4 adv4 ,ruf4 p4 #bag4 #fc ,the question of ,origen's orthodoxy turns principally on the ,periarchon4 ,the violently heretical character of that book1 as it now stands1 contradicting the most fundamental doctrines of ,christianity1 is the best defence of ,origen4 ,it is altogether contrary to the teaching of his undoubted works1 and1 if it had been acknowledged and defended by him1 there would never have been any controversy at all about his orthodoxy4 ,he would have been at once and universally condemned as the grossest of heretics4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #fd ,christine4 ,par ,louis ,enault4 #fe ,following of ,christ1 b4 i4 c4 xix4 v4 #g4 #ff ,wisdom xi4 #ba4 #fg ,little girl4 #fh ,attribute and property mean the same in reality2 but we usually call them attributes with respect to the thing absolutely considered as a being1 and properties with respect to the thing considered as a principle of operation4 #fi ,a paper read before the ,xavier ,union1 of this city4 #gj ,s4 ,thomas says 7,summa ,contra ,gentiles1 l4 #d1 c4 xi473 8,nam viventia sunt qu seipsa movent ad agendum2 illa vero qu non nisi exteriora movere possunt omnino sunt vita carentia40 ,this1 however1 is rather a description of a vital phenomenon than a definition of life itself4 ,fichte says3 8,life is the tendency to individuation20 which1 like most of the phrases of the ,german pantheists1 means nothing or anything you please4 ,according to ,richerand1 8,life is a collection of phenomena which succeed each other during a limited time in an organized body02 but this applies equally to the succession of phenomena which takes place in the body after death4 ,herbert ,spencer defines life to be 8the coordination of actions02 but what is anything but a co ordination of acting forces1 consequently of actions8 ,this definition is as applicable to sulphuric acid as to life4 #ga ,kant defined truth to be the harmony of thought with thought1 not of thought with things4 #gb ,it may be well to quote the testimony of two ,englishmen on this subject4 ,buckle1 in his ,history of ,civilization1 vol4 i4 page #aeh1 says3 8,thus1 for instance1 the miserable and impudent falsehoods which a large class of ,english writers formerly directed against the morals and private character of the ,french and--to their shame be it said--even against the chastity of ,frenchwomen1 tended not a little to embitter the angry feelings then existing between the two first countries of ,europe3 irritating the ,english against ,french vices1 irritating the ,french against ,english calumnies4 ,in the same way1 there was a time when every honest ,englishman firmly believed that he could beat ten ,frenchmen--a class of beings whom he held in sovereign contempt1 as a lean and stunted race1 who drank claret instead of brandy1 who lived entirely off frogs2 miserable infidels1 who heard ,mass every ,sunday1 who bowed down before idols1 and who even worshipped the ,pope40 8,i did not know10 says ,john ,stuart ,mill1 in his ,autobiography1 8the way in which1 among the ordinary ,english1 the absence of interest in things of an unselfish kind1 except occasionally in a special thing here and there1 and the habit of not speaking to others1 nor much even to themselves1 about the things in which they do feel interest1 cause both their feelings and their intellectual faculties to remain undeveloped1 or to develop themselves only in some single and very limited direction1 reducing them1 considered as spiritual beings1 to a kind of negative existence40 #gc ,the ,old ,faith and the ,new1 p4 #abj4 #gd 8,my name is ,monaco1 ,a rock my seat3 ,i neither reap nor sow1 ,and yet ,i eat40 #ge 8,o thou1 whom chance or will brings to the soil1 ,where fair ,armida doth the sceptre guide1 ,thou canst not fly2 of arms thyself despoil1 ,and let thy hands with iron chains be tied40 --,fairfax's ,translation4 #gf ,a streetlane4 #gg ,the above passage is really in the ,prayers for the ,dead4 ,the ,dominican ritual differs in some respects from the ordinary ritual2 whether it includes any difference in the ,prayers for the ,dying ,i have been unable to ascertain4 ,the above account is taken from some passages in ,lacordaire's life of the saint4 ,lacordaire was himself a ,dominican4 #gh ,the ,baldacchino at ,s4 ,peter's is by ,bernini4 #gi 8,i have found that ,rome is the place where one can enjoy the most happiness40 #hj ,ah6 poor fellow4 ,why1 he is weeping6 #ha ,throughout this poem the lover's songs are in the longer metre2 the lady's in the shorter4 ,in the #ast and #c;d parts1 the songs are all his2 in the #b;d and #dth1 all hers2 in the #eth and #fth1 the two classes are mixed4 #hb ,a ,course of ,philosophy2 embracing ,logic1 ,metaphysics1 and ,ethics4 ,designed as a textbook for the use of schools4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,louage1 ,c4,s4,c41 ,professor in the ,university of ,notre ,dame4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgc4 #hc ,the principal work of this author is in ,latin4 ,we believe that some of his treatises are in ,italian4 ,there are similar works noticed in the ,civilta ,cattolica4 #hd ,poems4 ,by ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti4 ,london4 #ahga4 #he ,these expressions are frequently employed in philosophy1 but are not applied in a uniform manner by several writers4 ,it is known that 8first matter10 or materia prima1 usually means matter without form1 or potency without act2 and nevertheless it is not rare to find the denomination of materia prima applied to the matter which is in the bodies1 and which is certainly not without a form4 ,we cannot enter here into a discussion about this subject2 but it is obvious that1 if we wish to be consistent and avoid equivocation1 we must carefully guard against applying to anything actual the very epithet we employ to characterize its contrary4 #hf ,see ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgc1 page #dga4 #hg ,the general definition of relation is1 ,id4 cuius totum esse est ad aliud se habere4 #hh ,there are philosophers who do not admit any real distinction between a thing and its mode4 ,thus ,tongiorgi 7,ontol41 n4 #adh7 says that 8the mode of any being is really nothing else than the being itself considered in a different manner40 ,this view deserves no discussion1 as it is evidently false4 ,if the mode of a thing were the thing itself1 then the sphericity of the wax would be the wax1 the joy of the soul would be the soul1 and every affection would be the subject of the affection4 ,the author seems to have confounded being1 the participle1 with being1 the substantive4 #hi ,it is well known that the people of ,southern ,italy think they can1 by this gesture1 avert the effects of the jettatura1 or evil eye1 which they attribute to some persons4 #ij ,see ,naples1 and then die4 #ia ,vinedressers4 #ib ,it was a fit of rage4 #ic ,this chapter is taken from a work published soon after the date of the occurrences narrated1 as was the previous one 7,,catholic ,,world1 ,dec41 #ahgc71 on account of the interest which recent events impart to it4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #id ,afterwards ,comte de ,chambord4 #ie ,in fact1 ,stultorum infinitus est numerus4 #if ,force and ,matter3 ,empiricophilosophical studies intelligibly rendered by ,dr4 ,louis ,bchner1 ,president of the ,medical ,association of ,hessen,darmstadt1 etc41 etc4 ,edited by ,j4 ,frederick ,collingwood4 ,second ,english edition4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co4 #ahgj4 #ig ,of these two unseen spirits1 the first voice is that of ,cain2 the second1 that of ,aglauros1 changed to stone for envy of her sister ,herse1 as told by ,ovid4 #ih ,the meaning of this bit or bridle is explained in the preliminary note4 #ii ,holy ,madonna1 assist me4 #ajj ,the ,question of ,anglican ,orders ,discussed4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,estcourt1 ,canon of ,s4 ,chad's ,cathedral1 ,birmingham4 #ahgc4 ,on the ,decision of the ,holy ,office on ,abyssinian ,orders4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,jones4 ,letter to the ,month1 ,november,december1 #ahgc4 #aja ,see the pamphlet1 ,a ,few ,remarks on the ,recent ,work of ,canon ,estcourt1 and the letter1 signed 8,english ,catholic10 to the ,tablet of ,may #c1 #ahgc4 #ajb ,this is true of ,f4 ,kellison's ,survey of the ,new ,religion1 #afjc1 to whom ,canon ,estcourt attributes the first publication of the ,nag's ,head story4 #ajc ,de ,illust4 ,angli ,script41 p4 #ggj4 ,paris1 #afai4 #ajd ,see ,kenrick's ,anglican ,ordinations1 p4 #ha1 and ,tiernay's ,dodd1 append4 ,no4 xlii4 #aje ,de ,antiq4 ,eccles4 ,rit41 lib4 #a1 pt4 iii4 c4 viii4 art4 #aj1 #af4 #ajf ,estcourt1 p4 #fb4 #ajg ,note to ,haddan's ,preface to ,bramhall4 #ajh ,haddan1 ,pref4 to ,bramhall4 #aji ,see ,pref4 to ,bramhall2 but in ,apost4 ,succession1 p4 #bji1 ,mr4 ,haddan says nine out of fortynine4 #aaj ,estcourt1 p4 #gf4 #aaa ,actes de la ,captivit et de la ,morte des ,r4,r4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 ,olivaint1 ,l4 ,ducoudray1 ,j4 ,caubert1 ,a4 ,clerc1 ,a4 de ,bengy1 de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,par le ,p4 ,armand de ,ponlevoy de la mme ,compagnie4 ,paris3 ,g4 ,tegui4 #ahga4 #aab 8,they went forth rejoicing40 #aac ,p4 #df4 #aad 8,but in all things let us exhibit ourselves as the ministers of ,god1 in much patience1 in tribulation1 444 in prisons1 in seditions1 444 through honor and dishonor1 through infamy and good name40--#b ,cor4 vi4 #dh4 #aae 8,it is a great1 a very great virtue to know how to lack all consolation1 human as well as divine1 and to endure willingly for the glory of ,god the exile of the heart40--,imit41 i4 #b1 c4 ix4 #aaf 8,in many more labors1 in prisons more frequently40--#b ,cor4 xi4 #bc4 #aag 8,and you shall be hated by all men for my name's sake40--,matt4 x4 #bb4 #aah ,from hatred of the faith1 hatred of the name of ,jesus ,christ4 #aai ,french proverb3 ,from thread to needle4 #abj ,the pleasure of doing nothing4 #aba ,peasants4 #abb ,mistress4 #abc ,the keepers of the vineyards4 #abd ,peasantry4 #abe ,literal translation of an ,italian term meaning without narrow prejudice4 #abf ,the past is absent1 but not dead4 #abg ,see ,zschokke's ,history of ,switzerland1 page #de1 for all these characters in the uprising against ,austria in #acjg4 #abh ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgd1 p4 #ehd4 #abi ,a lecture ,on ,molecules1 delivered before the ,british ,association at ,bradford1 by ,prof4 ,clerk,maxwell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,nature1 ,september #be1 #ahgc4 #acj ,it is competent1 however1 to furnish the philosopher with all the materials of such a reasoning1 as this very passage clearly shows4 #aca ,book #aj1 ch4 #ae4 #acb ,see ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #hbg4 #acc ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 page #gei4 #acd ,see ,a ,speculation touching ,electric ,conduction and the ,nature of ,matter4 #ace ,theoria ,philosophi ,naturalis p4 #a1 n4 #ah4 #acf ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 page #gff4 #acg 8,long live the spouses6 ,long live the duke6 ,long live the duchess60 #ach 8,beatrice upward gazed1 and ,i on her40 #aci ,the appetite comes with eating4 #adj ,ex ,chron4 ,mauriniac4 ap4 ,harduin ,concil41 tom4 #f1 p4 #abad4 #ada ,wilberforce1 ,holy ,euchar41 p4 #dch4 #adb ,see ,m4 ,le ,grand1 ,dissert4 de ,ord4 ,abyss41 p4 #cfa1 translated by ,s4 ,johnson4 #adc ,godigno1 #a c4 p4 #cbg4 #add ,assemani1 ,controv4 ,copt41 p4 #ahe4 #ade ,estcourt1 ,append4 xxxiv4 #adf ,see ,le ,brun1 ,explic4 ,miss4 7,venice1 #aggj tom4 ii4 p4 #bgc74 #adg ,act4 ,sanct4 ,junii41 tom4 v4 p4 #abh4 #adh ,montesquiou4 #adi ,as unhappy as the stones4 #aej ,my daughter4 #aea ,dear daughter4 #aeb ,such forms are usually said to be produced 8out of the potency of matter02 but this makes no difference4 ,for what is only in potency to exist is still nothing3 hence what is to be drawn out of the potency of matter is still nothing4 ,its production1 however1 is not a creation1 because it implies a real subject4 #aec ,this has been shown in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,march1 #ahgd1 pp4 #gfd1 #gfe4 #aed ,we are not unfrequently imposed upon by the infidel phraseology and the bold assertions of modern scientists4 ,we should remember that bold assertions in science may be as false as they are bold4 ,the theory of the indestructibility of force is one of such assertions2 and yet it is trumpeted about as a demonstrated truth4 ,it is time for us to awake4 ,the seed of atheism is sown everywhere under cover of positive science2 but the fraud may be easily detected4 ,infidel theories are usually mere trash2 and if we were to look into them a little more sharply1 we would find that they bear no examination4 ,it is the duty of our ,catholic professors of physics and mechanics to raise their voices in earnest1 and expose the fraud instead of gobbling it down4 ,we have only pointed out some of the reasons why the new mechanical theory must be rejected2 but its pretensions may be more effectually crushed by thorough scientific and mathematical analysis1 as pure philosophical arguments are unfortunately above the comprehension of most modern students4 #aee ,a paper read before the ,,catholic ,,union of ,boston1 ,mass41 ,june #d1 #ahgd4 #aef ,a ,few ,words on ,church ,choirs and ,church ,music4 #aeg ,apud ,bellasis1 ,memorial of ,cherubini4 #aeh ,cf4 ,bellasis1 loco cit4 #aei ,the only efficient actions of our soul are those by which the will carries its desires into execution4 ,this is done by the will1 not as the faculty of willing1 but as a moving power1 and consequently by means of a truly efficient action4 ,the immanent operations of the soul are1 on the contrary1 formal acts1 not efficient actions4 ,the intellect and the will are moved by their objects in a manner analogous to that in which a material element is moved by physical agents4 ,if an element could treasure up all the momenta it receives from different agents1 and were not under the necessity of following their resultant1 but had the faculty of yielding at pleasure now to this and now to that determination1 then such an element would give us a true image of what our soul is competent to do by immanent operation4 ,the soul treasures up the species impressed by intelligible objects1 that is1 its intellectual momenta1 and fields or not to the attraction of any of them as it chooses4 ,and the like occurs with regard to the object of the will4 ,to think and to will is therefore nothing more than to let one's self be carried by an object or in the direction of an object4 ,accordingly1 the soul1 when understanding or willing1 is indeed actuated by the object1 and therefore is in act2 but this act is resultant1 not efficient4 ,in other terms1 immanent acts are not efficient actions1 but formal attitudes formally resulting from either spontaneous or free movements of the appetitive potency4 #afj ,on this subject see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #gfh4 #afa ,boscovich's ,theoria ,philosophi ,naturalis1 part i4 n4 #ajh4 #afb ,cavendish in #agih made his celebrated experiments concerning terrestrial attraction1 in order to determine the density of the earth2 but his calculations were grounded on the assumption that all the material particles of the earth were equally attractive2 and therefore the result of such calculation cannot be implicitly relied on4 ,m4 ,reich in #ahcg1 and ,m4 ,bayly in #ahdb1 repeated the same experiments1 and calculated the density of the earth according to the same assumption4 ,it did not occur to either of them that the assumption itself might have been subjected to a crucial test by successively substituting spheres of zinc1 iron1 copper1 silver1 etc41 instead of the leaden ones which they uniformly employed4 ,had they tried these substances in a proper manner--that is1 with a suitable modification of the apparatus--we have little doubt that they would have discovered a difference of action for equal masses of different substances4 ,the experiment may yet be made1 and we hope it will1 as it is of great scientific importance2 but it should be encouraged by the help of some powerful scientific body1 as the cost of the new apparatus would probably exceed the ordinary means at the command of unaided individuals4 #afc ,a ,lecture on ,mental ,education1 ,london1 #ahee4 #afd ,in the ,o ,salutaris ,hostia6 #afe ,marie ,antonette4 #aff ,words of ,monsignor ,nardi to ,mrs4 ,peter4 #afg ,a paper read before the ,catholic ,union of ,boston1 ,mass4 ,june #d1 #ahgd4 #afh ,third ,prov4 ,council ,n4 ,y4 #afi ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore1 ,no4 #cfa4 #agj ,third ,provincial ,council of ,new ,york1 decree the third4 ,since this latter decree has been issued many organists have acted in the most senseless manner4 ,instead of composing or arranging music to which the words of the ,sanctus might easily be sung within the prescribed time1 they have retained what they had1 and thus are frequently obliged to interrupt the ,sanctus in the middle of a movement1 and before half the words have been pronounced4 ,sometimes they continue the movement1 and resume the same words after the ,elevation1 and then they find it impossible to sing the ,benedictus1 which should1 as is evident1 immediately follow the consecration4 ,it is true that at the ,high ,mass the celebrant is expected to make a longer memento than usual1 both for the living before the consecration and for the dead after it1 to give the singers time to sing all the words1 but not that they may indulge in useless and tiresome repetitions4 #aga ,histoire ,gnrale de la ,musique ,religieuse4 #agb ,musica ,sacra4 ,boston3 ,carl ,prfer4 #agc ,ave ,verum1 and other ,pieces4 ,boston3 ,oliver ,ditson4 #agd ,history of ,music4 ,boston3 ,oliver ,ditson ,co4 #age ,from the introduction to the foundationcharter of the ,abbey of ,s4 ,mary at ,furness4 #agf ,a countryhouse4 #agg 8,seafruit40 ,the name given at ,naples to starfish1 etc41 which they eat fried4 #agh ,tomatoes1 called apples of gold4 #agi ,we will have him safe4 #ahj ,dearest4 #aha ,little cares4 #ahb ,there are some exceptions1 such as the beautiful candelabra of the ,villa ,diomed4 #ahc ,bedchamber4 #ahd ,court4 #ahe ,receptionroom4 #ahf ,room for guests4 #ahg ,signor ,palmier4 #ahh ,the above doctrine concerning the reality of absolute space is taken from ,lessius' magnificent work1 ,de ,perfectionibus ,moribusque ,divinis 7lib4 ii4 c4 #b71 where he shows that absolute space is the virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,we cannot here develop this doctrine1 nor discuss the objections of those who hold a different opinion4 ,this would lead us too far from our present object1 and give to our dialogue with ,dr4 ,bchner a higher metaphysical character than his arguments deserve4 #ahi ,j4 ,d4 ,dana's ,manual of ,geology4 ,see also ,pianciani's ,cosmogonia ,naturale ,comparata col ,genesi1 ,rev4 ,gerald ,molloy's ,geology and ,revelation1 and ,card4 ,wiseman's ,twelve ,lectures on the ,connection between ,science and ,revealed ,religion4