,illustration3 ,,prospecting ,,the ,,ground4 ,illustration ,,underground ,,treasures3 ,,how ,,and ,,where ,,to ,,find ,,them4 ,a ,,key ,,for ,,the ,,ready ,,determination ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,useful ,,minerals ,,within ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,by ,,james ,,orton1 ,a4,m41 ,late ,professor of ,natural ,history in ,vassar ,college1 ,n4 ,y42 ,cor4 ,mem4 of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 and of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york2 ,author of 8,the ,andes and the ,amazon10 etc4 ,a ,,new ,,edition ,,with ,,additions4 ,,illustrated4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,industrial ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,importers1 #haj ,,walnut ,,street4 #ahha4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgb1 by ,,worthington1 ,,dustin ,,co41 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,copyright3 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co4 #ahha4 ,table of ,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 44444,,page4 ,,introduction4--,money in the ,rocks--,the ,underground ,wealth of our ,country--,valuable ,minerals ,disguised--,how ,great ,fortunes are ,missed--,number of ,minerals in the ,united ,states--,object of this ,work and ,how to ,use it--,the ,best ,mineral ,regions44444#i ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,directions ,,for ,,determining ,,specimens ,,by ,,the ,,key4--,how to ,test ,minerals with the ,simplest ,means--,prospecting with a ,jack-knife and ,common ,sense--,use of the ,key--,how to ,tell ,pyrites from ,gold1 and ,quartz from ,diamond--,all the ,useful ,minerals ,grouped ,according to ,hardness and ,color44444#ae ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,descriptive ,,list ,,of ,,useful ,,minerals4--,the ,gems--,precious ,metals--,valuable ,ores and ,useful ,minerals of the ,united ,states from ,agate to ,zinc--,their ,distinguishing ,characters1 ,uses and ,localities--,a ,mineralogy for ,miners--,agate--,alum--,amethyst--,anth racite--,antimony ,ore--,asbestus--,asphaltum--,azurite--, baryta--,bituminous ,coal--,blende--,bog ,iron ,ore--,brittle ,silver ,ore--,brown ,coal--,calamine--,cannel ,coal--,carnelian--,celestine--,cerussit e--,chromic ,iron--,cinnabar--,cobalt ,pyrites--,copper--,copper ,glance--,copper ,nickel--,copper ,pyrites--,diamond--,emery--,fluor ,spar--,franklinite--,galena--,garnet--, gold--,graphite--,gray ,copper ,ore--,gypsum--,horn ,silver--,iron ,pyrites--,jasper--,kaolin--,lenticular ,iron ,ore--,limonite--,magnetic ,iron ,ore--,magnetic ,pyrites--,malachite--,manganese ,spar--,marble--,mica--,micaceous ,iron ,ore--,nitre--,oxyd of ,manganese--,platinum--,red ,copper ,ore--,red ,hematite--,red ,silver ,ore--,rensselaerite--,rock ,crystal--,rock ,salt--,rutile--,serpentine--,silicate of ,copper--,silver--,silver ,glance--,smaltine--,smithsonite--,spath ic ,iron--,specular ,iron--,spinel ,ruby--,steatite--,strontianite--,sulphu r--,tin ,ore--,topaz--,tourmaline--,variegated ,copper ,ore--,wad--,willemite--,zincite44444#bj ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,prospecting ,,for ,,diamonds1 ,,gold1 ,,silver1 ,,copper1 ,,lead ,,and ,,iron4--,mineral ,riches1 how ,discovered--,indications--,searching for ,diamonds1 and how to ,distinguish them--,paying ,localities of ,gold--8,fool's ,gold0--,prospecting for ,silver and ,copper--,where to ,look for ,lead and ,iron44444#ha ,,chapter ,v4 ,,assay ,,of ,,ores4--,when an ,ore will ,pay--,washing for ,gold and ,platinum--,how to ,assay ,gold in the ,simplest ,way--,to ,test any ,rock for ,gold and ,silver--,to ,find the ,purity of ,gold--,to ,detect and ,assay ,silver ,ores--,assay of ,copper1 ,iron1 ,zinc1 ,tin and ,lead ,ores-,ready ,method of ,testing ,graphite44444#ib ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mineral ,,springs4--,what are ,mineral ,springs--,general ,location--,gas ,springs--,iron ,springs--,sulphur ,springs--,alum ,springs--,epsom ,springs--,salt ,springs--,warm ,springs--,artesian ,wells and ,oil ,wells1 and ,where to ,bore for ,them44444#aje ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,artificial ,,jewelry--,,how ,,made ,,and ,,how ,,detected4--,mock ,diamonds--8,paris ,brilliants0--,the ,manufacture of ,pastes--,false ,ruby1 ,topaz1 ,sapphire1 ,emerald and ,carnelian--,how to ,distinguish ,true and ,false ,gems--,imitation ,pearl and ,coral--,artificial ,gold--,list of ,precious ,stones44444#aad ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,gold ,,in ,,california44444#abg ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,silver ,,in ,,nevada1 ,,and ,,united ,,states ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,statistics44444#acd ,,inscribed ,,to ,,rossiter ,w4 ,,raymond1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,united ,,states ,,commissioner ,,of ,,mining ,,statistics2 ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,engineering ,,and ,,mining ,,journal2 ,,author ,,of 8,the ,mines of the ,west10 etc4 ,underground ,treasures4 ,,note4 ,this little work was not written for mineralogists1 but expressly for the landholder1 the farmer1 the mechanic1 the miner1 the laborer1 even the most unscientific4 ,it is designed to enable such to discover for themselves1 minerals and ores of use in the arts1 and thus develop the resources and ascertain the value of any particular farm or region4 ,it may save the owner from ruinous bargains1 and may reveal a mine of mineral wealth1 more sure and more profitable than any bank4 ,list of ,illustrations4 ,,prospecting ,,the ,,ground ,frontispiece4 ,,fac-,,simile ,,of ,,nugget ,,of ,,gold1 7,california17 ,illuminated ,title ,page4 ,,prospecting ,,diamond ,,drill #dj ,,washing ,,auriferous ,,sands #dg ,,searching ,,for ,,diamonds #aba ,,the ,,saw-,,mill ,,of ,,coloma #abi 7,the place where ,gold was first discovered in ,california47 ,a ,,key ,,for ,,the ,,ready ,,determination ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,useful ,,minerals ,,within ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,money ,,in ,,the ,,rocks--,,the ,,underground ,,wealth ,,of ,,our ,,country--,,valuable ,,minerals ,,disguised--,,how ,,great ,,fortunes ,,are ,,missed--,,number ,,of ,,minerals ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states--,,object ,,of ,,this ,,work ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,it--,,the ,,best ,,mineral ,,regions4 ,minerals head the list of the sources of our nation's wealth4 ,gold1 iron1 coal and marble have not only contributed largely to the enterprise and opulence of ,america1 but at this very moment they exert a commanding influence in political circles4 ,no one can prophesy the greatness of the commercial power which is sure to rise on their foundations4 ,no other country can boast of such vast and valuable mineral deposits4 ,yet our country is not half developed4 ,treasures lie undiscovered in our mountains and under our farms1--gems of 8purest ray serene0 and still more precious metals4 ,some will be accidentally brought to light2 but the majority are so disguised that their real nature is not seen4 ,how unpromising are the best ores of iron1 zinc and silver and the rarest gems6 ,then1 again1 there is 8mimicry0 in the mineral kingdom2 worthless stones are often good imitations of the valuable1 and fortunes have been sunk in mining pyrites for gold1 mica for silver and slate for coal4 ,but if we wait for mineralogists to develop our mineral resources1 we must wait a millenium1 our country is so vast and scientific laborers so few4 ,fortunately1 however1 nature has stamped upon each mineral some peculiar feature or assemblage of characters which enable any one with average common sense to distinguish those which are of value in the arts4 ,the object of this work is to point out those distinctions so clearly and in popular language that those who do not claim to be scientific may determine specimens for themselves2 in other words1 to furnish a key for the ready determination of all the useful minerals within the ,united ,states4#a ,two hundred and forty-four mineral species have been found within the bounds of the ,union4 ,of these only one-third are of any use to the practical man4 ,these eighty have certain general characters in common1 but always some specific differences4 ,the object is to divide them into groups1 as the botanist divides the plants1 and then to separate the individuals by some properties or features peculiar to each4 ,only those minerals are mentioned which are useful3 any specimen1 therefore1 which does not fit any of the descriptions given1 may be considered of no special value4 ,by the term 8color10 is meant the color of a fresh fracture1 for the exposed surface often misrepresents the true aspect4 ,exact color is not meant1 but 8red0 stands for reddish1 8yellow0 for yellowish1 8white0 for a light gray up to the perfectly transparent4 8,magnetic0 means that the specimen disturbs the needle of a compass1 or that a magnet will take up fine particles4 ,a mineral is 8opaque0 if the light will not pass through either the edges or a thin fragment4 ,a 8translucent0 mineral is either clear as crystal or only allows light to pass dimly through a thin portion4 8,effervescence0 is the bubbling produced by the escape of a gas1 as in soda-water4 8,gravity0 is the weight compared with that of an equal bulk of water4 ,in the majority of cases the specimen can be determined without it2 but there may be several doubtful cases which can be settled only by obtaining the gravity4 ,this is done by first weighing a fragment of the mineral in a small apothecary or jeweler's balance1 reckoning it in grains4 ,then by a thread suspend it below one of the scales in a tumbler of water1 taking care that the specimen is covered with water and does not touch the sides4 ,subtract the weight in grains as it hangs in the water from the first weight1 and divide the first weight by the difference3 the result is the gravity4 ,five per cent4 should be allowed for impurities4 ,where exactness is not required1 the gravity of a specimen may be judged by comparing it with well-known substances4 ,thus1 ,the gravity of anthracite coal is about #a4e ,the gravity of brick is about #a4h ,the gravity of clay is about #b4j ,the gravity of marble and glass is about #b4e ,the gravity of slate is about #b4h ,the gravity of cast-iron is about #g4j ,the gravity of copper is about #i4j ,the gravity of lead is about #aa4j ,if the gravity of a mineral is #a4e1 a cubic inch of it will weigh about ounce2 if #b41 #a oz42 if #b4e1 #a oz42 if #c41 #a oz42 if #d41 #b oz42 if #e1 #b oz41 etc4 ,there is no section of our country that may not reward a diligent search for precious or useful minerals4 ,the rocks1 however1 between the ,alleghanies and the ,atlantic and between the ,rocky ,mountains and the ,pacific furnish the greater variety and abundance4 ,here are found the best ores4 ,gold and silver seem to abound more on the western than eastern sides of both mountain-chains4 ,a trap-region1 like the shore of ,lake ,superior and the ,connecticut ,river ,valley1 is likely to be a good locality for copper and iron4 ,the ,mississippi ,valley1 or the region of ,bituminous ,coal1 furnishes chiefly iron and lead2 gold1 silver and copper are seldom found4 ,in general1 where the layers of rock lie level and contain fossil shells1 it is a locality good only for soft coal1 7,new ,york excepted71 iron ore1 gypsum and salt4 ,the regions of granite1 slate1 limestone1 marble1 etc41 offer the greatest inducement to search for useful minerals4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,directions ,,for ,,determining ,,specimens ,,by ,,the ,,key4 ,,how ,,to ,,test ,,minerals ,,with ,,the ,,simplest ,,means--,,prospecting ,,with ,a ,,jack-,,knife ,,and ,,common ,,sense--,,use ,,of ,,the ,,key--,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,pyrites ,,from ,,gold ,,and ,,quartz ,,from ,,diamond--,,all ,,the ,,useful ,,minerals ,,grouped ,,according ,,to ,,hardness ,,and ,,color4 ,first see whether it will scratch common window-glass4 ,if it will make the least mark1 it belongs to division ,a2 if not1 it is to be found in group ,b4 ,next notice whether the light will shine through it3 if it does not pass through even the edges or a thin splinter1 it is opaque2 if any light is allowed to pass1 it is translucent4 ,with a knife see if it is harder or softer than pure white marble2 then1 noting its color1 compare it with the descriptions of minerals referred to by the numbers4 ,if it agree with none1 it may be considered of no use in the arts4 ,to make doubly sure1 get the gravity as described on page #ab4 ,examples3 ,suppose we have an unknown mineral in hand4 ,we first try to scratch glass with it and find it impossible4 ,it therefore belongs to section ,b4 ,next we find it is opaque and yellow1 and evidently heavier and harder than marble4 ,it must be one of two3 #dd attracts the compass-needle1 and this will not2 it is consequently #bf or ,copper ,pyrites1 if it agree with the description4 ,if not1 it is something of no great value4 ,you have found what you think is a diamond1 ,does the specimen scratch glass8 ,yes1 easily1 and is brittle4 ,can you see through it8 ,you say it is clear as glass4 ,look now under section ,a1 8translucent0 series1 number #f 7for it is colorless71 and decide which of the four it is4 ,the first one 7#bg71 is diamond2 but do not let your wishes make it agree4 ,turning to the description1 you read that it can not be scratched with a file or worn down on a grindstone4 ,this decides against it4 ,besides1 the gravity 7#b4e7 is too little4 ,with the next 7#eg7 it agrees perfectly1 and you need not go further4 ,should the specimen1 however1 agree very well with rock crystal1 only that its gravity 7#c4e7 is too great1 then it is topaz4 ,all minerals that scratch glass are brittle1 and all 7save #cb and #df7 are infusible or melt with great difficulty4 ,the following minerals will burn1 evaporate or melt without a flux in an ordinary fire3 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #dd1 #ec1 #ee1 #fb1 #fc1 #gj1 #ga1 #ge4 ,all but the following are heavier than marble3 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #cd1 #cf1 #dj1 #dg1 #dh1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #fi1 #ga4 ,nos4 #b1 #ej and #eh alone dissolve in water4 ,in determining color1 be sure you have a fresh surface1 for the outside is often deceptive4 ,by 8blow-pipe0 is meant the tapering tube used by watch-makers4 ,a4 ,,will ,,scratch ,,glass4 ,i4 ,,opaque4 7#a7 ,black3 #ab1 #bj1 #bh1 #cj1 #db1 #dc1 #ea1 #ed1 #fg1 #gb4 7#b7 ,brown3 #ab1 #bh1 #db1 #ei1 #gb1 #gg4 7#c7 ,red3 #ci1 #df1 #ed4 #ei4 #fg4 7#d7 ,yellow3 #ch1 #gb1 #gg4 7#e7 ,gray3 #bb1 #bh1 #gb4 7#f7 ,white3 #fd4 ,,ii4 ,,translucent4 7#a7 ,brown3 #cb1 #ei1 #gb1 #gg4 7#b7 ,red3 #ag1 #cb1 #df1 #ei1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd4 7#c7 ,yellow3 #cb1 #ei1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg4 7#d7 ,green3 #gd1 #gg4 7#e7 ,violet-blue3 #c4 7#f7 ,white3 #bg1 #eg1 #gc1 #gg4 7#g7 ,banded or clouded3 #a4 ,b4 ,,will ,,not ,,scratch ,,glass4 ,i4 ,,opaque4 ,harder than white marble4#b ,softer than white marble4 7#a7 ,black3 #aa1 #ce1 #dg4 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #bd1 #cd1 #cg1 #di1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef1 #gf4 7#b7 ,brown3 #ff1 #ge4 #ab1 #ad1 #ba4 7#c7 ,red3 #dd1 #ec1 #ge4 #ba1 #bc1 #da1 #ee4 7#d7 ,yellow3 #bf1 #dd4 #ab1 #cc1 #ef4 7#e7 ,green3 #de4 #fj1 #fa4 7#f7 ,gray3 #ce1 #ff4 #e1 #bd1 #ca1 #cd1 #cf1 #di1 #ef1 #fc1 #fi4 7#g7 ,white3 #f1 #i1 #aa4 #cf1 #dj1 #ef1 #fb4 ,,ii4 ,,translucent4 7#a7 ,black3 #aa4 #ee4 7#b7 ,brown3 #i1 #aa1 #fe1 #ff4 #dh4 7#c7 ,red3 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #ec1 #gh4 #cf1 #ee4 7#d7 ,yellow3 #i1 #aa1 #ae1 #bi1 #dh1 #ga4 #dg1 #gh4 7#e7 ,green3 #bi1 #de1 #fe1 #gj4 #dh1 #fj1 #fa4 7#f7 ,blue3 #h1 #ah1 #bi1 #dg4 7#g7 ,gray3 #ai1 #dg1 #fe1 #ff4 #cg1 #fi4 7#h7 ,white3 #ah1 #dg4 #b4 7#i7 ,mottled or ,banded3 #dg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,descriptive ,,list ,,of ,,useful ,,minerals4 ,,the ,,gems--,,precious ,,metals--,,valuable ,,ores ,,and ,,useful ,,minerals ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,from ,,agate ,,to ,,zinc--,,their ,,distinguishing ,,characters1 ,,uses ,,and ,,localities--,a ,,mineralogy ,,for ,,miners4 #a4--;,,agate4 ,this stone is a mixture of several kinds of quartz1 mainly the white1 red1 brown and black1 disposed in layers or clouds4 ,the layers are zigzag1 circular or in straight bands 7onyx74 ,occurs in irregular rounded masses2 not very translucent2 not altered by heat or acids2 cannot be cut with a knife nor split into plates2 takes a high polish2 lustre glassy2 gravity #b4e4 ,,value4--,used for jewelry and ornamental work1 mortars1 vases1 knife-handles1 burnishers1 etc4 ,the colors are deepened by boiling in oil and then in sulphuric acid4 ,,localities4--,found in granite and trap regions1 generally by the shores of rivers1 lakes and the sea2 as1 north-west shore of ,lake ,superior2 ,missouri1 ,columbia1 ,colorado and ,connecticut ,rivers2 ,crescent ,city1 ,cal42 ,hancock ,county1 ,ga42 near ,tampa ,bay1 ,fla42 ,fulton1 ,penn42 ,yellowstone ,lake1 ,wy4#c #b4-;,,alum4 ,occurs in mealy or solid crusts1 often fibrous2 dissolves in water2 tastes sweetish-astringent2 melts and froths up when heated4 ,,value4--,extensively used in dyeing and calico-printing1 candle-making1 dressing skins1 clarifying liquors and in pharmacy4 ,,localities4--,found incrusting and impregnating dark slaty rocks1 with yellow streaks4 ,cape ,sable1 ,md42 ,cleveland ,county1 ,n4 ,c42 coal slates on ,ohio ,river1 and in caves in ,sevier1 ,de ,kalb1 ,coffee and ,franklin ,counties1 ,tenn42 also ,esmeralda and ,storey ,counties1 ,nev4 #c4--;,,amethyst4 ,same as ,rock ,crystal1 but colored purple or bluish violet4 ,generally in clustered crystals4 ,,value4--,when clear and finely colored1 it is a favorite gem4 ,,localities4--,usually found with agate4 ,keweenaw ,point1 ,pic ,bay and ,gargontwa on ,lake ,superior2 ,bristol1 ,r4 ,i42 ,surry1 ,n4 ,h42 ,east ,bradford1 ,aston1 ,chester1 ,thornbury1 ,edgemont1 ,sadsbury1 ,birmingham1 ,middletown and ,providence1 ,penn42 ,greensboro1 ,n4 ,c4 #d4--;,,anthracite4 ,occurs massive2 compact2 high lustre2 brittle2 breaks with a curved surface2 will not scratch marble2 burns1 but not readily1 with a pale blue flame and little smoke2 will not form coke by roasting2 gravity #a4d to #a4h4 ,,value4--,used for fuel and sometimes cut into inkstands1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in beds between slates and sandstones1 and east of the ,alleghany range only1 as ,eastern ,pennsylvania2 ,portsmouth1 ,r4 ,i42 ,mansfield1 ,mass42 ,north ,carolina4 ,no workable beds will be found in ,new ,york4 ,the rocks in anthracite regions are tilted1 bent and broken1 never level to any great extent4 ,impressions of leaves are good indications4 #e4--;,,antimony ,,ore4 ,occurs fibrous or granular2 color lead gray1 often tarnished2 shining lustre1 brittle2 but thin pieces can be cut off with a knife2 melts in a candle1 at a high heat passing off in vapor2 gravity #d4e4 ,,value4--,the source of the antimony of commerce1 containing seventy per cent4 ,,localities4--,found associated with ,silver1 ,spathic ,iron1 ,blende1 ,baryta and ,quartz4 ,carmel1 ,me42 ,lyme1 ,n4 ,h42 ,soldier's ,delight1 ,md42 ,aurora1 ,nev42 ,san ,amedio ,caon and ,tulare ,county1 ,cal4 #f4--;,,asbestus4 ,occurs finely fibrous1 flax-like2 flexible1 not elastic2 silky lustre1 sometimes greenish2 gravity #c4 ,,value4--,used for lining safes and steam-packing1 and for making incombustible cloth1 lamp-wicks1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in granite-regions east of the ,alleghanies2 often with ,serpentine4 ,brighton1 ,dedham1 ,newbury1 ,pelham and ,sheffield1 ,mass42 ,milford1 ,west ,farms1 ,winchester and ,wilton1 ,conn42 ,chester1 ,mt4 ,holly and ,cavendish1 ,vt42 ,patterson1 ,phillipstown1 ,monroe and ,staten ,island1 ,n4 ,y42 ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j42 ,east ,nottingham1 ,goshen and ,aston1 ,penn42 ,bare ,hills and ,cooptown1 ,md42 ,barnet's ,mills1 ,va4 #g4--;,,asphaltum4 ,occurs massive2 brittle2 breaking with high lustre like hardened tar1 and with curved surface2 melts and burns readily with flame and smoke2 gravity #a4b1 sometimes floats on water4 ,,value4--,used for cements and varnishes4 ,,localities4--,found generally near the surface4 ,near the coast of ,santa ,barbara1 ,cal42 ,west ,virginia1 twenty miles south of ,parkersburg4 #h4--;,,azurite4 ,occurs in crystals and masses with glassy lustre1 or earthy and dull2 brittle2 crackles and blackens1 and finally fuses by heat2 dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid2 gravity #c4e4 ,,value4--,a valuable ore of copper1 containing sixty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found chiefly in lead and copper mines4 ,perkiomen lead mine1 ,cornwall1 ,phoenixville and ,nicholson's ,gap1 ,pa2 near ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j42 near ,mineral ,point1 ,wis42 ,polk ,county1 ,tenn42 ,calaveras and ,mariposa ,counties1 ,cal42 near ,virginia ,city1 ,mont4 #i4--;,,baryta1 ,,or ,,heavy ,,spar4 ,occurs in crystals1 plates and masses2 powder white2 brittle2 crackles when strongly heated2 not dissolved in acids2 easily distinguished by its weight2 gravity #d4e1 or twice as heavy as ,gypsum4 ,,value4--,used extensively as white paint and in pottery4 ,,localities4--,found in mining districts1 often with lead1 copper and iron ores1 and in limestone4 ,piermont1 ,n4 ,h42 ,hatfield1 ,southampton and ,leverett1 ,mass42 ,cheshire and ,berlin1 ,conn42 ,pillar ,point1 ,rossie1 ,carlisle1 ,scoharie1 ,de ,kalb1 ,gouverneur1 ,n4 ,y42 ,fauquier and ,buckingham ,counties1 ,va42 ,union1 ,gaston and ,orange ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 near ,paris1 and in ,anderson1 ,fayette1 ,mercer and ,owen ,counties1 ,ky42 on ,brown's ,creek and ,haysboro1 ,tenn42 ,bainbridge1 ,o42 ,scales ,mound1 ,ill42 ,prince ,vein1 ,lake ,superior2 ,mine-a-,barton1 ,mo42 near ,fort ,wallace1 ,n4 ,m42 ,ingo ,county1 ,cal4 #aj4--;,,bituminous ,,coal4 ,occurs in masses1 beds or seams2 softer and duller than ,anthracite2 often a bright pitchy lustre2 brittle1 showing a slaty or jointed structure rather than curved surface2 powder black2 burns readily with yellow flame2 by roasting forms coke2 gravity #a4e or less4 ,,value4--,used for fuel and the production of gas1 coke1 carbolic acid and aniline4 ,,localities4--,found west of ,harrisburg1 ,pa41 in rocks 7slates and sandstones7 less disturbed than in the ,anthracite region4 ,western ,pennsylvania2 ,south-east ,ohio2 ,west ,virginia2 ,eastern ,kentucky and ,tennessee to ,tuscaloosa2 ,north-west ,kentucky2 ,illinois2 ,iowa2 ,missouri2 ,kansas2 ,arkansas2 ,northern ,texas2 ,central ,michigan2 ,owyhee ,county1 ,idaho2 ,deer ,lodge and ,gallatin ,counties and sixty miles north-east of ,bannock1 ,mont4 #aa4--;,,blende4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 waxy lustre1 but not always very apparent2 usual color1 rosin-yellow to dark brown2 brittle2 the powder1 which is whitish to reddish-brown1 dissolves in muriatic acid giving off the odor of rotten eggs2 by roasting gives off sulphur-fumes2 infusible alone1 but on charcoal at a high heat gives off white fumes2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,an ore of zinc 7containing sixty-six per cent47 and a source of white vitriol4 ,often worked for its ,silver and ,gold4 ,,localities4--,found with lead and other ores4 ,lubec and ,bingham1 ,me42 ,eaton1 ,warren and ,shelburne1 ,n4 ,h42 ,sterling1 ,southampton and ,hatfield1 ,mass42 ,brookfield1 ,berlin1 ,roxbury and ,monroe1 ,conn42 near ,wurtzboro'1 ,cooper's ,falls1 ,mineral ,point1 ,fowler1 ,ancram1 ,clinton and ,spraker's ,basin1 ,n4 ,y42 ,wheatley and ,perkiomen lead-mines1 ,schuylkill1 ,shannonville and ,friedensville1 ,pa42 ,austin's lead-mine1 ,va42 ,haysboro'1 ,brown's ,creek and ,polk ,counties1 ,tenn42 ,prince ,vein1 ,mich42 ,dubuque1 ,ia42 ,warsaw1 ,rosiclare and ,galena1 ,ill42 ,shullsburg1 ,wis42 ,stillwater1 ,minn4 #ab4--;,,bog ,,iron ,,ore4 ,occurs in masses or beds1 looking much like hard brown earth2 loose or porous and earthy1 rather than compact and nodular2 powder yellowish-brown2 when strongly heated becomes black and magnetic2 gravity nearly #d4 ,an earthy yellow variety is called ,yellow ,ochre4 ,,value4--,an important ore1 yielding thirty-five per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in low1 marshy grounds2 widely distributed4 ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,h42 ,berkshire and ,plymouth ,counties1 ,mass42 ,columbia1 ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,franklin and ,jefferson ,counties1 ,n4 ,y42 ,new ,limerick1 ,katahdin1 ,newfield1 ,shapleigh1 ,argyle1 ,clinton1 ,williamsburg and ,lebanon1 ,me42 ,darien and ,martin ,counties1 ,ind42 ,monmouth ,county1 ,n4 ,j42 ,somerset and ,worcester ,counties1 ,md42 ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 etc4 #ac4--;,,brittle ,,silver ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 metallic lustre2 tarnishes yellow1 gray and finally black2 easily cut or broken2 when heated gives off fumes of sulphur and antimony1 affording a button of silver2 dissolved in nitric acid1 it silvers copper placed in it2 gravity #f4 ,,value4--,a rich ore of silver1 containing over sixty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in veins with other silver ores1 in ,nevada and ,idaho4 #ad4--;,,brown ,,coal4 ,occurs like ,bituminous ,coal1 but usually brownish-black with less lustre1 and often showing a woody or slaty structure2 powder always brown2 contains fossil plants2 gravity between #a4b and #a4e4 ,,value4--,inferior to ,no4 #aj4 ,makes no coke4 ,can be used in the manufacture of alum4 ,,localities4--,found in thin veins or elliptical masses1 never in extensive layers like ,pennsylvania coal4 ,near ,richmond1 ,va42 ,deep ,river1 ,n4 ,c42 ,michigan1 ,missouri1 ,texas2 ,evanston1 ,utah2 ,coal ,creek and ,bellmonte1 ,col42 ,boreman1 ,dearborn ,river and ,greenhorn ,gulch1 ,mont4 #ae4--;,,calamine4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 glossy lustre2 harder than marble2 brittle2 heated it swells up1 becomes opaque and emits a green light2 dissolves1 when powdered1 in hot sulphuric acid without effervescence2 gravity #c4d4 ,,value4--,an ore of zinc yielding from forty to sixty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone rock with other ores4 ,friedensville1 ,perkiomen1 ,phnixville1 ,lancaster and ,selin's ,grove1 ,pa42 ,austin's ,mines in ,wythe ,county1 ,va42 ,claiborne ,county1 ,tenn42 ,jefferson ,county1 ,mo4 #af4--;,,cannel ,,coal4 ,occurs in compact masses2 dull lustre2 brittle1 breaking with a curved surface2 burns readily but does not melt2 does not soil the fingers2 gravity about #a4b4 ,,value4--,used for fuel and for making gas1 oil and ornaments4 ,,localities4--,found in the ,mississippi ,valley2 ,kentucky2 ,lick1 ,ohio2 ,illinois2 ,moniteau ,county1 ,mo42 ,kenawha ,county1 ,va42 ,beaver ,county1 ,pa4 #ag4--;,,carnelian4 ,occurs in masses or pebbles2 at first grayish1 but by exposure to the sun becomes uniform flesh1 red or brown1 never striped1--although ,carnelian may form one of the bands of an ,agate2 brittle1 breaking with a curved surface2 very hard2 takes a fine polish2 glassy or resinous lustre2 gravity #b4f4 ,,value4--,used for jewelry4 ,when of two layers1 white and red1 7properly called sardonyx17 it is used for cameos4 ,,localities4--,same as ,agate4 #ah4--;,,celestine4 ,occurs crystallized1 fibrous and massive2 color white1 often faint bluish2 glassy lustre2 very brittle2 under the blow-pipe crackles and melts1 tinging the flame red2 does not dissolve in acids2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,the source of nitrate of strontia1 used in fire-works4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone1 gypsum and sandstone4 ,rossie1 ,schoharie1 ,chaumont ,bay1 ,depauville and ,stark1 ,n4 ,y42 ,frankstown1 ,pa42 ,strontian and ,put-in-,bay ,islands1 ,lake ,erie2 near ,nashville1 ,tenn42 ,fort ,dodge1 ,iowa4 #ai4--;,,cerussite4 ,occurs in crystals1 in powder or masses2 glassy lustre2 brittle2 dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence2 heated strongly on charcoal crackles and fuses1 giving a globule of lead2 gravity #f4d4 ,,value4--,a rich ore of lead yielding seventy-five per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in lead mines4 ,southampton1 ,mass42 ,perkiomen1 ,phnixville1 ,charlestown and ,schuylkill1 ,pa42 ,wythe ,county1 ,va42 ,washington ,mine1 ,n4 ,c42 ,valle's ,diggings1 ,mine-la-,motte and ,mine-a-,burton1 ,mo42 ,davies and ,rock ,counties1 ,ill42 ,blue ,mounds1 ,wis42 ,ingo ,county1 ,cal4 #bj4--;,,chromic ,,iron4 ,occurs in compact masses2 powder dark brown2 small pieces sometimes attracted by the magnet2 brittle1 breaking with uneven surface2 with borax melts into a green globule2 not acted upon by acids2 little lustre2 gravity #d4d4 ,,value4--,used in making the chrome pigments4 ,,localities4--,found in ,serpentine4 ,bare ,hills1 ,cooptown and north part of ,cecil ,county1 ,md42 ,nottingham1 ,w4 ,goshen1 ,williston1 ,fulton1 ,mineral ,hill1 ,texas and ,unionville1 ,pa42 ,jay1 ,new ,fane1 ,westfield and ,troy1 ,vt42 ,chester and ,blanford1 ,mass42 ,loudon ,county1 ,va42 ,yancy ,county1 ,n4 ,c42 ,north ,almaden1 ,new ,idria and ,coloma1 ,cal4 #ba4--;,,cinnabar4 ,occurs in granular or earthy masses2 resembles iron-rust1 but is a yellowish-red2 powder scarlet2 easily cut with a knife2 thrown on red-hot iron1 evaporates1 giving off odor of sulphur2 rubbed on copper1 8silvers0 it2 gravity #i1 or about as heavy as ,copper4 ,,value4--,the source of mercury 7containing eighty-four per cent47 and vermilion4 ,,localities4--,found in slate and limestone rocks4 ,centreville1 ,coulterville1 ,new ,idria and ,new ,almaden1 and ,lake and ,san ,luis ,obispo ,counties1 ,california2 ,idaho4 #bb4--;,,cobalt ,,pyrites4 ,occurs crystallized and massive2 does not scratch glass easily2 metallic lustre2 tarnish1 copper-red2 powder1 blackish-gray2 brittle2 heated on charcoal gives off sulphur fumes2 heated with borax gives a blue glass2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,an ore of cobalt1 yielding twenty per cent4 ,,localities4--,usually found in slate or granite rocks with ,copper ,pyrites4 ,mineral ,hill1 ,md42 ,mine-la-,motte1 ,mo4 #bc4--;,,copper4 ,occurs in irregular masses2 metallic lustre2 can be cut with a knife2 malleable2 ductile2 fusible2 gravity #h4h4 ,,value4--,a source of copper and silver4 ,,localities4--,most abundant in the trap and 8freestone0 regions4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,somerville1 ,schuyler's and ,flemington1 ,n4 ,j42 ,whately1 ,mass42 ,cornwall and ,shannonville1 ,pa42 ,polk ,county1 ,tenn42 ,keweenaw ,point1 ,lake ,superior2 ,calaveras1 ,amador and ,santa ,barbara ,counties1 ,cal42 on ,gila ,river1 ,ariz4 #bd4--;,,copper ,,glance4 ,occurs crystallized and massive2 color1 blackish lead-gray1 often tarnished blue or green2 nearly as hard as marble2 brittle2 a splinter will melt in a candle1 giving off the odor of sulphur2 dissolved in nitric acid1 it will coat a knife-blade with copper2 metallic lustre2 gravity #e4e4 ,,value4--,an ore of copper1 yielding seventy-five per cent4 ,,localities4--,found at copper-mines4 ,simsbury1 ,bristol and ,cheshire1 ,conn42 ,schuyler's ,mines1 ,n4 ,j42 ,orange ,county1 ,va42 near ,newmarket1 ,md42 ,lake ,superior copper-region2 ,la ,paz1 ,arizona2 ,washoe1 ,humboldt1 ,nye and ,churchill ,counties1 ,nev4 #be4--;,,copper ,,nickel4 ,occurs in masses2 metallic lustre2 color pale copper-red2 tarnishes gray to black2 powder pale brownish-black2 brittle2 on charcoal melts giving the odor of garlic2 becomes green in nitric acid2 gravity #g4e4 ,,value4--,an ore of nickel 7containing forty-four per cent47 and arsenic4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions4 ,chatham1 ,conn4 #bf4--;,,copper ,,pyrites4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 color brass-yellow2 tarnishes green2 metallic lustre when freshly broken2 can be cut with a knife2 brittle2 powder greenish black2 on charcoal melts giving off sulphur fumes2 dissolves in nitric acid1 making a green liquid2 gravity #d4b4 ,,value4--,if of a fine yellow hue1 it is a valuable copper ore 7yielding from twelve to forty per cent47 and source of blue vitriol4 ,,localities4--,found in mountainous or granite regions with other ores4 ,lubec and ,dexter1 ,me42 ,franconia1 ,unity1 ,warren1 ,eaton1 ,lyme1 ,haverhill and ,shelburne1 ,n4 ,h42 ,corinth1 ,waterbury and ,strafford1 ,vt42 ,southampton1 ,turner's ,falls1 ,hatfield and ,sterling1 ,mass42 ,bristol and ,middletown1 ,conn42 ,ancram1 ,rossie1 ,wurtzboro' and ,ellenville1 ,n4 ,y42 ,phnixville and ,pottstown1 ,pa42 ,bare ,hills1 ,catoctin ,mountains1 near ,newmarket and ,finksbury1 ,md42 ,phnix and ,walton ,mines1 ,va42 ,greensboro1 ,charlotte and ,phnix ,mines1 ,n4 ,c42 ,hiwassee ,mines1 ,tenn2 ,cherokee1 ,rabun and ,habersham ,counties1 ,ga42 ,presque ,island1 ,lake ,superior2 ,mineral ,point1 ,wis42 ,union1 ,keystone1 ,empire and other mines1 ,calaveras ,county1 ,la ,victoire and ,haskell claims in ,mariposa ,county1 ,amador and ,plumas ,counties1 ,cal42 near ,virginia ,city1 ,mont4 ,illustration3 ,,prospecting ,,diamond ,,drill4 #bg4--;,,diamond4 ,occurs in crystals and irregular angular masses2 cannot be scratched by any other mineral or the file2 brilliant lustre2 feels cold to the touch2 when rubbed on the sleeve exhibits electricity for hours2 retains the breath but a short time2 often tinged yellow1 red1 or green2 gravity #c4e4 ,,value4--,used for jewelry1 lenses and for cutting glass4 ,,localities4--,found in gold-regions1 in river-washings of sand and pebbles2 usually with coarse gold1 but deeper down4 ,rutherford1 ,cabarras1 ,franklin and ,lincoln ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,hall ,county1 ,ga42 ,manchester1 ,va42 ,cherokee ,ravine1 ,n4 ,san ,juan1 ,french ,canal1 ,forrest ,hill1 ,placerville and ,fiddletown1 ,cal4 #bh4--;,,emery4 ,occurs in granular masses1 sometimes with bluish crystals2 looks like fine grained iron ore2 breaks with uneven surface2 scratches quartz easily2 very tough2 brittle2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,used extensively as a cutting and polishing material4 ,,localities4--,found generally in limestone or granite with ,magnetic ,iron ,ore4 ,chester1 ,mass42 ,newlin and ,unionville1 ,penn42 ,macon and ,guilford ,counties1 ,n4 ,c4 #bi4--;,,fluor ,,spar4 ,occurs in square crystals and in masses2 glassy lustre2 powder white2 brittle2 crackles when heated and then shines in the dark2 does not effervesce with acids2 is not scratched by marble2 gravity #c4 ,,value4--,used as flux in glass and iron works4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone1 granite1 slate1 etc41 often at lead-mines4 ,blue ,hill ,bay1 ,me42 ,westmoreland1 ,n4 ,h42 ,putney1 ,vt42 ,southampton1 ,mass42 ,trumbull1 ,plymouth1 ,middletown and ,willimantic1 ,conn42 ,muscolonge ,lake1 ,rossie and ,johnsburg1 ,n4 ,y42 near ,franklin1 ,n4 ,j42 near ,woodstock and ,shepardstown1 ,va42 ,smith ,county1 ,tenn42 ,mercer ,county1 ,ky42 ,gallatin ,county1 along the ,ohio1 ,ill4 ,castle ,dome ,district1 ,ariz4 #cj4--;,,franklinite4 ,occurs crystallized and in masses2 generally made of coarse grains2 brittle2 powder dark reddish-brown2 heated with soda turns bluish-green2 dissolves in muriatic acid2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,an ore of zinc4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone with ,garnet and ,zincite4 ,hamburg and ,stirling ,hill1 ,n4 ,j4 #ca4--;,,galena4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 brilliant lustre2 brittle2 easily broken2 powder1 when finely rubbed is black2 can be cut with a knife2 heated it gives off sulphur and melts2 dissolves in nitric acid leaving a white powder at the bottom2 gravity #g4e--or a little heavier than cast-iron4 ,,value4--,the main source of lead 7yielding eighty per cent71 and also smelted for the silver it contains4 ,used also in glazing stone-ware4 ,,localities4--,generally found in limestone with ,iron ,pyrites1 zinc-ore1 etc4 ,that found in slate is richest in silver4 ,abounds in ,missouri1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,wisconsin and ,arkansas2 ,rossie1 ,wurtzboro1 ,ancram1 ,macomb and ,ellenville1 ,n4 ,y42 ,lubec1 ,blue ,hill ,bay1 ,bingham and ,parsonsville1 ,me42 ,eaton1 ,shelburne1 ,haverill1 ,warren and ,bath1 ,n4 ,h42 ,thetford1 ,vt42 ,southampton1 ,leverett and ,sterling1 ,mass42 ,middletown and ,roxbury1 ,conn42 ,phnixville1 ,charlestown1 ,schuylkill1 ,pequea ,valley and ,shannonville1 ,pa42 ,austin's and ,walton's ,mines1 ,va42 ,cabarras ,county1 ,n4 ,c42 ,brown's ,creek and ,haysboro1 ,tenn42 ,chocolate ,river1 ,mich42 ,ingo ,county1 ,cal42 on ,walker's ,river and ,steamboat ,springs1 ,nev42 ,castle ,dome and ,eureka1 ,ariz42 ,clear ,creek ,county1 ,col42 ,virginia ,city and ,red ,bluff ,lode1 ,mont42 ,cache ,valley1 ,utah4 #cb4--;,,garnet4 ,occurs in crystals with four-sided faces2 often nearly round2 deep red1 which grows darker by heat2 rarely yellow2 also in brown masses2 melts at a high heat2 brittle2 not scratched by a knife2 glassy lustre2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,the clear deep red and yellow varieties are used for jewelry2 the massive brown is ground for 8emery40 ,,localities4--,found in slate and granite rocks4 ,bethel1 ,parsonsfield1 ,phippsburg1 ,windham1 ,brunswick and ,ranford1 ,me42 ,hanover1 ,franconia1 ,haverhill1 ,warren1 ,unity1 ,lisbon and ,grafton1 ,n4 ,h42 ,new ,fane1 ,cabot and ,cavendish1 ,vt42 ,carlisle1 ,boxborough1 ,brookfield1 ,brimfield1 ,newbury1 ,bedford1 ,chesterfield and ,barre1 ,mass42 ,reading1 ,monroe1 ,haddam and ,middletown1 ,conn42 ,rogers' ,rock1 ,crown ,point1 ,willsboro1 ,middletown1 ,amity1 and near ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y42 ,franklin1 ,n4 ,j42 ,pennsbury1 ,warwick1 ,aston1 ,knauertown1 ,chester1 ,leiperville and ,mineral ,hill1 ,pa42 ,dickson's ,quarry1 ,del42 ,hope ,valley1 ,cal42 near ,virginia ,city1 on ,yellowstone and ,madison ,rivers1 ,mont4 #cc4--;,,gold4 ,occurs in scales1 grains and nuggets1 or disseminated through cellular quartz2 metallic lustre2 without tarnish2 can be cut and hammered into thin plates2 not dissolved by nitric acid2 gravity #ai1 when pure and of a rich gold yellow color4 ,the pale or brass yellow specimens are much lighter1 the gravity being as low as #ac4 ,a grayish yellow gold1 occurring in small1 flat grains has a gravity of about #af4 ,,localities4--,found in veins of quartz running through greenish or grayish slates1 the quartz at the surface being generally full of cavities and rusted1 and the slates below the surface often containing little cubic crystals of ,iron ,pyrites3 also in the valleys traversed by mountain-streams and in the river sands and gravel below4 ,iron and ,copper ,pyrites1 ,galena and ,blende frequently contain gold4 ,masses of quartz and pyrites from the gold-regions1 which make no show of gold1 sometimes pay well2 the value of such specimens can be ,illustration3 ,,washing ,,auriferous ,,sands4 determined only by an assayer4 ,eastern range of ,appalachians1 as ,habersham1 ,rabun1 ,clark1 ,hall1 ,lumpkin and ,lincoln ,counties1 ,ga42 ,abbeville1 ,chesterfield1 ,union1 ,lancaster and ,pickens ,counties1 ,s4 ,c42 ,montgomery1 ,cabarras1 ,mechlenburg1 ,burke and ,lincoln ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,spotsylvania1 ,buckingham1 ,fauquier1 ,stafford1 ,culpepper1 ,orange1 ,goochland and ,louisa ,counties1 ,va42 ,dedham1 ,mass42 ,bridgewater1 ,vt42 ,canaan and ,lisbon1 ,n4 ,h42 on ,sandy ,river and ,madrid1 ,me4 ,numberless points along the higher ,rocky ,mountains and western slope of ,sierra ,nevada1 as near ,santa ,fe1 ,cerillos and ,avo1 ,new ,mex42 ,san ,francisco1 ,wauba and ,yuma ,district1 ,ariz2 between ,long's ,peak and ,pike's ,peak1 ,col42 ,comstock ,lode1 ,nev42 ,owyhee1 ,boise and ,flint ,districts and ,poorman ,lode1 ,idaho2 ,emigrant and ,alder ,gulches1 ,red ,bluff and near ,jefferson ,river1 ,mont42 ,josephine ,district1 ,powder1 ,burnt1 and ,john ,day ,rivers1 western slope of ,cascade ,mountains1 and southern coast1 ,oregon2 ,tulare1 ,fresno1 ,mariposa1 ,tuolumne1 ,calaveras1 ,el ,dorado1 ,placer1 ,nevada1 ,yuba1 ,sierra1 ,butte1 ,plumas1 ,shasta1 ,siskiyou ,amador and ,del ,norte ,counties1 ,cal4 ,rare in the coal-regions and ,mississippi ,valley4 #cd4--;,,graphite4 ,occurs in foliated1 scaly and granular masses2 can be cut into thin slices1 which are flexible1 but not elastic2 impressible by the nail2 feels greasy2 leaves a shining trace on paper2 metallic lustre2 not altered by heat or acids2 gravity #b4 ,,value4--,used for pencils1 polishing1 glazing1 for making steel1 crucibles1 overcoming friction1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in granite1 slate and limestone rocks4 ,sturbridge1 ,north ,brookfield1 ,brimfield1 ,hinsdale and ,worthington1 ,mass42 ,cornwall and ,ashford1 ,conn42 ,brandon1 ,vt42 ,woodstock1 ,me42 ,goshen1 ,hillsboro and ,keene1 ,n4 ,h42 ,ticonderoga1 ,fishkill1 ,roger's ,rock1 ,johnsburg1 ,fort ,ann1 ,amity1 ,rossie and ,alexandria1 ,n4 ,y42 ,franklin and ,lockwood1 ,n4 ,j42 ,southampton and ,buck's ,county1 ,penn42 on the ,gunpowder1 ,md42 ,albemarle ,county1 ,va42 ,wake1 ,n4 ,c42 ,tiger ,river and ,spartanburgh1 ,s4 ,c42 ,sonora1 ,cal4 7,the soft black slate1 often mistaken for ,graphite1 leaves a coaly trace on paper not a shining streak47 #ce4--;,,gray ,,copper ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystallized or granular masses2 metallic lustre2 color between steel-gray and iron-black2 brittle2 the powder dissolved in nitric acid makes a brownish green solution2 melts at a red heat2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,an ore of copper1 7containing thirty-three per cent47 and silver1 of which ,nevada specimens have sixteen per cent4 ,,localities4--,found with gold1 silver and lead4 ,kellogg ,mines1 ,ark42 ,mariposa and ,shasta ,counties1 ,cal42 ,sheba and ,de ,soto ,mines1 and near ,austin1 ,nev42 ,heintzelman and ,santa ,rita ,mines1 ,arizona4 #cf4--;,,gypsum4 ,occurs in plates1 fibres coarse and fine1 and massive2 pearly or glistening2 powder white1 which if heated and mixed with water1 turns hard2 does not dissolve in sulphuric acid2 may be scratched by the nail2 gravity #b4c4 ,,value4--,used for stucco1 manure1 glazing1 statuary1 manufacture of glass1 etc4 ,a variety1 called ,satin ,spar1 worked into necklace beads and other ornaments1 is finely fibrous and compact1 taking a polish 7though easily scratched17 and then resembles pearl or opal4 ,,localities4--,found with marl or clay1 limestone and salt4 ,camillus1 ,manlius1 ,stark and ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y42 on the ,st4 ,mary's and ,patuxent1 ,md42 ,washington ,county and ,lynchburg1 ,va42 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c42 ,poland1 ,ottawa and ,canfield1 ,o42 ,davidson and ,summer ,counties1 ,tenn42 ,grand ,rapids and ,sagenaw ,bay1 ,mich42 ,des ,moines ,river1 ,iowa2 ,walker ,lake and ,six ,mile ,caon1 ,nev42 ,fort ,dodge4 #cg4--;,,horn ,,silver4 ,occurs in crystals1 wax-like masses1 or in crusts2 when scratched shows a shining streak2 becomes brown on exposure2 quite soft1 easily cut2 a small piece placed on zinc and moistened1 swells up1 turns black and shows metallic silver on being pressed with a knife2 dissolves in hartshorn2 gravity #e4e4 ,,value4--,an ore of silver1 yielding seventy per cent4 ,,localities4-,found in slate with other silver ores4 ,lake ,superior ,mining ,region2 ,austin and ,comstock ,lode1 ,nev42 ,willow ,springs and ,san ,francisco districts1 ,eldorado ,caon1 ,ariz42 ,poorman ,mine1 ,idaho4 #ch4--;,,iron ,,pyrites4 ,occurs in masses and square crystals2 splendent lustre2 color1 bronze-yellow2 brittle2 strikes fire with steel2 heated it gives off sulphur fumes2 powder brownish2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,affords sulphur1 copperas and alum4 ,when found outside of the coal region1 it often contains gold and silver4 ,,localities4--,found in all kinds of rocks4 ,bingham1 ,corinna1 ,farmington1 ,waterville1 ,brooksville1 ,peru and ,jewett's ,island1 ,me42 ,shelburne1 ,unity and ,warren1 ,n4 ,h42 ,baltimore1 ,hartford and ,shoreham1 ,vt42 ,heath1 ,hubbardston and ,hawley1 ,mass42 ,roxbury1 ,monroe1 ,orange1 ,milford1 ,middletown1 ,stafford1 ,colchester1 ,ashford1 ,tolland and ,union1 ,conn42 ,rossie1 ,malone1 ,phillips1 ,johnsburgh1 ,canton1 ,chester1 ,warwick and ,franklin1 ,putnam and ,orange ,counties1 ,n4 ,y42 ,chester1 ,knauertown1 ,cornwall and ,pottstown1 ,pa42 ,greensboro'1 ,n4 ,c42 ,mercer ,county1 ,ky42 ,bainbridge1 ,o42 ,galena at ,marsden's ,diggings1 ,ill42 on ,sugar ,creek1 ,ind42 mines of ,colorado and ,california4 #ci4--;,,jasper4 ,occurs in masses1 either in veins or as rounded stones2 dull lustre1 yet takes a high polish2 breaks with a curved surface2 not attacked by acids2 is scratched by ,rock ,crystal2 gravity #b4e4 ,,value4--,used for mosaics and other ornaments when compact1 fine-grained and bright color4 ,,localities4--,found everywhere4 ,sugar ,loaf ,mountain and ,machiasport1 ,me42 ,saugus1 ,mass42 ,castleton and ,colchester1 ,vt42 ,bloomingrove1 ,n4 ,y42 ,murphy's1 ,col42 ,red ,bluff1 ,mont4 #dj4--,,kaolin4 ,occurs in beds2 it is a fine1 white clay1 plastic when wet2 when dry is scaly or compact2 can be crumbled in the fingers and feels gritty2 adheres to the tongue2 does not dissolve in acids4 ,,value4--,used for the finest porcelain and for adulterating candy4 ,,localities4--,found generally with iron-ore and fire-clay4 ,common on the eastern slope of the ,alleghanies2 ,branford1 ,vt42 ,beekman1 ,athol1 ,johnsburgh and ,mc,intyre1 ,n4 ,y42 ,perth ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j42 ,reading1 ,tamaqua and ,new ,garden1 ,penn42 ,mt4 ,savage1 ,md42 ,richmond1 ,va42 ,newcastle and ,wilmington1 ,del42 ,edgefield1 ,s4 ,c42 near ,augusta1 ,ga42 ,jacksonville1 ,ala4 #da4--,,lenticular ,,iron ,,ore4 ,occurs in beds or masses1 consisting of minute flattened grains2 little lustre2 generally soils the fingers2 breathed upon has a clayey odor2 color1 brownish-red1 powder more red2 dissolves in strong muriatic acid with some effervescence2 brittle2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,an ore of iron yielding thirty-three per cent4 ,generally mixed with other ores at the furnace4 ,,localities4--,found in sandstone4 ,wayne1 ,madison1 ,oneida and ,herkimer ,counties1 ,n4 ,y42 ,marietta ,o4 #db4--,,limonite1 ,,or ,,brown ,,hematite4 ,occurs in masses1 with smooth rounded surfaces and fibrous structure2 sometimes as hollow nodules1 which are velvety-black inside2 its powder when rubbed is yellowish-brown2 when strongly heated turns black2 scratches glass feebly2 brittle2 dissolves in hot aqua-regia2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,a common ore of pig-iron1 containing sixty per cent42 used also for polishing buttons1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in heavy beds with mica-slate1 quartz1 limestone1 etc4 ,salisbury and ,kent1 ,conn42 ,amenia1 ,fishkill1 ,dover and ,beekman1 ,n4 ,y42 ,richmond and ,lenox1 ,mass42 ,pittsfield1 ,putney1 ,bennington and ,ripton1 ,vt42 ,hamburgh1 ,n4 ,j42 ,pikeland and ,white ,marsh1 ,penn42 ,marquette1 ,mich42 ,makoquata ,river1 ,iowa2 ,iron ,mountains1 ,stow and ,green ,counties1 ,mo42 ,centerville1 ,ala42 near ,raleigh and ,smithfield1 ,n4 ,c42 on ,coal ,creek1 ,col42 and in coal areas generally4 #dc4--,,magnetic ,,iron ,,ore4 ,occurs in granular masses1 coarse or fine2 attracted by the magnet1 or affecting the compass-needle2 powder black2 brittle2 dissolves in muriatic acid2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,an important ore1 yielding sixty-five per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in granite1 slate and limestone rocks4 ,warren1 ,essex1 ,clinton1 ,saratoga1 ,herkimer1 ,orange and ,putnam ,counties1 ,n4 ,y42 ,raymond and ,marshall's ,island1 ,me42 ,franconia1 ,jackson1 ,winchester1 ,lisbon1 ,swanzey and ,unity1 ,n4 ,h42 ,bridgewater1 ,chittenden1 ,marlboro1 ,rochester1 ,troy and ,bethel1 ,vt42 ,cambealon1 ,r4 ,i2 ,hawley and ,bernardston1 ,mass42 ,haddam1 ,conn42 ,goshen1 ,webb's ,mine1 ,cornwall and ,white ,marsh1 ,penn42 ,hamburg1 ,n4 ,j42 ,scott's ,mills and ,deer ,creek1 ,md42 ,mitchell and ,madison ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,spartanburg1 ,s4 ,c42 ,laclede and ,crawford ,counties1 ,mo42 ,sierra ,county1 7,gold ,valley17 ,plumas1 ,tulare1 ,mariposa1 ,placer and ,el ,dorado ,counties1 ,cal4 #dd4--,,magnetic ,,pyrites4 ,occurs massive2 brittle2 deep orange-yellow2 powder grayish-black2 metallic lustre2 tarnishes easily2 slightly attracts the compass-needle2 melts at a high heat1 giving off sulphur-fumes2 gravity #d4e4 ,,value4--,affords sulphur1 copperas and nickel4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions1 often with copper and iron ores4 ,stafford1 ,corinth and ,shrewsbury1 ,vt42 ,trumbull and ,monroe1 ,conn42 ,port ,henry1 ,diana and ,orange ,county1 ,n4 ,y42 ,hurdstown1 ,n4 ,j42 ,gap ,mine1 ,lancaster ,county1 ,pa42 ,ducktown ,mines1 ,tenn4 #de4--,,malachite4 ,occurs in incrustations with smooth surface and fibrous2 powder paler green than the mineral2 brittle2 by heat crackles and turns black2 effervesces in acids2 takes a fine polish1 showing bands or rings2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,used for jewelry and inlaid work4 ,,localities4--,found in copper and lead mines4 ,cheshire1 ,conn42 ,brunswick and ,schuyler's ,mines1 ,n4 ,j42 ,morgantown1 ,cornwall1 near ,nicholson's ,gap1 ,perkiomen and ,phnixville ,lead ,mines1 ,pa42 ,petapsco ,mines1 ,md42 ,davidson ,county ,n4 ,c42 ,polk ,county1 ,tenn42 ,left ,hand ,river and ,mineral ,point1 ,wis42 ,falls of ,st4 ,croix1 ,minn42 ,jefferson ,county and ,mine la ,motte1 ,mo42 ,calaveras ,county1 ,cal42 ,big ,williams' ,fork1 ,ariz42 ,wild ,cat ,caon and near ,virginia ,city1 ,mont4 #df4--,,manganese ,,spar4 ,occurs in masses2 glassy lustre2 color flesh or rose-red2 becomes black on exposure2 tough2 melted with borax gives a violet-blue color2 gravity #c4e4 ,,value4--,used in glazing stone-ware4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions1 often with iron-ore4 ,blue ,hill ,bay1 ,me42 ,cummington1 ,warwick and ,plainfield1 ,mass42 ,irasburg and ,coventry1 ,vt42 ,winchester1 and ,hinsdale1 ,n4 ,h42 ,cumberland1 ,r4 ,i42 ,franklin and ,hamburg1 ,n4 ,j4 #dg4--,,marble4 ,occurs coarse and fine granular2 frequently veined or mottled2 brittle2 can be cut with a knife2 takes a polish2 effervesces with acids2 reduced to quicklime by heat2 a gray variety contains stems and joints of worm-like fossils2 gravity #b4e4 ,,localities4--,brandon1 ,rutland1 ,dorset1 ,shoreham1 ,pittsford1 ,middlebury1 ,fairhaven1 ,cavendish1 ,lowell1 ,troy and ,sudbury1 ,vt42 ,west ,stockbridge1 ,egremont1 ,great ,barrington1 ,lanesboro1 ,new ,ashford1 ,sheffield1 ,new ,marlboro1 ,adams1 ,cheshire and ,stoneham1 ,mass42 ,clinton1 ,essex1 ,dutchess1 ,onondaga1 ,putnam1 ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,warren and ,westchester1 ,counties1 ,n4 ,y42 ,smithfield1 ,r4 ,i42 ,new ,haven1 ,milford1 ,conn42 near ,philadelphia1 ,n4 ,j42 ,texas and ,hagerstown1 ,md42 ,lancaster ,county1 ,pa42 ,jefferson and ,genevieve ,counties1 ,mo42 ,knox and ,sevier ,counties1 ,tenn42 ,joliet1 ,ill42 ,cherokee and ,macon ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,marquette1 ,mich42 near ,deep ,river and on the ,michigamig and ,menominee ,rivers1 ,wis4 #dh4--,,mica4 ,occurs in masses1 which can be split into very thin1 elastic leaves2 pearly lustre2 at a high heat becomes opaque2 gravity #c4 ,,value4--,used for doors of stoves1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions4 ,buckfield1 ,freeport and ,oxford1 ,me42 ,acworth1 ,grafton and ,alstead1 ,n4 ,h42 ,chesterfield1 ,barre1 ,mendon1 ,south ,royalston1 ,brimfield1 ,goshen and ,russell1 ,mass42 ,monroe1 ,haddam and ,middletown1 ,conn42 ,warwick1 ,edenville1 ,edwards1 ,monroe and ,greenfield1 ,n4 ,y42 ,pennsbury1 ,thornbury1 ,unionville1 ,middletown and ,chestnut ,hill1 ,pa42 ,jones' ,falls1 ,md4 #di4--,,micaceous ,,iron ,,ore4 ,resembles ,specular ,iron ,ore1 but consists of thin shining scales or leaves2 powder dark red2 a thin flake is translucent1 showing red light2 feels somewhat slippery4 ,,value4--,used as an ore of iron and for polishing4 ,,localities4--,hawley1 ,mass42 ,piermont1 ,n4 ,h42 ,ticonderoga1 ,n4 ,y42 ,warwick1 ,penn42 ,loudon ,county1 ,va4 #ej4--,,nitre4 ,occurs in thin crusts1 delicate needles1 or disseminated through the loose earth in caves2 glossy lustre2 brittle2 cool1 saline taste2 crackles and burns brightly on live coals2 a little harder than ,gypsum4 ,,value4--,used in the manufacture of gunpowder1 fulminating powders1 nitric acid1 etc4 ,,localities4--,marion ,county1 ,ky42 ,white ,county1 ,tenn42 near ,rosiclare1 ,ill42 ,silver ,peak1 ,nev4 #ea4--,,oxyd ,,of ,,manganese4 ,occurs in masses and little columns1 often with small rounded surfaces2 one ore is soft enough to be impressed by the nail1 and soils2 the other will scratch glass faintly2 heated with borax1 makes a violet glass2 dissolves in hot muriatic acid1 giving forth a yellowish-green gas2 gravity #d to #e4 ,,value4--,used for bleaching and for obtaining oxygen4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions1 often with iron-ore4 ,brandon1 ,bennington1 ,monkton1 ,irasburg and ,chittenden1 ,vt42 ,hillsdale1 ,westmoreland and ,westchester1 ,n4 ,h42 ,plainfield1 ,west ,stockbridge and ,conway1 ,mass42 ,salisbury and ,kent1 ,conn42 ,montgomery ,county1 ,md42 ,lake ,superior ,mining ,region2 ,dubuque1 ,iowa2 ,deep ,diggings1 ,mo42 ,red ,island1 ,cal42 ,martinsburg1 ,n4 ,y4 #eb4--,,platinum4 ,occurs in grains or lumps2 metallic1 silvery lustre2 can be hammered out2 heavier and harder than silver2 not dissolved in nitric acid2 gravity #ag4 ,,value4--,nearly equal to ,gold4 ,used for making chemical and philosophical apparatus1 for coating copper1 brass1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in river-gravel with ,gold4 ,rutherford ,county1 ,n4 ,c42 ,klamath region1 ,cape ,blanco1 on ,salmon ,river1 ,south ,fork of ,trinity1 ,butte1 ,honcut1 ,caon and ,wood's ,creeks1 and on ,middle ,fork of ,american ,river1 ,cal42 at ,gold ,flat1 ,nev4 #ec4--,,red ,,copper ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 cochineal-red2 powder brownish-red2 nearly opaque2 brittle2 dissolves in nitric acid2 heated on charcoal yields a globule of copper2 gravity #f4 ,,value4--,affords copper1 7sixty per cent417 and blue vitriol4 ,,localities4--,found in trap regions with other copper ores4 ,schuyler's1 ,somerville1 ,new ,brunswick and ,flemington ,mines1 ,n4 ,j42 ,cornwall1 ,pa42 ,ladenton1 ,n4 ,y42 ,lake ,superior ,region4 ,not abundant4 #ed--,,red ,,hematite4 ,occurs in compact masses1 with rounded surfaces or kidney-shaped2 fibrous structure2 color brownish-red to iron-black2 but powder invariably red2 when black1 the lustre is somewhat metallic1 otherwise dull2 brittle2 scratches glass with difficulty2 dissolves slowly in strong muriatic acid2 gravity #d4e to #e4 ,,value4--,an ore of iron1 yielding from thirty-six to fifty per cent4 ,in powder1 used as pigment and for polishing metals4 ,,localities4--,found usually in beds with granite or limestone4 ,aroostook ,county and ,hodgdon1 ,me42 ,antwerp1 ,ticonderoga1 ,crown ,point and ,gouverneur1 ,n4 ,y42 ,vernon1 ,n4 ,j42 ,west ,whiteland1 ,pa42 ,chatham and ,orange ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,marquette1 ,mich2 ,shasta ,county1 ,cal4 ,this mineral graduates into a soft1 earthy variety1 called red ochre1 and into a compact1 slaty variety1 called red chalk1 which has a clayey odor when breathed on4 #ee4--,,red ,,silver ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 metallic lustre2 brittle2 powder cochineal-red2 easily cut2 at a high heat yields a silver globule2 the powder heated with potash turns black2 gravity #f4 ,,value4--,an ore of silver yielding sixty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found at gold and silver mines4 ,washoe and ,austin1 ,nev42 ,poorman ,lode1 ,idaho4 #ef4--,,rensselaerite4 ,occurs in masses2 wax-like2 a trifle harder than marble2 when fresh can be scratched by the nail2 soapy feel2 takes a polish2 cleavable2 gravity #b4h4 ,,value4--,used as a marble and worked into inkstands1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found with steatite1 serpentine1 limestone1 etc4 ,antwerp1 ,canton1 ,fowler1 ,de ,kalb1 ,edwards1 ,russell and ,gouverneur1 ,n4 ,y4 #eg4--,,rock ,,crystal4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 transparent2 glassy lustre2 colorless2 tough2 brittle2 not acted upon by acids or heat2 electric by friction2 gravity #b4e4 ,,value4--,cut for ornaments1 lenses1 etc4 ,,localities4--,common in sandstone1 limestone and iron ore4 ,paris1 ,me42 ,benton and ,bartlett1 ,n4 ,h42 ,sharon and ,woodstock1 ,vt42 ,pelham and ,chesterfield1 ,mass42 ,ellenville1 ,little ,falls1 ,watervliet1 ,fairfield1 ,middleville1 ,fowler1 ,antwerp1 ,rossie1 ,lake ,george and ,palatine1 ,n4 ,y42 ,minnesota ,mine1 ,lake ,superior2 ,ouachita ,spring1 ,ark4 #eh4--,,rock ,,salt4 ,occurs in irregular beds or masses2 brittle2 saline taste2 crackles in the fire4 ,,localities4--,found with gypsum1 clay and sandstone4 ,washington ,county1 ,va42 ,petit ,anse1 ,la42 ,silver ,peak1 ,nev42 ,salmon ,river ,mountains1 ,oregon4 #ei4--,,rutile4 ,occurs in crystals generally2 metallic lustre2 powder pale brown2 brittle2 unchanged by heat or acids2 if powdered and fused with potash1 then dissolved in muriatic acid1 the solution boiled with tinfoil assumes a beautiful violet color2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,used for coloring porcelain and artificial teeth4 ,,localities4--,found in granite and1 limestone rocks4 ,warren1 ,me42 ,merrimack1 and ,warren1 ,n4 ,h42 ,bristol1 ,putney and ,waterbury1 ,vt42 ,windsor1 ,shelburne1 ,barre1 ,conway and ,leyden1 ,mass42 ,monroe1 ,conn42 ,warwick1 ,edenville1 ,amity and ,kingsbridge1 ,n4 ,y42 ,sudsbury1 ,west ,bradford1 ,parksburg1 ,concord and ,newlin1 ,pa42 ,newton1 ,n4 ,j42 ,crowder's and ,clubb ,mountains1 ,n4 ,c42 ,habersham and ,lincoln ,counties1 ,ga42 ,magnet ,cave1 ,ark4 #fj4--,,serpentine4 ,occurs in masses2 feeble1 resinous lustre2 color oily green2 powder whitish2 often yellowish gray on the outside2 can be cut easily2 takes a fine polish2 becomes reddish by heat2 gravity #b4e--same as ,marble4 ,,value4--,worked into mantels1 jambs1 table-tops1 and many other ornaments4 ,,localities4--,found as a rock in large masses4 ,deer ,isle1 ,me42 ,baltimore1 ,cavendish1 ,jay and ,troy1 ,vt42 ,newbury1 ,blanford1 ,middlefield and ,westfield1 ,mass42 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i42 near ,new ,haven and ,milford1 ,conn42 ,port ,henry1 ,antwerp1 ,syracuse1 ,warwick1 ,phillipstown1 ,canton1 ,gouverneur1 ,johnsburg1 ,davenport's ,neck1 ,new ,rochelle and ,rye1 ,n4 ,y42 ,frankford1 ,hoboken and ,montville1 ,n4 ,j42 ,texas1 ,pa42 ,cooptown1 ,md42 ,patterson1 ,n4 ,c42 ,calaveras ,county1 ,cal42 ,alder ,gulch1 ,mont4 ,marble veined with serpentine is called verd-antique4 #fa4--,,silicate ,,of ,,copper4 ,occurs in incrustations and masses2 color bluish-green2 not fibrous2 surface smooth2 easily cut2 does not effervesce in acid2 blackens by heat2 gravity #b4 ,,value4--,an ore of copper1 yielding thirty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found with other copper ores4 ,somerville and ,schuyler's1 ,n4 ,j42 ,morgantown and ,cornwall1 ,pa42 ,wolcottville1 ,conn42 ,big ,williams' ,fork1 ,ariz4 #fb4--,,silver4 ,occurs in masses1 or strings and threads penetrating rocks and native copper and galena2 metallic lustre2 tarnishes grayish black2 can be cut in slices and hammered out2 dissolved in muriatic acid1 it turns black on exposure2 gravity #aj4 ,,localities4--,chiefly found with copper near trap-rocks1 and in fine grained galena and dark brown blende4 ,gold contains from one to fifteen per cent4 ,bridgewater1 ,n4 ,j42 ,davidson and ,stanley ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,lake ,superior ,region2 ,poorman's ,lode1 ,idaho2 ,comstock ,lode and ,montezuma ,ledge1 ,nev42 ,alpine ,county and ,maris ,vein1 ,cal42 ,clear ,creek ,county1 ,col4 #fc4--,,silver ,,glance4 ,occurs in small lumps1 plates and threads2 color dark gray2 cuts like lead2 melts in a candle giving off sulphur fumes2 gravity #g4 ,,value4--,the most important ore of silver1 containing eighty-seven per cent4 ,,localities4--,may be found almost everywhere1 except in the coal regions2 associated with other ores1 quartz1 limestone1 baryta1 etc4 ,most abundant where mineral veins cross one another4 ,comstock ,lode1 ,gold ,hill1 ,reese ,river1 ,cortez ,district and ,silver-,sprout ,vein1 ,nev42 ,clear ,creek ,county1 ,nev4 #fd4--,,smaltine4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 metallic lustre2 color tin-white to steel-gray2 powder dark gray2 brittle2 gives off garlic odor in a candle2 melted with borax makes a deep blue glass2 gravity #f4e to #g4 ,,value4--,an ore of cobalt and arsenic1 containing eighteen to seventy per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in veins in granite regions with other ores1 ,mine la ,motte1 ,mo42 ,chatham1 ,conn4 #fe4--,,smithsonite4 ,occurs in masses1 often rounded1 covered with minute crystals1 or honeycombed2 color white1 dirty yellow or stone color2 glassy lustre2 brittle2 effervesces in nitric acid2 barely scratches glass2 barely translucent2 gravity #d4d4 ,,value4--,yields fifty per cent4 of zinc4 ,,localities4--,found generally in limestone with galena and blende4 ,friedenville1 ,lancaster and ,perkiomen1 ,pa42 ,linden and ,mineral ,points1 ,wis42 ,lawrence1 ,county1 ,ark42 ,ewing's ,diggings1 ,minn4 #ff4--,,spathic ,,iron4 ,occurs in crystals or plates somewhat curving2 also 7in coal regions7 in nodules with concentric layers like an onion2 brittle2 color varies from white to yellowish-brown or dark-brown2 strongly heated it blackens and will then attract the compass needle2 the powder effervesces in nitric acid2 melted with borax makes a green or yellow glass2 gravity #c4h4 ,,value4--,yields thirty per cent4 of iron1 well adapted for steel4 ,,localities4--,found in granite and coal-formations1 often with other ores4 ,plymouth1 ,vt42 ,sterling1 ,mass42 ,roxbury1 ,conn42 ,antwerp1 ,herman and ,rossie1 ,n4 ,y42 ,fentress and ,harlem ,mines1 ,n4 ,c42 ,coal ,regions of ,western ,pa41 ,virginia1 ,eastern ,ohio1 etc4 #fg4--,,specular ,,iron ,,ore4 ,occurs crystallized and in large masses1 high metallic lustre2 color steel-gray or iron-black2 brittle2 opaque except when very thin2 the powder when very fine and rubbed on white paper shows red2 the powder dissolves slowly in muriatic acid2 by a strong heat yields a black mass which attracts the needle2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,yields from fifty to seventy per cent4 of iron4 ,,localities4--,found in granite regions4 ,marquette1 ,mich42 ,pilot ,knob and ,iron ,mountains1 ,mo42 ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,n4 ,y42 ,bartlett1 ,lisbon and ,franconia1 ,n4 ,h42 ,chittenden and ,weathersfield1 ,vt42 ,sauk ,county1 ,wis4 #fh4--,,spinel ,,ruby4 ,occurs in pyramidal crystals2 glassy lustre2 powder white2 scratches rock-crystal2 by heat becomes black2 gravity #c4e4 ,,value4--,a gem2 clear specimens weighing over four carats1 are valued at half the price of the diamond4 ,,localities4--,found in granular limestone and clay4 ,amity and ,gouverneur1 ,n4 ,y42 ,franklin and ,byram1 ,n4 ,j42 ,bolton and ,boxborough1 ,mass4 #fi4--,,steatite4 ,occurs in masses1 consisting of minute pearly scales or grains2 can be marked by the nail2 hardens by heat2 soapy feel2 gravity #b4e4 ,,value4--,used for fire-stones1 tubes1 in manufacture of porcelain1 etc4 ,,localities4--,found in beds with limestone1 serpentine and slate4 ,orr's ,island1 ,me42 ,francestown1 ,keene1 ,orford and ,pelham1 ,n4 ,h42 ,athens1 ,cavendish1 ,marlboro1 ,moreton1 ,new ,fane1 ,bradboro1 ,troy1 ,waterville1 ,westfield1 ,weathersfield and ,windham1 ,vt42 ,middlefield1 ,lenox and ,westfield1 ,mass42 ,manayunk and ,chestnut ,hill1 ,pa42 ,albemarle and ,loudon ,counties1 ,va42 ,staten ,island and ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,n4 ,y42 ,bare ,hills1 ,md4 #gj4--,,strontianite4 ,occurs in crystals and in fibrous or granular masses2 glassy lustre2 brittle2 thin pieces melt before a blow-pipe tinging the flame red2 effervesces with acids2 gravity #c4f4 ,,value4--,a source of nitrate of strontia used in fire-works4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone4 ,schoharie1 ,muscalonge ,lake1 ,chaumont ,bay and ,theresa1 ,n4 ,y4 #ga4--,,sulphur4 ,occurs in crystals1 masses and crusts2 brittle2 can be easily cut2 burns with a blue flame and sulphur odor2 gravity #b4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone and gypsum1 and around geysers and sulphur springs4 ,springport1 ,n4 ,y42 on the ,potomac1 twenty-five miles above ,washington2 ,put-in-,bay ,island1 ,lake ,erie2 ,clear ,lake1 ,cal42 ,santa ,barbara ,county1 ,col42 ,humboldt ,county1 ,nev4 #gb4--,,tin ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystals1 grains and masses2 high lustre2 powder gray or brownish2 brittle2 will strike fire with steel2 unaltered by heat or acids2 gravity #g1--;being nearly as heavy as lead-ore4 ,,value4--,the only ore of tin1 containing seventy-nine per cent4 ,no gold-mine ever paid such profits as the tin mines of ,cornwall4 ,,localities4--,jackson1 ,n4 ,h42 ,temescal1 ,cal42 ,boonville1 ,idaho2 near ,fredericktown1 ,mo4 #gc4--,,topaz4 ,occurs in crystals2 glassy lustre2 brittle2 scratches rock-crystal2 not acted upon by ordinary heat or acids2 gravity #c4e4 ,,value4--,a gem2 the most esteemed are the rose-red and white4 ,,localities4--,found in granite4 ,trumbull1 ,willimantic and ,middletown1 ,conn42 ,crowder's ,mountain1 ,n4 ,c42 ,thomas's ,mountains1 ,utah4 #gd4--,,tourmaline4 ,occurs in crystals1 usually in long1 slender three-sided prisms which break easily1 glassy lustre2 brittle2 becomes milk-white by heat2 scratches rock-crystal and garnet2 gravity #c4 ,,value4--,used for jewelry4 ,,localities4--,found in granite rocks4 ,paris1 ,albany and ,hebron1 ,me42 ,chesterfield and ,goshen1 ,mass42 ,newlin and ,marple1 ,pa4 #ge4--,,variegated ,,copper ,,ore4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 metallic lustre2 quickly tarnishes2 color between copper-red and light-brown2 powder pale grayish-black2 dissolves in nitric acid2 at a high heat melts to a copper globule2 heated on charcoal gives off fumes of sulphur2 gravity #e4 ,,value4--,an important ore of copper yielding sixty per cent4 ,,localities4--,found in granite1 freestone1 etc41 with other ores4 ,bristol and ,cheshire1 ,conn42 ,mahoopeny1 ,pa42 ,copper ,mines of ,n4 ,j4 #gf4--,,wad4 ,occurs in masses2 earthy and loose2 can be broken by the fingers1 and soils2 no lustre2 melted with borax makes a violet glass2 feels very light4 ,,value4--,used in bleaching and for making smalt4 ,,localities4--,found in low places1 generally in the vicinity of slate or iron ore beds4 ,warren1 ,vt42 ,blue ,hill1 ,hodgdon and ,thomaston1 ,me42 ,columbia and ,duchess ,counties1 ,austerlitz1 ,canaan ,centre and ,martinsburg1 ,n4 ,y42 ,east ,bradford and ,white ,marsh1 ,pa42 ,mine la ,motte1 ,mo4 #gg4--,,willemite4 ,occurs in crystals and masses2 feeble lustre2 brittle2 can hardly be cut with a knife2 sometimes scratches glass2 makes a jelly in muriatic acid2 gravity #d4 ,,value4--,contains seventy per cent4 of zinc4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone with zincite4 ,franklin and ,sterling1 ,n4 ,j4 #gh4--,,zincite4 ,occurs in foliated masses or grains1 powder orange-yellow2 brittle2 dissolves in acids without effervescence2 gravity #e4e4 ,,value4--,yields seventy-five per cent4 of zinc4 ,,localities4--,found in limestone with ,franklinite1 ,garnet1 etc4 ,sterling ,hill and ,mine ,hill1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 decorative image ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,prospecting ,,for ,,diamonds1 ,,gold1 ,,silver1 ,,copper1 ,,lead ,,and ,,iron4 ,,mineral ,,riches1 ,,how ,,discovered--,,indications--,,searching ,,for ,,diamonds1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,distinguish ,,them--,,paying ,,localities ,,of ,,gold--8,,fool',s ,,gold0--,,prospecting ,,for ,,silver ,,and ,,copper--,,where ,,to ,,look ,,for ,,lead ,,and ,,iron4 ,the mineral riches of a country are frequently discovered by attentively observing the fragments brought down by the action of water from the hills into the valleys2 and on tracing these to their several sources1 the veins from which they were originally detached1 are in many instances found4 ,water also acts in another way a very important part in the discovery of mineral veins1 as by closely examining the faces of the different gullies and ravines1 which intersect a country1 a ready means is afforded of ascertaining whether its strata are traversed by metalliferous deposits2 and1 therefore1 in exploring with a view to its mineral productions1 no opportunity should be lost of observing the various sections thus naturally laid bare4 ,when fragments of an ore are found on a hill-side1 it is very evident that the vein must lie higher up4 ,if the vein is horizontal and the fragments are found on the top of the hill1 there is no probability of finding much if any of the vein1 for generally it has been washed away4 ,ore-veins1 however1 are almost always nearly vertical2 so that boring is of little use1 as it might pass by the richest vein1 or1 striking it lengthwise1 give a too favorable result4 ,as heavy minerals do not drift far1 metals are always found near their source4 ,horizontal beds can be worked at the least cost4 ,pockets and nodules1 or any detached masses of minerals1 are soon exhausted4 ,veins1 lodes and beds are most valuable4 ,boring a three-inch hole1 which costs about #a a foot1 is a good method of testing a mineral vein or bed which lies more or less horizontally4 ,a shaft may be sunk in sandstone for from #f to #c per cubic yard2 in slate and gravel1 at from #b to #a4 ,the existence of mineral springs1 and the rapid melting of the snow in any locality1 are no indications of ores4 ,,searching ,,for ,,diamonds4--,few things are so unpromising and unattractive as gems in their native state4 ,hence their slow discovery4 ,there is little doubt that diamonds exist in many places as yet unknown1 or where their presence is unsuspected4 ,it is very difficult for the unpracticed eye to distinguish them from crystals of quartz or topaz4 ,the color constitutes the main difficulty in detecting their presence4 ,they are of various shades of yellowish brown1 green1 blue and rose-red1 and thus closely resemble the common gravel by which they are surrounded4 ,often they are not unlike a lump of gum arabic1 neither brilliant nor transparent4 ,the finest1 however1 are colorless1 and appear like rock-crystals4 ,in ,brazil1 where great numbers of diamonds1 chiefly of small size1 have been discovered1 the method of searching for them is to wash the sand of certain rivers in a manner precisely similar to that employed in the gold fields1 namely1 by prospecting pans4 ,a shovelful of earth is thrown into the pan1 which is then immersed in water1 and gently moved about4 ,as the washing goes on1 the pebbles1 dirt and sand are removed1 and the pan then contains about a pint of thin mud4 ,great caution is now observed1 and ultimately there remains only a small quantity of sand4 ,the diamonds and particles of gold1 if present1 sink to the bottom1 being heavier1 and are selected and removed by the practiced fingers of the operator4 ,but how shall the gems be detected by one who has had no experience1 and who in a jeweler's shop could not separate them from quartz or ,french paste8 ,the difficulty can only be overcome by testing such stones as may be suspected to be precious4 ,let these be tried by the very sure operation of attempting to cut with their sharp corners glass1 crystal or quartz4 ,when too minute to be held between the finger and thumb1 the specimens may be pressed into the end of a stick of hard wood and run along the surface of window glass4 ,a diamond will make its mark1 and cause1 too1 a ready fracture in the line over which it has traveled4 ,it will also easily scratch rock-crystal1 as no other crystal will4 ,but a more certain and peculiar characteristic of the diamond lies in the form of its crystals4 ,the ruby and topaz will scratch quartz1 but no mineral which will scratch quartz has the curved edges of the diamond4 ,in small crystals this peculiarity can be seen only by means of a magnifying glass2 but it is invariably present4 ,interrupted1 convex or rounded angles1 are sure indications of genuineness4 ,quartz crystal is surrounded by six faces2 the diamond by four4 ,the diamond breaks with difficulty2 and hence a test sometimes used is to place the specimen between two hard bodies1 as a couple of coins1 and force them together with the hands4 ,such a pressure will crush a particle of quartz1 but the diamond will only indent the metal4 ,the value of the diamond is estimated by the carat1 which is equal to about four grains1 and the value increases rapidly with its weight4 ,if a small1 rough diamond weigh four grains1 its value is about #aj2 if eight grains1 #dj2 if sixteen grains1 #fdj4 ,a cut diamond of one carat is worth from #ej to #ajj4 ,the imperfections of the diamond1 and1 in fact1 of all cut gems1 are made visible by putting them into oil of cassia1 when the slightest flaw will be seen4 ,a diamond weighing ten carats is 8princely20 but not one in ten thousand weighs so much4 ,if a rough diamond resemble a drop of clear spring water1 in the middle of which you perceive a strong light2 or if it has a rough coat1 so that you can hardly see through it1 but white1 and as if made rough by art1 yet clear of flaws or veins2 or1 if the coat be smooth and bright1 with a tincture of green in it1--it is a good stone4 ,if it has a milky cast1 or a yellowish-green coat1 beware of it4 ,rough diamonds with a greenish crust are the most limpid when cut4 ,diamonds are found in loose pebbly earth1 along with gold1 a little way below the surface1 towards the lower outlet of broad valleys1 rather than upon the ridges of the adjoining hills4 ,,searching ,,for ,,gold4--,the paying localities of gold deposits are the slopes of the ,rocky and ,alleghany ,mountains4 ,gold need not be looked for in the anthracite and bituminous coal-fields nor in limestone rock4 ,it is seldom found in the beds of rivers4 ,the thing itself is the surest indication of its existence4 ,if soil or sand is 8washed0 as described in ,chapter ,v41 and the particles of gold are not heavy enough to remain at the bottom but float away1 the bed will not pay4 ,along streams rather high up among the mountains1 and in the gravelly drift covering the slopes of the valley below1 are the best prospects4 ,where the stream meets an obstacle in its path or makes a bend or has deep holes1 there we may look for 8pockets0 of gold4 ,black or red sands are usually richest4 ,gold-bearing rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty looking quartz veins1 the latter containing iron pyrites or cavities4 ,almost all iron pyrites and silver ores1 may be worked for gold4 ,when the quartz veins are thin and numerous rather than massive1 and lie near the surface1 they are considered most profitable4 ,few veins can be worked with profit very far down4 ,as traces of gold may be found almost everywhere1 no one should indulge in speculation before calculating the percentage and the cost of extraction4 ,gold-hunting1 after all1 is a lottery with more blanks than prizes4 ,the substances most frequently mistaken for gold are iron pyrites1 copper pyrites and mica4 ,the precious metal is easily distinguished from these by its malleability 7flattening under the hammer7 and its great weight1 sinking rapidly in water4 ,,searching ,,for ,,silver4--,this metal is usually found with lead ore and native copper4 ,slates and sandstones intersected by igneous rocks as trap and porphyry1 are good localities4 ,pure silver is often found in or near iron ores and the dark brown zinc blende4 ,the ,colorado silver lodes are porous at the surface and colored more or less red or green4 ,any rock suspected of containing silver should be powdered and dissolved in nitric acid4 ,pour off the liquid and add to it a solution of salt4 ,if a white powder falls to the bottom which upon exposure turns black1 there is silver in it4 ,silver mines increase in value as in depth1 whereas gold diminishes as we descend4 ,,searching ,,for ,,copper4--,the copper ores1 after exposure1 or after being dipped in vinegar1 are almost invariably green on the surface4 ,they are most abundant near trap dykes4 ,the pyrites is generally found in lead mines1 and in granite and clay-slate4 ,copper very rarely occurs in the new formations1 as along the ,atlantic and ,gulf borders1 and in the ,mississippi ,valley south of ,cairo4 ,,searching ,,for ,,lead4--,lead is seldom discovered in the surface soil4 ,it is also in vain to look for it in the coal region and along the coast4 ,it must be sought in steep hills1 in limestone and slate rocks4 ,a surface cut by frequent ravines or covered by vegetation in lines1 indicates mineral crevices4 ,the galena from the slate is said to contain more silver than that from the limestone4 ,the purest specimens of galena are poorest in silver2 the small veins are richest in the more precious metal4 ,a lead vein is thickest in limestone1 thinner in sandstone and thinnest in slate4 ,,searching ,,for ,,iron4--,any heavy mineral of a black1 brown1 red or yellow color may be suspected to be iron4 ,to prove it1 dissolve some in oil of vitriol and pour in an infusion of nut-gall or oak-bark2 if it turns black1 iron is present4 ,if a ton of rich magnetic ore costs more than #d at the furnace1 good hematite more than #c1 and poor ores more than #a4ej or #b1 they are too expensive to pay1 unless iron is unusually high4 ,deep mining for iron is not profitable4 ,generally speaking1 a bed of good iron ore1 a foot thick1 will repay the cost of stripping it of soil1 etc41 twelve feet thick4 ,red and yellow earths1 called ochres1 contain iron4 ,magnetic ore is easily found by a compass4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,assay ,,of ,,ores4 ,,when ,,an ,,ore ,,will ,,pay--,,washing ,,for ,,gold ,,and ,,platinum--,,how ,,to ,,assay ,,gold ,,in ,,the ,,simplest ,,way--,,to ,,test ,,any ,,rock ,,for ,,gold ,,and ,,silver--,,to ,,find ,,the ,,purity ,,of ,,gold--,,to ,,detect ,,and ,,assay ,,silver ,,ores--,,assay ,,of ,,copper1 ,,iron1 ,,zinc1 ,,tin ,,and ,,lead ,,ores--,,ready ,,method ,,of ,,testing ,,graphite4 ,one of the first questions asked after the discovery of a metallic ore1 is--8will it pay80 ,we propose to state in plain words a method of determining the character and value of the principal ores1 so that any intelligent man1 however unscientific1 may answer his own question4 ,the chemical analysis or exact assaying of ores is too complicated1 and must be left to professional assayers4 8,will it pay80 is an important query2 for many ores of even precious metals1 are not 8paying40 ,whether an ore is profitable depends not so much upon the relative value of the metal as upon the ease of separating it from the rock or 8gangue0 as it is called4 ,thus the minimum percentage of metal1 below which the working of the ore ceases to be profitable is-- ,of ,iron1 #be per cent4 ,zinc1 #bj 8 ,lead1 #bj 8 ,antimony1 #bj 8 ,copper1 #jb 8 ,tin1 #ja 8 ,quicksilver1 #ja 8 ,silver1 #a_/bjjj 8 ,platinum1 #a_/ajjjj 8 ,gold1 #a_/ajjjjj 8 ,that is1 an ore of iron which contains less than #be per cent4 of metal will not pay for working2 for the reduction of iron in comparison with copper ore is very difficult4 ,gold is very easily extracted1 and hence some quartz rocks which do not apparently contain a particle of gold1 pay well1 a bushel of rock often yielding half an ounce4 ,iron occurs in large masses or beds2 but the other metals are scattered in fragments through sand or soil1 or exist in veins running through rocks4 ,,washing ,,for ,,gold ,,and ,,platinum4--,this operation1 called 8panning10 is the oldest and simplest method of extracting the precious metals4 ,at the present time1 it furnishes to ,russia nearly all the gold produced in that empire4 ,it is based on the principle that substances of different weights may be separated by means of water1--the heaviest going to the bottom first4 ,to examine the bank or bed of a river1 suspected to contain gold1 fill a milk-pan with the sands and carry it to a tub or pool of quiet water4 ,dip it under1 stirring the mass with one hand or a stick4 ,then pour off the muddy water1 fill with fresh water stirring again1 and again pour off the light sand1 clay1 etc4 ,scales of gold will sink fast2 mica flakes will take their time4 ,repeat this process till all the fine particles are washed off2 then allow just enough water to enter the pan as will cover the sand4 ,by shaking the pan and gradually lowering the side by which it is held1 the light sand will flow off1 leaving in the corner a heap of coarse sand4 ,put in a small quantity of water and turn the pan around so as to create a gentle current1 when the precious metal1 if there be any1 can be easily detected1--the gold by its bright lustre1 the platinum by its lead color1 and both by their malleability4 ,particles of gold are of uniform color and are either flat or rounded2 while other yellow grains are angular4 ,holding the pan in the sunshine1 secure any glittering glassy crystals1 and test them for diamonds or rock-crystals4 ,a magnet will remove any particles of magnetic iron-ore4 ,,assay ,,of ,,gold ,,ore4--,gold may be found in quartz rock1 in iron and copper pyrites1 and in silver ores4 ,to ascertain if any gold is present in quartz1 reduce the rock to powder and sift it4 ,a certain quantity1 say half a peck1 is then washed as above described1 till a manageable quantity of sand is left4 ,if there is any show of gold1 dry the mass and put it in a bowl or glass dish1 and add an ounce of quicksilver1 stirring the mixture well with a wooden rod4 ,the quicksilver1 which will unite with every particle of gold which may be there1 is then poured off into a soft leather 7chamois7 bag4 ,this is squeezed to remove superfluous quicksilver1 and a pasty amalgam is left1 which is put into an iron vessel and heated red hot4 ,the yellow powder remaining is mixed with saltpetre and melted1 when a button of pure gold will be found in the crucible4 ,quartz ores should yield #f to the ton in order to pay4 ,to test pyrites for gold1 reduce a given quantity to powder and wash as before2 then roast the residue at a red heat4 ,upon cooling1 add quicksilver and treat as just described4 ,pyrites should yield #a of gold to the bushel of ore to be profitable4 ,native silver often contains gold4 ,to separate them1 carefully flatten the alloy with a smooth hammer on an anvil1 and then boil it in strong nitric acid in a glass flask for about ten minutes4 ,carefully pour off the acid into a vial1 and wash the powder in the flask 7which is fine gold7 with water and dry4 ,to the liquid in the vial add a solution of common salt4 ,the white powder which falls should be removed1 washed with water1 and fused with powdered chalk or iron filings2 a button of pure silver is the result4 ,any substance supposed to be or to contain gold may be tested by dissolving it powdered in aqua regia and then pouring in a solution of copperas2 if there is gold1 the reddish-brown precipitate1 by rubbing1 assumes a bright metallic lustre4 ,to tell whether a globule of silver has any gold in it1 put it on a white porcelain dish and moisten it with a drop of nitric acid3 if it is pure silver1 it will dissolve and retain its white color2 if mixed with gold1 it will soon turn gray or black4 ,to test the purity of gold1 rub some of it off on a hard black flint slate1 and apply to the mark a drop of aqua fortis4 ,if the gold is pure1 the yellow streak remains unchanged1 but if alloyed it partly disappears2 if it is only an imitation of gold1 it vanishes altogether4 ,a ready method of finding the amount of gold in a quartz rock with considerable accuracy1 is by taking the specific gravity of the rock 7well cleaned7 as given on page #ac4 ,if the gravity is not over #b4g1 it contains little or no gold4 ,if it is #c1 it very likely is gold-bearing1 although pyrites may be present4 ,but if it is over #e1 it is undoubtedly auriferous1 and if #ab1 it is very rich in gold4 ,it is generally considered that the sand of any river is worth working for the gold it contains1 provided it will yield twenty-four grains to the hundred weight4 ,,assay ,,of ,,silver ,,ore4--,pure silver is easily recognized4 ,but lead and copper ores often contain a large percentage of the precious metal4 ,to detect silver in lead ore1 dissolve the powdered ore in strong nitric acid2 pour off the liquid and insert a piece of pure copper4 ,if silver is present1 it will go to the bottom4 ,or1 add to the liquid a solution of common salt1 and it will instantly become cloudy or white4 ,if lead ore yields three ounces of silver to a ton1 it may be worked for the silver as well as the lead4 ,in ,colorado1 the average value of silver-bearing galena is #ajj per ton4 ,to test the copper ores for silver1 dissolve them in nitric acid2 then add a few drops of muriatic acid1 and if silver is present1 a white curdy precipitate will fall to the bottom4 ,native copper1 when polished1 often shows white spots of silver4 ,to estimate the proportion of silver in lead ore1 reduce a known quantity of the clear ore to powder1 mix with a little dry soda and a few nails1 and heat in a round-bottomed iron pot or crucible4 ,the lead which is obtained should then be put in a cup having ashes at the bottom1 and strongly heated in an open furnace4 ,a globule of silver will be left1 if any is present1 and being weighed1 the percentage can be found4 ,rich silver ores may be reduced by mixing them with ten parts of common salt1 and exposing the mass for hours in an open furnace1 stirring it frequently4 ,when cold reduce to powder and mix with an equal quantity of quicksilver and enough water to make a paste1 and agitate the mixture for two days1 when the amalgam will fall to the bottom4 ,the amalgam is then squeezed in a leather bag and washed4 ,silver glance will yield its metal by heating it before a blow-pipe4 ,,assay ,,of ,,copper ,,ore4--,when the ore is native copper and rock1 as at ,lake ,superior1 it should be pounded and the earthy matter washed away4 ,then mix with a little potash or soda and bring to a high heat in a crucible4 ,other copper ores may be tested by dissolving them powdered in dilute aqua regia4 ,the presence of silver will be shown by a white powder on the bottom4 ,then add considerable ammonia4 ,if there is any copper a blue liquor will be produced4 ,strain this through tissue paper1 and evaporate to dryness4 ,dissolve the residue in muriatic acid1 and by putting in a piece of iron or zinc1 the copper will fall down4 ,or1 add to this solution pure potash2 dry and weigh the powder thrown down2 every #e parts of it contains #d parts of copper4 ,gray copper and red copper ores may be assayed by heating with charcoal1 7both powdered17 in a furnace4 ,malachite and azurite should be smelted with borax2 ,copper pyrites and silicate of copper with soda or powdered marble4 ,a ton of copper ore which contains ten per cent4 of metal1 pays #be at the furnace4 ,the ore of copper when roasted1 turns black2 and when thrown into nitric acid makes a sky-blue solution4 ,a clean knife-blade put into this solution will be coated with copper4 ,,assay ,,of ,,iron ,,ore4--,take a known quantity of the ore in fine powder and mix thoroughly with dry borax 7or with one part of fluor spar1 one of charcoal and four of salt17 and expose it for an hour in a covered crucible lined with charcoal to a white heat in a wind-furnace for an hour4 ,a button of iron will be found at the bottom1 which determines the percentage4 ,,assay ,,of ,,zinc ,,ore4--,if the weighed ore is roasted with powdered charcoal1 white flowers of zinc will be formed on a piece of cold iron held over it4 ,after thorough roasting1 the residue should be weighed2 the loss is the oxide of zinc1 and every #ajj parts of this contain #ha of metal4 ,all the ores of zinc will dissolve in either nitric or hot sulphuric acid4 ,,assay ,,of ,,tin ,,ore4--,tin-stone will yield up its metal if mixed with charcoal1 borax and soda1 and heated on the hearth of a furnace or before a blow-pipe4 ,the presence of tin may be tested by dissolving the metal thus roasted out1 in aqua regia and adding a decoction of ,brazil-wood3 if the metal was tin1 the liquid will be colored a beautiful crimson4 ,,assay ,,of ,,lead ,,ore4--,both galena and cerussite are rich ores1 and when abundant pay well4 ,they are easily reduced by heat1 the former being usually mixed with charcoal and iron filings4 ,if a western backwoodsman wants shot or bullets1 he kindles a fire in a hollow tree or an old stump1 puts some galena on the charred wood1 and melts it down4 ,after cooling1 he finds the metal at the bottom4 ,the smelting of a ton of lead costs about #f4 ,the average price per ton of galena is #cj4 ,when galena is dissolved in warm nitric acid1 a clean plate of zinc placed in it will be coated with brilliant blades of lead2 if the galena contains silver1 a plate of copper will be served in the same way4 ,a solution of chromate of potash poured into a solution of lead ore in nitric acid will throw down a yellow powder4 ,,to ,,test ,,the ,,purity ,,of ,,graphite4--,its value depends upon the amount of its carbon4 ,pulverize and then dry at a heat of about #cej degrees1 twenty grains of it2 then place it in a tube of hard glass four or five inches long1 half an inch wide and closed at one end4 ,add twenty times as much well dried oxide of lead and well mix4 ,weigh the tube and contents1 and afterwards heat before a blow-pipe till the contents are completely fused and no longer evolve gases4 ,ten minutes will suffice for this4 ,allow the tube to cool and weigh it4 ,the loss in weight is carbonic acid4 ,for every twenty-eight parts of loss there must have been twelve of carbon4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mineral ,,springs4 ,,what ,,are ,,mineral ,,springs--,,general ,,location--,,gas ,,springs--,,iron ,,springs--,,sulphur ,,springs--,,alum ,,springs--,,epsom ,,springs--,,salt ,,springs--,,warm ,,springs--,,artesian ,,wells ,,and ,,oil ,,wells1 ,,and ,,where ,,to ,,bore ,,for ,,them4 ,any spring which contains a large amount of foreign matter1 as gas1 salts and earthy ingredients1 is called mineral water4 ,the special prominence of any ingredient gives it its particular name4 ,many iron springs contain salt1 salt springs contain iron1 and both may contain gas2 the name is derived from the most prominent ingredient4 ,our country is rich in mineral springs2 there is not a ,state without one4 ,but in general they are most numerous in hilly or mountainous regions1 especially where the rocks are much deranged in position1 or 8faulted10 as the miners say4 ,as for example1 in ,eastern ,new ,york and in the valley between the ,blue ,ridge and the ,alleghany from ,harper's ,ferry to the ,natural ,bridge4 ,the ,pacific ,states1 also1 are as remarkable for the number and variety of their mineral springs as for their metallic ores4 ,,carbonated ,,or ,,gas ,,springs4--,springs of this class have a peculiar sparkling character and are continually sending up bubbles of gas4 ,when the quantity of gas is small1 it may be detected by adding a little lime water which will give it a milky appearance and deposit a white sediment2 or1 dip in a piece of blue litmus paper 7which can be had of most druggists71 and if there is any carbonic acid gas in the water1 it will be reddened2 or1 pour in a little vinegar1 stir well1 and then add a little finely powdered sugar1 when the gas1 if it is there1 will rise in small bubbles4 ,the most celebrated carbonated springs are the following3 ,saratoga and ,ballston1 ,n4 ,y42 ,clarendon1 ,vt42 ,sweet ,springs in ,shover's ,valley1 ,pa42 ,bladon and ,bailey ,springs1 ,ala42 8,boiling ,springs0 near ,pike's ,peak1 ,col42 ,beer ,springs near ,bear ,river1 ,or4 ,these springs contain salt1 soda1 magnesia1 lime and iron1 and are sometimes classed as saline1 soda or chalybeate springs4 ,,chalybeate ,,or ,,iron ,,springs4--,the presence of iron in a spring may be ascertained by pouring into it an infusion of nut-galls1 of logwood or of tan-bark1 which will change it immediately to a black or dark color4 ,if the water contains much iron1 it may be recognized by its inky taste and by a yellowish powder on the border of the spring or at the bottom of a tumbler when allowed to stand awhile4 ,if waters have a cool but earthy taste1 they contain lime2 if bitter1 they have magnesia4 ,the 8soda springs10 so called1 are often only saline1 carbonated or magnesia waters4 ,the most famous iron springs are at ,saratoga1 ,sandlake and ,catskill1 ,n4 ,y42 ,west ,bethel1 ,fryeburg1 ,eberne and ,bethel1 ,me42 ,schooley's ,mountain in ,washington1 ,n4 ,j42 ,bedford1 ,pittsburg1 ,frankfort and ,york1 ,pa42 ,brandywine ,springs1 ,del42 ,red ,sweet ,springs in ,monroe ,county1 ,rawley's ,spring in ,rockingham ,county1 and ,huguenot ,springs in ,powhattan ,county1 ,va42 in ,bath ,county1 ,ky42 ,yellow ,springs1 ,o42 twenty miles east of ,knoxville1 ,tenn42 ,madison ,county1 ,geo42 ,raymond and ,lynchburg1 ,miss42 near ,ogden ,city1 ,utah2 near ,mt4 ,shasta1 ,col4 ,,sulphur ,,springs4--,these are easily recognized by their unpleasant odor1 resembling that of rotten eggs4 ,the water blackens silver and a solution of sugar of lead4 ,sulphur springs are very numerous4 ,the best known are at ,saratoga1 ,sharon1 ,clifton1 ,avon1 ,manlius1 ,chittenango1 ,dryden and ,richfield1 ,n4 ,y42 ,highgate and ,newburg1 ,vt42 ,togus1 ,bethel and ,west ,newfield1 ,me42 ,shover's ,valley1 ,carlisle and ,doubling ,gap1 ,pa42 ,winchester and ,warrenton1 ,va42 ,greenbrier and ,monroe ,counties1 ,w4 ,va42 ,bath ,county1 ,ky42 ,white's ,creek near ,nashville and in ,granger ,county1 ,tenn42 ,spartanburg1 ,s4 ,c42 ,butts ,county1 ,geo42 ,tallahatta1 ,ala42 ,tampa1 ,fla42 near ,bitter ,creek and ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,utah2 along the ,yellowstone ,river1 ,mont42 ,jackson1 ,cal4 ,,acid ,,or ,,alum ,,springs4--,these waters have a more or less sour taste and redden blue litmus-paper4 ,they are found at ,byron and ,oak ,orchard1 ,n4 ,y42 ,blossburg1 ,pa42 ,bath1 ,richmond and ,rockbridge1 ,va4 ,,magnesian ,,or ,,epsom ,,springs4--,these have a bitter taste4 ,to test any water for magnesia1 add to a glass of it a solution of phosphate of soda and some hartshorn2 if magnesia is present1 the liquid first becomes turbid1 and finally minute crystals fall to the bottom4 ,there are ,epsom springs at ,harrodsburg and ,perryville1 ,ky42 ,westport1 ,o42 ,raymond1 ,miss42 ,orange ,county1 ,ind42 ,scott ,county1 ,w4 ,va4 ,,saline ,,or ,,salt ,,springs4--,these contain a large percentage of common salt1 and are recognized by their taste4 ,they generally contain many ingredients1 7generally seven or eight17 but the salt predominates4 ,a well should contain at least ten per cent4 of salt to pay for working4 ,the ,syracuse spring yields a bushel of salt to every thirty-three gallons2 while the ,great ,salt ,lake contains #bb per cent4 ,among the most important salt wells are those at ,syracuse1 ,salina and ,liverpool1 ,n4 ,y42 ,lubec1 ,me42 ,shannondale1 ,va42 ,bath ,county1 ,ky42 ,athens ,county1 ,o42 ,hartford1 ,ind42 ,saginaw1 ,mich42 ,oneida1 ,idaho4 ,,thermal ,,or ,,warm ,,springs4--,any spring is so called1 the temperature of which throughout the year is above that of the soil around it4 ,they generally occur near the line of junction between the granite or igneous rocks and the stratified rock 7slate or limestone7 resting upon its flanks4 ,the temperature of such waters in the ,united ,states ranges from #gc to #bjj degrees1 the latter being reached by the ,geysers of ,montana4 ,many iron and sulphur springs are also thermal4 ,the most noted warm springs are at ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,y42 in ,bath1 ,berkley1 ,monroe and ,scott ,counties1 ,va42 ,buncombe ,counties1 ,n4 ,c42 ,french ,brood ,river1 ,tenn42 ,meriwether ,county1 ,geo42 ,washitaw1 ,ark42 ,salt ,lake ,valley1 ,utah2 near ,pyramid ,lake1 ,nev42 along the ,malheur and ,fall ,rivers1 ,or42 ,lincoln ,valley1 ,idaho2 on ,gardiner's ,river1 in ,madison ,county1 and especially in the ,yellowstone ,basin1 ,mont4 ,,artesian ,,wells4--,to sink a flowing well with any reasonable prospect of success1 it is essential that the spot selected should be lower than land in the vicinity1 although those higher elevations may be several miles away4 ,the layers of the rocks1 also1 should dip towards the spot rather than away from it4 ,the best indication1 but not a certain one1 is a great basin-shaped valley1 to the centre of which the rocks dip on one or more sides4 ,sandy1 lime and slate rocks are more propitious than granite4 ,,oil ,,wells4--,where there are marks of disturbance and misplacement of the rocks1 there the experienced sink wells4 ,rugged hills and sharply-defined valleys are1 generally1 signs of such dislocation4 ,the line or 8break0 from which the rocks dip like the roof of a house is considered most favorable4 ,there is no such thing as an 8oil rock10 for the oil is found at different depths1 and the fissure containing it is more or less vertical4 ,in ,pennsylvania1 the greatest flowing wells have been found in the third sand rock4 ,no limestone has afforded any large supply of oil4 ,coal in no large quantities is ever found upon or in the immediate vicinity of the oil territory4 ,the 8show of oil0 increases in value as a sign1 with the depth at which it is found4 ,especially is the finding of a large amount of imprisoned gas1 though no oil may be present1 regarded as a good indication that oil is near4 ,in the bituminous coal region1 a gas spring indicates the probable existence of oil in the rocks below4 ,but generally1 8surface shows0 are seductive4 ,the great oil belt runs south-westerly from ,oil ,creek1 ,pa41 to ,burning ,springs1 ,west ,va4 ,but ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,missouri1 ,texas1 ,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,michigan and ,southern ,california are also rich in petroleum4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,artificial ,,jewelry--,,how ,,made ,,and ,,how ,,detected4 ,,mock ,,diamonds--8,,paris ,,brilliants0--,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,pastes--,,false ,,ruby1 ,,topaz1 ,,sapphire1 ,,emerald ,,and ,,carnelian--,,how ,,to ,,distinguish ,,true ,,and ,,false ,,gems--,,imitation ,,pearl ,,and ,,coral--,,artificial ,,gold--,,list ,,of ,,precious ,,stones4 8,bristol ,stones10 8,irish ,diamonds10 8,cape ,may ,diamonds10 and 8,california ,diamonds10 are skillfully-cut quartz crystals4 ,they are easily detected by the file and by their lightness4 8,paris ,brilliants0 are more dangerous counterfeits1 and are very often sold for genuine4 ,the great establishment of ,boarguiguon1 in ,paris1 is the most famous manufactory of artificial gems in the world1 employing about one hundred hands4 ,the gems are such perfect imitations that they can be distinguished from real stones only by the closest scrutiny of those experienced in such matters4 ,they fail chiefly in hardness2 in brilliancy and gravity they nearly or quite equal the genuine4 ,nature has made the most precious stones with the most common materials4 ,the diamond is purified charcoal2 while the matter of clay and white pebbles is the base of all other gems4 ,the chemist has imitated nature in the production of colored gems4 ,the base of these imitations1 called 8pastes10 is 8strass0--a white glass compound of #cjj parts of pure sand1 #if of potash1 #bg of borax1 #ead of white lead1 and one of arsenic4 ,the mixture is put into a crucible and kept at a high heat for #bd hours4 ,this is the philosopher's stone which competes with ,golconda4 ,the uncolored glass is used in making mock diamonds and white topaz4 ,another paste which has very great brilliancy1 and1 unfortunately1 the same gravity as the diamond1 is made by melting #ajj parts of pure sand1 #aej of red lead1 #cj of calcined potash1 #aj of calcined borax and one of arsenic1 keeping the mixture melted for two or three days and then cooling very slowly4 ,each ingredient is separately reduced to a fine powder4 ,,false ,,ruby is made by fusing together of strass one ounce and six drams1 glass of antimony #cg grains1 and purple of cassius one grain2 then add eight parts more of strass and fuse for thirty hours2 cool and remelt pieces in a blow-pipe4 ,or1 melt five ounces of strass and one dram of manganese4 ,,false ,,topaz can be made from #ajjh grains of strass1 #dc grains of glass of antimony and one grain of purple of cassius4 ,,false ,,sapphire4--,add to eight ounces of strass #eb grains of pure oxide of cobalt4 ,,false ,,emerald4--,to one pound of strass add one dram of verdigris and fifteen grains of crocus martis4 ,or1 take #bcjd grains of strass1 #ba grains of green oxide of copper1 and one grain of oxide of chrome4 ,or1 take an ounce and a half of rock-crystal1 six drams of dry soda1 two drams of dry borax1 two drams of red lead1 one dram of nitre1 twenty grains of red oxide of iron1 and ten grains of green carbonate of copper4 ,,false ,,carnelian4--,strass two pounds1 glass of antimony one pound1 rouge two ounces1 manganese one dram4 ,,false ,,amethysts ,,and ,,opals are manufactured2 but the fine opal defies imitation1 and the amethyst is too common in nature to allow much margin for the 8pastes40 ,in distinguishing true and false gems1 no one character should be depended upon4 ,all genuine stones will bear rough handling2 if the merchant says 8hands off10 refuse to purchase4 ,any gem worth buying is worth testing4 ,first3 try the hardness4 ,the file will make no impression on the diamond and ruby1 and will with difficulty scratch the other gems2 while the 8pastes0 are easily marred4 ,all the precious stones scratch window glass1 although opal will not attack common bottle glass4 ,all imitations easily yield to sand4 ,the sapphire is the hardest of colored gems1 and opal is the softest4 ,the emerald will hardly scratch rock-crystal2 its counterfeit not at all4 ,topaz will scratch ordinary ruby1 but will not touch sapphire4 ,secondly3 as to weight4 ,this is the most accurate method1 but the stone must be taken from its setting4 ,the mode of taking the gravity has already been given 7page #ac71 and the amount of each is stated in ,chapter ,,ii4 ,garnet is the heaviest of gems2 weighed in water it loses only one-fourth of its weight2 i4 e41 if a red garnet be suspended by a fine thread from a delicate balance and immersed in a glass of water under it1 one-quarter of its ordinary weight in air must be added to the pan from which it is suspended to restore the equilibrium4 ,in like manner1 ruby and sapphire lose a little more4 ,the diamond and white topaz lose two-sevenths of their weight4 ,rock-crystal1 amethyst1 carnelian and agate lose five-thirteenths2 and opal about one-half1 being the lightest of gems4 ,the emerald loses more than one-third4 ,as 8paste0 can be made so as to have the same specific gravity as the genuine article1 this test alone can not be relied upon2 but very few of the imitations are so carefully made4 ,the test is very convenient in distinguishing gems of like color from each other1 as oriental ruby1 spinel ruby and red tourmaline1 and green tourmaline and emerald4 ,thirdly3 characteristics depending on light and electricity4 ,it is not easy to look through a diamond of the first water1 while imitations readily permit objects to be seen through them4 ,a very delicate and perfect test of a diamond1 distinguishing it from all colorless gems1 as white topaz1 white sapphire and white zircon1 but not from 8pastes10 is to look through it at a pin-hole in a card4 ,this requires some dexterity1 and the gem should be fixed to a steady object by a bit of wax at a proper distance4 ,a true diamond will show but one hole1 all the others will show two4 ,as white topaz1 when large1 is a magnificent stone1 it is often palmed off for a diamond of great value2 but this test is invariably certain4 ,a true diamond retains its brilliancy under water4 ,when a colored stone is placed in the path of the solar spectrum 7the row of seven colors into which sunlight is separated by a prism71 its color will vary with the portion of the spectrum which falls upon it2 and two stones of the same color1 but of a different nature1 will exhibit different effects4 ,thus1 a paste placed beside a fine colored gem1 betrays its worthlessness4 ,a simpler method of testing stones is to look at them through a bit of glass1 colored red1 yellow1 blue or green4 ,every stone will exhibit1 under this test1 properties peculiar to itself1 and by which its ,illustration3 ,,searching ,,for ,,diamonds4 nature may be recognized4 ,this is also a severe test for the purity of tint2 for if pure and unmixed1 the stone will appear completely black in every other light but its own color4 ,milky and turbid stones can not bear this test4 ,a first-class ruby has the color of the blood as it spirts from an artery4 ,the deeper the hue of the emerald the more it is valued2 it loses none of its brilliancy by artificial light4 ,the pale rose topaz1 the kind most esteemed1 is artificially colored by heating it4 ,if topaz or tourmaline be gently heated1 it becomes electric and will attract a thread or suspended pith-ball4 ,no imitation will do this4 ,all real gems when rubbed will attract the pith-ball1 and retain the power a long time2 the pastes also become electric1 but soon lose their attraction4 ,rub a glass tube with a piece of flannel and bring it near a suspended pith-ball2 the latter will be strongly attracted and then repelled4 ,immediately rub a genuine diamond and bring it near the ball1 and it will be attracted4 ,a paste diamond thus rubbed would repel it4 ,finally3 the breath remains much longer on the pastes than on real gems4 ,the former also betray under a magnifying glass small air bubbles4 ,diamonds and other first-class stones are always cold to the touch4 ,,false ,,pearls4--,these are glass beads coated with a mixture of three ounces of scales of the blay or bleak fish1 half an ounce of fine glue1 one ounce of white wax and one ounce of pulverized alabaster4 ,powdered opal is sometimes used2 also the powdered pearl of the oyster and other shells soaked in vinegar1 and made up with gum tragacanth4 ,artificial pearls are usually brittle1 and do not weigh more than two-thirds as much as the genuine4 ,,false ,,corals4--,these are made of resin and vermilion2 or of marble powder made into a paste with varnish or soluble glass and a little isinglass1 colored by ,chinese vermilion1 and then moulded4 ,they are used for setting in cheap jewelry4 ,the knife shows it to be too soft to be genuine4 ,,artificial ,,gold4--,the following oroid or imitation gold is sometimes sold for the genuine article which it closely resembles4 ,pure copper1 #ajj parts by weight1 is melted in a crucible1 and then #f parts of magnesia1 #c4f of sal-ammoniac1 #a4h of quicklime and #i4 of tartar are added separately and gradually in the form of powder4 ,the whole is then stirred for about half an hour1 and #ag parts of zinc or tin in small grains are thrown in and thoroughly mixed4 ,the crucible is now covered and the mixture kept melted for half an hour longer1 when it is skimmed and poured out4 ,any imitation of gold may be detected by its weight1 which is not one-half of what it should be1 and by its dissolving in nitric acid while pure gold is untouched4 ,,precious ,,stones4 ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,color ,,and ,,in ,,order ,,of ,,hardness4 ,limpid4 ,diamond1 ,sapphire1 ,topaz1 ,rock-,crystal4 ,blue4 ,sapphire1 ,topaz1 ,spinel1 ,aquamarine1 ,indicolite1 ,turquoise1 ,kyanite4 ,green4 ,oriental ,emerald1 ,chrysoberyl1 ,emerald1 ,chrysoprase1 ,chrysolite1 ,amazon ,stone1 ,malachite4 ,yellow4 ,diamond1 ,topaz1 ,fire-,opal4 ,red4 ,sapphire-,ruby1 ,spinel-,ruby1 ,brazilian-,topaz1 ,hyacinth1 ,carnelian1 ,rubellite1 ,garnet4 ,violet4 ,oriental ,amethyst1 ,amethyst4 ,black and ,brown4 ,diamond1 ,tourmaline1 ,hyacinth1 ,garnet4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,gold ,,in ,,california4#d ,it was on the #aith day of ,january1 #ahdh1 that ,james ,w4 ,marshall1 while engaged in digging a race for a saw-mill at ,coloma1 about thirty-five miles eastward from ,sutter's ,fort1 found some pieces of yellow metal1 which he and the half-dozen men working with him at the mill supposed to be gold4 ,he felt confident that he had made a discovery of great importance1 but he knew nothing of either chemistry or gold-mining1 so he could not prove the nature of the metal nor tell how to obtain it in paying quantities4 ,every morning he went down to the race to look for the bits of the metal2 but the other men at the mill thought ,marshall was very wild in his ideas1 and they continued their labors in building the mill1 and in sowing wheat and planting vegetables4 ,the swift current of the mill-race washed away a considerable body of earthy matter1 leaving the coarse particles of gold behind2 so ,marshall's collection of specimens continued to accumulate1 and his associates began to think there might be something in his gold mines after all4 ,about the middle of ,february1 a ,mr4 ,bennet1 one of the party employed at the mill1 went to ,san ,francisco for the purpose of learning whether this metal was precious1 and there he was introduced to ,isaac ,humphrey1 who had washed for gold in ,georgia4 ,the experienced miner saw at a glance that he had the true stuff before him1 and1 after a few inquiries1 he was satisfied that the diggings must be rich4 ,he made immediate preparation to go to the mill1 and tried ,illustration3 ,,the ,,saw-,,mill ,,of ,,coloma4 ,,the ,,place ,,where ,,gold ,,was ,,first ,,discovered ,,in ,,california4 to persuade some of his friends to go with him2 but they thought it would be only a waste of time and money1 so he went with ,bennet for his sole companion4 ,he arrived at ,coloma on the #gth of ,march1 and found the work at the mill going on as if no gold existed in the neighborhood4 ,the next day he took a pan and spade1 and washed some of the dirt in the bottom of the mill-race in places where ,marshall had found his specimens1 and1 in a few hours1 ,humphrey declared that these mines were far richer than any in ,georgia4 ,he now made a rocker and went to work washing gold industriously1 and every day yielded to him an ounce or two of metal4 ,the men at the mill made rockers for themselves1 and all were soon busy in search of the yellow metal4 ,everything else was abandoned2 the rumor of the discovery spread slowly4 ,in the middle of ,march ,pearson ,b4 ,reading1 the owner of a large ranch at the head of the ,sacramento valley1 happened to visit ,sutter's ,fort1 and hearing of the mining at ,coloma1 he went thither to see it4 ,he said that if similarity of formation could be taken as a proof1 there must be gold-mines near his ranch2 so1 after observing the method of washing1 he posted off1 and in a few weeks he was at work on the bars of ,clear ,creek1 nearly two hundred miles north-westward from ,coloma4 ,a few days after ,reading had left1 ,john ,bidwell1 now representative of the northern district of the ,state in the lower ,house of ,congress1 came to ,coloma1 and the result of his visit was that1 in less than a month1 he had a party of ,indians from his ranch washing gold on the bars of ,feather ,river1 twenty-five miles north-westward from ,coloma4 ,thus the mines were opened at far distant points4 ,the first printed notice of the discovery of gold1 was given in the ,california newspaper published in ,san ,francisco on the #aeth of ,march4 ,on the #bith of ,may the same paper1 announcing that its publication would be suspended1 says3--8,the whole country1 from ,san ,francisco to ,los ,angelos1 and from the sea-shore to the base of the ,sierra ,nevada1 resound with the sordid cry of gold6 gold6 gold6 while the field is left half planted1 the house half built1 and everything neglected but the manufacture of picks and shovels1 and the means of transportation to the spot where one man obtained one hundred and twenty-eight dollars' worth of the real stuff in one day's washing2 and the average for all concerned1 is twenty dollars per diem40 ,the first to commence quartz mining in ,california were ,capt4 ,wm4 ,jackson and ,mr4 ,eliason1 both ,virginians1 and the first machine used was a ,chilian mill4 ,the ,reid ,mine1 in ,north ,carolina1 was the first gold mine discovered and worked in the ,united ,states1 and the only one in ,north ,america from which1 up to #ahbe1 gold was sent to the ,mint4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,silver ,,in ,,nevada1 ,,and ,,united ,,states ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,statistics4 ,separated from ,california by the snowy chain of the ,sierra1 the ,state of ,nevada has been celebrated1 since #ahfj1 for its silver mining4 ,in ,november1 #ahei1 the news of the discovery of silver mines near ,lake ,washoe was confirmed at ,san ,francisco2 and in ,june1 #ahfj1 the mines of ,washoe1 the central western portion of the ,state1 had already sent such rich results to ,europe1 that the ,french ,ministers of ,finance and ,commerce despatched a mining engineer to ,nevada to make a close inspection of these wonderful mines4 ,it seemed as if the world were about to be inundated with silver1 as it had been by gold ten years previously2 and what would those economists now say1 who had only recently counselled that the value of gold coin should be lowered or that gold should be demonetized on account of the disturbed relation of these precious metals--the bases of the standard of payment throughout the world generally4 ,whilst the ,french engineer visited ,nevada and prepared his report1 the miners of ,washoe continued working their veins of metal4 ,at the present time1 #ahha1 the mines on the eastern slope of the ,sierra ,nevada annually produce about #ab1ejj1jjj of silver1 chiefly from the ,comstock lode2 the total yield of gold from the quartz mines of ,california is about #ag1jjj1jjj per annum4 ,the ,comstock lode1 in the ,state of ,nevada1 may be ranked among the most productive metalliferous deposits ever encountered in the history of mining enterprise2 its productive capacity1 as now being developed1 surpassing1 if the mass of its ores do not in richness equal1 those of the most famous mines of ,mexico and ,peru4 ,the known limits of this lode cover a space of #bb1edf feet in a nearly due north and south direction 7magnetic74 ,the variation of the needle in that locality is #af degrees east4 ,upon this extensive seat of metalliferous deposits1 the mines are divided into three groups3 the ,virginia ,group1 seventeen mines1 with claims of #ac1edi feet2 ,gold ,hill ,group1 nine mines1 of #f1cig feet2 ,american ,flat ,group1 three mines1 of #b1fjj feet4 ,the three groups of twenty-nine mines thus occupy a total length on the lode of #bb1edf feet4 ,the ,comstock lode was discovered in #ahei1 by a pit sunk for a water hole on the ground of the ,ophir mine2 milling the ore began in ,october of the same year1 but the amount of bullion taken out in #ahfj is estimated at but #ajj1jjj4 ,since then the ,comstock has become the greatest gold and silver mine in the world4 ,to the end of #ahgh the yield was estimated at #bia1afb1bje1 as follows3 ,from #ahfj to #ahgj inclusive1 of gold and silver together1 unclassified1 #ajb1dff1bdj2 #ahga to #ahgh inclusive1 gold1 #hh1fia1dih1 silver1 #ia1bgh1fbc2 #ahgg and #ahgh1 gold and silver1 unclassified1 #a1gbe1hdd4 ,making allowance for the loss by slimes and tailings1 the gross contents of the lode as worked up to #ahgh are estimated at #cfc1ifa1bje4 ,about #f1ejj1jjj tons of ore have been extracted in this time1 which a good authority estimates of an average value to the company of #de per ton of #b1jjj pounds4#e ,,annual ,,production of ,,gold and ,,silver in the ,,united ,,states from #ahec to #ahhj1 inclusive4 ,from the ,reports of the ,director of the ,mint4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,production4 ,,year4 ------------------------ ,,total4 ,gold4 ,silver4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,dollars4 ,dollars4 ,dollars4 #ahec #fe1jjj1jjj #fe1jjj1jjj #ahed #fj1jjj1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj #ahee #ee1jjj1jjj #ee1jjj1jjj #ahef #ee1jjj1jjj #ee1jjj1jjj #aheg #ee1jjj1jjj #ee1jjj1jjj #aheh #ej1jjj1jjj #ejj1jjj #ej1ejj1jjj #ahei #ej1jjj1jjj #ajj1jjj #ej1ajj1jjj #ahfj #df1jjj1jjj #aej1jjj #df1aej1jjj #ahfa #dc1jjj1jjj #b1jjj1jjj #de1jjj1jjj #ahfb #ci1bjj1jjj #d1ejj1jjj #dc1gjj1jjj #ahfc #dj1jjj1jjj #h1ejj1jjj #dh1ejj1jjj #ahfd #df1ajj1jjj #aa1jjj1jjj #eg1ajj1jjj #ahfe #ec1bbe1jjj #aa1bej1jjj #fd1dge1jjj #ahff #ec1ejj1jjj #aj1jjj1jjj #fc1ejj1jjj #ahfg #ea1gbe1jjj #ac1ejj1jjj #fe1bbe1jjj #ahfh #dh1jjj1jjj #ab1jjj1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj #ahfi #di1ejj1jjj #ab1jjj1jjj #fa1ejj1jjj #ahgj #ej1jjj1jjj #af1jjj1jjj #ff1jjj1jjj #ahga #dc1ejj1jjj #bc1jjj1jjj #ff1ejj1jjj #ahgb #cf1jjj1jjj #bh1gej1jjj #fd1gej1jjj #ahgc #cf1jjj1jjj #ce1gej1jjj #ga1gej1jjj #ahgd #dj1jjj1jjj #cb1jjj1jjj #gb1jjj1jjj #ahge #dj1jjj1jjj #cb1jjj1jjj #gb1jjj1jjj #ahgf #df1gej1jjj #ch1ejj1jjj #he1bej1jjj #ahgg #de1ajj1jjj #ch1iej1jjj #hd1jej1jjj #ahgh #ej1jjj1jjj #di1jjj1jjj #ii1jjj1jjj #ahgi #ch1ijj1jjj #dj1hab1jjj #gi1gab1jjj #ahhj #cf1jjj1jjj #cg1gjj1jjj #gc1gjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --- ,the consumption of ,gold and ,silver in the ,arts and ,manufactures from #ahgd to #ahgi1 inclusive1 in the ,united ,states1 was estimated by the ,director of the ,mint1 in #ahgi1 as follows3 ------------------------------- ,,year4 ,gold4 ,silver4 ------------------------------- #ahgd #d1egh1cbh #d1djf1efj #ahge #e1chb1jih #d1bcg1hda #ahgf #d1aec1ahd #c1hab1jah #ahgg #c1fhg1aib #c1ggd1bdj #ahgh #e1jgh1gja #e1baj1aeb #ahgi #c1hii1abe #e1igg1cjj ------------------------------- ,,index4 ,,page ,acid or alum springs1 #aji ,agate1 #bj1 #ba localities1 #ba value1 #bj ,alleghenies1 #ad ,alum1 #ba localities1 #ba1 #bb springs1 #aji value1 #ba ,american ,flat group1 silver mines1 #acf ,amethyst1 #bb false1 how made1 #aag localities1 #bb value1 #bb ,anthracite1 #bb1 #bc localities1 #bc value1 #bc ,antimony ore1 #bc1 #bd localities1 #bc value1 #bc ,artesian ,wells1 #aaa1 #aab ,artificial gold1 how made1 #abe jewelry1 how made and detected1 #aad-abe ,asbestus1 #bd localities1 #bd value1 #bd ,asphaltum1 #bd1 #be localities1 #be value1 #be ,assay of copper ore1 #ajj-ajb gold ore1 #ie-ih iron ore1 #ajb lead ore1 #ajc1 #ajd ores1 #ib-ajd silver ore1 #ii1 #ajj tin ore1 #ajb1 #ajc zinc ore1 #ajb ,atlantic coast1 #ad ,azurite1 #be localities1 #be smelting1 #aja value1 #be ,baryta1 localities1 #bf or heavy spar1 #bf value1 #bf ,bidwell1 ,john1 #acj-acb ,bituminous coal1 #bg localities1 #bg region1 #ad ,blende1 #bg1 #bh localities1 #bh value1 #bh ,blowpipe1 #ag ,bog iron ore1 #bi localities1 #bi value1 #bi ,boring1 #hc ,brazil1 diamonds in1 #hd ,bristol stones1 #aad ,brittle silver ore1 #cj localities1 #cj value1 #cj ,brown coal1 #cj localities1 #cj value1 #cj ,brown ,hematite or ,limonite1 #ef1 #eg ,calamine1 #ca localities1 #ca value1 #ca ,california diamonds1 #aad discovery of gold in1 #abg-acc ,cannel coal1 #ca1 #cb localities1 #cb value1 #cb ,cape ,may diamonds1 #aad ,carbonated or gas spring1 #ajf1 #ajg ,carnelian1 #cb false1 how made1 #aag localities1 #cb value1 #cb ,celestine1 #cb1 #cc localities1 #cc value1 #cc ,cerussite1 #cc and ,galena1 reduction of1 #ajc localities1 #cc value1 #cc ,chalybeate or iron springs1 #ajg1 #ajh ,chromic iron1 #cd localities1 #cd value1 #cd ,cinabar1 #cd1 #ce localities1 #ce value1 #ce ,clear ,creek1 ,cal41 gold in1 #acb ,coal1 anthracite1 #bb bituminous1 #bg brown1 #cj cannel1 #ca1 #cb ,cobalt pyrites1 #ce localities1 #cc value1 #ce ,coloma1 ,cal41 discovery of gold there1 #abg ,colorado silver lodes1 #hi ,colors1 distinction of minerals by1 #ab ,comstock ,lode1 #ace-acg gold and silver produced from1 #acf1 #acg ,connecticut river valley1 #ad ,copper1 #cf glauce1 #cf localities1 #cf value1 #cf gray copper ore1 assaying1 #aja localities1 #cf nickel1 #cg localities1 #cg value1 #cg ore1 assay of1 #ajj-ajb gray1 #ea red1 #fe red1 assaying1 #aja variegated1 #gh ores1 test for silver1 #ii testing1 #ajj-ajb silver in1 #aja percentage of in ores1 which will pay1 #aja pyrites1 #cg1 #ch1 #ij localities1 #ch smelting1 #aja value1 #ch searching for1 #ij seldom in new formations1 #ij silicate of1 #gj smelting1 #aja value1 #cf where found1 #ad1 #ij ,corals1 false1 how made1 #abd ,descriptive list of useful minerals1 #bj-hj ,diamond1 #da estimation of the value of1 #hf imperfections of1 #hf localities1 #da value1 #da ,diamonds1 characteristics of1 #he1 #hf colors of1 #hc finest1 #hd in ,brazil1 #hd in their native state1 #hc mode of discovering in ,brazil1 #hd prospecting for1 #hc-hg where found1 #hg ,directions for determining specimens by the key1 #ae-ai ,discovery of silver in ,nevada1 #acd-acg ,effervescence in minerals1 #ab ,eliason1 ,mr41 #acc ,emerald1 false1 how made1 #aaf to test1 #aah ,emery1 #da1 #db localities1 #db value1 #db ,epsom springs1 #aji1 #aaj ,false amethyst1 how made1 #aag carnelian1 how made1 #aag corals1 how made1 #abd ,false emerald1 how made1 #aaf opal1 how made1 #aag pearls1 how made1 #abd ruby1 how made1 #aaf sapphire1 how made1 #aaf topaz1 how made1 #aaf ,feather river1 ,cal41 gold in1 #acb ,fluor spar1 #db localities1 #db value1 #db ,franklinite1 #dc localities1 #dc value1 #dc ,galena1 #dc1 #dd and ,cerussite1 reduction of1 #ajc localities1 #dd purest specimens poorest in silver1 #ia value1 #dc ,garnet1 #dd1 #de localities1 #de the heaviest of gems1 #aah to test1 #aah value1 #de ,gas springs1 #ajf1 #ajg ,gems1 to test by weighing in water1 #aah true and false1 how to distinguish1 #aag-abd ,glass1 minerals which will not scratch1 #af1 #ai minerals which will scratch1 #ae1 #ah ,gold1 #df-ej and platinum1 washing for1 #id1 #ie and silver consumed in the arts in the ,united ,states1 #acg1 #ach and silver1 production of the ,united ,states1 #acg1 #ach and silver where they abound1 #ad artificial1 how made1 #abe bearing rock1 #hh bearing sands1 #hh extraction of1 #ic ,hill group1 silver mines1 #acf how distinguished1 #hi imitation1 how to detect1 #abe in ,california1 discovery of1 #abg-acc in ,california1 first announcement of discovery1 #acb in quartz rock1 to find the amount of1 #ih localities1 #df-ej mine first worked in the ,united ,states1 #acc ore1 assay of1 #ie-ih searching for1 #hg-hi substances mistaken for1 #hi testing any substance supposed to contain1 #ig to separate from silver1 #ig to test the purity of1 #ih where found1 #hg-hi ,granite regions1 #ad ,graphite1 #ej1 #ea localities1 #ej1 #ea to test the purity of1 #ajd value1 #ej ,gravity1 mode of determination of1 #ab ,gray copper ore1 #ea localities1 #ea value1 #ea ,gypsum1 #ad1 #eb localities1 #eb value1 #eb ,heavy spar or baryta1 #bf ,hematite1 brown1 #ef1 #eg ,horizontal beds1 #hb ,horn silver1 #ec localities1 #ec value1 #ec ,humphrey1 ,isaac1 #abh ,indications for minerals1 #ha ,irish ,diamond1 #aad ,iron1 chromic1 #cd how it occurs1 #id ore1 #ad assay of1 #ajb bog1 #bi brown hematite1 #ef1 #eg lenticular1 #ef magnetic1 #eg1 #eh magnetic1 found by the compass1 #ia micaceous1 #fb red hematite1 #fe1 #ff specular1 #gc1 #gd pyrites1 #ec1 #ed localities1 #ed value1 #ec1 #ed searching for1 #ia spathic1 #gc springs1 #ajg1 #ajh testing minerals for1 #ia ,jackson1 ,captain ,wm41 #acc ,jasper1 #ed localities1 #ee value1 #ee ,jewelry1 artificial1 how made and detected1 #aad-abe ,kaolin1 #ee1 #ef localities1 #ee value1 #ee ,lead ore1 assay of1 #ajc1 #ajd to detect silver in1 #ii searching for1 #ij veins1 thickest1 #ia where found1 #ij ,lenticular iron ore1 #ef localities1 #ef value1 #ef ,limestone regions1 #ad ,limonite or brown hematite1 #ef1 #eg localities1 #eg value1 #eg ,magnesian springs1 #aji1 #aaj ,magnetic1 #ab iron ore1 #eg1 #eh found by the compass1 #ia localities1 #eh value1 #eh pyrites1 #eh1 #ei localities1 #ei value1 #ei ,malachite1 #ei1 #fj1 #aja localities1 #ei1 #fj value1 #ei ,manganese1 oxyd of1 #fc1 #fd spar1 #fj localities1 #fj value1 #fj ,marble1 #fj1 #fa localities1 #fa regions1 #ad ,marshall1 ,jas4 ,w41 discovery of gold in ,california by1 #abg-aca ,metals1 found near their source1 #hb how they occur1 #id ,mica1 #fa1 #fb localities1 #fb value1 #fb ,micaceous iron ore1 #fb localities1 #fb value1 #fb ,mineral riches1 how discovered1 #ha springs1 #aje-aab location of1 #aje no indications of ores1 #hc what are they1 #aje ,minerals as a source of our nation's wealth1 #i descriptive list of1 #bj-hj regions which offer best inducements to search for1 #ad sections of the ,united ,states1 richest in1 #ad species in the ,united ,states1 how many1 #aa specific gravity of1 #ab1 #ac useful in the ,united ,states1 #aa which will not scratch glass1 #af1 #ai which will scratch glass #ae1 #ah ,mississippi ,valley1 #ad ,money in the rocks1 #i ,nickel1 copper1 #cg ,nitre1 #fc localities1 #fc value1 #fc ,nodules1 #hb ,ochres1 #ia ,oil wells1 #aab1 #aac ,opal1 false1 how made1 #aag the softest of colored gems1 #aah ,opaque minerals1 #ab ,ore on a hillside1 indications of1 #hb veins generally vertical1 #hb when it will pay1 #ib ,ores1 assay of1 #ib-ajd minimum percentages of metal in which will pay1 #ic ,oxyd of ,manganese1 #fc1 #fd ,pacific coast1 #ad ,panning1 #id1 #ie ,paris brilliants1 #aad ,pastes1 composition of1 #aae ,pearls1 false1 how made1 #abd ,platinum1 #fd localities1 #fd value1 #fd washing for1 #id1 #ie ,pockets1 #hb ,precious stones1 color and order of hardness1 #abf ,prospecting for diamonds1 #hc-hg ,pyrites1 iron1 #ec1 #ed cobalt1 #ce copper1 #cg1 #ch1 #ij magnetic1 #eh1 #ei testing for gold1 #if yield of gold by1 #ig ,quartz mining in ,california1 commencement of1 #acc ores1 yield of1 #if rock1 to find the amount of gold in1 #ih testing for gold1 #ie1 #if ,quicksilver1 use of in assaying1 #if ,reading1 ,pearson ,b41 #aca ,read mine1 first gold mine worked in ,united ,states1 #acc ,red copper ore1 #fe localities1 #fe value1 #fe hematite1 #fe1 #ff localities1 #ff value1 #fe silver ore1 #ff localities1 #ff value1 #ff ,rennselaerite1 #fg localities1 #fg value1 #fg ,river sand1 worth working for gold1 #ih ,rock crystal1 #fg localities1 #fg value1 #fg salt1 #fh localities1 #fh suspected of containing silver1 treatment of1 #hi ,rocky mountains1 #ad ,ruby1 characteristics of1 #he false1 how made1 #aaf spinel1 #gd to test1 #aah1 #abc ,russia1 gold how obtained in1 #id ,rutile1 #fh localities1 #fh value1 #fh ,saline or salt springs1 #aji1 #aaj ,salt springs1 #aaj ,sapphire1 false1 how made1 #aaf the hardest of colored gems1 #aah to test1 #aah ,searching for copper1 #ij diamonds1 #hc-hg gold1 #hg-hi iron1 #ia lead1 #ij silver1 #hi1 #ij ,serpentine1 #fi localities1 #fi value1 #fi ,shaft1 cost of sinking1 #hc ,silicate of copper1 #gj localities1 #gj smelting1 #aja value1 #gj ,silver1 #gj1 #ga and gold1 consumption in the arts in the ,united ,states1 #acg1 #ach and gold1 production of the ,united ,states1 #acg1 #ach glance1 #ga localities1 #ga reducing1 #ajj value1 #ga horn1 #ec in copper ores1 #aja in lead and copper ores1 #ii in lead ore1 to detect1 #ii to estimate the proportion of1 #ii1 #ajj in ,nevada1 #acd-acg localities1 #gj native gold in1 #ig ore1 assay of1 #ii1 #ajj brittle1 #cj red1 #ff ores1 rich reduction of1 #ajj pure easily recognized1 #ii searching for1 #hj1 #ij to test a globule of for gold1 #ig to test copper ores for1 #ii where found1 #hi ,slate regions1 #ad ,smaltine1 #gb localities1 #gb value1 #gb ,smithsonite1 #gb localities1 #gb value1 #gb ,spar manganese1 #fj ,spathic iron1 #gc localities1 #gc value1 #gc ,specific gravity1 mode of determination of1 #ab1 #ac ,specular iron ore1 #gc1 #gd localities1 #gd value1 #gd ,spinel ruby1 #gd localities1 #gd value1 #gd ,steatite1 #ge localities1 #ge value1 #ge ,stones1 precious1 color and order of hardness1 #abf ,strass for making false jewels1 #aae ,strontianite1 #ge1 #gf localities1 #gf value1 #gf ,sulphur1 #gf localities1 #gf springs1 #ajh1 #aji ,testing minerals1 #ae-ai ,thermal springs1 #aaj1 #aaa ,tin ore1 #gf1 #gg assay of1 #ajb1 #ajc localities1 #gg value1 #gf presence of1 testing for1 #ajc ,topaz1 #gg characteristics of1 #he false1 how made1 #aaf localities1 #gg to test1 #aah1 #abj1 #abc value1 #gg ,tourmaline1 #gg localities1 #gg to test1 #abc value1 #gg ,translucent minerals1 #ab ,trap regions1 #ad ,true and false gems1 how to distinguish1 #aag-abd ,united ,states1 consumption of gold and silver in the arts1 #acg1 #ach gold and silver statistics of1 #acg1 #ach ,useful minerals1 descriptive list of1 #bj-hj in the ,united ,states #aa ,valuable minerals disguised1 #aj ,variegated copper ore1 #gh localities1 #gh value1 #gh ,veins1 lodes and beds most valuable1 #hb ,virginia group1 silver mines1 #acf ,wad1 #gh1 #gi localities1 #gi value1 #gh ,warm springs1 #aaj1 #aaa ,washing for gold and platinum1 #id1 #ie ,washoe lake1 silver mines near1 #acd ,wells1 artesian1 #aaa1 #aab ,willemite1 #gi localities1 #gi value1 #gi ,zincite1 #gi1 #hj localities1 #hj value1 #gi ,zinc ore1 assay of1 #ajb ,,footnotes3 #a ,the useful rocks1 as granite1 slate1 sandstone1 water-lime1 etc41 are not included4 ,by 8granite region0 is meant one having rocks like ,new ,england1 and therefore unlike ,western ,new ,york or ,illinois4 #b ,that is1 they are not so easily cut with a knife2 they do not necessarily scratch marble4 #c ,only the best known localities in the ,united ,states are given4 ,for these we are indebted mainly to ,professor ,dana's great work on ,mineralogy4 #d ,from ,simonin's 8,underground ,life10 page #cdf4 #e ,church4 ,the ,comstock ,lode1 its ,formation and ,history1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgi1 pp4 #a-e4