,,draw+ ,,= ,,pr9t]s4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,design+ ,,& ,,illu/rat+ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,typography4 ,,conta9+ ,,complete ,,in/ruction1 ,,fully ,,illu/rat$1 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,draw+1 ,,= ,,! ,,beg9n] ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,! ,,m ,,advanc$ ,,/ud5t4 ,,by ,,erne/ ,,knaufft1 ,editor ( ,! ,art ,/ud5t1 & ,director ( ! ,*autauqua ,society ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,company4 #ahii4 ,,copyright1 #ahig ,,& #ahii1 ,,by ,,erne/ ,,knaufft4 ,,preface4 ,! au?or has no d\bt b t _m capti\s read]s1 ^u op5+ ?is book1 w f9d x puzzl+4 ,!y w ?9k t x does n pres5t ! subject 9 an ord]ly fa%ion4 ,!y w\ld mu* pref] to h u sugge/ "o mon?'s /udy ( outl9es1 & !n f9i% ) ! subject2 !n two mon?s' /udy ( %ad+1 :i* we w\ld ma9ta9 cov]$ ! :ole gr\nd2 & !y w\ld wi% u to sep>ate ) equal positiv5ess ! :ole /udy ( draw+ into di/9ct portions4 ,to ^! criticisms ,i reply ) ! foll[+ p>able3 ,mrs4 ,smi?1 ! "m ( a l>ge family1 di/ress$ by ! bigness ( ! physician's bill 7or r by h] husb&'s compla9ts ( ! same71 procur$ at ! druggi/'s a case ( homopa?ic m$ic9e1 ) a booklet direct+ its disp5sation1 :i* w\ld enable h] to act z h] family physician1 & br++ x home p]us$ x ) delight1 z %e f\nd e ailm5t :i* h] *ildr5 7 heir to ext5sively describ$ !re9--*ick5-pox1 cr\p1 diph!ria & sc>let fev] 7 alphabetically set d[n1 & _! prop] rem$y cle>ly nam$4 ,:5 %e retir$ %e /aid awake1 almo/ hop+ to he> little ,johnny c\gh or ,m>y toss 9 h] crib1 t %e might prove h] k ( symptomatology1 & ! efficacy ( ! drugs4 ,alas1 a mon?'s exp]i5ce br\ght ) x a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t :i* %e _h n anticipat$ on procur+ h] book4 ,true1 %e _h le>n$ x by he>t ) ease1 & knew t = a slight attack ( fev] "o drop ( aconite & two ( belladonna %\ld be giv5 on alt]nate days1 & t = an incipi5t attack ( cr\p %e %\ld give "o drop ( aconite e half h\r1 8:i* might be adm9i/]$ m frequ5tly if ! case %[$ symptoms ( rapid developm5t40 ,alas1 ! difficulty did n arise f any omission 9 ! book directions = apply+ rem$ies1 b ! puzzl+ po9t 0 to di/+ui% 9 nature betwe5 ! symptoms ( cr\p1 = in/ance1 & ^? ( an ord9>y cold4 ,0 ,johnny's sonor\s b>k+ due to a real cr\py ?roat1 or 0 x ! natural =mation ( 8 vocal organs :i* gave s om9\s a tone to a c\gh t might be only ! result ( 8 wad+ 9 ! ra9 b>rel ! morn+ be=e8 ,0 ,tommy's call+ = 8a w9k ( wat]0 no less ?an six times 9 a night due to a prospective fev]1 or 0 x ! result ( lonel9ess because he _h = ! fir/ "t be5 put 9 ! sp>e room1 & want$ 8 "m's company8 ,0 little ,m>y's re/lessness indicative ( a com+ attack ( measles1 or ! result ( h] c\s9's hav+ read h]1 t aft]noon1 8,! ,gobl9s 'll ,get ,y if ,y ,don't ,wat* ,out40 ,^! 7 ! puzzl+ que/ions2 if ! physician c\ld only diagnose ! case = h]1 %e h]self c\ld h adm9i/]$ ! prop] quota ( drops ( aconite or belladonna4 ,! moral is pla94 ,^? books on draw+ :i* say1 8,hav+ made correct outl9es1 beg9 to %ade ) an ,f p5cil z foll[s10 are v easy read+2 b an attempt at application soon conv9ces "o t su* in/ruction presupposes an am\nt ( previ\s eye-tra9+ on ! "p ( ! /ud5t :i* is n (t5 ! end[m5t ( ! ord9>y man4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory -- ,a ,,k ,,( ,,design+ ,,( ,,value ,,to ,,pr9t]s 4 4 4 #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,see+ ,,prop]ly 4 4 4 #bf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,silh\ettes -- ,,p]spective 4 4 4 #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,outl9e -- ,,%ad$ ,,draw+ 4 4 4 #da ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,g5]al ,,practice 4 4 4 #di ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,objects 4 4 4 #eg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade 4 4 4 #fc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,me?ods -- ,,outl9e ,,& ,,%ad$ ,,draw+ -- ,r,,sum 4 4 4 #gc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,face 4 4 4 #hb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,broad ,,outl9e ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,pr9t+ -- ,,light ,,& ,,d>k ,,masses -- ,,fr5* ,,names -- ,,art ,,s*ool ,,me?ods 4 4 4 #hf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,l9es ,,introduc$ ,,because ,,_! ,,c\nt]p>t ,,is ,,se5 ,,9 ,,nature -- ,,facial ,,expression 4 4 4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,= ,,magaz9e ,,& ,,newspap] 4 4 4 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,p5 ,,te*nic3 ,,its ,,use ,,& ,,abuse -- ,,criticism ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,/yles 4 4 4 #aba ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,illu/rations ,,review$ -- ,,! ,,planes ,,( ,,! ,,face 4 4 4 #acb ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction 4 4 4 #aec ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ta/e 4 4 4 #afc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,illu/rations -- ,,economy ,,9 ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #age ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,lett]+3 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice 4 4 4 #aha ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,"s ,,/&>d ,,hi/oric ,,alphabets ,,/udi$ 4 4 4 #aia ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,e>ly ,,& ,,mod]n ,,type3 ,,its ,,appropriat5ess1 ,,its ,,ornam5tation 4 4 4 #aig ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,lett]s 4 4 4 #bjg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,me?od ,,( ,,in/ruction -- ,,analysis ,,( ,,/yles ,,( ,,book ,,decoration 4 4 4 #baa ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,wood ,,engrav+ -- ,,directions ,,= ,,practice 4 4 4 #bbc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,directions ,,= ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,z9c ,,plates -- ,,copp]plate ,,engrav+--,,li?ography--,,*alk ,,plate 4 4 4 #bcd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,ald9e ,horace3 ,title-page f 4 4 4 #aii ,auriol1 ,georg3 ,head+ design 4 4 4 #age ,designs 4 4 4 #bje1 #baf ,!atre du ,*at ,noir 4 4 4 #bag ,bau]nfe9d1 ,mi*ael3 ,alphabet 4 4 4 #ahi ,begg>/aff ,bro!rs3 ,po/] 4 4 4 #bai ,b]gom5sis1 ,j4 ,p4 ,f43 ,title-page 4 4 4 #aic ,bonn>d1 ,pi]re3 ,head ( ,pi]re ,rn ,*\dieu 4 4 4 #hg ,tailpiece 4 4 4 #ie ,bonnat1 ,lon3 ,/udies = figures 9 a pa9t+ 4 4 4 #ed ,portrait ( ,lon ,cogniet 4 4 4 #ia ,brun1 ,a43 ,at ! ,caf ,aphrodite 4 4 4 #ig ,casp>i3 ,title-page to ,volume ,,ii ( ,jug5d 4 4 4 #afi ,*ap-,book3 ,illu/ration1 ,g5u9e 4 4 4 #bbg ,*aume1 ,ge(frey de3 ,mask ( ,brang] 4 4 4 #ada ,cra:all1 ,joseph3 ,illu/ration1 imitation ( ,*ap-,book 4 4 4 #bbi ,dagnan-,b\v]et3 ,/udy ( a head 4 4 4 #gb ,david d',ang]s3 ,m$allion 4 4 4 #acg d',illza*1 ,r+el3 ,m$allion portrait 4 4 4 #ach ,diagrams3 ,( ,h]kom] p9e trees-- ,no4 #a 4 4 4 #fj ,no4 #b 4 4 4 #fa ,( ,grasset ornam5t-- ,nos4 #c & #d 4 4 4 #fd ,practice blocks = wood-engrav+1 ,nos4 #a & #b 4 4 4 #bcb ,no4 #c 4 4 4 #bcc ,dollman1 ,j4 ,c41 ,r4 ,i43 8,hawks ,d9na ,pike ,out ,hawks' ,e50 4 4 4 #aci ,donatello3 ,bu/ ( "y girl1 aft] 4 4 4 #ajd ,don ,*isciotte1 ,c>icature f3 ,crispi z ,cs> 4 4 4 #cg ,eaton1 ,wyatt3 ,portrait ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son 4 4 4 #aaf ,eng/rm1 ,alb]t3 ,c>icature ( ! arti/ himself 4 4 4 #ba ,h$9--a c>icature 4 4 4 #bh ,jrg5--a c>icature 4 4 4 #bi ,daniel ,fall/rm--a c>icature 4 4 4 #dd ,fig>o1 ,illu/ration f 4 4 4 #aef ,=a93 ,newspap] c>icatures 4 4 4 #abg1 #adb ,fr5* ,art ,s*ools ,/udies1 publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,b>gue & ,grme3 ,figure1 4 4 4 #ef ,h&1 ,fig4 ,a 4 4 4 #ff ,h&1 ,fig4 ,b 4 4 4 #fg ,foot 4 4 4 #ih ,foot 4 4 4 #ii ,fr5* ,p]iodical3 ,headpiece f 4 4 4 #baa ,c>icature ( ,fr5* actor1 ,dailly1 f 4 4 4 #bac ,battle ( ! ,sph9x1 f 4 4 4 #baf ,fr5* ,p]iodical3 ,headpiece f 4 4 4 #bbb ,wood cut portrait f 4 4 4 #bca ,tailpiece1 ,silh\ette 4 4 4 #bcc ,gaill>d1 ,c4 ,f43 ,/udy = ! portrait ( ,mme4 ,r4 4 4 4 #gg ,g]bault1 ,h43 ,p5 draw+ ) me*anically /ippl$ backgr\nd 4 4 4 #bd ,gil ,blas--front page f 4 4 4 #afd ,gir>det1 ,jules3 ,p5 draw+ 4 4 4 #cf ,grasset1 ,eug5e3 ,typographical ornam5ts 4 4 4 #cb1 #ci1 #da1 #dh ,cov] ( a diction>y 4 4 4 #aff ,dep>tm5t head+s 4 4 4 #agb1 #bjc ,typographical design repeat$ f page #ci 4 4 4 #bcd ,grellet1 ,f43 ,/udy f bu/ ( ,"y ,girl1 by ,donatello 4 4 4 #ajd ,/udy f bu/ ( ,brontolone1 by ,luca della ,robbia 4 4 4 #aji ,guillaume3 ,c>icature ( ,eugne ,c>rire 4 4 4 #abe ,p5 draw+ f ,fr5* daily pap] 4 4 4 #adc ,h]kom]1 ,hub]t3 ,/udy ( p9e trees 4 4 4 #ea ,holbe93 ,book-cov] 4 4 4 #bbb ,jug5d3 ,title-page f 4 4 4 #afi ,knaus1 ,ludwig3 ,head ( ,old ,man 4 4 4 #hc ,lansy]1 ,e43 ,! ,c\rty>d ( ! ,sorbonne 4 4 4 #bj ,l>\sse's ,new ,diction>y3 ,fir/ page f 4 4 4 #bja ,l',arti/3 ,initial ,l's f 4 4 4 #bag1 #bah ,initial ,l & p>agraph head+1 f 4 4 4 #bbj ,la-,t\r1 ,fant93 ,portraits 4 4 4 #fh ,lautrec1 ,h4 de ,t43 8,zimm]man & 8 ma*9e0 4 4 4 #bab ,lefebvre1 ,j43 ,crayon /udy ( a *ild 4 4 4 #ajf ,leloir1 ,maurice3 ,p5 draw+ 4 4 4 #adg ,le ,r\x1 ,e43 ,on ! ,banks ( ! ,isole 4 4 4 #adj ,lwe-,m>*&3 ,portrait ( ,m4 ,x4 4 4 4 #ge ,lormi]1 ,e43 ,crayon draw+ f ,m$allion ( ,alf4 ,l]\x 4 4 4 #ach ,luca della ,robbia3 ,bu/ ( ,brontolone1 aft] 4 4 4 #aji ,lucas1 ,f4 ,h43 ,book illu/ration 4 4 4 #add ,lucid>io3 ,title-page f 4 4 4 #ahf ,luque1 ,m43 ,crispi1 a c>icature 4 4 4 #dj ,p5 draw+ 4 4 4 #adf ,mantelet1 ,alb]t3 ,initial lett] 4 4 4 #bad ,same enl>g$ 4 4 4 #bae ,m>*etti3 ,initial lett] 4 4 4 #aba ,*apt] head+ 4 4 4 #abc ,matlay1 ,p43 ,portrait ( ,flici5 ,rops 4 4 4 #bcg ,millais1 ,john ,ev]ett3 ,p5cil sket* 4 4 4 #de ,m9nes+]'s ,song ,book3 ,page f 4 4 4 #ahc ,molo*1 ,b43 8,crispi "u ,ho/ile ,lightn+10 a c>icature 4 4 4 #ca ,monet1 ,claude3 ,m>9e 4 4 4 #adh ,munkacsy1 ,mi*ael3 ,/udy = a figure 9 a pa9t+ 4 4 4 #ec ,m\lli]1 ,m>c3 ,p5 draw+ = ,la ,plume 4 4 4 #acj ,novel ,head+3 ,see ,pall ,mall ,budget4 ,pall ,mall ,budget3 ,head+ = novel f 4 4 4 #afh ,pall ,mall ,gazette3 ,portraits f 4 4 4 #ajh ,p>is ,illu/r3 ,illu/ration f 4 4 4 #ade ,paul1 ,h]man3 ,des ,gueules 4 4 4 #acb ,p5lick3 ,nos ,soldats 4 4 4 #bba ,pom]oy1 ,f4 ,w43 ,burns' /atue 4 4 4 #agh ,r5>d1 ,e43 ,! ,gr&mo!r 4 4 4 #aad ,ricketts1 ,*>les3 ,page f ,nimphidia 4 4 4 #ahe ,rivoire3 ,cov] design 4 4 4 #agf ,rob]t1 ,c>l3 ,portrait ( ,hahnemann f m$allion by ,david d',ang]s 4 4 4 #acg ,rogel1 ,hans3 ,alphabet 4 4 4 #ahi ,sick]t1 ,walt]3 ,portrait ( ,c4 ,riv]s ,wilson 4 4 4 #aai ,same r$uc$ 4 4 4 #aej ,silh\ette1 an old-fa%ion$3 ,goe!'s ,"m 4 4 4 #aec ,/4 ,elme3 ,p5 draw+ f a ,fr5* j\rnal 4 4 4 #abd ,/imm]1 ,*r43 ,alphabet 4 4 4 #ahi ,/range's ,book on ,lett]+3 ,examples ( ,sev5? ,c5tury ,lett]+1 f 4 4 4 #aie ,/uck1 ,franz3 ,cov] design = ,pan 4 4 4 #aga ,lett]+ ( same repeat$ 4 4 4 #bcf ,t41 ,e4 ,g43 ,portrait ( ,fr$ ,walk] 4 4 4 #ajb ,same r$uc$ 4 4 4 #adi ,tid-,bits3 ,newspap] cut f1 portrait ( ,george ,fr$]ick ,watts1 ,r4 ,a4 7arti/ unkn[n7 4 4 4 #gi ,same r$uc$ 4 4 4 #aab ,t\ssa9t1 ,t43 ,! late ,duc d',aumale 4 4 4 #hi ,vallet1 ,l43 ,news draw+ f ,fr5* p]iodical 4 4 4 #abh ,vallotton1 ,f43 ,?ree portraits ( ,fr$]ick ,nietzs*e 4 4 4 #acd ,portrait ( ! arti/1 portrait ( ,mal?us1 portrait ( ,paul ,rob9 4 4 4 #ace ,v]dy53 ,a fte at ,brussels 4 4 4 #ic ,vi]ge1 ,daniel3 ,illu/ration to ,pablo de ,segovie 4 4 4 #abb ,we/m9/] ,budget3 ,cov] design1 f 4 4 4 #aeg ,wood cut3 ,! ,/&>d-be>] ( ,s*afhaus5 4 4 4 #bbf #ag ,,draw+ ,,= ,,pr9t]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory -- ,,design+ ,,( ,,value ,,to ,,! ,,pr9t] -- ,,natural ,,ability ,,v]sus ,,in/ruction -- ,,small ,,designs ,,z ,,difficult ,,z ,,l>ge -- ,,read] ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,disc\rag$ ,,because ,,he ,,_c ,,be ,a ,,full-,,fl$g$ ,,arti/ -- 8,,h[ ,,%\ld ,i ,,beg9 ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,draw80 -- ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,see -- ,,in/ruction ,,does ,,n ,,consi/ ,,( ,,nam+ ,,mat]ials -- ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,hat ,,se5 ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,positions -- ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,obs]vation4 ,!re has be5 9 rec5t ye>s a m>k$ *ange 9 ! "* ( ! pr9t+ done 9 ?is c\ntry2 pla9 pr9t+ has be5 sup]s$$ by decorative pr9t+2 ! typograph] ( a few ye>s back 0 only a compositor & pressman1 today he %\ld be a design] z well4 ,9 view ( t requirem5t ?is little treatise is writt51 9 ! hope t1 ?\gh its advice may n make an illu/rator out ( its read]1 x w at lea/ acqua9t him ) "s pr9ciples ( design t he may apply 9 8 daily practice4 ,! read] w n be deceiv$1 ! writ] n misund]/ood1 if at ! outset x is put on record t great success 9 art is dep5d5t mu* m ^u natural ability1 aye1 g5ius1 ?an ^u /udy1 & t ^! *apt]s c only tell y h[ to /udy--!y _c gu>antee y success4 ,a man ( fifty1 a ma/] pr9t]1 may /udy our advice ?or\ghly & !n attempt to #ah draw an elephant *as+ an ,african1 & ! result may be conspicu\sly inf]ior to ! treatm5t ( ! same subject by little eight-ye>-old ,johnny ,gre5 :o is yet 9 ! prim>y s*ool2 b ,johnny ,gre5 may h 8an eye = draw+0 & our ma/] pr9t] be z devoid ( x z is a c[ ( melody 9 h] voice4 ,n only is x true t )\t tal5t y mu/ n expect to succe$ 9 produc+ important pictures1 su* z full-page illu/rations1 d\ble-column portraits1 po/] designs & l>ge "w 9 g5]al1 b x is almo/ m unlikely t y w succe$ 9 design+ ! mo/ simple tailpiece or initial lett]4 ,x is q natural t y %\ld suppose x a v easy task to design an initial lett] or a t9y silh\ette ( a leaf or fl[]1 a bran* or wrea? or two =m+ a 8pr9t]'s m>k02 e arti/ 9 ,*ri/5dom ?9ks ! same--until he tries x2 b y w\ld be surpris$ if ,i fill$ ?is *apt] ) ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 initial lett]s & devices1 & trac+ !m to _! f\nta9 head1 we f\nd t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 !y 7 design$ by ! v greate/ arti/s ( ! "t4 ,y c take x z an undisput$ fact t %\ld "s publi%+ h\se wi% an ord9>y full-page illu/ration = a book1 & at ! same "t a simple 8publi%]'s m>k10 a device ab\t an in* squ>e = ! title-page ( t book1 !y w\ld f9d t5 arti/s :o c\ld execute ! =m] to "o :o c\ld design ! latt] s t x w\ld be up to ! /&>d ( ! be/ 8m>ks0 9 hi/ory4 ,is x !n1 y ask1 our int5tion at ! v />t to disc\rage y1 & advise y to attempt no?+ because y _c excel 9 any?+8 ,n at all4 ,a #ai c\ntry editor ne$ n refra9 f /udy+ rhetoric s z to improve ! /yle ( 8 editorials1 j because he kn[s t )\t g5ius he may n expect to equal ! diction ( ,macaulay4 ,! rhetoric may n give him wit to put 9 8 editorials1 b x at lea/ may tea* him to ca/ 8 s5t5ces prop]ly4 ,s ?is treatise may n supply y ) 8art feel+10 b x w1 we hope1 %[ y h[ to make a design 9 a m workmanlike way ?an y w\ld )\t our advice2 & we mo/ s9c]ely advise y to try4 ,ev]yone 9 ask+ ! "q1 8,h[ %\ld ,i beg9 to le>n to draw80 expects t ! answ] w direct him to use c]ta9 mat]ials 9 a c]ta9 way1 & t by ! manipulation ( ^! mat]ials 9 ?is c]ta9 way1 he w get ! desir$ result4 ,s f> z ?is treatise is conc]n$1 ! read] w be disappo9t$ 9 ?is reg>d2 x is true t ! writ] is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! te*nic ( ! diff]5t graphic arts1 & lat] on w h some?+ to say ab\t ! be/ me?ods = p5 draw+1 = *alk-plate1 = wood engrav+2 b 9 ^! fir/ *apt]s on draw+ x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t our advice is t ! /ud5t %\ld n worry ab\t :at p5cil or :at pap] he %\ld use1 or ab\t h[ 8 l9es %\ld look1 b %\ld realize f ! outset t 8 pr9cipal /udy %\ld be ! education ( 8 eye4 ,! reason t we d n draw well 9 infancy is because we h n le>n$ to see4 ,y may take x z a positive fact t ! untra9$ eye ( e man sees ?+s 9 an absolutely incorrect mann]--or r he does n "k h[ he sees ?+s4 ,let u take1 = example1 an imm5se factory-build+ ) ov] a hundr$ w9d[s #bj ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c\rty>d ,,( ,,! ,,sorbonne ,,9 #ahhf4 ,p5 draw+ by ,e4 ,lansy]4 ,look+ at ^! build+s z 9 ?is picture1 an arti/ kn[s t a doorway or a w9d[ 9 ! build+ ) ! dome w\ld appe> z a p]fect rectangle1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ma9 doorway1 because se5 89 front view02 b ! w9d[s 9 ! build+s at ! sides are n p]fect rectangles because1 be+ se5 89 p]spective10 or at an angle1 _! sills & l9tels seem to tip d[nw>d4 ,! un$ucat$ eye1 h[ev]1 kn[+ !m to be rectangles1 sees !m z su*1 n realiz+ t ea* rec$+ w9d[ is n>r[] ?an its pr$ecessor2 & t1 moreov]1 ! l9tels & sills ( a w9d[ 9 a high] /ory h a great] tip ?an ^? ( "o bel[1 & t e l9tel has great] tip ?an its correspond+ sill4 ,?is k1 h[ev]1 %\ld be kn[n to all arti/s ?r\gh ! /udy ( p]spective4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,,c>icature ,,( ,,! ,,arti/ ,,himself4 ,by ,alb]t ,eng/rm4 #bb on its front & on its sides4 ,let u presume t a man is /&+ directly 9 front ( ! build+2 ! *ances are t he sees e w9d[ 9 a tol]ably correct mann]4 ,he sees t all ! w9d[s are alike1 etc42 t ea* is a c]ta9 di/ance f ! o!r1 etc4 ,good6 ,b n[ let him walk to ! end ( ! build+ & look at x diagonally2 he /ill sees ! build+ z he saw x 9 ! front view2 dep5d ^u x1 t he sees ea* w9d[ z a p]fect rectangle1 & ea* w9d[ ! same di/ance f ! o!r2 he w\ld be incapable ( go+ home & %[+ y on a piece ( pap] ! 8direction0 ( e w9d[ l9e4 ,let an arti/ /ep 9 8 place & he sees e w9d[ diff]5t f ! o!r6 ,y probably d n realize ! full tru? ( ?is /atem5t at pres5t1 b y w aft] we h our *apt] on p]spective4 ,= ! pres5t please take my ^w = x1 & be> 9 m9d t y mu/ fir/ le>n to see4 ,let u take ! c>icature by ,alb]t ,eng/rm = our fir/ lesson4 ,we h select$ x = two reasons3 fir/1 because x is a c>icature1 & we wi% our read]s to realize t ?is treatise is go+ to be ( use to pr9t]s f ! beg9n+1 & t we are go+ to /udy draw+ 9 an int]e/+ mann]4 ,_m a pr9t] is z well ! publi%] ( a newspap] & feels t f "t to "t he w\ld l to publi% a c>icature to enliv5 8 pages1 or at any rate he is int]e/$ 9 ! c>toons 9 ! illu/rat$ press1 & w\ld l to "k h[ !y are done1 & ! be/ way to acquire ?is k is to practice a little "o's self4 ,besides1 ! practice ( c>icatur+ is mo/ b5eficial to e draftsman2 !re h be5 b few great pa9t]s :o #bc h n indulg$ 9 x4 ,ano!r reason = us+ ?is cut is t x is drawn 9 a v simple mann] 9 a few /rong l9es4 ,:ile ! /ud5ts at ! art s*ools usually beg9 to get effects ) light & %ade1 ! pr9t] w d well to ma/] outl9e soon] ?an light & %ade1 = x is ! mo/ quickly execut$ & ! mo/ easily engrav$1 &1 ,i ne$ n add1 la/ b n lea/1 mo/ easily pr9t$4 ,i %\ld advise y !n to take commonplace objects t are ab\t ! h\se & make innum]able sket*es ( !m 9 ! mann] ( ?is draw+4 ,take a d]by hat = example1 place x a little above ! eye & endeavor to draw x z ,eng/rm did 84 ,d n worry mu* ab\t y\r /yle ( draw+1 d n compla9 t y\r p5 w n "w & t y _c get a l9e v>y+ 9 ?ickness l ?is "o2 or if y d succe$1 d n ask y\r fri5ds to admire y\r h&some p5 l9e2 d n ?9k ab\t y\r draw+ at all1 b solely ab\t le>n+ to see4 ,place ! hat above y1 notice t y see ! "u "p ( ! brim ne>] y1 & ! inside ( ! brim on ! f> side2 if !re is n a head "u ! hat endeavor ) a s+le curv$ l9e to indicate z mu* ( ! l9+ z y see2 if y see any?+ else t is n giv5 9 ,eng/rm's draw+ & y try to express x z he expresses ?+s y employ an excell5t me?od ( /udy4 ,next place ! hat 9 ! same position b bel[ ! eye1 on ! seat ( a *air1 & notice t y no long] see "u ! brims b inside ( !m2 !n place ! hat on its cr[n ^u ! *air s t y see ! oval ( ! inside ( its cr[n1 & endeavor to express t oval ) two semi-circles1 z simple z ! "o :i* ,eng/rm uses 9 draw+ ! #bd cr[n ( ! hat4 ,aga91 put ! hat on ! mantelpiece & draw a side view ( x2 ?is w be m simple ?an any ( ! o!r views4 ,i ?9k t an h\r's practice ( ?is k9d w soon conv9ce y t ! casual glance ( ! un$ucat$ eye does n take 9 a complete or p]fect view ( an object1 b t aft] y h /udi$ an object ) a view to draw+ x1 y beg9 to see ) m ?or\ghness4 ,y w1 ,i ?9k1 notice1 z y walk home 9 ! ev5+1 ! cont\rs ( ! diff]5t hats t y see 9 ! hatt]'s ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,) ,,me*anically ,,/ippl$ ,,backgr\nd4 ,by ,h4 ,g]bault4 ,%[+ diff]5t k9ds ( hats 9 v>i\s positions4 w9d[1 & ^u ! p$e/rians2 y w beg9 to guess h[ y w\ld draw su* a hat or cap1 & f "t to "t y w see headge> t 8l5ds itself to draw+10 z x 72 y w say1 8,:5 ,i g home ,i w try to draw t hat40 ,we pr9t on ?is page an int]e/+ draw+ by ,g]bault4 ,to ! casual obs]v] a draw+ ( ?is k9d simply repres5ts "s m5 ) _! hats on1 & he enjoys look+ at ! hats collectively1 :ile he may enjoy ! individual #be faces2 b ! illu/rator1 ) 8 practic$ eye1 f9ds enjoym5t 9 exam9+ ! way ea* individual hat is drawn4 ,y w f9d ! same enjoym5t if y practice draw+ hats z we h recomm5d$1 & x is ne$less to say t y\r enjoym5t w be pr(itable1 &1 moreov]1 t y\r practice ne$ n be limit$ to ! draw+ ( hats1 b may embrace coats1 gloves1 & %oes z well4 ,if su* is ! influ5ce ^u y\r m9d made by ?is *apt]1 we feel sure t y w nev] regret hav+ read x & giv5 ! "t to ! practice we recomm5d1 & we ?9k t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! /udy ( draw+ w h be5 made1 & t y w feel x has be5 a successful "o4 #bf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,hats -- ,,p]spective ,,may ,,be ,,le>n$ ,,f ,,!m -- ,,draw+ ,,m ,a ,,matt] ,,( ,,see+ ,,prop]ly ,,?an ,,use ,,( ,,p5 -- ,,texture -- ,,silh\ette ,,draw+s ,,us$ ,,by ,,egyptians4 ,we tru/ t y foll[$ ! advice ( our =m] *apt]1 t y tri$ to draw a hat 9 sev]al positions1 & t y !n f\nd1 z we prophesi$1 t y 7 l$ to obs]ve ! hats t y saw 9 ! /reet ) a new s5se ( disc]nm5t2 if t is true1 y w appreciate ?is *apt]1 we ?9k1 ?\gh x be v %ort4 ,we select two m c>icatures = y1 9 :i* we f9d hats t are v simil>4 ,n[ we c tell y q positively :e!r y h an eye = draw+ or n4 ,/op a mom5t1 & be=e read+ ! next p>agraph1 look at ^! hats1 pages #bh1 #bi1 & argue out ! reason :y !y are drawn z !y are2 if y\r reasons are some:at l ! foll[+1 y\r *ances = le>n+ to draw are good2 if n1 y h mu* /udy ahead ( y1 ev5 be=e y c make a />t4 ,y\r obs]vation is good if y realize t 9 draw+ almo/ any?+ y may repres5t x z a silh\ette4 ,! ,egyptians did mu* ( _! writ+ 9 hi]oglyphs1 us+ silh\ette pictures ( ?\s&s ( diff]5t objects2 helmets & cr[ns1 h&s & feet1 m5 & animals1 tools & ut5sils 7 employ$ z *>act]s 9 _! alphabet2 & if y see pla9ly h[ a silh\ette is made by outl9+ an object z x is se5 f "o po9t #bg ( view1 usually a p]fect side view1 ! object on a level ) ! eye1 & t ! outl9e is fill$ 9 ) black1 y may be sure t y h be5 obs]v+ correctly4 ,y w notice !n t ^! two hats are 7#a7 on a level ) ! eye1 = if 7#b7 bel[ ! eye1 y w\ld see ! top ( ! cr[n & into ! brim2 if 7#c7 above ! eye1 y w\ld see und]nea? ! brim4 ,y notice also t ! 8,h$90 is ! true silh\ette1 :i* is made by leav+ out ! lights on ! side1 ! sugge/ion ( ! b&1 & ! upp] edge ( ! brim4 ,y w also notice 7#d71 p>ticul>ly 9 ! 8,jrg510 t ! feet are z ?\gh ! g5tleman 7 walk+ on a *alk-l9e on a table & ! spectator sitt+ on a l[ *air1 s t ! feet 7 on a level ) 8 eye2 ?is is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,egyptian hi]oglyphs4 ,if ! feet 7 drawn reali/ically !y w\ld n only n be on a l9e "o ) ! o!r1 b we w\ld seem to look d[n ^u ! %oes1 z ord9>ily a man's feet are bel[ ! spectator's eye4 ,we ?9k t ?is is en\gh = "o lesson1 & if y f9d t ! propositions t we h numb]$ are n cle> to y1 y w\ld bett] "w out ! problems on a %eet ( pap]4 ,we take x = grant$ t ,nos4 #a & #b are cle> to anyone :o drew ! hats accord+ to our la/ *apt]2 b ,nos4 #c & #d may n be s evid5t2 if n1 get a pair ( %oes & put !m on ! mantel on a level ) y\r eye2 next place !m ^u ! floor 9 ! position 9 :i* "o ord9>ily walks or /&s1 & our propositions w be cle> to y4 ,x is mo/ important t y %\ld und]/& all ^! matt]s ( optics1 ?\gh x makes little diff]5ce #bh ,illu/ration3 8,,h$90--,a ,,c>icature4 ,by ,alb]t ,eng/rm4 ,! hat & coat are pure silh\ette1 ! face 8sugge/ive outl9e40 #bi ,illu/ration3 8,j,,rg50--,a ,,c>icature4 ,by ,alb]t ,eng/rm4 ,! hat & %oes are p>tially silh\ette2 b ! high lights ^u !m are connect$ ) f9i%$ "w4 #cj ) :at k9d ( a p5 y may make y\r draw+4 ,hav+ ma/]$ ^! pr9ciples1 y w\ld !n und]/& su* a criticism on ,eng/rm's "w z ! foll[+3 ,mr4 ,eng/rm sometimes employs ! pure silh\ette1 z 9 ! 8,h$910 & sometimes silh\ette 9 a modifi$ =m1 z 9 ! 8,jrg502 9 ! =m] case an arti/ sacrifices rotundity1 detail & texture 7! :ite /reaks on ! 8,jrg50 hat sugge/ ! surface ( ! beav]2 ?is we call texture2 a felt hat has no su* :ite /reaks ^u x1 & might be adequately repres5t$ by a set ( l9es su* z are us$ on ,jrg5's coat1 b no silh\ette c sugge/ texture72 9 8 c>icatures ,eng/rm unites ) ! silh\ette effect ! s+le-plane effect ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphs4 7,! hi]oglyphs 7 mo/ly pa9t$ on walls & ! feet repres5t$ z ?\gh flu% ) ! wall1 & n "o f>!r f u ?an ! o!r1 h5ce we say t !y are on "o plane47 ,_m c>icaturi/s h effectually burlesqu$ ! ,egyptian me?od ( draw+ & ! plac+ ( _! figures4 ,! tr\s]s & ! cane 9 ! 8,jrg50 draw+ are ! only objects 9 "o plane2 ! coat coll> is di/9ctly r\nd$4 ,9 ! ,molo* illu/ration we see also silh\ette treatm5t4 ,y c easily imag9e h[ ,h$9's hat1 if ! prop] size1 w\ld fitt+ly re/ on ,crispi's head4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,crispi ,,"u ,,ho/ile ,,lightn+4 ,c>icature by ,b4 ,molo*4 ,an example ( silh\ette draw+4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,,typographical ,,ornam5t4 ,design$ by ,eug5e ,grasset4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hi]oglyphic ,,designs ,,or ,,silh\ettes -- ,,_! ,,use ,,z ,,typographical ,,ornam5ts -- ,,objects ,,se5 ,,z ,,on ,,"o ,,plane -- ,,plac+ ,,y\r ,,object -- ,,horizontal ,,l9es ,,p>allel ,,to ,,! ,,eye -- ,,horizontal ,,l9es ,,n ,,p>allel ,,to ,,! ,,eye4 ,we publi% two k9ds ( draw+s ) ?is *apt]1 :i* _m be classifi$ z foll[s3 ,! ,grassets are hi]oglyphic-l designs or silh\ettes2 ! ,crispi1 9 8 robe de *ambre1 :i* = want ( ! arti/'s "n we %all call ! ,don ,*isciotte cut--8,don ,*isciotte0 y no d\bt suspect is ! ,italian = ,don ,quixote1 & x is ! "n ( a c>toon pap]--is a pure outl9e draw+4 ,n[ let u take !m 9 turn4 ,e pr9t] w recognize t ! ,grasset designs are excell5t1 = !y may be pr9t$ ) great] ease ?an %ad$ draw+s1 & _! simplicity is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! solid black ( type4 ,n[1 n only w\ld x #cc be pleasant = y z a pr9t] to beg9 mak+ "s su* silh\ettes1 b x is v good practice 9 draw+ = y to se>* ! h\se = objects t y c put up aga9/ ! w9d[ pane & draw _! cont\rs1 fill+ !m 9 ) black4 ,a :isk broom1 a pair ( scissors1 a pair ( eyeglasses1 a leaf1 a fea!r may be put up aga9/ ! glass & its silh\ette copi$1 & y !n realize h[ _m objects may be repres5t$ by _! cont\rs4 ,lat] y le>n h[ to silh\ette objects less flat2 y may try ! ink bottle ) a p5 9 x1 ! glue pot ) ! bru% 9 x2 ?is leads y to su* a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ,grasset's fl[]s z pages ( writ+ w\ld nev] give4 ,9 walk+ 9 ! /reets aft] su* an ex]cise y w notice n only ! 8block0 ( a man's hat 7:i* we spoke ( 9 ,*apt] ,i71 b y w notice :at k9d ( a silh\ette x makes aga9/ ! sky2 !n ! %ape ( ! birds1 ! wea!r vanes1 ! *ur* /eeples z !y are 8et*$ aga9/ ! sky10 z ! poets say1 w h a new int]e/ = y4 ,9 ?is practice ( silh\ett+ objects y le>n some?+ t is mo/ important 9 m advanc$ "w4 ,y le>n to see objects z on "o plane4 ,we fancy y\r k ( geometry is suffici5t = y to und]/& :at we mean1 b let u g ov] ! gr\nd sl[ly s t x may facilitate our future explanations ( p]spective problems4 ,by a plane we mean a pla91 a flat surface4 ,a table top is a plane4 ,b ! plane ! arti/ draws ^u--say a %eet ( pap]--?\gh he may let x lie horizontal on a table1 is always consid]$ a v]tical plane1 correspond+ to a pane ( glass 9 a w9d[4 ,n[1 if #cd we are look+ across ! /reet1 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 we "k t ea* rec$+ cobble/one 9 ! /reet 7?\gh 9 "o horizontal plane7 is 9 a diff]5t v]tical plane f ! o!rs4 ,if we wi%$ to make ! plane a tangible "o we c\ld set up a pane ( glass 9 front ( ! ne>e/ cobble/one1 & !n ano!r pane 9 front ( ! cobble/one across ! /reet1 !n x w\ld be evid5t to anyone t ^! /ones 7 9 two planes1 w\ld x n8 ,good6 ,n[1 if y %\ld g to ! w9d[ & trace ) a pa9t bru% a picture ( ^! two cobble/ones on ! glass1 y w\ld draw y\r picture on "o plane1 & t a v]tical plane4 ,well1 t is j :at ! arti/ does :5 he draws a picture by ! eye4 ,he may lay 8 pap] horizontally on a common table1 or obliquely on a tipp+ draw+ table1 or on an easel1 b he does n draw ! objects z ?\gh se5 ?r\gh a horizontal or oblique plane 7except sometimes :5 he sket*es f a *ur*-/eeple or a hilltop71 b on ! contr>y1 ! ord9>y draw+ always repres5ts objects z se5 ?r\gh a v]tical pane ( glass & z !y w\ld be trac$ on t pane1 h5ce r$uc$ to "o plane4 ,hav+ read ! =ego+ two or ?ree times we w ask y to turn to ! ,don ,*isciotte c>icature4 ,has x n a new int]e/ to y8 ,d y n see imm$iately t ! legs ( ! bureau1 ?\gh 9 reality "s few feet ap>t & s 9 diff]5t planes1 are drawn on a %eet ( pap] on "o plane8 ,well1 ! second /ep aft] y h le>n$ to draw a simple =m 9 outl9e is to le>n to 8place0 y\r objects & _! rec$+ p>ts--z ! legs ( ! bureau4 ,x w\ld be impossible = me to ov]e/imate ! tr\ble ?is gives ! #ce beg9n]--su* z ! man :o sees ! factory view$ at an angle z ?\gh x 7 se5 f ! front 7see ,*apt] ,i74 ,b if p]*ance y c get x into y\r m9d t y mu/ draw z ?\gh trac+ on a w9d[ pane1 nay1 bett] /ill1 if y w dip a bru% 9 ! ink & actually draw on ! pane = sev]al days1 y w soon h little ne$ ( puzzl+ ov] p]spective1 & :5 y look diagonally at a rectangul> object--z ! w9d[s 9 a factory--y w see at a glance t !y are no long] rectangles1 z 9 a front view1 b ! l9tels & sills actually seem to tip 79 an upw>d direction if bel[ ! eye1 9 a d[nw>d direction if above ! eye74 ,!n y sudd5ly realize t c]ta9 laws ( optics come into play 9 mak+ ! v simple/ ( views4 ,y look at su* a simple int]ior z 9 ! ,don ,*isciotte room & y recognize at once t ! l9es 9 x :i* 7 horizontal 9 nature are gov]n$ by ?ree laws2 ! portire rod & ! side bo>ds ( ! c\* are drawn horizontal because ! arti/ sees !m 9 a front view--!y are p>allel to 8 eye--b ! l9es ( ! front ( ! bureau & ! floor l9e beh9d x run up because !y are l9es se5 n 9 front view1 b se5 diagonally1 & !y are bel[ ! arti/'s eye2 b ! top l9e ( ! mirror runs d[n because x is above ! arti/'s eye4 ,f ?is *apt] any read] ) a ma!matical m9d w h already d$uc$ ! facts ( ! foll[+ rules ( p]spective1 ev5 if he has n =mulat$ !m 9 precise language2 b y might z well le>n !m by he>t1 z !y are appli$ e "t y draw a box1 a table1 a room1 a railroad track1 a /reet1 etc4 #a4 ,all horizontal l9es 9 nature t are p>allel to #cf ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+4 ,by ,jules ,gir>det4 ,%[+ a mantel a little bel[ ! eye4 ,! /ud5t %\ld practice draw+ int]iors ) ! purpose ( le>n+ ! !ory ( p]spective f e object drawn4 ,! horizontal l9es ( ! picture frame1 = example1 tip 9 ! opposite direction to ! mantel1 because !y are above ! eye4 ,_h ! mantel be5 a few in*es high] x w\ld h be5 drawn z a p]fectly horizontal l9e4 #cg ,illu/ration3 ,,crispi ,,z ,c,,s> ,,9 ,,8 ,,robe ,,de ,,*ambre4 ,a political c>icature f ,don ,*isciotte4 #ch ! eyes ( ! spectator 7l ! portire rod & ! b$ "p ( ! c\* 9 ! ,don ,*isciotte c>icature1 l ! l9tels & sills ( ! ,sorbonne doorway71 t is :5 "o is /&+ directly 9 front ( !m1 appe> z horizontal l9es & are to be s drawn1 !y d n tip ei!r up or d[n :e!r bel[ or above ! eye4 #b4 ,b :5 a horizontal l9e is no long] p>allel to ! axis ( ! eyes1 t is :5 x is se5 diagonally1 z ! floor l9e1 ! front ( ! bureau & ! top ( ! mirror1 !n x foll[s ?is law2 if x happ5s to be j on a level ) ! eyes1 t is on ! horizon l9e1 !n x is horizontal to ! sight & is s drawn2 if ! mirror 7 hang+ :]e x is 9 ! ,don ,*isciotte1 b 7 cut (f j on a level ) ,crispi's eyes1 & ! draftsman ( ! picture 7 j ,crispi's height1 !n ! base ( ! mirror w\ld be drawn horizontal4 ,b :5 ! l9es are bel[ ! eye1 z ! floor l9e & ! bureau l9es1 !n !y seem to run up to ! horizon & are drawn slant+ upw>d2 :ile if !y are above ! eye1 z ! top ( ! mirror1 !y tip d[n to ! horizon & are drawn slant+ d[nw>d--! end f>!r away f ! arti/ l[] 9 ! picture ?an ! end ne>] him4 7,see ! side build+s 9 ! ,sorbonne c\rty>d47 ,x is advisable = ! /ud5t ( p]spective to cut a rectangul> op5+1 n too l>ge1 say ! size ( ?is page1 9 a piece ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* he may hold at arm's l5g? 9 front ( him & look ?r\gh z he w\ld ?r\gh a small w9d[4 ,?is w n only frame 8 picture = him1 b x gives him two horizontal l9es & two p]p5dicul> l9es1 & he c hold 8 p5cil or 8 rul] aga9/ ! face ( ! frame #ci s t x j cov]s any /raight l9e he wi%es to draw2 & he w readily see t all v]tical l9es 9 nature make 8 p5cil run p>allel to ! sides ( 8 frame1 :ile horizontal l9es if 9 nature p>allel to ! axis ( 8 eyes1 or if on a level ) 8 eyes1 make x run p>allel to ! base & top4 ,& !n1 be/ ( all1 he c hold 8 p5cil p>allel to oblique l9es :i* run away f him1 & !y w appe> p>allel to ! face ( 8 frame1 or 9 "o plane1 z !y w\ld be 9 a draw+4 ,?is is v helpful1 z !re is no?+ s confus+ to ! beg9n] z ! l9es :i* run away f him4 7,9 look+ up a railroad track ! rails seem to run away4 ,y "k !y are actually p>allel1 b to y\r eye !y conv]ge4 ,n only t1 b y "k !y are flat on ! gr\nd1 :]eas1 9 a picture1 y draw !m /&+ up4 ,all ?is is at fir/ v confus+47 ,illu/ration3 ,,typographical ,,ornam5t4 ,design$ by ,eug5e ,grasset4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,day--,,crispi4 ,by ,luque4 ,f ,la ,c>icature4 #da ,illu/ration3 ,,typographical ,,ornam5t4 ,design$ by ,eug5e ,grasset4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,outl9e -- ,,%ad$ ,,draw+s -- ,,texture -- ,,local ,,color ,,& ,,values -- ,,?r[n ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,model+ ,,%ad[ -- ,,mann]isms ,,( ,a ,,c>icaturi/ -- ,,beg9n] ,,advis$ ,,to ,,use ,,outl9e ,,only1 ,,b ,,he ,,may ,,practice ,,9 ,,%ad+4 ,if ,i h be5 successful 9 mak+ e po9t cle> 9 my =ego+ *apt]s ! read] n[ has su* a k ( ! art ( draw+ z w enable him to und]/&1 7#a7 ! p[] ( an outl9e1 & 7#b7 to realize t "o may become a tol]able draftsman if he w tra9 8 eye to see ! outl9e ( an object z if m>k$ ^u a pane ( glass--t is1 r$uc$ to "o plane2 & to realize1 moreov]1 t 7#c7 ?is le>n+ to see ?+s 9 "o plane involves "s k ( p]spective1 ( :i* m anon2 b = ! pres5t let u leave outl9e & take up ano!r bran* ( ! subject4 ,9 ! ,luque c>toon ! helmet is repres5t$ #db 9 a new =m4 ,! c>eful obs]v] w see in/antly t x diff]s mat]ially f ! helmet 9 ! ,don ,*isciotte c>toon1 %[n ^u page #cg4 ,let u make an analysis ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,i contemplat$ no pun :5 ,i wrote ( a mat]ial diff]5ce4 ,yet t is ! ma9 po9t ( contra/4 ,we guess t ! helmet ( ! major domo 9 ! ,don ,*isciotte is metal1 b we only guess x4 ,we argue t ! ,romans wore metal helmets1 h5ce we fancy ?is is "o2 b outl9e r>ely indicates texture 7we mean by texture ! mat]ial ( an object--wood1 wool1 /one1 l951 etc47 or color4 ,b 9 ! ,luque we are v sure t ! helmet is ( black lea!r4 ,true1 we surmise ?is only1 because we "k t mod]n helmets are apt to be ei!r metal or black pat5t lea!r1 & ?is "o is too d>k = metal1 & ! high light ^u x is j l ! :ite light on a black pat5t lea!r helmet4 7,:5 ! light falls on a r\nd$ object !re is ne>ly always "o place ^u x :]e ! light /rikes1 creat+ a :ite light--no matt] :at ! color ( ! object--:i* arti/s call ! high light4 ,?is is always m app>5t ^u highly poli%$ objects ?an ^u r\gh objects47 ,n[1 y see 9 ! ,luque we h a v diff]5t k9d ( draw+ f a pure outl9e l ! ,don ,*isciotte1 or a silh\ette l ! ,grasset4 ,9 su* draw+ ! outl9e is only ! framework2 aft] x is put 91 ! labor is by no means ov]2 to ! contr>y1 e bit ( surface has to be cov]$ ) an appropriate t9t1 & two diff]5t consid]ations decide h[ light or h[ heavy ?is t9t %all be3 fir/1 ! consid]ation ( light & %ade2 secondly1 local color4 ,:5 ! arti/ put a #dc d>k mass "u ,crispi's mu/a*e he did n mean to sugge/ t ,crispi _h be5 eat+ blackb]ry jam1 or t he _h a negro's l[] lip1 b he meant to repres5t ! /rong %ad[ t a ?ick mu/a*e ?r[s ^u a l[] lip :5 ! light comes f above2 9 do+ ?is he not$ a 8?r[n %ad[40 ,:51 h[ev]1 he made ! d>k l9e on ! l[] "p ( ! *9 he did n mean to sugge/ t ! upp] "p ( ! *9 ?rew a %ad[ on ! l[] "p1 b he repres5t$ ! "p ( ! *9 t r\nds "u ! jaw2 ?is is call$ a 8model+ %ad[40 7,a circle may repres5t a r+1 or a disk--z 9 ! m$al inscrib$ ,lit]is et ,artibus 9 ! ,fall/rm 7page #dd7--or a sph]e2 b )\t %ad+ x is said n to h model+2 & if x is int5d$ = a sph]e1 x c only sugge/ a sph]e2 to make x fully repres5t "o1 we %ade x2 !n x is positively n a r+1 nor a disk1 if ! %ad+ is prop]ly done4 ,?is %ad+ gives x rotundity1 or bulk1 & ?is effect we designate z model+47 ,:5 ,luque makes ! "p ( ! visor ( ! helmet to our "r d>k] ?an ! "p to our left & leaves a light betwe51 he also models--t is1 repres5ts model+ or rotundity2 b :5 he makes bo? ! %ad$ side & ! light] side d>k1 & also makes ,crispi's coat black1 !n he is said to repres5t local color4 ,"h y see we h a v advanc$ =m ( draw+1 & a =m ,i %\ld n advise y to employ 9 y\r e>ly ef=ts to d pr(essional "w2 if y essay to make a c>toon = y\r pap]1 ,i %\ld advise y to conf9e y\rself to outl9e or silh\ette4 ,b 9 ord] t y may fully und]/& a draw+ :i* at fir/ appe>s to be outl9e1 b :i* ^u exam9ation turns #dd ,illu/ration3 ,,daniel ,,fall/r,m4 ,a c>icature by ,alb]t ,eng/rm4 #de ,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,sket*4 ,by ,john ,ev]ett ,millais4 ,?is is n a c>eful /udy1 b %[s an arti/'s me?od ( 8plac+0 objects4 ,! "r-h& figure is evid5tly t ( a m9i/]1 & ! arti/ at fir/ int5d$ to h 8 coat fall ov] 8 left ?igh b aft]w>ds *ang$ x4 ,! gray l9es :i* ?us place ! skirt ( ! coat are ^? ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,9 ! left-h& figure ! head 0 drawn fir/ & ! hat add$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ l[ ^u ! head ! hat re/s4 ,! mi/ake ( ! beg9n] is usually to put a hat too high on ! skull4 7,or p]haps ! arti/'s fir/ int5tion 0 to draw a d]by hat1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ to a high hat47 #df out to be p>tly %ad$1 we h introduc$ 9 ^! fir/ *apt]s ?is "q ( model+ & local color4 ,we h po9t$ out 7,*apt] ,,ii7 t ,eng/rm sometimes uses pure outl9e1 sometimes outl9e & silh\ette1 & sometimes outl9e1 silh\ette & %ad+4 ,8 8,fall/rm10 giv5 ) ?is *apt]1 is )\t silh\ette effect1 b is 9 outl9e1 %ad+ & local color4 ,! m$al ref]r$ to is a piece ( pure outl9e4 ,ord9>ily1 :5 an arti/ draws a ?+ ( ?is k9d--a button1 a policeman's badge1 etc4--he makes ! l[] l9e a little heavi] ?an ! re/ s z to sugge/ ! %ad[ ! object ?r[s ^u ! coat2 b ,eng/rm has omitt$ ?is4 ,9 ! nose1 h[ev]1 we h n pure outl9e1 b a di/9ct broad5+ ( ! l9e "u ! nose giv+ ! same sugge/ion ( its protrud+ & ( its ?r[+ a %ad[ z does ,crispi's mu/a*e 9 ,luque's draw+4 ,9 ! hat1 moreov]1 we h bo? model+--v good model+1 too1--& local color4 ,y %\ld be rem9d$ t ,eng/rm is a c>icaturi/1 & takes lib]ties ) ! art ( draw+ z well z ) 8 subjects4 ,! example we gave 9 ,*apt] ,i1 8 own portrait1 0 a p]fectly consi/5t draw+1 all pure outl9e2 s 0 ! 8,h$90 7,*apt] ,,ii71 because silh\ette goes p]fectly well ) outl9e4 ,b to model a hat z fully z 9 ?is 8,fall/rm0 draw+1 s t "u its rim is a %ad[1 & yet n h x ?r[ a sugge/ion ( a %ad[ ^u ! man's head1 is mo/ inconsi/5t draw+--p]mitt$ ! c>icaturi/ only4 ,if y 7 mak+ su* a /udy f nature y w\ld surely see a ?r[n %ad[ on ! head & y %\ld put x 94 #dg ,:ile ,i say y %\ld n employ %ad+ & local color to any great ext5t 9 y\r e>ly "w1 yet y may /udy ! !ory ( x s z to use x sp>+ly1 & t /udy is be/ pursu$ by putt+ on a table a gr\p ( objects ( diff]5t colors & textures2 put a :ite box beside a br[n book1 an ink bottle beside a glass1 a teacup beside a br[n /one jug1 & draw ea* object 9 relation to ! o!rs4 ,make y\r ink bottle black] ?an y\r br[n jug1 b note t bo? h di/9ct high-lights ^u !m4 ,! :ite box w probably n h a high-light ^u x1 b "o side ( x may be all light1 :ile ! correspond+ side ( ! br[n book w be d>ki%1 ?\gh light] ?an its side 9 %ad[4 7,we suppose t y place y\r table ne> a w9d[ s t ! light f x falls on "o side ( ! objects1 ! o!r side be+ 9 %ad[2 ?is is ! be/ arrangem5t = objects /udi$ = _! light & %ade4 ,d n h light come f o!r w9d[s47 ,y1 !re=e1 9 y\r draw+1 h :ite pap] to repres5t ! light side ( ! box1 b y put on a slight t9t to repres5t ! light side ( ! br[n book4 ,! ink bottle y w treat v mu* l ,luque's helmet2 black z x is !re w be /reaks ( :ite ^u x--sometimes high-lights1 & sometimes reflection ( ! w9d[ z se5 9 a mirror4 ,if ! cov] ( ! box1 because x projects a little1 ?r[s a l9e ( %ad[ ^u ! side ( ! box1 y w in/antly recognize t ?is is ! same k9d ( a ?r[n %ad[ z t :i* ,luque put "u ,crispi's mu/a*e & ,eng/rm put "u ,fall/rm's nose4 ,"s /udy ( ?is sort w soon tra9 y\r eye to see ! reason ( spots ( light & d>k 9 arti/s' draw+s4 #dh ,"o ( ! po9ts we admire 9 an exp]t's draw+ is ! use he makes ( black spots4 ,! ,japanese h rules ( composition1 gov]n+ ?is di/ribution ( spots1 :i* !y foll[1 balanc+ a black "h ) ano!r !re 9 an admirable mann]4 ,9 our *apt] on wood engrav+ we %all give "s specim5s ( well di/ribut$ blacks4 ,9 our tailpiece by ,grasset y w notice h[ on ! "r-h& side five petals & two buds balance a tri-p>t$ leaf on ! opposite side4 ,"o ( ! problems = ! design] ( pr9t]s' devices is to balance !m prop]ly4 ,x is mu* easi] to copy a spray f nature & fill x 9 ) black ink ?an x is to make t spray balance s t :5 plac$ at ! end ( a *apt] or us$ to divide p>agraphs x w balance z p]fectly z ! lett] ,v or ,a4 ,x is ne$less to note t e pr9t] realizes t p>agraphs might be sep>at$ by ! lett] ,i or ,a or ,v1 b n prop]ly by ! lett] ,b or ,d or ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typographical ,,ornam5t4 ,design$ by ,eug5e ,grasset4 #di ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,beg9 ,a ,,draw+ -- ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?+ -- ,,mantel%elf ,,se5 ,,front ,,view -- ,,side ,,view ,,b ,,exactly ,,on ,a ,,level ,,) ,,! ,,eye -- ,,tipp+ ,,d[nw>d ,,if ,,above ,,! ,,eye -- ,,upw>d ,,if ,,bel[ ,,! ,,eye -- ,,place ,,! ,,big ,,proportions ,,( ,,objects ,,be=e ,,attempt+ ,,detail -- ,,?is ,,%\ld ,,%[ ,,proportion ,,& ,,direction -- ,,sep>ate ,,complex ,,subjects ,,into ,,elem5ts -- ,,mean+ ,,( ,,elem5ts -- ,,e ,,object ,,has ,,its ,,axis -- ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,e ,,figure ,,%\ld ,,always ,,%[ ,,its ,,action -- ,,g5]al ,,practice ,,to ,,place ,,all ,,! ,,objects ,,9 ,a ,,picture ,,) ,,p5cil ,,l9es ,,fir/ -- ,,"s ,,examples ,,f ,,munkacsy4 ,i he> "s ( my read]s ask1 8,is !re n some?+ a tea*] %\ld tell u t w help u :e!r we are draw+ 9 outl9e or :e!r we are %ad+--some?+ t w tea* u h[ to beg9 any k9d ( a draw+80 ,! reply is 8,yes10 & ,i propose to give su* help 9 ?is *apt]2 b x has purposely be5 delay$ till n[1 because ,i wi%$ to emphasize ! fact t ! pr9cipal ?+ is n = me to tell y h[ to draw1 b = me to help y to le>n to see s z to "k :at to draw4 ,= example1 ,i w ask ! pr9t] to ins]t a rule "h 9 a horizontal position1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,?is repres5ts a mantel%elf se5 9 front view1 or "o se5 9 side view exactly on a level ) y\r eyes4 ,n[1 x /&s to reason1 does x n1 t anybody c #ej draw su* a l9e8 ,:at y ne$ to be taught1 is t ! mantel is to be drawn t way only "u ! two circum/ances m5tion$4 ,! mom5t y h a side view ( x :5 x is bel[ or above ! eyes1 y mu/ draw x tipp+4 ,tipp+ d[nw>d 7away f y7 if above ! eye2 upw>d1 if bel[4 ,?us1 if above ! eye3 ,illu/ration3 7,a1 ! end ne>] spectator47 ,?us1 if bel[3 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( l9e accord+ to ! position ( ! spectator is some?+ ! novice does n see1 & x is ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] to po9t x out4 ,h5ce ! _m ref]5ces to see+ & ! few to draw+ :i* are f\nd 9 our =ego+ *apt]s4 ,b !re is a sugge/ion ab\t draw+ :i* ,i w give y t w help y at ! fir/ /age ( y\r /udy4 ,x is ?is3 ,accu/om y\rself to place some?+ on y\r pap]--"s =m hav+ a height & a bread?--t resembles ! big proportions ( y\r subject1 be=e y attempt to f9i% any s+le "p ( x4 ,our illu/rations cle>ly %[ ! work+ ( ?is me?od4 ,9 ! ,h]kom] /udy ! l[] p>ts ( ! tree trunks are n f9i%$1 !y are m]ely plac$4 ,! outl9es ( ! trunks %[ 7#a7 ! relation ( ! two trunks to "o ano!r1 7#b7 _! size1 & 7#c7 _! direction4 ,) ! same simple means ! arti/ c\ld h %[n contr>y facts2 = example1 t 7#a7 ! trees 7 ne>] toge!r1 7#b7 t ! left "o 0 #ea ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,( ,,p9e ,,trees ,,by ,,hub]t ,,h]kom]4 ,! =m above ! l[e/ bran*1 :i* looks some?+ l a cl\d1 %[s u ! arti/'s me?od ( 8plac+0 a bran* be=e f9i%+ x2 also ! l[] p>ts ( ! trunks %[ _! plac+4 ,all objects %\ld be ?us outl9$ be=e !y are %ad$4 #eb wid] ?an ! "r1 7#c7 t !y tipp$ at an angle ( fifte5 degrees to our left4 ,aga91 ! mass t at fir/ glance looks l a cl\d1 is really ! 8plac+0 ( a bran*4 ,n[1 be=e ! arti/ put any ( ! black 9 8 picture1 :i* sugge/s ! d>k colors ( a p9e1 he plac$ all ! pr9cipal bran*es1 limbs1 & ! trunks ( ! two trees1 j z y see !m 9 ! unf9i%$ places we h po9t$ out4 ,! read] %\ld ne$ v little m help ?an ?is to fit him to g out to nature & beg9 a l&scape4 ,almo/ any elem5t y may see c be begun 9 ?is mann]4 7,i use ! ^w elem5t to cov] ei!r "o object or a gr\p ( objects2 we say ( "s picture t x has f\r elem5ts3 a =egr\nd1 a p9e tree1 a clump ( trees & di/ant hills47 ,= example1 )\t ! l9e repres5t+ ! limb bel[ ,h]kom]'s outl9e = ! unf9i%$ bran* might almo/ /& = a cl\d--its outl9e w\ld !n simply be a little less too!d4 ,its upp] "p might also /& = a gr\p ( di/ant trees4 ,n[1 ?is bran*1 no less ?an ! trunks1 has its big proportions2 x is almo/ twice z long z x is high1 & no am\nt ( pretty draw+ ( details w\ld ev] repres5t t bran* if y %\ld />t out ) a =m twice z high z x is wide4 ,always look out = ^! dim5sions at fir/4 ,! bran* also has a direction--! direction ( its axis--:i* is d[nw>d to our left1 & no am\nt ( pretty draw+ ( its details w\ld ev] repres5t ?is bran* if x 7 repres5t$ ) a horizontal axis4 7,! axis ( ! l[e/ bran* is at a /ill great] angle2 ?is d[nw>d tip is *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] bran*es ( ! p9e1 l>*1 elm1 bee*1 will[1 etc47 ,n[1 a cl\d has its #ec ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,= ,a ,,figure ,,9 ,a ,,pa9t+4 ,by ,mi*ael ,munkacsy4 ,?is %[s ! plac+ ( ! p>ts ( ! figure s t x %[s action1 ?\gh !re is no f9i%4 #ed ,illu/ration3 ,,/udies ,,f ,a ,,model ,,= ,,figures ,,9 ,a ,,pa9t+4 ,by ,lon ,bonnat4 ,^! /udies %[ ! plac+ ( ! p>ts ( ! figures s t !y express action1 ?\gh !re is no f9i%4 #ee axis1 a gr\p ( trees1 & y mu/ n draw a /ratus cl\d :i* lies horizontal z ?\gh x 7 a cirrus or a cumulus cl\d bl[n upw>d by a contr>y w9d4 ,9 ! plac+ ( an elem5t1 !n1 x is n ! m>g9 ( ! outl9e we ?9k (1 b ! positions ( objects1 _! g5]al bulk1 & ! direction ( _! axes4 ,9 ! figure /udies we reproduce by ,bonnat & ,munkacsy1 y c pla9ly see t ! action ( ! figures is graphically portray$ )\t any attempt at detail1 simply by 8plac+0 ! p>ts ( ! figure 9 ! "r place4 ,a good beg9n+ 9 ! case ( figure draw+ %\ld always %[ ! action2 t is to say1 %[ t ! man is /oop+ ov]1 lean+ back1 /&+ upright or sitt+ d[n1 long be=e ! draw+ %[s t 8 coat is black or has f\r buttons on x1 or t he has f+] nails on 8 f+]s4 ,x is ne>ly always ! practice ) arti/s to place objects 9 ?is way ) a p5cil l9e1 ev5 if ! subsequ5t draw+ is to be 9 p5 or wa%4 ,let y\r l9es be light1 & !n y c erase !m aft] y\r ink l9es are put ov] !m4 ,d n be afraid ( feel+ y\r way ) l9es2 put d[n sev]al until y get ! "r "o4 ,d n expect to get y\r "w "r at fir/4 ,if y get 9 a bran* ( a tree & ?9k x is correct1 leave x till ! tree is complete2 b if 9 ! end y see x is too l>ge = ! re/ ( ! tree1 rub x out & make x small]4 ,e arti/ has to d ?is _m times if 8 subject is at all complicat$4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,example ( ,fr5* ,art ,s*ool /udies f plates publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,b>gue & ,grme1 %[+ ! me?od ( plac+ a figure be=e draw+ ! f9al outl9e or %ad+2 also %[+ l9es on ! jaw1 9 ! trunk & leg t are n cont\r l9es4 #eg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,value ,,( ,a ,,l9e -- ,,:at ,,! ,,arti/ ,,sees -- ,,l9es1 ,,n ,,cont\r ,,l9es1 ,,us$ ,,to ,,repres5t ,,organic ,,p>ts -- 8,,plac+0 ,,elem5ts ,a ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ -- ,,m ,,important ,,to ,,! ,,pr9t]-,,draftsman ,,?an ,,intricate ,,detail -- ,,plac+-,,l9es ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,c>efully -- ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,arm ,,repres5t$ ,,) ,a ,,few ,,l9es -- ,,! ,,delight ,,( ,,an ,,arti/ ,,9 ,,syn!tic ,,/udies -- ,,japanese ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,draw+ -- ,,grasset',s ,,silh\ette -- ,,?9k ,,( ,,y\r ,,objects1 ,,:5 ,,plac+ ,,!m1 ,,z ,,silh\ettes -- ,,r$uc+ ,,cont\r ,,l9es ,,to ,,geometric ,,figures -- ,,h]kom]',s ,,p9e ,,trees ,,mapp$ ,,out ,,into ,,polygons -- ,,?is ,,me?od ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,c>ri$ ,,to ,,excess -- ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,objects ,,to ,,be ,,look$ ,,= -- ,,nature',s ,,=ms ,,soon ,,recogniz$ ,,9 ,,simple ,,polygons4 ,x is difficult = ! amateur to realize ! value ( a l9e z fully z ! art /ud5t realizes x4 ,we give an illu/ration ( ! fir/ lay+ 9 or plac+ ( a figure1 z done 9 ! ,p>isian art s*ools4 ,! /ud5t :o works = mon?s & mon?s 9 ?is mann] sees a mean+ 9 an arti/'s l9es t ! casual obs]v] misses4 ,"h1 = example1 all ! l9es on ! arm repres5t swell+s :i* are n m]ely tempor>y b are organic1 belong+ to e arm4 ,s also ) ! cross l9es on ! abdom52 !y are n z "o might expect1 *ance l9es1 b divide ! trunk into organic p>ts4 ,any model tak+ ?is pose w\ld %[ "s su* l9es1 or r ! body w\ld divide itself into #eh "s su* p>ts :i* w\ld produce ! wr9kles :i* ^! l9es repres5t2 no matt] :e!r he 7 old] or y\ng]1 /\t] or ?9n]1 ! m>k+s w\ld be 9 ab\t ! same place4 ,:5 we come to ! analyzation ( ! human face ?is fact ( repres5t+ p>ts ( ! body by l9es t are n outl9es--i4 e41 n cont\r l9es--w be /ill cle>] to y4 ,n[1 ! po9t we want to make is t ! me?od ( 8plac+0 objects1 recomm5d$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is n a m]e process ( proc$ure 9 draw+1 b is q z important a m5tal tra9+ z ! mak+ ( ! mo/ intricate outl9e--9 fact1 = ! pr9t]-draftsman x is m important ?an ! latt]4 ,if y wi% to make a po/] design1 x is bett] t y %\ld "k h[ to place 8! elem5ts0 ( a bran* ( oak or ivy ?an t y %\ld draw ! v5ation ( ! leaves or ! delicate model+ ( ! /ems1 because if pr9t$ 9 flat tones x is ! big *>act]i/ics--%[+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 an ivy leaf & an oak leaf--t y ne$ to secure4 ,!re=e1 9 all y\r prelim9>y sket*+ d n "w c>elessly j because y are f9ally go+ to rub out y\r plac+ l9es2 b r try to see h[ mu* lik5ess to ! object y c get by ! mo/ economical means1 9 y\r v plac+ ( ! object4 ,9 ! man's arm1 = example1 ev5 ! inexp]i5c$ draftsman1 :o might n see ! correctness ( ! draw+ 9 ! man's trunk1 c realize t we h "h ! swell+ ( ! deltoid1 ! curve ( ! biceps1 ! extreme wid? at ! elb[1 & ! inside l9es :i* m>k bones & muscles at ! elb[2 all ( :i* repres5t ! syn!sis ( ! human arm1 ?\gh p]haps n ! similitude #ei ( any "o arm4 ,7 y1 ) an arti/ companion1 look+ ov] a collection ( draw+s by ! ma/]s y w\ld be surpris$ at 8 delight 9 _m draw+s t 7 c>ri$ little fur!r ?an ?is /udy ( an arm4 ,! ,japanese are celebrat$ = _! syn!tic draw+2 !y h ! ability to make a spot ( gre5 t is n a lily leaf 9 all its intricate detail1 b :i* has all ! *>act]i/ics ( a lily leaf :i* di/+ui% x f e o!r k9d ( leaf1 /& = a p]fect lily leaf4 ,if y w turn to ! ,grasset design on page #ci y w realize t 8 wi/]ia is by no means a complete floral draw+1 b simply gives ! *>act]i/ics ( ! wi/]ia 9 its silh\ette4 ,"h y see we rev]t to ! subject ( our second *apt]1 & recomm5d t 9 plac+ y\r objects y ?9k ( !m z silh\ettes4 ,?is wi/]ia design sugge/s ano!r help = ! beg9n]4 ,! fl[] itself 9 its entirety takes ! =m 9 nature ( a cone1 :i* 9 silh\ette is a triangle2 ! entire bran* ( ! ornam5t on page #dh takes ! =m ( a triangle2 & s9ce geometrical =ms are m easily analyz$ ?an natural =ms1 x might be well = y to tra9 y\rself to notice if an object takes ! g5]al =m ( a quadrangle or a rectangle1 a triangle or a polygon4 ,! bran*es ( trees c frequ5tly be mapp$ out into triangles or polygons ) n m ?an five or six sides1 t are v easy to recognize4 ,we h made a trac+ ( ! p9e trees by ,mr4 ,h]kom]1 9 :i* we h mapp$ out ! bran*es into polygons1 ,a1 ,b & ,c 7page #fj74 ,! l9es ,d ,e & ,f ,g are add$ to sugge/ h[ ! tree trunks are #fj ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #a4 #fa ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #b4 ,,no4 #d--,/udy ( ,p9e ,tree1 by ,hub]t ,h]kom]1 ) l9es add$ %[+ rectangles w x y z1 conta9+ ! :ole gr\p2 polygons #a to #ad1 conta9+ bran*es1 l9es go+ ?r\gh axes ( trunk e d1 & f g1 & p1 plumb-l9e to :i* f g is comp>$--t is1 its angle obta9$--z %[n 9 diagram ,,no4 #a4 #fb fir/ put 9 z axes1 ,f ,g be+ comp>$ ) ! plumb-l9e ,p4 ,w1 ,x1 ,y & ,z sugge/ a quadrangle1 into :i* ! :ole tree c\ld fir/ be plac$4 ,we wi% to say1 h[ev]1 t we d n consid] x advisable to r$uce freeh& draw+s to geometrical =ms to too great an ext5t4 ,! art /ud5t 9 ,p>is does n ?9k ( 8 model z a comb9ation ( cubes & cyl9d]s1 b z a human figure2 nor :5 he leaves ! ateli] does he consid] a tree z a comb9ation ( cyl9d]s & cones1 b z an oak tree1 or a maple or a p9e2 & :e!r 8 draw+ is a mom5t's jott+ 9 a sket*-book1 or a week's /udy on canvas1 he tries to get z mu* ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p9e tree or ! oak1 9 ! mom5t or 9 ! week1 z 8 p]ception w all[4 ,y w\ld be surpris$1 if y practic$ ?is me?od = a few mon?s1 to see h[ mu* mean+ ^! fir/ polygons w h to y4 ,if y w map out an elm tree1 = example1 & !n turn to our diagram ,no4 #b1 y w in/antly recognize t ! =ms ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c\ld nev] be int5d$ = an elm4 ,?is negative recognition w\ld be foll[$ by positive recognition1 & y w\ld guess at lea/1 if y 7 n sure1 t1 9 a sket* ( a sea coa/1 c]ta9 polygons put m on "o side ( a l9e ?an on ! o!r1 :i* repres5t$ a tree trunk1 7 meant = ! bran*es ( a p9e6 #fc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,orig9al 8,,plac+0 ,,& ,,f9i%$ ,,draw+ ,,comp>$ -- ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,frame ,,does ,,n ,,affect ,,! ,,proportions ,,if ,,! ,,same ,,dim5sions ,,are ,,reta9$ -- ,,block+ ,,9 ,,%ad[s ,,by ,,outl9e ,,be=e ,,%ad+ -- ,,all ,,practice ,,9 ,,draw+ ,,l9es ,,w ,,be ,,helpful -- ,,l9es ,,us$ ,,= ,,cont\r ,,bo? ,,( ,,objects ,,& ,,( ,,%ad[s -- ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,%ad[s -- ,,:y ,,pla/] ,,ca/s ,,are ,,us$ ,,z ,,/udies -- ,,japanese ,,art ,,entirely ,,)\t ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,( ,,! ,,sort ,,mo/ ,,usual ,,9 ,,occid5tal ,,model+ -- ,,not+ ,,values -- ,,m]e ,,%ad+ ,,n ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,draw+4 ,9 ord] t !re may be no d\bt ab\t ! me?od ( plac+ elem5ts1 z sugge/$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we h made skeletons 7#b & #d7 ( ! ,grasset & ! ,h]kom] cuts1 on :i* we h m>k$1 s t !re c be no misund]/&+1 ! l9es giv5 9 our diagrams #b & #c4 ,9 ! ,grasset diagram1 ,no4 #c1 ,a ,b ,c ,d correspond to a b c d 9 skeleton diagram ,no4 #d1 :ile ! dott$ =ms1 ,e & ,f1 ,no4 #c1 correspond to e & f1 ,no4 #d4 ,9 ! ,h]kom]1 ,no4 #b1 w x y z is ! rectangle ,w ,x ,y ,z ( diagram ,no4 #a2 #a #b #c #d #e correspond to ,a1 #f #g #h #i #aj to ,b1 #aa #ab #ac #ad to ,c2 :ile ! d e & f g equal ,d ,e1 ,f ,g2 p is our plumb-l9e1 ,p4 ,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t any numb] ( objects may be conta9$ 9 a rectangle2 let a *ild scribble ^u ?is page1 any:]e1 a doz5 or m #fd ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #d4 #fe =ms1 no matt] h[ irregul>1 & a p]p5dicul> ?r\gh ! extreme "r-h& =m1 "o ?r\gh ! left1 & a horizontal ?r\gh ! top & ! bottom =m1 & we h a rectangle :i* has giv5 dim5sions4 ,x may be twice z high z wide1 or ?ree times z wide z high1 no matt]1 let ei!r ( ^? proportions be pres]v$1 & a rectangle ( ! same proportions1 drawn ^u a visit+ c>d or cov]+ ! wall ( a b>n tw5ty feet high1 w give y ! "r proportions = y\r gr\p4 ,& !n1 if y w f9d inside ( ! rectangle1 "o or a doz5 polygons1 l ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,no4 #a1 & f1 ,no4 #d1 y w be able to 8place0 ! mo/ irregul> objects4 ,we give ) ?is *apt] also1 two illu/rations %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* %ad+ is done 9 ! art s*ools1 b ! ma9 ?+ ,i wi% y to note ab\t ! illu/rations is1 n ! %ad$ draw+1 b ! draw+ :]e ! %ad[ is block$ 91 ,fig4 ,a4 ,n[1 ?is is important to be> 9 m9d3 ,a l9e is us$1 n only = draw+ ! outside outl9e or cont\r ( objects1 b = draw+ ! outl9e ( %ad[s ^u & )9 !m2 !re=e1 e bit ( practice y may h 9 draw+ l9es ( any k9d w be helpful to y :5 block+ 9 ! %apes ( %ad[s t br+ out ! =m ( an object4 ,x is j z imp]ative1 = example1 t y comp>e ! inside m>g9 ( ! %ad[s ^u ! wri/ 7z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 ,a7 ) ! plumb-l9e1 s z to see _! direction1 z x is t y comp>e ! trunk ( ! ,h]kom] tree ) ! plumb-l9e1 t y may get its direction4 7,9 obta9+ ! direction ( small %ad[s ! arti/ v frequ5tly uses 8 p5cil1 held v]tical1 z a plumb-l9e47 #ff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,a4 ,examples ( ,fr5* ,art ,s*ool /udies1 f plates publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,b>gue & ,grme1 %[+ me?od ( block+ 9 a ca/1 bo? its outl9e & its %ad+4 #fg ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,b4 ,me?od ( %ad+ 9 simple tones1 ) v little reflect$ light or half-tones4 7,see ,fig4 ,a47 #fh ,illu/ration3 ,portraits1 drawn 9 crayon1 by ,fant9-,la-,t\r1 f 8 pa9t+ 9 ! ,salon ( #ahgi4 ,an example ( ! r5d]+ ( 8values0 9 black & :ite4 #fi ,we give ano!r illu/ration t we tru/ w int]e/ y1 ! v beautiful draw+ by ,fant9-,la-,t\r4 ,our object 9 giv+ ?is is tw(old3 fir/1 to %[ y ! draw+ ( ! ca/4 ,we h said t ! ,b>gue-,grme /udies %[ h[ /ud5ts le>n to "w 9 ,p>is4 ,! tru? is t ne>ly all ov] ! _w art /ud5ts le>n to draw f :ite pla/] ca/s on :i* ! %ad[s are v di/9ct4 ,! eye is ?us tra9$ to see =m1 z we call x4 ,& x w n be difficult = y to look f ! ca/ draw+ 9 ! ,la-,t\r to ! head ( ! /&+ girl1 & see h[ ! =m ( h] face is br\ght out by %ad+ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ca/4 ,9 publi%+ a draw+ ( ?is k9d 9 a book = pr9t]s we d n recomm5d x z an example ( draw+ = ! press 7?\gh x w\ld be an excell5t guide = li?ography71 b x is full ( int]e/ 9 t x exemplifies :at arti/s consid] arti/ic draftsman%ip4 ,x is evid5t t ! au?or ( x has /udi$ 9 an art s*ool & t he gets 8 effects1 n by *ance1 b by delib]ation4 ,he is s5sitive to ! diff]5t degrees ( d>ks ^u ! sev]al objects4 ,no matt] h[ pla9ly he may see ! %ad[ ^u ! ca/1 he kn[s t1 9 ord] to repres5t x z a light object1 su* %ad[s mu/ n be black4 ,s !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 its d>k tones & ! d>k tones ( ! block on :i* x /&s4 ,also 9 draw+ ! human face he conc5trates 8 d>ks ab\t ! eyes1 nose & m\?2 ! re/ ( ! face is %ad$ ) great delicacy1 = he kn[s t if he puts d>ks else:]e he w get ! undesirable effect ( an old face4 ,! pr9t] is n expect$ to c>ry 8 art z f> z ?is1 b we mu/ say #gj frankly t 8 degree ( success dep5ds entirely ^u ! ext5t ( 8 k ( ! tru?s h]e9 /at$4 ,"o ne$ n g to an art s*ool to see t a ca/ is :ite1 & t its %ad[s are n z black z ! %ad[s ^u a bronze2 b unless he tra9s 8 eye by obs]vation to see ?is diff]5ce 9 o!r ?+s1 no tricks ( p5-te*nic w help him :5 he comes to draw a :ite horse1 or a :ite coll>4 ,he does n h to /udy portraiture 9 an art s*ool 9 ord] to make a draw+ 9 p5 & ink1 = 8 pap]1 f a photograph2 b unless he w tra9 himself to obs]ve s t he realizes t 9 a "y face ! greate/ d>ks are limit$ to ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?1 he w be likely to make 8 p5-portrait look m l an old p]son ?an a "y p]son1 ev5 ?\gh 9 execut+ ! same he imitates ! mo/ p]fect p5-te*nic4 ,n[1 z ! plac+ ( ! %ad[s 9 ! seat$ girl's face is n ! same1 x is a little difficult = y to realize t x conta9s ! same k9d ( draw+ z ! block$-9 ca/ h& & head4 ,b ! eye becomes tra9$ f draw+ ca/s to see ! mo/ delicate model+ ( %ad[s1 & ! seat$ girl's face is really a complex /yle ( draw+1 ( :i* ! ca/ head & h& are simple specim5s4 ,i mean by 8complex /yle ( draw+0 a me?od ( gett+ effects by imitat+ ! light & %ade ^u objects1 z oppos$ to m]e outl9e /yle or silh\ette /yle4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ?is illu/ration %\ld indicate to y t x is well to draw f ca/s1 z art /ud5ts d1 if y wi% to make f9i%$ pictures 9 black & :ite4 ,9 ! =ego+ /atem5ts ,i h be5 c>eful 9 #ga my language4 ,i d n say /ud5ts all ov] ! _w le>n to draw 9 light & %ade1 = !re is a great deal ( wond]ful ,japanese art t is done entirely )\t k ( light & %ade ( ! sort mo/ usual 9 ,occid5tal model+4 ,nor d ,i say t y mu/ draw f ca/s to le>n to see light & %ade1 because dur+ ! middle ages _m great arti/s le>n$ to draw f life & n f ca/s4 ,! ca/ is a comp>atively mod]n art-s*ool accessory4 ,ano!r reason = giv+ ?is ,la-,t\r draw+ is t x br+s u a /ep f>!r into ! consid]ation ( values2 we notice t 9 x ! ca/ appe>s to be :ite1 ! girls' faces & h&s light] ?an _! g[ns1 & "o girl's hair light] ?an ! o!r's4 ,n[1 :5 an arti/ makes a diff]5ce betwe5 ! degrees ( ! color ( objects1 we say he notes _! values4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d1 !n1 t m]e %ad+ is n ! end ( draw+4 ,y c g a /ep f>!r & indicate ! color value ( a %ad[1 ( :i* m h]eaft]4 #gb ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,head1 ,,9 ,,crayon ,,or ,,p5cil1 ,,by ,,dagnan-,,b\v]et4 ,%[+ me?od ( sket*+ ! outl9e ( a hat4 #gc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,dagnan-,,b\v]et -- ,a ,,hat ,,9 ,,outl9e ,,n ,,meant ,,= ,,an ,,outl9e ,,draw+ -- ,,connect+ ,,l9k ,,betwe5 ,,outl9e ,,& ,,%ad$ ,,draw+ -- ,,m ,,ab\t ,,art-,,s*ool ,,me?ods -- ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,ca/ ,,draw+ -- ,,! ,,big ,,%ad[s ,,v]sus ,,m9or ,,%ad[s -- ,,d ,,n ,,draw ,,individual ,,hairs -- ,,hair ,,& ,,mu/a*e ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,mass1 ,,n ,,z ,,sep>ate ,,hairs -- ,,effect ,,to ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,masses ,,( ,,%ad[s -- ,,tra9 ,,! ,,eye ,,to ,,become ,,s5sitive ,,to ,,graduations ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade -- ,,light ,,& ,,d>k ,,9 ,,! ,,head ,,int5d$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,skull1 ,,n ,,to ,,indicate ,,p>ti-,,color$ ,,hair -- ,,draw+ ,,f ,,pa/ebo>d ,,boxes ,,good ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,see ,,light ,,& ,,%ade -- ,,contra/+ ,a ,,f9i%$ ,,draw+ 7,,gaill>d7 ,,) ,a ,,r\gh ,,sket* -- ,,equal ,,art ,,9 ,,ea* ,,:5 ,,bo? ,,are ,,well ,,done -- ,a ,,newspap] ,,cut ,,9 ,,:i* ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,are ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,v>iation ,,( ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,l9e -- ,,broad ,,draw+ ,,recomm5d$ ,,to ,,pr9t]s -- ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e -- ,r,,sum4 ,9 our illu/ration by ,dagnan-,b\v]et we f9d mo/ int]e/+ indications ( h[ an arti/ works2 & ?is head may s]ve z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! *apt] on outl9e & ! "o on %ad+4 ,! hat is a beautiful piece ( outl9e draw+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n meant = an outl9e draw+4 ,x is simply to s]ve z ! plac+ ( ! hat1 :i* w\ld aft]w>d be %ad$ z are ! face & mu/a*e4 ,! eyes1 #gd nose & mu/a*e 7 fir/ outl9$ 9 ?is way1 & y w recognize1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is is ! same k9d ( draw+ z t ( :i* we treat$ 9 our fir/ *apt]s1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! hat is n all 9 "o plane4 ,b be=e y c ?or\ghly appreciate ! draw+ ( ! face x is necess>y t ,i %\ld expla9 a little fur!r ! /udy ( draw+ z x is taught 9 ! art s*ools4 ,?is ,i w d ) ! help ( ! ,lwe-,m>*& cut4 ,9 ?is1 we see ! me?od pursu$ 9 almo/ all art s*ools ! _w ov]3 a me?od bas$ ^u ca/ draw+4 ,x is f\nd f exp]i5ce t /ud5ts le>n to see =m m prom95tly f a pla/] ca/1 :i* is :ite1 ?an f natural objects2 & x is f\nd t ! be/ results are got if ! /ud5ts are taught to see ! big %ad[s ( an object r ?an ! multitude ( m9or %ad[s :i* may be se5 ^u close scrut9y4 ,s ! /ud5t is told n to look = ^! m9or %ad[s1 b to half close 8 eyes1 & /& a good di/ance away f ! object--say ?ree times its height--& look = ! =m t he sees :5 ! object becomes to 8 half-clos$ eyes no?+ m ?an a mass ) a light & a d>k side4 ,y c imag9e t aft] a p]son has le>n$ to get ! effect ( a h& & a foot1 z 9 ! illu/ration 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii & ,x1 by m]ely not+ ! %ape ( ! "o big %ad[1 t x is n difficult = him to g f>!r & put 9 ! m9or %ad[s by op5+ 8 eyes & exam9+ ! object m closely2 & t :5 he has le>n$ to d ?is = sev]al mon?s1 or p]*ance sev]al ye>s1 9 ! antique class1 & !n = z long1 or long]1 9 ! life class1 t he has become #ge ,illu/ration3 ,,*>coal ,,draw+4 ,portrait ( ,m4 ,x41 by ,lwe-,m>*&4 ,?is draw+ 0 d\btless made on a %eet ( *>coal pap]1 possibly gray 9 color1 & 0 !n photograph$ = ! direct process2 & !n1 9 ord] to indicate ! gray pap]1 ! photo-engrav] t9t$ ! z9c plate ) a ,b5 ,day film1 :i* gives ! /ipple result4 ,! cross l9es 9 ! corn] indicate t aft] ! arti/ made 8 /udy he wi%$ to enl>ge x ^u a canvas prelim9>y to pa9t+1 :i* 0 done by cov]+ ! draw+ ) squ>es & add+ a diagonal to ! same4 ,^! squ>es & diagonals 7 repeat$ on a l>g] scale on ! canvas & ! draw+ enl>g$ freeh& by plac+ ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! orig9al 9 ! correspond+ triangles on ! canvas4 ,?is me?od ( enl>g+ draw+s has be5 us$ = five ?\s& ye>s4 #gf s s5sitive to see+ %ad[s t x is n difficult = him to disc]n !m ^u any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,n[1 t is ! secret ( ! beautiful draw+ ( ! mu/a*e 9 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et draw+4 ,! beg9n] draws ! hairs ( ! mu/a*e1 & tries to get 8 effect 9 t way2 b y _c by draw+ ! pelt ( a fox on a b>n door get ! effect ( "o ) a real live body und]nea? x4 ,! result 9 ?is draw+ is due entirely to ,dagnan-,b\v]et's s5sitiv5ess to light & %ade4 ,! l9es1 :i* ! casual obs]v] w\ld take to be ! hairs ( ! mu/a*e1 are really ! %ad[s ?r[n by ! gr\ps ( hairs z !y "p "h & !re4 ,x is true t if he 7 et*+ ?is head or draw+ x ) a f9e p51 he might 9 f9i%+ x put 9 a few hairs1 & ev5 ,albre*t ,dr] w\ld sometimes get a good effect by draw+ ! hairs ( ! mu/a*e or ! curls on a head4 ,b 9 ne>ly all mod]n "w1 ! hair1 mu/a*e or be>d is consid]$ z a mass receiv+ light & %ade1 & is s treat$1 !re be+ no great diff]5ce betwe5 ! gold5 hair ( a *ild & ! :ite hair ( an old woman4 ,9 ! beautiful /udy by ,gaill>d we see ! %ape ( ! skull "u ! woman's hair1 & !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! "p t is 9 %ad[ ar\nd h] e>s & ! "p t is light on ! top ( h] head4 ,?is does n mean t ! hair 0 gray on top1 & black ar\nd ! e>s1 b x means t ! light /ruck ! hair on top1 :ile x did n /rike x on ! sides4 ,n[1 if y c give y\rself ! "t to /udy f ! ca/1 or ev5 f simple pa/ebo>d boxes1 s t y\r eye w become s5sitive to ^! graduations f #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,portrait ,,( ,,mme4 ,r4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,gaill>d4 #gh light to d>k1 y w soon realize t1 :ile 9 y\r draw+ = pr9t+ y may nev] 9 a hundr$ ye>s' practice draw any?+ s delicate z ! ,gaill>d1 yet 9 y\r simple/ draw+s y may put 9 practice ! !ory ^u :i* x is made4 ,= example1 if y are draw+ an old woman's head1 ev5 if y only use f\r or five l9es to repres5t h] hair1 y w n press ^u y\r p5 :5 y are do+ h] hair on ! top1 b y w press ^u x :5 y come )9 ! region ( ! e>s2 & t pressure1 ?\gh x w n repres5t hairs1 nor ! actual value ( ! %ad[1 w yet give ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! light on ! top ( ! head & ! %ad[ beh9d ! e>s1 & ?is w sugge/ to ! educat$ eye ! r\ndness ( ! cranium4 ,n[ we reproduce also ! r\gh ,watts draw+4 ,let u contra/ ^! two draw+s4 ,! "o is almo/ z f9i%$ z x c be1 ! o!r slight2 yet ,i want y to realize :y ,i recomm5d ?is slight draw+ to pr9t]s & tell y t x is arti/ic4 ,x is s because 9 ! v heavy l9es t y see 9 ! e>1 be>d & coat !re is k ( model+4 ,! arti/ knew 8 bus9ess j z ,gaill>d did1 & e "t he put d[n a blotty l9e x 0 meant to repres5t ! pres5ce ( a %ad[4 ,?is face is f a photograph2 hundr$s ( delicate tones h be5 left out2 & ! :ite hair ( ! be>d is model$ ) no?+ b ?9 & heavy l9es :ile ! %ad[s ( ! photograph 7 delicate gray t9ts6 ,a clev] p5man draw+ f a photograph uses d>ks :i* ! un$ucat$ eye w take to be arbitr>y black5+ ( ! draw+1 b :i* an arti/ kn[s are ! result ( intellig5t obs]vation4 #gi ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,fr$]ick ,,watts1 ,r4 ,a4 ,an ,engli% newspap] cut f ,tid-,bits1 arti/ unkn[n4 ,an excell5t example ( newspap] "w4 ,note t ! skull-cap is n repres5t$ p>tly gray & p>tly black because ! arti/ meant to indicate a cap t 0 "o color 9 front & ano!r 9 ! back1 b he meant to %[ ! r\nd+ ( ! cranium1 j z ,gaill>d did 9 v>y+ ! tones 9 ! hair ( ! old woman4 #hj ,n[1 9 ! ,gaill>d draw+ y see a v delicate l9e runn+ diagonally f ! w+ ( ! nose almo/ to ! corn] ( ! lips4 ,?is is call$ ! naso-labial l9e1 & is f\nd 9 e old face4 ,i say aga91 t ?\gh y "w = "o hundr$ ye>s z a pr9t] y w\ld probably nev] draw a delicate l9e l ?is4 ,b if y %\ld make /udies 9 p5cil & realize t ?is l9e is typical ( old age1 y w\ld be able to put x 9 su* a draw+ z ! ,watts 7! arti/ has us$ two l9es to repres5t x71 :]e1 y w notice1 x comes d[n ab\t z f> on ! l[] lip z 9 ! ,gaill>d1 & y w\ld realize :y x 0 left out 9 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et & ,m>*& y\ng] subjects4 ,?is *apt] %\ld be exce$+ly int]e/+ to y z indicat+ two ?+s--"o disc\rag+ & ! o!r enc\rag+4 ,fir/1 t :5 /ud5ts ( art h ! opportunity to "w s beautifully1 z 9 ! ,b>gue-,grme /udies1 & aft]w>d f life1 z 9 ! ,gaill>d1 !y ne$s mu/ see m ?an y d1 & y mu/ n expect to equal !m if y1 a busy pr9t]1 c only practice a few ev5+s a week4 ,!re=e y %\ld n attempt subtile r5d]+s l ! ,gaill>d1 b %\ld conf9e y\rself to simple means4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,i tell y t ?is is ab\t all ! /udy !re is gone ?r\gh ) 9 an art s*ool 7,i say ab\t all1 = besides block+-91 /ud5ts le>n a good deal ab\t values2 ?is we %all treat ( 9 a succe$+ *apt]71 x %\ld be int]e/+ to y to realize t if y w simply tra9 y\rself to see light & %ade l ! pl9? 9 ! foot /udies giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xii by draw+ a pa/ebo>d box1 & !n aft]w>d draw f life1 s z to see t hair is d>k] #ha 9 %ad$ portions ?an 9 light ones1 & t 9 an old p]son ! naso-labial l9e is m>k$ & %[s d>k] ?an ! *eeks1 y w1 :5 copy+ a photograph = y\r pap]1 no matt] h[ r\ghly y "w1 be able to indicate ! %ad[s 9 ! hair & ! d>k naso-labial l9e1 z 9 ! ,watts portrait4 ,?is1 ,i say1 %\ld enc\rage y1 & x is ! only way = y to le>n to draw4 #hb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,head ,,by ,,knaus ,,analyz$ -- ,,drawn ,,9 ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,! ,,dagnan-,,b\v]et ,,& ,,conta9+ ,,l9es ,,l ,,! ,,watts -- ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e ,,us$ ,,to ,,del9eate ,,old ,,age -- ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,! ,,no/ril -- ,,! ,,w+ ,,( ,,! ,,nose -- ,,! ,,no/ril ,,usually ,,! ,,d>ke/ ,,%ad[ ,,l9e ,,9 ,a ,,face4 ,let u resume ! subject ( ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,we give a f9e draw+ ( an old man's head by ,knaus1 & we w ask y to look at x & see if y _c realize two ?+s ab\t x--fir/1 t no matt] h[ _m l9es !re may be ^u ! hat1 :i* make x look batt]$ & diff]5t 9 texture f a new silk hat1 x 0 fir/ drawn z 0 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]2 secondly1 d y notice ! oblique naso-labial l9e1 :i* we spoke ( 9 connection ) ! ,gaill>d & ,watts8 & d y realize "o ( two ?+s f ?is also1 t1 ei!r ?is l9e 9 ! orig9al draw+ ran up to ! w+ ( ! nose b 0 lo/ 9 ! sev]al engrav+s1 or else ! arti/ wi%$ to indicate t 8 model 0 n a v old man1 & he did n make ! l9e v /rong 9 t place8 ,if s1 y h le>n$ "s important pr9ciples t w help y 9 draw+1 = y w be able to sket* any hat y wi% to draw by ! same process t ! be/ arti/s employ4 ,aga91 y w be able to use prop] judgm5t 9 introduc+ ! l9es into a face4 ,if1 = example1 y 7 copy+1 9 p5-&-ink1 *alk-plate or wood engrav+1 #hc ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,man',s ,,head4 ,crayon ,draw+ by ,ludwig ,knaus4 #hd f "s half-oblit]at$ et*+ or f "s fad$ dagu]reotype1 an old man's head l ! ,knaus1 y w\ld h ! k back ( y t w\ld p]mit y to draw 9 ! naso-labial ) prop] acc5tuation4 ,if y knew ! orig9al 0 a c5t5>ian y w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly cont9ue ! l9e up to ! w+ ( ! nose & draw x cont9u\sly )\t a break2 or if he 7 b a sexag5>ian ( :om ! biographical diction>ies said 8he c>ri$ 8 ye>s lightly10 y might purposely break ?is l9e z 9 ! ,knaus4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,& n[ = "s o!r l9es 9 ! face4 ,at ! base ( ! nose we h ! %ad[ ( ! no/ril1 & ! curv$ portion ( ! nose ar\nd x call$ ! w+ ( ! nose2 ^! are ne>ly always introduc$ into draw+s4 ,9 ! ,knaus !y are v happily drawn4 ,rev]t to ! illu/rations ( ! la/ *apt]1 & see if y c f9d !m4 ,9 ! ,m>*& & ,gaill>d !y are repres5t$ by model+ r ?an l9es1 b !y are outl9$ 9 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et & ! ,watts1 ! =m] be+ 9 p5cil4 ,we notice t "o ( ^! objects is gray] ?an ! o!r2 :i* is x8 ,x is ! naso-labial l9e1 & ! %ad[ ( ! no/ril is mu* ! d>k]4 ,! same effect is got 9 ! ,watts by us+ a f9e l9e = ! naso-labial l9e & a ?ick] l9e1 or a blot1 = ! no/ril4 ,if1 !re=e1 y 7 draw+ ! ,gaill>d 9 l9e1 c y n realize t y w\ld approximate ! effect ( our half-tone by mak+ ! outl9e ( ! w+ ( ! nose ! lighte/ ( y\r l9es1 ! naso-labial l9e d>k]1 & ! %ad[ ( ! no/ril ! d>ke/ ( ! ?ree8 ,?is ord] c #he usually be foll[$ 9 draw+ an old p]son1 & 9 almo/ e case 7"y or old7 ! no/ril %ad[ is ! d>k] ( ! ?ree l9es m5tion$4 ,9 reg>d to ! no/ril be+ sometimes a l9e & sometimes a blot1 ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! "* ( ! orig9al2 ) "s p]sons ! no/ril is v /raight & little ( ! inside ( ! nose %[s4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! case 9 ! ,knaus orig9al1 s ! arti/ uses a l9e & no?+ m = ! no/ril 7y w1 h[ev]1 n fail to note ! subtlety ( ! arti/'s t\*1 :i* gives u a /rongly m>k$ l9e = ! no/ril1 b a m delicate l9e = ! w+ ( ! nose74 ,9 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et1 h[ev]1 ! no/ril goes up at q an angle1 expos+ mu* m ( ! inside ( ! nose ?an 9 ! ,knaus2 !re=e1 7 y r5d]+ ?is draw+ 9 p5-&-ink1 y c\ld use a blot 9 ! no/ril simil> 9 heav9ess to t 9 ! ,watts portrait on page #gi4 ,we %\ld advise y1 by ! way1 9 foll[+ ^! *apt]s1 to make trac+s ( all our half-tone cuts & r5d] !m 9 p5-l9e l ! ,watts2 ?is w help y imm5sely to und]/& an analyzation ( !m4 #hf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,analyzation ,,( ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e ,,indicates ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,art ,,/udy -- ,,:5 ,,! ,,l9e ,,is ,,prop]ly ,,se5 ,,x ,,may ,,be ,,drawn ,,) ,,any ,,m$ium -- ,,*\dieu ,,head ,,by ,,bonn>d -- ,,its ,,simil>ity ,,to ,,! ,,watts -- ,,/rong ,,m>k+ ,,( ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e ,,9 ,,x -- ,a ,,simil> ,,analyzation ,,to ,,t ,,giv5 ,,! ,,watts ,,draw+ -- ,,portrait ,,by ,,t\ssa9t -- ,,h[ ,,x ,,might ,,be ,,r5d]$ ,,9 ,,simple ,,p5 ,,l9es ,,l ,,! ,,watts -- ,,draw+ ,,by ,,bonn>d -- ,,its ,,heavy ,,outl9e ,,appropriate ,,to ,,pr9t+ -- ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,blacks ,,9 ,a ,,draw+ -- ,,draw+ ,,by ,,bonnat -- ,,example ,,( ,,draw+ ,,by ,,light ,,& ,,d>k ,,masses -- ,,! ,,employm5t ,,( ,,:ites ,,9 ,,scrat*-,,bo>d ,,& ,,9 ,,wood ,,engrav+ -- ,,bonn>d',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,,curta9 -- ,,brun ,,draw+ ,,correct ,,9 ,,color ,,values -- ,,digression ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,fr5* ,,names -- ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,foot ,,%[+ ,,art ,,s*ool ,,me?ods4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable h9ts we h giv5 our read]s are ^? ( ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,,ix1 9 connection ) ! naso-labial l9e4 ,9 ^! y w f9d ! f\ndation ( our tea*+--t is1 we d n say t a human face mu/ be made by putt+ 9 a black l9e runn+ obliquely f ! nose to ! lip1 made ) su* or su* a p51 su* or su* a crayon1 ink1 or *>coal1 b we po9t out ! l9e 9 nature1 & say t because x is f\nd 9 nature1 arti/s put x 9 _! draw+s4 ,:5 n f\nd 9 a face1 z t ( a "y p]son1 !n x is left out 9 a good arti/'s draw+ ( a "y face4 ,:e!r he uses p51 wa%1 #hg or crayon1 has v little to d ) ! case4 ,!re are "s me?ods ( us+ ! p51 wa%1 or crayon1 t are bett] ?an o!rs2 b1 if y are taught to see ! naso-labial l9e 9 nature1 x is v easy to le>n to draw x 9 "o ( ^? m$iums1 & hav+ drawn x 9 "o1 x is easi] to le>n to draw x 9 o!r m$iums4 ,we give1 ) ?is *apt]1 ! head ( ,*\dieu1 9 :i* ?is l9e is m>k$ z conspicu\sly z 9 ! ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,( ,,pi]re ,,r5e ,,*\dieu4 ,drawn by ,pi]re ,bonn>d 7probably f a m$allion1 & possibly ) a quill p571 = ,la ,revue ,blan*e4 ,watts4 ,?is draw+ might h be5 made ) an ord9>y p51 some:at worn1 or 7z 0 probably ! case7 ) a quill p51 or ) a camel's-hair bru%1 or ) a ,japanese bru% 7:i*1 l ! quill p51 is a delightful in/rum5t ) :i* to draw heavy l9es72 b are we n "r 9 surmis+ t y are bett] prep>$ to draw su* a head because we po9t$ out 9 #hh ! la/ *apt] t ! naso-labial l9e 0 a *>act]i/ic m>k ( an old man's face ?an if we _h giv5 y directions = us+ ! quill p5 or ! bru% & said no?+ ab\t ?is l9e8 ,( c\rse1 we d n mean to sugge/ t1 7 y mak+ a copy f ?is l9e draw+1 y w\ld be s c>eless z to leave out ! naso-labial l9e1 b if y 7 draw+ an old man's face f a photograph1 might y n easily ov]look ?is l9e if x _h nev] be5 po9t$ out to y8 ,if y agree ) ?is proposition y w be 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) ! _s 9 :i* ?is "w is writt51 & :5 our *apt] on expression comes y w n at all regret t x is n a te*nical *apt] on ! use ( a draw+ in/rum5t4 ,n[1 let u consid] ! ,*\dieu draw+ a little m fully1 & 9 do+ s we %all ask y to notice t ! words foll[ almo/ v]batim ! "p ( ,*apt] ,,viii ref]r+ to ! ,watts head4 ,?is does n mean t we are at a loss = a vocabul>y1 b x is done purposely s t we may ?us call att5tion to x1 & t y may realize t we h call$ y\r att5tion to a vital pr9ciple2 moreov]1 t pr9ciple may be ref]r$ to aga9 & aga9 9 almo/ e case :]e an old p]son's head is "u consid]ation4 ,we publi% also ! ,duc d',aumale draw+1 9 :i* y w see ! l9e is aga9 m>k$4 ,n[1 we publi% ?is draw+ ma9ly 9 connection ) ! highly f9i%$ draw+s illu/rat+ ,*apt] ,,viii1 by ,dagnan-,b\v]et1 ,lwe-,m>*& & ,gaill>d1 b y may pr(itably note also t 7 y trac+ x1 int5d+ to make a l9e draw+ ( x 9 p5 & ink1 y w\ld #hi ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,late ,,duc ,d',,aumale4 ,drawn 9 crayon1 by ,t4 ,t\ssa9t1 & engrav$ by half-tone4 #ij repres5t ?is muscul> ind5tation ) a /rong l9e1 z 9 ! ,watts portrait4 ,y w n fail to notice also ! l9e 9 ! ?roat correspond+ to ! "o 9 ,bonn>d's ,*\dieu1 n[ pres5t$ = consid]ation4 ,?is ,bonn>d is a slight draw+1 b x is recomm5d$ to pr9t]s because x is bo? arti/ic 9 treatm5t & easily pr9t$4 ,x is arti/ic because 9 ! heavy l9es t y see 9 ! e> & hair !re is a k ( model+4 ,! arti/ knew 8 bus9ess j z ,gaill>d did1 & e "t he put d[n a blotty l9e x 0 meant to repres5t ! pres5ce ( a %ad[4 ,we h no means ( det]m9+ :e!r ?is 0 f an actual pla/] or bronze m$allion1 or :e!r ! arti/ work$ f a photograph & f 8 imag9ation r5d]$ ! effect ( a model$ relief2 b 9 ei!r case1 9 ! photograph or 9 nature1 !re 7 ?\s&s ( little tones t h be5 left out4 ,a clev] p5 draftsman works 9 ! same mann]1 us+ d>ks :i* ! un$ucat$ eye w take to be arbitr>y black5+ ( ! draw+1 b :i* an arti/ kn[s is ! result ( ! intellig5t obs]vation ( ! %apes ( %ad[s1 & ( ! mo/ important %ad[s ( a face4 ,n[1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s l9es 9 ?is draw+ is ! "o runn+ diagonally f ! w+ ( ! nose almo/ to ! corn] ( ! lips4 ,?is is call$ ! naso-labial l9e1 & is f\nd 9 e old face4 ,i say aga91 t ?\gh y "w = "o hundr$ ye>s z a pr9t]1 y w\ld probably nev] draw z correct a l9e z ?is4 ,b if y %\ld make /udies 9 p5cil & realize t ?is l9e is typical ( old age1 y w\ld be able to put x 9 su* a draw+ #ia ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,leon ,,cogniet4 ,aft] ! pa9t+ by ,l4 ,bonnat1 drawn1 probably1 by ! pa9t] himself1 ^u gra9$ scrat*-bo>d ) li?ographic crayon 7871 ! lights scrat*$ out ) a p5knife4 #ib z ! ,bonn>d :]e1 y w notice1 x comes d[n ab\t z f> z ! l[] lip1 z 9 ! ,gaill>d1 & y w\ld realize :y x 0 left out 9 ! ,dagnan-,b\v]et & ,m>*& draw+s4 ,! ,bonnat portrait ( ,cogniet becomes p>ticul>ly int]e/+ f ?is view po9t1 e4 g41 practice = ! sake ( obs]vation4 ,x is execut$ by a process ( no value to ! pr9t] ( ! c\ntry newspap]1 b !re is food = ?\ght 9 ! way ! =m is br\ght out by ! juxtaposition ( masses ( light & d>k t are n l9es4 ,ord9>ily we d n recomm5d to ! pr9t] to exp]im5t ) su* effects1 b r to conf9e himself to outl9e or silh\ette1 b ! value ( ! :ite-l9e w be consid]$ 9 connection ) wood engrav+1 & any practice 9 draw+ f nature 9 light masses w help y appreciate ! judici\s use ( :ite-l9e 9 wood engrav+1 or /rong contra/s ( :ite & black 9 any m$ium4 ,we publi%1 = example1 two v diff]5t k9ds ( draw+ z companions to ! ,bonnat4 ,"o 9 :i* ,v]dy5 has obta9$ an effect ( ! brilliancy ( fireworks by scrat*+ out :ites f a v black draw+4 ,simil> effects may be got ) great ease 9 wood engrav+4 ,a /ill m cle> effect ( light is got 9 ! ,bonn>d tailpiece1 :]e1 by simply break+ ! w9d[ sa% ) ! light fold ( a curta91 he makes u feel ! color ( ! curta9 f ! top to ! bottom ( ! picture4 ,we %\ld advise y to practice 9 any m$ium1 endeavor+ to get simil> effects1 z !y are mo/ valuable 9 sav+ a draw+ f monotony4 ,9 ! ,brun draw+1 = example1 no casual obs]v] #ic ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fete ,,at ,,brussels4 ,drawn by ,v]dy51 probably on rul$ scrat*-bo>d 7see tones 9 ! sky71 ) crayon1 9 sky1 & ) bru%1 9 figures2 ! plate v mu* ret\*$ by h&4 #id w\ld appreciate ! :ite pill>s1 & an untra9$ draftsman w\ld be likely to cov] !m ) tones1 b z a matt] ( fact !y help imm5sely to give v>iety to ! draw+4 ,9 an ar*itectural exhibition we are frequ5tly tir$ by ! monotony ( simil> draw+s :]e ! draftsm51 9 _! desire to r5d] texture & local color1 cov] su* surfaces ) l9es meant to repres5t /one1 brick or mort>4 ,we w\ld rem>k also t j z our own repetition ( ! ,watts analysis apropos ( ! ,bonn>d's ,*\dieu portrait 0 int5tional1 s ! app>5t conglom]ation ( portrait /udies1 l&scapes & build+s is n ! result ( c>eless arrangem5t on our "p1 b is int5tional1 t x may be %[n t a c]ta9 pr9ciple 9 draw+1 /udi$ f "o object1 may be appli$ to any o!r4 ,if y draw a fri5d's face by lamplight & pick out ! lights ^u x & 8 cuff1 z 9 ! ,bonnat ,cogniet1 y w be prep>$ to pick out simil> lights on portions ( build+s z 9 ! pill>s 9 ! ,brun draw+2 or on w9d[ curta9 folds z 9 ,bonn>d's tailpiece4 ,x may be int]e/+ to pr9t]s = u to n>rate ! difficulty ( prep>+ a prop] leg5d = ! ,*\dieu4 ,x 0 a tailpiece to an article 9 a ,fr5* magaz9e1 & bore no leg5d4 ,to all appe>ances x 0 ! portrait ( "o ,mr4 ,dang]s1 b kn[+ h[ lib]al ! ,fr5* are 9 _! use ( cognom5s1 we took ! precaution to inve/igate4 ,a ,fr5*man may be born ,smi?1 b 9 manhood is kn[n to ! public by "o or a doz5 o!r names4 ,he may m>ry ,miss ,br[n1 &1 !re=e1 p>ade z ,mr4 ,br[n2 8 ,uncle ,jones #ie ,illu/ration3 ,,tailpiece1 ,,by ,,pi]re ,,bonn>d4 #if may leave him money1 s he publi%es 8 articles "u ! "n ( ,jones2 he 0 born 9 ! city ( ,bo/on1 s he signs himself de ,bo/on1 mean+ (1 or f1 ,bo/on4 ,"u ?is "n he pa9ts 8 fir/ picture1 b ! t[n c\ncil does n buy 8 works z he hop$ x w\ld1 & ! c\ncil ( ,albany does1 s he disc>ds 8de ,bo/on0 &1 9 8 gratitude1 he aft]w>d signs 8 canvases d',albany 7abbreviation ( de ,albany74 ,b n[ z to ,*ri/ian names4 ,our fri5d ,smi? 01 p]haps1 nam$ by 8 fa!r ,h5ry1 b at 8 baptism !re 7 add$ ! names ( ,lewis & ,*>les & 8 "m's "n1 ,black4 ,!n1 :5 at ! age ( fifte5 he comes to be confirm$1 he takes ! "n ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 ,john1 plus ,m>y4 ,& ) any ( 8 surnyms he may at any "t comb9e any two or half a doz5 ( ^! pronyms4 ,s t a ,fr5* biographical diction>y is "o-half biography & "o-half cross-ref]5ce4 ,?us--,br[n1 see ,jones2 ,black1 see ,:ite4 ,kn[+ ?is1 we ref]r$ to ! p]iodical f :i* ?is 0 cut1 & f\nd x 0 a tailpiece to an article sign$ ,pi]re ,rn ,*\dieu4 ,ah6 ?is gave u a clue2 b1 :o !n 0 ,dang]s8 ,0 ,*\dieu a sculptor z well z a writ]1 & 0 ?is a m$allion portrait by him ( ,dang]s8 ,or 0 x a portrait ( ,*\dieu by a draftsman nam$ ,dang]s8 ,! arti/s 7 n m5tion$ 9 ! index nor on any page 9 ! body ( ! magaz9e1 b on ! title-page we f\nd 8,dess9s de ,pi]re ,bonn>d10 mean+ t ! draw+s 9 ! magaz9e 7 by "o arti/--,pi]re ,bonn>d4 ,!re=e1 ,d',ang]s c\ld n h be5 ! arti/1 s #ig ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,! ,,caf ,,aphrodite4 ,p5 ,draw+ by ,a4 ,brun4 #ih ,illu/ration3 ,example ( ,fr5* ,art ,s*ool /udies1 f plates publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,b>gue & ,grme1 %[+ me?od ( block+ 9 a ca/1 bo? outl9e & %ad[s4 #ii ,illu/ration3 ,example ( ,fr5* ,art ,s*ool /udies1 f plates publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,b>gue & ,grme1 %[+ me?od ( %ad+ 9 simple tones )\t mu* reflect$ light or half-tones4 #ajj we mu/ se>* fur!r2 ?is we did1 & luckily1 9 ! back ( ! magaz9e1 f\nd ! adv]tisem5t ( a s]ies ( articles by ,pi]re ,*\dieu1 & "o ( ! p>agraphs 9 x read1 8,pi]re ,rn ,*\dieu1 naquit a ,ang]s10 etc4 ,?is translat$ meant t he1 ,*\dieu1 0 born at ,ang]s1 s t we fa?om$ our problem at la/1 & give ! result "u ! cut4 ,! foot plates are id5tical 9 treatm5t ) ! plates ( h&s giv5 on pages #ff & #fg4 ,! read] %\ld comp>e ^! plates1 t he may und]/& t a me?od may be le>n$ f ! draw+ ( "o object & appli$ to ! draw+ ( a ?\s& o!r objects4 ,y mu/ n expect t 9 a brief treatise ( ?is k9d we c give specim5s ( e object t ! pr9t] may h occasion to draw--we %\ld h to publi% an encyclopdia = t--b we d purpose to give me?ods :i* w enable him to draw e k9d ( tangible object ) light & %ade ^u x4 ,^! h&s & feet /udies may be us$ z guides to %[ h[ any su* object may be 8model$10 i4 e41 %ad$ s t ! object seems to be solid4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e -- ,,x ,,sugge/s ,,old ,,age -- ,,abs5t ,,9 ,,y\? -- ,,draw+ ,,n ,,arbitr>y -- ,,l9es ,,introduc$ ,,because ,,!y ,,are ,,9 ,,nature -- ,,l9es ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,orbicul> ,,muscle ,,& ,,! ,,cr[',s ,,feet 7,,^! ,,sugge/ive ,,( ,,old ,,age7 -- ,,l9e ,,at ,,! ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,m\? -- ,,l9es ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,frontal ,,muscle -- ,,sugge/ive ,,( ,,old ,,age ,,or ,,( ,,passion -- ,,mu* ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,actor4 ,let u h>p a little long] ^u ! naso-labial l9e4 ,we reproduce two v beautiful draw+s by ,grellet1 ! "o ( a "y girl1 ! o!r ( an old man4 ,h[ sugge/ive is ! old man's head because ( ! /rong m>k+ ( ! naso-labial l9e4 ,d y n realize h[ easily y c\ld draw ?is l9e1 & ! :ole head = t matt]1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,bonn>d ,*\dieu8 ,b valuable z x is by itself1 h[ mu* m sugge/ive 9 connection ) ! "y girl's head1 :]e ! naso-labial l9e is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,?is is a lesson 9 negation1 at ! value ( :i* we h h9t$ s (t54 ,x is y\r bus9ess to le>n :5 to put 9 a l9e1 b equally y\r bus9ess to le>n :5 to leave x out4 ,!re=e we give ) ?is *apt] "s heads ( y\ng] p]sons1 t y may le>n ?is v lesson4 ,take ! ,fr$ ,walk] head4 ,h[ l ! ,watts draw+1 s f> z its treatm5t goes2 b ! naso-labial l9e is miss+4 ,:at is ! result8 #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,fr$ ,,walk]4 ,p5 draw+ by ,e4 ,g4 ,t4 ,note entire abs5ce ( naso-labial l9e1 & ( l9e ab\t orbicul> muscles4 ,abs5ce ( ^! l9es indicate y\?4 ,contra/ ) ! ,watts & ,*\dieu heads1 :]e /rong m>k+s are prom95t because ( advanc$ age ( ! subjects4 #ajc ,:y1 we h ! *>act]i/ics ( a y\ng] man4 ,9 ?is little comp>ison y h ! f\ndation ( all art /udy4 ,draw+ is n arbitr>y2 we d n introduce l9es into a face simply because ?is arti/ or t arti/ did s2 we introduce !m because _! c\nt]p>t is f\nd 9 nature4 ,x is n 9 ! prov9ce ( ^! pap]s1 z we h said1 to tell ! pr9t] h[ he %\ld draw e object he may attempt to del9eate--a wa/e-pap] basket1 ! head ( a c[1 a pr9t+ press1 or a hat4 ,b we c give him h9ts :i* w help him to obs]ve = himself ! *>act]i/ics ( any object "u ! sun :i* he may wi% to draw4 ,if he f9ds ar\nd ! m\? ( a c[ m pron\nc$ l9es ?an 9 a calf1 he mu/ put !m 94 ,if 9 "o tra% basket ! wick]work runs upw>d ) ea* l9e p>allel1 he mu/ draw x by p]p5dicul> p>allel l9es1 :ile 9 ano!r "o ! wick]work is int]wov5 diagonally & he mu/ repres5t x by diagonal l9es4 ,9 a coat sleeve1 ! arm hang+ d[n1 !re are b few cross-folds1 s he introduces few cross-l9es into a sket* ( su* a sleeve1 b :5 ! arm is b5t _m m folds occur at ! elb[ & he !re=e introduces m cross-l9es 9 8 draw+ ( ! sleeve4 ,?is is ab\t all !re is to ! sci5ce ( draw+4 ,n[ let u proce$ a little fur!r4 ,9 ! ,watts we notice two or ?ree l9es bel[ ! l[] eyelid2 ^! we f9d also 9 ! ,gaill>d1 b !y are abs5t 9 ! ,donatello ,"y ,girl's ,head by ,grellet2 !y are v p]ceptible 9 ! ,brontolone4 ,"h we h to d ) ano!r muscle4 ,9 ! human head ! eye is #ajd ,illu/ration3 ,,li?ograph ,,crayon ,,draw+4 ,f bu/ ( a "y girl by ,donatello1 by ,f4 ,grellet4 ,note abs5ce ( /rong m>k+ ( naso-labial l9e1 ! abs5ce ( l9e at ! angle ( ! lips1 & ( orbicul> muscles4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! m>k+s indicates y\?4 ,to be comp>$ ) ! ,lefebvre draw+4 #aje set 9 a cavity 9 ! skull call$ ! orbital orifice1 & 9 a v old p]son ! l[] edge ( ?is cavity is sometimes p]ceptible "u ! fle%1 & occasions a l9e 9 an arti/'s draw+4 ,b ! ma9 cause = ! l9es ar\nd ! edge ( an eye is t ! eye is surr\nd$ by a s(t muscle1 :i* is call$ ! orbicul> muscle4 ,! "p ( ?is muscle :i* =ms ! eyelid is call$ ! palpebral "p2 ! "p above ! eyelid1 ! sup]ior orbital orbicul>2 & ! "p bel[ ! l[] eyelid1 ! inf]ior orbital orbicul>4 ,at ! out] corn] ( ! eye1 z ! two p>ts come toge!r1 !y %[ 9 an old p]son's face habitually1 & 9 a *ild's face laught] creates radiat+ l9es call$ cr['s-feet4 ,^! l9es call$ ! cr['s-feet1 & /ill m ! folds 9 ! muscles bel[ ! eye betwe5 ! l[] eyelid & ! base ( ! orbital orifice are1 l ! naso-labial l9e1 v conspicu\s 9 old age & almo/ entirely abs5t 9 *ildhood4 ,if y und]/& ?is y w turn to ! beautiful draw+ by ,lefebvre1 & realize :y1 al?\gh !re is a great deal ( %ad+ on ! hair1 e> & jaw1 & q a p]ceptible piece ( %ad+ on ! w+ ( ! nose1 !re are no l9es d[n ! *eek betwe5 ! eye & ! lips4 ,inde$1 9 ! orig9al draw+1 ! :ite pap] 0 !re left entirely uncov]$4 ,( c\rse1 ! arti/ might h fill$ ! entire space ) %ad+1 b 9 t case x w\ld h be5 a graduat$ t9t sugge/+ ! r\ndness ( ! *eek1 z 9 ! ,grellet ,"y ,girl1 b !re w\ld h be5 no sugge/ion ( l9es2 ! mom5t l9es are introduc$ ! *>act]i/ics ( old age are #ajf sugge/$4 ,at ! corn] ( ! m\? is a l9e :i* runs 9 ab\t ! same direction z ! naso-labial l9e4 ,9 y\? ! *eek is slightly r\nd$ out f ! lip1 & 9 a side view x is usually ! outl9e ( ! *eek ,illu/ration3 ,,crayon ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,*ild4 ,by ,j4 ,lefebvre4 ,half-tone f a li?ographic reproduction by ,f4 ,grellet4 :i* makes ! little l9e at ! corn] ( ! lips 9 ! ,lefebvre & ! ,grellet ,"y ,girl1 & always 9 ! side view ( a baby's head2 b z ! head becomes less babyi% x is ! muscles ( ! lips :i* cause ?is l9e4 ,! muscles ( ! lips are exactly l ^? ( ! eye2 !y run entirely ar\nd ! lips1 b at ! corn] ( ! m\?1 in/ead ( hav+ ! radiat+ l9e l ! cr['s-feet1 ! ?reads ( ! muscle h a m p]p5dicul> tr5d & create a l9e runn+ 9 ! same direction z ! naso-labial l9e2 :ile bel[ ?is1 b atta*$ to x1 is ! triangul> muscle ( ! lips1 or ! #ajg depressor ( ! angle ( ! lips2 ?is1 9 ! ord9>y old p]son1 creates a long l9e1 />t+ at ! corn] ( ! lip1 runn+ d[n consid]ably4 ,?is l9e is v conspicu\s 9 ! ,brontolone1 b abs5t 9 ! ,"y ,girl & ! ,lefebvre4 ,x is se5 pla9ly 9 ! ,*\dieu1 & we d n see h[ y c ask = a bett] lesson 9 draw+ ?an ! comp>+ ( ! highly f9i%$ ,brontolone ) ! v simple ,*\dieu6 ,once m1 above ! eyes ! =ehead is cov]$ ) ! frontal muscle4 ,! fib]s run p]p5dicul>ly1 b :5 !y contract1 z :5 a p]son fr[ns1 ! folds 9 ! fle% run horizontally2 ^! folds are p>ticul>ly p]ceptible 9 old age4 ,?\gh e "m w rememb] _! al>m+ occur5ce 9 babyhood1 we d n associate !m ) y\?2 & s 9 ! ,grellet ,"y ,girl we f9d no l9es 9 ! =ehead1 nor are !y 9 ! ,lwe-,m>*&1 h5ce a placid temp]am5t is sugge/$ 9 t portrait4 ,_m m5 no old] ?an ,monsieur ,x4 h con/ant l9es 9 _! =ehead1 & ! actor uses ^! muscles cont9ually = expression4 ,we write ! plural because ! muscle is frequ5tly divid$ into "r & left portions :i* foll[ ! direction ( ! eyebr[s1 s t :5 ! muscle is contract$ ! eyebr['s are no long] horizontal b h an ,m %ape across ! =ehead4 ,9 ! ,watts !re is a v p]ceptible l9e :i* curves ov] ! "r eye1 tak+ ! direction ( ! eyebr[2 ?is is "p ( ! frontalis muscle4 ,if ! l9e on ! o!r side 7 complet$ x w\ld take a simil> direction ov] ! left eye4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,mr4 ,,colquh\n4 ,,sir ,,john ,,will\ghby4 ,,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,*ampion4 ,,engli% ,,newspap] ,,portraits4 ,sir ,john ,will\ghby1 ,mr4 ,colquh\n1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,*ampion1 f ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,und\bt$ly trac$ f photographs4 ,execut$ 9 a simple mann]1 suitable = quick pr9t+ on a cyl9d] press4 ,note abs5ce ( naso-labial l9e1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( ! "r-h& side ( ,mr4 ,colquh\n's head4 ,?is is ei!r a slip ( ! p51 meant to come l[] d[n to repres5t ! mu/a*e1 or x is ! naso-labial l9e1 & its companion 0 lo/ 9 ! engrav+ process4 7,?is l9e c\ld v well h rema9$ 9 ,mr4 ,colquh\n's face1 z he is evid5tly mu* old] ?an ,mr4 ,*ampion & ,sir ,john ,will\ghby47 ,also note abs5ce ( /rong m>k+ ab\t ! orbicul> muscles1 & abs5ce ( l9es 9 ! frontalis4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! l9es indicates y\?4 ,comp>e ) ! ,*\dieu & ,watts1 :]e ! introduction ( ^! l9es repres5ts old age4 #aji ,illu/ration3 ,,li?ograph ,,crayon ,,draw+4 ,f ,bu/ ( ,brontolone by ,luca della ,robbia1 by ,f4 ,grellet4 ,reproduc$ by half-tone4 ,! orig9al 0 #ab by #i in*es4 ,/rong m>k+ ( ! naso-labial l9e1 l9e at ! corn] ( ! lips1 cr['s-feet1 & orbicul> muscle1 typical ( old age4 ,to be comp>$ ) ! ,bonn>d ,*\dieu4 ,we h ?us cov]$ ! muscles ( ! face :i* h mo/ to d ) expression1 & s y see t1 besides draw+ ! eyebr[s1 eyela%es1 eyeballs1 ! bridge ( ! nose1 ! no/ril1 ! lips1 & ! *91 ! arti/ has to d ) a great _m muscles1 & ! novice mu/ n only be w>n$ ab\t !m1 t he may "k :5 to introduce !m1 b he mu/ rememb] t !y h pr9cipally to d ) old age or #aaj abnormal expression 7laught]1 grief1 hate1 etc471 & !y mu/ be us$ to express su* attributes only4 ,h5ce ! ?ree ,engli% draw+s repres5t v admirably ! normal1 placid expression ( middle-ag$ m54 ,if ) ! =ego+ h9ts y attempt to draw a portrait = y\r newspap]1 we fancy t1 if y foll[ our advice fai?fully1 y w meet ) m success ?an y imag9e4 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,p5 ,,draw+ -- ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,may ,,be ,,any ,,size -- ,,! ,,watts ,,9 ,,two ,,sizes -- ,,draw+ ,,may ,,be ,,enl>g$ ,,or ,,r$uc$ -- ,,f ,,! ,,pr9t]',s ,,viewpo9t ,,p5 ,,te*nic ,,less ,,important ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,its ,,adaptability ,,to ,,r$uction ,,?an ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,! ,,pr9tability ,,( ,,! ,,cut ,,made ,,f ,,x -- ,,! ,,pr9t]',s ,,own ,,exp]i5ce ,a ,,guide ,,9 ,,?is ,,matt] -- ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,consid]$1 ,,= ,,conv5i5ce ,,*>act]iz$ ,,z ,i4 8,,magaz9e10 ,,ii4 8,,city ,,newspap]10 ,,iii4 8,,c\ntry ,,newspap]0 ,,pr9t+ -- ,,cross-,,hat*$ ,,l9es ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,fill ,,up ,,m ,,rapidly ,,?an ,,s+le ,,l9es -- ,,portrait ,,( ,,/ev5son ,,by ,,wyatt ,,eaton ,,! ,,ne ,,plus ,,ultra ,,( ,,newspap] ,,portraiture -- ,,! ,,naso-,,labial ,,l9e ,,9 ,,?is ,,draw+ ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,%ad+1 ,,n ,,by ,a ,,s+le ,,l9e -- ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,sick]t -- ,,any ,,p5 ,,may ,,be ,,us$ ,,= ,,^! ,,draw+s1 ,,b ,,! ,,l9es ,,ma9ly ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,?ick ,,or ,,?91 ,,s9ce ,,!y ,,may ,,be ,,put ,,^u ,,*alk ,,plate1 ,,& ,,n ,,drawn ,,9 ,,p5-,,&-,,ink ,,at ,,all4 ,9 our la/ *apt] we said t we believ$ t if y w\ld attempt to draw a portrait = y\r newspap]1 foll[+ our advice fai?fully1 y w\ld meet ) m success ?an y w\ld imag9e4 ,b y say1 p]haps1 t y are n prep>$ to attempt a portrait because we h giv5 y no directions = p5 draw+4 ,well1 "h y are p>tly "r & p>tly wrong4 ,!re is a sci5ce ( p5 draw+ t #aab ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,fr$]ick ,,watts1 ,r4,a4 ,an ,engli% newspap] cut--f ,tit-,bits1 arti/ unkn[n4 ,an excell5t example ( newspap] "w4 ,note t ! skull-cap is n repres5t$ p>tly gray & p>tly black because ! arti/ meant to indicate a cap t 0 "o color 9 front & ano!r 9 ! back1 b he meant to %[ ! r\nd+ ( ! cranium1 j z ,gaill>d did 9 v>y+ ! tones 9 ! hair ( ! old woman4 ,an enl>gem5t ( ?is cut 0 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,if a draw+ is made ! size ( t enl>gem5t1 x c satisfactorily be r$uc$ to ! size ( ! cut above4 ,( c\rse x may r$uce to small] dim5sions2 ! great] ! r$uction ! ne>] ! l9es come toge!r1 & _! clos5ess makes !m m difficult to pr9t4 #aac y may /udy ) pr(it1 b 9 ord] to draw a simple portrait = y\r newspap] x is n necess>y = y to h any fur!r in/ruction ?an we h giv5 y4 ,if x is go+ to pay y to foll[ draw+ at all1 y %\ld be able at ?is /age ( progress to make a tol]ably good draw+ = a newspap] portrait4 ,b1 y say1 8,:at size %\ld ,i make ! draw+80 ,we reply1 8,almo/ any size1 ?\gh usually n small] ?an ! cut is to appe>40 ,b t x may be small] is se5 by our two ,watts cuts4 ,"h is a cut ! exact size ( ! orig9al ,watts1 z x w5t to ! engrav]1 :o by mi/ake enl>g$ x to ! size x appe>$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,i accept$ ?is enl>gem5t gladly1 s z to %[ y t a draw+ may be enl>g$ or r$uc$1 b m especially ) ! idea ( %[+ y ! usual size t a draw+ is made = r$uction2 = y w always be safe 9 mak+ y\r portrait ! size ( ! ,watts 9 ,*apt] ,,viii if y wi% x to appe> ! size ( ! pres5t cut4 ,i _c ov]-emphasize ! importance ( y\r realiz+ t y h be5 told suffici5t ab\t p5 draw+ = y to g ahead & make draw+s = y\r pap]4 ,if !re is any?+ m to be le>n$ ,i am c&id 9 say+ t y are bett] able to f9d out :at x is ?an ,i am1 = x is almo/ entirely a matt] ( pr9t+1 & n ( engrav+4 ,photo-engrav]s c n[adays reproduce almo/ any k9d ( a draw+1 b a cut :i* might pr9t well 9 a magaz9e might n pr9t at all 9 y\r c\ntry newspap]4 ,y "k bett] ?an ,i d ! tr\ble ( 8br++ up0 a f9e cut on poor #aad ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gr&mo!r4 ,p5 ,draw+1 by ,e4 ,r5>d1 f a ,fr5* ,catalogue4 ,! p>allel l9es 9 ! backgr\nd repres5t a t9t1 & h]e9 is ! f\ndation ( p5 draw+1 z di/+ui%$ f wa% draw+3 p>allel l9es are us$ to repres5t a t9t2 if !y are f>!r ap>t !y repres5t a light] t9t1 if ne>] toge!r a d>k] t9t2 or aga91 if ! arti/ presses on 8 p5 m heavily on "o set ( l9es ?an ano!r1 he c also get a d>k] tone )\t putt+ ! l9es any clos] toge!r4 ,= newspap] "w su* a me?od is pref]able to plac+ ! l9es ne> toge!r2 ! ,wyatt ,eaton %[s ! press+ on ! p5 me?od p]fectly4 #aae pap]1 on a cyl9d] press1 & :5 y are mak+ y\r draw+ x is = y to keep 9 m9d ! k9d ( pap] x is to be pr9t$ on1 & to keep y\r l9es suffici5tly op5 accord+ly4 ,ord9>y intellig5ce %\ld be y\r guide4 ,let u take ! ,r5>d ,gr&mo!r = an example2 9 ! backgr\nd is a s]ies ( ! simple/ l9es imag9able4 ,if y %\ld make y\r draw+ ! same size z our cut1 & ! l9es ! same di/ance ap>t1 x c\ld be easily r$uc$ to an in* wide1 & pr9t 9 a magaz9e1 b x w\ld n !n pr9t 9 a c\ntry newspap]2 ! l9es w\ld be s ne> toge!r t !y w\ld fill up4 ,! cut might pr9t 9 a city newspap]1 b x is n likely4 ,! tru? is t a pr9t] c tell bett] ab\t ?is ?an ,i c4 ,all ,i c say is t z a g5]al ?+ a set ( p>allel l9es pr9t bett] ?an cross-hat*$ l9es4 7,9 us+ ! expressions1 8a magaz9e10 8a city newspap]0 & 8a c\ntry newspap]10 to repres5t fir/1 second & ?ird class pr9t+1 ,i am well aw>e t ! di/9ction is an arbitr>y & n a real "o2 t sometimes by us+ good ink1 good /ock & by pr9t+ sl[ly1 ! c\ntry pr9t] c run a cut 9 8 newspap] ) bett] results ?an c a city pap] us+ poor] /ock & ink = ! sake ( economy1 & pr9t+ at lightn+ spe$4 ,b ! read] w k9dly let ! expressions /& = 7#a7 p]fect press1 good /ock & ink1 & exp]t ov]lay+2 7#b7 p]fect press1 ord9>y 8news0 /ock1 poor ink1 & little ov]lay+2 7#c7 poore/ /ock1 ink1 *eap press1 & n exp]t ov]lay+47 #aaf ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son4 ,drawn1 probably ) a quill p51 by ,wyatt ,eaton1 9 #ahhh1 ! orig9al #h by #aj in*es4 ,! draw+ 0 made 9 an op5 mann] s t x w\ld pr9t on ! poore/ k9d ( pap]1 z x 0 us$ z a plac>d to ann\nce a /ory by ,/ev5son1 9 ! ,new ,york ,sun4 ,reproduc$ by k9d p]mission ( ! ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure ,co41 by :om x is copyright$4 ,a r$uction ( ?is draw+1 great] ?an ! above1 adorn$ ! cov] ( ! ,m>*1 #ahig1 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e4 #aag ,next to ! pref]5ce ( "o set ( l9es to cross-hat*$ l9es1 x is to be said t a d>k is bett] obta9$ by press+ on ! p5 ?an by putt+ ! l9es ne> toge!r4 ,we publi% a sup]b example ( p5 draw+ = newspap] "w--! ,/ev5son1 by ,wyatt ,eaton4 ,we believe t ?is is ! ne plus ultra ( newspap] portraiture1 = ! l9es are /rong & vigor\s1 !re be+ no possibility ( _! runn+ toge!r 9 pr9t+4 ,i %\ld advise y to look at ?is portrait "u a magnify+ glass t y may realize h[ v simple ! treatm5t is4 ,mc,clure's 8,human ,docum5ts0 conta9s a bak]'s doz5 ( half-tones ( ,/ev5son1 f photographs4 ,y might procure ?is pamphlet & copy ! half-tones 9 p51 us+ ! ,wyatt ,eaton z a guide4 7,& 9 p>5!ses ,i w\ld say y w notice t ! naso-labial l9es on bo? sides ( ! face are /rongly m>k$1 & yet in/ead ( !re be+ "o l9e go+ 9 ! direction ( ! muscle1 z 9 ,bonn>d's 8,*\dieu10 we h on ! light side ( ! face eight p]p5dicul> l9es1 & on ! %ad$ side six blots ) almo/ horizonal1 b slightly oblique1 direction6 ,d y n1 !re=e1 see t x is n ! k9d ( l9e y use1 n a matt] ( 8:at way ! l9es g10 b :]e y put y\r tones1 t c\nts 9 draw+8 ,if ,wyatt ,eaton _h n se5 ! /rongly m>k$ naso-labial l9e on ,/ev5son's face1 he w\ld n h put ^! two triangul> =ms radiat+ f ! no/ril4 ,moreov]1 ,eaton c\ld h repres5t$ ^! l9es 9 ano!r way j z well4 ,also1 x w\ld #aah take too long to expla9 o!r subtle features ( ?is draw+1 b we w\ld add t y w r>ely see s mu* tone on ! light *eek z 9 ?is draw+4 ,/ev5son 0 an invalid1 & ?is tone repres5ts ! sunk5 *eek ( ill-heal?47 ,n[1 if y w exam9e ! ,sick]t portrait ( ,wilson1 y w f9d an equally arti/ic draw+1 b "o n q s adaptable to newspap] pr9t+2 = ! d>ks are p>tly obta9$ by putt+ ! l9es ne> toge!r r ?an by great pressure1 & 9 our reproduction !y h frequ5tly run toge!r :]e 9 ! orig9al pr9t1 :i* 0 #f by #i in*es1 !y 7 sep>at$4 ,& s also 9 pr9t+ on poor pap]2 !re is a *ance t ! int]/ices w fill up1 :ile !y w\ld n 9 ! ,eaton4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is draw+ 0 made = pr9t+ on a ?9 manila pap]1 n on coat$ pap]1 & !re is great deal ( pressure on ! p5 7note especially ! side ( ! nose71 :i* 0 put on kn[+ly by ! arti/1 x conta9s mu* t %\ld be imitat$ 9 newspap] "w4 ,9 reg>d to ! way to make su* heavy l9es1 we w\ld say t x is a m]e matt] ( practice2 ! selection ( p5 has little to d ) x4 ,excell5t results may be got by us+ a bru% in/ead ( ! p51 & we d>e say t ,mr4 ,eaton us$ a quill p54 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! arti/ usually pref]s to use a v f9e p5 su* z a cr[ quill1 or mapp+ p51 :i* is flexible1 x ?us be+ t a d>k l9e is got1 n by a blunt-po9t$ p51 b by all[+ ! nibs ( #aai ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,c4 ,,riv]s ,,wilson4 ,p5 draw+ by ,walt] ,sick]t4 ,f ! ,london ,:irlw9d1 #ahij4 ,an example ( arti/ic portrait-draw+ suitable = newspap]s1 %[+ d>ks obta9$ bo? by plac+ f9e l9es ne> toge!r 7see j above mu/a*e on %ad$ side71 & d>ks obta9$ by press+ on ! p5 7see heavy l9es on %ad$ side ( nose74 #abj a flexible p5 to spread s t ! ink fl[s v freely f x4 ,= ord9>y purposes a ,gillot #cjc or #agj is frequ5tly us$ by ! arti/s4 ,b x is a matt] ( practice ma9ly1 & ! p5 y usually write ) is apt to be ! be/ m$ium = practice at fir/4 ,9 fact1 we are p>ticul>ly anxi\s to h our read] n worry ab\t p5 te*nic4 ,let him realize t he might wi% to put 8 draw+ ^u ! *alk plate1 9 :i* case he w\ld make a trac+ ( a photograph1 &1 plac+ x ^u ! *alk1 press ^u x ) a h>d-po9t$ p5cil1 & ?us transf] 8 outl9e into an ind5tation on ! *alk4 ,he w\ld !n take ! scrap+ tool & cle> away ! *alk :]ev] he wi%es a l9e4 ,! fact be+ t he w\ld introduce l9es only :]e he knew !re %\ld be l9es 9 nature1 z 9 ! case ( ! naso-labial l9e1 ! eyelids1 etc42 & he w\ld broad5 8 l9es only :]e he knew ! tones %\ld be d>k] 9 nature ?an :]e he _h us$ a set ( f9e l9es4 ,!re w\ld be no use ( p5 at all6 ,s y see we h come "r to ! milk 9 ! cocoanut--"r to ! matt] ?is s]ies 0 to tea*4 ,_m read]s no d\bt 7 disgu/$ :5 !y did n f9d 9 our fir/ *apt]s directions = ! use ( ! p5 & a li/ ( mat]ials = p5 draw+1 b ^? :o may h occasion to d _! portraits 9 *alk plate w ?ank u = our h9ts on ! /udy ( nature & ! /udy ( l9es1 no matt] h[ made4 #aba ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,p5 ,,te*nic ,,cont9u$ -- ,,! ,,pr9t] ,,mu/ ,,n ,,expect ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,p5 ,,te*nic ,,to ,,take ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,k ,,( ,,draw+ -- ,,examples ,,consid]$ -- ,,! ,,gr&mo!r ,,by ,,r5>d -- ,,! ,,m>*etti1 ,,! ,,vi]ge1 ,,! ,,/4 ,,elme1 ,,are ,,good ,,examples ,,( ,,p5 ,,draw+ -- ,,! ,,guillaume ,,an ,,amus+ ,,example ,,( ,,use ,,( ,,p>allel ,,l9es -- ,,! ,,=a9 ,a ,,good ,,example ,,( ,,newspap] ,,c>toon ,,/yle2 ,,! ,,vallet1 ,,( ,,newspap] ,,news ,,/yle -- ,,! ,,m\lli] ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,ecc5tric ,,use ,,( ,,dots -- ,,me?od ,,( ,,p5 ,,practice ,,sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,initial ,,lett] ,,by ,,m>*etti4 ,p5 draw+ f ,p>is ,illu/r4 ,judici\s /udy ( p5 te*nic is helpful to ! pr9t]-design]4 ,i use ! adjective 8judici\s0 because ,i ne$ a ^w beg9n+ ) ,j = our initial lett]4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t j s f> z ! pr9t] /udies draw+1 he may /udy p5 te*nic1 b he mu/ n expect to progress fur!r 9 ! latt] ?an he has progress$ 9 ! =m]2 s :ile ?is *apt] w be exce$+ly helpful to ! read] :o has foll[$ ! previ\s ones1 x w only lead to failure #abb ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,to ,,pablo ,,de ,,segovie4 ,p5 draw+ by ,daniel ,vi]ge1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( mod]n p5-draftsm54 ,if y w scrut9ize ?is draw+ "u a magnify+ glass y c exam9e ?is te*nic ) m ease ?an ) ! nak$ eye4 #abc if ! read] does n foll[ our advice 9 reg>d to tra9+ ! eyes to see z well z 9 reg>d to p5 te*nic4 ,we said 9 our la/ *apt] t ! p>allel l9es 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8,! ,gr&mo!r10 by ,r5>d1 %[$ ! f\ndation ( p5 draw+4 ,! same is ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration 7p5 draw+72 *apt] head+1 b )\t initial lett]1 by ,m>*etti4 ,f ,p>is ,illu/r4 true ( our initial lett]1 9 :i* we f9d a set ( p>allel l9es :i*1 contra/$ ) ! :ite ( ! illum9ation ?r[n by ! lant]n1 gives u an effect ( gray4 ,?is is f\nd aga9 9 ! o!r draw+ by ,m>*etti2 & if y w /udy ^! two draw+s1 & !n turn to ! ,vi]ge1 y w f9d t n9e-t5?s ( x is drawn 9 ! same way4 ,"h & !re to get a c]ta9 vibration ( tone1 ,vi]ge uses cros%at*1 b y w notice t ! lighte/ gray & ! int5se/ d>k are got )\t cros%at*+4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,elme y may also di/+ui% v clev] use ( p>allel l9es1 )\t mu* cros%at*+4 ,we h purposely reproduc$ ?is1 toge!r ) ! page x decorat$1 s t y may see ! arti/ _h a good reason = n cros%at*+2 he wi%$ 8 draw+ to =m a decoration ab\t ! page1 & he did n want x to be too heavy1 s he ab/a9$ f cros%at*+4 #abd ,illu/ration3 ,p5 draw+ by ,/4 ,elme1 decorat+ a page ( a ,fr5* j\rnal1 #i #a_/b by #ac1 %[+ a clev] use ( p>allel l9es1 & a me?od ( decorat+ a pr9t$ page1 :i* w be consid]$ lat] on4 #abe ,! be/ practice = y is to make draw+s = y\r publication 9 any mann] y see fit1 & aft] y h _h exp]i5ce 9 pr9t+ ! same1 y c tell v well h[ mu* cros%at*+ is advisable1 & h[ mu* clogs up 9 ! pr9t+4 ,!re are ,illu/ration3 ,c>icature ( ! ,fr5* pa9t] 7^: works are some:at d>k & mi/y 9 effect7 ,eugne ,c>rire at "w4 ,by ,guillaume4 ,f ! ,fr5* daily1 ,gil ,blas4 sev]al c>icaturi/s 9 ?is c\ntry ^: "w is pr9t$ 9 daily pap]s 9 a ?or\ghly satisfactory mann]1 & yet !y use a great deal ( cros%at*+1 b ( c\rse !y "k j h[ op5 to keep ! l9es1 = !y "k j :at results _! pr9t] c #abf get & :at n4 ,b we w\ld say x is a good pr9ciple1 to beg9 )1 t ! less cros%at*+ 9 y\r "w ! bett] x w pr9t4 ,h5ce ! ,m>*etti & ,/4 ,elme draw+s are giv5 z examples4 ,9 ! portrait ( ! pa9t] ,c>rire1 we h an amus+ example ( ! effective use ( p>allel l9es4 ,in/ead ( giv+ u a black silh\ette1 ! arti/--,guillaume--has giv5 u a gray "o1 :i* sugge/s ! subject se5 ?r\gh a fog4 ,_h ! arti/ wi%$ to repres5t ! palette z be+ ( d>k wood he c\ld h press$ on 8 p5 l9es & ?us giv5 u t effect4 ,_h he wi%$ to %[ t ! canvas 0 light] ?an ! figure1 he c\ld h refra9$ f press+ s heavily on 8 p5 l9es1 or1 bett] /ill1 di/ribut$ 8 l9es f>!r ap>t & ?us obta9$ ! effect ( a light] tone4 ,be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ,i us$ ! t]m p5 l9es 9 speak+ ( ?is draw+ because ! orig9al 0 made 9 t m$ium1 b ! same graduation or contra/ ( l9es is applicable to ne>ly all me?ods ( l9e draw+2 to et*+ & *alk plate z well4 ,y w1 p]haps1 h a bett] grasp ( ! subject by ?9k+ ( x z--! !ory ( tone imitation by l9es4 ,:5 y h grasp$ ! !ory ( ?is p5 te*nic1 alias ! repres5t+ ( tone by l9es1 y w be prep>$ to make y\r own d$uctions f v>i\s specim5s ( illu/ration4 ,"s ( our fri5ds1 = example1 :o might h be5 int]e/$ 9 our fir/ *apt]s & ! specim5s ( c>icature giv5 !re91 may h be5 disappo9t$ #abg t we h giv5 s mu* att5tion to portraiture rec5tly1 s we h made an ef=t 9 ?is *apt] to give a mlange t w cov] _m fields ( newspap] illu/ration4 ,9 ! ,=a9 we h a spl5did example ( su* "w4 ,x 0 pr9t$ on v poor pap] /ock1 b x came out admirably1 h>moniz+ ) ! type1 :i* is l>g] ?an t us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 long ,illu/ration3 ,,newspap] ,,c>icature4 ,by ,=a91 f ,fig>o4 ,?is composition evid5tly makes fun ( ,mr4 ,b]!lot1 :o has _h1 or expects to h1 "s deal+s ) ,engl&1 = ! visitor says1 8,may ,i see my honorable ma/]80 & ! maid responds1 8,mr4 ,b]!lot is n receiv+2 he is tak+ an ,engli% lesson40 ,! cut 9 ,fig>o 0 #h by #h1 & x repres5ts an excell5t me?od ( newspap] draw+1 & "o t c\ld be easily imitat$ 9 *alk plate4 ,we w\ld also call att5tion to ! draw+ ( ! broom4 ,our read]s :o foll[$ ! directions ( our fir/ *apt]s w see t ! silh\ette ( ! broom is indicat$ 9 a ma/]ly mann]4 #abh ,illu/ration3 ,example ( news draw+1 by ,l4 ,vallet1 f a ,fr5* p]iodical4 #abi prim] pr$om9at+4 ,! draw+ ( ! /ill-life objects is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,look at ! du/] ! woman holds3 is n its =m exactly :at y w\ld see if x 7 held up aga9/ ! w9d[ & view$ 9 silh\ette8 ,a good example ( a news illu/ration is giv5 9 ! ,vallet page1 :i* c\ld easily be imitat$ 9 *alk plate4 ,! arti/ view$ a collection ( ,engli% army co/umes1 or witness$ a drill1 & he %[s u 9 v simple l9es ! /yle ( acc\t]m5t4 ,any newspap] editor :o c\ld sket* tol]ably well c\ld d ! same ?+ = 8 c\nty fair4 ,9 ! ,m\lli] we h a specim5 t is well-nigh z amus+ z ! arti/ 9 ! fog1 = "h we h a p5 draw+ t is n made by l9es1 b by a s]ies ( /ipples4 ,:ile ! newspap] tyro %\ld n employ ?is te*nic too frequ5tly 9 8 practice1 /ill1 realiz+ t ! tone effect is graphically ga9$ )\t ! use ( ! conv5tional l9e1 x mu/ quickly dawn ^u him t !re are _m te*nics1 &1 hav+ practic$ draw+ mantel%elves accord+ to ! in/ructions 9 our e>ly *apt]s1 he w also appreciate ! fact t ! arti/ 0 9 front ( ?is mantel%elf1 z ! horizontal l9es d n tip1 & t ! %elf 0 high] ?an 8 eye1 z ! top ( ! mantel is n %[n4 ,?is k ga!r$ all[s ! /ud5t to see t v>i\s te*nics may repres5t ! same tru? 9 nature4 ,a good me?od ( practice = p5 "w is z foll[s3 ,take a wood engrav+ or half-tone f "s #acj ,illu/ration3 ,p5 draw+ by ,m>c ,m\lli]1 = ,la ,plume1 %[+ a clev] & ecc5tric use ( dots4 ,x may be rem>k$ t s9ce ! mantelpiece is above ! eye we _c see ! top ( x4 ,x is p>allel to ! arti/'s eyes1 & s is repres5t$ z a horizontal l9e4 ,s f> z correct draw+ is conc]n$1 x makes no diff]5ce h[ t l9e is made4 ,"o arti/ makes x a ?ick l9e ) a blunt p51 ano!r a ?9 l9e ) a f9e p51 & ano!r1 l ,m\lli]1 makes x ) a s]ies ( dots1 b ea* ( ^! me?ods is a matt] ( te*nic1 & ! rules ( te*nic are arbitr>y1 n fix$ z are ! rules = draw+4 ,y may inv5t y\r own te*nic1 b y _c inv5t p]spective4 #aca p]iodical1 ! l>g] ! bett]1 g ov] ! back ( x ) a blue p5cil1 lay x on a %eet ( bri/ol bo>d or pap]1 face upw>d1 & g ov] ! outl9e ) a h>d p5cil1 us+ su* a pressure z w transf] to ! bri/ol bo>d a blue outl9e4 ,! object 9 us+ blue is1 t y d n h to erase x1 b may "w ov] x ) a p51 z ! blue does n photograph4 ,besides transf]r+ ! outl9e x is also advisable to outl9e ! %ape ( any ( ! %ad[s y int5d to introduce4 ,y !n endeavor ) ! p5 l9es to imitate ! delicate %ad[s ( ! half-tone or wood cut4 ,p]haps in/ead ( say+ imitate1 we w\ld bett] say approximate1 = y mu/ n expect to be able to imitate ) p5 ! extreme delicacy ( a half-tone4 #acb ,illu/ration3 ,,des ,,gueules 7,,/udies ,,( ,,m\?s1 ,,jaws7 ,,by ,,h]man ,,paul4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,& ,a ,r,,sum -- ,,vallotton ,,heads ,,only ,,und]/ood ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,c ,,see ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,^u ,,objects -- ,,m$allions ,,by ,,david ,d',,ang]s ,,%[+ ,,! ,,planes ,,( ,,! ,,face -- ,,^! ,,planes ,,br\ght ,,out ,,9 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,vallotton ,,heads1 ,,& ,,9 ,,m$allions ,,by ,,lormi] ,,& ,d',,illza*1 ,,& ,,9 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,*aume -- ,,l&scape ,,by ,,le ,,r\x1 ,,c>icature ,,by ,,=a9 -- ,,! ,,le ,,r\x ,,& ,,! ,,paul ,,draw+s ,,indicate ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,outl9e -- ,,examples ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,te*nic4 ,! def9ite "* ( our illu/rations to ! la/ two *apt]s %\ld h made s /rong an impression ^u ! read] 7if he practices draw+7 t !re ought to be little necessity ( fur!r lett]press expla9+ ! diff]5t te*nics ( p5 draw+4 #acc ,s please p]mit u to introduce a l>ge numb] ( illu/rations 9 ?is *apt]1 ) slight comm5t2 x be+ surmis$ t ! read] w1 h[ev]1 give a full] consid]ation to ! draw+s !mselves ?an we d4 ,ea* "o %\ld be /udi$ aga9 & aga91 ! read] n copy+ x1 b mak+ a draw+ 9 ! same /yle ( "s simil> object4 ,?is *apt]1 moreov]1 mu/ s]ve z a g5]al rsum ( our in/ruction 9 freeh& draw+ & p5 draw+2 x virtually ends ! fir/ "p ( our text-book2 ! succe$+ matt] w be conf9$ to ! consid]ation ( diff]5t me?ods ( decorat+ title-pages1 & ( design+ *apt] head+s1 tailpieces1 etc42 & ! ?ird "p w consi/ ( ! consid]ation ( diff]5t me?ods ( engrav+1 *alk-plate1 wood engrav+ & color pr9t+4 ,n[ = our rsum4 ,9 ord] to le>n to draw y mu/ fir/ le>n to disc]n ! outl9e ( objects1 :i* y may d by see+ !m 9 silh\ette4 ,to draw ! hair 9 outl9e1 z 9 ,vallotton's ?ird ,nietzs*e1 y mu/ fir/ see ! hair z 9 ! fir/ ,nietzs*e2 t is1 see x 9 mass or 9 silh\ette 9 nature4 ,be=e ,vallotton took a bru% 9 h& to put on ! solid black ( ! hair 9 numb] "o y may be sure he drew a p5cil outl9e l ! outl9e 9 numb] ?ree2 b be=e he drew t outl9e he saw ! mass z 9 numb] "o4 ,! ,vallotton draw+s may be fur!r /udi$ f two v diff]5t view-po9ts4 ,! ?ird ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e is pure outl9e1 l ! examples ( ,eng/rm #acd ,illu/ration3 ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e4 ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e4 ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e4 #ace ,,felix ,,vallotton4 ,,mal?us4 ,,paul ,,rob94 ,,heads ,,design$ ,,by ,f4 ,,vallotton4 ,vallotton has made x a practice to engrave a great _m ( 8 own designs4 ,we d n "k :e!r ^! heads 7 engrav$ by him1 or m]ely drawn by him & photo-engrav$1 b ! mann] 9 :i* !y are design$--t is1 ) great economy ( l9e1 & a few simple1 tell+ spots--is "o :i* is ! outgr[? ( 8 practice 9 wood engrav+2 he w\ld "w exactly l ?is if draw+ on wood4 7,we %all treat ( wood engrav+ = pr9t]s 9 a future *apt]47 #acf giv5 9 our e>ly *apt]s1 & is v simple & easy to und]/&1 ?\gh n by any means easy to draw4 ,! draw+ ( ,mal?us1 on ! o!r h&1 is n easy to und]/&1 = 9 addition to ! outl9es x is model$--t is1 x conta9s masses ( %ad[ :i* br+ out ! diff]5t planes ( ! face4 ,& x is necess>y to /udy light & %ade1 z indicat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 be=e we c fully und]/& a draw+ ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ord] to model1 y mu/ le>n to see ! light & %ade ^u objects4 ,:5 y\r eye is tra9$ to see light & %ade1 y c draw ! hair z 9 ! second ,nietzs*e1 & y c see planes 9 ! face1 z 9 ! ,mal?us4 ,al?\gh ! ,david d',ang]s diagrams 7 drawn to %[ ! g5]al masses ( ! head z !y are br\ght out 9 successive /ages by a sculptor1 yet !y become v int]e/+ to ! pr9t] :o has n _h ! b5efit ( an art s*ool education1 = !y %[ him at a glance h[ mu* ( ! "* ( ! human head is dep5d5t ^u ! diff]5t planes ( ! face1 & x expla9s bett] ?an words :at is meant by planes4 ,*apt] ,,viii %\ld be read 9 connection ) x1 & ! ,vallotton portraits1 especially t ( ,mal?us1 may be exam9$ critically ) ?is 9 m9d1 = y w !n see t ,vallotton has introduc$ masses ( black ) ! idea ( sugge/+ planes 9 ! face4 ,we introduce ! de ,*aume to accompany ! ,david d',ang]s1 ,lormi] & d',illza* m$allions1 to emphasize ! matt] ( ! planes ( ! human face4 #acg ,illu/ration3 ,m$allion portrait ( ,hahnemann1 aft] ,david d',ang]s4 ,draw+ by ,c>l ,rob]t4 ,%[+ successive /ages 9 model+1 f ! flat to ! relief4 ,we d n want our read]s to ?9k t ! %ad[s we h po9t$ out 9 our text are ! only ones to be notic$ 9 ! human face4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 notably :5 an actor's face is illum9at$ by ! footlights1 !re are %ad[s ^u x q diff]5t f ^? we h analyz$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,b ! %ad[s we h po9t$ out are ^? mo/ prom95t 9 a photograph1 & ^? mo/ frequ5tly employ$ by ! arti/1 b if y\r draw+ is to be v ext5sive y mu/ le>n to look = new %ad[s 9 new aspects2 & ! de ,*aume %[s "s su* %ad[s1 yet 9 ! case ( ! naso-labial l9e x is easy to see t #ach ,illu/ration3 ,crayon draw+1 f a m$allion ( ,alf4 ,l]\x1 by ,e4 ,lormi]4 ,drawn on /ipple t9t$ bo>d2 or else on pla9 pap]1 & ! me*anical /ipple add$ to ! same aft] ! draw+ 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$allion portrait ( ,m4 ,a4 ,soisson1 by ,r+el d',illza*4 ,drawn by ! sculptor on scrat*bo>d ) horizontal l9e t9t1 ! blacks drawn ) crayon1 ! :ites scrat*$ out ) a p5knife4 ,z 9 ! ,monet1 our engrav]1 in/ead ( r$uc+ ! cut by ! direct process1 r$uc$ x by half-tone1 ?r\gh a scre5 ) diagonal l9es1 h5ce ! horizontal l9es h disappe>$4 7,see page #adh7 #aci x is n f> diff]5t f o!r naso-labial l9es :i* we h consid]$4 ,aga91 mu* ( our in/ruction has be5 giv5 us+ ! human face z a basis ( /udy2 b x is n = a mom5t to be surmis$ t ! /udy ( draw+ %\ld be limit$ to ! human face4 ,we h int5d$ only to sugge/ a process ( /udy2 ?is process may be ,illu/ration3 8,,hawks ,,d9na ,,pike ,,out ,,hawks' ,,e540 ,j4 ,c4 ,,dollman1 ,r4,i4 ,p5 draw+ f ! arti/'s wat] color1 made = an exhibition catalogue4 ,?is cut %[s an excell5t /yle ( newspap] draw+1 consi/+ ( outl9e1 & a gray got by p>allel l9es1 )\t cros%at*+4 appli$ to any?+ "u ! sun4 ,h5ce we give ! ,=a9 & ! ,le ,r\x outl9e to portray /ill life & l&scape4 ,& x is wor?y ( note t /ill life ne$ n be circumscrib$ to m]e drill2 on ! contr>y1 x is v frequ5tly introduc$ into draw+--mu* to ! p]fect+ ( ! composition4 ,! di%pans1 pots #adj ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,isole4 ,,by ,e4 ,,le ,,r\x4 ,p5 draw+ by ! arti/ f 8 pa9t+4 #ada ,illu/ration3 ,mask ( ,brang]4 ,draw+ by ,ge(froy de ,*aume4 ,drawn by ! sculptor f 8 model1 ) 7li?ographic7 crayon1 on gra9$ pap] ) a specially prep>$ too?4 #adb ,illu/ration3 ,newspap] c>icature1 by ,=a91 f ,fig>o4 ,! butl] says3 8,i h he>d him say t y spice y\r di%es too mu*40 ,! *ef says3 8,yes1 he misses 8 ,blan*ette du ,havre40 7,"s local hit1 blan*ette 9 cook]y be+ a wrapp] ( pa/ry1 bacon1 etc47 8,if he is n satisfi$ :y doesn't he leave80 ,!re are few draughtsm5 9 ! _w m exp]t 9 ! use ( l9e ?an ,=a94 ,he is mo/ wond]ful 9 8 con/ruction ( =ms2 e l9e means some?+4 ,! ,fr5* d n m9d a free l9e--"o t runs a little too f> out--if x has mean+ to x2 h5ce we see a l9e ?r\gh ! butl]'s nose1 & 8 m\? ext5ds to ! "r ( ! naso-labial l9e 9 q an unnatural fa%ion1 b s9ce ! l9e ( ! *eek is beautifully atta*$ to ! eyesocket & upp] eyelid1 x does n annoy ! ,fr5* at all4 #adc ,illu/ration3 ,p5 draw+ by ,guillaume1 f ! ,fr5* daily pap] ,gil ,blas4 ,?is is giv5 z a good example ( newspap] "w ( a k9d t c\ld be easily imitat$ on *alk plate4 ,x is reproduc$ ) adjac5t head-l9e & type t y may get an idea ( ! typographical appe>ance ( ! ,fr5* newspap]4 ,! leg5d says3 8,today ,gil ,blas publi%es its twelf? supplem5t1 :i* %\ld be deliv]$ gratuit\sly 7by ! news ag5ts7 to all ! pur*as]s ( ! pap]40 ,! cut1 !n1 is m]ely a little joke to call att5tion to ! m important supplem5t inside1 :i* supplem5t 9 itself is a pictorial "o2 ,fr5* read]s are fond] ( illu/rations ?an ,am]ican read]s4 #add ,illu/ration3 ,an example ( p5 draw+4 ,book illu/ration1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,lucas4 ,?is %[s spl5did model+ ) v delicate p5 "w1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( v>iety 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is less adaptable to newspap] "w ?an our o!r illu/rations4 ,x is giv5 z a specim5 ( ecc5tric l9e "w z reg>ds ! backgr\nd1 :i* is n unlike ! ,m\lli]4 & coal %ovel1 9 ! ,=a91 are p>ticul>ly sugge/ive f ?is view-po9t4 ,! ,le ,r\x is giv5 9 ord] t our text-book may include an example ( l&scape1 & also t ! pupil may realize t draw+ is frequ5tly a matt] ( ! "r l9e 9 ! "r place4 ,z we said 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii1 j z we /udi$ ! matt] ( ! naso-labial l9e1 & ! orbicul> muscle1 "o %\ld /udy ! direction ( ! wick]s ( a tra% basket1 s ! arti/ has /udi$ "h ! *>act]i/ic l9es ( tree trunk1 foliage1 hillside1 & grasses4 ,if y w /udy a city /reet or a %ipy>d 9 ! same _s--t is1 se>* = ! *>act]i/ic l9es--y w be able to make a draw+ :i*1 ev5 ?\gh x lacks #ade ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration f ! ,p>is ,illu/r4 ,an example ( comb9$ use ( outl9e1 p>allel l9es & solid black1 ) v little cros%at*4 ,ma9ly int]e/+ because ( ! introduction ( /ill-life objects1 :i* h9t at subjects suitable = practice4 ,! novice w\ld d well to select a gr\p ( simil> objects & endeavor to r5d] !m 9 a simil> mann]4 arti/ic f9i%1 w h a c]ta9 graphic value2 & = ?is v reason 7we mean1 to %[ t outl9e may be graphic7 we purposely introduce into ?is *apt] ! ,paul c>icatures1 consi/+ ma9ly ( outl9es1 l ^? we gave 9 our fir/ *apt]s1 & we bid y h>p ^u !m ) ! fact ev] 9 y\r m9d t !y are n arbitr>y1 b ea* l9e /&s = "s prototype 9 nature2 & t we may g a little f>!r 9 ! analyzation ( ! face1 we publi% "s models 9 relief 9 :i* ! planes ( ! face are br\ght out4 ,^! planes 7 consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 & y mu/ #adf ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration f ,p>is ,illu/r4 ,p5 draw+1 by ,m4 ,luque1 evid5tly f an in/antane\s photograph1 conta9+ all ! elem5ts ( p5 draw+ )\t cros%at*4 ,?is has be5 r$uc$ too mu*2 ! %ad[s 9 ! build+ seem black because ! l9es h run toge!r4 ,9 ! orig9al illu/ration ! l9es on ! build+ 7 sep>at$1 & ! effect 0 "o ( gray1 :i* is ! "r tone = %ad[s se5 at a di/ance on a cle> day4 ,! outl9es ( ! cl\ds 7 probably drawn ) an unbrok5 l9e1 & aft] !y 7 engrav$ 7 r\lett$ on ! plate1 & h5ce pr9t z a s]ies ( dots4 #adg ,illu/ration3 ,p5 draw+1 by ,maurice ,leloir1 %[+ admirable effect ga9$ by use ( p>allel l9es )\t cros%at*2 a spl5did example = ! novice to /udy4 #adh look at ,fant9-,la-,t\r's ca/ head 9 ord] to und]/& !m4 ,d s1 & !n let y\r eye jump to ! ,vallotton heads1 & we ?9k y w grasp _! *>act]i/ics imm$iately1 = y w see :]e9 !y diff] f ! ,eng/rm draw+s4 ,!y diff] 9 ?is3 t 9 addition to pure outl9e1 !y mass ! con/ructive %ad[s f\nd 9 ! ,david d',ang]s4 ,9 o!r ,illu/ration3 ,m>9e1 by ,claude ,monet4 ,drawn ) li?ographic crayon on scrat*bo>d1 ! l9es runn+ p]p5dicul>ly1 in/ead ( horizontally z 9 ! d',illza*1 ! lights scrat*$ out ) ! p5knife4 ,?is cut has a peculi> int]e/ te*nically4 ,! =ego+ 0 dictat$ ) ! orig9al 9 h&1 :i* 0 a direct process cut 9 :i* "o set ( l9es ran p]p5dicul>ly4 ,our engrav]1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( r$uc+ ! cut by ! direct process1 r$uc$ x by half-tone1 ?r\gh a scre5 ) diagonal l9es1 h5ce ! p]p5dicul> l9es h disappe>$4 words1 ! black "u ,vallotton's eyebr[s does n mean t 8 eyebr[s are abnormally ?ick1 b x means t he has deep sunk5 eyes1 & t !re is #adi ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,fr$ ,walk]1 by ,e4 ,g4 ,t41 f an ,engli% p]iodical4 ,r$uc$ to a small] area ?an :5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,by comp>+ ?is ) ! cut on page #ajb we notice t ! draw+ is s simple t !re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ! two1 b "h & !re1 z "u ! jaw1 ! l9es h run toge!r a little m 9 ! small] cut1 giv+ a d>k] effect ?an 9 ! l>g] "o2 ! lesson is obvi\s4 a %ad[ "u ! eyebr[s & 9 ! plane ( ! sup]ior orbicul> muscle1 :i* rec$es1 & ,vallotton wi%es to emphasize ?is4 ,& 9 ! ,mal?us he does n mean t ,mal?us _h a triangul> bir?-m>k on 8 "r *eek1 b he means t he _h a prom95t *eekbone1 & a sunk5 *eek b5ea? x2 h5ce ! %ad[1 :i* is :at we call 8a model+ %ad[40 #aej ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,c4 ,riv]s ,wilson4 ,p5 draw+ by ,walt] ,sick]t4 ,f ,! ,london ,:irlw9d1 #ahij4 ,r$uc$ to a small] area ?an :5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,by comp>+ ?is ) ! cut on page #aai y w see t _m ( ! l9es1 especially 9 ! %ad[ ( ! nose1 h run toge!r1 & we d n f9d z /rong a contra/ betwe5 ! black acc5ts on ! nose & ! gray half-tones produc$ by ! op5 l9es 9 ! l>g] cut4 ,x is (t5 ! case :5 a draw+ is too greatly r$uc$ t x loses snap1 because ! graduation f ! grays to ! blacks is n s p]ceptible z 9 ! orig9al4 ,/ill ! l9es 7 s op5 9 ?is draw+ t ! pres5t cut is a v fair "o4 ,! result is mu* bett] ?an c\ld h be5 got f s f9e a draw+ z ! ,r5>d4 7,see page #aad47 ,we _c complete our *apt] )\t m5tion+ t ! /yles ( draw+ we h sugge/$ by no means exhau/ ! diff]5t me?ods at y\r disposal4 ,:ile x is well to conf9e y\rself to outl9e1 or outl9e & solid black1 or outl9e & slight %ad+1 yet y may exp]im5t 9 _m m complicat$ me?ods1 z se5 9 ! ,monet1 & ! ,r+el d',illza*1 = ev5 if y d n use ^! me?ods = illu/rations !y help y to obs]ve ! capital lights & d>ks 9 nature4 #aea ,,"p ,,ii4 #aec ,illu/ration3 ,,goe!',s ,,"m4 ,old-fa%ion$ silh\ette4 ,see *apt] on wood engrav+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,draw+ ,,ab&on$ ,,& ,,design ,,consid]$ -- ,,?is ,,in/ruction ,,less ,,absolute ,,?an ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,draw+ -- ,,! ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,use ,,z ,,mu* ,,( ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,matt] ,,z ,,s]ves ,,8 ,,purpose -- ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lett]+ ,,all ,,/yles ,,h ,,to ,,be ,,cov]$1 ,,?\gh ,,only ,,"o ,,or ,,two ,,may ,,be ,,( ,,value ,,to ,,! ,,pr9t] -- ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,valuable ,,because ,,x ,,tea*es ,,conc5tration ,,& ,,economy ,,( ,,l9e -- ,,! ,,pr9t] ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,n ,,able ,,to ,,be ,,always ,,arti/ic1 ,,b ,,mu/ ,,introduce ,,art ,,f ,,"t ,,to ,,"t ,,z ,,opportunity ,,arises4 ,! read] is ask$ to view ?is second "p ( 8,draw+ = ,pr9t]s0 diff]5tly f ! fir/ "p4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ! writ] aim$ at e/abli%+ #aed recogniz$ rules = draw+ r ?an giv+ 8 individual op9ions4 ,he ?9ks t v little ( ! fir/ "p ( ! book c be que/ion$4 ,= example1 x is n a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion t ! horizon l9e is on a level ) ! spectator's eyes1 or t a mantel%elf on su* a level %\ld be drawn ) a /raight l9e2 x is a matt] ( fact1 :i* he m]ely reit]ates z ! writ] ( a gramm> reit]ates ! indisputable facts ( a language1 t a n\n is a "n ^w1 a v]b an action ^w1 an adv]b a ^w :i* qualifies a v]b4 ,b :5 ! writ] ( a lit]>y text-book has exhau/$ 8 rules ( gramm> & takes up ! subject ( rhetoric1 al?\gh he endeavors to give only su* examples ( writ+ z are excell5t1 /ill 8 own p]sonal ta/e is apt to guide him 9 8 selections1 & he may claim z admirable t :i* is to be criticis$4 ,a rhetoric ( ! eighte5? c5tury w\ld necess>ily conta9 mu* artificial1 s5tim5tal & ,lat9iz$ ,engli% :i* a tea*] ( today w\ld n put be=e 8 /ud5ts4 ,s x is t 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ,i may advocate1 7#a7 ,t :i* may n meet ) ! approval ( my read]s4 7#b7 ,t :i* may n suit my read]s' cu/om]s1 & ev5 7#c7 ,t :i* is wrong4 ,y !re=e may use z mu* ( my advice z y f9d practical 9 y\r daily "w1 & disc>d t :i* is impractical4 #aee ,b d n =get t t :i* may be impractical today may come 9 h&y "s "t next ye>6 ,t !re w be mu* t y w f9d impractical goes )\t say+4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! /ud5t ( ! arts 7z ! writ] ( ^! pap]s7 acqua9t himself ) t :i* is classical2 he !n becomes fasc9at$ ) x & recomm5ds x4 ,b ! classical cov]s an imm5se field1 embrac+ t :i* is be/ 9 _m ages & 9 _m diff]5t l&s1 & x is utt]ly impossible t ! practical work] 9 ! arts %\ld utilize all ! classical /yles at "o "t4 ,h5ce only a fragm5t ( any text-book built ^u ! /udy ( ! classic c be practical at any giv5 "t4 ,let u be m specific4 ,let u take ! dep>tm5t ( lett]+ alone4 ,if an au?or publi%es a "w on lett]+1 & he is a cultivat$ man1 he mu/ exam9e ! _m /yles ( ! pa/4 ,he exam9es ! monum5tal lett] ( classic ,rome & ! monum5tal lett] ( ! ,r5aissance2 ! ,c>ol9e lett] ( #gjj ,a4 ,d41 z well z ! ,go?ic & ! ,visigo?ic4 ,x is n 8 bus9ess to place "o above ! o!r1 b to expla9 ! beauty ( all4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are a pr9t] ( today1 & ! ,morris /yle ( type is mo/ 9 vogue1 & y h /ock$ y\r cases ) x1 x is ! ,go?ic lett] y are mo/ int]e/$ 91 because x is :at y are us+ & :at y\r cu/om] has j be5 tra9$ to l2 s ! mo/ practical "p ( a book on lett]+ w\ld be t :i* w\ld treat ( ! ,go?ic lett]1 & its (fspr+1 ! ,old ,engli%2 :ile ! *apt] on ,visigo?ic1 ) its twi/$ lett]s1 w\ld seem q #aef ,illu/ration3 ,,newspap] ,,illu/ration4 ,f ! ,p>is ,fig>o1 %[+ h>mony ( draw+1 type1 & rules--a me?od ( draw+ t c\ld easily be imitat$ on *alk plate4 #aeg ,illu/ration3 ,,cov] ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,budget4 ,?is mortis$ portion 0 us$ = adv]tisem5ts4 ,pr9t$ on light weight yell[ pap]1 #aj by #ac4 ,an excell5t example ( ! use ( silh\ette 9 design4 #aeh impractical to y z y c\ld n use ! examples giv54 ,yet x w\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! writ] on alphabets to analyze !m ?or\ghly1 o!rwise 8 "w w\ld be incomplete4 ,n[ !n1 ,i %all try to be practical1 & 9 ! *apt] on lett]+ be> 9 m9d t ! mod]n fonts are ! ,morris1 ,caxton1 ,j5son1 ,erh>d ,ratdolt1 ,old ,engli% & ,t\ra9e4 ,i %all try to give a little m att5tion to ! lett]s aft] :i* ^! are patt]n$ ?an ,i %all to ! ,phnician or ,etruscan1 ! ,visigo?ic1 ! ,ald9e1 & ! ,iri% text lett]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no pr9t] c be educat$ )\t kn[+ some?+ ab\t ^! latt] alphabets4 ,& s y mu/ be> ) me :ile ,i analyze !m1 ?\gh !y may n be practical4 ,once m1 suppose y d agree t a /yle ( lett]+ n n[ 9 vogue is a pleas+ /yle1 & "o wor? imitat+1 ! "q arises1 ,h[ mu* "t c y give to ! /udy ( x 9 ord] to use x8 ,ne>ly all arti/ic "w requires h& labor1 & h& labor is sl[4 ,9 our *apt] on wood engrav+1 we %all recomm5d ! /udy ( t art1 bo? because x c be us$ & because x tra9s y to appreciate good design+2 b h[ _m pr9t]s c neglect _! bus9ess 9 ord] to sp5d h\rs & h\rs 9 practic+ an em95tly sl[ art1 :5 rapid & *eap photo-engrav+ w s]ve ! purpose almo/ z well8 ,v few1 ,i fe>4 ,s1 also1 :5 we come to ! matt] ( ta/e1 we come to ! "q ( :at %\ld arti/ic pr9t+ #aei look l8 ,ev5 if y are conv9c$ t coat$ pap] & ! half-tone d n belong to ideal pr9t+1 h[ _m c af=d to attempt a piece ( r\gh pr9t+ ) heavy type1 co>se pap] & an outl9e device1 & expect to reta9 8 cu/om]s1 :5 8 rival1 ,smi?1 is us+ coat$ pap] & half-tones t almo/ equal photographs8 ,v few pr9t]s1 ,i fe>1 w\ld be able to pay exp5ses by su* a c\rse4 ,!re are v few m]*ants b w\ld h _! catalogues pr9t$ by ,smi? ) half-tone illu/rations ( photographs ( _! w>es4 ,or ev5 if ! pr9t] does n apply 8 art me?ods to job pr9t+1 b to 8 own publications1 he w probably f9d few buy]s :o are cultur$ en\gh to appreciate 8 r\gh pr9t+1 s betwe5 ! am\nt ( "t necess>y = prep>+ arti/ic productions & ! poor *ance !y h ( receiv+ patronage1 x is v difficult = a cultur$ pr9t] to atta9 8 ideal4 ,! writ] has foll[$ our art p]iodicals = ye>s & kn[s too well t ne>ly all ( !m h fail$4 ,if arti/ic p]iodicals adv]tis$ = ye>s to art-lov+ p h fail$1 h[ little is ! *ance ( art me?ods succe$+ ) ! p6 ,we mu/1 !n1 be> 9 m9d t ,i may recomm5d me?ods because ,i "k !m to be arti/ic )\t expect+ !m to be accept$ or put 9 practice4 ,! practical pr9t]'s c\rse mu/ be a compromise4 ,he introduces an arti/ic pr9ciple "h1 ano!r !re1 )\t ev] rea*+ 8 ideal4 ,sometimes x is 8 own circul>1 sometimes a lit]>y pamphlet1 or #afj sometimes a po/] t all[s him to exp]im5t1 :ile 8 av]age pr9t+ is comm]cial1 no?+ m4 ,b1 let u say 9 p>5!sis1 t :ile we deprecate ! lack ( arti/ic culture t prev5ts our pr9t]s f turn+ out arti/ic "w1 we d n = a mom5t claim t t :i* is n arti/ic is poor1 or t all pr9t+ t is n r\gh is n arti/ic4 ,! half-tone & coat$ pap] h _! use4 ,if1 z a matt] ( news or in=mation1 exactness is requir$1 any s5sible pr9t] w turn to ! half-tone = assi/ance4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,walt] ,crane1 9 publi%+ 8 book on 8,decorative ,illu/ration10 ?\gh he uses #cjc pages ( r\gh pap] to exemplify ! sup]iority ( ! simple wood cut ( ! pa/1 employs elev5 %eets ( highly cal5d]$ pap] to reproduce delicate facsimiles ( old manuscripts6 ,he felt t ! purpose ( ^! supplem5t>y pages 0 to illu/rate & n to embelli% ! book2 s he sacrific$ arti/ic h>mony = sci5ce4 ,s1 also1 a pr9t] does well1 :5 gett+ up a catalogue ( h\ses1 horses or *ick5s = sale1 to ins]t a frontispiece ( coat$ pap] & pr9t on ! same a half-tone :i* gives an adequate idea ( ! h\se1 horse or *ick5 to be sold4 ,t is a sci5tific piece ( "w4 ,! po9t is1 t a catalogue pr9t$ on *eap pap] ) an ins]t ( a half-tone pr9t$ on coat$ pap] c nev] be an arti/ic unit1 c nev] be exhibit$ z a piece ( arti/ic pr9t+4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o are extremely arti/ic p1 h c>ri$ delicate pr9t+ z f> z x w g1 & ! ,fr5* pr9t] w get y up a catalogue ) a half-tone #afa frontispiece1 b ev]y?+ w be 9 h>mony ) x2 ! pap] ( ! body ( ! book is coat$ pap]1 ! type is delicate1 ! initial lett]s are equally f9e1 & ! pr9t+ ( ! entire bro*ure is s delicate t x is 9 keep+ ) ! frontispiece4 ,t is ! "r pr9ciple = bookmak+1 t ! "w be h>moni\s4 ,!re is no objection to f9e type 7s long z x is n s f9e z to tire ! eyes7 if x is pr9t$ prop]ly4 ,! ma9 reason = recomm5d+ su* heavy type z ,morris' is1 t x is pretty sure always to pr9t well4 ,:5 a ,fr5* pr9t] turns out a *eap newspap] he uses l>ge type & heavy headl9es1 accompani$ by illu/rations t h>monize ) su* type & headl9es4 ,our examples ( ,=a9's "w 7see previ\s *apt]s7 %[ ! /yle ( ! ,fr5* draw+ made = ! daily newspap] 9 h>mony ) ! typography & 9 a suitable mann] = pr9t+ on poor /ock4 ,! clipp+ f ! ,fr5* newspap] we give ) ?is *apt]1 %[+ diff]5t /yles ( wat* *a9s1 is an excell5t example ( good ta/e 9 ?is direction4 ,! type1 ! draw+1 & ! rules all h>monize4 ,) a *alk-plate outfit a clev] pr9t] c\ld supply su* diagrams = 8 pap] ea* week )\t feel+ t he 0 transgress+ ! canons ( ! highe/ =m ( art4 ,f ?is example x w be se5 t "o ( ! requirem5ts = a good newspap] draw+ is t x h>monizes ) ! type page4 ,y may feel !n t x is n requir$ ( y to make a f9i%$ draw+ = #afb a newspap]--9 fact1 ! m f9i%$ x is ! less likely x is to be a good newspap] design4 ,ano!r example ( good newspap] design+ is ! ,we/m9/] ,budget cov]4 ,! orig9al cov]$ a folio #aj by #ac in*es4 ,! pap] be+ a *eap /ock 7yell[7 & ! design be+ bold & effective1 s]ves z an admirable example ( :at we *oose to call a poor-pap] design4 ,?is design w 9 future be aga9 consid]$ 9 connection ) wood engrav+ & lett]+2 & 9 ! next *apt] we %all consid] simil> head+s & cov]s4 #afc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,matt] ,,( ,,ta/e ,,aga9 ,,"u ,,review -- 8,,magaz9e10 8,,city ,,newspap]0 ,,& 8,,c\ntry ,,newspap] ,,pr9t+10 ,,arbitr>y ,,t]ms -- ,a ,,/yle ,,( ,,design ,,appropriate ,,= ,,c]ta9 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,p]iodicals ,,may ,,n ,,be ,,appropriate ,,= ,,o!r ,,k9ds -- ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,design+ -- ,a ,,broad1 ,,black ,,l9e ,,desirable ,,= ,,lett]+1 8,,devices0 ,,& ,,designs ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,a ,,f9e ,,l9e ,,may ,,be ,,us$ ,,= ,,illu/rative ,,cuts -- ,,bold ,,masses ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,d>k ,,appropriate ,,= ,,r\gh ,,pr9t+ -- ,,! ,,appropriat5ess ,,( ,,! ,,designs ,,= ,,jug5d1 ,,pan1 ,,la ,,revue ,,encyclop,,dique1 ,,etc41 ,,consid]$4 ,i suppose a v ord]ly writ] w\ld h f9i%$ 8 introduction 9 ! la/ *apt]1 beg9n+ 9 ?is ) def9ite in/ruction4 ,b ,i feel s ov]:elm+ly ! importance ( ! subject treat$ ( 9 ! la/ *apt]--t is1 ! matt] ( ta/e--t ,i mu/ be=e proce$+ add a few m words to ! subject4 ,besides1 fur!r review w /r5g!n ! read]'s und]/&+ ( my pr9ciple ( in/ruction1 :i* is t ! fitness ( ?+s1 ! ta/e :i* y display 9 foll[+ a c]ta9 k9d ( design1 is z mu* a matt] ( /udy z is ! draw+ ( an object4 ,= example1 ,i us$ ! words 9 ! la/ *apt]1 8pr9t+ on r\gh pap]40 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 t #afd t]m is indef9ite1 &1 l our t]ms 8magaz9e10 8city newspap]0 & 8c\ntry newspap]0 pr9t+1 c /& only = "s /yle ( pr9t+ agre$ ^u ,illu/ration3 ,front page ( ! ,fr5* weekly1 ,gil ,blas4 ,orig9ally #aj #c_/d in*es by #ae #c_/d4 ,?is %[s an excell5t arrangem5t ( type = ! head+ & subtitles4 ,also1 ! front page c>toon1 done 9 excell5t /yle1 %[s ! use ( outl9e & solid blacks on ! ma9 objects1 ) a little p>allel l9+ beh9d ! objects4 ,! title means1 8,! ,week 9 ,pall ,mall10 i4 e41 9 ,london4 8,! ,gr& ,prix t is1 ! ,spr+ race1 ! ,d]by has be5 run2 bro!rs1 we mu/ dep>t40 by ! writ] & read]4 ,!re=e1 if y w all[1 ! t]m 8r\gh pr9t+0 w /& = pr9t+ correspond+ to all t done prior to ! introduction ( #afe coat$ pap]1 & :]e ! type us$ 0 long prim] or l>g]4 ,& ,i *oose1 z a matt] ( ta/e1 to insi/ ^u x t all pr9t+ is bad t is n done 9 ?is way4 ,n[1 d n set me d[n z a faddi/4 ,i am n ?or\ghly conv]t$ to ,morris' pr9t+1 because 9 8 matt] ! words are s closely run toge!r t !y are n read ) ease1 &1 above all ?+s1 ,i d n consid] ! s-call$ 8deckle-edge1 h&made pap]0--:i* 9 all probability is nev] h&made--su* an 8arti/ic0 cloak to cov] a multitude ( s9s z _m pr9t]s consid] x4 ,! v fact t x is artificial & imitative makes x z objectionable z coat$ pap]1 :i* also is artificial & ins9c]e4 ,! matt] c be expla9$ 9 ?is way3 ,we may h no objection to a dress suit & high silk hat4 ,we recognize 9 x z legitimate a /yle ( dress z ! work+man's ov]alls2 b we d n l to see a man work+ 9 a dit* clo!d 9 a dress suit & silk hat4 ,) ?is objection almo/ ev]yone w agree4 ,b !re are ^? :o1 wi%+ to foll[ ! dictates ( society1 d n l to see a man1 ev5 if he is a lectur] or a bridegroom1 disport+ himself 9 a dress suit & silk hat at any h\r ( ! day e>li] ?an six o'clock4 ,n[1 !re are two di/9ct l9es ( judgm5t4 ,! fir/ is drawn s broadly t ne>ly all w agree4 ,! second l9e is drawn s f9ely t b few may agree4 ,b x is a fact t 9 ei!r case ! "q is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,s1 !n1 :5 ,i claim t ! title ( a newspap] %\ld be 9 heavy type1 & n 9 su* script z w\ld be appropriate = a lady's visit+ #aff ,illu/ration3 ,,design ,,= ,,! ,,cov] ,,( ,a ,,diction>y1 ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,cov]$ ,,p>ts4 ,by ,eug5e ,grasset4 ,admirable lett]+ 7m closely foll[+ ! ,c>ol9e manuscript ?an ! design = ,la ,revue ,encyclopdique71 unit$ ) h>moni\s design1 ! arti/ n be+ cont5t$ m]ely to introduce a girl ) po/]-l hair1 b br++ out an idea--t ( ! expansive di/ribution ( k1 signifi$ by ! d&elion se$1 :i* is freely di/ribut$ by ! w9d2 see motto 8,je seme a t\t v5t40 ,i s[ 7or spread7 se$ ) e w9d4 #afg c>d1 mo/ ( y w agree ) me4 ,b :5 ,i claim t ! title %\ld be 9 v heavy block type1 & n 9 ,fr5* ,old ,/yle1 ,i %all n h s _m foll[]s4 ,( c\rse1 x is true t circum/ances alt] cases1 & :ile ,i ?9k x q necess>y t a 8,daily ,news10 8,j\rnal0 or 8,press0 %\ld h ! heavie/ ( type1 ,i w ackn[l$ge t a da9ty little weekly 9 #hvo1 call$ 8,! ,ne$lewoman10 or 8,embroid]y ,notes10 might be prop]ly pr9t$ ) a pica italic head+4 ,i ?9k ! read] n[ und]/&s ! object ( ! second "p ( 8,draw+ = ,pr9t]s10 & w see t ne>ly all ! illu/rations 9 x are select$ ) a view to _! appropriat5ess = r\gh pr9t+1 simply because x is !re9 t y ne$ to /udy ! subject ( design+ = pr9t+4 ,x is self-evid5t t to pr9t a half-tone cut y ne$ cal5d]$ or coat$ pap]1 & t ) ?is a little half-tone initial lett] c\ld be us$1 b z we /udy pr9t+ on poor /ock1 famili>ity ) ! /yles ( ! pa/ is necess>y to acqua9t y ) :at is be/ 9 pictorial1 or r decorative1 effect4 ,?is mu* said1 let u fall to consid]+ "s pr9ciples ( design+4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a broad black l9e is be/ if !re is any %ad[ or detail 9 ! draw+4 ,b if !re is no %ad[ ! outl9e ne$ n be v heavy1 b ! draw+ may p>take ( a diagram effect1 z 9 ! wat*-*a9 illu/ration f ! ,fig>o1 giv5 9 a prec$+ *apt] 7page #afe74 ,su* a ?9 l9e h>monizes ) ! type & does n #afh attract too mu* att5tion4 ,x is also well suit$ = ! unimportant elem5ts 9 a head+ design4 ,b if y wi% to introduce 9 a head+ an important elem5t l ! ,am]ican eagle1 ! coat-(-arms ( a /ate1 or an emblematic design = a class pap]1 !n a /rong l9e or a solid black is pref]able4 ,/rong l9es & blacks are also pref]able = an initial lett] t is to =m "p ( ! decoration ( a page4 ,!re=e1 if we consid] ! front page ( a pap] or catalogue consi/+ ( a head+1 an initial lett] & an illu/ration1 we may treat ea* design accord+ to ! foll[+ pr9ciples4 ,if ! illu/ration is to be ! ma9 ?+1 ! head+ & initial lett] w\ld be/ ,illu/ration3 ,head+ to a novel 9 ,! ,pall ,mall ,budget1 an example ( free-h& lett]+ & device1 %[+ elem5ts sugge/ive ( ! subject matt]4 ,! lett]+ is n heavy en\gh = ! title-page ( a p]iodical1 nor is x s heavy z to int]f]e ) ! effect ( ! illu/ration on ! same page4 be mo/ly 9 outl9e1 z 9 ! ,fig>o wat* *a9s4 ,b if !re is no illu/ration1 & we wi% ! head+ & initial lett] to be decorative1 a heavy outl9e & solid black may be us$4 ,z an example ( heavy outl9e & solid black we h select$ ! diction>y cov] by ,grasset4 ,?is is /rong en\gh to s]ve z a head+ = a newspap] or p]iodical1 b 9 ! case ( a #afi *apt] head+ su* heavy lett]+ might n be desirable1 & ! light] ,pall ,mall ,budget design might be pref]able4 ,s1 too1 z 9 ! ,jug5d1 s9ce ,illu/ration3 ,,title-,,page ,,to ,,volume ,,ii ,,( ,,jug5d4 ,design$ by ,casp>i4 ,%[+ h>moni\s unit+ ( free-h& design$ lett]1 type1 & device4 ,! device1 h[ev]1 is a little too pictorial2 x w\ld be bett] if its backgr\nd 7 simpl]4 ! illu/ration is n ! mo/ important ?+1 heavy blacks may be us$2 x is an excell5t example ( ! #agj prop] heav9ess ( ! head+ contra/$ ) an unimportant illu/ration4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! black is ar\nd1 n ^u1 ! lett]4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ enjoyable features ( ! pr9t]-design]'s "w is t ( design+ cov]s = booklets & pamphlets4 ,if he does n h to conf9e himself to a def9ite idea1 he may *oose a motive f a ?\s& & "o diff]5t elem5ts4 ,( c\rse1 he mu/ be m or less logical 9 8 *oice ( motive1 & n put a ,pi]rot ^u a *ur* fair programme1 nor a bun* ( violets ^u a /ove manufactur]'s catalogue1 ?\gh we frequ5tly run across su* design+4 ,"o ( ! enemies to good design+ is ! preval5t ta/e = photographic half-tone cov]s1 :]e ! /ove manufactur] requires ! reproduction ( 8 /oves on ! cov]4 ,n[1 we are utt]ly oppos$ to ?is2 n on ! gr\nd t ! picture ( a /ove is n a fit emblem = a /ove manufactur]'s catalogue--= x c]ta9ly is q prop]--b we object on ! gr\nd t ! pr9t+ ( x requires coat$ pap]1 :i* (t5 is n t5aci\s en\gh = a cov]2 &1 secondly1 on ! gr\nd t ! delicacy ( ! half-tone1 :i* has no /rong outl9es or masses ( light or d>k1 does n make a picture t c be se5 at a suffici5t di/ance to w>rant its be+ a cov]4 ,! brevi] t y use 9 ! body ( a book is n ! prop] type = its cov]1 & s a delicate half-tone t is appropriate = ! read+ pages ( y\r catalogue is n appropriate = its cov]4 ,! specim5s we give 9 ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 are ne>ly all ( !m #aga ,illu/ration3 ,cov] design = a ,g]man p]iodical entitl$ ,pan1 by ,franz ,/uck4 ,orig9al1 #h by #ab4 ,pr9t$ 9 black on heavy gre5 cov] pap]4 #agb ,illu/ration3 ,dep>tm5t head+ design$ by ,eug5e ,grasset = ,la ,revue ,encyclopdique1 %[+ an excell5t /yle ( lett]+ 7f\nd$ on ! ,c>ol9e71 also an admirable decorative outl9e made to give a f9i%$ effect1 or an effect ( delicacy4 adapt$ to r\gh1 heavy pap]1 :i* w make a durable cov]4 ,! design = ,pan1 by ,franz ,/uck1 is a p>ticul>ly good example4 ,possibly ! %ad[ ?r[n by ! head is a di/urb+ elem5t 9 ! composition2 x makes ! "r-h& side heavy & is n 9 itself decorative4 ,! spac+ also betwe5 ! ,p & ! ,a is great] ?an betwe5 ! ,a & ! ,n1 )\t1 s f> z we c see1 hav+ a valid reason = s be+4 ,b ! design 0 = ! cov] ( a publication ( arti/'s sket*es1 & x 0 consequ5tly m p]missible = ! arti/ to draw ) fre$om ?an _h he be5 design+ a m conv5tional cov]4 ,/uck is "o ( ! be/ lett]]s 9 ,europe2 &1 9 8 m s]i\s mom5ts1 is mo/ exact 9 8 spac+4 ,! two mo/ int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ! design are ! elegance ( ! lett]s & ! boldness ( ! draw+ ( ! head2 #agc sub/itute m commonplace lett]+ z 9 ! 8,roebuck0 head+ 7page #afh7 & su* delicate draw+ z 9 ! ,grasset 8,encyclopdie10 & ! design w\ld lose =ce z a pamphlet cov]4 ,! ,we/m9/] design1 giv5 on page #aeg1 recomm5ds itself because ( ! silh\ette /eeple1 :i* c\ld be easily engrav$ on wood1 & also because ( ! lett]+1 :i* is z good an example ( 8p5-h&0 z is ! ,pan ( 8monum5tal0 lett]+4 ,x also sugge/s effects to be got by :ite on black1 z does ! ,jug5d4 ,! 8,roebuck0 7page #afh7 lacks ! elegance ( ! ,pan & ! robu/ness ( ! ,we/m9/]1 b x %[s a good /yle = su* newspap] lett]+ z has to be made quickly2 z1 = example1 drawn on ! *alk-plate 9 half an h\r1 :5 p]fect spac+ & proportion+ is out ( ! "q4 ,!re are times also :5 a lett] is ne$$ t is n truly elegant4 ,x seems sacrilegi\s1 z x 71 to design a head+ = 8,on ! ,diamond & ,gridiron0 ) lett]s f a ,lucca ,della ,robbia monum5t1 or ! ,maz>9 ,bible4 ,!re=e1 "s su* lett]+ z ! 8,roebuck0 comes 9 appropriate = ! light dep>tm5ts ( a pap]4 ,ak9 to ! ,pan design is ! ,jug5d 7page #afi71 ?\gh x is n ne>ly s good4 ,x w\ld be bett] ) a bord] ab\t x1 & /ill bett] if ! ,jug5d lett]s 7 n q s n>r[1 & if ! backgr\nd beh9d ! girl 7 m simply drawn2 b ! lett] is good & /rong1 & ! figure1 be+ 9 outl9e1 #agd might be pr9t$ ^u ! r\ghe/ pap]4 ,! :ole page is int]e/+ also z %[+ rec5t movem5t 9 type design 9 ,g]many4 ,?is is ! result ( ! ,william ,morris movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,x w be notic$ t ! type lett]s are broad & well proportion$2 !y are virtually mod]niz$ ,j5son4 #age ,illu/ration3 ,,head+ ,,design ,,by ,,georg ,,auriol4 ,f ,la ,revue ,encyclopdique4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,miscellane\s ,,illu/rations ,,appropriate ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,purposes -- ,,! ,,rivoire ,,appropriate ,,:]e ,,exp5diture ,,is ,,unlimit$ -- ,,half-,,tones ,,us$ ,,= ,,news-,,giv+ ,,or ,,in=mation-,,giv+ ,,purposes -- ,,! ,,hassall ,,outl9e ,,appropriate ,,= ,,po/]s ,,& ,,decorative ,,pr9t+4 ,let u resume ! consid]ation ( "s miscellane\s illu/rations = ! sake ( inve/igat+ ! diff]5t /yles ( design & ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie !m4 ,z we said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ! ,fr5*1 :o are ! mo/ ready to use simple designs pr9t$ on r\gh pap]1 also are exp]ts 9 prep>+ ) mo/ exquisite workman%ip mo/ delicate designs4 ,let u cite ! cov] ( ! ,p>is ,illu/r--y w see t "h a half-tone & a wood engrav+ h be5 us$1 & t ea* is virtually a picture4 ,! type ( ! title is v f9e ,fr5* ,old ,/yle 7by f9e we mean ?971 & :ile1 ( c\rse1 ! hair l9es 9 ! a & e are due to our great r$uction ( ! cut1 yet 9 ! orig9al ^! l9es 7 v f9e1 & !re=e by no #agf ,illu/ration3 ,cov] design1 by ,rivoire1 = a summ] numb] ( ,p>is ,illu/r1 ! fl[]s pr9t$ 9 slate color1 9 half-tone2 ! portrait1 ( ,mlle4 ,web]1 a wood engrav+1 & ! title1 pr9t$ 9 black4 ,! orig9al #aa #a_/b by #ae in*es4 #agg means z well adapt$ to ord9>y pr9t+ z ! ,grasset1 ,casp>i 7,jug5d71 & ,/uck designs giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,yet ,i consid] ! pres5t design an admirable "o4 ,b :at are ! facts 9 ! case8 ,! art editor1 9 gett+ up ?is design1 _h pl5ty ( money at 8 disposal4 ,! cov] 0 ( heavy cal5d]$ pap]1 ! fl[]s 7 pr9t$ 9 half-tone 9 color1 & ! woman's portrait1 pr9t$ 9 black1 0 beautifully engrav$ on wood1 a v co/ly process4 ,?is s+le cov] may h co/ z mu* z ! entire sixte5 pages ( ! body ( ! weekly4 ,! ,auriol head+ ( ?is *apt] is ,fr5* also1 & is no less arti/ic ?an ! reali/ic fl[]s on ! ,p>is ,illu/r cov]2 b on acc\nt ( its simplicity x is f> sup]ior to ! ,p>is ,illu/r z a floral design = ord9>y pr9t+1 simply because x c be pr9t$ on *eap /ock & c be *eaply & quickly reproduc$4 ,!re ought to be no mi/ake1 !n1 ab\t my attitude 9 recomm5d+ "o /yle ( design+ above ano!r4 ,i d s f a practical po9t ( view4 ,a ?ird example is f\nd 9 ! two ,burns cuts4 ,surely1 :5 ,i f\nd ! half-tone among ! news columns ( an ,engli% art p]iodical ,i did n object to its realism2 on ! contr>y1 x gave me a v good idea ( :at ! orig9al /atue 0 l4 ,b ?9k ( ! exp5se ( hav+ a half-tone made l>ge en\gh = a po/]6 ,also1 h[ vague x w\ld appe> f across ! /reet if ! po/] 7 9 half-tone4 ,b1 turn+ to ! ,hassall1 see h[ admirably ! arti/ has giv5 u ! impression ( ,burns1 h[ #agh ,illu/ration3 ,,burns ,,/atue4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,pom]oy4 ,rec5tly unveil$ at ,paisley4 ,half-tone f a half-tone f a photograph1 publi%$ 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,art4 #agi ,illu/ration3 ,,po/] ,,design ,,= ,,! ,,burns ,,exhibition1 ,,glasg[4 ,by ,j4 ,hassall4 #ahj well 8 design w\ld appe> f across ! /reet1 & h[ *eaply x c\ld be reproduc$4 ,!re=e1 :at an excell5t /yle 8 is z a guide = my pr9t] read]s4 ,h5ce1 if ! pr9t] read]s wi% to make a cov] design conta9+ a portrait & fl[]s1 ,i advise !m n to foll[ ! ,rivoire--n = ! reason t x is in>ti/ic1 b because x is too exp5sive = ord9>y pr9t+1 & = *eap pr9t+ a poor imitation is abom9able2 :ile a design l ! ,casp>i 7,jug5d1 see page #afi71 :]e ! portrait w\ld be an outl9e & ! lett]+ broad s x c\ld be quickly read l ! ^w 8,jug5d10 & 9 :i* ! floral =m %\ld be decoratively treat$ l ! d&elion design 9 ! ,grasset 8,l>\sse10 or l ! ,auriol1 page #age1 w\ld be j z pleas+ to ! eye1 w\ld pr9t on ! *eape/ k9d ( /ock1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> to ! critical z an arti/ic design4 #aha ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,an ,,important ,,*apt] ,,on ,,lett]+ -- ,,lett]+ ,,c ,,nev] ,,be ,,:olly ,,orig9al1 ,,x ,,mu/ ,,foll[ ,,hi/orical ,,models2 ,,mu/ ,,be ,,blacklett] ,,or ,,italian -- ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,advis$ ,,to ,,ma/] ,,?ree ,,or ,,f\r ,,/&>d ,,alphabets -- ,,/range',s ,,book ,,on ,,alphabets ,,recomm5d$ -- ,,monum5tal ,,lett]s ,,con/ruct$ ,,^u ,a ,,geometrical ,,basis -- ,,mr4 ,,gleason ,,:ite ,,on ,,*>les ,,ricketts ,,& ,,! ,,vale ,,press ,,quot$ -- ,,x ,,is ,,recomm5d$ ,,to ,,copy ,a ,,monum5tal ,,alphabet1 ,,& ,,to ,,give ,,"s ,,/udy ,,to ,,! ,,complex ,,go?ic ,,alphabets1 ,,t ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,may ,,und]/& ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,?ick5+ ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,lett] ,,by ,,p5 ,,pressure -- ,,x ,,is ,,recomm5d$ ,,to ,,practice ,,! ,,c>ol9e ,,h& ,,fir/1 ,,& ,,!n ,,! ,,go?ic4 ,?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s devot$ to lett]+ give mu* practical in=mation to ! pr9t] :i* may be enhanc$ 9 value if1 be=e read+ !m1 he w proce$ z foll[s3 ,let him turn to ! adv]tis+ pages ( "s pr9t]s' magaz9e & copy1 z be/ he c1 ?ree or f\r l9es ( ornam5tal lett]+ ( ?ree or f\r diff]5t fonts4 ,aft] he has done ?is1 !n read ?is *apt] & ! next1 & foll[ ! sugge/ions !re94 ,we ?9k he w !n get a full] b5efit f !m ?an if he reads our sugge/ions fir/ & !n proce$s to lett] accord+ to our directions4 ,a great deal ( "t is wa/$ by ! beg9n] :o attempts to lett] because ( 8 impression t he c orig9ate new /yles ( lett]s4 ,n[1 a critic sometimes speaks ( 8orig9al lett]+10 mean+ t ! lett]+ %[s individuality 9 treatm5t1 & is n ! m]e slavi% copy+ ( "s conv5tional =m4 #ahb ,b 9 comp>ison to ! o!r bran*es ( art !re is no su* ?+ z orig9ality 9 lett]+4 ,y\r lett] mu/ be1 broadly speak+1 ei!r ,go?ic 7or blacklett]1 ?us ,a7 or ,italian 7or roman lett]1 ?us ,a72 t is1 x mu/ be built ^u ,go?ic or ,italian pr9ciples4 ,! be/ ?+ = ! beg9n] to d is to obta9 "s examples ( good lett]+ & ma/] two or ?ree alphabets ( ,go?ic or ,italian /yle4 ,aft] he has done ?is1 he w see h[ all o!r alphabets he may come across 9 pr9t$ books w con=m to ! same g5]al pr9ciples ( ! alphabets he has ma/]$4 ,he w see h[ c]ta9 m9or *anges may be made1 & if1 9 ! end1 he is anxi\s to be orig9al he w1 by broad5+ a lett] :]e x may be broad5$1 or br++ its cross-b> d[n a little l[] ?an usual1 give a sugge/ion ( orig9ality to 8 "w4 7,! *ances are1 h[ev]1 t he w pref] to prove himself a good workman1 & be cont5t to comb9e1 place & execute traditional lett]s47 ,/range's 8,alphabets10 publi%$ a few ye>s ago1 is an excell5t book to /udy1 & we %all give sev]al alphabets f x4 ,! old books on ! subject are apt to be too ornam5tal = ! pr9t]1 & ! example we give f ,ni$l+'s 8,book ,ornam5ts0 is ( f> less practical use ?an ! ,/range examples we %all give4 ,b ! ,bau]nfe9d alphabet is valuable = /udy4 ,x %[s ! con/ruction ( ! capitals on a geometrical basis1 giv+ an idea ( h[ monum5tal lett]s are made4 ,x is easy to see t ) su* a guide z ?is1 made by an ar*itect1 ! commone/ workman1 ) ! aid ( ! #ahc ,illu/ration3 ,page f a ,m9nes+]s' song-book 9 ! ,univ]sity libr>y at ,heidelb]g4 ,example ( ,go?ic lett]4 ,! initial lett]s 7 9 black & t]ra cotta4 ,! lett] ,w 0 half black & half t]ra cotta2 ! ,u1 ,h1 & ,i 7 t]racotta2 ! ornam5tation 0 black4 ,9 all probability ! lett]s 7 half an in* or an in* high4 ,if y exam9e !m "u a magnify+ glass y c und]/& _! con/ruction bett] ?an z !y n[ appe>4 ,! fir/ v]se reads z foll[s3 8,w9t]1 d9e trb5 /unde und d9 kelte magnivalt1 ob i* das erw5d5 kunde1 daz siu wurd5 has ge/alt1 das liesse i* dur die lange naht1 und durh die vil m9nekli*5 diu mir froeid5 vil hat braht40 #ahd squ>e & compass1 c\ld cut 9 m>ble an imm5se d$ication ( a build+ or ar*way1 ?\gh ! lett]s might be two or ?ree feet high4 ,a little /udy ( ?is alphabet w give y ! ability to und]/& any?+ writt5 ^u ! subject ( roman lett]s1 s t ! foll[+ quotation f an article by ,gleason ,:ite1 tak5 f ! ,magaz9e ( ,art1 w imm$iately become intelligible to y4 ,mr4 ,:ite 0 writ+ ( ,*>les ,ricketts & ! productions ( ! ,vale ,press4 ,he said ! ,vale ,press _h its own type1 its own pap] ) its own wat]m>k1 b ! pr9t+ 0 done by ,messrs4 ,ballantyne4 ,! type design$ by ,mr4 ,ricketts 0 8bas$ on ! prec$5ts ( ! be/ ,italian alphabets40 ,mr4 ,ricketts believes t ! plan on :i* all lett]s %\ld be bas$ is t ( ! p]fect circle or ! p]fect squ>e2 x matt]s n :i* geometrical =m y *oose1 s9ce a c]ta9 numb] ( lett]s--,m1 ,l1 ,h1 & ! l--dem& a p>allelogram1 & o!rs--,c1 ,g1 ,q1 ,o--an ovate or circul> plan4 ,if to draw ?is di/9ction betwe5 types bas$ on ! oval or ! circle appe> a m]e quibble1 we mu/ rememb] t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,byzant9e & ! ,po9t$ /yles1 :i* divide ar*itecture into two great sections1 is "o ( simil> limit4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w1 to a speciali/ 9 types1 betwe5 a small 8b10 8g0 or 8o0 t foll[s ! circle 771 & "o t is plann$ ^u an oval 77--,i wi% to emphasize ?is po9t1 because ,i "k t ! design] reg>ds x z vital2 & ,i1 = "o1 agree entirely ) 8 e/imate ( its importance4 ,! "q ( 8c]iphs0 & ! angles ( c]ta9 /rokes2 :e!r a ,w consi/s ( int]lac$ ,v's1 or ( two connect$ only by ! c]iph2 :e!r ! c]iphs ( a capital ,t are v]tical1 or slant div]s #ahe ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ page f 8,nimphidia10 by ,mi*ael ,drayton2 design & lett]+ by ,*>les ,ricketts4 ,lett]+ to be comp>$ ) ! ,italian 8,lucid>io40 #ahf ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile ( ! title-page ( ! 8,lucid>io0 7,a4 ,mis*om9i3 ,flor5ce1 #adid74 ,orig9al size ( rule1 giv+ proportion ( page1 #d #g_/h by #g #g_/h in*es4 ,%[+ e>ly ,italian type lett] & wood-cut design 9 h>mony ) same4 #ahg ways1 or p>allel--all ^! are second>y matt]s1 b ! plan ( ! lett] is n second>y4 ,9 ! beautiful ,kelmscott type1 z 9 ! fam\s ,f\lis fonts & o!r notable in/ances1 ! ,o is ovate1 & all o!r lett]s agree ) x4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ricketts' 8,vale0 type1 ! squ>e & ! circle dom9ate e lett]4 ,if ?is di/9ction be pass$ ov] z unimportant1 fur!r cont5tion is useless4 ,b on ?is po9t no compromise c be ent]ta9$4 ,if x be unimportant :e!r ! ar* is a semicircle1 or plann$1 l ,euclid's fir/ problem1 ^u ! int]section ( circles1 !n x matt]s little4 ,b s long z ar*itecture is sep>at$ by su* /ructural diff]5ce1 x foll[s t an ,o bas$ on a circle1 or an ,h bas$ on a p]fect squ>e1 mu/ be entirely unrelat$ to ! ovate ,o or ! oblong ,h4 ,:5 ta/e is 9 "q1 "o all[s ! adv]s>y equal vantage2 b :5 geometry comes 91 axioms mu/ be obs]v$4 ,!re=e1 ! ill-f\nd$ ass]tion t ,mr4 ,rickett's type copies any mod]n font _c be all[$4 ,y may dislike 8 symbol = ! ord9>y 810 or dispute ov] ! beauty ( 8 c]iphs & ! oblique /rokes ( c]ta9 lett]s2 b if y ma9ta9 t a circle & an oval are practically alike1 ! "q ( ^! nic] po9ts ne$ n be rais$4 ,we give a reproduction ( a page f ! ,vale ,press1 & = comp>ison ! ,lucid>io pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #adid4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! /yle ( lett]+ is evid5t4 ,an ev5+ or two sp5t 9 copy+ ! ,bau]nfe9d alphabet1 & !n mak+ up "o ^u ! pr9ciple t mo/ ( ! lett]s %\ld be conta9$ 9 a squ>e w lead y to und]/& ! monum5tal lett]1 or :at y recognize z upp]-case ,roman4 ,y might !n beg9 to collect pictures ( m$ival & classical monum5ts1 & y w\ld at a glance be able to see #ahh ! pr9ciples ^u :i* _! inscriptions are con/ruct$1 & y w\ld see t ?\gh ! lett]s ( c]ta9 monum5ts diff]$ 9 proportion f o!rs1 yet ! lett]s !mselves ( all ! classical monum5ts w\ld be virtually ! same1 & mo/ ( ! ,italian m$ival inscriptions ! same 9 "*4 ,an ,albre*t ,dur] alphabet giv5 by ,/range 7on page #agd7 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 be+ con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,bau]nfe9d4 ,! ,/imm] & ,rogel ,go?ic alphabets are almo/ wor?less = pr9t]s' design+1 b x w n be )\t pr(it = y to realize t !y are built ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! swell made ) a quill p51 & ?is w lead y to ! /udy ( :at y recognize z ,go?ic lett]s :i* grew out ( ! p5 h& ( ! middle ages4 ,:e!r 9 solid black or :ite1 any ,go?ic lett] mu/ h m or less ! pr9ciples ( ! ,/imm] & ,rogel alphabets4 ,space w n p]mit ( a full analyzation ( ! matt]1 s let u take ! lett] ,l only4 ,9 its simple/ =m x consi/s ( two l9es 7or 8limbs07 at "r angles--"o p]p5dicul>1 ! o!r horizontal4 ,bo? l9es may be ! same l5g?2 b conv5tionality has ord]$ t if ei!r be ! %ort]1 ! horizontal %\ld be4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! ends ( ! lett]1 z 9 ! monum5tal lett]s1 is n a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( an ,l 7:i* may consi/ ( two simple l9es72 b x is ! mo/ frequ5t =m 9 ! monum5ts & is associat$ ) our idea ( a capital lett]4 ,:5 made ) a p5 9 ! middle ages x 0 sometimes cu/om>y to give ! two l9es #ahi ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( sev5te5? c5tury alphabets4 ,f 8,b*] ,ornam5tik10 by ,a4 ,ni$l+1 ,weim>1 #ahie4 ,b4 ,f4 ,voigt4 ,! fir/ alphabet1 aft] ,mi*ael ,bau]nfe9d1 is a monum5tal lett] bas$ ^u ! squ>e1 ! m>g9s ( ! lett]s be+ obta9$ by segm5ts ( circles4 ,) su* a diagram a lett] t5 feet high c\ld be made z easily z "o an in* high1 & by an ord9>y workman4 ,! pr9t] w\ld n advis$ly map out 8 lett] ) su* exactitude1 b x w\ld be well to copy sev]al ( ! lett]s1 if n ! :ole alphabet1 t he may /udy ! "* ( ! monum5tal lett]4 ,! second alphabet is aft] ,*r4 ,/imm]2 ! ?ird aft] type1 ! dies ( :i* 7 cut by ,hans ,rogel4 #aij an undulatory "*1 & !re is h>dly any k9d ( twi/ or curve t has n be5 giv5 to !m4 ,9 mak+ initial lett]s1 9 ord] to fill up ! space x became ! practice to make two l9es ( ! upright %aft1 & sometimes ?ree l9es 7 us$4 ,cross-b>s 7 also introduc$1 s t 9 ,caxton's initial lett]s ! ,l looks l ! monogram ,p4 ,e4 ,l4 ,almo/ no?+ re/ra9$ ! caligraph]2 & if he *ose to make a doz5 or two upright %afts1 ea* gett+ small] ?an ! o!r on ei!r side ( ! lett]1 ! :ole end+ 9 "s su* ,celtic int]lac+ z ! base ( ! ,ni$l+ plate1 he c\ld d s4 ,b none ( ?is is an organic =m ( ! lett] ,l2 & additional curve is pure ornam5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! sup]ficial ornam5t & ! organic l9es ( a lett] is easily und]/ood by fir/ practic+ ! ,c>ol9e h& & !n ! ,go?ic4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all be m explicit z reg>ds details4 #aia ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,9 ,,lett]+ ,,betwe5 ,,sup]flu\s ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,organic ,,l9es -- ,a ,,solid ,,f\ndation ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lett]+ -- ,,/udies1 ,,) ,,! ,,quill ,,p51 ,,( ,,! ,,c>ol9e ,,alphabet ,,& ,,its ,,mod]n ,,revival ,,9 ,,france ,,by ,,grasset ,,& ,,auriol -- ,,! ,,m9nes+] ,,lett] ,,n ,,v ,,ornate ,,b ,,m ,,complex ,,?an ,,! ,,c>ol9e -- ,,! ,,m9nes+] ,,corresponds ,,to ,,! ,,/immel ,,& ,,rogel ,,alphabets -- ,,! ,,b]gom5sis ,,lett] ,,m ,,complicat$ ,,& ,,m ,,regul> ,,?an ,,! ,,m9nes+] -- ,,! ,,italic ,,lett] ,,m ,,simple ,,& ,,r\nd] ,,?an ,,! ,,m9nes+]4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we said1 8,! di/9ction betwe5 ! sup]ficial ornam5t & ! organic l9es ( a lett] is easily und]/ood by fir/ practic+ ! ,c>ol9e lett] & !n ! ,go?ic40 ,let u expla9 ! b5efit ( ?is practic+2 ! keynote to ! matt] is f\nd 9 our ,c>ol9e example4 ,draw ! second ,i & y w f9d t x is virtually a simple %aft ) a little spread+ at ! top & bottom4 ,if y draw ) a quill or re$ p5 x is v easy to get ?is swell by a little extra pressure z y beg9 to draw & z y f9i%2 & 9 almo/ all ,c>ol9e writ+ ! ,i is made freeh& & ! %ape dep5ds ^u p5 pressure & v>ies a little ea* "t ! lett] is made4 ,x is n mapp$ out be=eh&4 ,! ?9 curv$ l9e on top ( ! fir/ ,i is sup]flu\s ornam5t2 t l9e is made by a second /roke4 ,we f9d sev]al su* ornam5ts 9 ! fir/ two l9es :i* =m ! head ( a *apt]1 j z we f9d mu* ornam5tation ( ! initial lett]2 b we #aib d n f9d any ornam5tation ( ! ,i's 9 ! eight l9es ( text4 ,!re ! ,i's are all made ) a s+le /roke ( ! p51 s t ! top & bottom ( ea* "o is a trifle diff]5t f t ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e ( text !re is sup]flu\s ornam5t+ ( ! ,t's1 & ( ! ,h4 ,o!rwise ?is is a true p5 h&2 ! ,i made ) "o /roke1 ! ,c1 ,d1 ,l1 ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 ,u1 ,x1 etc41 ) two /rokes1 ! ,a1 ,b1 ,e1 ,m1 ,n1 ,r1 ,s1 ) ?ree4 ,! read] is advis$ to copy ?is alphabet ) z l>ge a quill p5 z procurable1 mak+ ! lett]s f half an in* to an in* high1 & !n1 turn+ to ! ,grasset 8,n\veau ,l>\sse ,illu/r10 x w dawn ^u him t he kn[s exactly h[ ! lett]s !re 7 made2 & he w h little tr\ble 9 imitat+ almo/ to p]fection ! ?ree words1 8,en ,six ,volumes40 ,:5 he tries ! words1 8,n\veau ,l>\sse ,illu/r10 he may h "s tr\ble ) ! ,a1 ! ,s & ) ! ,o1 :i* does n %[ its sep>ate halves z 9 ! ,c>ol9e3 ! horizontal l9e ( ! ,l also is m difficult to make ?an if x 7 ! same wid? ?r\gh\t4 ,! ,i1 ,r1 ,n & ,v he w f9d q simple4 ,z he famili>izes himself ) ! ,c>ol9e ,m1 ,d1 ,v & ,i2 ) ! ,h 9 ! second l9e ( ! text "u ! ornam5tal ,h2 & ) ! ,p1 ,s1 ,c1 he w beg9 to realize t upp] & l[] case lett]s 7 orig9ally ! same4 ,he w also be surpris$1 if he next falls to /udy+ ! ,m9nes+] lett]s 7la/ *apt]7 "u a magnify+ glass1 to f9d h[ l !y are to ! ,c>ol9e4 ,is n ! capital ,i some:at clumsi] ?an ! fir/ ,i 9 ! ,c>ol9e top l9e8 ,are n ! c1 d1 h1 i1 o1 p1 s1 u1 v & y clumsi]1 m angul> draw+s ( ! same lett]s z 9 ! #aic ,illu/ration3 ,,title-,,page ,,by ,,jacobus ,,phillippas ,,=e/i ,,b]gom5sis4 7,f]r>a1 #adig47 ,a spl5did example ( ,go?ic lett]+4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ?is 0 orig9ally design$ ) a re$ or quill p51 & ! ornam5tations are su* z may be easily made ) t in/rum5t4 ,b its regul>ity is also due1 9 a small measure p]haps1 to its hav+ be5 engrav$ on :ite metal4 ,9 an entire book writt5 9 ?is /yle ! lett]s w\ld be less regul>--a little m l ! ,m9nes+] lett]s4 #aid ,c>ol9e alphabet8 ,y f9d ! s m decid$ly f\r /rokes1 :ile 9 ! ,c>ol9e x may be consid]$ ?ree4 ,y f9d ! m slightly diff]5t3 turn to our la/ *apt] & note ! ,hans ,rogel m1 :i* is upp] case1 & see h[ x corresponds to ! ,m9nes+] l[]-case m4 ,! ,c>ol9e e y ?9k1 diff]s f ! ,m9nes+] e1 b if y w look at ! e 9 erat1 ?ird l9e ( text1 y w see h[ decid$ly ! e !re is a l[]-case e4 ,n[ turn to ! ,b]gom5sis lett]s & recognize t !y h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,"o *>act]i/ic is t ! f9al lett]s & sev]al o!rs are ornam5t$ ) ! same k9d ( curv$ l9es z 9 ! fir/ ,c>ol9e ,i4 ,!n t ! lett]s are made ) a p5 /roke1 b t ?ree /rokes are frequ5tly us$ :]e "o is satisfactory 9 ! ,c>ol9e4 ,?is is pla9ly se5 9 ! lett] ,i4 ,& ( ^! ?ree /rokes1 "o is ! %aft ( ! lett]1 :i* is long1 ! o!r two are ! top ( ! %aft1 :i* ext5ds a little to ! left1 & ! bottom :i* ext5ds to ! "r4 ,& ^! ?ree /rokes become ! basis ( ! lett] i1 ( u :i* is a d\ble-i1 ( n :i* is a d\ble-i1 & ( m :i* is a triple-i4 ,! o is made ( ! ma9 %aft & ! "r-h& base1 & ! left-h& top & ! ma9 %aft4 ,s y w !n see t ! ,b]gom5sis is no?+ less ?an a m complicat$ & m regul> lett] ?an ! ,m9nes+]1 :i* 9 turn is no?+ less ?an a m irregul> lett] ?an ! ,c>ol9e6 ,9 ord] to make ! ,b]gom5sis lett] y mu/ h y\r p5 cut to a comp>atively blunt po9t ! exact wid? ( ! lett]--a lett]] uses su* a p5 almo/ always4 #aie ,:5 y /udy ! ,italic specim5 7see la/ *apt]1 8,lucid>io0 page71 h[ev]1 y f9d t ! l[]-case lett] is v mu* l ! ,m9nes+]1 except t x is m simple & a trifle m r\nd$1 b note t x is evid5tly writt5 ) a comp>atively %>p-po9t$ quill p54 ,b x is n to be ov]look$ ,illu/ration3 ,example ( sev5? c5tury lett]+ f a ,lat9 manuscript1 reproduc$ f ,/range's book on lett]+4 ,9 ?is lett]1 fre$ ( ! curves 9 ! capitals ,i1 ,t1 ,l1 ,v1 ,c1 etc41 we f9d ! pr9ciples ( a v simple & graceful /yle ( lett]+1 virtually ! ,c>ol9e1 :i* is be+ reviv$ by ,grasset & ,auriol 9 ,france today4 t ! v>iety 9 ! lett]s is /ill due to ! pressure ( ! p54 ,! ,italic lett] is be/ practic$ ) a new quill2 & !n :5 x gets a little out ( ord] x may be cut a trifle & be us$ = a ,go?ic lett]1 l ! ,m9nes+]2 & !n :5 x spreads aga9 x may be cut a second "t & !n us$ = a broad] ,go?ic lett] l ! ,b]gom5sis4 #aif ,n[1 ,i d n claim t ?is *apt] w be intelligible to a m]e read]--,i feel sure t x w n be--b to anyone :o w put 9 practice all ! ex]cises ,i h sugge/$1 ,i feel sure t x w be intelligible1 & t x w give him ! f\ndation = ! :ole /udy ( lett]+ s t he may pick up any alphabet & ma/] its pr9ciples aft] a few days' practice4 #aig ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,use ,,( ,,quill ,,f5 ,,necess>y ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lett]+ -- ,,! ,,ornam5tation ,,9 ,,lett]+ ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,scribes ,,comp>$3 ,,! ,,italian1 ,,go?ic1 ,,visigo?ic1 ,,lomb>dic1 ,,roman1 ,,v5etian1 ,,arabic -- ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,lett]s3 ,,type ,,( ,,caxton1 ,,gut5b]g1 ,,aldus -- ,,! ,,italic 7,,lucid>io ,,page71 ,,mod]niz$1 ,,becomes ,,! ,,j5son ,,& ,,morris ,,type1 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,old ,,/yle1 ,,engli% ,,old ,,/yle1 ,,& ,,our ,,mod]n ,,roman ,,l[] ,,case3 ,,! ,,aldus ,,type ,,becomes ,,our ,,italic -- ,,! ,,pr9t] ,,mu/ ,,h ,,educat$ ,,ta/e ,,if ,,he ,,w\ld ,,design ,,correctly -- ,,appropriat5ess ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,lett]s ,,because ,,( ,,_! ,,hi/oric ,,associations -- ,,! ,,bad ,,ta/e ,,( ,,ornam5t ,,at ,,! ,,exp5se ,,( ,,cle>ness -- ,,aimless1 ,,unbalanc$ ,,ornam5tation -- ,,ov]ornam5tation -- ,,grasset',s ,,lett]+ ,,/udi$ -- ,,9 ,,auriol',s ,,lett]+ ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,plant ,,=m ,,is ,,ext5d$ ,,by ,,lett]+1 ,,z ,,9 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture ,,plant ,,=m ,,is ,,built ,,^u4 ,x is to be hop$ t ^u our advice ! pr9t]1 aft] read+ ,*apt] ,i1 attempt$ to copy "s font1 & t1 n foll[+ any special me?od1 he f\nd x pretty t$i\s "w3 t he !n read ,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iii & ,,iv1 & f\nd1 ) ! help ( our in=mation ab\t ! ,lat9 capitals 9 a squ>e1 & ab\t ! ,go?ic lett] be+ dep5d5t ^u ! spread+ ( a quill p51 t ?+s seem$ cle>]1 m intelligible4 ,b we ?9k t1 ) ! help ( ! pres5t *apt]1 he w make /ill m progress4 ,if he1 fully appreciat+ our ref]5ce to ! quill p51 procur$ "o1 & set to "w /udy+ ! ,grasset lett]s #aih he mu/ h made rapid progress2 = x is only by us+ ! quill p5 t ! ,grasset & ,auriol lett]s c be und]/ood4 ,s we say t if a pr9t] w procure "o & practice ! ,c>ol9e alphabet giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 next ! ,burgom5sis1 next ! ,m9nes+]1 & !n ! ,/immel & ,rogel alphabets1 he w f9d t he has a solid f\ndation on :i* to /udy lett]+1 & a cle> idea ( ! g5ius ( lett]s4 ,he w beg9 to realize t ! ,c>ol9e is ! simple/1 ! ,burgom5sis & ,m9nes+] ! m complex1 b n v ornam5tal1 ?\gh 9 !m ! caligraph] _h begun to ass]t himself1 us+ a fl\ri% f "t to "t to ornam5t ! lett]s4 ,& he w notice t ^! fl\ri%es are su* z are made naturally ) a quill or re$ p51 & t ^u ^! curves & swell+s are bas$ n only ! ,go?ic capitals1 b also :at are kn[n z l[]-case lett]s4 ,x s happ5$ t mo/ ( ! s\!rn scribes 7,italians & ,spani%7 conf9$ !mselves to a v simple lett]1 :ile ! nor!rn ones took pleasure 9 v>iety4 ,! s\!rn /yle is call$ ! ,italian1 or italic2 ! nor!rn1 ! ,go?ic4 ,!re are _m hi/orical in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e nor!rn manuscripts are simple2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! lett]s ( ,visigo?ic & ,lomb>dic writ]s1 ?\gh s\!rn1 7 m ornam5tal ?an ^? ( _! ,roman & ,v5etian bre?r52 & our ,burgom5sis specim5 we call ,go?ic1 ?\gh x 0 orig9at$ 9 ,italy4 ,! true s\!rn ornam5tation 0 orig9at$ "u ! ,arabic influ5ce 9 ,spa9 7at ! "t ( ! ,s>ac5ic conque/71 & travel$ up to ,france1 :]e x is f\nd 9 ! elongat$ d1 s & f 9 ! ,fr5* diplomatic h&4 #aii ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile ( ! title-page ( an ,ald9e ,horace1 #aeai4 ,%[+ ,lat9 monum5tal lett] n[ kn[n z upp]-case roman2 & ,italian cursive h&1 n[ kn[n z italic4 #bjj ,y1 ( c\rse1 "k t :5 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ ! types _h to be ca/1 & ! dies 7 naturally cut 9 ! =m ( ! lett]s ( ! manuscript ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! pr9t+ 0 done4 ,caxton imitat$ ! manuscript ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & n t ( ,engl&1 :5 he pr9t$ ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engli% movable type4 ,s1 too1 ,gut5b]g's type imitat$ ! ,g]man manuscript1 :ile t ( ,aldus1 tradition says1 0 ca/ aft] ! manuscript ( ,petr>*1 & t =m has be5 call$ ,italian or italic ev] s9ce4 ,we give a specim5 ( ,aldus' 8,horace03 copy ) a quill ! l[] case 9 x till y c write ) ease1 & y w be able to write z ,petr>* did4 ,x is h>d] to associate x ) quill p5 writ+ ?an to associate ! ,go?ic ) ! p5 lett]4 ,nev]!less1 if y w write = a little :ile ) an old quill1 lett]+ l ! ,m9nes+]1 & !n ) a new quill imitate ! ,aldus italic1 y w soon see t ! italic "* dep5ds ^u ! pressure ( ! quill p51 j z ! ,go?ic does1 ?\gh n to su* a degree4 ,make l[]-case a1 d & s1 or an m sev]al times1 & y w see :at ,i mean4 ,! o!r ,italian =m1 :i* pr9t]s d n call italic1 is l ! ,lucid>io1 :i* is less cursive ?an ! ,petr>*ian =m4 ,:5 mod]niz$1 ! ,lucid>io becomes ! 8,j5son0 & ,morris type 7:ile ! ,aldus is our italic72 x only ne$s a little inve/igation to realize h[ easily x became ! ,fr5* ,old ,/yle & ,engli% ,old ,/yle1 & !n our mod]n1 roman l[] case4 ,x w n be difficult = y1 if y w really obta9 ! quill p5 & practice z ,i propose1 to realize ! tru? ( ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 ,a pr9t] %\ld %[ an educat$ ta/e 9 8 #bja designs4 ,few p "k ?is1 & y\r fight w be cont9ually aga9/ ?is ignorance1 bo? 9 y\rself ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ page ( ,l>\sse's ,new ,diction>y1 %[+ a s*ol>ly /yle ( decoration4 ,?is c be be/ /udi$ "u a magnify+ glass4 & y\r cu/om]s4 ,y w ?9k t any?+ y l is arti/ic & appropriate & y w be tempt$ #bjb to und]take x4 ,y\r cu/om]s w say t !y 8"k no?+ ab\t art0 b !y 8"k :at !y l02 s !y w pick out "s ill-execut$ & inappropriate job & insi/ ^u y\r foll[+ x4 ,b my bus9ess is simply ) t :i* is e/abli%$ z /&>d1 & n ) :at p l or dislike4 ,n[1 hi/oric association plays an important "p 9 design+ = pr9t]s4 ,! fir/ page ( ! ,l>\sse diction>y is a sup]b example ( hi/oric association introduc$ into a design4 ,"h1 to illu/rate ! lett] ,a we h lett]s f _m diff]5t p]iods1 b !y are all h>moni\s because ( _! ornam5t & _! execution4 ,& !y are appropriate because !y are hi/orical4 ,s if y are design+ an ann\ncem5t ( ! ,anci5t ,ord] ( ,hib]nians1 a prospectus ( a g5ealogical society1 a book ( e>ly ,engli% poetry 7e>li] ?an ! t5? c5tury7 y c\ld use ! six? or sev5? c5tury ,a because t belongs to ! v be/ ,iri%-,engli% lett]+ us$ betwe5 ! six? & t5? c5turies4 ,! o!r lett]s t g ) ! ,l>\sse six? c5tury ornam5t$ ,a specim5 y w f9d 9 an example f ! 8,book ( ,kells10 giv5 9 ,/range's 8,alphabets10 & p]haps 9 ! 8,durham ,book40 ,?is id5tical ,a is probably f 8,! ,rule ( ,/4 ,b5$ict40 ,n[1 if y %\ld obta9 an ,anglo-,saxon alphabet & ma/] its /yle & apply x z we h sugge/$1 x w\ld be prop]ly associat$ ) ^! hi/oric subjects2 s y1 z an educat$ pr9t]1 w\ld "k t y 7 "r1 & any criticism w\ld n det] y f us+ x4 ,i take x = grant$1 h[ev]1 t y use su* lett]s z ?is ,a only z initials1 or 9 design+ a title #bjc ( a l9e or two2 & t y w\ld n let x occupy too mu* ( ! page3 = x is n only necess>y t a lett] %\ld be associat$ hi/orically ) a subject & t x be well design$1 b x mu/ also be associat$ ) pr9t+ or bookmak+4 ,x is true t "s introductory pages 9 ! six? & sev5? c5tury ,iri%-,engli% manuscripts 7 sometimes v ornam5tal1 b ! read+ pages 71 z a rule1 q ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a design by ,eug5e ,grasset = ! head+ ( a dep>tm5t 9 8,la ,revue ,encyclopdique40 ,x repres5ts ,fr5* design+ art at its be/4 ,x is free f conv5tionality1 & yet ord]ly & well balanc$4 ,! ,auriol design = 8,la ,revue ,encyclopdique0 is bold & /rik+1 b n z p]fect z ?is4 simple4 ,! good bookmak] nev] =gets 8 pages are = read+4 ,s1 a ,go?ic ornam5tal lett] t might be appropriate 9 a /a9$ glass w9d[ or on a h&-pa9t$ te/imonial might be (f5sive ?r\gh\t a pr9t$ book4 ,i "k ( no?+ m in>ti/ic1 m nauseat+ to critics1 ?an ! millions ( li?ograph$ mottoes1 ,*ri/mas c>ds1 etc41 t ! ,engli% li?ographic publi%]s h put out = ! la/ decade--ov]burd5$ ) ornam5t t %\ld be pa9t$ & n pr9t$4 ,& s ! :ites 9 ?is six? c5tury ,a1 & ! dott$ outl9e ar\nd x1 make #bjd x 9 a way less appropriate = g5]al pr9t+ ?an ! solid black1 twelf? c5tury ,a4 ,! middle ,a is 9 ! /yle ( ! wood-cut ,v5etian lett] ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & :ile on g5]al pr9ciples a gray backgr\nd l ?is is n s satisfactory z a black "o1 yet ?is is n a bad specim5 ( design+1 = ! /ipple c\ld be pun*$ into ! wood v deeply1 & is s ne> toge!r t if "o hole did fill up x w\ld n be miss$4 ,h[ev]1 x1 too1 mu/ n be us$ = g5]al pr9t+1 b only z ri* ornam5t4 ,x is well balanc$1 m9d y1 & !re=e ! detail is n s worry+ z w\ld be z mu* detail put 9 freeh&1 aimlessly & unbalanc$4 ,if y w n[ turn to ! cov] design ( ! ,l>\sse giv5 9 ! ,augu/ numb]1 y w f9d x a beautiful production by ,grasset1 :]e9 we see also "s decorative elem5ts t may be /udi$ 9 conjunction ) :at we h writt5 9 ?is & prec$+ *apt]s ab\t lett]s4 ,= example1 ! use ( l9e ) silh\ette--we f9d a d&elion leaf r$uc$ to silh\ette1 & ano!r laurel wrea? l ! "o pictur$ on ! head ( ,goe!'s "m4 ,b ! lett]+ ( ! title is ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( x4 ,grasset has /udi$ ! ,c>ol9e lett]1 & reproduces x ) v s*ol>ly fidelity4 ,only :5 y h /udi$ an example l ! ,c>ol9e alphabet we give f ,/range's book c y appreciate ! workman%ip & good ta/e 9 ! ,grasset4 ,a companion piece to ?is is ! head+ by ,auriol :]e we see a modification ( ! monum5tal lett] & ! uncial z 9 ! d & ! r4 ,"h ! initials ,j ,j & ! initial ,l are ,go?ic 9 pr9ciple1 & y w n fail to see h[ #bje ,illu/ration3 ,design = an article 9 8,la ,revue ,encyclopdique0 on 8,le ,?atre ,mod]ne et ,l',influ5ce trangre1 p> ,jean ,julli510 ) an initial lett] & design embrac+ a half-tone portrait ( ! au?or4 ,a h>moni\s design1 %[+ ! use ( silh\ette2 & ,c>ol9e lett]+ n s well und]/ood z 9 ! "w ( ,grasset4 ,design$ by ,george ,auriol4 #bjf h>moni\sly ! ,l bel[ ! leaves ext5ds ! _s ( ! plant design1 s t if y h ev] read essays ^u ,go?ic art1 l ! writ+s ( ,rusk91 y w readily see ! plant =m is "h built ^u1 z 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,:at we h said s f> ought to h prep>$ y = a hi/oric survey ( ! topic ( lett]+4 ,our space is mu* too limit$ to make su* a survey v ext5sive1 b :at we %all give 9 ! next *apt] w s]ve z a f\ndation on :i* y c build1 by read+1 a mu* m exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject4 #bjg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,writt5 ,,language -- ,,signs ,,& ,,symbols ,,become ,,hi]oglyphs -- ,,egyptian ,,hi]oglyphs ,,become ,,hi]atic ,,or ,,cursive -- ,,! ,,hi]atic ,,becomes ,,angul> ,,9 ,,! ,,ph,,nician -- ,,ph,,nician ,,alphabet ,a ,,monum5tal ,,"o ,,& ,,! ,,lett]s ,,l ,,ours -- ,,f ,,! ,,ph,,nician ,,come ,,! ,,greek ,,& ,,lat9 ,,alphabets1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,us$ ,,?r\gh\t ,,europe ,,today4 ,! gr[? ( writt5 language is briefly record$ z foll[s4 ,primitive man us$ signs & symbols1 z does ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,noah und]/ood ! symbol ( ! dove ) ! olive bran*4 ,_h he wi%$ to record ! ev5t ( ! flood he w\ld probably h drawn sev]al wav$ l9es to repres5t wat]1 & a m\nta9 peak und]nea?1 to %[ t ! wat] rose above ! m\nta9s4 ,a second picture ( a dove ) an olive bran* w\ld h indicat$ t ! wat]s _h subsid$4 ,?is me?od ( writ+ 0 us$ by ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians #ejjj ,b4 ,c4 ,) ! ,assyrians ! symbols develop$ into 8cunei=m10 or w$ge-%ap$ signs1 /amp$ on clay4 ,) ?is =m we h no?+ to d1 z x nev] influ5c$ our writ+2 b ) ! ,egyptians 7z ) ! ,*9ese7 ! symbols soon took a writt5 =m call$ hi]atic 7us$ by ! prie/s71 :i* is ! direct p>5t ( our own h&writ+4 ,9 hi]oglyphs on monum5ts 9 ,egypt1 ! sign = wat] 0 a horizontal zigzag1 & = a m\nta9 a silh\ette ( hill-l =m4 ,^! #bjh 7 pa9t$1 & sometimes p>tly incis$ on s(t /one or /ucco1 & _h a pictorial "*4 ,b :5 ! prie/s _h to write volum9\s rituals1 !y us$ a re$ p5 on papyrus1 & r$uc$ ! silh\ette pictures to %or?&-l m>ks4 ,! fir/ example 9 ! ,l>\sse ,diction>y 7page #bja71 repres5ts ! hi]atic %or?& ( ! hi]oglyph ( a bird4 ,b n only did ! ,egyptians use _! signs z hi]oglyphic ^w symbols1 b !y also us$ !m z phonetic signs1 s t ! sign = wat] /ood = bo? wat] 7mu7 & ! s\nd n4 ,! ,phnicians & ,hebrews are suppos$ to h borr[$ _! alphabet f ! ,egyptian hi]atic writ+2 & 9 ! transition ! irregul> "* ( ! m>k+s ( ! re$ p5 on papyrus disappe>$ & monum5tal regul>ity took its place1 z ne>ly all ( ! e>ly ,phnician & ,hebrew writ+ 0 9 ! =m ( inscriptions on /one & metal4 ,b 9 ?is transition ! lett]s did n rev]t to ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic symbol1 b simply became an angul>1 simplifi$ =m ( ! hi]atic1 s t ! ,a became a ,v or c>et-l =m ) a l9e cross+ x4 ,) ! ,phnicians & ,hebrews ! signs 7 nev] us$ = ^w signs1 b = syllabic 7or lett]7 =ms1 s t ) !m ,n 0 simply a phonetic sign 7plus v>iable v[el accompanim5ts74 ,?is alphabet 0 us$ by ! ,phnicians1 ,hebrews1 ,moabites & o!r ,semitic inhabitants ( ,pale/9e4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 c>ri$ by ! ,phnicians to ,greece1 & possibly to c\ntries f>!r we/1 b until inve/igation ?r[s fur!r light ^u ! subject x is well to suppose t all ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe #bji receiv$ _! alphabets f ,greece1 s t1 virtually1 all ! alphabets ( ,europe--,lat91 ,engli%1 ,g]man & ,russian-are simply modifications ( ! ,greek 7see ! succe$+ specim5s 9 ! ,l>\sse ,diction>y page74 ,! ,greek alphabet 0 modifi$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 9 ! monum5tal =m x became m regul>--m "r-angl$--?an ! ,phnician2 secondly1 9 ! manuscript x became mu* m irregul>--cursive 9 g5]al1 ) angles n at "r angles 7see cursive examples1 ?ird r[ ( ,l>\sse ,diction>y page7--s t 9 "s ?ird c5tury manuscripts !re is z mu* irregul>ity z 9 ! ,egyptian4 ,?is "*1 h[ev]1 is m apt to be f\nd 9 ! late ,greek manuscripts--t is1 ^? writt5 dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era--?an 9 classic ,greek manuscripts :]e simplicity & regul>ity prevail4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ! pr9t] to realize ?is fact3 = :5 he sees a diff]5ce 9 ,european lett]+--z1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,russian & ,g]man text on ! "o h&1 & ,engli% on ! o!r--he mu/ rememb] t ,russian & ,g]man are outgr[?s ( ! late ,greek or ornam5tal lett]+2 :ile ,engli%1 ,italian1 ,spani% & ,fr5* are ! outgr[?s ( ! simpl] classical ,greek =ms4 ,to di/+ui% ! two we h call$ ! fir/ 7mo/ ( :i* is irregul>7 ,go?ic1 ! second 7:i* is g5]ally regul>7 ,lat94 ,b _m an irregul> manuscript 0 writt5 by o!r ?an ,go?ic scribes1 & !re are "s ,lat9 manuscripts t are z irregul> z ! ,go?ic4 ,no matt] h[ a lett] may v>y 9 ornam5tation 9 a ,g]man1 ,russian1 or ,engli% book1 x is an outcome #baj ( a ,greek orig9al4 ,9 ! ,russian1 9 "o or two cases1 a sign is a comp\nd ( two ,greek lett]s1 b 9 ,engli% ea* lett] has its ,greek prototype4 ,n[ anyone :o /ops to ?9k w notice t monum5tal lett]s on /one are ab\t ! same 9 all c\ntries4 7,! lett]s on ,go?ic brasses1 h[ev]1 are dissimil> to ! usual monum5tal lett]s47 ,= ! monum5tal lett] is usually made by measur+1 z 9 ! fir/ ,bau]nfe9d alphabet1 & is cut by an ord9>y workman :o foll[s a patt]n1 :i* %\ld be simple4 ,!re=e1 an ,a is ne>ly always two oblique uprights & "o horizontal crosspiece1 l ! six? ,l>\sse example4 ,! two uprights are n always at ! same angle1 b !y are ne>ly always oblique1 ?\gh "o may be v ne> ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! crosspiece is sometimes oblique1 b r>ely at an angle great] ?an fifte5 degrees4 ,s a monum5t erect$ 9 ,greece #fjj ,b4 ,c41 "o 9 ,rome #fj ,b4 ,c41 "o 9 ,italy 9 #adjj ,a4 ,d41 & "o 9 ,p>is today1 h virtually ! same lett] ,a ^u !m z "o writt5 9 ,p>is today1 & a *ild :o _h j le>n$ its lett]s c\ld recognize x 9 ea*4 ,x mu/ n be expect$ t 9 a %ort treatise ( ?is k9d we c cov] ! :ole field ( paleography1 b our few notes on ! subject may indicate to "s read]s a l9e ( /udy t w repay anyone :o und]takes x4 ,! easie/ me?od is to exam9e manuscripts ( ,bible text1 :]e ! subject matt] is pretty well kn[n1 &1 foll[+ ! diff]5t /yles ( writ+1 acqua9t oneself ) ! developm5t ( writ+ 9 diff]5t c5turies & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,a valuable h&book giv+ facsimiles ( _m ,bible pages is 8,bible ,illu/rations10 publi%$ by ,h5ry ,fr[de1 ,new ,york--x co/s b #a4 #baa ,illu/ration3 ,,sommaire ,headpiece = a ,fr5* p]iodical4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,me?od ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,giv5 -- ,,prelim9>y 8,,plac+0 ,,( ,,l9es ,,9 ,a ,,sket* -- ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,a ,,silh\ette ,,to ,,an ,,outl9e -- ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,outl9e1 ,,9 ,,silh\ette1 ,,) ,,p>tial ,,%ad+ ,,& ,,) ,,full ,,%ad+ -- ,,cuts ,,giv5 ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,/yles ,,( ,,book ,,decorations -- ,,analysis ,,( ,,^! ,,/yles4 ,n[ = our summ>y4 ,my me?od ( tea*+ 9 ?is s]ies has be5 "o ( sugge/ion1 & v (t5 ,i h seem+ly gone (f at a tang5t1 to h9t at an application ( "s rule2 9 s do+ p]haps ! *apt]s seem to lack cont9uity1 b ,i ?9k sev]al read+s ( !m w %[ t !re has be5 a logical developm5t ?r\gh\t4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ summ>y w br+ v>i\s p>ts toge!r & fix all 9 ! memory4 ,fir/1 ! /ud5t is advis$ to practice draw+ f objects1 & to le>n to get some?+ on ! pap] z soon z possible1 & !n by fur!r labor to develop ?is some?+4 ,!re %\ld be at fir/1 l9es & m>k+s %[+ ab\t :]e ! diff]5t p>ts ( an object %\ld come4 ,9 ! ,lautrec draw+ ! l9es are n meant = a bicycle or ! calves ( a man's legs1 b ! l9es repres5t ab\t :]e ! bicycle & ! man's calves %\ld come4 ,any?+ t c be se5 may be 8plac$0 9 ?is way--a tree1 a h\se1 a cl\d4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has le>n$ to 8place0 #bab ,illu/ration3 ,,zimm]man ,,& ,,8 ,,ma*9e4 ,aft] a li?ograph by ,h4 de ,t4 ,lautrec1 f ! ,revue ,franco-,am]ica9e4 ,?is is giv5 z an example ( rapid mann] 9 plac+ a figure4 ,9 sket*+ a figure x is advisable always to draw ! :ole figure at once1 & nev] f9i% ! head fir/ & !n g to ! h&4 ,9 a few l9es1 a correct draftsman may indicate a great deal4 ,x is also giv5 z an example ( a reproduction f a crayon draw+4 ,?is is actually reproduc$ f a pr9t1 b ! arti/ orig9ally drew on a /one ) crayon1 & crayon on pap] w reproduce by photo-engrav+ z well z ?is4 ,li?ograph crayon may be us$1 or an ord9>y h>d crayon 7! s(t] ! bett]71 or ,h>dtmu?'s crayon p5cils4 ,*>coal pap] may be us$1 or any ( ! special crayon pap]s4 ,! m gra9 on ! pap]1 ! bett]4 #bac objects fairly well1 he f9ds t by go+ ov] 8 sket* l9es1 & improv+ !m a little1 he c make outl9e draw+s4 ,outl9es are frequ5tly us$ = f9i%$ effect z se5 9 ! ,begg>/aff po/]4 ,( c\rse1 ?is prelim9>y 8plac+0 ( ! l9es is difficult until ! eye is tra9$ to see correctly4 ,i h ,illu/ration3 ,portrait c>icature ( ! ,fr5* actor ,dailly1 f a ,fr5* p]iodical4 ,half-tone f a wa% draw+4 kn[n beg9n]s :o c\ld h>dly grasp ! idea ( :at an outl9e is1 s ,i sugge/ ! excell5t me?od ( try+ to see objects z silh\ettes4 ,x is n a bad plan to put a :isk broom1 a screw-driv] & a hamm] aga9/ a w9d[ pane & draw !m 9 silh\ette4 #bad ,! ,begg>/aff is v int]e/+ f ?is po9t ( view--if y w ?9k ( ! cock$ hat z a mass1 l ! ,quak] hat1 y w f9d x easi] to draw its outl9e ?an z if y see x 9 all its compon5t p>ts1 z 9 ! ,p5lick draw+4 ,we h giv5 previ\sly _m silh\ette illu/rations to emphasize ?is me?od ( see+ ?+s 9 mass4 ,we also make ?is po9t3 t ! ability to see objects 9 silh\ette is helpful1 n only = ! purpose ( repres5t+ an entire object 9 silh\ette1 b also because details c frequ5tly be ?us repres5t$ ) excell5t effect4 ,= example1 ! hair & mu/a*e 9 ! ,p5lick1 & ! hair 9 ! ,dailly are 9 silh\ette4 ,besides outl9e & silh\ette1 %ad+ may be employ$ by ! draftsman to br+ out =m4 ,! ,dailly diff]s consid]ably f ! ,begg>/aff--x is fully %ad$1 & %ad+ br+s out ! =ms ( ! planes & muscles ( ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5 draw+ by ,alb]t ,mantelet4 drop-cap ,mantelet's initial gives u a ?ird k9d ( draw+4 ,x is p>tly %ad$4 ,! ,sph9x design is an excell5t example ( %ad+ contra/$ ) silh\ette4 ,9 ord] to le>n to %ade1 x is well to draw f :ite objects1 su* z pla/] ca/s or pa/ebo>d boxes1 plac$ 9 a good light1 :i* %\ld come f "o direction only4 ,x makes little diff]5ce :at mat]ial is us$ to draw )2 y\r aim %\ld be to accu/om y\rself to di/+ui% light & %ade4 ,if y c di/+ui% x ^u ! object x is n difficult to draw x on pap]4 ,lett]+ & ! adaptability or application ( #bae ,illu/ration3 ,initial lett]1 ) "* portrait4 ,drawn by ,mantelet1 enl>g$ f a cut 9 a ,fr5* p]iodical4 ,a draw+ might be made ?is size if int5d$ to be r$uc$ to ! size ( ! cut opposite4 #baf ! pictorial to pr9t+ are matt]s :i* we h all[$ to =ce _! way into almo/ e page1 s a ,illu/ration3 ,design by ,georg ,auriol4 summ>y ( our me?od ( tea*+ 9 ?is s]ies w\ld n be complete )\t a fur!r ^w ab\t ! decoration ( a page4 ,let u next1 !re=e1 consid] ! matt] ( p]iods or /yles 9 illu/rat+4 ,! initial lett] design$ by ,auriol repres5ts a mod]n /yle ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,sph9x4 ,illu/ration f a ,fr5* p]iodical4 ,crayon & silh\ette effect4 #bag ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! half-tone1 z 9 ?is portrait1 0 unkn[n1 & :ile ! :ite & black goes back to ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! free di/ribution ( ! leaves is due to ! ,fr5* arti/s hav+ /udi$ ,japanese design+4 ,! 8,?atre du ,*at ,noir10 design$ by ! same arti/1 is also ,japanesque 9 treatm5t4 ,x may be pr(itably comp>$ ) ! ,grasset page4 ,auriol's initial ,illu/ration3 ,?atre du ,*at ,noir 8,l0 y w at once recognize z ,go?ic1 & t also1 y see1 goes back f>!r ?an ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,n[1 does n t sugge/ to y t 9 mod]n design+ !re may be mu* rec\rse to antique /yles8 ,recogniz+ ?is1 y w grasp our idea 9 publi%+ ^! diff]5t ,ls4 ,we d n say any special "o1 l our initial 8,l10 c\ld be ( imm$iate use to y2 b we d say t1 9 ! h&s ( a clev] design]1 e "o c\ld s]ve z a basis on :i* to build a /yle ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,drop-cap ,capital ,l ,look+ at ^! initials f ?is po9t ( view1 !y (f] v>i\s sugge/ions4 ,"h1 = example1 are m natural =ms1 b n 9 ! ,japanese /yles4 ,a close obs]v] ( nature might be able to engrave a some:at clumsi]1 #bah b none ! less int]e/+1 initial ( ?is k9d1 :ile he c\ld n draw a ,japanese-l design ) ! grace ( ,auriol4 ,illu/ration3 ,drop-cap ,capital ,l ,leaves & fl[]s are n ! only motives at ! design]'s s]vice4 ,"h is a little /reet vi/a 9 :i* ! sugge/ion ( build+s is nicely br\ght out1 yet ! l9es are by no means exact4 ,if "o or two l9es h be5 cut away 9 ! process ( engrav+1 we h>dly miss !m2 & if a few m %\ld be cut away f ! design z x is1 !y w\ld n be miss$4 ,a /yle ( design+ 9 :i* free l9es are us$ 9 ?is way has its value1 ?\gh we %\ld n advise "o to f\nd a /udy ( draw+ ^u su* pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,drop-cap ,capital ,l ,l9es 9 !mselves1 z well z nature's =ms1 may be us$4 ,?is 8,l0 is little m ?an a repetition ( ,arabic design2 aga9 9 our example ( ,holbe9's book-cov] design we see an e*o ( ,moori% & ,groli] design+1 :i* 7 ,arabic 9 "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,drop-cap ,capital ,l ,l ! =m] initial 8,l10 ?is "o dep5ds ^u l9es = its ornam5tation4 ,^! are curv$ l9es in/ead ( /raight ones1 & :]e1 z 9 ! upp] "p1 x resembles ! ,holbe9 cov]1 x is 9 a measure ,moori%2 b :]e1 z along #bai ,illu/ration3 ,,po/]4 ,design$ & engrav$ on wood by ! ,begg>/aff ,bro!rs4 ,%[+ a clev] use ( silh\ette & outl9e1 ) appropriate ,old ,engli% lett]+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ h>moni\s designs we publi%4 #bbj ! lett] ,l1 ! curves h a knot at ea* end1 "o long] ?an ! o!r1 ! design is bas$ ^u ! ,rococo1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 mod]n illu/ration1 :5 lightness & irregul>ity are requir$4 ,! ,fr5* illu/rator ,maurice ,leloir1 9 8 decorations ( "s eighte5? c5tury books1 ,su* z 8,/]ne's ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney10 us$ x advantage\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,drop-cap ,capital ,l ,liv+ =ms may be sub/itut$ = l9es1 & ! +5i\s comb9ation ( ! figure & its %ad[s 9 ?is specim5 sugge/s a me?od ( con/ruction :i* is (t5 us$ by design]s4 ,! sky 9 ?is little cut is nicely engrav$1 & c\ld s]ve z a good ex]cise = "o :o _h be5 practic+ wood cutt+ a mon? or two4 ,illu/ration3 ,pa/oral sc5e ,leav+ out ! initial1 a little rectangul> cut l ! =ego+ makes an effective introduction to a p>agraph1 & aga9 sugge/s practice 9 wood engrav+4 ,all ! cuts illu/rat+ ?is *apt]1 except ! ,holbe91 are tak5 f numb]s ( ! ,fr5* j\rnal1 ,l',arti/1 publi%$ betwe5 #ahfa & #ahfh1 & !y repres5t a me?od ( design+ 9 vogue dur+ ^? ye>s & z f> back z #ahcj1 & z late z #ahgj4 ,! initials 7 d\btless orig9ally design$ = a special purpose1 s t ! subject relat$ to ! text1 b lat] on cuts #bba ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,p5lick4 ,f ,la ,petit ,j\rnal ,p\r ,rire4 ,! leg5d reads3 8,our ,soldi]s4 ,ma*91 ! /aff (fic]1 ! t]ror ( ! soldi]1 doesn't joke ) ! rules & regulations2 has ris5 f ! rank & file2 a v useful individual2 x's always ,ma*9 "h & ,ma*9 !re1 ask ,ma*94 ,he t]rorizes ! "o-ye> volunte]s1 :om he treats z "y %oots 7lit]al translation beets72 an old ba*elor to ! core40 #bbb 7 put 9 ! case & us$ promiscu\sly ye> aft] ye>2 & :5 ! lett] ne$$ 0 n at h&1 a cut l ! la/ example 0 employ$ to adorn ! page1 z a decoration4 ,"h we h a design by ,holbe9 ) ,arabesque or ,celtic int]lac+1 :i* is (t5 /udi$ by design]s1 & us$ ) pleas+ results4 ,illu/ration ,x is probable t all ! e>ly ,italian & ,fr5* lea!r book-cov]s 7 imitations ( ,arab book-cov]s 7or1 at any rate1 ,ea/]n cov]s7 br\ght into ,europe by ! ,moors 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,_! ,mohamm$an religion =bade _! pictur+ ! figures ( man or bea/1 & s ! ef=ts ( _! design]s 7 almo/ entirely c5t]$ on lett]+1 & on int]lac+ /ream]s or b&s1 or :atev] we may call !m 7s9ce ^! 7 also us$ by ,celtic & ,byzantian design]s !y are sometimes call$ ,celtic or ,byzantian int]lac+72 & _! book-cov]s consi/$ ( beautiful inlays ( color$ lea!r on +5i\s comb9ations ( int]lac$ l9es4 ,9 ! next *apt] ! subject ( wood engrav+ w be tak5 up1 & x w make ?is *apt] m int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,revue4 ,headpiece f a ,fr5* p]iodical4 #bbc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,practice ,,9 ,,! ,,te*nic ,,( ,,wood ,,engrav+ -- ,,photo-,,engrav+ ,,! ,,m ,,practical1 ,,b ,,lacks ,,! ,,ri*ness ,,( ,,! ,,wood-,,engrav$ ,,l9e -- ,,directions ,,= ,,practice ,,9 ,,wood ,,engrav+ -- ,,simple ,,subjects ,,& ,a ,,simple ,,te*nic ,,are ,,advis$ ,,= ,,beg9n]s -- ,,_m ,,cases ,,in/anc$ ,,9 ,,:i* ,,crude ,,or ,,worn ,,plates ,,& ,,wood ,,type ,,may ,,be ,,improv$ ,,by ,a ,,little ,,h& ,,"w4 ,we wi% to supplem5t ! prec$+ pages ) a *apt] on ! te*nic ( wood engrav+1 & a few words ab\t k9dr$ arts :i* are ( special consequ5ce to ! illu/rator-pr9t]4 ,! art ( wood engrav+ ,i consid] "o ( ! mo/ valuable ?+s = ! illu/rator-pr9t] to le>n4 ,true1 ?is art is go+ out ( use because ( its t$i\sness2 &1 x mu/ be confess$1 if y wi% a picture ( a build+ 9 y\r pap]1 x is mu* m economical & y c get a bett] result if y make a p5 draw+ & s5d x to be photo-engrav$1 ?an if y engrave x on wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y get1 9 an engrav$ l9e1 :e!r x is :ite l9e or facsimile black l9e1 a ri*ness ( l9e t is 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! pr9t$ type4 ,! :ite l9e made by ! grav] is apt to be %>p] & deep] ?an ! :ite space betwe5 two photo-engrav$ black l9es1 & x does n fill up s easily4 ,we illu/rate ?is *apt] ) "s valuable sugge/ions1 & we consid] t a pr9t] :o w\ld le>n wood engrav+ to su* an ext5t t he c\ld #bbd execute designs ( ! k9d sugge/$1 c\ld put =? "s excell5t examples ( arti/ic pr9t+4 ,wood engrav+ is closely associat$ ) ! great ma/]pieces ( pr9t+ 9 ! pa/1 ?\gh1 to be c&id1 ,i mu/ admit t only a limit$ public is capable ( appreciat+ ^! hi/oric associations2 & y c\ld n1 p]haps1 build up y\r job pr9t+ dep>tm5t entirely on su* l9es4 ,b f "t to "t y might make po/]s1 h&bills & booklets1 :]e antique /yles c\ld be foll[$1 & !y w\ld meet ) appreciation4 ,no?+ c\ld be m easy to le>n ?an ! !ory ( wood engrav+1 ?\gh ! practice is try+ to "o's pati5ce4 ,simply take a block ( boxwood & place x ^u a lea!r cu%ion fill$ ) s&1 s t y may turn ! block ( wood 9 any direction4 ,! natural t5d5cy is to place ! h&le ( ! bur9 or grav] 9 ! middle ( ! palm & pu% ) all "o's might1 9 ord] to cut away ! wood2 b x %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! palm1 directly bel[ ! little f+]1 ! little f+] ne/l+ 9 ! concave "p ( ! wood5 h&le & ! o!r ?ree f+]s br\ght up along ! %aft ( ! grav]1 ! ends ( ! f+]s t\*+ ! h&le ( ! grav] & its %aft1 b n wrapp$ ar\nd x4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be pu%$ ov] ! wood ) ab\t "o-t5? ( ! muscul> ex]tion t ! beg9n] naturally uses4 ,hold a well-%>p5$ grav] ) ease & firmness1 & ! process ( engrav+ tires ! arm no m ?an writ+ does4 ,x takes ?ree or f\r mon?s' practice to le>n to ?us hold ! tool & use x ) su* surety t "o #bbe c draw 9 :ite l9e on ! block z 9 8,! ,/&>d-,be>]0 ( ,s*afhaus54 ,b aft] ! facility is acquir$1 x does n take "o long to get up a block ei!r 9 ?is /yle1 or 9 :at we %\ld t]m ! ,*ap-,book /yle1 especially :5 y h made y\r design s simple t x c be engrav$ 9 a simple way4 ,please m>k ?is la/ qualification4 ,! wood engrav+s 9 our magaz9es are ( a /yle unadvisable = ! pr9t] to foll[1 = ! engrav+ ( a multitude ( gray tones & ! pr9t+ ( ! same requires mu* labor 9 cutt+ & 9 make-ready1 b cuts ( ! k9d we recomm5d c be pr9t$ rapidly & ) little make-ready4 ,we give a specim5 ( ! g5u9e ,*ap-,book illu/ration1 & 8,! ,p$l>'s ,lam5tation10 :i* is a clev] mod]n adaptation ( ! ,*ap-,book /yle4 ,^! =m good examples = ! beg9n] to foll[4 ,beyond ! directions z to hold+ ! bur9 or grav]1 !re is little t ! exp]im5t] w n f9d out = himself4 ,a design is drawn on ! block ) p5cil1 p5 or bru%4 ,:5 tones are to be indicat$1 x is advisable = ! pr9t] to use a p5 or bru%4 ,to light5 ! yell[ color ( ! wood1 ! block may fir/ be rubb$ ) ,*9ese :ite or ) moi/5$ :it+4 ,! design may !n be sket*$ 9 p5cil1 & aft]w>d drawn 9 ink4 ,z ! design mu/ be 9 rev]se1 a good way is to draw x ) a p5 on ?91 smoo? pap]4 ,a piece ( transf] pap]1 l typewrit]s' c>bon pap]1 is laid on ! block2 ! design is laid face d[nw>d ^u ?is1 & a h>d p5cil or /ylus is us$ to g ov] ! back ( ! design1 :i* c be se5 ?r\gh ! ?9 pap]4 ,! pressure transf]s #bbf ! m>k ( ! transf] pap] to ! block1 r5d]+ ! design 9 rev]se1 & x may !n be drawn ov] ) a p5 or bru%4 ,9 a good wood engrav+ ! ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/&>d-,,be>] ,,( ,,s*afhaus54 ,a #aeba wood cut 9 :ite l9es4 curv+ ( l9es is g5]ally r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?\gh ! transf]r+ & c>eful cutt+ ar\nd ! l9e is we>isome at fir/1 x all[s "o to consid] ea* l9e sep>ately & ?or\ghly to /udy economy ( l9e4 #bbg ,! block is held1 if small en\gh1 betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( ! left h&1 ! f+]s hold+ n ! top & bottom ( ! block b ! sides ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,example ,,( ,,g5u9e ,,*ap-,,book1 ,,wood ,,cut ,,illu/ration4 ,f an article on 8,art ,among ! ,ballad-,mong]s10 by ,llewellynn ,jewett1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 9 ! ,london ,art ,j\rnal4 ,x is !n easily turn$ f side to side on ! lea!r pad4 ,:5 a curv$ l9e is to be engrav$ x is n ! grav] alone :i* moves1 b ! block also is direct$ ) ! left h&1 s z to assi/ matt]s4 #bbh ,! fir/ process 9 engrav+ a l9e is to take a f9e tool 7call$ a t9t-tool z di/+ui%$ f ! blunt] tool call$ a grav]7 & outl9e ! l9e4 ,9 ! ,s*afhaus5 cut1 ! :ite l9e ar\nd ! man's legs gives a good idea ( ! prop] "* ( su* an outl9+ l9e1 except t ! l9e %\ld be ?9n]1 m uni=m1 & m l ! l[] "p ( ! outl9e ( ! sword & ! outl9e ( ! left side ( ! /aff ( ! /&>d4 ,! wood is cut away f bo? sides ( a black l9e2 & !n ) a g\ge ( any conv5i5t size ! wood is fur!r cle>$ away4 ,9 ?is way ! g5u9e ,*ap-,book cut 0 produc$4 ,! :ite l9e ( ! 8,/&>d-,be>]0 ( ,s*afhaus5 c easily be comb9$ ) t9t l9es4 ,t9t l9es may be se5 9 ! ,*ap-,book imitation4 ,x is advisable to draw simple or r\gh subjects at fir/2 & to draw y\r outl9es heavi] at fir/ ?an y int5d !m f9ally to be1 s9ce 9 cutt+ away y are apt to r$uce !m by a slip ( ! tool or by a little m pressure 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 & !n x is necess>y to g ar\nd ! l9e aga9 to r$uce x to uni=m regul>ity4 ,x is bett] to draw a face l ! "o 9 ! ,cra:all ?an l ! g5u9e ,*ap-,book example1 = 9 foll[+ ! l9es ( ! latt] a slip ( ! bur9 might entirely de/roy an eyebr[ or ! bridge ( ! nose2 b 9 ! ,cra:all any ( ! l9es might be r$uc$ to a some:at n>r[] "o )\t int]f]+ ) ! g5]al effect4 ,! beg9n] is advis$ to conf9e himself to initial lett]s & tailpieces & n to attempt ambiti\s subjects4 ,he is also especially advis$ n to plan out1 on ! day he receives 8 tools1 a cut = a job want$ imm$iately1 = he w surely h to keep t ord] wait+ a week #bbi ,illu/ration3 ,,imitation ,,( ,,*ap-,,book ,,illu/ration4 ,cut directly on ! wood1 )\t any copy1 by ,joseph ,cra:all4 #bcj or two4 ,a p\nd ( boxwood 9 f\r or six irregul> pieces f "o in* to ?ree in*es long & "o to two in*es wide1 if n squ>$ (f1 may be obta9$ = ab\t #be c5ts f a boxwood supply h\se4 ,! pr9t] may squ>e ^! scraps ) a mit] box & saw1 & he c proportion 8 designs to ! size ( ! scraps4 ,?us1 illu/rations & devices may be got up = a m]e song4 ,l>g] blocks ( boxwood may be ord]$ at #c or #d c5ts a squ>e in*1 :i* is ne>ly ! co/ ( photo-engrav+2 & z x takes long] to engrave ?an to draw 9 p5-&-ink1 wood engrav+ is n recomm5d$ = g5]al illu/ration4 ,b z photo-engrav]s usually h a m9imum price ( f #ge c5ts to #a = ea* cut1 x is *eap] to cut initial lett]s & tailpieces on scraps ?an to h !m photo-engrav$4 ,= in/ance1 tw5ty photo-engrav$ tailpieces might co/ y f #ae to #bj1 b !y might n co/ y #b if boxwood scraps 7 us$4 ,9 previ\s illu/rations1 su* z ! head ( ,g!'s "m1 ! ,grasset typographical ornam5ts1 ! ,vallotton1 ,auriol & ,hassall examples1 we gave sugge/ions = ex]cises 9 wood engrav+4 ,! b5efit d]iv$ f ! practice ( wood engrav+ is n limit$ to prep>+ new cuts alone4 ,no pr9t] :o uses illu/rations %\ld be )\t a wood engrav+ outfit1 consi/+ ( f\r to six tools1 & ! cunn+ to use x4 ,!re are _m cases 9 :i* a process plate1 or a *alk plate1 or old wood type1 c be clean$ up1 alt]$ or improv$ ) a little h&work4 ,sometimes 9 a z9c plate ! f9e l9es 9 a sky pr9t cle>ly on a small run1 b soon beg9 to r\nd & flatt52 if n ess5tial to ! design !y may !n be entirely cut out #bca & ! run cont9u$4 ,9 *alk plate1 surfaces may be ca/ black & !n cut into ) a :ite l9e1 z 9 ! ,s*afhaus54 ,& wood type :i* is too old to pr9t a solid black ev5ly1 may be pun*$ ) an awl1 z 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! ,l>\sse ,diction>y ,a1 to r$uce x to a /ipple gray2 or :ite-l9$ l ! foll[+ portrait2 or ! sides may be trimm$ ) ! grav]4 ,r\lett+ c be imitat$ ) a ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,cut ,,portrait4 ,f a ,fr5* p]iodical1 %[+ op5 :ite l9es us$ to repres5t a t9t4 common grav] by cutt+ across ! l9e at regul> int]vals4 ,only :5 a s]ies ( l9es has to be r\lett$ is x necess>y to h a special in/rum5t1 :i* co/s f #a4ej to #c4 ,new processes are be+ develop$ e day :]eby pr9t]s c make m or less effective1 if crude1 cuts ) little exp5se2 b !y are r>ely p]fect me*anically1 & a little h&work w improve _! results a hundr$ p] c5t4 ,9 ord] to tra9 oneself to engrave a t9t z 9 ! ,fr5* portrait1 x is excell5t practice to make p>allel #bcb l9es on a block )\t any draw+ on x4 ,tak+ a t9t tool1 y engrave a l9e on ! wood1 ( any ?ickness1 & !n bel[ x engrave ano!r l9e1 leav+ betwe5 ! two a ridge ( wood ! same ?ickness z y\r :ite l9es4 ,x is !n y\r task to cov] y\r ,illu/ration3 ,practice block ,no4 #a4 ,! top f\r l9es are engrav$ by an exp]t2 ! o!rs1 by a beg9n]1 %[ normal progress f ! co>se to ! f9e1 b inability to engrave a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,x takes mon?s ( practice be=e "o c engrave a s]ies ( /raight l9es4 piece ( wood ) p>allel l9es all ( ! same ?ickness1 leav+ a space betwe5 !m1 always ( ! same ?ickness4 ,?is ex]cise may be v>i$ aft] y c make an ev5 t9t by mak+ a graduat$ t9t1 lett+ y\r :ite ,illu/ration3 ,practice block ,no4 #b4 ,! l9e ,a is fir/ outl9$ z at ,b4 ,if ! beg9n] makes a design 9 :i* l9es l ,a may be us$ ?r\gh\t1 he is apt to get a bett] result ?an if he attempts a f9e l9e l ,c 7outl9$ z at ,d71 :i* is v difficult to engrave4 ,e repres5ts a wav$ l9e4 l9es be ne>] & ne>] toge!r z y approa* ! base ( ! block4 ,^! pr9t light] ?an ^? at ! top4 #bcc ,ano!r v>iation is produc$ by wav+ ! l9es2 & /ill ano!r by cross+ a t9t ) :ite l9es4 ,cross-hat*$ black l9es are v t$i\s to engrave--we give an example ( "s4 ,illu/ration3 ,practice block ,no4 #c4 ,%[+ engrav+ ( cross$ l9es2 a difficult und]tak+1 requir+ assi/ance f an exp]t4 ,anyone :o attempts engrav+ cross-l9es w appreciate t x is a great wa/e ( "t & t ! :ite l9e is pref]able = %ad+1 & he w appreciate ! good judgm5t %[n 9 ,mr4 ,cra:all's me?od4 ,besides boxwood1 maple wood may be us$ to engrave ^u2 x is *eap] ?an boxwood1 co/+ b #a c5t a squ>e in*4 ,pro(s are easily tak5 by lay+ a ?9 piece ( pap] 7engrav]s use india pap]7 ^u ! ink$ block1 & rubb+ a p5knife h&le or "s h>d object ov] ! pap] = "s m9utes until a p]fect impression is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,tailpiece1 ) silh\ette portrait4 ,f a ,fr5* publication4 #bcd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,pr9t]s ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,processes1 ,,aside ,,f ,,wood ,,engrav+1 ,,by ,,:i* ,,illu/rations ,,are ,,made -- ,,directions ,,= ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,z9c ,,plates1 ,,design+ ,,= ,,z9c-,,plate ,,process -- ,,manipulation ,,9 ,,copp]plate ,,engrav+1 ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,intaglio -- ,,li?ography ,,! ,,*eape/ ,,process ,,kn[n ,,= ,,%ort ,,runs ,,( ,,pictorial ,,color ,,"w1 ,,its ,,range ,,( ,,effects -- ,,_m ,,possibilities ,,9 ,,! ,,*alk-,,plate ,,process4 ,! prec$+ *apt] 0 devot$ to wood engrav+3 ! o!r processes by :i* illu/rations are made come outside ! prov9ce ( 8,draw+ = ,pr9t]s10 & we %all m]ely give a p>agraph to ea* process4 ,illu/ration3 ,copy ( typographical design by ,grasset4 ,et*$ on z9c )\t ! help ( photography4 ,,z9c ,,plates4--,exp]im5ts may be made 9 z9c plates4 ,! cut above 0 trac$ f ! ,grasset cut giv5 ) ,*apt] ,,iii1 ,"p ,i4 ,betwe5 ! trac+ #bce pap] & ! z9c1 typewrit+ c>bon pap] 0 laid4 ,! trac+ 0 gone ov] ) a h>d p5cil2 ! design 0 ?us transf]r$ to ! z9c4 ,! l9es 7 !n cov]$ ) asphaltum 7:i* is ! same z bitum571 b\ght 9 a tube at a pa9t /ore4 ,any color$ oil pa9t or v>ni% or transf] ink w d1 z its use is simply to hold ! dragon's blood4 ,x may be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e s t x w fl[ easily f ! bru%4 ,:ile ! asphaltum 0 /ill wet1 ! plate 0 du/$ ) dragon's blood1 :i* 0 put 9 a co>se l95 rag & held l a bag ov] ! plate by ! "r h&2 ! left h& tapp+ ! "r made ! p[d] fall ev5ly ov] ! plate4 ,d ?is c>efully = practice 9 ord] to le>n to p[d] a plate ev5ly = a /ipple t9t 7see f>!r on72 ! dragon's blood may be dump$ on ! plate4 ,! plate 0 !n du/$ (f ) a camel's-hair bru%1 :i* remov$ ! dragon's blood f ! plate except :]e bitum5 held x4 ,! plate 0 !n held ov] a flame till ! dragon's blood turn$ black2 x 0 !n imm]s$ 9 an acid ba?1 ab\t n9ety p] c5t wat] & t5 p] c5t nitric acid4 ,! vessel 7an old bak+ pan pa9t$ ) asphaltum7 hold+ ! ba? 0 rock$ f "t to "t4 ,! dragon's blood s]v$ z a /opp+-out v>ni%4 ,! acid w eat away ! plate :]e x is n protect$ by dragon's blood4 ,aft] five or t5 m9utes1 :5 ! acid seem$ to be eat+ into ! /opp+-out v>ni%1 ! plate 0 tak5 out1 wa%$ & dri$1 & aga9 du/$ ) dragon's blood4 7,9 us+ a l>ge plate1 ( c\rse1 x w\ld be easi] to roll x up ) li?ographic transf] ink47 ,a second & ?ird et*+ r$uc$ ! backgr\nd1 s #bcf t a pro( 0 tak54 ,= pr9t+ 9 ?is book ! plate has be5 r\t$4 ,! ragg$ edge is due to our 'pr5tice h&2 ?is is our second exp]im5t1 b a little practice1 we are c]ta91 w\ld br+ m satisfactory results4 ,! ,pan lett]+ is copi$ f ! title-page by ,/uck1 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 page #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,copy ( lett]+ by ,/uck4 ,et*$ on copp] )\t ! assi/ance ( photography4 ,x is produc$ z 0 ! ,grasset1 except t x 0 et*$ on copp] & requir$ m bit+s ?an ! z9c4 ,designs = ?is process %\ld n be drawn 9 f9e l9es l ,eng/rm's portrait ( himself1 b %\ld be heavy l 8 portrait ( 8,h$90 & ! ,molock 8,crispi40 7,see ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii1 ,"p ,i47 ,:5 a :ite backgr\nd is n requir$1 ! dragon's blood du/$ on ! plate may be all[$ to rema9 ^u x1 9 :i* case a /ipple backgr\nd is ! result4 ,an +5i\s exp]im5t] c get _m diff]5t results by ?is /ipple me?od4 ,,copp]plate ,,engrav+4--,copp]plate engrav+1 & et*+ 9 intaglio are n us$ by ! typographical pr9t]1 b ! pr9t] :o executes v f9e "w w\ld f9d t he c\ld make h&some frontispieces = limit$ editions1 or book-plates1 by ei!r #bcg ( ^! processes4 ,= ab\t #be c5ts "o may obta9 ,w9sor ,newton's h&book on 8,! ,art ( ,et*+10 by ,h4 ,r4 ,rob]tson1 :i* w give a description ( ! fir/ process4 ,copp]plate engrav+ is mo/ difficult to ma/] & %\ld n be attempt$ by anyone :o _c ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,flici5 ,rops1 ! et*]1 by ,p4 ,matlay4 ,half-tone f a half-tone4 ,%[+ copp]plate press4 draw a sure l9e4 ,a design] ) a sure h& might attempt a simple book-plate4 ,anyone :o c use ! bur9 on wood c use x on copp]1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! pressure f ! palm ( ! h&1 :i* ! beg9n] 9 wood engrav+ %\ld avoid1 #bch is us$ because ! resi/ance ( copp] is mu* great] ?an t ( wood4 ,! fir/ f+] may be plac$ on top ( ! bur9 :5 engrav+ 9 copp]1 b at ! side = wood cutt+4 ,we w\ld say t ! engrav$ l9e ( ! copp]plate is "o ( ! h&some/ l9es 9 ! graphic arts4 ,et*+ 9 intaglio is easi] ?an copp] engrav+ & c be ma/]$ by anyone :o c et* 9 relief4 ,,li?ograph+4--,li?ography1 l copp]plate1 requires a special press1 b a secondh& press c be b\ght = #be or #cj1 & x is c]ta9ly ! *eape/ process kn[n = %ort runs ( pictorial color "w2 & any pr9t] :o has _m ord]s = po/]s or picture pr9t+ w\ld d well to inve/igate ! process2 = x is n difficult to draw on ! /one1 &1 aft] ! /ones are b\ght1 !y la/ = ye>s1 & e new design simply necessitates ! sc\r+ (f ( ! previ\s design1 :i* w take a boy only ab\t an h\r4 ,a h& press w easily pr9t a #af by #bd po/]1 & if x is to be pr9t$ 9 ?ree or f\r colors by relief pr9t+1 ! co/ ( z9c relief plates or wood blocks w\ld be consid]able1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! li?ograph x is m]ely ! hire ( ! boy :o cleans ! /one4 ,!re is no end to ! v>iety ( effects to be got 9 li?ography by diff]5t comb9ations ( te*nic3 by us+1 sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 p51 crayon or bru% l9e2 crayon or spatt] "w t9ts2 solid bru% t9ts ( color1 or solid bru% t9ts ( color ) lett]s or =ms scrat*$ out ( !m ) a p5knife4 ,,*alk ,,plate4--,! *alk-plate process is "o t has nev] be5 adequately /udi$ by design]s4 ,!re are v _m possibilities 9 x4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ #bci into ,japan ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! writ]4 ,! editor ( ! 8,kohum9 ,%imbun0 call$ at my /udio to inve/igate ! work+ ( ! *alk plate1 & ,i drew an outl9e portrait on ! *alk plate1 ca/ x1 m\nt$ x1 & took a pro( ( x1 all 9 =ty m9utes6 ,full in=mation 9 reg>d to ! process may be obta9$ f ! ,hoke ,engrav+ ,company1 own]s ( ! pat5ts4 ,e newspap] own+ a /]eotype outfit w f9d t x w pay to use ! *alk-plate process4 #bdj ,,errata4 ,page #ch1 l9es #c & #h3 be=e 8:50 ins]t 8t is40 ,page #ch1 l9e #aa3 = 8call$0 read 8on40 ,page #ci1 l9e #d3 aft] 8l9es0 ins]t 8if 9 nature p>allel to ! axis ( 8 eyes1 or if on a level ) 8 eyes40 ,page #dc1 l9e #ai3 = second 8bulk0 read 8effect40 ,page #fc1 *apt] head+1 l9e #i3 aft] 8light & %ade10 & on ,page #ga1 l9e #d3 aft] 8light & %ade0 read 8( ! sort mo/ usual 9 ,occid5tal model+40 ,page #gj1 l9e #be3 be=e 8/yle0 ins]t 8complex40 ,page #ajf1 la/ ^w3 = 8depression0 read 8depressor40 ,page #aji3 8,lucca della ,robia0 read 8,luca della ,robbia40 ,page #abj1 l9e #ac3 = 8:]eat0 read 8:]ev]40 ,page #aej1 l9e #a3 = 8,reeves0 read 8,riv]s40 ,page #ahc1 l9e #c ( leg5d3 = 8,u4 ,e4 ,i40 read 8,u4 ,h4 ,i40 #bda ,,index4 ,ability1 ,natural1 v]sus in/ruction1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai ,action1 #ee ,ald9e pr9t+1 #aeh1 #aii1 #bjj ,aldus type1 #aii1 #bjj ,alphabets 7,see ,lett]+71 #aeh1 #aha1 #bjb1 #bji ,am]ica1 ,! pr9t] 91 #aei1 #afj ,analyzation ( ! naso-labial l9e1 #hf1 #hg ,arabic lett]+1 #aih1 #bah1 #bbb ,arti/1 ,h[ !1 sees 7,see ,eye1 ,education (71 #ef1 #ei ,arti/1 ,read] n to be disc\rag$ if he _c become a full-fl$g$1 #ah1 #ai1 #hj ,art s*ool me?ods1 #ef1 #eh1 #fb1 #fe-ga1 #gd ,assyrian lett]s1 #bjg ,auriol1 ,georg1 #age1 #agg1 #agi1 #aia1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bcj ,axis1 ,e object has its1 #eb1 #ee ,balance 9 design1 #dh1 #bjd ,ballantyne1 ,messrs1 #ahc ,b>gue & ,grme1 ,/udies publi%$ "u direction (1 #ff1 #fg1 #hj1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj ,bau]nfe9d alphabets1 #aha1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh ,begg>/aff ,bro!rs1 #bad1 #bae1 #bai ,beg91 ,h[ %\ld "o1 to le>n to draw1 #ai ,b5 ,day film1 #ge ,b]gom5sis lett] 7,see ,lett]+71 #aic1 #aid1 #aih1 #bji ,bible manuscripts1 #bji1 #baj ,block+ 9 %ad[s by outl9e1 #fc-fg1 #gj ,bonn>d1 ,pi]re1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aag ,bonnat1 ,lon1 #ed1 #ee1 #ia1 #ib1 #id ,boxwood1 #bbd1 #bcj ,broad black l9e desirable = lett]+1 8devices10 & designs 9 g5]al1 #afg-ga ,broad draw+ recomm5d$ to pr9t]s1 #gh ,brun1 ,a1 #ib1 #id1 #ig ,burns1 ,rob]t1 ,/atue (1 #agg1 #agh ,byzant9e design1 #bbb ,c>icature1 #df1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #bac ,c>icatur+ b5eficial to draftsman1 #bb ,c>ol9e lett]+ 7,see ,lett]+71 #aee1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid1 #aih1 #bjd ,c>toon1 ,newspap]1 /yle 7,see ,pr9t+71 #abg ,ca/s1 ,pla/]1 us$ z /udies1 #fh-ga1 #gd ,casp>i1 #afi1 #agc1 #agg1 #agi ,catalogues1 #agj ,caxton1 #aeh1 #ahi1 #bjj ,celtic int]lac+1 #ahi1 #bbb ,*alk plate1 #abi1 #adc1 #aef1 #afa1bcj1 #bch ,*ap-,book /yle1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi ,*apt] ,head+s 7,see ,initial ,lett]s71 #ah1 #aba1 #abc1 #afg1 #afh1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bae-bah1 #bbj1 #bbb ,"* ( objects1 #ajc1 #add ,*>coal draw+1 #bab ,*aume1 ,ge(froy de1 #acf1 #acg1 #ada ,*9ese lett]+1 #bjg ,*\dieu1 ,pi]re ,rn1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aig ,color pr9t+1 #bch ,copp]plate1 #bcf-bch ,cov] design1 #aeg1 #afb1 #aff1 #afi-agd1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bbb ,crane1 ,walt]1 #afj ,cra:all1 ,joseph1 #bbh1 #bbi ,crayon draw+1 #bab ,cross-hat*$ l9es 7,see ,pr9t+1 ,te*nic adapt$ to71 #aag1 #abc ,dagnan-,b\v]et1 #gb1 #gf1 #hb1 #hd1 #he ,dailly1 #bac1 #bad ,david d',ang]s1 #acf1 #acg1 #adh ,decorat$ page1 !1 #abc1 #abd1 #afa1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bje1 #baf1 #bag 8,decorative ,illu/ration01 #afj ,design consid]$1 #aeh1 #afc-agc1 #baf-bah ,design1 ,economy 91 #agg1 #agi ,design1 ,use ( heavy blacks 91 #afg1 #aga ,design+ ( value to ! 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