,transcriber's ,note3 ,italicized text delimited by underscores4 ,this project uses utf-#h encoded characters4 ,if some characters are not readable1 check your settings of your browser to ensure you have a default font installed that can display utf-#h characters4 ,,what ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,may ,,learn ,,from ,,the ,,indian ,,books ,,by ,,george ,,wharton ,,james ,what the ,white ,race ,may ,learn from the ,indian4 ,in and ,around the ,grand ,canyon4 ,indians of the ,painted ,desert ,region4 ,in and ,out of the ,old ,missions of ,california4 ,the ,wonders of the ,colorado ,desert4 ,the ,story of ,scraggles4 ,indian ,basketry4 ,how to ,make ,indian and ,other ,baskets4 ,travelers' ,handbook to ,southern ,california4 ,the ,beacon ,light4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,hopi ,,maidens ,,and ,,an ,,old ,,man ,,at ,,mashonganavi4 ,what the ,white ,race ,may ,learn from the ,indian ,,by ,,george ,,wharton ,,james ,,author ,,of 8,,in ,,and ,,around ,,the ,,grand ,,canyon10 8,,indian ,,basketry10 8,,how ,,to ,,make ,,indian ,,and ,,other ,,baskets10 8,,practical ,,basket ,,making10 8,,the ,,indians ,,of ,,the ,,painted ,,desert ,,region10 8,,travelers' ,,handbook ,,to ,,southern ,,california10 8,,in ,,and ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,missions ,,of ,,california10 8,,the ,,story ,,of ,,scraggles10 8,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,the ,,colorado ,,desert10 8,,through ,,ramona',s ,,country10 8,,living ,,the ,,radiant ,,life10 8,,the ,,beacon ,,light10 ,,etc4 ,illustration ,,chicago ,,forbes ,,company #aijh ,,copyright1 #aijh ,,by ,,edith ,e4 ,,farnsworth ,the ,lakeside ,press ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,company ,,chicago ,illustration3 ,,what ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,may ,,learn ,,from ,,the ,,indian ,,foreword ,i would not have it thought that ,i commend indiscriminately everything that the ,indian does and is4 ,there are scores of things about the ,indian that are reprehensible and to be avoided4 ,most ,indians smoke1 and to me the habit is a vile and nauseating one4 ,indians often wear filthy clothes4 ,they are often coarse in their acts1 words1 and their humor4 ,some of their habits are repulsive4 ,i have seen ,indian boys and men maltreat helpless animals until my blood has boiled with an indignation ,i could not suppress1 and ,i have taken the animals away from them4 ,they are generally vindictive and relentless in pursuit of their enemies4 ,they often content themselves with impure and filthy water when a little careful labor would give them a supply of fairly good water4 ,indeed1 in numerous things and ways ,i have personally seen the ,indian is not to be commended1 but condemned1 and his methods of life avoided4 ,but because of this1 ,i do not close my eyes to the many good things of his life4 ,my reason is useless to me unless it teaches me what to accept and what to reject1 and he is kin to fool who refuses to accept good from a man or a race unless in everything that man or race is perfect4 ,there is no perfection1 in man at least1 on earth1 and all the good ,i have ever received from human beings has been from imperfect men and women4 ,so ,i fully recognize the imperfections of the ,indian while taking lessons from him in those things that go to make life fuller1 richer1 better4 ,neither must it be thought that everything here said of the ,indians with whom ,i have come in contact can be said of all ,indians4 ,indians are not all alike any more than white men and women are all alike4 ,one can find filthy1 disgusting slovens among white women1 yet we do not condemn all white women on the strength of this indisputable fact4 ,so with ,indians4 ,some are good1 some indifferent1 some bad4 ,in dealing with them as a race1 a people1 therefore1 ,i do as ,i would with my own race1 ,i take what to me seem to be racial characteristics1 or in other words1 the things that are manifested in the lives of the best men and women1 and which seem to represent their habitual aims1 ambitions1 and desires4 ,this book lays no claim to completeness or thoroughness4 ,it is merely suggestive4 ,the field is much larger than ,i have gleaned over4 ,the chapters of which the book is composed were written when away from works of reference1 and merely as transcripts of the remembrances that flashed through my mind at the time of writing4 ,yet ,i believe in everything ,i have said ,i have kept strictly within the bounds of truth1 and have written only that which ,i personally know to be fact4 ,the original articles from which these pages have been made were written in various desultory places1--on the cars1 while traveling between the ,pacific and the ,atlantic1 on the elevated railways of the metropolis1 standing at the desk of my ,new ,york friend in his office on ,broadway1 even in the woods of ,michigan and in the depths of the ,grand ,canyon4 ,two of the new chapters were written at the home of my friend ,bass1 at ,bass ,camp1 ,grand ,canyon1 but the main enlargement and revision has occurred at ,santa ,clara ,college1 the site of the ,eighth ,mission in the ,alta ,california chain of ,franciscan ,missions4 ,the bells of the ,mission ,church have hourly rung in my ears1 and the ,angelus and other calls to prayer have given me sweet memories of the good old padres who founded this and the other missions1 as well as shown me pictures of the devoted priests of to-day engaged in their solemn services4 ,i have heard the merry shouts of the boys of this college at their play1 for the ,jesuits are the educators of the boys of the ,catholic ,church4 ,here from the precincts of this old mission1 ,i call upon the white race to incorporate into its civilization the good things of the ,indian civilization2 to forsake the injurious things of its pseudo-civilized1 artificial1 and over-refined life1 and to return to the simple1 healthful1 and natural life which the ,indians largely lived before and after they came under the dominion of the ,spanish padres4 ,if all or anything of that which is here presented leads any of my readers to a kinder and more honest attitude of mind towards the ,indians1 then ,i shall be thankful1 and the book will have amply accomplished its mission4 ,,george ,,wharton ,,james4 ,,santa ,,clara1 ,,california1 ,november #bg1 #aijg4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,foreword #i ,i4 ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,and ,,its ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,indian #ae ,,ii4 ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,and ,,its ,,civilization #bh ,,iii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,nasal ,,and ,,deep ,,breathing #ci ,,iv4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,out-,,of-,,door ,,life #di ,v4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,sleeping ,,out ,,of ,,doors #gj ,,vi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,as ,a ,,walker1 ,,rider1 ,,and ,,climber #gi ,,vii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,in ,,the ,,rain ,,and ,,the ,,dirt #ic ,,viii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,physical ,,labor #aje ,,ix4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,physical ,,labor ,,for ,,girls ,,and ,,women #aaa ,x4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,diet #aai ,,xi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,education #acj ,,xii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,hospitality #adc ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,certain ,,social ,,traits ,,and ,,customs #aef ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,some ,,luxuries #afb ,,xv4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,sex ,,question #age ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,her ,,baby #ahc ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,sanctity ,,of ,,nudity #aig ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,frankness #bjd ,,xix4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,repining #bjg ,,xx4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,superfluities ,,of ,,life #baj ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,mental ,,poise #bag ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,self-,,restraint #bbi ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,affectation #bce ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,art ,,work #bdj ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,religious ,,worship #bej ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,immortality #bei ,,xxvii4 ,,visiting ,,the ,,indians #bfe ,,xxviii4 ,,conclusion #bfh ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,and ,,its ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,indian ,ever since the white race has been in power on the ,american continent it has regarded the ,indian race--and by this ,i mean all the aboriginal people found here--as its inferiors in every regard4 ,and little by little upon this hypothesis have grown up various sentiments and aphorisms which have so controlled the actions of men who never see below the surface of things1 and who have no thought power of their own1 that our national literature has become impregnated with the fiendish conception that 8the only good ,indian is the dead ,indian40 ,the exploits of a certain class of scouts and ,indian-hunters have been lauded in books without number1 so that even schoolboys are found each year running away west1 each with a belt of cartridges around his waist and a revolver in his hip pocket1 for the purpose of hunting ,indians4 ,good men and women1 people of the highest character1 are found to be possessed of an antipathy towards the ,indian that is neither moral nor christian4 ,men of the highest integrity in ordinary affairs will argue forcefully and with an apparent confidence in the justice of their plea that the ,indian has no rights in this country that we are bound to respect4 ,they are here merely on sufferance1 and whatever the ,united ,states government does for them is pure and disinterested philanthropy1 for which the ,indian should be only grateful and humble4 ,to me this is a damnable state of affairs4 ,if prior possession entitles one to any right in land1 then the ,indian owns the land of the ,united ,states by prior right4 ,the so-called argument that because the ,indian is not wisely using the land1 and that therefore he stands in the way of progress and must be removed1 and further1 that we1 the people of the ,united ,states1 are the providentially appointed instruments for that removal1 is to me so sophistical1 so manifestly insincere1 so horribly cruel1 that ,i have little patience either to listen or reply to it4 ,if this be true1 what about the vast holders of land whom our laws cherish and protect8 ,are they holding the land for useful and good purposes8 ,are they 8helping on the cause of civilization0 by their merciless and grasping control of the millions of acres they have generally so unlawfully and immorally secured8 ,thousands1 nay millions1 of acres are held by comparatively few men1 without one thought for the common good4 ,the only idea in the minds of these men is the selfish one3 8,what can ,i make out of it80 ,let us be honest with ourselves and call things by their proper names in our treatment of the weaker race4 ,if the ,indian is in the way and we are determined to take his land from him1 let us at least be manly enough to recognize ourselves as thieves and robbers1 and do the act as the old barons of ,europe used to do it1 by force of arms1 fairly and cheerfully3 8,you have these broad acres3 ,i want them4 ,i challenge you to hold them3 to the victor belongs the spoils40 ,then the joust began4 ,and he who was the stronger gained the acres and the castle4 ,let us go to the ,indian and say3 8,i want your lands1 your hunting-grounds1 your forests1 your water-holes1 your springs1 your rivers1 your corn-fields1 your mountains1 your canyons4 ,i need them for my own use4 ,i am stronger than you2 there are more of us than there are of you4 ,i've got to have them4 ,you will have to do with less4 ,i'm going to take them20 and then proceed to the robbery4 ,but let us be above the contemptible meanness of calling our theft 8benevolent assimilation10 or 8manifest destiny10 or 8seeking the higher good of the ,indian40 ,a nation as well as a race may do scoundrel acts1 but let it not add to its other evil the contemptible crime of conscious hypocrisy4 ,the unconscious hypocrite is to be pitied as well as shaken out of his hypocrisy1 but the conscious hypocrite is a stench in the nostrils of all honest men and women4 ,the major part of the common people of the ,united ,states have been unconscious of the hypocritical treatment that has been accorded the ,indians by their leaders1 whether these leaders were elected or appointed officials or self-elected philanthropists and reformers4 ,hence1 while ,i would 8shake them up0 and make them conscious of their share in the nation's hypocrisy1 ,i have no feeling of condemnation for them4 ,on the other hand1 ,i feel towards the conscious humbugs and hypocrites1 who use the ,indian as a cloak for their own selfish aggrandizement and advancement1 as the ,lord is said to have felt toward the lukewarm churches when ,he exclaimed3 8,i will spew thee out of my mouth40 ,in our treatment of the ,indian we have been liars1 thieves1 corrupters of the morals of their women1 debauchers of their maidens1 degraders of their young manhood1 perjurers1 and murderers4 ,we have lied to them about our good1 pacific1 and honorable intentions2 we have made promises to them that we never intended to keep--made them simply to gain our own selfish and mercenary ends in the easiest possible way1 and then have repudiated our promises without conscience and without remorse4 ,we have stolen from them nearly all they had of lands and worldly possessions4 ,only two or three years ago ,i was present when a ,havasupai ,indian was arrested for having shot a deer out of season1 taken before the courts and heavily fined1 when his own father had roamed over the region hunting1 as his ancestors had done for centuries before1 ere there were any white men's laws or courts forbidding them to do what was as natural for them to do as it was to drink of the water they found1 eat of the fruits and berries they passed1 or breathe the air as they rode along4 ,the law of the white man in reference to deer and antelope hunting is based upon the selfishness of the white man1 who in a few generations has slain every buffalo1 most of the mountain sheep1 elk1 moose1 and left but a comparative remnant of deer and antelope4 ,the ,indian has never needed such laws4 ,he has always been unselfish enough to leave a sufficient number of this wild game for breeding purposes1 or1 if it was not unselfishness that commanded his restraint1 his own self-interest in piling up meat was sacrificed to the general good of his people who required meat also1 and must be able to secure it each year4 ,hence1 to-day we shut off by law the normal and natural source of meat supply of the ,indian1 without any consultation with him1 and absolutely without recourse or redress1 because we ourselves--the white race--are so unmitigatedly selfish1 so mercenary1 so indifferent to the future needs of the race1 that without such law we would kill off all the wild game in a few short years4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,wallapai ,,basket ,,weaver4 ,then who is there who has studied the ,indian and the white man's relation to him1 who does not know of the vile treatment the married women and maidens alike have received at the hands of the 8superior0 people4 ,let the story of the devilish debaucheries of young ,indian girls by ,indian agents and teachers be fully written1 and even the most violent defamers of ,indians would be compelled to hang their heads with shame4 ,to those who know1 the name of ,perris--a southern ,california ,indian school--brings up memories of this class of crime that make one's blood hot against the white fiend who perpetrated them1 and ,i am now as ,i write near to the ,havasupai reservation in northern ,arizona1 where one of the teachers had to leave surreptitiously because of his discovered immoralities with ,indian women and girls4 ,only a decade ago the name of the ,wallapai woman was almost synonymous with immorality because of the degrading influences of white men1 and one of the most pathetic things ,i ever heard was the hopeless 8,what can we do about it80 of an ,indian chief on the ,colorado desert1 when ,i spoke to him of the demoralization of the women of his people4 ,in effect his reply was3 8,the whites have so driven us to the wall that we are often hungry1 and it is far easier to be immoral than to go hungry40 ,then1 read the reports of the various ,indian agents throughout the country who have sought to enforce the laws against whites selling liquor to ,indians4 ,officials and courts alike have often been supine and indifferent to the ,indian's welfare1 and have generally shown far more desire to protect the white man in his 8vested interests0 than to protect the young men of the ,indian tribes against the evil influences of liquor4 ,again and again ,i have been in ,indian councils and heard the old men declaim against the white man's fire-water4 ,the ,havasupais declare it to be han-a-to-op-o-gi1 8very bad10 the ,navahos da-shon-de1 8of the ,evil ,one10 while one and all insist that their young men shall be kept from its demoralizing influence4 ,yet there is seldom a fiesta at which some vile white wretch is not willing to sell his own soul1 and violate the laws of whites and ,indians alike1 in order to gain a little dirty pelf by providing some abominable decoction which he sells as whisky to those whose moral stamina is not strong enough to withstand the temptation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,skilled ,,hopi ,,basket ,,weaver4 ,and as for perjury in our dealings with ,indians3 read the records of broken treaties1 violated pledges1 and disregarded vows noted by ,helen ,hunt ,jackson in her 8,century of ,dishonor10 and then say whether the charge is not sustained4 ,yet1 when the ,indian has dared to resent the cruel and abominable treatment accorded to him in so many instances and in such fearful variety1 he has been called 8treacherous1 vindictive1 fiendish1 murderous10 because1 in his just and righteous indignation and wrath1 he has risen and determined to slay all he could find of the hated white race4 ,no doubt his warfare has not always been civilized4 ,why should it be8 ,how could it be8 ,he is not civilized4 ,he knows nothing of 8christian0 principles in a war which 8christian0 people have forced upon him as an act of self-defense4 ,he is a savage1 battling with savage ferocity1 savage determination1 to keep his home1 that of his ancestors1 for himself1 his children1 and their children4 ,oom ,paul ,kruger told the ,british that if they forced a war upon the ,boers for the possession of the ,transvaal1 they would win it at a price that would 8stagger humanity40 ,yet thousands of good ,americans honored ,oom ,paul for his 8bravery10 his 8patriotism10 his 8god-like determination to stand for the rights of his people40 ,but if our ,indian does the same thing in the defense of his home and slaughters a lot of soldiers sent to drive him away1 he is guilty of murderous treachery2 his killings are 8massacres10 and he must be exterminated as speedily as possible4 ,who ever hears any other than the term 8massacre0 applied to the death of ,custer and his soldiers8 ,the 8,custer massacre0 is as 8familiar as household words40 ,yet what is a massacre8 ,webster says3 8#a4 ,the killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty1 or contrary to the usages of civilized people4 #b4 ,murder40 ,with such definitions in view1 look at the facts of the case4 ,i would not have it understood in what ,i say that ,i am condemning ,custer4 ,he was a general under orders1 and as a dutiful servant he was endeavoring to carry them out4 7,the debatable question as to whether he was obeying or disregarding orders ,i leave for military men themselves to settle47 ,it is not ,custer1 or any other one individual1 that ,i am condemning1 but the public1 national policy4 ,custer's army was ordered to proceed against these men1 and forcibly remove them from the place they had chosen as their home--and which had been theirs for centuries before a white man ever trod this continent--and take them to a reservation which they disliked1 and in the choice of which their wishes1 desires1 or comfort had in no way been consulted4 ,the white soldiers were armed1 and it is well known that they intended to use these arms4 ,could they have come upon the ,indians by stealth1 or by some stratagem1 they would have done so without any compunctions of conscience1 and no one would ever have thought of administering a rebuke to them1 even though in the fight that would undoubtedly have ensued every ,indian had been slain4 ,it would have been heralded as a glorious victory1 and we should have thanked ,god for ,his goodness in directing our soldiers in their 8honorable0 warfare4 ,but unfortunately1 the incident turned in another direction4 ,the would-be captors were the caught2 the would-be surprisers were the surprised2 the would-be slayers were the slain4 ,custer and his band of men1 brave and gallant as ,united ,states soldiers generally are1--and ,i would resent with heat any slanderous remark to the contrary1--were surrounded1 surprised1 and slain to a man4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,beadwork ,,of ,,interesting ,,design4 ,weep at the grave of ,custer2 weep at the graves of his men2 weep with the widows and orphans of those suddenly surprised and slain soldiers4 ,my own tears have fallen many a time as ,i have read and reread the details of that awful tragedy2 but still1 in the weeping do not be dishonest and ungenerous to the victors1--,indians though they were4 ,upon the testimony of no less an authority than ,general ,charles ,king1 who has known the ,sioux personally and intimately for years1 they were ever the hospitable friends of the white race1 until a post commander1--whose name should be pilloried for the execration of the nation1--imbued with the idea that the only good ,indian was the dead ,indian1 betrayed and slew in cold blood a number of them who had trusted to his promises and placed themselves in his hands4 ,the result was1 that the whole tribe took this slaughter to their own hearts1 as any true patriots would have done1 and from that day to this the major part of the ,sioux have hated the white race with the undying1 bitter hatred of the vindictive savage4 ,again and again when ,i have visited ,indian schools the thoughtful youths and maidens have come to me with complaints about the ,american history they were compelled to study4 ,in their simple1 almost colorless way of expressing themselves1 a bystander would never dream of the fierce anger that was raging within1 but which ,i was too experienced in ,indian character not to perceive4 ,listen to what some of them have said3 8,when we read in the ,united ,states history of white men fighting to defend their families1 their homes1 their corn-fields1 their towns1 and their hunting-grounds1 they are always called #8patriots1' and the children are urged to follow the example of these brave1 noble1 and gallant men4 ,but when ,indians--our ancestors1 even our own parents--have fought to defend us and our homes1 corn-fields1 and hunting-grounds they are called vindictive and merciless savages1 bloody murderers1 and everything else that is vile4 ,you are the ,indians' friend3 will you not some time please write for us a ,united ,states history that will not teach us such wicked and cruel falsehoods about our forefathers because they loved their homes enough to fight for them--even against such powerful foes as you have been40 ,and ,i have vowed that if ever ,i have time and strength and feel competent to do it1 ,i will write such a history4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,beadwork4 ,yet this is by no means all the charge ,i have to make against my own race in its treatment of the ,indian4 ,not content with depriving him of his worldly possessions1 we have added insult to injury1 and administered a far deeper and more cutting wound to him by denying to him and his wives and daughters the moral1 poetical1 and spiritual qualities they possess4 ,to many of the superior 767 race this is utter nonsense4 ,the idea that an ,indian has any feelings to be hurt6 ,how ridiculous6 ,yet ,i make the assertion1 fearless of successful contradiction1 that many ,indians feel more keenly this ignoring of the good1 the poetic1 the sthetic1 the religious or spiritual qualities they possess than they do the physical wrongs that have been inflicted upon them4 ,as a race1 we are prejudiced1 bigoted1 and 8big-headed0 when looking upon any other race4 ,we come by our prejudices naturally4 ,the ,englishman looks down upon the 8frog-eating ,frenchman10 and used to say he could lick ten or a dozen such4 ,the ,frenchman and ,englishman both scoff at the beer-drinking ,german and the stolid ,dutchman1 yet ,france has to remember ,sedan1 and ,england still smarts at the name of ,van ,tromp4 ,the fact is that no nation can afford to look down upon another1 any more than any civilization can afford to crow over another4 ,each has its own virtues1 its own 8goods10 its own advantages4 ,france1 ,england1 ,germany1 ,america1 have never equaled1 much less surpassed1 the architecture of ,greece1 ,egypt1 and ,rome4 ,the ,united ,states1 with all its brag and boast1 has never had a poet equal to old blind ,homer or the ,italian ,dante4 ,germany's ,goethe is worthy to stand side by side with ,england's ,shakspere1 and the architecture of the rude and vulgar 8,goths0 is the supremest crown of all building in the proud and conceited ,english-speaking 8,mother ,country40 ,and so have ,i learned to look at the ,indian4 ,he has many things that we can take to our advantage and profit1 and some of these have been presented in the following pages4 ,in the next chapter ,i have a few necessary reservations and observations to make which ,i trust the patience of the reader will permit him carefully to consider4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,white ,,race ,,and ,,its ,,civilization ,i am by no means a blind worshiper of our so-called 8higher0 and 8advanced0 civilization4 ,i do not think we have advanced yet as far as the ,greeks in some things4 ,our civilization1 in many respects1 is sham1 shoddy1 gingerbread1 tinsel1 false1 showy1 meretricious1 deceptive4 ,if ,i were making this book an arraignment of our civilization there would be no lack of counts in the indictment1 and a plethora of evidence could be found to justify each charge4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,beadwork ,,of ,,rattlesnake ,,design4 ,as a nation1 we do not know how to eat rationally2 few people sleep as they should2 our drinking habits could not be much worse2 our clothing is stiff1 formal1 conventional1 hideous1 and unhealthful2 our headgear the delirium tremens of silliness4 ,much of our architecture is weakly imitative1 flimsy1 without dignity1 character1 or stability2 much of our religion a profession rather than a life2 our scholastic system turns out anmic and half-trained pupils who are forceful demonstrators of the truth that 8a little knowledge is a dangerous thing40 ,and as for our legal system1 if a body of lunatics from the nearest asylum could not concoct for us a better hash of jurisprudence than now curses our citizenship ,i should be surprised4 ,no honest person1 whether of the law or out of it1 denies that 8law0--which ,browning so forcefully satirizes as 8the patent truth-extracting process10--has become a system of formalism1 of precedent1 of convention1 of technicality4 ,a case may be tried1 and cost the city1 county1 or state thousands of dollars2 a decision rendered1 and yet1 upon a mere technicality that does not affect the real merits of the case one iota1 the decision will be reversed1 and either the culprit--whose guilt no one denies--is discharged1 or a new trial1 with its attendant expense1 is ordered4 ,the folly of such a system6 ,the sheer idiocy of men wasting time and strength and energy upon such puerile foolishness4 ,i verily believe the world would be bettered if the whole legal system1 from supreme court of the ,united ,states down to pettiest justice court1 could be abolished at one blow1 and a reversion made to the decisions of the old men of each community known for their good common sense1 fearlessness1 and integrity4 ,illustration3 ,,ramona ,,and ,,her ,,star ,,basket4 ,it may be possible that some who read these words will deem me an incontinent and general railer against our civilization4 ,such a conclusion would be an egregious error4 ,i rail against nothing in it but that which ,i deem bad1--bad in its effect upon the bodies1 minds1 or souls of its citizens4 ,i do not rail against the wireless telegraph1 the ocean cables1 the railway1 the telephone1 the phonograph1 the pianoforte1 the automobile1 the ice machine1 refrigerating machine1 gas light1 gas for heating and cooking1 the electric light and heater1 electric railways1 newspapers1 magazines1 books1 and the thousand and one things for which this age and civilization of ours is noted4 ,but ,i do rail against the abuse and perversion of these things4 ,i do rail against the system that permits gamblers to swindle the common people by watering the stock of wireless telegraphy1 cable1 railway1 or other companies4 ,i enjoy some phonographs amazingly1 but ,i rail against my neighbor's running his phonograph all night4 ,i think coal-oil a good thing1 but ,i rail against the civilization that allows a few men to so control this ,god-given natural product that they can amass in a few short years fortunes that so far transcend the fortunes of the kings of ancient times that they make the wealth of ,crsus look like 8thirty cents40 ,i believe thoroughly in education2 but ,i rail earnestly1 sincerely1 and constantly against that so-called education 7with which nearly all our present systems are more or less allied7 of valuing the embalmed knowledge of books more than the personal1 practical1 experimental knowledge of the things themselves4 ,i enjoy books1 and would have a library as large as that of the ,british ,museum if ,i could afford it2 but ,i rail persistently against the civilization that leads its members to accept things they find in books more than the things they think out for themselves4 ,joaquin ,miller seemed to say a rude and foolish thing when he answered ,elbert ,hubbard's question1 8,where are your books80 with a curt1 8,to hell with books4 ,when ,i want a book ,i write one20 and yet he really expressed a deep and profound thought4 ,he wanted to show his absolute contempt for the idea that we read books in order to help thought4 ,the fact is1 the reading too much in books1 and of too many books1 is a definite hindrance to thought--a positive preventive of thought4 ,i do not believe in predigested food for either body1 mind1 or soul2 hence ,i am opposed to those features of our civilization that give us food that needs only to be swallowed 7not masticated and enjoyed7 to supply nutriment2 that give us thought all ready prepared for us that we must accept or be regarded as uneducated2 those crumbs of social customs that a frivolous four hundred condescend to allow to fall from their tables to us1 and that we must observe or be ostracized as 8boors0 and 8vulgar02 and those features of our theological system that give us predigested spiritual food that we must accept and follow or be damned4 ,i am willing to go and feed with the ,scotch and the horses 7vide ,johnson's foolish remark about oatmeal71 and be regarded as uneducated and be ostracized both as a boor and a vulgarian1 and even be damned in words1 which1 thank ,god1 is quite as far as ,he allows any one human being to 8damn0 another4 ,for ,i am opposed to these things one and all4 ,i am not a pessimist about our civilization3 ,i am an optimist4 ,yet ,i often find my optimism strongly tinged with pessimistic color4 ,and how can it be otherwise8 ,can any thinking man have much respect--any1 in fact--for that phase of his civilization which permits the building of colossal fortunes by the monopolization of the sale of necessities1 when the poor who are compelled to buy these necessities are growing poorer and poorer each year8 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,beadwork ,,of ,,greek ,,fret ,,design4 ,can ,i respect any civilization that for the #abe years of its existence has refused to pass laws for the preservation of the purity of the food of its poor8 ,the rich can buy what and where they choose1 but for the whole period of our existence we have been so bound1 hand and foot1 by the money-makers who have vitiated our food supply that they might add a few more millions to their dirty hoard of ungodly dollars that we have closed our eyes to the physical and spiritual demoralization that has come to the poor by the poisoned concoctions handed out to them--under protection of ,united ,states laws--as foods4 ,can ,i respect an educational institution that educates the minds of its children at the expense of their bodies8 ,that has so little common sense and good judgment as to be putting its children through fierce competitive examinations when they should be strengthening their bodies at the critical age of adolescence8 ,can ,i bow down before the civilization whose highest educational establishments--,harvard1 ,yale1 ,princeton1 ,cornell1 ,new ,york1 ,columbia1 ,johns ,hopkins1 followed by hosts of others of lesser institutions--every year send out from five to thirty per cent of their students broken down in health8 ,what is the good of all the book-learning that all the ages have amassed unless one has physical health to enjoy it8 ,only this last year a ,harvard graduate came to me who had taken high degree in the study of law and was adjudged eminently prepared to begin to practice his profession4 ,but his health was gone4 ,he was a nervous and physical wreck4 ,his physicians commanded complete rest for a year1 and suggested that five years would be none too long for him to spend in recuperation4 ,when this young man asked me to give him my candid expressions upon the matter1 ,i asked him if he thought imbeciles could have made a worse mess of his 8education0 than had the present system1 which had cultivated his intellect1 but so disregarded the needs of his body that his intellect was powerless to act4 ,let the wails of agony of the uncounted dead who have been hurried to their graves by this idolatrous worship of a senseless1 godless1 heartless ,moloch called 8education0 answer for me when people ask me to respect this feature of our higher civilization1 and to these wails let there be added those of awakened parents who have seen1 when too late1 into what acts akin to murder their blind worship of this idol had led them4 ,add to these the cries of pain from ten thousand beds of affliction occupied by those still living1 but whose bodies have 8broken down0 as the result of 8over-study40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,saboba ,,indian ,,with ,,basket ,,in ,,which ,,is ,,symbolized ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,his ,,tribe4 ,then add to the vast pyramid of woe the heartaches of hopes banished1 of ambitions thwarted1 of desires and aims completely lost1 and one can well understand why ,i am not a worshiper at this shrine4 ,if ,i were to choose--as every parent must for his young children who are not yet capable of thought--between a happy1 because physically healthy1 life1 though uneducated by the schools1 and an educated and unhappy1 because unhealthy1 life for children1 ,i would say3 ,give me ignorance 7of books and schools7 and health1 rather than education 7of books and schools7 and a broken down1 nervous1 irritable body4 ,but it is by no means necessary to have uneducated children1 even though they should never see a school4 ,while ,i now write 7,i am enjoying a few days on the 8rim0 of the ,grand ,canyon7 ,i am meeting daily a remarkable family4 ,the man is far above the average in scholastic and book education4 ,he is a distinguished physician1 known not only within the bounds of his own large state1 but throughout the whole ,united ,states and ,europe2 his methods are largely approved by men at the head of the profession1 and his lucrative and enormous practice demonstrates the success of his system1 with the complete approval of the most conservative of his rigidly conservative profession4 ,he was until quite recently a professor in one of the largest universities of the ,united ,states1 and was therefore competent from inside knowledge to pass judgment upon the methods of the highest educational establishments4 ,he has money enough to place his two daughters wherever he chooses1 and to spend most of his time near them4 ,yet he has deliberately 7and ,i think most wisely7 kept them out of school1 and made the strength and vigor of their bodies his first consideration4 ,both ride horseback 7astride1 of course7 with the poise and confidence of skilled vaqueros2 both can undertake long journeys1 horseback or afoot1 that would exhaust most young men students2 and now at #ae and #ag years of age they are models of physical health and beauty1 and at the same time the elder sister is better educated in the practical1 sane1 useful1 living affairs of men and women than any girl of her age ,i have ever met4 ,i take this object-lesson1 therefore1 as another demonstration of the truth of my position1 and again ,i refuse to bow down before the great fetich of our modern civilization--8scholastic education40 ,there have been wonderful civilizations in the past1--,persia1 ,asia ,minor1 ,etruria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,egypt1 the ,moors1--and yet they are gone4 ,a few remnants are left to us in desert temples1 sand-buried propyl1 dug-up vases and carvings1 glorious architecture1 sublime marbles1 and soul-stirring literature4 ,where are the peoples who created these things8 ,why could they not propagate their kind sufficiently well to at least keep their races intact1 and hold what they had gained8 ,we know they did not do it4 ,why8 ,call it moral or physical deterioration1 or both1 it is an undeniable fact that physical weakness rendered the descendants of these peoples incapable of living upon their ancestors' high planes1 or made them an easy prey to a stronger and more vigorous race4 ,i am fully inclined to the belief that it was their moral declensions that led to their physical deterioration2 yet ,i also firmly believe that a better and truer morality can be sustained upon a healthy and vigorous body than upon one which is diseased and enervated4 ,hence ,i plead1 with intense earnestness1 for a better physical life for our growing boys and girls1 our young men and women1 and especially for our prospective parents4 ,healthy progeny cannot be expected from diseased stock4 ,the fathers and mothers of the race must be strengthened physically4 ,every child should be healthily1 happily1 and cheerfully born1 as well as borne4 ,the sunshine of love should smile down from the faces of both parents into the child's eyes the first moment of its life4 ,thus the elixir of joy enters its heart1 and joy is as essential to the proper development of a child as sunshine is to that of a flower4 ,this is a physical world1 even though it be only passing phenomena1 and upon its recognition much of our happiness depends4 ,our ,christian ,science friends see in physical inharmony only an error of mortal mind1 to be demonstrated over by divine mind4 ,that demonstration1 however1 produces the effect we call physical health4 ,this is what ,i long for1 seek after1 strive for1 both for myself1 my family1 my children1 my race4 ,any and all means that can successfully be used to promote that end ,i believe in and heartily commend4 ,let us call it what we will1 and attain it as how we may1 the desirable thing in our national and individual life to-day is health1--health of the whole man1 body1 mind1 soul4 ,because ,i firmly believe the ,indians have ideas that1 if carried out1 will aid us to attain this glorious object1 ,i have dared to suggest that this proud and haughty white race may sit at their feet and learn of them4 ,illustration3 ,,dat-,,so-,,la-,,le1 ,,the ,,washoe ,,basket ,,weaver1 ,,some ,,of ,,whose ,,baskets ,,have ,,sold ,,for ,,fabulous ,,prices4 ,i myself began life handicapped with serious ill health1 and for twenty-two years was seldom free from pain4 ,nervous irritability required constant battling4 ,but when ,i began to realize the benefit of life spent in ,god's great out-of-doors1 and devoted much of my time to climbing up and down steep canyon walls1 riding over the plains and mountains of ,nevada and ,california1 wandering through the aseptic wastes of the deserts of the ,southwest1 rowing and swimming in the waters of the great ,colorado ,river1 sleeping nightly in the open air1 and in addition1 coming in intimate contact with many tribes of ,indians1 and learning from them how to live a simple1 natural1 and therefore healthy life1--these things not only gave to me almost perfect health1 but have suggested the material of which this book is made4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,nasal ,,and ,,deep ,,breathing ,the ,indian believes absolutely in nasal breathing4 ,again and again ,i have seen the ,indian mother1 as soon as her child was born1 watch it to see if it breathed properly4 ,if not1 she would at once pinch the child's lips together and keep them pinched until the breath was taken in and exhaled easily and naturally through the nostrils4 ,if this did not answer1 ,i have watched her as she took a strip of buckskin and tied it as a bandage below the chin and over the crown of the head1 forcing the jaws together1 and then with another bandage of buckskin she covered the lips of the little one4 ,thus the habit of nasal breathing was formed immediately the child saw the light1 and it knew no other method4 ,as one walks through the streets of every large city1 he sees the dull and vacant eye1 the inert face1 of the mouth-breather2 for1 as every physician well knows1 the mouth-breather suffers from lack of memory and a general dullness of the intellect4 ,not only that1 but he habitually submits himself to unnecessary risks of disease4 ,in breathing through the nose1 the disease germs1 which abound in our city streets and are sent floating through the air by every passing wind1 are caught by the gluey mucus or the capillaries of the mucous membranes4 ,the wavy air passages of the nose lead one to assume that they are so constructed expressly for this purpose1 as the germs1 if they escape being caught at one angle1 are pretty sure to be trapped in turning another4 ,when this mucus is expelled in the act of 8blowing the nose10 the germs go with it1 and disease is prevented4 ,but when these germs are taken in through the mouth1 they go directly into the throat1 the bronchial tubes1 and the lungs1 and if they are lively and strong1 they lodge there and take root and propagate with such fearful rapidity that in a very short time a new patient with tuberculosis1 diphtheria1 typhoid1 or some other disease1 is created4 ,hence1 emulate the ,indian4 ,breathe through your nose2 do not use it as an organ of speech4 ,at the same time that you care for yourself1 watch your children1 and even if you have to bandage them up while they are asleep1 as the ,indians do1 compel them to form early this useful and healthful habit of nasal breathing4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,showing ,,effect ,,of ,,deep ,,breathing ,,in ,,wonderful ,,lung ,,development4 ,but not only do the ,indians breathe through the nose3 they are also experts in the art of deep breathing4 ,the exercises that are given in open-air deep breathing at the ,battle ,creek sanitarium each morning show that we are learning this useful and beneficial habit from them4 ,when ,i first began to visit the ,hopis1 in northern ,arizona1 ,i was awakened every morning in the wee sma' hours1 as ,i slept in my blankets in the open at the foot of the mesa upon which the towns are located1 by cow-bells1 as if a number of cows were being driven out to pasture4 ,but in the daytime ,i could see no cows nor any evidence of their existence4 ,when ,i asked where they were1 my questions brought forth nothing but a wondering stare4 ,cows8 ,they had no cows4 ,what did ,i mean8 ,then ,i explained about the bells1 and as ,i explained1 a merry laugh burst upon my ears4 8,cows8 ,those are not cows4 ,to-morrow morning when you hear them1 you jump up and watch40 ,i did so1 and to my amazement ,i saw fleeing through the early morning dusk a score 7more or less7 of naked youths1 on each one of whom a cow-bell was dangling from a rope or strap around his waist4 ,later ,i learned this running was done as a matter of religion4 ,every young man was required to run ten1 fifteen1 twenty miles1 and even double this distance1 upon certain allotted mornings1 as a matter of religion4 ,this develops a lung capacity that is nothing short of marvelous4 ,this great lung capacity is in itself a great source of health1 vim1 energy1 and power4 ,it means the power to take in a larger supply of oxygen to purify and vivify the blood4 ,half the people of our cities do not know what real true life is1 because their blood is not well enough oxygenated4 ,the people who are full of life and exuberance and power--the men and women who accomplish things--generally have large lung capacity1 or else have the faculty of using all they have to the best advantage4 ,to a public speaker1 a singer1 a lawyer1 a preacher1 or a teacher1 this large lung capacity is invaluable2 for1 all things else being equal1 the voice itself will possess a clearer1 more resonant quality if the lungs1 the abdomen1 and the diaphragm are full of1 or stretched out by1 plenty of air4 ,these act as a resonant sounding-chamber which increases the carrying quality of the voice to a wonderful extent4 ,for years ,i have watched with keenest observation all our greatest operatic singers1 actors1 orators1 and public speakers1 and those who possess the sweet and resonant voices are the ones who breathe deep and own and control these capacious lungs4 ,only a few weeks ago ,i went to hear ,sarah ,bernhardt1 the world's most wonderful actress1 who at sixty-three years of age still entrances thousands1 not only by the wonder of her art1 but by the marvelous quality of her voice4 ,what did ,i find8 ,a woman who has learned this lesson of deep breathing as the ,indians breathe4 ,she breathes well down1 filling the lungs so that they thrust out the ribs4 ,she has no waist-line1 her body descending 7as does that of the ,venus7 in an almost straight line from armpit to hips4 ,the result is1 that1 with such a resonant air cavity1 she scarcely raises her voice above the conversational pitch1 and yet it is easily heard by two or three thousand people4 ,it is needless to add that every ,indian woman is intelligent enough to value health1 lung capacity1 and the power to speak with force1 vigor1 and energy more than she values 8fashionable appearance02 hence none of them can be found in their native condition foolish enough to wear corsets4 ,i never knew an ,indian woman who 8needed a corset1 don't you know1 to brace her up1 to sustain her weak back40 ,of course1 if a white woman is large and fleshy1 and values appearance more than health1 ,i suppose she will have her own way anyhow1 but this other reason that women give for the use of the corset ,i never heard fall from the lips of an ,indian woman4 ,she is strong and well1 and needs no artificial support4 ,i regret very much to see that while sensible women are giving up the corset1 or at least materially loosening its strings1 men are beginning to wear belts in place of suspenders4 ,it is just as injurious to a man to encircle his waist and squeeze together the vital organs as it is to a woman4 ,it is bad1 absolutely1 completely1 thoroughly bad1 at all times1 in all circumstances1 for all people4 ,the wasp-like waist1 whether in men or women1 is a sign either of recklessness1 gross ignorance1 or deliberate preference for a false figure over a normal one and health4 ,the hips are a most important part of a human being's anatomy4 ,as ,dr4 ,kellogg has well said3 8,no physical endowment is of more importance for a long and a vigorous life than capacious lungs4 ,the intensity and efficiency of an individual's life depend very largely upon the amount of air he habitually passes in and out of his lungs1 just as the intensity of a fire1 granting plenty of fuel1 depends upon the rate at which the air is brought in contact with the fuel4 ,it has been found that lung capacity depends very largely upon the height2 thus1 the taller a person the greater his lung capacity1 other things being equal4 ,the following table shows the lung capacity1 or rather the amount of air which can be forced out of the lungs1 the so-called vital capacity1 for men of different heights3 ,height ,weight ,vital ,capacity ,inches ,pounds ,cubic ,inches #fd #aae #bje #fe #abf #bbh #ff #abf #bcj #fg #acc #bdd #fh #acd #bdh #fi #adj #bed #gj #ada #bef #ga #aej #bgb #gb #aea #bhg 8,the proper time for the development of the chest is in childhood and in youth4 ,the best of all means for increasing the chest capacity is running and active sports of all sorts4 ,mountain climbing1 going up and down stairs1 and all kinds of exercises which produce strong breathing movements are effective means of chest development4 ,exercises of this nature are far superior to breathing exercises1 so-called1 of whatever sort4 ,breathing exercises in which the lungs are forcibly compelled to take in more than the ordinary amount of air very soon become tiresome4 ,the effort is wholly voluntary1 and the muscles soon weary4 ,when1 however1 a thirst for air is created by some active exercise which fills the blood with carbonic-acid gas1 so that deeper and more rapid breathing is necessary to rid the body of this poisonous gas and to take in a supply of oxygen in its place1 the act of breathing is no longer difficult1 embarrassing1 or tiresome1 but is1 on the other hand1 a pleasure and a gratification4 ,the impulse which comes from within1 from the so-called respiratory centers1 so excites the respiratory muscles that they cause the chest to execute the strongest breathing movements with the greatest ease1 ventilating every portion of the lungs1 filling every air-cell to its utmost capacity4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,trails ,,up ,,which ,,the ,,hopis ,,climb ,,at ,,full ,,speed4 8,runners always have large and active chests1 whereas sedentary persons have chests of limited capacity and rigid walls4 ,when a chest is not stretched to its utmost capacity many times daily1 it rapidly loses its flexibility4 ,this is especially true after the age of thirty4 ,in persons who have passed middle life1 the rigidity of the chest is so great that there can be no very considerable increase in size4 ,by development of the respiratory muscles the chest capacity may be to some degree increased1 but the proper time for chest development is in childhood and youth4 ,at this period1 also1 the integrity of the heart renders possible without injury those vigorous exercises which are essential to secure the highest degree of chest development4 8,probably the best of all exercises for the development of the chest and breathing powers is swimming4 ,the position of the body1 the head held well back and the chest well forward1 and the active movements of the arms and limbs render swimming a most efficient breathing exercise4 ,the contact of cold water with the skin also actively stimulates the movement of the chest1 while at the same time it renders possible prolonged and vigorous muscular movements by increasing the energy and activity of the muscles4 8,special breathing exercises1 as well as those active muscular movements which induce a thirst for air1 are beneficial to the lungs by maintaining the flexibility of the chest1 strengthening the respiratory muscles1 and ventilating the lungs4 ,these movements also exercise a most extraordinary beneficial effect upon the stomach1 liver1 and other organs which lie below the diaphragm4 ,each time the diaphragm contracts1 it gives the liver1 stomach1 and adjacent organs a hearty squeeze1 so to speak1 emptying out the blood contained in these parts as one may by compression empty a moist sponge4 ,all movements which increase the strength of the abdominal muscles are an important means of aiding and improving the breathing function40 ,from this it will be seen1 therefore1 that everything that prevents the full and free exercise of the lungs1 especially in the lower portions1 is of direct injury to the body4 ,men need all the lung capacity and power they can gain in order to sustain their energy in the battle of life2 and women1 especially young women1 who are to become the future mothers of the race1 should be taught that the art of healthy1 deep breathing is one of the fine arts1 and the most important one that they can learn4 ,illustration3 ,,navaho ,,blanket ,,weaver ,,in ,,her ,,open ,,air ,,work-,,shop4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,out-,,of-,,door ,,life ,the ,indian is an absolute believer in the virtue of the outdoor life1 not as an occasional thing1 but as his regular1 set1 uniform habit4 ,he lives out of doors2 not only does his body remain in the open1 but his mind1 his soul1 are ever also there4 ,except in the very cold weather his house is free to every breeze that blows4 ,he laughs at 8drafts40 8,catching cold0 is a something of which he knows absolutely nothing4 ,when he learns of white people shutting themselves up in houses into which the fresh1 pure1 free air of the plains and deserts1 often laden with the healthful odors of the pines1 firs1 balsams of the forest1 cannot come1 he shakes his head at the folly1 and feels as one would if he saw a man slamming his door in the face of his best friend4 ,virtually he sleeps out of doors1 eats out of doors1 works out of doors4 ,when the women make their baskets and pottery1 it is always out of doors1 and their best beadwork is always done in the open4 ,the men make their bows and arrows1 dress their buckskin1 make their moccasins and buckskin clothes1 and perform nearly all their ceremonials out of doors4 ,our greatest scientific fighters against tuberculosis are emulating the ,indian in the fact that even in the winter of the ,east they advocate that their patients sleep out of doors4 ,pure air1 and abundance of it1 is their cry4 8,taking cold0 comes1 not from breathing 8night air10 but generally from inflammation of the mucous membranes caused by impure air1--the air of a heated room from which all the pure air has been exhausted by being breathed again and again into the lungs of its deluded occupants1 each exhalation sending with it a fresh amount of poison to vitiate the little good that remains4 ,men often go to gymnasiums in the city to get exercise4 ,the air is vitiated by the presence of others1 and as respiration is increased by the exercise1 impure air is taken into the lungs1 and the prime object of the exercise is defeated4 ,for it is not so much to develop muscles as it is to stimulate the general action of the whole body that gymnastics should be indulged in4 ,vigorous exercise demands deep breathing2 if the air breathed is pure1 the blood thereby becomes more oxygenated or vivified4 ,as this vitalized blood circulates1 it carries its life-giving new strength and energy to every part of the body1 so that the whole man feels the increased vigor4 ,but let the air be impure1 death instead of life is given to the blood4 ,hence1 where possible1 all vigorous exercise should be taken out of doors in the pure air and sunlight1 and if this is not possible1 every door1 window1 and avenue through which outside air can be brought inside should be placed wide open1 and kept open during the whole time of the exercises4 ,if spectators come1 and on their account windows and doors are closed1 a positive injury is being done to the exercisers4 ,far better turn out the spectators than shut out ,god's pure air4 ,what a pitiable thing it is that our civilization can do no better for us than to make us slaves to indoor life1 so that we have to go and take artificial exercise in order to preserve our health4 ,think of the vigor and strength1 the robustness and power1 the joy and the health1 that are the possession of men and women of outdoor life4 ,let any one who wishes to know what this means read ,john ,muir's ,mountains of ,california4 ,in it he tells of his years of experiences climbing the terribly difficult peaks of the ,sierras1 the exploring of glaciers1 the sleeping out at night during snow-storms in the depth of winter without either an overcoat or a single blanket4 ,one of the most thrilling of experiences is told as simply as the narrative of a child4 ,he was out during a terrific wind-storm4 ,says he3 8,when the storm began to sound ,i lost no time in pushing out into the woods to enjoy it4 ,for on such occasions ,nature has always something rare to show us1 and the danger to life and limb is hardly greater than one would experience crouching deprecatingly beneath a roof40 ,think of a city-bred man1 a society man1 deliberately walking out into a storm to enjoy it4 8,it was still early morning when ,i found myself fairly adrift4 ,delicious sunshine came pouring over the hills4444 ,i heard trees falling for hours at the rate of one every two or three minutes2 some uprooted1 partly on account of the loose1 water-soaked condition of the ground2 others broken straight across1 where some weakness caused by fire had determined the spot4 ,the gestures of the various trees made a delightful study4 ,young sugar-pines1 light and feathery as squirrel-tails1 were bowing almost to the ground2 while the grand old patriarchs1 whose massive boles had been tried in a hundred storms1 waved solemnly above them1 their long1 arching branches streaming fluently on the gale1 and every needle thrilling and singing and shedding off keen lances of light like a diamond4 8,i drifted on through the midst of this passionate music and motion1 across many a glen from ridge to ridge2 often halting in the lee of a rock for shelter1 or to gaze and listen4 ,even when the grand anthem had swelled to its highest pitch1 ,i could distinctly hear the varying tones of individual trees1--spruce and fir and pine and leafless oak1--and even the infinitely gentle rustle of the withered grasses at my feet4 ,each was expressing itself in its own way1--singing its own song and making its own peculiar gestures1--manifesting a richness of variety to be found in no other forest ,i have yet seen4 8,toward midday1 after a long1 tingling scramble through copses of hazel and ceanothus1 ,i gained the summit of the highest ridge in the neighborhood2 and then it occurred to me that it would be a fine thing to climb one of the trees to obtain a wider outlook and get my ear close to the olian music of the topmost needles4 ,but under the circumstances the choice of a tree was a serious matter4 ,one whose instep was not very strong seemed in danger of being blown down1 or of being struck by others in case they should fall2 another was branchless to a considerable height above the ground1 and at the same time too large to be grasped with arms and legs in climbing2 while others were not favorably situated for clear views4 ,after cautiously casting about1 ,i made choice of the tallest of a group of ,douglas spruces that were growing close together like a tuft of grass1 no one of which seemed likely to fall unless all the rest fell with it4 ,though comparatively young1 they were about #ajj feet high1 and their lithe1 brushy tops were rocking and swirling in wild ecstasy4 ,being accustomed to climb trees in making botanical studies1 ,i experienced no difficulty in reaching the top of this one1 and never before did ,i enjoy so noble an exhilaration of motion4 ,the slender tops fairly flapped and swished in the passionate torrent1 bending and swirling backward and forward1 round and round1 tracing indescribable combinations of vertical and horizontal curves1 while ,i clung with muscles firm braced1 like a bobolink on a reed4 ,illustration3 ,,havasupai ,,dressing ,,buckskin4 8,in its wildest sweeps my treetop described an arc of from twenty to thirty degrees1 but ,i felt sure of its elastic temper1 having seen others of the same species still more severely tried--bent almost to the ground1 indeed1 in heavy snows--without breaking a fiber4 ,i was therefore safe1 and free to take the wind into my pulses and enjoy the excited forest from my superb outlook4444 8,i kept my lofty perch for hours1 frequently closing my eyes to enjoy the music by itself1 or to feast quietly on the delicious fragrance that was streaming past40 ,what an experience1 and what a joy to feel one's self able to enjoy it6 ,i know what it is4 ,years before ,i had read this1 ,i had had a similar experience when driving over the high ,sierras from the borders of ,oregon1 ,nevada1 and ,california down into southern ,california4 ,imagine the ordinary business man1 or clerk1 or banker1 or preacher1 or lawyer1 or doctor1 daring to climb so high a tree1 and especially during such a storm4 ,yet such a day so spent is worth more than a year of any ordinary man's life4 ,edward ,robeson ,taylor1 the poet-mayor of ,san ,francisco1 once expressed his keen appreciation of what ,nature gives to the man who loves her enough to test her4 ,and he has made the test many a time1 in the ,sierras1 in the forests1 in the deserts1 in the ,grand ,canyon1 as well as on the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,he wrote3 8,in him that on the rugged breast of mountain ,finds his joy and his repose1 ,who makes the pine his fellow1 and with zest ,treads the great glaciers and their kindred snows1 ,a strength is planted that in direst test ,dares all the devils of ,danger to oppose40 ,then1 too1 there are marvelous healing powers in ,god's great out-of-doors4 ,the vis medicatrix ,natur is no fiction of the imagination4 ,if sick people knew enough1 were wise enough1 to go out into the open and discard all civilized modes of life1 climbing mountains1 sleeping on pine boughs1 swimming in the streams1 working in the soil1 dabbling in the hot or cold springs1 eating the ripe fruits and nuts1 and bathing the whole body daily in bright sunshine1 they would be brought to a health and vigor they had never before known4 ,i have often wondered why thoughtful white people have not observed that insanity is practically unknown amongst the ,indians4 ,why8 ,our own great ,emerson once wrote a clear answer4 8,it was10 said he1 8the practice of the ,orientals1 especially of the ,persians1 to let insane persons wander at their own will out of the towns1 into the desert1 and1 if they liked1 to associate with wild animals4 ,in their belief1 wild beasts1 especially gazelles1 collect around an insane person1 and live with him on a friendly footing4 ,the patient found something curative in that intercourse1 by which he was quieted and sometimes restored4 ,but there are more insane persons than are called so1 or are under treatment in hospitals4 ,the crowd in the cities1 at the hotels1 theaters1 card-tables1 the speculators who rush for investment at ten per cent1 twenty per cent1 cent per cent1 are all more or less mad--these point the moral1 and persuade us to seek in the fields the health of the mind40 ,but not only does healing come to the mind in ,nature3 the diseased soul there finds medicine and health4 ,the well-beloved ,robert ,louis ,stevenson was well aware of this out-of-door joy4 ,among many other fine things on the subject he once wrote the following which fully expresses my idea3 8,to wash in one of ,god's rivers in the open air seems to me a sort of cheerful solemnity or semi-pagan act of worship4 ,to dabble among dishes in a bedroom may perhaps make clean the body2 but the imagination takes no share in such a cleansing40 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,apache ,,grandmother ,,and ,,some ,,baskets ,,of ,,her ,,own ,,design ,,and ,,weave4 ,,all ,,made ,,in ,,the ,,open ,,air4 ,one of our great artists and writers1 whose life went out a few years ago in sad eclipse1 wrote with a clarity of vision that his awful experiences had taught him3 8,i have a strange longing for the great simple primeval things1 such as the sea1 to me no less of a mother than the earth4 ,it seems to me that we all look at ,nature too much1 and live with her too little4 ,i discern great sanity in the ,greek attitude4 ,they never chattered about sunsets1 or discussed whether the shadows on the grass were really mauve or not4 ,but they saw that the sea was for the swimmer1 and the land for the feet of the runner4 ,they loved the trees for the shadow that they cast1 and the forest for its silence at noon4 ,the vineyard-dresser wreathed his hair with ivy1 that he might keep off the rays of the sun as he stooped over the young shoots2 and for the artist and the athlete1 the two types that ,greece gave us1 they plaited with garlands the leaves of the bitter laurel and of the wild parsley1 which else had been of no service to men4 444 ,i feel sure that in elemental forces there is purification1 and ,i want to go back to them and live in their presence40 ,how literally true to fact is this assurance of purification out in the great elemental forces and places of ,nature1 and how the ,indian daily demonstrates it4 ,thousands can testify to it4 ,here one becomes soothed4 ,the grinning faces of hate do not pursue him here4 ,nature is passionless to the hunted man4 ,she is willing to be wooed and won1 and then opens up her rich treasures to the guiltiest and vilest of men1 until they regain the right angle of vision1 then the desire for purification1 then repentance1 then assurance of forgiveness1 and finally their self-respect4 ,then they are able to return 7if necessity compels7 to civilization and bear any punishment that may be awarded1 for in the rugged arms of ,nature they have absorbed strength and power1--strength of will and power of soul to dare and do that which the highest within them compels4 ,who that has read the ,de ,profundis of that erratic and brilliant genius1 ,oscar ,wilde1 has not felt the sad pathos and yet intense truth of his concluding words8 ,they are ,indian-like in their direct truth and native strength4 8,all trials are trials for one's life1 just as all sentences are sentences of death2 and three times ,i have been tried4 ,the first time ,i left the box to be arrested1 the second time to be led back to the house of detention1 the third time to pass into a prison for two years4 ,society1 as we have constituted it1 will have no place for me1 has none to offer2 but ,nature1 whose sweet rains fall on unjust and just alike1 will have clefts in the rocks where ,i may hide1 and secret valleys in whose silence ,i may weep undisturbed4 ,she will hang the night with stars so that ,i may walk abroad in the darkness without stumbling1 and send the wind over my footprints so that none may track me to my hurt4 ,she will cleanse me in great waters1 and with bitter herbs make me whole40 ,this is one of the great wonders of the out-of-door life that the weary and sinful of the white race would do well to learn4 ,but not only does health of mind and soul return to the sinful in ,god's great out-of-doors3 the most vigorous and pure1 healthy and perfect1 minds and souls are expanded and strengthened with such contact4 ,buddha1 ,mahomet1 ,moses1 ,david1 ,elijah1 ,christ1 were all lovers of out-of-doors4 ,washington1 ,lincoln1 and ,garfield were all out-of-door men4 ,one learns in the solitude and primitive frankness of the free life of the out doors to do his own thinking1 untrammeled by convention or prejudice4 ,he sees things as they are4 ,his soul is unclothed1 and there can no longer be any deception or pretense4 ,so he becomes an individual2 not a mere rote thinker of other's thoughts1 and not a mere parrot of other men's ideas4 ,edwin ,markham could never have written ,the ,man with the ,hoe had he lived only in the city4 ,he would never have seen deeply enough1 and he would never have dared brave the conventional prejudices of the civilized 787 world as he did in his poem1 had he been city-bred4 ,but because he thought nakedly before ,god and his own soul he was compelled to see the monstrousness of making a man--a son of ,god1 created in ,his image--a mere clod of clay4 ,the idea that this poem is a reflection upon labor is utter nonsense4 ,it is merely a protest1 strong1 vigorous1 forceful as a thunder-storm1 against compelling some men to labor so hard that they have neither time nor opportunity for mental and spiritual occupation1 and have thus even lost the desire for or hope of gaining it4 ,labor is ennobling1 but man is made for more than mere physical labor4 ,the unequal distribution of affairs in this life causes some men to have no physical labor1 to their vast disadvantage1 while others have nothing but physical labor1 equally to their disadvantage4 ,the finding of a just equilibrium between these two extremes1 and then aiding the men of both extremes to see the need of each helping the other1 or of taking some of the burden of the other1 would result in the immediate benefiting of the race to an incalculable extent1 both in body1 mind1 and soul4 ,and it is this for which ,i plead1 earnestly calling upon my fellows to so adjust their own lives that they will strike the happy mean1 thus living 7not merely talking about7 the dignity of labor as well as the joy of mental and spiritual occupation4 ,another important thing must not be overlooked4 ,as a result of this out-of-door life the ,indian is an early riser and an early retirer to bed4 ,the civilized habit of turning night into day1 living in the glare of gas and electric light1 is1 on the face of it1 artificial1 unnatural1 and unhealthful4 ,it is indefensible from every standpoint4 ,there is not one word of good can be said of it4 ,the day is made for work1 the night for rest and sleep4 ,the use of artificial light to the extent we indulge it in civilization is gradually rendering normal eyesight a rarity4 ,children are born with myoptic and other eye-diseased tendencies4 ,sometimes it seems as if more people1 of all ages1 wear glasses than use their natural eyesight1 and this is but one of many sad consequences accruing in part from our reversal of the natural use of the day and night times4 ,illustration3 ,,happy ,,and ,,healthy ,,hopi ,,children1 ,,asking ,,the ,,author ,,for ,,candy4 ,many men1 literary and others1 wait until the quiet of evening to do their work4 ,they often stimulate themselves with coffee1 and even stronger beverages1 and then work until the 8wee sma' hours10 by artificial light1 after they have already done a fair day's work4 ,we used to hear a great many words of commendation of the youths in school and college who 8burned the midnight oil40 ,if ,i had my way ,i would 8use the leather strap0 upon all these burners-up of their physical and mental forces at the time ,god intended they should be abed and asleep4 ,the time for mental work is in the early morning after a hearty1 healthy1 good night's sleep4 ,the body is strengthened1 the mind refreshed1 and thought flows easily and readily1 because all weariness has disappeared under the influence of 8tired nature's sweet restorer40 ,mental work done at such time is not only a pleasure1 but is well done1 properly done1 because the conditions are right for its doing4 ,nor is this all4 ,there is a mental and spiritual pleasure given to the early riser that the late sleeper knows nothing of4 ,one of the most beautiful baskets in my historic collection of ,indian baskets is one made by a ,coahuila woman who depicted thereon the white light of the morning shining through the dark silhouettes of the sharp points of the giant cactus4 ,her sthetic enjoyment was thus made the inspiration of a real work of art4 ,how much white people lose by not seeing and knowing the beauty of the early morning hours1--the hours just preceding dawn1 and during the first outburst of the sun6 ,a friend and ,i stood out the other morning before sunrise1 looking at the exquisite delicate lights over the mountain peaks1 and she gave expression to the above thought1 and only a few days before ,i had said it to a friend as we had wended our way from ,el ,tovar ,hotel at the ,grand ,canyon out to ,o',neill ,point to see the sunrise4 ,elisha ,safford eloquently speaks as follows of this3 ,,beauty ,,of ,,the ,,morning ,oh1 the beauty of the morning6 ,it showers its splendors down ,from the crimson robes of sunrise1 the azure mountain's crown2 ,it smiles amid the waving fields1 it dapples in the streams1 ,it breathes its sparkling music through the rapture of our dreams4 ,it floats upon the limpid air in rainbow clouds of mist1 ,it ripples through the glowing skies in pearl and amethyst1 ,it gleams in every burnished pool1 it riots through the grass1 ,it splashes waves of glory on the shadows as they pass4 ,it steals among the nodding trees and to the forest croons1 ,in airy note and gentle voice1 'neath waning plenilunes2 ,it calls1 and lo6 the wooded brakes1 the hills and tangled fens-- ,a world of life and mystery--swarm with its denizens4 ,it trembles in the perfumed breeze1 and where its ardor runs1 ,a thousand light-winged choristers pant forth their orisons2 ,a thousand echoes clap their hands1 and from their dewy beds1 ,a million scarlet-throated flowers peer forth with startled heads4 ,oh1 the beauty of the morning6 ,it rains upon our ears3 ,the music of the universe1 the chiming of the spheres2 ,from cloistered wood and leafy vale1 its tuneful medleys throng1 ,till all the earth is drenched in light and all the world in song6 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,basket1 ,,showing ,,influence ,,of ,,nature ,,in ,,the ,,design4 ,all children1 and especially city children1 need out-of-door life4 ,men and women need it too1 sadly1 but if the elders cannot have it1 owing to our perverted social conditions1 our law-givers should see to it that the children do better4 ,it is a well-known fact that cities would soon die out if their vast populations were not constantly being replenished by the sons and daughters of the country4 ,so instead of letting our city children grow up to imperfect manhood1 let us find some way to get them out of doors and out into the country more and more4 ,exercise in the open1 where pure air penetrates to the full depths of the lungs1 personal contact with the soil1 and physical work upon it1 as well as personal contact with the trees and flowers and all growing things1 the animals of the farm and field1 the rocks and mountains1 the hills and valleys1 the waterfalls and streams1 the deserts and canyons2 all these are to be desired4 ,who does not wish to sing with ,edwin ,markham3 8,i ride on the mountain tops1 ,i ride1 ,i have found my life and am satisfied60 ,of course this out-in-the-country life for city children can only be gained if their parents and our educators and politicians combine to provide it4 ,and in some way it ought to be done4 ,what a joy it would be to many a city boy to be allowed to go and do some work in the country during certain times in the year6 ,those who have seen the city children who are taken yearly into the country by ,fresh ,air ,funds1 or out by vessel into the ,bay of ,new ,york or ,boston ,harbor1 by philanthropic people1 know what delight1 joy1 and health they receive from the outing4 ,these things all point to the great1 the dire1 the awful need there is for some way of giving to our city children and men and women more out-door life4 ,just after the ,san ,francisco earthquake1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 editor of ,good ,health1 wrote in his forceful way of some lessons the people might learn from that disaster4 ,here is one of them bearing upon this very question3 ,illustration3 ,,mono ,,indian ,,cooking ,,corn ,,mush ,,in ,a ,,basket ,,by ,a ,,camp ,,fire4 8,three hundred thousand people have found out that they can live out of doors1 and that out of doors is a safer place than indoors4 8,people who have all their lives slept on beds of down1 protected by thick walls of brick or stone1 barricaded against the dangerous 787 air of night1 have found that it is possible to spend a night upon an unsheltered hillside without risk to life1 and it is more than likely that1 as in the case of the ,charleston earthquake1 not a few modern troglodytes1 who scarcely ever saw the light of day before1 have been actually benefited by being forced out into the fresh air and the sunshine4 8,the great tent colonies1 improvised by the military authorities with such promptness under the efficient management of the able ,general ,funston1 may become the permanent homes for some of the thousands who are now for the first time in their lives tasting the sweets of an out-of-door life4 ,man is an out-of-door creature1 meant to live amid umbrageous freshness1 his skin bathed clean by morning dews or evening showers1 browned and disinfected by the sun1 fed by tropic fruits1 and cheered by tropic birds and flowers4 ,it is only through long generations of living under artificial conditions that civilized man has become accustomed to the unhealthful and disease-producing influences of the modern house to such a degree that they can be even in a small measure tolerated4 ,but this immunity is only apparent4 ,an atmosphere that will kill a ,hottentot or a baboon in six months will also kill a bank president or a trust magnate--sometime4 ,and if these tent-dwellers get such a taste of the substantial advantages of the out-of-door life that they refuse to return to the old unwholesome conditions of anti-earthquake days1 they will profit substantially by their experience1 terrible though it has been4 ,it takes earthquakes and cyclones and tidal waves to jostle us out of the unnatural and degenerative ruts into which conventionality is always driving us4 8,what advantages has the man in the brown-stone front over the man in the tent8 ,only these3 ,a pale face instead of the brown skin which is natural to his species2 a coated tongue1 no appetite1 and no digestion1 instead of the keen zest for food and splendid digestive vigor of the tent-dweller2 an aching head and confused mind and depressed spirits1 instead of the vim and snap and energy1 mental and physical1 and the freedom from pain and pessimism of out-of-door dwellers2 early consumption or apoplexy or paresis or cancer of the stomach or arteriosclerosis1--the dry rot of the body which stealthily weakens the props and crumbles the foundations of the citadel of life40 ,why is it that in our cities in summer1 and in ,florida and the ,south generally1 and in the ,west1 we do not follow the ,french custom of eating out of doors8 ,american visitors to ,paris in the summer time have always been impressed by the prevalent custom there of dining out of doors4 ,the sidewalks in front of cafs and restaurants are always so occupied with chairs and tables that pedestrians often have to step into the street to get by4 ,this has long been the summer custom in ,paris1 but with the arrival of cold weather tables and chairs disappeared every year1 and the diners returned to the close nicotine-laden air of the stuffy little dining-rooms inside4 ,but last year1 according to the ,london correspondent of the ,outlook1 an enterprising ,frenchman1 finding his patrons much attached to his open-air dining-room1 and being short of room inside1 undertook to make his guests comfortable out of doors by means of a large brazier placed upon the sidewalk4 ,others followed his example1 and in a short time the streets were lined with braziers from the ,madeline to the ,bastile1 much to the satisfaction of the cab-drivers and newsboys4 ,one ingenious proprietor made his table-legs hollow1 filled with hot water1 and thus utilized them as foot-warmers4 ,and so one may now enjoy a fashionable ,parisian caf au plein air any day in the year4 ,everybody is always hungry at a picnic1 not simply because of the unusual exercise1 but as the result of the tonic appetite-stimulating influence of the out-of-doors4 ,the same plan may be introduced into any private home by utilizing a back porch1 or1 when this is lacking1 a tent-cloth awning may be provided at the expense of a few dollars4 ,the old ,spanish patio1 or inner court1 provided the seclusion that many desire1 with the possibility of a larger out-of-door life4 ,mr4 ,gustav ,stickley1 the far-seeing editor of ,the ,craftsman1 which so effectually pleads for a simpler and more democratic life for the people1 has planned a number of ,craftsman houses in which these open porches for eating1 and sleeping as well1 are introduced4 ,this is a great step in the right direction1 and is strongly to be commended4 ,but the outdoor life is larger than houses and porches4 ,one must get away from all houses to really feel and know the joy of the great out-of-doors4 ,every teacher and orator should know the birds and trees1 the flowers and grasses1 the rocks and stars1 the clouds and odors1 at first hand4 ,he should not depend upon books at all for any of this knowledge1 save as guides to obtain it4 ,instead of reading books he should read ,nature4 ,see how powerful is the simple oratory of the ,indian1 whose figures and similes and illustrations and metaphors are of those things in ,nature with which he is perfectly familiar4 ,another effect upon the mind and soul as the result of this outdoor life is remarkable to those who have never given it a thought4 ,one of our poets once said1 8,the undevout astronomer is mad40 ,and every ,indian will tell you that the undevout ,indian is either mad or 8getting civilized40 ,one of our ,california historians once wrote something to the effect that the ,california ,indian had no religion1 no mythology1 no reverence1 no belief in anything outside of and beyond himself4 ,jeremiah ,curtin1 a careful and close student of the ,california ,indian for many years1 in his wonderfully interesting book1 8,creation ,myths of ,primitive ,america10 shows the utter fallacy of this idea4 ,he says3 8,primitive man in ,america stood at every step face to face with divinity as he knew or understood it4 ,he could never escape from the presence of those powers which had constituted the first world1 and which composed all that there was in the present one4 444 ,the most important question of all in ,indian life was communication with divinity1 intercourse with the spirits of divine personages40 ,indeed1 the ,indian sees the divine power in everything4 ,his ,god speaks in the storm1 the howling wind1 the tornado1 the hurricane1 the roaring rapids and dashing cataracts of the rivers1 the never-ending rise and fall of the ocean1 the towering mountains and the tiny hills1 the trees1 the bees1 the buds and blossoms4 ,it is ,god in the flower that makes it grow and gives it its odor2 that makes the tree from the acorn2 that makes the sun to shine2 that sends the rain and dew and the gentle zephyrs4 ,the thunder is ,his voice1 and everything in ,nature is an expression of ,his thought4 ,this belief compels the ,indian to a close study of ,nature4 ,hence the keenness of his powers of observation4 ,he knows every plant1 and when and where it best grows4 ,he knows the track of every bird1 insect1 reptile1 and animal4 ,he knows all the signs of the weather4 ,he is a past-master in woodcraft1 and knows more of the habits of plants and animal life than all of our trained naturalists put together4 ,he is a poet1 too1 withal1 and an orator1 using the knowledge he has of nature in his thought and speech4 ,no writer that ever lived knew the real ,indian so well as ,fenimore ,cooper1 and we all know the dignified and poetical speech of his ,indian characters4 ,i know scores and hundreds of dusky-skinned ,henry ,d4 ,thoreaus and ,john ,burroughses1 ,john ,muirs and ,elizabeth ,grinnells and ,olive ,thorne ,millers4 ,indeed1 to get an ,indian once started upon his lore of plant1 tree1 insect1 bird1 or animal1 is to open up a flood-gate which will deluge any but the one who knows what to expect4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,sleeping ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,illustration3 ,,terraced ,,houses ,,of ,,the ,,hopis1 ,,allowing ,,sleeping ,,out ,,of ,,doors4 ,as ,i have already intimated1 the ,indian is practically an out-of-door sleeper4 ,i say 8practically10 for there are exceptions to the general rule4 ,the ,hopis of northern ,arizona have houses4 ,in the cold winter months they sleep indoors whenever they can4 ,the ,navahos1 ,apaches1 ,havasupais1 and other tribes have their 8hogans0 and 8hawas0 in which they sleep in the very cold weather4 ,but in the summer the invariable rule is for all to sleep out of doors4 ,and even in the winter1 if duty calls them away from home and they have to camp out1 they sleep in the cold1 on the snow1 in the rain1 as unconcerned for their health as if they were well protected indoors4 ,it is this latter feature that so much commends itself to me4 ,it is just as natural to them to have to sleep out of doors as it is to sleep indoors4 ,they think no more of it1 do not regard it as an unusual and dangerous experience1 or one to be dreaded4 ,they accept it without a murmur or complaint1 and without fear4 ,this is an attitude of mind that ,i would the white race would learn from the ,indian4 ,i once had a friend1 a city-bred man1 born and brought up in ,new ,york1 sent west to me by his physician because he had had two or three hemorrhages1 whom ,i took out into ,arizona4 ,the first night we had to sleep out was very cold1 for it was early in the year1 and at that high altitude the thermometer sank very rapidly after the sun went down4 ,yet ,i deliberately called camp by the side of a great snowbank4 ,the fearful invalid wanted to know what ,i was stopping there for4 ,i told him it was to afford him a good sleeping place on the snow4 ,he expressed his dread1 and assured me that such an experience would kill him at once4 ,i told him that if it did ,i would see that he was decently buried1 but that did not seem to dissipate his fears4 ,after a good camp-fire was built1 and he had had a warm and comforting supper1 and his blankets were stretched out on the snow1 and he was undressed and well wrapped up1 with a hot rock at his feet and the cheery blaze lighting up the scene1 he felt less alarmed4 ,i talked him to sleep1 and when he awoke in the morning it was to confess that his throat and lungs felt more comfortable than they had done for many long months4 ,a month of this open-air sleeping gave him new ideas on the subject1 and sent him back east to fit up a camp in the ,adirondacks1 where he could get a great deal of outdoor life1 and sleeping with doors and windows wide open4 ,illustration3 ,,boston ,,millionaires ,,sleeping ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,,on ,,the ,,sands ,,of ,,the ,,colorado ,,river4 ,the outdoor treatment for tuberculosis is now almost universal4 ,here is what one eminent authority says on the subject3 8,tuberculosis is a direct result of over-work1 either mental or physical1 and rest is largely its cure4 ,this life in the open air is best carried out in a sitting or semi-reclining posture4 ,every hour of the day in all seasons of the year and in all kinds of weather should thus be spent1 together with sleeping in a tent1 protected veranda1 or in a house with windows wide open4 ,it will be found that the colder the weather1 the more marked and permanent the results4 ,one does not need to be uncomfortable2 one can be well wrapped with heavy blankets4 ,it is the inhalation of cold air that is so effectual in stimulating appetite1 as a general tonic and fever reducer4 ,a consumptive should have for his motto3 #8,every hour in the closed house is an hour lost4' ,there is no excuse for losing time40 ,but it is not for those who are in ill health alone that ,i would commend out-of-door sleeping4 ,those who are healthy need to be kept in health1 and there is a vim1 a vigor1 a physical joy1 comes from this habit that ,i would that every child1 young man and woman1 and adult in the land might enjoy4 ,here is what one intelligent writer1 ,mary ,heath1 has recently said upon this subject1 and her words ,i most heartily indorse3 8,the success of any scheme for human betterment1 morally1 mentally1 or physically1 depends upon securing human co-operation by convincing the intellect of the truth or falsity of any widespread belief4 ,the almost universal notion that night air is dangerous has predisposed1 more than any other one cause1 to the shutting of every door and window at sunset to keep out malaria4 ,notwithstanding the fact that all air analyses show that outdoor night air is much purer than day air1 the old fear of night air still remains1 and is responsible for much infection from foul air1 because outdoor and indoor workers in summer and winter--all alike--spend their sleeping hours in ill-ventilated bedrooms4 ,after false ideas about the harmfulness of fresh air are eradicated1 plans should be devised and utilized for arranging outdoor sleeping apartments2 plans should also be devised for keeping the body warm in cold weather without an over-amount of bedclothing2 and for the health and convenience of the millions of middle class and more or less humble domestic home workers1 provisions should be made for doing the housework as much as possible out of doors1 away from the kitchen heat and odors of cooking food4 ,out-of-door recreation for the family should also be provided for4 ,could all sedentary workers spend the seven to nine hours of sleep in a clean1 outdoor atmosphere1 many of the evil effects of indoor sedentary work would be neutralized4 ,the shop1 office1 or factory employe1 after sleeping in the pure night air1 would awake invigorated for the day's demands and duties4 ,beginning the day aright1 with a keen normal appetite for healthful food1 he would be able to utilize his working energies without either structural damage to the tissues1 or intellectual or moral degradation40 ,elbert ,hubbard1 of ,roycroft fame1 has converted all the sleeping-rooms of his phalanstery into outdoor rooms1 where fresh1 pure air is breathed4 ,dr4 ,kellogg1 editor of ,good ,health1 sleeps out of doors all the time1 and all his large family of adopted children have rooms which practically contain no doors or windows1 so that they sleep as near the open air as civilization will allow4 ,for years1 as far as was possible1 ,i have slept out of doors4 ,when at home my bed is on an open porch1 my face turned to the stars1 the waving of plum1 peach1 and fig trees making music while ,i sleep1 the beautiful lights of earliest dawn cheering my eyes before ,i arise1 and the twittering and singing of the birds putting melodies into my soul as ,i dress4 ,when ,i am in the wilds exploring1 ,i sleep out of doors always1 when and where ,i can4 ,those who have read my various books know of my experiences of sleeping in storms1 during heavy rains1 without bedding in rocky washes1 in leaky boats and the rain pouring upon us1 in the heat of the desert1 and the cold of the snowy plateaus of ,arizona4 ,yet ,i do not remember that ,i ever once 8took cold10 though ,i have been wet through many a night4 ,on the other hand1 ,i never visit civilization1 especially the proud1 haughty1 conceited civilization of the ,east1 where houses are steam-heated1 and street and railway cars are superheated1 without taking severe colds and suffering much misery4 ,those who have heard ,nansen and ,peary and other arctic explorers will remember that they had the same experience4 ,is it not apparent1 therefore1 that the outdoor life is the normal1 the healthful1 the rational1 the natural life1 while that of the steam-heated house is abnormal1 unhealthful1 irrational1 and unnatural8 ,people often say3 ,but ,i see that my house is well ventilated1 and therefore the air is as pure and good as it is out of doors4 ,in reply1 permit me to say that no house can ever be well ventilated4 ,air to be pure and wholesome must be alive4 ,it can only live when free and uncontained1 and in contact with the direct rays of the sun during the day4 ,every thoughtful person has noticed the great difference there is between outdoor air and indoor air1 on stepping from outside inside1 even through all the doors and windows of the room were wide open4 ,there is a vast difference between indoor and outdoor air1 even under the best of conditions2 so get into the open all you can1 day or night1 winter or summer1 wet or dry4 ,one of the finest and strongest poems in the language is the following1 by ,richard ,burton3 ,,god',s ,,gift1 ,,the ,,air ,now1 is there anything that freer seems ,than air1 the fresh1 the vital1 that a man ,draws in with breathings bountiful1 nor dreams ,of any better bliss1 because he can ,make over all his blood thereby1 and feel ,once more his youth return1 his muscles steel1 ,and life grow buoyant1 part of ,god's good plan6 ,oh1 how on plain and mountain1 and by streams ,that shine along their path2 o'er many a field ,proud with pied flowers1 or where sunrise gleams ,in spangled splendors1 does the rich air yield ,its balsam2 yea1 how hunter1 pioneer1 ,lover1 and bard have felt that heaven was near ,because the air their spirit touched and healed6 ,and yet--,god of the open6--look and see ,the millions of thy creatures pent within ,close places that are foul for one clean breath1 ,thrilling with health1 and hope1 and purity2 ,nature's vast antidote for stain and sin1 ,life's sweetest medicine this side of death6 ,how comes it that this largess of the sky ,thy children lack of1 till they droop and die8 ,many white people go out tenting in the summer and think they are sleeping out of doors4 ,what a foolish error4 ,here is what a scientific authority says upon the subject3 8,are you tenting8 ,if so1 you should know3 8,that a well-closed tent is nearly air-tight1 and consequently1-- 8,that in an ordinary-sized tent1 one occupant will so pollute the air as to render it unfit to breathe in less than twenty minutes2 two occupants1 in less than ten minutes4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,chemehuevi ,,indian ,,and ,,his ,,out-,,of-,,door ,,shelter ,,from ,,the ,,sun4 8,that if you are tenting for your health1 an opening at each end of the tent must be provided for ventilation at night4 ,the openings should be at least a foot square for each occupant4 8,breathing impure air lowers the vitality1 and consequently renders one susceptible to colds and other diseased conditions40 ,illustration3 ,,climbing ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,trails ,,in ,,havasu ,,canyon1 ,,arizona4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,indian ,,as ,a ,,walker1 ,,rider1 ,,and ,,climber ,as a part of his out-of-door life the ,indian is a great walker and runner1 having horses he is a great rider1 and living in a mountainous or canyon region he is a great climber4 ,the ,indian walks through necessity1 and also through delight and joy4 ,he knows to the full 8the joy of mere living40 ,a few miles' walk1 more or less1 is nothing to him1 and he does it so easily that one can see he enjoys it4 ,in one of my books#a ,i tell the story of the running powers of the ,hopi ,indians of northern ,arizona4 ,it is worth quoting here3 #a ,the ,indians of the ,painted ,desert ,region4 ,little1 ,brown ,co41 ,boston1 illustrated1 #b4jj net1 #bj;c postage4 8,it is no uncommon thing for an ,oraibi or ,mashonganavi to run from his home to ,moenkopi1 a distance of forty miles1 over the hot blazing sands of a real ,american ,sahara1 there hoe his corn-field1 and return to his home1 within twenty-four hours4 ,i once photographed1 the morning after his return1 an old man who had made this eighty-mile run1 and he showed not the slightest trace of fatigue4 8,for a dollar ,i have several times engaged a young man to take a message from ,oraibi to ,keam's ,canyon1 a distance of seventy-two miles1 and he has run on foot the whole distance1 delivered his message1 and brought me an answer within thirty-six hours4 8,one ,oraibi1 ,ku-wa-wen-ti-wa1 ran from ,oraibi to ,moenkopi1 thence to ,walpi1 and back to ,oraibi1 a distance of over ninety miles1 in one day40 ,i doubt not that most of my readers suppose that these experiences are rare and unusual1 and come after special training4 ,not at all6 ,they are regular occurrences1 made without any thought that the white man was either watching or recording4 ,when asked for the facts1 the ,indians gave them as simply and as unconcernedly as we might tell of a friend met or a dinner eaten4 ,and it is not with one tribe alone4 ,i have found the same endurance with ,yumas1 ,pimas1 ,apaches1 ,navahos1 ,havasupais1 ,wallapais1 ,chemehuevis1 ,utes1 ,paiutis1 and ,mohaves4 ,indeed1 on the trackless wastes of the ,colorado desert the ,mohaves and ,yumas perhaps show a greater endurance than any people ,i have ever seen4 ,as a horseback-rider the ,indian can teach many things to the white race4 ,among the ,navahos and ,hopis1 the ,havasupais and ,wallapais1 the ,pimas and ,apaches1 most of the children are taught to ride at an early age4 ,they can catch1 bridle1 and saddle their own horses while they are still 8little tots10 and the way they ride is almost a marvel4 ,there need be no wonder at this1 for their mothers are as used to horseback-riding as they are4 ,many an ,indian child has come near to being born on horseback4 ,they ride up and down trails1 over the plains and up the mountains4 ,they go with their parents gathering the seeds and pinion nuts1 and are also taught to handle their horses in the chase4 ,they study 8horse-nature10 and early become expert horse-breakers4 ,while their animals are broncos and wild1 and therefore are never as well 8broken0 as are ours1 they compel them to every duty1 and ride them fearlessly and constantly4 ,the girls and women1 too1 ride almost as much as the boys and men1 and always astride4 ,if anything were needed to demonstrate to an ,indian woman the inferiority of a white woman it would be that she sits on a side-saddle4 ,the utter unnaturalness and folly of such a posture is so incomprehensible to the ,indian mind that she 8throws up her hands10 figuratively speaking1 and gives up the problem of solving the peculiar mentality of her white sister4 ,and ,i don't wonder6 ,thank ,god the day is passing when women are ashamed of having legs1 or of placing one of them on one side and the other on the other side of a horse4 ,common sense and comfort will ultimately prevail1 and place the most modest1 refined1 cultured1 and womenly women upon the backs of their horses cavalier fashion1 dressed in trousers4 ,the idea that men should dictate to women what they should do to be womanly is so absurd as to make even fools laugh4 ,what does a man know as to what is womanly8 ,women alone can determine that question1 just as men alone must determine what is manly4 ,so ,i am satisfied that ,i shall live to see womenly women--the best the world has--reasonably natural in their dress on horseback1 and riding as the ,creator evidently intended them to do4 ,if girls as well as boys of the white race were to ride horseback more1 much disease would flee away4 ,liver and stomach troubles are shaken out of existence on horseback2 the blue devils and constipation are almost an impossibility1 and the exhilaration of the swift motion and the vivifying influence of the deeper breathing1 the shaking up of the muscles and nerves1 the quickening effect of the accelerated heart action1 and the readier circulation of well-oxygenated blood make the whole body a-tingle with a newness of life that is glorious4 ,if ,i were well to do and had a score of children their chief education should be out of doors1 and rain or shine1 storm or calm1 snow or sleet1 winter or summer1 boys and girls alike should ride horseback ten to twenty miles or more each day4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,zuni ,,indian ,,with ,a ,,jar ,,of ,,water ,,upon ,,her ,,head4 ,nor should this do away with daily walking4 ,walking is a fine offset to riding4 ,one needs to walk a good deal to enjoy riding a good deal4 ,one is a necessary complement to the other4 ,one exercise uses muscles that are little called upon by the other4 ,so ,i would make good walkers1 in all weathers1 of all boys1 girls1 men1 and women of the white race1 even as are those of the ,indian race4 ,in order to be good walkers the ,indians have naturally found the most perfect and natural attitude for walking4 ,every ,indian walks upright1 his abdomen in1 chest up1 chin down1 and spinal column easily carrying his body and arms4 ,the white race may well learn from the ,indian how to keep the spinal column upright1 how to have a graceful carriage in walking1 and how to cure stooped shoulders4 ,with all younger women and men of all ages among the ,indians a curved spine1 ungraceful walk1 and stooped shoulders are practically unknown4 ,the women produce this result by carrying burdens upon their heads4 ,yes1 and the boys and men as well carry burdens also upon the head1 though not as much as the women4 ,burden carrying upon the head is a good thing4 ,as one writer has well said3 8,most of us are accustomed to regard the head as a mere thinking machine1 unconscious of the fact that this bony superstructure seems to have been specially adapted by ,nature to the carrying of heavy weights4 8,the arms are usually considered as the means intended for the bearing of burdens1 but the effect of carrying heavy articles in the hands or on the arms is very injurious1 and altogether destructive of an erect or graceful carriage4 ,the shoulders are dragged forward1 the back loses its natural curve1 the lungs are compressed1 and internal organs displaced4 8,when the head bears the weight of the burden1 as it is made to do among the peasant women of ,italy1 ,mexico1 and ,spain1 and the people of the ,far ,east1 there is great gain in both health and beauty4 ,the muscles of the neck are strengthened1 the spine held erect1 the chest raised and expanded1 so that breathing is full and deep1 and the shoulders are held back in their natural position4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,yokut ,,indian ,,with ,a ,,wheelbarrow ,,load ,,of ,,peaches ,,and ,,figs4 ,,the ,,carrying ,,basket ,,is ,,suspended ,,by ,a ,,broad ,,band ,,over ,,the ,,forehead4 8,it is a good thing for children to be early accustomed to the carrying of various articles1 gradually increasing in weight1 balanced upon the head4 ,in this way they may acquire an erect carriage1 and free and graceful walk40 ,the ,indian man and woman will pick up an olla of water1 containing a gallon or more1 and swinging it easily to the top of the head will walk along with hands by their sides1 as unconcernedly as if they carried no fragile bowl balanced and ready to fall at the slightest provocation4 ,and they will climb up steep and difficult trails1 still balancing the jar upon the head4 ,the effect of this is to compel a natural and dignified carriage4 ,i know ,navaho1 ,hopi1 and ,havasupai women who walk with a simple dignity that is not surpassed in drawing-room of president or king4 ,then1 too1 another reason for this dignified1 healthfully erect carriage is found in the fact that neither men nor women wear high-heeled shoes4 ,the moccasin is always flat1 and therefore the foot of the ,indian rests firmly and securely upon the floor4 ,no doubt if the ,indian woman wished to imitate the forward motion of the kangaroo1 or any other frivolous creature1 she could tilt herself in an unnatural and absurd position by high-heeled shoes1 but in all my twenty-five years of association with them ,i never found one foolish enough to do so4 ,the men1 as well as the women1 gain this upright attitude as the result of 8holding up their vital organs0 when they go for their long hunting and other tramps4 ,it seems to me that fully one-half the white men 7and women7 we meet on the streets are suffering from prolapsus of the transverse colon4 ,this is evidenced by the projection of the abdomen1 which generally grows larger as they grow older2 so that we have 8tailors for fat men10 and special implements of torture for compressing into what we call a decent shape the embonpoint of women4 ,but1 ,i ask1 as ,i see the ,indians1 why do white people have this paunch8 ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,maiden ,,carrying ,a ,,basket ,,water ,,olla ,,upon ,,her ,,head4 ,,full ,,of ,,water ,,this ,,weighs ,,many ,,pounds4 ,an ,indian with a 8bay-window0 stomach1 a paunch1 is seldom1 if ever seen4 ,why8 ,he has long ago learned the art1 the necessity1 of keeping his abdominal muscles stretched tight4 ,his belly is always held in4 ,the muscles across his abdomen are like steel4 ,the result is the transverse colon is held securely in position4 ,it has no prolapse1 hence there is no paunch4 ,if we taught ourselves1 as the ,indian does1 to draw in the abdomen and at the same time breathe long and deep1 this prolapsus would be practically impossible4 ,half the medicine that is sold to so-called 8kidney sufferers0 is sold to people whose kidneys are no more diseased than are those of the man in the moon4 ,it is the pulling and tugging of the falling colon that causes the wearisome backache2 and the lying and scoundrelous wretches who prey upon the ignorant write out their catch-penny advertisements describing these feelings1 so that when the sufferer picks up their literature he is as good as entrapped for 8a dozen or more bottles10 or until his money gives out4 ,o men and women of ,america1 learn to walk upright1 as ,god intended you should4 ,do not become 8chesty0 by throwing out your chest1 and throwing your shoulders back at the expense of your spine1 but pull in the muscles of your abdomen1 fill your lungs with air1 then pull your chin down and in1 and you will soon have three great1 grand1 and glorious blessings2 viz41 a dignified1 upright carriage2 freedom from and reasonable assurance that you will never have prolapsus of the transverse colon and its attendant miseries and backache2 and a lung capacity that will help you withstand the approaches of disease should you ever1 in some other way1 come under its malign influence4 ,when ,i see white boys slouching and shambling along the streets ,i wish with a great wish that ,i could have them put under the training of some of my wild ,indian friends4 ,they would soon brace up2 heads would be held erect1 chins down1 abdomen in1 chest up1 and with lips closed1 and the pure air of the mountain1 canyon1 plain1 desert1 or forest entering their lungs through the nostrils2 the whole aspect of life would begin to change4 ,for 8nothing lifts up the spirits so much as just to lift the chest up4 ,it takes a load off the head1 off the mind1 off the heart4 ,raise your chest so high that the abdominal organs perform their functions in a proper way4 ,when one is all doubled over1 the head and spine are deprived of blood that they are entitled to4 ,when the chest is lifted up1 the abdominal organs are compressed1 and the blood that has been retired from the circulation and accumulated in the liver and the stomach is forced back into the current where it belongs4 ,the head and spinal cord get their proper supply of blood1 and one feels refreshed and energized immediately40 ,illustration3 ,,havasupai ,,child ,,with ,,water ,,bottle ,,suspended ,,from ,,the ,,forehead4 ,but in addition to their walking and riding the ,indians are great climbers of steep canyon and mountain trails4 ,men1 women1 and children alike pass up and down these trails with almost the ease and agility of the goat4 ,i have seen a woman with a kathak 7carrying basket7 suspended from her forehead containing a load of fruit1 of pine nuts1 of grass seeds1 weighing not less than from #ej to #ajj lbs41 her baby perched on top of the load1 steadily and easily climb a trail that made me puff and blow like a grampus4 ,few exercises1 properly taken1 are of greater benefit to the lungs and heart1 and indeed1 all the vital organs1 than is trail or mountain climbing4 ,see that your clothing is easy1 especially around the waist1 for there must be room for every effort of lung expansion4 ,this applies to men as well as to women1 for the wretched and injurious habit is growing among men of wearing a belt instead of suspenders4 ,if the prospective climber is a woman1 let her wear a loose1 light dress1 and with as short a skirt as her common sense1 judgment1 and conscience will allow her to wear4 ,if she is out 8in the wilds10 let her wear trousers and discard skirts entirely as a senseless and barbarous slavery to custom and convention4 ,shoes should be easy and comfortable1 with thick soles and broad1 low heels4 ,illustration3 ,,climbing ,,the ,,trails ,,in ,,the ,,canyon ,,of ,,the ,,havasu1 ,,arizona4 ,begin to climb as early in the morning as possible4 ,don't try to do too much at first4 ,try a small hill4 ,conquer that by degrees4 ,get so that you can finally go up and down without any great effort4 ,then tackle the higher hills1 and finally try real mountains1 eight1 ten1 fourteen thousand feet high4 ,if you are delicate to begin with be more careful still1 and ask the advice of your physician1 but don't be afraid so long as you do not get fatigued to exhaustion4 ,for climbing develops the thighs and calves of the leg1 the muscles of the back1 enlarges the lungs1 makes the heart pump more and purer 7because better oxygenated7 blood throughout the whole body1 brings about more rapid changes in the material of the body1 and thus exchanges old and useless tissue for new and healthy1 dissolves and dissipates fat1 induces perspiration and exhalations through the kidneys that are peculiarly beneficial4 ,in breathing be sure to keep the mouth closed4 ,insist upon nasal breathing1 and the exercise will perforce make it deep breathing4 ,the deeper you breathe the more good you will get from it4 ,let the posture be correct or you will lose much good4 ,this is in brief3 pull the abdomen in1 raise the chest1 keep the chin down1 and let the arms hang easily and naturally by the side4 ,for years ,i have compelled myself to seize every possible opportunity for trail climbing or descending4 ,hundreds of miles of trails have ,i gone up and down in the ,grand ,canyon of ,arizona1 often with a thirty1 forty1 fifty pound camera and food supplies on my back4 ,i have ascended scores of mountains throughout the ,southwest1 and the rich experiences of glowing health and vigor1 vim1 snap1 tingle1 that come from such exercises no one can know but those who have enjoyed them4 ,a few weeks ago ,i came to the ,grand ,canyon 7,september1 #aijg71 after nearly a year of rest from physical labor on an extended scale 7my civilized occupations had pre-empted all my time74 ,i started out on the trail1 up and down ,havasu ,canyon1 ,bass ,trail of the ,grand ,canyon1 and the ,grand ,view and ,red ,canyon trails4 ,again and again ,i walked up the steepest portions for a mile at a time1 setting the pace for the horses and mules1 and it was a source of mental as well as physical delight that my lungs1 heart1 and body generally were in such good condition that ,i could do this day after day for two weeks1 not only without exhaustion1 but with positive exhilaration and physical delight4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,indian ,,in ,,the ,,rain ,,and ,,the ,,dirt ,how these 8things we may learn from the ,indian0 grow upon us1 as we study the 8noble red man0 in his own haunts4 ,again and again ,i have noticed that 8he doesn't know enough to go in when it rains40 ,the white man who first coined that expression deemed it an evidence of smartness1 and reared his head more proudly than his fellows because he was the author of so bright an idea4 ,yet when you come to consider it1 what a foolish proposition it is6 ,go in when it rains8 ,why should you go in8 ,do the birds go in8 ,i have just been watching them from my study window1--larks1 linnets1 song-sparrows1 and mocking-birds4 ,not one of them seems to care a particle about the rain1 and their songs are as sweet and as cheery and as full of melody as they are on the days of brightest sunshine4 ,how well ,i recall seeing a mocking-bird on a stand on my lawn one day when the rain was pouring down fiercely4 ,he stood with bill up and tail down so that he had a very 8,gothic-roof-like0 appearance1 his mouth wide open1 and as the rain poured from the end of his tail he sent out a flood of melody more rich and sweet than any bird-song ,i ever heard4 ,and the horses6 ,how they enjoy the rain6 ,i have seen them loose in a stable having double doors1 the upper of which was open1 and when it rained they would thrust their noses out into the rain and let the drippings of the eaves fall upon them with evident pleasure and longing that they might get out into it all over4 ,illustration3 ,,healthy ,,navaho ,,children ,,used ,,to ,,the ,,rain ,,and ,,the ,,out ,,of ,,doors4 ,nothing alive in ,nature save 8civilized0 man dreads the rain4 ,the ,indian fairly revels in it4 ,i was once at the ,havasupai village for a couple of weeks1 the guest of my friend ,wa-lu-tha-ma4 ,his little girl1 seven years old1 was a perfect little witch4 ,she was quick1 nervy1 lively1 and healthy4 ,when it rained and her clothes got wet ,i tried to prevail upon her to come into shelter4 ,but no6 ,she wanted to be out in the rain1 and off she sprang through the door1 playing with the pools as they collected1 and running with others of her playmates to where the extemporized waterfalls dashed themselves into semi-spray as they fell from the heights above upon the shelving rocks4 ,here they stood1 in the water and rain1 like dusky fairies1 laughing and shouting1 romping and sporting1 in perfect glee4 ,the older women1 too1 mind it but little1 unless it is very cold or the wind is blowing4 ,they no more mind being wet than they do that the wind should blow or the sun shine1 and as for any ill effect that either children or grown-ups suffer from the wet1 ,i have yet to see it4 ,why8 ,the reasons are clear4 ,in the first place1 they have no fear of the rain4 ,it is not constantly instilled into their minds from childhood that 8they mustn't get wet1 or they'll take cold10 and girls are not taught to expect functional disarrangement if they 8get their feet wet40 ,this has something to do with it1 for the effect of the mind upon the body is far more potent than we yet know4 ,in the second place1 they move about with natural activity in the rain as at other times4 ,this keeps the blood circulating and prevents any lowering of the temperature of the body4 ,in the third place1 their general out-of-door life gives them such a robustness that if there is any tax upon the system it is fully ready to meet it4 ,but ,i am asked1 8,would you advocate white people1 especially girls and women1 getting wet8 ,think of their skirts bedraggled in the rain1 and how these wet skirts cling to the ankles and make their wearers uncomfortable40 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,kish ,,in ,,southern ,,california4 ,i have thought a great deal about this1 and am not prepared to say that with our present costume ,i would advocate women's going out much in the rain4 ,but ,i do say that once in a while they can put on short skirts and stout shoes and such old clothes as cannot be injured by getting wet1 and then resolutely and boldly sally forth into the rain1 and the harder it comes down the better1 if it be warm weather4 ,then let them learn to enjoy the pattering of the rain upon cheeks and ears4 ,let them hold out their hands and feel the soft and gentle caresses of the 8high-born1 noble rain40 ,let them watch the drops as they spatter on the leaves and trickle down the stems1 gathering volume and speed as they reach the bole and fall to the ground1 there to give life and nourishment to the whole plant4 ,everything in ,nature loves to be out in the rain4 ,how fresh and bright the trees look after a shower6 ,how the rocks are cleansed and made bright and shining6 ,how their color comes vividly out in the rain6 ,and upon human beings the effect is the same1 provided they value health and vigor more than they mind a little discomfort in the bedragglement of their clothes4 ,years ago ,i learned this lesson4 ,i was riding from the line of the railway1 over the ,painted ,desert1 with several ,havasupai ,indians4 ,it was the rainy season4 ,showers fell half a dozen times a day4 ,at first ,i wished ,i had an umbrella4 ,i got wet through1 and so did the ,indians4 ,i thought ,i ought to feel wretched and miserable1 but somehow the ,indians were as bright and cheerful as ever1 so ,i plucked up heart and courage1 and in half an hour my clothes were dry again4 ,four or five times that day and an equal number the next day1 ,i got wet through and dry again4 ,riding horseback kept me warm1 and the quick and healthful circulation of the blood1 the active deep breathing caused by the exercise1 the absence of fear in the soul1 all combined to make the wetting a benefit instead of an injury4 ,my friend ,w4 ,w4 ,bass1 of the ,grand ,canyon of ,arizona1 with whom ,i have made many trips in that ,wonderland region1 tells with great gusto a true story of my riding over the desert on one occasion1 clothed in one of the old-fashioned linen dusters that reached below my knees4 ,it was warm weather1 and dusty on the railway1 hence the duster1 ,i suppose4 ,but when we got fairly out on the desert it began to rain1 and how it did pour6 ,it came down so rapidly that by and by my pockets were full of water1 and ,bass says that when he overtook me1 ,i was jogging along1 singing at the top of my voice 7just as the mocking-bird did71 the water splashing out of my pockets as ,i bounced up and down in the saddle4 ,the linen duster clung to the sides and back of the horse1 and wrapped itself around my legs so that the picture was comical in the extreme4 ,but ,i was happy1 and refused to feel any discomfort1 and so got joy out of the experience1 as well as health and vigor4 ,for let it be remembered that when ,i came from ,england1 twenty-five years ago1 ,i came as an invalid1 broken down in health completely2 so much so that ,i was even forbidden to read a book for a whole year4 ,now few men are as healthy as ,i4 ,years of association with the ,indian1 learning simplicity and naturalness of him1 have aided materially in making the change4 ,i have learned the value of putting the primary things first4 ,i used to be so 8nice0 and 8finnicky0 that the idea of having my clothes wet would give me a small panic4 8,they would get out of shape and look badly1 and have to be pressed before ,i could wear them again40 ,but when ,i came to the conclusion that ,i was worth more than clothes1 that my health was of more importance than a crease in my trousers1 ,i found ,i was taking hold of a principle which1 while it might at times seem to be rough on my clothing1 would have a decidedly beneficial influence on myself4 ,and this leads to another important lesson we may learn from the ,indian4 ,he is not as 8nice0 sometimes as ,i wish he were1 but we are far too nice1 often1 for health and comfort4 ,many a woman ruins her health by wrecking her nerves1 drives her husband distracted1 worries and annoys her children1 by being too nice in her house4 ,i have found1 in ,new ,england and elsewhere1--aye1 even in ,old ,england1--women who valued a clean house more than they valued their own lives1 the happiness of their children1 and the comfort of their husbands4 ,indeed1 in one case ,i well remember a woman drove her husband into temporary insanity1 and finally into ignominious flight away from her1 by her eternal washing of floors1 shaking of carpets1 polishing of furniture1 and dusting down4 ,every time the poor fellow went in from the workshop he must change his clothes4 ,if he came in from the outside he must take off his shoes before he entered the door4 ,if he put his warm hand down on the polished table he was rebuked1 for his wife at once got up1 fetched her chamois leather and rubbed off the offending marks4 ,poor1 wretched woman1 and equally poor1 wretched man6 ,no wonder he went crazy1 and finally lost his manhood and ran away4 ,i know this is an extreme case4 ,but ,i vouch for its strict truth4 ,and there are thousands of women 7and men too1 for that matter7 who are afflicted in a serious measure with the same disease4 ,in that home where niceness is valued more than health and comfort and work in life1 there lurks serious danger4 ,go to the ,indian1 and while ,i do not suggest that you lose all niceness by any means1 seek to learn some of his philosophy and place primary things first4 ,first1 health1 happiness1 comfort1 peace1 contentment1 love2 then these other things4 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,children ,,enjoying ,,their ,,daily ,,sport ,,on ,,the ,,back ,,of ,a ,,burro4 ,i'm going to make a confession that ,i am afraid will bring me into sad repute with some of my readers4 ,when my first boy was born1 we were naturally very proud of him4 ,as he grew out of his baby clothes we liked to see him look nice and neat and clean4 ,he must be a pretty little cherub1 dressed in white and have the manners of a ,little ,lord ,fauntleroy4 ,then ,i came to the conclusion that we were valuing 8niceness0 more than the healthy development of the child4 ,i remonstrated and urged a change but to no effect1 so ,i resolved on a coup d'tat4 ,one morning after the youngster was dressed up in his white bib and tucker1 and as uncomfortable and unhappy as any and all healthy children feel at such treatment1 ,i took him by the hand and led him out of doors and out of sight of all watchful eyes1 where there was plenty of mud and plenty of water4 ,in half an hour his changed appearance was a marvel4 ,we started a little stream of water1 which we then dammed4 ,we made mud pies1 and ,i helped him mix the 8dough0 in his apron4 ,we reveled in mud from top to toe4 ,i rolled him in it1 so that back was as vividly marked as front4 ,not a remnant of niceness was left in him4 ,we went home happy and contented1 laughing and merry1 but bedaubed and beplastered everywhere4 ,we had had such a good time4 ,and it was such fun going out with father4 ,we were going again to-morrow and the next day and the next4 ,and so we did4 ,it needed no words1 no argument4 ,it did not take long to get two or three suits of brown canvas or blue denim1 and the youngster grew up healthy1 happy1 vigorous1 strong1 tough1 and often dirty1 rather than anmic1 miserable1 dyspeptic1 weak and ailing1 and nice4 ,there would be far less demand for children's tombstones1 surmounted with marble angels and inscribed with wretched doggerel1 if mothers valued health rather than niceness1 vigor before primness1 and strength immaculate rather than bibs and aprons4 ,so ,i say1 let us not be over-nice4 ,and especially let us not train our children to value clean hands and clothes more than the rugged health that comes from contact with the soil in out-of-door employments4 ,i find one can enjoy ,homer1 and ,browning1 ,dante1 and ,shakspere1 all the better because his body is vigorous and strong1 his brain clear1 and his mind active as the result of rough-and-tumble mountain climbing1 desert tramping or riding1 and walking on canyon trails4 ,another result of this frank and fearless acceptance of out-of-door conditions is manifested in a readiness to meet difficulties that over-niceness is disinclined to touch4 ,let me illustrate4 ,two or three months ago ,i made a journey with two ,yuma ,indians and four white men down the overflow of the ,colorado ,river to the ,salton ,sea4 ,we were warned beforehand that it would be 8an awfully hard trip40 ,we were told that it was 8hell boiled down0 to try to go through certain places4 ,the river for ten or twelve miles left its bed and ran wild over a vast tract of land covered with a mesquite forest4 ,mesquite is a fairly dense tree growth covered with strong and piercing thorns4 ,when we came to this place we had to cut our way through the thorny thicket1 and our faces1 hands1 and bodies all suffered with fierce scratchings and thorn-pricks4 ,several times we stuck fast1 and there was nothing for it but to jump out into the water with ax in hand and cut away the obstructions or lift over the boat4 ,my ,indian1 ,jim1 though dignified and serene1 as ,i shall fully explain elsewhere1 had the promptness that over-niceness destroys4 ,he was out over the side of the boat as quickly as ,i was1 ready for the hard and disagreeable work4 ,had ,i been 8nicely0 dressed1 and 8nice0 about the feeling of water up to my middle1 too 8nice0 to wade for hours1 sinking into quicksands1 in order to find the best passage for the boats1 we should have been there yet4 ,we cut down three mesquite trees1 under water1 in order to get our boats over the stumps4 ,we forced our way through tall and dense arrow weeds1 one in front and the other behind the boat1 lifting and forcing1 pulling and pushing4 ,it was not 8nice0 work1 but it was invigorating1 stimulating1 and soul-developing4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,mesquite ,,forest ,,on ,,our ,,way ,,to ,,the ,,salton ,,sea4 ,the other day ,i went photographing on the ,salton ,sea4 ,when the launch stopped twenty feet from the island covered with pelicans1 where ,i wished to make photographs1 ,i shouldered my camera1 stepped out into the water1 which came up to my thighs1 and walked ashore4 ,the engineer wondered4 ,why should he8 ,had ,i waited1 the pelicans would have flown away4 ,speed was necessary4 8,niceness0 would have prevented my getting what ,i went for4 ,when ,i stand on the lecture platform1 or in the pulpit1 or in the drawing-room2 when ,i meet ladies in the parlor and go with them for an automobile ride1 ,i dress as neatly as ,i can afford1 and endeavor to look 8nice20 but when ,i go into my garden to work1 ,i put on blue overalls1 a flannel shirt1 and a pair of heavy shoes1 and ,i try not to be nice4 ,i roll around in the dirt1 ,i feel it with my hands1 ,i revel in it1 for thus1 ,i find1 do ,i gain healthful enjoyment for body1 mind1 and soul4 ,i owe many things to the ,indian1 but few things ,i am more grateful for than that he taught me how to value important things more than 8looking neat0 and being 8nice40 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,physical ,,labor ,ministers and orators1 teachers and statesmen1 members of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 as well as the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 of the white race1 all profess to believe that the white race believes in the dignity of physical labor4 ,that profession is often a lie4 ,we no more believe in the dignity of physical labor than we do in the refinement of a hog4 ,our actions give the direct lie to our words4 ,i am writing with the utmost calmness1 and say these strong words with deliberate intent4 ,as a nation we are humbugs when we pretend to believe in the dignity of labor4 ,perhaps1 after all1 we do believe in it1 but in most cases it is not for ourselves1 but for 8the other fellow40 ,on the other hand1 the ,indian really and truly believes in the dignity of physical labor4 ,a chief would just as soon be 8caught0 dressing buckskin1 or sewing a pair of moccasins1 or irrigating his corn-field as lolling on a ,navaho blanket 8smoking the pipe of peace40 ,with the white race this is not so4 ,men believe in the dignity of labor as much as they do in the brotherhood of man4 ,they would no more be seen doing physical labor--wheeling a wheelbarrow1 for instance1 digging a ditch1 building a wall1 plowing a potato patch1 or doing any other physical work1 save the few things men are allowed to do without being thought peculiar1 as1 for instance1 taking care of a small home garden1 taking the ashes out of the furnace1 and things of that kind--than they would be seen picking their neighbors' pockets or burglarizing their houses4 ,when they want to gain exercise they go to some indoor gymnasium1 where the air is the breathed-over1 dead air of a hundred people1 and they swing dumb-bells1 pull on weights1 struggle frantically on bars1 and do other similar and fool-like things1 because1 forsooth1 these things are gentlemanly2 or they go out and swing golf-clubs and pursue a poor innocent little ball over the 8links10 while gaping caddies look on at their wild strokes1 and listen to the insane profanity with which they try to compel themselves to believe that they are 8gentlemen1 bah ,jove60 ,illustration3 ,a ,,havasupai ,,girl1 ,,weaver ,,of ,,baskets4 ,of all the contemptible1 shuffling1 and mean subterfuges the white race is capable of1 this seems to me to be about the meanest and most contemptible4 ,to pretend to believe in the dignity of labor1 and then at any and all opportunities afforded to labor to dodge away and do these useless and selfish things that do not take off one ounce of the burden of physical labor we have imposed upon our fellows4 ,let me not be thought for a moment to be opposed to any healthful recreation or sport4 ,if golf be pursued as a recreation1 for fun1 ,i am heartily in accord with it and its promoters4 ,it is when it is taken as an 8exercise10 as a substitute for honest and useful labor1 that ,i protest against it1 as a fraud1 a delusion1 a snare1 and a contemptible subterfuge4 ,if you want real exercise1 real work1 go and relieve some poor fellow-man of his excess of hard work4 ,tell him you have come to give him an hour's rest1 that he may go and study nature1 go and look at the flowers of your garden1 wander into the woods and hear the birds sing1 or visit the public library and read some entertaining and instructive book4 ,if you are too ashamed to openly try to give an hour or two of rest and change to your 8brother0 man1 go and chop the wood for the house1 dig up the potato patch1 wheel out the manure from the stable1 or do some other useful and beneficial thing4 ,pleasure is pleasure1 sport is sport1 fun is fun1 but to engage in these sports seriously1 as a physical exercise to counteract the effects of your evil dietetic habits or other grossnesses1 is to add hypocrisy and subterfuge to evil living4 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,indian ,,weaving ,a ,,dress ,,for ,,his ,,wife4 ,what labor the ,indian has to do he does gladly1 cheerfully1 openly4 ,he is not ashamed to have soiled hands or to be caught in the act4 ,in this ,i am heartily in accord with him4 ,if ,i ever wrote a creed one of the first articles of my religion would be3 8,i believe in the benefit and joy of physical labor40 ,if ,i had my way ,i would compel every member of the so-called 8learned0 professions 7671 from preacher to lawyer1 teacher and doctor1 statesman1 politician1 and bartender1 to spend not less than three hours at hard physical labor every day1 and as for my brother preachers1 ,i would put them to road-making every ,monday1 for half the day at least1 so that by practical knowledge of road-making on earth they might be better able to preach to their congregations the following ,sunday about the road to heaven4 ,there is nothing that more reveals that we are a people of caste and class than the attitude of the rich and the 8learned0 toward physical labor4 ,i am not in sympathy with that attitude in any respect2 ,i despise1 hate1 loathe it1 and would see it changed4 ,to the ,indian1 for his honest respect for and indulgence in physical labor1 ,i give my adherence and honor4 ,illustration3 ,,various ,,articles ,,of ,,use ,,and ,,ornament ,,made ,,and ,,decorated ,,by ,,indians4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,physical ,,labor ,,for ,,girls ,,and ,,women ,in the preceding chapter ,i have given the ,indian's life1 habit1 thought1 towards physical labor for himself and his sons4 ,he holds the same attitude toward it for his daughter and his wife4 ,and not only does he so hold it1 but the wife and daughter regard it in exactly the same way4 ,the out-door life of the ,indian girl and woman makes her healthy1 vigorous1 muscular1 and strong4 ,she glories in her physical vigor and strength1 and wonders why her white sister is not equal to her in physical capacity4 ,when ,i tell her that the white women pity her because1 forsooth1 8she has to do so much hard work1 while the lazy men sit by1 smoking1 and doing nothing10 she looks at me in vacant amazement4 ,once when ,i was talking in this way one of them said3 8,are your white women all fools8 ,tell them we not only don't need their pity1 but we despise them for their habits of life that lead them to pity us4 ,the ,creator made us with the capacity and power for work4 ,he knows that all beings must work if they would be healthy4 ,we would be healthy1 and therefore we do ,his will in working at our appointed tasks4 ,we are glad and proud to do them4 ,and as for the men3 let them dare to interfere in our work and they will soon see what they will see4 ,we brook no interference or help from them40 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,women ,,building ,a ,,house ,,at ,,oraibi1 ,,arizona4 ,so their children 7girls as well as boys7 are all brought up from the earliest years to work1 and to work hard4 ,boys are sent out to herd sheep1 horses1 and cattle2 to watch the corn and see that nothing disturbs it4 ,and the girls1 as soon as they can toddle1 become 8little mothers0 to their younger brothers and sisters4 ,as they grow older they grind all the corn1 gather all the wild grass and other seeds1 make all the basketry and pottery1 and prepare all the food for the household4 ,to grind corn in the ,indian fashion1 with flat rock and metate1 is no easy task for a strong man of the white race1 yet ,i have known a girl of fifteen to keep at work at the metate for ten hours a day for several days in succession1 in order that there might be plenty of flour when guests came to the ,snake ,dance4 ,on one of my visits to the ,hopi village of ,oraibi ,i found the women at work building a house4 ,this is their occupation4 ,all labor among ,hopis is divided between the sexes in accordance with long-established custom1 and ,i think it is so divided in all aboriginal peoples4 ,the men undertook the protection of the home 7were the warriors7 and the hunting of animals for food4 ,they also make the robes and moccasins4 ,those tribes that lost their nomad character and became sedentary added care of the fields and the stock to the work of their men4 ,the women practically undertook all the rest4 ,the building of the home1 its care1 the general gathering of seeds1 and the preparation of all foods belong to them4 ,and as a rule1 they do their chosen or appointed or hereditary work cheerfully4 ,they know nothing of the aches and pains of their weaker white sisters2 they are as strong as men1 so they have no fear of physical labor4 ,not only this1 but they enjoy it2 they go to it with pleasure1 as all healthy bodies do4 ,how often have ,i stood and watched a healthy1 vigorous man swing a hammer at the forge1 or in a mine or a trench4 ,how easily it was done1 how gladly1 how unconscious of effort6 ,to the healthy woman1 with reasonable strength1 labor is also a pleasure4 ,to feel one's self accomplishing something1 and able to do it without undue fatigue or exhaustion1 what a delight it is6 ,the woman who honors us by coming to our house weekly to do the heavy work1 often reminds me of a panther4 ,she fairly 8leaps0 upon her work with an exuberance of strength and spirit that is a perfect delight1 in this age of woman's physical disability and disinclination to do physical labor4 ,illustration3 ,,navaho ,,maidens ,,carrying ,,water ,,over ,,the ,,desert4 ,so it is with ,indian women4 ,they sing in unison when a dozen of them get together at the grinding-trough2 though the work is hard enough1 when long continued1 to exhaust any strong man4 ,i have seen women kneel and pound acorns all day1 lifting a heavy pestle as high as their heads at every stroke4 ,in the case of these women builders at ,oraibi3 they carried all the heavy rocks and put them in position1 mixed their own mortar1 and were their own paddies1 and in everything1 save the placing of the heavy crossbeams for the roof1 to handle which they called upon some of the men for aid1 they did all the work from beginning to end4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,maidens ,,taught ,,by ,,their ,,mother ,,to ,,be ,,basket ,,weavers4 ,now1 while ,i do not especially want to see white women building a house1 ,i do wish1 with all my heart1 that they had the physical strength to do it or similar arduous labor4 ,i do long for the whole of my race that the women and girls shall have such vigorous health and strength that no ordinary labor could tire them4 8,but10 say my white friends1--women and girls1--8we don't want to work physically2 there is no need for it2 we are not strong enough to do it2 we exhaust ourselves1 and then do not have energy enough for the other duties of life2 we engage servants to do our menial labor for us40 ,illustration3 ,,coahuila ,,basket ,,weaver ,,working ,,in ,,the ,,open ,,air4 ,indeed6 ,in the first place ,i want to protest with all the power ,i have against the word and idea 8menial40 ,there is no menial service4 ,all service1 rendered in willing helpfulness and love1 is dignified1 noble1 and ennobling4 ,he or she who accepts service from another with the idea that the service is 8menial10 thereby degrades himself1 herself1 far more than the person is 8degraded0 by the performance of the service4 ,i would rather have my son a good scavenger1 working daily to keep the city pure and clean1 than be an 8honored0 lawyer1 engaged in dishonest cases2 a 8successful0 politician1 tangled up with graft2 a 8popular0 physician1 selfishly deceiving his patients2 or an 8eloquent0 and 8dear0 minister1 self-righteously lauding himself and pouring forth inane platitudes in high-sounding phrases from the pulpit4 8,menial service0 is divine compared with these occupations when they are demoralized4 ,and the principle of all ,i have said applies to girls as well as boys4 ,i would rather that daughters of mine should be able to scrub the floor1 bake bread1 do the family washing and mending1 repair the boys' clothes1 knit1 sew1 and take care of the kitchen garden and the flowers1 than strum 8,the ,battle of ,prague0 or 8,the ,maiden's ,prayer10 without feeling or expression1 on a half-tuned piano4 ,the former occupations are holy and dignified as compared with the sham exhibition of the latter4 ,i like to see a girl with an apron on1 strong1 healthy1 willing1 useful1 capable1 engaged in useful household work1 and if our young men had one-tenth part of the sense they ought to have1 they would hunt for such girls to become their wives and the mothers of their children1 rather than for the dainty1 white-faced1 wasp-waisted1 finger-manicured dolls who are useful for no other purpose than to be looked at4 ,i have no desire to make pack-horses or slaves of intelligent women or girls1 but ,i cannot help asking the question of them3 8,which would you rather be1 strong enough to do any and all so-called menial and laborious service1 and endowed with perfect health1 or be weakly and puny and live the life of ease and luxury that most women and girls seem to covet80 ,and upon the answer to that question should ,i base my judgment as to the wisdom1 intelligence1 and fitness for the duties of life of the answerer4 ,there is no dignity in woman superior to the dignity of being able personally 7if necessary7 to care for all the physical needs of her household2 there is no charm greater than the charm of strength combined with gracious1 womanly sweetness exercised for the joy of others2 there is no refinement greater than the refinement of a gloriously healthy woman radiating physical1 mental1 spiritual life upon all those who come within the sphere of her influence4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,diet ,a man is largely the result of what he eats4 ,indeed1 many scientific specialists now tell us that sex determination is largely the result of the food eaten by the expectant mother1 so that according to what the mother eats the unborn child becomes--male or female4 ,ploss in his well-known 8,ueber die das ,geschlechtsverhltniss der ,kinder bedingenden ,ursachen10 ,dsing in his painstaking 8,die ,regulirung des ,geschlechtsverhltnisses bei der ,vernehrung der ,menschen1 ,miere und ,pflanzen10 and ,westermarck in the 8,history of ,human ,marriage10 prove conclusively1 from close study of actual experimentation1 that the sex of the child is largely fixed by the quantity and quality of nutrition absorbed by the mother4 ,hence it is not too strong a statement that a man is largely the result of his 7or his mother's7 food4 ,at first sight it will appear foolish to many of my readers to go to the ,indian for ideas on diet1 yet ,i think ,i can prove1 more conclusively than the learned scientists whose books ,i have named above can prove their theories1 that the ,indian has many ideas on diet which the white race can learn to its great advantage4 ,illustration3 ,,havasupai ,,woman ,,making ,,bread ,,in ,,the ,,open ,,air4 ,in the first place1 the normal aborigine1 before he began to use the white man's foods1 was perforce compelled to live on a comparatively simple diet4 ,his choice was limited1 his cookery simple4 ,yet he lived in perfect health and strength4 ,with few articles of diet1 and these of the simplest character1 prepared in the readiest and easiest ways1 he attained a vigor1 a robustness1 that puts to shame the strength and power of civilized men4 ,why8 ,the reasons are not far to seek4 ,in simplicity of food there is safety4 ,we eat not only too much1 but too great variety1 and every student of dietetics knows that the greater the variety the greater the possibility that too much will be eaten4 ,the ,indian1 living his simple life1 was compelled to be content with the maize1 beans1 pumpkins1 and melons of his fields1 the peaches of his orchards1 the wild grass seeds1 nuts1 fruits1 and roots he or his squaw could gather1 and the products of his traps or the chase4 ,here1 then1 was a restricted dietary4 ,he had not much choice1 nor a large menu for each meal4 ,the smaller the menu the less1 as a rule1 any person will eat1 be he ,indian or white man4 ,the extended menu is a series of temptations to overeat4 ,the simple menu of the ,indian was a preventive to gluttony4 ,it will doubtless be recalled that when the great ,bismarck was broken down in health1 his physicians gave him no other prescription as to food than that he should eat but one kind of food to a meal4 ,this is a dietetic axiom3 ,the less variety the less one eats4 ,in a diseased condition health can often be restored by giving the stomach and assimilative organs less work to do4 ,among the ,indian race dyspepsia is almost unknown4 ,to this fact that they have a small variety of foods1 this healthful condition is largely attributable4 ,on the other hand1 one has but to pick up any daily newspaper to see the positive proofs of the dyspeptic condition of the 8greatest nation of the world0 among the white race4 ,there are nostrums for dyspepsia without end4 ,syrups1 pills1 doses that work while you sleep1 and dopes that work inside and out4 ,millions of dollars are annually spent merely in advertising these damnable proofs of our idiocy or gluttony1 or both4 ,a thousand nostrums flout their damned and damning lies in the faces of the 8superior race06 ,and a drug store on every corner of our large cities demonstrates the great demand there is for these absolute proofs of our vile dietetic habits4 ,every pill taken1 every nostrum swallowed1 is a proof positive of our ignorance1 or our gluttony1 or our gullibility1 and probably a good deal of each4 ,seventy-five millions of dollars were spent in #aije in the purchase of patent medicines1 every cent of which was worse than wasted4 ,before the white race came and perverted--pardon me1 civilized--him1 what did the 8uncivilized ,indian0 know of patent medicines8 ,what did he know of the diseases which these nostrums are supposed to cure8 ,nothing6 ,he was as ignorant of one as the other4 ,in his native wildness he was healthy and strong2 only since he has been led into evil ways by a false civilization has he so degenerated as to need such compounds4 ,let us1 then1 forget our civilization1--this portion of it1--and forego our physical ills and our patent nostrums1 and go back to a simple1 natural1 restricted diet4 ,in that one course of procedure will be found more restored health than all the physicians of the world can give otherwise in a score of years4 ,let us learn to eat few things to a meal1 and those of such a nature that they will properly mix1 and thus not overtax the stomach in its work of digestion4 ,when ,i sit down to the laden tables of my rich friends1 or at the tables of the first-class hotels of the country1 ,i sometimes find my judgment stronger than my perverted appetite4 ,at such times ,i look over the bill of fare4 ,i see ten or a dozen courses1 varying from cocktails1 oysters1 and fish to ice-cream1 fruit1 and wines4 ,there are meats and vegetables1 nuts and fruits1 cooked and uncooked1 pastries and jellies1 soups and coffee1 wines and spices1 sauces1 relishes1 and seasonings galore1 and ,i am more or less disgusted with the whole business1 and eat sparingly of but two or three dishes4 ,at other times1 alas6 my appetite asserts itself1 and ,i 8go the pace0 with the rest4 ,now1 when all these things1 so elaborately prepared1 so daintily served1 so 8nicely0 eaten1 are disposed of and in the stomach1 let me ask 7without any desire to offend73 ,is there the slightest difference in the contents of the stomach of such a person and the stomach of a hog filled with swill8 ,in the first case there is cocktail and caviar1 olives and celery1 oysters and soup1 fish and entremes1 entree and roast1 game and punch1 ice-cream and cheese1 pastry and fruit1 nuts and crackers1 with water1 coffee1 tea1 or wine to liquefy it all1 all taken separately1 but now mixed in one horrible mess within1 and in the case of the hog they were mixed first and swallowed mixed instead of in 8courses40 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,woman1 ,,with ,,body ,,partially ,,exposed1 ,,grinding ,,corn ,,at ,,the ,,meal ,,trough4 ,o men and women of the white race1 of the superior civilization1 quit such gluttony and disease-breeding courses6 ,get back to the ,indian's simplicity in diet4 ,learn the meaning of 8low living and high thinking40 ,stop pampering your sensual appetites and feeding your stomachs at the expense of your minds1 aye1 and at the expense of your souls1 for men and women who thus live continuously1 generally become selfish1 indifferent to the sufferings of others1 8proud stomached0--which means much more than it seems to mean--and incapable of the finer feelings4 ,nor is this all that the ,indian may teach us as to diet4 ,while at times he eats everything he can lay his hands upon and also eats ravenously1 in his normal condition he eats slowly and masticates thoroughly4 ,since ,horace ,fletcher wrote his most interesting and useful books on diet and life1 the term 8fletcherizing0 has become almost universal amongst thoughtful people to express mastication to the point of liquifaction4 ,but ,i was familiar with 8fletcherizing0 before ,i had ever heard of ,mr4 ,fletcher4 ,the ,indians1 with their parched corn1 had taught me years before the benefit of thorough and complete mastication4 ,i had gone off with a band of ,indians on a hard week's ride with no other food than parched corn and a few raisins4 ,this was chewed and chewed and chewed by the hour1 a handful of the grain making an excellent meal1 and thoroughly nourishing the perfect bodies of these stalwart athletes1 who never knew an ache or a pain1 and who could withstand fatigue and hardship without a thought4 ,illustration3 ,,my ,,havasupai ,,hostess ,,parching ,,corn ,,in ,a ,,basket4 ,a marked and wonderful effect of thorough mastication is that it decreases the appetite from #aj to #ae per cent1 and reduces the desire for flesh meat from #cj to #ej per cent4 ,the more we masticate the less we desire to eat1 and the more normal our appetites become4 ,this in itself is a thing to be desired1 for it is far easier not to have an abnormal appetite than it is to control it when it has fastened itself upon us4 ,then1 too1 while ,indians will often eat to repletion1 and at their feasts indulge in disgusting gorging1 they do know how to fast with calmness and equanimity4 ,i am not prepared to say that they will fast voluntarily--except in the cases of those neophytes who are seeking some unusual powers or gifts from ,those ,above--yet ,i do know that several times ,i have been with them when fasting was obligatory because of the scarcity of food1 and they accepted the condition without a murmur4 ,i know a very prominent physician in ,san ,francisco1 who has an extensive practice1 who pumps the food out of the stomachs of several of his gluttonous patients after their hearty ,french dinners4 ,he defends his course of procedure by saying that his patients would not listen to him if he counseled fasting for even one meal1 yet they are willing to allow him to remove the food after it is eaten1 and to swallow some harmless 8dope0 that he gives them1 because that is easy and requires no self-control4 ,i know the power of appetite2 ,i know how hard it is to eat only that which the reason tells us is best4 ,i know how hard it is to eat slowly and thoroughly masticate the food1 but ,i also know that these things are imperative if one would have perfect health4 ,therefore1 in spite of my many lapses into the old habits1 ,i persist in asserting the good over the evil1 and in teaching the good to others1 in the hope that1 in my own case1 the good course will become the easiest to follow1 and in the case of the young who listen to me they may learn the best way before they have fallen into the evil way4 ,there is one other thing the white race might learn from the ,indian1 and that is that the habitual use of flesh is not essential to health4 ,when ,captain ,cook visited the ,maoris of ,new ,zealand1 he found them a perfectly healthy people1 and he states that he never observed a single person who appeared to have any bodily complaint4 ,nor1 among the number that were seen naked1 was once perceived the slightest eruption of the skin1 nor the least mark which indicated that such eruptions had formerly existed4 ,as ,dr4 ,kress says3 8,another proof of the health of these people was the readiness with which wounds they at any time received healed up4 ,in a man who had been shot with a musket-ball through the fleshy part of the arm1 #8his wound seemed well digested1 and in so fair a way to be healed1' says the ,captain1 #8that if ,i had not known that no application had been made to it1 ,i should have inquired with very interesting curiosity after the vulnerary herbs and surgical art of the country4' 8#8,an additional evidence of the healthiness of the ,new ,zealanders1' he says1 #8is in the great number of old men found among them4 ,many of them appeared to be very ancient1 and yet none of them were decrepit4 ,although they were not equal to the young in muscular strength1 they did not come in the least behind them in regard to cheerfulness and vivacity4'0 ,at the advent of ,captain ,cook1 the ,maoris were practically vegetarians2 they had no domestic or wild animals on the islands1 hence could not have been flesh eaters4 ,while our ,indians of the ,southwest will eat some forms of flesh at times1 they are1 generally speaking1 vegetarians4 ,the ,navahos scarcely ever eat meat while in their primitive condition1 and they are proud1 independent1 high-spirited1 vigorous1 healthy1 and strong4 ,so with the ,havasupais and ,wallapais1 and most of the aborigines of this region4 ,the ,apaches also are largely vegetarians1 and yet are known as a fierce and warlike people4 ,they are fierce when aroused1 but when friendly are kindly disposed1 honest1 reliable and good workers1 strong1 athletic1 vigorous1 and healthy4 ,these facts demonstrate that flesh meat is not necessary4 ,meat is another fetich of the civilization of the white race1 before which we bow down in ignorant worship4 ,the world would be far better off1 in my judgment1 and as the result of my observation and experience1 if we ate no flesh at all4 ,personally ,i am never so well physically and my brain so active as when ,i live the vegetarian life1 though when ,i am at the tables of meat eaters ,i eat whatever comes and make the best of it4 ,the experiences of thousands of healthy and vigorous white men demonstrate that meat is not necessary to the highest development4 ,weston1 the great pedestrian1 is both a teetotaler and vegetarian2 ,bernarr ,macfadden and several of his muscular helpers are practical vegetarians2 and athletes1 business men1 lawyers1 judges1 doctors1 clergymen1 and many others testify to the beneficial effects of the vegetarian diet4 ,there is no man in the civilized world to-day that works as hard and as continuously1 physically as well as mentally1 as ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium4 ,he is a rigid vegetarian1 and seldom eats more than one meal a day4 ,yet he works from #af to #bj hours daily1 edits two magazines1 writes continually for scientific magazines and periodicals1 attends to a vast correspondence1 is the business head of the greatest sanitarium in the world1 consults annually with thousands of patients1 and keeps daily watch of their condition1 gives numberless lectures1 is always experimenting on foods and surgical appliances and inventing new instruments and methods for curing disease1 and at the same time performs more surgical operations1 perhaps1 with less fatal results1 than any other surgeon in the country4 ,besides this he is the president of the medical college1 and lecturer to the students1 and gives many lectures to the ,medical ,missionary ,classes1 and withal1 finds time and strength to confer with1 direct the education of1 and give personal love to the ten or fifteen children he has adopted into his home and made his own4 ,here is an additional item which adds strength to what ,i have written3 8,the attention of medical men has recently been called to the case of ,gustav ,nordin1 a hardy ,swede who paddled his own canoe from ,stockholm to ,paris1 reaching there in robust health after the long voyage1 during which he lived on apples1 milk1 water1 and bread4 8,the ,new ,york ,herald states that this dangerous and arduous voyage was undertaken by the ,swede to show what could be done by a man who has given up meat1 tea1 coffee1 wine1 beer1 spirits1 and tobacco4 ,he prides himself in eclipsing those #8vegetarians' who continue the use of tea and condiments4 8,when in ,america1 at the age of eighteen1 ,nordin was suffering so from dyspepsia that he could not take ordinary food4 ,he therefore began a diet of fruit1 principally apples1 whereby he attained to his present robust condition of health40 ,so1 meat-eating1 alcoholic-liquor-drinking white race1 cast aside your high-headedness and pride1 your dietetic errors and ill-health1 at one and the same time1 and go and learn of the ,indian simplicity of diet1 wise limitation of your dietary1 careful and thorough mastication1 and abstention from all flesh foods4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,education ,take it all in all1 ,i think ,i believe more in the ,indian's system of education than our own1--,i mean1 in the principles involved4 ,our education is largely an education of books4 ,we teach from books1 we study from books1 we get our ideas from books4 ,joaquin ,miller's reply to ,elbert ,hubbard1 before quoted1 seems to many people to be a foolish remark4 ,but ,i see a profound thought in it4 ,it was the poet's protest against the too great use of books4 ,he regards books as subversive of individual thought4 ,he contends that books retard and prevent thought1 and that we read1 not to stimulate thought1 but to deaden it4 ,and undoubtedly too much reading and dependence upon books does deaden and destroy not only thought1 but1 alas6 far worse still1 the power to indulge in individual thought4 ,hence books are often a hindrance and a curse instead of a help and a blessing4 ,the ,indian has no books4 ,while he has tradition and legend1 myth and story1 he has no written word4 ,everything that is1 as differentiated from everything that is supposed1 in his life has to be personally learned by individual contact with the things themselves4 ,botany is the study of flowers1 not of words about flowers4 ,there is but one way we can really study botany1 and that is out in the fields with the flower growing before us4 ,it must be seen day in and day out from its planting until its fruition4 ,all its development must be known and understood4 ,the properties of its fruit1 its roots1 its stem1 its leaves1 for food1 medicinal1 manufacturing1 or other purposes are all connected with the study4 ,it is well to know the names of the plants1 the names of all parts of plants1 and the families and species to which they belong1 but these latter things1 important and interesting though they be1 are but secondary or tertiary as compared with the primary out-door personal and intimate knowledge ,i have referred to4 ,those who think the ,indian uneducated should read ,charles ,eastman's 7,ohiyesa7 book telling of his boyhood days with his ,sioux parents and grandparents4 ,eastman is a full-blooded ,sioux1 and though later educated at ,dartmouth ,college1 still shows by his writings and words how much he reveres his wise teachers of the open air and the woods4 ,the fact is1 that in matters pertaining to personal observation the ,indian children are far ahead of our own brightest and smartest children2 they observe the slightest deviations from the regular order4 ,who does not know of the ,indian's power in trailing4 ,i know ,navahos1 ,mohaves1 ,hopis1 ,havasupais1 and others who will follow the dimmest trail with unerring certainty1 and tell you the details of the actions of the person or animal trailed4 ,this is education of a wonderfully useful kind2 a kind that it would be well to give more of to our own children4 ,indeed1 ,i have been saying1 both privately and publicly1 for many years1 and ,i here repeat it1 that if my children were trained to observe and reflect upon what they observed ,i should not care if they never went to school until they were grown up to young manhood and womanhood4 ,that keen1 though unusual thinker1 ,ernest ,crosby1 in one of his books1 presented the following1 which perfectly meets my ideas and suggests what ,i mean in regard to the ,indian3 ,,education ,here are two educated men4 ,the one has a smattering of ,latin and ,greek2 ,the other knows the speech and habits of horses and cattle1 and gives them their food in due season4 ,the one is acquainted with the roots of nouns and verbs2 ,the other can tell you how to plant and dig potatoes and carrots and turnips4 ,the one drums by the hour on the piano1 making it a terror to the neighborhood2 ,the other is an expert at the reaper and binder1 which fills the world with good cheer4 ,the one knows or has forgotten the higher trigonometry and the differential calculus2 ,the other can calculate the bushels of rye standing in his field and the number of barrels to buy for the apples on the trees in his orchard4 ,the one understands the chemical affinities of various poisonous acids and alkalies2 ,the other can make a savory soup or a delectable pudding4 ,the one sketches a landscape indifferently2 ,the other can shingle his roof and build a shed for himself in a workman-like manner4 ,the one has heard of ,plato and ,aristotle and ,kant and ,comte1 but knows precious little about them2 ,the other has never been troubled by such knowledge1 but he will learn the first and last word of philosophy1 8to love10 far quicker1 ,i warrant you1 than his college-bred neighbor4 ,for still it is true that ,god hath hidden these things from the wise and prudent and revealed them unto babes4 ,such are the two educations3 ,which is the higher1 and which the lower8#b #b ,from ,plain ,talk in ,psalm and ,parable1 by ,ernest ,crosby4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,navaho ,,grandmother ,,with ,,the ,,baby ,,she ,,loves1 ,,and ,,whose ,,education ,,she ,,will ,,direct4 ,i would not have it thought that ,i am opposed to all systematic and book education1 even on our present plan or under our present system4 ,my protest is not so wide and sweeping as that4 ,the main propositions upon which ,i base my opposition are3 #a4 ,that we do not pay sufficient attention to the physical health of our students1 making health of secondary1 tertiary1 or quaternary importance1 or often not giving it a single thought2 leaving it absolutely to regulate itself1 when it should be the first1 primary1 determinate aim and object of all education4 ,this very day upon which ,i write ,i sat at a professor's table4 ,he is a prominent educator in one of the important cities of the ,west4 ,we were eating breakfast4 ,he was complaining of indigestion4 ,as he ate ,i could see his tongue seamed and coated1 and his lips were rough and fevered as with stomach trouble4 ,he helped himself to mush1--four times as much as a healthy man ought to have taken1 and in far less time than it has taken me to write this he had 8shoveled0 it all in and 8gobbled0 it down4 7,the words in quotation marks are used thoughtfully1 and they more truthfully describe what was the absolute fact than any other words with which ,i am familiar47 ,he drank two glasses of milk warm from the cow1 and ate ,french bread which had been heated in the oven and then saturated with butter4 ,the night before he had opened a can of sardines1--as he said1 8to see what he could eat10 and after the mush he ate a few of them4 ,then the maid brought in bacon and fried eggs and coffee1 and he 8did justice0 to them4 ,yet he wondered why he was troubled with indigestion1 and his poor wife sent word down from her bedroom that she regretted she could not see me again as she was suffering severely with one of her 8regular0 sick headaches4 ,my own breakfast consisted of a small quota of mush1 some of the hot bread 7there was no other71 and some cold milk4 ,i felt well and happy after my frugal meal1 while he confessed not only to feeling heavy and 8logy10 but unsatisfied with what he had eaten--a clear proof of an abnormal appetite and a disordered digestive system4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,aged ,,coahuilla ,,basket ,,weaver4 ,now1 is it to be expected that with our teachers themselves so ignorant of the first principles of healthy dietetics our students should know any better8 ,our whole system of eating is wrong4 ,we eat anything and everything our tastes--often perverted and depraved--demand1 and we never ask ourselves the question as to whether the food is good1 or our methods of eating it wise and proper4 ,in my chapter on the ,indian and diet ,i discuss this question more thoroughly1 but ,i refer to it in this connection as one of the great defects of our educational system4 #b4 ,my second proposition is1 that we keep our students indoors all the time1--as a settled1 established custom1--with occasional short periods out of doors1 instead of reversing the matter and keeping them out of doors all the time1 with occasional short periods indoors4 ,why keep children or university students indoors8 ,while in the winter climate of the ,east outdoor life is not as possible as it is in the balmy ,west1 there certainly can be much more time spent out of doors than there now is4 ,we pride ourselves upon our scholastic progressiveness1 yet they do these things far better in ,germany4 ,the educational and medical authorities of ,berlin have organized a forest school for the city children of the crowded districts of ,berlin and ,charlottenburg4 ,in a wide clearing #aej children follow--out of doors--the usual procedure of school1 delightfully varied with nature study at first hand4 ,the hours of work are short1 and fresh air and exercise are given a supreme importance4 ,the children cook their own dinners at a camp-fire1 and their desks and seats and shelter-sheds were made from the timber felled to form the clearing4 ,at #a o'clock they are all required to take an hour's nap1 for which each child is provided with a blanket and a reclining-chair4 ,this is a move in the right direction4 ,our schools cost the nation millions of dollars each year4 ,surely we have a right to demand that they give us health for our children in exchange1 instead of ruining it in so many cases as they now do4 ,in ,japan out-of-door schools are quite common1 especially when the cherry and plum trees are in blossom4 ,in ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 a business college holds many of its class sessions out of doors1 and ,i trust the time will come when this will be the rule in all schools1 instead of the exception4 ,i am perfectly well aware that there is danger that these statements will be taken too literally4 ,they must be taken as broad and general statements4 ,my conception is that in our present condition we live indoors and go out of doors occasionally4 ,i would have that proposition reversed4 ,we should live out of doors and go indoors occasionally4 ,the same common sense and rational mode of reading my words must be applied to all that ,i say on out-of-door education4 ,naturally1 ,i am not such a fool as to suppose that all educational or scientific or any other work can be done out of doors4 ,though ,i am not a college professor1 and never shall be1 though ,i am not a scientific expert1 and never can be1 though ,i am not many things that other men are1 ,i know enough--have observed and seen enough--to know that delicate experiments of a variety of kinds need the most rigid indoor seclusion for their successful conducting4 ,but this does not alter my general propositions1 viz41 that the health of students is of more importance than any and all education given in schools or colleges2 that outdoor life is more conducive to the health of students than indoor life1 and that1 therefore1 where possible1 all education should be given out of doors4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,aleut ,,basket ,,maker4 ,,these ,,women ,,make ,,the ,,most ,,delicate ,,basketry ,,in ,,the ,,world4 #c4 ,as a result of this indoor scholastic life1 we content ourselves by teaching our children from books1--which at best are but embalmed knowledge1 canned information1 the dry bones of knowledge1 words about things1--instead of bringing them in contact 7as far as is possible and practicable7 with the things themselves4 ,i believe in books2 ,i believe in education2 ,i believe in schools1 in colleges1 in universities1 in teachers1 professors1 and doctors of learning2 but ,i do not believe in them as most of the white race seem to do1 viz41 as good in themselves4 ,they are good only as they are instruments for good to the children committed to their care4 ,the proper education of one child is worth more to the world than all the schools1 colleges1 and universities that were ever built4 ,one ,michael ,angelo1 one ,savonarola1 one ,francis of ,assisi1 one ,luther1 one ,agassiz1 one ,audubon1 is worth more to the world than all the schools that ever were or ever will be4 ,and if1 by our present imperfect and unhealthful school methods1 we kill off1 in childhood1 one such great soul1 we do the human race irreparable injury4 ,let us relegate the school to its right place1 and that is secondary to its primary1--the child4 ,the school exists for the child1 not the child for the school4 ,as it now is1 we put the plastic material of which our nation is to be formed into the mould of our schools1 and regardless of consequences1 indifferent to the personal equation in each child1 overlooking all individuality and personality1 the machine works on1 stamping this soul and mind material with one same stamp1 moulding it in one same mould1 hardening it in the fire to one same pattern1 so that it comes forth just as bricks come forth from a furnace1 uniform1 regular1 alike1 perhaps pretty to the unseeing eye1 but ruined1 spoiled1 damned1 as far as active1 personal1 individualistic life and work are concerned4 ,the only human bricks that ever amount to anything when our educational mill has turned them out are those made of refractory clay1--the incomplete ones1 the broken ones1 the twisted ones1 those that would not or could not be moulded into the established pattern4 ,this is why ,i am so opposed to our present methods4 ,let us have fewer lessons from books1 and more knowledge gained by personal observation2 less reading and cramming1 and more reflective thinking2 fewer pages of books read1 and more results and deductions gained from personal experiences with things high and low1 animate and inanimate1 that catch the eye and mind out of doors2 and above all the total cessation of all mental labor when the body is not at its best4 ,the crowding of sick and ailing children is more cruel and brutal than ,herod's slaughter of the innocents1 and so utterly needless and useless that fools couldn't do worse4 ,what is the use of education to a sick person1 and especially when the sickness is the result of the educational process4 ,god save us from any more such education6 ,doubtless ,i shall be told that my ideas are impracticable4 ,i know they are and ever will be to those who value 8the system0 more than the child4 ,granted that in cold and wet weather students can't get out of doors much4 ,then open all the doors and all the windows and give up the time to marching1 to physical exercises1 to deep breathing1 to anything1--romping even1--rather than to cramming and studying a set number of pages1 while the air breathed is impure1 unwholesome1 actively poisonous4 ,when our educational methods thus interfere with the health of the child1 ,i am forever and unalterably opposed to them4 ,we had far rather have a nation of healthy and happy children1 growing up into healthy and happy manhood and womanhood1 even though devoid of much book knowledge1 than a bloodless1 anmic1 unhappy nation though filled with all the lore of the ages4 ,give me1 for me and mine1 every time1 physical and mental health and happiness1 even though we have never parsed a single sentence1 determined the family and ,latin name of a single flower1 or found out the solution of one solitary problem of algebra4 #d4 ,my fourth proposition is1 that as the result of this indoor book-teaching our children are not taught to think for themselves1 but are expected and required to accept the ideas of the authors1--often1 indeed1 they must memorize the exact words of the books4 ,this is1 in itself1 enough to condemn the whole system4 ,we could better afford to have absolutely no schools1 no colleges1 no books even1 than a nation professedly educated1 yet the members of which have not learned to do their own thinking4 #e4 ,as a conclusion1 therefore1 ,i am forced to recognize that1 in a much larger measure than we are ready to admit1 our educational system is superficial1 is a cramming process instead of a drawing-out--educere1 educational--process1 and no education so-called can be really effective1 really helpful1 that thus inverts the natural requirements of the mind4 ,and that1 when our system ignores the physical health of the student1 no matter what his age1 it is a criminal1 a wicked1 a wasteful system that had better speedily be reformed or abolished4 ,all these ideas are practically the result of my association with the ,indian and watching his methods of instruction4 ,his life and that of his family out of doors color all that he and they learn4 ,i think it was ,john ,brisbane ,walker who once wrote a story1 when he edited and owned the ,cosmopolitan1 about some college men1 thoroughly educated in the academic sense1 who were shipwrecked at sea4 ,he showed the helplessness and hopelessness of their case because of their inability to take hold and do things4 ,the ,indian can turn his hand to anything4 ,when out of doors few things can feaze him4 ,he knows how to build a fire in the rain1 where to sleep in a storm1 how to track a runaway animal1 how to trap fish1 flesh1 or fowl1 where to look for seeds1 nuts1 berries1 or roots1 how to hobble a horse when he has no rope1--that is1 how to make a rope from cactus thongs1 how to picket a horse where there is no tree1 bush1 fence1 bowlder1 nor anything to which to tie it4 ,what college man knows how to picket a horse to a hole in the ground8 ,yet ,i have seen an ,indian do it1 and have done it myself several times4#c ,he knows how to find water when there is none in sight and the educated white man is perishing for want of it1 and he knows a thousand and one things that a white man never knows4 #c ,see 8,indians of the ,painted ,desert ,region10 ,little1 ,brown1 ,company1 p4 #ae4 ,as ,i shall show in the chapter on the ,indian and art work1 the ,indian basket-weaver far surpasses the white woman of college education in invention of art-form1 artistic design1 variety of stitch or weave1 color harmonies1 and digital dexterity1 or ability to compel the fingers and hands to obey the dictates of the brain4 ,education is by no means a matter of book-learning4 ,it is a discipline of the eye1 the hand1 the muscles1 the nerves1 the whole body1 to obey the dictates of the highest judgment1 to the end that the best life1 the happiest1 the healthiest1 and the most useful1 may be attained1 and if this definition be at all a true one ,i am fully satisfied that if we injected into our methods of civilized education a solution of three-fifths of ,indian methods we should give to our race an immeasurably greater happiness1 greater health1 and greater usefulness4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,hospitality ,another of the things ,i think we might well learn from the ,indian is his kind of hospitality4 ,too often in our so-called civilization hospitality degenerates into a kind of extravagant1 wasteful1 injurious ostentation4 ,i do not object1 on formal occasions1 to ceremonial hospitality1 to an elaborate spread and all that goes with it4 ,but in our every-day homes1 when our friends call upon us for a meal or a visit of a week1 it is not true hospitality to let them feel that we are overworking ourselves in order to overfeed and entertain them4 ,when one has plenty of servants1 the overwork may perhaps not be felt1 but the preparation and presentation of 8extra fine0 meals should be looked upon as an unmitigated evil that ought to cease4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,navaho ,,indian ,,expects ,,you ,,to ,,partake ,,of ,,his ,,simple ,,desert ,,hospitality4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,home ,,of ,a ,,hospitable ,,navaho ,,at ,,tohatchi4 ,why is it that the professional lecturers1 singers1 and public performers generally refuse to accept such hospitalities8 ,every one doing their kind of work knows the reason4 ,it is because this 8high feeding0 unfits them for the right discharge of their duties4 ,to overfeed a preacher 7and ,i've been a preacher for many years7 is to prevent the easy flow of his thought4 ,it is as true now as when ,wordsworth wrote it1 that 8plain living and high thinking0 go together4 ,for the past five weeks ,i have been lecturing nightly in ,new ,york ,city4 ,i am often invited to dinners and banquets1 but ,i invariably refuse unless ,i am promised that a full supply of fruit1 nuts1 celery1 and bread and butter1 or foods of that nature are provided for me1 and that ,i am not even asked to eat anything else4 ,i don't even want the mental effort of being compelled to refuse to eat what ,i know will render my brain 8logy10 heavy1 and dull4 ,then1 again1 when ,i am invited to a home where no servants are kept 7as ,i often am71 and see the hostess worrying and wearying herself to prepare a great variety of 8dainties0 and 8fine foods0 for me that ,i know ,i am far better without1 what kind of creature am ,i if ,i can accept such hospitality with equanimity8 ,i go to see people to enjoy them1 their kindness1 their intellectual converse1 the homelikeness of themselves and their children4 ,if ,i want to 8stuff and gorge0 ,i can do so at any first-class restaurant on the expenditure of a certain sum of money4 ,but at the homes of my friends ,i want them2 ,i go for social intercourse2 and to see them working and slaving to give me food that is an injury to me is not1 never can be1 my idea of hospitality4 ,i would not have my readers infer from this that ,i am unmindful of the kindly spirit of hospitality behind all of this needless preparation2 nor would ,i have them think that ,i never eat luxurious things4 ,i am afraid some of my readers would forego their kind thoughts towards me if they were to see me sometimes as ,i indulge in all kinds of things that 8ordinary people0 eat4 ,but ,i do want to protest against the ostentatious and extravagant manifestation of our hospitality1 and also the injuriousness of much of it when it comes to the food question1 and to commend the spirit and method of the ,indian's way4 ,if friends come unexpectedly to an ,indian home1 they are expected to make themselves at home4 ,they are not invited to the 8festive board0 to eat1 but they are expected to share in the meal as a matter of course4 ,hospitality is not a thing of invitation1 whim1 or caprice4 ,it is the daily expression of their lives4 ,every one1 friend or stranger1 coming to their camp at meal times is for the time being a member of the family4 ,there is no display1 no ostentation1 no show1 no extra preparation4 8,you are one of us4 ,come and partake of what there is60 is the spirit they manifest4 ,there is nothing more beautiful to me than to find myself at a ,navaho hogan in the heart of the ,painted ,desert1 and to realize that ,i am expected to sit down and eat of the frugal meal which the family has prepared for itself4 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,indians ,,cooking ,,corn ,,in ,,an ,,underground ,,oven4 ,my contention is1 that this is the true spirit of hospitality4 ,you are made to feel at home4 ,you are one of the family4 ,formality is dispensed with2 you are welcomed heartily and sincerely1 and made to feel at ease4 ,this is 8to be at home02 this is the friendly1 the human1 the humane thing to do4 ,unnecessary work is avoided2 the visitor is not distressed by seeing his hostess made to do a lot of extra cooking and 8fussing0 on his account2 his heart is warmed by the friendliness displayed 7and surely that is far better than merely to have his stomach filled72 and1 furthermore1 if he be a thoughtful man who values health and vigor rather than the gratification of his appetite1 he is saved the mortification and the annoyance of having to choose between the risk of offending his hostess by refusing to eat the luxurious 8obnoxities0 she has provided1 or offending himself by eating them under protest1 and possibly suffering from them afterward4 ,illustration3 ,,mohave ,,woman ,,pounding ,,mesquite ,,to ,,provide ,a ,,drink ,,for ,,her ,,guest4 ,i was once visiting the ,mohave reservation1 at ,parker1 on the ,colorado ,river4 ,it was a very hot day1 and ,i was thirsty1 weary1 and hot4 ,as soon as ,i arrived at the home of one old lady1 she at once went out of doors to her wooden mortar1 took some mesquite beans1 pounded them1 poured water over the flour thus made1 and in a few minutes presented me with a copious drink that was both pleasing to the taste and refreshing4 ,look at her face as she kneels before the mortar4 ,it is a kindly and generous face4 ,she cared nothing for the fact that it was hot1 or that it was hard work to lift the pounder and make the meal for the drink4 ,she did it so simply and easily and naturally that ,i accepted the drink with the added pleasure that it was the product of a real1 and not an artificial1 hospitality4 ,few visitors to the ,snake ,dance and the different religious or thanksgiving festivals of the ,indians of the ,southwest have failed to observe the great amount of preparation that goes on for expected but unknown guests4 ,it is known they will come2 therefore preparations must be made for them4 ,corn is ground in the metates1 and piki is made4 ,an old ,navaho ,indian1 pictured on the first page1 is a wonderful illustration of the natural generosity of the aborigine before he is spoiled by contact with the white4 ,many years ago this man1 who had large possessions of stock1 sheep1 horses1 and goats1 with much grazing land1 and several fine springs1 was riding on the plateau opposite where the ,paria ,creek empties into the ,colorado ,river4 ,suddenly he heard shouts and screams1 and rushing down to the water saw a raft filled with men1 women1 and children1 dashing down the river to the rapids4 ,when the raft and its human freight were overturned into the icy waters he did not hesitate because the people were of a different color from his own1 but1 plunging in1 he rescued all those who were unable to save themselves1 mainly by his own valor4 ,it turned out that the strangers were a band of ,mormons seeking a new home in ,arizona1 and1 being met by the barrier of the ,colorado ,river1 had sought to cross it with their worldly goods upon the insecure and unsafe raft4 ,what could they now do8 ,though their lives were saved1 their provisions were nearly all lost in the raging rapids of the turbulent and angry ,colorado4 ,bidding them be of good cheer1 this savage ,indian led them to one of his hogans1 where immediately he set his several wives 7for the ,navahos are polygamists7 to grinding corn and making large quantities of mush for the half-famished white strangers4 ,he thus fed them1 daily1 for months4 ,in the mean time1 he allowed them to plant crops 7he finding seed7 on his land1 using for irrigation therefor water from his springs4 ,but he had not given himself proper care after his icy bath4 ,his legs became drawn up by rheumatism1 and from that day to this he has been a constant sufferer from his exposure to the cold water of the river and his after-neglect caused by his eager desire to care for unknown strangers4 ,the awful irony of the whole thing lies in the fact that in spite of what he had done1 the recipients of his pure1 simple1 beautiful hospitality could not1 or did not1 appreciate it4 ,he was 8only an ,indian40 ,he had no rights4 ,they were ,american citizens1--white people2 civilized people4 ,why should this ,indian own or control all this fine land1 all these flowing springs1 all these growing crops8 ,it was wrong1 infamous1 inappropriate4 ,therefore1 to make matters right1 these grateful 787 civilized 7667 ,mormons stole from him the best part of his lands1 and the largest of his springs1 and for years laughed at his protests2 until finally a white friend was raised up for him in a brave ,united ,states ,army officer1 now a general in the ,philippines1 ,i believe1 who presented the case of the ,indian to the courts1 fought it successfully1 and lived to see the ,indian's wrongs in some small measure righted4 ,to this day the ,indian is known as 8,old ,musha10 the name given to him by the people whom he befriended in their distress1 because mush was the chief article of the diet that his hospitality provided for them4 ,truly did ,shakspere write3-- 8,blow1 blow1 thou winter wind1 ,thou art not so unkind ,as man's ingratitude60 ,that ,indians know how to be beautifully courteous to their guests1 ,i have long experienced4 ,i have eaten at banquets at ,delmonico's and the ,waldorf-,astoria 7,new ,york71 the ,hotel ,cecil 7,london71 the ,grand ,hotel 7,paris71 and many and various hotels between the ,touraine 7,boston7 and the ,palace of ,san ,francisco and the ,hotel del ,coronado4 ,and ,i have seen more vulgarity and ill-breeding at these choice and elaborate banquets1 more want of consideration1 more selfishness1 and more disgusting exhibitions of greediness and gluttony than ,i have seen in twenty-five years of close association with ,indians4 ,i was once expected to eat at an ,indian chief's hawa1 or house4 ,the chief dish was corn1 cut from the cob while in the milk1 ground1 and then made into a kind of soup or mush4 ,a clean basketful was handed to me1 with the intimation that ,i was to share it with two old ,indians1 one on my right1 one on my left4 ,i asked my hostess for a spoon1 for ,i knew ,i had seen one somewhere on one of my visits4 ,she hunted for the spoon1 in the meantime sending to the creek for an esuwa of fresh1 clean water4 ,when it was brought1 she carefully washed her hands and then gave the spoon seven scrubbings and washings and rinsings before she handed it to me4 ,i felt safer in using it than ,i do many a time at a city restaurant when the 8culled brother0 brings me a spoon that he has wiped on the 8towel0 which performs the multifarious duties of wiping the soiled table1 the supposedly clean dishes1 the waiter's sweaty hands1 and--far oftener than people imagine--the waiter's sweaty face4 ,during the time we were waiting for the spoon the old ,indians by my side sat as patiently and stoically as if they were not hungry4 ,when the spoon was handed to me1 ,i marked a half circle on the mush in front of me1 in the basket1 then divided the remainder for them4 ,each waited until ,i had eaten several mouthfuls before he inserted his own fingers1 which served as his spoon1 and then we democratically ate together4 ,now1 to me the whole affair showed a kindly consideration for my feelings that is not always apparent in so-called well-bred strangers of my own race4 ,i've had many a man light a cigar or a cigarette at a table at which ,i've been compelled to sit in a restaurant with never a 8,by your leave60 or 8,is this agreeable80 ,from the ,indian we imagine that we ought not to expect much of what we call 8higher courtesy10 yet ,i find it constantly exercised2 while from the civilized white race we expect much1 and1 alas6 often are very much disappointed4 ,it is a singular thing that while ,i am writing these pages about the lessons we may learn from the ,indian1 the ,bishop of ,london1 speaking in ,trinity ,church1 ,new ,york1 in ,september1 #aijg1 should enunciate ideas remarkably similar to those held by the ,indians4 ,the ,indian owns nothing for himself3 it belongs to all his tribe4 ,what is this but the stewardship--in a rude and crude fashion perhaps1 but nevertheless stewardship--as declared by the bishop1 who says3 8,the one sentence1 which above all others ,i would say to you1 a sentence as yet unlearned in ,london and ,new ,york1 and which if adopted would cleanse the life on both sides of the ,atlantic is--life is a stewardship1 and not an ownership4 8,have you ever thought why there are any rich and poor at all8 ,that is the question ,i had to face in ,london4 ,they had asked me how ,i reconciled my belief in the good ,god loving all ,his children1 with the wretched millions in ,east ,london1 seemingly abandoned by both ,god and man4 ,i had to face that question1 and ,i have had to face it ever since4 ,there is but one answer--the rich minority have what they have merely in trust for all the others4 ,stewardship1 non-ownership1 is ,god's command to all of us4 8,you are not your own4 ,nothing that you have is your own4 ,we haven't learned the ,christian religion if we have not learned the lesson of stewardship4 8,my home has been the home of the ,bishop of ,london for #a1cjj years4 ,suppose ,i should say that it was my own1 and that the ,bishop's income of #ej1jjj a year was my own4 ,i would be called a madman4 ,the man who thinks he owns what he has in his keeping is no less a madman4 ,this applies alike to the boy and his pocket money1 and the millionaire and his millions4 ,disregard of this trust is the cause of all the social evils of ,london and ,new ,york40 ,to resume my experiences with the ,indians3 ,illustration3 ,,uta1 ,,my ,,hospitable ,,havasupai ,,friend4 ,in ,september1 #aijg1 ,i again visited the ,havasupais and then had several wonderful illustrations of their real and genuine hospitality4 ,we decided to camp below the home of an old friend of mine1 ,uta4 ,as soon as our cavalcade of six persons on horses1 mules1 and burros appeared1 with two pack-horses1 he cordially welcomed us1 and when ,i told him that we wished to camp below his hawa he took us into a fenced-in field1 where there were peach trees and a corral for our animals4 ,here we were free from the intrusion of all stray animals1 and were able to secure seclusion for the ladies of our party--for1 of course1 we were camping out and sleeping in the open4 ,knowing that we should want plenty of water1 both for ourselves and our animals1 and that it was quite a little walk to ,havasu ,creek1 he took his shovel and in five minutes the limpid stream was flowing through the irrigation ditches close by4 ,the peach tree over our heads--the best in the whole village--was placed at our disposal1 and delicious indeed we found the fruit to be1 and he sent us figs1 beans1 melons1 and a canteloupe4 ,without a question as to payment1 he supplied us daily during our stay with an abundance of dried alfalfa hay1--the fresh alfalfa not being good for our too-civilized animals4 ,and in every way possible to him he sought to minister to our comfort and pleasure1 and did not resent it in the slightest when ,i bade him retire at meal times1 or while we were cooking our provisions4 ,illustration3 ,,my ,,hopi ,,hostess ,,who ,,kept ,,the ,,neighborhood ,,quiet ,,while ,i ,,slept4 ,that we paid him abundantly when we left did not in the slightest alter the sweet character of his genuine and simple hospitality4 ,another illustration of the most beautiful kind of hospitality and courteous kindness was shown by an old ,hopi ,indian woman pictured4 ,i was visiting the ,hopi pueblo of ,walpi for the purpose of studying the secret ceremonies of the underground kivas of the ,antelope and ,snake clans prior to the ,snake ,dance4 ,for fifteen days and nights ,i never took off my clothes to go to bed1 but went from kiva to kiva1 witnessing the ceremonials1 and when ,i was too tired to remain awake longer1 ,i would stretch out on the bare1 solid rock floor1 my camera or my canteen for my pillow1 and go to sleep4 ,occasionally1 however1 when something of minor importance was going on during the daytime1 ,i would steal upstairs to a room which ,i had engaged in this woman's house4 ,as soon as ,i stretched out and tried to sleep1 she went around to the children and the neighbors and told them that the 8,black ,bear0--my name with these people--was trying to sleep1 and was very1 very tired4 ,that was all that was necessary to send the children far enough away so that the noise of their play could not disturb me1 and to quiet any unnecessary noise among their elders4 ,this ,i take to be an extreme courtesy4 ,i know people of both 8low and high degree0 in our civilization who resent as an impertinent interference with their 8rights0 any suggestions that they be kind or quiet to their neighbors1--much less strangers and aliens4 ,but for my own sake ,i would far rather that my children possessed the kindly sympathy shown by these ,indian children than have the finest education the greatest university of our civilization could grant without it4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,certain ,,social ,,traits ,,and ,,customs ,in the treatment of younger children by those who are older1 the white race may learn much from the ,indian4 ,while it must be confessed that ,indian youth are cruel to the lower animals1 ,i have never seen1 in twenty-five years1 an older child ill-treat a younger one4 ,there seems to be an instinctive 8mothering0 of the little ones4 ,the houses of the ,hopis are built on the edges of frightful precipices1 to fall from which would be sure and certain death2 yet1 although the youngsters are allowed to play around with the greatest freedom1 such are the care and constant oversight of the little ones by those who are older that ,i have never known of an accident4 ,there seems to be none of that impatient petulance among ,indian children that is so common with us2 no yelling or loud shouting1 and certainly no bullying or cowardly domineering4 ,then1 too1 there is a very sweet and tender relationship existing quite often between the very old and the very young4 ,i know this is not unusual or peculiar to the ,indian1 but ,i deem it worthy of note here4 ,i have often seen a grandfather going off to his work for the day in a corn-field with his naked grandson on his back1 and the youngster clung to the oldster with an affection and confidence that were absolute4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,apache ,,grandmother ,,and ,,her ,,pet4 ,it should also be observed that respect and reverence are nearly always paid to age4 ,in a council the young men will invariably wait until the old men have spoken1 unless they are definitely called upon4 ,if a cigarette is offered to a young man in the presence of his elders1 he will not enjoy it until the older ones have lit theirs and taken a few puffs4 ,a girl or young maiden will not sit down until places are found for the older ones and they are comfortably seated1 and1 of course1 the same rule applies to the boys and youths4 ,it may also seem strange to some of my readers that ,i insist that the native ,indian is inherently honest4 ,i did not use to think so1 and ,i know of many dishonest ,indians4 ,but as a rule these are the ones that are partially civilized4 ,they have had so many things given to them without rhyme or reason that they come to regard all things of the white men as theirs4 ,scores of times ,i have left my wagon1 laden with provisions and other materials1 such as cameras1 camera plates1 clothes1 etc41 and ,i have been gone for a week or a month4 ,as ,i now write ,i can remember only twice that anything was taken4 ,once a young man1 who had been to our schools1 broke into a box of oranges that ,i had taken as a great luxury after a desert tramp1 and ate several of them4 ,i soon learned who the culprit was1 made complaint against him1 had him brought to my camp1 and asked him why he stole my oranges4 ,it must be remembered that it is an unwritten1 but well-understood1 law of the desert regions that a truly hungry man is always allowed to help himself to needful food1 but without waste or extravagance1 and with due care for the owner or those who may come after4 ,this young man claimed that he had taken my oranges because he was hungry4 ,i gave him the lie direct2 for1 said ,i1 8,had you been hungry1 you would have been willing to eat meat and potatoes and bread4 ,instead of that you went prowling around until you smelled these oranges and then you stole them4 ,in future1 even if you are hungry1 you must keep away from my wagon and camp1 for if ever you touch my things again1 ,i shall see that you are severely punished40 ,it was a stern reprimand1 yet in this case it seemed to be necessary4 ,the other time that things were taken from me was when ,i had promised certain women and girls some calico and bead necklaces in return for something they had done for me4 ,foolishly ,i showed them the bag in which the calico was4 ,my hostess was also to be a participant in the distribution of favors4 ,while ,i was away on a several days' exploring trip she took it into her head that she ought to have the first choice1 and1 as ,i had promised the piece to her1 there would be no harm in taking it4 ,when she had made her own choice1 and told of it1 of course she could not protest against the others making theirs1 so1 when ,i returned to my ,indian home ,i found the bag pretty well looted4 ,it was not long before1 little by little1 the whole story leaked out4 ,when ,i was sure1 ,i told my host1 and informed him that ,i wanted every piece of calico and every necklace returned instanter4 ,in twelve hours everything was back in place1 as if by magic4 ,then for several days ,i kept the promised recipients in a 8state10 for ,i intimated that their conduct was so reprehensible that ,i doubted whether ,i should give them anything or not4 ,this made them very anxious1 and when they 8dropped in10 two or three at a time1 ,i took the occasion to tell them how ,i resented their helping themselves to my things while ,i was absent4 ,with these two exceptions1 in twenty-five years' experience ,i have met with nothing but perfect honesty4 7,no1 now ,i remember1 a small whip was taken from my camp many years ago1 but when ,i complained1 it was found and returned47 ,i have left camera plates by the score in boxes that could have been opened1 and the results of my months of labor destroyed by nothing but idle curiosity4 ,but when ,i have explained that ,i was going away and expected to find everything untouched on my return1 ,i had no fear1 no misgivings1 and invariably found everything in perfect order when ,i came back4 ,i doubt whether ,i could leave things where the whole population of any of our ,american cities could get at them and find them untouched after a week's or a month's absence4 ,another interesting fact about the ,indian is that when he gives a name to a child or an adult1 it generally means something4 ,among ourselves names are often-times either quite meaningless or senseless4 ,for instance1 my parents gave to me the name ,george4 ,when ,i was old enough to begin to care about such things1 ,i asked and found out that 8,george0 means 8a husbandman40 ,and all through my life ,i have borne that name--a husbandman--when my ignorance of agricultural pursuits1 ,i am sorry to say1 is simply dense and unspeakable4 ,what is the sense of giving such names to children8 ,and when we come to the ,algernons1 and ,reginas1 and ,sigourneys1 and ,fitzmaurices1 and all the high-sounding but altogether meaningless names with which we burden our children1 ,i long for the simplicity of the ,indian's habit1 the poetry1 the prayer1 that so often are connected with the names they give4 ,the old ,hebrews knew something of this1 for we read of many of their names having a definite and decided significance4 ,one day ,i found a ,chemehuevi ,indian with the name ,tow-um-bow-i-si-co-rum4 ,after a little working of it out1 ,i found the name signified3 8,the reddish golden pathway of glory made by the setting sun from the zenith to the horizon40 ,i asked the man's mother how he came to have such a name1 and here is her reply6 8,as ,i gave birth to my son1 ,i looked up in the heavens and there ,i saw the golden reddish glory reaching from above where ,i lay to the faraway west1 where the sun was just setting4 ,so ,i said1 #8,it is an omen1 and may it also be a prophecy1' and my heart went out in prayer to ,those ,above1 that the pathway of life of my newly-born son might be one of golden glory until he1 too1 passed out of sight in the west2 so ,i called him ,towumbowisicorum1 which signifies what ,i have said40 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,some ,,luxuries ,most city men regard a shampoo as a city luxury of modern times1 except1 of course1 for the rich1 who could always have what they desire4 ,yet the shampoo is more common with some ,indians than with us1 and they enjoy it oftener than we do4 ,the ,indian's wife takes the root of the amole1 macerates it1 and then beats it up and down in a bowl of water until a most delicious and soft lather results1 and then her liege lord stoops over the bowl and she shampoos his long hair and scalp with vigor1 neatness1 skill1 and dispatch4 ,i have been operated upon by the best adepts in ,london1 ,paris1 and ,new ,york1 and ,i truthfully affirm that a white man has much to learn in the way of skillful manipulation1 effective rubbing of the scalp1 and delicious silkiness of the hair1 if he knows no other than such shampooing as ,i received4 ,another so-called luxury of our civilization is an every-day matter with the ,indians of the ,southwest4 ,that is the ,russo-,turkish bath4 ,the first time ,i enjoyed this luxury with the ,indians was on one of my visits to the ,havasupai tribe4 ,i had been received into membership in the tribe several years before1 but had always felt a delicacy about asking to be invited to participate in this function4 ,but one day ,i said to the old ,medicine ,man1 as he was going down to toholwoh1 8,how is it you have never invited me to go into toholwoh with you80 ,my question surprised him4 ,he quickly answered1 8,why should ,i invite you to your own8 ,the sweat-bath is as much yours as it is mine40 8,then10 said ,i1 8,i will go with you now40 ,the 8bath-house0 consisted of a small willow frame1 some six or eight feet in diameter1 which1 at the time of using1 is covered over with ,navaho blankets1 etc41 to make it heat and steam proof4 ,a bed of clean willows was spread out for the 8sweaters0 to sit upon1 and a place left vacant for the red-hot rocks4 ,as soon as all was prepared ,i was invited to take my seat2 one ,indian followed on one side and the ,medicine ,man on the other4 ,then one of the outer ,indians handed in six or eight red-hot rocks1 and the flap of the cover was let down and the bath was fairly 8on40 ,directly the shaman began to sing a sacred song which recited the fact that ,toholwoh was a gift of the good god1 ,tochopa1 and was for the purpose of purifying the body from all evil4 ,as soon as the song ended1 we were all sweating freely1 but when the flap was opened1 it was not to let us out1 but to receive more hot rocks4 ,as we sang a second song the heat grew more penetrating1 so that the words seemed to have real meaning4 ,our petition was that 8the heat of ,toholwoh might enter our eyes1 our ears1 our nostrils1 our mouths10 etc41 each organ being named at the end of the line of petition4 ,the song comprised a great long string of organs1 some of which ,i had never heard of before4 ,by this time sweat was pouring off from our bodies1 but the flap was opened only to receive more rocks4 ,at the third time a bowl of water was handed in to my companion1 which ,i was reaching for in order to enjoy a drink1 when1 to my horror and surprise1 he sprinkled the water over the red-hot rocks4 ,the result was an instantaneous cloud of steam1 which seemed to set my lips and nostrils on fire and absolutely to choke me and prevent my breathing4 ,yet the two ,indians began another song1 so ,i determined to stick it out and stand it as long as ,i could4 ,of course1 in a few moments the intense heat of the steam was lost1 and then ,i was able to join in the song4 ,at its close the same process of steaming was repeated1 and then ,i sprang out and dived headlong into the cool 7not cold7 waters of the flowing ,havasu1 where for a long time ,i swam and enjoyed the delicious sensations with which my body was filled4 ,then1 after a rub down with clean1 clear1 clayey mud1 and another plunge1 ,i lay in the sun on a bed of willows1 listening to the ,indians tell stories1 and ,i can truthfully say ,i never felt so clean in my life4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mohave ,,indian ,,wrapped ,,up ,,in ,,his ,,rabbit ,,skin ,,blanket4 ,this bath is taken by thousands of the ,southwest ,indians once a week as a matter of religion1 so that1 as a fact1 while their clothes are ragged and dirty1 and they themselves appear to be dirty1 they are really clean4 ,it must be confessed1 on the other hand1 that too many ,americans value the appearance of cleanliness more than the reality4 ,they would far rather appear clean even if they were not than be clean and appear dirty4 ,it is better to combine both reality and appearance1 but1 for my own sake1 if ,i had to choose between the two1 ,i believe ,i would rather be clean than only appear clean4 ,civilized man1 for centuries1 has used hot baths of various kinds for remedial and healing purposes4 ,throughout the world1 wherever hot springs are found1 men and women congregate in large numbers1 palatial hotels are built1 bath-houses established1 and an army of hotel-keepers1 physicians1 nurses1 masseurs1 and bath operators organized4 ,some go to the baths just as they do any other fashionable thing1 or in order to mingle with the gay and fashionable throng4 ,other idlers go purely for the pleasure they gain from such associations1 while still others go for the health they long for1--the strength and vigor they have lost4 ,and there can be no question that they often gain it4 ,in spite of the fashionable doctors who care less for the health of their patients than they do for their own fame and pockets2 in spite of the physical ills that come from the altogether inappropriate diet of the hotel dining-rooms2 in spite of the excitement of balls and parties1 receptions and routs1 common at such places2 and in spite of the injurious influences of the gaming tables too often maintained1 the use of the waters is often beneficial to a number of the patients4 ,were they to use the waters rationally1 live hygienically1 avoid all stimulating foods and drinks1 and religiously refrain from all unnatural excitements1 there is no question but that the use of the hot waters1 the hot mud packs1 and the like1 would give health to many thousands who now derive but little benefit from them4 ,from whom did the white race learn the use of the hot bath1 the mud bath1 and the like8 ,he learned it from the ,indian1 and if he would study the present methods of the ,indians he would find many details connected with these baths that he might learn to his great advantage4 ,when the ,indian goes to the bath he makes of it an almost religious ceremony4 ,in one of the illustrations an old ,indian ,shaman is telling to the younger ones the things they should heed before going into the toholwoh1 or sweat bath1 the frame of which 7as yet uncovered7 is close at hand4 ,the hot waters that bubble out from the interior of the earth he regards as the special gifts of the gods4 ,he prays that he may not use these gifts unworthily4 ,just as the ,mohammedan believes that the desert is the 8,garden of ,allah0 and that no one must walk in it who is sinful until he has first asked for forgiveness1 so does the ,indian believe that the waters of healing will turn to his injury if he does not use them in the right spirit4 ,would it not be well if we--the superior race--approached this good gift of ,god in like manner8 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,shaman ,,telling ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,toholwoh4 ,the natural simplicity of the ,indian at the baths also offers a good lesson to us4 ,instead of seeking for gaiety1 frivolity1 fashion1 and the means of pampering his appetite1 he goes to the baths of nature resolved upon quiet and restfulness as far as possible4 ,he seeks to prepare his mind beforehand1 that the physical means used will be beneficial4 ,in other words1 though he is a rude1 untutored savage1--so we say1--he has a clearer conception of the effect the mind has upon the body in real1 practical healing1 than has a large part of his civilized brothers and sisters4 ,as a rule1 we go to a physician1 or to a sanitarium1 or to baths--,i mean those of us who are sick and desire health first of all--without any other thoughts than 8,i am sick4 ,to go here may do me good4 ,i hope it will40 ,instead of preparing our minds beforehand by thoughtfulness1 getting ourselves into the proper mental attitude to be helped1 we leave it to chance1 to the surroundings1 to the doctor1 and thus often fail to get the benefit we might have received4 ,we carry our business cares1 our family worries1 our money-getting1 with us and thus defeat the end for which we go4 ,nor is that all6 ,when we get there we want 8all the comforts of a home40 ,in other words1 we must be assured that we have a bedroom which we can lock up at night1 a bedstead with a mattress as soft and unhealthy as the one we regularly sleep on1 stuffy closets where we can hang our clothes1--and the rest4 ,the ,indian finds his bedroom under the stars4 ,he puts the invalid flat on the ground1--a sheepskin1 perhaps1 between him and the earth1 but that is all4 ,when will the superior white race learn that rejuvenation of the body comes quicker to those who 8shed0 their civilization1 forswear their home comforts1 quit their indulgence in fixed-up dishes1 refrain from social frivolities 7commonly called duties71 and first and foremost1--after throwing away all the cares and worries that come of being so highly civilized1--get to a place where it is possible to sleep out of doors on the hard ground1 protected1 of course1 as the ,indians are4 ,get into the woods1 on to the hills1 down in the canyons1 out on the deserts4 ,take a roll of blankets along1 and no matter what the weather1 learn to sleep on the bosom of ,mother-,earth1 out of doors4 ,and if the region is one near hot springs or mud baths1 all the better4 ,make it for the time being your home4 ,ah6 how wise is the ,indian in his choice of a home4 ,i have before referred to this1 but ,i cannot help writing of it again4 ,home6 ,it is not a place of unrest to him1 where it requires the labor of wife and daughter1 or a host of servants1 to keep it in order2 where polished furniture1 polished floors1 polished doors1 polished mirrors1 keep one forever with wiping-cloth in hand1 removing the marks of careless fingers2 where bric-a-brac is accumulated and piled everywhere to the shattering of nerves if the children get near it1 or careless visitors happen to call2 where 8social demands0 are so great that children are relegated to the care of servants2 where brothers and sisters scarce have time to know each other1 and husbands and wives meet semi-occasionally--no1 it is not a home of this kind4 ,to most ,indians 8everywhere0 is home provided there is a little shade1 water1 and grass for his burro or pony4 ,in the mountains1 where he can shelter under an overhanging rock1 or in the forest where he has a roof of emerald1 supported by great pillars of pine or cottonwood or sycamore1--there is home4 ,in the desert1 where the roof is millions of miles high1 decorated with suns and moons and stars and comets and meteors and ,milky ,way and countless nebul1 and the walls are bounded on the east by the rising sun1 and on the west by the setting sun1 and ,god's own laboratories make new1 fresh1 pure air every moment--there is home4 ,the ,san ,francisco disaster taught thousands of people the healthfulness of the outdoor life4 ,people who had been ailing for years1 puny children1 anmic youths and maidens1 dyspeptic parents1 all 8picked up0 appetite and health when compelled to live in the parks and on the streets4 ,let us heed the lesson4 ,let us follow the example of the ,indian and be more simple1 more natural4 ,let us relegate to the museum the collecting of curios and bric-a-brac and the thousand and one things that so crowd our houses as to make museums rather than homes of them4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mohave ,,woman ,,whose ,,hair ,,has ,,been 8,,dressed0 ,,in ,,mud4 ,i do not suppose it is necessary that ,i should say that in our civilization we cannot literally do as the ,indian does in this matter4 ,that is not my thought4 ,what ,i would urge is that we live more simply1 and that1 like the ,indian1 we get out of doors more1 instead of housing ourselves the more as we become more 8civilized40 ,and that1 in the arrangements and accumulations of our home we make personal health1 comfort and happiness the most important considerations1 rather than display1 and to win the approval or envy of our neighbors4 ,but to return to the hot springs4 ,the ,indian has always used them4 ,he also learned and bequeathed to us the knowledge that mud is a useful therapeutic agent4 ,the ,yumas1 ,mohaves1 and others who live near the banks of the ,colorado ,river are in the habit of regularly plastering down their hair and scalp with thick1 black mud4 ,they go where it is clean and fresh1--washed down by the rushing waters of the mighty ,colorado through the great canyons--and1 rubbing it well into their hair1 they cover it over with a cloth tied over the scalp and go on about their daily work4 ,they keep the hair thus covered with mud for a day or two1 and then wash it off and give the scalp a thorough cleansing4 ,what is the result8 ,whether the fact be a result from the use of the mud or not1 it is a fact that these river ,indians have long1 glossy black hair free from all disease1 and their scalps are as healthy as the hair4 ,they have no dandruff1 no falling out of the hair1 and do not need any hair tonic or dye4 ,the mud contains enough of the finely ground sand commingled with the softer silt to make a healthful mixture for gently exciting the scalp when the rubbing off and cleansing process takes place4 ,and covering the hair as well as the scalp with the mud and allowing it to dry on demands that the hair shall be well rubbed as well as the skin4 ,the effect is to clean the hair thoroughly1 and who knows but that the excitement generated by thus rubbing the hair as well as the scalp has something to do in promoting the healthful flow of the elements required for hair nutrition8 ,be that as it may1 ,i know the fact1 which is that these ,indians1 men as well as women1 have hair1 long1 black1 glossy1 reaching down to their waists1 and they attribute its healthfulness to the regular use of the mud-pack and rub4 ,now1 while we may not care to pack the hair in mud1 we can certainly utilize the idea4 ,i have done so for years4 ,i often give my scalp and hair a mud bath1 and it is both agreeable and exhilarating1 and ,i had the assurance a few months ago from one of the leading scalp specialists of the ,east that my scalp was in an absolutely healthful condition--one of the very few found in such condition in the large eastern metropolis4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mohave ,,indian ,,whose ,,hair ,,and ,,scalp ,,have ,,been ,,cleaned ,,with ,,mud4 ,the ,indian also uses mud--and by this ,i mean the clear1 pure1 uncontaminated earth and sandy mixtures found in the rivers of the desert west--for wounds4 ,there is little doubt but that he learned this from the animals4 ,who has not seen a dog1 after a fight in which he got worsted1 run and throw himself into a mud puddle8 ,many years ago--about twenty--,i read an account of a battle between a wildcat and a dog1 and the writer1 who saw the conflict1 told how the dog went and bathed himself in mud thereafter4 ,the brief sketch made such an impression on me that ,i knew just where to find it1 and ,i have hunted it up1 and am now going to copy it for the benefit of my readers4 ,it will help explain why the ,indian does the same thing4 ,he has observed the animals bathing in the mud1 when wounded1 as this dog did4 8,the dog has won the battle2 but he has got some ugly scars along his sides and flank4 ,observe1 that overheated as he is1 he does not rush into that clear stream4 ,he takes his bath in that shallow spring with a soft mud bottom4 ,note how he plasters himself1 laying the wounded side underneath1 and then sitting down on his haunches1 buries all the wounded parts in the ooze4 ,that mud has medicinal properties4 ,the dog knows it4 ,no physician could make so good a poultice for the wounds of a cat's claws as this dog has found for himself4 ,pray1 if you had been clawed in that way by either feline or feminine1 would you have found anything at the bottom of your book philosophy so remedial as this dog has found80 ,the ,indian's use of mud1 therefore1 is seen to be an inheritance as the result of his observation of the animals4 ,since the time ,i heard of the dog and wildcat fight ,i have had occasion to watch the ,indians many times4 ,i have used the mud with them1 and always with good results4 ,and if1 when some four and a half years ago ,i was bitten on the thumb by a rattlesnake1 and for a week was supposed to be hovering between life and death1 ,i had thought enough to have done as the ,indians do1--gone and put my hand and arm in a mud bath at the side of a stream or at the bottom of a shallow spring1 ,i should have fared as well as ,i did 7and perhaps better71 though ,i had two skilled physicians1 an accomplished professor1 and a devoted nurse to care for me4 ,and when ,i was supposed to be well again1--months afterward1--,i found that the deadly poison had in some way lodged in the lining of the stomach1 so that1 at times1 it would cause a nervous and muscular disturbance that made me suffer intense agony4 ,i then recalled the use of mud by my ,indian friends1 and ,i hied me away as speedily as ,i could to the hot mud baths of ,paso ,robles1 in ,california4 ,there the sulphur water at a temperature of over #aaj ,fahrenheit comes bubbling into a great wooden tank filled with the soft1 velvety mud1 black as ink1 of the tule marsh4 ,into this tank ,i stepped1 and gradually worked my way into the mud1 lying down in it1 and wriggling and working my body until ,i was as near covered as ,i could be4 ,i brought great armfuls of the hot1 soft1 and soothing nature poultice over my stomach and body1 and then lay there as long as it was wise to do so4 ,what mattered it that ,i was blacker than a negro when ,i came out4 ,two minutes with a bucket and a hose and ,i was cleaner than ever4 ,one week of these baths and ,i lost the poison1 never again to return4 ,i never think of ,paso ,robles and the mud baths there without a deep sense of gratitude that some of us at least have learned how to utilize some good things that the ,indian has taught us4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,sex ,,question ,having studied medicine somewhat in my life1 ,i have been permitted as a 8medicine man0 to know more of the intimate life of the ,indian women than many white men4 ,in this article ,i propose to give the results of many observations in this field1 with full assurance that there are many things the white woman may learn from the ,indian1 both in her treatment of herself and her children4 ,in the first place1 the period of adolescence in both boys and girls is regarded with the importance it deserves4 ,the white race has much to learn from the ,indian in its treatment of boys and girls at this age4 ,my blood is made to boil almost every day when ,i am in our cities and see young girls1 just entering into maidenhood1 coming home from school1 anmic1 pale1 nervous1 irritable1 almost victims of ,st4 ,vitus's dance1 often dyspeptic or with a cough fastening its hold upon them1 because their parents are so blind and foolish as to prefer book and school education to health4 ,to me such parents are guilty of cruelty and criminality1 and ,i would sooner imprison them and take away the control of their children from them than ,i would the forger or the housebreaker4 ,they are cruel in that they are either ignorantly or wilfully ruining the health1--perhaps for life1--of their children1 and they are criminal in that by so doing they are injuring the future welfare of the state4 ,boys1 too1 are treated exactly the same at this time as at any other1 and when the great mystery of sex awakening is upon them1 they are sent to school as usual1 treated with the same untrue answers to the questions that arise that they were given to quiet their minds when they were little more than babies4 ,i am thankful there has been much of an awakening in this matter during the past twenty years1 and that ,i have had an active part in it4 ,i think it was in #ahhh that ,i published a small book on sex teaching for the young4#d ,it is as imperative to warn the young to-day as it was then4 ,the ,indian boy is instructed fully into the mystery of sex just as soon and as simply as he is in every other question that arises1 and at puberty he is made the subject of specific ceremonies that teach him the meaning of the change that is coming over him4 ,he is treated with a new dignity1 is formally recognized as having entered man's estate1 and is sent out into the woods or the solitude of the desert 8to come to himself40 #d 8,the ,guiding ,light10 in two parts1 to be had only from the author1 #ajih ,n4 ,raymond ,ave41 ,pasadena1 ,cal4 ,in paper1 #ej cents2 in cloth1 #a4jj postpaid4 ,in the case of girls1 ceremonies of instruction1 purification1 and dedication are almost universally observed4 ,the adolescent is set apart from her fellows1 and the elder women give her definite and full instruction as to what the change that is taking place in her life means4 ,she is shown the importance of the new function1 and how much the welfare of the race depends upon it4 ,then she is made to undergo ceremonies that last for several days1 in which her body and all its functions are dedicated to the tribe4 ,she is one of the future mothers now1 and1 as such1 is entitled to all respect and consideration4 ,there is no foolish reserve1 no 8modesty10 so-called1 which arrogates to itself the right to criticise the wisdom of ,god in creating human beings male and female that they may marry and propagate their kind upon the earth4 ,for1 wherever one finds the sort of 8modesty0 that is ashamed of natural and ,god-given functions1 there is either a mental perversion for which the victim is to be pitied1 or a moral perversion which is to be reprobated4 ,every ,indian girl is given fully to understand what the function means1 with all its possibilities1 and she is taught to pray that1 when the time comes1 she may have a lover1 and that he may be a good husband1 and that1 in due time1 she may be the happy and healthy mother of many happy and healthy children4 ,and in some tribes there are certain shrines where the girls are taught to go and offer their prayers that lovers1 husbands1 and children--not one or two of the latter1 but many--may be given to them at the will of the gods above4 ,this is to dignify sex1 to train the girls that wifehood and motherhood are holy and to be desired1 and that they are not matters merely to jest and joke about1 or to talk in secret whispers about one to another1 as if the very subject were unholy and unclean4 ,then a matter of practical healthfulness is observed that white parents need very much to learn1 it appears to me1 especially in this age of scholastic crowding and mental overworking4 ,each month the girl is required to rest1 in order that she may preserve and maintain her body in perfectly healthy condition4 ,she may go where she will1 but she must be quiet and still1 in order that the function may be not disturbed1 and that its regularity may be established4 ,not only this1 but this habit of rest is kept up so long as the function continues through life4 ,even on the march a woman may stay behind 7if she so desires7 and rest for a day or so4 ,the result of this rest at such times is shown in the strength and vigor the women show during pregnancy and at birth4 ,they seem to store up strength1 and1 as ,i shall later show1 childbirth to most of them is no more a time of peril1 pain1 or distress than is breathing4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,havasupai ,,mother1 ,,proud ,,of ,,her ,,man-,,child4 ,mothers who neglect to thus instruct and care for their daughters at the adolescent period are criminals both to their children and to the race4 ,among the ancient ,greeks such a mother would have been regarded as a monstrosity2 yet many mothers have confessed to their physicians they have never had one word of converse with their daughters upon this most important subject4 ,when ,i see children going to school at this adolescent period1 and being forced by our competitive system of education to strain every nerve to cram the required amount of facts into their brains1 ,i do not wonder that we have so many sickly women who are incapable of being the mothers of healthy and happy children4 ,far better that our children be not educated in chemistry1 and literature1 in physical science and art1 than that they unfit themselves for the happy relations of a beautiful marriage and sweet and tender parenthood4 ,for let the new or the old woman say what she will1 the divinely ordered plan is that women shall be wives1 and happy wives at that1 capable of making their husbands happy1 or at least of contributing their share to that end1 and also that they shall know the joys of maternity4 ,unhappy indeed is that woman whose physical condition is such that she refuses to know the sweet touch of her own baby's body1 and denies herself the blessed privilege of training its soul for a beautiful and useful life4 ,the ,indian mother sees to it that her daughter is early taught her future possibilities and the will of ,those ,above in regard to her1 and the growing woman would as soon shirk the responsibilities of her sex as she would refuse to eat4 ,the consequences are that normal births with ,indian women are practically painless and entirely free from danger4 ,i have known a woman to deliver herself of her child1 sever the umbilicus1 and then walk half a mile to the creek1 walk into it with the baby1 and give herself and the child a good washing1 then return to her camp1 suckle the little one1 and proceed to attend to her duties as if nothing had happened4 ,at another time ,i saw a woman1 less than half an hour after her child was born1 start off for a heavy load of wood4 ,their freedom from constricting waist-bands1 their absolute freedom of body1 their nasal and deep breathing1 their muscular exercise through life1 their open air sleeping and living1--all have much to do with these easy births4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,author ,,describing ,,the ,,symbolism ,,of ,,the ,,paiuti ,,basket ,,design4 ,to a good ,indian woman1 also1 there is nothing more evil than to circumvent the will of ,those ,above by refusing to have children4 ,such a woman would be almost a monstrosity to an ,indian1 who would be unable to comprehend the mental workings of such an abnormality4 ,children are to be desired1 to be longed for1 and to become a joyous possession4 ,in the making of some of their basketry the ,paiuti women weave a design which shows the opening between the upper and lower worlds through which the souls of all children born into this upper world must come4 ,by a correspondence of the symbol with the thing symbolized1 the ,paiuti weaver believes that if she closes up this opening in the basket1 she will render herself incapable of bearing any more children4 ,therefore1 even though you were to offer her her weight in money1 you could not persuade her to close up the aperture in the basket's design4 ,this would be circumventing the will of the gods4 ,the same law1 too1 applies to the suckling of her child4 ,the ,indian mother never dreams of foregoing this healthful duty and pleasure4 ,she regards it as one of her special joys1 in which she is superior to man4 ,and just as the ,paiuti weaver refuses to close the aperture in her basket1 so does the ,zuni woman refuse to close1 except with averted eyes and a prayer that the gods will see she did it with unseeing eyes1 the tiny aperture in the mamm of the water bottles which she makes of clay in imitation of the human breasts4 ,she dare not1 even thus in symbol1 suggest the closing of her own maternal founts4 ,ah6 beautiful simplicity and joy of naturalness4 ,the ,god of men and women surely knew what was good for them when ,he set in motion the forces that created them4 ,in harmony with ,his will and purpose we are healthy1 happy1 normal beings1 living lives of purity1 progress1 and peace4 ,in opposition to ,his will we are unhealthy1 unhappy1 abnormal beings1 full of wretchedness1 impurity1 and misery4 ,in many things the ,indian1 too simple to go far away from the ,divine precepts which come to him through contact with nature1 is wiser than we4 ,let us then put on the garment of simplicity1 seek to know the will of ,god1 and with hearts like little children learn the true way1 and then seek for courage to walk therein4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,healthy ,,and ,,happy ,,pima ,,mother ,,whose ,,baby ,,was ,,gladly ,,welcomed4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,her ,,baby ,i have elsewhere spoken of the ,indian woman's reception of her child4 ,it is welcomed with joy1 and yet in its first hour's treatment most white women would think its life would terminate4 ,after seeing that it breathes properly--that is1 through the nose--the mother carries her little one to the nearest creek or water-hole and gives it a good bath4 ,cold water has no terrors for her1 and she does not fear its use for the child4 ,with this cold bath the child may be said to enter its earthly existence4 ,henceforth life is to be a succession of hardening processes4 ,indian babies get no foolish and weakening coddling4 ,they are loved dearly and petted often1 but are made to lie down on flat boards or basket cradles1 with arms and legs strapped down1 and are thus early accustomed to physical restraint4 ,they sleep out of doors from the day of their birth1 and become accustomed to all kinds of weather4 ,for an ,indian child who has taken cold we shall look in vain4 ,the name1 the thought of such an ill is unknown4 ,if the parents have to move from canyon up to plateau1 or go off to far away forests for the winter's supply of pinion nuts1 the child is put into its carrying basket1 swung on the back of the mother1 dependent from her forehead1 and carried either on horseback or on foot to the new stopping place4 ,simplicity and naturalness accompany every stage of the little one's life until the age of puberty1 when the child-life is supposed to end1 and the man or woman life begins4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,healthy ,,and ,,happy ,,indian ,,baby4 ,now1 while of very necessity our method of treating white children must be different from this1 we can learn many lessons from the ,indian that will materially benefit our race4 ,the key-stone of the whole idea is found in the words3 8,no coddling40 ,not long ago ,i went to the home of an artist friend4 ,his wife had just presented him with a fine1 healthy son4 ,the wife's mother was present1 and had taken charge of the young mother and her baby4 ,the room was stifling hot1 so that ,i could scarcely breathe1 and when ,i went to see the baby it was wrapped up in a cradle with a sheet and three blankets over its head4 ,at once ,i opened the doors and windows1 taking good precaution to see that the mother did not take cold4 ,i gave both grandmother and new mother a lecture upon the monstrous folly and cruelty of thus depriving the new-born child of needed air for its expanding lungs4 ,the lesson was accepted in the proper spirit1 for the father fully agreed with me1 and on the grandmother's departure1 a few days later1 the coddling1 smothering process ceased1 and a cold bath1 sleeping out of doors1 and a generally healthy treatment of the child substituted4 ,i know this is an exaggerated case1 but it serves as an illustration of the wrongful and excessive 8coddling0 we give our children1 from which follow such evils as weak lungs1 weak throats1 readiness to take cold1 etc4 ,as the exaggerated opposite of this1 let me relate the treatment ,i accorded to my own children4 ,when my first son was born1 we were so located that ,i was compelled to be both physician and nurse4 ,his first experience--after a good hot bath--was a cold bath1 and within half an hour of his birth he was sleeping out of doors4 ,at five weeks of age he and his mother accompanied me on an eight-hundred-mile drive over the plains and deserts of ,nevada4 ,we camped out1 slept on the ground1 and gave him1 whenever possible1 an open air bath in the cold mountain brooks that occasionally were met with4 ,a year or so after the second boy was born ,i was stationed in the little town of ,cedarville1 ,cal41 and one of the happiest remembrances of my life there was in winter when the snow was deep upon the ground4 ,i would place a canvas upon the floor of my small study1 where a good fire blazed in the stove1 fetch in a couple of washtubs full of snow1 then undress the youngsters1 and watch them as they sat in the snow1 rubbed it on their naked bodies and laughed and shouted and crowed with delight when ,i gently snowballed them4 ,while they were little tots1 every morning before being dressed they stood outside while ,i threw--not poured1 but threw1--a bucketful of cold water over them4 ,then1 after a vigorous and hearty rub down1 they went with me for a walk where they were allowed to run and jump and romp to their heart's content4 ,this ,i call a rational treatment of children4 ,it certainly is a healthy treatment1 and those brought up under such an ,indian method will never know the aches1 pains1 ills1 and weaknesses that most white children are afflicted with4 ,and ,i would treat my baby girls1 if ,i had any1 exactly the same as my boys1 for the health of the race more nearly depends upon the health of the future mothers than upon that of the future fathers4 ,if it be thought that ,i am too extreme ,i quote an article entire from a recent ,good ,health1 entitled 8,strenuous ,health ,culture10 in which it will be seen that others have done the same thing with equally good results4 8#8,time was when clothing1 sumptuous or for use1 ,save their own painted skins1 our sires had none4' 8,yet they were far healthier and hardier than the present much-clad generation4 ,why does the savage go naked with impunity while the civilized man shivers in his clothes1 and is a prey to colds1 pneumonia1 and a variety of diseases unknown to the naked savage8 8,one of the marvels of the normal human body is its wonderful adaptability--the maintenance of its equilibrium under constantly varying conditions4 ,by the regulation and adaptation of the heat functions of the body the bodily temperature is maintained at the normal standard in spite of the changing temperature of the surrounding atmosphere4 ,but when the body is artificially heated continually1 as by over-clothing and over-heated rooms1 its functions become to some degree dormant1 and in consequence the natural bodily resistance is greatly lessened4 8,the effort of the body to resist cold stimulates and strengthens4 ,one who can resist cold can resist all kinds of disease germs4 ,this has been demonstrated by the success of the #8cold-air cure' for a variety of diseases4 8,the old-time coddling of delicate children1 which still further lessened their vitality and weakened their powers of endurance1 is now giving place to its opposite4 ,judicious exposure to cold has been found to be one of the best methods of strengthening weak infants and developing healthy children4 ,at a recent conference of mothers held in ,minnesota1 they were advised that a snowbank makes one of the best cradles4 ,one mother who had tried this treatment thought that it accounted for the unusual health and strength of the family4 8,a ,milwaukee physician1 ,dr4 ,john ,e4 ,worden1 has adopted this strenuous treatment to prepare his babes for the rigors of life1 and up to the present his methods have been abundantly justified by their success4 ,his little daughters1 ,shirley and ,jane1 aged respectively eight and three years1 are two of the firmest and healthiest bits of humanity to whom disease of all kinds is unknown4 ,during the cold weather these children may be seen barefooted and bareheaded1 clad only in their cotton garments1 thoroughly enjoying a romp in the snowdrifts1 and without even a goose-pimple on their skin4 8#8,we are merely following out health rules1' said ,dr4 ,worden1 speaking of his unique methods of bringing up his children4 #8,we are aiming at prevention rather than at cure4 ,we have brought the children up so that they are fearless1 and dread neither the ice-cold plunge nor a romp in the snow in their bare feet4 ,the door is always open1 and they go out when they like and return when they are ready to do so4 ,we do not force the children to go out in the snow barefooted2 they go out of their own free will1 and play until they are tired1 or their attention is called to something else4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,hopi ,,indian ,,at ,,oraibi ,,shelling ,,corn4 8#8,in the summer we send them out into the sun bareheaded and barefooted1 with orders to keep out of the shade4 ,on the street cars they are instructed to sit on the sunny side of the car4 ,it is well that they experience something of contrast2 therefore1 a cold bath is given them daily in the warm weather4 ,in the winter they are allowed to go outdoors to get stimulus from the cold air4 8#8,children brought up like tender hot-house plants are likely to contract colds and other diseases1 and to die as the result of not having robust constitutions4 ,these children1 on the contrary1 will and do escape without any sickness2 and should they get sick1 their recovery is almost certain1 because of their being strong and in good condition4' 8,both ,dr4 ,worden and his wife are graduates of the ,university of ,michigan1 and ,mrs4 ,worden was for a number of years before her marriage a trained nurse4 8#8,during my hospital training and institutional work1' says ,mrs4 ,worden1 #8,i saw so much sickness due to weakened bodies that ,i investigated causes1 and came to the conclusion that much of the weakness was due to a lack of physical development1 to abuses through mistaken kindness on the part of the parents1 that so weakened the immature bodies that they could not withstand the attack of disease4 ,with our children1 beginning from babyhood1 we have had one aim1 and that is to give them strong physiques1 and we have succeeded thus far4 ,they have never had one drop of medicine1 and never been ill one moment4' 8,the clothing of these children is always light1 and much the same summer and winter4 ,it is of cotton almost exclusively1 and no bands are ever used4 ,in the place of stockings the easy1 sensible1 comfortable ,roman sandal1 made only in ,england1 is worn4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,best ,,natured ,,baby ,i ,,ever ,,saw4 ,,her ,,parents ,,are ,,wallapais4 8#8,we believe in clothing them as lightly as possible1' says ,mrs4 ,worden1 #8depending on their excellent heat-making organs to develop any extra warmth needed in an emergency4 ,this stimulates a necessity for a good1 strong internal circulation of the fluids of the body1 and creates a desire to exercise a little in order to keep warm4 ,over-warm children are usually lazy4' 8,the ,worden home is sunny and bright1 with windows wide open day and night1 and the rooms kept always cool and fresh4 ,no useless furniture1 no bric-a-brac1 no draperies1 harbor dust and germs4 ,the walls and hard-wood floors and few articles of furniture are kept scrupulously clean1 but without ornament4 ,the whole house is given over to the children1 and there is no need for prohibitions of any sort4 8,concerning the diet of his children ,dr4 ,worden says3 #8,no national or international problems concerning the welfare of our people are as important as our food problem4 ,and yet it is a very simple one1 solved by an all-wise ,creator before the creation of man4 ,time enough is wasted in the kitchen of our modern homes1 spoiling good food by making almost impossible mixtures and then over-cooking these1 to do all the necessary work of any nation4 ,this careless and ignorant diet leads to ill-health1 from which there is no escape unless we learn to lead a sensible life1 eating moderately of natural foods1 and these in simple combinations4 8#8,with our children1 very little cow's milk is used1 largely because of its unreliability in the city2 but we do not favor an abundance of milk anyway1 after children have teeth to use on their food4 ,their diet consists of fruits1 cereals1 nuts1 and vegetables1 no spices1 vinegar1 etc41 being used4 ,whole wheat flour1 the bran included1 is used exclusively4 8#8,they are never urged to eat4 ,we expect them to know whether they are hungry or not4 ,urging children to eat leads to overfilling of the stomach1 and this to bowel disorders1 and often death4 ,next to urging children to eat1 as a cause of overeating1 is variety4 ,we never supply them with a choice of foods at one meal4 ,the diet for each meal is simple1 and yet in one season or year they get quite a variety1 as exampled by a list of the fruits they get1 one kind at a time3 ,apples1 pears1 grapes1 plums1 cherries1 oranges1 pineapples1 peaches1 grape fruit1 prunes1 apricots1 figs1 dates1 raisins1 bananas1 melons1 and the numerous kinds of berries--all choice fruit4 ,they scorn anything with a bad spot as being not fit to eat4 ,then again we buy them lots of nuts for food1 not just for the fun of cracking and eating and usually overeating4 ,they get nut food as a ,united ,states soldier his rations4 ,next we have an immense choice of vegetables1 of which they get one kind at a meal--never two vegetables to one child at the same meal4 ,on such a diet it is no occasion for surprise that they have never been sick4 ,the good health to be derived from a simple meal more than repays for any fancied abstinence4' 8,the ,worden children are already little athletes4 ,the elder girl is the youngest basket-ball player in ,milwaukee4 ,every evening they exercise for a few minutes nude1 incidentally getting an air bath to the skin of the whole body while developing and strengthening the muscles4 8,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,worden are not faddists4 ,they are earnestly and steadfastly endeavoring to fulfill the trust committed to them1 to develop their children into strong healthy women1 to strengthen their powers of endurance1 and develop their physical faculties by bringing them up in accordance with all the laws of health40 99 99 99 99 99 ,another thing that ,i would have white women learn from their ,indian sisters1 is a thing they used to know but are rapidly forgetting4 ,that is1 the joy of suckling their own children4 ,an ,indian mother that does not suckle her own child is almost unknown4 ,with the 8superior classes0 of the white race it is the opposite of this proposition that is true4 ,not only is this of great injury to the child1 but it is fraught with most serious consequences to the mother4 ,is it nothing that the mother of a child willfully puts away from herself all the little1 fond1 sweet intimacies that naturally grow out of this relationship2 the joy of exercise of a natural and beautiful function2 the feeling that the baby life is still being sustained by the mother's own life-blood transmuted by mother love and mother-processes into sweet1 delicious food that nothing else can equal8 ,illustration3 ,a ,,diligent ,,hopi ,,basket ,,weaver1 ,,who ,,is ,,also ,a ,,good ,,mother4 ,it is a fact that all the higher affections and emotions of the human soul have to be cultivated and developed4 ,the child sees little or no beauty in a sunset2 it must be trained to recognize it4 ,the love of ,nature grows as we cultivate it4 ,the nobler emotions of self-sacrifice1 humility1 kindliness1 grow as we cultivate them1 and while1 where maternity is a perfectly natural process1 joy accompanies it in all its manifestations1 there is no denying the fact that in our so-called civilization women have to cultivate the feelings connected with the function to bring to themselves the joy they should normally possess4 ,but that there is a joy in suckling one's own child many1 many mothers--true mothers--have assured me1 and ,i wish to add my voice to the supplications of the innocent child that every mother give of her own sweet1 loving breast to the child she has brought into the world4 ,some mothers refuse because it destroys the beautiful contour of the bust2 others because it demands too close confinement1 and would therefore prohibit regular attendance upon club or social functions4 ,poor women6 ,bartering their ,god-given rights and privileges for the messes of pottage that society and club life afford--that is1 afford to mothers at the time they should be with their babes4 ,can any society on earth1 any club that ever existed1 compensate for the loss of healthful nutrition given from a loving mother's breast8 ,let the statistics of 8bottle-fed0 babies attest the dangers that accrue from the mother's refusal 7or inability--for which she is to be pitied rather than condemned7 to suckle her own young4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,proud ,,and ,,happy ,,wallapi ,,mother4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,hopi ,,baby ,,who ,,has ,,never ,,yet ,,known ,,clothes4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,sanctity ,,of ,,nudity ,while adults of both sexes among all ,indians wear either a skirt or a gee-string1 there is not the slightest hesitancy in allowing the young1 both boys and girls1 to run about in a state of nudity4 ,since we have sent white teachers and missionaries to the ,indians1 they are beginning to learn that somehow--though they can't sort it out just how or why--there is something indecent in allowing nude children to wander about their homes and villages4 ,they are being taught to be 8ashamed10--their children are becoming sex-conscious as are our white children1 long before their time1 and we are foisting on to them our hateful1 impure1 and blasphemous conceptions of nudity4 ,for myself ,i am free to confess that ,i have no sympathy with this kind of teaching4 ,i think it unnecessary1 and not only unnecessary but a positive injury4 ,i believe in the sanctity of nudity1 especially in that of young children1 and while with our present social customs we cannot allow our children to be nude or partially nude in public1 ,i would that our minds were as clean in this matter as are those of the ,indians with whom ,i have so long been acquainted4 ,whatever society may demand of us in public1 there is no reason why1 in private1 both our children and ourselves should not spend a certain portion of every day1 if possible1 in contact with the direct rays of the sun and the air4 ,every school in the land should be so equipped1 and our children and their parents be so trained1 that1 under proper direction1 a certain part of every day the students could be so exposed4 ,all know the benefit that comes from the exposing of the arms and legs to the sun and breezes at the sea-shore4 ,men1 women1 and children alike who flee the city for an annual holiday to the seaside return to their shut-in1 civilized 767 life with renewed vigor and health4 ,why not give some of this life to city children every day in the year8 ,even in ,eastern cities1 in winter1 a solarium could be created in the top stories of the schoolhouses1 and there1 with every window wide open1 the children clothed in the scantiest of garments1 as at the seaside1 could go through physical and breathing exercises1 and romp or play games for half an hour1 to their great benefit both of body and mind4 ,we have for so long trained ourselves to the half expressed belief that there is something wrong about nudity that we find women's clubs draping statues1 and organizations rejecting figures because they are nude1 which all ages and all civilized peoples have accepted as pure and chaste works of art4 ,i would not for a moment have it thought that ,i approve of all nude statues or pictures4 ,many of them have no virtue to commend them4 ,yet ,i would not indiscriminately condemn all works of art in the nude merely because they are nude4 ,we have forgotten the appearance of a healthy body1 and feel ashamed to see one4 ,by our mental attitude we accuse the ,creator of indecency that 8male and female created ,he them10 for1 not only do we veil the bodies of the opposite sexes from each other1 7which is a perfectly correct and wise thing to do7 but daughters are ashamed to be seen nude by their own mothers1 and mothers by their daughters4 ,i believe in the sanctity of nudity4 ,let the sexes remain apart1 by all means1 but let there be less of false shame when men see nude men1 or women see nude women1 or either or both see nude children4 ,it is a fact declared by the most conservative of white explorers1 that the naked tribes of aborigines are the most pure1 chaste1 and truly modest4 ,our conception that because ,indians are unclothed they are therefore indecent and unclean1 impure and unchaste1 is a dirty conception1 dishonoring to ourselves and our ,creator4 ,honi soit qui mal y pense1 and 8to the pure all things are pure0 are as true to-day as when they were first spoken and written1 and while ,i am as opposed as is any one living to nude pictures and statues that have nothing to commend them but their nudity2 while ,i am strongly opposed to promiscuous nudity either in whole or in part1 ,i am equally opposed to the mental attitude that nudity in itself is wrong1 and that the ,creator did not know ,his business when he created us both nude and of different sexes4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,havasupai ,,child ,,brought ,,up ,,to ,,enjoy ,,being ,,out ,,in ,,the ,,rain4 ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 and many others of the great men of the world1 made it a daily practice to expose their bodies to the sun and the air4 ,for years ,i have seized every proper opportunity to do so1 such as when ,i took my fifteen days' rowing trip down the ,colorado ,river4 ,when on the ,salton ,sea exploring trip2 when out in the deserts1 the canyons1 the forests1 on the mountain tops1 ,i endeavored every day to give my body some exposure1 and every night and morning1 when camping out1 before retiring and arising1 ,i have a brief air bath1 sometimes with vigorous physical exercises4 ,thus the power of ,god's own sun and air enter my body through every pore of the skin1 and ,i enjoy a health1 vigor1 vim1 and tingle of delight ,i can get in no other way4 ,when ,i first visited the ,havasupai ,indians1 all the men were nude1 part of the time1 save for the breech-clout4 ,in their dances1 in some of which ,i participated1 it was a delight to see the movements of their perfect muscles1 their bronze flesh glistening in the sun1 or in the glow of the camp fires4 ,and men1 women1 and children all bathed at the same time1 in the clear waters of ,havasu ,creek1 all the adults1 of course1 wearing either a short skirt or a breech clout1 but the major part of the body fully exposed4 ,there was no immodesty and no thought of anything of the kind4 ,nudity or semi-nudity was taken as a matter of course1 and neither by word or deed did anyone seem conscious of it4 ,after vigorous swimming1 the young men wrestled1 the youngsters ran races1 the men indulged in various games1 their bodies still exposed to the sun and the air1 and no one could fail to observe the health1 vigor1 and robustness that came from this habit of life4 ,the ,hopis train their boys and young men to their morning runs over the desert in a state of almost complete nudity1 and in their snake dance races1 nothing but the gee-string is worn1 and people of both sexes gaze upon them with no thought of immodesty4 ,modesty is a condition of soul1 and has nothing to do with the exposure or covering of the body4 ,one may be a ,godiva and be far more modest than another who veils not only her whole body but even her face4 ,and for myself1 ,i wish to record my conviction that it would be far better for the morals of civilized man if he would bring up his children of both sexes to recognize and know the sanctity of nudity1 rather than to cover the body as he does and to affirm by his words and suggest by his demeanor that he regards an exposed body as indecent4 ,a small trunk can always be worn and this suffices for every purpose of true modesty4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,nude ,,hopi ,,spinning ,,wool ,,for ,,the ,,making ,,of ,a ,,dress ,,for ,,his ,,wife4 ,in many of the leading sanitariums of the world the patients are required to expose their bodies to the sun and air for a certain length of time daily4 ,here is a struggling to get back to a natural condition1 an almost essential condition to the attainment and retention of perfect health4 ,of the outdoor gymnasiums for men and women at the ,boulder ,sanitarium1 ,colorado1 ,dr4 ,howard ,f4 ,rand thus writes3 8,here the men patients1 clothed with simple trunks1 bask in the sunshine on the sand which covers the ground1 follow the trainer through the different lines of gymnastic work1 finally plunging into the pool and coming out ready to be dried and thoroughly rubbed4 ,donning their simple apparel1 they can1 if they choose1 proceed up the mountain1 and gather beautiful wild flowers and rest the eye on the surrounding scenery4 8,the outdoor gymnasium is especially helpful in the treatment of women4 ,it is very difficult to get them to dress properly when taking physical exercise1 and they are #8so afraid' of exposing themselves to the sunlight and #8ruining' their complexion4 ,but the beautiful physique of some of our young women who have trained in this line1 and the assurance that they can so develop themselves1 lead them to make short trips to the gymnasium1 and gradually they grow willing to be delivered from close wrappings1 and expose themselves to the sunlight4 ,the pleasure is enticing2 enjoyment of exercise in this place without the restriction of tight clothing rapidly increases1 and desired results are obtained by this means in less time than in any other line of training4 ,the great essential is to have the person in natural condition when exercising1 so that all the organs of the body may move freely and naturally1 without let or hindrance4 ,number seems to increase the enchantment2 hence the more readily do the timid and backward take the first steps4 8,at first it is impossible for many to expand at the waist line2 but a jump into the pool1 the temperature of the water being #gj to #ge1 causes them involuntarily to inflate the respiratory organs1 and through this and special training deep breathing becomes habitual in less time than it would in any other way4 8,we aim to have our patients spend at least one hour1 twice a day 7forenoon and afternoon71 in the open-air gymnasium4 8,soon after beginning this course1 the patient's skin1 and mind as well1 will be found clearing up4 ,he will say his appetite is better1 and that he sleeps more soundly1 and is gaining weight and strength4 ,the surface becomes brown in a short time1 but as soon as pigmentation ceases1 there is a natural1 pearly-white hue--a sure indicator of health40 ,these open-air gymnasiums are to be found at the leading sanitariums of the world1 thus clearly showing that the ,indian idea of nudity has the sanction of the highest and wisest medical opinions of the white race4 ,the body is a sweet1 a precious1 a beautiful expression of ,god's thought2 it was and is intended by the ,divine as the house of the mind1 the soul1 the immortal part of the human being4 ,paul expressly declares it is 8the temple of the ,holy ,ghost40 ,every part of it is beautiful1 every part ,god-given4 ,in health it is the most perfect machine ever designed1 and the most beautiful4 ,every function it performs is a marvel1 every power contained within it a miracle4 ,how obviously wrong then is anything that disparages1 lowers1 offends the high and supreme dignity of this glorious structure4 ,yet we are ashamed of it1 we apologize for it1 we teach our children to be ashamed of it and to cover it as an evil thing4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,frankness ,another thing the white race might learn from the ,indian1 and it would be well for them if they did1 is the virtue of frankness4 ,if an ,indian likes you or dislikes you1 he lets you know4 ,there is no pretense1 no hypocrisy1 and in his speech he indicates his feelings4 ,then1 too1 he is not offended by plain speech4 ,if he lies and you tell him so1 he honors you2 and if you lie1 he will not hesitate to say so4 ,making the fingers of both hands as a tongue on each side of the mouth1 he says3 8,you talk two ways at once10 which is ,indian for our ruder vernacular3 8,you are a liar60 ,there are no conventional lies among ,indians4 ,they do not speak untruths for the sake of politeness4 ,they have learned the lesson of the ,man of ,galilee1 who two thousand years ago taught1 8,let your yea be yea1 and your nay nay1 for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil40 ,of course there are untruthful ,indians1 but with the major part their word is never broken4 ,i would just as soon take the simple word of most of the ,indians ,i know as that of the most upright and honored of the old-fashioned ,southern gentlemen4 ,and ,i would no more think of insulting the ,indian by putting his integrity in speech on the same plane as that of the ordinary society or business man or woman of ,america than ,i would insult the lion by calling him a wolf4 ,strong words1 but true1 and capable of demonstration4 ,too often ,indians who come in contact with the whites learn to lie1 but the pure1 uncontaminated1 uncivilized ,indian hates a lie and a liar as much as the proverb says the devil hates holy water4 ,i shall never forget the impression made in the court-room at ,flagstaff1 ,arizona1 when ,bigwoetten1 a ,navaho ,indian1 who had been charged with murder1 and who had sent word to the sheriff that it would be useless to hunt for him as he could never be found1 but that1 if he was wanted1 he would come in when the trial began1--,i say1 ,i shall never forget the marvelous impression caused by the proud stalking into the court-room of this old and dignified ,indian1 and his speech to the judge3 8,though ,i am sore wounded1 and the journey over the desert has been dreary and long1 and has well-nigh killed me1 ,i gave my word that ,i would be here1--the word of a ,navaho that never was broken--so here ,i am4 ,do with me as you will1 so that you do honestly40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,author ,,having ,a ,,pow-,,wow ,,with ,,the ,,yuma ,,indians4 ,several times1 with perfect confidence1 ,i have risked my life in exploring trips1 on the mere word of an ,indian that he would be at such a place at a certain time with food and water4 ,and such has been my experience that now ,i never hesitate to accept the simple word of any ,indian who has an ordinarily good reputation4 ,i have often had pow-wows with various tribes and whatever they have promised me in such councils has invariably been performed4 ,and yet there is a peculiar twist to the mentality of many ,indians that needs comment here4 ,when a stranger is questioning an ,indian about anything that she 7or he7 deems of no great importance1 as1 for instance1 the meaning of a certain design on a basket1 the ,indian conception of politeness leads her to give you the reply your question seems to call for4 ,for instance1 if you see a zigzag design on a basket and you ask her1 8,is this to represent lightning80 she thinks that is what you want it to represent1 so she says1 8,yes60 ,ten minutes later and her questioner asks1 8,is this the ripple of the sunshine on water80 ,again with the same thought uppermost in her mind1 that she must be polite to her questioner1 that that is the answer asked for1 she says1 8,yes60 ,and so on with a dozen different questioners1 and all of them with a different interpretation of the same symbol1 her answer would be 8yes0 every time4 ,this1 however1 is not untruth4 ,it is because the white questioner does not know that his is not the method of extracting truth from an ,indian4 ,he has asked for a certain answer and he has it4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,repining ,in all my association with ,indians1 ,i cannot recall a single instance of repining1 regret over the unalterable events of the past1 weeping or wailing over joys lost1 demoralizing self-pity1 or magnified distress because 8we have seen better days40 ,the simple1 unpretentious1 really democratic life of the ,indian disposes of these latter ills to which the white race is heir by rendering them impossible1 and repining and self-pity seem to have no place in their vocabulary4 ,they weep and wail when their loved ones die2 and they gather together and pray if drought or other natural evils destroy their crops1 but when the weeping is done it is done1 and life's duties are taken up without constant repining or self-pity4 ,what has happened has happened4 ,nothing can alter it4 ,it is the will of ,those ,above1 or whether it is or not it ,,is1 and that is enough4 ,hence why complain1 why protest4 ,accept the inevitable4 ,leave it alone4 ,let the dead past bury its dead4 ,do the work of to-day2 never mind the woe of yesterday4 ,this seems to me to be the ,indian attitude4 ,a kind of proud acquiescence1 a manly1 womanly recognition of facts1 and a willingness to face them and thus triumph over them4 ,instead of magnifying their sorrows they minimize them by constant labor and by doing the very opposite1 viz41 magnifying their joys4 ,often have ,i heard this done4 ,a widow speaking of her lost husband1 and immediately referring in tones of joy to her boys and girls1 her fine corn-field1 her peach orchard1--her blessings1 in fact4 ,it is simply impossible for any one to estimate the amount of time1 strength1 energy1 and life that have been wasted by the white race in lamenting1 repining1 weeping1 over things that could neither be helped nor changed4 ,and how absurd such lamentation is4 ,if an evil can be remedied1 remedy it4 ,if a wrong can be righted1 right it4 ,but to waste valuable time1 strength1 and energy in vain repining and self-pity is a crime that no ,indian is so foolish as to commit4 ,it is left to the white race to thus show its superiority6 ,this comes from two or three causes4 ,first3 ,our race1 mainly our women1 are not as healthy physically as the ,indian1 and where physical health is lacking it is so easy to yield to the force of evil circumstance4 ,strong men or women can force themselves into physical and mental activity and these bring solace and forgetfulness of the pains1 ills1 and sorrows of the past4 ,second3 ,the very ease and luxury of our lives which all white people so much covet1 give us time and opportunity to sit down and study over sources of sadness1 while on the other hand1 the ,indian woman has her daily work that she must perform1 willy nilly1 and thus is kept from the contemplation of her sorrows4 ,third3 ,there is in the ,indian that calm serenity of mind and soul that belong only to either very childlike or exceedingly cultured natures4 ,with the ,indian it is childlike acceptance of the will of the gods2 with ,browning1 it was the calm philosophy of the highest culture4 ,unfortunately for most of us1 we have lost the religious simplicity of our ancestors1 our childlike faith and trust1 and have not yet attained to the serenity of the philosopher4 ,i write this brief chapter merely to call attention to the facts1 and to urge upon the white race the necessity1 if it would preserve its serenity1 of either reverting to the simple faith of the ,indian1 or of cultivating a religious philosophy that will produce an equal serenity and equanimity in the face of trial1 sorrow1 misfortune or death4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,the ,,superfluities ,,of ,,life ,the white race may learn much from the ,indian as to the superfluities of life4 ,there is no question but that we--the white race--are cursed with the collecting habit2 we are vexed by many possessions4 ,and what is the good of much of what we gather8 ,mere trash1 accumulated for show2 bought without much thought merely to gratify a passing whim1 and half the time we don't know what to do with our purchases when we have made them4 ,our houses are no longer homes1 they are converted into bric-a-brac establishments4 ,our children become a terror to us lest they should touch this or that or the other1 and our nervous systems are wrecked because of dread lest our fine 8,japanese bowl10 or our elegant 8,etruscan vase10 or our exquisite 8,italian figurine10 or 8that lovely ,hindoo idol10 should be injured4 ,a year or two ago ,i was the guest in the home of an eminent scientist1 whose wife is herself a remarkable woman1 gifted as a writer and public speaker1 and yet whose home is laden with extraneous material to the nerve-breaking point4 ,one evening they were entertaining a well-known author and lecturer1 and the hostess had called upon him to tell of some of his interesting experiences4 ,the guest was a normal1 healthy man and gentle in his movements1 but1 while speaking1 somewhat free in gesticulation4 ,in one part of his story he made a quick motion and pushed his chair gently back4 ,in doing so he overturned a ,japanese vase that stood on a slight pedestal near by4 ,with a crash that shocked the nerves of every one present1 the valuable piece of bric-a-brac fell4 ,fortunately1 it was not broken1 but1 with blanched face1 though her voice was well under control1 the hostess tenderly picked it up4 ,she endeavored to smooth over the accident1 but the author's interest in his story was gone4 ,he brought it to a lame conclusion1 and gave an evident sigh of relief1--though quite unconsciously1--when his wife suggested that 8the babies might need her presence at home40 ,after they had gone ,i was witness of the grief and distress of the poor woman who lamented the injury to her treasure1 and who evidently valued it far more than she did the comfort and welfare of her visitors and guests4 ,i sometimes go to homes where the furniture is of the elegantly polished or 8enameled0 type4 ,to place a book or one's hand upon such polish is to mar the surface4 ,the hostess must either keep the table to be merely looked at1 and be in constant terror lest some one outwit her vigilance and mar its 8beauty10 or resign herself to seeing it used and spoiled4 ,now1 of all of these things1 ,i constantly ask myself1 ,what's the use8 ,for myself ,i value the health and happiness of my wife and my children more than all the bric-a-brac that ever was1 or ever will be1 made4 ,the nerves of the former1 and the healthy1 untrammeled movements of the latter1 are worth far more than a few 8curios40 ,and so with my guests4 ,i want my visitors to feel free to move around and about in my home1 as healthy men and women ought to do1 and if there is anything in the way of such action the sooner it is knocked down and smashed the better ,i shall like it4 ,and as for 8enameled0 furniture3 if ,i found any of it introduced into my house where ,i was constantly in danger of marring it1 ,i fear my 8angry passions would rise10 and so would the polished article1 to find itself at the next moment on the woodpile4 ,human happiness and comfort are of more value than many pieces of furniture1 and he1 and he only1 is wise who keeps life as simple as possible1 and free from these needless1 labor-creating1 nerve-wearing luxuries and superfluities of life4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,widow ,,of ,,manuelito1 ,,the ,,last ,,great ,,chief ,,of ,,the ,,navahos4 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,queenliest ,,women ,,in ,,dignity1 ,,grace1 ,,and ,,character ,i ,,have ,,ever ,,met4 ,in both men's and women's dress1 too1 something may be said on this line4 ,the tendency of the age is to add and add and add1 until we are burdened by the superfluous4 ,women want laces1 embroideries1 tucks1 ruffles1 pleats1 and ribbons2 they quilt1 braid1 hem1 and fell to a fearful and wonderful extent1--all adding labor1 trouble1 and care to life1 and depriving them of time that could and should be more wisely and profitably spent4 ,no one loves to see woman or man neater or better dressed than ,i1 but there is a point of simplicity and native dignity beyond which no one can go without getting into the realm of needless1 wasteful luxury and harmful superfluity4 ,some men are as bad as some women1 what with ties for every function and hour of the day1 cuffs1 collars1 vests1 and creased trousers1 all of which must be a la mode and au fait4 ,to me these things reveal as much non compos mentis as they do a la mode1 for mind should be1 and is1 superior to an excess of such frivolity4 ,rose ,wood-,allen ,chapman in ,good ,health has sagely written upon this subject4 ,she well says3 8,the one important thing in life is character2 your own character1 the character of your husband1 your children1 your friends4 ,all other things should be judged by their bearing upon this important matter4 ,things may be delightful in themselves2 but if they tend to add to your worries1 if they are a barrier between you and your loved ones1 if they interfere with the development of the higher faculties of your children1 they become undesirable1 inadvisable1 and should be classed with the superfluities of life4 8,the mother who prepares for her baby dainty1 hand-made garments1 wonderfully trimmed with lace and embroidery1 in the majority of instances is depriving that child of personal love and care that rightfully belong to him4 ,what does he care for such finery8 ,he wants his mother's companionship1 and for himself perfect freedom for all forms of activity4 ,to so attire him that he must be constantly cautioned1 #8,now don't get your dress dirty1' is to interfere with one of his inalienable rights4 ,the wise mother will make her baby's clothes simple1 to serve as a background for his infantile charms1 instead of taking the attention away from him to center it upon elaborate ornamentation4 8,many housekeepers there are who bemoan their inability to keep up the interests of their girlhood4 ,they have no time now to play the piano1 to read inspiring literature1 to join the club1 or to enter upon any philanthropic work4 ,they say they feel their deprivation2 have they ever tried to see how many of their household tasks could be eliminated as superfluous8 8,i have been in homes where there were two and sometimes three pairs of curtains at each window4 ,the effect was rich1 but one whose mind was awakened to the question of the superfluities could but think of the extra work such hangings entailed4 8,then there are the #8cozy corners1' the ,turkish divans smothered in over-hanging draperies1 which the furniture stores are so eager to urge upon their customers as #8the very latest style4' ,such corners are gathering-places for dust1 and an unnecessary addition to the work of the home4 8,heavy carpets on the floors may feel soft under foot1 but they are hard to sweep1 are never really clean1 save after the annual beating1 and so are both unhygienic and burdensome4 8,think how much less drudgery must be performed by the woman who has hard-wood or stained floors with a few medium-sized rugs6 ,her floors can be wiped up quickly with a damp cloth1 and her rugs thoroughly cleaned with a minimum amount of effort4 8,at the windows this same woman will have filmy net curtains1 with ruffled border1 it may be1 that are ordinarily cleansed by putting them on the line where the wind can blow the dust out of them2 or can easily be laundered when more thorough cleaning is desired4 8,on her walls will be a few artistic pictures1 with no overhanging festoons or ribbons to catch dust and add to the labor4 ,bric-a-brac will be conspicuous for its absence2 photographs will be put away1 instead of covering her dresser and the walls of her bedroom4 ,in a word1 her aim will be to have her home light1 airy1 artistically furnished1 but in such a way as to be the least possible burden to her and to her family4 ,husbands and children find it hard to be careful of the things that have been bought for show4 ,why not dispense with them1 then1 and have only that which is necessary and usable8 8,many housekeepers have learned to dispense with unnecessary furnishings1 but are still slaves to elaborate meals1 especially when they entertain4 8,it is wise1 in the first place1 to remember that the health of the family is conserved by simplicity in the meals4 ,even though they are now used to a larger variety at each meal1 they can be gradually accustomed to a simple diet4 ,no soup when there is dessert and no dessert when there is soup1 is a very good rule for dinner4 ,the other course should consist of a meat substitute and only two vegetables4 ,a simple breakfast food1 with bread and butter and fruit1 is enough for the morning meal2 while an equally simple supper should be entirely satisfactory4 8,it is a temptation to leave the paths of simplicity when company is coming2 but if we just remember that our friends come to see us1 not to eat our food1 we will find it easier to restrain our inclinations in this direction4 ,oftentimes housewives become possessed with a spirit of emulation which leads ,mrs4 ,smith to feel that she must set forth a more elaborate meal than ,mrs4 ,jones had served1 while ,mrs4 ,robinson in turn strives to eclipse ,mrs4 ,smith1 and as a result meals become so complicated as to be most burdensome to the hostess and almost dangerous to the guests4 ,let us confine our efforts to making our simple entertainment as attractive as possible1 and furnishing such wit and merriment therewith1 such geniality and kindliness1 as shall make our guests feel that they have partaken of a feast40 ,i have already1 in other chapters1 commented upon some of these things1 as revealed in the light of the ,indian's life4 ,their lives are1 perforce1 models of simplicity1 devoid of luxuries and also of superfluities4 ,it is not my intent to suggest that we should revert to their method of living a simple and unluxurious life1 but ,i do long with all my heart that we might take lesson from them1 and find the golden mean between their life and our too complex and superfluity-laden life4 ,if health and happiness are the ends to be attained in life they1 with their rude simplicity1 have surpassed us1 with our elegant and ornate complexity4 ,and for me and mine ,i prefer health and happiness rather than all the superfluities that a commercially-cursed1 bargain-counter1 curio-loving1 bric-a-brac adoring1 showy1 shoddy civilization can give4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,mental ,,poise ,on a trip made recently from ,yuma to the ,salton ,sea1 down the overflow of the ,colorado ,river1 ,i found occasion to watch my two ,indians in contrast with four white men of more than ordinary intelligence and ability4 ,in some important things the ,indians lost nothing by the comparison4 ,indeed1 several times ,i called the attention of my white companions to them1 and to certain characteristics which are by no means confined to them1 but that belong to most ,indians1 and urged their emulation4 ,some of these will form the subject of this chapter4 ,illustration3 ,,camping ,,out ,,on ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,the ,,salton ,,sea4 ,illustration3 ,,jim1 ,,our ,,yuma ,,indian ,,boatman4 ,one member of my party was a 8reverend0--a missionary4 ,he was a fine1 open-hearted fellow whom we all liked1 but every once in a while--indeed1 ,i ought to say frequently--he would make suggestions to the ,indian to go here1 or go there1 which finally called forth 7from me7 a forceful rebuke4 ,let me explain the situation fully4 ,when we came to the place where the ,colorado ,river left its banks and entered a mesquite forest1 its waters were naturally much divided4 ,as we did not know where each current led1 and how soon it would spread so as to render further progress in our boats impossible1 it was a situation that called for great knowledge as to determining the course of the best and deepest current1 and quick decision2 for1 as we were carried along among mesquites1 a few moments of indecision meant being thrust into a mesquite tree1 perhaps1 where cruel thorns spared no one1 because of his indecision4 ,reader1 do you know what a mesquite is8 ,its proper name should be 8me scratch40 ,if you come within ten feet of one it verily seems to reach out for you and scratch you somewhere4 ,imagine your thorniest rosebush multiplied by fifty and all concentrated and condensed into one tree with thorns much longer1 far more pointed1 and with poison lurking on the end of them1 and you have a not very much exaggerated idea of the mesquite4 ,now to have our missionary friend bawling out all the time1 8,better go this way10 or 8,better go that10 was both annoying and useless1 so ,i finally told him ,i had brought the ,indian because ,i knew that he knew a thousand-fold more of such a current and how to get through this wilderness of mesquite than ,i did4 8,and10 said ,i1 8as far as ,i am concerned1 ,i should feel it was an impertinence for me to make even a suggestion to the ,indian4 ,he knows where ,i guess1 and yet as you know1 ,i have had far more experience in this kind of thing than you have4 ,don't you think it wiser for you to add a little more silence to your possessions80 ,he was1 as ,i have said1 a royal-hearted fellow1 and he took my rebuke in a manly1 ,christian way1 for a few moments' reflection showed him that what ,i said was wisdom4 ,now1 while these wild and foolish suggestions were being made to the ,indian1 what did he do8 ,it was most interesting to me to watch him4 ,instead of replying and arguing with a lot of vehement words1 he smiled quietly1 looked at me to see if ,i approved of the suggestion1 and when he saw my absolutely impassive face1 went on following his own course4 ,had he been a white man--or like most white men--he would have shouted back that he was going some other way1 or called his adviser a fool1 or informed him that he knew his business1 or some other equally agreeable thing4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,boats1 ,,in ,,the ,,rain1 ,,on ,,our ,,way ,,to ,,the ,,salton ,,sea4 ,this serenity of mind in the ,indian is often called impassiveness or stolidity4 ,it shows how little the critics have known of the ,indian to speak thus4 ,they are as sensitive as children1 morbidly so sometimes1 but they have the self-control not to show it1 and in matters like this1 where they are sure their knowledge is superior to that of their adviser1 they go on with a proud disregard of criticism or censure4 ,this calmness was also shown in the face of danger4 ,several times we came to places where there was both difficulty and danger4 ,we had three boats4 ,in the first were ,jim 7the ,indian7 and myself1 seeking out the way2 in the second1 ,indian ,joe and ,mr4 ,louis ,francis ,brown 7business manager of the ,burton ,holmes lectures72 and in the third his reverence and two others4 ,when we came to the thrilling places1 ,jim soon learned that he was to take the responsibility1 save where there was time and opportunity to discuss matters with me1 and with a dignified self-reliance he made his choice1 and then awaited results4 ,if they were unpleasant1 as they often were1 there was no murmuring1 no shouting1 no remonstrance4 ,he took things as they came1 and made the best of them4 ,the second boat followed1 and there was little more said there than in our boat2 but from the third came a constant babble of voices1 cries to do this or that1 shouts of warning1 remonstrance1 and fault-finding4 ,i could not help contrasting the demeanor of the ,indians with that of the civilized whites1 and wishing that the latter could and would learn the lesson so clearly taught4 ,the quickness of ,jim's observations and his decisions were remarkable1 and ,i wished my children1 and others too1 might have gone to school to him for a year or two4 ,he saw where the sand bars were that ,i could not see2 he could tell which way the wind was blowing1 when to me it seemed to be blowing several directions at once2 he was generally able to tell where the largest amount of water was flowing1 and only two or three times did he make a mistake so that we had to turn back4 ,and when those times came1 there was no grumbling1 no murmuring1 no finding fault4 ,he accepted the disagreeable inevitable just as easily and readily as he accepted the pleasant4 ,this silence and serenity in the face of annoyances is a very pleasing feature of ,indian life to me4 ,what is the use of fault-finding and complaining over disagreeable things that cannot be helped8 ,i have just had an example 7and he is but one of scores that occur to my mind7 of the opposite spirit shown by a very proud and haughty member of the white race4 ,we were on the car together1 coming from the ,east4 ,the first time he had a meal in the dining-car he came back furious3 the chicken was cooked two or three days ago1 and was weeks old to begin with2 all the provisions were equally bad1 the service was abominable1 and the charges infamous4 ,then the speed of the train came in for censure4 ,they did things differently on the ,new ,york ,central or the ,pennsylvania1 7forgetful of the fact that those roads run through thickly populated centers1 and have a passenger patronage ten times as large as is possible to the western railways that pass through unsettled and barren regions74 ,then1 though it was perfectly delicious weather1 he had to kick against its being warm and disagreeable1 and so on ad libitum until ,i was sick of him1 as was everybody else in the car4 ,in twenty-six years of association with the ,indians1 ,i never met with one such disagreeable grumbler4 ,the white race retains that characteristic practically to itself4 ,if things are disagreeable and can be changed1 the ,indian calmly and deliberately goes to work to change them4 ,if they are unchangeable he serenely and silently bears them4 ,it is more manly1 more agreeable1 more philosophical4 ,time and again ,i have had white men with me on various trips who needed to learn this simple and useful lesson4 ,they made of themselves intolerable nuisances by their whining1 whimpering1 and complaining4 ,those of my readers who care to read ,chapter ,,xv in my 8,in and ,around the ,grand ,canyon10 and the story of the ,britisher on page #ah and onward in 8,the ,indians of the ,painted ,desert ,region10 will see that ,i know that of which ,i speak4 ,and these are but two experiences out of many similar ones4 ,yet ,i have been with ,indians again and again in places of distress1 deprivation1 and danger1 and in all my experiences have not heard a half hour's unpleasant words4 ,once ,i started to explore a series of side canyons of the great ,grand ,canyon4 ,my guide was ,sin-ye-la1 an intelligent ,havasupai4 ,we had a most arduous trip2 ran out of water and food2 our horses gave out and we had to catch1 saddle1 and ride unbroken steeds1 and finally he caught a wild mule upon which we placed the pack4 ,the horrors and anguish of that trip ,i have never written1 yet there was not a suggestion of complaining from ,sin-ye-la1 until ,i decided to leave the canyons and go across the desert to a certain spot where he did not wish to accompany me4 ,even then he merely stated his case with little or no argument and when ,i proved obdurate1 refused to accompany me1 and in fifteen minutes we parted1 good friends1 he to go his way and ,i mine4 ,another time1 as recorded in my ,canyon book1 ,i was caught in a marble trap with ,wa-lu-tha-ma1 where it seemed impossible that we could ever escape4 ,the ,indian's calmness was almost too much4 ,he was almost as resigned as a ,mahommedan who believes in ,fate4 ,yet1 though ,i remonstrated with him for his despairing attitude so that we eventually got out1 ,i believe ,i would rather have that bravery of despair which dares to face death without complaining or whimpering1 than the fault-finding1 8,why did you bring me into such dangers80 or 8,shall ,i ever get out of this horrible place80 that some white men indulge in4 ,illustration3 ,,waluthama1 ,,my ,,havasupai ,,guide4 ,when1 on the ,salton trip1 we came to the beginning of the most dangerous part where ,i had been told we should go 8fifty miles in fifty minutes10 and there were many rapids which would dash our boats to pieces1 and where undermined cliffs1 forty1 fifty1 and more feet high1 were likely to be suddenly precipitated into the river1 and might fall upon us and our boats and send us to instant destruction2 when ,i told my ,indian of these dangers he calmly looked me in the eye and answered my question1 8,you afraid to go1 ,jim80 with a counter question3 8,you afraid80 ,and when ,i said 8,no10 and answered his further 8,you swim80 with a 8,yes60 he immediately replied2 8,all right1 ,i go40 ,of course ,i do not wish for one moment to suggest that this virtue of courage is not the white man's4 ,for love of home and country white men will go to death with a smile on their lips4 ,but in work which the world does not see1 where men are simply paid two dollars a day wages1 to face danger and possible death as a matter of course1 this ,i have found rare with the white man1 and very common with an ,indian4 ,the facing of danger and death is part of their every-day life4 ,it calls for the exercise of no special virtues4 ,strong in body1 daring in mind1 fearless in soul1 duty must be done and done unhesitatingly1 regardless of whether danger or death are lurking near4 ,i am free to confess this large bold faith in life and the ,supreme pleases me4 ,the man who is always seeking to guard his own life1 who refuses to run any risks1 who never goes except where all is safe1 may be a more comfortable man to live with1 but as for me1 ,i prefer the spirit of the man who dares and trusts2 the man who does the unsafe things because it is his duty to do them1 and who faces death and thinks nothing of it4 ,the man who is prodigal of his strength and courage and faith is the man who saves them4 ,the man who is constantly watchful lest he overdo1 who refuses to run any risks1 who would rather run away than dare1 is the one who1 in the end1 will be found short in manhood and worthy accomplishment4 ,so ,i emulate the ,indian in these things1 and seek to be like him4 ,this prodigality and strength in work calls for more comment4 ,labor unions are making one of the greatest mistakes of their career in restricting the full exercise of a man's energy4 ,in limiting his daily output they are bucking against that which every man should strive to possess1 viz41 the spirit of prodigal energy in work4 ,my ,indian would row all day1 and after a few hours of especially hard work ,i would ask if ,i might not relieve him4 8,no2 like 'em10 was his reply invariably4 ,he liked his work4 ,it was a joy to him4 ,what was the result8 ,a body of tested steel2 lungs equal to every demand2 muscles that responded to every strain2 eyes as clear as stars2 brain quick and alert because of a healthy body made and kept so by hard1 continuous labor4 ,we are told that the ,indians are lazy4 ,it is not true4 ,some few may be1 but the ,indians of the ,southwest do their work heartily and well1 and with a prodigal energy that is as novel and startling to most white men as it is educative and suggestive to them4 ,as for me1 ,i have learned the lesson4 ,when ,i reach a station and have time1 ,i walk to my hotel1 and refuse to allow any one to carry my usually heavy grips4 ,i seek for the physical exercise4 ,many a time ,i arrange for an arduous exploring trip in order to compel myself to great exertions4 ,i know that when ,i get started ,i must go on1 and in the going on1 though ,i get very weary1 ,i know ,i am developing power and hoarding up health1 energy1 and strength for future use4 ,a few weeks ago ,i started with a comrade for a few hundreds of miles of tramping and riding over the ,colorado ,desert1 up mountain trails1 through waterless wastes4 ,my part of the journey was shortened by circumstances over which ,i had no control1 but my assistant and artist took the whole trip1 arduous and exhausting though it was1 and ,i envied them and regretted my inability to go along4 ,another thing my ,indian helpers have taught me4 ,that is a prompt readiness to obey in any service they have agreed to perform1 or anything that comes legitimately in the course of their work4 ,there is no holding back1 no remonstrance1 no finding fault1 no crying out that they were not engaged to do this4 ,they perform the service1 not only without a murmur1 but with a ready willingness that is delightful in this age when every one expects a tip for the slightest service4 ,this comes from two things1 viz41 a strong1 healthy body which responds willingly to any ordinary demands upon it1 and a healthy state of mind which neither resents service nor wishes to measure every expenditure of energy in a monetary balance4 ,we are making a grand mistake in basing our present-day civilization upon material wealth4 8,what is there in it for me80 should be more than a query applying to mere cash4 ,what is there in it of service1 of helpfulness to my fellow-man1 of healthfulness to myself1 of increase of my own strength and power4 ,the men who are relied upon by employers and by the nation are not the men who have selfishly sought their own monetary gain4 ,there is no doubt that such seekers often seem to gain and do really gain a temporary advantage2 but it is not a real advantage4 ,it is an advantage of pocket gained at a loss of manhood1 physical1 mental1 and spiritual1 and that man who is not worth more in body1 mind1 and soul than his pocket can never be much of a man4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,burro ,,and ,,his ,,squaw ,,in ,,havasu ,,canyon1 ,,arizona4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,self-,,restraint ,few of the superior white race would think of looking to the ,indian for examples of self-restraint1 but ,i can give them here one of the most marked examples in history4 ,before the advent of the white man in ,america the various aboriginal tribes roamed over the plains1 the mountains1 the foothills1 and in the forests1 and with snare and trap1 gin and bow and arrow caught or slew the game needed for food4 ,these tribes were often hostile to each other2 they trespassed on each other's hunting-grounds1 and in consequence1 often fought in deadly wars which came nigh to exterminating some of them4 ,they were not regardful1 therefore1 one would think1 of the rights or needs of others than themselves to the game they hunted2 and it is absurd 7so the school-books would tell us7 to assume that they would be provident or careful to preserve game for the future4 ,hence they would slay ruthlessly 7the same authorities would doubtless declare71 indifferent as to the days to come and their future needs1 merely seeking food for to-day1 and gorging upon it to repletion4 ,in this case1 however1 the school-books would be wrong4 ,in the hundreds or thousands of years that the ,indians controlled this great continent they never once 8killed out0 any one of their hunting-fields4 ,when the white race appeared upon the scene1 game of every kind1--fish1 flesh1 and fowl1--was plentiful4 ,trappers and hunters went up and down the rivers1 where beaver and otter1 musk and mink1 lived1 and through the forests where birds nested and deer1 antelope1 and other game browsed2 climbed the mountains where bear and puma lodged1 and ever their bales of skins1 furs1 peltries1 and hides loaded the canoes and the decks of returning vessels4 ,here was the best proof of the ,indian's self-restraint and provident foresight for the future1 in that the white man found such an abundance of all kinds of game ready to his hand4 ,then came the master mind of an ,astor who valued money more than the future4 ,what did it matter to him that game of a hundred kinds disappeared from the face of the earth provided he could make a fortune8 ,what cared he that men and women would starve in the days to come so long as he could pile up his hoard of pelts1 and sell them to add to his wealth8 ,modern commercialism1 that damned and damning spirit of our civilization that sees nothing but dollars1 that would shut out the glory of the sun rather than miss the ten-cent piece close at hand1 entered into the game4 ,then the sportsman and the pot hunter of the white race came also1 and between them and the ,buffalo ,bills who shot down buffaloes by the thousand for food to supply the builders of the transcontinental railways1 in half a generation they cleared the prairies of the millions of noble buffaloes which used to roam in vast herds1 left nothing but slender bands or solitary animals of the moose and elk1 and drove these into almost inaccessible solitudes for self-preservation1 and nearly stripped the country of deer1 antelope1 wild turkeys1 and sage hens4 ,then they passed laws to protect 8game10 making a close season so that the ,indians1 who1 in their days of freedom and wildness1 needed no law but their own good sense and self-restraint1 cannot now shoot at all save in the few days when the restrictions are removed4 ,so that1 practically speaking1 the ,indian now has no hunting-ground2 he is debarred from obtaining wild game for food for himself and family1 and all because of the infernal greed and equally infernal brutality of the pot-hunter4 ,here1 then1 is a national proof--for what ,i have said is practically true of every state in the country--that the white race has much to learn of self-restraint from the despised ,indian4 ,self-restraint as to greed1--for1 until the advent of the white1 one ,indian never sought to build up mere wealth at the expense of or to the injury or detriment of his fellows4 ,this was the white man's way1 not his6 ,he practised self-restraint1 for the ,indians knew and realized that if the animals were killed too closely the species would soon become extinct1 and future generations1 if not themselves1 have to suffer4 ,to most people the ,indian is a careless creature1 content if his belly is filled to-day1 improvident for the future1 and therefore unwise1 unthoughtful1 and to be condemned4 ,may it not be in this apparent carelessness for the future the ,indian is wiser than we1 that he is deliberately exercising a beneficial restraint8 ,think of the wild hurly-burly of our struggle to accumulate1 and then consider the expense1 the worry1 the endless care of protecting that which we have accumulated4 ,one far wiser than the sages of to-day once declared that we were to 8take no thought for the morrow10 and in ,his whole teaching and life reprobated the struggle for wealth1 and the life of selfish ease that comes with its attainment4 ,one of the greatest curses of our present age and civilization is love of ease1 craving for luxury1 desire to 8have a good time40 ,we worship money because it brings these things1 forgetful of the teachings of history that luxury and ease beget sensuality and vice1 and these in turn beget disease1 decay1 and death4 ,i am opposed to great money-getting on this account1 and would not amass a fortune if ,i could4 ,as for leaving large sums of money to my children1 especially my sons1 nothing could ever induce me to do it4 ,if much money should ever come to me ,i hereby serve notice upon all concerned that ,i shall spend it1 wisely and usefully1 as my best judgment dictates1 as soon as ,i can1 and anyhow get rid of it so that no son of mine shall say that the money ,i left him helped him on the downward path4 ,the ,indian knows well the lesson that physical health comes only by the exercise of the body1 therefore he definitely refuses any course of life that would prevent it2 he welcomes for himself1 his wife1 his sons1 and his daughters physical work2 he also knows that mental and spiritual improvement come only by the exercise of mental and spiritual faculties1 and he shuns everything that stultifies them4 ,did he know ,english1 he could sing with ,thomas ,gray3 8,from toil he wins his spirits light1 ,from busy day the peaceful night3 ,rich1 from the very want of wealth1 ,in heaven's best treasures1 peace and health40 ,and he puts into practical life what another of our sages well expressed when he said3 8,occupation and exercise are the hand-maidens of purity and strength40 ,too often we merely read these wise words4 ,the ,indian lives them4 ,in this the white race can well imitate him4 ,he faces hardship and danger with eagerness that thereby he may develop courage and strength4 ,he takes his sons and punishes them in what we should call a cruel manner to develop fortitude2 he sends them out into the desert1 mountain1 and forest solitudes that there they may meet and talk with ,those ,above4 ,every youth or young man who hopes to be a 8medicine man0 goes out to some such solitary place4 ,he takes no food1 no nourishment of any kind1 and fasts several days and nights4 ,he drinks nothing but a little water4 ,he sleeps as little as possible4 ,then if spirits come to him he must obey the teachings and requirements of each one4 ,these teachings and requirements demand the suppression of the natural instincts and desires1 and the exercise of positive restraints to an extent that the greatest religious devotee of the white race would scarcely be willing to submit to4 ,one spirit demands that water be drank but once a day1 no matter how hot the weather2 another that no food shall be taken on three days out of each week2 another that no hide shall be made into moccasins1 and so on4 ,this1 therefore1 means a life of self-denial and restraint that surpasses anything known in civilization4 ,our ,catholic priests take a vow of perpetual chastity and obedience1 the members of the religious orders go further and pledge themselves to perpetual poverty1 but these ,indian medicine men1 who accept the aid of many spirits1--ten1 twenty1 and even thirty1--are limited and restricted in their lives to a degree that is as astonishing as it is1 to the majority of the white race1 unknown4 ,now1 while the specific acts of restraint of the ,indian may not appeal to me1 the spirit of them is much needed by our whole race4 ,self-restraint1 self-denial1 self-control1 are the bulwarks of spiritual power4 ,he only is strong in spirit who can control himself1 hence ,i would that the white race would learn these lessons from the ,indian4 ,browning thoroughly believed in this spirit of self-restraint1 self-sacrifice1 self-control4 ,in his ,rabbi ,ben ,ezra he preaches some strong doctrines4 ,nothing is more needed to-day than the following robust and forceful words put into practical every-day living3 8,then1 welcome each rebuff ,that turns earth's smoothness rough1 ,each sting that bids1 not sit1 nor stand1 but go6 ,be our joys three parts pain1 ,strive and hold cheap the strain1 ,learn1 never mind the pang2 dare1 never grudge the throe60 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,affectation ,most people of the white race may learn from the ,indian in the matter of affectation4 ,few of us are simple and natural in our social manners4 ,my own family often joke me1 when1 in answering the telephone1 ,i respond in what they call my 8dressy tone40 ,the other day a lady1 whose husband is a college professor1 mistook me for a distinguished eastern psychologist whose surname happens to be the same as mine4 ,until she discovered her mistake she 8minced and mouthed0 in a most ludicrous fashion 7how ,i wish she could have seen herself as ,i saw her67 merely because she thought ,i was a prominent man in the field wherein her husband was a more humble member4 ,the criticism on my own 8dressy tone0 is a perfectly just one4 ,i find myself1 often1 8putting on style0 because ,i want to appear 8my best40 ,after due consideration ,i have decided to confess that--like most people--,i have a variety of 8celluloid smiles0 which unconsciously ,i put on or off as occasion requires4 ,we are not simple1 not natural in our relationships one with another4 ,we feel that we must 8make an impression10 that we must 8appear well40 ,the result is we are unnatural1 affected1 often deceptive1 and many a time disagreeable4 ,affectation in speech and manner is always a sign of mental meanness1--of what is commonly called vulgarity1 and is never to be commended but is always to be condemned4 ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,indian ,,who ,,refused ,,to 8,,put ,,on ,,style0 ,,to ,,please ,,the ,,white ,,man4 ,on the other hand1 if the ,president of the ,united ,states were to visit a tribe of uncontaminated ,indians1 as1 for instance1 the ,navahos1 they would treat him in exactly the same manner as they would the humblest citizen2 except1 of course1 that if the president asked for a pow-wow they would give him one1 and treat his words with respectful deference4 ,but there would be no affectation in their dealings with him1 no putting on of airs or style4 ,with frank1 open directness1 with the respect they show1 as a rule1 to each other1 and no more1 they would listen to all he had to say and give hearty and manly response of approval or disapproval4 ,they have no 8company manners10 no changes of voice which are used according to the social status of the listener4 ,there are no snobs among them4 8,a man's a man for a' that10 no matter whether he wears an old army overcoat and a top hat or merely a tight skin and his gee-string4 ,the white race1 too1 is fearfully affected in its pretense at knowing more than it can know4 ,we are all ashamed to say1 8,i don't know60 ,i believe this applies more truthfully to women than to men4 ,since the era of the woman's club1 the gentle sex has been wild to accumulate knowledge1 and sadly too often1 it is content to appear to have the knowledge rather than appear ignorant4 ,one has but to look over the programs of a score or a hundred women's clubs1 as ,i have recently done1 to see proof of this in the vast range many of them take in a single season4 ,they crowd into an hour's or two hours' session what no person living can get a reasonable grasp of in less than from three months to a year of fairly consistent and persistent study4 ,they jump from 8,the ,romantic ,school of ,music10 one week to 8,the ,effect of the ,renaissance upon ,gothic ,art10 the next1 and the third week finds them swallowing a concentrated pill on 8,the ,poets of the ,victorian ,era10 while on the fourth they completely master all that can be learned of 8,the ,franciscan ,mission ,epoch in ,california and ,its ,influence upon the ,indians40 ,yet let it not be thought that ,i am not a believer in education for women1 women's clubs1 and the like4 ,i believe in everything that really helps4 ,and if these clubs would compel mental exercise enough to give a fair grasp of one subject a year1 they would be doing work of incalculable benefit4 ,but this smattering of knowledge1 this thin spreading out of scraps of information1 feed no one's mind1 and the pretense that comes from an assumed knowledge does the mind and soul of the pretender more harm than a dozen clubs can eradicate in a lifetime4 ,hence1 let us become simple-minded1 as the ,indians4 ,they 8don't know10 and they know they don't know1 and they are willing to say so4 ,there is another affectation to which ,i must refer4 ,we ,americans pretend to be democratic1 yet we have a caste of wealth that is more disgusting1 degrading1 and demoralizing than the ,hindoo castes1 or the social scale of ,european aristocracy4 ,we 8kow tow0 to an ,english lord as if he were a little god1 and we bow and scrape and mince our words when we come in contact with the nouveau riche of our own land1 just as if they were made of different material from ourselves4 ,the space given in our newspapers to the most trivial doings of ,alice ,roosevelt1 both before and after she married ,congressman ,longworth2 the recital of the actions of the 8society0 few1--the ,vanderbilts1 ,astors1 ,goulds1 ,carnegies1 ,harrimans1 ,fishes1 and the rest1--are proofs of our affected snobbism4 ,i have not yet attained to the mental serenity and calm philosophy of the ,indian1 but ,i am seeking it1 where ,i shall judge all men and women not by their exterior circumstances of wealth1 position1 dress1 or birth1 but by inherent character1 perfection of body1 force of mind1 and beauty of soul4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,art ,,work ,even our artists and designers may learn much of great importance from the ,indian4 ,while to most of my readers it may come as a surprise that ,i claim great artistic powers for the ,indian1 yet no one can carefully study the basketry and pottery of the ,amerind and not know the perfect justice of the claim4 ,in my larger work on this subject#e ,i have fairly discussed the ability of the ,indians in this regard2 and to those who are not aware of the vast debt the white race owes to the aboriginal woman in artistic as well as other lines1 ,i earnestly commend a perusal of that masterly work by a conscientious and thorough student1 ,otis ,t4 ,mason1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 entitled 8,woman's ,share in ,primitive ,culture40 #e ,indian ,basketry and ,how to ,make ,indian and ,other ,baskets4 ,in reference to their basketry1 however1 more than a mere passing mention is required4 ,the ,indian weaver shows marvelous ability in the creation of form1 color1 stitch1 and design4 ,turning to ,nature for her original inspirations she is not a mere copyist of what others have done4 ,all her forms are based upon utility1 and therefore meet the first and highest requirement of all art when applied to articles that are to serve a useful purpose1 viz41 adaptation to use4 ,there is no reversal of principles in manufacture1 as is so often the case with white workers who value appearance1 so-called ornament1 finish1 etc41 rather than adaptation to purpose or utility4 ,wherever anything is allowed to usurp the place of this primary element1 the work is doomed even before it is made4 ,on the other hand1 frankness1 honesty1 simplicity1 directness1 characterize the manufactures of the ,indian4 ,they are to serve such and such a purpose2 that purpose is openly denoted4 ,the result is that1 to the unperverted eye1 the artistic work of the unspoiled ,indian is as perfect in form as it can be4 ,there is no wild straining after unique effect2 no fantastic distortions to secure novelty2 everything is natural and rational1 and therefore artistically effective4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,finest ,,yokut ,,baskets ,,in ,,existence4 ,in color1 too1 the original work of the ,indian weavers1 before the vile aniline dyes were forced upon them by the 8civilized0 and 8,christian0 traders and missionaries1 was above criticism4 ,the old baskets and blankets are eagerly sought after1 at fabulous prices1 by the most refined and critical of artists and connoisseurs because of the perfection of their color harmonies4 ,in every good collection are to be seen such specimens that are both the admiration and despair of modern artists4 ,as for weave1 it is asserted upon the highest authority that there is not a weave or stitch known to modern art that was not given to our civilization by the aborigines4 ,and they have many stitches of great effectiveness that we have not availed ourselves of4 ,take the ,pomas alone--a tribe of basket-makers who live in northern ,california4 ,they have not less than fourteen different stitches or weaves1 some of them of marvelous beauty and strength4 ,in one of the accompanying pictures is a specimen of their carrying baskets4 ,this basket will hold a large load of seeds or fruit1 and when so laden requires a construction of great durability to sustain the burden4 ,it is woven with this express purpose in view1 yet it is artistically decorated with a beautifully worked out design4 ,here is an important lesson the white race might learn1 viz41 that the utensils of daily life should be surrounded with as much beauty as is practical4 ,the kitchen should be as full of enjoyment to the eye1 in reason1 as the parlor4 ,the cook and maid need sthetic surroundings as well as--indeed1 more than1--the mistress and her children4 ,if social custom insists upon making servants of one part of its members1 the other part should be willing to make their 8servitude0 as comfortable and beautiful as is possible and practicable4 ,think of these poor1 ignorant767 ,indian women making baskets for porridge1 carrying baskets1 plaques for holding food1 mush bowls1 and a score of other purposes1 all beautifully decorated and ornamented with designs that express some emotion of their own souls1 some ambition1 some aspiration1 or some happy memory4 ,illustration3 ,,exquisite ,,design ,,on ,a ,,fine ,,yokut ,,indian ,,basket4 ,in the matter of these designs the white race has much it may learn from the ,indian4 ,sometimes ,i have looked upon the patterns and colors of our wallpapers1 our rugs1 our carpets1 our chintzs1 our calicoes1 and especially upon the wool work or embroidery of some women1 and have been compelled to ask myself if hideousness could be carried to any further extent4 ,some of the designs were the absolute delirium tremens of craziness1--conventionality reconventionalized again and again1 until it was made unlike to anything in 8the heavens above1 the earth beneath1 or the waters under the earth40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mission ,,indian ,,basket ,,of ,,good ,,design4 ,i was once lecturing to a 8civilized0 and 8cultivated0 audience upon this subject of ,indian designs that have a personal meaning1 and when ,i got through ,i heard one highly civilized and cultivated man exclaim in disgust3 8,why1 he'll soon try to make us believe that our own wall-paper patterns ought to mean something60 ,illustration3 ,a ,,chemehuevi ,,basket ,,of ,,beautiful ,,form ,,and ,,design4 ,most certainly ,i will6 ,the idea that we1 the superior1 the wise race1 use designs in our goods that are supposed to be beautiful to us1 and yet that have no meaning6 ,what absurdity and foolishness for our girls and women to spend hours on 8fancy-work0 7671 the designs of which are a crazy1 intricate something to be dreaded rather than admired4 ,the ,indians have more sense than to waste their time over such foolishness4 ,they have studied ,nature in all her varying forms1 and their minds are stored up with a thousand and one designs which they can transfer at pleasure to their basketry1 pottery1 or blanketry4 ,i have had the pleasure of teaching this basic principle of art work to many white women1 and ,i learned it from the ,indian4 ,one woman wanted to get a design for her sofa pillows4 ,i asked her if she had no flowering vine over her porch4 ,she said 8,yes40 8,then copy its leaf and flower10 was my reply1 and when she did so1 and saw the beauty of the design she had created from ,nature1 her soul was filled with a new joy1 and she wrote me that few things had given her more pleasure than the discovery of that basic principle4 ,illustration3 ,,basket ,,bowl ,,made ,,by ,,palatingwa ,,weaver4 ,think of the white race making baskets4 ,where do they go to for their forms and designs8 ,in thousands of cases they take my own books and copy from them6 ,but where did ,i get them8 ,i am no creative artist1 no inventor of design6 ,i got them1 8body1 soul1 and breeches10 from the ,indian1--every one of them2 and yet the 8superior race0 must go to them to copy1 instead of so disciplining the powers of observation from ,nature that designs for embroidery1 for basketry1 for fancy-work of every description1 are contained within their own memories4 ,the ,indian's life has trained these wonderful faculties of observation and memory4 ,he was compelled to watch the animals in order that he might avoid those that were dangerous and catch those that were good for food2 to follow the flying birds that he might know when and where to trap them and secure their eggs2 the fishes as they spawned and hatched2 the insects as they bored and burrowed2 the plants and trees as they grew and budded1 blossomed and seeded4 ,he became familiar1 not only with such simple things as the movements of the polar constellations and the retrograde and forward motions of the planets1 but also with the less known spiral movements of the whirl-winds as they took up the sands of the desert2 and the zigzags of the lightning were burned into his consciousness and memory in the fierce storms that1 again and again1 in darkest night1 swept over the exposed area in which he roamed2 with the flying of the birds1 the graceful movements1 the colors1 and markings of the snakes1 the peculiar wigglings of insects1 and their tracks1 and those of reptiles1 birds1 and animals1 whether upon the sand1 the snow1 the mud1 or more solid earth1 he soon became familiar4 ,the rise and fall of the mountains and valleys1 the soaring spires and wide-spreading branches of the trees1 the shadows they cast1 and the changes they underwent as the seasons progressed1 the scudding or anchored clouds in their infinitude of form and color1 the graceful arch of the rainbow1 the peculiar formation and dissipation of the fogs1 the triumphant lancings of the night by the gorgeous fire-weapons of the morning sun1 the stately retreat of the king of day as evening approached1--all these and a thousand and one other things of beauty in ,nature the ,indian soon learned to know1 and from all these mental images he can readily draw when a design is needed4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,exquisitely ,,woven ,,yokut ,,basket ,,showing ,,origin ,,of ,,st4 ,,andrew',s ,,cross1 ,,from ,,the ,,diamond ,,of ,,the ,,rattlesnake4 ,is it not well that the white race should learn to observe the things of ,nature8 ,we have a few nature writers3 ,thoreau1 ,john ,burroughs1 ,olive ,thorne ,miller1 ,elizabeth ,grinnell1 ,john ,muir1 ,ernest ,seton ,thompson1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,long1 and ,theodore ,roosevelt1 but why should we need nature books8 ,we have the whole field of ,nature for our own2 every page is open to us1 and the need of these books is proof that we have not1 and do not1 take the trouble to read ,nature for ourselves4 ,the ,indian does better than this4 ,he is a personal student4 ,he finds joy and mental development in the results of his own observation1 and until the white race learns his lesson1 it will be behind him in its joy in ,nature1 its wisdom gained from ,nature1 in the physical health1 vigor1 and strength that ,nature always gives to her devotees1 and in the true art development that alone can come from familiarity with ,nature in all her varying moods4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,religious ,,worship ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dignified ,,and ,,solemn ,,row ,,of ,,snake ,,priests ,,in ,,the ,,hopi ,,snake ,,dance ,,ceremonies4 ,illustration3 ,,hopi ,,indians ,,at ,,their ,,flute ,,ceremonies4 ,,this ,,is ,a ,,prayer ,,for ,,water ,,to ,,flow ,,into ,,their ,,desert ,,springs4 ,another thing that the civilized of this age may well learn from the ,indian is intense earnestness and sincerity in all matters of religion4 ,it is a painful thing for me to go into many of our city churches4 ,well-dressed women and girls and young men will sit and whisper through even the most sacred parts of the service4 ,indeed1 it is the exception1 not the rule1 that ,i ever go to a service without being outraged by some such exhibition of rudeness1 ill manners1 and irreverence4 ,this kind of thing is unknown with the ,indian4 ,religion is a serious thing4 ,fun is fun1 and when he goes in for fun he does it with thoroughness and completeness2 but when his religious instincts are called upon1 he puts aside all fun1 and enters into the spirit of the occasion with becoming reverence and solemnity4 ,it is civilized people who go into churches of other faiths than their own and gape and 8gawp0 around1 whispering the while to one another at the strange things they see4 ,protestants are particularly guilty of this serious vice4 ,roman ,catholics are so trained to attend to their own devotions1 and to be devout in the house of ,god1 that they pay no attention to one another1 but ,protestants will go to a ,catholic church1 or one of some other denomination than their own1 and behave in a manner that ,i would never insult the ,indians by calling 8savage0 or 8uncivilized40 ,an ,indian will not even set foot on the top of one of the underground kivas where religious ceremonies of one clan are going on to which he does not belong4 ,i do not ignore the fact that this reserve comes from superstitious fear lest some harm befall him1 and this fear1 perhaps1 is not good4 ,but whether from fear or not1 the reverence for the sacred place and the ceremonies going on is refreshing and gratifying4 ,especially so is it to me after seeing1 week after week1 a crowd of so-called civilized young men 7and old7 lounging around a church door1 sometimes smoking1 making comments upon the people entering the church4 ,i have as little toleration for the acts of these young men who thus selfishly rob people of their comfort and destroy their religious feeling as ,i would have for any one who would laugh at sorrow1 or make a mock of the grief of the bereaved4 ,and my feeling extends also to the officials of the church who will permit such outrageous conduct4 ,churches are for the education of all the people in religious and higher things4 ,how can youth be educated in higher things when the very precincts of the church are allowed to be used by them for acts of discourtesy1 rudeness1 and selfish disregard for the thoughts and rights of others8 ,with the ,indians these things never occur4 ,in looking at ceremonies in which they have no part1 their manner betokens the profoundest respect and reverence4 ,if not for the worship itself1 it is yet shown to the feelings of those who do worship4 ,i have photographs in my collection of ,indian youths standing at the door of a ,christian church while the priest within intoned the mass1 or performed some part of the appointed ritual4 ,the rapt expression of intent earnestness and seriousness is so far removed from the flippant1 indifferent1 careless expression and attitude of many young men of my own race that ,i long for the latter to know somewhat of the feeling and reverence of the former4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,chief ,,priest ,,of ,,the ,,antelopes ,,marching ,,to ,,the ,,dance ,,plaza4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,circuit ,,of ,,antelope ,,priests ,,before ,,the ,,kisi ,,in ,,the ,,hopi ,,snake ,,dance4 ,then in the religious ceremonies in which they take part1 their demeanor is remarkable in its intent seriousness and earnestness4 ,i have seen ,indians at their shrines1 when they thought they were entirely alone1 pray with an agony of seriousness and fervor that ,i have never seen equalled or at least surpassed4 ,the priests of the ,snake ,dance and the ,lelentu 7prayers for rain and that water will flow freely into the springs7 are as earnest and sincere and devout as the most consecrated ,christian minister or priest ,i ever saw4 ,and the dancers of the ,acomas1 ,lagunas1 ,hopis1 ,navahos1 ,zunis1 etc41 enter into these1 their religious ceremonies1 with an earnestness and reverence that put to shame the flippant1 bustling1 looking-around1 whispering congregations of many of our so-called ,christian churches4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,antelope ,,priest ,,praying ,,before ,,the ,,shrine ,,of ,,the ,,weaver ,,of ,,the ,,clouds4 ,illustration3 ,,carrying ,,the ,,snakes ,,in ,,their ,,mouths ,,in ,,the ,,hopi ,,snake ,,dance4 ,nor is this all4 ,the ,indian's every-day attitude is one of reverence for the ,powers ,above4 ,he does everything with these before his mind4 ,the first thing he does on awakening is to propitiate all the powers of the five or seven cardinal points4 ,when the sun rises he makes his offering to the powers behind it1 that control and direct it1 that it may be a blessing throughout the day4 ,indeed1 every act of his life may be said to have a religious thought attached to it1 so powerfully is the religious instinct developed within him4 ,if you offer him a cigarette he will propitiate the ,powers ,above and ,around and ,below before he gives himself up to the full enjoyment of it4 ,he does this1 however1 with such apparent unconcern that the stranger would never dream of it1 even though he were looking straight at him4 ,but the knowing will understand4 ,when he sees the ,indian quietly blow a puff of smoke to the ,east1 he knows that is for the purpose of reminding the good and evil powers that reside there that the smoker wishes their good influences to rest upon him1 or1 at least1 that the evil influences shall pass him by4 ,and the same thing when the smoker puffs to the ,north1 the ,west1 the ,south1 and the ,here4 ,for the ,navaho ,indian believes that there are powers that need propitiating just here1 while the ,hopis add the powers of the ,above and the ,below1 thus making seven cardinal points4 ,the secret prayers and rites of the underground kivas1 or the medicine hogans of ,hopi and ,navaho are marvels of sincerity1 earnestness1 and reverence4 ,one is impressed whether he understands them or not1 and the white man comes away1 or at least ,i do1 with this feeling1 viz41 that ,i would to ,god the white race1 so long as they worship at all1 would do so with such outward decorum1 reverence1 and earnestness that would imply their real inward belief that the thing is more than a meaningless1 perfunctory ceremony that they must go through4 ,another remarkable thing ,i would that the white race would learn from the ,indian is his habit of teaching the victim of a misfortune of birth that his misfortune is a mark of divine favor4 ,let me explain fully4 ,a hunchback or a dwarf among the ,indians is not made the butt of rude wit1 ghastly jokes1 or of cruel treatment1 as is generally the case with such a one of our own race1 but is treated with special consideration and kindness4 ,i knew a ,mohave boy who was humpbacked when born4 ,the shaman or medicine man explained how the deformity came4 ,he was a special child1 a gift from the gods above4 ,he came from the ,above to the ,here on the exquisite pathway of a rainbow4 ,but1 unfortunately1 the rainbow rested over a very sharp1 rugged mountain peak1 which the gods did not see1 and1 as the child slid down to the earth1 his poor1 little1 naked back caught on the sharp peak and was thus deformed4 ,with such a story of his origin his parents were made happy1 and as he grew older1 he was treated with kindness and consideration by his boy companions4 ,now1 while ,i would not gain this end by the superstitious story of the ,mohave medicine man1 ,i would that we could in some way teach our boys to look with compassion upon the misfortune of such as happen to be afflicted at birth1 or to be light-witted1 or in some way not the equal of the majority4 ,illustration3 ,,drinking ,,the ,,emetic ,,after ,,the ,,hopi ,,snake ,,dance4 ,if an ,indian be afflicted with hysteria1 or fits of any kind1 he is better treated as the result of his affliction rather than worse4 ,too often the white race makes these afflictions the cause of brutal and indifferent treatment1 and adds sorrow to the already overburdened and distressed souls of the suffering4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,indian ,,and ,,immortality ,to the materialist immortality is a foolish dream1 to the agnostic an unjustified human craving1 to the simple ,christian a belief1 and to the transcendentalist a confident hope1 but to the ,indian it is as positive an assurance as is life4 ,the white race has complicated its belief in the future life with many theological dogmas4 ,the ,roman ,catholic church has its purgatory1 as well as its paradise and hell2 the first as a place of purging for the sins committed in the body and that must be burned away1 the second the abode of the blest1 and the third the place into which the damned are cast4 ,the ,seventh ,day ,adventists believe that only those who are saved by 8the blood of ,christ0 and obedience to his commands are blessed with the gift of immortal life4 ,they contend it is a free gift as an act of ,god's grace and is not inherent in the soul or spirit of mankind4 ,those who refuse to accept salvation by the vicarious atonement of ,christ1 they believe1 will be annihilated4 ,the ,presbyterian believes that a certain number of mankind are foreordained for salvation and heaven1 and another number for damnation and hell1 from the foundation of the world4 ,the ,universalist believes that all men will ultimately be saved and therefore enjoy heaven1 whilst others have a belief in a 8conditional0 immortality4 ,the ,indian believes in immortality without any admixture of complex theological ideas4 ,his is a simple faith which he accepts as he accepts life4 ,he believes that when he dies his spirit goes to its new life just as at birth he came into this life4 ,and he believes that all the objects he used on earth--food1 clothing1 articles of adornment1 baskets1 horses1 saddles1 blankets--have a spirit-life as well as he has4 ,hence1 when one dies1 his friends throw upon his funeral pyre his clothing1 blankets1 and other personal belongings1 utensils for his comfort1 food for his nourishment on the way to the 8under world10 or land of the future1 and strangle his horse that its spirit may aid him on his journey4 ,when death approaches he faces it with calmness1 equanimity and serenity4 ,fearless and unafraid he awaits the coming of the last great enemy4 ,in effect1 he cries out with ,browning3 8,i would hate that death bandaged my eyes1 ,and forbore1 and bade me creep past4 ,no6 let me taste the whole of it2 fare like my peers1 ,the heroes of old40 ,no shirking for him2 as calmly as ,socrates took the bowl of fatal hemlock1 the ,indian awaits death and proudly passes on to the new life4 ,those who are left behind may wail for their loss1 but the one who departs asks for and receives no sympathy4 ,now1 it is this simple acceptation of death as a natural thing that ,i would have the white race learn4 ,and yet it can never come to us as an act of simple faith as it is with the ,indian4 ,our civilization has spoiled us for 8simple faith40 ,that is practically impossible1 save to a few souls who1 unlike the rest of us1 have 8kept themselves unspotted from the world0 of speculative thought1 or theological dogma4 ,it can come 7and does with many7 as the result of religious training1 or as it did to ,browning and ,whitman4 ,what wonderfully different minds these two men had4 ,one an aristocrat1 the other a democrat1 yet both full of love for mankind1 and each teaching with vigor and power the ,fatherhood of ,god1 the real brotherhood of man1 and the immortality of the soul4 ,read ,browning's ,prospice1 part of which ,i have already quoted1 ,evelyn ,hope1 ,abt ,vogler1 and these three stanzas with which he opens his ,la ,saziaz1 and elsewhere calls a ,pisgah ,sight3 8,good1 to forgive3 ,best1 to forget6 ,living we fret2 ,dying1 we live4 ,fretless and free1 ,soul1 clap thy pinion6 ,earth have dominion1 ,body1 o'er thee6 ,wander at will1 ,day after day1-- ,wander away1 ,wandering still-- ,soul that canst soar6 ,body may slumber3 ,body shall cumber ,soul-flight no more4 ,waft of soul's wing6 ,what lies above8 ,sunshine and ,love1 ,sky blue and ,spring6 ,body hides--where8 ,ferns of all feather1 ,mosses and heather1 ,yours be the care60 ,compare these utterances with ,whitman's rugged and forceful words3 8,passive and faltering1 ,the words1 the ,dead1 ,i write1 ,for living are the ,dead1 7,haply the only living1 only real1 ,and ,i1 the apparition1 the spectre470 ,again1 in his ,to ,one ,shortly to ,die1 what a triumphant note is in the last two lines3 8,i exclude others from you1 there is nothing to be commiserated1 ,i do not commiserate1 ,i congratulate you40 ,how perfectly ,indian1 this attitude1 this refusal to be sorry1 and to offer congratulations rather than regrets4 ,in his ,night on the ,prairies his perfect assurance as to the future is clearly expressed1 and while measuring himself with the great thoughts of space and eternity that fill him as he gazes upon the myriads of globes above1 he exclaims3 8,now ,i absorb immortality and peace1 ,i admire death4444 ,o1 ,i see now that life cannot exhibit all to me1 as the day cannot1 ,i see that ,i am to wait for what will be exhibited by death40 ,in one poem he speaks of 8awaiting death with perfect equanimity10 and in another says3 8,thee1 holiest minister of ,heaven--thee1 envoy1 usherer1 guide at last of all1 ,rich1 florid loosener of the stricture knot call'd life1 ,sweet1 peaceful1 welcome ,death40 ,and the reason for all this restfulness as to ,death and the ,future is expressed in his ,assurances3 8,i do not doubt that the passionately-wept deaths of young men are provided for1 and that the deaths of young women and the deaths of little children are provided for4 7,did you think life was so well provided for1 and ,death1 the purport of all life1 is not well provided for87 ,i do not doubt that wrecks at sea1 no matter what the horrors of them1 no matter whose wife1 child1 husband1 father1 lover1 has gone down1 are provided for1 to the minutest points4 ,i do not doubt that whatever can possibly happen anywhere1 at any time1 is provided for in the inherences of things4 ,i do not think ,life provides for all1 and for ,time and ,space1 but ,i believe ,heavenly ,death provides for all40 ,so1 reader1 ,i care not how it comes into your soul1 so that you have it there1 a rich and precious possession1 this living1 active1 potential belief in immortality4 ,if you know you are now1 and that you will never end1 you will find that life itself becomes more enlarged and dignified4 ,you will not be content with mere earthly aims1 you will not rest satisfied to be a mere money-getter1 but1 realizing the immensity of your own capacities and powers1 you will reach out for the eternal things1 the realities that abide forever4 ,for ,joaquin ,miller never wrote a truer word than when he said3 8,for all you can hold in your dead cold hand1 ,is what you have given away40 ,this forever settles a thoughtful man's conception of mere acquisitiveness4 ,such gatherings-together are unworthy the soul that feels and knows its own immortality4 ,it needs a larger aim1 a more worthy object4 ,another thing in connection with what we call death1 the white race may well learn from the ,indian4 ,how often does press and pulpit expend itself in finding superlatives to pour out in lavish eulogy over the dead1 who1 while alive1 never did a thing to win the love of their fellows4 ,such eulogy is unknown among the ,indians4 ,the 8preacher of an ,indian funeral sermon0 would no more dare wrongfully praise or laud his subject than he would falsely execrate him4 ,he must speak the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth1 and while he is not called upon to expatiate upon the wrong-doings1 the foibles or weaknesses of his subject1 he must say no word of praise that is not justly earned and strictly true4 ,if this law were applied to the white race1 what different funeral sermons and orations we should hear and read2 and what different inscriptions we should read upon the tombstones found in our grave-yards4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,visiting ,,the ,,indians ,occasionally ,i meet with people who would like to visit real ,indians in their real homes1--not the dressed-up ,indians in a made home1 like those of the ,midway ,plaisance of the ,world's ,fair or of a 8,wild ,west0 show1 and they ask me how they can do so4 ,to the ordinary traveler of to-day1 who requires all the comforts of a ,pullman and a dining car1 and who is not willing to forego them for the hardships of a camping-out trip1 my advice is don't1 although the hardships are more so in name than in fact4 ,if one likes old clothes1 fresh air1 the great outdoors1 lots of sunshine1 desert roads1 and meals al fresco1--sleeping at night under the stars1--this is just the country for such things4 ,given a good team1 a careful driver who can cook 8frontier style10 and an agreeable traveling companion1 and you will have a new thrill--no matter what the weather is4 ,five dollars a day each person will cover average cost of outfit2 meals extra4 ,yet there are some ,indians who may be seen without leaving the luxuries of our modern civilization4 ,two great railway systems in our ,southwest pass through the regions where live the ,indians to whom ,i have referred in the foregoing pages4 ,these are popularly known as the 8,santa ,fe0 and the 8,southern ,pacific40 ,in crossing the continent from ,chicago to the ,pacific ,coast on the ,santa ,fe route1 one strikes the 8,indian country10 to which ,i refer1 about half a day before reaching ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico4 ,here is what might be termed 8the heart of the ,pueblo ,indian country40 ,the word 8pueblo0 is ,spanish for 8town10 so the name merely means the stay-at-home town ,indians as distinguished from the nomad or wandering tribes of the great plateaus4 ,at ,albuquerque one may see1 in ,fred ,harvey's collection in the ,mission-style depot1 a rare and precious gathering of ,indian baskets1 blankets1 silverware1 etc41 that is one of the finest in the ,west4 ,it ranks with the highest1 and was largely gathered and placed under the personal direction of ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,dorsey1 the eminent ethnologist of the ,field ,columbian ,museum4 ,nearly all the pueblos may be reached with this city as a radiating center1 though ,taos and the ,indian villages of the northern ,rio ,grande valley are more accessible from ,santa ,fe4 ,isleta and ,laguna are passed a few miles further west4 ,a three hours' drive from ,laguna1 by way of the ,enchanted ,mesa1 brings you to the sky city of ,acoma4 ,zuni is a day's stage ride south of ,gallup1 ,new ,mexico4 ,at ,winslow1 or ,canyon ,diablo1 ,arizona1 one may leave the railway for the #gj or #ij mile ride across the ,painted ,desert to the region of the ,hopis1 the snake-dancing ,indians to whom ,i have often referred4 ,at ,williams1 a little further west1 on the branch line to the ,grand ,canyon1 one may visit the ,havasupais1 and at ,kingman1 the ,wallapais4 ,at ,needles1 on the ,colorado ,river1 the boundary line between ,arizona and ,california1 one may see the ,mohaves1 and on the river1 reached by boat from ,needles1 some forty miles below1 are the ,chemehuevis4 ,in ,california1 on the ,san ,diego branch of the ,santa ,fe1 one may reach various villages of ,mission ,indians2 ,pala1 ,rincon1 and several others from ,oceanside2 and ,san ,ysabel1 ,mesa ,grande1 ,los ,coyotes1 etc41 from ,san ,diego by team to ,warner's ,ranch4 ,saboba is reached on the ,san ,jacinto branch1 and ,temecula on the ,temecula branch4 ,the ,santa ,fe passenger department publishes a beautifully illustrated and well written book on the ,indians of the ,southwest1 and it is well worth sending fifty cents to their general offices in ,chicago for a copy4 ,the ,southern ,pacific also passes through a country where many ,indians reside4 ,the ,apaches are reached from several of their ,arizona stations1 and the ,pimas and ,maricopas from ,phnix4 ,at ,aztec a stage takes one to ,palomas1 where an interesting band of ,apaches are to be seen4 ,the ,indian reservation for the ,yumas is just across the railway bridge at ,zuma1 and from ,mecca1 near the ,salton ,sea1 one may reach the desert ,indian villages of ,martinez1 ,agua ,dulce1 ,santa ,rosa1 etc4 ,palm ,springs is the station for the ,palm ,springs ,indians1 five miles away1 and at ,porterville1 north of ,los ,angeles1 one starts for the drive to the ,yokuts and other basket-making ,indians4 ,this brief chapter makes no pretense to full treatment4 ,it is merely a suggestion of help to those who wish to follow the ,indian to his real home4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,conclusion ,,in the foregoing chapters ,i have attempted to present in helpful form ideas that have slowly sifted into my own mind as my contact with the ,indian has become less formal and restrained4 ,in my case 8familiarity0 has not 8bred contempt40 ,i have learned many1 and to me most important1 lessons4 ,in the hurry and whirl of our money-mad age and our machine-driven civilization1 we have scarce time to sit down calmly and contemplate anything1 hence my earnest plea for a return to the simple things1 to the outdoors1 to the quiet contentment of the ,indian4 ,doubtless ,i have often said things both crudely and harshly1 but ,i can truthfully affirm that ,i have never intended to be harsh1 though ,i am less careful that my utterances be polished and refined than that they should find lodgment in earnest hearts4 ,to those who are honest and sincere in their desire to get the good out of what ,i have said1 the flaws in my work will be generously passed by1 and kindly disregarded4 ,i have felt too intensely in the writing of some of these chapters to be able to judge what ,i have written by the cool1 critical standard of the rhetorician4 ,i have learned from the ,indian that the real thing to be desired in oratory is to get one's thought into the other man's mind and heart so that it will influence his action4 ,this has been my aim in writing these pages2 so1 in conclusion1 ,i thank thee1 dusky brother of the plains1 the mountains1 the forests1 and the canyons1 for this lesson and all the other lessons you have taught me4 ,i am grateful for the lessons of the higher civilization4 ,i prize and treasure them1 but equally am ,i under obligation to thee1 thou red-skin1 for recalling to me some primitive principles which civilization ignores at its peril4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4