,,f>m]s ,,( ,,=ty ,,c5turies ,,or ,,p]man5t ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,*9a1 ,,korea ,,& ,,japan ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,k+1 ,d4 ,sc4 #aiaa ,,preface ,by ,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,we h n yet ga!r$ up ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d 9 ! till+ ( ! e>?2 yet ! till+ ( ! e>? is ! bottom condition ( civilization4 ,if we are to assemble all ! =ces & ag5cies t make = ! f9al conque/ ( ! planet1 we mu/ assur$ly "k h[ x is t all ! peoples 9 all ! places h met ! problem ( produc+ _! su/5ance out ( ! soil4 ,we h _h few great agricultural travel]s & few books t describe ! real & significant rural conditions4 ,( natural hi/ory travel we h _h v mu*2 & ( acc\nts ( sights & ev5ts p]haps we h _h too _m4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 fam\s books ( /udy & travel 9 rural regions1 & "s ( !m1 z ,ar?ur ,"y's ,travels 9 ,france1 h t\*$ social & political hi/ory2 b = ! mo/ "p1 au?or%ip ( agricultural travel is yet undevelop$4 ,! _s ( sci5tific inquiry mu/ n[ be tak5 into ?is field1 & all e>?-conque/ mu/ be comp>$ & ! results be giv5 to ! p t "w4 ,?is 0 ! po9t ( view 9 :i* ,i read ,pr(essor ,k+'s manuscript4 ,x is ! writ+ ( a well-tra9$ obs]v] :o w5t =? n to f9d div]sion or to depict sc5]y & common wond]s1 b to /udy ! actual conditions ( life ( agricultural peoples4 ,we 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are wont to ?9k t we may in/ruct all ! _w 9 agriculture1 because our agricultural weal? is great & our exports to less favor$ peoples h be5 heavy2 b ?is weal? is great because our soil is f]tile & new1 & 9 l>ge acreage = e p]son4 ,we h really only begun to f>m well4 ,! fir/ condition ( f>m+ is to ma9ta9 f]tility4 ,?is condition ! ori5tal peoples h met1 & !y h solv$ x 9 _! way4 ,we may nev] adopt p>ticul> me?ods1 b we c pr(it va/ly by _! exp]i5ce4 ,) ! increase ( p]sonal wants 9 rec5t "t4 ! new] c\ntries may nev] rea* su* d5sity ( population z h ,japan & ,*9a2 b we mu/ nev]!less le>n ! fir/ lesson 9 ! cons]vation ( natural res\rces1 :i* are ! res\rces ( ! l&4 ,?is is ! message t ,pr(essor ,k+ br\ght home f ! ,ea/4 ,?is book on agriculture %\ld h good effect 9 e/abli%+ und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/4 ,if !re c\ld be su* an int]*ange ( c\rtesies & inquiries on ^! !mes z is sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,k+1 z well z ! int]*ange ( a?letics & diplomacy & comm]ce1 ! common productive p on bo? sides %\ld ga9 mu* t !y c\ld use2 & ! results 9 amity %\ld be incalculable4 ,x is a mis=tune t ,pr(essor ,k+ c\ld n h liv$ to write ! conclud+ ,message ( ,*9a & ,japan to ! ,_w4 ,x w\ld h be5 a c>eful & =ceful summ>y ( 8 /udy ( ea/]n conditions4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! "w 0 go+ to ! pr9t]1 he 0 call$ sudd5ly to ! endless j\rney & 8 travel "h 0 left incomplete4 ,b he bequea!d u a new piece ( lit]ature1 to add to 8 /&>d writ+s on soils & on ! applications ( physics & devices to agriculture4 ,:atev] he t\*$ he illum9at$4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface ,,introduction ,,fir/ ,,glimpses ,,( ,,japan ,,grave ,,l&s ,,( ,,*9a ,,to ,,hongkong ,,& ,,canton ,,up ,,! ,,si-,,kiang1 ,,we/ ,,riv] ,,ext5t ,,( ,,canalization ,,& ,,surface ,,fitt+ ,,( ,,fields ,,"s ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,p ,,! ,,fuel ,,problem1 ,,build+ ,,& ,,textile ,,mat]ials ,,tramps ,,afield ,,! ,,utilization ,,( ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,! ,,%antung ,,prov9ce ,,ori5tals ,,cr[d ,,bo? ,,"t ,,& ,,space ,,rice ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,ori5t ,,silk ,,culture ,,! ,,tea ,,indu/ry ,,ab\t ,,ti5ts9 ,,man*uria ,,& ,,korea ,,return ,,to ,,japan ,,introduction ,a ^w ( introduction is ne$$ to place ! read] at ! be/ view po9t f :i* to consid] :at is said 9 ! foll[+ pages reg>d+ ! agricultural practices & cu/oms ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! great factors :i* today *>act]ize1 dom9ate & det]m9e ! agricultural & o!r indu/rial op]ations ( we/]n nations 7 physical impossibilities to !m "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & until !n _h be5 s to all p4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 too1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates z yet is a nation ( b few p widely scatt]$ ov] a broad virg9 l& ) m ?an tw5ty acres to ! support ( e man1 woman & *ild1 :ile ! p ^: practices are to be consid]$ are toil+ 9 fields till$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s & :o h sc>cely m ?an two acres p] capita199 m ?an "o-half ( :i* is uncultivable m\nta9 l&4 99,footnote3 ,?is figure 0 wrongly /at$ 9 ! fir/ edition z "o acre1 ow+ to a mi/ake 9 confus+ ! area ( cultivat$ l& ) total area4 ,aga91 ! great movem5t ( c>goes ( fe$+ /uffs & m9]al f]tiliz]s to we/]n ,europe & to ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates began less ?an a c5tury ago & has nev] be5 possible z a means ( ma9ta9+ soil f]tility 9 ,*9a1 ,korea or ,japan1 nor c x be cont9u$ indef9itely 9 ei!r ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,^! importations are = ! "t mak+ tol]able ! wa/e ( plant food mat]ials ?r\gh our mod]n sy/ems ( sewage disposal & o!r faulty practices2 b ! ,mongolian races h held all su* wa/es1 bo? urban & rural1 & _m o!rs :i* we ignore1 sacr$ to agriculture1 apply+ !m to _! fields4 ,we are to consid] "s ( ! practices ( a virile race ( "s five hundr$ millions ( p :o h an unimpair$ inh]itance mov+ ) ! mom5tum acquir$ ?r\gh f\r ?\s& ye>s2 a p morally & intellectually /rong1 me*anically capable1 :o are awak5+ to a utilization ( all ! possibilities :i* sci5ce & inv5tion dur+ rec5t ye>s h br\ght to we/]n nations2 & a p :o h long de>ly lov$ peace b :o c & w fight 9 self def5se if compell$ to d s4 ,we _h long desir$ to /& face to face ) ,*9ese & ,japanese f>m]s2 to walk ?r\gh _! fields & to le>n by see+ "s ( _! me?ods1 appliances & practices :i* c5turies ( /ress & exp]i5ce h l$ ^! olde/ f>m]s 9 ! _w to adopt4 ,we desir$ to le>n h[ x is possible1 aft] tw5ty & p]haps ?irty or ev5 =ty c5turies1 = _! soils to be made to produce suffici5tly = ! ma9t5ance ( su* d5se populations z are liv+ n[ 9 ^! ?ree c\ntries4 ,we h n[ _h ?is opportunity & almo/ e day we 7 in/ruct$1 surpris$ & amaz$ at ! conditions & practices :i* confront$ u :i*ev] way we turn$2 in/ruct$ 9 ! ways & ext5t to :i* ^! nations = c5turies h be5 & are cons]v+ & utiliz+ _! natural res\rces1 surpris$ at ! magnitude ( ! returns !y are gett+ f _! fields1 & amaz$ at ! am\nt ( effici5t human labor *e]fully giv5 = a daily wage ( five c5ts & _! food1 or = fifte5 c5ts1 ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy1 )\t food4 ,! ?ree ma9 isl&s ( ,japan 9 #aijg _h a population ( #df1igg1jjc ma9ta9$ on #bj1jjj squ>e miles ( cultivat$ field4 ,?is is at ! rate ( m ?an ?ree p to ea* acre1 & ( #b1cdi to ea* squ>e mile2 & yet ! total agricultural imports into ,japan 9 #aijg exce$$ ! agricultural exports by less ?an "o doll> p] capita4 ,if ! cultivat$ l& ( ,holl& is e/imat$ at b "o-?ird ( h] total area1 ! d5sity ( h] population 9 #aije 01 on ?is basis1 less ?an "o-?ird t ( ,japan 9 h] ?ree ma9 isl&s4 ,at ! same "t ,japan is fe$+ #fi horses & #ef cattle1 ne>ly all labor+ animals1 to ea* squ>e mile ( cultivat$ field1 :ile we 7 fe$+ 9 #aijj b #cj horses & mules p] same area1 ^! be+ our labor+ animals4 ,z co>se food trans=m]s ,japan 0 ma9ta9+ #af1ejj1jjj dome/ic f[l1 #hbe p] squ>e mile1 b only "o = almo/ ?ree ( h] p4 ,we 7 ma9ta9+1 9 #aijj1 #bej1fjj1jjj p\ltry1 b only #chg p] squ>e mile ( cultivat$ field & yet m ?an ?ree = ea* p]son4 ,japan's co>se food trans=m]s 9 ! =m ( sw9e1 goats & %eep aggregat$ b #ac to ! squ>e mile & provid$ b "o ( ^! units = ea* #ahj ( h] p :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijj !re 7 be+ ma9ta9$1 z trans=m]s ( grass & co>se gra9 into meat & milk1 #ie cattle1 #ii %eep & #gb sw9e p] ea* squ>e mile ( improv$ f>ms4 ,9 ?is reckon+ ea* ( ! cattle %\ld be c\nt$ z ! equival5t ( p]haps five ( ! %eep & sw9e1 = ! trans=m+ p[] ( ! dairy c[ is high4 ,on ?is basis we are ma9ta9+ at ! rate ( m ?an #fdf ( ! ,japanese units p] squ>e mile1 & m ?an five ( ^! to e man1 woman & *ild1 in/ead ( "o to e #ahj ( ! population1 z is ! case 9 ,japan4 ,correspond+ly accurate /ati/ics are n accessible = ,*9a b 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce we talk$ ) a f>m] hav+ #ab 9 8 family & :o kept "o donkey1 "o c[1 bo? exclusively labor+ animals1 & two pigs on #b4e acres ( cultivat$ l& :]e he grew :eat1 millet1 sweet potatoes & beans4 ,"h is a d5sity ( population equal to #c1jgb p1 #bef donkeys1 #bef cattle & #eab sw9e p] squ>e mile4 ,9 ano!r in/ance :]e ! hold+ 0 "o & two-?irds acres ! f>m] _h #aj 9 8 family & 0 ma9ta9+ "o donkey & "o pig1 giv+ to ?is f>m l& a ma9t5ance capacity ( #c1hdj p1 #chd donkeys & #chd pigs to ! squ>e mile1 or #bdj p1 #bd donkeys & #bd pigs to "o ( our =ty-acre f>ms :i* our f>m]s reg>d too small = a s+le family4 ,! av]age ( sev5 ,*9ese hold+s :i* we visit$ & :]e we obta9$ simil> data indicates a ma9t5ance capacity = ^? l&s ( #a1ghc p1 #bab cattle or donkeys & #cii sw9e1--#a1iie consum]s & #cii r\gh food trans=m]s p] squ>e mile ( f>m l&4 ,^! /atem5ts = ,*9a repres5t /rictly rural populations4 ,! rural population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijj 0 plac$ at ! rate ( #fa p] squ>e mile ( improv$ f>m l& & !re 7 #cj horses & mules4 ,9 ,japan ! rural population _h a d5sity 9 #aijg ( #a1ibb p] squ>e mile1 & ( horses & cattle toge!r #abe4 ,! population ( ! l>ge isl& ( ,*ungm+ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,yangtse riv]1 hav+ an area ( #bgj squ>e miles1 possess$1 accord+ to ! (ficial c5sus ( #aijb1 a d5sity ( #c1gjj p] squ>e mile & yet !re 0 b "o l>ge city on ! isl&1 h5ce ! population is l>gely rural4 ,x c\ld n be o!r ?an a matt] ( ! highe/ indu/rial1 educational & social importance to all nations if !re might be br\ght to !m a full & accurate acc\nt ( all ^? conditions :i* h made x possible = su* d5se populations to be ma9ta9$ s l>gely ^u ! products ( ,*9ese1 ,korean & ,japanese soils4 ,_m ( ! /eps1 phases & practices ?r\gh :i* ?is evolution has pass$ are irrevocably buri$ 9 ! pa/ b su* rem>kable ma9t5ance effici5cy atta9$ c5turies ago & project$ into ! pres5t ) little app>5t decad5ce m]its ! mo/ pr(\nd /udy & ! "t is fully ripe :5 x %\ld be made4 ,liv+ z we are 9 ! morn+ ( a c5tury ( transition f isolat$ to cosmopolitan national life :5 pr(\nd readju/m5ts1 indu/rial1 educational & social1 mu/ result1 su* an inve/igation _c be made too soon4 ,x is high "t = ea* nation to /udy ! o!rs & by mutual agreem5t & co-op]ative ef=t1 ! results ( su* /udies %\ld become available to all conc]n$1 made s 9 ! _s t ea* %\ld become coord9ate & mutually helpful compon5t factors 9 ! _w's progress4 ,"o v appropriate & imm5sely helpful means = attack+ ?is problem1 & :i* %\ld prove mutually helpful to citiz5 & /ate1 w\ld be = ! high] educational in/itutions ( all nations1 in/ead ( ex*ang+ c\rtesies ?r\gh _! baseball teams1 to s5d select bodies ( _! be/ /ud5ts "u compet5t lead]%ip & by int]national agreem5t1 bo? ea/ & we/1 organiz+ !refrom inve/igat+ bodies ea* conta9+ compon5ts ( ! ea/]n & we/]n civilization & ^: purpose x %\ld be to /udy specifically set problems4 ,su* a movem5t well conceiv$ & direct$1 mann$ by ! mo/ capable "y m51 %\ld create an int]national acqua9tance & spread broadca/ a body ( important k :i* w\ld develop z ! "y m5 mature & contribute imm5sely t[>d _w peace & _w progress4 ,if "s broad plan ( int]national ef=t su* z is "h sugge/$ 7 organiz$ ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance might well be met by div]t+ s mu* z is ne$ful f ! l>ge sums set aside = ! expansion ( navies = su* /eps z ^!1 tak5 9 ! int]e/s ( _w uplift & _w peace1 c\ld n fail to be m efficaci\s & less exp5sive ?an increase 9 fight+ equipm5t4 ,x w\ld cultivate ! _s ( pull+ toge!r & ( a squ>e deal r ?an "o ( hold+ alo( & ( /riv+ to ga9 unneighborly advantage4 ,_m factors & conditions conspire to give to ! f>ms & f>m]s ( ! ,f> ,ea/ _! high ma9t5ance effici5cy & "s ( ^! may be succ9ctly /at$4 ,! portions ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan :]e d5se populations h develop$ & are be+ ma9ta9$ occupy exceptionally favorable geographic positions s f> z ^! influ5ce agricultural production4 ,canton 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a has ! latitude ( ,havana1 ,cuba1 :ile ,mukd5 9 ,man*uria1 & nor!rn ,hon%u 9 ,japan are only z f> nor? z ,new ,york city1 ,*icago & nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates lies ma9ly betwe5 #ej degrees & #cj degrees ( latitude :ile ^! ?ree c\ntries lie betwe5 #dj degrees & #bj degrees1 "s sev5 hundr$ miles fur!r s\?4 ,?is diff]5ce ( position1 giv+ !m long] seasons1 has made x possible = !m to devise sy/ems ( agriculture :]eby !y gr[ two1 ?ree & ev5 f\r crops on ! same piece ( gr\nd ea* ye>4 ,9 s\!rn ,*9a1 9 ,=mosa & 9 p>ts ( ,japan two crops ( rice are gr[n2 9 ! ,*ekiang prov9ce !re may be a crop ( rape1 ( :eat or b>ley or ( w9dsor beans or clov] :i* is foll[$ 9 midsumm] by ano!r ( cotton or ( rice4 ,9 ! ,%antung prov9ce :eat or b>ley 9 ! w9t] & spr+ may be foll[$ 9 summ] by l>ge or small millet1 sweet potatoes1 soy beans or peanuts4 ,at ,ti5ts91 #ci deg nor?1 9 ! latitude ( ,c9c9nati1 ,indianapolis1 & ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 we talk$ ) a f>m] :o foll[$ 8 crop ( :eat on 8 small hold+ ) "o ( onions & ! onions ) cabbage1 realiz+ f ! ?ree crops at ! rate ( #afc1 gold1 p] acre2 & ) ano!r :o plant$ ,iri% potatoes at ! e>lie/ opportunity 9 ! spr+1 m>ket+ !m :5 small1 & foll[+ ^! ) radi%es1 ! radi%es ) cabbage1 realiz+ f ! ?ree crops at ! rate ( #bjc p] acre4 ,ne>ly #ejj1jjj1jjj p are be+ ma9ta9$1 *iefly ^u ! products ( an area small] ?an ! improv$ f>m l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,complete a squ>e on ! l9es drawn f ,*icago s\?w>d to ! ,gulf & we/w>d across ,kansas1 & !re w be enclos$ an area great] ?an ! cultivat$ fields ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan & f :i* five times our pres5t population are f$4 ,! ra9fall 9 ^! c\ntries is n only l>g] ?an t ev5 9 our ,atlantic & ,gulf /ates1 b x falls m exclusively dur+ ! summ] season :5 its effici5cy 9 crop production may be highe/4 ,s\? ,*9a has a ra9fall ( "s #hj in*es ) little ( x dur+ ! w9t]1 :ile 9 our s\!rn /ates ! ra9fall is ne>] #fj in*es ) less ?an "o-half ( x betwe5 ,june & ,septemb]4 ,along a l9e drawn f ,lake ,sup]ior ?r\gh c5tral ,texas ! ye>ly precipitation is ab\t #cj in*es b only #af in*es ( ?is falls dur+ ! mon?s ,may to ,septemb]2 :ile 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 ,*9a1 ) an annual ra9fall ( little m ?an #bd in*es1 #ag ( ^! fall dur+ ! mon?s designat$ & mo/ ( ?is 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,:5 x is /at$ t "u ! be/ tillage & ) no loss ( wat] ?r\gh p]colation1 mo/ ( our agricultural crops require #cjj to #fjj tons ( wat] = ea* ton ( dry sub/ance br\ght to maturity1 x c be readily und]/ood t ! "r am\nt ( available moi/ure1 com+ at ! prop] "t1 mu/ be "o ( ! prime factors ( a high ma9t5ance capacity = any soil1 & h5ce t 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ) _! int5sive me?ods1 x is possible to make _! soils yield l>ge returns4 ,! selection ( rice & ( ! millets z ! great /aple food crops ( ^! ?ree nations1 & ! sy/ems ( agriculture !y h evolv$ to realize ! mo/ f !m1 are to u rem>kable & indicate a grasp ( ess5tials & pr9ciples :i* may well cause we/]n nations to pause & reflect4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge & favorable ra9fall ( ^! c\ntries1 ea* ( ! nations h select$ ! "o crop :i* p]mits !m to utilize n only practically ! entire am\nt ( ra9 :i* falls ^u _! fields1 b 9 addition enorm\s volumes ( ! run-(f f adjac5t uncultivable m\nta9 c\ntry4 ,:]ev] paddy fields are practicable !re rice is gr[n4 ,9 ! ?ree ma9 isl&s ( ,japan #ef p] c5t ( ! cultivat$ fields1 #aa1jjj squ>e miles1 is laid out = rice gr[+ & is ma9ta9$ "u wat] f transplant+ to ne> h>ve/ "t1 aft] :i* ! l& is all[$ to dry1 to be devot$ to dry l& crops dur+ ! balance ( ! ye>1 :]e ! season p]mits4 ,to anyone :o /udies ! agricultural me?ods ( ! ,f> ,ea/ 9 ! field x is evid5t t ^! p1 c5turies ago1 came to appreciate ! value ( wat] 9 crop production z no o!r nations h4 ,!y h adapt$ conditions to crops & crops to conditions until ) rice !y h a c]eal :i* p]mits ! mo/ int5se f]tilization & at ! same "t ! ensur+ ( maximum yields aga9/ bo? dr\ght & flood4 ,) ! practice ( we/]n nations 9 all humid climates1 no matt] h[ completely & highly we f]tilize1 9 m ye>s ?an n yields are r$uc$ by a defici5cy or an excess ( wat]4 ,x is difficult to convey1 by ^w or map1 an adequate conception ( ! magnitude ( ! sy/ems ( canalization :i* contribute prim>ily to rice culture4 ,a cons]vative e/imate w\ld place ! miles ( canals 9 ,*9a at fully #bjj1jjj & !re are probably m miles ( canal 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan ?an !re are miles ( railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,*9a alone has z _m acres 9 rice ea* ye> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 9 :eat & h] annual product is m ?an d\ble & probably ?reefold our annual :eat crop1 & yet ! :ole ( ! rice area produces at lea/ "o & sometimes two o!r crops ea* ye>4 ,! selection ( ! quick-matur+1 dr\ght-resi/+ millets z ! great /aple food crops to be gr[n :]ev] wat] is n available = irrigation1 & ! almo/ univ]sal plant+ 9 hills or drills1 p]mitt+ int]tillage1 ?us adopt+ c5turies ago ! utilization ( e>? mul*es 9 cons]v+ soil moi/ure1 has enabl$ ^! p to secure maximum returns 9 seasons ( dr\ght & :]e ! ra9fall is small4 ,! millets ?rive 9 ! hot summ] climates2 !y survive :5 ! available soil moi/ure is r$uc$ to a l[ limit1 & !y gr[ vigor\sly :5 ! heavy ra9s come4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ) m ra9fall & a bett] di/ribution ( x ?an occurs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ) w>m]1 long] seasons1 t ^! p h ) r>e wisdom comb9$ bo? irrigation & dry f>m+ me?ods to an ext5t & ) an int5sity f> beyond any?+ our p h ev] dream$1 9 ord] t !y might ma9ta9 _! d5se populations4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries ! soils are naturally m ?an ord9>ily deep1 inh]5tly f]tile & endur+1 judici\s & rational me?ods ( f]tilization are ev]y:]e practic$2 b n until rec5t ye>s1 & only 9 ,japan1 h m9]al comm]cial f]tiliz]s be5 us$4 ,= c5turies1 h[ev]1 all cultivat$ l&s1 includ+ adjac5t hill & m\nta9 sides1 ! canals1 /reams & ! sea h be5 made to contribute :at !y c\ld t[>d ! f]tilization ( cultivat$ fields & ^! contributions 9 ! aggregate h be5 l>ge4 ,9 ,*9a1 9 ,korea & 9 ,japan all b ! inaccessible portions ( _! va/ ext5t ( m\nta9 & hill l&s h long be5 tax$ to _! full capacity = fuel1 lumb] & h]bage = gre5 manure & compo/ mat]ial2 & ! a% ( practically all ( ! fuel & ( all ( ! lumb] us$ at home f9ds its way ultimately to ! fields z f]tiliz]4 ,9 ,*9a enorm\s quantities ( canal mud are appli$ to ! fields1 sometimes at ! rate ( ev5 #gj & m tons p] acre4 ,s1 too1 :]e !re are no canals1 bo? soil & subsoil are c>ri$ into ! villages & !re betwe5 ! int]vals :5 ne$$ !y are1 at ! exp5se ( great labor1 compo/$ ) organic refuse & (t5 aft]w>ds dri$ & pulv]iz$ be=e be+ c>ri$ back & us$ on ! fields z home-made f]tiliz]s4 ,manure ( all k9ds1 human & animal1 is religi\sly sav$ & appli$ to ! fields 9 a mann] :i* secures an effici5cy f> above our own practices4 ,/ati/ics obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,bureau ( ,agriculture1 ,japan1 place ! am\nt ( human wa/e 9 t c\ntry 9 #aijh at #bc1iej1bie tons1 or #a4ge tons p] acre ( h] cultivat$ l&4 ,! ,int]national ,concession ( ! city ( ,%anghai1 9 #aijh1 sold to a ,*9ese contractor ! privilege ( ent]+ resid5ces & public places e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ea* day 9 ! ye> & remov+ ! night soil1 receiv+ !re= m ?an #ca1jjj1 gold1 = #gh1jjj tons ( wa/e4 ,all ( ?is we n only ?r[ away b exp5d mu* l>g] sums 9 do+ s4 ,japan's production ( f]tiliz+ mat]ial1 regul>ly prep>$ & appli$ to ! l& annually1 am\nts to m ?an #d4e tons p] acre ( cultivat$ field exclusive ( ! comm]cial f]tiliz]s pur*as$4 ,betwe5 ,%anhaikwan & ,mukd5 9 ,man*uria we pass$1 on ,june #ah?1 ?\s&s ( tons ( ! dry highly nitrifi$ compo/ soil rec5tly c>ri$ into ! fields & laid d[n 9 piles :]e x 0 wait+ to be f$ to ! crops4 ,x 0 n until #ahhh1 & !n aft] a prolong$ w> ( m ?an ?irty ye>s1 g5]al$ by ! be/ sci5ti/s ( all ,europe1 t x 0 f9ally conc$$ z demon/rat$ t legum9\s plants act+ z ho/s = l[] organisms liv+ on _! roots are l>gely responsible = ! ma9t5ance ( soil nitrog51 draw+ x directly f ! air to :i* x is return$ ?r\gh ! processes ( decay4 ,b c5turies ( practice _h taught ! ,f> ,ea/ f>m]s t ! culture & use ( ^! crops are ess5tial to endur+ f]tility1 & s 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c\ntries ! gr[+ ( legumes 9 rotation ) o!r crops v ext5sively = ! express purpose ( f]tiliz+ ! soil is "o ( _! old1 fix$ practices4 ,j be=e1 or imm$iately aft] ! rice crop is h>ve/$1 fields are (t5 s[$ to clov] 7,a/ragalus s9icus7 :i* is all[$ to gr[ until ne> ! next transplant+ "t :5 x is ei!r turn$ "u directly1 or m (t5 /ack$ along ! canals & saturat$ :ile do+ s ) s(t mud dipp$ f ! bottom ( ! canal4 ,aft] f]m5t+ tw5ty or ?irty days x is appli$ to ! field4 ,& s x is lit]ally true t ^! old _w f>m]s :om we reg>d z ignorant1 p]haps because !y d n ride sulky pl[s z we d1 h long includ$ legumes 9 _! crop rotation1 reg>d+ !m z indisp5sable4 ,"t is a function ( e life process z x is ( e physical1 *emical & m5tal reaction4 ,! husb&man is an indu/rial biologi/ & z su* is compell$ to %ape 8 op]ations s z to con=m ) ! "t requirem5ts ( 8 crops4 ,! ori5tal f>m] is a "t economiz] beyond all o!rs4 ,he utilizes ! fir/ & la/ m9ute & all t are betwe54 ,! =eign] accuses ! ,*9aman ( be+ always long on "t1 nev] 9 a fret1 nev] 9 a hurry4 ,?is is q true & made possible = ! reason t !y are a p :o def9itely set _! faces t[>d ! future & lead "t by ! =elock4 ,!y h long realiz$ t mu* "t is requir$ to trans=m organic matt] into =ms available = plant food & al?\gh !y are ! heavie/ us]s 9 ! _w1 ! l>ge/ portion ( ?is organic matt] is pr$ige/$ ) soil or subsoil be=e x is appli$ to _! fields1 & at an enorm\s co/ ( human "t & labor1 b x practically l5g!ns _! gr[+ season & enables !m to adopt a sy/em ( multiple cropp+ :i* w\ld n o!rwise be possible4 ,by plant+ 9 hills & r[s ) int]tillage x is v common to see ?ree crops gr[+ ^u ! same field at "o "t1 b 9 diff]5t /ages ( maturity1 "o ne>ly ready to h>ve/ "o j com+ up1 & ! o!r at ! /age :5 x is draw+ mo/ heavily ^u ! soil4 ,by su* practice1 ) heavy f]tilization1 & by supplem5tal irrigation :5 ne$ful1 ! soil is made to d full duty ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,!n1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s acreage ( rice plant$ ea* ye> 9 ^! c\ntries1 x is all set 9 hills & e spe> is transplant$4 ,do+ ?is1 !y save 9 _m ways except 9 ! matt] ( human labor1 :i* is ! "o ?+ !y h 9 excess4 ,by ?or\ghly prep>+ ! se$ b$1 f]tiliz+ highly & giv+ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion1 !y are able to gr[ on "o acre1 dur+ #cj to #ej days1 en\gh plants to occupy t5 acres & 9 ! mean "t on ! o!r n9e acres crops are matur+1 be+ h>ve/$ & ! fields be+ fitt$ to receive ! rice :5 x is ready = transplant+1 & 9 effect ?is int]val ( "t is add$ to _! gr[+ season4 ,silk culture is a great &1 9 "s ways1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable indu/ries ( ! ,ori5t4 ,rem>kable = its magnitude2 = hav+ _h its bir?place app>5tly 9 olde/ ,*9a at lea/ #bgjj ye>s ,b4 ,c42 = hav+ be5 laid on ! dome/ication ( a wild insect ( ! woods2 & = hav+ liv$ ?r\gh m ?an #djjj ye>s1 exp&+ until a million-doll> c>go ( ! product has be5 laid d[n on our we/]n coa/ & ru%$ by special fa/ express to ! ca/ = ! ,*ri/mas trade4 ,a l[ e/imate ( ,*9a's production ( raw silk w\ld be #abj1jjj1jjj p\nds annually1 & ?is ) ! output ( ,japan1 ,korea & a small area ( s\!rn ,man*uria1 w\ld probably exce$ #aej1jjj1jjj p\nds annually1 repres5t+ a total value ( p]haps #gjj1jjj1jjj1 q equal+ 9 value ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b produc$ on less ?an "o-eigh? ! area ( our :eat fields4 ,! cultivation ( tea 9 ,*9a & ,japan is ano!r ( ! great indu/ries ( ^! nations1 tak+ rank ) t ( s]iculture if n above x 9 ! important "p x plays 9 ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t ?is indu/ry has its f\ndation 9 ! ne$ ( some?+ to r5d] boil$ wat] palatable = dr9k+ purposes4 ,! dr9k+ ( boil$ wat] is univ]sally adopt$ 9 ^! c\ntries z an individually available & ?or\ghly effici5t safegu>d aga9/ t class ( deadly disease g]ms :i* ?us f> x has be5 impossible to exclude f ! dr9k+ wat] ( any d5sely peopl$ c\ntry4 ,judg$ by ! success ( ! mo/ ?or\gh sanit>y measures ?us f> in/itut$1 & tak+ into consid]ation ! inh]5t difficulties :i* mu/ increase enorm\sly ) increas+ populations1 x appe>s inevitable t mod]n me?ods mu/ ultimately fail 9 sanit>y effici5cy & t absolute safety c be secur$ only 9 "s mann] hav+ ! equival5t effect ( boil+ dr9k+ wat]1 long ago adopt$ by ! ,mongolian races4 ,9 ! ye> #aijg ,japan _h #abd1dhb acres ( l& 9 tea plantations1 produc+ #fj1hgg1ige p\nds ( cur$ tea4 ,9 ,*9a ! volume annually produc$ is mu* l>g] ?an t ( ,japan1 #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds go+ annually to ,tibet alone f ! ,sze*wan prov9ce & ! direct export to =eign c\ntries 01 9 #aije1 #agf1jbg1bee p\nds1 & 9 #aijf x 0 #ahj1bga1jjj1 s t _! annual export mu/ exce$ #bjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ) a total annual output m ?an d\ble ?is am\nt ( cur$ tea4 ,b above any o!r factor1 & p]haps great] ?an all ( !m comb9$ 9 contribut+ to ! high ma9t5ance effici5cy atta9$ 9 ^! c\ntries mu/ be plac$ ! /&>d ( liv+ to :i* ! indu/rial classes h be5 compell$ to adju/ !mselves1 comb9$ ) _! rem>kable indu/ry & ) ! mo/ int5se economy !y practice along e l9e ( ef=t & ( liv+4 ,almo/ e foot ( l& is made to contribute mat]ial = food1 fuel or fabric4 ,ev]y?+ :i* c be made edible s]ves z food = man or dome/ic animals4 ,:atev] _c be eat5 or worn is us$ = fuel4 ,! wa/es ( ! body1 ( fuel & ( fabric worn beyond o!r use are tak5 back to ! field2 be=e do+ s !y are h\s$ aga9/ wa/e f wea!r1 comp\nd$ ) intellig5ce & =e?\ght & pati5tly labor$ ) ?r\gh "o1 ?ree or ev5 six mon?s1 to br+ !m into ! mo/ effici5t =m to s]ve z manure = ! soil or z fe$ = ! crop4 ,x seems to be a gold5 rule ) ^! indu/rial classes1 or if n gold51 !n an inviolable "o1 t :5ev] an extra h\r or day ( labor c promise ev5 a little l>g] return !n t %all be giv51 & nei!r a ra9y day nor ! hotte/ sun%9e %all be p]mitt$ to cancel ! obligation or def] its execution4 ,i ,,fir/ ,,glimpses ,,( ,,japan ,we left ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,seattle = ,%anghai1 ,*9a1 sail+ by ! nor!rn r\te1 at "o ,p4 ,m4 ,febru>y second1 rea*+ ,yokohama ,febru>y #ai? & ,%anghai1 ,m>* #a/4 ,x 0 our aim ?r\gh\t ! j\rney to keep 9 close contact ) ! field & crop problems & to conv]se p]sonally1 ?r\gh int]pret]s or o!rwise1 ) ! f>m]s1 g>d5]s & fruit gr[]s !mselves2 & we h tak5 pa9s 9 _m cases to visit ! same fields or ! same region two1 ?ree or m times at diff]5t int]vals dur+ ! season 9 ord] to obs]ve diff]5t phases ( ! same cultural or f]tilization me?ods z ^! *ang$ or v>i$ ) ! season4 ,our fir/ ne> view ( ,japan came 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ,febru>y #ai? :5 pass+ "s ?ree miles (f ! po9t :]e ! ,pacific pass5g] /eam] ,dakota 0 bea*$ & wreck$ 9 broad daylight )\t loss ( life two ye>s ago4 ,! high r\nd$ hills 7 clo!d nei!r 9 ! d5se d>k =e/ gre5 ( ,wa%+ton & ,vanc\v]1 left sixte5 days be=e1 nor yet 9 ! brilliant em]ald su* z ,irel&'s hills 9 ,june fl+ 9 unp>allel$ greet+ to pass5g]s surfeit$ ) ! dull grey ( ! roll+ ocean4 ,?is lack ( /rong =e/ gr[? & ev5 ( %rubs & heavy h]bage on hills cov]$ ) deep soil1 nei!r cultivat$ nor suff]+ f s]i\s erosion1 yet surr\nd$ by favorable climatic conditions1 0 our fir/ great surprise4 ,to ! s\?w>d ar\nd ! po9t1 aft] turn+ nor?w>d into ! deep bay1 simil> conditions prevail$1 & at t5 o'clock we /ood (f ,uraga :]e ,commodore ,p]ry an*or$ on ,july #h?1 #ahec1 be>+ to ! ,%ogun ,presid5t ,fillmore's lett] :i* op5$ ! doors ( ,japan to ! comm]ce ( ! _w &1 x is to be hop$ br\ght to h] p1 ) _! habits ( frugality & indu/ry s indelibly fix$ by c5turies ( inh]itance1 bett] opportunities = developm5t along ^? high] l9es de/9$ to make life /ill m wor? liv+4 ,z ! ,tosa ,m>u drew alongside ! pi] at ,yokohama x 0 ra9+ h>d & ?is _h attir$ an army aft] ! mann] ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 dress$ z se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 ready to c>ry y & y\rs to ! ,cu/oms h\se & beyond = "o1 two1 ?ree or five c5ts4 ,/rong 0 ! contra/ :5 ! j\rney 0 rev]s$ & we desc5d$ ! gang plank at ,seattle1 :]e no "o s\ght ! opportunity ( mov+ baggage4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,capta9 ,h>rison ( ! ,tosa ,m>u 9 call+ an int]pret] by wireless to meet ! /eam]1 x 0 possible to utilize ! entire int]val ( /op 9 ,yokohama to ! be/ advantage 9 ! fields & g>d5s spread ov] ! eighte5 miles ( pla9 ext5d+ to ,tokyo1 trav]s$ by bo? electric tram & railway l9es1 ea* runn+ _m tra9s mak+ frequ5t /ops2 s t ?is wond]fully f]tile & highly till$ di/rict c\ld be readily & easily rea*$ at almo/ any po9t4 ,we _h left home 9 a memorable /orm ( sn[1 sleet & ra9 :i* cut out ( s]vice telegraph & telephone l9es ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 we _h sight$ ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 see+ & feel+ no?+ on ! way :i* c\ld sugge/ a w>m soil & gre5 fields1 h5ce our surprise 0 great to f9d ! j9rick%a m5 ) b>e feet & legs nak$ to ! ?ighs1 & great] /ill :5 we f\nd1 be=e we 7 outside ! city limits1 t ! electric tram 0 runn+ betwe5 fields & g>d5s gre5 ) :eat1 b>ley1 onions1 c>rots1 cabbage & o!r vegetables4 ,we 7 ru%+ ?r\gh ! ,ori5t ) ev]y?+ outside ! c> s /range & diff]5t f home t ! %ock came l a bolt ( lightn+ out ( a cle> sky4 ,9 ! c> e man except myself & "o o!r 0 smok+ tobacco & t o!r 0 inhal+ camphor ?r\gh an ivory m\?piece resembl+ a cig> hold] clos$ at ! end4 ,sev]al wom51 tir+ ( sitt+ =eign /yle1 slipp$ (f--,i _c say out (--_! %oes & sat fac+ ! w9d[s1 ) toes cross$ beh9d !m on ! seat4 ,! /reets 7 muddy f ! ra9 & ev]ybody ,japanese 0 on ra9y-day wood5 %oes1 ! soles c>ri$ ?ree to f\r in*es above ! gr\nd by two cross blocks1 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a "m1 ) baby on h] back & a daught] ( sixte5 ye>s came into ! c>4 ,not)/&+ h] high %oes ! "m _h dipp$ "o toe into ! mud4 ,seat$1 %e slipp$ h] foot (f4 ,)\t evid5t in/ructions ! pretty black-ey$1 glossy-hair$1 r$-lipp$ lass1 ) *eeks made rosy1 pick$ up ! %oe1 )drew a piece ( :ite tissue pap] f ! great pocket 9 h] sleeve1 deftly clean$ ! o!rwise spotless :ite clo? sock & !n ! %oe1 ?rew ! pap] on ! floor1 look$ to see t h] f+]s 7 n soil$1 !n set ! %oe at h] "m's foot1 :i* f\nd its place )\t ef=t or glance4 ,ev]y?+ "h 0 /range & ! sc5es %ift$ ) ! spe$ ( ! wilde/ dream4 ,n[ x 0 driv+ piles = ! f\ndation ( a bridge4 ,a tripod ( poles 0 erect$ above ! pile & f x hung a pulley4 ,ov] ! pulley pass$ a rope f ! driv+ weight & f its end at ! pulley t5 cords ext5d$ to ! gr\nd4 ,9 a circle at ! foot ( ! tripod /ood t5 agile ,japanese wom54 ,!y 7 ! hoi/+ eng9e4 ,!y *ant$ 9 p]fect rhy?m1 haul$ & /epp$1 dropp$ ! weight & hoi/$ aga91 mak+ up = heavi] hamm] & high] drop by m bl[s p] m9ute4 ,:5 we rea*$ ,%anghai we saw ! pile driv] be+ work$ f above4 ,f\rte5 ,*9ese m5 /ood ^u a rais$ /ag+1 ea* ) a sep>ate cord pass+ direct f ! h& to ! weight bel[4 ,a conc]t$1 half-musical *ant1 modulat$ to relieve monotony1 kept all h&s toge!r4 ,:at did ! op]ation ( ?is ma*9e co/8 ,?irte5 c5ts1 gold1 p] man p] day1 :i* cov]$ fuel & lubricant1 bo? automatically s]v$4 ,two additional m5 manag$ ! piles1 two direct$ ! hamm]1 eighte5 mann$ ! outfit4 ,two doll>s & ?irty-f\r c5ts p] day cov]$ fuel1 sup]9t5d5ce & repairs4 ,!re 0 almo/ no capital inve/$ 9 ma*9]y4 ,m5 7 pl5ty & to sp>e4 ,rice 0 ! fuel1 cook$ )\t salt1 boil$ /iff1 re9=c$ ) a hit ( pork or fi%1 appetiz$ ) salt$ cabbage or turnip & p]haps two or ?ree ( =ty & m o!r vegetable reli%es4 ,& are ^! m5 /rong & happy8 ,!y c]ta9ly 7 /rong4 ,!y are /eadily increas+ _! millions1 & z "o /ood & wat*$ !m at _! "w _! faces 7 (t5 wrea!d 9 smiles & wore :at seem$ a look ( satisfaction & cont5tm5t4 ,among ! mo/ common sights on our rides f ,yokohama to ,tokyo1 bo? )9 ! city & along ! roads lead+ to ! fields1 />t+ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 7 ! loads ( night soil c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( m5 & on ! backs ( animals1 b mo/ commonly on /rong c>ts drawn by m51 be>+ six to t5 tightly cov]$ wood5 conta9]s hold+ =ty1 sixty or m p\nds ea*4 ,/range z x may seem1 !re are n today & app>5tly nev] h be51 ev5 9 ! l>ge/ & olde/ cities ( ,japan1 ,*9a or ,korea1 any?+ correspond+ to ! hydraulic sy/ems ( sewage disposal us$ n[ by we/]n nations4 ,provision is made = ! removal ( /orm wat]s b :5 ,i ask$ my int]pret] if x 0 n ! cu/om ( ! city dur+ ! w9t] mon?s to dis*>ge its night soil into ! sea1 z a quick] & *eap] mode ( disposal1 8 reply came quick & %>p1 ,no1 t w\ld be wa/e4 ,we ?r[ no?+ away4 ,x is wor? too mu* money4 ,9 su* public places z rail way /ations provision is made = sav+1 n = wa/+1 & ev5 along ! c\ntry roads scre5s invite ! travel] to /op1 prim>ily = pr(it to ! own] m ?an = p]sonal conv5i5ce4 ,betwe5 ,yokohama & ,tokyo along ! electric c> l9e & n f> di/ant f ! sea%ore1 !re 7 to be se5 9 ,febru>y v _m long1 f5ce-high scre5s ext5d+ ea/ & we/1 /rongly incl9$ to ! nor?1 & built out ( rice /raw1 closely ti$ toge!r & support$ on bamboo poles c>ri$ ^u po/s ( wood set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! scre5s1 set 9 p>allel s]ies ( five to t5 or m 9 numb] & sev]al hundr$ feet long1 7 us$ = ! purpose ( dry+ v>ieties ( delicate seawe$1 ^! be+ spread out 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! seawe$ is fir/ spread ^u sep>ate t5 by twelve in* /raw mats1 =m+ a ?9 lay] sev5 by eight in*es4 ,^! mats are held by means ( wood5 skew]s =c$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! scre51 expos+ ! seawe$ to ! direct sun%9e4 ,aft] becom+ dry ! rectangles ( seawe$ are pil$ 9 bundles an in* ?ick1 cut once 9 two1 =m+ packages f\r by sev5 in*es1 :i* are neatly ti$ & ?us expos$ = sale z s\p /ock & = o!r purposes4 ,to obta9 ?is seawe$ f ! ocean small %rubs & ! limbs ( trees are set up 9 ! bottom ( %all[ wat]1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,to ^! limbs ! seawe$s become atta*$1 gr[ to maturity & are !n ga!r$ by h&4 ,by ?is me?od ( culture l>ge am\nts ( important food /uff are gr[n = ! support ( ! p on areas o!rwise :olly unproductive4 ,ano!r rural feature1 be/ %[n by photograph tak5 9 ,febru>y1 is ! me?od ( tra9+ pe> or*>ds 9 ,japan1 ) _! limbs ti$ d[n ^u horizontal ov]-bead trellises at a height "u :i* a man c readily walk erect & easily rea* ! fruit ) ! h& :ile /&+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,pe> or*>ds ?us =m arbors ( great] or less size1 ! trees be+ set 9 qu9cunx ord] ab\t twelve feet ap>t 9 & betwe5 ! r[s4 ,bamboo poles are us$ ov]head & ^! c>ri$ on po/s ( ! same mat]ial #a4e to #b4e in*es 9 diamet]1 to :i* !y are ti$4 ,su* a pe> or*>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! limbs ( ! pe> trees are tra9$ /rictly 9 "o plane1 ty+ !m d[n & prun+ out ^? n desir$4 ,z a result ! gr\nd b5ea? is completely %ad$ & e pe> is )9 rea*1 :i* is a great conv5i5ce :5 x becomes desirable to protect ! fruit f insects1 by ty+ pap] bags ov] e pe> z se5 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,! or*>d gr\nd is kept free f we$s & n infrequ5tly is cov]$ ) a lay] ( rice or o!r /raw1 ext5sively us$ 9 ,japan z a gr\nd cov] ) v>i\s crops & :5 s us$ is c>efully laid 9 h&fuls f bundles1 ! /raws be+ kept p>allel z :5 h>ve/$4 ,to "o f a c\ntry ( #afj-;acre f>ms1 ) roads f\r rods wide2 ( cities ) broad /reets & resid5ces ) gre5 lawns & ample back y>ds2 & :]e ! cemet]ies are l>ge & beautiful p>ks1 ! fir/ days ( travel 9 ^! old c\ntries =ce ! ov]-cr[d+ ^u ! att5tion z no?+ else c4 ,"o feels t ! cities are greatly ov]-cr[d$ ) h\ses & %ops1 & ^! ) p & w>es2 t ! c\ntry is ov]-cr[d$ ) fields & ! fields ) crops2 & t 9 ,japan ! ov]-cr[d+ is greate/ ( all 9 ! cemet]ies1 grave/ones almo/ t\*+ & m>k]s = families lit]ally 9 bundles at a grave1 :ile r\nd ab\t !re may be no free c\ntry :atev]1 dwell+s1 g>d5s or rice paddies conte/+ ! t9y allott$ areas too closely to leave ev5 foot-pa?s betwe54 ,unless rec5tly modifi$ ?r\gh =eign influ5ce ! /reets ( villages & cities are n>r[1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e h[ev] ! /reet is unusually broad4 ,?is is a village 9 ! ,hakone di/rict on a beautiful lake ( ! same "n1 :]e /&s an ,imp]ial summ] palace1 se5 ne> ! c5t] ( ! view on a hill across ! lake4 ,! ro(s ( ! h\ses "h are typical ( ! neat1 c>eful ?at*+ ) rice /raw1 v g5]ally adopt$ 9 place ( tile = ! c\ntry villages ?r\gh\t mu* ( ,japan4 ,! %ops & /ores1 op5 full wid? directly ^u ! /reet1 are fill$ to ov]fl[+1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #i & 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 ! canaliz$ regions ( ,*9a ! c\ntry villages cr[d bo? banks ( a canal1 z is ! case 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,"h1 too1 (t5 is a s+le /reet & x v n>r[1 v cr[d$ & v busy4 ,/one /eps lead f ! h\ses d[n into ! wat] :]e clo?+1 vegetables1 rice & :at n are conv5i5tly wa%$4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> village two r[s ( h\ses /& on "o side ( ! canal sep>at$ by a v n>r[ /reet1 & a s+le r[ on ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! bridge :]e ! cam]a 0 expos$ & "o b>ely disc]nible 9 ! backgr\nd1 cross+ ! canal a ?ird ( a mile di/ant1 we c\nt$ ^u "o side1 walk+ along ! n>r[ /reet1 eighty h\ses ea* ) its family1 usually ( ?ree g5]ations & (t5 ( f\r4 ,?us 9 ! n>r[ /rip1 #aed feet broad1 includ+ #af feet ( /reet & #cj feet ( canal1 ) its ?ree l9es ( h\ses4 liv$ no less ?an #bdj families & m ?an #abjj & probably ne>] #bjjj p4 ,:5 we turn to ! cr[d+ ( fields 9 ! c\ntry no?+ except see+ c tell s =cibly ! fact z su* l&scapes z ^? ( ,figs4 #aa1 #ab & #ac1 "o 9 ,japan1 "o 9 ,korea & "o 9 ,*9a1 n f> f ,nank+1 look+ f ! hills across ! fields to ! broad ,yangtse kiang1 b>ely disc]nible z a b& ( light along ! horizon4 ,! av]age area ( ! rice field 9 ,japan is less ?an five squ>e rods & t ( h] upl& fields only ab\t tw5ty4 ,9 ! case ( ! rice fields ! small size is necessitat$ p>tly by ! requirem5t ( hold+ wat] on ! slop+ sides ( ! valley1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,^! small areas d n repres5t ! am\nt ( l& work$ by "o family1 ! av]age = ,japan be+ m ne>ly #b4e acres4 ,b ! l&s work$ by "o family are seldom contigu\s1 !y may ev5 be widely scatt]$ & v (t5 r5t$4 ,! p g5]ally live 9 villages1 go+ (t5 consid]able di/ances to _! "w4 ,recogniz+ ! great disadvantage ( scatt]$ hold+s brok5 into su* small areas1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t has pass$ laws = ! adju/m5t ( f>m l&s :i* h be5 9 =ce s9ce #aijj4 ,x provides = ! ex*ange ( l&s2 = *ang+ b\nd>ies2 = *ang+ or aboli%+ roads1 embankm5ts1 ridges or canals & = alt]ations 9 irrigation & dra9age :i* w\ld ensure l>g] areas ) *annels & roads /raight5$1 made less num]\s & less wa/eful ( "t1 labor & l&4 ,up to #aijg ,japan _h issu$ p]mits = ! readju/m5t ( ov] #bdj1jjj acres1 & ,fig4 #ad is a l&scape 9 "o ( ^! readju/$ di/ricts4 ,to provide capable exp]ts = plann+ & sup]vis+ ^! *anges ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #aije intru/$ ! tra9+ ( m5 to ! high] agricultural s*ool belong+ to ! ,dai ,nippon ,agricultural ,association & s9ce #aijf ! ,agricultural ,college & ! ,kogyoku%a h und]tak5 ! same task & n[ !re are m5 suffici5t to pu% ! "w z rapidly z desir$4 ,x may be rememb]$1 too1 z %[+ h[1 along o!r fundam5tal l9es1 ,japan is tak+ effective /eps to improve ! condition ( h] p1 t %e already has h] ,imp]ial highways ext5d+ f "o prov9ce to ano!r2 h] prefectural roads :i* connect ! cities & villages )9 ! prefecture2 & ^? m local :i* s]ve ! f>ms & villages4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree sy/ems ( roads is ma9ta9$ by a specific tax levi$ = ! purpose :i* is exp5d$ "u prop] sup]vision1 a designat$ section ( road be+ kept 9 repair ?r\gh ! ye> by a specially appo9t$ crew1 z is ! practice 9 railroad ma9t5ance4 ,! result is1 ,japan has roads ma9ta9$ 9 excell5t condition1 always n>r[1 sacrific+ ! m9imum ( l&1 & ev]y:]e )\t f5ces4 ,h[ ! fields are cr[d$ ) crops & all available l& is made to d full duty 9 ^! old1 long-till$ c\ntries is evid5t 9 ,fig4 #ae :]e ev5 ! n>r[ divid+ ridges b a foot wide1 :i* reta9 ! wat] on ! rice paddies1 are be>+ a heavy crop ( soy beans2 & :]e may be se5 ! n>r[ pe> or*>d /&+ on ! v slighte/ rise ( gr\nd1 n a foot above ! wat] all ar\nd1 :i* c\ld bett] be left 9 grad+ ! paddies to prop] level4 ,h[ closely ! gr\nd itself may be cr[d$ ) plants is se5 9 ,fig4 #af1 :]e a "y pea* or*>d1 ^: tree tops 7 six feet ?r\gh1 plant$ 9 r[s tw5ty-two feet ap>t1 _h also t5 r[s ( cabbage1 two r[s ( l>ge w9dsor beans & a r[ ( g>d5 peas4 ,?irte5 r[s ( vegetables 9 #bb feet1 all luxuriant & /rong1 & note ! judgm5t %[n 9 plac+ ! talle/ plants1 ne$+ ! mo/ sun1 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! trees4 ,b ^! old p1 us$ to cr[d+ & to be+ cr[d$1 & long ago capable ( mak+ f\r blades ( grass gr[ :]e ,nature grew b "o1 h also le>n$ h[ to d\ble ! acreage :]e a crop ne$s m elb[ ?an x does /&+ room1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is man's g>d5 _h an area ( b #fc by #fh feet & two squ>e rods ( ?is 0 held sacr$ to ! family grave m\nd1 & yet 8 /atem5t ( yields1 numb] ( crops & prices made 8 e>n+ #ajj a ye> on less ?an "o-t5? ( an acre4 ,8 crop ( cucumb]s on less ?an 4#jf ( an acre w\ld br+ him #bj4 ,he _h already sold #e wor? ( gre5s & a second crop w\ld foll[ ! cucumb]s4 ,he _h j irrigat$ 8 g>d5 f an adjo9+ canal1 us+ a foot-p[] pump1 & /at$ t until x ra9$ he w\ld repeat ! wat]+ once p] week4 ,x 0 8 wife :o /ood 9 ! g>d5 &1 al?\gh we>+ tr\s]s1 h] dress %[$ full reg>d = mode/y4 ,b cr[d+ crops m closely 9 ! field n only requires high] fe$+ to br+ great] returns1 b also relatively great] c>e1 clos] wat*fulness 9 a hundr$ ways & a pati5ce f> beyond ,am]ican measure2 & s1 be=e ! cr[d+ ( ! crops 9 ! field & along ) x1 !re came to ^! v old f>m]s a cr[d+ ( ! grey matt] 9 ! bra9 ) ! evolution ( effective texture4 ,?is is %[n 9 8 fields :i* cr[d ! l&scape4 ,x is se5 9 ! crops :i* cr[d 8 fields4 ,y see x 9 ! old man's face1 ,fig4 #ah1 /&+ opposite 8 compe]1 ,pr9ce ,*+1 ,fig4 #ai1 ea* clad 9 w9t] dress :i* is ! embodim5t ( conv]sation1 reta9+ ! fires ( ! body = its own ne$s1 to release ! gr[? on m\nta9 sides = o!r uses4 ,& :5 "o realizes h[1 ne>ly to ! extreme limits1 cons]vation along all important l9es is be+ practic$ z an inh]it$ in/9ct1 !re ne$ be no surprise :5 "o reflects t ! two m51 "o z fe$] & ! o!r z lead]1 are /&+ 9 ! =e ( a body ( f\r hundr$ millions ( p :o h m>*$ z a nation ?r\gh p]haps =ty c5turies1 & :o n[1 9 ! light & great promise ( unfold+ sci5ce h _! faces set t[>d a /ill m hopeful & long] future4 ,on ,febru>y #ba/ ! ,tosa ,m>u left ,yokohama = ,kobe at s*$ule "t on ! tick ( ! wat*1 z %e _h done f ,seattle4 ,all ,japanese /eam]s appe> to be mov$ ) ! promptness ( a railway tra94 ,on rea*+ ,kobe we transf]r$ to ! ,yamagu*i ,m>u :i* sail$ ! foll[+ morn+1 to %ort5 ! "t ( rea*+ ,%anghai4 ,?is left b an aft]noon = a trip into ! c\ntry betwe5 ,kobe & ,osaka1 :]e we f\nd1 if possible1 ev5 high] & m int5sive culture practices ?an on ! ,tokyo pla91 !re be+ less l& n c>ry+ a w9t] crop4 ,& ,fig4 #bj %[s h[ closely ! crops cr[d ! h\ses & %ops4 ,"h 7 v _m cem5t l9$ ci/]ns or %elt]$ res]voirs = collect+ manures & prep>+ f]tiliz]s & ! appe>ance ( bo? soil & crops %[$ 9 a m>k$ mann] to :at advantage4 ,we pass$ a g>d5 ( ne>ly an acre entirely devot$ to ,engli% violets j com+ into full bloom4 ,!y 7 gr[n 9 long p>allel ea/ & we/ b$s ab\t ?ree feet wide4 ,on ! nor? edge ( ea* b$ 0 erect$ a rice-/raw scre5 f\r feet high :i* incl9$ to ! s\?1 ov]hang+ ! b$ at an angle ( "s ?irty-five degrees1 ?us =m+ a sort ( bake-ov5 t5t :i* reflect$ ! sun1 broke ! =ce ( ! w9d & *eck$ ! loss ( heat absorb$ by ! soil4 ,! voyage f ,kobe to ,moji 0 made betwe5 #aj 9 ! morn+1 ,febru>y #bd?1 & #e 4#cj ,p4 ,m4 ( ,febru>y #be? ov] a quiet sea ) an enjoyable ride4 ,be+ fogb\nd dur+ ! night gave u ! :ole ( ,japan's beautiful ,inl& ,sea1 en*ant+ beyond measure1 9 all its ne> & di/ant beauty b :i* no p51 no bru%1 no cam]a may attempt4 ,only ! eye c convey4 ,be=e rea*+ h>bor ! tide _h be5 ris+ & ! /rait sep>at+ ,hon%u f ,kyu%u isl& 0 runn+ l a mighty swirl+ riv] betwe5 ,moji & ,%imonoseki1 dang]\s to attempt 9 ! d>k1 s we wait$ until morn+4 ,!re 0 c>go to take on bo>d & ! /eam] mu/ coal4 ,no soon] _h ! an*or dropp$ & ! /eam] swung into ! curr5t ?an light]s came alongside ) out-go+ freight4 ,! small1 /rong1 agile ,japanese /ev$ores _h ?is task complet$ by #h3cj ,p4 ,m4 & :5 we return$ to ! deck aft] supp] ano!r sc5e 0 on4 ,! c>go light]s _h gone & f\r l>ge b>ges be>+ #bej tons ( coal _h tak5 _! places on opposite sides ( ! /eam]1 ea* illum9at$ ) buckets ( blaz+ coal or by burn+ conical heaps on ! surface4 ,f ! bottom ( ^! pits 9 ! d>kness ! illum9ation sugge/$ huge decapitat$ ant heaps 9 ! wilde/ fr5zy1 = ! coal seem$ cov]$ & !re 0 hurry 9 e direction4 ,m5 & wom51 boys & girls1 b5d+ to _! tasks1 7 fill+ %all[ sauc]-%ap$ baskets ) coal & /ack+ !m eight to t5 high 9 a semi-circle1 l co9 = deliv]y4 ,ris+ out ( ^! pits sixte5 feet up ! side ( ! /eam] & along h] deck to ! *utes lead+ to h] bunk]s 7 :at seem$ f\r endless human *a9s1 9 s]vice ! prototype ( our mod]n conveyors1 b "h ea* l9k animat$ by its own p[]4 ,up ^! conveyors ! load$ buckets pass$1 "o foll[+ ano!r at ! rate ( #dj to #fj p] m9ute1 to return empty by ! desc5d+ l9e1 & ov] ! f\r *a9s "o hundr$ tons p] h\r1 = #bej tons ( coal pass$ to ! bunk]s 9 two & a half h\rs4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 /ood 9 ! l9e & at ! upp] turn ( "o ( ^!1 empty+ ! buckets d[n ! *ute1 0 a "m ) h] two-ye>-old *ild 9 ! sl+ on back1 :]e x rock$ & sway$ to & fro1 happy ! entire "t4 ,x 0 (t5 necess>y = ! "m to adju/ h] baby 9 ! sl+ :5ev] x 0 lean+ uncom=tably too f> to "o side or ! o!r1 b %e did x skillfully1 always ) a %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 = bo? h&s 7 full4 ,! "m look$ /rong1 0 app>5tly accept+ h] lot z a matt] ( c\rse & (t51 ) a smile1 turn$ h] face to ! *ild1 :o patt$ x & play$ ) h] e>s & hair4 ,probably h] husb& 0 do+ 8 "p 9 a m /r5u\s place 9 ! *a9 & nei!r _h "t to be tr\bl$ ) aff9ities = x 0 #aj3cj ,p4 ,m4 :5 ! baskets /opp$1 & some:]e no d\bt !re 0 a home to be rea*$ & p]haps supp] to get4 ,%all we be able1 :5 our numb]s h va/ly increas$1 to p]mit all ne$ful e>n+s to be acquir$ 9 a bett] way8 ,we left ,moji 9 ! e>ly morn+ & late 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day ent]$ ! beautiful h>bor ( ,nagasaki1 all on bo>d wait+ until morn+ = a laun* to g a%ore4 ,we 7 to sail aga9 at noon s available "t = obs]vation 0 %ort & we set out 9 a rick%a at once = our fir/ ne> view ( t]rac$ g>d5+ on ! /eep hillsides 9 ,japan4 ,9 rea*+ !m & 9 return+ our c\rse l$ ?r\gh /reets pav$ ) long1 ?ick & n>r[ /one blocks1 hav+ deep op5 gutt]s on "o or bo? sides close along ! h\ses1 into :i* wa/e wat] 0 empti$ & ?r\gh :i* ! /orm wat]s f\nd _! way to ! sea4 ,few ( ^! /reets 7 m ?an twelve feet wide & close wat*+1 ) mu* dodg+1 0 requir$ to make way ?r\gh !m4 ,"h1 too1 ! night soil ( ! city 0 be+ remov$ 9 clos$ receptacles on ! %\ld]s ( m51 on ! backs ( horses & cattle & on c>ts drawn by ei!r4 ,o!r m5 & wom5 7 hurry+ along ) baskets ( vegetables well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba1 "s ) fre% cabbage1 o!rs ) high /acks ( crisp lettuce1 "s ) mon/r\s :ite radi%es or turnips1 o!rs ) bundles ( onions1 all com+ d[n f ! t]rac$ g>d5s to ! m>kets4 ,we pass$ loads ( gre5 bamboo poles j cut1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet] at ! butt & tw5ty feet long1 drawn on c>ts4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 7 c>ry+ "y *ildr5 & old] ones 7 play+ & s++ 9 ! /reet4 ,v _m old wom51 "s feeble look+1 mov$1 load$1 ?r\gh ! ?rong4 ,homely little dogs1 an occasional lean cat1 & h5s & roo/]s scurri$ across ! /reet f "o l[ m>ket or /ore to ano!r4 ,back ( ! r[s ( small /ores & %ops front+ on ! clean n>r[ /reets 7 ! dwell+s ^: exits seem$ to op5 ?r\gh ! /ores1 few or no op5 c\rts ( any size sep>at+ !m f ! m>ket or %op4 ,! opportunity :i* ! ori5tal h\sewife may h 9 ! *oice ( vegetables on go+ to ! m>ket1 & ! attractive mann] ( display+ su* products 9 ,japan1 are se5 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,we f9ally rea*$ "o ( ! t]rac$ hillsides :i* rise five hundr$ to a ?\s& feet above ! h>bor ) sides s /eep t g>d5 areas h a wid? ( seldom m ?an tw5ty to ?irty feet & (t5 less1 :ile ! front ( ea* t]race may be a /one wall1 sometimes twelve feet high1 (t5 m ?an six1 f\r & five feet be+ ! mo/ common height4 ,"o ( ^! hillside slopes is se5 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,^! t]rac$ g>d5s are bo? %ort & n>r[ & mo/ ( !m b\nd$ by /one walls on ?ree sides1 sugge/+ h\se f\ndations1 ! two end walls slop+ d[n ! hill f ! height ( ! back t]race1 dropp+ to ! gr\nd level 9 front1 ^! =m+ foot-pa?s lead+ up ! slope occasionally ) "o1 two or ?ree /eps 9 places4 ,ea* t]race slop$ slightly d[n ! hill at a small angle & _h a l[ ridge along ! front4 ,ar\nd its entire bord] a n>r[ dra9 or furr[ 0 arrang$ to collect surface wat] & direct x to dra9age *annels or into a cat* bas9 :]e x might be put back on ! g>d5 or be us$ 9 prep>+ liquid f]tiliz]4 ,at "o corn] ( _m ( ^! small t]rac$ g>d5s 7 cem5t l9$ pits1 us$ bo? z cat* bas9s = wat] & z receptacles = liquid manure or z places 9 :i* to prep>e compo/4 ,f> up ! /eep pa?s1 too1 along ei!r side1 we saw _m piles ( /able manure await+ application1 all ( :i* _h be5 br\ght up ! slopes 9 backets on bamboo poles1 c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s ( m5 & wom54 ,,ii ,,grave ,,l&s ,,( ,,*9a ,! laun* _h return$ ! pass5g]s to ! /eam] at #aa3cj2 ! capta9 0 on ! bridge2 prompt to ! m9ute at ! call ,hoi/ away ! signal w5t bel[ & ! ,yamagu*i's :i/le fill$ ! h>bor & ov]-fl[$ ! hills4 ,! cable w\nd 91 & at twelve1 noon1 we 7 leav+ ,nagasaki1 n[ a city ( #aec1jjj & ! we/]n doorway ( a nation ( fifty-"o millions ( p b ( little importance be=e ! sixte5? c5tury :5 x became ! *ief m>t ( ,portuguese trade4 ,we 7 to pass ! ,koreans on our "r & ent] ! portals ( a ?ird nation ( f\r hundr$ millions4 ,we _h left a c\ntry :i* _h add$ eighty-five millions to its population 9 "o hundr$ ye>s & :i* /ill has tw5ty acres = ea* man1 woman & *ild1 to pass ?r\gh "o :i* has b "o & a half acres p] capita1 & 7 go+ to ano!r ^: allotm5t ( acres1 good & bad1 is less ?an #b4d4 ,we _h gone f practices by :i* ?ree g5]ations _h exhau/$ /rong virg9 fields1 & 7 com+ to o!rs /ill f]tile aft] ?irty c5turies ( cropp+4 ,on ,janu>y #cj? we cross$ ! head wat]s ( ! ,mississippi-,miss\ri1 f\r ?\s& miles f its m\?1 & on ,m>* #a/ 7 9 ! m\? ( ! ,yangtse riv] ^: wat]s are ga!r$ f a bas9 9 :i* dwell two hundr$ millions ( p4 ,! ,yamagu*i rea*$ ,woosung 9 ! night & an*or$ to await morn+ & tide be=e asc5d+ ! ,hwangpoo1 believ$ by "s geograph]s to be ! middle ( ?ree e>li] delta arms ( ! ,yangtse kiang1 ! s\!rn ent]+ ! sea at ,hang*[ #abj miles fur!r s\?1 ! ?ird be+ ! pres5t /ream4 ,z we w\nd ?r\gh ?is great delta pla9 t[>d ,%anghai1 ! city ( =eign concessions to all nationalities1 ! fir/ /rik+ feature 0 ! graves ( ! fa!rs1 ( ! ance/ors4 ,at fir/ ! num]\s grass-cov]$ hillocks dott+ ! pla9 seem$ to be /acks ( gra9 or /raw2 !n came ! qu]y :e!r !y might n be huge compo/ heaps await+ di/ribution 9 ! fields1 b z ! riv] br\ght u ne>] to !m we seem$ to be mov+ ?r\gh a l& ( anci5t m\nd build]s & ,fig4 #bd %[s1 9 its upp] section1 _! appe>ance z se5 9 ! di/ance4 ,z ! j\rney l$ on among ! fields1 s l>ge 7 ! m\nds1 (t5 t5 to twelve feet high & tw5ty or m feet at ! base2 s grass-cov]$ & app>5tly neglect$2 s num]\s & s irregul>ly scatt]$1 )\t app>5t reg>d = fields1 t :5 we 7 told ^! 7 graves we c\ld n give cr$5ce to ! /atem5t1 b be=e ! city 0 rea*$ we saw places :]e1 by ! %ift+ ( ! *annel1 ! riv] _h cut into "s ( ^! m\nds1 expos+ brick vaults1 "s s l[ z to be "u wat] "p ( ! "t1 & we wond] if ! fact does n also record a sl[ subsid5ce ( ! delta pla9 "u ! ev] increas+ load ( riv] silt4 ,a clos] view ( ^! graves 9 ! same delta pla9 is giv5 9 ! l[] section ( ,fig4 #bd1 :]e !y are se5 9 ! mid/ ( fields & to occupy n only l>ge areas ( valuable l& b to be mu* 9 ! way ( agricultural op]ations4 ,a /ill clos] view ( o!r gr\ps1 ) a f>m village 9 ! backgr\nd1 is %[n 9 ! middle section ( ! same illu/ration1 & "h x is bett] se5 h[ l>ge is ! space occupi$ by !m4 ,on ! "r 9 ! same view may be se5 a l9e ( six graves surm\nt+ a common l[] base :i* is a type ( ! l>g] & high] ones s sugge/ive ( build+s se5 9 ! horizon ( ! upp] section4 ,ev]y:]e we w5t 9 ,*9a1 ab\t all ( ! v old & l>ge cities1 ! proportion ( grave l& to cultivat$ fields is v l>ge4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,canton ,*ri/ian college1 on ,honam isl&1 m ?an fifty p] c5t ( ! l& 0 giv5 ov] to graves & 9 _m places !y 7 s close t "o c\ld /ep f "o to ano!r4 ,!y are on ! high] & dry] l&s1 ! cultivat$ areas occupy+ rav9es & ! l[] levels to :i* wat] may be m easily appli$ & :i* are ! mo/ productive4 ,hilly l&s n s readily cultivat$1 & especially if )9 rea* ( cities1 are l>gely s us$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #be1 :]e ! graves are m>k$ by excavat$ %elves r ?an by m\nds1 z on ! pla9s4 ,^! grave l&s are n altoge!r unproductive = !y are g5]ally ov]gr[n ) h]bage ( "o or ano!r k9d & us$ z pa/ures = geese1 %eep1 goats & cattle1 & x is n at all uncommon1 :5 rid+ along a canal1 to see a huge wat] buffalo project$ aga9/ ! sky f ! summit ( "o ( ! l>ge/ & highe/ grave m\nds )9 rea*4 ,if ! h]bage is n f$ (f by animals x is usually cut = fe$1 = fuel1 = gre5 manure or = use 9 ! production ( compo/ to enri* ! soil4 ,caskets may be plac$ directly ^u ! surface ( a field1 encas$ 9 brick vaults ) tile ro(s1 =m+ su* clu/]s z 0 se5 on ! bank ( ! ,gr& ,canal 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce1 repres5t$ 9 ! l[] section ( ,fig4 #bf1 or !y may /& s+ly 9 ! mid/ ( a g>d51 z 9 ! upp] section ( ! same figure2 9 a rice paddy entirely surr\nd$ by wat] p>ts ( ! ye>1 & inde$ 9 almo/ any unexpect$ place4 ,9 ,%anghai 9 #ahih1 #b1gfc expos$ c(f9$ corpses 7 remov$ outside ! ,int]national ,settlem5t or buri$ by ! au?orities4 ,fur!r nor?1 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 :]e ! dry season is m prolong$ & :]e a sev]e dr\ght _h made grass %ort1 ! grave l&s _h become ne>ly nak$ soil1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bg :]e a ,%antung f>m] _h j dug a tempor>y well to irrigate 8 little field ( b>ley4 ,)9 ! range ( ! cam]a1 z held to take ?is view1 m ?an =ty grave m\nds besides ! sev5 ne> by1 are ne> en\gh to be fix$ on ! negative & be disc]nible "u a glass1 indicat+ :at ext5sive areas ( l&1 9 ! aggregate1 are giv5 ov] to graves4 ,/ill fur!r nor?1 9 ,*ihli1 a l /ory is told 91 if possible1 m emphatic mann] & fully v\*$ = 9 ! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* %[s a typical family gr\p1 to be obs]v$ 9 s _m places betwe5 ,taku & ,ti5ts9 & beyond t[>d ,pek+4 ,z we ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,pei-ho = ,ti5ts91 f> away to ! vani%+ horizon !re /ret*$ an almo/ nak$ pla9 except = ! va/ numb]s ( ^! graves ( ! fa!rs1 s /range1 s nak$1 s regul> 9 =m & s num]\s t m ?an an h\r ( our j\rney _h pass$ be=e we realiz$ t !y 7 graves & t ! c\ntry "h 0 p]haps m d5sely peopl$ ) ! dead ?an ) ! liv+4 ,9 s _m places !re 0 ! huge fa!r grave1 (t5 capp$ ) :at 9 ! di/ance sugge/$ a *imney1 & ! _m associat$ small] ones1 t x 0 difficult to realize 9 pass+ :at !y 74 ,x is a common cu/om1 ev5 if ! resid5ce has be5 p]man5tly *ang$ to "s di/ant prov9ce1 to take ! bodies back = int]m5t 9 ! family gr\p2 & x is ?is cu/om :i* leads to ! practice ( *oos+ a tempor>y location = ! body1 wait+ = a favorable opportunity to remove x to ! family gr\p4 ,?is is (t5 ! occasion = ! isolat$ c(f9 s frequ5tly se5 "u a simple ?at* ( rice /raw1 z 9 ,fig4 #bi2 & ! _m small /one j>s conta9+ skeletons ( ! dead1 or portions ( !m1 /&+ s+ly or 9 r[s 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places lea/ 9 ! way 9 ! cr[d$ fields & g>d5s1 await+ removal to ! f9al re/+ place4 ,x is ?is cu/om1 too1 ,i am told1 :i* has l$ to plac+ a l>ge quantity ( cau/ic lime 9 ! bottom ( ! casket1 on :i* ! body re/s1 ?is act+ z an effective absorb5t4 ,x is ! cu/om 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a1 if n 9 all1 to p]iodically re/ore ! m\nds1 ma9ta9+ _! height & size1 z is se5 9 ! next two illu/rations1 & to decorate ^! once 9 ! ye> ) fly+ /ream]s ( color$ pap]1 ! remnants ( :i* may be se5 9 bo? ,figs4 #cj & #ca1 set !re z tok5s t ! pap] money has be5 burn$ ^u !m & its ess5ce s5t up 9 ! smoke = ! ma9t5ance ( ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,we h our memorial day2 !y h = c5turies obs]v$ !irs ) religi\s fidelity4 ,! usual exp5se ( a burial among ! work+ p is said to be #ajj1 ,mexican1 an enorm\s burd5 :5 ! day's wage or ! ye>ly e>n+ ( ! family is consid]$ & :5 !re is add$ to ?is ! ye>ly exp5se ( ance/or wor%ip4 ,h[ su* volunt>y burd5s are assum$ by p "u su* circum/ances is h>d to und]/&4 ,mission>ies ass]t x is fe> ( evil consequ5ces 9 ?is life & ( puni%m5t & neglect 9 ! h]eaft] t leads to assum+ !m4 ,is x n f> m likely t su* is ! price ^! p are will+ to pay = a good "n among ! liv+ & because ( _! deep & la/+ fri5d%ip = ! dep>t$8 ,nor does x seem at all /range t a k9dly1 w>m-he>t$ p ) /rong filial affection %\ld h rea*$1 c>ry 9 _! long hi/ory1 a belief 9 "o _s ( ! dep>t$ :i* hov]s ab\t ! home1 "o :i* hov]s ab\t ! grave & ano!r :i* w&]s abroad1 = surely !re are associations ) ea* ( ^! conditions :i* mu/ long & =cefully awak5 memories ( fri5ds gone4 ,if ?is view is possible may n su* ance/ral wor%ip be an index ( qualities ( "* /rongly fix$ & ( ! highe/ wor? :i*1 :5 improvem5ts come t may relieve ! heavy burd5s n[ c>ri$1 w only %9e m brightly & c\nt m = "r liv+ z well z com=t8 ,ev5 9 our own case x w h>dly be ma9ta9$ t our burial cu/oms h rea*$ _! be/ & f9al solution1 = 9 all civiliz$ nations !y are unnecess>ily exp5sive & f> too cumb]some4 ,x is only necess>y to m5tally add ! accumulation ( a few c5turies to our cemet]ies to realize h[ impossible our practice mu/ become4 ,cle>ly !re is "h a v important l9e = bett]m5t :i* all nationalities %\ld und]take4 ,:5 ! /eam] an*or$ at ,%anghai ! day 0 pleasant & ! ra9 coats :i* greet$ u 9 ,yokohama 7 n 9 evid5ce b ! numb]s :o _h met ! /eam] 9 ! hope ( an opportunity = e>n+ a trifle 0 f> great] & 9 _m ways 9 /rong contra/ ) ! ,japanese4 ,we 7 mu* surpris$ to f9d ! m5 ( s l>ge /ature1 mu* above ! ,*9ese usually se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 7 fully ! equal ( l>ge ,am]icans 9 frame b q )\t surplus fle% yet few appe>$ und]f$4 ,to realize t ^! are /rong1 h>dy m5 x 0 only necess>y to wat* !m c>ry+ on _! %\ld]s bales ( cotton betwe5 !m1 support$ by a /rong bamboo2 :ile ! heavy loads !y transport on :eel-b>r[s ?r\gh ! c\ntry ov] long di/ances1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #cb1 prove _! great endurance4 ,?is same type ( vehicle1 too1 is "o ( ! common means ( transport+ p1 especially ,*9ese wom51 & f\r six & ev5 eight may be se5 rid+ toge!r1 propell$ by a s+le :eelb>r[ man4 ,,iii ,,to ,,hongkong ,,& ,,canton ,we _h come to le>n h[ ! old-_w f>m]s bad be5 able to provide mat]ials = food & clo?+ on su* small areas = s _m millions1 at s l[ a price1 dur+ s _m c5turies1 & 7 anxi\s to see !m at ! soil & among ! crops4 ,! sun 0 /ill s\? ( ! equator1 com+ nor? only ab\t twelve miles p] day1 s1 to save "t1 we book$ on ! next /eam] = ,hongkong to meet spr+ at ,canton1 beyond ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 six hundr$ miles f>!r s\?1 & return ) h]4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #d? ! ,tosa ,m>u /eam$ out into ! ,yangtse riv]1 already fl[+ ) ! increas$ spe$ ( ebb tide4 ,! pilots 7 on ! bridge to guide h] c\rse along ! n>r[ s\? *annel ?r\gh wat]s seem+ly z br[n & turbid z ! ,potomac aft] a ra94 ,x 0 "s di/ance beyond ,gutzlaff ,isl&1 sev5ty miles to sea1 :]e !re is a ligh?\se & a telegraph /ation receiv+ six cables1 t we cross$ ! front ( ! out-go+ tide1 %[+ 9 a %>p l9e ( contra/ /ret*+ 9 ei!r direction f>!r ?an ! eye c\ld see1 across ! c\rse ( ! %ip & yet x 0 ! season ( l[ wat] 9 ?is riv]4 ,dur+ long ages ?is /ream ( mighty volume has be5 load+ ^u itself 9 f>-away ,tibet1 )\t dr$ge1 b>ge1 fuel or human ef=t1 unus$ & !re unusable soils1 br++ !m d[n f inaccessible heights across two or ?ree ?\s& miles1 build+ up ) !m1 f "u ! sea1 at ! gateways ( comm]ce1 miles ^u miles ( ! _w's mo/ f]tile fields & g>d5s4 ,today on ?is riv]1 w9d+ ?r\gh six hundr$ miles ( ! mo/ highly cultivat$ fields1 laid out on riv]-built pla9s1 g l>ge ocean /eam]s to ! city ( ,hank[-,wu*ang-,hanyang :]e #a1ggj1jjj p live & trade )9 a radius less ?an f\r miles2 :ile small] /eam]s pu% on a ?\s& miles & are !n b #acj feet above sea level4 ,ev5 n[1 ) ! aid ( curr5t1 tide & man1 ^! br[n turbid wat]s are rapidly add+ f]tile delta pla9s = new homes4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s ,*ungm+ isl& has gr[n 9 l5g? "s #ahjj feet p] ye> & today a million p are liv+ & gr[+ rice1 :eat1 cotton & sweet potatoes on #bgj squ>e miles ( f]tile pla9 :]e five hundr$ ye>s ago 7 only subm]g$ riv] s&s & silt4 ,"h #cgjj p p] squ>e mile h acquir$ homes4 ,! s\?w>d voyage 0 ov] a quiet sea & z we pass$ among & ne> ! (f-%ore isl&s ^!1 z se5 9 ,japan1 appe>$ de/itute ( vegetation o!r ?an ! l[ h]bace\s types ) few %rubs & almo/ no =e/ gr[? & little else t gave ! appe>ance ( gre54 ,capta9 ,h>rison in=m$ me t at no "t 9 ! ye> are ^! isl&s possess$ ( ! grass-gre5 v]dure s (t5 se5 9 nor!rn climates1 & yet ! isl&s lie 9 a region ( abundant summ] ra91 mak+ x h>d to und]/& :y !re is n a m luxuriant gr[?4 ,sunday morn+1 ,m>* #g?1 pass+ fir/ ext5sive sug> ref9]ies1 f\nd u ent]+ ! long1 n>r[ & beautiful h>bor ( ,hongkong4 ,"h1 ly+ at an*or 9 ! t5 squ>e miles ( wat]1 7 five battle%ips1 sev]al l>ge ocean /eam]s1 _m coa/wise vessels & a multitude ( small] craft ^: ye>ly tonnage is tw5ty to ?irty millions4 ,b ! h>bor lies 9 ! track ( ! t]rible ,ea/ ,indian typhoon &1 al?\gh %elt]$ on ! nor? %ore ( a high isl&1 "o ( ^! /orms rec5tly sunk n9e vessels1 s5t tw5ty-?ree a%ore1 s]i\sly damag$ tw5ty-"o o!rs1 wr\ght great de/ruction among ! small] craft & ov] a ?\s& dead 7 recov]$4 ,su* 0 ! de/ruction wr\ght by ! ,septemb] /orm ( #aijf4 ,our /eam] did n g to dock b ! ,nippon ,yus5 ,kai%a's laun* transf]r$ u to a city mu* resembl+ ,seattle 9 possess+ a scant foot+ betwe5 a long sea front & high /eep m\nta9 slopes beh9d4 ,"h cliffs too /eep to climb rise f ! v sidewalk & are cov]$ ) a great pr(usion & v>iety ( f]ns1 small bamboo1 palms1 v9es1 _m fl[]+ %rubs1 all int]sp]s$ ) p9e & great banyan trees t d s mu* t[>d add+ ! beauty ( nor!rn l&scapes to ! tropical features :i* rea* upw>d until hidd5 9 a veil ( fog t hung1 all ( ! "t we 7 !re1 ov] ! city1 ov] ! h>bor & /ret*$ beyond ,old & ,new ,k[loon4 ,hongkong isl& is "s elev5 miles long & b two to five miles wide1 :ile ! peak c>ry+ ! signal /aff rises #a1hbe feet above ! /reets f :i* asc5ds ! ,peak tramway1 :]e1 hang+ f opposite ends ( a /rong cable1 "o c> rises up ! slope & ano!r desc5ds e fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 af=d+ communication ) bus9ess h\ses bel[ & homes 9 beautiful surr\nd+s & a temp]$ climate above4 ,ext5d+ along ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 too1 above ! city1 are v excell5t roads1 c>efully grad$1 provid$ ) concrete gutt]s & bridges1 along :i* "o may travel on foot1 on horseback1 by rick%a or s$an *air1 b too n>r[ = c>riages4 ,ov] "o ( ^! we asc5d$ along "o side ( ,happy ,valley1 ar\nd its head & d[n ! o!r side4 ,only occasionally c\ld we cat* glimpses ( ! summit ?r\gh ! lift+ fog b ! views1 look+ d[n & across ! city & beyond ! h>bor ) its %ipp+1 & up & d[n ! _m rav9es f via-ducts1 are among ! *oice/ & r>e/ ev] made accessible to ! resid5ts ( any city4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! migratory season = birds1 & trees & %rubb]y ?rong$ ) _m species4 ,_m ( ! wom5 9 ,hongkong 7 se5 engag$ 9 su* heavy manual labor ) ! m5 z c>ry+ cru%$ rock & s&1 = concrete & macadam "w1 up ! /eep /reet slopes long di/ances f ! dock1 b !y 7 nei!r tortur$ nor incapacitat$ by b\nd feet4 ,l ! m51 !y 7 ( small] /ature ?an mo/ se5 at ,%anghai & closely resemble ! ,*9ese 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bo? sexes are agile1 wiry & /rong4 ,"h we fir/ saw lumb] saw+ 9 ! op5 /reets aft] ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 :]e wide bo>ds 7 be+ cut f camphor logs4 ,9 ! damp1 already w>m wea!r ! m5 7 /ripp$ to ! wai/1 _! limbs b>e to above ! knee1 & ea* c>ri$ a l>ge t[el = wip+ away ! pr(use p]spiration4 ,x 0 "h1 too1 t we fir/ met ! rem>kable /ag+ = ! erection ( build+s ( f\r & six /ories1 set up )\t saw1 hamm] or nail2 )\t injury to or wa/e ( lumb] & ) ! m9imum ( labor 9 con/ruction & removal4 ,poles & bamboo /ems 7 la%$ toge!r ) ov]lapp+ ends1 p]mitt+ any int]val or height to be secur$ )\t cutt+ or nail+1 & admitt+ ( ready removal ) absolutely no wa/e1 all p>ts be+ capable ( repeat$ use unless x be "s ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ty+ memb]s4 ,up incl9$ /airways1 f /ag+ to /ag+1 9 ! erection ( six-/ory granite build+s1 mort> 0 be+ c>ri$ 9 baskets sw++ f bamboo poles on ! %\ld]s ( m5 & wom51 z ! *eape/ hoi/s available 9 ,engli% ,hongkong :]e !re is will+ human labor & to sp>e4 ,! ,s+] sew+ ma*9e1 manufactur$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 0 se5 9 _m ,*9ese %ops 9 ,hongkong & o!r cities1 op]at$ by ,*9ese m5 & wom51 pur*as$1 freight prepaid1 at two-?irds ! retail price 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* are ! indications ( pr(it to manufactur]s on ! home sale ( home-made goods :ile at ! same "t reap+ good returns f a l>ge trade 9 hea!n l&s1 aft] pay+ ! freight4 ,indu/rial ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan d n obs]ve our weekly day ( re/ & dur+ our walk ar\nd ,happy ,valley on ,sunday aft]noon1 look+ d[n ^u its t]rac$ g>d5s & t9y fields1 we saw m5 & wom5 busy fitt+ ! soil = new crops1 ga!r+ vegetables = m>ket1 fe$+ plants ) liquid manure & ev5 irrigat+ c]ta9 crops1 not)/&+ ! damp1 foggy1 %[]y wea!r4 ,turn+ ! head ( ! valley1 att5tion 0 drawn to a wall$ enclosure & a det\r d[n ! slope br\ght u to a flori/'s g>d5 )9 :i* 7 r[s ( l>ge pott$ foliage plants ( semi-%rubb]y habit1 se5 9 ,fig4 #ce1 tra9$ 9 ! =m ( life-size human figures ) limbs1 arms & trunk provid$ ) highly glaz$ & color$ porcela9 feet1 h&s & head4 ,^!1 ) _m o!r pott$ plants & trees1 includ+ dw>f v>ieties1 are gr[n "u out-door lattice %elt]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*9a1 = sale to ! weal?y ,*9ese families4 ,h[ ?or\gh is ! tillage1 h[ effici5t & pa9/ak+ ! g>d5 fitt+1 & h[ closely ! gr\nd is cr[d$ to its upp] limit ( produc+ p[] are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cf2 & :5 "o /ops & /udies ! detail 9 su* g>d5s he expects 9 its executor an ord]ly1 c>eful1 frugal & indu/ri\s man1 gett+ n a little satisfaction out ( 8 creations h[ev] ardu\s 8 task or prolong$ 8 day4 ,if he is 9 ! g>d5 or "o meets him at ! h\se1 clad z ! nature ( 8 duties & comp5sation h det]m9$1 y may be disappo9t$ or feel aris+ an unk9d judgm5t4 ,b :o w\ld risk a reputation s clad & s environ$8 ,_m 7 ! times1 dur+ our walks 9 ! fields & g>d5s among ^! old1 mu* misund]/ood1 misrepres5t$ & und]valu$ p1 :5 ! bond ( common int]e/ 0 recogniz$ betwe5 u1 t !re %[$ ?r\gh ! face ! _s :i* put aside bo? dress & surr\nd+s & ! man /ood =? :o1 ) =titude & r>e wisdom1 is fe$+ ! millions & :o has c>ri$ ?r\gh c5turies ! t]rible burd5 ( taxes levi$ by di%onor & ne$less w>s4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is1 ! man /ood =? :o has kept alive ! se$s ( manhood & has n\ri%$ !m into su* /urdy /ock z has held ! /ream ( progress along ! be/ int]e/s ( civilization 9 spite ( ! driftwood heap$ ^u x4 ,n only are ^! p extremely c>eful & pa9/ak+ 9 fitt+ _! fields & g>d5s to receive ! crop1 b !y are ev5 m scrupul\s 9 _! c>e to make ev]y?+ t c possibly s]ve z f]tiliz] = ! soil1 or food = ! crop be+ gr[n1 d s unless !re is "s m remun]ative s]vice x may r5d]4 ,exp5se is incurr$ to provide su* receptacles z are se5 9 ,fig4 #cg = receiv+ n only ! night soil ( ! home & t :i* may be b\ght or o!rwise procur$1 b 9 :i* may be /or$ any o!r fluid :i* c s]ve z plant food4 ,on ! "r ( ^! e>!nw>e j>s too is a pile ( a%es & "o ( manure4 ,all su* mat]ials are sav$ & us$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s ways to enri* ! soil or to n\ri% ! plants be+ gr[n4 ,g5]ally ! liquid manures mu/ be dilut$ ) wat] to a great] or less ext5t be=e !y are f$1 z ! ,*9ese say1 to _! plants1 h5ce !re is ne$ ( an abundant & conv5i5t wat] supply4 ,"o ( ^! is se5 9 ,fig4 #ch1 :]e ! ,*9aman has adopt$ ! mod]n galvaniz$ iron pipe to br+ wat] f ! m\nta9 slope ( ,happy ,valley to 8 g>d54 ,by ! side ( ?is tank are ! cov]$ pails 9 :i* ! night soil 0 br\ght1 p]haps m ?an a mile1 to be fir/ dilut$ & !n appli$4 ,b ! m g5]al me?od = supply+ wat] is t ( lead+ x along ! gr\nd 9 *annels or dit*es to a small res]voir 9 "o corn] ( a t]rac$ field or g>d51 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ci1 :]e x is held & ! surplus l$ d[n f t]race to t]race1 giv+ ea* its p]man5t supply4 ,at ! upp] "r corn] ( ! engrav+ may be se5 two manure receptacles & a ?ird /&s ne> ! res]voir4 ,! plants on ! l[] t]race are wat] cress & ^? above ! same4 ,at ?is "t ( ! ye>1 on ! t]rac$ g>d5s ( ,happy ,valley1 ?is is "o ( ! crops mo/ ext5sively gr[n4 ,walk+ among ^! g>d5s & isolat$ homes1 we pass$ a pig p5 provid$ ) a smoo?1 well-laid /one floor t _h j be5 wa%$ scrupul\sly clean1 l ! floor ( a h\se4 ,:ile ,i 0 n able to le>n o!r facts reg>d+ ?is case1 ,i h little d\bt t ! wa%+s f ?is floor _h be5 c>efully collect$ & tak5 to "s receptacle to s]ve z a plant food4 ,look+ backw>d z we left ,hongkong = ,canton on ! cl\dy ev5+ ( ,m>* #h?1 ! view 0 wond]fully beautiful4 ,we 7 draw+ away f ?ree cities1 "o1 electric-light$ ,hongkong ris+ up ! /eep slopes1 sugge/+ a section ( sky set ) a va/ array ( />s ( all magnitudes up to triple ,jupit]s2 ano!r1 old & new ,k[loon on ! opposite side ( ! h>bor2 & betwe5 ^! two1 sep>at$ f ei!r %ore by wide rea*es ( :olly unoccupi$ wat]1 lay ! ?ird1 a mid-/rait city ( sampans1 junks & coa/wise craft ( _m k9ds segregat$1 9 ob$i5ce to police regulation1 into blocks & /reets ) ea* sett+ sun1 b only to scatt] aga9 ) ! com+ morn4 ,at night1 aft] a fix$ h\r1 no "o is p]mitt$ to leave %ore & cross ! vacant wat] /rip except f c]ta9 pi]s & ) ! p]mission ( ! police1 :o take ! numb] ( ! sampan & ! names ( its occupants4 ,ov] ! h>bor ?ree l>ge se>* lights 7 sweep+ & x 0 curi\s to see ! junks & o!r craft sudd5ly bur/ into full blazes ( light1 l s _m mon/r\s fire-flies1 to disappe> & reappe> z ! lights came & w5t4 ,?us is ! mid-/rait city light$ & polic$ & ?us h /eps be5 tak5 to less5 ! numb] ( cases ( f\l play :]e p h left ! :>ves at night = "s vessel 9 ! /rait1 nev] to be he>d f aga94 ,"s n9ety miles is ! di/ance by wat] to ,canton1 & e>ly ! next morn+ our /eam] dropp$ an*or (f ! =eign settlem5t ( ,%ame54 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,consul-,g5]al ,amos ,p4 ,wild] 9 s5d+ a telegram to ! ,canton ,*ri/ian ,college1 _! little /eam laun* met ! boat & took u directly to ! home ( ! college on ,honam ,isl&1 ly+ 9 ! great delta s\? ( ! city :]e s$im5ts br\ght by ! ,si-kiang--we/1 ,pei-kiang--nor?1 & ,tung-kiang--ea/--riv]s ?r\gh long c5turies h be5 build+ ! ri*e/ ( l& :i*1 because ( ! d5sity ( population1 are squ>$ up ev]y:]e to ! wat]'s edge & appropriat$ z fa/ z =m$1 & made to br+ =? mat]ials = food fuel & raim5t 9 va/ quantities4 ,x 0 on ,honam ,isl& t we walk$ fir/ among ! grave l&s & came to "k !m z su*1 = ,canton ,*ri/ian ,college /&s 9 ! mid/ ( graves :i*1 al?\gh v old1 are n p]mitt$ to be di/urb$ & ! developm5t ( ! campus mu/ wait to secure p]mission to remove graves1 or erect its build+s 9 places n ! mo/ desirable4 ,cattle 7 graz+ among ! graves & ) !m a flock ( "s #bej ( ! br[n ,*9ese geese1 two-?irds gr[n1 0 wat*$ by boys1 glean+ _! entire liv+ f ! grave l&s & adjac5t wat]4 ,a mature goose sells 9 ,canton = #a4bj1 ,mexican1 or less ?an #eb c5ts1 gold1 b ev5 !n h[ c ! labor] ^: day's wage is b t5 or fifte5 c5ts af=d "o = 8 family8 ,"h1 too1 we saw ! ,*9ese p]si/5t1 nev]-end+ indu/ry 9 keep+ _! l&1 _! sun%9e & _! ra91 ) !mselves1 busy 9 produc+ some?+ ne$ful4 ,fields :i* _h matur$ two crops ( rice dur+ ! long summ]1 _h be5 labori\sly1 & l>gely by h& labor1 ?r[n into /rong ridges z se5 9 ,fig4 #dj1 to p]mit /ill a ?ird w9t] crop ( "s vegetable to be tak5 f ! l&4 ,b ?is int5sive1 cont9u\s cropp+ ( ! l& spells soil exhau/ion & creates dem&s = ma9t5ance & re/oration ( available plant food or ! add+ ( l>ge quantities ( some?+ quickly conv]tible into x1 & s "h 9 ! fields on ,honam ,isl&1 z we _h f\nd 9 ,happy ,valley1 !re 0 abundant evid5ce ( ! mo/ c>eful att5tion & labori\s ef=t devot$ to plant fe$+4 ,! boat /&+ 9 ! canal 9 ,fig4 #da _h come f ,canton 9 ! e>ly morn+ ) two tons ( human manure & m5 7 busy apply+ x1 9 dilut$ =m1 to b$s ( leeks at ! rate ( #af1jjj gallons p] acre1 all c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s 9 su* pails z /& 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! mat]ial is appli$ ) long-h&l$ dipp]s hold+ a gallon1 dipp+ x f ! pails1 ! m5 wad+1 ) b>e feet & tr\s]s roll$ above ! knees1 9 ! wat] ( ! furr[s betwe5 ! b$s4 ,?is is "o ( _! ways ( fe$+ ! crop1 & !y h o!r me?ods ( manur+ ! soil4 ,"o ( ^! we fir/ met on ,honam ,isl&4 ,l>ge am\nts ( canal mud are "h collect$ 9 boats & br\ght to ! fields to be treat$ & !re left to dra9 & dry be=e di/ribut+4 ,bo? ! mat]ial us$ to fe$ ! crop & t us$ = manur+ ! l& are wa/e products1 h9drances to ! indu/ry ( ! region1 b ! ,*9ese make !m d ess5tial duty 9 ma9ta9+ its life4 ,! human wa/e mu/ be dispos$ (4 ,!y return x to ! soil4 ,we turn x into ! sea4 ,do+ s1 !y save = plant fe$+ m ?an a ton ( phosphorus 7#bgab p\nds7 & m ?an two tons ( potassium 7#ddhh p\nds7 p] day = ea* million ( adult population4 ,! mud collects 9 _! canals & ob/ructs movem5t4 ,!y mu/ be kept op54 ,! mud is highly *>g$ ) organic matt] & w\ld add humus to ! soil if appli$ to ! fields1 at ! same "t rais+ _! level above ! riv] & canal1 giv+ !m bett] dra9age2 ?us are !y turn+ to use :at is o!rwise wa/e1 caus+ ! labor :i* mu/ be exp5d$ 9 disposal to c\nt 9 a remun]ative way4 ,dur+ ! e>ly morn+ ride to ,canton ,*ri/ian ,college & ?ree o!rs :i* we 7 p]mitt$ to enjoy 9 ! laun* on ! canal & riv] wat]s1 ev]y?+ 0 aga9 /range1 fasc9at+ & full ( human int]e/4 ,! ,cantonese wat] population 0 a surprise1 n s mu* = its numb]s z = ! li!1 s9ewy =ms1 bright eyes & *e]ful faces1 p>ticul>ly among ! wom51 "y & old4 ,ne>ly always "o or m wom51 "m & daught] (t5e/1 gr&mo!r _m times1 wr9kl$1 sometimes grey1 b /rong1 quick & vigor\s 9 motion1 7 mann+ ! o>s ( junks1 h\seboats & sampans4 ,sometimes husb& & wife & _m times ! :ole family 7 se5 toge!r :5 ! craft 0 bo? home & bus9ess boat z well4 ,little *ildr5 7 gaz+ f mo/ unexpect$ peek holes1 or !y toddl$ te!r$ f a wai/ belt at ! end ( z mu* rope z w\ld arre/ !m above wat]1 %\ld !y g ov]bo>d4 ,& ! cat 0 simil>ly ti$4 ,?r\gh an ov]hang+ lattic$ /]n1 too1 h5s cran$ _! necks1 long+ = sc5es !y c\ld n rea*4 ,) b>e heads1 b>e feet1 9 %ort tr\s]s & all dress$ mu* alike1 m51 wom51 boys & girls %[$ equal ma/]y ( ! o>4 ,beg9n+ s "y1 day & night 9 ! op5 air on ! tide-swept /reams & canals1 expos$ to all ( ! sun%9e ! fogs & cl\ds w p]mit1 & remov$ f ! du/ & fil? ( /reets1 x w\ld seem t if ! *ildr5 survive at all !y mu/ develop /rong4 ,! appe>ance ( ! wom5 someh[ convey$ ! impression t !y 7 m vigor\s & 9 bett] fettle ?an ! m54 ,boats sell+ _m k9ds ( /eam+ hot di%es 7 common4 ,among ^! 0 rice ti$ 9 gre5 leaf wrapp]s1 ?ree small packets 9 a clu/] susp5d$ by a /r& ( "s vegetable fib]1 to be h&$ hot f ! cook] to ! pur*as]1 "s "o on a pass+ junk or on an 9-com+ or out-go+ boat4 ,ano!r w\ld buy hot wat] = a brew ( tea1 :ile /ill ano!r1 & = a s+le ca%1 might be h&$ a small squ>e ( cotton clo?1 wrung hot f ! wat]1 ) :i* to wipe 8 face & h&s & !n be return$4 ,p]haps no?+ bett] measures ! int5sity ( ! ma9t5ance /ruggle "h1 & bett] indicates ! m9ute economies practic$1 ?an ! value ( _! smalle/ curr5cy unit1 ! ,ca%1 us$ 9 _! daily retail transactions4 ,on our ,pacific coa/1 :]e less ?\ght is giv5 to little economies ?an p]haps any:]e else 9 ! _w1 ! nickel is ! smalle/ co9 9 g5]al use1 tw5ty to ! doll>4 ,= ! re/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 mo/ ,engli% speak+ c\ntries "o hundr$ c5ts or half p5nies measure an equal value4 ,9 ,russia #agj kopecks1 9 ,mexico #bjj c5tavos1 9 ,france #bej two-c5time pieces1 & 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y #bej two-hell] co9s equal ! ,unit$ ,/ates doll>2 :ile 9 ,g]many #djj pf5nigs1 & 9 ,india #djj pie are requir$ = an equal value4 ,aga9 #ejj p5ni 9 ,f9l& & ( /ot9ki 9 ,bulg>ia1 ( c5tesimi 9 ,italy & ( half c5ts 9 ,holl& equal our doll>2 b 9 ,*9a ! small daily f9ancial transactions are measur$ aga9/ a mu* small] unit1 _! ,ca%1 #aejj to #bjjj ( :i* are requir$ to equal ! ,unit$ ,/ates doll>1 _! pur*as+ p[] fluctuat+ daily ) ! price ( silv]4 ,9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 :5 we inquir$ ( ! f>m]s ! sell+ prices ( _! crops1 _! replies 7 giv5 l ?is3 ,?irty-five /r+s ( ca% = #dbj catty ( :eat & twelve to f\rte5 /r+s ( ca% = #ajjj catty ( :eat /raw4 ,at ?is "t1 accord+ to my int]pret]1 ! value ( "o /r+ ( ca% 0 #dj c5ts ,mexican1 f :i* x appe>s t some?+ l #bej ( ^! co9s 7 ?read$ on a /r+4 ,twice we saw a :eelb>r[ heavily load$ ) /r+s ( ca% be+ transport$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,%anghai1 ly+ expos$ on ! frame1 sugge/+ *a9s ( copp] m ?an money4 ,at "o ( ! g-d[ns or w>eh\ses 9 ,ts+tao1 :]e freight 0 be+ transf]r$ f a /eam]1 ! c>ri]s 7 receiv+ _! pay 9 ^! co94 ,! pay-ma/] /ood 9 ! doorway ) half a bu%el ( loose ca% 9 a gra9 sack at 8 feet4 ,) "o h& he receiv$ ! bamboo tally-/icks f ! /ev$ores & ) ! o!r paid ! ca% = s]vice r5d]$4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to buy+ hot wat]4 ,9 a sampan manag$ by a woman & h] daught]1 :o took u a%ore1 ! middle section ( ! boat 0 furni%$ 9 ! mann] ( a t9y sitt+-room1 & on ! sidebo>d sat ! complete embodim5t ( our fireless cook]s1 keep+ boil$ wat] hot = mak+ tea4 ,?is device & ! cu/om are "h c5turies old & ?r\gh\t ^! c\ntries boil$ wat]1 z tea1 is ! univ]sal dr9k1 adopt$ no d\bt z a prev5tive measure aga9/ typhoid fev] & alli$ diseases4 ,few vegetables are eat5 raw & ne>ly all foods are tak5 hot or rec5tly cook$ if n 9 "s way pickl$ or salt$4 ,h\seboat meat %ops move among ! _m junks on ! canals4 ,^! 7 provid$ ) a comp>tm5t communicat+ freely ) ! canal wat] :]e ! fi% 7 kept alive until sold4 ,at ! /reet m>kets too1 fi% are kept alive 9 l>ge tubs ( wat] sy/ematically a]at$ by ! wat] fall+ f an elevat$ receptacle 9 a ?9 /ream4 ,a live fi% may ev5 be slic$ be=e ! eyes ( a pur*as] & ! unsold portion return$ to ! wat]4 ,p\ltry is l>gely retail$ alive al?\gh we saw mu* ( x dress$ & cook$ to a uni=m ri* br[n1 app>5tly roa/$1 hang+ expos$ 9 ! m>kets ( ! v n>r[ /reets 9 ,canton1 %ad$ f ! hot sun "u awn+s admitt+ light ov]head ?r\gh transluc5t oy/]-%ell latticework4 ,p]haps ^! f[l _h be5 cook$ 9 hot oil & be=e s]v+ w\ld be simil>ly heat$4 ,at any rate x is p]fectly cle> t among ^! p _m v fundam5tal sanit>y practices are rigidly obs]v$4 ,"o fact :i* we d n fully und]/& is t1 :]ev] we w5t1 h\se flies 7 v few4 ,we nev] sp5t a summ] ) s little annoyance f !m z ?is "o 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4 ,x may be t our exp]i5ce 0 exceptional b1 if s1 x c\ld n be ascrib$ to ! season ( our visit = we h f\nd flies s num]\s 9 s\!rn ,florida e>ly 9 ,april z to make ! use ( ! fly bru% at ! table v necess>y4 ,if ! scrupul\s husb&+ ( wa/e refuse s univ]sally practic$ 9 ^! c\ntries r$uces ! fly nuisance & ?is m5ace to heal? to ! ext5t :i* our exp]i5ce sugge/s1 "h is "o great ga94 ,we bre$ flies 9 c\ntless millions ea* ye>1 until !y become an intol]able nuisance1 & !n exp5d millions ( doll>s on scre5s & fly poison :i* only ineffectually less5 ! int5sity & dang] ( ! evil4 ,! me*anical appliances 9 use on ! canals & 9 ! %ops ( ,canton demon/rate t ! ,*9ese possess con/ructive ability ( a high ord]1 not)/&+ s _m ( ^! are ( ! simple/ =ms4 ,?is /atem5t is well illu/rat$ 9 ! simple yet effici5t foot-p[] se5 9 ,fig4 #db1 :]e a fa!r & 8 two sons are driv+ an irrigation pump1 lift+ wat] at ! rate ( sev5 & a half acre-in*es p] t5 h\rs1 & at a co/1 includ+ wage & food1 ( #cf to #de c5ts1 gold4 ,"h1 too1 7 l>ge /]n-:eel pass5g] boats1 capable ( c>ry+ ?irty to "o hundr$ p1 propell$ by ! same foot-p[] b laid crosswise ( ! /]n1 ! m5 work+ 9 long s+le or d\ble l9es1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! boat4 ,on ^! ! f>e 0 "o c5t1 gold1 = a fifte5 mile j\rney1 a rate "o-?irtie? our two-c5t railway t>iff4 ,! dr$g+ & cle>+ ( ! canals & wat] *annels 9 & ab\t ,canton is likewise accompli%$ ) ! same foot-p[]1 (t5 by families liv+ on ! dr$ge boats4 ,a dipp] dr$ge is us$1 con/ruct$ ( /rong bamboo /rips wov5 into ! =m ( a slid+1 two-horse road scrap]1 guid$ by a long bamboo h&le4 ,! dr$ge is drawn along ! bottom by a rope w9d+ ab\t ! project+ axle ( ! foot-p[]1 propell$ by ?ree or m p4 ,:5 ! dipp] rea*es ! axle & is rais$ f ! wat] x is swung abo>d1 empti$ & return$ by means ( a long arm l ! old well sweep1 op]at$ by a cord dep5d+ f ! l[] end ( ! lev]1 ! dipp] sw++ f ! o!r4 ,mu* ( ! mud s collect$ f ! canals & *annels ( ! city is tak5 to ! rice & mulb]ry fields1 _m squ>e miles ( :i* occupy ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,?us ! *annels are kept op51 ! fields gr[ /eadily high] above flood level1 :ile _! productive p[] is ma9ta9$ by ! plant food & organic matt] c>ri$ 9 ! s$im5t4 ,! me*anical pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! boy's button buzz 0 appli$ 9 ,canton & 9 _m o!r places = op]at+ small drills z well z 9 gr9d+ & poli%+ appliances us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ornam5tal w>e4 ,! drill1 z us$ = bor+ metal1 is set 9 a /raight %aft1 (t5 ( bamboo1 on ! upp] end ( :i* is m\nt$ a circul> weight4 ,! drill is driv5 by a pair ( /r+s ) "o end atta*$ j b5ea? ! mom5tum weight & ! o!r fa/5$ at ! ends ( a cross h&-b>1 hav+ a hole at its c5t] ?r\gh :i* ! %aft c>ry+ ! drill passes4 ,hold+ ! drill 9 position = "w & turn+ ! %aft1 ! two cords are wrapp$ ab\t x 9 su* a mann] t simple d[nw>d pressure on ! h& b> held 9 ! two h&s unw9ds ! cords & ?us revolves ! drill4 ,reliev+ ! pressure at ! prop] "t p]mits ! mom5tum ( ! revolv+ weight to rew9d ! cords & ! next d[nw>d pressure br+s ! drill aga9 into s]vice4 ,,iv ,,up ,,! ,,si-,,kiang1 ,,we/ ,,riv] ,on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #aj? we took passage on ! ,nann+ = ,wu*[1 9 ,kwangsi prov9ce1 a j\rney ( #bbj miles up ! ,we/ riv]1 or ,sikiang4 ,! ,nann+ is "o ( two ,engli% /eam]s mak+ regul> trips betwe5 ! two places1 & x 0 ! si/] boat :i* 9 ! summ] ( #aijf 0 attack$ by pirates on "o ( h] trips & all ( ! (fic]s & fir/ class pass5g]s kill$ :ile at d9n]4 ,! cause ( ?is attack1 x is said1 or ! excuse = x1 0 ?reat5$ fam9e result+ f de/ructive floods :i* _h ru9$ ! rice & mulb]ry crops ( ! great delta region & _h prev5t$ ! c>ry+ ( manure & bean cake z f]tiliz]s to ! tea fields 9 ! hill l&s beyond1 ?us br++ ru9 to ?ree ( ! great /aple crops ( ! region4 ,to avoid ! recurr5ce ( su* trag$ies ! fir/ class qu>t]s on ! ,nann+ _h be5 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! %ip by heavy iron grat+s ?r[n across ! decks & ov] ! hat*ways4 ,arm$ gu>ds /ood at ! lock$ gateways1 & swords 7 hang+ f po/s "u ! awn+s ( ! fir/ cab9 qu>t]s1 mu* z saw & ax 9 our pass5g] coa*es4 ,bo? ,briti% & ,*9ese gunboats 7 patroll+ ! riv]2 all ,*9ese pass5g]s 7 se>*$ = conceal$ weapons z !y came abo>d1 ev5 ?\gh ,gov]nm5t soldi]s1 & all arms tak5 into cu/ody until ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,sev]al ( ! l>ge ,*9ese m]*ant junks :i* 7 pass$1 c>ry+ valuable c>goes on ! riv]1 7 arm$ ) small cannon & :5 rid+ by rail f ,canton to ,sam ,%ui1 a gov]nm5t pirate detective 0 9 our coa*4 ,! ,sikiang is "o ( ! great riv]s ( ,*9a & inde$ ( ! _w4 ,its wid? at ,wu*[ at l[ wat] 0 ne>ly a mile & our /eam] an*or$ 9 tw5ty-f\r feet ( wat] to a float+ dock made fa/ by huge iron *a9s rea*+ ?ree hundr$ feet up ! slope to ! city prop]1 ?us provid+ = a rise ( tw5ty-six feet 9 ! riv] at its flood /age dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,9 a n>r[ section ( riv] :]e x w9ds ?r\gh ,%ui ,h+ gorge1 ! wat] at l[ /age has a dep? ( m ?an tw5ty-five fa?oms1 too deep = an*orage1 s 9 times ( prospective fog1 boats wait = cle>+ wea!r4 ,fluctuations 9 ! height ( ! riv] limit vessels pass+ up to ,wu*[ to ^? draw+ six & a half feet ( wat] dur+ ! l[ /age1 & at high /age to ^? draw+ sixte5 feet4 ,:5 ! ,we/ riv] em]ges f ! high l&s1 ) its burd5 ( silt1 to jo9 its wat]s ) ^? ( ! ,nor? & ,ea/ riv]s1 x has ent]$ a va/ delta pla9 "s eighty miles f ea/ to we/ & ne>ly z _m f nor? to s\?1 & ?is has be5 canaliz$1 dik$1 dra9$ & conv]t$ into ! mo/ productive ( fields1 be>+ ?ree or m crops ea* ye>4 ,z we pass$ we/w>d ?r\gh ?is delta region ! broad flat fields1 surr\nd$ by dikes to protect !m aga9/ high wat]1 7 be+ pl[$ & fitt$ = ! com+ crop ( rice4 ,9 _m places ! dikes :i* *eck$ (f ! fields 7 plant$ ) bananas & 9 ! di/ance gave ! appe>ance ( ext5sive or*>ds completely occupy+ ! gr\nd4 ,except = ! wat] & ! dikes x 0 easy to imag9e t we 7 trav]s+ "o ( our we/]n prairie sections 9 ! e>ly spr+1 at se$+ "t1 ! scatt]$ f>m villages "h easily sugge/$ di/ant f>m/eads2 b a ne>] approa* to ! h\ses %[$ t ! ro(s & sides 7 ?at*$ ) rice /raw & /acks 7 v num]\s ab\t ! build+s4 ,_m tide gates 7 set 9 ! dikes1 (t5 ) d\ble trunks4 ,at times we approa*$ ne> en\gh to ! fields to see h[ !y 7 laid out4 ,f ! gates long canals1 six to eight feet wide1 l$ back sometimes eighty or a hundr$ rods4 ,across ^! & at "r angles1 head *annels 7 cut & betwe5 !m ! fields 7 pl[$ 9 long /raight l&s "s two rods wide1 sep>at$ by wat] furr[s4 ,_m ( ! fields 7 be>+ sug> cane /&+ eight feet high4 ,! ,*9ese d no sug> ref9+ b boil ! sap until x w solidify1 :5 x is run into cakes resembl+ *ocolate or our br[n maple sug>4 ,imm5se quantities ( sug> cane1 too1 are export$ to ! nor!rn prov9ces1 9 bundles wrapp$ ) matt+ or o!r cov]1 = ! retail m>kets :]e x is sold1 ! canes be+ cut 9 %ort sections & sometimes peel$1 to be eat5 f ! h&s z a confection4 ,mu* ( ! way ?is wat]-c\rse 0 too broad to p]mit detail$ /udy ( field conditions & crops1 ev5 ) a glass4 ,9 su* sections ! rec5t dikes (t5 h ! appe>ance ( be+ built f lime/one blocks b a clos] view %[$ !m con/ruct$ f blocks ( ! riv] silt cut & laid 9 walls ) slightly slop+ faces4 ,9 "t h[ev] ! blocks wea!r & ! dikes become r\nd$ e>!n walls4 ,we pass$ two m5 9 a boat1 9 *>ge ( a huge flock ( "s hundr$s ( yell[ duckl+s4 ,an*or$ to ! bank 0 a l>ge h\seboat provid$ ) an all-ar\nd1 ov]-hang+ rim & on bo>d 0 a /ack ( rice /raw & o!r ?+s :i* con/itut$ ! float+ home ( ! ducks4 ,bo? ducks & geese are re>$ 9 ?is mann] 9 l>ge numb]s by ! riv] population4 ,:5 x is desir$ to move to ano!r fe$+ gr\nd a gang plank is put a%ore & ! flock come on bo>d to rema9 = ! night or to be l&$ at ano!r place4 ,ab\t five h\rs j\rney we/w>d 9 ?is delta pla91 :]e ! fields lie six to t5 feet above ! pres5t wat] /age1 we rea*$ ! mulb]ry di/rict4 ,"h ! plants are cultivat$ 9 r[s ab\t f\r feet ap>t1 hav+ ! habit ( small %rubs r ?an ( trees1 & s mu* resembl+ cotton t our fir/ impression 0 t we 7 9 an ext5sive cotton di/rict4 ,on ! l[] ly+ areas1 surr\nd$ by dikes1 "s fields 7 laid out 9 ! mann] ( ! old ,italian or ,engli% wat] mead[s1 ) a %all[ irrigation furr[ along ! cre/ ( ! b$ & mu* deep] dra9age dit*es along ! division l9e betwe5 !m4 ,mulb]ries 7 occupy+ ! gr\nd be=e ! fre%ly cut tr5*es we saw 7 dug1 & all ! surface betwe5 ! r[s _h be5 ev5ly ov]laid ) ! fre% e>? remov$ ) ! spade1 ! soil ly+ 9 blocks ess5tially unbrok54 ,9 ,fig4 #dc may be se5 ! mulb]ry crop on a simil>ly treat$ surface1 betwe5 ,canton & ,sam%ui1 ) ! e>? remov$ f ! tr5*es laid ev5ly ov] ! entire surface betwe5 & ar\nd ! plants1 z x came f ! spade4 ,at frequ5t int]vals along ! riv]1 pa?s & /eps 7 se5 lead+ to ! wat] & )9 a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile we c\nt$ ?irty-"o m5 & wom5 c>ry+ mud 9 baskets on bamboo poles swung across _! %\ld]s1 ! mud be+ tak5 f j above ! wat] l9e4 ,! disposition ( ?is mat]ial we c\ld n see z x 0 c>ri$ beyond a rise 9 gr\nd4 ,we h little d\bt t ! mulb]ry fields 7 be+ cov]$ ) x4 ,x 0 "h t a ra9 set 9 & almo/ l magic ! fields blossom$ out ) great numb]s ( giant ra9 hats & kittysols1 :]e p _h be5 unobs]v$ be=e4 ,f "o o'clock until six 9 ! aft]noon we _h travel$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ^! mulb]ry fields /ret*+ back miles f our l9e ( travel on ei!r h&1 & ! total acreage mu/ h be5 v l>ge4 ,b we _h n[ ne>ly rea*$ ! m>g9 ( ! delta & ! mulb]ries *ang$ to fields ( gra91 beans1 peas & vegetables4 ,aft] leav+ ! delta region ! balance ( ! j\rney to ,wu*[ 0 ?r\gh a hill c\ntry1 ! slopes ris+ /eeply f ne> ! riv] bank1 leav+ relatively little till$ or readily tillable l&4 ,ris+ usually five hundr$ to a ?\s& feet1 ! sides & summits ( ! r\nd$1 soil-cov]$ hills 7 g5]ally clo!d ) a %ort h]bace\s gr[? & small scatt]+ trees1 (t5e/ p9e1 f\r to sixte5 feet high1 ,fig4 #dd be+ a typical l&scape ( ! region4 ,9 sev]al sections along ! c\rse ( ?is riv] !re are limit$ areas ( int5se erosion :]e nak$ gulleys ( no mean magnitude h develop$ b ^! 7 exceptions & we 7 cont9ually surpris$ at ! rem>kable /eepness ( ! slopes1 ) convexly r\nd$ cont\rs almo/ ev]y:]e1 well mantl$ ) soil1 devoid ( gulleys & completely cov]$ ) h]bace\s gr[? dott$ ) small trees4 ,! abs5ce ( =e/ gr[? f9ds its explanation 9 human influ5ce r ?an natural conditions4 ,?r\gh\t ! hill-l& section ( ?is mighty riv] ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & p]si/5t human features 7 ! /acks ( bru%-wood & ! piles ( /ove wood along ! banks or load$ ^u boats & b>ges = ! m>ket4 ,! bru%-wood 0 l>gely made f ! b\ghs ( p9e1 ti$ into bundles & /ack$ l gra94 ,! /ove wood 0 usually r\nd1 peel$ & made f ! limbs & trunks ( trees two to five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,all ?is fuel 0 com+ to ! riv] f ! back c\ntry1 s5t d[n along /eep slides :i* 9 ! di/ance resemble pa?s lead+ ov] hills b too /eep = travel4 ,! fuel 0 load$ ^u l>ge b>ges1 ! b\ghs 9 ! =m ( /acks to %$ ra9 b ) a tunnel lead+ into ! h\se ( ! boat ab\t :i* !y 7 /ack$1 :ile ! wood 0 simil>ly cord$ ab\t ! dwell+1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! wood 0 go+ to ,canton & o!r delta cities :ile ! p9e b\ghs 7 tak5 to ! lime & cem5t kilns1 _m ( :i* 7 locat$ along ! riv]4 ,absolutely ! :ole tree1 includ+ ! roots & ! ne$les1 is sav$ & burn$2 no wa/e is p]mitt$4 ,! up-riv] c>go ( ! ,nann+ 0 *iefly matt+ ru%1 tak5 on at ,canton1 ti$ 9 bundles l %eaves ( :eat4 ,x is gr[n ^u ! l[]1 new] delta l&s by me?ods ( culture simil> to ^? appli$ to rice1 ,fig4 #de %[+ a field z se5 9 ,japan4 ,! ru%es 7 be+ tak5 to "o ( ! c\ntry villages on a tribut>y ( ! ,sikiang & ! /eam] 0 met by a flotilla ( junks f ?is village1 "s =ty-five miles up ! /ream1 :]e ! families live :o d ! weav+4 ,on ! return trip ! flotilla aga9 met ! /eam] ) a c>go ( ! wov5 matt+4 ,9 keep+ record ( packages transf]r$ ! ,*9ese use a simple & unique me?od4 ,ea* c>ri]1 ) 8 two bundles1 receiv$ a pair ( tally /icks4 ,at ! gang-plank sat a man ) a tally-case divid$ into tw5ty comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* c\ld receive five1 b no m1 tallies4 ,z ! bundles left ! /eam] ! tallies 7 plac$ 9 ! tally-case until x conta9$ "o hundr$1 :5 x 0 ex*ang$ = ano!r4 ,wu*[ is a city ( "s #fe1jjj inhabitants1 /&+ back on ! high] gr\nd1 n readily visible f ! /eam] l&+ nor f ! approa* on ! riv]4 ,on ! =egr\nd1 across :i* /ret*$ ! an*or *a9s ( ! dock1 0 liv+ a float+ population1 _m 9 %elt]s less sub/antial ?an ,indian wigwams1 b engag$ 9 a great v>iety ( "w1 & _m wat] buffalo _h be5 ti$ = ! night along ! an*or *a9s4 ,be=e ,july mu* ( ?is area w\ld lie b5ea? ! flood wat]s ( ! ,sikiang4 ,"h a %ip build] 0 us+ 8 simple1 effective b[-brace1 bor+ holes = ! d[el p9s 9 ! plank+ = 8 %ip1 & ano!r 0 b5d+ ! plank to ! prop] curvature4 ,! b[-brace consi/$ ( a bamboo /alk c>ry+ ! bit at "o end & a %\ld] re/ at ! o!r4 ,press+ ! bit to its "w ) ! %\ld]1 x 0 driv5 ) ! /r+ ( a long b[ wrapp$ once ar\nd ! /alk by draw+ ! b[ back & =?1 ?us rapidly & readily revolv+ ! bit4 ,! b5d+ ( ! long1 heavy plank1 f\r in*es ?ick & eight in*es wide1 0 m simple /ill1 ,x 0 saturat$ ) wat] & "o end rais$ on a support f\r feet above ! gr\nd4 ,a bundle ( burn+ rice /raw mov$ along ! "u side aga9/ ! wet wood _h ! effect ( /eam+ ! wood & ! weight ( ! plank caus$ x to gradually b5d into ! %ape desir$4 ,bamboo poles are commonly b5t or /raight5$ 9 ?is mann] to suit any ne$ & ,fig4 #df %[s a wood5 =k %ap$ 9 ! mann] describ$ f a small tree hav+ ?ree ma9 bran*es4 ,?is =k is 9 ! h&s ( my int]pret] & 0 us$ by ! woman /&+ at ! "r1 9 turn+ :eat4 ,:5 ! old %ip build] _h f9i%$ %ap+ 8 plank he sat d[n on ! gr\nd = a smoke4 ,8 pipe 0 "o jo9t ( bamboo /em a foot long1 ne>ly two in*es 9 diamet] & op5 at "o end4 ,9 ! clos$ end1 at "o side1 a small hole 0 bor$ = draft4 ,a *>ge ( tobacco 0 plac$ 9 ! bottom1 ! lips press$ into ! op5 end & ! pipe light$ by suction1 hold+ a light$ mat* at ! small op5+4 ,to enjoy 8 pipe ! b[l re/$ on ! gr\nd betwe5 8 legs4 ,) 8 lips 9 ! b[l & a long brea?1 he w\ld completely fill 8 lungs1 reta9+ ! smoke = a "t1 !n sl[ly expire & fill ! lungs aga91 aft] an int]val ( natural brea?+4 ,on return+ to ,canton we w5t by rail1 ) an int]pret]1 to ,sam%ui1 visit+ fields along ! way1 & ,fig4 #dg is a view ( "o l&scape4 ,! woman 0 pick+ roses among tidy b$s ( g>d5 vegetables4 ,beyond h] & 9 front ( ! ne> build+ are two r[s ( wa/e receptacles4 ,9 ! c5t] backgr\nd is a l>ge g-d[n1 9 function t ( our cold /orage w>eh\se & 9 "p t ( our gra9 elevator = rice4 ,9 !m1 too1 ! weal?y /ore _! fur-l9$ w9t] g>m5ts = safe keep+4 ,^! are num]\s 9 ?is portion ( ,*9a & ! rank ( a city is indicat$ by _! numb]4 ,! conical hillock is a l>ge ne>-by grave m\nd & _m o!rs s]rate ! sky l9e on ! hill beyond4 ,9 ! next l&scape1 ,fig4 #dh1 a crop ( w9t] peas1 tra9$ to canes1 are gr[+ on ridges among ! /ubble ( ! second crop ( rice1 ,9 front is "o canal1 ! d\ble ridge beh9d is ano!r & a ?ird canal ext5ds 9 front ( ! h\ses4 ,already prep>ations 7 be+ made = ! fir/ crop ( rice1 fields 7 be+ flood$ & f]tiliz$4 ,"o su* is se5 9 ,fig4 #di1 :]e a labor] 0 engag$ at ! "t 9 br++ /able manure1 wad+ into ! wat] to empty ! baskets4 ,two crops ( rice are commonly gr[n ea* ye> 9 s\!rn ,*9a & dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+1 gra91 cabbage1 rape1 peas1 beans1 leeks & g+] may occupy ! fields z a ?ird or ev5 f\r? crop1 mak+ ! total ye>'s product f ! l& v l>ge2 b ! am\nt ( ?\ght1 labor & f]tiliz]s giv5 to secur+ ^! is ev5 great] & beyond any?+ ,am]icans w endure4 ,h[ great ^! ef=ts are w be appreciat$ f :at is se5 9 ,fig4 #ej1 repres5t+ two fields ?r[n into high ridges1 plant$ to g+] & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,all ( ?is "w is done by h& & :5 ! "t = rice plant+ comes e ridge w aga9 be ?r[n d[n & ! surface smoo!d to a wat] level4 ,ev5 :5 ! ridges & b$s are n ?r[n d[n = ! crops ( rice1 ! furr[s & ! b$s w *ange places s t all ! soil is work$ ov] deeply & ma9ly ?r\gh h& labor4 ,! /atem5t s (t5 made1 t ^! p only b>ely scrat* ! surface ( _! fields ) ! crude/ ( tools is v f> f ! tru?1 = _! soils are work$ deeply & (t51 not)/&+ ! fact t _! pl[+1 z su*1 may be %all[4 ,?r\gh ,dr4 ,john ,blumann ( ! mission>y hospital at ,tungkun1 ea/ f ,canton1 we le>n$ t ! good rice l&s !re a few ye>s ago sold at #ge to #acj p] acre b t prices are ris+ rapidly4 ,! hold+s ( ! bett] class ( f>m]s !re are t5 to fifte5 m[--"o & two-?irds to two & a half acres--^u :i* are ma9ta9$ families numb]+ six to twelve4 ,! day's wage ( a c>p5t] or mason is elev5 to ?irte5 c5ts ( our curr5cy1 & bo>d is n includ$1 b a day's ration = a labor+ man is c\nt$ wor? fifte5 c5ts1 ,mexican1 or less ?an sev5 c5ts1 gold4 ,fi% culture is practic$ 9 bo? deep & %all[ bas9s1 ! deep p]man5t ones r5t+ z high z #cj gold1 p] acre4 ,! %all[ bas9s :i* c be dra9$ 9 ! dry season are us$ = fi% only dur+ ! ra9y p]iod1 be+ lat] dra9$ & plant$ to "s crop4 ,! p]man5t bas9s h (t5 come to be t5 or twelve feet deep1 increas+ ) long usage1 = !y are p]iodically dra9$ by pump+ & ! foot or two ( mud :i* has accumulat$1 remov$ & sold z f]tiliz] to plant]s ( rice & o!r crops4 ,x is a common practice1 too1 among ! fi% gr[]s1 to f]tilize ! ponds1 & 9 case a foot pa? leads alongside1 scre5s are built ov] ! wat] to provide accommodation = travel]s4 ,fi% re>$ 9 ! bett] f]tiliz$ ponds br+ a high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,! f]tiliz+ ( ! wat] favors a /rong] gr[? ( food =ms1 bo? plant & animal1 ^u :i* ! fi% live & !y are bett] n\ri%$1 mak+ a m rapid gr[?1 giv+ _! fle% bett] qualities1 z is ! case ) well f$ animals4 ,9 ! m>kets :]e fi% are expos$ = sale !y are (t5 slic$ 9 halves l5g?wise & ! cut surface sme>$ ) fre% blood4 ,9 talk+ ) ,dr4 ,blumann z to ! reason = ?is practice he /at$ t ! ,*9ese v mu* object to eat+ meat t is old or ta9t$ & t he ?\ght ! treatm5t simply _h ! effect ( mak+ ! fi% look fre%]4 ,i "q :e!r ?is treatm5t ) fre% blood may n h a real antiseptic effect & v mu* d\bt t p s %rewd z ! ,*9ese w\ld be misl$ by su* a ruse4 ,v ,,ext5t ,,( ,,canalization ,,& ,,surface ,,fitt+ ,,( ,,fields ,on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #ae? we left ,canton = ,hongkong & ! foll[+ day emb>k$ aga9 on ! ,tosa ,m>u = ,%anghai4 ,al?\gh our /eam] /ood s f> to sea t we 7 g5]ally out ( sight ( l& except = "s (f-%ore isl&s1 ! wat] 0 turbid mo/ ( ! way aft] we _h cross$ ! ,tropic ( ,canc] (f ! m\? ( ! ,han riv] at ,swat[4 ,ov] a sea bottom measur+ m ?an six hundr$ miles nor?w>d along ! coa/1 & p]haps fifty miles to sea1 unnumb]$ acre-feet ( ! ri*e/ soil ( ,*9a are be+ borne beyond ! rea* ( h] f\r hundr$ millions ( p & ! *ildr5 to foll[ !m4 ,surely x mu/ be "o ( ! great tasks ( future /atesman%ip1 education & eng9e]+ skill to div]t l>g] am\nts ( su* s$im5ts close along in%ore 9 su* mann] z to add valuable new l& annually to ! public doma91 n alone 9 ,*9a b 9 all c\ntries :]e l>ge res\rces ( ?is type are go+ to wa/e4 ,9 ! va/ ,cantonese delta pla9s :i* we _h j left1 9 ! /ill m ext5sive ones ( ! ,yangtse kiang to :i* we 7 n[ go+1 & 9 ^? ( ! %ift+ ,hwang ho fur!r nor?1 c5turies ( toil+ millions h execut$ works ( almo/ incalculable magnitude1 fundam5tally along su* l9es z ^? j sugge/$4 ,!y h accompli%$ an enorm\s %>e ( ^! tasks by %e] =ce ( body & w1 build+ levees1 digg+ canals1 div]t+ ! turbid wat]s ( /reams ?r\gh !m & !n c>ry+ ! deposits ( silt & organic gr[? out ^u ! fields1 (t5 borne ^u ! %\ld]s ( m5 9 ! mann] we h se54 ,x is well nigh impossible1 by ^w or map1 to convey an adequate idea ( ! magnitude ( ! sy/ems ( canalization & delta & o!r l[l& reclamation "w1 or ( ! ext5t ( surface fitt+ ( fields :i* h be5 effect$ 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan ?r\gh ! _m c5turies1 & :i* are /ill 9 progress4 ,! l&s s reclaim$ & fitt$ con/itute _! mo/ endur+ asset & !y support _! d5se/ populations4 ,9 "o ( our j\rneys by h\seboat on ! delta canals betwe5 ,%anghai & ,hang*[1 9 ,*9a1 ov] a di/ance ( #aag miles1 we made a c>eful record ( ! numb] & dim5sions ( lat]al canals ent]+ & leav+ ! ma9 "o along :i* our boat-tra9 0 travel+4 ,?is record %[s t 9 #fb miles1 beg9n+ nor? ( ,ka%+ & ext5d+ s\? to ,hang*[1 !re ent]$ f ! we/ #acd & !re left on ! coa/ side #aij canals4 ,! av]age wid? ( ^! canals1 measur$ along ! wat] l9e1 we e/imat$ at #bb & #ai feet respectively on ! two sides4 ,! height ( ! fields above ! wat] level rang$ f f\r to twelve feet1 dur+ ! ,april & ,may /age ( wat]4 ,! dep? ( wat]1 aft] we ent]$ ! ,gr& ,canal1 (t5 exce$$ six feet & our be/ judgm5t w\ld place ! av]age dep? ( all canals 9 ?is "p ( ,*9a at m ?an eight feet bel[ ! level ( ! fields4 ,9 ,fig4 #ea1 repres5t+ an area ( #gah squ>e miles 9 ! region trav]s$1 all l9es %[n are canals1 b sc>cely m ?an "o-?ird ( ^? pres5t are %[n on ! map4 ,betwe5 ,a1 :]e we began our records1 be=e rea*+ ,ka%+1 & ,b1 ne> ! left m>g9 ( ! map1 !re 7 =ty-?ree canals lead+ 9 f ! up-c\ntry side1 in/ead ( ! eight %[n1 & on ! coa/ side !re 7 eighty-six lead+ wat] out into ! delta pla9 t[>d ! coa/1 in/ead ( ! twelve %[n4 ,aga91 on "o ( our trips by rail1 f ,%anghai to ,nank+1 we made a simil> record ( ! numb] ( canals se5 f ! tra91 close along ! track1 & ! notes %[1 9 a di/ance ( #afb miles1 #eic canals betwe5 ,lungtan & ,nansiang4 ,?is is an av]age ( m ?an ?ree canals p] mile = ?is region & t betwe5 ,%anghai & ,hang*[4 ,! ext5t1 nature & purpose ( ^! va/ sy/ems ( int]nal improvem5t may be bett] realiz$ ?r\gh a /udy ( ! next two sket* maps4 ,! fir/1 ,fig4 #eb1 repres5ts an area #age by #afj miles1 ( :i* ! la/ illu/ration is ! portion enclos$ 9 ! small rectangle4 ,on ?is area !re are %[n #b1gjj miles ( canals & only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! canals %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea are laid d[n on ?is map1 & accord+ to our p]sonal obs]vations !re are ?ree times z _m canals z are %[n on ! map ( :i* ,fig4 #ea repres5ts a "p4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t !re exi/s today 9 ! area ( ,fig4 #eb n less ?an #be1jjj miles ( canals4 ,9 ! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ec1 an area ( nor!a/ ,*9a1 #fjj by #gbe miles1 is repres5t$4 ,! un%ad$ l& area cov]s ne>ly #bjj1jjj squ>e miles ( alluvial pla94 ,?is pla9 is s level t at ,i*ang1 ne>ly a ?\s& miles up ! ,yangtse1 ! elevation is only #acj feet above ! sea4 ,! tide is felt on ! riv] to beyond ,wuhu1 #cge miles f ! coa/4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! ,yangtse is suffici5t to p]mit ocean vessels draw+ tw5ty-five feet ( wat] to asc5d six hundr$ miles to ,hank[1 & = small] /eam]s to g on to ,i*ang1 f\r hundr$ miles fur!r4 ,! location1 9 ?is va/ l[ delta & coa/al pla91 ( ! sy/em ( canals already describ$1 is indicat$ by ! two rectangles 9 ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! sket* map1 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! heavy b>r$ black l9e ext5d+ f ,hang*[ 9 ! s\? to ,ti5ts9 9 ! nor? repres5ts ! ,gr& ,canal :i* has a l5g? ( m ?an eight hundr$ miles4 ,! pla91 ea/ ( ?is canal1 z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ! ,hwang ho 9 #aheb1 is canaliz$ mu* z is ! area %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,s1 too1 is a l>ge area bo? sides ( ! pres5t m\? ( ! same riv] 9 ,%antung & ,*ihli1 betwe5 ! canal & ! coa/4 ,we/w>d1 up ! ,yangtse valley1 ! prov9ces ( ,anhwei1 ,kiangsi1 ,hunan & ,hupeh h v ext5sive canaliz$ tracts1 probably exce$+ #bh1jjj squ>e miles 9 area1 & ,figs4 #ed & #ee are two views 9 ?is m we/]n region4 ,/ill fur!r we/1 9 ,sze*wan prov9ce1 is ! ,*5gtu pla91 ?irty by sev5ty miles1 ) :at has be5 call$ ! mo/ rem>kable irrigation sy/em 9 ,*9a4 ,we/w>d beyond ! limits ( ! sket* map1 up ! ,hwang ho valley1 !re is a rea* ( #abe miles ( irrigat$ l&s ab\t ,n+haifu1 & o!rs /ill f>!r we/1 at ,lan*[fu & at ,su*[ :]e ! riv] has atta9$ an elevation ( #e1jjj feet1 9 ,kansu prov9ce2 & !re is /ill to be nam$ ! great ,canton delta region4 ,a cons]vative e/imate w\ld place ! miles ( canals & leve$ riv]s 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan equal to eight times ! numb] repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fully #bjj1jjj miles 9 all4 ,=ty canals across ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ea/ to we/ & sixty f nor? to s\? w\ld n equal1 9 numb] ( miles ^? 9 ^! ?ree c\ntries today4 ,inde$1 x is probable t ?is e/imate is n too l>ge = ,*9a alone4 ,z adjuncts to ^! va/ canalization works !re h be5 enorm\s am\nts ( embankm5t1 dike & levee con/ruction4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ miles ( sea wall alone exi/ 9 ! area cov]$ by ! sket* map1 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! ea/ bank ( ! ,gr& ,canal1 betwe5 ,yang*[ & ,hwaianfu1 is itself a great levee1 hold+ back ! wat]s to ! we/ above ! ea/]n pla91 div]t+ !m s\?1 into ! ,yangtse kiang4 ,b x is also provid$ ) spillways = use 9 times ( excessive flood1 p]mitt+ wat]s to dis*>ge ea/w>d4 ,su* excess wat]s h[ev] are controll$ by ano!r dike ) canal along its we/ side1 "s =ty miles to ! ea/1 imp\nd+ ! wat] 9 a s]ies ( l>ge lakes until x may gradually dra9 away4 ,?is area is se5 9 ,fig4 #ec1 nor? ( ! ,yangtse riv]4 ,along ! banks ( ! ,yangtse1 & = _m miles along ! ,hwang ho1 great levees h be5 built1 "s-times 9 re9=c+ s]ies ( two or ?ree at diff]5t di/ances back f ! *annel :]e ! /ream b$ is above ! adjac5t c\ntry1 9 ord] to prev5t widespread disa/] & to limit ! inundat$ areas 9 times ( unusual flood4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,hupeh1 :]e ! ,han riv] fl[s ?r\gh two hundr$ miles ( l[ c\ntry1 ?is /ream is dik$ on bo? sides ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance1 & 9 a portion ( its c\rse ! height ( ! levees rea*es ?irty feet or m4 ,aga91 9 ! ,canton delta region !re are o!r hundr$s ( miles ( sea wall & dikes1 s t ! aggregate mileage ( ?is type ( con/ruction works 9 ! ,empire c only be measur$ 9 ?\s&s ( miles4 ,9 addition to ! canal & levee con/ruction works !re are num]\s imp\nd+ res]voirs :i* are br\ght into requisition to control ov]fl[ wat]s f ! great /reams4 ,"s ( ^! res]voirs1 l ,tungt+ lake 9 ,hupeh & ,poyang 9 ,hunan1 h areas ( #b1jjj & #a1hjj squ>e miles respectively & dur+ ! heavie/ ra9y seasons ea* may rise ?r\gh tw5ty to ?irty feet1 ,!n !re are o!r l>ge & small lakes 9 ! coa/al pla9 giv+ an aggregate res]voir area exce$+ #ac1jjj squ>e miles1 all ( :i* are br\ght into s]vice 9 controll+ flood wat]s1 all ( :i* are /eadily fill+ ) ! s$im5ts br\ght f ! f> away uncultivable m\nta9 slopes & :i* are ultimately de/9$ to become ri* alluvial pla9s1 d\btless to be canaliz$ 9 ! mann] we h se54 ,!re is /ill ano!r phase ( ^! va/ con/ruction works :i* has be5 ( ! greate/ mom5t 9 increas+ ! ma9t5ance capacity ( ! ,empire1--! wre/+ f ! flood wat]s ( ! enorm\s volumes ( silt :i* !y c>ry1 deposit+ x ov] ! flood$ areas1 9 ! canals & along ! %ores 9 su* mann] z to add to ! habitable & cultivable l&4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! rapid gr[? ( ,*ungm+ isl& 9 ! m\? ( ! ,yangtse kiang1 & ! million p n[ f9d+ homes on ! #bgj squ>e miles ( newly made l& :i* n[ has its canals1 z may be se5 9 ! upp] m>g9 ( ,fig4 #eb4 ,! city ( ,%anghai1 z its "n signifies1 /ood orig9ally on ! sea%ore1 :i* has n[ gr[n tw5ty miles to ! nor?w>d & to ! ea/w>d4 ,9 #bbj ,b4 ,c4 ! t[n ( ,putai 9 ,%antung /ood "o-?ird ( a mile f ! sea1 b 9 #agcj x 0 =ty-sev5 miles inl&1 & is =ty-eight miles f ! %ore today4 ,si5%uiku1 on ! ,pei ho1 /ood ^u ! sea%ore 9 #ejj ,a4 ,d4 ,we pass$ ! city1 on our way to ,ti5ts91 eighte5 miles inl&4 ,! dott$ l9e laid 9 f ! coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,*ihli 9 ,fig4 #ec m>ks "o hi/oric %ore l9e & indicates a g5]al gr[? ( l& eighte5 miles to seaw>d4 ,besides ^! actual ext5sions ( ! %ore l9es ! c5turies ( flood+ ( lakes & l[ ly+ l&s has s fill$ _m depressions z to conv]t l>ge areas ( swamp into cultivat$ fields4 ,n only ?is1 b ! spread+ ( canal mud broadca/ ov] ! encircl$ fields has _h two v important effects1--namely1 rais+ ! level ( ! l[ ly+ fields1 giv+ !m bett] dra9age & s bett] physical condition1 & add+ new plant food 9 ! =m ( virg9 soil ( ! ri*e/ type1 ?us contribut+ to ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility1 high ma9t5ance capacity & p]man5t agriculture ?r\gh all ! c5turies4 ,^! op]ations ( ma9t5ance & improvem5t _h a v e>ly inception2 !y appe> to h p]si/$ ?r\gh\t ! record$ hi/ory ( ! ,empire & are 9 vogue today4 ,canals ( ! type illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ea & #eb h be5 built betwe5 #ahhf & #aija1 bo? on ! ext5sions ( ,*ungm+ isl& & ! newly =m$ ma9 l& to ! nor?1 z is %[n by comp>ison ( ,/iel]'s atlas1 revis$ 9 #ahhf1 ) ! rec5t ,g]man survey4 ,e>li] ?an #bbee ,b4 ,c41 m ?an #dajj ye>s ago1 ,emp]or ,yao appo9t$ ,! ,great ,yu ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,works & entru/$ him ) ! "w ( dra9+ (f ! wat]s ( disa/r\s floods & ( canaliz+ ! riv]s1 & he devot$ ?irte5 ye>s to ?is "w4 ,?is great eng9e] is said to h writt5 sev]al treatises on agriculture & dra9age1 & 0 f9ally call$1 mu* aga9/ 8 wi%es1 to s]ve z ,emp]or dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,hwang ho is "o ( disa/r\s floods & %ift+s ( its c\rse1 :i* h occurr$ _m times 9 ! ye>s s9ce be=e ! "t ( ! ,great ,yu1 :o p]haps began ! works p]petuat$ today4 ,betwe5 #acjj ,a4 ,d4 & #aheb ! ,hwang ho empti$ into ! ,yell[ ,sea s\? ( ! highl&s ( ,%antung1 b 9 t ye>1 :5 9 unusual flood1 x broke ?r\gh ! nor? levees & f9ally took its pres5t c\rse1 empty+ aga9 into ! ,gulf ( ,*ihli1 "s ?ree hundr$ miles fur!r nor?4 ,"s ( ^! %ift+s ( c\rse ( ! ,hwang ho & ( ! ,yangtse kiang are indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es on ! sket* map1 ,fig4 #ec1 :]e x may he se5 t ! ,hwang ho dur+ #adf ye>s1 p\r$ its wat]s into ! sea z f> nor? z ,ti5ts91 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,pei ho1 f\r hundr$ miles to ! nor?w>d ( its m\? 9 #aheb4 ,?is mighty riv] is said to c>ry at l[ /age1 pa/ ! city ( ,ts9an 9 ,%antung1 no less ?an #d1jjj cubic y>ds ( wat] p] second1 & ?ree times ?is volume :5 runn+ at flood4 ,?is is wat] suffici5t to inundate ?irty-?ree squ>e miles ( level c\ntry t5 feet deep 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:at mu/ be said ( ! m5tal /atus ( a p :o = =ty c5turies h measur$ _! /r5g? aga9/ su* a ,titan rac+ pa/ _! homes above ! level ( _! fields1 conf9$ only betwe5 walls ( _! own con/ruction8 ,:ile !y h n always succe$$ 9 controll+ ! riv]1 !y h nev] fail$ to try aga94 ,9 #ahgg ?is riv] broke its banks1 inundat+ a va/4 area1 br++ dea? to a million p4 ,aga91 z late z #ahih1 fifte5 hundr$ villages to ! nor!a/ ( ,ts9an & a mu* l>g] area to ! s\?we/ ( ! same city 7 deva/at$ by x1 & x is su* ev5ts z ^! :i* h won = ! riv] ! names ,*9a's ,sorr[1 ,! ,ungov]nable & ,! ,sc\rge ( ! ,sons ( ,han4 ,! build+ ( ! ,gr& ,canal appe>s to h be5 a comp>atively rec5t ev5t 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,! middle section1 betwe5 ! ,yangtse & ,ts+kiangpu1 is said to h be5 con/ruct$ ab\t ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c42 ! s\!rn section1 betwe5 ,*+kiang & ,hang*[1 dur+ ! ye>s #fje to #fag ,a4 ,d42 b ! nor!rn section1 f ! *annel ( ! ,hwang ho des]t$ 9 #aheb1 to ,ti5ts91 0 n built until ! ye>s #abhj-abhc4 ,:ile ?is canal has be5 call$ by ! ,*9ese ,yu ho 7,imp]ial riv]71 ,yun ho 7,transport riv]7 or ,yunliang ho 7,tribute be>+ riv]7 & :ile x has connect$ ! great riv]s com+ d[n f ! f> int]ior into a great wat]-transport sy/em1 ?is feature ( con/ruction may h be5 b a by-product ( ! great dom9at+ purpose :i* l$ to ! va/ int]nal improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( canals1 dikes1 levees & imp\nd+ res]voirs s widely scatt]$1 s fully develop$ & s effectively utiliz$4 ,r ! ma/] purpose mu/ h be5 ma9t5ance = ! increas+ flood ( humanity4 ,& ,i am will+ to grant to ! ,great ,yu1 ) 8 f+] on ! pulse ( ! nation1 ! p[] to project 8 vision f\r ?\s& ye>s into ! future ( 8 race & to =mulate "s ( ! measures :i* might he inaugurat$ to gr[ ) ! ye>s & make c]ta9 p]petual ma9t5ance = ^? to foll[4 ,! exhau/ion ( cultivat$ fields mu/ always h be5 ! mo/ fundam5tal1 vital & difficult problem ( all civiliz$ p & x appe>s cle> t su* canalization z is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ea & #eb may h be5 prim>ily initial /eps 9 ! reclamation ( delta & ov]fl[ l&s4 ,at any rate1 :e!r delib]ately s plann$ or n1 ! canalization ( ! delta & ov]fl[ pla9s ( ,*9a has be5 "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal & fruitful measures = ! cons]vation ( h] national res\rces t !y c\ld h tak51 = we are conv9c$ t ?is olde/ nation 9 ! _w has ?us greatly augm5t$ ! ext5sion ( its coa/al pla9s1 cons]v+ & build+ out ( ! wa/e ( erosion wre/$ f ! great /reams1 hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ endur+ ( soils1 & we h little d\bt t 7 a full & accurate acc\nt giv5 ( human influ5ce ^u ! *anges 9 ?is rem>kable region dur+ ! la/ f\r ?\s& ye>s x w\ld %[ t ^! gigantic sy/ems ( canalization h be5 matt]s ( sl[1 gradual gr[?1 (t5 initiat$ & always pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! labors ( ! /rong1 pati5t1 p]sev]+1 ?\ghtful b ev] sil5t husb&-m5 9 _! ef=ts to acquire homes & to ma9ta9 ! productive p[] ( _! fields4 ,no?+ appe>s m cle> ?an t ! greate/ mat]ial problem :i* c engage ! be/ ?\ght ( ,*9a today is t ( p]fect+1 ext5d+ & p]petuat+ ! means = controll+ h] flood wat]s1 = bett] dra9+ ( h] va/ areas ( l[ l&1 & = utiliz+ ! trem5d\s loads ( silt borne by h] /reams m effectively 9 f]tiliz+ exi/+ fields & 9 build+ & reclaim+ new l&4 ,) h] millions ( p ne$+ homes & anxi\s = "w2 :o h done s mu* 9 l& build+1 9 reclamation & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility1 ! gov]nm5t %\ld give s]i\s ?\ght to ! possibility ( putt+ l>ge numb]s ( !m at "w1 effectively direct$ by ! be/ eng9e]+ skill4 ,x mu/ n[ be entirely practicable1 ) eng9e]+ skill & me*anical appliances1 to put ! ,hwang ho1 & o!r riv]s ( ,*9a subject to ov]fl[1 completely "u control4 ,) ! ,hwang ho conf9$ to its *annel1 ! adjac5t l[ l&s c be bett] dra9$ by canalization & fre$ f ! accumulat+ sal9e deposits :i* are r5d]+ !m /]ile4 ,w>p+ may be resort$ to dur+ ! flood season to raise ! level ( adjac5t l[-ly+ fields1 r5d]+ !m at ! same "t m f]tile4 ,:]e ! riv] is runn+ above ! adjac5t pla9s !re is no difficulty 9 draw+ (f ! turbid wat] by gravity1 "u controll$ conditions1 into dik$ bas9s1 & ev5 9 compell+ ! riv] to buttress its own levees4 ,!re is c]ta9ly great ne$ & great opportunity = ,*9a to make /ill bett] & m effici5t h] already wond]ful transportation canals & ^? devot$ to dra9age1 irrigation & f]tilization4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 along ! same l9es1 n[ t we are consid]+ ! developm5t ( inl& wat]ways1 ! subject %\ld be survey$ broadly & mu* c>eful /udy may well be giv5 to ! works ^! old p h develop$ & f\nd s]viceable ?r\gh s _m c5turies4 ,! ,mississippi is annually be>+ to ! sea ne>ly #bbe1jjj acre-feet ( ! mo/ f]tile s$im5t1 & betwe5 levees along a rais$ b$ ?r\gh two hundr$ miles ( c\ntry subject to inundation4 ,! "t is "h :5 !re %\ld he und]tak5 a sy/ematic div]sion ( a l>ge "p ( ?is f]tile soil ov] ! swamp areas1 build+ !m into well dra9$1 cultivable1 f]tile fields provid$ ) wat]ways to s]ve = dra9age1 irrigation1 f]tilization & transportation4 ,^! great areas ( swamp l& may ?us be conv]t$ into ! mo/ productive rice & sug> plantations to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! _w1 & ! area made capable ( ma9ta9+ _m millions ( p z long z ! ,mississippi endures1 be>+ its burd5 ( f]tile s$im5t4 ,b ! cons]vation & utilization ( ! wa/es ( soil erosion1 z appli$ 9 ! delta pla9 ( ,*9a1 /up5d\s z ?is "w has be51 is nev]!less small :5 measur$ by ! sav+s :i* accrue f ! c>eful & ext5sive fitt+ ( fields s l>gely practic$1 :i* bo? less5s soil erosion & p]mits a l>ge am\nt ( soluble & susp5d$ matt] 9 ! run-(f to be appli$ to1 & reta9$ ^u1 ! fields ?r\gh _! ext5sive sy/ems ( irrigation4 ,m\nta9\s & hilly z are ! l&s ( ,japan1 #aa1jjj squ>e miles ( h] cultivat$ fields 9 ! ma9 isl&s ( ,hon%u1 ,kyu%u & ,%ikoku h be5 c>efully grad$ to wat] level areas b\nd$ by n>r[ rais$ rims ^u :i* sixte5 or m in*es ( run-(f wat]1 ) its susp5d$ & soluble matt]s1 may be appli$1 a l>ge "p ( :i* is reta9$ on ! fields or utiliz$ by ! crop1 :ile surface erosion is almo/ completely prev5t$4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab & #ac %[ ! application ( ! pr9ciple to ! l>g] & m level fields1 & 9 ,figs4 #aea1 #aeb & #bbe may be se5 ! practice on /eep slopes4 ,if ! total area ( fields grad$ practically to a wat] level 9 ,japan aggregates #aa1jjj squ>e miles1 ! total area ?us surface fitt$ 9 ,*9a mu/ be eight or t5fold ?is am\nt4 ,su* enorm\s field erosion z is tol]at$ at ! pres5t "t 9 our s\!rn & s\? ,atlantic /ates is p]mitt$ n[h]e 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 s f> z we obs]v$1 n ev5 :]e ! topography is mu* /eep]4 ,! tea or*>ds z we saw !m on ! /eep] slopes1 n level-t]rac$1 are (t5 heavily mul*$ ) /raw :i* makes erosion1 ev5 by heavy ra9s impossible1 :ile ! treatm5t reta9s ! ra9 :]e x falls1 giv+ ! soil opportunity to receive x "u ! impulse ( bo? capill>ity & gravity1 & ) x ! soluble a% +r$i5ts lea*$ f ! /raw4 ,! /raw mul*es we saw us$ 9 ?is mann] 7 (t5 six to eight in*es deep1 ?us con/itut+ a dress+ ( n less ?an six tons p] acre1 c>ry+ #adj p\nds ( soluble potassium & #ab p\nds ( phosphorus4 ,! practice1 !re=e1 gives at once a good f]tiliz+1 ! highe/ cons]vation & utilization ( ra9fall1 & a complete protection aga9/ soil erosion4 ,x is a multum 9 p>vo treatm5t :i* *>act]izes s _m ( ! practices ( ^! p1 :i* h cry/alliz$ f tw5ty c5turies ( high t5sion exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! ,kiangsu & ,*ekiang prov9ces z else:]e 9 ! d5sely populat$ portions ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 we f\nd almo/ all ( ! cultivat$ fields v ne>ly level or made s by grad+4 ,in/ances %[+ ! type ( ?is grad+ 9 a comp>atively level c\ntry are se5 9 ,figs4 #ef & #eg4 ,by ?is prelim9>y surface fitt+ ( ! fields ^! p h r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible limit ! wa/e ( soil f]tility by erosion & surface lea*+4 ,at ! same "t !y are able to reta9 ^u ! field1 uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] x1 ! l>ge/ "p ( ! ra9fall practicable1 & to compel a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! necess>y run (f to leave by "u-dra9age ?an w\ld be possible o!rwise1 convey+ ! plant food develop$ 9 ! surface soil to ! roots ( ! crops1 :ile !y make possible a m complete absorption & ret5tion by ! soil ( ! soluble plant food mat]ials n tak5 up4 ,?is same treatm5t also furni%es ! be/ possible conditions = ! application ( wat] to ! fields :5 supplem5tal irrigation w\ld be helpful1 & = ! )drawal ( surplus ra9fall by surface dra9age1 %\ld ?is be necess>y4 ,besides ?is surface fitt+ ( fields !re is a wide application ( additional me?ods aim+ to cons]ve bo? ra9fall & soil f]tility1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eh1 %[+ "o end ( a collect+ res]voir4 ,!re 7 ?ree ( ^! res]voirs 9 t&em1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by surface dit*es & ) an adjo9+ canal4 ,ab\t ! res]voir ! level field is se5 to be ?r[n into b$s ) %all[ furr[s betwe5 ! long n>r[ ridges4 ,! furr[s are connect$ by a head dra9 ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! res]voir & sep>at$ f x by a n>r[ rais$ rim4 ,su* a res]voir may be six to t5 feet deep b c be completely dra9$ only by pump+ or by evaporation dur+ ! dry season4 ,into su* res]voirs ! excess surface wat] is dra9$ :]e all susp5d$ matt] c>ri$ f ! field collects & is return$1 ei!r directly z an application ( mud or z mat]ial us$ 9 compo/s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( compo/s1 pits are dug ne> ! m>g9 ( ! res]voir1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration1 & into !m are ?r[n co>se manure & any r\ghage 9 ! =m ( /ubble or o!r refuse :i* may be available1 ^! mat]ials be+ saturat$ ) ! s(t mud dipp$ f ! bottom ( ! res]voir4 ,9 all ( ! prov9ces :]e canals are abundant !y also s]ve z res]voirs = collect+ surface wa%+s & along _! banks great numb]s ( compo/ pits are ma9ta9$ & repeat$ly fill$ dur+ ! season1 = use on ! fields z ! crops are *ang$4 ,fig4 #ei %[s two su* pits on ! bank ( a canal1 already fill$4 ,9 o!r cases1 z 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fj1 ! surface ( ! field may be ?r[n into broad level$ l&s sep>at$ & b\nd$ by deep & wide tr5*es into :i* ! excess wat] ( v heavy ra9s may collect4 ,z we saw !m !re 0 no provision = dra9+ ! tr5*es & ! wat] ?us collect$ ei!r seeps away or evaporates1 or x may be return$ 9 "p by und]fl[ & capill>y rise to ! soil f :i* x 0 collect$1 or be appli$ directly = irrigation by pump+4 ,9 ?is prov9ce ! ra9s may (t5 be heavy b ! total fall = ! ye> is small1 be+ little m ?an tw5ty-f\r in*es h5ce !re is ! greate/ ne$ = its cons]vation1 & ?is is c>efully practic$4 ,,vi ,,"s ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,p ,! ,tosa ,m>u br\ght u aga9 into ,%anghai ,m>* #bj?1 j 9 "t = ! fir/ lett]s f home4 ,a rick%a man c>ri$ u & our heavy valise at a sm>t trot f ! dock to ! ,a/or ,h\se m ?an a mile1 = #h4f c5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy1 & m ?an ! conv5tional price = ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,on our way we pass$ sev]al load$ c>ryalls ( ! type se5 9 ,fig4 #fa1 on :i* wom5 7 rid+ = a f>e "o-t5? t we _h paid1 b at a sl[] pace & ) _m a jolt4 ,! r++ *orus :i* came l\d & cle> :5 yet half a block away ann\nc$ t ! pile driv]s 7 /ill at "w on ! f\ndation = an annex to ! ,a/or ,h\se1 & s 7 !y on ,may #bg? :5 we return$ f ! ,%antung prov9ce1 #hh days aft] we saw !m fir/1 b ) ! task !n practically complet$4 ,_h ! eighte5 m5 labor$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ?is int]val1 ! co/ ( _! s]vices to ! contractor w\ld h be5 b #bje4ib4 ,) ^! conditions ! eng9e-driv5 pile driv] c\ld n compete4 ,all ord9>y labor "h receives a l[ wage4 ,9 ! ,*ekiang prov9ce f>m labor employ$ by ! ye> receiv$ #cj & bo>d1 t5 ye>s ago1 b n[ is receiv+ #ej4 ,?is is at ! rate ( ab\t #ab4ij & #ba4ej1 gold1 mat]ially less ?an !re is paid p] mon? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ,ts+tao 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce a mission>y 0 pay+ a ,*9ese cook t5 doll>s p] mon?1 a man = g5]al "w n9e doll>s p] mon?1 & ! cook's wife1 = do+ ! m5d+ & o!r family s]vice1 two doll>s p] mon?1 all liv+ at home & fe$+ !mselves4 ,?is s]vice r5d]$ = #i4jc1 gold1 p] mon? cov]s ! m>ket+1 all c>e ( ! g>d5 & lawn z well z all ! "w 9 ! h\se4 ,mission>ies 9 ,*9a f9d su* s]vants reliable & satisfactory1 & tru/ !m ) ! purse & ! m>ket+ = ! table1 f9d+ !m n only hone/ b f> bett] at a b>ga9 & at economical selection ?an !mselves4 ,we _h a soil tube made 9 ! %ops ( a l>ge ,engli% %ip build+ & repair firm1 employ+ _m hundr$ ,*9ese z me*anics1 us+ ! mo/ mod]n & complex ma*9]y1 & ! =eman /at$ t z soon z ! m5 c\ld und]/& well en\gh to take ord]s !y 7 ev5 bett] %op h&s ?an ! av]age 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&4 ,an educat$ ,*9ese book+ cl]k at ! ,soo*[ railway /ation 9 ,kiangsu prov9ce 0 receiv+ a sal>y ( #aj4ge1 gold1 p] mon?4 ,we _h inquir$ ! way to ! ,elizabe? ,blake hospital & he volunte]$ to escort u & did s1 ! di/ance be+ ov] a mile4 ,he w\ld accept no comp5sation1 & yet ,i 0 an entire /rang]1 )\t introduction ( any k9d4 ,ev]y:]e we w5t 9 ,*9a1 ! labor+ p appe>$ g5]ally happy & cont5t$ if !y h some?+ to d1 & %[$ cle>ly t !y 7 well n\ri%$4 ,! indu/rial classes are ?or\ghly organiz$1 hav+ _h _! guilds or labor unions = c5turies & x is n at all uncommon = a labor] :o is kn[n to h violat$ ! rules ( 8 guild to be summ>ily dealt ) or ev5 to disappe> )\t que/ions be+ ask$4 ,9 go+ among ! p1 away f ! l9es ( t\ri/ travel1 "o gets ! impression t ev]ybody is busy or is 9 ! h>ness ready to be busy4 ,tramps ( our hobo type h few opportunities "h & we d\bt if "o exi/s 9 ei!r ( ^! c\ntries4 ,!re are p physically disabl$ :o are ask+ alms & !re are organiz$ *>ities to help !m1 b 9 proportion to ! total population ^! appe> to be few] ?an 9 ,am]ica or ,europe4 ,! ga!r+ ( un=tunates & habitual begg>s ab\t public places frequ5t$ by p ( leisure & means naturally leads t\ri/s to a wrong judgm5t reg>d+ ! ext5t ( ^! social conditions4 ,n[h]e among ^! d5sely cr[d$ p1 ei!r ,*9ese1 ,japanese or ,korean1 did we see "o intoxicat$1 b among ,am]icans & ,europeans _m in/ances 7 obs]v$4 ,all classes & bo? sexes use tobacco & ! ,briti%-,am]ican ,tobacco ,company does a bus9ess 9 ,*9a am\nt+ to millions ( doll>s annually4 ,dur+ five mon?s among ^! p we saw b two *ildr5 9 a qu>rel4 ,! two little boys 7 hav+ _! tr\ble on ,nank+ road1 ,%anghai1 :]e1 grasp+ ea* o!r's pigtails1 !y tussl$ ) a v5geance until ! "m ( "o came & p>t$ _! ways4 ,among ! mo/ frequ5t sights 9 ! city /reets are ! it9]ant v5dors ( hot foods & confections4 ,/ove1 fuel1 supplies & appliances may all be c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s1 sw++ f a bamboo pole4 ,! "m 9 ,fig4 #fc 0 q likely ?us support+ h] family & ! *ildr5 are se5 at lun*1 dress$ 9 ! blue & :ite calico pr9ts s g5]ally worn by ! "y4 ,! pr9t+ ( ?is calico by ! v anci5t1 simple yet effective me?od we witness$ 9 ! f>m village along ! canal se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is art1 z ) s _m o!rs 9 ,*9a1 0 ! inh]itance ( ! family we saw at "w1 h&$ d[n to !m ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,! pr9t] 0 /&+ at a r\gh "w b5* ^u :i* a l>ge heavy /one 9 cubical =m s]v$ z a weight to hold 9 place a ?or\ghly lacqu]$ %eet ( t\gh c>dbo>d 9 :i* 0 cut ! patt]n to appe> 9 :ite on ! clo?4 ,beside ! /one /ood a pot ( ?ick pa/e prep>$ f a mixture ( lime & soy bean fl\r4 ,! soy beans 7 be+ gr\nd 9 "o corn] ( ! same room by a dim9utive edition ( su* an outfit z se5 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! donkey 0 work+ 9 8 p]man5t abode & :5ev] (f duty he halt$ be=e mang] & fe$4 ,at ! op]ator's "r lay a bolt ( :ite cotton clo? fix$ to unroll & pass "u ! /5cil1 held /ation>y by ! heavy weight4 ,to pr9t1 ! /5cil 0 rais$ & ! clo? br\ght to place "u x4 ,! pa/e 0 !n deftly spread ) a paddle ov] ! surface & ?us ^u ! clo? b5ea? :]ev] expos$ ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! /5cil4 ,?is completes ! pr9t+ ( ! patt]n on "o section ( ! bolt ( clo?4 ,! free end ( ! /5cil is !n rais$1 ! clo? pass$ along ! prop] di/ance by h& & ! /5cil dropp$ 9 place = ! next application4 ,! pa/e is p]mitt$ to dry ^u ! clo? & :5 ! bolt has be5 dipp$ into ! blue dye ! portions protect$ by ! pa/e rema9 :ite4 ,9 ?is simple mann] has ! pr9t+ ( calico be5 done = c5turies = ! g>m5ts ( millions ( *ildr54 ,f ! ceil+ ( ! dry+ room 9 ?is pr9t]y ( old5 times 7 hang+ "s hundr$s ( /5cils be>+ diff]5t patt]ns4 ,9 our great calico mills1 pr9t+ hundr$s ( y>ds p] m9ute1 ! me*anics & ! *emi/ry diff] only 9 detail ( application & 9 dispat*1 n 9 fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,9 almo/ any direction we travel$ outside ! city1 9 ! pleasant morn+s :5 ! air 0 /ill1 ! lay+ ( w>p = cotton clo? c\ld be se51 to be wov5 lat] 9 ! c\ntry homes4 ,we saw ?is "w 9 progress _m times & 9 _m places 9 ! e>ly morn+1 usually along "s roadside or op5 place1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #fe1 b nev] lat] 9 ! day4 ,:5 ! w>p is laid ea* w be roll$ ^u its /ret*] & remov$ to ! h\se to be wov54 ,9 _m places 9 ,kiangsu prov9ce batt]ies ( ! l>ge dye pits 7 se5 sunk 9 ! fields & l9$ ) cem5t4 ,^! 7 six to eight feet 9 diamet] & f\r to five feet deep4 ,9 "o case obs]v$ !re 7 n9e pits 9 ! set4 ,"s ( ! pits 7 neatly %elt]$ b5ea? live arbors1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,b mu* ( ?is sp9n+1 weav+1 dye+ & pr9t+ ( late ye>s is be+ displac$ by ! *eap] calicos ( =eign make & mo/ ( ! dye pits we saw 7 n n[ us$ = ?is purpose1 ! two 9 ! illu/ration s]v+ z manure receptacles4 ,our int]pret] /at$ h[ev] t !re is a gr[+ dissatisfaction ) =eign goods on acc\nt ( _! lack ( durability2 & we saw _m cases :]e ! clo? dy$ blue 0 be+ dri$ 9 l>ge quantities on ! grave l&s4 ,9 ano!r home = ne>ly an h\r we obs]v$ a me?od ( beat+ cotton & ( lay+ x to s]ve z ! body = mattresses & ! cov]lets = b$s4 ,?is we c\ld d )\t intrusion because ! home 0 also ! "w %op & op5$ full wid? directly ^u ! n>r[ /reet4 ,! heavy wood5 %utt]s :i* clos$ ! home at night 7 s]v+ z a "w b5* ab\t sev5 feet squ>e1 laid ^u movable supports4 ,!re 0 b>ely room to "w betwe5 x & ! sidewalk )\t imp$+ traffic1 & on ! ?ree o!r sides !re 0 a floor space ?ree or f\r feet wide4 ,9 ! re> sat gr&mo!r & wife :ile 9 & out ! f\r y\ng] *ildr5 7 play+4 ,occupy+ ! two sides ( ! room 7 receptacles fill$ ) raw cotton & appliances = ! "w4 ,!re may h be5 a kit*5 & sleep+ room beh9d b no door1 z su*1 0 visible4 ,! f9i%$ mattresses1 c>efully roll$ & wrapp$ 9 pap]1 7 susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,on ! improvis$ "w table1 ) its top two feet above ! floor1 !re _h be5 laid 9 ! morn+ be=e our visit1 a mass ( s(t :ite cotton m ?an six feet squ>e & fully twelve in*es deep4 ,on opposite sides ( ?is table ! fa!r & 8 son1 ( twelve ye>s1 ea* twang$ ! /r+ ( _! heavy bamboo b[s1 snapp+ ! l9t f ! wads ( cotton & fl++ x broadca/ 9 an ev5 lay] ov] ! surface ( ! gr[+ mattress1 ! two /r+s ! :ile emitt+ tones pit*$ f> bel[ ! hum ( ! bumblebee4 ,! heavy b[ 0 /eadi$ by a cord secur$ ar\nd ! body ( ! op]ator1 all[+ him to manage x ) "o h& & to move readily ar\nd 8 "w 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! cu/om ( ! ,japanese se5 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,by ?is means ! l9t 0 exp$iti\sly pluck$ & skillfully & uni=mly laid1 ! twang+ be+ effect$ by an appliance simil> to t us$ 9 ,japan4 ,repeat$ly1 tak5 9 small bits f ! b>rel ( cotton1 ! l9t 0 di/ribut$ ov] ! entire surface ) great dext]ity & uni=mity1 ! mattress gr[+ upw>d ) p]fectly v]tical sides1 /raight edges & squ>e corn]s4 ,9 ?is mann] a ?or\ghly uni=m texture is secur$ :i* compresses into a body ( ev5 ?ickness1 free f h>d places4 ,! next /ep 9 build+ ! mattress is ev5 m simple & exp$iti\s4 ,a basket ( long bobb9s ( r\ghly spun cotton 0 ne> ! gr&mo!r & probably h] h&iwork4 ,! fa!r took f ! wall a sl5d] bamboo rod l a fi%-pole1 six feet long1 & select+ "o ( ! spools1 ?read$ ! /r& ?r\gh an eye 9 ! small end4 ,) ! pole & spool 9 "o h& & ! free end ( ! ?read1 pass+ ?r\gh ! eye1 9 ! o!r1 ! fa!r rea*$ ! ?read across ! mattress to ! boy :o hook$ 8 f+] ov] x1 c>ry+ x to "o edge ( ! b$ ( cotton4 ,:ile ?is 0 do+ ! fa!r _h :ipp$ ! pole back to 8 side & caught ! ?read ov] 8 own f+]1 br++ ?is d[n ^u ! cotton opposite 8 son4 ,!re 0 ?us laid a d\ble /r&1 b ! pole cont9u$ :ipp+ hack & =? across ! b$1 fa!r & son cat*+ ! ?reads & br++ !m to place on ! cotton at ! rate ( =ty to fifty c\rses p] m9ute1 & 9 a v %ort "t ! entire surface ( ! mattress _h be5 laid ) d\ble /r&s4 ,a heavy bamboo roll] 0 next laid across ! /r&s at ! middle1 pass$ c>efully to "o side1 back aga9 to ! middle & !n to ! o!r edge4 ,ano!r lay] ( ?reads 0 !n laid diagonally & ?is simil>ly press$ ) ! same roll]2 !n ano!r diagonally ! o!r way & f9ally /raight across 9 bo? directions4 ,a simil> network ( /r&s _h be5 laid ^u ! table be=e spread+ ! cotton4 ,next a flat bottom$1 circul>1 %all[ basket-l =m two feet 9 diamet] 0 us$ to g5tly compress ! mat]ial f twelve to six in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! wov5 ?reads 7 n[ turn$ ov] ! edge ( ! mattress on all sides & sew$ d[n1 aft] :i*1 by means ( two heavy solid wood5 disks eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 fa!r & son compress$ ! cotton until ! ?ickness 0 r$uc$ to ?ree in*es4 ,!re rema9$ ! task ( c>efully fold+ & wrapp+ ! f9i%$ piece 9 oil$ pap] & ( susp5d+ x f ! ceil+4 ,on ,m>* #bj?1 :5 visit+ ! ,boone ,road & ,nank+ ,road m>kets 9 ,%anghai1 we _h our fir/ surprise reg>d+ ! ext5t to :i* vegetables ent] into ! daily diet ( ! ,*9ese4 ,we _h obs]v$ long processions ( :eelb>r[ m5 mov+ f ! canals ?r\gh ! /reets c>ry+ l>ge loads ( ! gre5 tips ( rape 9 bundles a foot long & five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! _h come f ! c\ntry on boats ea* c>ry+ tons ( ! succul5t leaves & /ems4 ,we _h c\nt$ z _m z fifty :eelb>r[ m5 pass+ a giv5 po9t on ! /reet 9 quick succession1 ea* c>ry+ #cjj to #ejj p\nds ( ! gre5 rape & mov+ s rapidly t x 0 n easy to keep pace ) !m1 z we le>n$ 9 foll[+ "o ( ! tra9s dur+ tw5ty m9utes to its de/9ation4 ,dur+ ?is "t n a man 9 ! tra9 halt$ or slack5$ 8 pace4 ,?is rape is v ext5sively gr[n 9 ! fields1 ! tips ( ! /ems cut :5 t5d] & eat51 aft] be+ boil$ or /eam$1 aft] ! mann] ( cabbage4 ,v l>ge quantities are also pack$ ) salt 9 ! proportion ( ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( salt to "o hundr$ p\nds ( ! rape4 ,?is1 ,fig4 #fh1 & _m o!r vegetables are sold ?us pickl$ & us$ z reli%es ) rice1 :i* inv>iably is cook$ & s]v$ )\t salt or o!r season+4 ,ano!r field crop v ext5sively gr[n = human food1 & p>tly z a s\rce ( soil nitrog51 is closely alli$ to our alfalfa4 ,?is is ! ,m$icago a/ragalus1 two b$s ( :i* are se5 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,t5d] tips ( ! /ems are ga!r$ be=e ! /age ( blossom+ is rea*$ & s]v$ z food aft] boil+ or /eam+4 ,x is kn[n among ! =eign]s z ,*9ese clov]4 ,! /ems are also cook$ & !n dri$ = use :5 ! crop is out ( season4 ,:5 pick$ v "y1 weal?y ,*9ese families pay an extra high price = ! t5d] %oots1 sometimes z mu* z #bj to #bh c5ts1 our curr5cy1 p] p\nd4 ,! m>kets are ?rong$ ) p mak+ _! pur*ases 9 ! e>ly morn+s1 & ! conge/$ condition1 ) ! great v>iety ( vegetables1 makes x almo/ z impressive a sight z ,bill+sgate fi% m>ket 9 ,london4 ,9 ! foll[+ table we give a li/ ( vegetables obs]v$ !re & ! prices at :i* !y 7 sell+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,li/ ,,( ,,vegetables ,,display$ ,,= ,,sale ,,9 ,,boone ,,road ,,m>ket1 ,,%anghai1 ,,april #f,,?1 #aijj1 ,,) ,,prices ,,express$ ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,curr5cy4-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,c5ts ,lotus roots1 p] lb4 #a4fj ,bamboo spr\ts1 p] lb4 #f4dj ,engli% cabbage1 p] lb4 #a4cc ,olive gre5s1 p] lb4 4#fg ,:ite gre5s1 p] lb4 4#cc ,tee ,tsai1 p] lb4 4#ec ,*9ese cel]y1 p] lb4 4#fg ,*9ese clov]1 p] lb4 4#eh ,*9ese clov]1 v "y1 lb4 #ba4cc ,oblong :ite cabbage1 p] lb4 #b4jj ,r$ beans1 p] lb4 #a4cc ,yell[ beans1 p] lb4 #a4hg ,peanuts1 p] lb4 #b4di ,gr\nd nuts1 p] lb4 #b4if ,cucumb]s1 p] lb4 #b4eh ,gre5 pumpk91 p] lb4 #a4fb ,maize1 %ell$1 p] lb4 #a4jj ,w9dsor beans1 dry1 p] lb4 #a4gb ,fr5* lettuce1 p] head 4#dd ,hau ,tsai1 p] head 4#hg ,cabbage lettuce1 p] head 4#bb ,kale1 p] lb4 #a4fj ,rape1 p] lb4 4#bc ,portuguese wat] cress1 basket #b4ae ,%ang tsor1 basket #h4fj ,c>rots1 p] lb4 4#ig ,/r+ beans2 p] lb4 #a4fj ,iri% potatoes1 p] lb4 #a4fj ,r$ onions1 p] lb4 #d4if ,long :ite turnips1 p] lb4 4#dd ,flat /r+ beans1 p] lb4 #d4hj ,small :ite turnips1 bun* 4#dd ,onion /ems1 p] lb4 #a4bi ,lima beans1 gre51 %ell$1 lb4 #f4de ,egg plants1 p] lb4 #d4cj ,tomatoes1 p] lb4 #e4af ,small flat turnips1 p] lb4 4#hf ,small r$ beets1 p] lb4 #a4bi ,arti*okes1 p] lb4 #a4bi ,:ite beans1 dry1 p] lb4 #d4hj ,radi%es1 p] lb4 #a4bi ,g>lic1 p] lb4 #b4ae ,kohl rabi1 p] lb4 #b4ae ,m9t1 p] lb4 #d4cj ,leeks1 p] lb4 #b4ah ,l>ge cel]y1 blea*$1 bun* #b4aj ,spr\t$ peas1 p] lb4 4#hj ,spr\t$ beans1 p] lb4 4#ic ,p>snips1 p] lb4 #a4bi ,g+] roots1 p] lb4 #a4fj ,wat] *e/nuts1 p] lb4 #a4cc ,l>ge sweet potatoes1 p] lb4 #a4cc ,small sweet potatoes1 p] lb4 #a4jj ,onion spr\ts1 p] lb4 #b4ac ,sp9a*1 p] lb4 #a4jj ,fle%y /emm$ lettuce1 peel$1 p] lb4 #b4jj ,fle%y /emm$ lettuce1 unpeel$1 p] lb4 4#fg ,bean curd1 p] lb4 #c4ic ,%antung walnuts1 p] lb4 #d4cj ,duck eggs1 doz5 #h4cd ,h5's eggs1 doz5 #g4cj ,goat's meat1 p] lb4 #f4de ,pork1 p] lb4 #f4hh ,h5s1 live weight1 p] lb4 #f4de ,ducks1 live weight1 p] lb4 #e4ei ,cock]els1 live weight1 p] lb4 #e4ei-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?is long li/1 made up *iefly ( fre% vegetables display$ = sale on "o m>ket day1 is by no means complete4 ,! record is only su* z 0 made 9 pass+ d[n "o side & across "o end ( ! m>ket occupy+ ne>ly "o city block4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ is sold by weight & ! problem ( correct weights is effectively solv$ by ea* pur*as] c>ry+ 8 own scales1 :i* he unhesitat+ly uses 9 ! pres5ce ( ! deal]4 ,^! scales are made on ! patt]n ( ! old "t /eely>ds b f sl5d] rods ( wood or bamboo provid$ ) a scale & slid+ poise1 ! susp5sions all be+ made ) /r+s4 ,we /ood by ?r\gh ! pur*as+ ( two cock]els & ! dick]+ ov] _! weight4 ,a doz5 live birds 7 "u cov] 9 a l>ge1 op5-"w basket4 ,! cu/om] took out ! birds "o by "o1 exam9+ !m by t\*1 f9ally select+ two1 ! price be+ nam$4 ,^! ! deal] ti$ toge!r by _! feet & weigh$ !m1 ann\nc+ ! result2 :]eupon ! cu/om] *eck$ ! /atem5t ) 8 own scales4 ,an animat$ dialogue foll[$1 punctuat$ ) _m ge/iculations & ) ! cu/om] toss+ ! birds into ! basket & turn+ to g away :ile ! deal] grew m e>ne/4 ,! pur*as] f9ally turn$ back1 & aga9 balanc+ ! roo/]s ^u 8 scales1 call$ a by/&] to read ! weight1 & !n flung !m 9 app>5t disda9 at ! deal]1 :o caught !m & plac$ !m 9 ! cu/om]'s basket4 ,! /orm subsid$ & ! deal] accept$ #ib;c1 ,mexican1 = ! two birds4 ,!y 7 good siz$ roo/]s & mu/ h dress$ m ?an ?ree p\nds ea*1 yet = ! two he paid less ?an #dj c5ts 9 our curr5cy4 ,bamboo spr\ts are v g5]ally us$ 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan & :5 "o sees !m gr[+ !y sugge/ giant /alks ( asp>agus1 "s ( !m be+ ?ree & ev5 five in*es 9 diamet] & a foot 9 height at ! /age = cutt+4 ,!y are %ipp$ 9 l>ge quantities f prov9ce to prov9ce :]e !y d n gr[ or :5 !y are out ( season4 ,^? we saw 9 ,nagasaki ref]r$ to 9 ,fig4 #bb1 _h come f ,canton or ,swat[ or possibly ,=mosa4 ,! =m1 foliage & bloom ( ! bamboo give ! mo/ beautiful effects 9 ! l&scape1 especially :5 gr\p$ ) tree =ms4 ,!y are usually cultivat$ 9 small clumps ab\t dwell+s 9 places n o!rwise readily utiliz$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,l ! asp>agus bud1 ! bamboo spr\t gr[s to its full height betwe5 ,april & ,augu/1 ev5 :5 x exce$s ?irty or ev5 sixty feet 9 height4 ,! buds spr+ f fle%y und]gr\nd /ems or roots ^: /or$ n\ri%m5t p]mits ?is rapid gr[?1 :i* 9 its e>li] /ages may exce$ twelve in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b :ile ! full size ( ! plant is atta9$ ! fir/ season1 ?ree or f\r ye>s are requir$ to rip5 & h>d5 ! wood suffici5tly to make x suitable = ! _m uses to :i* ! /ems are put4 ,x w\ld seem t ! "t mu/ come :5 "s ( ! _m =ms ( bamboo w be introduc$ & l>gely gr[n 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,lotus roots =m ano!r article ( diet l>gely us$ & widely cultivat$ f ,canton to ,tokyo4 ,^! are se5 9 ! l[] section ( ,fig4 #gj1 & ! plants 9 bloom 9 ,fig4 #ga1 gr[+ 9 wat]1 _! natural habitat4 ,! lotus is gr[n 9 p]man5t ponds n readily dra9$ = rice or o!r crops1 & ! roots are widely %ipp$4 ,spr\t$ beans & peas ( _m k9ds & ! spr\ts ( o!r vegetables1 su* z onions1 are v g5]ally se5 9 ! m>kets ( bo? ,*9a & ,japan1 at lea/ dur+ ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+1 & are sold z foods1 hav+ diff]5t flavors & dige/ive qualities1 & no d\bt ) important advantage\s effects 9 nutrition4 ,g+] is ano!r4 crop :i* is v widely & ext5sively cultivat$4 ,x is g5]ally display$ 9 ! m>ket 9 ! root =m4 ,no "o ?+ 0 m g5]ally hawk$ ab\t ! /reets ( ,*9a ?an ! wat] *e/nut4 ,?is is a small corm or fle%y bulb hav+ ! %ape & size ( a small onion4 ,boys p>e !m & sell a doz5 spitt$ toge!r on sl5d] /icks ! l5g? ( a knitt+ ne$le4 ,!n !re are ! wat] caltropes1 gr[n 9 ! canals produc+ a fruit resembl+ a horny nut hav+ a %ape :i* sugge/s = !m ! "n buffalo-horn4 ,/ill ano!r plant1 kn[n z wat]-grass 7,hydropyrum latifolium7 is gr[n 9 ,kiangsu prov9ce :]e ! l& is too wet = rice4 ,! plant has a t5d] succul5t cr[n ( leaves & ! peel+ ( ! out] co>s] ones away sugge/s ! husk+ ( an e> ( gre5 corn4 ,! portion eat5 is ! c5tral t5d] new gr[?1 & :5 cook$ =ms a delicate savory di%4 ,! f>m]s' sell+ price is ?ree to f\r doll>s1 ,mexican1 p] hundr$ catty1 or 4#ig to #a4bi p] hundr$weight1 & ! return p] acre is f #ac to #bj4 ,! small numb] ( animal products :i* are includ$ 9 ! m>ket li/ giv5 %\ld n be tak5 z indicat+ ! proportion ( animal to vegetable foods 9 ! diet>ies ( ^! p4 ,x is nev]!less true t !y are veget>ians to a f> high] degree ?an are mo/ we/]n nations1 & ! high ma9t5ance effici5cy ( ! agriculture ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan is 9 great measure r5d]$ possible by ! adoption ( a diet s l>gely veget>ian4 ,hopk9s1 9 8 ,soil ,f]tility & ,p]man5t ,agriculture1 page #bcd1 makes ?is po9t$ /atem5t ( fact3 #ajjj bu%els ( gra9 has at lea/ five times z mu* food value & w support five times z _m p z w ! meat or milk t c be made f x4 ,he also calls att5tion to ! results ( _m ,ro?am/$ fe$+ exp]im5ts ) gr[+ & fatt5+ cattle1 %eep & sw9e1 %[+ t ! cattle de/roy$ outright1 9 e #ajj p\nds ( dry sub/ance eat51 #eg4c p\nds1 ?is pass+ (f into ! air1 z does all ( wood except ! a%es1 :5 burn$ 9 ! /ove2 !y left 9 ! excrem5ts #cf4e p\nds1 & /or$ z increase b #f4b p\nds ( ! #ajj4 ,) %eep ! correspond+ figures 7 #fj4a p\nds2 #ca4i p\nds & #h p\nds2 & ) sw9e !y 7 #fe4g p\nds2 #af4g p\nds & #ag4f p\nds4 ,b less ?an two-?irds ( ! sub/ance /or$ 9 ! animal c become food = man & h5ce we get b f\r p\nds 9 "o hundr$ ( ! dry sub/ances eat5 by cattle 9 ! =m ( human food2 b five p\nds f ! %eep & elev5 p\nds f sw9e4 ,9 view ( ^! relations1 only rec5tly e/abli%$ z sci5tific facts by rigid rese>*1 x is rem>kable t ^! v anci5t p came long ago to disc>d cattle z milk & meat produc]s2 to use %eep m = _! pelts & wool ?an = food2 :ile sw9e are ! "o k9d ( ! ?ree classes :i* !y did reta9 9 ! role ( middleman z trans=m]s ( co>se sub/ances into human food4 ,x is cle> t 9 ! adoption ( ! succul5t =ms ( vegetables z human food important advantages are ga9$4 ,at ?is /age ( maturity !y h a high] dige/ibility1 ?us mak+ ! elim9ation ( ! animal less difficult4 ,_! nitrog5 cont5t is relatively high] & ?is 9 a measure comp5sates = loss ( meat4 ,by devot+ ! soil to gr[+ vegetation :i* man c directly dige/ !y h sav$ #fj p\nds p] #ajj ( absolute wa/e by ! animal1 return+ _! own wa/es to ! field = ! ma9t5ance ( f]tility4 ,9 us+ ^! immature =ms ( vegetation s l>gely z food !y are able to produce an imm5se am\nt t w\ld o!rwise be impossible1 = ?is is gr[n 9 a %ort] "t1 p]mitt+ ! same soil to produce m crops4 ,x is also produc$ late 9 ! fall & e>ly 9 ! spr+ :5 ! season is too cold & ! h\rs ( sun%9e too few ea* day to p]mit ( rip5+ crops4 ,,vii ,,! ,,fuel ,,problem1 ,,build+ ,,& ,,textile ,,mat]ials ,) ! va/ & ev] increas+ dem&s made ^u mat]ials :i* are ! products ( cultivat$ fields1 = food1 = app>el1 = furni%+s & = cordage1 bett] soil managem5t mu/ gr[ m important z populations multiply4 ,) ! increas+ co/ & ultimate exhau/ion ( m9]al fuel2 ) our timb] vani%+ rapidly be=e ! ev] gr[+ dem&s = lumb] & pap]2 ) ! inevitably sl[ gr[? ( trees & ! v limit$ areas :i* ! _w c ev] af=d to devote to =e/ry1 ! "t mu/ surely come :51 9 %ort p]iod rotations1 !re w be gr[n ^u ! f>m mat]ials f :i* to manufacture n only pap] & ! sub/itutes = lumb]1 b fuels z well4 ,! complete utilization ( e /ream :i* rea*es ! sea1 re9=c$ by ! =ce ( ! w9ds & ! en]gy ( ! waves :i* may be trans=m$ along ! coa/ l9es1 _c fully meet ! dem&s ( ! future = p[] & heat2 h5ce only 9 ! ev5t ( sci5ce & eng9e]+ skill becom+ able to devise means = trans=m+ ! unlimit$ en]gy ( space ?r\gh :i* we are ev] :irl$1 ) an economy approximat+ t :i* crops n[ exhibit1 c good soil managem5t be reliev$ ( ! task ( meet+ a portion ( ! _w's dem& = p[] & heat4 ,:5 ^! /atem5ts 7 made 9 #aije we did n "k t = c5turies !re _h exi/$ 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan a d5sity ( population su* z to require ! ext5sive cultivation ( crops = fuel & build+ mat]ial1 z well z = fabrics1 by ! ord9>y me?ods ( tillage1 & h5ce ano!r ( ! _m surprises we _h 0 ! solution ^! p _h rea*$ ( _! fuel problem & ( h[ to keep w>m4 ,_! solution has be5 direct & ! simple/ possible4 ,dress to make fuel = w>m? ( body unnecess>y1 & burn ! co>s] /ems ( crops1 su* z _c be eat51 f$ to animals or o!rwise made useful4 ,^! p /ill use :at wood c be gr[n on ! untillable l& )9 transport+ di/ance1 & conv]t mu* wood into *>coal1 mak+ transportation ov] long] di/ances easi]4 ,! g5]al use ( m9]al fuels1 su* z coal1 coke1 oils & gas1 _h be5 impossible to ^! z to e o!r p until )9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,coal1 coke1 oil & natural gas1 h[ev]1 h be5 locally us$ by ! ,*9ese f v anci5t times4 ,= m ?an two ?\s& ye>s br9e f _m deep wells 9 ,sze*wan prov9ce has be5 evaporat$ ) heat g5]at$ by ! burn+ ( natural gas f wells1 convey$ ?r\gh bamboo /ems to ! pans & burn$ f iron t]m9als4 ,9 o!r sections ( ! same prov9ce mu* br9e is evaporat$ ov] coal fires4 ,alex&] ,hosie e/imates ! production ( salt 9 ,sze*wan prov9ce at m ?an #fjj million p\nds annually4 ,coal is "h us$ also to "s ext5t = w>m+ ! h\ses1 burn$ 9 pits sunk 9 ! floor1 ! smoke escap+ :]e x may4 ,! same me?od ( heat+ we saw 9 use 9 ! po/ (fice at ,yokohama dur+ ,febru>y4 ,! fires 7 9 l>ge iron brazi]s m ?an two feet across ! top1 simply set ab\t ! room1 ?ree be+ 9 op]ation4 ,/oves = h\se w>m+ are n us$ 9 dwell+s 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,9 bo? ,*9a & ,japan we saw coal du/ put into ! =m & size ( m$ium oranges by mix+ x ) a ?9 pa/e ( clay4 ,*>coal is simil>ly mold$1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #gb1 us+ a by-product f ! manufacture ( rice syrup = cem5t+4 ,9 ,nank+ we wat*$ ) mu* int]e/ ! manufacture ( *>coal briquets by ano!r me?od4 ,a ,*9ese workman 0 seat$ ^u ! e>? floor ( a %op4 ,by 8 side 0 a pile ( p[d]$ *>coal1 a di% ( rice syrup by-product & a bas9 ( ! moi/5$ *>coal p[d]4 ,betwe5 8 legs 0 a heavy mass ( iron conta9+ a slightly conical mold two in*es deep1 two & a half in*es across at ! top & a heavy iron hamm] weigh+ sev]al p\nds4 ,9 8 left h& he held a %ort heavy ramm+ tool & ) 8 "r plac$ 9 ! mold a p9* ( ! moi/5$ *>coal2 !n foll[$ ?ree well direct$ bl[s f ! hamm] ^u ! ramm+ tool1 compress+ ! *>ge ( moi/5$1 /icky *>coal into a v compact lay]4 ,ano!r p9* ( *>coal 0 add$ & ! process repeat$ until ! mold 0 fill$1 :5 ! briquet 0 =c$ out4 ,by ?is simple/ possible me*anism1 ! man1 utiliz+ b a small "p ( 8 available en]gy1 0 subject+ ! *>coal to an enorm\s pressure su* z we atta9 only ) ! be/ hydraulic presses1 & he 0 us+ ! pr9ciple ( repeat$ small *>ges rec5tly pat5t$ & appli$ 9 our l>ge & mo/ effici5t cotton & hay presses1 :i* p]mit mu* d5s] bales to be made ?an is possible :5 l>ge *>ges are add$1 & ! ,*9ese is "h1 z 9 a ?\s& o!r ways1 ?or\ghly s\nd 9 8 application ( me*anical pr9ciples4 ,8 output = ! day 0 small b 8 pati5ce seem$ unlimit$4 ,8 arms & body1 b>$ to ! wai/1 %[$ vigor & good fe$+1 :ile 8 face wore ! look ( cont5tm5t4 ,) =ty c5turies ( su* inh]itance c\rs+ 9 ! ve9s ( f\r hundr$ millions ( p1 9 a c\ntry possess$ ( su* m>vel\s weal? ( coal & wat] p[]1 ( =e/ & ( agricultural possibilities1 !re %\ld be a future spe$ily blossom+ & rip5+ into all t is highe/ & be/ = su* a nation4 ,if !y w reta9 _! economies & _! indu/ry & use _! en]gies to develop1 direct & utilize ! p[] 9 _! /reams & 9 _! coal fields along ! l9es :i* sci5ce has n[ made possible to !m1 at ! same "t walk+ 9 pa?s ( peace & virtue1 !re is little wor? :ile :i* may n come to su* a p4 ,a ,%antung f>m] 9 w9t] dress1 ,fig4 #ah1 & ! ,kiangsu woman portray$ 9 ,fig4 #gc1 9 correspond+ co/ume1 are typical illu/rations ( ! mann] 9 :i* food = body w>m? is m9imiz$ & ( ! way ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! body is cons]v$4 ,obs]ve 8 wadd$ & quilt$ frock1 8 tr\s]s ( simil> goods ti$ ab\t ! ankle1 ) 8 feet clad 9 multiple socks & clo? %oes provid$ ) ?ick felt$ soles4 ,^! types ( dress1 ) ! wadd+1 quilt+1 belt+ & ty+1 incorporate & conf9e z "p ( ! effective mat]ial a l>ge volume ( air1 ?us secur+ )\t co/1 mu* additional w>m? )\t increas+ ! weight ( ! g>m5ts4 ,b5ea? ^! out] g>m5ts sev]al "u pieces ( diff]5t weights are worn :i* greatly cons]ve ! w>m? dur+ ! colde/ wea!r & make possible a wide range ( adju/m5t to suit v>y+ *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,x is d\btful if !re c\ld he devis$ a w>drobe suit$ to ! conditions ( ^! p at a small] fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance exp5se4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,a4 ,evans1 ( ! ,*9a ,inl& ,mission1 = _m ye>s resid+ at ,sunk+ 9 ,sze*wan1 e/imat$ t a f>m]'s w>drobe1 once x 0 procur$1 c\ld be ma9ta9$ ) an annual exp5diture ( #b4be ( our curr5cy1 ?is sum procur+ ! mat]ials = bo? repairs & r5ewals4 ,! int5se individual economy1 ext5d+ to ! smalle/ matt]s1 s univ]sally practic$ by ^! p1 has su/a9$ ! massive /r5g? ( ! ,mongolian nations ?r\gh _! long hi/ory & ?is trait is se5 9 _! h&l+ ( ! fuel problem1 z x is 9 all o!r l9es4 ,9 ! home ( ,mrs4 ,wu1 own] & manag] ( a #be-;acre rice f>m 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce1 !re 0 a masonry kang sev5 by sev5 feet1 ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es high1 :i* c\ld be w>m$ 9 w9t] by build+ a fire )94 ,! top 0 fitt$ = mats to s]ve z c\* by day & z a place ^u :i* to spread ! b$ at night4 ,9 ! ,%antung prov9ce we visit$ ! home ( a prosp]\s f>m] & "h f\nd two kangs 9 sep>ate sleep+ ap>tm5ts1 bo? w>m$ by ! wa/e heat f ! kit*5 ^: *imney flue pass$ horizontally "u ! kangs be=e ris+ ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,^! kangs 7 wide en\gh to spread ! b$s ^u1 ab\t ?irty in*es high1 & _h be5 con/ruct$ f brick twelve in*es squ>e & f\r in*es ?ick1 made f ! clay subsoil tak5 f ! fields & work$ into a pla/ic mass1 mix$ ) *aff & %ort /raw1 dri$ 9 ! sun & !n laid 9 a mort> ( ! same mat]ial4 ,^! massive kangs are ?us capable ( absorb+ l>ge am\nts ( ! wa/e heat f ! kit*5 dur+ ! day & ( imp>t+ cong5ial w>m? to ! c\*es by day & to ! b$s & sleep+ ap>tm5ts dur+ ! night4 ,9 "s ,man*urian inns l>ge comp\nd kangs are s arrang$ t ! gue/s sleep heads toge!r 9 d\ble r[s1 sep>at$ only by l[ divid+ rails1 secur+ ! greate/ economy ( fuel1 provid+ ! gue/s ) places :]e !y may sit ^u ! mod]ately w>m$ fireplace1 & spread _! b$s :5 !y retire4 ,! economy ( ! *imney b$s does n end ) ! w>m? cons]v$4 ,! e>? & /raw brick1 ?r\gh ! processes ( f]m5tation & ?r\gh %r9kage1 become op5 & por\s aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s ( s]vice1 s t ! draft is defective1 giv+ annoyance f smoke1 :i* requires _! r5ewal4 ,b ! heat1 ! f]m5tation & ! absorption ( products ( combu/ion h toge!r trans=m$ ! comp>atively inf]tile subsoil into :at !y reg>d z a valuable f]tiliz] & ^! disc>d$ brick are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( compo/ f]tiliz]s = ! fields4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is value ( ! disc>d$ brick ! l>ge am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 remov+ & rebuild+ ! kangs is n reg>d$ altoge!r z labor lo/4 ,our own obs]vations h %[n t heat+ soils to dryness at a temp]ature ( #aaj deg ,c4 greatly increases ! fre$om ) :i* plant food may be recov]$ f !m by ! solv5t p[] ( wat]1 & ! same heat+ d\btless improves ! physical & biological conditions ( ! soil z well4 ,nitrog5 comb9$ z ammonia1 & phosphorus1 pota% & lime are all c>ri$ ) ! smoke or soot1 me*anically 9 ! draft & arre/$ ^u ! inn] walls ( ! kangs or filt] into ! por\s brick ) ! smoke1 & ?us add plant food directly to ! soil4 ,soot f wood has be5 f\nd to conta91 z an av]age1 #a4cf p] c5t ( nitrog52 4#ea p] c5t ( phosphorus & #e4cd p] c5t ( potassium4 ,we practice burn+ /raw & corn /alks 9 enorm\s quantities1 to get !m easily out ( ! way1 ?us scatt]+ on ! w9ds valuable plant food1 ?\ghtlessly & lazily wa/+ :]e ^! p labori\sly & religi\sly save4 ,^! are ga9s 9 addition to ^? :i* result f ! =mation ( nitrates1 soluble pota% & o!r plant foods ?r\gh f]m5tation4 ,we saw _m in/ances :]e ^! disc>d$ brick 7 be+ us$1 bo? 9 ,%antung & ,*ihli prov9ces1 & x 0 common 9 walk+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( c\ntry villages to see piles ( !m1 evid5tly rec5tly remov$4 ,! fuel gr[n on ! f>ms consi/s ( ! /ems ( all agricultural crops :i* are to any ext5t woody1 unless !y c be put to "s bett] use4 ,rice /raw1 cotton /ems pull$ by ! roots aft] ! se$ has be5 ga!r$1 ! /ems ( w9dsor beans1 ^? ( rape & ! millets1 all pull$ by ! roots1 & _m o!r k9ds1 are br\ght to ! m>ket ti$ 9 bundles 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,figs4 #gd1 #ge & #gf4 ,^! fuels are us$ = dome/ic purposes & = ! burn+ ( lime1 brick1 ro(+ tile & e>!nw>e z well z 9 ! manufacture ( oil1 tea1 bean-curd & _m o!r processes4 ,9 ! home1 :5 ! meals are cook$ ) ^! light bulky fuels1 x is ! duty ( "s "o1 (t5 "o ( ! *ildr51 to sit on ! floor & fe$ ! fire ) "o h& :ile ) ! o!r a bell[s is work$ to secure suffici5t draft4 ,! manufacture ( cotton se$ oil & cotton se$ cake is "o ( ! common family indu/ries 9 ,*9a1 & 9 "o ( ^! homes we saw rice hulls & rice /raw be+ us$ z fuel4 ,9 ! l>ge l[1 "o-/ory1 tile-ro($ build+ s]v+ z /ore1 w>eh\se1 factory & dwell+1 a family ( f\r g5]ations 7 at "w1 ! gr&fa!r sup]vis+ 9 ! mill & ! gr&mo!r lead+ 9 ! home & /ore :]e ! cotton se$ oil 0 be+4 retail$ = #bb c5ts p] p\nd & ! cotton se$ cake at #cc c5ts1 gold1 p] hundr$weight4 ,back ( ! /ore & liv+ rooms1 9 ! mill comp>tm5t1 ?ree bl9dfold$ wat] buffalo1 ea* work+ a granite mill1 7 cru%+ & gr9d+ ! cotton se$4 ,?ree o!r buffalo1 = relay s]vice1 7 ly+ at re/ or eat+1 await+ _! turn at ! t5-h\r work+ day4 ,two ( ! mills 7 horizontal granite burrs m ?an f\r feet 9 diamet]1 ! upp] "o revolv+ once ) ea* circuit made by ! c[4 ,! ?ird mill 0 a pair ( massive granite roll]s1 ea* five feet 9 diamet] & two feet ?ick1 jo9$ on a v %ort horizontal axle :i* revolv$ on a circul> /one plate ab\t a v]tical axis once ) ea* circuit ( ! buffalo4 ,two m5 t5d$ ! ?ree mills4 ,aft] ! cotton se$ _h be5 twice pass$ ?r\gh ! mills x 0 /eam$ to r5d] ! oil fluid & m readily express$4 ,! /eam] consi/$ ( two cov]$ wood5 hoops n unlike t se5 9 ,fig4 #gg1 provid$ ) scre5 bottoms1 & 9 ^! ! meal 0 plac$ ov] op5+s 9 ! top ( an iron kettle ( boil+ wat] f :i* ! /eam 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! *>ge ( meal4 ,ea* *>ge 0 weigh$ 9 a scoop balanc$ on ! arm ( a bamboo scale1 ?us secur+ a uni=m weight = ! cakes4 ,on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! furnace sat a boy ( twelve ye>s /eadily fe$+ rice *aff into ! fire ) 8 left h& at ! rate ( ab\t ?irty *>ges p] m9ute1 :ile ) 8 "r h&1 & 9 p]fect rhy?m1 he drew back & =? ! long plung] ( a rectangul> box bell[s1 ma9ta9+ a =c$ draft = ! fire4 ,at int]vals ! man :o 0 br++ fuel f$ into ! furnace a bundle ( rice /raw1 ?us giv+ ! boy's left arm a mom5t's respite4 ,:5 ! /eam+ has r5d]$ ! oil suffici5tly fluid ! meal is transf]r$1 hot1 to t5-in* hoops two in*es deep1 made ( braid$ bamboo /r&s1 & is deftly tramp$ ) ! b>e feet1 :ile hot1 ! op]ator /eady+ himself by a pair ( h& b>s4 ,aft] a /ack ( sixte5 hoops1 divid$ by a slight sift+ ( *aff or %ort /raw to sep>ate ! cakes1 _h be5 complet$ ^! 7 tak5 to "o ( f\r pressm51 :o 7 kept busy 9 express+ ! oil4 ,! presses consi/$ ( two p>allel timb]s fram$ toge!r1 long en\gh to receive ! sixte5 hoops on edge above a gap betwe5 !m4 ,^! *eeses ( meal are subject$ to an enorm\s pressure secur$ by means ( ?ree p>allel l9es ( w$ges =c$ aga9/ ! foll[] ea* by an iron-b\nd ma/] w$ge1 driv5 home ) a heavy beetle weigh+ "s tw5ty-five or ?irty p\nds4 ,! l9es ( w$ges 7 tight5$ 9 succession1 ! loos5$ l9e receiv+ an additional w$ge to take up ! slack aft] draw+ back ! ma/] w$ge1 :i* 0 !n driv5 home4 ,to keep good ! supply ( w$ges :i* are (t5 cru%$ "u ! pressure a second boy1 old] ?an ! "o at ! furnace1 0 work+ on ! floor1 %ap+ new ones1 ! brok5 w$ges & ! *ips go+ to ! furnace = fuel4 ,by ?is v simple1 readily con/ruct$ & inexp5sive me*anism enorm\s pressures 7 secur$ & :5 ! op]ator _h obta9$ ! desir$ compression he light$ 8 pipe & sat d[n to smoke until ! oil ceas$ dripp+ into ! pit sunk 9 ! floor b5ea? ! press4 ,9 ?is int]val ! next s]ies ( cakes w5t to ano!r press & ! "w ?us kept up dur+ ! day4 ,six hundr$ & =ty cakes 0 ! av]age daily output ( ?is family ( eight m5 & two boys1 ) _! six wat] buffalo4 ,! cotton se$ cakes 7 be+ sold z fe$1 & a ne>-by ,*9ese dairyman 0 us+ !m = 8 h]d ( =ty wat] buffalo1 se5 9 ,fig4 #gh1 produc+ milk = ! =eign trade 9 ,%anghai4 ,?is h]d ( =ty c[s "o ( :i* 0 an alb9o1 0 giv+ an av]age ( b #bjj catty ( milk p] day1 or at ! rate ( six & two-?irds p\nds p] head6 ,! c[s h extremely small udd]s b ! milk is v ri*1 z indicat$ by an analysis made 9 ! (fice ( ! ,%anghai ,bo>d ( ,heal? & obta9$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,/anley4 ,! milk %[$ a specific gravity ( #a4jbh & conta9$ #bj4a p] c5t total solids2 #g4e p] c5t fat2 #d4b p] c5t milk sug> & 4#h p] c5t a%4 ,9 ! family ( ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 ( ! ,s\!rn ,presbyt]ian ,mission1 ,ka%+1 ^: v graci\s hospitality we enjoy$ on two diff]5t occasions1 ! butt] made f ! milk ( two ( ^! c[s1 "o ( :i*1 ) h] calf1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #gi1 0 us$ on ! family table4 ,x 0 z :ite z l>d or cottol5e b ! texture & flavor 7 normal & f> bett] ?an ! ,dani% & ,new ,zeal& products s]v$ at ! hotels4 ,! milk produc$ at ! ,*9ese dairy 9 ,%anghai 0 be+ sold 9 bottles hold+ two p\nds1 at ! rate ( "o doll> a bottle1 or #dc c5ts1 gold4 ,?is seems high & !re may h be5 misund]/&+ on ! "p ( my int]pret] b 8 answ] to my "q 0 t ! milk 0 be+ sold at "o ,%anghai doll> p] bottle hold+ "o & a half catty1 :i*1 int]pret$1 is ! value giv5 above4 ,b fuel f ! /ems ( cultivat$ plants :i* are 9 "p o!rwise useful1 is n suffici5t to meet ! ne$s ( c\ntry & village1 not)/&+ ! int5se economies practic$4 ,l>ge areas ( hill & m\nta9 l& are made to contribute _! %>e1 z we h se5 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a1 :]e p9e b\ghs 7 be+ us$ = fir+ ! lime & cem5t kilns4 ,at ,ts+tao we saw ! p9e b\gh fuel on ! backs ( mules1 ,fig4 #hj1 com+ f ! hills 9 ,%antung prov9ce4 ,simil> fuels 7 be+ us$ 9 ,korea & we h photographs ( l>ge p9e b\gh fuel /acks1 tak5 9 ,japan at ,funaba%i1 ea/ f ,tokyo4 ,! hill & m\nta9 l&s1 :]ev] accessible to ! d5sely peopl$ pla9s1 h long be5 cut ov] & z regul>ly has af=e/ation be5 enc\rag$ & delib]ately secur$ ev5 ?r\gh ! transplant+ ( nurs]y /ock gr[n expressly = t purpose4 ,we _h read s mu* reg>d+ ! reckless de/ruction ( =e/s 9 ,*9a & ,japan & _h se5 s few old =e/ trees except :]e ^! _h be5 protect$ ab\t temples1 graves or h\ses1 t :5 ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,had51 ( ! ,elizabe? ,blake hospital1 ne> ,soo*[ insi/$ t ! ,*9ese 7 delib]ate =e/]s & t !y regul>ly gr[ trees = fuel1 transplant+ !m :5 necess>y to secure a close & e>ly /&1 aft] ! area _h be5 cle>$1 we 7 s mu* surpris$ t he g5]\sly volunte]$ to accompany u we/w>d on a two days j\rney into ! hill c\ntry :]e ! practice c\ld be se54 ,a family own+ a h\seboat & liv+ ^u x 0 engag$ = ! j\rney4 ,?is family consi/$ ( a rec5tly wid[$ fa!r1 8 two sons1 newly m>ri$1 & a help]4 ,!y 7 to transport u & provide sleep+ qu>t]s = myself1 ,mr4 ,had5 & a cook = ! consid]ation ( #c4jj1 ,mexican1 p] day & to cont9ue ! j\rney ?r\gh ! night1 leav+ ! day = obs]vation 9 ! hills4 ,! rec5t fun]al _h co/ ! fa!r #ajj & ! w$d+ ( ! two sons #ej ea*1 :ile ! remodel+ ( ! h\seboat to meet ! ne$s ( ! new family relations co/ /ill ano!r #ajj4 ,to meet ^! exp5ses x _h be5 necess>y to borr[ ! full am\nt1 #cjj4 ,on #ajj ! fa!r 0 pay+ #bj p] c5t int]e/2 on #ej he 0 compell$ to pay #ej p] c5t int]e/4 ,! balance he _h borr[$ f fri5ds )\t int]e/ b ) ! und]/&+ t he w\ld return ! favor %\ld occasion be requir$4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,evans in=m$ u t x is a common practice 9 ,*9a = neighbors to help "o ano!r 9 times ( great f9ancial /ress4 ,?is is "o ( ! me?ods3 ,a neighbor may ne$ #hjjj ca%4 ,he prep>es a fea/ & s5ds invitations to a hundr$ fri5ds4 ,!y "k !re has be5 no dea? 9 8 family & t !re is no w$d+1 /ill x is und]/ood t he is 9 ne$ ( money4 ,! fea/ is prep>$ at a small exp5se4 ,! invit$ gue/s come1 ea* br++ eighty ca% z a pres5t4 ,! recipi5t is expect$ to keep a c>eful record ( contribut+ fri5ds & to repay ! sum4 ,ano!r me?od is l ?is3 ,= "s reason a man ne$s to borr[ #bj1jjj ca%4 ,he proposes to tw5ty ( 8 fri5ds t !y organize a club to raise ?is sum4 ,if ! fri5ds agree ea* pays #ajjj ca% to ! organiz+ memb]4 ,! balance ( ! club draw lots z to :i* memb] %all be numb] two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 etc41 designat+ ! ord] 9 :i* paym5ts %all be made4 ,! man borr[+ ! money is !n "u obligation to see t ^! paym5ts are met 9 full at ! times agre$ ^u4 ,n infrequ5tly a small rate ( int]e/ is *>g$4 ,rates ( int]e/ are v high 9 ,*9a1 especially on small sums :]e securities are n ! be/4 ,mr4 ,evans in=ms me t two p] c5t p] mon? is l[ & ?irty p] c5t p] annum is v commonly collect$4 ,su* obligations are (t5 nev] met b !y d n outlaw & may desc5d f fa!r to son4 ,! boat co/ #bib4dj 9 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy2 ! ye>ly e>n+ 0 #ajg4ej to #abj4dj4 ,! fun]al co/ #dc & #dc m 0 requir$ = ! w$d+ ( ! two sons4 ,!y 7 receiv+ = ! s]vices ( six p #a4bi p] day4 ,an engagem5t = two weeks or a mon? c\ld h be5 made = mat]ially l[] rates & _! av]age daily e>n+1 on ! basis ( ?ree hundr$ days s]vice 9 ! ye>1 & ! #abj4dj total e>n+1 w\ld be only #dj4ac c5ts1 less ?an sev5 c5ts ea*1 h5ce _! trip ) u 0 two ( _! bann] days4 ,=eign]s 9 ,%anghai & o!r cities frequ5tly engage su* h\seboat s]vice = two weeks or a mon? ( travel on ! canals & riv]s1 f9d+ x a v enjoyable z well z inexp5sive way ( hav+ a picnic out+4 ,on rea*+ ! hill l&s ! next morn+ !re 7 su* sc5es z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb1 :]e ! /rips ( tree gr[?1 v>y+ f two to t5 ye>s1 /ret*$ directly up ! slope1 (t5 9 /rong contra/ on acc\nt ( ! /raight b\nd>ies & diff]5t ages ( ! timb]4 ,"s ( ^! long n>r[ hold+s 7 less ?an two rods wide & on "o ( ^! only rec5tly cut1 up :i* we walk$ = consid]able di/ance1 ! "y p9e 7 spr++ up 9 goodly numb]s4 ,z _m z eighte5 "y trees 7 c\nt$ on a wid? ( six feet across ! /rip ( ?irty feet wide4 ,on ?is area ev]y?+ _h be5 rec5tly cut clean4 ,ev5 /umps & ! l>ge roots 7 dug & sav$ = fuel4 ,9 ,fig4 #hc are se5 bundles ( fuel f su* a /rip1 j br\ght into ! village1 ! b\ghs reta9+ ! leaves al?\gh ! fuel _h be5 dri$4 ,! roots1 too1 are ti$ 9 ) ! limbs s t ev]y?+ is sav$4 ,on our walk to ! hills we pass$ _m p br++ _! loads ( fuel sw++ f c>ry+ poles on _! %\ld]s4 ,inquiries reg>d+ ! af=e/ation ( ^! /rips ( hillside %[$ t ! ext5sive digg+ necessitat$ by ! recov]y ( ! roots usually caus$ new trees to spr+ up quickly z volunte]s f scatt]$ se$ & f ! roots1 s t plant+ 0 n g5]ally requir$4 ,talk+ ) a gr\p ( p z to :]e we c\ld see "s ( ! trees us$ = replant+ ! hillsides1 a lad ( sev5 ye>s 0 fir/ to und]/& & volunte]$ to conduct u to a plant+4 ,?is he did & 0 ov]joy$ on receipt ( a trifle = 8 s]vices4 ,"o ( ^! little p9e nurs]ies is se5 9 ,fig4 #hd1 _m be+ plant$ 9 suitable places ?r\gh ! woods4 ,! lad l$ u to two su* locations ) ^: :]eab\ts he 0 evid5tly v famili>1 al?\gh !y 7 consid]able di/ance f ! pa? & f> f home4 ,^! small trees are us$ 9 fill+ 9 places :]e ! volunte] gr[? has n be5 suffici5tly close4 ,a /rong h]bace\s gr[? usually spr+s up quickly on ^! newly cle>$ l&s & ?is too is cut = fuel or = use 9 mak+ compo/ or z gre5 manure4 ,! grass :i* gr[s on ! grave l&s1 if n f$ (f1 is also cut & sav$ = fuel4 ,we saw sev]al in/ances ( ?is outside ( ,%anghai1 "o :]e a "m ) h] daught]1 provid$ ) rake1 sickle1 basket & bag1 7 ga!r+ ! dry /ubble & grass ( ! previ\s season1 f ! grave l&s :]e !re 0 less ?an c\ld be f\nd on our closely m[$ mead[s4 ,9 ,fig4 #he may be se5 a man :o has j return$ ) su* a load1 & 9 8 h& is ! typical rake ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 made by simply b5d+ bamboo spl9ts1 claw-%ape1 & secur+ !m z se5 9 ! engrav+4 ,9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 9 ,*ihli & 9 ,man*uria1 millet /ems1 especially ^? ( ! great kaoliang or sorghum1 are ext5sively us$ = fuel & = build+ z well z = scre5s1 f5ces & matt+4 ,at ,mukd5 ! kaoliang 0 sell+ z fuel at #b4gj to #c4jj1 ,mexican1 = a #ajj-;bundle load ( /alks1 weigh+ sev5 catty to ! bundle4 ,! yield p] acre ( kaoliang fuel am\nts to #efjj p\nds & ! /alks are eight to twelve feet long1 s t :5 c>ri$ on ! backs ( mules or horses ! animals are ne>ly hidd5 by ! load4 ,! price paid = plant /em fuel f agricultural crops1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*9a & ,japan1 rang$ f #a4cj to #b4he1 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy1 p] ton4 ,! price ( an?racite coal at ,nank+ 0 #g4gf p] ton4 ,tak+ ! weight ( dry oak wood at #cejj p\nds p] cord1 ! plant /em fuel1 = equal weight1 0 sell+ at #b4bh to #e4jj4 ,l>ge am\nts ( wood are conv]t$ into *>coal 9 ^! c\ntries & s5t to m>ket bal$ 9 r\gh matt+ or 9 basketwork cases wov5 f small bru% & hold+ two to two & a half bu%els4 ,:5 su* wood is n conv]t$ into *>coal x is saw$ into "o or two-foot l5g?s1 split & m>ket$ ti$ 9 bundles1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,along ! ,mukd5-,antung railway 9 ,man*uria fuel 0 also be+ %ipp$ 9 f\r-foot l5g?s1 9 ! =m ( cordwood4 ,9 ,korea cattle 7 provid$ ) a peculi> saddle = c>ry+ wood 9 f\r-foot /icks laid blanket-fa%ion ov] ! animal1 ext5d+ f> d[n on _! sides4 ,?us 0 x br\ght f ! hills to ! railway /ation4 ,?is wood1 z 9 ,man*uria1 0 cut f small trees4 ,9 ,korea1 z 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,*9a :]e we visit$1 ! tree gr[? ov] ! hills 0 g5]ally scatt]+ & ?9 on ! gr\nd :]ev] !re 0 n individual own]%ip 9 small hold+s4 ,"u & among ! scatt]+ p9e !re 7 oak 9 _m cases1 b ^! 7 always small1 evid5tly n m ?an two or ?ree ye>s /&+1 & appe>+ to h be5 repeat$ly cut back4 ,x 0 9 ,korea t we saw s _m in/ances ( "y leafy oak b\ghs br\ght to ! rice fields & us$ z gre5 manure4 ,!re 0 abundant evid5ce ( p]iodic cutt+ betwe5 ,mukd5 & ,antung 9 ,man*uria2 betwe5 ,wiju & ,fusan 9 ,korea2 & ?r\gh\t mo/ ( our j\rney 9 ,japan2 f ,nagasaki to ,moji & f ,%imonoseki to ,yokohama4 ,9 all ( ^! c\ntries af=e/ation takes place quickly & ! cutt+s on private hold+s are made once 9 t51 tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,:5 ! wood is sold to ^? com+ = x ! tak]s pay at ! rate ( #dj s5 p] "o horse load ( =ty kan1 or #ccj p\nds1 su* z is se5 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,director ,ono1 ( ! ,aka%i ,exp]im5t /ation1 in=m$ u t su* fuel loads 9 t prefecture1 :]e ! wood is cut once 9 t5 ye>s1 br+ returns am\nt+ to ab\t #dj p] acre = ! t5-ye> crop4 ,?is l& 0 wor? #dj p] acre b :5 !y are suitable = orange groves !y sell = #fjj p] acre4 ,mu%room culture is ext5sively practic$ "u ! %ade ( "s ( ^! wood$ areas1 yield+ "u favorable conditions at ! rate ( #ajj p] acre4 ,! =e/ cov]$ area 9 ,japan exclusive ( ,=mosa & ,k>afuto1 am\nts to a total ( #ed1aif1gbh acres1 less ?an tw5ty millions ( :i* are 9 private hold+s1 ! balance belong+ to ! /ate & to ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n4 ,9 all ( ^! c\ntries !re has be5 an ext5sive g5]al use ( mat]ials o!r ?an wood = build+ purposes & v _m ( ! sub/itutes = lumb] are products gr[n on ! cultivat$ fields4 ,! use ( rice /raw = ro(+1 z se5 9 ! ,hakone village1 ,fig4 #h1 is v g5]al ?r\gh\t ! rice gr[+ di/ricts1 & ev5 ! sides ( h\ses may be simil>ly ?at*$1 z 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,canton delta region1 su* a con/ruction be+ w>m = w9t] & cool = summ]4 ,! life ( ^! ?at*$ ro(s1 h[ev]1 is %ort & !y mu/ be r5ew$ z (t5 z e ?ree to five ye>s b ! old /raw is highly priz$ z f]tiliz] = ! fields on :i* x is gr[n1 or x may s]ve z fuel1 ! a%es only go+ to ! fields4 ,burn$ clay tile1 especially = ! cities & public build+s1 are v ext5sively us$ = ro(+1 clay be+ abundant & ne> at h&4 ,9 ,*ihli & 9 ,man*uria millet & sorghum /ems1 us$ alone or pla/]$1 z 9 ,fig4 #hh1 ) a mud mort>1 sometimes mix$ ) lime1 cov] ! ro(s ( va/ numb]s ( ! dwell+s outside ! l>g] cities4 ,at ,*iao ,t\ 9 ,man*uria we saw ! build+ ( ! ?at*$ millet ro(s & ! use ( kaoliang /ems z lumb]4 ,raft]s 7 set 9 ! usual way & cov]$ ) a lay] ab\t two in*es ?ick ( ! long kaoliang /ems /ripp$ ( _! leaves & tops4 ,^! 7 ti$ toge!r & to ! raft]s ) tw9e1 ?us =m+ a sort ( matt+4 ,a lay] ( ?9 clay mort> 0 !n spread ov] ! surface & well tr[ell$ until x began to %[ on ! "u side4 ,ov] ?is 0 appli$ a ?at* ( small millet /ems b\nd 9 bundles eight in*es ?ick1 cut squ>e across ! butts to eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y 7 dipp$ 9 wat] & laid 9 c\rses aft] ! mann] ( %+les b ! butts ( ! /ems are driv5 =w>d to a slope :i* oblit]ates ! %\ld]1 mak+ ! c\rses invisible4 ,9 ! bett] h\ses ?is ?at*+ may be pla/]$ ) e>? mort> or ) an e>?-lime mort>1 :i* is less liable to wa% 9 heavy ra94 ,! walls ( ! h\se we saw build+ 7 also sid$ ) ! long1 l>ge kaoliang /ems4 ,an ord9>y frame ) po/s & girts ab\t ?ree feet ap>t _h be5 erect$1 on sills & ) plates c>ry+ ! ro(4 ,/&+ v]tically aga9/ ! girts & ti$ to !m1 =m+ a close lay]1 7 ! kaoliang /ems4 ,^! 7 pla/]$ outside & 9 ) a lay] ( ?9 e>? mort>4 ,a simil> lay] ( /ems1 set up on ! inside ( ! girts & simil>ly pla/]$1 =m$ ! inn] face ( ! wall ( ! h\se1 leav+ dead air spaces betwe5 ! girts4 ,brick made f e>? are v ext5sively us$ = h\se build+1 *aff & %ort /raw be+ us$ z a b9d+ mat]ial1 ! brick be+ simply dri$ 9 ! sun1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,a h\se 9 ! process ( build+1 :]e ! brick 7 be+ us$1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! f\ndation ( ! dwell+1 x w be obs]v$1 0 laid ) well-=m$ h>d-burn$ brick1 ^! be+ necess>y to prev5t capill>y moi/ure f ! gr\nd be+ drawn up & s(t5 ! e>? brick1 mak+ ! wall unsafe4 ,sev]al kilns = burn+ brick1 built ( clay & e>?1 7 pass$ 9 our j\rney up ! ,pei ho1 & /ack$ ab\t !m1 cov]+ an area ( m ?an eight hundr$ feet back f ! riv] 7 bundles ( ! kaoliang /ems to s]ve z fuel 9 ! kilns4 ,! ext5sive use ( ! unburn$ brick is necessitat$ by ! difficulty ( obta9+ fuel1 & v>i\s me?ods are adopt$ to r$uce ! numb] ( burn$ brick requir$ 9 con/ruction4 ,"o ( ^! devices is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi1 :]e ! city wall surr\nd+ ,ka%+ is con/ruct$ ( alt]nate c\rses ( f\r lay]s ( burn$ brick sep>at$ by lay]s ( simple e>? concrete4 ,9 addition to ! multiple-function1 f>m-g[n crops us$ = food1 fuel & build+ mat]ial1 !re is a l>ge acreage devot$ to ! gr[+ ( textile & fib] products & enorm\s quantities ( ^! are produc$ annually4 ,9 ,japan1 :]e "s fifty millions ( p are *iefly f$ on ! produce ( little m ?an #ba1jjj squ>e miles ( cultivat$ l&1 !re 0 gr[n 9 #aijf m ?an #ge1ejj1jjj p\nds ( cotton1 hemp1 flax & ,*9a grass textile /ock1 occupy+ #gf1gjj acres ( ! cultivat$ l&4 ,on #ada1jjj o!r acres !re grew #aae1jjj1jjj p\nds ( pap] mulb]ry & ,mitsumata1 mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,f /ill ano!r #ad1jjj acres 7 tak5 #ib1jjj1jjj p\nds ( matt+ /uff1 :ile m ?an #ieg1jjj acres 7 occupi$ by mulb]ry trees = ! fe$+ ( silkworms1 yield+ to ,japan #bb1chi1gih p\nds ( silk4 ,"h are m ?an #cjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( fib] & textile /uff tak5 f #ahfj squ>e miles ( ! cultivat$ l&1 cutt+ d[n ! food produc+ area to #ai1bfc squ>e miles & ?is area is made /ill small] by devot+ #abc1jjj acres to tea1 ^! produc+ 9 #aijf #eh1ijj1jjj p\nds1 wor? ne>ly five million doll>s4 ,nor d ^! /atem5ts express ! full measure ( ! produc+ p[] ( ! #ba1cba squ>e miles ( cultivat$ l&1 =1 9 addition to ! food & o!r mat]ials nam$1 !re 7 also made #b1cfe1jjj wor? ( braid f /raw & wood %av+s2 #f1jjj1jjj wor? ( rice /raw bags1 pack+ cases & matt+2 & #a1jhe1jjj wor? ( w>es f bamboo1 will[ & v9e4 ,z illu/rat+ ! int5se home indu/ry ( ^! p we may consid] ! fact t ! #e1dec1cji h\seholds ( f>m]s 9 ,japan produc$ 9 #aijf1 9 _! homes z subsidi>y "w1 #bj1ebg1jjj wor? ( manufactur$ articles4 ,if correspond+ly exact /ati/ical data 7 available f ,*9a & ,korea a simil>ity full utilization ( cultural possibilities w\ld be reveal$ !re4 ,?is m>vel\s h]itage ( economy1 indu/ry & ?rift1 br$ ( ! /ress ( c5turies1 mu/ n be p]mitt$ to lose virility ?r\gh contact ) we/]n wa/eful practices1 n[ exalt$ to seem+ virtues ?r\gh ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( me*anical a*ievem5ts4 ,m & m mu/ labor be dignifi$ 9 all homes alike1 & economy1 indu/ry & ?rift become inh]it$ impulses compell+ & satisfy+4 ,*eap1 rapid1 long di/ance transportation1 already well />t$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 w br+ ) x a full] utilization ( ! l>ge /ores ( coal & m9]al weal? & ( ! enorm\s available wat] p[]1 & z a result !re w come "s tempor>y less5+ ( ! /ress = fuel & ) bett] =e/ managem5t "s relief along ! l9es ( build+ mat]ials4 ,b ! "t is n a c5tury di/ant :51 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 a full]1 bett] developm5t mu/ take place along ! l9es ( ^! mo/ f>-rea*+ & fundam5tal practices s long & s effectively foll[$ by ! ,mongolian races 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4 ,:5 ! enorm\s wat]-p[] ( ^! c\ntries has be5 h>ness$ & br\ght into ! foot-hills & d[n ^u ! m>g9s ( ! valleys & pla9s 9 ! =m ( electric curr5t1 let x1 if possible1 be 9 a l>ge measure s di/ribut$ z to become available 9 ! c\ntry village homes to light5 ! burd5 & less5 ! human drudg]y & yet increase ! effici5cy ( ! human ef=t n[ s well be/[$ ^u subsidi>y manufactures "u ! guidance & initiative ( ! home1 :]e !re may be room to brea! & = *ildr5 to come up to manhood & womanhood 9 ! be/ conditions possible1 r ?an 9 enorm\s conge/$ factories4 ,,viii ,,tramps ,,afield ,on ,m>* #ca/ we took ! #h ,a4 ,m4 tra9 on ! ,%anghai-,nank+ railway = ,kun%an1 situat$ ?irty-two miles we/ f ,%anghai1 to sp5d ! day walk+ 9 ! fields4 ,! f>e1 second class1 0 eighty c5ts1 ,mexican4 ,a ?ird class ticket w\ld h be5 =ty c5ts & a fir/ class1 #a4fj1 practically two c5ts1 "o c5t & half a c5t1 our curr5cy1 p] mile4 ,! second class f>e to ,nank+1 a di/ance ( #aic miles1 0 #a4gb1 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy1 or a little less ?an "o c5t p] mile4 ,:ile ! c> seats 7 n uphol/]$1 ! s]vice 0 good4 ,meals 7 s]v$ on ! tra9 9 ei!r =eign or ,*9ese /yle1 & tea1 c(fee or hot wat] to dr9k4 ,hot1 wet face clo?s 7 regul>ly pass$ & _m ,*9ese daily newspap]s 7 sold on ! tra91 a travel] (t5 buy+ two4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,kun%an a l>ge area ( f>m l& _h be5 acquir$ by ! ,fr5* ca?olic mission at a pur*ase price ( #dj1 ,mexican1 p] m[1 or at ! rate ( #ajc4bj p] acre4 ,?is !y r5t$ to ! ,*9ese4 ,x 0 "h t we fir/ saw1 at close range1 ! details ( us+ canal mud z a f]tiliz]1 s ext5sively appli$ 9 ,*9a4 ,walk+ ?r\gh ! fields we came ^u ! sc5e 9 ! middle section ( ,fig4 #ib :]e1 close on ! "r 0 su* a res]voir z se5 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,m5 7 9 x1 dipp+ up ! mud :i* _h accumulat$ ov] its bottom1 p\r+ x on ! bank 9 a field ( w9dsor beans1 & ! ?9 mud 0 !n ov] two feet deep at t side & fl[+ into ! beans :]e x _h already spread two rods1 bury+ ! plants z ! engrav+ %[s4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry to be readily h&l$ ?is w\ld be spread among ! beans z we f\nd x be+ done 9 ano!r field1 %[n 9 ! upp] section ( ! illu/ration4 ,"h f\r m5 7 di/ribut+ su* mud1 :i* _h dri$1 betwe5 ! r[s1 n to f]tilize ! beans1 b = a succe$+ crop ( cotton soon to be plant$ betwe5 ! r[s1 be=e !y 7 h>ve/$4 ,! own] ( ?is piece ( l&1 ) :om we talk$ & :o 0 sup]9t5d+ ! "w1 /at$ t 8 usual yield ( ^! beans 0 ?ree hundr$ catty p] m[ & t !y sold !m gre51 %ell$1 at two c5ts1 ,mexican1 p] catty4 ,at ?is price & yield 8 return w\ld be #ae4dh1 gold1 p] acre4 ,if !re 0 ne$ ( nitrog5 & organic matt] 9 ! soil ! v9es w\ld be pull$ gre51 aft] pick+ ! beans1 & compo/$ ) ! wet mud4 ,if n s ne$$ ! dri$ /ems w\ld be ti$ 9 bundles & sold z fuel or us$ at home1 ! a%es be+ return$ to ! fields4 ,! w9dsor beans are ?us an e>ly crop gr[n = f]tiliz]1 fuel & food4 ,?is f>m] 0 pay+ 8 labor]s "o hundr$ ca% p] day & provid+ _! meals1 :i* he e/imat$ wor? two hundr$ ca% m1 mak+ twelve c5ts1 gold1 = a t5-h\r day4 ,judg+ f :at we saw & f ! am\nt ( mud c>ri$ p] load1 we e/imat$ ! m5 w\ld di/ribute n less ?an eighty-f\r loads ( eighty p\nds ea* p] day1 an av]age di/ance ( five hundr$ feet1 mak+ ! co/ #c4eg c5ts1 gold1 p] ton = di/ribution4 ,! l[] section ( ,fig4 #ib %[s ano!r in/ance :]e mud 0 be+ us$ on a n>r[ /rip bord]+ ! pa? along :i* we walk$1 ! am\nt !re se5 hav+ be5 br\ght m ?an f\r hundr$ feet1 by "o man be=e #aj ,a4 ,m4 on ! morn+ ! photograph 0 tak54 ,he 0 gett+ x f ! bottom ( a canal t5 feet deep1 laid b>e by ! out-go+ tide4 ,already he _h br\ght m ?an a ton to 8 field4 ,! c>ry+ baskets us$ = ?is "w 7 9 ! =m ( huge du/pans susp5d$ f ! c>ry+ poles by two cords atta*$ to ! side rims1 & /eadi$ by ! h& grasp+ a h&le provid$ 9 ! back = ?is purpose & = empty+ ! baskets by tipp+4 ,) ?is con/ruction ! e>? 0 readily rak$ ^u ! basket & v easily empti$ f x by simply rais+ ! h&s :5 ! de/9ation 0 rea*$4 ,no arrangem5t c\ld be m simple1 exp$iti\s or inexp5sive = ?is man ) 8 small hold+4 ,9 ?is simple mann] has ne>ly all ( ! e>? be5 mov$ 9 digg+ ! miles ( canal & 9 build+ ! long sea walls4 ,9 ,%anghai ! mud c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /orm sew]s into ,soo*[ creek we saw be+ remov$ 9 ! same mann] dur+ ! int]vals :5 ! tide 0 out4 ,9 /ill ano!r field1 se5 9 ,fig4 #ic1 ! upp] portion %[s :]e canal mud _h be5 appli$ at a rate exce$+ sev5ty tons p] acre1 & we 7 told t su* dress+s may be repeat$ z (t5 z e two ye>s ?\gh usually at long] int]vals1 if o!r & *eap] f]tiliz]s c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( ! same illu/ration may be se5 ! section ( canal f :i* ?is mud 0 tak5 up ! ?ree e>!n /airways built ( ! mud itself & p]mitt$ to dry be=e us+4 ,_m su* l9es ( /airway 7 se5 dur+ our trips along ! canals1 only rec5tly made or 9 ! process ( build+ to be 9 read9ess :5 ! "t = apply+ ! mud %\ld arrive4 ,to facilitate collect+ ! mud f ! %all[ canals tempor>y dams may be ?r[n across !m at two places & ! wat] betwe5 ei!r scoop$ or pump$ out1 lay+ ! bottom b>e1 z is (t5 done also = fi%+4 ,! e>? ( ! l>ge grave m\nd se5 across a canal 9 ! c5t] backgr\nd ( ! upp] portion ( ! engrav+ _h be5 collect$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 ! ,*ekiang prov9ce canal mud is ext5sively us$ 9 ! mulb]ry or*>ds z a surface dress+4 ,we h ref]r$ to ?is practice 9 s\!rn ,*9a1 & ,fig4 #id is a view tak5 s\? ( ,ka%+ e>ly 9 ,april4 ,! boat an*or$ 9 front ( ! mulb]ry or*>d is ! home ( a family com+ f a di/ance1 seek+ employm5t dur+ ! season = pick+ mulb]ry leaves to fe$ silkworms4 ,we 7 mu* surpris$1 on look+ back at ! boat aft] clos+ ! cam]a1 to see ! head ( ! family /&+ erect 9 ! c5t]1 hav+ %ov$ back a section ( ! matt+ ro(4 ,! dress+ ( mud appli$ to ?is field =m$ a loose lay] m ?an two in*es deep & :5 compact$ by ! ra9s :i* w\ld foll[ w\ld add n less ?an a full in* ( soil ov] ! entire or*>d1 & ! weight p] acre c\ld n be less ?an #abj tons4 ,ano!r equally1 or ev5 m1 labori\s practice foll[$ by ! ,*9ese f>m]s 9 ?is prov9ce is ! p]iodic ex*ange ( soil betwe5 mulb]ry or*>ds & ! rice fields1 _! exp]i5ce be+ t soil long us$ 9 ! mulb]ry or*>ds improves ! rice1 :ile soil f ! rice fields is v helpful :5 appli$ to ! mulb]ry or*>ds4 ,we saw _m in/ances1 :5 travel+ by boat-tra9 betwe5 ,%anghai1 ,ka%+ & ,hang*[1 ( soil be+ c>ri$ f rice fields & ei!r /ack$ on ! banks or dropp$ into ! canal4 ,su* soil 0 (t5e/ tak5 f n>r[ tr5*es lead+ ?r\gh ! fields1 lay+ !m (f 9 b$s4 ,x is our judgm5t t ! soil ?r[n into ! canals und]goes important *anges1 p]haps ?r\gh ! absorption ( soluble plant food sub/ances su* z lime1 phosphoric acid & pota% )drawn f ! wat]1 or ?r\gh "s gr[? or f]m5tation1 :i*1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! f>m]1 makes ! l>ge labor involv$ 9 ?is proc$ure wor? :ile4 ,! /ack+ ( soil along ! banks 0 probably 9 prep>ation = its removal by boat to "s ( ! mulb]ry or*>ds4 ,x is cle>ly recogniz$ by ! f>m]s t mud collect$ f ^? sections ( ! canal lead+ ?r\gh c\ntry villages1 su* z t se5 9 ,fig4 #aj1 is bo? inh]5tly m f]tile & 9 bett] physical condition ?an t collect$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,!y attribute ?is diff]5ce to ! effect ( ! village wa%+ 9 ! canal1 :]e soap is ext5sively us$4 ,! /orm wat]s ( ! city d\btless c>ry "s f]tiliz+ mat]ial also1 al?\gh sewage1 z su*1 nev] f9ds its way into ! canals4 ,! wa%+ w\ld be v likely to h a decid$ flocculat+ effect & s r5d] ?is mat]ial m friable :5 appli$ to ! field4 ,"o v important advantage :i* comes to ! fields :5 heavily dress$ ) su* mud is t result+ f ! addition ( lime :i* has become incorporat$ ) ! silts ?r\gh _! flocculation & precipitation1 & t :i* is add$ 9 ! =m ( snail %ells ab\nd+ 9 ! canals4 ,! am\nt ( ^! may be realiz$ f ! l>ge numb]s conta9$ 9 ! mud rec5tly ?r[n out1 z se5 9 ! upp] section ( ,fig4 #ie1 :]e ! pebbly appe>ance ( ! surface is caus$ by snail %ells4 ,9 ! l[] section ( ! same illu/ration ! :ite spots are snail %ells expos$ 9 ! soil ( a rec5tly spad$ field4 ,! %ells are by no means z num]\s g5]ally z "h se5 b yet suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! supply ( lime4 ,sev]al species ( ^! snails are collect$ 9 quantities & us$ z food4 ,piles conta9+ bu%els ( ! empty %ells 7 se5 along ! canals outside ! villages4 ,! snails are cook$ 9 ! %ell & (t5 sold by measure to be eat5 f ! h&1 z we buy roa/$ peanuts or popcorn4 ,:5 a pur*ase is made ! v5d] clips ! spiral po9t f ea* %ell ) a pair ( small %e>s4 ,?is admits air & p]mits ! snail to be readily remov$ by suction :5 ! lips are appli$ to ! %ell4 ,9 ! canals !re are also l>ge numb]s ( fre% wat] eel1 %rimp & crabs z well z fi%1 all ( :i* are collect$ & us$ = human food4 ,x is common1 :5 walk+ ?r\gh ! canal c\ntry1 to come ^u gr\ps ( glean]s busy 9 ! bottoms ( ! %all[ agricultural canals1 ga!r+ any?+ :i* may s]ve z food1 ev5 includ+ small bulbs or ! fle%y roots ( edible aquatic plants4 ,to facilitate ! collection ( su* food mat]ials sections ( ! canal are (t5 dra9$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 s t glean+ may be done by h&1 wad+ 9 ! mud4 ,families liv+ 9 h\seboats make a bus9ess ( fi%+ = %rimp4 ,!y trail beh9d ! h\seboat "o or two o!r boats c>ry+ hundr$s ( %rimp traps clev]ly con/ruct$ 9 su* mann] t :5 !y are trail$ along ! bottom & di/urb ! %rimps !y d>t into ! holes 9 ! trap1 mi/ak+ !m = safe hid+ places4 ,on ! /reets1 especially dur+ fe/ival days1 "o may see "y p & o!rs 9 social int]c\rse1 busy+ _! f+]s & _! tee? eat+ cook$ snails or (t5 wat]melon se$s1 :i* are ext5sively sold & ?us eat54 ,?is cu/om we saw fir/ 9 ! /reets ( a city s\? ( ,ka%+ on ! l9e ( ! new railway betwe5 ,hang*[ & ,%anghai4 ,! fir/ pass5g] tra9 ov] ! l9e _h be5 run ! day be=e our visit1 :i* 0 a fe/ival day & ?rongs ( p 7 visit+ ! n9e-/ory pagoda /&+ on a high hill a mile outside ! city limits4 ,! day 0 "o ( great surprises to ^! p :o _h nev] be=e se5 a pass5g] tra91 & my own p]son appe>$ to be a great curiosity to _m4 ,no boy ev] scrut9iz$ ! face ( a cag$ *impanzee clos]1 ) pur] curiosity1 or ) less consid]ation = 8 feel+s ?an did a woman ( fifty scrut9ize m9e1 /&+ close 9 front1 n two feet di/ant1 ev5 b5d+ =w>d z ,i sat ^u a b5* writ+ at ! railway /ation4 ,p w\ld pass _! h&s along my coat sleeve to judge ! clo?1 & a boy felt ( my %oes4 ,walk+ ?r\gh ! /reet we pass$ _m gr\ps ga!r$ ab\t tables & ^u seats1 visit+ or 9 bus9ess conf]5ce1 _! f+]s occupi$ ) wat]melon se$s or ) packages ( cook$ snails4 ,along ! pa?way lead+ to ! pagoda begg>s _h di/ribut$ !mselves1 "o 9 a place1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree hundr$ feet1 ask+ alms1 mo/ ( !m infirm ) age or 9 "s o!r way physically disabl$4 ,we saw b "o :o appe>$ capable ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,travel betwe5 ,%anghai & ,hang*[ at ?is "t 0 heavy4 ,?ree companies 7 runn+ tra9s1 ( six or m h\seboats1 ea* t[$ by a /eam laun*1 & ^! 7 daily cr[d$ ) pass5g]s4 ,our tra9 left ,%anghai at #d3cj ,p4 ,m41 rea*+ ,hang*[ at #e3cj ,p4 ,m4 ! foll[+ day1 cov]+ a di/ance along ! canal ( some?+ m ?an #aag miles4 ,we paid #e4af1 gold1 = ! exclusive use ( a fir/-cab91 five-b]? /at]oom = myself & int]pret]4 ,x occupi$ ! full wid? ( ! boat1 lack+ ab\t f\rte5 in*es ( footway1 & c\ld be ent]$ f ei!r side d[n a flight ( five /eps4 ,! b]?s 7 flat1 nak$ wood5 %elves ?irty in*es wide1 sep>at$ by a p>tition headbo>d six in*es high & )\t rail+ 9 front4 ,ea* travel] provid$ 8 own b$d+4 ,a small table ^u :i* meals 7 s]v$1 a mirror on "o side & a lamp on ! o!r1 set 9 an op5+ 9 ! p>tition1 p]mitt+ x to s]ve two /at]ooms1 complet$ ! furni%+s4 ,! ro( ( ! /at]ooms 0 cov]$ ) an awn+ & divid$ crosswise into two ti]s ( b]?s1 ea* ?irty in*es wide1 by bo>d p>titions six in*es high4 ,9 ^! sections pass5g]s spread _! b$s1 sleep+ heads toge!r1 sep>at$ only by a headbo>d six in*es high4 ,! awn+ 0 only suffici5tly high to p]mit pass5g]s to sit erect4 ,v5tilation 0 ample b privacy 0 nil4 ,curta9s c\ld be dropp$ ar\nd ! sides 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,meals 7 s]v$ to ea* pass5g] :]ev] he might be4 ,d9n] consi/$ ( hot /eam$ rice br\ght 9 v heavy porcela9 b[ls set inside a cov]$1 wet1 /eam+ hot wood5 case4 ,) ! rice 7 t9y di%es1 butt]*ip size1 ( gre5 clov]1 nicely cook$ & season$2 ( cook$ bean curd s]v$ ) %r$d$ bamboo spr\ts2 ( t9y pork /rips ) bean curd2 ( small bits ( liv] ) bamboo spr\ts2 ( gre5s1 & hot wat] = tea4 ,if ! appetite is good "o may h a second help+ ( rice & z mu* hot wat] = tea z desir$4 ,!re 0 no table l951 no napk9s & ev]y?+ b ! tea _h to be negotiat$ ) *op /icks1 or1 ^! fail+1 ) ! f+]s4 ,:5 ! meal 0 f9i%$ ! table 0 cle>$ & wat]1 hot if desir$1 0 br\ght = y\r h& bas91 :i* ) tea1 teacup & b$d+1 con/itute "p ( ! travel]'s outfit4 ,at frequ5t int]vals1 up to t5 ,p4 ,m41 a cri] walk$ ab\t ! deck ) hot wat] = ^? :o might desire an extra cup ( tea1 & aga9 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,at ?is season ( ! ye> ,*9ese incubators 7 be+ run to _! full capacity & x 0 our good =tune to visit "o ( ^!1 escort$ by ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,had51 :o also act$ z int]pret]4 ,! art ( incubation is v old & v ext5sively practic$ 9 ,*9a4 ,an int]ior view ( "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #if1 :]e ! family 7 hat*+ ! eggs ( h5s1 ducks & geese1 pur*as+ ! eggs & sell+ ! "y z hat*$4 ,z 9 ! case ( s _m trades 9 ,*9a1 ?is family 0 ! la/ g5]ation ( a long l9e ^: lives _h be5 sp5t 9 ! same "w4 ,we ent]$ ?r\gh _! /ore1 op5+ on ! /reet ( ! n>r[ village se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ! /ore ! eggs 7 pur*as$ & ! *icks 7 sold1 ?is "w be+ 9 *>ge ( ! wom5 ( ! family4 ,x 0 9 ! extreme re> ( ! home t ?irty incubators 7 in/all$1 all do+ duty & ea* hav+ a capacity ( #a1bjj h5s' eggs4 ,f\r ( ^! may be se5 9 ! illu/ration & "o ( ! baskets :i*1 :5 two-?irds fill$ ) eggs1 is set inside ( ea* incubator4 ,ea* incubator consi/s ( a l>ge e>!nw>e j> hav+ a door cut 9 "o side ?r\gh :i* live *>coal may be introduc$ & ! fire p>tly smo!r$ "u a lay] ( a%es1 ?is s]v+ z ! s\rce ( heat4 ,! j> is ?or\ghly insulat$1 cas$ 9 basketwork & provid$ ) a cov]1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,inside ! out] j> re/s a second ( ne>ly ! same size1 z "o teacup may 9 ano!r4 ,into ?is is l[]$ ! l>ge basket ) its #fjj h5s' eggs1 #djj ducks' eggs or #age geese' eggs1 z ! case may be4 ,?irty ( ^! incubators 7 arrang$ 9 two p>allel r[s ( fifte5 ea*4 ,imm$iately above ea* r[1 & utiliz+ ! w>m? ( ! air ris+ f !m1 0 a cont9u\s l9e ( f9i%+ hat*]s & brood]s 9 ! =m ( wov5 %all[ trays ) sides w>mly padd$ ) cotton & ) ! tops cov]$ ) sets ( quilts ( diff]5t ?ickness4 ,aft] a basket ( h5s' eggs has be5 incubat$ f\r days x is remov$ & ! eggs exam9$ by light+1 to remove ^? :i* are inf]tile be=e !y h be5 r5d]$ unsalable4 ,! inf]tile eggs g to ! /ore & ! basket is return$ to ! incubator4 ,ducks' eggs are simil>ly exam9$ aft] two days & aga9 aft] five days incubation2 & geese' eggs aft] six days & aga9 aft] f\rte5 days4 ,?r\gh ^! precautions practically all loss f inf]tile eggs is avoid$ & f #ie to #ih p] c5t ( ! f]tile eggs are hat*$1 ! inf]tile eggs rang+ f #e to #be p] c5t4 ,aft] ! f\r? day 9 ! incubator all eggs are turn$ five times 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,h5s' eggs are kept 9 ! l[] incubator elev5 days2 ducks' eggs ?irte5 days1 & geese' eggs sixte5 days1 aft] :i* !y are transf]r$ to ! trays4 ,?r\gh\t ! incubation p]iod ! mo/ c>eful wat* & control is kept ov] ! temp]ature4 ,no !rmomet] is us$ b ! op]ator raises ! lid or quilt1 removes an egg1 press+ ! l>ge end into ! eye socket4 ,9 ?is way a l>ge contact is made :]e ! sk9 is s5sitive1 ne>ly con/ant 9 temp]ature1 b little bel[ blood heat & f :i* ! air is exclud$ = ! "t4 ,long practice p]mits !m ?us to judge small diff]5ces ( temp]ature exp$iti\sly & ) great accuracy2 & !y ma9ta9 diff]5t temp]atures dur+ diff]5t /ages ( ! incubation4 ,! m5 sleep 9 ! room & "s "o is on duty cont9u\sly1 mak+ ! r\nds ( ! incubators & brood]s1 exam9+ & regulat+ ea* accord+ to its individual ne$s1 ?r\gh ! managem5t ( ! doors or ! %ift+ ( ! quilts ov] ! eggs 9 ! brood] trays :]e ! *icks leave ! eggs & rema9 until !y g to ! /ore4 ,9 ! f9i%+ trays ! eggs =m r m ?an "o cont9u\s lay] b ! second lay] does n cov] m ?an a fif? or a qu>t] ( ! area4 ,h5s' eggs are 9 ^! trays t5 days1 ducks' & geese' eggs1 f\rte5 days4 ,aft] ! *ick5s h be5 hat*$ suffici5tly long to require fe$+ !y are ready = m>ket & are !n sort$ accord+ to sex & plac$ 9 sep>ate %all[ wov5 trays ?irty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! sort+ is done rapidly & accurately ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*1 ! op]ator recogniz+ ! sex by g5tly p9*+ ! anus4 ,f\r trays ( "y *ick5s 7 9 ! /ore front+ on ! /reet z we ent]$ & sev]al wom5 7 mak+ pur*ases1 tak+ five to a doz5 ea*4 ,dr4 ,had5 in=m$ me t ne>ly e family 9 ! cities1 & 9 ! c\ntry villages raise a few1 b only a few1 *ick5s & x is a common sight to see gr[n *ick5s walk+ ab\t ! n>r[ /reets1 9 & out ( ! op5 /ores1 dodg+ ! feet ( ! occupants & pass]s-by4 ,at ! "t ( our visit ?is family 0 pay+ at ! rate ( t5 c5ts1 ,mexican1 = n9e h5s' & eight ducks' eggs1 & 7 sell+ _! l>ge/ /rong *ick5s at ?ree c5ts ea*4 ,^! figures1 translat$ into our curr5cy1 make ! pur*ase price = eggs ne>ly #dh c5ts1 & ! sell+ price = ! "y *icks #a4bi1 p] hundr$1 or ?irte5 eggs = six c5ts & sev5 *ick5s = n9e c5ts4 ,x is difficult ev5 to conceive1 n to say measure1 ! va/ import ( ?is solution ( h[ to ma9ta91 9 ! millions ( homes1 a con/antly accessible supply ( absolutely fre% & ?or\ghly sanit>y animal food 9 ! =m ( meat & eggs4 ,! great d5sity ( population 9 ^! c\ntries makes ! problem ( supply+ eggs to ! p v diff]5t f t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our #bej1fjj1jjj f[l 9 #aijj 0 at ! rate ( ?ree to ea* p]son b 9 ,japan1 ) h] #af1ejj1jjj f[l1 %e _h 9 #aijf b "o = e ?ree p4 ,h] numb] p] squ>e mile ( cultivat$ l& h[ev] 0 #hbe1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #aijj1 ! numb] ( f[ls p] squ>e mile ( improv$ f>m l& 0 b #chg4 ,to give to ,japan ?ree f[ls to ea* p]son !re w\ld ne$s be an av]age ( ab\t n9e to ea* acre ( h] cultivat$ l&1 :]eas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 9 #aijj ne>ly two acres ( improv$ f>m l& = ea* f[l4 ,we h no /ati/ics reg>d+ ! numb] ( f[l 9 ,*9a or ! numb] ( eggs produc$ b ! total is v l>ge & %e exports to ,japan4 ,! l>ge boat load ( eggs se5 9 ,fig4 #ig _h j arriv$ f ! c\ntry1 com+ into ,%anghai 9 "o ( h] canals4 ,besides apply+ canal mud directly to ! fields 9 ! ways describ$ !re are o!r v ext5sive practices ( compo/+ x ) organic matt] ( "o or ano!r k9d & ( !n us+ ! compo/ on ! fields4 ,! next ?ree illu/rations %[ "s ( ! /eps & some?+ ( ! trem5d\s labor ( body1 will+ly & *e]fully incurr$1 & some?+ ( ! =e?\ght practic$1 t homes may be ma9ta9$ & t gr&p>5ts1 p>5ts1 wives & *ildr5 ne$ nei!r />ve nor beg4 ,we _h rea*$ a place se5 9 ,fig4 #ih1 :]e eight be>]s 7 mov+ w9t] compo/ to a rec5tly excavat$ pit 9 an adjo9+ field %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,f\r mon?s be=e ! cam]a fix$ ! activity %[n1 m5 _h br\ght wa/e f ! /ables ( ,%anghai fifte5 miles by wat]1 deposit+ x ^u ! canal bank betwe5 lay]s ( ?9 mud dipp$ f ! canal1 & left x to f]m5t4 ,! eight m5 7 remov+ ?is compo/ to ! pit se5 9 ,fig4 #ii1 !n ne>ly fill$4 ,ne> by 9 ! same field 0 a second pit se5 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 excavat$ ?ree feet deep & rimm$ ab\t ) ! e>? remov$1 mak+ x two feet deep]4 ,aft] ^! pits _h be5 fill$ ! clov] :i* 0 9 blossom beyond ! pits w\ld be cut & /ack$ ^u !m to a height ( five to eight feet & ?is also saturat$1 lay] by lay]1 ) mud br\ght f ! canal1 & all[$ to f]m5t tw5ty to ?irty days until ! juices set free _h be5 absorb$ by ! w9t] compo/ b5ea?1 help+ to c>ry ! rip5+ ( t /ill fur!r1 & until ! "t _h arriv$ = fitt+ ! gr\nd = ! next crop4 ,?is organic matt]1 f]m5t$ ) ! canal mud1 w\ld !n be di/ribut$ by ! m5 ov] ! field1 c>ri$ a ?ird "t on _! %\ld]s1 not)/&+ its weight 0 _m tons4 ,?is manure _h be5 collect$1 load$ & c>ri$ fifte5 miles by wat]2 x _h be5 unload$ ^u ! bank & saturat$ ) canal mud2 ! field _h be5 fitt$ = clov] ! previ\s fall & se$$2 ! pits _h be5 dug 9 ! fields2 ! w9t] compo/ _h be5 c>ri$ & plac$ 9 ! pits2 ! clov] 0 to be cut1 c>ri$ by ! m5 on _! %\ld]s1 /ack$ lay] by lay] & saturat$ ) mud dipp$ f ! canal2 ! :ole w\ld lat] be di/ribut$ ov] ! field & f9ally ! e>? remov$ f ! pits w\ld be return$ to !m1 t ! s]vice ( no gr\nd ^u :i* a crop might gr[ %\ld be lo/4 ,su* are ! tasks to :i* ,*9ese f>m]s hold !mselves1 because !y are conv9c$ desir$ results w foll[1 because _! hold+s are s small & _! families s l>ge4 ,^! practices are s ext5sive 9 ,*9a & s fundam5tal 9 ! "p !y play 9 ! ma9t5ance ( high productive p[] 9 _! soils t we made special ef=t to foll[ !m ?r\gh diff]5t phases4 ,9 ,fig4 #aja we saw ! prep>ation be+ made to build "o ( ! clov] compo/ /acks saturat$ ) canal mud4 ,on ! left ! ?9 mud _h be5 dipp$ f ! canal2 way-f>]s 9 ! c5t] 7 cross+ ! foot-bridge ( ! c\ntry by-way2 & beyond rises ! conical ?at* to %elt] ! wat] buffalo :5 pump+ = irrigat+ ! rice crop to be f$ ) ?is plant food 9 prep>ation4 ,on ! "r 7 two l>ge piles ( gre5 clov] fre%ly cut & a woman ( ! family at "o ( !m 0 spread+ x to receive ! mud1 :ile ! m5-folk 7 com+ f ! field ) m clov] on _! c>ry+ poles4 ,we came ^u ?is sc5e j be=e ! d9n] h\r & aft] ! work]s _h left ano!r photograph 0 tak5 at clos] range & f a diff]5t side1 giv+ ! view se5 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,! mud _h be5 remov$ "s days & become too /iff to spread1 s wat] 0 be+ br\ght f ! canal 9 ! pails at ! "r = r$uc+ its consi/5cy to t ( a ?9 porridge1 p]mitt+ x to m completely sme> & saturate ! clov]4 ,! /ack grew1 lay] by lay]1 ea* saturat$ ) ! mud1 tramp$ solid ) ! b>e feet1 tr\s]s roll$ high4 ,provision _h be5 made "h = build+ f\r o!r /acks4 ,fur!r along we came ^u ! sc5e 9 ,fig4 #ajc :]e ! build+ ( ! /ack ( compo/ & ! ga!r+ ( ! mud f ! canal 7 simultane\s4 ,on "o side ( ! canal ! son1 us+ a clam-%ell =m ( dipp] made ( basket-"w1 :i* c\ld be op5$ & %ut ) a pair ( bamboo h&les1 _h ne>ly fill$ ! middle section ( 8 boat ) ! ?9 ooze1 :ile on ! o!r side1 aga9/ ! /ack :i* 0 build+1 ! "m 0 empty+ a simil> boat1 us+ a l>ge dipp]1 also provid$ ) a bamboo h&le4 ,! man on ! /ack is a good scale = judg+ its size4 ,we came next ^u a f9i%$ /ack on ! bank ( ano!r canal1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 :]e our umbrella 0 set to s]ve z a scale4 ,?is /ack measur$ t5 by t5 feet on ! gr\nd1 0 six feet high & mu/ h conta9$ m ?an tw5ty tons ( ! gre5 compo/4 ,at ! same place1 two o!r /acks _h be5 />t$1 ea* ab\t f\rte5 by f\rte5 feet1 & f\ndations 7 laid = six o!rs1 n9e 9 all4 ,dur+ tw5ty or m days ?is gre5 nitrog5\s organic matt] is p]mitt$ to lie f]m5t+ 9 contact ) ! f9e soil p>ticles ( ! ooze ) :i* x _h be5 *>g$4 ,?is is a rem>kable practice 9 t x is a v old1 int5sive application ( an important fundam5tal pr9ciple only rec5tly und]/ood & add$ to ! sci5ce ( agriculture1 namely1 ! p[] ( organic matt]1 decay+ rapidly 9 contact ) soil1 to lib]ate f x soluble plant food2 & s x w\ld be a great mi/ake to say t ^! labori\s practices are ! result ( ignorance1 ( a lack ( capacity = accurate ?9k+ or ( p[] to grasp & utilize4 ,if ! agricultural l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ev] call$ ^u to fe$ ev5 #abjj millions ( p1 a numb] proportionately less ?an "o-half t be+ f$ 9 ,japan today1 v diff]5t practices f ^? we are n[ foll[+ w h be5 adopt$4 ,we c believe !y w require less human bodily ef=t & be m effici5t4 ,b ! k :i* c make !m s is n yet 9 ! possession ( our f>m]s1 mu* less ! conviction t plant fe$+ & m p]si/5t & bett] direct$ soil managem5t are necess>y to su* yields z w !n be requir$4 ,lat]1 j be=e ! "t = transplant+ rice1 we return$ to ! same di/rict to obs]ve ! mann] ( apply+ ?is compo/ to ! field1 & ,fig4 #aje is prep>$ f photographs tak5 !n1 illu/rat+ ! activities ( "o family1 z se5 dur+ ! morn+ ( ,may #bh?4 ,_! home 0 9 a ne>-by village & _! hold+ 0 divid$ into f\r ne>ly rectangul> paddies1 grad$ to wat] level1 sep>at$ by rais$ rims1 & hav+ an area ( ne>ly two acres4 ,?ree ( ^! little fields are p>tly %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ! f\r? 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ! upp] section ( ,fig4 #aje1 & "u ! ?at*$ %elt]1 0 a native ,*9ese c[1 bl9dfold$ & hit*$ to ! p[]-:eel ( a l>ge wood5-*a9 pump1 lift+ wat] f ! canal & flood+ ! field 9 ! =egr\nd1 to s(t5 ! soil = pl[+4 ,rid+ on ! p[]-:eel 0 a girl ( "s twelve ye>s1 ano!r ( sev5 & a baby4 ,!y 7 !re = ent]ta9m5t & to see t ! c[ kept at "w4 ,! gr\nd _h be5 suffici5tly s(t5$ s t ! fa!r _h begun pl[+1 ! c[ s9k+ to h] knees z %e walk$4 ,9 ! same paddy1 b %[n 9 ! section bel[1 a boy 0 spread+ ! clov] compo/ ) 8 h&s1 tak+ c>e t x 0 f9ely divid$ & ev5ly scatt]$4 ,he _h be5 once ar\nd be=e ! pl[+ began4 ,?is compo/ _h be5 br\ght f a /ack by ! side ( a canal1 & two o!r m5 7 busy /ill br++ ! mat]ial to "o ( ! o!r paddies1 "o ( :om1 ) 8 baskets on ! c>ry+ pole appe>s 9 ! ?ird section4 ,betwe5 ^! two paddies 0 ! "o se5 at ! bottom ( ! illu/ration1 :i* _h matur$ a crop ( rape t _h be5 pull$ & 0 ly+ 9 swa?s ready to be mov$4 ,two o!r m5 7 busy "h1 ga!r+ ! rape into l>ge bundles & c>ry+ x to ! village home1 :]e ! wom5 7 ?re%+ out ! se$1 tak+ c>e n to break ! /ems :i*1 aft] ?re%+1 7 ti$ into bundles = fuel4 ,! se$ w\ld be gr\nd & f x an oil express$1 :ile ! cake w\ld be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,?is crop ( rape is rem>kable = ! way x fits into ! economies ( ^! p4 ,x is a ne> relative ( mu/>d & cabbage2 x gr[s rapidly dur+ ! cool] portions ( ! season1 ! spr+ crop rip5+ be=e ! plant+ ( rice & cotton2 its "y %oots & leaves are succul5t1 nutriti\s1 readily dige/$ & ext5sively us$ z human food1 boil$ & eat5 fre%1 or salt$ = w9t] use1 to be s]v$ ) rice2 ! mature /ems1 be+ woody1 make good fuel2 & x be>s a heavy crop ( se$1 ri* 9 oil1 :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ = lights & 9 cook+1 :ile ! rape se$ cake is highly priz$ z a manure & v ext5sively s us$4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ! c\ntry is luxuriantly gre5 ) ! l>ge acreage ( rape1 lat] *ang+ to a sea ( mo/ brilliant yell[ & f9ally to an a%y grey :5 ! leaves fall & ! /ems & pods rip54 ,l ! dairy c[1 rape produces a fat1 9 ! ratio ( ab\t =ty p\nds ( oil to a hundr$ p\nds ( se$1 :i* may be eat51 burn$ or sold )\t mat]ially robb+ ! soil ( its f]tility if ! cake & ! a%es f ! /ems are return$ to ! fields1 ! c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 ( :i* ! oil is almo/ :olly compos$ com+ f ! atmosph]e r ?an f ! soil4 ,9 ,japan rape is gr[n z a second crop on bo? ! upl& & paddy fields1 & 9 #aijf %e produc$ m ?an #e1edg1jjj bu%els ( ! se$2 #a1hde1jjj wor? ( rape se$ cake1 import+ en\gh m to equal a total value ( #b1ege1jjj1 all ( :i* 0 us$ z a f]tiliz]1 ! oil be+ export$4 ,! yield ( se$ p] acre 9 ,japan ranges betwe5 ?irte5 & sixte5 bu%els1 & ! f>m] ^: field 0 photograph$ e/imat$ t 8 returns f ! crop w\ld be at ! rate ( #fdj p\nds ( se$ p] acre1 wor? #f4ai1 & #h1jjj p\nds ( /ems wor? z fuel #e4af p] acre4 ,,ix ,,! ,,utilization ,,( ,,wa/e ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable agricultural practices adopt$ by any civiliz$ p is ! c5turies-long & well nigh univ]sal cons]vation & utilization ( all human wa/e 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan1 turn+ x to m>vel\s acc\nt 9 ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility & 9 ! production ( food4 ,to und]/& ?is evolution x mu/ be recogniz$ t m9]al f]tiliz]s s ext5sively employ$ 9 mod]n we/]n agriculture1 l ! ext5sive use ( m9]al coal1 _h be5 a physical impossibility to all p alike until )9 v rec5t ye>s4 ,) ?is fact mu/ be associat$ ! v long unbrok5 life ( ^! nations & ! va/ numb]s _! f>m]s h be5 compell$ to fe$4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! deplet$ f]tility ( our own old] f>m l&s1 comp>atively few ( :i* h se5 a c5tury's s]vice1 & ^u ! enorm\s quantity ( m9]al f]tiliz]s :i* are be+ appli$ annually to !m 9 ord] to secure pay+ yields1 x becomes evid5t t ! "t is "h :5 pr(\nd consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! practices ! ,mongolian race has ma9ta9$ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 :i* p]mit x to be said ( ,*9a t "o-six? ( an acre ( good l& is ample = ! ma9t5ance ( "o p]son1 & :i* are fe$+ an av]age ( ?ree p p] acre ( f>m l& 9 ! ?ree s\!rnmo/ ( ! f\r ma9 isl&s ( ,japan4 ,f ! analyses ( mix$ human excreta made by ,wolff 9 ,europe & by ,kelln] 9 ,japan x appe>s t1 z an av]age1 ^! c>ry 9 e #bjjj p\nds #ab4g p\nds ( nitrog51 #d p\nds ( potassium & #a4g p\nds ( phosphorus4 ,on ?is basis & t ( ,c>p5t]1 :o e/imates ! av]age am\nt ( excreta p] day = ! adult at #dj ounces1 ! av]age annual production p] million ( adult population is #e1gid1cjj p\nds ( nitrog52 #a1hbe1jjj p\nds ( potassium1 & #gge1fjj p\nds ( phosphorus c>ri$ 9 #def1bej tons ( excreta4 ,! figures :i* ,hall cites 9 ,f]tiliz]s & ,manures1 w\ld make ^! am\nts #g1idj1jjj p\nds ( nitrog52 #c1jgj1ejj p\nds ( potassium1 & #a1ife1fjj p\nds ( phosphorus1 b ! figures he takes & calls high av]ages give #ab1jjj1jjj ( nitrog52 #d1aea1jjj p\nds ( potassium1 & #c1jeg1fjj p\nds ( phosphorus4 ,9 #aijh ! ,int]national ,concessions ( ! city ( ,%anghai sold to "o ,*9ese contractor = #ca1jjj1 gold1 ! privilege ( collect+ #gh1jjj tons ( human wa/e1 "u /ipulat$ regulations1 & ( remov+ x to ! c\ntry = sale to f>m]s4 ,! flotilla ( boats se5 9 ,fig4 #ajf is "o ( sev]al engag$ daily 9 ,%anghai ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 ?is s]vice4 ,dr4 ,kawagu*i1 ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 tak+ 8 data f _! records1 in=m$ u t ! human manure sav$ & appli$ to ! fields ( ,japan 9 #aijh am\nt$ to #bc1hej1bie tons1 :i* is an av]age ( #a4ge tons p] acre ( _! #ba1cba squ>e miles ( cultivat$ l& 9 _! f\r ma9 isl&s4 ,on ! basis ( ! data ( ,wolff1 ,kelln] & ,c>p5t]1 or ( ,hall1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,europe are p\r+ into ! sea1 lakes or riv]s & into ! und]gr\nd wat]s f #e1gid1cjj to #ab1jjj1jjj p\nds ( nitrog52 #a1hha1ijj to #d1aea1jjj p\nds ( potassium1 & #ggg1bjj to #c1jeg1fjj p\nds ( phosphorus p] million ( adult population annually1 & ?is wa/e we e/eem "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( our civilization4 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 = m ?an ?irty c5turies1 ^! enorm\s wa/es h be5 religi\sly sav$ & today ! f\r hundr$ million ( adult population s5d back to _! fields annually #aej1jjj tons ( phosphorus2 #cgf1jjj tons ( potassium1 & #a1aeh1jjj tons ( nitrog5 compris$ 9 a gross weight exce$+ #ahb million tons1 ga!r$ f e home1 f ! c\ntry villages & f ! great cities l ,hank[-,wu*ang-,hanyang ) its #a1ggj1jjj p sw>m+ on a l& area delimit$ by a radius ( f\r miles4 ,man is ! mo/ extravagant accel]ator ( wa/e ! _w has ev] endur$4 ,8 )]+ blight has fall5 ^u e liv+ ?+ )9 8 rea*1 himself n except$2 & 8 besom ( de/ruction 9 ! uncontroll$ h&s ( a g5]ation has swept into ! sea soil f]tility :i* only c5turies ( life c\ld accumulate1 & yet ?is f]tility is ! sub/ratum ( all t is liv+4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! phosphate deposits :i* we are beg9n+ to return to our fields are b measures ( f]tility lo/ f old] soils1 & indices ( processes /ill 9 progress4 ,! riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica are e/imat$ to c>ry to ! sea m ?an #ejj tons ( phosphorus ) ea* cubic mile ( wat]4 ,to su* loss mod]n civilization is add+ t ( hydraulic sewage disposal ?r\gh :i* ! wa/e ( five hundr$ millions ( p might be m ?an #aid1cjj tons ( phosphorus annually1 :i* c\ld n be replac$ by #a1bie1jjj tons ( rock phosphate1 #ge p] c5t pure4 ,! ,mongolian races1 ) a population n[ approa*+ ! figure nam$2 occupy+ an area little m ?an "o-half t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 till+ less ?an #hjj1jjj squ>e miles ( l&1 & mu* ( ?is dur+ tw5ty1 ?irty or p]haps =ty c5turies2 unable to avail !mselves ( m9]al f]tiliz]s1 c\ld n survive & tol]ate su* wa/e4 ,compell$ to solve ! problem ( avoid+ su* wa/es1 & ex]cis+ ! faculty :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! race1 !y ca/ d[n _! buckets :]e !y 71 z 99,a %ip lo/ at sea = _m days sudd5ly sight$ a fri5dly vessel4 ,f ! ma/ ( ! un=tunate vessel 0 se5 a signal1 ,wat]1 wat]2 we die ( ?ir/6 ,! answ] f ! fri5dly vessel at once came back1 ,ca/ d[n y\r bucket :]e y are4 ,a second "t ! signal1 ,wat]1 wat]2 ,s5d u wat]6 ran up f ! di/ress$ vessel1 & 0 answ]$1 ,ca/ d[n y\r bucket :]e y are4 ,& a ?ird & f\r? signal = wat] 0 answ]$1 ,ca/ d[n y\r bucket :]e y are4 ,! capta9 ( ! di/ress$ vessel1 at la/ he$+ ! injunction1 ca/ d[n 8 bucket1 & x came up full ( fre% sp>kl+ wat] f ! m\? ( ! ,amazon riv]4 99,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 ,atlanta address4 ,n ev5 9 great cities l ,canton1 built 9 ! me%es ( tideswept riv]s & canals2 l ,hank[ on ! banks ( "o ( ! l>ge/ riv]s 9 ! _w2 nor yet 9 mod]n ,%anghai1 ,yokohama or ,tokyo1 is su* wa/e p]mitt$4 ,to !m su* a practice has meant race suicide & !y h resi/$ ! temptation s long t x has ceas$ to exi/4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,/anley1 ,heal? (fic] ( ! city ( ,%anghai1 9 8 annual report = #ahii1 consid]+ ?is subject z a municipal problem1 wrote3 ,reg>d+ ! be>+ on ! sanitation ( ,%anghai ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n hygi5e1 x may be said1 t if prolong$ national life is indicative ( s\nd sanitation1 ! ,*9ese are a race wor?y ( /udy by all :o conc]n !mselves ) ,public ,heal?4 ,ev5 )\t ! returns ( a ,regi/r>-,g5]al x is evid5t t 9 ,*9a ! bir? rate mu/ v consid]ably exce$ ! dea? rate1 & h done s 9 an av]age way dur+ ! ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s t ! ,*9ese nation has exi/$4 ,*9ese hygi5e1 :5 comp>$ ) m$ieval ,engli%1 appe>s to advantage4 ,! ma9 problem ( sanitation is to cleanse ! dwell+ day by day1 & if ?is c be done at a pr(it s mu* ! bett]4 ,:ile ! ultra-civiliz$ ,we/]n elaborates de/ructors = burn+ g>bage at a f9ancial loss & turns sewage into ! sea1 ! ,*9aman uses bo? = manure4 ,he wa/es no?+ :ile ! sacr$ duty ( agriculture is upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,& 9 reality rec5t bact]ial "w has %[n t faecal matt] & h\se refuse are be/ de/roy$ by return+ !m to clean soil1 :]e natural purification takes place4 ,! "q ( de/roy+ g>bage c1 ,i ?9k1 "u pres5t conditions 9 ,%anghai1 be answ]$ 9 a decid$ negative4 ,:ile to adopt ! wat]-c>riage sy/em = sewage & turn x into ! riv]1 :5ce ! wat] supply is d]iv$1 w\ld be an act ( sanit>y suicide4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to make use ( :at is good 9 ,*9ese hygi5e1 :i* dem&s respect1 be+1 z x is1 ! product ( an evolution ext5d+ f m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! /orage ( su* wa/e 9 ,*9a is l>gely 9 /onew>e receptacles su* z are se5 9 ,fig4 #aji1 :i* are h>d-burn$1 glaz$ t]ra-cotta urns1 hav+ capacities rang+ f #ejj to #ajjj p\nds4 ,japan m (t5 uses %elt]$ cem5t-l9$ pits su* z are se5 9 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,9 ! ?ree c\ntries ! c>ry+ to ! fields is (t5e/ 9 "s =m ( pail1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aaa1 a pair ( :i* are borne sw++ f ! c>ry+ pole4 ,9 apply+ ! liquid to ! field or g>d5 ! long h&le dipp] is us$1 se5 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,we are beg9n+ to husb& ) "s economy ! wa/e f our dome/ic animals b 9 ?is we d n approa* t ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4 ,p 9 ,*9a regul>ly se>* = & collect dropp+s along ! c\ntry & c>avan roads4 ,repeat$ly1 :5 walk+ ?r\gh city /reets1 we obs]v$ su* mat]ials quickly & app>5tly eag]ly ga!r$1 to be c>efully /or$ "u conditions :i* ensure small loss f ei!r lea*+ or unfavorable f]m5tation4 ,9 "s mulb]ry or*>ds visit$ ! e>? _h be5 c>efully ho$ back ab\t ! trunks ( trees to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es f a circle hav+ a diamet] ( six to eight feet1 & ^u ^! areas 7 plac$ ! dropp+s ( silkworms1 ! m\lt$ sk9s1 toge!r ) ! bits ( leaves & /em left aft] fe$+4 ,"s disposition ( su* wa/e mu/ be made4 ,!y return at once to ! or*>d all b ! silk produc$ f ! leaves2 unnecess>y loss is ?us avoid$ & ! mat]ial ent]s at once ! s]vice ( =c+ ! next crop ( leaves4 ,on ! f>m ( ,mrs4 ,wu1 ne> ,ka%+1 :ile /udy+ ! op]ation ( two irrigation pumps driv5 by two c[s1 lift+ wat] to flood h] tw5ty-five acres ( rice field prep>atory to transplant+1 we 7 surpris$ to obs]ve t "o ( ! duties ( ! lad :o _h *>ge ( ! animals 0 to use a six-qu>t wood5 dipp] ) a bamboo h&le six feet long to collect all excreta1 be=e !y fell ^u ! gr\nd1 & transf] !m to a receptacle provid$ = ! purpose4 ,!re came a fla% ( res5tm5t t su* a task 0 set = ! lad1 = we 7 only beg9n+ to realize to :at l5g?s ! practice ( economy may g1 b !re 0 no?+ irksome sugge/$ 9 ! boy's face4 ,he p]=m$ ! duty z a matt] ( c\rse & z we ?\ght x ?r\gh !re 0 no reason :y x %\ld h be5 o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 ! only "r c\rse 0 be+ tak54 ,conditions w\ld h be5 worse if ! collection _h n be5 made4 ,x made possible m rice4 ,"* ( sub/antial quality 0 build+ 9 ! lad :i* meant ?rift 9 ! gr[+ man & cont9u$ life = ! nation4 ,we h adv]t$ to ! v small numb] ( flies obs]v$ any:]e 9 ! c\rse ( our travel1 b its significance we did n realize until ne> ! end ( our /ay4 ,inde$1 = "s reason1 flies 7 m 9 evid5ce dur+ ! fir/ two days on ! /eam%ip1 out f ,yokohama on our return trip to ,am]ica1 ?an at any "t be=e on our j\rney4 ,x is to be expect$ t ! et]nal vigilance :i* seizes e wa/e1 once x has become su*1 putt+ x 9 places ( usefulness1 mu/ contribute mu* t[>d ! de/ruction ( bre$+ places1 & x may be ^! nations h be5 m9dful ( ! :olesom5ess ( _! practice & t _m phases ( ! evolution ( _! wa/e disposal sy/em h be5 dictat$ by & held fa/ to ?r\gh a cle> conception ( sanit>y ne$s4 ,mu* intellig5ce & ! highe/ skill are exhibit$ by ^! old-_w f>m]s 9 ! use ( _! wa/es4 ,9 ,fig4 #aac is "o ( _m examples :i* might be cit$4 ,! man walk+ d[n ! r[ ) 8 manure pails sw++ f 8 %\ld]s in=m$ u on 8 return t 9 8 h\sehold !re 7 tw5ty to be f$2 t f ?is g>d5 ( half an acre ( l& he usually sold a product br++ 9 #djj1 ,mexican1--#agb1 gold4 ,! crop 0 cucumb]s 9 gr\ps ( two r[s ?irty in*es ap>t & tw5ty-f\r in*es betwe5 ! gr\ps4 ,! plants 7 eight to t5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,he _h j m>ket$ ! la/ ( a crop ( gre5s :i* occupi$ ! space betwe5 ! r[s ( cucumb]s se5 "u ! /rong1 durable1 light & v readily removable trellises4 ,on ,may #bh ! v9es 7 beg9n+ to run1 s n a m9ute _h be5 lo/ 9 ! *ange ( crop4 ,on ! contr>y ?is man _h add$ a mon? to 8 gr[+ season by ov]-lapp+ 8 crops1 & ! trellises enabl$ him to fe$ m plants ( ?is type ?an !re 0 room = v9es on ! gr\nd4 ,) +5uity & mu* labor he _h made 8 half acre = cucumb]s equival5t to m ?an two4 ,he _h remov$ ! v9es entirely f ! gr\nd2 _h provid$ a travel space two feet wide1 d[n :i* he 0 walk+1 & he _h made x possible to "w ab\t ! roots ( e plant = ! purpose ( hoe+ & fe$+4 ,f\r acres ( cucumb]s h&l$ by ,am]ican field me?ods w\ld n yield m ?an ?is man's "o1 & he gr[s besides two o!r crops ! same season4 ,! diff]5ce is n s mu* 9 activity ( muscle z x is 9 al]tness & effici5cy ( ! grey matt] ( ! bra94 ,he sees & treats ea* plant individually1 he loos5s ! gr\nd s t 8 liquid manure drops imm$iately b5ea? ! surface )9 rea* ( ! active roots4 ,if ! ra9fall has be5 scanty & ! soil is dry he may use t5 ( wat] to two ( night soil1 n to supply wat] b to make c]ta9 suffici5tly deep p5etration4 ,if ! wea!r is ra9y & ! soil ov] wet1 ! food is appli$ m conc5trat$1 n to light5 ! burd5 b to avoid wa/e by lea*+ & ov] saturation4 ,:ile ev] cr[d+ gr[? he nev] ov]fe$s4 ,=e?\ght1 aft]-?\ght & ! m9d focus$ on ! "w 9 h& are *>act]i/ic ( ^! p4 ,we d n recall to h se5 a man smok+ :ile at "w4 ,!y enjoy smok+1 b pref] to d ?is also ) ! att5tion undivid$ & ?us get m = _! money4 ,on ano!r date e>li] 9 ,may we 7 walk+ 9 ! fields )\t an int]pret]4 ,= half an h\r we /ood wat*+ an old g>d5] fitt+ ! soil ) 8 spad+ hoe 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :]e ! graves ( 8 ance/ors occupy a "p ( ! l&4 ,angleworms 7 extremely num]\s1 z l>ge ar\nd z an ord9>y lead p5cil &1 :5 n ext5d$1 two-?irds z long1 decid$ly gre5i% 9 color4 ,ne>ly e /roke ( ! spade expos$ two to five ( ^! worms b s f> z we obs]v$1 & we wat*$ ! man closely1 pulv]iz+ ! soil1 he nei!r injur$ nor left uncov]$ a s+le worm4 ,:ile he seem$ to make no ef=t to avoid injur+ !m or to cov] !m ) e>?1 & :ile we c\ld n talk ) him1 we are conv9c$ t 8 action 0 cont9ually gu>d$ aga9/ injur+ ! worms4 ,!y c]ta9ly 7 subsoil+ 8 g>d5 deeply & mak+ possible a fre] circulation ( air f> bel[ ! surface4 ,_! great abundance prov$ a high cont5t ( organic matt] pres5t 9 ! soil &1 z ! worms ate _! way ?r\gh x1 pass+ ! soil ?r\gh _! bodies1 ! ye>ly volume ( "w done by !m 0 v great4 ,9 ! fields flood$ prep>atory to fitt+ !m = rice ^! worms are =c$ to ! surface 9 enorm\s numb]s & l>ge flocks ( ducks are tak5 to su* fields to fe$ ^u !m4 ,9 ano!r field a crop ( b>ley 0 ne>+ maturity4 ,an adjac5t /rip ( l& 0 to be fitt$ & plant$4 ,! lean+ b>ley heads 7 9 ! way4 ,n "o mu/ be lo/ & e in* ( gr\nd mu/ be put to use4 ,! gra9 along ! m>g91 = a bread? ( sixte5 in*es1 _h be5 ga!r$ into h&fuls & skillfully ti$1 ea* ) an unpull$ b>ley /em1 )\t break+ ! /raw1 ?us p]mitt+ ev5 ! gra9s 9 t head to fill & be ga!r$ ) ! re/1 :ile ! ty+ set all /raws well aslant1 out ( ! way1 & p]mitt$ ! la/ in* ( nak$ gr\nd to be fitt$ )\t injur+ ! gra94 ,9 /ill ano!r in/ance a man 0 gr[+ ,iri% potatoes to m>ket :5 yet small4 ,he _h enri*$ 8 soil2 he w\ld apply wat] if ! ra9s 7 n timely & suffici5t1 & _h f$ ! plants4 ,he _h plant$ 9 r[s only twelve to f\rte5 in*es ap>t ) a hill e eight in*es 9 ! r[4 ,! v9es /ood /rong1 /raight1 f\rte5 in*es high & z ev5 z a trimm$ h$ge4 ,! leaves & /ems 7 turgid1 ! deepe/ gre5 & z prime & glossy z a prize /e]4 ,s close 7 ! plants t !re 0 leaf surface to int]cept ! sun%9e fall+ on e squ>e in* ( ! pat*4 ,!re 7 no potato beetles & we saw no signs ( injury b ! g>d5] 0 scann+ ! pat* ) ! eye ( a rob94 ,he spi$ ! slighte/ fir/ droop+ ( leaves 9 a /em2 w5t aft] ! difficulty & br\ght & plac$ 9 our h& a cutworm1 a "y tub] ! size ( a m>ble & a /em cut half (f1 :i* he 0 will+ to sacrifice because ( our evid5t int]e/4 ,b ! two fri5ds :o _h met 7 held ap>t by ! babel ( tongues4 ,no?+ is co/+ ! _w m2 has made s _m enemies1 & has s mu* h9d]$ ! =m+ ( fri5d%ips z ! inability to fully und]/&2 h5ce ! dove t br+s _w peace mu/ fly on ! w+s ( a common language1 & ! bright /> 9 ! ea/ is _w comm]ce1 ris+ on rapidly develop+ railway & /eam%ip l9es1 h]ald$ & direct$ by electric communication4 ,) _w comm]ce mu/ come mutual confid5ce & fri5d%ip requir+ a full und]/&+ & !re=e a common tongue4 ,!n _w peace w be p]man5tly assur$4 ,x is com+ inevitably & fa/] ?an we ?9k4 ,once ?is desir$ end is s]i\sly s\ght1 ! c>ry+ ( ?ree g5]ations ( *ildr5 ?r\gh ! public s*ools :]e ! _w language is taught toge!r ) ! "m tongue1 & ! pass+ ( ! p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 w\ld effect ! *ange4 ,! important po9t reg>d+ ^! ,f> ,ea/ p1 to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$1 is t effective ?9k+1 cle> & /rong1 prevails among ! f>m]s :o h f$ & are /ill fe$+ ! d5se populations f ! products ( _! limit$ areas4 ,?is is fur!r indicat$ 9 ! univ]sal & ext5sive use ( plant a%es d]iv$ f fuel gr[n ^u cultivat$ fields & ^u ! adjac5t hill & m\nta9 l&s4 ,we 7 unable to secure exact data reg>d+ ! am\nt ( fuel burn$ annually 9 ^! c\ntries1 & ( a%es us$ z f]tiliz]1 b a cord ( dry oak wood weighs ab\t #cejj p\nds1 & ! weight ( fuel us$ 9 ! home & 9 manufactures mu/ exce$ t ( two cords p] h\sehold4 ,japan has an av]age ( #e4efc p p] family4 ,if we all[ b #acjj p\nds ( fuel p] capita1 ,japan's consumption w\ld be #ca1bjj1jjj tons4 ,9 view ( ! fact t a v l>ge %>e ( ! fuel us$ 9 ^! c\ntries is ei!r agricultural plant /ems1 ) an av]age a% cont5t ( #e p] c5t1 or ! twigs & ev5 leaves ( trees1 z 9 ! case ( p9e b\gh fuel1 #d4e p] c5t ( a% may be tak5 z a fair e/imate4 ,on ?is basis1 & ) a cont5t ( phosphorus equal to 4#e p] c5t1 & ( potassium equal to #e p] c5t1 ! fuel a% = ,japan w\ld am\nt to #a1djd1jjj tons annually1 c>ry+ #gjbj tons ( phosphorus & #gj1bjj tons ( potassium1 toge!r ) m ?an #djj1jjj tons ( lime/one1 :i* is return$ annually to less ?an #ba1cba squ>e miles ( cultivat$ l&4 ,9 ,*9a1 ) h] m ?an f\r hundr$ millions ( p1 a simil> rate ( fuel consumption w\ld make ! phosphorus & potassium return$ to h] fields m ?an eight times ! am\nts comput$ = ,japan4 ,on ! basis ( ^! /atem5ts ,japan's annual sav+ ( phosphorus f ! wa/e ( h] fuel w\ld be equival5t to m ?an #df1hjj tons ( rock phosphate hav+ a purity ( #ge p] c5t1 or 9 ! neighborhood ( sev5 p\nds p] acre4 ,if ?is am\nt1 ev5 ) ! pota% & lime/one add$1 appe>s l a trifl+ addition ( f]tility x is important = ,am]icans to rememb] t ev5 if ?is is s1 ^! p h felt compell$ to make ! sav+4 ,9 ! matt] ( return+ soluble potassium to ! cultivat$ fields ,japan w\ld be apply+ ) h] a%es ! equival5t ( no less ?an #aef1fjj tons ( pure potassium sulphate1 equal to #bc p\nds p] acre2 :ile ! lime c>bonate s appli$ annually w\ld be "s #fb p\nds p] acre4 ,9 addition to ! =e/ l&s1 :i* h long be5 made to contribute plant food to ! cultivat$ fields ?r\gh fuel a%es1 !re are l>ge areas :i* contribute gre5 manure & compo/ mat]ial4 ,^! are *iefly hill l&s1 aggregat+ "s tw5ty p] c5t ( ! cultivat$ fields1 :i* be> mo/ly h]bace\s gr[?4 ,"s #b1eeb1gda acres ( ^! l&s may be cut ov] ?ree times ea* season1 yield+1 9 #aijc1 an av]age ( #gihj p\nds p] acre4 ,! fir/ cutt+ ( ?is hill h]bage is ma9ly us$ on ! rice fields z gre5 manure1 x be+ tramp$ into ! mud betwe5 ! r[s aft] ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,?is man _h be5 ) basket & sickle to ga!r gre5 h]bage :]ev] he c\ld & _h br\ght x to 8 rice paddy4 ,! day 9 ,july 0 extremely sultry4 ,we came ^u him wad+ 9 ! wat] half way to 8 knees1 c>efully lay+ ! h]bage he _h ga!r$ betwe5 alt]nate r[s ( 8 rice1 "o h&ful 9 a place1 ) tips ov]lapp+4 ,?is done he took ! attitude se5 9 ! illu/ration &1 ga!r+ ! mat]ials into a compact bun*1 press$ x b5ea? ! surface ) 8 foot4 ,! two h&s smoo!d ! s(t mud ov] ! grass & right$ ! di/urb$ spe>s ( rice 9 ! two adjac5t hills4 ,?us1 foot foll[+ foot1 "o b>e l5g? ahead1 ! succe$+ bun*es ( h]bage 7 subm]g$ until ! la/ _h be5 rea*$1 foll[+ betwe5 alt]nate r[s only a foot ap>t1 !re be+ a hill e n9e to t5 in*es 9 ! r[ & ! h&s grasp+ & be+ drawn ov] e "o 9 ! paddy4 ,he 0 r5t+ ! l&1 pay+ !re= =ty kan ( rice p] tan1 & 8 usual yield 0 eighty kan4 ,?is is =ty-f\r bu%els ( sixty p\nds p] acre4 ,9 unfavorable seasons 8 yield might be less b /ill 8 r5t w\ld be =ty kan p] tan unless x 0 cle> t he _h done all t c\ld reasonably be expect$ ( him 9 secur+ ! crop4 ,x is difficult = ,am]icans to und]/& h[ x is possible = ! w ( man1 ev5 :5 spurr$ by ! love ( home & family1 to hold fle% to tasks l ^!4 ,! second & ?ird cutt+s ( h]bage f ! g5ya l&s 9 ,japan are us$ = ! prep>ation ( compo/ appli$ on ! dry-l& fields 9 ! fall or 9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ season4 ,"s ( ^! l&s are pa/ur$1 b approximately #aj1ahe1ejj tons ( gre5 h]bage gr[n & ga!r$ f ! hills contributes mu* ( its organic matt] & all ( its a% to enri* ! cultivat$ fields4 ,su* wild gr[? areas 9 ,japan are ! commons ( ! ne> by villages1 to :i* ! p are freely admitt$ = ! purpose ( cutt+ ! h]bage4 ,a fix$ "t may be set = cutt+ & a limit plac$ ^u ! am\nt :i* may be c>ri$ away1 :i* is done 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,x is well recogniz$ by ! p t ?is con/ant cutt+ & removal ( gr[? f ! hill l&s1 ) no return1 depletes ! soils & r$uces ! am\nt ( gre5 h]bage !y are able to secure4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,daikuh>a ( ! ,imp]ial ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,tokyo we are able to give ! av]age composition ( ! gre5 leaves & "y /ems ( five ( ! mo/ common wild species ( plants cut = gre5 manure 9 ,june4 ,9 ea* #ajjj p\nds ! am\nt ( wat] is #efb4ah p\nds2 ( organic matt]1 #chb4fh p\nds2 ( a%1 #ee4ad p\nds2 nitrog51 #d4gh p\nds2 potassium1 #b4djg p\nds1 & phosphorus1 4#cd p\nd4 ,on ! basis ( ?is composition & an aggregate yield ( #aj1ahe1ejj tons1 !re w\ld be annually appli$ to ! cultivat$ fields #cdfc tons ( phosphorus & #bd1eaf tons ( potassium d]iv$ f ! g5ya l&s4 ,9 addition to ?is ! run-(f f bo? ! m\nta9 & ! g5ya l&s is l>gely us$ ^u ! rice fields1 m ?an sixte5 in*es ( wat] be+ appli$ annually to !m 9 "s prefectures4 ,if su* wat]s h ! composition ( riv] wat]s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 twelve in*es ( wat] appli$ to ! rice fields ( ! ?ree ma9 isl&s w\ld contribute no less ?an #abjj tons ( phosphorus & #ai1jjj tons ( potassium annually4 ,dr4 ,kawagu*i1 ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 in=m$ u t 9 #aijh ,japanese f>m]s prep>$ & appli$ to _! fields #bb1hab1ghg tons ( compo/ manufactur$ f ! wa/es ( cattle1 horses1 sw9e & p\ltry1 comb9$ ) h]bage1 /raw & o!r simil> wa/es & ) soil1 sod or mud f dit*es & canals4 ,! am\nt ( ?is compo/ is suffici5t to apply #a4gh tons p] acre ( cultivat$ l& ( ! s\!rn ?ree ma9 isl&s4 ,f data obta9$ at ! ,n>a ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! composition ( compo/ z !re prep>$ %[s x to conta91 9 ea* #bjjj p\nds1 #eej p\nds ( organic matt]2 #ae4f p\nds ( nitrog52 #h4c p\nds ( potassium1 & #e4bd p\nds ( phosphorus4 ,on ?is basis #bb1hjj1jjj tons ( compo/ w c>ry #ei1gjj tons ( phosphorus & #id1fjj tons ( potassium4 ,! con/ruction ( compo/ h\ses is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 reproduc$ f a l>ge circul> s5t to f>m]s f ! ,n>a ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & an ext]ior ( "o at ! ,n>a ,/ation is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,?is compo/ h\se is design$ to s]ve two & a half acres4 ,its floor is twelve by eighte5 feet1 r5d]$ wat]tight by a mixture ( clay1 lime & s&4 ,! walls are ( e>?1 "o foot ?ick1 & ! ro( is ?at*$ ) /raw4 ,its capacity is sixte5 to tw5ty tons1 hav+ a ca% value ( #fj y51 or #cj4 ,9 prep>+ ! /ack1 mat]ials are br\ght daily &1 spread ov] "o side ( ! compo/ floor until ! pile has atta9$ a height ( five feet4 ,aft] "o foot 9 dep? has be5 laid & firm$1 #a4b in*es ( soil or mud is spread ov] ! surface & ! process repeat$ until full height has be5 atta9$4 ,wat] is add$ suffici5t to keep ! :ole saturat$ & to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature bel[ t ( ! body4 ,aft] ! compo/ /acks h be5 complet$ !y are p]mitt$ to /& five weeks 9 summ]1 sev5 weeks 9 w9t]1 :5 !y are =k$ ov] & transf]r$ to ! opposite side ( ! h\se4 ,if we /ate 9 r\nd numb]s ! total nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium ?us f> enum]at$ :i* ,japanese f>m]s apply or return annually to _! tw5ty or tw5ty-"o ?\s& squ>e miles ( cultivat$ fields1 ! case /&s #che1bad tons ( nitrog51 #ia1fef tons ( phosphorus & #bee1ggh tons ( potassium4 ,^! values are only approximations & d n include ! l>ge volume & v>iety ( f]tiliz]s prep>$ f fi%1 :i* h long be5 us$4 ,nei!r d !y include ! v l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 d]iv$ directly f ! atmosph]e ?r\gh _! long1 ext5sive & p]si/5t cultivation ( soy beans & o!r legumes4 ,inde$1 f #aijc to #aijf ! av]age area ( paddy field ^u :i* 0 gr[n a second crop ( gre5 manure 9 ! =m ( "s legume 0 #f4h p] c5t ( ! total area ( su* fields aggregat+ #aa1jjj squ>e miles4 ,9 #aijf ov] #ah p] c5t ( ! upl& fields also produc$ "s legum9\s crop1 ^! fields aggregat+ betwe5 #i1jjj & #aj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,:ile ! values :i* h be5 giv5 above1 express+ ! sum total ( nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium appli$ annually to ! cultivat$ fields ( ,japan may be some:at too high = "s ( ! s\rces nam$1 !re is little d\bt t ,japanese f>m]s apply to _! fields m ( ^! ?ree plant food elem5ts annually ?an has be5 comput$4 ,! am\nts :i* h be5 giv5 are suffici5t to provide annually1 = ea* acre ( ! #ba1cba squ>e miles ( cultivat$ l&1 an application ( n less ?an #ef p\nds ( nitrog51 #ac p\nds ( phosphorus & #cg p\nds ( potassium4 ,or1 if we omit ! l>ge nor!rn isl& ( ,hokkaido1 /ill new 9 its agriculture & lack+ ! int5sive practices ( ! old] f>m l&1 ! quantities are suffici5t = a mean application ( #fj1 #ad & #dj p\nds respectively ( nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium p] acre1 & yet ! matur+ ( #ajjj p\nds ( :eat crop1 cov]+ gra9 & /raw z wat]-free sub/ance1 removes f ! soil b #ac4i p\nds ( nitrog51 #b4c p\nds ( phosphorus & #h4d p\nds ( potassium1 f :i* x may be comput$ t ! #fj p\nds ( nitrog5 add$ is suffici5t = a crop yield+ #ca bu%els ( :eat2 ! phosphorus is suffici5t = a crop ( #dd bu%els1 & ! potassium = a crop ( #ce bu%els p] acre4 ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 9 8 rec5t valuable "w on ,soil ,f]tility & ,p]man5t ,agriculture gives1 on page #aed1 a table f :i* we ab/ract ! foll[+ data3 ,,approximate ,,am\nts ,,( ,,nitrog51 ,,phosphorus ,,& ,,potassium ,,removable ,,p] ,,acre ,,annually ,,by ,nitrog51 ,phosphorus1 ,potassium1 p\nds4 p\nds4 p\nds4 #ajj bu%4 crop ( corn #adh #bc #ga #ajj bu%4 crop ( oats #ig #af #fh #ej bu%4 crop ( :eat #if #af #eh #be bu%4 crop ( soy beans #aei #ba #gc #ajj bu%4 crop ( rice #aee #ah #ie #c ton crop ( timo?y hay #gb #i #ga #d ton crop ( clov] hay #afj #bj #abj #c ton crop ( c[ pea hay #acj #ad #ih #h ton crop ( alfalfa hay #djj #cf #aib #gjjj lb4 crop ( cotton #afh #bi4d #hb #djj bu%4 crop ( potatoes #hd #ag4c #abj #bj ton crop ( sug> beets #ajj #ah #aeg ,annually appli$ 9 ,japan1 m ?an #fj #ad #dj ,we h ins]t$ 9 ?is table1 = comp>ison1 ! crop ( rice1 & h increas$ ! crop ( potatoes f ?ree hundr$ bu%els to f\r hundr$ bu%els p] acre1 because su* a yield1 l all ( ^? nam$1 is q practicable "u good managem5t & favorable seasons1 not)/&+ ! fact t mu* small] yields are g5]ally atta9$ ?r\gh lack ( suffici5t plant food or wat]4 ,f ?is table1 assum+ t a crop ( matur$ gra9 conta9s #aa p] c5t ( wat] & ! /raw #ae p] c5t1 :ile potatoes conta9 #gi p] c5t & beets #hg p] c5t1 ! am\nts ( ! ?ree plant food elem5ts removable annually by #ajjj p\nds ( crop h be5 calculat$ & /at$ 9 ! next table4 ,,approximate ,,am\nts ,,( ,,nitrog51 ,,phosphorus ,,& ,,potassium ,,removable ,,annually ,,p] #a1jjjj ,,p\nds ,,( ,,dry ,,crop ,,sub/ance ,nitrog51 ,phosphorus1 ,potassium1 p\nds4 p\nds4 p\nds4 ,c]eals4 ,:eat #ac4hgc #b4cab #h4chb ,oats #ac4fff #b4bed #i4ehj ,corn #ac4gai #b4adi #f4fgf ,legumes4 ,soy beans #cj4hjg #d4jgj #ad4adg ,c[ peas #be4dij #b4gde #ai4baf ,clov] #bc4ebi #b4ida #ag4fdg ,alfalfa #bi4daa #b4fdg #ad4aah ,roots4 ,beets #ai4bac #c4dfb #cj4aib ,potatoes #ae4eef #c4baj #bb4bbb ,grass4 ,timo?y #ad4aag #a4gfe #ac4ibb ,rice #i4idi #a4abi #f4jhi ,f ! am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium appli$ annually to ! cultivat$ fields ( ,japan & f ! data 9 ^! two tables x may be readily se5 t ^! p are n[ & probably long h be5 apply+ q z mu* ( ^! ?ree plant food elem5ts to _! fields ) ea* plant+ z are remov$ ) ! crop1 & if ?is is true 9 ,japan x mu/ also be true 9 ,*9a4 ,moreov] !re is no?+ 9 ,am]ican agricultural practice :i* indicates t we %all n ultimately be compell$ to d likewise4 ,x ,,9 ,,! ,,%antung ,,prov9ce ,on ,may #ae? we left ,%anghai by "o ( ! coa/wise /eam]s = ,ts+tao1 "s ?ree hundr$ miles f>!r nor?1 9 ! ,%antung ,prov9ce1 our object be+ to keep 9 t\* ) me?ods ( tillage & f]tilization1 correspond+ phases ( :i* w\ld occur lat] 9 ! season !re4 ,! ,%antung prov9ce is 9 ! latitude ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,k5tucky1 or lies betwe5 t ( ,san ,francisco & ,los ,angeles4 ,x has an area ( ne>ly #ef1jjj squ>e miles1 ab\t t ( ,wiscons94 ,less ?an "o-half ( ?is area is cultivat$ l& yet x is at ! pres5t "t support+ a population exce$+ #ch1jjj1jjj ( p4 ,new ,york /ate has today less ?an t5 millions & m ?an half ( ^! are 9 ,new ,york city4 ,x 0 9 ?is prov9ce t ,confucius 0 born #bdfa ye>s ago1 & t ,m5cius1 8 disciple1 liv$4 ,"h1 too1 sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,confucius' "t1 aft] "o ( ! great floods ( ! ,yell[ riv]1 #bbig ,b4 ,c41 & m ?an #dajj ye>s ago1 ! ,great ,yu 0 appo9t$ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,works & entru/$ ) dra9+ (f ! flood wat]s & canaliz+ ! riv]s4 ,"h also 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,box] upris+4 ,ts+tao sits at ! entrance ( ,kiao*[ ,bay4 ,foll[+ ! w> ( ,japan ) ,*9a ?is 0 seiz$ by ,g]many1 ,novemb] #ad1 #ahig1 nom9ally to indemnify = ! murd] ( two ,g]man mission>ies :i* _h occurr$ 9 ,%antung1 & ,m>* #f?1 #ahih1 ?is bay1 to ! high wat] l9e1 its isl&s & a ,sph]e ( ,influ5ce ext5d+ ?irty miles 9 all directions f ! b\nd>y1 toge!r ) ,ts+tao1 0 leas$ to ,g]many = n9ety-n9e ye>s4 ,russia dem&$ & secur$ a lease ( ,port ,ar?ur at ! same "t4 ,great ,brita9 obta9$ a simil> lease ( ,weihaiwei 9 ,%antung1 :ile to ,france ,kwang*[-wan 9 s\!rn ,*9a1 0 leas$4 ,b ! encroa*m5ts ( ,european p[]s did n /op ) ^! leases & dur+ ! latt] "p ( #ahih ! ,policy ( ,sph]es ( ,influ5ce culm9at$ 9 ! int]national rivalry = railway concessions & m9+4 ,^! greatly al>m$ ,*9a & upris+s broke out v naturally fir/ 9 ,%antung1 among ! p ne>e/ ( k9 to ! f\nd]s ( ! ,empire4 ,z might h be5 expect$ ( a patriotic1 ev5 ?\gh naturally peaceful p1 !y det]m9$ to def5d _! c\ntry aga9/ su* encroa*m5ts & ! ,box] tr\bles foll[$4 ,ts+tao has a deep1 commodi\s h>bor always free f ice & ,g]many is con/ruct+ "h v ext5sive & sub/antial h>bor improvem5ts :i* w be ( la/+ b5efit to ! prov9ce & ! ,empire4 ,a pi] f\r miles 9 l5g? encloses ! inn] :>f1 & a second :>f is ne>+ completion4 ,g]many is also ma9ta9+ a meteorological obs]vatory "h & has e/abli%$ a l>ge1 compreh5sive ,=e/ ,g>d51 "u excell5t managem5t1 :i* is %[+ rem>kable developm5ts = s %ort a "t4 ,our /eam] ent]$ ! h>bor dur+ ! night &1 on go+ a%ore1 we soon f\nd t only ,*9ese & ,g]man 7 g5]ally spok52 b ?r\gh ! k9d assi/ance ( ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,scott1 ( ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,mission1 an int]pret] promis$ to call at my hotel 9 ! ev5+1 al?\gh he fail$ to appe>4 ,! aft]noon 0 sp5t at ! ,=e/ ,g>d5 & on ! re=e/ation tract1 :i* are "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,haas4 ,! ,=e/ ,g>d5 cov]s two hundr$ & sev5ty acres & ! re=e/ation tract ?ree ?\s& acres m4 ,9 ! g>d5 a great v>iety ( =e/ & fruit trees & small fruits are be+ tri$ out ) high promise ( ! mo/ valuable results4 ,x 0 9 ! /eep hills ab\t ,ts+tao t we fir/ saw at close range s]i\s soil erosion 9 ,*9a2 & ! return+ ( =e/ gr[? on hills ne>ly devoid ( soil 0 "h rem>kable1 9 view ( ! long dry seasons :i* prevail f ,novemb] to ,june1 & ,fig4 #aah %[s h[ de/itute ( soil ! cre/s ( granite hills may become & yet h[ ! com+ back ( ! =e/ gr[? may ha/5 z soon z x is no long] cut away4 ,! rock go+ into decay1 :]e ?is view 0 tak51 is an extremely co>se cry/all9e granite1 z may be se5 9 contra/ ) ! wat*1 & x is fall+ into decay at a m>vel\s rate4 ,dis9tegration has p5etrat$ ! rock f> bel[ ! surface & ! l>ge cry/als are held toge!r ) b little m t5acity ?an prevails 9 a b$ ( gravel4 ,moi/ure & ev5 roots p5etrate x deeply & readily & ! cry/als fall ap>t ) ?ru/s ( ! knife blade1 ! rock crumbl+ ) ! greate/ fre$om4 ,roadways h be5 ext5sively c>v$ along ! sides ( ! hills ) ! aid ( only pick & %ovel4 ,close exam9ation ( ! rock %[s t lay]s ( s$im5t exi/ betwe5 ! cry/al faces1 ei!r wa%$ d[n by p]colat+ ra9 or =m$ ?r\gh decomposition ( ! cry/als 9 place4 ,! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #aai1 %[s h[ l>ge ! gr[? on su* soils may be1 & 9 ,fig4 #abj ! vegetation & =e/ gr[? are se5 com+ back1 closely cov]+ j su* soil surfaces & rock /ructure z are indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #aah & #aai4 ,^! views are tak5 on ! re=e/ation tract at ,ts+tao b mo/ ( ! gr[? is volunte]1 /&+ n[ protect$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t 9 _! ef=t to see :at may be possible "u c>eful sup]vision4 ,! loads ( p9e b\gh fuel repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hj 7 ga!r$ f su* hills & f su* =e/ gr[? z are "h repres5t$1 b on l&s m di/ant f ! city4 ,b ,ts+tao1 ) its =ty ?\s& ,*9ese1 & ,kiao*[ across ! bay1 ) its "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m1 & o!r villages dott+ ! n>r[ pla9s1 ma9ta9 a v great dem& = su* gr[? on ! hill l&s4 ,! wond] is t =e/ gr[? has p]si/$ at all & has contribut$ s mu* 9 ! way ( fuel4 ,gr[+ 9 ! ,=e/ ,g>d5 0 a mo/ beautiful wild yell[ rose1 native to ,%antung1 be+ us$ = l&scape effect 9 ! p>k+1 & x ought to be widely introduc$ into o!r c\ntries :]ev] x w ?rive4 ,x 0 gr[+ z heavy bord]s & massive clumps six to eight feet high1 giv+ a mo/ wond]ful effect1 ) its brilliant1 d5se cl\d ( ! ri*e/ yell[ bloom4 ,! blossoms are s+le1 fully z l>ge z ! ,rosa rugosa1 ) ! tips ( ! petals %ad+ into ! mo/ da9ty light /raw yell[1 :ile ! c5t] is a deep orange1 ! contra/ be+ suffici5t to %[ 9 ! photograph f :i* ,fig4 #aba 0 prep>$4 ,ano!r beautiful & /rik+ feature ( ?is rose is ! clu/]+ ( ! blossoms 9 "o-sid$ wrea?-l sprays1 sometimes twelve to eighte5 in*es long1 ! fl[]s /&+ close en\gh to ev5 ov]lap4 ,! int]pret] engag$ = u fail$ to appe> z p] agreem5t s ! next morn+ we took ! e>ly tra9 = ,ts9an to obta9 a g5]al view ( ! c\ntry & to note ! places mo/ favorable z po9ts = field /udy4 ,we _h resolv$ also to make an ef=t to secure an int]pret] ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,college at ,ts9an4 ,leav+ ,ts+tao1 ! tra9 skirts ar\nd ! ,kiao*[ bay = a di/ance ( ne>ly fifty miles1 :]e we pass ! city ( ! same "n ) its population ( #abj1jjj1 :i* _h an import & export trade 9 #aije valu$ at ov] #bd1jjj1jjj4 ,at ,so*5 we pass$ ?r\gh a coal m9+ di/rict :]e coal 0 be+ br\ght to ! c>s 9 baskets c>ri$ by m54 ,! coal on ! load$ op5 c>s 0 spr9kl$ ) :itewa%1 s]v+ z a seal to safe-gu>d aga9/ /eal+ dur+ transit1 mak+ x s t none c\ld be remov$ )\t ! fact be+ reveal$ by break+ ! seal4 ,?is practice is g5]al 9 ,*9a & is appli$ to _m commodities h&l$ 9 bulk4 ,we saw baskets ( mill$ rice c>ri$ by coolies seal$ ) a patt]n laid ov] ! surface by spr9kl+ "s color$ p[d] ^u x4 ,cut /one1 cord$ = ! m>ket1 0 :itewa%$ 9 ! same mann] z ! coal4 ,z we 7 approa*+ ,weihsi51 ano!r city ( #ajj1jjj p1 we id5tifi$ "o ( ! deeply depress$1 c5turies-old roadways1 worn eight to t5 feet deep1 by *anc+ to see half a doz5 teams pass+ along x z ! tra9 cross$4 ,we _h pass$ sev]al & 7 puzzl+ to acc\nt = su* peculi> erosion4 ,! teams gave ! explanation & ?us connect$ our e>li] read+ ) ! concrete4 ,along ^! deep-cut roadways c>avans may pass1 w9d+ ?r\gh ! fields1 entirely unobs]v$ unless "o *ances to be close along ! l9e or ! movem5t is discov]$ by cl\ds ( du/1 "o ( ! me?ods t has produc$ !m1 & we w\ld n be surpris$ if ga!r+ manure f !m has play$ a l>ge "p also4 ,weihsi5 is ne> "o ( ! great comm]cial highways ( ,*9a & 9 ! c5t] ( "o ( ! coal m9+ regions ( ! prov9ce4 ,/ill fur!r along t[>ds ,ts9an we pass$ ,ts+*[fu1 ano!r ( ! l>ge cities ( ! prov9ce1 ) #aej1jjj population4 ,all day we rode ?r\gh fields ( :eat1 always plant$ 9 r[s1 & 9 hills 9 ! r[ ea/ ( ,kaumi1 b 9 s+le or d\ble cont9u\s drills we/w>d f "h to ,ts9an4 ,?\s&s ( wells us$ = irrigation1 ( ! type se5 9 ,fig4 #abc1 7 pass$ dur+ ! day1 _m ( !m rec5tly dug to supply wat] = ! b>ley suff]+ f ! sev]e dr\ght :i* 0 ?reat5+ ! crop at ! "t4 ,x 0 #f3cj ,p4 ,m4 be=e our tra9 pull$ into ! /ation at ,ts9an2 #g3cj :5 we _h f9i%$ supp] & engag$ a rick%a to take u to ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,college 9 que/ ( an int]pret]4 ,we c\ld n speak ,*9ese1 ! rick%a boy c\ld nei!r speak nor und]/& a ^w ( ,engli%1 b ! hotel proprietor _h in/ruct$ him :]e to g4 ,we plung$ into ! n>r[ /reets ( a great ,*9ese city1 ! boy runn+ :]ev] he c\ld1 walk+ :]e he mu/ on acc\nt ( ! d5sity ( ! cr[ds or ! r\ghness ( ! /one pav+4 ,we _h turn$ _m corn]s1 cross$ bridges & pass$ ?r\gh tunnel$ ar*ways 9 sections ( ! massive city walls1 until x 0 gett+ dusk & ! rick%a man pur*as$ & light$ a lant]n4 ,we 7 to rea* ! college 9 ?irty m9utes b _h be5 out a full h\r4 ,a little lat] ! boy drew up to & held conf]5ce ) a policeman4 ,! curi\s ( ! /reet ga!r$ ab\t & x dawn$ ^u u t we 7 lo/ 9 ! night 9 ! n>r[ /reets ( a ,*9ese city ( a hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,to g fur!r w\ld be useless = ! gates ( ! mission comp\nd w\ld be lock$4 ,we c\ld only indicate by motions our desire to return1 b ^! 7 n und]/ood4 ,on ! tra9 a ?\ghtful1 k9dly old ,g]man _h recogniz$ a /rang] 9 a =eign l& & volunte]$ useful in=mation1 cutt+ f 8 daily pap] an adv]tisem5t describ+ a good hotel4 ,?is gave ! "n ( ! hotel 9 ,g]man1 ,engli% & 9 ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,we h&$ ?is to ! policeman1 po9t+ to ! "n ( ! hotel1 indicat+ by motions ! desire to return1 b app>5tly he 0 unable to read 9 ei!r language & seem$ to ?9k we 7 assum+ to direct ! way to ! college4 ,a man & boy 9 ! cr[d app>5tly volunte]$ to act z escort = u4 ,! ?rong p>t$ & we left !m1 turn$ m corn]s into m unlight$ n>r[ alleyways1 "o ( :i* 0 too difficult to p]mit u to ride4 ,! escorts1 if su* !y 71 f9ally left u1 b ! d>k alley l$ on until x t]m9at$ at ! blank face1 probably ( "s o!r portion ( ! massive city wall we _h ?rice ?read$ ?r\gh light$ tunnels4 ,"h ! rick%a boy /opp$ & turn$ ab\t b ! light f 8 lant]n 0 too feeble to p]mit read+ ! work+s ( 8 m9d ?r\gh 8 face1 & our tongues 7 bo? utt]ly useless 9 ?is em]g5cy1 s we motion$ = him to turn back & by "s r\te we rea*$ ! hotel at #aa ,p4 ,m4 ,we ab&on$ ! ef=t to visit ! college1 = ! purpose ( secur+ an int]pret]1 & took ! e>ly tra9 back to ,ts+tao1 rea*+ !re 9 "t to secure ! v satisfactory s]vice ( ,mr4 ,*u ,wei ,yung1 ?r\gh ! fur!r k9d (fices ( ,mr4 ,scott4 ,we _h be5 twice ov] ! road betwe5 ! two cities1 obta9+ a g5]al idea ( ! c\ntry & ( ! crops & field op]ations at ?is season4 ,! next morn+ we took an e>ly tra9 to ,tsangkau & 7 ready to walk ?r\gh ! fields & to talk ) ! la/ g5]ations ( m ?an =ty unbrok5 c5turies ( f>m]s :o1 ) bra9 & brawn1 h successfully & cont9u\sly su/a9$ l>ge families on small areas )\t impov]i%+ _! soil4 ,! next illu/ration is f a photograph tak5 9 "o ( ^! fields4 ,we a/oni%$ ! old f>m] by ask+ ! privilege ( hold+ 8 pl[ ?r\gh "o r\nd 9 8 little field1 b he grant$ ! privilege readily4 ,our furr[ 0 n z well turn$ z 81 nor z well z we c\ld h done ) a two-h&l$ ,oliv] or ,john ,de]e1 b x 0 bett] ?an ! old man _h expect$ & won 8 respect4 ,?is pl[ _h a good /eel po9t1 z a sep>ate1 blunt1 ,v-%ap$ piece1 & a moldbo>d ( ca/ /eel ) a good twi/ :i* turn$ ! soil well4 ,! /&>d & sole 7 ( wood & at ! end ( ! beam 0 a block = gaug+ ! dep? ( furr[4 ,! co/ ( ?is pl[1 to ! f>m]1 0 #b4ae1 gold1 & :5 ! day's "w is done x is tak5 home on ! %\ld]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! di/ance may be a mile or m1 & c>efully h\s$4 ,*9ese hi/ory /ates t ! pl[ 0 inv5t$ by ,%5nung1 :o liv$ #bgcg-bfig ,b4 ,c4 & taught ! art ( agriculture & ! m$ical use ( h]bs4 ,he is honor$ z ! ,god ( ,agriculture & ,m$ic9e4 ,?r\gh my int]pret] we le>n$ t !re 7 twelve 9 ?is man's family1 :i* he ma9ta9$ on fifte5 m[ ( l&1 or #b4e acres1 toge!r ) 8 team1 consi/+ ( a c[ & small donkey1 besides fe$+ two pigs4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #aib p1 #af c[s1 #af donkeys & #cb pigs on a =ty-acre f>m2 & ( a population d5sity equival5t to #cjgb p1 #bef c[s1 #bef donkeys & #eab sw9e p] squ>e mile ( cultivat$ field4 ,on ano!r small hold+ we talk$ ) ! f>m] /&+ at ! well 9 ,fig4 #bg1 :]e he 0 irrigat+ a little piece ( b>ley #cj feet wide & #ach feet long4 ,he own$ & 0 cultivat+ b "o & two-?irds acres ( l& & yet !re 7 t5 9 8 family & he kept "o donkey & usually "o pig4 ,"h is a ma9t5ance capacity at ! rate ( #bdj p1 #bd donkeys & #bd pigs on a =ty-acre f>m2 & a population d5sity ( #chdj p1 #chd donkeys & #chd pigs p] squ>e mile4 ,8 usual annual sales 9 good seasons 7 equival5t 9 value to #gc1 gold4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases ! crops gr[n 7 :eat1 b>ley1 l>ge & small millet1 sweet potatoes & soy beans or peanuts4 ,mu* /raw braid is manufactur$ 9 ! prov9ce by ! wom5 & *ildr5 9 _! homes1 & ! c>go ( ! /eam] on :i* we return$ to ,%anghai consi/$ almo/ entirely ( %ell$ peanuts 9 gunny sacks & huge bales ( /raw braid de/9$ = ! manufacture ( hats 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,%antung has only mod]ate ra9fall1 little m ?an #bd in*es annually1 & ?is fact has play$ an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! agricultural practices ( ^! v old p4 ,9 ,fig4 #abc is a clos] view ?an ,fig4 #bg ( ! f>m] wat]+ 8 little field ( b>ley4 ,! well _h j be5 dug ov] eight feet deep1 expressly & solely to wat] ?is "o piece ( gra9 once1 aft] :i* x w\ld be fill$ & ! gr\nd plant$4 ,! season _h be5 unusually dry1 z _h be5 ! "o be=e1 & ! p 7 fe>+ fam9e4 ,only #b4dd in*es ( ra9 _h fall5 at ,ts+tao betwe5 ! end ( ! prec$+ ,octob] & our visit1 ,may #ba/1 & hundr$s ( su* tempor>y wells _h be5 or 7 be+ dug all along bo? sides ( ! two hundr$ & fifty miles ( railway1 & ne>ly all to be fill$ :5 ! crop on ! gr\nd 0 irrigat$1 to release ! l& = "o to foll[4 ,! homes are 9 villages a mile or m ap>t & (t5 ! hold+s or r5tals are scatt]$1 sep>at$ by consid]able di/ances1 h5ce easy portability is ! key-note 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is irrigat+ outfit4 ,! bucket is v light1 simply a wov5 basket wat]pro($ ) a pa/e ( bean fl\r4 ,! w9dlass turns l a long spool on a s+le p9 & ! /&>d is a tripod ) removable legs4 ,"s wells we saw 7 sixte5 or tw5ty feet deep & 9 ^! ! wat] 0 rais$ by a c[ walk+ /raight away at ! end ( a rope4 ,! am\nt & di/ribution ( ra9fall 9 ?is prov9ce1 z indicat$ by ! mean ( t5 ye>s' records at ,ts+tao1 obta9$ at ! ,g]man ,meteorological ,obs]vatory ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,b4 ,mey]manns1 are giv5 9 ! table 9 :i* ! ra9fall ( ,madison1 ,wiscons91 is ins]t$ = comp>ison4 ,mean mon?ly ra9fall4 ,mean ra9fall ,9 #aj days4 ,ts+tao1 ,madison1 ,ts+tao1 ,madison1 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,janu>y 4#cid #a4ef 4#aca 4#ebj ,febru>y 4#bdj #a4ej 4#jhj 4#ejj ,m>* 4#hib #b4ab 4#big 4#gjg ,april #a4bdj #b4fb 4#dac 4#hdj ,may #a4fcf #c4fb 4#ede #a4bjg ,june #b4gjb #d4aj 4#ija #a4hff ,july #f4fcg #c4ij #b4bab #a4cjj ,augu/ #e4aeg #c4ba #a4gai #a4jgj ,septemb] #b4ddh #c4ae 4#haf #a4jej ,octob] #b4beh #b4db 4#gec 4#hjg ,novemb] 4#cih #a4gh 4#acb 4#eic ,decemb] 4#fhb #a4gg 4#bbg 4#eij ------------ ,total #bd4fhb #ca4fe ,:ile ,%antung receives less ?an #be in*es ( ra9 dur+ ! ye>1 aga9/ ,wiscons9's m ?an #ca in*es1 ! ra9fall dur+ ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ 9 ,%antung is ne>ly #ad4e in*es1 :ile ,wiscons9 receives b #aa4b in*es4 ,?is great] summ] ra9fall1 ) p]si/5t f]tilization & int5se managem5t1 9 a w>m latitude1 are "s ( ! elem5ts p]mitt+ ,%antung today to fe$ #ch1bdg1ijj p f an area equal to t ^u :i* ,wiscons9 is yet fe$+ b #b1ccc1hfj4 ,mu/ ,am]ican agriculture ultimately fe$ sixte5 p :]e x is n[ fe$+ b "o8 ,if s1 correspond+ly m int5se & effective practices mu/ foll[1 & we c nei!r "k too well nor too e>ly :at ^! ,old ,_w p h be5 driv5 to d2 h[ !y h succe$$1 & h[ we & !y may improve ^u _! practices & light5 ! human burd5s by m fully utiliz+ physical =ces & me*anical appliances4 ,z we pass$ on to o!r fields we f\nd a "m & daught] transplant+ sweet potatoes on c>efully fitt$ ridges ( ne>ly air-dry soil 9 a little field1 ! remnant ( a table on a deeply erod$ hillside1 ,fig4 #abd4 ,! husb& 0 br++ wat] = moi/5+ ! soil f a deep rav9e a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant1 c>ry+ x on 8 %\ld] 9 two buckets1 ,fig4 #abe1 across an int]v5+ gul*4 ,he _h excavat$ f\r holes at int]vals up ! gul* & f ^!1 ) a brok5 g\rd dipp] m5d$ ) /it*es1 he fill$ 8 pails1 bail+ 9 succession f "o to ! o!r 9 regul> rotation4 ,! daught] 0 transplant+4 ,hold+ ! slip ) its tip betwe5 ?umb & f+]s1 a /rong =w>d /roke pl[$ a furr[ 9 ! mell[1 dry soil2 !n1 ) a backw>d movem5t & a d[nw>d ?ru/1 plant$ ! slip1 firm$ ! soil ab\t x1 leav+ a depression 9 :i* ! "m p\r$ ab\t a p9t ( wat] f ano!r g\rd dipp]4 ,aft] ?is wat] _h soak$ away1 dry e>? 0 drawn ab\t ! slip & firm$ & loos] e>? drawn ov] ?is1 ! only tools be+ ! nak$ h&s & dipp]4 ,! fa!r & "m 7 dress$ 9 co>se g>b b ! daught] 0 neatly clad1 ) delicate h&s decorat$ ) r+s & a bracelet4 ,nei!r ( ! wom5 _h b\nd feet4 ,!re 7 t5 9 8 family2 & on adjac5t simil> areas !y _h small pat*es ( :eat ne>ly ready = ! h>ve/1 all plant$ 9 hills1 ho$1 & 9 a/oni%+ly vigor\s condition consid]+ ! extreme dr\ght :i* prevail$4 ,! potatoes 7 be+ plant$ "u ^! extreme conditions 9 anticipation ( ! ra9y season :i* !n 0 fully due4 ,! summ] be=e _h be5 "o ( unusual dr\ght1 & fam9e 0 ?reat5$4 ,! gov]nm5t _h rec5tly issu$ an edict t no %eep %\ld be sold f ! prov9ce1 fe>+ !y might be ne$$ = food4 ,an old woman 9 "o ( ! villages came out1 z we walk$ ?r\gh1 & inquir$ ( my int]pret] if we _h come to make x ra94 ,su* 0 ! /ress "u :i* we f\nd ^! p4 ,"o ( ! l>ge f>m]s1 own+ t5 acres1 /at$ t 8 usual yield ( :eat 9 good season 0 #afj catty p] m[1 equival5t to #ba4c bu%els p] acre4 ,he 0 expect+ ! curr5t season n m ?an "o half ?is am\nt4 ,z a f]tiliz] he us$ a prep>$ e>? compo/ :i* we %all describe lat]1 mix+ x ) ! gra9 & s[+ 9 ! hills ) ! se$1 apply+ ab\t #eccc p\nds p] acre1 :i* he valu$1 9 our curr5cy1 at #h4fj1 or #c4bb p] ton4 ,a pile ( su* prep>$ compo/ is se5 9 ,fig4 #abf1 ready to be transf]r$ to ! field4 ,! views %[ ) :at cleanl9ess ! y>d is kept & ) :at c>e all animal wa/e is sav$4 ,! c[ & donkey are ! "w team1 su* z 0 be+ us$ by ! pl[man ref]r$ to 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! m\nds 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! l[] view are graves2 ! f5ce beh9d ! animals is made f ! /ems ( ! l>ge millet1 kaoliang1 :ile t at ! "r ( ! donkey is made ( e>?1 bo? indicative ( ! sc>city ( lumb]4 ,! build+s1 too1 are ?at*$ & _! walls are ( e>? pla/]$ ) an e>!n mort> work$ up ) *aff4 ,9 ano!r field a man pl[+ & f]tiliz+ = sweet potatoes _h br\ght to ! field & laid d[n 9 piles ! f9ely pulv]iz$ dry compo/4 ,! fa!r 0 pl[+2 8 son ( sixte5 ye>s 0 foll[+ & scatt]+1 f a basket1 ! pulv]iz$ dry compo/ 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[4 ,! next furr[ cov]$ ! f]tiliz]1 f\r turn$ toge!r =m+ a ridge ^u :i* ! potatoes 7 to be plant$ aft] a second & old] son _h smoo!d & fitt$ ! cre/ ) a heavy h& rake4 ,! f]tiliz] 0 ?us appli$ directly b5ea? ! r[1 at ! rate ( #gdjj p\nds p] acre1 valu$ at #g4ae1 our curr5cy1 or #a4ic p] ton4 ,we 7 a/oni%$ at ! moi/ condition ( ! soil turn$1 :i* 0 su* z to pack 9 ! h& not)/&+ ! extreme dr\ght prevail+ & ! fact t /&+ wat] 9 ! gr\nd 0 m ?an eight feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! field _h be5 )\t crop & cultivat$4 ,to ! "q1 ,:at yield ( sweet potatoes d y expect f ?is piece ( l&8 he repli$1 ,ab\t #djjj catty1 :i* is #ddj bu%els ( #ef p\nds p] acre4 ,! usual m>ket price 0 /at$ to be #a4jj1 ,mexican1 p] "o hundr$ catty1 mak+ ! gross value ( ! crop #gi4di1 gold1 p] acre4 ,8 l& 0 valu$ at #fj1 ,mexican1 p] m[1 or #aed4hj p] acre1 gold4 ,my int]pret] in=m$ me t ! av]age well-to-d f>m]s 9 ?is "p ( ,%antung own f fifte5 to tw5ty m[ ( l& & ?is am\nt is q ample to provide = eight p4 ,su* f>m]s usually keep two c[s1 two donkeys & eight or t5 pigs4 ,! less well-to-d or small f>m]s own two to five m[ & act z sup]9t5d5ts = ! l>g] f>m]s4 ,tak+ ! l>ge/ hold+1 ( tw5ty m[ p] family ( eight p1 z a basis1 ! d5sity p] squ>e mile w\ld be #aecf p1 & an area ( f>m l& equal to ! /ate ( ,wiscons9 w\ld h #hf1jjj1jjj p2 #ba1ejj1jjj c[s2 #ba1ejj1jjj donkeys & #hf1jjj1jjj sw9e4 ,^! obs]vations apply to "o ( ! mo/ productive sections ( ! prov9ce1 b v l>ge areas ( l& 9 ! prov9ce are n cultivable & ! la/ c5sus %[$ ! total population ne>ly "o-half ( ?is am\nt4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ei!r v effective agricultural me?ods are practic$ or else extreme economy is ex]cis$4 ,bo? are true4 ,on ?is day 9 ! fields our int]pret] procur$ 8 d9n] at a f>m h\se1 br++ u f\r boil$ eggs1 = :i* he paid at ! rate ( #h4c c5ts ( our money1 b 8 d9n] 0 probably includ$ 9 ! price4 ,! next table gives ! prices = "s articles obta9$ by inquiry at ! ,ts+tao m>ket1 ,may #bcrd1 #aiji1 r$uc$ to our curr5cy4 ,c5ts ,old potatoes1 p] lb #b4ah ,new potatoes1 p] lb #b4hg ,salt$ turnip1 p] lb 4#hf ,onions1 p] lb #d4aj ,radi%es1 bun* ( #aj #a4bi ,/r+ beans1 p] lb #aa4df ,cucumb]s1 p] lb #e4gh ,pe>s1 p] lb #e4gc ,apricots1 p] lb #h4fj ,pork1 fre%1 p] lb #aj4cc ,fi%1 p] lb #e4gc ,eggs1 p] doz5 #e4af ,! only items :i* are l[ comp>$ ) our own prices are salt$ turnips1 radi%es & eggs4 ,mo/ ( ! articles li/$ 7 out ( season = ! locality & 7 import$ = ! =eign]s1 turnips1 radi%es1 pork1 fi% & eggs be+ ! exceptions4 ,pr(4 ,ross in=ms u t he f\nd eggs sell+ 9 ,%5si at f\r = "o c5t ( our money4 ,our int]pret] ask$ a comp5sation ( "o doll>1 ,mexican1 or #dc c5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy1 p] day1 he furni%+ 8 own meals4 ,! usual wage = f>m labor "h 0 #h4fj1 p] ye>1 ) bo>d & lodg+4 ,we h ref]r$ to ! wages paid by mission>ies = dome/ic s]vice4 ,z s]vants ! ,*9ese are consid]$ effici5t1 fai?ful & tru/wor?y4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,league to intru/ !m ) ! purse = m>ket+1 feel+ t !y c\ld be dep5d$ ^u = ! close/ b>ga9+4 ,commonly1 :5 in/ruct$ to procure a c]ta9 article1 if !y f\nd ! price "o or two ca% high] ?an usual !y w\ld select a *eap] sub/itute4 ,if que/ion$ z to :y in/ructions 7 n foll[$ ! reply w\ld be ,too high1 no c af=d4 ,mrs4 ,league recit$ h] exp]i5ce ) h] cook reg>d+ 8 use ( our kit*5 appliances4 ,aft] fitt+ ! kit*5 ) a mod]n range & cook+ ut5sils1 & work+ ) him to famili>ize him ) _! use1 %e 0 surpris$1 on go+ into ! kit*5 a few days lat]1 to f9d t ! old ,*9ese /ove _h be5 set on ! range & ! cook+ be+ done ) ! usual ,*9ese furniture4 ,:5 ask$ :y he 0 n us+ ! /ove 8 reply 0 ,take too mu* fire4 ,no?+ j>s on ! n]ves ( ^! p m ?an incurr+ ( ne$less exp5se1 extravagance 9 any =m1 or poor judgm5t 9 mak+ pur*ases4 ,daily we became m & m impress$ by ! evid5ce ( ! int5se & incessant /ress impos$ by ! d5se populations ( c5turies1 & h[1 "u x1 ! laws ( h]$ity h wr\ght ^u ! p1 affect+ con/itution1 habits & "*4 ,ev5 ! cattle & %eep h n escap$ its irresi/ible p[]4 ,_m times 9 ?is prov9ce we saw m5 h]d+ flocks ( tw5ty to ?irty %eep along ! n>r[ unf5c$ pa?ways w9d+ ?r\gh ! fields1 & on ! grave l&s4 ,! prevail+ dr\ght _h left v little gre5 to be _h f ^! places & yet %eep 7 lit]ally bru%+ _! sides aga9/ fre% gre5 :eat & b>ley1 nev] mole/+ !m4 ,"t & aga9 ! flocks 7 /amp$$ into ! gra9 by an approa*+ tra91 b imm$iately !y return$ to _! places )\t tak+ a nibble4 ,! voice ( ! %eph]d & an occasional well aim$ lump ( e>? only be+ requir$ to br+ !m back to _! un9vit+ pa/ures4 ,9 ,kiangsu & ,*ekiang prov9ces a l9e ( half a doz5 :ite goats 7 (t5 se5 fe$+ s+le file along ! pa?ways1 held by a cord l a /r+ ( beads1 sometimes l$ by a *ild4 ,"h1 too1 "o ( ! mo/ common sights 0 ! wat] buffalo graz+ unatt5d$ among ! fields along ! pa?s & canal banks1 ) crops all ab\t1 ,"o ( ! mo/ memorable %ocks came to u 9 ,*ekiang1 ,*9a1 :5 we _h fall5 into a rev]y :ile gaz+ at ! %ift+ l&scape f ! doorway ( our l[-d[n ,*9ese h\seboat4 ,some?+ 9 ! sky & ! vegetation along ! canal bank _h recall$ ! sc5es ( boyhood days & x seem$1 z we look$ aslant up ! bank ) its fr+e ( grass1 t we 7 glid+ along ,:itewat] creek ?r\gh famili> mead[s & t /&+ up w\ld br+ ! old home 9 sight4 ,t in/ant !re glid$ into view1 fram$ 9 ! doorway & project$ high aga9/ ! t9t$ sky above ! sett+ sun1 a giant wat] buffalo /&+ motionless z a /atue on ! summit ( a huge grave m\nd1 lift$ fully t5 feet above ! field4 ,b 9 a fla% ?is 0 replac$ by a companion sc5e1 & ) all its beautiful sett+1 :i* _h be5 z sudd5ly fix$ on ! memory f\rte5 ye>s be=e 9 ! f> away ,trossa*s :5 our coa*1 hurri$ly r\nd+ a %>p turn 9 ! hills1 sudd5ly expos$ a wild ox ( ,scotl& simil>ly ?ru/ aga9/ ! sky f a small b isolat$ rocky summit1 & !n1 outspe$+ ! wireless1 recollection cross$ two oceans & an int]v5+ cont95t1 br++ u back to ,*9a be=e a spe$ ( five miles1 p] h\r c\ld move ! fir/ picture across ! n>r[ doorway4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! fields ab\t ,tsangk[ t ! /alw>t freight]s ref]r$ to1 ,fig4 #cb1 pass$ u on "o ( ! pa?s lead+ f ,kiao*[ ?r\gh unnumb]$ c\ntry villages1 already elev5 miles on _! way ) _! :eelb>r[s load$ ) mat*es made 9 ,japan4 ,_m ( ! :eelb>r[ m5 se5 9 ,%anghai & o!r cities are f ,%antung families1 away = employm5t1 expect+ to return4 ,dur+ ! h>ve/ season1 too1 _m ( ^! p g we/ & nor? into ,man*uria seek+ employm5t1 return+ to _! homes 9 w9t]4 ,alex&] ,hosie1 9 8 book on ,man*uria1 /ates t f ,*efoo alone m ?an #bj1jjj ,*9ese labor]s cross to ,new*wang e spr+ by /eam]1 o!rs f9d+ _! way !re by junks or o!r means1 s t aft] ! h>ve/ season #h1jjj m return by /eam] to ,*efoo ?an left t way 9 ! spr+1 f :i* he concludes t ,%antung annually supplies ,man*uria ) agricultural labor to ! ext5t ( #cj1jjj m54 ,ab\t ! av]age condition ( :eat 9 ,%antung dur+ ?is dry season1 & ne>+ maturity1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #abg1 /&+ r m ?an ?ree feet high1 z indicat$ by our umbrella betwe5 ! r[s4 ,beyond ! :eat & to ! "r1 grave m\nds s]rate ! sky l9e1 no hills be+ 9 sight1 = we 7 9 ! broad pla9 built up f ! sea betwe5 ! two m\nta9 isl&s =m+ ! highl&s ( ,%antung4 ,on ,may #bbnd we 7 9 ! fields nor? ( ,kiao*[1 "s sixty miles by rail we/ f ,ts+tao1 b )9 ! neutral zone ext5d+ ?irty miles back f ! high wat] l9e ( ! bay ( ! same "n4 ,"h ! ,g]mans _h built a broad macadam road aft] ! be/ ,european type b ov] x 7 pass+ ! vehicles ( =ty c5turies se5 9 ,figs4 #abh & #abi4 ,x is d\btful if ! resi/ance to travel exp]i5c$ by ^! m5 on ! bett] road 0 en\gh less ?an t on ! old pa?s !y _h left to conv9ce !m t ! co/ ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance w\ld be wor? :ile until vehicles & ! price ( labor *ange4 ,x may appe> /range t ) a nation ( s _m millions & ) s long a hi/ory1 roads h p]si/$ z little m ?an beat5 foot-pa?s2 b mod]n me?ods ( transportation h rema9$ physical impossibilities to e p until ! sci5ce ( ! la/ c5tury op5$ ! way4 ,?r\gh\t _! hi/ory ! burd5s ( ^! p h be5 c>ri$ l>gely on foot1 mo/ly on ! feet ( m51 & ( s+le m5 :]ev] ! load c\ld be advantage\sly divid$4 ,animals h be5 supplem5tal burd5 be>]s b1 z ) ! m51 !y h c>ri$ ! load directly on _! own feet1 ! mode lea/ di/urb$ by inequalities ( road surface4 ,= adaptability to ! wor/ road conditions no vehicle equals ! :eelb>r[1 progress+ by "o :eel & two feet4 ,no vehicle is us$ m 9 ,*9a1 if ! c>ry+ pole is except$1 & no :eelb>r[ 9 ! _w p]mits s high an effici5cy ( human p[] z ! ,*9ese1 z mu/ be cle> f ,figs4 #cb & #fa1 :]e ne>ly ! :ole load is balanc$ on ! axle ( a high1 massive :eel ) broad tire4 ,a %\ld] b& f ! h&les ( ! b>r[ relieves ! /ra9 on ! h&s &1 :5 ! load or ! road is heavy1 m5 or animals may aid 9 draw+1 or ev51 :5 ! w9d is favorable1 x is n unusual to hoi/ a sail to ga9 propell+ p[]4 ,x is only 9 nor!rn ,*9a1 & !n 9 ! m level portions1 :]e !re are few or no canals1 t c>ts h be5 ext5sively us$1 b are m difficult to manage on bad roads4 ,mo/ ( ! heavy c>ts1 especially ^? 9 ,man*uria1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 h ! :eels fram$ rigidly to ! axle :i* revolves ) !m1 ! be>+ be+ 9 ! b$ ( ! c>t4 ,b new c>ts ( mod]n type are be+ introduc$4 ,9 ! ext5t ( developm5t & utilization ( inl& wat]ways no p h approa*$ ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ! matt] ( l& transportation !y h cle>ly foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance = individual initiative1 s *>act]i/ic ( indu/rial ,*9a4 ,!re are ,gov]nm5t c\ri] or po/al roads :i* connect ,pek+ ) ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,empire1 "s tw5ty-"o be+ usually enum]at$4 ,^!1 z f> z practicable1 take ! %orte/ c\rse1 are (t5 cut into ! m\nta9 sides & ev5 pass ?r\gh tunnels4 ,9 ! pla9s regions ^! roads may be sixty to sev5ty-five feet wide1 pav$ & occasionally bord]$ by r[s ( trees4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 signal t[]s are erect$ at int]vals ( ?ree miles & !re are inns along ! way1 relay po/s & /ations = soldi]s4 ,we h spok5 ( plant+ gra9 9 r[s & 9 hills 9 ! r[4 ,9 ,fig4 #acj is a field ) ! r[s plant$ 9 pairs1 ! memb]s be+ #af in*es ap>t1 & toge!r occupy+ #cj in*es4 ,! space betwe5 ea* pair is also #cj in*es1 mak+ five feet 9 all4 ,?is makes frequ5t hoe+ practicable1 :i* is begun e>ly 9 ! spr+ & is repeat$ aft] e ra94 ,x also makes x possible to fe$ ! plants :5 !y c utilize food to ! be/ advantage & to repeat ! fe$+ if desirable4 ,besides1 ! gr\nd 9 ! wid] space may be fitt$1 f]tiliz$ & ano!r crop plant$ be=e ! fir/ is remov$4 ,! hills alt]nate 9 ! r[s & are #bd to #bf in*es f c5t] to c5t]4 ,! plant+ may be done by h& or ) a drill su* z t 9 ,fig4 #aca1 +5i\s 9 ! simple me*anism :i* p]mits plant+ 9 hills4 ,! husb&man _h j return$ f ! field ) ! drill on 8 %\ld] :5 we met at ! door ( 8 village home1 :]e he expla9$ to u ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! drill & p]mitt$ ! photograph to be tak51 b turn+ 8 face aside1 n wi%+ to repres5t a specific "*1 9 ! view4 ,9 ! drill !re 0 a heavy lead5 weight sw++ free f a po9t above ! space betwe5 ! op5+s lead+ to ! respective drill feet4 ,:5 plant+1 ! op]ator rocks ! drill f side to side1 caus+ ! weight to hang fir/ ov] "o & !n ov] ! o!r op5+1 ?us secur+ alt]nation ( hills 9 ea* pair ( r[s4 ,c\nt+ ! heads ( :eat 9 ! hill 9 a numb] ( fields %[$ !m rang+ betwe5 #bj & #ajj1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s & betwe5 ! hills z /at$ above4 ,!re 7 always a l>g] numb] ( /alks p] hill :]e ! wat] capacity ( ! soil 0 l>ge1 :]e ! gr\nd wat] 0 ne> ! surface1 & :]e ! soil 0 evid5tly ( good quality4 ,?is may h be5 p>tly ! result ( /ool+ b we h little d\bt t judgm5t 0 ex]cis$ 9 plant+1 s[+ less se$ on ! light] soils :]e less moi/ure 0 available4 ,9 ! piece j ref]r$ to1 9 ! illu/ration1 an av]age hill conta9$ #df /alks & ! numb] ( k]nels 9 a head v>i$ betwe5 #bj & #cj4 ,tak+ ,ri*>dson's e/imate ( #ab1jjj k]nels ( :eat to ! p\nd1 ?is field w\ld yield ab\t twelve bu%els ( :eat p] acre ?is unusually dry season4 ,our int]pret]1 ^: p>5ts liv$ ne> ,kaomi1 f\r /ations fur!r we/1 /at$ t 9 #aija1 "o ( _! be/ seasons1 f>m]s !re secur$ yields z high z #hge catty p] legal m[1 :i* is at ! rate ( #aaf bu%els p] acre4 ,su* a yield on small areas highly f]tiliz$ & c>efully till$1 :5 ! ra9fall is ample or :]e irrigation is practic$1 is q possible & 9 ! ,kiangsu prov9ce we obs]v$ individual small fields :i* w\ld c]ta9ly approa* close to ?is figure4 ,fur!r along 9 our j\rney ( ! day we came ^u a field :]e ?ree1 "o ( !m a boy ( f\rte5 ye>s1 7 hoe+ & ?9n+ millet & maize4 ,9 ,*9a1 dur+ ! hot wea!r1 ! only g>m5t worn by ! m5 9 ! field1 0 _! tr\s]s1 & ! boy _h f\nd ^! unnecess>y1 al?\gh he slipp$ into !m :ile we 7 talk+ ) 8 fa!r4 ,! usual yield ( maize 0 set at #dbj to #dhj catty p] m[1 & t ( millet at #fjj catty1 or #fj to #fh4e bu%els ( maize & #if bu%els ( millet1 ( fifty p\nds1 p] acre1 & ! usual price w\ld make ! gross e>n+s #bc4dh to #bf4hc p] acre = ! maize1 & #cj4if1 gold1 = ! millet4 ,x 0 evid5t :5 walk+ ?r\gh ^! fields t ! fall-s[$ gra9 0 /&+ ! dr\ght f> bett] ?an ! b>ley plant$ 9 ! spr+1 q likely because ( ! deep] & /rong] developm5t ( root sy/em made possible by ! long] p]iod ( gr[?1 & p>tly because ! :eat _h made mu* ( its gr[? utiliz+ wat] t _h fall5 be=e ! b>ley 0 plant$ & :i* w\ld h be5 lo/ f ! soil ?r\gh p]colation & surface evaporation4 ,f>m]s "h are v p>ticul> to hoe _! gra91 beg9n+ 9 ! e>ly spr+1 & always aft] ra9s1 ?or\ghly appreciat+ ! effici5cy ( e>? mul*es4 ,_! hoe1 se5 9 ,fig4 #acb1 is peculi>ly well adapt$ to its purpose1 ! broad blade be+ s hung t x draws ne>ly p>allel ) ! surface1 cutt+ %all[ & p]mitt+ ! soil to drop practically ^u ! place f :i* x 0 loos5$4 ,^! hoes are made 9 ?ree p>ts2 a wood5 h&le1 a long1 /rong & heavy iron socket %ank1 & a blade ( /eel4 ,! blade is deta*able & diff]5t =ms & sizes ( blades may be us$ on ! same %ank4 ,! mul*-produc+ blades may h a cutt+ edge ?irte5 in*es long & a wid? ( n9e in*es4 ,at %ort int]vals on ei!r h&1 along ! two hundr$ & fifty miles ( railway betwe5 ,ts+tao & ,ts9an1 7 obs]v$ _m piles ( e>? compo/ di/ribut$ 9 ! fields4 ,"o ( ^! piles is se5 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,!y 7 sometimes on unplant$ fields1 9 o!r cases !y occurr$ among ! gr[+ crops soon to be h>ve/$1 or :]e ano!r crop 0 to be plant$ betwe5 ! r[s ( "o already on ! gr\nd4 ,"s ( ^! piles 7 six feet high4 ,all 7 built 9 cubical =m ) flat top & c>efully pla/]$ ) a lay] ( e>? mort> :i* sometimes crack$ on dry+1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! purpose ( ?is c>eful %ap+ & pla/]+ we did n le>n al?\gh our int]pret] /at$ x 0 to prev5t ! compo/ f be+ appropriat$ = use on adjac5t fields4 ,su* a f9i% w\ld h ! effect ( a seal1 %[+ if ! pile _h be5 di/urb$1 b we suspect o!r advantages are s\ght by ! treatm5t1 :i* involves s l>ge an am\nt ( labor4 ,! am\nt ( ?is e>? compo/ prep>$ & us$ annually 9 ,%antung is l>ge1 z indicat$ by ! cases cit$1 :]e m ?an five ?\s& p\nds1 9 "o in/ance1 & sev5 ?\s& p\nds 9 ano!r1 7 appli$ p] acre = "o crop4 ,:5 two or m crops are gr[n ! same ye> on ! same gr\nd1 ea* is f]tiliz$1 h5ce f ?ree to six or m tons may be appli$ to ea* cultivat$ acre4 ,! me?ods ( prep>+ compo/ & ( f]tiliz+ 9 ,kiangsu1 ,*ekiang & ,kwangtung prov9ces h be5 describ$4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,%antung1 9 ,*ihli & nor? 9 ,man*uria z f> z ,mukd51 ! me?ods are mat]ially diff]5t & if possible ev5 m labori\s1 b cle>ly rational & effective4 ,"h ne>ly if n all f]tiliz] compo/ is prep>$ 9 ! villages & c>ri$ to ! fields1 h[ev] di/ant ^! may be4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,j4 ,league v k9dly accompani$ u to ,*5gyang on ! railway1 f :i* we walk$ "s two miles1 back to a prosp]\s rural village to see _! me?ods ( prep>+ ?is compo/ f]tiliz]4 ,x 0 t[>d ! close ( ! aft]noon be=e we rea*$ ! village1 & f all directions husb&m5 7 return+ f ! fields1 "s ) hoes1 "s ) pl[s1 "s ) drills ov] _! %\ld]s & o!rs lead+ donkeys or cattle1 & simil> cu/oms obta9 9 ,japan1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,^! 7 mo/ly ! y\ng] m54 ,:5 we rea*$ ! village /reets ! old] m51 all b>ehead$1 z 7 ^? return+ f ! fields1 & usually ) _! queues ti$ ab\t ! cr[n1 7 visit+1 enjoy+ _! pipes ( tobacco4 ,opium is no long] us$ op5ly 9 ,*9a1 unless x be p]mitt$ to "s well along 9 ye>s ) ! habit confirm$1 & ! gr[+ ( ! poppy is prohibit$4 ,! p5alties = violat+ ! law are heavy & en=cem5t is said to be rigid & effective4 ,= ! fir/ violation a f9e is impos$4 ,if convict$ ( a second violation ! f9e is heavi] ) imprisonm5t add$ to help ! victim acquire self control1 & a ?ird conviction may br+ ! dea? p5alty4 ,! eradication ( ! opium sc\rge mu/ prove a great bless+ to ,*9a4 ,b ) ! pass+ ( ?is mo/ =midable evil1 = ^: infliction ^u ,*9a ,engl& 0 l>gely responsible1 x is a great mis=tune t ?r\gh ! pitiless ef=ts ( ! ,briti%-,am]ican ,tobacco ,company h] p are rapidly becom+ addict$ to ! we/]n tobacco habit1 selfi% beyond excuse1 fil?y beyond measure1 & unsanit>y 9 its pollut+ & oxyg5-de/roy+ effect ^u ! air all are compell$ to brea!4 ,x has already become a great] & m inexcusable burd5 ^u mank9d ?an opium ev] 04 ,*9a1 ) h] already ov]tax$ fields1 c ill af=d to give ov] an acre to ! cultivation ( ?is crop & %e %\ld prohibit ! gr[+ ( tobacco z %e has t ( ! poppy4 ,let h] take ! wise /ep n[ :5 %e readily may1 = all civiliz$ nations w ultimately be compell$ to adopt su* a measure4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijb _h m ?an a million acres gr[+ tobacco1 & h>ve/$ #hba1jjj1jjj p\nds ( leaf4 ,?is leaf deplet$ ^? soils to ! ext5t ( m ?an tw5ty eight million p\nds ( nitrog51 tw5ty-n9e million p\nds ( potassium & ne>ly two & a half million p\nds ( phosphorus1 all s irrecov]ably lo/ t ev5 ,*9a1 ) h] rem>kable skill 9 sav+ & h] inf9ite pati5ce ) little ?+s1 c\ld n recov] !m = h] soils4 ,on a l area ( field might z readily be gr[n tw5ty million bu%els ( :eat & if ! twelve hundr$ million p\nds ( gra9 7 all export$ x w\ld deplete ! soil less ?an ! tobacco crop 9 ev]y?+ b phosphorus1 & 9 ?is ab\t ! same4 ,us$ at home1 ,*9a w\ld return x all to "o or ano!r field4 ,! home consumption ( tobacco 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates av]ag$ sev5 p\nds p] capita 9 #aijb4 ,a l consumption = ,*9a's f\r hundr$ millions w\ld call = #bhjj million p\nds ( leaf4 ,if %e grew x on h] fields two million acres w\ld n suffice4 ,h] soils w\ld be proportionately deplet$ & %e w\ld be %ort =ty million bu%els ( :eat2 b if ,*9a cont9ues to import h] tobacco ! va/ sum exp5d$ c nei!r f]tilize h] fields nor fe$1 clo! or educate h] p1 yet a l sum exp5d$ 9 ! importation ( :eat w\ld fe$ h] hungry & enri* h] soils4 ,9 ! matt] ( cons]vation ( national res\rces "h is "o ( ! greate/ opportunities op5 to all civiliz$ nations4 ,:at might n be done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) a fund ( #eg1jjj1jjj annually1 ! m>ket price ( ! raw tobacco leaf1 & ! l&1 ! labor & ! capital exp5d$ 9 gett+ ! product to ! m5 :o puff1 brea! & p]spire ! noxi\s product into ! air ev]yone mu/ brea!1 & :o bespatt] ! /reets1 sidewalks1 ! floor ( e public place & conveyance1 & bef\l ! million spittoons1 smok+ rooms & smok+ c>s1 all unnecess>y & %\ld be uncall$ =1 b ^: in/allation & up-keep ! non-us] z well z ! us] is =c$ to pay1 & ?is 9 a c\ntry (1 = & by ! p4 ,?is co/ly1 fil?y1 selfi% tobacco habit %\ld be outgr[n4 ,let x beg9 9 e new home1 :]e ! "m helps ! fa!r 9 refus+ to set ! example1 & let its indulg5ce be absolutely prohibit$ to ev]yone :ile 9 public s*ool & to all 9 educational in/itutions4 ,mr4 ,league _h be5 giv5 a lett] ( introduction to "o ( ! lead+ f>m]s ( ! village & x *anc$ t z we rea*$ ! entrance way to big home we 7 met by 8 son1 j return+ f ! fields ) 8 drill on 8 %\ld]1 & x is he /&+ 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #aca1 hold+ ! lett] ( introduction 9 8 h&4 ,aft] we _h tak5 ?is photograph & ano!r "o look+ d[n ! n>r[ /reet f ! same po9t1 we 7 l$ to ! small op5 c\rt ( ! home1 p]haps =ty by eighty feet1 ^u :i* all doors ( ! "o-/ori$ /ructures op5$4 ,x 0 dry & b>e ( ev]y?+ gre51 b a r[ ( v tall h&some trees1 close relatives ( our cottonwood1 ) trunks ?irty feet to ! limbs1 look$ d[n into ! c\rt ov] ! ro(s ( ! l[ ?at*$ h\ses4 ,"h we met ! fa!r & gr&fa!r ( ! man ) ! drill1 s t1 ) ! boy c>ry+ ! baby 9 8 arms1 :o _h met 8 fa!r 9 ! /reet gateway1 !re 7 f\r g5]ations ( males at our conf]5ce4 ,!re 7 wom5 & girls 9 ! h\sehold b cu/om requires !m to rema9 9 retirem5t on su* occasions4 ,a l[ n>r[ f\r-legg$ b5*1 n unlike our c>p5t]'s sa:orse1 five feet long1 0 br\ght into ! c\rt z a seat1 :i* our ho/ & we occupi$ 9 common4 ,we _h be5 simil>ly receiv$ at ! home ( ,mrs4 ,wu 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce4 ,on our "r 0 ! op5 doorway to ! kit*5 9 :i* /ood1 erect & /raight1 ! tall sp>e figure ( ! patri>* ( ! h\sehold1 8 eyes /ill %9+ black b ) hair & long ?9 /raggl+ be>d a uni=m dull a%5 gray4 ,no ,*9ese hair1 x seems1 ev] becomes :ite ) age4 ,he seem$ to h assum$ ! duties ( cook = :ile we 7 !re be light$ ! fire 9 ! kit*5 & 0 busy1 b 0 always ! f9al oracle on any matt] ( diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! y\ng] m5 reg>d+ answ]s to que/ions4 ,two sleep+ ap>tm5ts adjo9+ ! kit*51 ?r\gh ^: wide kang b$s ! wa/e heat f ! cook+ 0 convey$1 z describ$ on page #adb1 complet$ ?is side ( ! c\rt4 ,on our left 0 ! ma9 /reet completely %ut (f by a solid e>? wall z high z ! eaves ( ! h\se1 :ile 9 front ( u1 adjo9+ ! /reet1 0 ! manure midd51 a compo/ pit six feet deep & "s eight feet squ>e4 ,a l[ op5+ 9 ! /reet wall p]mitt$ ! pit to be empti$ & to receive e>? & /ubble or refuse f ! fields = compo/+1 ,aga9/ ! pit & )\t p>tition1 b cut (f f ! c\rt1 0 ! home ( ! pigs1 bo? "u a common ro( cont9u\s ) a clos$ /ructure jo9+ ) ! sleep+ ap>tm5ts1 :ile beh9d u & along ! alley-way by :i* we _h ent]$ 7 o!r dwell+ & /orage comp>tm5ts4 ,?us 0 ! l>ge family ( f\r g5]ations provid$ ) a peculi>ly private op5 c\rt :]e !y c\ld "w & come out = sun & air1 bo?1 f our /&>ds1 too meag]ly provid$ 9 ! h\ses4 ,we _h come to le>n m ( ! me?ods ( f]tiliz+ practic$ by ^! p4 ,! manure midd5 0 be=e u & ! piles ( e>? br\ght 9 f ! fields1 = use 9 ! process1 7 /ack$ 9 ! /reet1 :]e we _h photograph$ !m at ! entrance1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ace4 ,!re a fa!r1 ) 8 pipe1 & two boys /& at ! extreme left2 beyond !m is a l>ge pile ( e>? br\ght into ! village & c>efully /ack$ 9 ! n>r[ /reet2 on ! o!r side ( ! /reet1 at ! corn] ( ! fir/ build+1 is a pile ( p>tly f]m5t$ compo/ ?r[n f a pit beh9d ! walls4 ,fur!r along 9 ! /reet1 on ! same side1 is a second l>ge /ack ( soil :]e two boys are /&+ at ei!r end & ano!r little boy 0 9 a ne>-by doorway4 ,9 front ( ! tree1 on ! left side ( ! /reet1 /&s a ?ird boy1 ne> him a small donkey & /ill ano!r boy4 ,beyond ?is boy /&s a ?ird l>ge /ack ( soil1 :ile /ill beyond & across ! way is ano!r pile p>tly compo/$4 ,not)/&+ ! cattle 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration1 ! donkey1 ! m51 ! boys1 ! ?ree long high /acks ( soil & ! two piles ( compo/1 ! t5 rods ( n>r[ /reet possess$ a wid? ( available travelway & a cleanl9ess :i* w\ld appe> impossible4 ,ea* f>m]'s h\sehold _h its /ack ( soil 9 ! /reet1 & 9 walk+ ?r\gh ! village we pass$ doz5s ( m5 turn+ & mix+ ! soil & compo/1 prep>+ x = ! field4 ,! compo/ pit 9 front ( :]e we sat 0 two-?irds fill$4 ,9 x _h be5 plac$ all ( ! manure & wa/e ( ! h\sehold & /reet1 all /ubble & wa/e r\ghage f ! field1 all a%es n to be appli$ directly & "s ( ! soil /ack$ 9 ! /reet4 ,suffici5t wat] 0 add$ at int]vals to keep ! cont5ts completely saturat$ & ne>ly subm]g$1 ! object be+ to control ! "* ( f]m5tation tak+ place4 ,! capacity ( ^! compo/ pits is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( l& s]v$1 & ! p]iod ( compo/+ is made z long z possible1 ! aim be+ to h ! fib] ( all organic mat]ial completely brok5 d[n1 ! result be+ a product ( ! consi/5cy ( mort>4 ,:5 x is ne> ! "t = apply+ ! compo/ to ! field1 or ( fe$+ x to ! crop1 ! f]m5t$ product is remov$ 9 wat]pro( c>ry+ baskets to ! floor ( ! c\rt1 to ! y>d1 su* z se5 9 ,fig4 #abf1 or to ! /reet1 :]e x is spread to dry1 to be mix$ ) fre% soil1 m a%es1 & repeat$ly turn$ & /irr$ to br+ ab\t complete a]ation & to ha/5 ! processes ( nitrification4 ,dur+ all ( ^! treatm5ts1 :e!r 9 ! compo/ pit or on ! nitrification floor1 ! f]m5t+ organic matt] 9 contact ) ! soil is conv]t+ plant food elem5ts into soluble plant food sub/ances 9 ! =m ( potassium1 calcium & magnesium nitrates & soluble phosphates ( "o or ano!r =m1 p]haps ( ! same bases & possibly o!rs ( organic type4 ,if !re is "t & favorable temp]ature & moi/ure conditions = ^! f]m5tations to take place 9 ! soil ( ! field be=e ! crop w ne$ x1 ! compo/ may be c>ri$ direct f ! pit to ! field & spread broadca/1 to be pl[$ "u4 ,o!rwise ! mat]ial is work$ & rework$1 ) m wat] add$ if necess>y1 until x becomes a ri* complete f]tiliz]1 all[$ to become dry & !n f9ely pulv]iz$1 sometimes us+ /one roll]s drawn ov] x by cattle1 ! donkey or by h&4 ,! l>ge numb]s ( /acks ( compo/ se5 9 ! fields betwe5 ,ts+tao & ,ts9an 7 ( ?is type & ?us labori\sly prep>$ 9 ! villages & !n transport$ to ! fields1 /ack$ & pla/]$ to be ready = use at next plant+4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,european hi/ory1 be=e mod]n *emi/ry _h provid$ ! *eap] & m exp$iti\s me?od ( produc+ potassium nitrate = ! manufacture ( gunp[d] & fireworks1 mu* l& & ef=t 7 devot$ to nit]-f>m+ :i* 0 no o!r ?an a specific application ( ?is mo/ anci5t ,*9ese practice & probably import$ f ,*9a4 ,:ile x 0 n until #ahgg to #ahgi t m5 ( sci5ce came to "k t ! processes ( nitrification1 s indisp5sable to agriculture1 are due to g]m life1 9 simple ju/ice to ! pla9 f>m]s ( ! _w1 to ^? :o ?r\gh all ! ages f ,adam d[n1 liv+ close to ,nature & work+ ?r\gh h] & ) h]1 h f$ ! _w1 x %\ld be recogniz$ t !re h be5 ^? among !m :o h grasp$ su* ess5tial1 vital tru?s & h kept !m alive 9 ! practices ( _! day4 ,& s we f9d x record$ 9 hi/ory z f> back z #afhf t ,judge ,samuel ,lewell copi$ ^u ! cov] ( 8 j\rnal a practical man's recipe = mak+ saltpet] b$s1 9 :i* x 0 direct$1 among o!r ?+s1 t !re %\ld be add$ to x "m ( petre1 mean+1 9 ,judge ,lewell's und]/&+1 simply soil f an old nit] b$1 b 9 ! m9d ( ! man :o appli$ ! mat]nity prefix1--"m1--x mu/ h meant a vital g]m conta9$ 9 ! soil1 c>ri$ ) x1 capable ( reproduc+ its k9d & ( p]petuat+ its *>act]i/ic "w1 belong+ to ! same category ) ! old1 famili>1 homely g]m1 "m ( v9eg>4 ,s1 too1 ) ! old *eesemak] :o grasp$ ! conception :i* l$ to ! long "t practice ( wa%+ ! walls ( a new *eese factory ) wat] f an old factory ( ! same type1 he mu/ h be5 l$ by analogies ( exp]i5ce ) ?+s se5 to realize t he 0 "h deal+ ) a vital factor4 ,hundr$s1 ( c\rse1 h practic$ empyrically1 b "s "o prec$$ ) ! ess5tial ?\ght & we feel x is small cr$it to m5 ( our "t :o1 aft] t5 or tw5ty ye>s ( te*nical tra9+1 hav+ _! att5tion direct$ to a some?+ to be se51 & arm$ ) comp\nd microscopes :i* p]mit !m to see ) ! physical eye ! "m ( petre1 arrogate to !mselves ! discov]y ( a great tru?4 ,mu* m mode/ w\ld x be & mu* m 9 ! _s ( giv+ cr$it :]e cr$it is due to admit t1 aft] long d\bt+ ! exi/5ce ( su* an entity1 we h succe$$ 9 confirm+ 9 fullness ! tru? ( a great discov]y :i* belongs to an unnam$ g5ius ( ! pa/1 or p]haps to a hundr$ ( !m :o1 work+ ) life's processes & famili> ) !m ?r\gh long intimate association1 saw 9 ^! invisible processes analogies t reveal$ to !m ! ess5tial tru? 9 su* fullness z to enable !m to build ^u x an unfail+ practice4 ,!re is ano!r practice foll[$ by ! ,*9ese1 connect$ ) ! =mation ( nitrates 9 soils1 :i* aga9 emphasizes ! national trait ( sav+ & turn+ to use any & e ?+ wor? :ile4 ,our att5tion 0 call$ to ?is practice by ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,evans ( ,%unk+1 ,sze*wan prov9ce4 ,x re/s ^u ! t5d5cy ( ! e>? floors ( dwell+s to become heavily *>g$ ) calcium nitrate ?r\gh ! natural processes ( nitrification4 ,calcium nitrate be+ deliquesc5t absorbs moi/ure suffici5tly to dissolve & make ! floor wet & /icky4 ,dr4 ,evans' att5tion 0 drawn to ! wet floor 9 8 own h\se1 :i* be at fir/ ascrib$ to insuffici5t v5tilation1 b :i* be 0 unable to rem$y by improv+ t4 ,! fa!r ( "o ( 8 assi/ants1 ^: bus9ess consi/$ 9 pur*as+ ! soil ( su* floors = produc+ potassium nitrate1 us$ s mu* 9 ,*9a 9 ! manufacture ( fireworks & gunp[d]1 expla9$ 8 difficulty & sugge/$ ! rem$y4 ,?is man goes f h\se to h\se ?r\gh ! village1 pur*as+ ! soil ( floors :i* h ?us become ov]*>g$4 ,he procures a sample1 te/s x & ann\nces :at he w pay = ! surface two1 ?ree or f\r in*es1 ! price sometimes be+ z high z fifty c5ts = ! privilege ( remov+ ! top lay] ( ! floor1 :i* ! proprietors mu/ replace4 ,he lea*es ! soil remov$1 to recov] ! calcium nitrate1 & !n p\rs ! lea*+s ?r\gh plant a%es conta9+ potassium c>bonate1 = ! purpose ( trans=m+ ! calcium nitrate into ! potassium nitrate or saltpet]4 ,dr4 ,evans le>n$ t dur+ ! f\r mon?s prec$+ our int]view ?is man _h produc$ suffici5t potassium nitrate to br+ 8 sales up to #hj1 ,mexican4 ,x 0 necess>y = him to make a two-days j\rney to m>ket 8 product4 ,9 addition he paid a lic5se fee ( #hj c5ts p] mon?4 ,he mu/ pur*ase 8 fuel a%es & hire ! s]vices ( two m54 ,:5 ! nitrates :i* accumulate 9 ! floors ( dwell+s are n collect$ = ?is purpose ! soil goes to ! fields to be us$ directly z a f]tiliz]1 or x may be work$ into compo/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! e>? us$ 9 ! village walls & ev5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! h\ses may dis9tegrate s z to require removal1 b 9 all su* cases1 z ) ! e>? brick us$ 9 ! kangs1 ! value ( ! soil has improv$ = compo/+ & is g5]ally s us$4 ,?is improvem5t ( ! soil w n appe> /range :5 x is /at$ t su* mat]ials are usually f ! subsoil1 ^: physical condition w\ld improve :5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 conv]t+ x 9 fact into an uncropp$ virg9 soil4 ,we 7 unable to secure def9ite data z to ! *emical composition ( ^! compo/s & _c say :at am\nts ( available plant food ! ,%antung f>m]s are annually return+ to _! fields4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! am\nts are q equal to ^? remov$ by ! crops4 ,! soils appe>$ well suppli$ ) organic matt] & ! color ( ! foliage & ! g5]al aspect ( crops indicat$ good fe$+4 ,! family ) :om we talk$ 9 ! village place _! usual yields ( :eat at #dbj catty ( gra9 & #ajjj catty ( /raw p] m[1--_! m[ 0 f\r-?irds ( ! legal /&>d m[--! gra9 be+ wor? #ce /r+s ( ca% & ! /raw #ab to #ad /r+s1 a /r+ ( ca% be+ #dj c5ts1 ,mexican1 at ?is "t4 ,_! yields ( beans 7 su* z to give !m a return ( #cj /r+s ( ca% = ! gra9 & #h to #aj /r+s = ! /raw4 ,small millet usually yield$ #dej catty ( gra91 wor? #be /r+s ( ca%1 p] m[1 & #hjj catty ( /raw wor? #aj to #aa /r+s ( ca%2 :ile ! yields ( l>ge millet !y plac$ at #djj catty p] m[1 wor? #be /r+s ( ca%1 & #ajjj catty ( /raw wor? #ab to #ad /r+s ( ca%4 ,/at+ ^! am\nts 9 bu%els p] acre & 9 our curr5cy1 ! yield ( :eat 0 #db bu%els ( gra9 & #fjjj p\nds ( /raw p] acre1 hav+ a ca% value ( #bg4ji = ! gra9 & #aj4jf = ! /raw4 ,! soy bean crop foll[s ! :eat1 giv+ an additional return ( #bc4bb = ! beans & #f4ig = ! /raw1 mak+ ! gross e>n+ = ! two crops #fg4cd p] acre4 ,! yield ( small millet 0 #ed bu%els ( se$ & #dhjj p\nds ( /raw p] acre1 wor? #bg4ji & #h4ab = se$ & /raw respectively1 :ile ! kaoliang or l>ge millet gave a yield ( #dh bu%els ( gra9 & #fjjj p\nds ( /alks p] acre1 wor? #ai4ce = ! gra91 & #aj4jf = ! /raw4 ,a crop ( :eat l ! "o /at$1 if no "p ( ! plant food conta9$ 9 ! gra9 or /raw 7 return$ to ! field1 w\ld deplete ! soil to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ij p\nds ( nitrog51 #ae p\nds ( phosphorus & #fe p\nds ( potassium2 & ! crop ( soy beans1 if x also 7 entirely remov$1 w\ld r$uce ^! ?ree plant food elem5ts 9 ! soil to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bdj p\nds ( nitrog51 #cc p\nds ( phosphorus & #ajb p\nds ( potassium1 on ! basis ( #de bu%els ( beans & #edjj p\nds ( /ems & leaves p] acre1 assum+ t ! beans add$ no nitrog5 to ! soil1 :i* is ( c\rse n true4 ,?is h\sehold ( f>m]s1 !re=e1 9 ord] to h ma9ta9$ ?is produc+ p[] 9 _! soil1 h be5 compell$ to return to x annually1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 n less ?an #dh p\nds ( phosphorus & #afg p\nds ( potassium p] acre4 ,! #ccj p\nds ( nitrog5 !y w\ld h to return 9 ! =m ( organic matt] or accumulate x f ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( _! soy bean crop or "s o!r legume4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t !y d add m ?an #ejjj to #gjjj p\nds ( dry compo/1 :i*1 repeat$ = a second crop1 w\ld make an annual application ( five to sev5 tons ( dry compo/ p] acre annually4 ,!y d use1 9 addition to ?is compo/1 l>ge am\nts ( bean & peanut cake1 :i* c>ry all ( ! plant food elem5ts d]iv$ f ! soil :i* are conta9$ 9 ! beans & ! peanuts4 ,if ! v9es are f$1 or if ! /ems ( ! beaus are burn$ = fuel1 mo/ ( ! plant food elem5ts 9 ^! w be return$ to ! field1 & !y h d\btless le>n$ h[ to completely re/ore ! plant food elem5ts remov$ by _! crops1 & p]si/5tly d s4 ,! roads made by ! ,g]mans 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ts+tao enabl$ u to travel by rick%a into ! adjo9+ c\ntry1 & on "o su* trip we visit$ a village mill = gr9d+ soy beans & peanuts 9 ! manufacture ( oil1 & ,fig4 #acf %[s ! /one roll]1 f\r feet 9 diamet] & two feet ?ick1 :i* is revolv$ ab\t a v]tical axis on a circul> /one plate1 drawn by a donkey1 cru%+ ! k]nels p>tly by its weight & p>tly by a twi/+ motion1 = ! arm ^u :i* ! roll] revolves is v %ort4 ,aft] ! meal _h be5 gr\nd ! oil 0 express$ 9 ess5tially ! same way z t describ$ = ! cotton se$1 b ! bean & peanut cakes are made mu* l>g] ?an ! cotton se$ cakes1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick4 ,two ( ^! cakes are se5 9 ,fig4 #acg1 /&+ on edge outside ! mill 9 an ord]ly clean c\rt4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t bean cake is export$ 9 l>ge quantities to diff]5t p>ts ( ,*9a1 & to ,japan 9 rec5t ye>s1 = use z f]tiliz]1 & v rec5tly x is be+ %ipp$ to ,europe = bo? /ock food & f]tiliz]4 ,n[h]e 9 ?is prov9ce1 nor fur!r nor?1 did we see ! l>ge t]ra cotta1 receptacles s ext5sively us$ 9 ! s\? = /or+ human excreta4 ,9 ^! dry] climates "s me?od ( desiccation is practic$ & we f\nd ! g>d5]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ts+tao ) quantities ( ! f]tiliz] /ack$ "u matt+ %elt]s 9 ! desiccat$ condition1 ?is be+ f9ely pulv]iz$ 9 "o or ano!r way be=e x 0 appli$4 ,! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ach1 %[s "o ( ^! piles be+ fitt$ = ! g>d51 its ?at*$ %elt] /&+ beh9d ! gr&fa!r ( a h\sehold4 ,8 gr&son 0 c>ry+ ! prep>$ f]tiliz] to ! g>d5 area se5 9 ,fig4 #aci1 :]e ! fa!r 0 work+ x into ! soil4 ,! greate/ pa9s is tak51 bo? 9 r$uc+ ! product to a f9e p[d] & 9 spread+ & incorporat+ x ) ! soil1 = "o ( _! maxims ( soil managem5t is to make ea* squ>e foot ( field or g>d5 ! equal ( e o!r 9 its p[] to produce4 ,9 ?is mann] ea* little hold+ is made to yield ! highe/ returns possible "u ! conditions ! husb&man is able to control4 ,f "o portion ( ! area be+ fitt$1 a crop ( artemisia _h be5 h>ve/$1 giv+ a gross return at ! rate ( #gc4ai p] acre1 & f ano!r leeks _h be5 tak51 br++ a gross return ( #dc4hf p] acre4 ,*9ese cel]y 0 ! crop = :i* ! gr\nd 0 be+ fitt$4 ,! application ( soil z a f]tiliz] to ! fields ( ,*9a1 :e!r d]iv$ f ! subsoil or f ! silts & organic matt] ( canals & riv]s1 mu/ h play$ an important "p 9 ! p]man5cy ( agriculture 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 = all su* additions h be5 positive accretions to ! effective soil1 increas+ its dep? & c>ry+ to x all plant food elem5ts4 ,if n m ?an "o-half ( ! weight ( compo/ appli$ to ! fields ( ,%antung is highly f]tiliz$ soil1 ! rates ( application obs]v$ w\ld1 9 a ?\s& ye>s1 add m ?an two million p\nds p] acre1 & ?is repres5ts ab\t ! volume ( soil we turn ) ! pl[ 9 our ord9>y tillage op]ations1 & ?is am\nt ( good soil may c>ry m ?an #fjjj p\nds ( nitrog51 #bjjj p\nds ( phosphorus & m ?an #fj1jjj p\nds ( potassium4 ,:5 we left our hotel by rick%a = ! /eam]1 return+ to ,%anghai1 we soon obs]v$ a boy ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s app>5tly foll[+1 sometimes a little ahead1 sometimes beh9d1 usually keep+ ! sidewalk b slack5+ 8 pace :5ev] ! rick%a man came to a walk4 ,x 0 a full mile to ! :>f4 ,! boy evid5tly knew ! sail+ s*$ule & judg$ by ! valise 9 front1 t we 7 to take ! out-go+ /eam] & t he might possibly e>n two c5ts1 ,mexican1 ! usual fee = tak+ a valise abo>d ! /eam]4 ,tw5ty m5 at ! :>f might be wait+ = ! job1 b he 0 tak+ ! *ance ) ! mile d[n & back ?r[n 91 & all = less ?an "o c5t 9 our curr5cy1 equival5t at ! "t to ab\t tw5ty ca%4 ,z we ne>$ ! /eam] ! lad clos$ up beh9d b /rong & eag] m5 7 wat*+4 ,twice he 0 r\ghly ?ru/ aside & be=e ! rick%a /opp$ a man ( /alw>t frame seiz$ ! valise &1 _h we n obs]v$ ! boy ?us unobtrusively ent]+ ! competition1 he w\ld h _h only 8 tr\ble = 8 pa9s4 ,?us int5se 0 ! /ruggle "h = exi/5ce & ?us did a m]e lad put himself effectively into x4 ,true to bre$+ & example he _h sp>$ no labor to w9 & 0 surpris$ b grateful to receive m ?an he _h expect$4 ,,xi ,,ori5tals ,,cr[d ,,bo? ,,"t ,,& ,,space ,"t is a function ( e life process1 z x is ( e physical1 *emical & m5tal reaction1 & ! husb&man is compell$ to %ape 8 op]ations s z to con=m ) ! "t requirem5ts ( 8 crops4 ,! ori5tal f>m] is a "t economiz] beyond any o!r4 ,he utilizes ! fir/ & la/ m9ute & all t are betwe54 ,! =eign] accuses ! ,*9aman ( be+ always long on "t1 nev] 9 a fret1 nev] 9 a hurry4 ,& :y %\ld he be :5 he leads "t by ! =elock1 & uses all !re is8 ,! cu/oms & practices ( ^! ,f>!/ ,ea/ p reg>d+ _! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s 9 ! =m ( e>? compo/s = _! fields1 & _! use ( alt]$ subsoils :i* h s]v$ 9 _! kangs1 village walls & dwell+s1 are all in/ances :]e !y pr(\ndly %ort5 ! "t requir$ 9 ! field to affect ! necess>y *emical1 physical & biological reactions :i* produce f !m plant food sub/ances4 ,n only d !y ?us increase _! "t assets1 b !y add1 9 effect1 to _! l& area by produc+ ^! *anges outside _! fields1 at ! same "t giv+ _! crops ! imm$iately active soil products4 ,_! compo/ practices h be5 ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to !m1 bo? 9 _! extremely wet1 rice-culture me?ods1 & 9 _! dry-f>m+ practices1 :]e ! soil moi/ure is too scanty dur+ long p]iods to p]mit rapid f]m5tation "u field conditions4 ,we/]n agriculturali/s h n suffici5tly appreciat$ ! fact t ! mo/ rapid gr[? ( plant food sub/ances 9 ! soil _c occur at ! same "t & place ) ! mo/ rapid crop increase1 because bo? processes draw ^u ! available soil moi/ure1 soil air & soluble potassium1 calcium1 phosphorus & nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,:e!r ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( practical agriculture is writt5 9 _! lit]ature or n x is mo/ indelibly fix$ 9 _! practice4 ,if we & !y c p]petuate ! ess5tials ( ?is practice at a l>ge sav+ ( human ef=t1 or p]petually secure ! f9al result 9 "s m exp$iti\s & less labori\s way1 mo/ important progress w h be5 made4 ,:5 we w5t nor? to ! ,%antung prov9ce ! ,kiangsu & ,*ekiang f>m]s 7 engag$ 9 ano!r ( _! "t sav+ practices1 also involv+ a l>ge am\nt ( human labor4 ,?is 0 ! plant+ ( cotton 9 :eat fields be=e ! :eat 0 q ready to h>ve/4 ,9 ! sections ( ^! two prov9ces :i* we visit$ mo/ ( ! :eat & b>ley 7 s[$ broadca/ on n>r[ rais$ l&s1 "s five feet wide1 ) furr[s betwe51 aft] ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #adj1 %[+ a res]voir 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd1 on ^: bank is in/all$ "o ( ! f\r-man foot-p[] irrigation pumps 9 use to flood ! nurs]y rice b$ close by on ! "r4 ,! n>r[ l&s ( broadca/$ :eat ext5d back f ! res]voir t[>d ! f>m/eads :i* dot ! l&scape1 & on ! left /&s "o ( ! pump %elt]s ne> ! canal bank4 ,to save "t1 or l5g!n ! gr[+ season ( ! cotton :i* 0 to foll[1 ?is se$ 0 s[n broadca/ among ! gra9 on ! surface1 "s t5 to fifte5 days be=e ! :eat w\ld be h>ve/$4 ,to cov] ! se$ ! soil 9 ! furr[s betwe5 ! b$s _h be5 spad$ loose to a dep? ( f\r or five in*es1 f9ely pulv]iz$1 & !n ) a spade 0 ev5ly scatt]$ ov] ! b$1 lett+ x sift d[n among ! gra91 cov]+ ! se$4 ,?is loose e>?1 s appli$1 acts z a mul* to cons]ve ! capill>y moi/ure1 p]mitt+ ! soil to become suffici5tly damp to g]m9ate ! se$ be=e ! :eat is h>ve/$4 ,! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ada1 is a clos] view ) our int]pret] /&+ 9 ano!r field ( :eat 9 :i* cotton 0 be+ s[$ ,april #bbnd 9 ! mann] describ$1 & yet ! /& ( gra9 0 v close & %\ld] high1 mak+ x n an easy task ei!r to s[ ! se$ or to scatt] suffici5t soil to cov] x4 ,:5 we _h return$ f ,%antung ?is piece ( gra9 _h be5 h>ve/$1 giv+ a yield ( #ie4f bu%els ( :eat & #c4e tons ( /raw p] acre1 comput$ f ! /atem5t ( ! own] t #djj catty ( gra9 & #ejj catty ( /raw _h be5 tak5 f ! b$s measur+ #djej squ>e feet4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,may #bi? ! photograph = ,fig4 #adb 0 tak51 %[+ ! same area aft] ! :eat _h be5 h>ve/$ & ! cotton 0 up1 ! "y plants %[+ slightly ?r\gh ! %ort /ubble4 ,^! b$s _h already be5 once treat$ ) liquid f]tiliz]4 ,a little lat] ! plants w\ld be ho$ & ?9n$ to a /& ( ab\t "o plant p] ea* squ>e foot ( surface4 ,!re 7 ?irty-sev5 days betwe5 ! tak+ ( ! two photographs1 & c]ta9ly ?irty days _h be5 add$ to ! cotton crop by ?is me?od ( plant+1 ov] :at w\ld h be5 available if ! gra9 _h be5 fir/ h>ve/$ & ! field fitt$ be=e plant+1 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! cotton foll[s ! :eat )\t pl[+1 b ! soil 0 deep1 naturally op51 & a lay] ( ne>ly two in*es ( loose e>? _h be5 plac$ ov] ! se$ at ! "t ( plant+4 ,besides1 ! gr\nd w\ld be deeply work$ ) ! two or f\r t9$ hoe1 at ! "t ( ?9n+4 ,/>t+ cotton 9 ! :eat 9 ! mann] describ$ is b a special case ( a g5]al practice widely 9 vogue4 ,! gr[+ ( multiple crops is ! rule ?r\gh\t ^! c\ntries :]ev] ! climate p]mits4 ,sometimes z _m z ?ree crops occupy ! same field 9 recurr5t r[s1 b ( diff]5t dates ( plant+ & 9 diff]5t /ages ( maturity4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ov]lapp+ & alt]nation ( cucumb]s ) gre5s4 ,! g5]al practice ( plant+ ne>ly all crops 9 r[s l5ds itself readily to sy/ems ( multiple cropp+1 & ^! to ! fulle/ possible utilization ( e m9ute ( ! gr[+ season & ( ! "t ( ! family 9 c>+ = ! crops4 ,9 ! field1 ,fig4 #adc1 a crop ( w9t] :eat 0 ne>+ maturity1 a crop ( w9dsor beans 0 ab\t two-?irds gr[n1 & cotton _h j be5 plant$1 ,april #bbnd4 ,?is field _h be5 ?r[n into ridges "s five feet wide ) a twelve in* furr[ betwe5 !m4 ,two r[s ( :eat eight in*es wide1 plant$ two feet betwe5 c5t]s occupi$ ! cre/ ( ! ridge1 leav+ a /rip sixte5 in*es wide1 se5 9 ! upp] section1 7#a7 = tillage1 7#b7 !n f]tilization & 7#c7 f9ally ! r[ ( cotton plant$ j be=e ! :eat 0 h>ve/$4 ,aga9/ ! furr[ on ea* side 0 a r[ ( w9dsor beans1 se5 9 ! l[] view1 hid+ ! furr[1 :i* 0 matur$ "s "t aft] ! :eat 0 h>ve/$ & be=e ! cotton 0 v l>ge4 ,a late fall crop sometimes foll[s ! w9dsor beans aft] a p]iod ( tillage & f]tilization1 mak+ f\r 9 "o ye>4 ,) su* a succession f]tilization = ea* crop1 & an abundance ( soil moi/ure are requir$ to give ! l>ge/ returns f ! soil4 ,9 ano!r plan w9t] :eat or b>ley may gr[ side by side ) a gre5 crop1 su* z ! ,*9ese clov] 7,m$icago d5ticulata1 ,willd47 = soil f]tiliz]1 z 0 ! case 9 ,fig4 #add1 to be turn$ "u & f]tilize = a crop ( cotton plant$ 9 r[s on ei!r side ( a crop ( b>ley4 ,aft] ! b>ley _h be5 h>ve/$ ! gr\nd x occupi$ w\ld be till$ & fur!r f]tiliz$1 & :5 ! cotton 0 ne>+ maturity a crop ( rape might be gr[n1 f :i* salt$ cabbage w\ld be prep>$ = w9t] use4 ,multiple crops are gr[n z f> nor? 9 ,*ihli z ,ti5ts9 & ,pek+1 ^! be+ (t5e/ :eat1 maize1 l>ge & small millet & soy beans1 & ?is1 too1 :]e ! soil is less f]tile & :]e ! annual ra9fall is only ab\t tw5ty-five in*es1 ! ra9y season beg9n+ 9 late ,june or e>ly ,july1 & ,fig4 #ade %[s "o ( ^! fields z x appe>$ ,june #ad?1 :]e two r[s ( :eat & two ( l>ge millet 7 plant$ 9 alt]nat+ pairs1 ! r[s be+ ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t4 ,! :eat 0 ready to h>ve/ b ! /raw 0 unusually %ort because gr[+ on a light s&y loam 9 a season ( exceptional dr\ght1 b little m ?an two in*es ( ra9 hav+ fall5 aft] ,janu>y #a/ ( t ye>4 ,! piles ( pulv]iz$ dry-e>? compo/ se5 betwe5 ! r[s _h be5 br\ght = use on ! gr\nd occupi$ by ! :eat :5 t 0 remov$4 ,! :eat w\ld be pull$1 ti$ 9 bundles1 tak5 to ! village & ! roots cut (f1 = mak+ compo/1 z 9 ,fig4 #adf1 :i* %[s ! family engag$ 9 cutt+ ! roots f ! small bundles ( :eat1 us+ a long /raight knife blade1 fix$ at "o end1 & ?ru/ d[nw>d ^u ! bundle ) lev] pressure4 ,^! roots1 if n us$ z fuel1 w\ld be transf]r$ to ! compo/ pit 9 ! enclosure se5 9 ,fig4 #adg1 ^: walls 7 built ( e>? brick4 ,"h1 ) any o!r wa/e litt]1 manure or a%es1 !y w\ld be p]mitt$ to decay "u wat] until ! fib] _h be5 de/roy$1 ?us p]mitt+ x to be incorporat$ ) soil & appli$ to ! fields1 ri* 9 soluble plant food & 9 a condition :i* w\ld n int]f]e ) ! capill>y movem5t ( soil moi/ure1 ! "w go+ on outside ! field :]e ! *anges c\ld occur unimp$$ & )\t int]f]+ ) ! gr[? ( crops on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( comb9$ int]tillage & multiple cropp+ ! ori5tal f>m] ?us takes advantage ( :atev] good may result f rotation or succession ( crops1 :e!r ^! be physical1 vito-*emical or biological4 ,if plants are mutually helpful ?r\gh close association ( _! root sy/ems 9 ! soil1 z "s believe may be ! case1 ?is gr[+ ( diff]5t species 9 close juxtaposition w\ld seem to provide ! opportunity1 b ! o!r advantages :i* h be5 po9t$ out are s evid5t & s important t !y1 r ?an ?is1 h d\btless l$ to ! practice ( gr[+ diff]5t crops 9 close recurr5t r[s4 ,,xii ,,rice ,,culture ,,9 ,,! ,,ori5t ,! basal food crop ( ! p ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan is rice1 & ! mean consumption 9 ,japan1 = ! five ye>s end+ #aijf1 p] capita & p] annum1 0 #cjb p\nds4 ,( ,japan's #age1dbh squ>e miles %e devot$1 9 #aijf1 #ab1hef to ! rice crop4 ,h] av]age yield ( wat] rice on #ab1ecd squ>e miles exce$$ #cc bu%els p] acre1 & ! dry l& rice av]ag$ #ah bu%els p] acre on #cba squ>e miles4 ,9 ! ,hokkaido1 z f> nor? z nor!rn ,ill9ois1 ,japan h>ve/$ #a1ghj1jjj bu%els ( wat] rice f #ec1jjj acres4 ,9 ,sze*wan prov9ce1 ,*9a1 ,consul-,g5]al ,hosie places ! yield ( wat] rice on ! pla9s l& at #dd bu%els p] acre1 & t ( ! dry l& rice at #bb bu%els4 ,data giv5 u 9 ,*9a %[ an av]age yield ( #db bu%els ( wat] rice p] acre1 :ile ! av]age yield ( :eat 0 #be bu%els p] acre1 ! normal yield 9 ,japan be+ ab\t #ag bu%els4 ,if ! rice eat5 p] capita 9 ,*9a prop] & ,korea is equal to t 9 ,japan ! annual consumption = ! ?ree nations1 us+ ! r\nd numb] #cjj p\nds p] capita p] annum1 w\ld be3 ,population4 ,consumption4 ,*9a #daj1jjj1jjj #fa1ejj1jjj tons ,korea #ab1jjj1jjj #a1hjj1jjj tons ,japan #ec1jjj1jjj #g1iej #jjj tons ----------------------- ,total #dge1jjj1jjj #ga1bej1jjj tons ,if ! ratio ( irrigat$ to dry l& rice 9 ,korea & ,*9a prop] is ! same z t 9 ,japan1 & if ! mean yield ( rice p] acre 9 ^! c\ntries 7 =ty bu%els = ! wat] rice & tw5ty bu%els = ! dry l& rice1 ! acreage requir$ to give ?is production w\ld be3 ,area4 ,wat] rice1 ,dry l& rice1 sq4 miles4 sq4 miles4 ,9 ,*9a #gh1jgc #d1jjd ,9 ,korea #b1bhe #aag ,9 ,japan #ab1ecd #cba ------- ------ ,sum #ib1hib #d1ddb ,total #ig1ccd ,our obs]vations along ! f\r hundr$ miles ( railway 9 ,korea betwe5 ,antung1 ,se\l & ,fusan1 sugge/ t ! l& "u rice 9 ?is c\ntry mu/ be m r ?an less ?an t comput$1 & ! squ>e miles ( canaliz$ l& 9 ,*9a1 z indicat$ on pages #ig to #ajb1 w\ld indicate an acreage ( rice = h] q z l>ge z e/imat$4 ,9 ! ?ree ma9 isl&s ( ,japan m ?an fifty p] c5t ( ! cultivat$ l& produces a crop ( wat] rice ea* ye> & #g4if p] c5t ( ! entire l& area ( ! ,empire1 omitt+ f>-nor? ,k>afuto4 ,9 ,=mosa & 9 s\!rn ,*9a l>ge areas produce two crops ea* ye>4 ,at ! l>ge mean yield us$ 9 ! computation ! e/imat$ acreage ( rice 9 ,*9a prop] am\nts to #e4ic p] c5t ( h] total area & ?is is #gdcc squ>e miles great] ?an ! acreage ( :eat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijg4 ,our yield ( :eat1 h[ev]1 0 b #ai1jjj1jjj tons1 :ile ,*9a's output ( rice 0 c]ta9ly d\ble & probably ?ree times ?is am\nt f ne>ly ! same acreage ( l&2 & not)/&+ ?is l>ge production p] acre1 m ?an fifty p] c5t1 possibly z high z sev5ty-five p] c5t1 ( ! same l& matures at lea/ "o o!r crop ! same ye>1 & mu* ( ?is may be :eat or b>ley1 bo? *iefly consum$ z human food4 ,_h ! ,mongolian races spread to & develop$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica in/ead (1 or z well z1 9 ea/]n ,asia1 !re might h be5 a ,gr& ,canal1 some?+ z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #adh1 f ! ,rio ,gr&e to ! m\? ( ! ,ohio riv] & f ! ,mississippi to ,*esapeake ,bay1 con/itut+ m ?an two ?\s& miles ( inl& wat]-way1 s]v+ comm]ce1 hold+ up & r$i/ribut+ bo? ! run-(f wat] & ! wa/+ f]tility ( soil erosion1 spread+ !m ov] #bjj1jjj squ>e miles ( ?or\ghly canaliz$ coa/al pla9s1 s _m ( :i* are n[ impov]i%$ l&s1 made s by ! intol]able wa/e ( a vaunt$ civilization4 ,& :o %all v5ture to enum]ate ! increase 9 ! tonnage ( sug>1 bales ( cotton1 sacks ( rice1 boxes ( oranges1 baskets ( pea*es1 & 9 ! tra9loads ( cabbage1 tomatoes & cel]y su* husb&+ w\ld make possible ?r\gh all "t2 or numb] ! increas$ millions ^! c\ld fe$ & clo!8 ,we may prohibit ! exportation ( our phosphorus1 gr9d our lime/one1 & apply !m to our fields1 b ?is alone is only temporiz+ ) ! future4 ,! m we produce1 ! m num]\s our millions1 ! fa/] mu/ pres5t practices spe$ ! wa/e to ! sea1 f :5ce nei!r money nor pray] c call !m back4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to endure2 if we %all project our hi/ory ev5 ?r\gh f\r or five ?\s& ye>s z ! ,mongolian nations h done1 & if t hi/ory %all be writt5 9 cont9u\s peace1 free f p]iods ( wide-spread fam9e or pe/il5ce1 ?is nation mu/ ori5t itself2 x mu/ squ>e its practices ) a cons]vation ( res\rces :i* c make endurance possible4 ,int5sify+ cultural me?ods b int5sifies ! dige/ion1 assimilation & exhau/ion ( ! surface soil1 f :i* life spr+s4 ,multiple cropp+1 clos] /&s on ! gr\nd & /rong] gr[?1 all mean ! transpiration ( mu* m wat] p] acre ?r\gh ! crops1 & ?is c only be r5d]$ possible ?r\gh a r$i/ribution ( ! run-(f & ! adoption ( irrigation practices 9 humid climates :]e wat] exi/s 9 abundance4 ,soon] or lat] we mu/ adopt a national policy :i* %all m completely cons]ve our wat] res\rces1 utiliz+ !m n only = p[] & transportation1 b prim>ily = ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility & great] crop production ?r\gh supplem5tal irrigation1 & all ^! great national int]e/s %\ld be consid]$ collectively1 broadly1 & ) a view to ! fulle/ & be/ possible coord9ation4 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan long ago /ruck ! keynote ( p]man5t agriculture b ! "t has n[ come :5 !y c & w make great improvem5ts1 & x rema9s = u & o!r nations to pr(it by _! exp]i5ce1 to adopt & adapt :at is good 9 _! practice & help 9 a _w movem5t = ! introduction ( new & improv$ me?ods4 ,9 select+ rice z _! /aple crop2 9 develop+ & ma9ta9+ _! sy/ems ( comb9$ irrigation & dra9age1 not)/&+ !y h a l>ge summ] ra9fall2 9 _! sy/ems ( multiple cropp+2 9 _! ext5sive & p]si/5t use ( legumes2 9 _! rotations = gre5 manure to ma9ta9 ! humus ( _! soils & = compo/+2 & 9 ! almo/ religi\s fidelity ) :i* !y h return$ to _! fields e =m ( wa/e :i* c replace plant food remov$ by ! crops1 ^! nations h demon/rat$ a grasp ( ess5tials & ( fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* may well cause we/]n nations to pause & reflect4 ,:ile ?is c\ntry ne$ n & c\ld n n[ adopt _! labori\s me?ods ( rice culture1 & :ile1 let u hope1 ^? :o come aft] u may nev] be compell$ to d s1 x is nev]!less q wor? :ile to /udy1 = ! sake ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 ! practices !y h be5 l$ to adopt4 ,great z is ! acreage ( l& 9 rice 9 ^! c\ntries b little1 relatively1 is ( ! dry l& type1 & ! fields ^u :i* mo/ ( ! rice gr[s h all be5 grad$ to a wat] level & surr\nd$ by l[1 n>r[ rais$ rims1 su* z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #adi & 9 ,fig4 #aej1 :]e ?ree m5 are at "w on _! foot-p[] pump1 flood+ fields prep>atory to transplant+ ! rice4 ,if ! c\ntry 0 n level !n ! slopes h be5 grad$ into horizontal t]races v>y+ 9 size accord+ to ! /eepness ( ! areas 9 :i* !y 7 cut4 ,we saw ^! (t5 no l>g] ?an ! floor ( a small room1 & ,pr(essor ,ross in=m$ me t he walk$ pa/ ^? 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a no l>g] ?an a d9+ table & t he saw "o be>+ its crop ( rice1 surr\nd$ by its rim & hold+ wat]1 yet b>ely l>g] ?an a good napk94 ,! av]age area ( ! paddy field 9 ,japan is (ficially report$ at #a4ad se1 or an area ( b #ca by #dj feet4 ,exclud+ ,hokkaido1 ,=mosa & ,k>afuto1 fifty-?ree p] c5t ( ! irrigat$ rice l&s 9 ,japan are 9 allotm5ts small] ?an "o-eigh? ( an acre1 & sev5ty-f\r p] c5t ( o!r cultivat$ l&s are held 9 areas less ?an "o-f\r? ( an acre1 & ea* ( ^! may be fur!r subdivid$4 ,! next two illu/rations1 ,figs4 #aea & #aeb1 give a good idea bo? ( ! small size ( ! rice fields & ( ! t]rac+ :i* has be5 done to secure ! wat] level bas9s4 ,! h\se /&+ ne> ! c5t] ( ,fig4 #aea is a good scale = judg+ bo? ! size ( ! paddies & ! slope ( ! valley4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s ( rice is sc>cely "o foot1 h5ce c\nt+ ^! 9 ! =egr\nd may s]ve z ano!r measure4 ,!re are m ?an tw5ty little fields %[n 9 ?is engrav+ 9 front ( ! h\se & rea*+ b half way to x1 & ! h\se 0 less ?an five hundr$ feet f ! cam]a4 ,!re are m ?an elev5 ?\s& squ>e miles ( fields ?us grad$ 9 ! ?ree ma9 isl&s ( ,japan1 ea* provid$ ) rims1 ) wat] supply & dra9age *annels1 all c>efully kept 9 ! be/ ( repair4 ,! m level areas1 too1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c\ntries1 h be5 simil>ly ?r[n into wat] level bas9s1 comp>atively few ( :i* cov] l>ge areas1 because ne>ly always ! hold+s are small4 ,all ( ! e>? excavat$ f ! canals & dra9age *annels has be5 level$ ov] ! fields unless ne$$ = levees or dikes1 s t ! orig9al labor ( con/ruction1 add$ to t ( ma9t5ance1 makes a total f> beyond our compreh5sion & ne>ly all ( x is ! product ( human ef=t4 ,! lay+ out & %ap+ ( s _m fields into ^! level bas9s br+s to ! ?ree nations an enorm\s aggregate annual asset1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* we/]n nations are n yet utiliz+4 ,! greate/ ga9 comes f ! unfail+ high] yields made possible by provid+ an abundance ( wat] ?r\gh :i* m plant food c be utiliz$1 ?us provid+ high] av]age yields4 ,! wat]s us$1 com+ z !y d l>gely f ! uncultivat$ hills & m\nta9 l&s1 c>ry+ bo? dissolv$ & susp5d$ matt]s1 make positive annual additions ( dissolv$ lime/one & plant food elem5ts to ! fields :i* 9 ! aggregate h be5 v l>ge1 ?r\gh ! p]si/5t repetitions :i* h prevail$ = c5turies4 ,if ! ye>ly application ( su* wat] to ! rice fields is b sixte5 in*es1 & ?is has ! av]age composition quot$ by ,m]rill = riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 tak+ into acc\nt nei!r susp5d$ matt] nor ! absorption ( potassium & phosphorus by x1 ea* t5 ?\s& squ>e miles w\ld receive1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 sub/ances conta9+ "s #a1djj tons ( phosphorus2 #bc1jjj tons ( potassium2 #bg1jjj tons ( nitrog52 & #dh1jjj tons ( sulphur4 ,9 addition1 !re are br\ght to ! fields "s #baf1jjj tons ( dissolv$ organic matt] & a /ill l>g] weight ( dissolv$ lime/one1 s necess>y 9 neutraliz+ ! acidity ( soils1 am\nt+ to #a1bba1jjj tons2 & su* sav+s h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan on m ?an five1 & possibly m ?an n9e1 times ! t5 ?\s& squ>e miles1 ?r\gh c5turies4 ,! phosphorus ?us turn$ ^u n9ety ?\s& squ>e miles w\ld aggregate ne>ly ?irte5 million tons 9 a ?\s& ye>s1 :i* is less ?an ! "t ! practice has be5 ma9ta9$1 & is m phosphorus ?an w\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! entire rock phosphate ?us f> m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 x all sev5ty-five p] c5t pure4 ,! canalization ( fifty ?\s& squ>e miles ( our ,gulf & ,atlantic coa/al pla91 & ! utilization on ! fields ( ! silts & organic matt]1 toge!r ) ! wat]1 w\ld mean turn+ to acc\nt a va/ tonnage ( plant food :i* is n[ wa/+ into ! sea1 & a correspond+ly great increase ( crop yield4 ,!re ought1 & x w\ld seem !re mu/ "s "t be provid$ a way = s5d+ to ! s&y pla9s ( ,florida1 & to ! s&y l&s betwe5 !re & ! ,mississippi1 l>ge volumes ( ! ri* silt & organic matt] f ?is & o!r riv]s1 aside f t :i* %\ld be appli$ sy/ematically to build+ above flood pla9 ! l&s ( ! delta :i* are subject to ov]fl[ or are too l[ to p]mit adequate dra9age4 ,x may appe> to "s t ! application ( su* l>ge volumes ( wat] to fields1 especially 9 c\ntries ( heavy ra9fall1 mu/ result 9 great loss ( plant food ?r\gh lea*+ & surface dra9age4 ,b "u ! rem>kable practices ( ^! ?ree nations ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case & x is highly important t our p %\ld und]/& & appreciate ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! practices !y h almo/ uni=mly adopt$ on ! areas devot$ to rice irrigation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! paddy fields are "u-dra9$ s t mo/ ( ! wat] ei!r leaves ! soil ?r\gh ! crop1 by surface evaporation1 or x p]colates ?r\gh ! subsoil into %all[ dra9s4 ,:5 wat] is pass$ directly f "o rice paddy to ano!r x is usually p]mitt$ "s "t aft] f]tilization1 :5 bo? soil & crop h _h "t to appropriate or fix ! soluble plant food sub/ances4 ,besides ?is1 wat] is n turn$ ^u ! fields until ! "t = transplant+ ! rice1 :5 ! plants are already provid$ ) a /rong root sy/em & are capable ( at once appropriat+ any soluble plant food :i* may develop ab\t _! roots or be c>ri$ d[nw>d ov] !m4 ,al?\gh ! dra9s are ( ! surface type & b eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet 9 dep?1 !y are suffici5tly num]\s & close s t1 al?\gh ! soil is cont9u\sly ne>ly fill$ ) wat]1 !re is a /eady p]colation ( ! fre%1 fully a]at$ wat] c>ry+ an abundance ( oxyg5 into ! soil to meet ! ne$s ( ! roots1 s t wat]melons1 egg plants1 musk melons & t>o are gr[n 9 ! rotations on ! small paddies among ! irrigat$ rice aft] ! mann] se5 9 ! illu/rations4 ,9 ,fig4 #aec ea* d\ble r[ ( egg plants is sep>at$ f ! next by a n>r[ %all[ tr5* :i* connects ) a head dra9 & 9 :i* wat] 0 /&+ )9 f\rte5 in*es ( ! surface4 ,! same 0 true 9 ! case ( ! wat]melons se5 9 ,fig4 #aed1 :]e ! v9es are gr[+ on a ?ick lay] ( /raw mul* :i* holds !m f ! moi/ soil & acts to cons]ve wat] by dim9i%+ evaporation &1 ?r\gh decay f ! summ] ra9s & lea*+1 s]ves z f]tiliz] = ! crop4 ,9 ,fig4 #aee ! view is along a pa?way sep>at+ two head dit*es betwe5 areas 9 wat]melons & t>o1 c>ry+ ! dra9age wat]s f ! sev]al furr[s into ! ma9 dit*es4 ,al?\gh ! soil appe>$ wet ! plants 7 vigor\s & heal?y1 seem+ 9 no way to suff] f insuffici5t dra9age4 ,^! p h1 !re=e1 giv5 effective att5tion to ! matt] ( dra9age z well z irrigation & are look+ aft] possible losses ( plant food1 z well z ways ( supply+ x4 ,x is n alone :]e rice is gr[n t cultural me?ods are made to cons]ve soluble plant food & to r$uce its loss f ! field1 = v (t51 :]e flood+ is n practic$1 small fields & b$s1 made q level1 are surr\nd$ by l[ rais$ bord]s :i* p]mit n only ! :ole ( any ra9 to be reta9$ ^u ! field :5 s desir$1 b x is completely di/ribut$ ov] x1 ?us caus+ ! :ole soil to be uni=mly *>g$ ) moi/ure & prev5t+ wa%+ f "o portion ( ! field to ano!r4 ,su* provisions are %[n 9 ,figs4 #acc & #ach4 ,ext5sive z is ! acreage ( irrigat$ rice 9 ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan1 ne>ly e spe> is transplant$2 ! l>ge/ & be/ crop possible1 r ?an ! lea/ labor & tr\ble1 z is s (t5 ! case ) u1 det]m9+ _! me?ods & practices4 ,we fir/ saw ! fitt+ ( ! rice nurs]y b$s at ,canton & aga9 ne> ,ka%+ 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce on ! f>m ( ,mrs4 ,wu1 ^: home/ead is se5 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,%e _h come ) h] husb& f ,n+po aft] ! ravages ( ! ,taip+ rebellion _h swept f two prov9ces alone tw5ty millions ( p & settl$ on a small area ( !n vacat$ l&4 ,z !y prosp]$ !y add$ to _! hold+ by pur*ase until ab\t tw5ty-five acres 7 acquir$1 an area ab\t t5 times t possess$ by ! usual prosp]\s family 9 ,*9a4 ,! wid[ 0 manag+ h] place1 "o ( h] sons1 al?\gh m>ri$1 be+ /ill 9 s*ool1 ! daught]-9-law liv+ ) h] "m-9-law & help+ 9 ! home4 ,h] field help dur+ ! summ] consi/$ ( sev5 labor]s & %e kept f\r c[s = ! pl[+ & pump+ ( wat] = irrigation4 ,! wages ( ! m5 7 at ! rate ( #bd1 ,mexican1 = five summ] mon?s1 toge!r ) _! meals :i* 7 f\r ea* day4 ,! ca% outlay = ! sev5 m5 0 ?us #ad4de ( our curr5cy p] mon?4 ,t5 ye>s be=e1 su* labor _h be5 #cj p] ye>1 z comp>$ ) #ej at ! "t ( our visit1 or #ab4ij & #ba4ej ( our curr5cy1 respectively4 ,h] usual yields ( rice 7 two piculs p] m[1 or tw5ty-six & two-?irds bu%els p] acre1 & a :eat crop yield+ half ?is am\nt1 or "s o!r1 0 tak5 f "p ( ! l& ! same season1 "o f]tilization answ]+ = ! two crops4 ,%e /at$ t h] annual exp5se = f]tiliz]s pur*as$ 0 usually ab\t #fj1 or #be4hj ( our curr5cy4 ,! home/ead ( ,mrs4 ,wu1 ,fig4 #aef1 consi/s ( a comp\nd 9 ! =m ( a l>ge quadrangle surr\nd+ a c\rt clos$ on ! s\? by a solid wall eight feet high4 ,! /ructure is ( e>? brick ) ! ro( ?at*$ ) rice /raw4 ,our fir/ visit "h 0 ,april #ai?4 ,! nurs]y rice b$s _h be5 plant$ f\r days1 s[+ se$ at ! rate ( tw5ty bu%els p] acre4 ,! soil _h be5 v c>efully prep>$ & highly f]tiliz$1 ! la/ treatm5t be+ a dress+ ( plant a%es s incompletely burn$ z to leave ! surface coal black4 ,! se$1 scatt]$ directly ^u ! surface1 almo/ completely cov]$ x & _h be5 g5tly beat5 b>ely into ! dress+ ( a%es1 us+ a wide1 flat-bottom basket = ! purpose4 ,ea* ev5+1 if ! night 0 likely to be cool1 wat] 0 pump$ ov] ! b$1 to be )drawn ! next day1 if w>m & sunny1 p]mitt+ ! w>m? to be absorb$ by ! black surface1 & a fre% supply ( air to be drawn into ! soil4 ,ne>ly a mon? lat]1 ,may #ad?1 a second visit 0 made to ?is f>m & "o ( ! nurs]y b$s ( rice1 z x !n appe>$1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #aei1 ! plants be+ ab\t eight in*es high & ne>+ ! /age = transplant+4 ,! field beyond ! b$ _h already be5 p>tly flood$ & pl[$1 turn+ "u ,*9ese clov] to f]m5t z gre5 manure1 prep>atory = ! rice transplant+4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! b$ & 9 front ( ! resid5ce1 ,fig4 #aef1 flood+ 0 9 progress 9 ! furr[s betwe5 ! ridges =m$ aft] ! previ\s crop ( rice 0 h>ve/$ & ^u :i* ! crop ( clov] = gre5 manure 0 gr[n4 ,imm$iately at "o end ( ! two s]ies ( nurs]y b$s1 "o ( :i* is se5 9 ,fig4 #aei1 0 ! pump+ plant se5 9 ,fig4 #aeg1 "u a ?at*$ %elt]1 ) its two pumps in/all$ at ! end ( a wat] *annel lead+ f ! canal4 ,"o ( ^! wood5 pump p[]s1 ) ! bl9dfold$ c[ atta*$1 is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #aeh & j beyond ! animal's head may be se5 ! long h&le dipp] to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 us$ = collect+ excreta4 ,m ?an a mon? is sav$ = matur+ & h>ve/+ w9t] & e>ly spr+ crops1 or 9 fitt+ ! fields = rice1 by ?is plant+ 9 nurs]y b$s4 ,! irrigation p]iod = mo/ ( ! l& is cut %ort a l am\nt1 sav+ 9 bo? wat] & "t4 ,x is *eap] & easi] to highly f]tilize & prep>e a small area = ! nurs]y1 :ile at ! same "t mu* /rong] & m uni=m plants are secur$ ?an w\ld be possible by s[+ 9 ! field4 ,! labor ( we$+ & c>+ = ! plants 9 ! nurs]y is f> less ?an w\ld be requir$ 9 ! field4 ,x w\ld be practically impossible to fit ! entire rice areas z e>ly 9 ! season z ! nurs]y b$s are fitt$1 = ! gre5 manure is n yet gr[n & "t is requir$ = compo/+ or = decay+1 if pl[$ "u directly4 ,! rice plants 9 ! nurs]y are c>ri$ to a /age :5 !y are /rong fe$]s & :5 set into ! newly prep>$1 f]tiliz$1 clean soil ( ! field !y are ready to fe$ /rongly "u ^! mo/ favorable conditions ,bo? "t & /r5g? ( plant are ?us ga9$ & ^! p are foll[+ :at w\ld appe> to be ! be/ possible practices "u _! condition ( small hold+s & d5se population4 ,) our broad fields1 our ma*9]y & few p1 _! sy/em appe>s to u crude & impossible1 b cut our hold+s to ! size ( !irs & ! same /roke makes our ma*9]y1 ev5 our pl[s1 /ill m impossible1 & s ! m "o /udies ! environm5t ( ^! p1 ?us f> unavoidable1 _! numb]s1 :at !y h done & are do+1 aga9/ :at odds !y h succe$$1 ! m difficult x becomes to see :at c\rse might h be5 bett]4 ,h[ full ) "w is ! mon? :i* prec$es ! transplant+ ( rice has be5 po9t$ out1--! mak+ ( ! compo/ f]tiliz]2 h>ve/+ ! :eat1 rape & beans2 di/ribut+ ! compo/ ov] ! fields1 & _! flood+ & pl[+4 ,9 ,fig4 #afj "o ( ^! fields is se5 pl[$1 smoo!d & ne>ly ready = ! plants4 ,! turn$ soil _h be5 ?or\ghly pulv]iz$1 level$ & work$ to ! consi/5cy ( mort>1 on ! l>g] fields ) "o or ano!r sort ( h>r[1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #afj & #afa4 ,?is ?or\gh puddl+ ( ! soil p]mits ! plants to be quickly set & provides conditions :i* ensure imm$iate p]fect contact = ! roots4 ,:5 ! fields are ready wom5 repair to ! nurs]ies ) _! l[ f\r-legg$ bamboo /ools1 to pull ! rice plants1 c>efully r9s+ ! soil f ! roots1 & !n tie !m into bundles ( a size easily h&l$ 9 transplant+1 :i* are !n di/ribut$ 9 ! fields4 ,! "w ( transplant+ may be done by gr\ps ( families *ang+ "w1 a consid]able numb] ( !m labor+ toge!r aft] ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #afc1 made f f\r snap %ots tak5 f ! same po9t at int]vals ( fifte5 m9utes4 ,long cords 7 /ret*$ 9 ! rice field six feet ap>t & ea* ( ! sev5 m5 0 sett+ six r[s ( rice "o foot ap>t1 six to eight plants 9 a hill1 & ! hills eight or n9e in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,!1 bundle 0 held 9 "o h& & deftly1 ) ! o!r1 ! desir$ numb] ( plants 7 select$ ) ! f+]s at ! roots1 sep>at$ f ! re/ &1 ) a s+le ?ru/1 set 9 place 9 ! r[4 ,!re 0 no pack+ ( e>? ab\t ! roots1 ea* hill be+ set ) a s+le motion1 :i* foll[$ "o ano!r 9 quick succession1 complet+ "o cross r[ ( six hills aft] ano!r4 ,! m5 move backw>d across ! field1 complet+ "o entire section1 toss+ ! unus$ plants into ! unset field4 ,!n reset ! l9es to cov] ano!r section4 ,we 7 told t ! usual day's "w ( transplant+1 = a man "u ^! conditions1 aft] ! field is fitt$ & ! plants are br\ght to him1 is two m[ or "o-?ird ( an acre4 ,! sev5 m5 9 ?is gr\p w\ld ?us set two & a ?ird acres p] day &1 at ! wage ,mrs4 ,wu 0 pay+1 ! ca% outlay1 if ! help 0 hir$1 w\ld be ne>ly #ba c5ts p] acre4 ,?is is m *eaply ?an we are able to set cabbage & tobacco plants ) our be/ ma*9e me?ods4 ,9 ,japan1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #afd & #afe1 ! wom5 p>ticipate 9 ! "w ( sett+ ! plants m ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,aft] ! rice has be5 transplant$ its c>e1 unlike t ( our :eat crop1 does n cease4 ,x mu/ be ho$1 f]tiliz$ & wat]$4 ,to facilitate ! wat]+ all fields h be5 level$1 canals1 dit*es & dra9s provid$1 & to aid 9 f]tiliz+ & hoe+1 ! sett+ has be5 9 r[s & 9 hills 9 ! r[4 ,! fir/ work+ ( ! rice fields aft] ! transplant+1 z we saw x 9 ,japan1 consi/$ 9 spad+ betwe5 ! hills ) a f\r-t9$ hoe1 app>5tly m = loos5+ ! soil & a]ation ?an = kill+ we$s4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! field 0 gone ov] aga9 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #aff1 :]e ! man is us+ 8 b>e h&s to smoo? & level ! /irr$ soil1 tak+ c>e to eradicate e we$1 bury+ !m b5ea? ! mud1 & to /raight5 ea* hill ( rice z x is pass$4 ,sometimes ! f+]s are arm$ ) bamboo claws to facilitate ! we$+4 ,ma*9]y 9 ! =m ( revolv+ h& cultivators is rec5tly com+ into use 9 ,japan1 & two m5 us+ ^! are se5 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,9 ^! cultivators ! tee? are m\nt$ on an axle s z to revolve z ! cultivator is pu%$ along ! r[4 ,f]tilization = ! rice crop receives ! greate/ att5tion ev]y:]e by ^! ?ree nations & 9 no direction m ?an 9 ma9ta9+ ! /ore ( organic matt] 9 ! soil4 ,! p9k clov]1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ,figs4 #ii & #ajj1 is ext5sively s[$ aft] a crop ( rice is h>ve/$ 9 ! fall & comes into full bloom1 ready to cut = compo/ or to turn "u directly :5 ! rice fields are pl[$4 ,eighte5 to tw5ty tons ( ?is gre5 clov] are produc$ p] acre1 & 9 ,japan ?is is usually appli$ to ab\t ?ree acres1 ! /ubble & roots s]v+ = ! field produc+ ! clov]1 ?us giv+ a dress+ ( six to sev5 tons ( gre5 manure p] acre1 c>ry+ n less ?an #cg p\nds ( potassium2 #e p\nds ( phosphorus1 & #eh p\nds ( nitrog54 ,:]e ! families are l>ge & ! hold+s small1 s !y _c sp>e room to gr[ ! gre5 manure crop1 x is ga!r$ on ! m\nta91 we$ & hill l&s1 or x may be cut 9 ! canals4 ,on our boat trip we/ f ,soo*[ ! la/ ( ,may1 _m boats 7 pass$ c>ry+ tons ( ! long gre5 ribbon-l grass1 cut & ga!r$ f ! bottom ( ! canal4 ,to cut ?is grass m5 7 work+ to _! armpits 9 ! wat] ( ! canal1 us+ a cresc5t-%ap$ knife m\nt$ l an an*or f ! end ( a #af-;foot bamboo h&le4 ,?is 0 %ov$ =w>d along ! bottom ( ! canal & !n drawn backw>d1 cutt+ ! grass1 :i* rose to ! surface :]e x 0 ga!r$ ^u ! boats4 ,or mat]ial = gre5 manure may be cut on grave1 m\nta9 or hill l&s1 z describ$ "u ,fig4 #aae4 ,! /raw ( rice & o!r gra9 & ! /ems ( any plant n usable z fuel may also be work$ into ! mud ( rice fields1 z may ! *aff :i* is (t5 scatt]$ ^u ! wat] aft] ! rice is transplant$1 z 9 ,fig4 #afh4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! utilization ( wa/e ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ^! c\ntries to ma9ta9 ! productive p[] ( _! soils1 b x is wor? :ile1 9 ! int]e/s ( we/]n nations1 z help+ !m to realize ! ultimate necessity ( su* economies1 to /ate aga91 9 m explicit t]ms1 :at ,japan is do+4 ,dr4 ,kawagu*i1 ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 tak+ 8 data f _! records1 in=m$ me t ,japan produc$1 9 #aijh1 & appli$ to h] fields1 #bc1hej1bie tons ( human manure2 #bb1hab1ghg tons ( compo/2 & %e import$ #gec1jgd tons ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 #gjjj ( :i* 7 phosphates 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,9 addition to ^! %e mu/ h appli$ n less ?an #a1djd1jjj tons ( fuel a%es & #aj1ahe1ejj tons ( gre5 manure products gr[n on h] hill & we$ l&s1 & all ( ^! appli$ to less ?an #ad1jjj1jjj acres ( cultivat$ field1 & x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ?is is done because z yet !y h f\nd no bett] way ( p]man5tly ma9ta9+ a f]tility capable ( fe$+ h] millions4 ,besides f]tiliz+1 transplant+ & we$+ ! rice crop !re is ! enorm\s task ( irrigation to be ma9ta9$ until ! rice is ne>ly matur$4 ,mu* ( ! wat] us$ is lift$ by animal p[] & a l>ge %>e ( ?is is human4 ,fig4 #afi %[s two ,*9ese m5 9 _! cool1 capaci\s1 n[h]e-t\*+ summ] tr\s]s fl++ wat] ) ! sw++ basket1 & x is surpris+ ! am\nt ( wat] :i* may be rais$ ?ree to f\r feet by ?is means4 ,! portable spool w9dlass1 9 ,figs4 #bg & #abc1 has be5 describ$1 & ,fig4 #agj %[s ! quadrangul>1 cone-%ap$ bucket & sweep ext5sively us$ 9 ,*ihli4 ,?is man 0 supply+ wat] suffici5t = ! irrigation ( half an acre1 p] day1 lift+ ! wat] eight feet4 ,! =m ( pump mo/ us$ 9 ,*9a & ! foot-p[] = work+ x are se5 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,?ree m5 work+ a simil> pump are se5 9 ,fig4 #aej1 a clos] view ( ?ree m5 work+ ! foot-p[] may be se5 9 ,fig4 #db & /ill ano!r /&s adjac5t to a s]ies ( flood$ fields 9 ,fig4 #agb4 ,:]e ?is view 0 tak5 ! old f>m] in=m$ u t two m51 ) ?is pump1 lift+ wat] ?ree feet1 7 able to cov] two m[ ( l& ) ?ree in*es ( wat] 9 two h\rs4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #b4e acre-in*es ( wat] p] t5 h\rs p] man1 & = #ab to #ae c5ts1 our curr5cy1 ?us mak+ sixte5 acre-in*es1 or ! season's supply ( wat]1 co/ #gg to #if c5ts1 :]e coolie labor is hir$ & f$4 ,su* is ! effici5cy ( human p[] appli$ to ! ,*9ese pump1 measur$ 9 ,am]ican curr5cy4 ,?is pump is simply an op5 box tr\gh 9 :i* travels a wood5 *a9 c>ry+ a s]ies ( loosely fitt+ bo>ds :i* raise ! wat] f ! canal1 dis*>g+ x into ! field4 ,! size ( ! tr\gh & ( ! buckets are v>i$ to suit ! p[] appli$ & ! am\nt ( wat] to be lift$4 ,crude z x appe>s !re is no?+ 9 we/]n manufacture t c compete ) x 9 fir/ co/1 ma9t5ance or effici5cy = ,*9ese conditions & no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( all ^! p ?an _! effici5t1 simple appliances ( all k9ds1 :i* !y h r$uc$ to ! l[e/ t]ms 9 e feature ( con/ruction & co/4 ,! greate/ results are accompli%$ by ! simple/ means4 ,if a canal mu/ be bridg$ & x is too wide to be cov]$ by a s+le span1 ! ,*9ese eng9e] may erect x at "s conv5i5t place & turn ! canal "u x :5 complet$4 ,?is we saw 9 ! case ( a new railroad bridge ne> ,sungkiang4 ,! bridge 0 complet$ & ! wat] _h j be5 turn$ "u x & 0 be+ compell$ to make its own excavation4 ,great exp5se _h be5 sav$ :ile traffic on ! canal _h n be5 ob/ruct$4 ,9 ! foot-p[] :eel ( ,japan all ge>+ is elim9at$ & ! man walks ! paddles !mselves1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,"s ( ^! :eels are t5 feet 9 diamet]1 dep5d+ ^u ! height ! wat] mu/ be lift$4 ,irrigation by animal p[] is ext5sively practic$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c\ntries1 employ+ mo/ly ! type ( p[] :eel %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,! next illu/ration1 ,fig4 #agd1 %[s ! mo/ common type ( %elt] se5 9 ,*ekiang & ,kiangsu prov9ces1 :i* are !re v num]\s4 ,we c\nt$ z _m z =ty su* %elt]s 9 a semi-circle ( half a mile radius4 ,!y provide com=t = ! animals dur+ bo? sun%9e & ra91 = "u no conditions mu/ ! wat] be p]mitt$ to run l[ on ! rice fields1 & ev]y:]e _! dome/ic animals receive k9d1 ?\ghtful treatm5t4 ,9 ! less level sections1 :]e /reams h suffici5t fall1 curr5t :eels are 9 common use1 c>ry+ buckets ne> _! circumf]5ce arrang$ s z to fill :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 & to empty aft] rea*+ ! highe/ level into a receptacle provid$ ) a conduit :i* leads ! wat] to ! field4 ,9 ,sze*wan prov9ce "s ( ^! curr5t :eels are s l>ge & gracefully con/ruct$ z to /rongly sugge/ ,f]ris :eels4 ,a view ( "o ( ^! we are p]mitt$ to pres5t 9 ,fig4 #age1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,roll9 ,t4 ,*amb]l9 :o took ! photograph f :i* ! engrav+ 0 prep>$4 ,?is :eel :i* 0 "s =ty feet 9 diamet]1 0 work+ :5 ! snap %ot 0 tak51 rais+ ! wat] & p\r+ x into ! horizontal tr\gh se5 ne> ! top ( ! :eel1 c>ri$ at ! summit ( a pair ( heavy poles /&+ on ! f> side ( ! :eel4 ,f ?is tr\gh1 lead+ away to ! left above ! sky l9e1 is ! long pipe1 consi/+ ( bamboo /ems jo9$ toge!r1 = convey+ ! wat] to ! fields4 ,:5 ! h>ve/ "t has come1 not)/&+ ! l>ge acreage ( gra91 yield+ hundr$s ( millions ( bu%els1 ! small1 widely scatt]$ hold+s & ! surface ( ! fields r5d] all ( our ma*9e me?ods q impossible4 ,ev5 our gra9 cradle1 :i* prec$$ ! reap]1 w\ld n d1 & ! great task is /ill met ) ! old-"t sickle1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #agf1 cutt+ ! rice hill by hill1 z x 0 transplant$4 ,previ\s to ! "t = cutt+1 aft] ! se$ is well matur$1 ! wat] is drawn (f & ! l& p]mitt$ to dry & h>d54 ,! ra9y season is n yet ov] & mu* c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 cur+ ! crop4 ,! bundles may be %ock$ 9 r[s along ! m>g9s ( ! paddies1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #agf1 or !y may be susp5d$1 heads d[n1 f bamboo poles z se5 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! ?re%+ is accompli%$ by draw+ ! heads ( ! rice ?r\gh ! tee? ( a metal comb m\nt$ z se5 at ! "r 9 ,fig4 #agh1 ne> ! l[] corn]1 beh9d ! basket1 :]e a man & woman are occupi$ 9 w9n[+ ! du/ & *aff f ! gra9 by means ( a l>ge d\ble fan4 ,fann+ mills built on ! pr9ciple ( ^? us$ by our f>m]s & closely resembl+ !m h long be5 us$ 9 bo? ,*9a & ,japan4 ,aft] ! rice is ?re%$ ! gra9 mu/ be hull$ be=e x c s]ve z food1 & ! olde/ & simple/ me?od ( poli%+ us$ by ! ,japanese is se5 91 ,fig4 #agi1 :]e ! friction ( ! gra9 ^u itself does ! poli%+4 ,a quantity ( rice is p\r$ into ! receptacle :51 ) heavy bl[s1 ! long-head$ plung] is driv5 into ! mass ( rice1 ?us =c+ ! k]nels to slide ov] "o ano!r until1 by _! abrasion1 ! desir$ result is secur$4 ,! same me?od ( poli%+1 on a l>g] scale1 is accompli%$ :]e ! plung]s are work$ by ! weight ( ! body1 a s]ies ( m5 /epp+ ^u lev] h&les ( weight$ plung]s1 rais+ !m & all[+ !m to fall "u ! =ce ( ! weight atta*$4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 mills work$ by gasol9e eng9es are 9 op]ation = bo? hull+ & poli%+1 9 ,japan4 ,! _m uses to :i* rice /raw is put 9 ! economies ( ^! p make x almo/ z important z ! rice itself4 ,z food & b$d+ = cattle & horses2 z ?at*+ mat]ial = dwell+s & o!r %elt]s2 z fuel2 z a mul*2 z a s\rce ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 & z a f]tiliz]1 x repres5ts a money value :i* is v l>ge4 ,besides ^! ultimate uses ! rice /raw is ext5sively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( articles us$ 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,x is e/imat$ t n less ?an #ahh1gjj1jjj bags su* z are se5 9 ,figs4 #ahj & #aha1 wor? #c1aaj1jjj are made annually f ! rice /raw 9 ,japan1 = h&l+ #cdf1aej1jjj bu%els ( c]eals & #bh1aij1jjj bu%els ( beans2 & besides ^!1 great numb]s ( bags are employ$ 9 transport+ fi% & o!r prep>$ manures4 ,9 ! prefecture ( ,hyogo1 ) #eif squ>e miles ( f>m l&1 z comp>$ ) ,rhode ,isl&'s #gab squ>e miles1 ,hyogo f>m]s produc$ 9 #aijf1 on #bfe1jdj acres1 #aj1ehd1jjj bu%els ( rice wor? #af1aia1djj1 secur+ an av]age yield ( almo/ =ty bu%els p] acre & a gross return ( #fa = ! gra9 alone4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ^! f>m]s grew on ! same l&1 ! same season1 at lea/ "o o!r crop4 ,:]e ?is 0 b>ley ! av]age yield exce$$ tw5ty-six bu%els p] acre1 wor? #ag4 ,9 connection ) _! f>m duties ^! ,japanese families manufactur$1 f a portion ( _! rice /raw1 at night & dur+ ! leisure h\rs ( w9t]1 #h1ihj1jjj pieces ( matt+ & nett+ ( diff]5t k9ds hav+ a m>ket value ( #bfb1jjj2 #d1hch1jjj bags wor? #ahe1jjj2 #h1gdb1jjj slipp]s wor? #cd1jjj2 #f1bed1jjj s&als wor? #cj1jjj2 & miscellane\s articles wor? #fd1jjj4 ,?is is a gross e>n+ ( m ?an #ba1jjj1jjj f elev5 & a half t[n%ips ( f>m l& & ! labor ( ! f>m]s' families1 an av]age e>n+ (1 #hj p] acre on ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! f>m l& ( ?is prefecture4 ,at ?is rate ?ree ( ! f\r =ties ( our #afj-;acre f>ms %\ld br+ a gross annual income ( #i1fjj & ! f\r? =ty %\ld pay ! exp5ses4 ,at ! ,n>a ,exp]im5t ,/ation we 7 in=m$ t ! money value ( a good crop ( rice 9 t prefecture %\ld be plac$ at n9ety doll>s p] acre = ! gra9 & eight doll>s = ! unmanufactur$ /raw2 ?irty-six doll>s p] acre = ! crop ( nak$ b>ley & two doll>s p] acre = ! /raw4 ,! f>m]s "h practice a rotation ( rice & b>ley cov]+ f\r or five ye>s1 foll[$ by a summ] crop ( melons1 wor? #cbj p] acre & "s o!r vegetable in/ead ( ! rice on ! fif? or six? ye>1 wor? eighty y5 p] tan1 or #afj p] acre4 ,to secure gre5 manure = f]tiliz+1 soy beans are plant$ ea* ye> 9 ! space betwe5 ! r[s ( b>ley1 ! b>ley be+ plant$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,"o week aft] ! b>ley is h>ve/$ ! soy beans1 :i* produce a yield ( #afj kan p] tan1 or #ebij p\nds p] acre1 are turn$ "u & ! gr\nd fitt$ = rice1 ,at ^! rates ! ,n>a f>m]s are produc+ on f\r-fif?s or five-six?s ( _! rice l&s a gross e>n+ ( #acf p] acre annually1 & on ! o!r fif? or six?1 an e>n+ ( #dhj p] acre1 n c\nt+ ! annual crop ( soy beans us$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! nitrog5 & organic matt] 9 _! soils1 & n c\nt+ _! e>n+s f home manufactures4 ,c ! f>m]s ( our s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,coa/ /ates1 :i* are 9 ! same latitude1 sometime atta9 to ?is /&>d8 ,we see no reason :y !y %\ld n1 b only ) ! be/ ( irrigation1 f]tilization & prop] rotation1 ) multiple cropp+4 ,,xiii ,,silk ,,culture ,ano!r ( ! great & 9 "s ways "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable indu/ries ( ! ,ori5t is t ( silk production1 & its manufacture into ! mo/ exquisite & beautiful fabrics 9 ! _w4 ,rem>kable = its magnitude2 = hav+ _h its bir?place app>5tly 9 olde/ ,*9a1 at lea/ #bfjj ye>s ,b4 ,c42 = hav+ be5 f\nd$ on ! dome/ication ( a wild insect ( ! woods2 & = hav+ liv$ ?r\gh m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s1 exp&+ until a #a1jjj1jjj c>go ( ! product has be5 laid d[n on our we/]n coa/ at "o "t & ru%$ by special fa/ express to ,new ,york ,city = ! ,*ri/mas trade4 ,japan produc$ 9 #aijg #bf1jgb1jjj p\nds ( raw silk f #ag1aed1jjj bu%els ( cocoons1 fe$+ ! silkworms f mulb]ry leaves gr[n on #ieg1efj acres4 ,at ! export sell+ price ( ?is silk 9 ,japan ! crop repres5ts a money value ( #abd1jjj1jjj1 or m ?an two doll>s p] capita = ! entire population ( ! ,empire2 & engag$ 9 ! c>e ( ! silkworms1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf & #ahg1 !re 71 9 #aijf1 #a1djg1gff families or "s #g1jjj1jjj p4 ,ri*>d's geography ( ! ,*9ese ,empire places ! total export ( raw silk to all c\ntries1 f ,*9a1 9 #aije1 at #cj1dac1bjj p\nds1 & ?is1 at ! ,japanese export price1 repres5ts a value ( #ade1jjj1jjj4 ,ri*>d also /ates t ! value ( ! annual ,*9ese export ( silk to ,france am\nts to #aj1jjj1jjj p\nds /]l+ & t ?is is b twelve p] c5t ( ! total1 f :i* x appe>s t h] total export alone rea*es a value ne> #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,! use ( silk 9 we>+ app>el is m g5]al among ! ,*9ese ?an among ! ,japanese1 & ) ,*9a's eightfold great] population1 ! home consumption ( silk mu/ be l>ge inde$ & h] annual production mu/ mu* exce$ t ( ,japan4 ,hosie places ! output ( raw silk 9 ,sze*wan at #e1dci1ejj p\nds1 :i* is ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! total output ( ,japan1 & silk is ext5sively gr[n 9 eight o!r prov9ces1 :i* toge!r h an area ne>ly fivefold t ( ,japan4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t a l[ e/imate ( ,*9a's annual production ( raw silk mu/ be "s #abj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 & ?is1 ) ! output ( ,japan & ,korea1 w\ld make a product = ! ?ree c\ntries probably exce$+ #aej1jjj1jjj p\nds annually1 repres5t+ a total value ( p]haps #gjj1jjj1jjj2 q equall+ 9 value ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b produc$ on less ?an "o-eigh? ( ! area4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,c\nt ,d&ola1 ! worms :i* contribute to ?is va/ e>n+ are s small t "s #gjj1jjj ( !m weigh at hat*+ only "o p\nd1 b !y gr[ v rapidly1 %$ _! sk9s f\r times1 weigh+ #ae p\nds at ! "t ( ! fir/ m\lt1 #id p\nds at ! second1 #djj p\nds at ! ?ird1 #afbh p\nds at ! f\r? m\lt+ & :5 mature h come to weigh ne>ly five tons--#iejj p\nds4 ,b 9 mak+ ?is gr[? dur+ ab\t ?irty-six days1 accord+ to ,paton1 ! #gjj1jjj worms h eat5 #aje p\nds by ! "t ( ! fir/ m\lt2 #cae p\nds by ! second2 #ajej p\nds by ! ?ird2 #caej p\nds by ! f\r?1 & 9 ! f9al p]iod1 be=e sp9n+1 #ai1bae p\nds1 ?us consum+ 9 all ne>ly twelve tons ( mulb]ry leaves 9 produc+ ne>ly five tons ( live weight1 or at ! rate ( two & a half p\nds ( gre5 leaf to "o p\nd ( gr[?4 ,accord+ to ,paton1 ! cocoons f ! #gjj1jjj worms w\ld weigh betwe5 #adjj & #bajj p\nds & ^!1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,hosie 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sze*wan1 w\ld yield ab\t "o-twelf? _! weight ( raw silk4 ,on ?is basis ! "o p\nd ( worms hat*$ f ! eggs w\ld yield betwe5 #aaf & #age p\nds ( raw silk1 wor?1 at ! ,japanese export price = #aijg1 betwe5 #eej & #hcb1 & #afd p\nds ( gre5 mulb]ry leaves w\ld be requir$ to produce a p\nd ( silk4 ,a ,*9ese bank] 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce1 ) :om we talk$1 /at$ t ! "y worms :i* w\ld hat* f ! eggs spread on a %eet ( pap] twelve by eighte5 in*es w\ld consume1 9 com+ to maturity1 #bffj p\nds ( mulb]ry leaves & w\ld sp9 #ba4f p\nds ( silk4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #abc p\nds ( leaves to "o p\nd ( silk4 ,! ,japanese crop = #aijg1 #bf1jgb1jjj p\nds1 produc$ on #ieg1efj acres1 is a mean yield ( #bg4bc p\nds ( raw silk p] acre ( mulb]ries1 & ?is w\ld require a mean yield ( #ddfe p\nds ( gre5 mulb]ry leaves p] acre1 at ! rate ( #afd p\nds p] p\nd ( silk4 ,ord9>y silk 9 ^! c\ntries is produc$ l>gely f ?ree v>ieties ( mulb]ries1 & f !m !re may be ?ree pick+s ( leaves = ! re>+ ( a spr+1 summ] & autumn crop ( silk4 ,we le>n$ at ! ,nagoya ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,japan1 t !re good spr+ yields ( mulb]ry leaves are at ! rate ( #djj kan1 ! second crop1 #aej kan1 & ! ?ird crop1 #bej kan p] tan1 mak+ a total yield ( ov] ?irte5 tons ( gre5 leaves p] acre4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to be mat]ially high] ?an ! av]age = ! ,empire4 ,9 ,fig4 #ahh is a ne> view ( a mulb]ry or*>d 9 ,*ekiang prov9ce1 :i* has be5 v heavily f]tiliz$ ) canal mud1 & :i* 0 at ! /age = cutt+ ! leaves to fe$ ! fir/ crop ( silkworms4 ,a bundle ( cut limbs is 9 ! crot* ( ! front tree 9 ! view4 ,^? :o raise mulb]ry leaves are n usually ! fe$]s ( ! silkworms & ! leaves f ?is or*>d 7 be+ sold at "o doll>1 ,mexican1 p] picul1 or #cb4be c5ts p] "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,! same price 0 be+ paid a week lat] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nank+1 ,kiangsu prov9ce4 ,! mulb]ry trees1 z !y appe> be=e com+ into leaf 9 ! e>ly spr+1 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,! long limbs are ! %oots ( ! la/ ye>'s gr[?1 f :i* at lea/ "o crop ( leaves _h be5 pick$1 & 9 heal?y or*>ds !y may h a l5g? ( two to ?ree feet4 ,an or*>d f a portion ( :i* ! limbs _h j be5 cut1 pres5t$ ! appe>ance se5 9 ,fig4 #aij4 ,^! trees 7 twelve to fifte5 ye>s old & ! enl>gem5ts on ! ends ( ! limbs result$ f ! frequ5t prun+1 ye> aft] ye>1 at ne>ly ! same place4 ,! gr\nd "u ^! trees 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) a gr[? ( p9k clov] j com+ into bloom1 :i* w\ld be spad$ into ! soil1 provid+ nitrog5 & organic matt]1 ^: decay w\ld lib]ate pota%1 phosphorus & o!r m9]al plant food elem5ts = ! crop4 ,9 ,fig4 #aia ?ree r[s ( mulb]ry trees1 plant$ f\r feet ap>t1 /& on a n>r[ embankm5t rais$ f\r feet1 p>tly ?r\gh adju/+ ! surr\nd+ fields = rice1 & p>tly by additions ( canal mud us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,on ei!r side ( ! mulb]ries is a crop ( w9dsor beans1 & on ! left a crop ( rape1 bo? ( :i* w\ld be h>ve/$ 9 e>ly ,june1 ! gr\nd :]e !y /& flood$1 pl[$ & transplant$ to rice4 ,?is & ! o!r mulb]ry views 7 tak5 9 ! ext5sively canaliz$ portion ( ,*9a repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! f>m] own+ ?is or*>d _h j f9i%$ cutt+ two l>ge bundles ( limbs = ! sale ( ! leaves 9 ! village4 ,he /at$ t 8 fir/ crop ord9>ily yields f ?ree to z _m z tw5ty piculs p] m[1 b t ! second crop seldom exce$$ two to ?ree piculs4 ,! fir/ & second crop ( leaves1 if yield+ toge!r tw5ty-?ree piculs p] m[1 w\ld am\nt to #i4b tons p] acre1 wor?1 at ! price nam$1 #ei4cd4 ,mulb]ry leaves mu/ be deliv]$ fre% z soon z ga!r$ & mu/ be f$ ! same day1 ! limbs1 :51 /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 at ! place :]e ^! are sold1 are ti$ into bundles & res]v$ = use z fuel4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,*9a ! mulb]ry is gr[n f l[ cutt+s root$ by lay]+4 ,we h be=e spok5 ( our five h\rs ride 9 ! ,canton delta region1 on ! /eam] ,nann+1 ?r\gh ext5sive fields ( l[ mulb]ry !n 9 full leaf1 :i* 7 fir/ mi/ak5 = cotton ne>+ ! blossom /age4 ,?is =m ( mulb]ry is se5 9 ,fig4 #dc1 & ! same me?od ( prun+ is practic$ 9 s\!rn ,japan4 ,9 middle ,japan high prun+1 z 9 ,*ekiang & ,kiangsu prov9ces1 is foll[$1 b 9 nor!rn ,japan ! leaves are pick$ directly1 z is ! case ) ! la/ crop ( leaves ev]y:]e1 prun+ n be+ practic$ 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes4 ,n all silk produc$ 9 ^! nor!rn c\ntries is f ! dome/icat$ ,bombyx mori1 l>ge am\nts be+ obta9$ f ! sp9n+s ( wild silkworms fe$+ ^u ! leaves ( species ( oak gr[+ on ! m\nta9 & hill l&s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan4 ,9 ,*9a ! collections 9 l>ge/ am\nt are reel$ f ! cocoons ( ! tussur worm 7,an!raea p]nyi7 ga!r$ 9 ,%antung1 ,honan1 ,kwei*[ & ,sze*wan prov9ces4 ,9 ! hilly p>ts ( ,man*uria also ?is indu/ry is atta9+ l>ge proportions1 ! cocoons be+ s5t to ,*efoo 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 to be wov5 into pongee silk4 ,m4 ,r&ot has e/imat$ ! annual crop ( wild silk cocoons 9 ,sze*wan at #aj1ahj1jjj p\nds1 al?\gh 9 ! op9ion ( ,alex&] ,hosie mu* ( ?is may come f ,kwei*[4 ,ri*>d places ! export ( raw wild silk f ! :ole ( ,*9a prop]1 9 #aijd1 at #d1djj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is w\ld mean n less ?an #ge1cjj1jjj p\nds ( wild cocoons & may be less ?an half ! home consumption4 ,f data collect$ by ,alex&] ,hosie x appe>s t 9 #ahii ! export ( raw tussur silk f ,man*uria1 ?r\gh ! port ( ,new*wang by /eam] alone1 0 #a1hfb1ddh p\nds1 valu$ at #a1gba1bjj1 & ! production is increas+ rapidly4 ,! export f ! same port ! previ\s ye>1 by /eam]1 0 #a1jdf1gjd p\nds4 ,?is all comes f ! hilly & m\nta9 l&s s\? ( ,mukd51 ly+ betwe5 ! ,liao pla9 on ! we/ & ! ,yalu riv] on ! ea/1 cov]+ "s five ?\s& squ>e miles1 :i* we cross$ on ! ,antung-,mukd5 railway4 ,!re are two broods ( ^! wild silkworms ea* season1 betwe5 e>ly ,may & e>ly ,octob]4 ,cocoons ( ! fall brood are kept ?r\gh ! w9t] & :5 ! mo?s come =? !y are caus$ to lay _! eggs on pieces ( clo? & :5 ! worms are hat*$ !y are f$ until ! fir/ m\lt ^u ! succul5t new oak leaves ga!r$ f ! hills1 aft] :i* ! worms are tak5 to ! l[ oak gr[? on ! hills :]e !y fe$ !mselves & sp9 _! cocoons "u ! cov] ( leaves drawn ab\t !m4 ,! mo?s res]v$ f ! fir/ brood1 aft] becom+ f]tile1 are ti$ by means ( ?reads to ! oak bu%es :]e !y deposit ! eggs :i* produce ! second crop ( tussur silk4 ,to ma9ta9 an abundance ( succul5t leaves )9 rea* ! oaks are p]iodically cut back4 ,?us ^! pla9 p1 pati5t1 frugal1 un%r9k+ f toil1 ! basic units ( ?ree ( ! olde/ nations1 g to ! uncultivat$ hill l&s & f ! wild oak & ! millions ( insects :i* !y help to fe$ ^u x1 n only create a valuable export trade b procure mat]ial = clo?+1 fuel1 f]tiliz] & food1 = ! l>ge *rysalides1 cook$ 9 ! reel+ ( ! silk1 may be eat5 at once or are season$ ) sauce to be us$ lat]4 ,besides ?is1 ! la/ unreelable portion ( ea* cocoon is laid aside to be manufactur$ into silk wadd+ & into s(t mattresses = caskets ^u :i* ! weal?y lay _! dead4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,tea ,,indu/ry ,! cultivation ( tea 9 ,*9a & ,japan is ano!r ( ! great indu/ries ( ^! nations1 tak+ rank ) t ( s]iculture1 if n above x1 9 ! important "p x plays 9 ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t ! indu/ry has its f\ndation 9 ! ne$ ( some?+ to r5d] boil$ wat] palatable = dr9k+ purposes4 ,! dr9k+ ( boil$ wat] has be5 univ]sally adopt$ 9 ^! c\ntries z an individually available1 ?or\ghly effici5t & safe gu>d aga9/ t class ( deadly disease g]ms :i* x has be5 almo/ impossible to exclude f ! dr9k+ wat] ( any d5sely peopl$ c\ntry4 ,s f> z may be judg$ f ! success ( ! mo/ ?or\gh sanit>y measures ?us f> in/itut$1 & tak+ into consid]ation ! inh]5t difficulties :i* mu/ increase enorm\sly ) increas+ populations1 x appe>s inevitable t mod]n me?ods mu/ ultimately fail 9 sanit>y effici5cy & t absolute safety mu/ be secur$ 9 "s mann] hav+ ! equival5t effect ( boil+ wat]1 long ago adopt$ by ! ,mongolian races1 & :i* de/roys active disease g]ms at ! late/ mom5t be=e us+4 ,& x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! boil+ ( dr9k+ wat] 9 ,*9a & ,japan has be5 dem&$ q z mu* because ( conge/$ rural populations z to gu>d aga9/ su* dang]s 9 l>ge cities1 :ile z yet our sanit>y eng9e]s h dealt only ) ! urban phases ( ?is mo/ vital problem & *iefly1 too1 ?us f>1 only :]e x has be5 possible to procure ! wat] supply 9 comp>atively unpopulat$ hill l&s4 ,b su* opportunities _c rema9 available indef9itely1 any m ?an !y did 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 & already typhoid epidemics break out 9 our l>ge cities & citiz5s are advis$ to boil _! dr9k+ wat]4 ,if tea dr9k+ 9 ! family is to rema9 g5]al 9 mo/ portions ( ! _w1 & especially if x %all increase 9 proportion to population1 !re is great indu/rial & comm]cial promise = ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan 9 _! tea indu/ry if !y w develop tea culture /ill fur!r ov] ! ext5sive & /ill unus$ flanks ( ! hill l&s2 improve _! cultural me?ods2 _! manufacture2 & develop _! export trade4 ,!y h ! be/ ( climatic & soil conditions & p suffici5tly capable ( enorm\sly exp&+ ! indu/ry4 ,bo? improvem5t & expansion ( me?ods along all ess5tial l9es1 are ne$$1 enabl+ !m to put ^u ! m>ket pure teas ( ?or\ghly uni=m grades ( gu>ante$ quality1 & ) ^! ! ma9t5ance ( an int]national code ( rigid e?ics :i* %all secure to all conc]n$ a squ>e deal & a fair division ( ! pr(its4 ,! production ( rice1 silk & tea are ?ree indu/ries :i* ^! nations are preem95tly circum/anc$ & qualifi$ to economically develop & ma9ta94 ,o!r nations may bett] specialize along o!r l9es :i* fitness det]m9es1 & ! "t is com+ :5 maximum production at m9imum co/ z ! result ( clean robu/ liv+ t 9 e way is wor? :ile1 w det]m9e l9es ( social progress & ( int]national relations4 ,) ! vital awak5+ to ! possibility ( & necessity = _w peace1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t ?is c be no?+ less ?an univ]sal1 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 intellectual & religi\s1 9 addition to mak+ impossible =ev] ! bloody c>nage t has ravag$ ! _w ?r\gh all ! c5turies4 ,) ! ext5sion ( rapid transportation & m rapid communication ?r\gh\t ! _w1 we are fa/ ent]+ ! /ate ( social developm5t :i* w treat ! :ole _w z a mutually helpful1 h>moni\s indu/rial unit4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t 9 c]ta9 regions1 because ( peculi> fitness ( soil1 climate & p1 ne$ful products c be produc$ !re bett] & en\gh m *eaply ?an else:]e to pay ! co/ ( transportation4 ,if ,*9a1 ,korea & ,japan1 ) p>ts ( ,india1 c & w produce ! be/ & *eape/ silks1 teas or rice1 x mu/ be = ! greate/ good to seek a mutually helpful ex*ange1 & ! erection ( impassable t>iff b>ri]s is a decl>ation ( w> & _c make = _w peace & _w progress4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( tea culture into ,*9a appe>s unkn[n4 ,x 0 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era & tradition w\ld place x m ?an #bgjj ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,japanese def9itely date its introduction into _! isl&s z 9 ! ye> #hje ,a4 ,d41 & /ate its com+ to !m f ,*9a4 ,h[ev] & :5ev] tea gr[+ orig9at$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 x long ago atta9$ & n[ ma9ta9s l>ge proportions4 ,9 #aijg ,japan _h #abd1dhb acres ( l& occupi$ by tea g>d5s & tea plantations4 ,^! produc$ #fj1hgg1ige p\nds ( cur$ tea1 giv+ a mean yield ( #dhi p\nds p] acre4 ,( ! m ?an sixty million p\nds ( tea produc$ annually on ne>ly two hundr$ squ>e miles 9 ,japan1 less ?an tw5ty-two million p\nds are consum$ at home1 ! balance be+ export$ at a ca% value1 9 #aijg1 ( #f1cji1abb1 or a mean ( sixte5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 ,*9a ! volume ( tea produc$ annually is mu* l>g] ?an 9 ,japan4 ,hosie places ! annual export f ,sze*wan into ,tibet alone at #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds & ?is is produc$ l>gely 9 ! m\nta9\s portion ( ! prov9ce we/ ( ! ,m9 riv]4 ,ri*>d places h] direct export to =eign c\ntries1 9 #aije1 at #agf1jbg1bee p\nds2 & 9 #aijf at #ahj1bga1jjj p\nds1 s t ! annual export mu/ exce$ #bjj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 & h] total product ( cur$ tea mu/ be m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( tea bu%es z !y are gr[n 9 ,japan is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aib4 ,! =m ( ! bu%es1 ! %ape & size ( ! leaves & ! d5se gre51 %9y foliage q sugge/s our box1 s mu* us$ 9 bord]s & h$ges4 ,:5 ! bu%es are "y1 n cov]+ ! gr\nd1 o!r crops are gr[n betwe5 ! r[s1 b z ! bu%es atta9 _! full size1 /&+ aft] trimm+1 wai/ to brea/ high1 ! gr\nd betwe5 is usually ?ickly cov]$ ) /raw1 leaves or grass & we$s f ! hill l&s1 :i* s]ve z a mul*1 z a f]tiliz]1 z a means ( prev5t+ wa%+ on ! hillsides1 & to =ce ! ra9 to ent] ! soil uni=mly :]e x falls4 ,q a l>ge p] c5t ( ! tea bu%es are gr[n on small1 scatt]+1 irregul> areas ab\t dwell+s1 on l& n readily till$1 b !re are also _m tea plantations ( consid]able size1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance se5 9 ,fig4 #aic4 ,aft] ea* pick+ ( ! leaves ! bu%es are trimm$ back ) prun+ %e>s1 giv+ ! r[s ! appe>ance ( c>efully trimm$ h$ges4 ,! tea leaves are h& pick$1 g5]ally by wom5 & girls1 aft] ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #aid1 :]e !y are ga!r+ ! t5d]1 newly-=m$ leaves into baskets to be weigh$ fre%1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aie4 ,?ree crops ( leaves are usually ga!r$ ea* season1 ! fir/ yield+ 9 ,japan "o hundr$ kan p] tan1 ! second fifty kan & ! ?ird eighty kan p] tan4 ,?is is at ! rate ( #ccjg p\nds1 #afec p\nds1 & #bfde p\nds p] acre1 mak+ a total ( #gfje p\nds = ! season1 f :i* ! gr[] realizes f a little m ?an #b4b to a little m ?an #c c5ts p] p\nd ( ! gre5 leaves1 or a gross e>n+ ( #afg to #bji4ej p] acre4 ,we 7 in=m$ t ! usual co/ = f]tiliz]s = ! tea or*>ds 0 #ae to #bj y5 p] tan1 or #cj to #dj p] acre p] annum1 ! f]tiliz] be+ appli$ 9 ! fall1 9 ! e>ly spr+ & aga9 aft] ! fir/ pick+ ( ! leaves4 ,:ile ! tea plants are yet small "o w9t] crop & "o summ] crop ( vegetables1 beans or b>ley are gr[n betwe5 ! r[s1 ^! giv+ a return ( "s =ty doll>s p] acre4 ,:]e ! plantations are giv5 good c>e & ample f]tilization ! life ( a plantation may be prolong$ cont9u\sly1 x is said1 ?r\gh "o hundr$ or m ye>s4 ,dur+ our walk f ,joji to ,k[ata1 along a c\ntry road 9 "o ( ! tea di/ricts1 we pass$ a tea-cur+ h\se4 ,?is 0 a long rectangul>1 "o-/ory build+ ) tw5ty furnaces arrang$1 ea* "u an op5 w9d[1 ar\nd ! sides4 ,9 front ( ea* heat$ furnace ) its tray ( leaves1 a ,japanese man1 we>+ only a bree* clo?1 & 9 a /ate ( pr(use p]spiration1 0 busy roll+ ! tea leaves betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s4 ,at ano!r place we witness$ ! mak+ ( ! l[ grade du/ tea1 :i* is prep>$ f ! leaves ( bu%es :i* mu/ be remov$ or f ^? ( ! prun+s4 ,9 ?is case ! dri$ bu%es ) _! leaves 7 be+ beat5 ) flails on a ?re%+ floor4 ,! du/ tea ?us produc$ is consum$ by ! poor] p4 ,,xv ,,ab\t ,,ti5ts9 ,on ! #f? ( ,june we left c5tral ,*9a = ,ti5ts9 & fur!r nor?1 sail+ by coa/wise /eam] f ,%anghai1 aga9 pl[+ ?r\gh ! turbid wat]s :i* give lit]al exactness to ! "n ,yell[ ,sea4 ,our /eam] t\*$ at ,ts+tao1 tak+ on bo>d a body ( ,g]man troops1 & aga9 at ,*efoo1 & x 0 only betwe5 ^! two po9ts t ! sea 0 n /rongly turbid4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,f e>ly morn+ ( ! #aj? until we an*or$ at ,ti5ts91 #b3cj ,p4 ,m41 our c\rse up ! w9d+ ,pei ho 0 aga9/ a /rong du/-lad5 w9d :i* left ^? :o _h kept to ! deck z grey z ?\gh !y _h ridd5 by automobile ?r\gh ! ,colorado des]t2 s ! soils ( high int]ior ,asia are /ill spread+ ea/w>d by flood & by w9d into ! valleys & f> ov] ! coa/al pla9s4 ,ov] l>ge areas betwe5 ,ti5ts9 & ,pek+ & at o!r po9ts nor?w>d t[>d ,mukd5 trees & %rubs h be5 sy/ematically plant$ 9 rectangul> h$g][ l9es1 to *eck ! =ce ( ! w9ds & r$uce ! drift+ ( soils1 plant$ fields occupy+ ! spaces betwe54 ,x 0 on ?is trip t we met ,dr4 ,evans ( ,%unk+1 ,sze*wan prov9ce4 ,8 wife is a physician practic+ among ! ,*9ese wom51 & 9 discuss+ ! probable rate ( increase ( population among ! ,*9ese1 x 0 /at$ t %e _h le>n$ ?r\gh h] practice t v _m mo!rs _h borne sev5 to elev5 *ildr5 & yet b "o1 two or at mo/ ?ree1 7 liv+4 ,x 0 said !re are _m cu/oms & practices :i* det]m9e ?is high mortality among *ildr51 "o ( :i* is t ( fe$+ !m meat be=e !y h tee?1 ! "m ma/icat+ = ! *ildr51 ) ! result t (t5 fatal convulsions foll[4 ,a ,scot* physician ( long exp]i5ce 9 ,%antung1 :o took ! /eam] at ,ts+tao1 repli$ to my "q z to ! usual size ( families 9 8 circuit1 ,i d n "k4 ,x dep5ds on ! crops4 ,9 good ye>s ! numb] is l>ge2 9 times ( fam9e ! girls especially are dispos$ (1 (t5 p]mitt$ to die :5 v "y = lack ( c>e4 ,_m are sold at su* times to g into o!r prov9ces4 ,su* /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 %\ld d\btless be tak5 ) mu* all[ance4 ,if all ! details 7 kn[n reg>d+ ! cases :i* h s]v$ z f\ndations = su* reports1 ! matt] might appe> 9 q a diff]5t light f t sugge/$ by su* cold recitals4 ,al?\gh l& taxes are high 9 ,*9a ,dr4 ,evans in=m$ me t x is n infrequ5t = ! same tax to be levi$ twice & ev5 ?ree times 9 "o ye>4 ,inquiries reg>d+ ! l& taxes among f>m]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*9a %[$ rates runn+ f ?ree c5ts to a doll> & a half1 ,mexican1 p] m[2 or f ab\t eight c5ts to #c4hg gold1 p] acre4 ,at ^! rates a =ty acre f>m w\ld pay f #c4bj to #aed4hj1 & a qu>t] section f\r times ^! am\nts4 ,data collect$ by ,consul-,g5]al ,e4 ,t4 ,williams ( ,ti5ts9 indicate t 9 ,%antung ! l& tax is ab\t "o doll> p] acre1 & 9 ,*ihli1 tw5ty c5ts4 ,9 ,kiangsi prov9ce ! rate is #bjj to #cjj ca% p] m[1 & 9 ,kiangsu1 f #ejj to #fjj ca% p] m[1 or1 accord+ to ! rate ( ex*ange giv5 on page #gf1 f #fj to #hj c5ts1 or #ij c5ts to #a4bj p] acre 9 ,kiangsi2 & #a4ej to #b4jj or #a4hj to #b4dj 9 ,kiangsu prov9ce4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! rates w\ld make ! l& tax on #afj acres1 #if1 & ! highe/ w\ld place x at #chd1 gold4 ,9 ,japan ! taxes are paid qu>t]ly & ! comb9$ am\nt ( ! national1 prefectural & village assessm5ts usually aggregates ab\t t5 p] c5t ( ! gov]nm5t valuation plac$ on ! l&4 ,! mean valuation plac$ on ! irrigat$ fields1 exclud+ ,=mosa & ,k>afuto1 0 9 #aijg1 #ce4ce y5 p] tan2 t ( ! upl& fields1 #i4dj y51 & ! g5ya & pa/ure l&s 7 giv5 a valuation ( 4#bb y5 p] tan4 ,^! are valuations ( #gj4gj1 #ah4hj & 4#dd1 gold1 p] acre1 respectively1 & ! taxes on =ty acres ( paddy field w\ld be #bhb4hj2 #ge4bj on =ty acres ( upl& field1 & #a4gf1 gold1 on ! same area ( ! g5ya & we$ l&s4 ,9 ! villages1 :]e "w ( "o or ano!r k9d is done = pay1 ,dr4 ,evans /at$ t a woman's wage might n exce$ #h1 ,mexican1 or #c4dd1 gold1 p] ye>1 & :5 we ask$ h[ x c\ld be wor? a woman's :ile to "w a :ole ye> = s small a sum1 8 reply 01 ,if %e did n d ?is %e w\ld e>n no?+1 & ?is w\ld keep h] 9 clo!s & a little m4 ,a cotton sp9n] 9 8 *ur* w\ld procure a p\nd ( cotton & on return+ ! y>n w\ld receive "o & a qu>t] p\nds ( cotton 9 ex*ange1 ! qu>t] p\nd be+ h] comp5sation4 ,dr4 ,evans also describ$ a me?od ( root+ slips f trees1 practic$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,! "u side ( a bran* is cut1 b5t upw>d & split = a %ort di/ance2 ab\t ?is is pack$ a ball ( moi/5$ e>? wrapp$ 9 /raw to reta9 ! soil & to provide = future wat]+2 ! :ole may !n be b\nd ) /rips ( bamboo = great] /ability4 ,9 ?is way slips = new mulb]ry or*>ds are procur$4 ,at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ we ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,pei ho & w\nd we/w>d ?r\gh a va/1 ne>ly sea-level1 des]t pla9 & 9 bo? directions1 f> t[>d ! horizon1 huge :ite /acks ( salt dott$ ! surface ( ! ,taku ,gov]nm5t salt fields1 & revolv+ 9 ! w9d 7 great numb]s ( horizontal sail w9dmills1 pump+ sea wat] into an enorm\s acreage ( evaporation bas9s4 ,9 ,fig4 #aif may be se5 five ( ! l>ge salt /acks & six ( ! w9dmills1 toge!r ) _m small] piles ( salt4 ,fig4 #aig is a clos] view ( ! evaporation bas9s ) piles ( salt scrap$ f ! surface aft] ! "m liquor _h be5 dra9$ away4 ,! w9dmills1 :i* 7 work+ "o1 sometimes two1 ( ! l>ge wood5 *a9 pumps1 7 "s ?irty feet 9 diamet] & lift$ ! br9e f tide-wat] bas9s into ^? ( a second & ?ird high] level :]e ! second & f9al conc5tration occurr$4 ,^! w9dmills1 crude z !y appe> 9 ,fig4 #aih1 are nev]!less effici5t1 *eaply con/ruct$ & easily controll$4 ,! eight sails1 ea* six by t5 feet1 7 s hung z to take ! w9d ?r\gh ! entire revolution1 tilt+ automatically to receive ! w9d on ! opposite face ! mom5t ! edge pass$ ! critical po9t4 ,"s #dhj feet ( sail surface 7 ?us spread to ! w9d1 work+ on a radius ( fifte5 feet4 ,! horizontal drive :eel _h a diamet] ( t5 feet1 c>ri$ eighty-eight wood5 cogs :i* engag$ a p9ion ) fifte5 leaves1 & !re 7 n9e arms on ! reel at ! o!r end ( ! %aft :i* drove ! *a94 ,! bo>ds or buckets ( ! *a9 pump 7 six by twelve in*es1 plac$ n9e in*es ap>t1 & ) a fair breeze ! pump ran full4 ,enorm\s quantities ( salt are ?us *eaply manufactur$ ?r\gh w9d1 tide & sun p[] direct$ by ! *eape/ human labor4 ,be=e rea*+ ,ti5ts9 we pass$ ! ,gov]nm5t /orage y>ds & c\nt$ two hundr$ /acks ( salt pil$ 9 ! op51 & m ?an a ?ird ( ! y>d _h be5 pass$ be=e beg9n+ ! c\nt4 ,! av]age cont5t ( ea* /ack mu/ h exce$$ #cjjj cubic feet ( salt1 & m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds mu/ h be5 /or$ 9 ! y>ds4 ,arm$ gu>ds 9 milit>y uni=m patroll$ ! alleyways day & night4 ,long /rips ( matt+ laid ov] ! /acks 7 ! only %elt] aga9/ ra94 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ,*9a's seacoa/1 f z f> nor? z beyond ,%anhaikwan1 s\? to ,canton1 salt is manufactur$ f sea wat] 9 suitable places4 ,9 ,sze*wan prov9ce1 we le>n f ! report ( ,consul-,g5]al ,hosie1 t n less ?an #cjj1jjj tons ( salt are annually manufactur$ !re1 l>gely f br9e rais$ by animal p[] f wells sev5 hundr$ to m ?an two ?\s& feet deep4 ,hosie describes ! op]ations at a well m ?an two ?\s& feet deep1 at ,tzeliuts+4 ,9 ! basem5t ( a p[]-h\se :i* %elt]$ =ty wat] buffaloes1 a huge bamboo drum twelve feet high1 sixty feet 9 circumf]5ce1 0 s set z to revolve on a v]tical axis propell$ by f\r cattle draw+ f its circumf]5ce4 ,a hemp rope 0 w\nd ab\t ?is drum1 six feet f ! gr\nd1 pass+ out & "u a pulley at ! well1 !n up & ar\nd a :eel m\nt$ sixty feet above & desc5d$ to ! bucket made f bamboo /ems f\r in*es 9 diamet] & ne>ly sixty feet long1 :i* dropp$ ) great spe$ to ! bottom ( ! well z ! rope unw\nd4 ,:5 ! bucket rea*$ ! bottom f\r att5dants1 ea* ) a buffalo 9 read9ess1 hit*$ to ! drum & drove at a runn+ pace1 dur+ fifte5 m9utes1 or until ! bucket 0 rais$ f ! well4 ,! buffalo 7 !n unhit*$ &1 :ile ! bucket 0 be+ empti$ & aga9 dropp$ to ! bottom ( ! well1 a fre% relay 7 br\ght to ! drum4 ,9 ?is way ! "w cont9u$ night & day4 ,! br9e1 aft] be+ rais$ f ! well1 0 empti$ into di/ribut+ res]voirs1 fl[+ !nce ?r\gh bamboo pipes to ! evaporat+ %$s :]e r\nd bottom$1 %all[ iron kettles f\r feet across 7 set 9 brick ar*es 9 :i* jets ( natural gas 7 burn+4 ,)9 an area "s sixty miles squ>e !re are m ?an a ?\s& br9e & tw5ty fire wells f :i* fuel gas is tak54 ,! m\?s ( ! fire wells are clos$ ) masonry1 out f :i* bamboo conduits coat$ ) lime lead to ! v>i\s furnaces1 t]m9at+ ) iron burn]s b5ea? ! kettles4 ,rem>kable is ! fact t 9 ! city ( ,tzeliuts+1 bo? ^! br9e & ! fire wells h be5 op]at$ 9 ! manufacture ( salt s9ce be=e ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,! =ty wat] buffalo are wor? #cj to #dj p] head & _! food fifte5 to tw5ty c5ts p] day4 ,! co/ ( manufactur+ ?is salt is plac$ at ?irte5 to f\rte5 ca% p] catty1 to :i* ! ,gov]nm5t adds a tax ( n9e ca% m1 mak+ ! co/ at ! factory f #hb c5ts to #a4ae1 gold1 p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,salt manufacture is a ,gov]nm5t monopoly & ! product mu/ be sold ei!r to ,gov]nm5t (ficials or to m]*ants :o h b\ght ! exclusive "r to supply c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,! importation ( salt is prohibit$ by treaties4 ,= ! salt tax collection ,*9a is divid$ into elev5 circuits ea* hav+ its own s\rce ( supply & transf] ( salt f "o circuit to ano!r is =bidd54 ,! usual co/ ( salt is said to v>y betwe5 "o & a half & f\r ca% p] catty4 ,! retail price ( salt ranges f ?ree-f\r?s to ?ree c5ts p] p\nd1 fully twelve to fifte5 times ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,! annual production ( salt 9 ! ,empire is "s #a1hfj1jjj tons1 & 9 #aija salt paid a tax close to t5 million doll>s4 ,beyond ! salt fields1 t[>d ,ti5ts91 ! banks ( ! riv] 7 dott$ at %ort int]vals ) gr\ps ( l[1 almo/ w9d[less h\ses1 ,fig4 #aii1 built ( e>? brick pla/]$ ) clay on sides & ro(1 made m resi/ant to ra9 by an admixture ( *aff & cut /raw1 & !re 0 a rem>kable fre%ness ( look ab\t !m :i* we le>n$ 0 ! result ( rec5t prep>ations made = ! ra9y season ab\t to op54 ,beyond ! fir/ ( ^! villages came a /ret* ( pla9 dott$ ?ickly & f> ) innum]able grave m\nds1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,= ne>ly an h\r we _h travel$ up ! riv] be=e !re 0 any mat]ial vegetation1 ! soil be+ too sal9e app>5tly to p]mit gr[?1 b beyond ?is1 crops 9 ! fields & g>d5s1 ) "s fruit & o!r trees1 =m$ a fr+e ( v>y+ wid? along ! banks4 ,small fields ( transplant$ rice on bo? banks 7 frequ5t & (t5 ! l& 0 laid out 9 b$s ( two levels1 c>efully grad$1 ! rice occupy+ ! l[] areas1 & wood5 *a9 pumps 7 be+ work$ by h&1 foot & animal p[]1 irrigat+ bo? rice & g>d5 crops4 ,9 ! villages 7 _m /acks ( e>? compo/1 ( ! ,%antung type2 manure midd5s 7 common & donkeys draw+ heavy /one roll]s foll[$ by m5 ) l>ge wood5 mallets1 7 go+ r\nd & r\nd1 pulv]iz+ & mix+ ! dry e>? compo/ & ! l>ge e>!n brick f dismantl$ kangs1 prep>+ f]tiliz] = ! new s]ies ( crops ab\t to be plant$1 foll[+ ! h>ve/ ( :eat & b>ley4 ,l>ge boatloads ( ^! prep>$ f]tiliz]s 7 mov+ on ! riv] & up ! canals to ! fields4 ,t[>d ! coa/ f ,ti5ts91 especially 9 ! c\ntry1 trav]s$ by ! railroad1 !re 0 little produc$ except a %ort grass1 ?is be+ graz$ at ! "t ( our visit &1 9 places1 cut = a v meagre crop ( hay4 ,! productive cultivat$ l&s lie *iefly along ! riv]s & canals or o!r wat] c\rses1 :]e !re is bett] dra9age z well z wat] = irrigation4 ,! ext5sive1 close canalization t *>act]izes p>ts ( ,kiangsu & ,*ekiang prov9ces is lack+ "h & = ?is reason1 9 "p1 ! soil is n s productive4 ,! full] canalization1 ! secur+ ( adequate dra9age & ! ga9+ ( complete control ( ! flood wat]s :i* fl[ ?r\gh ?is va/ pla9 dur+ ! ra9y season con/itute "o ( ,*9a's mo/ important indu/rial problems :i*1 :5 prop]ly solv$1 mu/ va/ly increase h] res\rces4 ,dur+ our drive ov] ! old ,pek+-,taku road sal9e deposits 7 frequ5tly obs]v$ :i* _h be5 br\ght to ! surface dur+ ! dry season1 & ! city eng9e] ( ,ti5ts9 /at$ t 9 _! ef=ts at p>k+ portions ( ! =eign concessions !y _h f\nd ! trees dy+ aft] a few ye>s :5 _! roots began to p5etrate ! m sal9e subsoil1 b t s9ce !y _h op5$ canals1 improv+ ! dra9age1 trees 7 no long] dy+4 ,!re is little d\bt t prop] dra9age by means ( canals1 & ! irrigation :i* w\ld g ) x1 w\ld make all ( ^! l&s1 n[ m or less sal9e1 highly productive1 z are n[ ^? contigu\s to ! exi/+ wat] c\rses4 ,x _h ra9$ two days be=e our drive ov] ! ,taku road & :5 we appli$ = a conveyance1 ! proprietor d\bt$ :e!r ! roads 7 passible1 z he _h be5 compell$ to s5d out an extra team to assi/ 9 ! return ( "o :i* _h be5 /all$ dur+ ! previ\s night4 ,x 0 f9ally arrang$ to s5d an extra horse ) u4 ,! ra9y season _h j begun b ! deep tr5*+ ( ! roads conc5trates ! wat] 9 !m & greatly int5sifies ! tr\ble4 ,9 "o ( ! little hamlets ?r\gh :i* we pass$ ! roadway 0 tr5*$ to a dep? ( ?ree to f\r feet 9 ! middle ( ! n>r[ /reet1 leav+ only five feet = pass+ 9 front ( ! dwell+s on ei!r side1 & 9 ?is tr5* our c>riage mov$ ?r\gh mud & wat] ne>ly to ! hubs4 ,betwe5 ,ti5ts9 & ,pek+1 9 ! e>ly morn+ aft] a ra9 ( ! night be=e1 we saw _m f>m]s work+ _! fields ) ! broad hoes1 develop+ an e>? mul* at ! fir/ possible mom5t to cons]ve _! mu* ne$$ moi/ure4 ,m5 7 at "w1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #bjj & #bja1 us+ long h&l$ hoes1 ) blades n9e by ?irte5 in*es1 hung s z to draw j "u ! surface1 do+ v effective "w1 p]mitt+ !m to cov] ! gr\nd rapidly4 ,walk+ fur!r1 we came ^u six wom5 9 a field ( :eat1 glean+ ! s+le heads :i* _h prematurely rip5$ & brok5 ov] ^u ! gr\nd betwe5 ! r[s soon to be h>ve/$4 ,:e!r !y 7 do+ ?is z a privilege or z a task we d n "k2 !y 7 /rong1 *e]ful1 reasonably dress$1 h>dly pa/ middle life & x 0 ne>ly noon1 yet n "o ( !m _h collect$ m /raws ?an %e c\ld readily grasp 9 "o h&4 ,! season 9 ,*ihli z 9 ,%antung1 _h be5 "o ( unusual dr\ght1 mak+ ! crop %ort & p]haps unusual frugality 0 be+ practic$2 b x is 9 sav+ t ^! p excel p]haps m ?an 9 produc+4 ,^! heads ( :eat1 if left ^u ! gr\nd1 w\ld be wa/$ & if ! wom5 7 privileg$ glean]s 9 ! fields _! returns 7 c]ta9ly mu* great] ?an 7 ^? ( ! v old wom5 we h se5 9 ,france ga!r+ heads ( :eat f ! already h>ve/$ fields4 ,9 ! fields betwe5 ,ti5ts9 & ,pek+ all :eat 0 be+ pull$1 ! e>? %ak5 f ! roots1 ti$ 9 small bundles & tak5 to ! dwell+s1 sometimes on ! heavy c>t drawn by a team consi/+ ( a small donkey & c[ hit*$ t&em1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,millet _h be5 plant$ betwe5 ! r[s ( :eat 9 ?is field & 0 already up4 ,:5 ! :eat 0 remov$ ! gr\nd w\ld be f]tiliz$ & plant$ to soy beans4 ,because ( ! dry season ?is f>m] e/imat$ 8 yield w\ld be b eight to n9e bu%els p] acre4 ,he 0 expect+ to h>ve/ ?irte5 to f\rte5 bu%els ( millet & f t5 to twelve bu%els ( soy beans p] acre f ! same field4 ,?is w\ld give him an e>n+1 bas$ on ! local prices1 ( #aj4cf1 gold1 = ! :eat2 #f4jj = ! beans1 & #e4dh p] acre = ! millet4 ,?is l& 0 own$ by ! family ( ! ,emp]or & 0 r5t$ at #a4ee1 gold1 p] acre4 ,! soil 0 a r light s&y loam1 n inh]5tly f]tile1 & f]tiliz]s to ! value ( #c4fa gold1 p] acre1 _h be5 appli$1 leav+ ! e>n+ #af4ga p] acre4 ,ano!r f>m] ) :om we talk$1 pull+ 8 crop ( :eat1 w\ld foll[ ?is ) millet & soy beans 9 alt]nate r[s4 ,8 yield ( :eat 0 expect$ to be elev5 to twelve bu%els p] acre1 8 beans tw5ty-"o bu%els & 8 millet tw5ty-five bu%els :i*1 at ! local prices = gra9 & /raw1 w\ld br+ a gross e>n+ ( #ce1 gold1 p] acre4 ,be=e rea*+ ! end ( our walk ?r\gh ! fields t[>d ! next /ation we came across ano!r ( ! _m in/ances ( ! labor ^! p are will+ to p]=m = only a small possible increase 9 crop4 ,! field 0 adjac5t to "o ( ! w9dbreak h$ges & ! trees _h spread _! roots f> afield & 7 ?reat5+ 8 crop ?r\gh ! consumption ( moi/ure & plant food4 ,to *eck ?is depletion ! f>m] _h dug a tr5* tw5ty in*es deep ! l5g? ( 8 field1 & "s tw5ty feet f ! l9e ( trees1 !reby cutt+ all ( ! surface roots to /op _! draft on ! soil4 ,! tr5* 0 left op5 & an int]e/+ feature obs]v$ 0 t ne>ly e cut root on ! field side ( ! tr5* _h ?r[n up "o or m %oots be>+ leaves1 :ile ! ends /ill connect$ ) ! trees %[$ no signs ( leaf gr[?4 ,9 ,*ihli z else:]e ! ,*9ese are skill$ g>d5]s1 us+ wat] = irrigation :5ev] x is advantage\s4 ,"o g>d5] 0 gr[+ a crop ( e>ly cabbage1 foll[$ by "o ( melons1 & ^! ) radi% ! same season4 ,he 0 pay+ a r5t ( #f4de1 gold1 p] acre2 0 apply+ f]tiliz] at a co/ ( ne>ly #h p] acre = ea* ( ! ?ree crops1 mak+ 8 ca% outlay #bi4fg p] acre4 ,8 crop ( cabbage sold = #ajc1 gold2 8 melons = #gg1 & 8 radi% = some?+ m ?an #ea1 mak+ a total ( #bcb4bj p] acre1 leav+ him a net value ( #bjb4ec4 ,a second g>d5]1 gr[+ potatoes1 obta9$ a yield1 :5 sold new1 ( #h1jjj p\nds p] acre2 & ( #af1jjj p\nds :5 ! crop 0 p]mitt$ to mature4 ,! new potatoes 7 sold s z to br+ #ea4fj & ! mature potatoes #ahe4gf p] acre1 mak+ ! e>n+ = ! two crops ! same season a total ( #bcg4cf1 gold4 ,by plant+ ! fir/ crop v e>ly ^! g>d5]s secure two crops ! same season1 z f> nor? z ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 ! fir/ crop be+ h>ve/$ :5 ! tub]s are ab\t ! size ( walnuts4 ,! r5tal & f]tiliz]s 9 ?is case am\nt$ to #cj4if p] acre4 ,/ill ano!r g>d5] gr[+ w9t] :eat foll[$ by onions1 & ^! by cabbage1 bo? transplant$1 realiz$ f ! ?ree crops a gross e>n+ ( #agf4gc1 gold1 p] acre1 & incurr$ an exp5se ( #ca4gc p] acre = f]tiliz] & r5t1 leav+ him a net e>n+ ( #ade p] acre4 ,^! old p h acquir$ ! skill & practice ( /or+ & pres]v+ su* p]i%able fruits z pe>s & grapes s z to enable !m to keep !m on ! m>kets almo/ cont9u\sly4 ,pe>s 7 v common 9 ! latt] "p ( ,june1 & ,consul-,g5]al ,williams in=m$ me t grapes are regul>ly c>ri$ into ,july4 ,9 talk+ ) my int]pret] z to ! me?ods employ$ ,i c\ld only le>n t ! gr[]s dep5d simply ^u dry e>? cell>s :i* c be ma9ta9$ at a v uni=m temp]ature1 ! sep>ate fruits be+ wrapp$ 9 pap]4 ,no =eign] ) :om we talk$ knew _! me?ods4 ,vegetables are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 su* e>? cell>s z are se5 9 ,fig4 #hh1 page #afa1 ^! be+ cov]$ aft] !y are fill$4 ,z to ! price ( labor 9 ?is "p ( ,*9a1 we le>n$ ?r\gh ,consul-,g5]al ,williams t a ma/] me*anic may receive #ej c5ts1 ,mexican1 p] day1 & a j\rneyman #ah c5ts1 or at a rate ( #ba4e c5ts & #g4ge c5ts1 gold4 ,f>m labor]s receive f #bj to #cj1 ,mexican1 or #h4fj to #ab4ij1 gold1 p] ye>1 ) food1 fuel & pres5ts :i* make a total ( #ag4bj to #ba4ej4 ,?is is less = ! ye> ?an we pay = a mon? ( probably less effici5t labor4 ,!re is relatively little *ild labor 9 ,*9a & ?is p]haps %\ld be expect$ :5 adult labor is s abundant & s *eap4 ,,xvi ,,man*uria ,,& ,,korea ,! #ci? p>allel ( latitude lies j s\? ( ,ti5ts92 foll[$ we/w>d1 x crosses ! toe ( ,italy's boot1 leads pa/ ,lisbon 9 ,portugal1 ne> ,wa%+ton & ,/4 ,l\is & to ! nor? ( ,sacram5to on ! ,pacific4 ,we 7 leav+ a c\ntry ) a mean ,july temp]ature ( #hj deg ,f41 & ( #ba deg 9 ,janu>y1 b :]e two feet ( ice may =m2 a c\ntry :]e ! eighte5 ye> mean maximum temp]ature is #ajc4e deg & ! mean m9imum #d4e deg2 :]e twice 9 ?is p]iod ! !rmomet] record$ #aac deg above z]o1 & twice #g deg bel[1 & yet ne> ! coa/ & 9 ! latitude ( ,wa%+ton2 a c\ntry :]e ! mean annual ra9fall is #ai4gb in*es & all b #c4cg in*es falls 9 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,we _h tak5 ! #e3dj ,a4 ,m4 ,imp]ial ,nor?-,*9a tra91 ,june #ag?1 to g z f> nor?w>d z ,*icago1--to ,mukd5 9 ,man*uria1 a di/ance by rail ( "s f\r hundr$ miles1 b all ( ! way /ill across ! nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! great ,*9ese coa/al pla94 ,s\?w>d1 out f ! colde/ qu>t] ( ! globe1 :]e ! mean ,janu>y temp]ature is m ?an #dj deg bel[ z]o1 sweep nor!rly w9ds :i* br+ to ,mukd5 a mean ,janu>y temp]ature only #c deg above z]o1 & yet !re ! ,july temp]ature av]ages z high z #gg deg & !re is a mean annual ra9fall ( b #ah4e in*es1 com+ mo/ly 9 ! summ]1 z at ,ti5ts94 ,al?\gh ! ra9fall ( ! nor!rn ext5sion ( ,*9a's coa/al pla9 is small1 its effici5cy is relatively high because ( its mo/ favorable di/ribution & ! high summ] temp]atures4 ,9 ! p]iod ( e>ly gr[?1 ,april1 ,may & ,june1 !re are #d4ah in*es2 b 9 ! p]iod ( maximum gr[?1 ,july & ,augu/1 ! ra9fall is #aa4d in*es2 & 9 ! rip5+ p]iod1 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 x is #c4jh in*es1 :ile dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> b #a4jf in* falls4 ,?us mo/ ( ! ra9 comes at ! "t :5 ! crops require ! greate/ daily consumption & x is lea/ 9 mid-w9t]1 dur+ ! p]iod ( little gr[?4 ,z our tra9 left ,ti5ts9 we travel$ = a long di/ance ?r\gh a c\ntry agriculturally poor & little till$1 ) surface flat1 ! soil app>5tly sal9e1 & ! l& greatly 9 ne$ ( dra9age4 ,:]ev] !re 7 canals ! crops 7 be/1 app>5tly occupy+ m or less cont9u\s areas along ei!r bank4 ,! day 0 hot & sultry b labor]s 7 busy ) _! l>ge hoes1 (t5 ) all g>m5ts laid aside except a %ort %irt or a pair ( roomy tr\s]s4 ,9 ! salt di/rict ab\t ! village ( ,tangku !re 7 huge /acks ( salt & small] piles n yet br\ght toge!r1 ) num]\s w9dmills1 con/itut+ mo/ /rik+ features 9 ! l&scape1 b !re 0 almo/ no agricultural or o!r vegetation4 ,beyond ,pehtang !re are o!r salt works & a canal leads we/w>d to ,ti5ts91 on :i* ! salt is probably tak5 ?i!r1 & /ill o!r salt /acks & w9dmills cont9u$ visible until ne> ,hanku1 :]e ano!r canal leads t[>d ,pek+4 ,"h ! coa/ rec$es ea/w>d f ! railway & beyond ! city limits _m grave m\nds dot ! surr\nd+ pla9s :]e h]ds ( %eep 7 graz+4 ,z we hurri$ t[>d ! delta region ( ! ,lwan ho1 & be=e rea*+ ,tang%an1 a m productive c\ntry 0 trav]s$4 ,?rifty trees made ! l&scape gre51 & fields ( millet1 kaoliang & :eat /ret*$ = miles toge!r along ! track & back ov] ! flat pla9 beyond ! limit ( vision4 ,!n came fields plant$ ) two r[s ( maize alt]nat+ ) "o r[ ( soy beans1 b n ov] tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t1 "o /alk ( corn 9 a place e sixte5 to eighte5 in*es1 all c>efully ho$1 we$less & blanket$ ) an excell5t e>? mul*2 b /ill ! leaves 7 curl+ 9 ! int5se heat ( ! sun4 ,tang%an is a l>ge city1 app>5tly ( rec5t gr[? on ! railroad 9 a c\ntry :]e isolat$ conical hills rise "o hundr$ or two hundr$ feet out ( ! flat1 pla9s4 ,c>t loads ( f9ely pulv]iz$ e>? compo/ 7 "h mov+ to ! fields 9 l>ge numb]s1 be+ laid 9 s+le piles ( five hundr$ to eight hundr$ p\nds1 =ty to sixty feet ap>t4 ,at ,kaip+ ! c\ntry gr[s a little roll+ & we pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ railway cuts1 six to eight feet deep1 & ! wat] 9 ! /reams is runn+ t5 to twelve feet bel[ ! surface ( ! fields4 ,on ! "r & beyond ,kuyeh !re are l[ hills1 & "h we pass$ enorm\s quantities ( dry1 f9ely p[d]$ e>? compo/1 di/ribut$ on n>r[ unplant$ area ov] ! fields4 ,:at crop1 if inde$ any1 _h occupi$ ^! areas ?is season1 we c\ld n judge4 ,! f]tilization "h is ev5 m ext5sive & m g5]al ?an we f\nd x 9 ! ,%antung prov9ce1 & 9 places wat] 0 be+ c>ri$ 9 pails to ! fields = use ei!r 9 plant+ or 9 transplant+1 to ensure ! read9ess ( ! new crops to utilize ! fir/ ra9fall :5 x comes4 ,!n ! b$ ( a ne>ly dry /ream "s ?ree hundr$ feet wide 0 cross$ & beyond x a s&y pla9 0 plant$ 9 long n>r[ fields betwe5 w9dbreak h$ges4 ,! crops 7 small b evid5tly improv$ by ! influ5ce ( ! %elt]4 ,! s& 9 places _h drift$ into ! h$ges to a height ( ?ree feet4 ,at a numb] ( o!r places along ! way be=e ,mukd5 0 rea*$ su* protect$ areas 7 pass$ & (t5e/ on ! nor? side ( wide1 n[ ne>ly dry1 /ream *annels4 ,z we pass$ on t[>d ,%anhaikwan we 7 c>ri$ ov] broad pla9s ev5 m ne>ly level & unob/ruct$ ?an any to be f\nd 9 ! corn belt ( ! middle we/1 & ^! too plant$ ) corn1 kaoliang1 :eat & beans1 & ) ! l[ h\ses hidd5 9 di/ant scatt]$ clu/]s ( trees dott+ ! wide pla9 on ei!r side1 ) n a f5ce1 & no?+ to sugge/ a road any:]e 9 sight4 ,we seem$ to be mov+ ?r\gh "o va/ field dott$ ) hundr$s ( busy m51 a pl[man "h1 & !re a great c>t hopelessly lo/ 9 ! field s f> z "o c\ld see any sign ( road to guide _! c\rse4 ,"s e>ly crop appe>$ to h be5 h>ve/$ f areas alt]nat+ ) ^? on ! gr\nd1 & ^! 7 dott$ ) piles ( ! soil & manure compo/1 aggregat+ hundr$s ( tons1 di/ribut$ ov] ! fields b no d\bt dur+ ! next ?ree or f\r days ^! ?\s&s ( piles w\ld h be5 work$ into ! soil & vani%$ f sight1 to reappe> aft] ano!r crop & ano!r ye>4 ,x 0 at ,lwan*[ t we met ! out-go+ tide ( soy beans de/9$ = ,japan & ,europe1 p\r+ 9 f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 9 gunny sacks br\ght on heavy c>ts drawn by l>ge mules1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 & enorm\s quantities _h be5 /ack$ 9 ! op5 along ! tracks1 ) no %elt] :atev]1 await+ ! arrival ( tra9s to move !m to export h>bors4 ,! plant+ "h1 z else:]e1 is 9 r[s1 b n ( "o k9d ( gra94 ,mo/ frequ5tly two r[s ( maize1 kaoliang or millet alt]nat$ ) ! soy beans & usually n m ?an tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t1 %>p high ridge cultivation be+ ! g5]al practice4 ,su* plant+ secures ! requisite sun%9e ) a l>g] numb] ( plants on ! field2 x secures a cont9u\s g5]al di/ribution ( ! roots ( ! nitrog5-fix+ soy beans 9 ! soil ( all ! field e season1 & p]mits ! soil to be m cont9u\sly & m completely laid "u tribute by ! root sy/ems4 ,9 places :]e ! /& ( corn or millet 0 too op5 ! gaps 7 fill$ ) ! soy beans4 ,su* a sy/em ( plant+ possibly p]mits a m imm$iate utilization ( ! nitrog5 ga!r$ f ! soil air 9 ! root nodules1 z ^! die & und]go nitrification dur+ ! same season1 :ile ! crops are yet on ! gr\nd1 & s f> z phosphorus & potassium comp\nds are lib]at$ by ?is decay1 !y too w\ld become available to ! crops4 ,! end ( ! day's j\rney 0 at ,%anhaikwan on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,*ihli & ,man*uria1 ! tra9 /opp+ at #f3bj ,p4 ,m4 = ! night4 ,/epp+ ^u ! v]&a f our room on ! second floor ( a ,japanese inn 9 ! e>ly morn+1 !re /ood be=e u1 sull5 & grey1 ! ea/]n t]m9us ( ! ,great ,wall1 w9d+ fifte5 hundr$ miles we/w>d across tw5ty degrees ( longitude1 hav+ endur$ ?r\gh tw5ty-"o c5turies1 ! mo/ /up5d\s piece ( con/ruction ev] conceiv$ by man & execut$ by a nation4 ,m ?an tw5ty feet ?ick at ! base & ?an twelve feet on ! top2 ris+ fifte5 to ?irty feet above ! gr\nd ) p>apets along bo? faces & t[]s e two hundr$ y>ds ris+ tw5ty feet high]1 x mu/ h be51 = its "t & ! me?ods ( w>f>e !n practic$1 :5 def5d$ by _! ?\s&s1 ! bolde/ & mo/ effici5t national def5se ev] con/ruct$4 ,nor 9 ! economy ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance has x ev] be5 equall$4 ,ev5 if x be true t #bj1jjj masons toil$ ?r\gh t5 ye>s 9 its build+1 def5d$ by #djj1jjj soldi]s1 f$ by a commiss>iat ( #bj1jjj m & support$ by #cj1jjj o!rs 9 ! transport1 qu>ry & pott]s' s]vice1 %e w\ld !n h be5 us+ less ?an eight t5?s p] c5t ( h] population1 on a basis ( #fj1jjj1jjj at ! "t2 :ile accord+ to ,edmond ,?ry's e/imate1 ! (fic]s & soldi]s ( ,europe today1 9 "t ( peace1 con/itute "o p] c5t ( a population ( #djj1jjj1jjj ( p1 & ^!1 at only "o doll> ea* p] day = food1 clo?+ & loss ( produc+ p[] w\ld co/ h] nations1 9 t5 ye>s1 m ?an #ad1jjj million4 ,*9a1 ) h] pres5t habits & cu/oms1 w\ld m easily h ma9ta9$ h] army ( #dgj1jjj m5 on ?irty c5ts ea* p] day1 or = a total t5-ye> co/ ( b #ebj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,fr5* cab9et 9 #aijj approv$ a naval program involv+ an exp5diture ( #fjj1jjj1jjj dur+ ! next t5 ye>s1 a tax ( m ?an #ae = e man1 woman & *ild 9 ! ,republic4 ,leav+ ,%anhaikwan at #e3bj 9 ! morn+ & rea*+ ,mukd5 at #f3cj 9 ! ev5+1 we rode ! entire day ?r\gh ,man*urian fields4 ,man*uria has an area ( #cfc1gjj squ>e miles1 equal to t ( bo? ,dakotas1 ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska & ,i[a comb9$4 ,x has r\ghly ! outl9e ( a huge boot & c\ld "o slide x ea/w>d until ,port ,ar?ur 0 at ,wa%+ton1 ,%anhaikwan w\ld fall well t[>d ,pittsburgh1 bo? at ! tip ( ! broad toe to ! boot4 ,! foot w\ld lie across ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey & all ( ,new ,engl&1 ext5d+ beyond ,new ,brunswick ) ! heel 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,h>b91 at ! in/ep ( ! boot1 w\ld lie fifty miles ea/ ( ,montreal & ! exp&+ leg w\ld rea* nor?we/w>d ne>ly to ,james ,bay1 entirely to ! nor? ( ! ,ottawa riv] & ! ,canadian ,pacific1 spann+ a ?\s& miles ( latitude & n9e hundr$ miles ( longitude4 ,! ,liao pla91 ?irty miles wide1 & ! c5tral ,sung>i pla91 are ! l>ge/ 9 ,man*uria1 =m+ toge!r a long n>r[ valley floor betwe5 two p>allel m\nta9 sy/ems & ext5d+ nor!a/]ly f ! ,liao gulf1 betwe5 ,port ,ar?ur & ,%anhaikwan1 up ! ,liao riv] & d[n ! ,sung>i to ! ,amur1 a di/ance ( eight hundr$ or m miles4 ,^! pla9s h a f]tile1 deep soil & x is on !m & o!r less] riv] bottoms t ,man*urian agriculture is develop$1 support+ eight or n9e million p on a cultivat$1 acreage possibly n great] ?an #be1jjj squ>e miles4 ,man*uria has great =e/ & graz+ possibilities await+ future developm5t1 z well z mu* m9]al weal?4 ,! population ( ,tsitsih>1 9 ! latitude ( middle ,nor? ,dakota1 swells f ?irty ?\s& to sev5ty ?\s& dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]1 :5 ! ,mongols br+ 9 _! cattle to m>ket4 ,9 ! middle prov9ce1 at ! head ( /eam navigation on ! ,sung>i1 because ( ! abundance & *eapness ( lumb]1 ,kir9 has become a %ipbuild+ c5t] = ,*9ese junks4 ,! ,sung>i-,milky-riv]1 is a l>ge /ream c>ry+ m wat] at flood season ?an ! ,amur above its m\?1 ! latt] be+ navigable #dej miles = /eam]s draw+ twelve feet ( wat]1 & #aejj miles = ^? draw+ f\r feet1 s t dur+ ! summ] season ! middle & nor!rn prov9ces h natural inl& wat]ways1 b ! outlet to ! sea is f> to ! nor? & clos$ by ice six mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,n f> beyond ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 fa/ fall+ into ru91 p>tly ?r\gh ! appropriation ( its mat]ial = build+ purposes n[ t x has outliv$ its usefulness1 ano!r broad1 ne>ly dry /ream b$ 0 cross$4 ,!re1 9 full bloom1 0 :at appe>$ to be ! wild :ite rose se5 e>li]1 fur!r s\?1 we/ ( ,su*[1 hav+ a rem>kable pr(usion ( small :ite bloom 9 clu/]s resembl+ ! ,rambl] rose4 ,"o ( ^! bu%es gr[+ wild !re on ! bank ( ! canal _h ov] spread a clump ( trees "o ( :i* 0 ?irty feet 9 height1 envelop+ x 9 a mantle ( bloom1 z se5 9 ! upp] section ( ,fig4 #bjd4 ,! l[] section ( ! illu/ration is a clos] view %[+ ! clu/]s4 ,! /em ( ?is rose1 ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 measur$ #ad4e in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,if x w\ld ?rive 9 ?is c\ntry no?+ c\ld be bett] = p>ks & pleasure drives4 ,lat] on our j\rney we saw x _m times 9 bloom along ! railway betwe5 ,mukd5 & ,antung1 b n[h]e atta9+ s l>ge gr[?4 ,! blossoms are scant ?ree-f\r?s in* 9 diamet]1 usually 9 compact clu/]s ( ?ree to elev51 sometimes 9 twos & occasionally /&+ s+ly4 ,! leaves are five-foliate1 sometimes trifoliate2 leaflets broadly lanceolate1 accum9ate & f9ely s]rate2 ?orns m9ute1 recurr5t & few1 only on ! small] bran*es4 ,9 a field beyond1 a small donkey 0 draw+ a /one roll] ?ree feet long & "o foot 9 diamet]1 firm+ ! cre/s ( n>r[1 %>p1 rec5tly =m$ ridges1 two at a "t4 ,millet1 maize & kaoliang 7 "h ! *ief crops4 ,ano!r ne>ly dry /ream 0 cross$1 :]e ! fields became m roll+ & mu* cut by deep gullies1 ! fir/ in/ances we _h se5 9 ,*9a except on ! /eep hillsides ab\t ,ts+tao4 ,n all ( ! l&s "h 7 cultivat$1 & on ! untill$ areas h]ds ( fifty to a hundr$ goats1 pigs1 cattle1 horses & donkeys 7 graz+4 ,fields 9 ,man*uria are l>g] ?an 9 ,*9a & "s r[s 7 a full qu>t] ( a mile long1 s t cultivation 0 be+ done ) donkeys & cattle1 & l>ge numb]s ( m5 7 work+ 9 gangs ( f\r1 sev51 t51 tw5ty1 & 9 "o field z high z fifty1 hoe+ millet4 ,su* a crew z ! l>ge/ m5tion$ c\ld probably be hir$ at t5 c5ts ea*1 gold1 p] day1 & 7 probably m5 f ! ?ickly settl$ portions ( ,%antung :o _h left 9 ! spr+1 expect+ to return 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,bo? labor]s & work+ animals 7 tak+ d9n] 9 ! fields1 & e>li] 9 ! day we _h se5 sev]al in/ances :]e hay & fe$ 7 be+ tak5 to ! field on a wood5 sl$1 ) ! pl[ & o!r tools4 ,at noon ?is 0 s]v+ z mang] = ! cattle1 mules or donkeys4 ,9 fields :]e ! close1 deep furr[+ & ridg+ 0 be+ done ! team (t5 consi/$ ( a heavy ox & two small donkeys driv5 abrea/1 ! ?ree walk+ 9 adjac5t r[s1 ! pl[ foll[+ ! ox1 or a heavy mule in/ead4 ,! ra9y season _h n begun & 9 _m fields !re 0 plant+ & transplant+ :]e wat] 0 us$ 9 sep>ate hills1 sometimes br\ght 9 pails f a ne>by /ream1 & 9 o!r cases on c>ts provid$ ) tanks4 ,holes 7 made along ! cre/s ( ! ridges ) ! blade ( a n>r[ hoe & a little wat] p\r$ 9 ea* hill1 f a dipp]1 be=e plant+ or sett+4 ,^! mu/ h be5 o!r in/ances :]e ! f>m]s 7 will+ to incur additional labor to save "t = ! matur+ ( ! crop by assi/+ g]m9ation 9 a soil too dry to make x c]ta9 until ! ra9s came4 ,x appe>s probable t ! /rong ridg+ & ! close level r[s s l>gely adopt$ "h mu/ h m>k$ advantages 9 utiliz+ ! ra9fall1 especially ! portions com+ e>ly1 & t lat] also if x %\ld come 9 heavy %[]s4 ,) /eep n>r[ ridg+1 heavy ra9s w\ld be %$ at once to ! bottom ( ! deep furr[s )\t ov]-saturat+ ! ridges1 :ile ! wet soil 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[s w\ld favor deep p]colation ) lat]al capill>y fl[ tak+ place /rongly "u ! ridges f ! furr[s1 c>ry+ bo? moi/ure & soluble plant food :]e !y w be mo/ completely & quickly available4 ,:5 ! ra9 comes 9 heavy %[]s ea* furr[ may s]ve z a long res]voir :i* w prev5t wa%+ & at ! same "t p]mit quick p5etration2 ! ridges nev] becom+ flood$ or puddl$1 p]mit ! soil air to escape readily z ! wat] f ! furr[s s9ks1 z x _c easily d 9 flat fields :5 ! ra9s fall rapidly & fill all ( ! soil pores1 ?us clos+ !m to ! escape ( air f bel[1 :i* mu/ take place be=e ! wat] c ent]4 ,:5 r[s are only tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-eight in*es ap>t1 ridg+ is n suffici5tly m wa/eful ( soil moi/ure1 ?r\gh great] evaporation because ( increas$ surface1 to comp5sate = ! o!r advantages ga9$1 & h5ce _! practice1 = _! conditions1 appe>s s\nd4 ,! application ( f9ely pulv]iz$ e>? compo/ to fields to be plant$1 & 9 "s cases :]e ! fields 7 already plant$1 cont9u$ g5]al aft] leav+ ,%anhailkwan z x _h be5 be=e4 ,compo/ /acks 7 common 9 y>ds :]ev] build+s 7 close en\gh to ! track to be se54 ,mu* ( ! way ab\t "o-?ird ( ! fields 7 yet to be1 or _h j be51 plant$ & 9 a great majority ( ^! compo/ f]tiliz] _h be5 laid d[n = use on !m1 or 0 be+ tak5 to !m 9 l>ge heavy c>ts drawn sometimes by ?ree mules4 ,betwe5 ,s>h\gon & ,n+yu5*[ f\rte5 fields ?us f]tiliz$ 7 c\nt$ 9 less ?an half a mile2 t5 o!rs 9 ! next mile2 elev5 9 ! mile & a qu>t] foll[+4 ,9 ! next two miles "o hundr$ fields 7 c\nt$ & j be=e rea*+ ! /ation we c\nt$ dur+ five m9utes1 ) wat* 9 h&1 n9ety-five fields to be plant$1 ^u :i* ?is f]tiliz] _h be5 br\ght4 ,9 "s cases ! compo/ 0 be+ spread 9 furr[s betwe5 ! r[s ( a la/ ye>'s crop1 evid5tly to be turn$ "u1 ?us rev]s+ ! position ( ! ridges4 ,aft] pass+ ,li5%an1 :]e1 ! railway runs ne> ! sea1 a sail 0 visible on ! bay & _m /acks ( salt pil$ ab\t ! evaporation fields 7 associat$ ) ! revolv+ sail w9dmills already describ$4 ,"h1 too1 l>ge numb]s ( cattle1 horses1 mules & donkeys 7 graz+ on ! untill$ l[ l&s1 beyond :i* we trav]s$ a section :]e all fields 7 plant$1 :]e no f]tiliz] 0 pil$ 9 ! field b :]e _m gr\ps ( m5 7 busy hoe+1 sometimes tw5ty 9 a gang4 ,*9ese soldi]s ) bayonett$ guns /ood gu>d at e railway /ation betwe5 ,%anhaikwan & ,mukd51 & f ,*9*[fu our coa* 0 occupi$ by "s ,*9ese (ficial ) gue/s & milit>y att5dants1 includ+ arm$ soldi]s4 ,! (ficial & 8 gue/s 7 an attractive gr\p ( m5 ) pleasant faces & w9n+ mann]s1 clad 9 _m g>m5ts ( ri*ly figur$ silk ( bright1 attractive1 b unobtrusive1 colors1 :o talk$1 s]i\sly or 9 mir?1 almo/ incessantly4 ,!y took ! tra9 ab\t "o o'clock & lun* 0 imm$iately s]v$ 9 ,*9ese /yle1 b ! la/ c\rse 0 n br\ght until ne>ly f\r o'clock4 ,at e /ation soldi]s /ood 9 l9e 9 ! attitude ( salute until ! (ficial c> _h pass$4 ,j be=e rea*+ ,*9*[fu we saw ! fir/ plant$ fields litt]$ ) /ubble ( ! previ\s crop1 & 9 _m in/ances su* /ubble 0 be+ ga!r$ & remov$ to ! villages1 l>ge /acks hav+ be5 pil$ 9 ! y>ds to be us$ ei!r z fuel or 9 ! production ( compo/4 ,z ! tra9 approa*$ ,tal+ ho gr\ps ( m5 7 hoe+ 9 millet fields1 ?irty 9 "o gr\p on "o side & fifty 9 ano!r body on ! o!r4 ,_m small h]ds ( cattle1 horses1 donkeys & flocks ( goats & %eep 7 fe$+ along /ream c\rses & on ! unplant$ fields4 ,beyond ! /ation1 aft] cross+ ! riv]1 /ill ano!r s& dune tract 0 pass$1 plant$ ) will[s1 millet occupy+ ! level areas betwe5 ! dunes1 & n f> beyond1 wide untill$ flats 7 cross$1 on :i* _m h]ds 7 graz+ & dott$ ) grave m\nds z we ne>$ ,k\pantze1 :]e a bran* ( ! railway trav]ses ! ,liao pla9 to ! port ( ,new*wang4 ,x 0 9 ?is region t !re came ! fir/ sugge/ion ( resemblance to our m>%l& mead[s2 & v soon !re 7 se5 approa*+ f ! di/ance loads s gre5 t except = ! l>ge size "o w\ld h judg$ !m to be fre% grass4 ,!y 7 loads ( cur$ hay 9 ! brighte/ gre51 ! result1 no d\bt1 ( cur+ "u _! dry wea!r conditions4 ,at ,ta ,hu ,%an l>ge quantities ( gra9 9 sacks 7 pil$ along ! tracks & 9 ! freight y>ds1 b "u matt+ %elt]s4 ,ne> "h1 too1 l>ge ?ree-mule loads ( dry e>? compo/ 7 go+ to ! fields & m5 7 busy pulv]iz+ & mix+ x on ! ?re%+ floors prep>atory = use4 ,ne>ly all crops gr[+ 7 "o or ano!r ( ! millets1 b consid]able areas 7 yet unplant$ & on ^! cattle1 horses1 mules & donkeys 7 fe$+ & eight m loads ( v bright new made hay cross$ ! track4 ,:5 ! tra9 rea*$ ,s9m9fu :]e ! railway turns abruptly ea/w>d to cross ! ,liao ho to rea* ,mukd5 we saw ! fir/ ext5sive mass+ ( ! huge bean cakes = export1 toge!r ) enorm\s quantities ( soy beans 9 sacks pil$ along ! railway & 9 ! freight y>ds or load$ on c>s made up 9 tra9s ready to move4 ,leav+ ?is /ation we pass$ among fields ( gra9 look+ decid$ly yell[1 ! fir/ indication we _h se5 9 ,*9a ( crops nitrog5-hungry & ( soils m>k$ly defici5t 9 available nitrog54 ,beyond ! next /ation ! fields 7 decid$ly spott$ & unev5 z well z yell[1 recall+ conditions s commonly se5 at home & :i* _h be5 conspicu\sly abs5t "h be=e4 ,cross+ ! ,liao ho ) its broad *annel ( %ift+ s&s1 ! riv] c>ry+ ! l>ge/ volume ( wat] we _h yet se51 b ! /ream v l[ & /ill *>act]i/ic ( ! close ( ! dry season ( semi-arid climates1 we soon rea*$ ano!r /ation :]e ! freight y>ds & all ( ! space along ! tracks 7 pil$ high ) bean cakes & yet ! fields ab\t 7 reflect+ ! impov]i%$ condition ( ! soil ?r\gh ! yell[ crops & _! unev5 gr[? on ! fields4 ,s9ce ! ,japanese-,russian w> ! %ipm5ts ( soy beans & ( bean cake f ,man*uria h increas$ enorm\sly4 ,up to ?is "t !re _h be5 exports to ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a :]e ! bean cakes 7 us$ z f]tiliz]s = ! rice fields1 b ! new ext5sive m>kets h s rais$ ! price t 9 sev]al in/ances we 7 in=m$ !y c\ld n !n af=d to use bean cake z f]tiliz]4 ,f ,new*wang alone1 9 #aije1 betwe5 ,janu>y #a/ & ,m>* #ca/1 !re w5t abroad #b1bhf1jjj p\nds ( beans & bean cake1 b 9 #aijf ! am\nt _h increas$ to #d1hhc1jjj p\nds4 ,b a report publi%$ 9 ! ,ti5ts9 pap]s z (ficial1 :ile we 7 !re1 /at$ t ! value ( ! export ( bean cake & soy beans f ,dalny = ! mon?s end+ ,m>* #ca/ _h be51 9 #aiji1 only #a1fce1jjj1 gold1 comp>$ ) #c1jfe1jjj 9 ! correspond+ p]iod ( #aijh1 & ( #e1abj1jjj 9 #aijg1 %[+ a m>k$ decrease4 ,edw>d ,c4 ,p>k]1 writ+ f ,mukd5 = ! ,review ( ,reviews1 /at$3 ,! bean cake %ipm5ts f ,new*wang1 ,dalny & ,antung 9 #aijh am\nt$ to #eae1aih tons2 beans1 #bci1bih tons2 bean oil1 #aicj tons2 hav+ a total value ( #ae1jaf1fdi 7,u4 ,s4 gold74 ,accord+ to ! composition ( soy beans z indicat$ 9 ,hopk9s' table ( analyses1 ^! %ipm5ts ( beans & bean cake w\ld remove an aggregate ( #faga tons ( phosphorus1 #aj1jig tons ( potassium1 & #dg1hab tons ( nitrog5 f ,man*urian soils z ! result ( export = t ye>4 ,c\ld su* a rate h be5 ma9ta9$ dur+ two ?\s& ye>s !re w\ld h be5 sold f ^! soils #bj1aid1jjj tons ( potassium2 #ab1cdb1jjj tons ( phosphorus & #ie1fbd1jjj tons ( nitrog52 & ! phosphorus1 7 x ?us export$1 w\ld h exce$$ m ?an ?reefold all ?us f> produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x w\ld h exce$$ ! _w's output 9 #aijf m ?an eighte5 times1 ev5 assum+ t all phosphate rock m9$ 0 sev5ty-five p] c5t pure4 ,! *oice ( ! millets & ! sorghums z ! /aple bread crops ( nor!rn ,*9a & ,man*uria has be5 q z rem>kable z ! selection ( rice = ! m s\!rn latitudes1 & ! two toge!r h play$ a mo/ important "p 9 det]m9+ ! high ma9t5ance effici5cy ( ^! p4 ,9 nutritive value ^! gra9s rank well ) :eat2 ! /ems ( ! l>g] v>ieties are ext5sively us$ = bo? fuel & build+ mat]ial & ! small] =ms make excell5t =age & h be5 us$ directly = ma9ta9+ ! organic cont5t ( ! soil4 ,_! rapid developm5t & _! high endurance ( dr\ght adapt !m admirably to ! climate ( nor? ,*9a & ,man*uria :]e ! ra9s beg9 only aft] late ,june & :]e wea!r too cold = gr[? comes e>li] 9 ! fall4 ,! quick maturity ( ^! crops also p]mits !m to be us$ to great advantage ev5 ?r\gh\t ! s\?1 9 _! sy/ems ( multiple cropp+ s g5]ally adopt$1 :ile _! great resi/ance to dr\ght1 be+ able to rema9 at a /&/ill = a long "t :5 ! soil is too dry = gr[? & yet be able to pu% ahead rapidly :5 favorable ra9s come1 p]mits !m to be us$ on ! high] l&s g5]ally :]e wat] is n available = irrigation4 ,9 ! ,%antung prov9ce ! l>ge millet1 sorghum or kaoliang1 yields z high z #bjjj to #cjjj p\nds ( se$ p] acre1 & #efjj to #fjjj p\nds ( air-dry /ems1 equal 9 weight to #a4f to #a4g cords ( dry oak wood4 ,9 ! region ( ,mukd51 ,man*uria1 its av]age yield ( se$ is plac$ at ?irty-five bu%els ( sixty p\nds weight p] acre1 & ) ?is comes "o & a half tons ( fuel or ( build+ mat]ial4 ,hosie /ates t1 ! kaoliang is ! /aple food ( ! population ( ,man*uria & ! pr9cipal gra9 food ( ! "w animals4 ,! gra9 is fir/ wa%$ 9 cold wat] & !n p\r$ into a kettle ) f\r times its volume ( boil+ wat] & cook$ = an h\r1 )\t salt1 z ) rice4 ,x is eat5 ) *op/icks ) boil$ or salt$ vegetables4 ,he /ates t an ord9>y s]vant requires ab\t two p\nds ( ?is gra9 p] day1 & t a workman at heavy labor w take d\ble ! am\nt4 ,a ,*9ese fri5d ( 81 keep+ five s]vants1 suppli$ !m ) #bdj p\nds ( millet p] mon?1 toge!r ) #af p\nds ( native fl\r1 reg>d$ z suffici5t = two days1 & meat = two days1 ! am\nt n be+ /at$4 ,two ( ! small millets 7,set>ia italica1 & ,panicum milliaceum71 :eat1 maize & buck:eat are o!r gra9s :i* are us$ z food b *iefly to give v>iety & *ange ( diet4 ,v l>ge quantities ( matt+ & wrapp+s are also made f ! leaves ( ! l>ge millet1 :i* s]ve _m purposes correspond+ ) ! rice matt+s & bags ( ,japan & s\!rn ,*9a4 ,! small millets1 9 ,%antung1 yield z high z #bgjj p\nds ( se$ & #dhjj p\nds ( /raw p] acre4 ,9 ,japan1 9 ! ye> #aijf1 !re 7 gr[n #gcg1gai acres ( foxtail1 b>ny>d & proso millet1 yield+ #ag1jhd1jjj bu%els ( se$ or an av]age ( tw5ty-?ree bu%els p] acre4 ,9 addition to ! millets1 ,japan grew1 ! same ye>1 #e1ifd1cjj bu%els ( buck:eat on #cid1ebc acres1 or an av]age ( fifte5 bu%els p] acre4 ,! next engrav+1 ,fig4 #bje1 %[s a crop ( millet already six in*es high plant$ betwe5 r[s ( w9dsor beans :i* _h matur$ ab\t ! middle ( ,june4 ,! leaves _h dropp$1 ! beans _h be5 pick$ f ! /ems1 & a little lat]1 :5 ! roots _h _h "t to decay ! bean /ems w\ld be pull$ & ti$ 9 bundles = use z fuel or = f]tiliz]4 ,we _h rea*$ ,mukd5 ?or\ghly tir$ aft] a long day ( cont9u\s close obs]vation & writ+4 ,! ,a/or ,h\se1 :]e we 7 to /op1 0 ?ree miles f ! /ation & ! only conveyance to meet ! tra9 0 a f\r-seat$ spr+less1 op51 semi-baggage c>ryall & x 0 a full h\r lumb]+ its way to our hotel4 ,b "h z ev]y:]e 9 ! ,ori5t ! =eign] meets sc5es & phases ( life compet5t to div]t 8 att5tion f almo/ any discom=t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! peculi> mode ! ,man*u ladies h ( dress+ _! hair1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bjf1 _m in/ances ( :i* 7 pass$ on ! /reets dur+ ?is e>ly ev5+ ride4 ,x 0 fe>fully & wond]fully done1 laid 9 ! smoo!/1 glossie/ black1 ) ne>ly ! lat]al spread ( ! tail ( a turkey cock & mu* ( ! backw>d curve ( t ( ! roo/]2 f> less attractive ?an ! pla9]1 ref9$1 mode/1 yet highly arti/ic /yle adopt$ by ei!r ,*9ese or ,japanese ladies4 ,! j\rney f ,mukd5 to ,antung requir$ two days1 ! tra9 /opp+ = ! night at ,tsaohok[4 ,our r\te lay mo/ ( ! way ?r\gh m\nta9\s or /eep hilly c\ntry & our tra9 0 made up ( dim9utive coa*es drawn by a t9y eng9e ov] a ?ree-foot two-in* n>r[ gauge track ( light rails laid by ! ,japanese dur+ ! w> ) ,russia1 = ! purpose ( mov+ _! armies & supplies to ! hotly conte/$ fields 9 ! ,liao & ,sung>i pla9s4 ,_m ( ! grades 7 /eep1 ! curves %>p1 & 9 sev]al places x 0 necess>y to divide ! %ort tra9 to enable ! eng9es to negotiate !m4 ,to ! s\?w>d ov] ! ,liao pla9 ! crops 7 almo/ exclusively millet & soy beans1 ) a little b>ley1 :eat1 & a few oats4 ,betwe5 ,mukd5 & ! fir/ /ation across ! ,hun riv] we _h pass$ tw5ty-f\r good siz$ fields ( soy beans on "o side ( ! riv] & tw5ty-two on ! o!r1 & be=e rea*+ ! hilly c\ntry1 aft] travell+ a di/ance ( possibly fifte5 miles1 we _h pass$ #cji o!r & simil> fields close along ! track4 ,9 ?is di/ance also we _h pass$ two ( ! monum5ts erect$ by ! ,japanese1 m>k+ sites ( _! memorable battles4 ,^! fields 7 ev]y:]e flat1 ly+ f sixte5 to tw5ty feet above ! b$s ( ! ne>ly dry /reams1 & ! cultivation 0 mo/ly be+ done ) horses or cattle4 ,aft] leav+ ! pla9s c\ntry ! railway trav]s$ a n>r[ w9d+ valley less ?an a mile wide1 ) gradi5t s /eep t our tra9 0 divid$4 ,fully sixty p] c5t ( ! hill slopes 7 cultivat$ ne>ly to ! summit & yet ris+ app>5tly m ?an "o 9 ?ree to five feet1 & ! uncultivat$ slopes 7 closely wood$ ) "y trees1 few m ?an tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 b 9 blocks evid5tly ( diff]5t ages4 ,beyond ! pass _m ( ! cultivat$ slopes h wall$ t]races4 ,we cross$ a l>ge /ream :]e railway ties 7 be+ raft$ d[n ! riv]4 ,j beyond ?is riv] ! tra9 0 aga9 divid$ to asc5d a gradi5t ( "o 9 ?irty1 rea*+ ! summit by five times swit*+ back1 & mat*$ on ! o!r side ( ! pass by a d[n grade ( "o 9 =ty4 ,at _m ( ! f>m h\ses 9 ! n>r[ valleys along ! way l>ge rectangul>1 flat topp$ compo/ piles 7 pass$1 ?irty to =ty in*es high & tw5ty1 ?irty1 =ty & ev5 9 "o case z mu* z sixty feet squ>e on ! gr\nd4 ,m & m x became evid5t t ^! m\nta9 & hill l&s 7 orig9ally heavily wood$ & t ! new gr[? spr+s up quickly1 develop+ rapidly4 ,x 0 cle> also t ! cu/om ( cutt+ ov] ^! wood$ areas at frequ5t int]vals is v old1 n always 9 ! same /age ( gr[? b usually :5 ! trees are q small4 ,consid]able quantities ( cordwood 7 pil$ at ! /ations along ! railway & 7 be+ load$ on ! c>s4 ,?is 0 always ei!r r\nd wood or /icks split b once2 & mu* *>coal1 made mo/ly f r\nd wood or /icks split b once1 0 be+ %ipp$ 9 sacks %ap$ l ^? us$ = rice1 se5 9 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,"s /rips ( ! =e/ gr[? _h be5 all[$ to /& undi/urb$ app>5tly = tw5ty or m ye>s1 b mo/ areas h be5 cut at m frequ5t int]vals1 (t5 app>5tly once 9 ?ree to five1 or p]haps t51 ye>s4 ,at sev]al places on ! rapid /reams cross$1 prototypes ( ! mod]n turb9e wat]-:eel 7 in/all$1 do+ duty gr9d+ beans or gra94 ,z ) native ma*9]y ev]y:]e 9 ,*9a1 ^! :eels 7 r$uc$ to ! l[e/ t]ms & ! pr9ciple put to "w almo/ unclo!d4 ,^! turb9es 7 ( ! d[nw>d dis*>ge type1 mu* resembl+ our mod]n w9dmills1 t5 to sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 set horizontally on a v]tical axis ris+ ?r\gh ! floor ( ! mill1 ) ! vanes surr\nd$ by a rim1 ! wat] dropp+ ?r\gh ! :eel1 react+ :5 reflect$ f ! obliquely set vanes4 ,am]ican eng9e]s & me*anics w\ld pron\nce ^! v crude1 primitive & ineffici5t4 ,a tru] view w\ld reg>d !m z examples ( a ma/]ful grasp ( pr9ciple by "s1 man :o long ago saw ! unus$ en]gy ( ! /ream & succe$$ ?us 9 turn+ x to acc\nt4 ,bo? days ( our j\rney _h be5 bright & v w>m &1 al?\gh we took ! tra9 e>ly 9 ! morn+ at ,mukd51 a "y ,japanese anticipat$ ! heat1 ent]+ ! tra9 clad only 9 8 kimono & s&als1 c>ry+ a suitcase & ano!r bundle4 ,he rode all day1 ! mo/ com=tably1 if immode/ly1 clad man on ! tra91 & ! next morn+ took 8 seat 9 front ( u clad 9 ! same g>b1 b be=e ! tra9 rea*$ ,antung he took d[n 8 suitcase & !n & !re1 delib]ately attir$ himself 9 a good =eign suit1 fold+ 8 kimono & pack+ x away ) 8 s&als4 ,f ,antung we cross$ ! ,yalu on ! f]ry to ,new ,wiju at #f3cj ,a4 ,m41 ,june #bb1 & 7 !n 9 q a diff]5t c\ntry & among a v diff]5t p1 al?\gh all ( ! railway (ficials1 employes1 police & gu>ds 7 ,japanese1 z !y _h be5 f ,mukd54 ,at ,antung & ,new ,wiju ! ,yalu is a v broad sl[ /ream resembl+ an arm ( ! sea m ?an a riv]1 rem9d+ "o ( ! ,/4 ,johns at ,jacksonville1 ,florida4 ,june #bbnd prov$ to be "o ( ! national fe/ival days 9 ,korea1 call$ ,sw+ day1 & ?r\gh\t our entire ride to ,se\l ! fields 7 ne>ly all des]t$ & ?rongs ( p1 array$ 9 gala dress1 appe>$ all along ! l9e ( ! railway1 sometimes congregat+ 9 bodies ( two to ?ree ?\s& or m1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,_m sw+s _h be5 hung & 7 be+ enjoy$ by ! "y p4 ,boys & m5 7 ba?+ 9 all sorts ( swimm+ holes & places4 ,s too1 !re 7 _m l>ge op5 air ga!r+s be+ address$ by public speak]s1 "o ( :i* is se5 9 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,ne>ly ev]yone 0 dress$ 9 :ite out] g>m5ts made f "s fabric :i* al?\gh n mosquito nett+ 0 ne>ly z op5 & possess$ ( a rem>kable /iffness :i* seem$ to take & reta9 e d5t ) a/oni%+ effect & :i* 0 suffici5tly transp>5t to reveal a ?ird und]g>m5t4 ,! full out/&+ skirts ( five ,korean wom5 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bji1 & ! tr\s]s :i* w5t ) ^! 7 proportionately full b ti$ close ab\t ! ankles4 ,! g>m5ts seem$ to be possess$ ( a p[]ful repulsion :i* held !m q ap>t & away f ! p]son1 no d\bt contribut+ mu* to com=t4 ,x 0 w9dy b "o ( ^? hot sultry1 /icky days1 & x made "o feel cool to see ^! op5 g>m5ts surg+ 9 ! w9d4 ,! ,korean m51 l ! ,*9ese1 we> ! hair long b n braid$ 9 a queue4 ,no "p ( ! head is %av$ b ! hair is w\nd 9 a tight coil on ! top ( ! head1 secur$ by a p9 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,korean :o rode 9 our coa* f ,mukd5 to ,antung1 0 a mod]n1 sub/antial t5p5ny wire nail4 ,! tall1 n>r[1 conical cr[ns ( ! op5 hats1 wov5 f ?9 bamboo spl9ts1 are evid5tly design$ to accommodate ?is /yle ( hair dress+ z well z to be cool4 ,"h1 too1 z 9 ,*9a & ,man*uria1 ne>ly all crops are plant$ 9 r[s1 includ+ ! c]eals1 su* z :eat1 rye1 b>ley & oats4 ,we trav]s$ fir/ a flat m>%y c\ntry ) s&y soil & wat] n m ?an f\r feet bel[ ! surface :]e1 on ! l[e/ areas a close ally ( our wild fl[]-de-luce 0 9 bloom4 ,:eat 0 co9+ into head b corn & millet 7 small] ?an 9 ,man*uria4 ,we _h left ,new ,wiju at #g3cj 9 ! morn+ & at #h3ae we pass$ f ! l[ l& into a hill c\ntry ) n>r[ valleys4 ,scatt]+ "y p9e1 seldom m ?an t5 to tw5ty-five feet high1 occupi$ ! slopes & z we came ne>] ! hills 7 se5 to be clo!d ) _m small oak1 ! spr\ts cle>ly n m ?an "o or two ye>s old4 ,ro(s ( dwell+s 9 ! c\ntry 7 usually ?at*$ ) /raw laid aft] ! mann] ( %+les1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #baj1 :]e ! hills beyond %[ ! l[ tree gr[? ref]r$ to1 b "h unusually d5se4 ,bundles ( p9e b\ghs1 /ack$ & %elt]$ f ! wea!r1 7 common along ! way & evid5tly us$ = fuel4 ,at #h3be we pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ tunnel & !re 7 _m along ! r\te1 ! longe/ requir+ ?irty seconds = ! pass+ ( ! tra94 ,! valley beyond 0 occupi$ by fields ( :eat :]e beans 7 plant$ betwe5 ! r[s4 ,?us f> none ( ! fields _h be5 z ?or\ghly till$ & well c>$ = z ^? se5 9 ,*9a1 nor 7 ! crops z good4 ,fur!r along we pass$ hills :]e ! p9es 7 all ( two ages1 "o set ab\t ?irty feet high & ! o!rs twelve to fifte5 feet or less1 & among ^! 7 num]\s oak spr\ts4 ,q possibly ^! are us$ z food = ! wild silkworms4 ,9 "s places appe>ances indicate t ! oak & o!r decidu\s gr[?1 ) ! grass1 may be cut annually & only ! p9es all[$ to /& = long] p]iods4 ,z we proce$$ s\?w>d & _h pass$ ,kosui ! "y oak spr\ts 7 se5 to cov] ! hills1 (t5 /ret*+ ov] ! slopes mu* l a regul> crop1 /&+ at a height ( two to f\r feet1 & fre% bundles ( ^! spr\ts 7 se5 at h\ses along ! foot ( ! slopes1 aga9 sugge/+ t ! leaves may be = ! tussur silkworms al?\gh ! "t appe>s late = ! fir/ m\lt+4 ,aft] we _h left ,se\l1 ent]+ ! broad] valleys :]e rice 0 m ext5sively gr[n1 ! us+ ( ! oak b\ghs & gre5 grass br\ght d[n f ! hill l&s = gre5 manure became v ext5sive4 ,aft] ! w9t] & e>ly spr+ crops h be5 h>ve/$ ! n>r[ ridges on :i* !y are gr[n are turn$ into ! furr[s by means ( _! simple pl[ drawn by a heavy bullock1 diff]5t f ! cattle 9 ,*9a b closely simil> to ^? 9 ,japan4 ,! fields are !n flood$ until !y h ! appe>ance se5 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,ov] ^! flood$ ridges ! gre5 grass & oak b\ghs are spread1 :5 ! fields are aga9 pl[$ & ! mat]ial work$ into ! wet soil4 ,if ?is work+ is n completely successful m5 ent] ! fields & tramp ! surface until e twig & blade is subm]g$4 ,! middle section 9 ?is illu/ration has be5 fitt$ & transplant$2 9 front ( x & on ! left are two o!r fields once pl[$ b n f]tiliz$2 ^? f> to ! "r h _h ! gre5 manure appli$ & ! gr\nd pl[$ a second "t b n f9i%$1 & 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd ! grass & b\ghs h be5 scatt]$ b ! second pl[+ is n yet done4 ,we pass$ m5 & bullocks com+ f ! hill l&s load$ ) ?is gre5 h]bage & z we proce$$ t[>ds ,fusan m & m ( ! hill area 0 be+ made to contribute mat]ials = gre5 manure = ! cultivat$ fields4 ,! =egr\nd ( ,fig4 #baa _h be5 ?us treat$ & s _h ! field 9 ,fig4 #bab1 :]e ! man 0 engag$ 9 tramp+ ! dress+ b5ea? ! surface4 ,9 v _m cases ?is mat]ial 0 laid along ! m>g9 ( ! paddies2 9 o!r cases x _h be5 tak5 ^u ! fields z soon z ! gra9 0 cut & 0 ly+ 9 piles among ! bundles2 :ile 9 /ill o!r cases ! mat]ial = gre5 manure _h be5 c>ri$ betwe5 ! r[s :ile ! gra9 0 /ill /&+1 b ne>ly ready to h>ve/4 ,9 "s fields a full ?ird ( a bu%el ( ! gre5 /uff _h be5 laid d[n at int]vals ( ?ree feet ov] ! :ole area4 ,9 o!r cases piles ( a%es alt]nat$ ) ^? ( h]bage1 & aga9 manure & a%es mix$ _h be5 di/ribut$ 9 alt]nate piles ) ! gre5 manure4 ,9 /ill o!r cases we saw untreat$ /raw di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! fields await+ application4 ,at ,%9do ?is1 /raw _h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 dipp$ 9 or sme>$ ) "s mixture1 app>5tly ( mud & a%es or possibly ( "s compo/ :i* _h be5 work$ into a ?9 pa/e ) wat]4 ,aft] pass+ ,keizan1 m\nta9 h]bage _h be5 br\ght d[n f ! hills 9 l>ge bales on clev]ly con/ruct$ racks saddl$ to ! backs ( bullocks1 & 9 "o field we saw a man :o _h j come to 8 little field ) an enorm\s load borne ^u 8 easel-l pack+ appliance4 ,?us we f9d ! ,koreans also adopt+ ! rice crop1 :i* yields heavily "u conditions ( abundant wat]2 we f9d !m supplem5t+ a heavy summ] ra9fall ) wat] f _! hills1 & br++ to _! fields besides bo? gre5 h]bage = humus & organic matt]1 & a%es d]iv$ f ! fuel com+ also f ! hills1 9 ^! ways mak+ good ! unavoidable losses1 ?r\gh int5se cropp+4 ,! am\nt ( =e/ gr[? 9 ,korea1 z we saw x1 9 proximity to ! cultivat$ valleys1 is n[h]e l>ge & is fairly repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #baj1 #bac & #bad4 ,!re 7 cle> evid5ces ( p]iodic cutt+ & consid]able1 am\nts ( cordwood split f timb] a foot ?r\gh 7 be+ br\ght to ! /ations on ! backs ( cattle4 ,9 "s places !re 0 evid5t & occasionally v s]i\s soil erosion1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bad1 "o su* region be+ pass$ j be=e rea*+ ,k9usan1 b g5]ally ! hills are well r\nd$ & cov]$ ) a l[ gr[? ( %rubs & h]bace\s plants4 ,s\!rnmo/ ,korea has ! latitude ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,alabama & ,mississippi1 :ile ! nor!a/ corn] atta9s t ( ,madison1 ,wiscons91 & ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,nebraska1 ! c\ntry ?us spann+ "s n9e degrees & six hundr$ miles ( latitude4 ,x has an area ( "s #hb1jjj squ>e miles1 ab\t equal+ ! /ate ( ,m9nesota1 b mu* ( its surface is occupi$ by /eep hill & m\nta9 l&4 ,! ra9y season _h n yet set 91 ,june #bcrd4 ,:eat & ! small gra9s 7 practically all h>ve/$ s\?w>d ( ,se\l & ! p 7 ev]y:]e busy ) _! flails ?re%+ 9 ! op51 ab\t ! dwell+s or 9 ! fields1 f\r flails (t5 beat+ toge!r on ! same lot ( gra94 ,z we j\rney$ s\?w>d ! valleys & ! fields became wid] & m ext5sive1 & ! crops1 z well z ! cultural me?ods1 7 cle>ly mu* bett]4 ,nei!r ! foot-p[]1 animal-p[]1 nor ! wood5 *a9 pump ( ! ,*9ese 7 obs]v$ 9 ,korea 9 use = lift+ wat]1 b we saw _m in/ances ( ! long h&l$1 spoonlike sw++ scoop hung ov] ! wat] by a cord f tall tripods1 aft] ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #bae1 ea* op]at$ by "o man & app>5tly ) high effici5cy = l[ lifts4 ,two in/ances also 7 obs]v$ ( ! =m ( lift se5 9 ,fig4 #agc1 :]e ! man walks ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 s commonly obs]v$ 9 ,japan4 ,mu* hemp 0 be+ gr[n 9 s\!rn ,korea b ev]y:]e on v small isolat$ areas :i* fleck$ ! l&scape ) ! deepe/ gre51 ea* little field probably repres5t+ ! crop ( a s+le family4 ,x 0 #f3cj ,p4 ,m4 :5 our tra9 rea*$ ,fusan aft] a hot & du/y ride4 ,! s]vice _h be5 good & fairly com=table b ! ice-wat] tanks ( ,am]ican tra9s 7 abs5t1 _! place be+ suppli$ by cool$ bottl$ wat]s ( v>i\s br&s1 includ+ soda-wat]1 sold by ,japanese boys at ne>ly e important /ation4 ,close connection 0 made by tra9s ) /eam]s to & f ,japan & we w5t directly on bo>d ! ,iki ,m>u :i* 0 to weigh an*or = ,moji & ,%imonoseki at #h ,p4 ,m4 ,al?\gh small1 ! /eam] 0 well equipp$1 provid+ ! be/ ( s]vice4 ,we 7 =tunate 9 hav+ a smoo? passage1 an*or+ at #f3cj ! next morn+ & mak+ close connection ) ! tra9 = ,nagasaki1 l&+ at ! :>f ) ! aid ( a /eam laun*4 ,our ride by tra9 ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,kyu%u c>ri$ u ?r\gh sc5es n widely diff]5t f ^? we _h j left4 ,! j\rney 0 cont9u\sly among fields ( rice1 ) ,korean features /rongly m>k$ b usually "u bett] & m int5sifi$ culture1 & ! season1 too1 0 a little m advanc$4 ,"h ! pl[+ 0 be+ done mo/ly ) horses in/ead ( ! heavy bullocks s exclusively employ$ 9 ,korea4 ,com+ f ,*9a into ,korea1 & f !re into ,japan1 x appe>$ v cle> t 9 agricultural me?ods & appliances ! ,koreans & ,japanese are m closely simil> ?an ! ,*9ese & ,koreans1 & ! m we came to see ( ! ,japanese me?ods ! m /rongly ! impression became fix$ t ! ,japanese _h d]iv$ _! me?ods ei!r f ! ,koreans or ! ,koreans _h tak5 !irs m l>gely f ,japan ?an f ,*9a4 ,x 0 on ?is ride f ,moji to ,nagasaki t we 7 introduc$ to ! attractive & v satisfactory mann] ( s]v+ lun*es to travel]s on ! tra9s 9 ,japan4 ,at important /ations hot tea is br\ght to ! c> w9d[s 9 small glaz$1 e>!nw>e teapots provid$ ) cov] & bail1 & accompani$ ) a teacup ( ! same w>e4 ,! set & cont5ts c\ld be pur*as$ = five s51 two & a half c5ts1 our curr5cy4 ,all tea is s]v$ )\t milk or sug>4 ,! lun*es 7 v sub/antial & put toge!r 9 a neat sanit>y mann] 9 a ?ree-comp>tm5t wood5 box1 c>efully made f cle> lumb] jo9$ ) wood5 pegs & p]fect jo9ts4 ,pack$ 9 ! cov] we f\nd a pap] napk91 too?picks & a pair ( *op/icks4 ,9 ! second comp>tm5t !re 7 ?9 slices ( meat1 *ick5 & fi%1 toge!r ) bamboo spr\ts1 pickles1 cakes & small bits ( salt$ vegetables1 :ile ! l[] & *ief comp>tm5t 0 fill$ ) rice cook$ q /iff & )\t salt1 z is ! cu/om 9 ! ?ree c\ntries4 ,! box 0 ab\t six in*es long1 f\r in*es deep & ?ree & a half in*es wide4 ,^! lun*es are h&$ to travel]s neatly wrapp$ 9 spotless ?9 :ite pap] da9tily ti$ ) a bit ( color1 all 9 ex*ange = #be s51--#ab4e c5ts4 ,?us = fifte5 c5ts ! travel] is h&$1 ?r\gh ! c> w9d[1 9 a respectful mann]1 a squ>e meal :i* he may eat at 8 leisure4 ,,xvii ,,return ,,to ,,japan ,we _h return$ to ,japan 9 ! mid/ ( ! fir/ ra9y season1 & all ! day ?r\gh1 ,june #be?1 & two nights1 a g5tle ra9 fell at ,nagasaki1 almo/ )\t int]ruption4 ,across ! n>r[ /reet f ,hotel ,japan 7 two ( its gue/ h\ses1 /&+ ne> ! front ( a wall-fac$ t]race ris+ tw5ty-eight feet above ! /reet & fac+ ! beautiful h>bor4 ,!y 7 accessible only by w9d+ /one /eps %ift+ on pav$ l&+s to cont9ue ! asc5t betwe5 reta9+ walls ov]hung ) a weal? ( %rubb]y clo!d 9 ! d5se/ foliage1 s gre5 & liquid 9 ! drip ( ! ra91 t "o almo/ felt l walk+ edgewise amid /airs le/ ! drip %\ld leave a /a94 ,ov] su* ano!r s]ies ( /eps1 b long] & m w9d+1 we f\nd our way to ! ,am]ican ,consulate :]e 9 ! beautifully seclud$ qu>t]s ,consul-,g5]al ,scidmore escap$ _m annoyances ( settl+ ! imag9$ petty grievances aris+ betwe5 ,am]ican t\ri/s & ! rick%a boys4 ,?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,sapporo & ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 ,pr(essor ,tokito met u at ,nagasaki1 to act z escort ?r\gh mo/ ( ! j\rney 9 ,japan4 ,our fir/ visit 0 to ! prefectural ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,nagasaki4 ,!re are f\r o!rs 9 ! f\r ma9 isl&s1 "o to an av]age area ( #dbhj squ>e miles1 & to ea* #a1bjj1jjj p4 ,! isl& ( ,kyu%u1 ^: latitude is t ( middle ,mississippi & nor? ,l\isiana1 has two rice h>ve/s1 & g>d5]s at ,nagasaki gr[ ?ree crops1 ea* ye>4 ,! g>d5] & 8 family "w ab\t five tan1 or a little less ?an "o & "o-qu>t] acres1 realiz+ an annual return ( "s #bej p] acre4 ,to ma9ta9 ^! e>n+s f]tiliz]s are appli$ rat$ wor? #fj p] acre1 divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree crops1 ! mat]ials us$ be+ l>gely ! wa/es ( ! city1 animal manure1 mud f ! dra9s1 fuel a%es & sod1 all compo/$ toge!r4 ,if ?is exp5diture = f]tiliz]s appe>s high x mu/ be rememb]$ t ne>ly ! :ole product is sold & t !re are ?ree crops ea* ye>4 ,su* int5se culture requires a heavy return if l>ge yields are ma9ta9$4 ,good agricultural l&s 7 "h valu$ at #cjj y5 p] tan1 approximately #fjj p] acre4 ,:5 return+ t[>d ,moji to visit ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,fukuoka prefecture1 ! rice along ! fir/ portion ( ! r\te 0 /&+ ab\t eight in*es above ! wat]4 ,l>ge lotus ponds along ! way occupi$ areas n readily dra9$1 & ! fr++ fields betwe5 ! rice paddies & ! untill$ hill l&s 7 be>+ squa%1 maize1 beans & ,iri% potatoes4 ,_m small areas _h be5 set to sweet potatoes on close n>r[ ridges1 ! tops ( :i* 7 ?9ly /rewn ) gre5 grass1 or sometimes ) /raw or o!r litt]1 = %ade & to prev5t ! soil f wa%+ & bak+ 9 ! hot sun aft] ra9s4 ,at ,kitsu we pass$ ne> ,gov]nm5t salt works1 = ! manufacture ( salt by ! evaporation ( sea wat]1 ?is indu/ry 9 ,japan1 z 9 ,*9a1 be+ a ,gov]nm5t monopoly4 ,_m bundles ( grass & o!r gre5 h]bage 7 collect$ along ! way1 ga!r$ = use 9 ! rice fields4 ,9 o!r cases ! gre5 manure _h already be5 spread ov] ! flood$ paddies & 0 be+ work$ b5ea? ! surface1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,at ?is "t ! hill l&s 7 clo!d 9 ! ri*e/1 deepe/ gre5 b ! tree gr[? 0 n[h]e l>ge except imm$iately ab\t temples1 & 0 usually 9 di/9ct small areas ) %>p b\nd>ies occasion$ by diff]5ces 9 age4 ,"s tracts _h be5 v rec5tly cut2 o!rs 7 9 _! second1 ?ird or f\r? ye>s2 :ile o!rs /ill c>ri$ a gr[? ( p]haps sev5 to t5 ye>s4 ,at "o village _m bundles ( ! bru% fuel _h be5 ga!r$ f an adjac5t area1 rec5tly cle>$4 ,a few fields 7 /ill be>+ _! crop ( soy beans plant$ 9 ,febru>y betwe5 r[s ( gra91 & ! gre5 h]bage 0 be+ work$ into ! flood$ soil1 = ! crop ( rice4 ,mu* compo/1 br\ght to ! fields1 0 /ack$ ) lay]s ( /raw betwe51 laid /raight1 ! alt]nate c\rses at "r angles1 hold+ ! piles 9 rectangul> =m ) v]tical sides1 "s ( :i* 7 f\r to six feet high & ! lay]s ( compo/ ab\t six in*es ?ick4 ,j be=e rea*+ ,tanjiro1 a region is pass$ :]e or*>ds ( ! c&leb]ry tree occupy high level$ areas betwe5 rice paddies1 aft] ! mann] describ$ = ! mulb]ry or*>ds 9 ,*ekiang1 ,*9a4 ,^! trees1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 h q ! appe>ance ( our apple or*>ds4 ,at ! ,fukuoka ,exp]im5t ,/ation we le>n$ t ! usual dep? ( pl[+ = ! rice fields is ?ree & a half to f\r & a half in*es1 b t deep] pl[+ gives some:at l>g] yields4 ,z an av]age ( five ye>s trials1 a dep? ( sev5 to eight in*es increas$ ! yield f sev5 to t5 p] c5t ov] t ( ! usual dep?4 ,9 ?is prefecture grass f ! bord]+ hill l&s is appli$ to ! rice fields at rates rang+ f #ccjj to #af1ebj p\nds gre5 weight p] acre1 &1 accord+ to analyses giv51 ^! am\nts w\ld c>ry to1 ! fields f #ah to #ij p\nds ( nitrog52 #ab4d to #fc4b p\nds ( potassium1 & #b4a to #aj4f p\nds ( phosphorus p] acre4 ,:]e bean cake is us$ z a f]tiliz] ! applications may be at ! rate ( #dif p\nds p] acre1 c>ry+ #cc4g p\nds ( nitrog51 ne>ly #e p\nds ( phosphorus & #g4d p\nds ( potassium4 ,! e>? compo/s are *iefly appli$ to ! dry l& fields & !n only aft] !y are well rott$1 ! f]m5tation be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh at lea/ sixty days1 dur+ :i* ! mat]ial is turn$ ?ree times = a]ation1 ! "w be+ done at ! home4 ,:5 us$ on ! rice fields :]e wat] is abundant ! compo/s are appli$ 9 a less f]m5t$ condition4 ,! be/ yields ( rice 9 ?is prefecture are "s eighty bu%els p] acre1 & crops ( b>ley may ev5 exce$ ?is1 ! two crops be+ gr[n ! same ye>1 ! rice foll[+ ! b>ley4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,japan ! gra9 food ( ! labor+ p is ab\t #gj p] c5t nak$ b>ley mix$ ) #cj p] c5t ( rice1 bo? cook$ & us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! b>ley has a l[] m>ket value & its use p]mits a l>g] %>e ( ! rice to be sold z a money crop4 ,! soils are f]tiliz$ = ea* crop e ye> & ! prescription = b>ley & rice recomm5d$ by ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 = gr[]s 9 ?is prefecture1 is indicat$ by ! foll[+ table3 ,,f]tilization ,,= ,,nak$ ,,b>ley4 ,p\nds p] acre4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,n ,p ,k ,manure compo/ #f1fac #cc4j #g4d #cc4h ,rape se$ cake #ccj #af4g #b4h #c4e ,night soil #d1fcj #bf4d #b4f #aj4b ,sup]phosphate #acb #i4i ---------------------- ,sum #aa1gje #gf4a #bb4g #dg4e ,,f]tilization ,,= ,,paddy ,,rice4 ,manure compo/ #e1bia #bf4d #e4i #bg4a ,gre5 manure1 soy beans #c1cjf #ai4b #a4a #ai4f ,soy bean cake #cig #bg4h #a4g #f4d ,sup]phosphate #aih #ab4h ---------------------- ,sum #i1aib #gc4d #ba4e #ec4a ,total = ye> #bj1hig #adi4e #dd4b #ajj4f ,:]e ^! recomm5dations are foll[$ !re is an annual application ( f]tiliz] mat]ial :i* aggregates "s t5 tons p] acre1 c>ry+ ab\t #aej p\nds ( nitrog51 #dd p\nds ( phosphorus & #ajj p\nds ( potassium4 ,! crop yields :i* h be5 associat$ ) ^! applications on ! ,/ation fields are ab\t =ty-n9e bu%els ( b>ley & fifty bu%els ( rice p] acre4 ,! g5]al rotation recomm5d$ = ?is portion ( ,japan cov]s five ye>s & consi/s ( a crop ( :eat or nak$ b>ley ! fir/ two ye>s ) rice z ! summ] crop2 9 ! ?ird ye> g5ge1 p9k clov] 7,a/ragalus s9icus7 or "s o!r legume = gre5 manure is ! w9t] crop1 rice foll[+ 9 ! summ]2 ! f\r? ye> rape is ! w9t] crop1 f :i* ! se$ is sav$ & ! a% ( ! /ems return$ to ! soil1 or r>ely ! /ems !mselves may be turn$ "u2 on ! fif? & la/ ye> ( ! rotation ! broad kidney or w9dsor bean is ! w9t] crop1 prec$+ ! summ] crop ( rice4 ,?is rotation is n g5]al yet 9 ! practice ( ! f>m]s ( ! section1 !y *oos+ rape or b>ley & 9 ,febru>y plant w9dsor or soy beans betwe5 ! r[s = gre5 manure to use :5 ! rice comes on4 ,x 0 evid5t f our obs]vations t ! use ( compo/s 9 f]tiliz+ 0 v mu* m g5]al & ext5sive 9 ,*9a ?an x 0 9 ei!r ,korea or ,japan1 b1 to enc\rage ! production & use ( compo/ f]tiliz]s1 ?is & o!r prefectures h provid$ subsidies :i* p]mit ! paym5t ( #b4ej annually to ^? f>m]s :o prep>e & use on _! l& a compo/ heap cov]+ tw5ty to =ty squ>e y>ds1 9 accordance ) specifi$ directions giv54 ,! agricultural college at ,fukuoka 0 n 9 session ! day ( our visit1 x be+ a holiday usually foll[+ ! close ( ! la/ transplant+ season4 ,"o ( ! ma9 build+s ( ! /ation & college is se5 9 ,fig4 #bag1 & ,figs4 #bah1 #bai & #bbj1 plac$ toge!r f left to "r 9 ! ord] ( _! numb]s1 =m a panoramic view ( ! /ation gr\nds & build+s ) some?+ ( ! beautiful l&scape sett+4 ,!re is n[h]e 9 ,japan ! lavi% exp5diture ( money on elaborate & impos+ ar*itecture :i* *>act]izes ,am]ican colleges & /ations1 b 9 equipm5t = rese>* "w1 bo? z to pr(essional /aff & appliances1 !y comp>e favorably ) simil> in/itutions 9 ,am]ica4 ,! dormitory sy/em 0 9 vogue 9 ! college1 provid+ room & bo>d at eight y5 p] mon? or f\r doll>s ( our curr5cy4 ,eight /ud5ts 7 assign$ to "o commodi\s room1 ea* provid$ ) a /udy table1 b b$s 7 mattresses spread ^u ! matt+ floor at night & compactly /or$ on closet %elves dur+ ! day4 ,! ,japanese pl[1 :i* is v simil> to ! ,korean type1 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bba1 ! "o on ! "r co/+ #b4e y5 & ! o!r #b y54 ,) ! aid ( ! s+le h&le & ! slid+ rod held 9 ! "r h&1 ! c\rse ( ! pl[ is direct$ & ! pl[ tilt$ 9 ei!r direction1 ?r[+ ! soil to ! "r or ! left4 ,! nurs]y b$s = rice bre$+ exp]im5ts & v>iety te/s by ?is /ation are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,al?\gh ^! plots are flood$ ! m>g9al plants1 adjac5t to ! free wat] pa?s1 7 mat]ially l>g] ?an ^? )9 & _h a mu* deep] gre5 color1 %[+ bett] fe$+1 b :at seem$ mo/ /range 0 ! fact t ^! /rong] plants are nev] us$ 9 transplant+1 z !y d n ?rive z well z ^? less vigor\s4 ,we left ! isl& ( ,kyu%u 9 ! ev5+ ( ,june #bi?1 cross+ to ! ma9 isl& ( ,hon%u1 wait+ 9 ,%imonoseki = ! morn+ tra94 ,! rice-plant$ valleys ne> ,%imonoseki 7 relatively broad & ! paddies _h all be5 rec5tly set 9 close r[s ab\t a foot ap>t & 9 hills 9 ! r[s4 ,m\nta9 & hill l&s 7 closely wood$1 l>gely ) conif]\s trees ab\t ! base b t[>d & at ! summits1 especially on ! ,s\? slopes1 !y 7 gre5 only ) h]bage cut = f]tiliz+ & fe$+ /ock4 ,_m v small trees1 (t5 n m ?an "o foot high1 7 gr[+ on ! rec5tly cut-ov] areas2 tall sl5d] graceful bamboos clu/]$ along ! way & ev]y:]e ?rew wond]ful beauty into ! l&scape4 ,c>tloads ( _! sl5d] /ems1 two to f\r in*es 9 diamet] at ! base & tw5ty or m feet long1 7 mov+ along ! g5]ally excell5t1 n>r[1 seldom f5c$ roads1 su* z se5 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,on ! bord]s & pa?ways betwe5 rice paddies _m small /acks ( /raw 7 9 wait+ to be laid betwe5 ! r[s ( transplant$ rice1 tramp$ b5ea? ! wat] & ov]spread ) mud to enri* ! soil4 ,! f>m]s "h1 z else:]e1 mu/ cont5d aga9/ ! sc\r+ ru%1 v>ieties ( grass & our common pigwe$s1 ev5 9 ! rice fields4 ,! l>ge area ( m\nta9 & hill l& comp>$ ) t :i* c\ld be till$1 & ! relatively small area ( cultivat$ l& n at ?is "t "u wat] & plant$ to rice p]si/$ ?r\gh\t ! j\rney4 ,if !re c\ld be any monotony = ! travell] new to ?is l& ( beauty x mu/ result f ! quick %ift+ ( sc5es & 9 ! way ! l&scapes are piec$ toge!r1 out-do+ ! crazie/ pat*work woman ev] attempt$2 ! bits are almo/ nev] l>ge2 !y are ( e %ape1 ev5 puck]$ & crumpl$ & tilt$ at all angles4 ,"h is a bit ( ! j\rney3 ,beyond ,habu ! foo?ills are ?ickly wood$1 l>gely ) conif]s4 ,! valley is extremely n>r[ ) only small areas = rice4 ,bamboo are gr[+ 9 cong5ial places & we pass bundles ( wood cut to /ove l5g?1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,!n we cross a long n>r[ valley practically all 9 rice1 & !n ano!r n half a mile wide1 j be=e rea*+ ,asa4 ,beyond "h ! fields become limit$ 9 area ) ! bord]+ l[ hills rec5tly cut ov] & a new gr[? spr++ up ov] !m 9 ! =m ( small %rubs among :i* are _m p9e4 ,n[ we are 9 a n>r[ valley betwe5 small rice fields or ) none at all1 b da% into "o m ne>ly level ) wide areas 9 rice *iefly on "o side ( ! track j be=e rea*+ ,onoda at #aj3cj ,a4 ,m4 & cont9u+ ?ree m9utes ride beyond1 :5 we are aga9 betwe5 hills )\t fields & :]e ! trees are p9e ) clumps ( bamboo4 ,9 f\r m9utes m we are among small rice paddies & at #aj3ce h pass$ ano!r gap & are cross+ ano!r valley *eck]$ ) rice fields & lotus ponds1 b 9 "o m9ute m ! hills h clos$ 91 leav+ only room = ! track4 ,at #aj3cg we are runn+ along a n>r[ valley ) its t]rac$ rice paddies :]e _m ( ! hills %[ nak$ soil among ! bamboo1 scatt]+ p9e & o!r small trees2 !n we are out among g>d5 pat*es ?ickly mul*$ ) /raw4 ,at #aj3ch we are betwe5 high] hills ) b n>r[ areas = rice /ret*+ close along ! track1 b 9 two m9utes ^! are pass$ & we are among l[ hills ) t]rac$ dry fields4 ,at #aj3db we are sp9n+ along ! level valley ) its rice1 b are quickly out aga9 among hills ) nak$ soil :]e erosion 0 m>k$4 ,?is is j be=e pass+ ,funkai :]e we are foll[+ ! c\rse ( a /ream "s sixty feet wide ) b little cultivat$ l& 9 small areas4 ,at #aj3dg we are aga9 pass+ n>r[ rice fields ne> ! track :]e ! p are busy we$+ ) _! h&s1 half knee-deep 9 wat]4 ,at #aj3ec we ent] a broad] valley /ret*+ f> to ! s\? & seaw>d1 b we _h cross$ x 9 "o m9ute1 %ot ?r\gh ano!r gap1 & at #aj3ee are trav]s+ a mu* broad] valley l>gely giv5 ov] to rice1 b :]e "s ( ! paddies 7 be>+ matt+ ru% set 9 r[s & 9 hills aft] ! mann] ( rice4 ,x is "h we pass ,oy\ & j beyond cross a /ream conf9$ betwe5 levees built "s di/ance back f ei!r bank4 ,at #aa3ag ?is pla9 is left & we ent] a n>r[ valley )\t fields4 ,?us d mo/ ( ! agricultural l&s ( ,japan lie 9 ! n>r[e/ valleys1 (t5 /eeply slop+1 & into :i* jutt+ spurs create ! greate/ irregul>ity ( b\nd>y & slope4 ,! j\rney ( ?is day cov]$ #cej miles 9 f\rte5 h\rs1 all ( ! way ?r\gh a c\ntry ( rem>kable & peculi> beauty :i* c be duplicat$ n[h]e outside ! m\nta9\s1 rice-gr[+ ,ori5t & !re only dur+ fifte5 days clos+ ! transplant+ season4 ,!re 7 nei!r high m\nta9s nor broad valleys1 no great riv]s & b few lakes2 nei!r rugg$ nak$ rocks1 tall =e/ trees nor wide level fields rea*+ away to unbrok5 horizons4 ,b ! l[1 r\nd$1 soil-mantl$ m\nta9 tops clo!d 9 h]bace\s & "y =e/ gr[? fell ev]y:]e into l[] hills & ^! into n>r[ /eep valleys :i* dropp$ by a s]ies ( wat]-level b5*es1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bbe1 to ! ma9 riv] c\rses4 ,ea* "o ( ^! millions ( t]races1 set ab\t by its rais$ rim1 0 a silv]y %eet ( wat] dott$ 9 ! da9tie/ mann] ) bun*es ( rice j transplant$1 b n s close nor yet s high & ov]-spread+ z to obscure ! wat]1 yet q en\gh to imp>t to ! surface a mo/ delicate %e5 ( gre52 & ! grass-gr[n n>r[ rims reta9+ ! wat] 9 ! bas9s1 cem5t$ !m into s]ies ( ! mo/ sup]b mosaics1 %ap$ into ! valley bottoms by artizan arti/s p]haps two ?\s& ye>s be=e & ma9ta9$ by _! desc5dants ?r\gh all ! ye>s s9ce1 t on !m ! ra9s & f]tility f ! m\nta9s & ! sun%9e f heav5 might be trans=m$ by ! rice plant into food = ! families & support = ! nation4 ,two weeks e>li] ! aspect ( ^! l&scapes 0 v diff]5t1 & two weeks lat] ! reflect+ wat] w\ld lie hidd5 b5ea? ! gr[+ & rapidly develop+ mantle ( gre51 to g on *ang+ until autumn1 :5 all w\ld be ov]spread ) ! rip5$ h>ve/ ( gra94 ,& :at int5sifi$ ! beauty ( x all 0 ! fact t only along ! wide/ valley bottoms 7 ! mosaics level1 except ! wat] surface ( ea* individual unit & ^! 7 always small4 ,at "o "t we 7 rid+ along a desc5d+ s]ies ( /eps & !n along ano!r ris+ ?r\gh a w9d+ valley to disappe> ar\nd a project+ spur1 & any:]e 9 ! mid/ ( x all might be /&+ ,japanese cottages or villas ) ! wat] & ! gr[+ rice lit]ally almo/ aga9/ ! walls1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bbf1 :ile a ne>-by high t]race might hold its wat] on a level ) ! *imney-tops4 ,c "o wond] t ! ,japanese loves 8 c\ntry or t !y are born & br$ l&scape arti/s8 ,j be=e rea*+ ,hongo !re 7 consid]able areas ?r[n into long n>r[1 mu*-rais$1 ea/ & we/ b$s "u cov]s ( /raw matt+ incl9$ at a slight angle t[>d ! s\?1 "s two feet above ! gr\nd b op5 t[>d ! nor?4 ,:at crop may h be5 gr[n "h we did n le>n b ! matt+ 0 app>5tly int5d$ = %ade1 z x 0 hot midsumm] wea!r1 & we suspect x may h be5 g9s5g4 ,x 0 "h1 too1 t we came into ! region ( ! culture ( matt+ ru%1 ext5sively gr[n 9 ,hiro%ima & ,okayama prefectures1 b less ext5sively all ov] ! empire4 ,z ) rice1 ! ru% is fir/ gr[n 9 nurs]y b$s f :i* x is transplant$ to ! paddies1 "o acre ( nurs]y supply+ suffici5t /ock = t5 acres ( field4 ,! plants are set tw5ty to ?irty /alks 9 a hill 9 r[s sev5 in*es ap>t ) ! hills six in*es f c5t] to c5t] 9 ! r[4 ,v high f]tilization is practic$1 co/+ f #abj to #bdj y5 p] acre1 or #fj to #abj annually1 ! f]tiliz] consi/+ ( bean cake & plant a%es1 or 9 rec5t ye>s1 sometimes ( sulphate ( ammonia = nitrog51 & sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,ab\t t5 p] c5t ( ! am\nt ( f]tiliz] requir$ = ! crop is appli$ at ! "t ( fitt+ ! gr\nd1 ! balance be+ adm9i/]$ f "t to "t z ! season advances4 ,two crops ( ! ru% may be tak5 f ! same gr\nd ea* ye> or x is gr[n 9 rotation ) rice1 b mo/ ext5sively on ! l&s less readily dra9$ & n s well suit$ = o!r crops4 ,fields ( ! ru%1 gr[+ 9 alt]nation ) rice1 are se5 9 ,fig4 #de1 & 9 ,fig4 #bbg1 ) ! ,gov]nm5t salt fields ly+ along ! sea%ore beyond4 ,) ! mo/ vigor\s gr[? ! ru% atta9 a height exce$+ ?ree feet & ! m>ket price v>ies mat]ially ) ! l5g? ( ! /ems4 ,good yields1 "u ! be/ culture1 may be z high z #f4e tons p] acre ( ! dry /ems b ! av]age yield is less1 t ( #aije be+ #heca p\nds1 = #ifee acres1 ,! value ( ! product ranges f #abj to #bjj p] acre4 ,x is f ?is mat]ial t mats are wov5 9 /&>d sizes1 to be laid ov] padd+1 uphol/]+ ! floors :i* are ! seats ( all classes 9 ,japan1 us$ 9 ! mann] se5 9 ,fig4 #bbh & 9 ,fig4 #bbi1 :i* is a completely furni%$ gue/ room 9 a fir/ class ,japanese inn1 f9i%$ 9 natural unv>ni%$ wood1 ) walls ( slid+ panels ( transluc5t pap]1 :i* may op5 ^u a por*1 into a hallway or into ano!r ap>tm5t2 & ) its b\quet1 :i* may consi/ ( a s+le l>ge %apely bran* ( ! purple leav$ maple1 hav+ ! cut end *>r$ to pres]ve x fre% = a long] "t1 /&+ 9 wat] 9 ! vase4 ,two little maids ,i've he>d (1 ea* ) a pretty ta/e1 ,:o _h two little rooms to fix & n an h\r to wa/e4 ,eight ?\s& miles ap>t !y liv$1 yet on ! selfsame day ,! "o 9 ,nikko's n>r[ /reets1 ! o!r on ,broadway1 ,!y />t$ out1 ea* happy maid h] he>t's desire to f9d1 ,& h] own de> room to furni% j accord+ to h] m9d4 ,:5 ,alice w5t a-%opp+1 %e b\ght a b$ ( brass1 ,a bureau & "s *airs & ?+s & su* a lovely glass ,to reflect h] little figure--) two c&le brackets ne>-- ,& a little dress+ table t %e said 0 simply de>6 ,a book %elf l[ to hold h] books1 a little *9a rack1 ,& !n1 ( c\rse1 a bureau set & lots ( bric-a-brac2 ,a da9ty little escritoire1 ) fix+s all h] own ,& j = h] conv5i5ce1 too1 a little telephone4 ,"s ori5tal rugs %e got1 & curta9s ( madras1 ,) 'cunn+' ones ( lace inside1 to g aga9/ ! glass2 ,& !n a c\*1 a lovely "o1 ) cu%ions s(t to cru%1 ,& =ty pill[s1 m or less1 ( l951 silk & plu%2 ,( all ! ornam5ts besides ,i c\ldn't tell ! half1 ,b :]ev] !re 0 no?+ else1 %e /uck a photograph4 ,& !n1 :5 all 0 f9i%$1 %e sigh$ a little sigh1 ,& look$ ab\t ) j a %ade ( sadness 9 h] eye3 ',= x ne$s a /atuette or s--a f]n--a silv] /ork ,oh1 some?+1 j to fill x up6' said ,alice ( ,new ,york4 ,:5 little ,oumi ( ,japan w5t %opp+1 pitapat1 ,%e b\ght a fan ( pap] & a little sleep+ mat2 ,%e set beside ! w9d[ a lily 9 a vase1 ,& look$ ab\t ) m ?an d\bt ^u h] pretty face3 ',=1 really--don't y ?9k s8--) ! lily & ! fan4 ,x's a little ov]cr[d$6' said ,oumi ( ,japan4 7,m>g>et ,johnson 9 ,/4 ,ni*olas ,magaz9e7 ,9 ! rural homes ( ,japan dur+ #aijf !re 7 wov5 #ad1dig1jeh %eets ( ^! floor mats & #f1fbh1ggb %eets ( o!r matt+1 hav+ a comb9$ value ( #b1hae1jdj1 & 9 addition1 f ! be/ quality ( ru% gr[n ^u ! same gr\nd1 aggregat+ #gfeg acres t ye>1 !re 7 manufactur$ = ! export trade1 fancy matt+s1 hav+ ! value ( #b1bgd1aca4 ,"h is a total value1 = ! product ( ! soil & = ! labor put into ! manufacture1 am\nt+ to #ffd p] acre = ! area nam$4 ,at ! ,aka%i agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 "u ! ,director%ip ( ,pr(essor ,ono1 we saw "s ( ! me?ods ( fruit culture z practic$ 9 ,japan4 ,he 0 conduct+ exp]im5ts ) ! object ( improv+ me?ods ( head+ & tra9+ pe> trees1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made on page #bb4 ,a /udy 0 also be+ made ( ! advantages & disadvantages associat$ ) cov]+ ! fruit ) pap] bags1 examples ( :i* are se5 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,! bags 7 be+ made at ! "t ( our visit1 f old newspap]s cut1 fold$ & pa/$ by wom54 ,nak$ cultivation 0 practic$ 9 ! or*>d1 & f]tiliz]s consi/+ ( fi% guano & sup]phosphate ( lime 7 be+ appli$ twice ea* ye> 9 am\nts aggregat+ a co/ ( tw5ty-f\r doll>s p] acre4 ,pe> or*>ds ( native v>ieties1 9 good be>+1 yield returns ( #aej y5 p] tan1 & ^? ( ,european v>ieties1 #bjj y5 p] tan1 :i* is at ! rate ( #cjj & #djj p] acre4 ,! bibo1 s ext5sively gr[n 9 ,*9a 0 be+ cultivat$ "h also & 0 yield+ ab\t #cbj p] acre4 ,x 0 "h t we fir/ met ! cultivation ( a v>iety ( burdock gr[n f ! se$1 ?ree crops be+ tak5 ea* season :]e ! climate is favorable1 or z "o ( ?ree 9 ! multiple crop sy/em4 ,x is gr[n = ! root1 yield+ a crop valu$ at #dj to #ej p] acre4 ,"o crop1 plant$1 9 ,m>*1 0 be+ h>ve/$ ,july #a/4 ,dur+ our ride to ,aka%i on ! e>ly morn+ tra9 we pass$ long processions ( c>ts drawn by cattle1 horses or by m51 mov+ along ! c\ntry road :i* p>allel$ ! railway1 all load$ ) ! wa/e ( ! city ( ,kobe1 go+ to its de/9ation 9 ! fields1 "s ( x a di/ance ( twelve miles1 :]e x 0 sold at f #ed c5ts to #a4fc p] ton4 ,at sev]al places along our r\te f ,%imonoseki to ,osaka we _h obs]v$ ! application ( slack$ lime to ! wat] ( ! rice fields1 b 9 ?is prefecture1 ,hyogo1 :]e ! /ation is locat$1 its use 0 prohibit$ 9 #aija1 except "u ! direction ( ! /ation au?orities1 :]e ! soil 0 acid or :]e x 0 ne$$ on acc\nt ( insect tr\bles4 ,up to ?is "t x _h be5 ! cu/om ( f>m]s to apply slack$ lime at ! rate ( ?ree to five tons p] acre1 pay+ = x #d4hd p] ton4 ,! fir/ re/rictive legislation p]mitt$ ! use ( #hb p\nds ( lime ) ea* #hbg p\nds ( organic manure1 b z ! f>m]s p]si/$ 9 us+ mu* l>g] quantities1 complete prohibition 0 resort$ to4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to subsidies enc\rag+ ! use ( compo/s1 & 9 ?is prefecture prizes are aw>d$ = ! be/ compo/ heaps 9 ea* c\nty1 exam9ations be+ made by a committee4 ,! compo/s receiv+ ! f\r highe/ aw>ds 9 ea* c\nty are all[$ to compete ) ^? 9 o!r c\nties = a prefectural prize aw>d$ by ano!r committee4 ,! p9k clov] gr[n 9 ,hyogo aft] rice1 z a gre5 manure crop1 yields "u favorable conditions tw5ty tons ( ! gre5 product p] acre1 & is usually appli$ to ab\t ?ree times ! area ^u :i* x grew1 at ! rate ( #f4f tons p] acre1 ! /ubble & roots s]v+ = ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! crop grew4 ,on ,july #crd we left ,osaka1 go+ s\? ?r\gh ,sakai to ,wakayama1 !nce ea/ & nor? to ! ,n>a ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,aft] pass+ ! fir/ two /ations ! r\te lay ?r\gh a v flat1 highly cultivat$ g>d5 section ) cucumb]s tra9$ on trellises1 _m squa% 9 full bloom1 ) fields ( t>o1 g+] & _m o!r vegetables4 ,beyond ,hamad]a consid]able areas ( flat s&y l& _h be5 set close ) p9e1 b ) int]v5+ areas 9 rice1 :]e ! gr[]s 7 us+ ! revolv+ we$] se5 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,at ,otsu broad areas are 9 rice b "h work$ ) ! %ort h&l$ claw we$]s1 & /ubble f a =m] crop _h be5 drawn toge!r into small piles1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bcj1 :i* lat] w\ld be c>efully di/ribut$ & work$ b5ea? ! mud4 ,mu* ( ! m\nta9 l&s 9 ?is region1 gr[+ p9e1 is own$ by private p>ties & ! gr[? is cut at int]vals ( t51 tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s1 be+ sold on ! gr\nd to ^? :o w come & cut x at a price ( =ty s5 = a "o-horse load1 z already describ$1 page #aei4 ,! c\rse f "h 0 up ! r rapidly ris+ ,kiigawa valley :]e mu* wat] 0 be+ appli$ to ! rice fields by v>i\s me?ods ( pump+1 among !m num]\s curr5t :eels2 an occasional p[]-pump driv5 by cattle2 & v commonly ! foot-p[] :eel :]e ! man walks on ! circumf]5ce1 /eady+ himself ) a long pole1 z se5 9 ! field1 ,fig4 #bca4 ,x 0 "h t a consid]able section ( ! hill slope _h be5 v rec5tly cut ov]1 ! area %[+ light 9 ! engrav+4 ,x 0 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ha%imoto on ?is r\te1 too1 t ! two beautiful views reproduc$ 9 ,figs4 #aea & #aeb 7 tak54 ,at ! exp]im5t /ation x 0 le>n$ t )9 ! prefecture ( ,n>a1 hav+ a population ( #eeh1cad1 & #ajg1egd acres ( cultivat$ l&1 two-?irds ( ?is 0 9 paddy rice4 ,)9 ! prov9ce !re are also ab\t "o ?\s& irrigation res]voirs ) an av]age dep? ( eight feet4 ,! rice fields receive #af4cb in*es ( irrigation wat] 9 addition to ! ra94 ,( ! uncultivat$ hill l&s1 "s #bejj acres contribute gre5 manure = f]tilization ( fields4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! production ( compo/ = f]tiliz]s on page #baa4 ,! am\nt recomm5d$ 9 ?is prefecture z a ye>ly application = two crops gr[n is3 ,organic matt] #c1gaa to #d1fdj lbs4 p] acre ,nitrog5 #aje to #aca lbs4 p] acre ,phosphorus #ce to #dd lbs4 p] acre ,potassium #ef to #gj lbs4 p] acre ,^! am\nts1 on ! basis ( ! table1 p4 #bad1 are ne>ly suffici5t = a crop ( ?irty bu%els ( :eat1 foll[$ by "o ( ?irty bu%els ( rice1 ! phosphorus be+ 9 excess & ! potassium n q en\gh1 suppos+ none to be d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,at ! ,n>a hotel1 "o ( ! beautiful ,japanese inns :]e we /opp$1 our room op5$ ^u a second /ory v]&a f :i* "o look$ d[n ^u a beautiful1 t9y lakelet1 "s tw5ty by eighty feet1 )9 a dim9utive p>k sc>cely m ?an "o hundr$ by two hundr$ feet1 & ! lakelet _h its grassy1 rocky banks ov]-hung ) trees & %rubs plant$ 9 all ! wild disord] & beauty ( nature2 bamboo1 will[1 fir1 p9e1 c$>1 r$-leav$ maple1 catalpa1 ) o!r k9ds1 & ?r\gh ^!1 along ! %ore1 w\nd a woodsy1 well trodd51 n>r[ footpa? lead+ f ! inn to a half hidd5 cottage app>5tly qu>t]s = ! maids1 z !y 7 frequ5tly pass+ to & fro4 ,a sugge/ion ( h[ su* wild beauty is br\ght "r to ! v doors 9 ,japan may be ga9$ f ,fig4 #bcb1 :i* is an in/ance ( p>k+ effect on a /ill small] scale ?an t describ$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,july #f?1 ) two m5 = ea* ( our rick%as1 we left ! ,yaami hotel = ! ,kyoto ,exp]im5t /ation1 "s two miles to ! s\?we/ ( ! city limits4 ,z soon z we _h ent]$ ^u ! c\ntry road we f\nd ourselves 9 a procession ( c>t m5 ea* draw+ a load ( six l>ge cov]$ receptacles ( ab\t t5 gallons capacity1 & fill$ ) ! city's wa/e4 ,be=e rea*+ ! /ation we _h pass$ fifty-two ( ^! loads1 & on our return ! procession 0 /ill mov+ 9 ! same direction & we pass$ sixty-"o o!rs1 s t dur+ at lea/ five h\rs !re _h mov$ ov] ?is section ( road lead+ into ! c\ntry1 away f ! city1 n less ?an n9ety tons ( wa/e2 along o!r roadways simil> loads 7 mov+4 ,^! freight c>ts & ^? drawn by horses & bullocks 7 all provid$ ) long racks simil> to t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 page #aig1 & :5 ! load is n suffici5t to cov] ! full l5g? x is always divid$ equally & plac$ ne> ea* end1 ?us tak+ advantage ( ! ela/icity ( ! body to give ! effect ( spr+s1 less5+ ! draft & ! we> & te>1 ,"o ( ! mo/ common commodities com+ into ! city along ! c\ntry roads 0 fuel f ! hill l&s1 9 split /icks ti$ 9 bundles z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bbd2 z bundles ( limbs tw5ty-f\r to ?irty in*es1 & sometimes f\r to six feet1 long2 & 9 ! =m ( *>coal made f trunks & /ems "o & a half in*es to six in*es long1 & bal$ 9 /raw matt+4 ,mo/ ( ! draft animals us$ 9 ,japan are ei!r c[s1 bulls or /allions2 at lea/ we saw v few ox5 & few geld+s4 ,z e>ly z #ahie ! ,gov]nm5t began def9ite /eps look+ to ! improvem5t ( horse bre$+1 appo9t+ at t "t a commission to devise compreh5sive plans4 ,?is l$ to progressive /eps f9ally culm9at+ 9 #aijf 9 ! ,horse ,adm9i/ration ,bureau1 ^: duties 7 to ext5d ov] a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 divid$ into two int]vals1 ! fir/1 eighte5 & ! second1 twelve ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ int]val x is contemplat$ t ! ,gov]nm5t %all acquire #a1ejj /allions to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = ! use ( private individuals1 & dur+ ! second p]iod x is ! expectation t ! sy/em w h completely r5ovat$ ! /ock & famili>iz$ ! p ) prop] me?ods ( managem5t s t matt]s may be left 9 _! h&s4 ,z our ma9 purpose & limit$ "t requir$ undivid$ att5tion to agricultural matt]s1 & ( ^! to ! long e/abli%$ practices ( ! p1 we c\ld give b little "t to sight-see+ or ev5 to a /udy ( ! ef=ts be+ made = ! introduction ( improv$ agricultural me?ods & practices4 ,b 9 ! v old city ( ,kyoto1 :i* 0 ! seat ( ! ,mikado's c\rt f be=e #hjj ,a4 ,d4 until #ahfh1 we did pay a %ort visit to ! ,kiyomizu temple1 situat$ "s ?ree hundr$ y>ds s\? f ! ,yaami hotel1 :i* faces ! ,m>uyaami p>k ) its c5turies-old giant *]ry tree1 hav+ a trunk ( m ?an f\r feet ?r\gh & wide spread+ bran*es1 n[ mu* propp$ up to gu>d aga9/ accid5t1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,^! *]ry trees are v ext5sively us$ = ornam5tal purposes 9 ,japan ) /rik+ effect4 ,! tree does n produce an edible fruit1 b is v beautiful :5 9 full bloom1 z may be se5 f ,fig4 #bcd4 ,x 0 ^! trees t 7 s5t by ! ,japanese gov]nm5t to ?is c\ntry = use at ,wa%+ton b ! fir/ lot 7 de/roy$ because !y 7 f\nd to be infe/$ & ?reat5$ dang] to native trees4 ,kyoto /&s amid surr\nd+s ( wond]ful beauty1 ! site app>5tly hav+ be5 select$ ) r>e acum5 = its possibilities 9 l>ge l&scape effects1 & ^! h be5 develop$ ) t fullness & ri*ness :i* ! greate/ arti/s might be cont5t to approa*4 ,we are ?9k+ p>ticul>ly ( ! ,kiyomizu-d]a1 or r ( ! m>vel\s beauty ( tree & foliage :i* has ov]gr[n x & swept f> up & ov] ! m\nta9 summit1 leav+ ! temple half hidd5 at ! base4 ,no words1 no bru%1 no photographic art c transf] ! effect4 ,"o mu/ see to feel ! influ5ce = :i* x 0 creat$1 & scores ( p1 v old & v "y1 ne>ly all ,japanese1 & m ( !m on t day f ! poor] r ?an f ! well-to-d class1 7 !re1 all )draw+ reluctantly1 l ourselves1 look+ backw>d1 "u ! spell4 ,s pot5t & impressive 0 t some?+ f ! great ov]%ad[+ beauty ( ! m\nta91 t all along up ! n>r[1 %op-l9$ /reet lead+ to ! gateway ( ! temple1 se5 9 ,fig4 #bce1 ! t9ie/ bits ( p>k effect 7 fl\ri%+ 9 ! mo/ impossible situations2 & z ,pr(essor ,tokito & myself 7 com+ away we *anc$ ^u six little r\ghly dress$ lads lay+ out 9 ! s& an elaborate little p>k1 q n9e by twelve feet4 ,!y mu/ h be5 at x h\rs1 = !re 7 ponds1 bridges1 t9y hills & rav9es & mu* plant+ 9 moss & o!r little gre5s4 ,s int5t on _! task 7 !y t we /ood wat*+ full two m9utes be=e our pres5ce attract$ _! att5tion1 & yet ! olde/ ( ! gr\p mu/ h be5 "u t5 ye>s ( age4 ,"o p>tly hidd5 view ( ! temple is se5 9 ,fig4 #bcf1 ! d5se m\nta9 v]dure ris+ above & beyond x4 ,& !n too1 )9 ! temple1 z ! peasant m5 & wom5 came be=e ! %r9e & grasp$ ! long dep5d+ rope knock]1 ) ! heavy knot 9 front ( ! great gong1 sw++ x to /rike ?ree r+s1 ann\nc+ _! pres5ce be=e _! ,god1 !n kneel+ to (f] pray]s1 "o c\ld n fail to realize ! deep s9c]ity & fai? express$ 9 face & mann]1 :ile !y 7 oblivi\s to all else4 ,no ,*ri/ian 0 ev] m dev\t & "o may well d\bt if any ev] arose f pray] m uplift$ ?an ^!4 ,:o ne$ believe !y did n look beyond ! imag]y & commune ) ! ,et]nal ,_s8 ,a ?ird view ( ! same temple1 %[+ re/+ places b5ea? ! %ade1 :i* s]ve ! purpose ( lawn seats 9 our p>ks1 is se5 9 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,t a high ord] ( ! e/hetic s5se is born to ! ,japanese p2 t !y are ma/]s ( ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful2 & t !re are arti/s among !m capable ( effective & impressive results1 is reveal$ 9 a hundr$ ways1 & "o ( ^! is ! iris g>d5 ( ,fig4 #bch4 ,"o sees x "h 9 ! bulru%es :i* make ! iris feel at home2 9 ! unobtrusive semblance ( a log t seems to h fall5 across ! run2 9 ! h>d beat5 n>r[ pa? & ! sore toes ( ! old p9e tree1 tell+ ( ! hundr$s t come & g2 x is se5 9 ! dress & pose ( ! ladies1 & "o may be sure ! photograph] felt all t he saw & fix$ s well4 ,! v5d] ( ,oumi's lily t ,m>g>et ,johnson saw1 is 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,!re ano!r is b>t]+ = a spray ( fl[]s1 & ?us "o sold ! bran* ( r$ maple leaves 9 our room at ! ,n>a inn4 ,8 floral /&s are borne along ! /reets p5dant f ! usual c>ry+ pole4 ,:5 return+ to ! city f ! ,kyoto ,exp]im5t ,/ation sev]al fields ( ,japanese indigo 7 pass$1 gr[+ 9 wat] "u ! conditions ( ord9>y rice culture1 ,fig4 #bdj be+ a view ( "o ( ^!4 ,! plant is ,poligonum t9ctoria1 a close relative ( ! sm>twe$4 ,be=e ! importation ( anil9e & aliz>9 dyes1 :i* am\nt$ 9 #aijg to #afj1eeh p\nds & #g1agj1cbj p\nds respectively1 ! cultivation ( indigo 0 mu* m ext5sive ?an at pres5t1 am\nt+ 9 #ahig to #afj1dfj1jjj p\nds ( ! dri$ leaves2 b 9 #aijf ! production _h fall5 to #eh1fif1jjj p\nds1 =ty-five p] c5t ( :i* 0 gr[n 9 ! prefecture ( ,toku%ima 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl& ( ,%ikoku4 ,! population ( ?is prefecture is #gjg1efe1 or #d4d p to ea* ( ! #aei1dej acres ( cultivat$ field1 & yet #ai1ifi ( ^! acres bore ! indigo crop1 leav+ m ?an five p to ea* food-produc+ acre4 ,! plants = ?is crop are />t$ 9 nurs]y b$s 9 ,febru>y & transplant$ 9 ,may1 ! fir/ crop be+ cut ! la/ ( ,june or fir/ ( ,july1 :5 ! fields are aga9 f]tiliz$1 ! /ubble ?r[+ out new %oots & yield+ a second cutt+ ! la/ ( ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb]4 ,a crop ( b>ley may h prec$$ "o ( indigo1 or ! indigo may be set foll[+ a crop ( rice4 ,su* practice1 ) ! high f]tilization = e crop1 goes a long way t[>d supply+ ! necess>y food4 ,! d5se population1 too1 has p]mitt$ ! manufacture ( ! indigo z a home indu/ry among ! f>m]s1 enabl+ !m to ex*ange ! sp>e labor ( ! family = ca%4 ,! manufactur$ product f ! r$uc$ plant+ 9 #aijg 0 wor? #a1cjd1faj1 =ty-five p] c5t ( :i* 0 ! output ( ! rural population ( ! prefecture ( ,toku%ima1 :i* !y c\ld ex*ange = rice & o!r necess>ies4 ,! l& 9 rice 9 ?is prefecture 9 #aijg 0 #gc1haf acres1 yield+ #aad1chj1jjj p\nds1 or m ?an #afa p\nds to ea* man1 woman & *ild1 & !re 7 #fe1ffe acres be>+ o!r crops4 ,besides ?is !re are #hgd1bjh acres ( m\nta9 & hill l& 9 ! prefecture :i* supply fuel1 fuel a%es & gre5 manure = f]tiliz]2 run-(f wat] = irrigation2 lumb] & remun]ative employm5t = s]vice n ne$$ 9 ! fields4 ,! j\rney 0 cont9u$ f ,kyoto ,july #g?1 tak+ ! r\te lead+ nor!a/w>d1 skirt+ lake ,biwa :i* we came ^u sudd5ly on em]g+ f a tunnel z ! tra9 left ,otani4 ,at _m places we pass$ wat]:eels su* z t se5 9 ,fig4 #bda1 all simil>ly set1 busily turn+1 & usually twelve to sixte5 feet 9 diamet] b (t5e/ only z _m in*es ?ick4 ,until we _h rea*$ ,lake ,biwa ! valleys 7 n>r[ ) only small areas 9 rice4 ,tea plantations 7 common on ! high] cultivat$ slopes1 & g>d5s on ! t]rac$ hillsides gr[+ vegetables ( _m k9ds 7 common1 (t5 ) ! gr\nd heavily mul*$ ) /raw1 :ile ! wood$ or grass-cov]$ slopes /ill fur!r up %[$ ! usual sy/ematic p]iodic cutt+4 ,aft] pass+ ! we/ end ( ! lake1 rice fields 7 ne>ly cont9u\s & ext5sive4 ,be=e rea*+ ,ha*iman we cross$ a /ream lead+ into ! lake b conf9$ betwe5 levees m ?an twelve feet high1 & we _h already pass$ b5ea? two rais$ viaducts aft] leav+ ,kusatsu4 ,o!r crops 7 be+ gr[n side by side ) ! rice on simil> l&s & app>5tly 9 rotation ) x1 b on %>p1 n>r[ close ridges twelve to f\rte5 in*es high4 ,z we pass$ ea/w>d we ent]$ "o ( ! important mulb]ry di/ricts :]e ! fields are grad$ to two levels1 ! high] occupi$ ) mulb]ry or o!r crops n requir+ irrigation1 :ile ! l[] 0 devot$ to rice or crops gr[n 9 rotation ) x4 ,on ! ,kisogawa1 at ! /ation ( ! same "n1 !re 7 f\r an*or$ float+ wat]-p[] mills propell$ by two pair ( l>ge curr5t :eels /ation$ =e & aft1 ea* pair work+ on a common axle f opposite sides ( ! mill1 driv5 by ! =ce ( ! curr5t fl[+ by4 ,at ,kisogawa we _h ent]$ ! nor!rn end ( "o ( ! l>ge/ pla9s ( ,japan1 "s ?irty miles wide & ext5d+ =ty miles s\?w>d to ,ow>i bay4 ,! pla9 has be5 ext5sively grad$ to two levels1 ! b5*es be+ usually n m ?an two feet above ! rice paddies1 & devot$ to v>i\s dry l& crops1 includ+ ! mulb]ry4 ,! soil is decid$ly s&y 9 "* b ! mean yield ( rice = ! prefecture is #cg bu%els p] acre & above ! av]age = ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,an analysis ( ! soils at ! sub-exp]im5t /ation nor? ( ,nagoya %[s ! foll[+ cont5t ( ! ?ree ma9 plant food elem5ts4 ,nitrog5 ,phosphorus ,potassium ,p\nds p] million ,9 paddy field ,soil #aebj #gfi #hje ,subsoil #haj #gef #hhh ,9 upl& field ,soil #ajfj #fhf #aafb ,subsoil #eaj #fgc #abjd ,! gre5 manure crops on ?is pla9 are *iefly two v>ieties ( ! p9k clov]1 "o s[$ 9 ! fall & "o ab\t ,may #ae?1 ! fir/ yield+ z high z sixte5 tons gre5 weight p] acre & ! o!r f five to eight tons4 ,on ! pla9 di/ant f ! m\nta9 & hill l& ! /ems ( agricultural crops are l>gely us$ z fuel & ! fuel a%es are appli$ to ! fields at ! rate ( #aj kan p] tan1 or #ccj p\nds p] acre1 wor? #a4bj1 little lime1 z su*1 be+ us$4 ,9 ! prefecture ( ,ai*i1 l>gely 9 ?is pla91 ) an area ( cultivat$ l& equal to ab\t sixte5 ( our gov]nm5t t[n%ips1 !re is a population ( #a1geb1jdb1 or a d5sity ( #d4g p] acre1 & ! numb] ( h\seholds ( f>m]s 0 plac$ at #baa1jcc1 ?us giv+ to ea* f>m]'s family an av]age ( #a4ge acres1 _! *ief indu/ries be+ rice & silk culture4 ,soon aft] leav+ ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,ai*i prefecture at ,an ,jo we cross$ ! l>ge ,yahagigawa1 fl[+ betwe5 /rong levees above ! level ( ! rice fields4 ,mulb]ries1 ) burdock & o!r vegetables 7 gr[+ ^u all ( ! tables rais$ "o to two1 feet above ! rice paddies1 & ^! features cont9u$ pa/ ,okasaki1 ,koda1 & ,kamagori1 :]e ! hills 9 _m places _h be5 rec5tly cut clean ( ! l[ =e/ gr[? & :]e we pass$ _m l>ge /acks ( p9e b\ghs ti$ 9 bundles = fuel4 ,aft] pass+ ,goyu sixty-five miles ea/ f ,nagoya1 mulb]ry 0 ! *ief crop4 ,!n came a pla9 c\ntry :i* _h be5 grad$ & level$ at great co/ ( labor1 ! b5*es ) _! squ>e %\ld]s /&+ ?ree to f\r feet above ! paddy fields2 & aft] pass+ ,toyoha%i "s di/ance we 7 surpris$ to cross a r wide section ( comp>atively level l& ov]gr[n ) p9e & h]bace\s1 plants :i* _h evid5tly be5 cut & recut _m times4 ,beyond ,futagawa rice fields 7 laid out on :at appe>$ to be1 simil> l& b ) soil a little f9] 9 texture1 & /ill fur!r along 7 o!r flat areas n cultivat$4 ,at ,maisaka q half ! cultivat$ fields appe> to be 9 mulb]ry ) ponds ( lotus plants 9 l[ places1 :ile at ,hamamatsu ! rice fields are int]sp]s$ ) _m squ>e-%\ld]$ tables rais$ ?ree to f\r feet & occupi$ ) mulb]ry or vegetables4 ,z we pass$ ^u ! flood pla9 ( ! ,t5ryugawa1 ) its ne>ly dry b$ ( co>se gravel half a mile wide1 ! dwell+s ( f>m villages 71 _m ( !m surr\nd$ ) ne>ly solid1 flat-topp$1 trimm$ ev]gre5 h$ges n9e to twelve feet high1 ( ! umbrella p9e1 =m+ beautiful & effective scre5s4 ,at ,nakaidzumi we _h left ! mulb]ry or*>ds = ^? ( tea1 rice /ill hold+ :]ev] paddies c\ld be =m$4 ,"h1 too1 we met ! fir/ fields ( tobacco1 & at ,fukuroi & ,hom\*i l>ge quantities ( import$ ,man*urian bean cake 7 /ack$ ab\t ! /ation1 hav+ evid5tly be5 br\ght by rail4 ,at ,kanaya we pass$ ?r\gh a long tunnel & 7 9 ! valley ( ! ,oigawa1 cross+ ! broad1 ne>ly dry /ream ov] a bridge ( n9ete5 long spans & 7 !n 9 ! prefecture ( ,%izuoka :]e l>ge fields ( tea spread f> up ! hillsides1 cov]+ ext5sive areas1 b aft] pass+ ! next /ation1 & = sev5te5 miles be=e rea*+ ,%izuoka we trav]s$ a level /ret* ( ne>ly cont9u\s rice fields4 ,! ,%izuoka ,exp]im5t ,/ation is devot+ special att5tion to ! int]e/s ( horticulture1 & progress has already be5 made 9 introduc+ new fruits ( bett] quality & 9 improv+ ! native v>ieties4 ,! native pe>s & pea*es1 z we f\nd !m s]v$ on ! hotel tables 9 ei!r ,*9a or ,japan1 7 n p>ticul>ly attractive 9 ei!r texture or flavor1 b we 7 "h p]mitt$ to te/ samples ( ?ree v>ieties ( ripe figs ( f9e flavor & texture1 "o ( !m z l>ge z a good siz$ pe>4 ,?ree v>ieties ( f9e pea*es 7 also %[n1 "o unusually l>ge & ) delicate deep rose t9t1 includ+ ! fle%4 ,if su* pea*es c\ld be cann$ s z to reta9 _! delicate color !y w\ld prove v attractive = ! table4 ,! flavor & texture ( ?is pea* 7 also excell5t1 z 0 ! case ) two v>ieties ( pe>s4 ,! /ation 0 also exp]im5t+ ) ! production ( m>malades & we ta/$ ?ree v excell5t br&s1 two ( !m lack+ ! bitt] flavor4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 9 ,japan1 ,korea & ,*9a !re %\ld be a v bright future along ! l9es ( horticultural developm5t1 lead+ to ! utilization ( ! ext5sive hill l&s ( ^! c\ntries & ! developm5t ( a v ext5sive export trade1 bo? 9 fre% fruits & m>malades1 pres]ves & ! cann$ =ms4 ,!y h favorable climatic & soil conditions & great numb]s ( p ) temp]am5t & habits well suit$ to ! indu/ries1 z well z an enorm\s home ne$ :i* %\ld be met1 9 addition to ! l>ge possibilities 9 ! direction ( a mo/ pr(itable export trade :i* w\ld increase opportunities = labor & br+ ne$$ rev5ue to ! p4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdb are ?ree views at ?is /ation1 ! l[] %[+ a /eep t]rac$ hillside set ) oranges & o!r fruits1 hold+ out a bright promise = ! future4 ,pea* or*>ds 7 "h set on ! hill l&s1 ! trees six feet ap>t ea* way4 ,!y come into be>+ 9 ?ree ye>s1 rema9 productive t5 to fifte5 ye>s1 & ! returns are #ej to #fj y5 p] tan1 or at ! rate ( #ajj to #abj p] acre4 ,! usual f]tiliz]s = a pea* or*>d are ! manure-e>?-compo/1 appli$ at ! rate ( #ccjj p\nds p] acre1 & fi% guano appli$ 9 rotation & at ! same rate4 ,%izuoka is "o ( ! l>ge prefectures1 hav+ a total area ( #cjbi squ>e miles2 #bjij ( :i* are 9 =e/2 #dch 9 pa/ure & g5ya l&1 & #eja squ>e miles cultivat$1 n q "o-half ( :i* is 9 paddy fields4 ,! mean yield ( paddy rice is ne>ly #cc bu%els p] acre4 ,! prefecture has a population ( #a1bic1dgj1 or ab\t f\r to ! acre ( cultivat$ field1 & ! total crop ( rice is su* z1 to provide #bcf p\nds to ea* p]son4 ,at _m places along ! way z we left ,%izuoka ,july #aj? = ,tokyo1 f>m]s 7 s[+ broadca/1 on ! wat]1 ov] _! rice fields1 "s pulv]iz$ f]tiliz]1 possibly bean cake4 ,ne> ! railway /ation ( ,fuji1 & aft] cross+ ! b\ld] gravel b$ ( ! ,fujikawa :i* 0 a full qu>t] ( a mile wide1 we 7 trav]s+ a broad pla9 ( rice paddies ) _! rais$ tables1 b on !m pe> or*>ds 7 gr[+1 tra9$ to _! ov]head trellises4 ,ab\t4 ,suduzuka grass 0 be+ cut ) sickles along ! canal dikes = use z gre5 manure 9 ! rice fields1 :i* on ! left ( ! railway1 /ret*$ ea/w>d m ?an six miles to beyond ,h>a :]e we pass$ into a tract ( dry l& crops consi/+ ( mulb]ry1 tea & v>i\s vegetables1 ) m or less ( dry l& rice1 b we return$ to ! paddy l& aga9 at ,numazu1 9 ano!r f\r miles4 ,"h !re 7 f\r c>loads ( beef cattle de/9$ = ,tokyo or ,yokohama1 ! fir/ we _h se54 ,x 0 at ?is /ation t ! railway turns nor?w>d to skirt ! ea/]n flank ( ! beautiful ,fuji-yama1 ris+ to high] l&s ( a br[n loamy "*1 %[+ _m l>ge b\ld]s two feet 9 diamet]4 ,horses 7 "h mov+ along ! roadways "u l>ge saddle loads ( gre5 grass1 go+ to ! paddy fields f ! hills1 :i* 9 ?is section are q free f all b h]bace\s gr[?1 well cov]$ & gre54 ,consid]able areas 7 gr[+ maize & buck:eat1 ! latt] be+ gr\nd into fl\r & made into mac>oni :i* is eat5 ) *op/icks1 ,fig4 #bdc1 & us$ to give v>iety to ! diet ( rice & nak$ b>ley4 ,at ,got5ba1 :]e t\ri/s leave ! tra9 to asc5d ,fuji-yama1 ! road turns ea/w>d aga9 & desc5ds rapidly ?r\gh _m tunnels1 cross+ ! wide gravelly *annel ( ! ,sakawagawa1 !n c>ry+ b little wat]1 l all ( ! o!r ma9 /reams we _h cross$1 al?\gh we 7 9 ! ra9y season4 ,?is 0 p>tly because ! season 0 yet n f> advanc$2 p>tly because s mu* wat] 0 be+ tak5 ^u ! rice fields1 & aga9 because ! dra9age is s rapid d[n ! /eep slopes & comp>atively %ort wat] c\rses4 ,beyond ,yamakita ! railway aga9 l$ along a broad pla9 set 9 paddy rice & ! hill slopes 7 t]rac$ & cultivat$ ne>ly to _! summits4 ,sw++ /rongly s\!a/w>d1 ! coa/ 0 rea*$ at ,noduz 9 a hilly c\ntry produc+ *iefly vegetables1 mulb]ry & tobacco1 ! latt] crop be+ ext5sively gr[n ea/w>d ne>ly to ,oiso1 beyond :i*1 aft] a mile ( sweet potatoes1 squa% & cucumb]s1 !re 7 paddy fields ( rice 9 a flat pla94 ,be=e ,hiratsuka 0 rea*$ ! rice paddies 7 left & ! tra9 0 cross+ a comp>atively flat c\ntry ) a s&y1 sometimes gravelly1 soil :]e mulb]ries1 pea*es1 eggplants1 sweet potatoes & dry l& rice 7 int]sp]s$ ) areas /ill occupi$ ) small p9e & h]bace\s gr[? or :]e small p9e _h be5 rec5tly set4 ,simil> conditions prevail$ aft] we _h cross$ ! broad *annel ( ! ,banyugawa & well t[>d & beyond ,fuji%iwa :]e a level$ pla9 has its tables scatt]$ among ! fields ( paddy rice1 ?is be+ ! s\?we/ m>g9 ( ! ,tokyo pla91 ! l>ge/ 9 ,japan1 ly+ 9 five prefectures1 ^: aggregate area ( #a1gci1bjj acres ( arable l&s 0 work$ by #feg1bce families ( f>m]s2 #ffa1fac acres ( :i* 0 9 paddy rice1 produc+ annually "s #ai1aih1jjj bu%els1 or #afa p\nds = ea* ( ! #g1aid1jde m51 wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! five prefectures1 #a1hah1fee ( :om 7 9 ! capital city1 ,tokyo4 ,?ree views tak5 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ?is pla9 9 ! prefecture ( ,*iba1 ,july #ag?1 are se5 9 ,fig4 #bdd1 9 two ( :i* %ocks ( :eat 7 /ill /&+ 9 ! fields among ! gr[+ crops1 badly wea!r$ & ! gra9 spr\t+ z ! result ( ! ra9y season4 ,peanuts1 sweet potatoes & millet 7 ! ma9 dry l&1 crops !n on ! gr\nd1 ) paddy rice 9 ! flood$ bas9s4 ,w9dsor beans1 rape1 :eat & b>ley _h be5 h>ve/$4 ,"o family ) :om we talk$ 7 ?re%+ _! :eat4 ,! crop _h be5 a good "o & 0 yield+ betwe5 #ch4e &4 #da4c bu%els p] acre1 wor? at ! "t #ce to #dj4 ,on ! same l& ?is f>m] secures a yield ( #ceb to #cfa bu%els ( potatoes1 :i* at ! m>ket price at t "t w\ld give a gross e>n+ ( #fd to #ff p] acre4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ext5sive use ( /raw 9 ! cultural me?ods ( ! ,japanese4 ,?is is notably ! case 9 _! truck g>d5 "w1 & two phases ( ?is are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bde4 ,9 ! l[] section ( ! illu/ration ! g>d5 has be5 ridg$ & furr[$ = transplant+1 ! sets h be5 laid & ! roots cov]$ ) a little soil2 !n1 9 ! middle section1 %[+ ! next /ep 9 ! me?od1 a lay] ( /raw has be5 press$ firmly above ! roots1 & 9 ! f9al /ep ?is w\ld be cov]$ ) e>?4 ,adopt+ ?is me?od ! /raw is s plac$ t 7#a7 x acts z an effective mul* )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! capill>y rise ( wat] to ! roots ( ! sets2 7#b7 x gives deep1 ?or\gh a]ation ( ! soil1 at ! same "t all[+ ra9s to p5etrate quickly1 draw+ ! air aft] x2 7#c7 ! a% +r$i5ts c>ri$ 9 ! /raw are lea*$ directly to ! roots :]e !y are ne$$2 7#d7 & f9ally ! /raw & soil con/itute a compo/ :]e ! rapid decay lib]ates plant food gradually & 9 ! place :]e x w be mo/ readily available4 ,! upp] section ( ! illu/ration %[s r[s ( eggplants v heavily mul*$ ) co>se /raw1 ! quantity be+ suffici5t to act z a mo/ effective mul*1 to l>gely prev5t ! developm5t ( we$s & to s]ve dur+ ! ra9y season z a v mat]ial f]tiliz]4 ,9 gr[+ su* dry l& crops z b>ley1 beans1 buck:eat or dry l& rice ! soil ( ! field is at fir/ fitt$ by pl[+ or spad+1 !n furr[$ deeply :]e ! r[s are to be plant$4 ,into ^! furr[s f]tiliz] is plac$ & cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? ^u :i* ! se$ is plant$4 ,:5 ! crop is up1 if a second f]tilization is desir$1 a furr[ may be made alongside ea* r[1 into :i* ! f]tiliz] is s[$ & !n cov]$4 ,:5 ! crop is s f> matur$ t a second may be plant$1 a new furr[ is made1 ei!r midway betwe5 two o!rs or adjac5t to "o ( !m1 f]tiliz] appli$ & cov]$ ) a lay] ( soil & ! se$ plant$4 ,9 ?is way ! lea/ "t possible is lo/ dur+ ! gr[+ season1 all ( ! soil ( ! field do+ duty 9 crop production4 ,x 0 our privilege to visit ! ,imp]ial ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,ni%igah>a1 ne> ,tokyo1 :i* is *>g$ ) ! lead]%ip ( ! g5]al & te*nical agricultural rese>* "w = ! ,empire4 ,! "w is divid$ into ! sections ( agriculture1 agricultural *emi/ry1 entomology1 vegetable pa?ology1 tobacco1 horticulture1 /ock bre$+1 soils1 & tea manufacture1 ea* ) _! laboratory equipm5t & rese>* /aff1 :ile ! =ty-"o prefectural /ations & f\rte5 sub-/ations are *>g$ ) ! duty ( h&l+ all specific local1 practical problems & ) te/+ out & apply+ conclusions & me?ods sugge/$ by ! results obta9$ at ! c5tral /ation1 toge!r ) ! local dissem9ation ( k among ! f>m]s ( ! respective prefectures4 ,a compreh5sive soil survey ( ! arable l&s ( ! ,empire has be5 9 progress s9ce be=e #ahic1 excell5t maps be+ issu$ on a scale ( #a to #ajj1jjj1 or ab\t #a4eg in*-to ! mile1 %[+ ! geological =mations 9 eight colors ) subdivisions indicat$ by lett]s4 ,"s elev5 soil types are recogniz$1 bas$ on physical composition & ! areas occupi$ by ^! are %[n by means ( l9es & dots 9 black pr9t$ ov] ! colors4 ,typical pr(iles ( ! soil to dep?s ( ?ree met]s are pr9t$ z insets on ea* %eet & localities :]e ^! apply are indicat$ by correspond+ numb]s 9 r$ on ! map4 ,elaborate *emical & physical /udies are also be+ made 9 ! laboratories ( samples ( bo? soil & subsoil4 ,! ,imp]ial ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation is well equipp$ = inve/igation "w along _m l9es & t = soils is notably /rong4 ,9 ,fig4 #bdf may be se5 a portion ( ! l>ge imm]s$ cyl9d]s :i* are fill$ ) typical soils f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,empire1 & ,fig4 #bdg %[s a portion ( ano!r "p ( _! elaborate outfit = soil /udies :i* are 9 progress4 ,x is f\nd t ne>ly all cultivat$ soils ( ,japan are acid to litmus1 & ?is !y are incl9$ to attribute to ! pres5ce ( acid hydro-alum9um silicates4 ,! ,isl& ,empire ( ,japan /ret*es along ! ,asiatic coa/ ?r\gh m ?an tw5ty-n9e degrees ( latitude f ! s\!rn extremity ( ,=mosa nor?w>d to ! middle ( ,saghal91 "s #bcjj /atute miles2 or f ! latitude ( middle ,cuba to t ( nor? ,newf\ndl& & ,w9nipeg2 b ! total l& area is only #age1dbh squ>e miles1 & less ?an t ( ! ?ree /ates ( ,wiscons91 ,i[a & ,m9nesota4 ,( ?is total l& area only #bc1fih squ>e miles are at pres5t cultivat$2 #gaea squ>e miles 9 ! ?ree ma9 isl&s are we$ & pa/ure l&4 ,less ?an f\rte5 p] c5t ( ! entire l& area is at pres5t "u cultivation4 ,if all l&s hav+ a slope ( less ?an fifte5 degrees may be till$1 !re yet rema9 9 ! f\r ma9 isl&s1 #ae1djj squ>e miles to br+ "u cultivation1 :i* is an addition ( #fe4d p] c5t to ! l& already cultivat$4 ,9 #aijg !re 7 9 ! ,empire "s #e1had1cfb h\seholds ( f>m]s till+ #ae1bja1ifi acres & fe$+ #c1ebb1hgg additional h\seholds1 or #ea1gdb1cih p4 ,?is is an av]age ( #c4d p to ! acre ( cultivat$ l&1 ea* f>m]'s h\sehold till+ an av]age ( #b4f acres4 ,! l&s yet to be reclaim$ are be+ put "u cultivation rapidly1 ! am\nt improv$ 9 #aijg be+ #fd1ddh acres4 ,if ! new l&s to be reclaim$ c be made z productive z ^? n[ 9 use !re %\ld be opportunity = an increase 9 population to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ce1jjj1jjj )\t *ang+ ! pres5t ratio ( #c4d p to ! acre ( cultivat$ l&4 ,:ile ! rema9+ l&s to be reclaim$ are n z inh]5tly productive z ^? n[ 9 use1 improvem5ts 9 managem5t w m ?an comp5sate = ?is1 & ! ,empire is c]ta9 to q d\ble its pres5t ma9t5ance capacity & provide = at lea/ a hundr$ million p ) _m m com=ts ( home & m satisfaction = ! common p ?an !y n[ enjoy4 ,s9ce #ahgb !re has be5 an increase 9 ! population ( ,japan am\nt+ to an annual av]age ( ab\t #a4a p] c5t1 & if ?is rate is ma9ta9$ ! "o hundr$ million m>k w\ld be pass$ 9 less ?an sixty ye>s4 ,x appe>s probable h[ev] t ! increas$ acreage put "u cultivation & pa/urage comb9$1 w m ?an keep pace ) ! population up to ?is limit1 :ile ! improvem5t 9 me?ods & crops w readily p]mit a second l increm5t to h] population1 br++ t = ! pres5t ,empire up to #aej millions4 ,aga9/ ?is view1 p]haps1 is ! fact t ! rice crop ( ! tw5ty ye>s end+ 9 #aijf is only ?irty-?ree p] c5t great] ?an ! crop ( #ahch4 ,9 ,japan1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re has be5 a /rong movem5t f ! c\ntry to ! city z a natural result ( ! l>ge increase 9 manufactures & comm]ce1 & ! small am\nt ( l& p] ea* f>m]'s h\sehold4 ,9 #aijc only 4#bc p] c5t ( ! population ( ,japan 7 liv+ 9 villages ( less ?an #ejj1 :ile #gi4jf p] c5t 7 9 t[ns & villages ( less ?an #aj1jjj p1 #bj4g p] c5t liv+ 9 ^? l>g]4 ,b 9 #ahid #hd4cf p] c5t ( ! population 7 liv+ 9 t[ns & villages ( less ?an #aj1jjj1 & only #ae4fd p] c5t 7 9 cities1 t[ns & villages ( ov] #aj1jjj p2 & :ile dur+ ^! t5 ye>s ! rural population _h increas$ at ! rate ( #fdj p] #aj1jjj1 9 cities ! increase _h be5 #f1agd p] #aj1jjj4 ,japan has be5 & /ill is ess5tially an agricultural nation & 9 #aijf !re 7 #c1hgb1aje f>m]s' h\seholds1 ^: *ief "w 0 f>m+1 & #a1eha1bjd o!rs ^: subsidi>y "w 0 f>m+1 or #fj4b p] c5t ( ! entire numb] ( h\seholds4 ,a l ratio holds 9 ,=mosa4 ,weal?y l& own]s :o d n till _! own fields are n includ$4 ,( ! f>m]s 9 ,japan "s #cc4cd p] c5t own & "w _! l&4 ,^? hav+ small] hold+s1 :o r5t additional l&1 make up #df4jc p] c5t ( ! total f>m]s2 :ile #bj4fc p] c5t are t5ants :o "w #dd4a p] c5t ( ! l&4 ,9 #ahib only "o p] c5t ( ! l& hold]s own$ m ?an tw5ty-five acres ea*2 ^? hold+ betwe5 tw5ty-five acres & five acres made up #aa4g p] c5t2 :ile #hg4c p] c5t held less ?an five acres ea*4 ,a man own+ sev5ty-five acres ( l& 9 ,japan is c\nt$ among ! great l&hold]s4 ,x is nev] true1 h[ev]1 except 9 ! ,hokkaido1 :i* is a new c\ntry agriculturally1 t su* hold+s lie 9 "o body4 ,/ati/ics publi%$ 9 ,agriculture 9 ,japan1 by ! ,agricultural ,bureau1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 p]mit ! foll[+ /atem5ts ( r5t1 crop returns1 taxes & exp5ses1 to be made4 ,! weal?y l& own]s :o r5t _! l&s receive returns l ^!3 ,= paddy field1 ,= upl& field1 p] acre4 p] acre4 ,r5t #bg4ih #ac4ec ,taxes #g4cd #a4ih ,exp5ses #a4gb #b4dh ,total exp5ses #i4jf #d4df ,net pr(it #ah4ib #i4jg ,x is /at$1 9 connection ) ^! /ati/ics1 t ! rate ( pr(it = l& capital is #e4f p] c5t = ! paddy field1 & #e4g p] c5t = ! upl& field4 ,?is makes ! valuation ( ! l& ab\t #cch & #aei p] acre1 respectively4 ,a l& hold] :o owns & r5ts t5 acres ( paddy field & t5 acres ( upl& field w\ld1 at ^! rates1 realize a net annual income ( #bgi4ij4 ,peasant f>m]s :o own & "w _! l&s receive p] acre an income z foll[s3 ,= paddy field1 ,= upl& field1 p] acre4 p] acre4 ,crop returns #ee4jj #cj4gb ,taxes #g4cd #a4ih ,labor & exp5ses #cf4bj #bd4jj ------- ------- ,total exp5se #dc4ed #be4ih ,net pr(it #aa4df #d4gd ,! peasant f>m] :o owns & works five acres1 #b4e ( paddy & #b4e ( upl& field1 w\ld realize a total net income ( #dj4ej4 ,?is is aft] d$uct+ ! price ( 8 labor4 ,) t includ$1 8 income w\ld be some?+ l #ia4 ,t5ant f>m]s :o "w "s #da p] c5t ( ! f>m l&s ( ,japan1 w\ld h acc\nts some?+ z foll[s3 ,= paddy field1 ,= upl& field1 #a crop4 #b crops4 p] acre4 p] acre4 ,crop returns #di4jc #gh4fb #da4cf ,t5ant fee #bc4hi #ca4eh #ac4eb ,labor #ae4gh #be4gi #ad4fi ,f]tilization #g4hb #ag4cj #aj4bb ,se$ 4#hb #a4dj #a4eg ,o!r exp5ses #a4fi #b4hb #a4ff ------------- ------- ,total exp5ses #ej4jj #gh4hi #da4ff ,net pr(it --4#ig --4#bg --4#cj ,?is /atem5t indicates t t5ant f>m]s d n realize en\gh f ! crops to q cov] exp5ses & ! price nam$ = _! labor4 ,if ! t5ant 7 r5t+ five acres1 equally divid$ betwe5 paddy & upl& field1 ! e>n+ w\ld be #gc4jj or #ii4gc accord+ z "o or two crops are tak5 f ! paddy field1 ?is repres5t+ :at he realizes on 8 labor1 8 o!r exp5ses absorb+ ! balance ( ! crop value4 ,b ! av]age area till$ by ea* ,japanese f>m]'s h\sehold is only #b4f acres1 h5ce ! av]age e>n+ ( ! t5ant h\sehold w\ld be #cg4ie or #ea4hf4 ,a cle>] view ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! pres5t condition ( f>m]s 9 ,japan & ( ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be ga9$ by mak+ ! ,japanese /atem5t on ! basis ( our #afj-;acre f>m1 z express$ 9 ! table bel[3 ,= paddy field4 ,= upl& field4 ,total4 ,= #hj acres4 ,= #hj acres4 #afj acres4 ,crop returns #d1djj4jj #b1deg4fj #f1heg4fj ---------- ---------- ---------- ,taxes #ehg4bj #aeh4dj #gde4fj ,exp5ses #a1fcc4fj #gdd4hj #b1cgh4dj ,labor #a1bfb4dj #a1age4bj #b1dcg4fj ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total co/ #c1dhh4bj #b1jgh4dj #e1efa4fj ,net return #iaf4hj #cgi4bj #a1bif4jj ,return includ+ labor #b1agi4bj #a1eed4dj #c1ghc4fj ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! #afj-;acre f>m is manag$ by & supports a s+le family1 b 9 ,japan1 z ! av]age h\sehold works b #b4f acres1 ! e>n+s ( ! #afj acres are di/ribut$ among "s #fa h\seholds1 mak+ ! net return to ea* b #ba4be1 in/ead ( #abif1 & includ+ ! labor z e>n+1 ! income w\ld be #ci4if m1 or #fj4fg p] h\sehold in/ead ( #cgcc4fj1 ! total = a #afj-;acre f>m work$ "u ,japanese conditions4 ,^! figures reveal some?+ ( ! t5se /ra9 & ( ! t]rible burd5 :i* is be+ c>ri$ by ^! p1 ov] & above t requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! h\sehold4 ,! t5ant :o raises "o crop ( rice pays a r5tal ( #bc4hi p] acre4 ,if he raises two crops he pays #ca4eh2 if x is upl& field1 he pays #ac4eb4 ,to ^! am\nts he adds #aj4cc1 #ba4eb or #ac4de respectively = f]tiliz]1 se$ & o!r exp5ses mak+ a total inve/m5t ( #cd4bb1 #ec4aj or #bf4ig p] acre1 :i* w\ld require z _m bu%els ( :eat sold at a doll> a bu%el to cov] ?is co/4 ,9 addition to ?is he assumes all ! risks ( loss f wea!r1 f insects & f blight1 9 ! hope t he may rec\p 8 exp5ses & 9 addition h = 8 s]vices #ad4ha1 #be4eb or #ad4ci = ! season's "w4 ,! burd5s ( society1 :i* h be5 & /ill are s l>gely burd5s ( w> & ( gov]nm5t1 ) all nations1 are reflect$ ) almo/ bl9d+ effect 9 ! l& taxes ( ,japan1 :i* range f #a4ih1 on ! upl&1 to #g4cd p] acre on ! paddy fields1 mak+ a qu>t] section1 )\t build+s1 c>ry a burd5 ( #cjj to #aajj annually4 ,japan's budget 9 #aijg 0 #acd1ida1aac1 :i* is at ! rate ( #b4fj = ea* man1 woman & *ild2 #h4ij = ea* acre ( cultivat$ l&1 & #bc1 = ea* h\sehold 9 ! ,empire4 ,:5 su* is ! case x is n /range t sc5es l ,fig4 #bdh are common 9 ,japan today :]e1 aft] sev5ty ye>s1 toil may n cease4 ,!re is a bright1 z well z a pa!tic side to sc5es l ?is4 ,! two h %>$ = fifty ye>s1 b if ! days h be5 full ( toil1 ) !m h come /r5g? ( body1 ( m9d & /]l+ "*4 ,if ! burd5s h be5 heavy1 ea* has made ! o!r's light]1 ! satisfaction full]1 ! joys ke5]1 ! sorr[s less difficult to be>2 & ! *ildr5 :o came into ! home & h gone f x to p]petuate new ones1 c\ld n well be o!r ?an su* z to contribute to ! f\ndations ( nations ( great /r5g? & long endurance4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! l>ge am\nt ( "w c>ri$ on 9 ! f>m]s' h\seholds by ! wom5 & *ildr51 & by ! m5 :5 !y are n o!rwise employ$1 & ! e>n+s ( ?is subsidi>y "w h mat]ially help$ to piece out ! meagre income & to meet ! relatively high taxes & r5t4