file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations1 _m ( :i* are 9 color4 ,see #ecdie-;h4htm or #ecdie-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ecdie_/pg#ecdie-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ecdi e_/ecdie-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/italianvi lla/he#jj:> ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,,italian ,,villas ,,& ,,_! ,,g>d5s ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,campi1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce ,,italian ,,villas ,,& ,,_! ,,g>d5s by ,,edi? ,,:>ton ,illu/rat$ ) ,pictures by ,maxfield ,p>ri% & by ,photographs ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,! ,c5tury ,co4 #aije ,copyright1 #aijc1 #aijd1 by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aijd ,! ,de ,v9ne ,press ,,to ,,v]non ,,lee ,,:o1 ,,bett] ,,?an ,,any ,,"o ,,else1 ,,has ,,und]/ood ,,& ,,int]pret$ ,,! ,,g>d5-,,magic ,,( ,,italy ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #e ,i ,,flor5t9e ,,villas #ai ,,ii ,,si5ese ,,villas #fc ,,iii ,,roman ,,villas #ha ,,iv ,,villas ,,ne> ,,rome ,i ,,capr>ola ,,& ,,lante #abg ,,ii ,,villa ,d',,e/e #aci ,,iii ,,frascati #adh ,v ,,g5oese ,,villas #agc ,,vi ,,lomb>d ,,villas #aig ,,vii ,,villas ,,( ,,v5etia #bca ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,villa ,campi1 ne> ,flor5ce ,frontispiece ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,! ,res]voir1 ,villa ,falconi]i1 ,frascati #d ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,! ,cascade1 ,villa ,torlonia1 ,frascati #i ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,f\nta9 ( ,v5us1 ,villa ,petraja1 ,flor5ce #ah ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,gamb]aia at ,settignano1 ne> ,flor5ce #bj ,drawn by ,c4 ,a4 ,v&]ho(1 f a ,photograph4 ,boboli ,g>d51 ,flor5ce #bd ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,entrance to ,upp] ,g>d51 ,boboli ,g>d51 ,flor5ce #bg ,f a ,photograph4 ,cypress ,alley1 ,boboli ,g>d51 ,flor5ce #ca ,f a ,photograph4 ,ilex-walk1 ,boboli ,g>d51 ,flor5ce #cf ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,gamb]aia1 ne> ,flor5ce #ci ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,view ( ,amphi!atre1 ,boboli ,g>d51 ,flor5ce #dd ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,cors9i1 ,flor5ce #di ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,vicobello1 ,si5a #fb ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,la ,palazz9a 7,villa ,gori71 ,si5a #fg ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,! ,!atre at ,la ,palazz9a1 ,si5a #gc ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,! ,dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 f ! ,vatican ,g>d5s #hj ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,entrance to ,=ec\rt1 ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome #hg ,f a ,photograph4 ,grotto1 ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 ,rome #ia ,f a ,photograph4 ,temple ( sculapius1 ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome #if ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,m$ici1 ,rome #ajj ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,c\rty>d ,gate ( ! ,villa ,pia1 ,vatican ,g>d5s #ajb ,drawn by ,e4 ,d5ison1 f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,pia--,9 ! ,g>d5s ( ! ,vatican #aje ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,gateway ( ! ,villa ,borghese #ajh ,drawn by ,e4 ,d5ison1 f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,*igi1 ,rome #aaa ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,p>t]res on ,t]race1 ,villa ,belrespiro 7,pamphily-,doria71 #aaf ,rome ,f a ,photograph4 ,view f ,l[] ,g>d51 ,villa ,belrespiro #aba 7,pamphily-,doria71 ,rome ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa d',e/e1 ,tivoli #abf ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,villa ,capr>ola #abi ,f a ret\*$ ,photograph4 ,! ,cas9o1 ,villa ,f>nese1 ,capr>ola #acc ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,lante1 ,bagnaia #ach ,f a ,photograph4 ,! ,pool1 ,villa d',e/e1 ,tivoli #ada ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,villa ,lante1 ,bagnaia #adf ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,cascade & ,rotunda1 ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 ,frascati #adi ,f a ,photograph4 ,g>d5 ( ,villa ,lancellotti1 ,frascati #aec ,f a ,photograph4 ,cas9o1 ,villa ,falconi]i1 ,frascati #aeg ,f a ,photograph4 ,! ,entrance1 ,villa ,falconi]i1 ,frascati #afa ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,lancellotti1 ,frascati #afe ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,scassi1 ,g5oa #agb ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,a ,g>d5-ni*e1 ,villa ,scassi1 ,g5oa #aha ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,villa ,cicogna1 ,bisus*io #aif ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,villa ,isola ,bella1 ,lake ,maggiore #bjc ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,9 ! ,g>d5s ( ,isola ,bella1 ,lake ,maggiore #baj ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,villa ,cicogna1 f ! ,t]race above ! ,h\se #baf ,f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,pl9iana1 ,lake ,como #bba ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,iron ,gates ( ! ,villa ,al>io 7n[ ,visconti di #bbd ,saliceto7 ,drawn by ,e4 ,d5ison1 f a ,photograph4 ,rail+ ( ! ,villa ,al>io #bbe ,drawn by ,malcolm ,fras]1 f a ,photograph4 ,gateway ( ! ,botanic ,g>d51 ,padua #bcj ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,view at ,val ,san ,zibio1 ne> ,battaglia #bce ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,plan ( ! ,botanic ,g>d51 ,padua #bci ,drawn by ,e4 ,d5ison1 f ,sket* by ! ,au?or4 ,val ,san ,zibio1 ne> ,battaglia #bda ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,gateway1 ,villa ,pisani1 ,/r #bdd ,drawn by ,e4 ,d5ison1 f a ,photograph4 ,villa ,valm>ana1 ,vic5za #bdg ,drawn by ,maxfield ,p>ri%4 ,,italian ,,villas ,,& ,,_! ,,g>d5s ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,res]voir1 ,,villa ,,falconi]i1 ,,frascati ,,italian ,,villas ,,& ,,_! ,,g>d5s ,,introduction ,,italian ,,g>d5-,,magic ,?\gh x is an exagg]ation to say t !re are no fl[]s 9 ,italian g>d5s1 yet to enjoy & appreciate ! ,italian g>d5-craft "o mu/ always be> 9 m9d t x is indep5d5t ( floriculture4 ,! ,italian g>d5 does n exi/ = its fl[]s2 its fl[]s exi/ = x3 !y are a late & infrequ5t adjunct to its beauties1 a p>5!tical grace c\nt+ only z "o m t\* 9 ! g5]al effect ( en*antm5t4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly expla9$ by ! difficulty ( cultivat+ any b spr+ fl[]s 9 s hot & dry a climate1 & ! result has be5 a wond]ful developm5t ( ! m p]man5t effects to be obta9$ f ! ?ree o!r factors 9 g>d5-composition--m>ble1 wat] & p]5nial v]dure--& ! a*ievem5t1 by _! skilful bl5d+1 ( a *>m indep5d5t ( ! seasons4 ,x is h>d to expla9 to ! mod]n g>d5-lov]1 ^: :ole conception ( ! *>m ( g>d5s is =m$ ( successive pictures ( fl[]-lovel9ess1 h[ ?is effect ( en*antm5t c be produc$ by any?+ s dull & monoton\s z a m]e comb9ation ( clipp$ gre5 & /onework4 ,! travell] return+ f ,italy1 ) 8 eyes & imag9ation full ( ! ineffable ,italian g>d5-magic1 kn[s vaguely t ! en*antm5t exi/s2 t he has be5 "u its spell1 & t x is m pot5t1 m endur+1 m intoxicat+ to e s5se ?an ! mo/ elaborate & gl[+ effects ( mod]n horticulture2 b he may n h f\nd ! key to ! my/]y4 ,is x because ! sky is blu]1 because ! vegetation is m luxuriant8 ,our midsumm] skies are almo/ z deep1 our foliage is z ri*1 & p]haps m v>i$2 !re are1 inde$1 n a few resemblances betwe5 ! ,nor? ,am]ican summ] climate & t ( ,italy 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,"s ( ^? :o h fall5 "u ! spell are incl9$ to ascribe ! ,italian g>d5-magic to ! effect ( "t2 b1 wond]-work+ z ?is und\bt$ly is1 x leaves _m beauties unacc\nt$ =4 ,to seek ! answ] "o mu/ g deep]3 ! g>d5 mu/ be /udi$ 9 relation to ! h\se1 & bo? 9 relation to ! l&scape4 ,! g>d5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! g>d5 "o sees 9 old missal illum9ations & 9 e>ly woodcuts1 0 a m]e pat* ( gr\nd )9 ! ca/le prec9cts1 :]e 8simples0 7 gr[n ar\nd a c5tral wellhead & fruit 0 espali]$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,b 9 ! rapid fl[]+ ( ,italian civilization ! ca/le walls 7 soon ?r[n d[n1 & ! g>d5 exp&$1 tak+ 9 ! fi%-pond1 ! b[l+-gre51 ! rose-arb\r & ! clipp$ walk4 ,! ,italian c\ntry h\se1 especially 9 ! c5tre & ! s\? ( ,italy1 0 almo/ always built on a hillside1 & "o day ! ar*itect look$ =? f ! t]race ( 8 villa1 & saw t1 9 8 survey ( ! g>d51 ! enclos+ l&scape 0 naturally includ$3 ! two =m$ a "p ( ! same composition4 ,! recognition ( ?is fact 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! great g>d5-art ( ! ,r5aissance3 ! next 0 ! ar*itect's discov]y ( ! means by :i* nature & art might be fus$ 9 8 picture4 ,he _h n[ ?ree problems to deal )3 8 g>d5 mu/ be adapt$ to ! ar*itectural l9es ( ! h\se x adjo9$2 x mu/ be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! inmates ( ! h\se1 9 ! s5se ( provid+ %ady walks1 sunny b[l+-gre5s1 p>t]res & or*>ds1 all conv5i5tly accessible2 & la/ly x mu/ be adapt$ to ! l&scape ar\nd x4 ,at no "t & 9 no c\ntry has ?is triple problem be5 s successfully dealt ) z 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,italian c\ntry h\se f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & 9 ! bl5d+ ( diff]5t elem5ts1 ! subtle transition f ! fix$ & =mal l9es ( art to ! %ift+ & irregul> l9es ( nature1 & la/ly 9 ! ess5tial conv5i5ce & livabl5ess ( ! g>d51 lies ! fundam5tal secret ( ! old g>d5-magic4 ,h[ev] mu* o!r factors may contribute to ! total impression ( *>m1 yet by elim9at+ !m "o aft] ano!r1 by ?9k+ away ! fl[]s1 ! sunlight1 ! ri* t9t+ ( "t1 "o f9ds t1 und]ly+ all ^!1 !re is ! deep] h>mony ( design :i* is indep5d5t ( any adv5titi\s effects4 ,?is does n imply t a plan ( an ,italian g>d5 is z beautiful z ! g>d5 itself4 ,! m p]man5t mat]ials ( :i* ! latt] is made--! /onework1 ! ev]gre5 foliage1 ! effects ( ru%+ or motionless wat]1 above all ! l9es ( ! natural sc5]y--all =m a "p ( ! arti/'s design4 ,b ^! ?+s are z beautiful at "o season z at ano!r2 & ev5 ^! are b ! accessories ( ! fundam5tal plan4 ,! inh]5t beauty ( ! g>d5 lies 9 ! gr\p+ ( its p>ts--9 ! conv]g+ l9es ( its long ilex-walks1 ! alt]nation ( sunny op5 spaces ) cool woodl& %ade1 ! proportion betwe5 t]race & b[l+-gre51 or betwe5 ! height ( a wall & ! wid? ( a pa?4 ,none ( ^! details 0 negligible to ! l&scape-ar*itect ( ! ,r5aissance3 he consid]$ ! di/ribution ( %ade & sunlight1 ( /raight l9es ( masonry & rippl$ l9es ( foliage1 z c>efully z he weigh$ ! relation ( 8 :ole composition to ! sc5e ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cascade1 ,,villa ,,torlonia1 ,,frascati ,!n1 aga91 any "o :o /udies ! old ,italian g>d5s w be /ruck ) ! way 9 :i* ! ar*itect broad5$ & simplifi$ 8 plan if x fac$ a gr&iose l&scape4 ,intricacy ( detail1 complicat$ gr\p+s ( t]races1 f\nta9s1 labyr9?s & porticoes1 are f\nd 9 sites :]e !re is no great sweep ( l&scape attun+ ! eye to l>g] impressions4 ,! f>!r nor? "o goes1 ! less gr& ! l&scape becomes & ! m elaborate ! g>d54 ,! great pleasure-gr\nds ov]look+ ! ,roman ,campagna are laid out on sev]e & maje/ic l9es3 ! p>ts are few2 ! total effect is "o ( bread? & simplicity4 ,x is because1 9 ! mod]n revival ( g>d5+1 s little att5tion has be5 paid to ^! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! art t ! g>d5-lov] %\ld n cont5t himself ) a vague enjoym5t ( old ,italian g>d5s1 b %\ld try to extract f !m pr9ciples :i* may be appli$ at home4 ,he %\ld obs]ve1 = in/ance1 t ! old ,italian g>d5 0 meant to be liv$ 9--a use to :i*1 at lea/ 9 ,am]ica1 ! mod]n g>d5 is seldom put4 ,he %\ld note t1 to ?is end1 ! gr\nds 7 z c>efully & conv5i5tly plann$ z ! h\se1 ) broad pa?s 79 :i* two or m c\ld g abrea/7 lead+ f "o division to ano!r2 ) %ade easily accessible f ! h\se1 z well z a sunny %elt]$ walk = w9t]2 & ) effective transitions f ! dusk ( wood$ alleys to op5 fl[]y spaces or to ! level sw>d ( ! b[l+-gre54 ,he %\ld rememb] t ! t]races & =mal g>d5s adjo9$ ! h\se1 t ! ilex or laurel walks beyond 7 clipp$ into %ape to effect a transition betwe5 ! /raight l9es ( masonry & ! untrimm$ gr[? ( ! woodl& to :i* !y l$1 & t ea* /ep away f ar*itecture 0 a ne>] approa* to nature4 ,! cult ( ! ,italian g>d5 has spread f ,engl& to ,am]ica1 & !re is a g5]al feel+ t1 by plac+ a m>ble b5* "h & a sun-dial !re1 ,italian 8effects0 may be a*iev$4 ,! results produc$1 ev5 :]e mu* money & ?\ght h be5 exp5d$1 are n altoge!r satisfactory2 & "s critics h !nce inf]r$ t ! ,italian g>d5 is1 s to speak1 untranslatable1 t x _c be adequately r5d]$ 9 ano!r l&scape & ano!r age4 ,c]ta9 effects1 ^? :i* dep5d on ar*itectural gr&eur z well z ^? due to col\r+ & age1 are no d\bt unatta9able2 b !re is1 none ! less1 mu* to be le>n$ f ! old ,italian g>d5s1 & ! fir/ lesson is t1 if !y are to be a real inspiration1 !y mu/ be copi$1 n 9 ! lett] b 9 ! _s4 ,t is1 a m>ble s>cophagus & a doz5 twi/$ columns w n make an ,italian g>d52 b a piece ( gr\nd laid out & plant$ on ! pr9ciples ( ! old g>d5-craft w be1 n inde$ an ,italian g>d5 9 ! lit]al s5se1 b1 :at is f> bett]1 a g>d5 z well adapt$ to its surr\nd+s z 7 ! models :i* inspir$ x4 ,?is is ! secret to be le>n$ f ! villas ( ,italy2 & no "o :o has look$ at !m ) ?is object 9 view w be cont5t to relapse into vague admiration ( _! lovel9ess4 ,z ,br[n+1 9 pass+ ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,trafalg> ,bay1 cri$ out3 8,"h & "h did ,engl& help me3 h[ c ,i help ,engl&80--say1 s ! g>d5-lov]1 :o longs to transf] some?+ ( ! old g>d5-magic to 8 own pat* ( gr\nd at home1 w ask himself1 9 w&]+ "u ! umbrella-p9es ( ! ,villa ,borghese1 or ?r\gh ! box-p>t]res ( ! ,villa ,lante3 ,:at c ,i br+ away f "h8 ,& ! m he /udies & comp>es1 ! m inevitably w ! answ] be3 8,n ?is or t amputat$ /atue1 or brok5 bas-relief1 or fragm5t>y effect ( any sort1 b a s5se ( ! in=m+ _s--an und]/&+ ( ! g>d5]'s purpose1 & ( ! uses to :i* he meant 8 g>d5 to be put40 ,,flor5t9e ,,villas ,illu/ration3 ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,v5us1 ,,villa ,,petraja1 ,,flor5ce ,i ,,flor5t9e ,,villas ,= c5turies ,flor5ce has be5 celebrat$ = h] villa-clad hills4 ,accord+ to an old *ronicl]1 ! c\ntry h\ses 7 m spl5did ?an ^? 9 ! t[n1 & /ood s close-set among _! olive-or*>ds & v9ey>ds t ! travell] 8?\ght himself 9 ,flor5ce ?ree leagues be=e rea*+ ! city40 ,_m ( ^! h\ses /ill survive1 /rongly plant$ on _! broad t]races1 f ! fifte5?-c5tury f>mh\se-villa1 ) its project+ eaves & squ>e t[]1 to ! _m-w9d[$ maison de plaisance 9 :i* ! luxuri\s nobles ( ! sev5te5? c5tury sp5t ! gambl+ & *ocolate-dr9k+ weeks ( ! v9tage season4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,flor5t9e ?rift & cons]vatism t ! great] numb] ( ^! lat] & m pret5ti\s villas are m]ely additions to ! pla9 old build+s1 :ile1 ev5 9 ! r>e cases :]e ! :ole /ructure is new1 ! b>oque exub]ance :i* became fa%ionable 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury is temp]$ by a re/ra9t & sev]ity peculi>ly ,tuscan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,gamb]aia1 ,,at ,,settignano1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce ,s num]\s & well pres]v$ are ! build+s ( ?is ord] ab\t ,flor5ce t ! /ud5t :o %\ld attempt to give an acc\nt ( !m w\ld h be=e him a long & labori\s und]tak+2 b :]e ! villa is to be consid]$ 9 relation to its g>d51 ! task is r$uc$ to n>r[ limits4 ,!re is p]haps no region ( ,italy s ri* 9 old villas & s lack+ 9 old g>d5s z ! neighb\rhood ( ,flor5ce4 ,v>i\s causes h br\ght ab\t ?is result4 ,! environs ( ,flor5ce h always be5 frequ5t$ by ! weal?y classes1 n only ,italian b =eign4 ,! ,tuscan nobility h usually be5 ri* en\gh to alt] _! g>d5s 9 accordance ) ! v>y+ horticultural fa%ions import$ f ,engl& & ,france2 & ! ,engli% :o h coloniz$ 9 su* numb]s ! slopes above ! ,arno h contribut$ n a little to ! de/ruction ( ! old g>d5s by introduc+ into _! horticultural plans two features entirely ali5 to ! ,tuscan climate & soil1 namely1 lawns & decidu\s %ade-trees4 ,_m inde$ are ! p>t]res & t]races :i* h disappe>$ be=e ! ,britannic crav+ = a lawn1 _m ! olive-or*>ds & v9ey>ds :i* mu/ h giv5 way to ! ?9ly dott$ 8specim5 trees0 s de> to ! ,engli% l&scape-g>d5]1 :o is /ill1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! slave ( 8 fam\s eighte5?-c5tury pr$ecessors1 ,repton & 8,capability ,br[n10 z ! ,engli% ar*itect is /ill ! desc5dant ( ,pug9 & ! ,go?ic revival4 ,?is ,anglicization ( ! ,tuscan g>d5 did n1 ( c\rse1 come only f direct ,engli% influ5ce4 ,! j>d9 anglais 0 fa%ionable 9 ,france :5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette laid out ! ,petit ,trianon1 & ,h]r ,tuck]mann1 9 8 book on ,italian g>d5s1 prop\nds a !ory1 = :i* he gives no v cle> reasons1 to ! effect t ! naturali/ic s*ool ( g>d5+ actually orig9at$ 9 ,italy1 9 ! ,borghese g>d5s 9 ,rome1 :i* he supposes to h be5 laid out m or less 9 _! pres5t =m by ,giovanni ,fontana1 z e>ly z ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is c]ta91 at any rate1 t ! ,flor5t9es adopt$ ! new fa%ion e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z is %[n--to give b "o in/ance--9 ! va/ ,torrigiani g>d5s1 ne> ! ,porta ,romana1 laid out by ! ,m>*ese ,torrigiani ab\t #ahcj 9 ! mo/ approv$ 8l&scape0 /yle1 ) an almo/ complete neglect ( ! *>act]i/ic ,tuscan vegetation & a correspond+ disreg>d ( ,italian climate & habits4 ,! l>ge ,engli% colony has1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly done mu* to enc\rage1 ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 ! alt]ation ( ! old g>d5s & ! introduction ( ali5 vegetation 9 ^? :i* h be5 p>tly pres]v$4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 typical ( ! old ,tuscan villa t ! f>m1 or pod]e1 %\ld come up to ! edge ( ! t]race on :i* ! h\se /&s2 b 9 mo/ cases :]e old villas h be5 b\ght by =eign]s1 ! v9ey>ds & olive-or*>ds ne> ! h\se h be5 turn$ into lawns dott$ ) plantations ( exotic trees4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is n surpris+ t b few unalt]$ g>d5s are to be f\nd ne> ,flor5ce4 ,to le>n :at ! old ,tuscan g>d5 01 "o mu/ se>* ! environs ( ! small] t[ns1 & !re are m int]e/+ examples ab\t ,si5a ?an 9 ! :ole circuit ( ! ,flor5t9e hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boboli ,,g>d51 ,,flor5ce ,! old ,italian ar*itects di/+ui%$ two classes ( c\ntry h\ses3 ! villa suburbana1 or maison de plaisance 7lit]ally ! pleasure-h\se71 /&+ )9 or j )\t ! city walls1 surr\nd$ by pleasure-gr\nds & built = a few weeks' resid5ce2 & ! c\ntry h\se1 :i* is an expansion ( ! old f>m1 & /&s g5]ally f>!r out ( t[n1 among its fields & v9ey>ds--! seat ( ! c\ntry g5tleman liv+ on 8 e/ates4 ,! ,italian pleasure-g>d5 did n rea* its full developm5t till ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & d\btless _m ( ! old ,flor5t9e villas1 ! semi-ca/le & ! quasi-f>m ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 /ood z !y d n[1 on a b>e t]race among ! v9es1 ) a small wall$ enclosure = ! cultivation ( h]bs & vegetables4 ,b ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! g>d5 began to be a /udi$ ar*itectural ext5sion ( ! h\se1 few examples are to be f\nd ne> ,flor5ce4 ,! mo/ important1 if n ! mo/ pleas+1 ( ,tuscan pleasure-g>d5s lies1 h[ev]1 )9 ! city walls4 ,?is is ! ,boboli g>d51 laid out on ! /eep hillside beh9d ! ,pitti ,palace4 ,! plan ( ! ,boboli g>d5 is n only magnific5t 9 itself1 b int]e/+ z "o ( ! r>e examples1 9 ,tuscany1 ( a ,r5aissance g>d5 /ill undi/urb$ 9 its ma9 outl9es4 ,eleonora de' ,m$ici1 :o pur*as$ ! ,pitti ,palace 9 #aedi1 soon aft]w>d acquir$ ! neighb\r+ gr\nd1 & ! g>d5 0 laid out by ,il ,tribolo1 cont9u$ by ,buontal5ti1 & complet$ by ,b>tolommeo ,ammanati1 to :om is also due ! g>d5 faade ( ! palace4 ,! s*eme ( ! g>d5 is wor?y ( c>eful /udy1 ?\gh 9 _m respects ! effect x n[ produces is f> less impressive ?an its design]s int5d$4 ,probably no gr\nds ( equal gr&eur & ext5t h less ( t peculi> magic :i* "o associates ) ! old ,italian g>d5--a fact d\btless due less to defects ( composition ?an to lat] *anges 9 ! details ( plant+ & decoration4 ,/ill1 ! ma9 outl9e rema9s & is full ( in/ruction to ! g>d5-lov]4 ,! palace is built aga9/ ! /eep hillside1 :i* is dug out to receive x1 a high reta9+-wall be+ built f> en\gh back f ! c5tral body ( ! h\se to all[ ! latt] to /& free4 ,! gr\nd floor ( ! palace is s f> bel[ gr\nd t its w9d[s look across a pav$ c\rt at ! face ( ! reta9+-wall1 :i* ,ammanati decorat$ ) an ar*itectural composition repres5t+ a grotto1 f :i* wat] 0 meant to gu% z ?\gh issu+ f ! hillside4 ,?is grotto he surm\nt$ ) a magnific5t f\nta91 /&+ on a level ) ! fir/-floor w9d[s ( ! palace & ) ! surr\nd+ g>d5s4 ,! arrangem5t %[s +5uity 9 ov]com+ a te*nical difficulty1 & ! effect1 f ! g>d51 is v successful1 ?\gh ! well-l c\rt makes an un=tunate gap betwe5 ! h\se & its gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,upp] ,,g>d51 ,,boboli ,,g>d51 ,,flor5ce ,beh9d ! f\nta91 & 9 a l9e ) x1 a horse%oe-%ap$ amphi!atre has be5 cut out ( ! hillside1 surr\nd$ by ti]s ( /one seats adorn$ ) /atues 9 ni*es & back$ by clipp$ laurel h$ges1 beh9d :i* rise ! ilex-clad slopes ( ! upp] g>d5s4 ,?is amphi!atre is "o ( ! triumphs ( ,italian g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,9 g5]al design & detail x belongs to ! pure ,r5aissance1 )\t trace ( ! heavy & fanta/ic b>oc*ismo :i*1 half a c5tury lat]1 began to disfigure su* compositions 9 ! villas ne> ,rome4 ,inde$1 comp>ison ) ! grotesque g>d5-ar*itecture ( ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli1 :i* is b little lat] 9 date1 %[s h[ long ! ,tuscan s5se ( proportion & ref9em5t ( ta/e resi/$ ! ev]-gr[+ desire to a/oni% in/ead ( *>m+ ! spectator4 ,on ea* side ( ! amphi!atre1 clipp$ ilex-walks climb ! hill1 com+ out "s di/ance above on a plateau conta9+ ! toy lake ) its little isl&1 ! ,isola ,bella1 :i* 0 once ! pride ( ! ,boboli g>d54 ,?is portion ( ! gr\nds has be5 s /ripp$ ( its ar*itectural adornm5ts & ( its surr\nd+ vegetation t x is n[ m]ely =lorn2 & ! same may be said ( ! little upp] g>d51 rea*$ by an impos+ flight ( /eps & comm&+ a wide view ov] ,flor5ce4 ,"o mu/ rev]t to ! ar*itect's plan to see h[ admirably adapt$ x 0 to ! difficulties ( ! site he _h to deal )1 & h[ skilfully he h>moniz$ ! d5se %ade ( 8 ilex-groves ) ! great op5 spaces & pomp\s ar*itectural effects necess>y 9 a g>d5 :i* 0 to =m a wor?y sett+ = ! pageants ( a ,r5aissance c\rt4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! fl[]-g>d51 or gi>d9o segreto1 :i* 9 ,r5aissance g>d5s almo/ inv>iably adjo9s ! h\se1 has "h be5 relegat$ to ! hilltop1 d\btless because ! only level space ne> ! palace 0 requir$ = /ate c]emonials & !atrical ent]ta9m5ts r ?an = private enjoym5t4 ,x is p>tly because ! ,boboli is a c\rt-g>d51 & n design$ = private use1 t x is less int]e/+ & in/ructive ?an _m o!rs ( less importance4 ,yet ! o!r ,m$icean villas ne> ,flor5ce1 ?\gh design$ on mu* simpl] l9es1 h ! same lack ( p]sonal *>m4 ,x is p]haps ow+ to ! fact t ,flor5ce 0 s long "u ! dom9ion ( "o all-p[]ful family t !re is s little v>iety 9 h] pleasure-h\ses4 ,pratol9o1 ,poggio a ,caiano1 ,cafaggiuolo1 ,c>eggi1 ,ca/ello & ,petraia1 "o & all1 :atev] _! orig91 soon pass$ into ! possessor%ip ( ! ,m$ici1 & !nce into t ( ! ,au/rian gr& dukes :o succe$$ !m2 & ( ! ?ree ^: g>d5s h be5 p>tly pres]v$1 ,ca/ello1 ,petraia & ,poggio ,imp]iale1 x may be said t !y h ! same imp]sonal (ficial look z ! ,boboli4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cypress ,,alley1 ,,boboli ,,g>d51 ,,flor5ce ,ca/ello & ,petraia1 situat$ a mile ap>t beyond ! village ( ,qu>to1 7 bo? built by ,buontal5ti1 t brilliant pupil ( ,ammanati's :o _h a %>e 9 ! plann+ ( ! g>d5s beh9d ! ,pitti4 ,ca/ello /&s on level gr\nd1 & its sev]ely pla9 faade1 ) w9d[s on consoles & ru/icat$ doorway1 faces :at is n[ a highway1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ! pr9t ( ,zoc*i1 ! eighte5?-c5tury engrav]1 a semicircul> space enclos$ 9 a l[ wall once ext5d$ betwe5 ! h\se & ! road1 z at ! neighb\r+ ,villa ,cors9i & at ,poggio ,imp]iale4 ,x 0 an admirable rule ( ! old ,italian ar*itects1 :]e ! g>d5-space 0 small & :]e ! site p]mitt$1 to build _! villas fac+ ! road1 s t ! full ext5t ( ! gr\nds 0 secur$ to ! private use ( ! inmates1 in/ead ( be+ laid op5 by a public approa* to ! h\se4 ,?is rule is /ill foll[$ by ,fr5* villa-ar*itects1 & x is exceptional 9 ,france to see a villa ent]$ f its gr\nds :5 x may be approa*$ directly f ! highroad4 ,beh9d ,ca/ello ! gr\nd rises 9 t]races1 enclos$ 9 lat]al walls1 to a high reta9+-wall at ! back1 surm\nt$ by a wood ( ilexes :i* conta9s a pool ) an isl&4 ,montaigne1 :o describes b few g>d5s 9 8 ,italian di>y1 m5tions t ! t]races ( ,ca/ello are en pante 7sic72 t is1 !y incl9e gradually t[>d ! h\se1 ) ! slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is bold & unusual adaptation ( =mal g>d5+ to ! natural exig5cies ( ! site is also se5 9 ! t]rac$ g>d5s ( ! beautiful ,villa ,imp]iali 7n[ ,scassi7 at ,sampi]d>5a1 ne> ,g5oa4 ,! plan ( ! g>d5 at ,ca/ello is admirable1 b 9 detail x has be5 mod]niz$ at ! co/ ( all its *>m4 ,wide /eps lead up to ! fir/ t]race1 :]e ,il ,tribolo's /ately f\nta9 ( bronze & m>ble /&s surr\nd$ by m>ble b5*es & /atues on f9e ru/icat$ p$e/als4 ,unhappily1 f\nta9 & /atues h lately be5 scrubb$ to pret]natural :it5ess1 & ! same _s ( improvem5t has turn$ ! old p>t]res into sunburnt turf1 & dott$ x ) copp] bee*es & pampas-grass4 ,montaigne alludes to ! b]ceaux1 or plea*$ walks1 & to ! close-set cypresses :i* made a delici\s coolness 9 ?is g>d52 & z "o looks across its sun-scor*$ expanse "o p]ceives t its lack ( *>m is expla9$ by lack ( %ade4 ,z is usual 9 ,italian g>d5s built aga9/ a hillside1 ! reta9+-wall at ! back s]ves = ! great decorative motive at ,ca/ello4 ,x is rea*$ by wide m>ble /eps1 & flank$ at ! sides by symmetrical lemon-h\ses4 ,on ! c5tral axis ( ! g>d51 ! wall has a wide op5+ betwe5 columns1 & on ea* side an ar*$ recess1 equidi/ant betwe5 ! lemon-h\ses & ! c5tral op5+4 ,)9 ! latt] is "o ( ^? huge grottoes#a :i* = two c5turies or m 7 ! delight ( ,italian g>d5-ar*itects4 ,! ro( is decorat$ ) masks & arabesques 9 col\r$ %ell-"w1 & 9 ! ni*es ( ! tufa ( :i* ! backgr\nd is =m$ are /range gr\ps ( life-siz$ animals1 a camel1 a monkey1 a /ag ) real antl]s1 a wild bo> ) real tusks1 & v>i\s small animals & birds1 "s made ( col\r$ m>bles :i* correspond ) _! natural t9ts2 :ile b5ea? ^! gr\ps are bas9s ( p9k-&-:ite m>ble1 c>v$ ) sea-creatures & re/+ on dolph9s4 ,hum\r is ! quality :i* soone/ loses its sav\r1 & x is (t5 difficult to und]/& ! grotesque side ( ! old g>d5-ar*itecture2 b ! curi\s delight 9 ! repres5tations ( animals1 real or fanta/ic1 probably arose f ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ^? /range wild bea/s ( :i* ! travell]s ( ! ,r5aissance br\ght home su* fabul\s descriptions4 ,z to ! g5]al use ( ! grotto 9 ,italian g>d5s1 x is a natural developm5t ( ! ne$ = %ade & coolness1 & :5 ! long-disus$ wat]works 7 play+1 & cool /reams gu%$ ov] quiv]+ b$s ( f]n into ! m>ble tanks1 ^! retreats mu/ h =m$ a delici\s contra/ to ! out] gl>e ( ! g>d54 ,footnote #a3 ,?is grotto & its sculptures are ! "w ( ,il ,tribolo1 :o also built ! aqu$uct br++ ?i!r ! wat]s ( ! ,arno & ! ,mugnone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ilex-,,walk1 ,,boboli ,,g>d51 ,,flor5ce ,at ,petraia ! g>d5s are less elaborate 9 plan ?an at ,ca/ello1 & are1 9 fact1 not$ *iefly = a f\nta9 br\ght f t villa4 ,?is f\nta91 ! mo/ beautiful ( ,il ,tribolo's works1 is surm\nt$ by ! fam\s ,v5us-l figure ( a woman wr++ out h] hair1 n[ g5]ally attribut$ to ,giovanni da ,bologna4 ,l ! o!r ,flor5t9e villas ( ?is qu>t]1 :]e wat] is m abundant1 ,petraia has a great oblong vasca1 or tank1 b5ea? its upp] t]race2 :ile ! h\se itself1 a simple /ructure ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,tuscan type1 built ab\t an inn] quadrangle1 is rem>kable = its v beautiful t[]1 :i*1 z ,h]r ,gurlitt#b sugge/s1 0 d\btless inspir$ by ! t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io4 ,footnote #b3 8,ges*i*te des ,b>ock/ils 9 ,itali540 ,accord+ to ,zoc*i's *>m+ et*+1 ! ducal villa ( ,poggio ,imp]iale1 on a hillside to ! s\? ( ,flor5ce1 /ill pres]v$1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 its simple & *>act]i/ic ,tuscan faade4 ,?is 0 conceal$ by ! ,gr& ,duke ,pet] ,leopold beh9d a heavy pill>$ front1 to :i* ! ru/icat$ porticoes 7 add$ lat]2 & ext]nally no?+ rema9s z x 0 save ! ilex & cypress av5ue1 n[ a public highway1 :i* asc5ds to ! villa f ! ,porta ,romana1 & ! semicircul> entrance-c\rt ) its gu>dian /atues on mighty p$e/als4 ,poggio ,imp]iale 0 = too long ! fav\rite resid5ce ( ! gr&-ducal ,m$ici1 & ( _! successors ( ,lorra9e1 n to suff] _m *anges1 & to lose1 "o by "o1 all its mo/ typical features4 ,)9 !re is a f9e c\rt surr\nd$ by an op5 arcade1 probably due to ,giulio ,p>igi1 :o1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 complet$ ! alt]ations ( ! villa accord+ to ! plans ( ,giuliano da ,sangallo2 & ! va/ suites ( rooms are int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( decoration1 s9ce !y are adorn$1 probably by ,fr5* arti/s1 ) exquisite c>v+s & /uc*i ( ! ,l\is ,,xv & ,l\is ,,xvi p]iods4 ,b ! gr\nds h kept little besides _! g5]al plan4 ,at ! back1 ! villa op5s directly on a l>ge level pleasure-g>d51 ) enclos+ walls & a c5tral bas9 surr\nd$ by /atues2 b ! geometrical p>t]res h be5 turn$ into a lawn4 ,to ! "r ( ?is level space1 a few /eps lead d[n to a long t]race plant$ ) ilexes1 :5ce !re is a f9e view ov] ,flor5ce--an unusual arrangem5t1 z ! bosco 0 g5]ally above1 n bel[1 ! fl[]-g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,gamb]aia1 ,,ne> ,,flor5ce ,if1 ow+ to circum/ances1 ! m fam\s pleasure-gr\nds ( ,flor5ce h lo/ mu* ( _! antique *>m1 %e has happily pres]v$ a g>d5 ( ano!r sort :i* possesses to an unusual degree ! flav\r ( ! pa/4 ,?is is ! villa ( ! ,gamb]aia at ,settignano4 ,till its rec5t pur*ase1 ! ,gamb]aia _h = _m ye>s be5 let out 9 lodg+s = ! summ]1 & x d\btless owes to ?is obscure fate ! complete pres]vation ( its g>d5-plan4 ,be=e ! rec5t alt]ations made 9 its g>d5s1 x 0 d\bly int]e/+ f its un*ang$ condition1 & f ! fact t1 ev5 9 ,italy1 :]e small & irregul> pieces ( gr\nd 7 s (t5 utiliz$ ) m>vell\s skill1 x 0 probably ! mo/ p]fect example ( ! art ( produc+ a great effect on a small scale4 ,! villa /&s nobly on a ridge ov]look+ ! village ( ,settignano & ! wide-spread valley ( ! ,arno4 ,! h\se is small yet impressive4 ,?\gh presumably built z late z #afaj1 x %[s few concessions to ! b>oque /yle already preval5t 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 & is yet equally remov$ f ! classic or ,palladian mann] :i* held its own s long 9 ! ,v5etian c\ntry4 ,! ,gamb]aia is di/9ctly ,tuscan1 & its project+ eaves1 heavily coign$ angles & w9d[s set f> ap>t on massive consoles1 %[ its direct desc5t f ! sev]e & sob] s*ool ( sixte5?-c5tury ar*itects :o produc$ su* noble examples ( ! great ,tuscan villa z ,i ,collazzi & ,fonte all' ,erta4 ,nev]!less1 s well proportion$ is its elevation t !re is no s5se ( heav9ess1 & ! solidity ( ! ma9 build+ is reliev$ by a k9d ( fly+ arcade at ea* end1 "o ( :i* connects ! h\se ) its *apel1 :ile ! o!r1 by means ( a spiral /airway 9 a pi] ( ! arcade1 leads f ! fir/ floor to :at 0 once ! old fi%-pond & h]b-g>d54 ,?is g>d51 an oblong piece ( gr\nd1 a few ye>s ago _h 9 its c5tre a r\nd fi%-pond1 surr\nd$ by symmetrical plots plant$ ) roses & vegetables1 & 9 g5]al design _h probably be5 little *ang$ s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! villa4 ,x has n[ be5 remodell$ on an elaborate plan1 :i* has ! disadvantage ( be+ unrelat$ 9 /yle to its surr\nd+s2 b =tunately no o!r *ange has be5 made 9 ! plan & plant+ ( ! gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,amphi!atre1 ,,boboli ,,g>d51 ,,flor5ce ,be=e ! faade ( ! h\se a grassy t]race b\nd$ by a l[ wall1 set alt]nately ) /one vases & solemn-look+ /one dogs1 ov]hangs ! v9ey>ds & fields1 :i*1 z 9 all unalt]$ ,tuscan c\ntry places1 come up close to ! h\se4 ,beh9d ! villa1 & runn+ p>allel ) x1 is a long grass alley or b[l+-gre51 flank$ = "p ( its l5g? by a l(ty reta9+-wall set ) /atues1 & = ! rema9d] by high h$ges :i* divide x on "o side f ! fi%-pond g>d5 & on ! o!r f ! f>m4 ,! gre5 is clos$ at "o end by a grotto ( col\r$ pebbles & %ells1 ) nymphs & %eph]ds 9 ni*es ab\t a f\nta94 ,?is grotto is ov]hung by ! grove ( anci5t cypresses = :i* ! ,gamb]aia is not$4 ,at its opposite end ! b[l+-gre5 t]m9ates 9 a balu/rade :5ce "o looks d[n on ! ,arno & across to ! hills on ! s\!rn side ( ! valley4 ,! reta9+-wall :i* runs p>allel ) ! back ( ! h\se su/a9s a t]race plant$ ) cypress & ilex4 ,?is t]rac$ wood above ! h\se is v typical ( ,italian g>d5s3 good examples may be se5 at ,ca/ello & at ! ,villa ,m$ici 9 ,rome4 ,^! pat*es ( %ade1 h[ev] small1 are plant$ irregul>ly1 l a wild wood1 ) /one seats "u ! d5se ilex b\ghs1 & a /atue plac$ "h & !re 9 a deep ni*e ( foliage4 ,j opposite ! c5tral doorway ( ! h\se ! reta9+-wall is brok51 & an iron gate leads to a slit ( a g>d51 h>dly m ?an tw5ty feet wide1 on a level ) ! b[l+-gre54 ,?is n>r[ /rip ends also 9 a grotto-l f\nta9 ) /atues1 & on ea* side balu/rad$ flights ( /eps lead to ! upp] level oh :i* ! ilex-grove is plant$4 ,?is grove1 h[ev]1 occupies only "o portion ( ! t]race4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! cleft =m$ by ! little grotto-g>d51 ! correspond+ t]race1 =m]ly laid out z a vegetable-g>d51 is back$ by ! l[ faade ( ! lemon-h\se1 or /anzone1 :i* is an adjunct ( e ,italian villa4 ,"h ! lemon & orange trees1 ! camellias & o!r semi-t5d] %rubs1 are /or$ 9 w9t]1 to be set out 9 ,may 9 _! r$ e>!n j>s on ! /one slabs :i* bord] ! walks ( all old ,italian g>d5s4 ,! plan ( ! ,gamb]aia has be5 describ$ ?us 9 detail because x comb9es 9 an a/oni%+ly small space1 yet )\t ! lea/ s5se ( ov]cr[d+1 almo/ e typical excell5ce ( ! old ,italian g>d53 free circulation ( sunlight & air ab\t ! h\se2 abundance ( wat]2 easy access to d5se %ade2 %elt]$ walks ) diff]5t po9ts ( view2 v>iety ( effect produc$ by ! skilful use ( diff]5t levels2 &1 f9ally1 bread? & simplicity ( composition4 ,"h1 also1 may be not$ 9 its fulle/ expression t pr9ciple ( old g>d5+ :i* ! mod]n 8l&scapi/0 has mo/ completely unle>n$1 namely1 ! value ( subdivision ( spaces4 ,:]eas ! mod]n g>d5]'s "o idea ( produc+ an effect ( space is to annihilate 8 b\nd>ies1 & n only to m]ge into "o ano!r ! necess>y divisions ( ! g>d51 b also to bl5d ?is vague :ole ) ! l&scape1 ! old g>d5-ar*itect proce$$ on ! opposite pr9ciple1 argu+ t1 z ! g>d5 is b ! prolongation ( ! h\se1 & z a h\se conta9+ a s+le huge room w\ld be less int]e/+ & less s]viceable ?an "o divid$ accord+ to ! v>i$ requirem5ts ( its inmates1 s a g>d5 :i* is m]ely "o huge outdoor room is also less int]e/+ & less s]viceable ?an "o :i* has its logical divisions4 ,utility 0 d\btless n ! only consid]ation :i* produc$ ?is c>eful portion+ (f ( ! g>d54 /hetic impressions 7 consid]$1 & ! effect ( pass+ f ! sunny fruit-g>d5 to ! d5se grove1 !nce to ! wide-rea*+ view1 & aga9 to ! %elt]$ privacy ( ! plea*$ walk or ! mossy coolness ( ! grotto--all ?is 0 tak5 into acc\nt by a race ( arti/s :o /udi$ ! contra/ ( /hetic emotions z ke5ly z !y did ! juxtaposition ( d>k cypress & pale lemon-tree1 ( deep %ade & level sunlight4 ,b ! real value ( ! old ,italian g>d5-plan is t logic & beauty meet 9 x1 z !y %\ld 9 all s\nd ar*itectural "w4 ,ea* qu>t] ( ! g>d5 0 plac$ :]e conv5i5ce requir$1 & 0 made accessible f all ! o!rs by ! mo/ direct & rational means2 & f ?is intellig5t me?od ( plann+ ! mo/ v>y+ effects ( unexpect$ness & beauty 7 obta9$4 ,x 0 said above t lawns are unsuit$ to ! ,italian soil & climate1 b x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! ,italian g>d5]s did n appreciate ! value ( turf4 ,!y us$ x1 b sp>+ly1 kn[+ t x requir$ great c>e & 0 n a *>act]i/ic ( ! soil4 ,! b[l+-gre5 ( ! ,gamb]aia %[s h[ well ! beauty ( a long /ret* ( gre5sw>d 0 und]/ood2 & at ! ,villa ,capponi1 at ,arcetri1 on ! o!r side ( ,flor5ce1 !re is a f9e oblong ( old turf adjo9+ ! h\se1 said to be ! only surviv+ fragm5t ( ! orig9al g>d54 ,^! bits ( sw>d 7 always us$ ne> ! h\se1 :]e _! full value c\ld be enjoy$1 & 7 set l jewels 9 clipp$ h$ges or /atue-cr[n$ walls4 ,?\gh d\btless int5d$ *iefly = games1 !y 7 c]ta9ly valu$ = _! /hetic effect1 = 9 _m ,italian g>d5s /eep grass alleys flank$ by walls ( bee* or ilex are se5 asc5d+ a hillside to ! temple or /atue :i* =ms ! cr[n+ ornam5t ( ! gr\nds4 ,9 ,flor5ce a good example ( ?is tapis v]t1 ( :i* ,le ,ntre aft]w>d made su* admirable use 9 ! moi/ climate ( ,france1 is se5 at ! ,villa ,danti1 on ! ,arno ne> ,campiobbi4 ,close to ! ducal villas ( ,ca/ello lies a c\ntry-seat possess+ mu* ( ! intimate *>m :i* !y lack4 ,?is is ,pr9ce ,cors9i's villa1 ! f9e/ example ( a b>oque c\ntry h\se ne> ,flor5ce4 ,! old villa1 ( :i* ! typical ,tuscan elevation may /ill be se5 at ! back1 0 remodell$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 probably by ,antonio ,f]ri1 :o built ! /ate saloon & /aircase ( ! ,palazzo ,cors9i on ! ,lung>no4 ,! ,villa ,cors9i lies 9 ! pla91 l ,ca/ello1 & has be=e x ! usual wall$ semicircle4 ,! front ( ! villa is frankly b>oque1 a two-/ori$ elevation ) w9d[s divid$ by a meagre ord]1 & a /ately c5tral gable flank$ by balu/rades surm\nt$ by vases4 ,! :ole treatm5t is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! sev5te5?-c5tury ar*itect ov]laid a pla9 ,tuscan /ructure ) florid ornam5t2 & ! effect1 if op5 to criticism1 is at once gay & /ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,cors9i1 ,,flor5ce ,! h\se is built ab\t a quadrangle enclos$ 9 an op5 arcade on columns4 ,opposite ! porte-co*re is a doorway op5+ on a broad space b\nd$ by a balu/rade ) /atues4 ,an ilex av5ue ext5ds beyond ?is space1 on ! axis ( ! doorway4 ,at "o end ( ! h\se is ! oblong wall$ g>d51 ) its box-edg$ fl[]-b$s gr\p$ 9 an intricate geometrical patt]n ab\t a c5tral f\nta94 ,correspond+ ) ?is g>d51 at ! opposite end ( ! h\se1 is a d5se ilex-grove ) an alley lead+ d[n ! c5tre to a beautiful f\nta91 a tank surm\nt$ by a k9d ( volut$ p$im5t1 into :i* ! wat] falls f a l>ge ilex-%ad$ tank on a high] level4 ,"h aga9 ! v9ey>ds & olive-or*>ds come up close to ! =mal gr\nds1 ! ilex-grove be+ divid$ f ! pod]e by a l9e ( cypresses in/ead ( a wall4 ,n f> f ! ,gamb]aia1 on ! hillside ( ,san ,g]vasio1 /&s ano!r c\ntry h\se :i* pres]ves only fa9t traces ( its old g>d5s1 b :i*1 ar*itecturally1 is too int]e/+ to be ov]look$4 ,?is is ! villa ( ,fonte all' ,erta4 ,orig9ally a long build+ ( ! villa-f>mh\se ord]1 ) *apel1 (fices & ou?\ses connect$ ) ! ma9 h\se1 x 0 trans=m$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 probably by ,ammanati1 into "o ( ! /atelie/ c\ntry h\ses ne> ,flor5ce4 ,a spl5did ru/icat$ loggia1 approa*$ by a d\ble flight ( /eps1 =ms an angle ( ! ma9 h\se1 & ei!r !n or lat] ! spaci\s op5 c\rt1 ar\nd ?ree sides ( :i* ! villa is built1 0 ro($ ov] & turn$ into a great c5tral saloon l ^? ( ! ,v5etian & ,milanese villas4 ,?is two-/ori$ saloon is ! f9e/ & mo/ appropriate feature ( ! int]ior plann+ ( ,italian villas1 b x seems nev] to h be5 z popul> 9 ,tuscany z x 0 f>!r nor? or s\?4 ,! ,tuscan villas1 = ! mo/ "p1 are small] & less pret5ti\s 9 /yle ?an ^? erect$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 & only 9 exceptional in/ances did ! ar*itect free himself f ! traditional plan ( ! old f>mh\se-villa ar\nd its op5 c\rt4 ,a f9e example ( ?is arcad$ c\rt may be se5 at ,petraia1 ! ,m$icean villa ne> ,ca/ello4 ,at ,fonte all' ,erta ! =m] c\rt fac$ t[>d :at 0 once an old fl[]-g>d51 rais$ a few feet above ! grass t]race :i* runs ! l5g? ( ! faade4 ,beh9d ?is g>d51 & adjo9+ ! back ( ! villa1 is ! old ev]gre5 grove2 b ! =mal surr\nd+s ( ! h\se h disappe>$4 ,! mo/ spl5did & /ately villa 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,flor5ce /&s among ! hills a few miles beyond ! ,c]tosa ( ,val d',ema1 & looks f its l(ty ridge across ! pla9 t[>d ,pi/oia & ! ,ap5n9es4 ,?is villa1 call$ ,ai ,collazzi 7n[ ,bombicci71 f ! wood$ hills :i* surr\nd x1 0 built = ! ,d9i family 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 &1 z tradition av]s1 by no less a h& ?an ,mi*elangelo's4 ,he is kn[n to h be5 a close fri5d ( ! ,d9i1 & is likely to h work$ = !m2 & if1 z "s exp]ts ?9k1 c]ta9 details ( ! design1 z well z ! actual con/ruction ( ! villa1 are due to ,santi di ,tito1 x is impossible n to feel t its g5]al conception mu/ h orig9at$ ) a great] arti/4 ,! ,villa ,bombicci has 9 fact ! ,mi*elangelesque quality3 ! au/]ity1 ! bread?1 ! peculi> maje/y :i* he imp>t$ to 8 slighte/ creations4 ,! h\se is built ab\t ?ree sides ( a rais$ /one-flagg$ t]race1 ! enclos+ elevation consi/+ ( a two-/ori$ op5 arcade ro($ by widely project+ eaves4 ,! w+s are solid1 ) ! exception ( ! sides t[>d ! arcade1 & ! w9d[s1 ) _! heavy p$im5ts & consoles1 are set f> ap>t 9 true ,tuscan fa%ion4 ,a maje/ic d\ble flight ( /eps1 flank$ by %ield-be>+ lions1 leads up to ! t]race ab\t :i* ! h\se is built4 ,)9 is a high c5tral saloon op5+ at ! back on a /one p]ron1 ) ano!r d\ble flight ( /eps :i* desc5d 9 a curve to ! g>d54 ,on ?is side ( ! h\se !re is1 on ! upp] floor1 an op5 loggia ( great beauty1 consi/+ ( ?ree ar*es divid$ by sl5d] c\pl$ %afts4 ,v f9e1 also1 is ! ar*$ & ru/icat$ doorway surm\nt$ by a /one escut*eon4 ,! villa is approa*$ by a cypress av5ue :i* leads /raight to ! op5 space be=e ! h\se4 ,! ridge on :i* ! latt] is built is s n>r[1 & ! l& falls away s rapidly1 t !re c\ld nev] h be5 mu* opportunity = ! developm5t ( g>d5-ar*itecture2 b ?\gh all is n[ ,angliciz$1 x is easy to trace ! orig9al plan3 9 front1 ! op5 space support$ by a high reta9+-wall1 on "o side ( ! h\se ! grove ( cypress & ilex1 & at ! back1 :]e !re 0 complete privacy1 ! small gi>d9o segreto1 or h$g$ g>d51 ) its p>t]res1 b5*es & /atues4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to describe ! ,italian villa 9 relation to its gr\nds1 & _m villas :i* h lo/ _! old surr\nd+s mu/ !re=e be omitt$2 b ne> ,flor5ce !re is "o old g>d5 :i* has always lack$ its villa1 yet :i* _c be ov]look$ 9 a /udy ( ,italian g>d5-craft4 ,ev5 ^? mo/ famili> ) ! fasc9ations ( ,italian g>d5s w associate a peculi> ?rill ) _! fir/ sight ( ! ,villa#c ,campi4 ,laid out by "o ( ! ,pucci family1 probably t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x lies beyond ,la/ra-,signa1 above ! ,arno1 ab\t t5 miles f ,flor5ce4 ,x is n easy to rea*1 = s long is x s9ce any "o has liv$ 9 ! melan*oly vill9o ( ,villa ,campi t ev5 9 ! /reets ( ,la/ra1 ! little wall$ t[n by ! ,arno1 a guide is h>d to f9d4 ,b at la/ "o is told to foll[ a /eep c\ntry road among v9es & olives1 pa/ two or ?ree *>m+ h\ses buri$ 9 ilex-groves1 till ! way ends 9 a lane :i* leads up to a gateway surm\nt$ by /atues4 ,asc5d+ !nce by a long av5ue ( cypresses1 "o rea*es ! level hilltop on :i* ! h\se %\ld h /ood4 ,two pavilions connect$ by a high wall face ! broad op5 t]race1 :5ce !re is a f>-spread+ view ov] ! ,arno valley3 d\btless ! ma9 build+ 0 to h be5 plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,b n[ ! place lies envelop$ 9 a my/]i\s sil5ce4 ,! foot falls noiselessly on ! grass c>pet+ ( ! alleys1 ! wat] is hu%$ 9 pools & f\nta9s1 & brok5 /atues pe] out />tl+ly f _! ni*es ( unclipp$ foliage4 ,f ! op5 space 9 front ( ! pavilions1 long av5ues radiate1 desc5d+ & encircl+ ! hillside1 wall$ ) cypress & ilex1 & lead+ to rond-po9ts set ) gr\ps ( /atu>y1 & to balu/rad$ t]races ov]hang+ ! valley4 ,! plan is va/ & complicat$1 & appe>s to h embrac$ ! :ole hillside1 :i*1 contr>y to ! usual frugal ,tuscan plan1 0 to h be5 conv]t$ into a =mal p>k ) vi/as1 qu9cunxes & f\nta9s4 ,footnote #c3 ,villa1 9 ,italian1 signifies n ! h\se alone1 b ! h\se & pleasure-gr\nds4 ,ent]+ a gate 9 ! wall betwe5 ! pavilions1 "o comes on ! t]rac$ fl[]-g>d5s1 & "h ! same gr&eur ( conception is se54 ,! upp] t]race pres]ves traces ( its =mal p>t]res & box-h$ges4 ,!nce flights ( /eps lead d[n to a long b[l+-gre5 betwe5 h$ges1 l t at ! ,gamb]aia4 ,a f>!r desc5t reveals ano!r t]race-g>d51 ) clipp$ h$ges1 /atues & f\nta9s2 & !nce slop+ alleys radiate d[n to /one-edg$ pools ) recl9+ riv]-gods 9 ! my/]i\s %ade ( ! ilex-groves4 ,/atues are ev]y:]e3 9 ! upp] g>d5s1 nymphs1 satyrs1 %eph]ds1 & ! *e]ful fauna ( ! op5 pleasance2 at ! end ( ! %ad[y glades1 solemn figures ( ,titanic gods1 c\*$ above _! pools or re>$ al(t on mighty p$e/als4 ,ev5 ! opposite hillside mu/ h be5 includ$ 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( ?is va/ g>d51 = x /ill %[s1 on ! c5tral axis betwe5 ! pavilions1 a tapis v]t betwe5 cypresses1 d\btless int5d$ to lead up to "s great /one ,h]cules "u a cr[n+ ar*4 ,b x is n ! size ( ! ,campi g>d5s :i* makes !m s rem>kable2 x is ! subtle beauty ( _! plann+1 to :i* "t & neglect h add$ ! requisite t\* ( poetry4 ,nev] p]haps h natural advantages be5 utiliz$ ) s little p]ceptible /ra9+ aft] effect1 yet ) s complete a s5se ( ! ne$ful adju/m5t betwe5 l&scape & ar*itecture4 ,"o feels t ^! long av5ues & /atu$ t]races 7 meant to lead up to a 8/ately pleasure-h\se02 yet s little are !y out ( h>mony ) ! surr\nd+ sc5e t nature has gradually tak5 !m back to h]self1 has turn$ !m into a haunt$ grove 9 :i* ! /atues seem l sylvan gods fall5 asleep 9 _! native %ade4 ,!re are o!r ,flor5t9e villas :i* pres]ve traces ( _! old g>d5s4 ,! beautiful ,villa ,palmi]i has kept its t]race-ar*itecture1 ,lappeggi its f9e d\ble /airway1 ! ,villa ,danti its grass-walk lead+ to a giant on ! hilltop1 & ,ca/el ,pulci its /ately faade ) a sky-l9e ( /atues & ! long cypress av5ue %[n 9 ,zoc*i's pr9t2 ev5 ,pratol9o1 s cruelly deva/at$1 /ill pres]ves ,giovanni da ,bologna's colossal figure ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,b :]e s mu* ( great] value rema9s to be describ$1 space fails to l+] ov] ^! fragm5ts :i*1 romantic & *>m+ z !y are1 c b fa9tly sugge/1 amid _! alt]$ surr\nd+s1 ! vani%$ g>d5-plans ( :i* !y =m$ a "p4 ,,si5ese ,,villas ,illu/ration3 ,,vicobello1 ,,si5a ,,ii ,,si5ese ,,villas ,9 ! ord] ( age1 ! fir/ c\ntry-seat ne> ,si5a :i* claims att5tion is ! =tress-villa ( ,belc>o4 ,frequ5t m5tion is made ( ! ca/le ( ,belc>o 9 e>ly *ronicles & docum5ts1 & x seems to h be5 a place ( "s importance z f> back z ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x /&s on a hilltop clo!d ) oak & ilex 9 ! beautiful wood$ c\ntry to ! we/ ( ,si5a1 & f its anci5t walls "o looks =? ov] ! pla9 to ! hill-set city & its di/ant circle ( m\nta9s4 ,x 0 p]haps = ! sake ( ?is en*ant+ prospect t ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 to :om ! trans=mation ( ,belc>o is ascrib$1 left ^! cr5ellat$ walls unt\*$1 & cont5t$ himself ) adorn+ ! inn] c\rt ( ! ca/le ) a delicate mask ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,a l>ge b>e villa ( no ar*itectural pret5sions 0 add$ to ! m$ival build+s1 & ,p]uzzi work$ )9 ! enclos$ quadrangle ?us =m$4 ,a h&some ar*itectural scre5 ( brick & m>ble ) a c5tral gateway leads f a /one-pav$ c\rt to a g>d5 ( ab\t ! same dim5sions1 at ! back ( :i* is an arcad$ loggia1 also ( brick & m>ble1 exquisitely light & graceful 9 proportion1 & fresco$ 9 ! ,raphaelesque mann] ) m$allions & arabesques1 fruit-g>l&s & brightly plum$ birds4 ,adjo9+ ?is loggia is a small brick *apel1 simple b elegant 9 design1 ) a fresco$ int]ior also ascrib$ to ,p]uzzi1 & /ill beautiful "u its crude repa9t+4 ,! g>d5 itself is ! real hortus inclusus ( ! m$ival *ronicl]3 a small pat* ( gr\nd enclos$ 9 ! =tress walls1 ) box-edg$ plots1 a c5tral well & clipp$ %rubs4 ,x is int]e/+ z a rem9d] ( :at ! m$ival g>d5 )9 ! ca/le mu/ h be51 & its sett+ ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture makes x look l "o ( ^? little m>ble-wall$ pleasances1 full ( fruit & fl[]s1 9 ! backgr\nds ( ,gozzoli or ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,sev]al miles beyond ,belc>o1 9 a pleasant valley among oak-wood$ hills1 lies ! ,m>*ese ,*igi's e/ate ( ,cet9ale4 ,a huge clipp$ ilex1 "o ( ! few examples ( ,dut* topi>y "w 9 ,italy1 /&s at ! angle ( ! road :i* leads to ! gates4 ,across ! highway1 fac+ ! c\rty>d entrance1 is ano!r gate1 gu>d$ by /atues & lead+ to a long tapis v]t :i* asc5ds betwe5 d\ble r[s ( squ>e-topp$ ilexes to a /atue on ! cre/ ( ! opposite slope4 ,! villa looks out on ?is p]spective1 fac+ x across an oblong c\rty>d flank$ by l[ outbuild+s4 ,! ma9 h\se1 said to h be5 built 7or m probably rebuilt7 9 #afhj by ,c>lo ,fontana = ,flavio ,*igi1 nephew ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii1 is s small & mode/ ( aspect t "o is surpris$ to le>n t x 0 "o ( ! celebrat$ pleasure-h\ses ( its day4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ) ! exception ( ! great h\ses built ne> ,rome by ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! c\ntry-seats ( su* reign+ families z ! ,m$ici1 ! ,italian villa 0 almo/ inv>iably a small & simple build+1 ! noble proprietor hav+ usually pref]r$ to devote 8 weal? & "t to ! embelli%m5t ( 8 g>d5s4 ,! h\se at ,cet9ale is s *>m+1 ) its /ately d\ble flight ( /eps lead+ up to ! fir/ floor1 & its monum5tal doorway op5+ on a c5tral salone1 t x may well be ascrib$ to ! ar*itect ( ,san ,m>cello 9 ,rome1 & ( ,pr9ce ,li*t5/e9's 8,g>d5 ,palace0 9 ,vi5na4 ,! plan ( us+ ! l[-/udd$ gr\nd floor = (fices1 w9e-cell> & /ore-rooms1 :ile ! liv+-rooms are all above-/airs1 %[s ! h& ( an ar*itect tra9$ 9 ! ,roman s*ool4 ,all ! ,tuscan & mid-,italian villas op5 on a level ) _! g>d5s1 :ile ab\t ,rome ! c\ntry h\ses1 at lea/ on "o side1 h b5ea? ! liv+-rooms a gr\nd floor g5]ally us$ = ! /orage ( w9e & oil4 ,b ! glory ( ,cet9ale is its p>k4 ,beh9d ! villa a long grass-walk z wide z ! h\se ext5ds betwe5 high walls to a fanta/ic gateway1 ) /atues 9 ivy-clad ni*es1 & a curi\s cr[n+ motive t]m9at+ 9 obelisks & balls4 ,beyond ?is ! turf-walk cont9ues aga9 to a rais$ semicircul> t]race1 surr\nd$ by a wall adorn$ ) bu/s & enclos$ 9 clipp$ ilexes4 ,?is t]race abuts on ! ilex-clo!d hillside :i* b\nds ! valley4 ,a gateway leads directly into ^! wild romantic woods1 & a /eep irregul> flight ( /one /eps is se5 asc5d+ ! wood$ slope to a t9y build+ on ! cre/ ( ! hill4 ,?is asc5t is call$ ! ,scala ,santa1 & ! build+ to :i* x leads is a h]mitage adorn$ ) circul> ni*es set 9 ! =m ( a cross1 ea* ni*e conta9+ ! bu/ ( a sa9t4 ,! h]mitage be+ directly on ! axis ( ! villa1 "o looks out f ! latt] d[n ! admirable p]spective ( ! tapis v]t & up ! ,scala ,santa to ! little h\se at its summit4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is effect ( di/ance & gr&eur is produc$ at small co/ & 9 ! simple/ mann]2 = ! grass-walk ) its semicircul> end =ms ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,cet9ale g>d54 ,! olive-or*>ds & corn-fields ( ! f>m come up to ! b\nd>y walls ( ! walk1 & ! wood is left z nature plant$ x4 ,fontana1 if x 0 inde$ he :o laid out ?is simple b admirable plan1 0 wise en\gh to pr(it by ! natural advantage ( ! great =e/ ( oak & ilex :i* clo!s ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 & to realize t only ! broade/ & simple/ l9es w\ld be 9 h>mony ) s noble a backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,palazz9a 7,,villa ,,gori71 ,,si5a ,z *>m+ 9 its way1 ?\gh less romantic & orig9al1 is ! ,m>*ese ,*igi's o!r seat ( ,vicobello1 a mile or two beyond ! ,porta ,ovile1 on ! o!r side ( ,si5a4 ,vicobello lies 9 an op5 villa-/udd$ c\ntry 9 complete contra/ to ! wood$ hills ab\t ,cet9ale4 ,! villa is plac$ on a long n>r[ ridge ( l&1 fall+ away abruptly at ! back & front4 ,a /raight entrance av5ue runs p>allel to ! out] walls ( ! outbuild+s1 :i* =m ! b\nd>y ( ! c\rt1 ! latt] be+ ent]$ ?r\gh a vault$ porte-co*re4 ,fac+ ?is entrance 7z at ,cet9ale7 is a h&some gateway gu>d$ by /atues & set 9 a semicircul> wall4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ?is gate1 "o desc5ds to a s]ies ( t]races plant$ ) /raight r[s ( ! squ>e-topp$ ilexes s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,si5ese g>d5s4 ,^! d5sely %ad$ t]races desc5d to a level /ret* ( sw>d 7p]haps an old b[l+-gre57 bord]$ by a wall ( clipp$ ilexes1 at ! foot ( ! hill on :i* ! villa /&s4 ,on ent]+ ! =ec\rt1 "o faces ! villa1 a dignifi$ oblong build+ ( simple ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 ascrib$ 9 ! local guide-book to ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 & c]ta9ly ( e>li] con/ruction ?an ! h\se at ,cet9ale4 ,on ! left1 a gate 9 a high wall leads to a wall$ g>d51 b\nd$ by a long lemon-h\se :i* cont9ues ! l9e ( ! outbuild+s on ! c\rt4 ,opposite1 a correspond+ gateway op5s into ! bosco :i* is ! indisp5sable adjunct ( ! ,italian c\ntry h\se4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! villa are two long t]races1 "o b5ea? ! o!r1 correspond+ 9 dim5sions ) ! c\rt1 & flank$ on ea* h& by wall$ t]race-g>d5s1 desc5d+ on "o side f ! grove1 on ! o!r f ! upp] g>d5 adjo9+ ! c\rt4 ,! plan1 :i* is z elaborate & m9utely divid$ z t ( ,cet9ale is spaci\s & simple1 %[s an equally sure appreciation ( natural conditions1 & ( ! di/9ction betwe5 a villa suburbana & a c\ntry e/ate4 ,! walls ( ! upp] g>d5 are espali]$ ) fruit-trees1 & ! box-edg$ fl[]-plots are probably laid out mu* z !y 7 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,all ! ar*itectural details are beautiful1 especially a well 9 ! c\rt1 set 9 ! wall betwe5 ,ionic columns1 & a *>m+ g>d5-h\se at ! end ( ! upp] g>d51 9 ! =m ( an op5 ar*way fac$ ) ,doric pila/]s1 be=e a semicircul> recess ) a m>ble seat4 ,! desc5d+ wall$ g>d5s1 ) _! diff]5t levels1 give opportunity = _m *>m+ ar*itectural effects--bu/s 9 ni*es1 curv+ /eps1 & well-plac$ vases & /atues2 & ! :ole treatm5t ( ,vicobello is rem>kable = ! discretion & sur5ess ( ta/e ) :i* ^! ornam5tal t\*es are add$4 ,!re is no excess ( decoration1 no cr[d+ ( effects1 & ! g>d5-plan is 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! simple /atel9ess ( ! h\se4 ,ab\t a mile f ,vicobello1 on an olive-clad hillside ne> ! fam\s mona/]y ( ! ,oss]vanza1 lies ano!r villa ( mu* m mode/ dim5sions1 ) gr\nds :i*1 ?\gh 9 "s respects typically ,si5ese1 are 9 "o way unique 9 ,italy4 ,?is is ,la ,palazz9a1 ! e/ate ( ! ,de' ,gori family4 ,! small sev5te5?-c5tury h\se1 ) its adjo9+ *apel & outbuild+s1 lies directly on ! public road1 & =ms ! b\nd>y ( its own gr\nds4 ,! *>m+ g>d5-faade1 ) its volut$ sky-l9e1 & ! two-/ori$ op5 loggia =m+ ! c5tral motive ( ! elevation1 faces on a t]race-l op5 space1 b\nd$ by a wall1 & n[ irregul>ly plant$ l',anglaise1 b d\btless once ! site ( ! old fl[]-g>d54 ,be=e ! h\se /&s an old well ) a beautiful wr\ght-iron rail+1 & on ! axis ( ! c5tral loggia a gate op5s into "o ( ! plea*$ ilex-alleys :i* are ! glory ( ! ,palazz9a4 ,?is anci5t tunnel ( gn>l$ & int]lock$ trees1 :]e a gre5 twilight reigns 9 ! hotte/ summ] noon1 ext5ds = sev]al hundr$ feet along a ridge ( gr\nd end+ 9 a sort ( circul> knoll or plat=m1 surr\nd$ by an imp5etrable wall ( squ>e-clipp$ ilexes4 ,! plat=m has 9 its c5tre a r\nd cle>+1 f :i* f\r n>r[ pa?s radiate at "r angles1 "o abutt+ on ! plea*$ walk1 ! o!rs on ! out] ilex-wall4 ,betwe5 ^! pa?s are f\r small circul> spaces plant$ ) /unt$ ilexes & cypresses1 :i* are cut d[n to ! height ( %rubs4 ,9 ^! dw>f trees bl9d$ ?ru%es are ti$ z decoys to _! wild k91 :o are %ot at f ! circul> cle>+ or ! side pa?s4 ,?is elaborate plantation is a p]fectly pres]v$ specim5 ( a species ( bird-trap once1 alas6 v common 9 ?is "p ( ,italy1 & 9 :i* "o may picture ! "y gallants ( ,folgore da ,san ,gimignano's ,si5ese sonnets 8,( ! ,mon?s0 tak+ _! cruel pleasure on an autumn day4 ,ano!r antique alley ( plea*$ ilexes1 z d5sely %ad$ b n q z long1 runs f ! end ( ! t]race to a small op5-air !atre :i* is ! greate/ curiosity ( ! ,villa de' ,gori4 ,! pit ( ?is !atre is a semicircul> op5+1 b\nd$ by a l[ wall or seat1 :i* is back$ by a high ilex-h$ge4 ,! p>t]re is laid out 9 an elaborate brod]ie ( turf & gravel1 above :i* ! /age is rais$ ab\t ?ree feet4 ,! pit & ! /age are enclos$ 9 a d\ble h$ge ( ilex1 s t ! actors may rea* ! w+s )\t be+ se5 by ! audi5ce2 b ! /age-sett+ consi/s ( r[s ( clipp$ cypresses1 ea* advanc+ a few feet beyond ! "o be=e x1 s t !y =m a p]spective runn+ up to ! back ( ! /age1 & t]m9at$ by ! tall %aft ( a s+le cypress :i* t[]s high into ! blue 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! backgr\nd4 ,no m]e description ( its plan c convey ! *>m ( ?is exquisite little !atre1 approa*$ ?r\gh ! my/]i\s dusk ( ! long plea*$ alley1 & ly+ 9 sun%9e & sil5ce "u its ro( ( blue sky1 9 its walls ( un*ang+ v]dure4 ,imag9ation mu/ p ! /age ) ! sylvan figures ( ! ,am9ta or ! ,pa/or ,fido1 & mu/ place on ! encircl+ seats a company ( nobil donne 9 pe>ls & sat91 ) _! cavali]s 9 ! black ,spani% habit & fall+ lace coll> :i* ,v&yke has immortaliz$ 9 8 ,g5oese portraits2 & ! remembrance ( ?is leafy /age w l5d new life to ! read+ ( ! ,italian pa/orals1 & ?r[ a bright] sunlight ov] ! woodl& com$ies ( ,%akspe>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,!atre ,,at ,,la ,,palazz9a1 ,,si5a ,,roman ,,villas ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dome ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s1 ,,f ,,! ,,vatican ,,g>d5s ,,iii ,,roman ,,villas ,9 /udy+ ! villas ne> ! small] ,italian t[ns1 x is difficult to le>n mu* ( _! hi/ory4 ,n[ & !n "s in=mation may be glean$ f a local guide-book1 b ! facts are usually meagre or inaccurate1 & ! "n ( ! ar*itect1 ! date ( ! build+1 ! orig9al plan ( ! g>d51 h (t5 alike be5 =gott54 ,) reg>d to ! villas 9 & ab\t ,rome1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h ! /ud5t is ov]:elm$ by a pr(usion ( docum5ts4 ,illu/ri\s ar*itects dispute ! hon\r ( hav+ built ! fam\s pleasure-h\ses on ! sev5 hills1 & hi/orians ( art1 f ,vas>i d[nw>d1 h record$ _! annals4 ,falda engrav$ !m 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?2 & !y h be5 visit$ & describ$1 at v>i\s p]iods1 by c\ntless travell]s f diff]5t c\ntries4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,roman g>d5s ( :i* a description has be5 pres]v$ is t :i* ,bramante laid out )9 ! ,vatican 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is t]rac$ g>d51 ) its monum5tal d\ble flight ( /eps lead+ up by ?ree levels to ! ,gi>d9o della ,pigna1 0 describ$ 9 #aebc by ! ,v5etian ambassador to ,rome1 :o speaks ( its grass p>t]res & f\nta9s1 its h$ges ( laurel & cypress1 its plantations ( mulb]ries & roses4 ,"o half ( ! g>d5 7! c\rt ( ! ,belv$]e7 _h brick-pav$ walks betwe5 r[s ( orange-trees2 9 its c5tre 7 /atues ( ! ,nile & ! ,tib] above a f\nta92 :ile ! ,apollo1 ! ,laocoon & ! ,v5us ( ! ,vatican 7 plac$ ab\t x 9 ni*es4 ,?is g>d5 0 long s9ce sacrific$ to ! build+ ( ! ,braccio ,nuovo & ! ,vatican ,libr>y2 b x is wor? m5tion+ t ,burckh>dt1 ^: lea/ ^w on ,italian g>d5s is m illum9at+ ?an ! treatises ( o!r writ]s1 ?\ght t ,bramante's t]rac$ /airway fir/ set ! example ( t ar*itectural magnific5ce :i* m>ks ! great ,roman g>d5s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,next 9 date comes ! ,villa ,madama1 ,raphael's unf9i%$ ma/]piece on ! slope ( ,monte ,m>io4 ,?is spl5did pleasure-h\se1 :i* 0 begun 9 #aeaf = ,c>d9al ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 aft]w>d ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii1 0 int5d$ to be ! model ( ! great villa suburbana1 & no subsequ5t build+ ( ! sort is comp>able to :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! orig9al plans be5 c>ri$ out4 ,b ! villa 0 built "u an evil />4 ,raphael di$ be=e ! "w 0 f9i%$1 & x 0 c>ri$ on ) "s alt]ations by ,giulio ,romano & ,antonio da ,sangallo4 ,9 #aebg ! troops ( ,c>d9al ,colonna ne>ly de/roy$ x by fire2 &1 )\t ev] be+ complet$1 x pass$ successively into ! possession ( ! ,*apt] ( ,/4 ,eu/ace1 ( ! ,du*ess ( ,p>ma 7:5ce its "n ( ,madama71 & ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 :o suff]$ x to fall into complete neglect4 ,! unf9i%$ build+1 ) its mighty loggia /ucco$ by ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 & ! semicircul> arcade at ! back1 is too famili> to ne$ detail$ description2 & ! g>d5s are s dilapidat$ t !y are ( int]e/ only to an eye exp]i5c$ en\gh to recon/ruct !m f _! skeleton4 ,!y consi/ ( two long t]races1 "o above ! o!r1 cut 9 ! side ( ! wood$ slope ov]hang+ ! villa4 ,! upp] t]race is on a level ) ,raphael's spl5did loggia1 & seems b a ro(less cont9uation ( t airy hall4 ,aga9/ ! hillside & at ! end x is b\nd$ by a reta9+-wall once surm\nt$ by a m>ble balu/rade & set ) ni*es = /atu>y1 :ile on ! o!r side x looks =? ov] ! ,tib] & ! ,campagna4 ,bel[ ?is t]race is ano!r ( ! same proportions1 its reta9+-wall brok5 at ea* end by a /airway desc5d+ f ! upp] level1 & ! great] "p ( its surface tak5 up by a l>ge rectangul> tank1 into :i* wat] gu%es f ! ni*es 9 ! lat]al wall4 ,x is evid5t f ! bread? ( treatm5t ( ^! t]races t !y are b a fragm5t ( ! project$ :ole4 ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e1 9 _! 8,maisons de ,plaisance de ,rome0 7#ahji71 publi%$ an int]e/+ 8recon/itution0 ( ! ,villa ,madama & its g>d5s1 z !y conceiv$ x might h be5 c>ri$ to completion2 b _! plan is m]ely ! brilliant conjecture ( two arti/s p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance1 = !y _h no docum5ts to g by4 ,! exi/+ fragm5t is1 h[ev]1 well wor?y ( /udy1 = ! purity ( its ar*itecture & ! broad simplicity ( its plan are 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! complicat$ design & ov]*>g$ details ( "s ( ! lat] ,roman g>d5s4 ,?ird 9 date among ! e>ly ,r5aissance g>d5s comes ano!r1 ( :i* few traces are left3 t ( ! ,vigna del ,papa1 or ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 j beyond ! ,porta del ,popolo4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! build+ itself1 & ! ar*itectural composition :i* once unit$ ! h\se & gr\nds1 are =tunately well pres]v$1 & s exceptionally int]e/+ t !y des]v$ a c>eful description4 ,! ,villa di ,papa ,giulio 0 built by ,pope ,julius ,,iii1 ^: pontificate ext5ds f #aeej to #aeee4 ,! villa !re=e dates f ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b s _m ar*itects 7 associat$ ) x1 & s mu* confusion exi/s z to _! respective contributions1 t x c only be said t ! ,pope himself1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,vignola1 ,vas>i & ,ammanati appe> all to h _h a h& 9 ! "w4 ,! ext]ior elevation1 ?\gh x has be5 criticiz$1 is n z inh>moni\s z might h be5 expect$1 & on ! g>d5 side bo? plan & elevation h a *>m & picturesqu5ess :i* dis>m criticism4 ,above all1 x is felt at once t ! arrangem5t is p]fectly suit$ to a w>m climate4 ,! villa =ms a semicircle at ! back1 enclos+ a pav$ c\rt4 ,! gr\nd floor is an op5 vault$ arcade1 adorn$ ) ,zuc*]o's celebrat$ frescoes ( putti peep+ ?r\gh v9e-wrea!d trellises2 & ! sides ( ! c\rt1 beyond ?is arcade1 are b\nd$ by two-/ori$ lat]al w+s1 ) bl9d arcades & ni*es adorn$ ) /atues4 ,fac+ ! villa1 a colonnad$ loggia t]m9ates ! c\rt2 & !nce "o looks d[n into ! beautiful l[] c\rt ( ! ba?1 :i* appe>s to h be5 design$ by ,vas>i4 ,f ! loggia1 /eps desc5d to a semicircul> c\rt enclos$ 9 walls1 ) a balu/rad$ op5+ 9 its c5tre2 & ?is balu/rade re/s on a r[ ( c>yatids :i* encircle ! l[e/ c\rt & =m a scre5 be=e ! grotto-l ba? "u ! ar*es ( ! upp] t]race4 ,! plan is too complicat$1 & ! ar*itectural motives are too v>i$1 to admit ( cle> description3 bo? mu/ be se5 to give an idea ( ! full beauty ( ! composition4 ,return+ to ! upp] loggia above ! ba?1 "o looks across ! latt] to a correspond+ loggia ( ?ree ar*es on ! opposite side1 on ! axis ( :i* is a gateway lead+ to ! actual g>d5s--g>d5s :i*1 alas6 no long] exi/4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! flagg$ c\rt1 ! two op5 loggias1 & ! ba? are s _m skilfully graduat$ /eps 9 :at ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e call ! 8arti/ic progression0 l9k+ ! g>d5s to ! h\se1 :ile ! :ole is s plann$ t f ! c5tral hall ( ! villa 7& 9 fact f its entrance-door7 "o may look across ! c\rt & d[n ! long vi/a ( columns1 into :at 7 once ! %ady dep?s ( ! g>d54 ,9 all ,italian g>d5-ar*itecture !re is no?+ q comp>able = *>m & delicately rem9isc5t classicalism ) ?is grotto-ba? ( ,pope ,julius's villa4 ,"h we f9d ! tradition ( ! old ,roman villa-ar*itecture1 z x _h be5 lov+ly /udi$ 9 ! lett]s ( ,pl9y1 transpos$ into ,r5aissance =ms1 ) ! s5se ( its cont9u$ fitness to un*ang$ conditions ( climate & a consci\s return to ! spl5d\r ( ! old patrician life4 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ?is natural refl[]+ ( a national art ) ! frigid ar*ological classicalism ( ,w9ckelmann & ,canova4 ,"h !re is no lit]al transcription ( uncompreh5d$ detail3 ! _s is pres]v$1 because x is /ill liv+1 b x f9ds expression 9 subtly alt]$ =ms4 ,above all1 ! arti/ has drawn 8 inspiration f ,roman art1 ! true s\rce ( mod]n ar*itecture1 & n f t ( ,greece1 :i*1 = all its beauty & f>-rea*+ /hetic influ5ces1 0 n ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n arti/ic conceptions1 = ! pla9 hi/orical reason t x 0 utt]ly =gott5 & unkn[n :5 ! m$ival _w began to wake f its le?>gy & ga!r up its scatt]$ h]itage ( arti/ic traditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,=ec\rt1 ,,villa ,,borghese1 ,,rome ,:5 ,john ,evelyn came to ,rome 9 #afdd & alight$ 8at ,monsieur ,petit's 9 ! ,piazza ,spagnola10 _m ( ! great ,roman villas 7 /ill 9 ! fir/ fre%ness ( _! spl5d\r1 & ! ta/e :i* call$ !m =? _h n yet we>i$ ( !m4 ,lat] travell]s1 ) alt]$ ideas1 7 n suffici5tly int]e/$ to exam9e 9 detail :at already seem$ antiquat$ & out ( fa%ion2 b to ,evelyn1 a passionate lov] ( ar*itecture & g>d5-craft1 ! ,italian villas 7 patt]ns ( excell5ce1 to be c>efully /udi$ & m9utely describ$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o s\ght to imitate !m 9 ,engl&4 ,x is d\btful if lat] g5]ations w ev] be div]t$ by ! aquatic 8surprises0 & me*anical toys 9 :i* ,evelyn took su* simple pleasure2 b ! real beauties he disc]n$ are once m receiv+ intellig5t recognition aft] two c5turies ( contempt & indiff]5ce4 ,x is wor? not+ 9 ?is connection t1 at ! v height ( ! reaction aga9/ ,italian g>d5s1 !y 7 lov+ly /udi$ & truly und]/ood by two m5 great en\gh to rise above ! prejudices ( _! age3 ! ,fr5* ar*itects ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e1 ^: volume conta9s "s ( ! mo/ sugge/ive analyses ev] writt5 ( ! purpose & mean+ ( ,r5aissance g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,probably "o ( ! lea/ *ang$ among ! villas visit$ by ,evelyn is 8! h\se ( ! ,duke ( ,flor5ce ^u ! br[ ( ,mons ,p9cius40 ,! ,villa ,m$ici1 on be+ sold by t family 9 #ahja1 _h ! good =tune to pass into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 & its 8facciata incru/$ ) antique & r>e basso-relievos & /atues0 /ill looks out ov] ! /atu$ arcade1 ! t]race 8balu/rad$ ) :ite m>ble0 & plant$ ) 8p]5nial gre5s10 & ! 8m\nt plant$ ) cypresses10 :i* ,evelyn s ju/ly admir$4 ,! villa1 built 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury by ,annibale ,lippi1 0 begun = "o c>d9al & complet$ = ano!r4 ,x /&s 9 true ,italian fa%ion aga9/ ! hillside above ! ,spani% ,/eps1 its airy upp] /ories plant$ on "o ( ! mighty ba/ion-l basem5ts s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman villa4 ,a villa above1 a =tress bel[1 x %[s t1 ev5 9 ! poli%$ c9que-c5to1 life 9 ! ,papal ,/ates ne$$ ! protection ( /\t walls & heavily b>r$ w9d[s4 ,! g>d5-faade1 rais$ a /ory above ! entrance1 has all ! smil+ op5ness ( ! ,r5aissance pleasure-h\se1 & is int]e/+ z be+ probably ! e>lie/ example ( ! sy/ematic use ( fragm5ts ( antique sculpture 9 an ar*itectural elevation4 ,b ?is faade1 ) its *>m+ c5tral loggia1 is suffici5tly well kn[n to make a detail$ description sup]flu\s1 & x ne$ be /udi$ "h only 9 relation to its surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grotto1 ,,villa ,,di ,,papa ,,giulio1 ,,rome ,falda's plan ( ! gr\nds1 & t ( ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e1 made ov] a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 %[ h[ little succe$+ fa%ions h be5 all[$ to di/urb ! orig9al design4 ,! g>d5s are /ill approa*$ by a long %ady alley :i* asc5ds f ! piazza be=e ! entrance2 & !y are /ill divid$ into a symmetrically plant$ grove1 a fl[]-g>d5 be=e ! h\se1 & an upp] wild-wood ) a /raight pa? lead+ to ! 8m\nt plant$ ) cypresses40 ,x is safe to say t no "o ent]s ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,m$ici )\t be+ soo!d & *>m$ by t g>d5-magic :i* is ! peculi> quality ( "s ( ! old ,italian pleasances4 ,x is n necess>y to be a /ud5t ( g>d5-ar*itecture to feel ! spell ( quiet & s]5ity :i* falls on "o at ! v gateway2 b x is wor? ! /ud5t's :ile to try to analyze ! elem5ts ( :i* ! s5sation is compos$4 ,p]haps !y w be f\nd to resolve !mselves into div]sity1 simplicity & fitness4 ,! plan ( ! g>d5 is simple1 b its diff]5t p>ts are s contra/$ z to produce1 by ! fewe/ means1 a pleasant s5se ( v>iety )\t sacrifice ( repose4 ,! ilex-grove into :i* "o fir/ ent]s is trav]s$ by h$g$ alleys :i* lead to rond-po9ts ) /one seats & m>ble ,t]ms4 ,at "o po9t ! enclos+ wall ( ilex is brok5 to admit a *>m+ op5 loggia1 :5ce "o looks into ! dep?s ( gre5 bel[4 ,em]g+ f ! /raight %ady walks1 ) _! effect ( uni=mity & repose1 "o comes on ! fl[]-g>d5 be=e ! h\se1 spread+ to ! sun%9e its box-edg$ p>t]res adorn$ ) f\nta9s & /atues4 ,"h g>d5 & h\se-front are h>moniz$ by a /rong pr$om9ance ( ar*itectural l9es1 & by ! beautiful lat]al loggia1 ) ni*es = /atues1 above :i* ! upp] ilex-wood rises4 ,tall h$ges & trees !re are none2 = f ! villa "o looks across ! g>d5 at ! wide sweep ( ! ,campagna & ! m\nta9s2 inde$1 ?is is probably "o ( ! fir/ ( ! g>d5s :i* ,gurlitt def9es z 8g>d5s to look out f10 9 contradi/9ction to ! e>li] sort1 ! 8g>d5s to look into40 ,m\nt+ to ! t]race1 "o comes to ! ?ird division ( ! g>d51 ! wild-wood ) its irregul> levels1 ?r\gh :i* a pa? leads to ! m\nt1 ) a little temple on its summit4 ,?is is a r>e feature 9 ,italian gr\nds3 9 hilly ,italy !re 0 small ne$ ( creat+ ! artificial hillocks s mu* e/eem$ 9 ! old ,engli% g>d5s4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! m\nt ju/ifies its exi/5ce1 = x af=ds a wond]ful view ov] ! o!r side ( ,rome & ! ,campagna4 ,f9ally1 ! g5]al impression ( ! ,m$ici g>d5 resolves itself into a s5se ( fitness1 ( p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! mat]ial at h& & ! use made ( x4 ,! ar*itect has us$ 8 opportunities to ! utmo/2 b he has adapt$ nature )\t di/ort+ x4 ,9 "s ( ! great ,fr5* g>d5s1 at ,vaux & ,v]sailles = example1 "o is consci\s1 "u all ! beauty1 ( ! imm5se ef=t exp5d$1 ( ! va/ upheavals ( e>?1 ! =c$ creat+ ( effects2 b x 0 ! great gift ( ! ,italian g>d5] to see ! natural advantages ( 8 incomp>able l&scape1 & to fit !m into 8 s*eme ) an art :i* conceal$ itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,( ,,sculapius1 ,,villa ,,borghese1 ,,rome ,:ile ,annibale ,lippi1 an ar*itect kn[n by only two build+s1 0 lay+ out ! ,m$ici g>d51 ! ,palat9e ,hill 0 be+ clo!d ) monum5tal t]races by a ma/] to :om ! ,italian ,r5aissance ow$ mu* ( its /atelie/ ar*itecture4 ,vignola1 :o trans=m$ ! slopes ( ! ,palat9e into ! sumptu\s ,f>nese g>d5s1 0 ! ar*itect ( ! mighty =tress-villa ( ,capr>ola1 & ( ! g>d5-portico ( ,mondragone2 & tradition ascribes to him also ! incomp>able ,lante g>d5s at ,bagnaia4 ,9 ! ,f>nese g>d5s he f\nd full play = 8 gift ( gr\p+ masses & = ! sc5ic s5se :i* enabl$ him to create su* gr&iose backgr\nds = ! magnific5ce ( ! great ,roman prelates4 ,! ,palat9e g>d5s h be5 gradually sacrific$ to ! excavations ( ! ,palace ( ! ,cs>s1 b _! almo/ !atrical magnific5ce is %[n 9 ! pr9ts ( ,falda & ( ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e4 ,9 ?is prodigal developm5t ( t]races1 ni*es1 porticoes & ramps1 "o p]ceives ! outcome ( ,bramante's d\ble /aircase 9 ! inn] g>d5s ( ! ,vatican1 & ,burckh>dt ju/ly rem>ks t 9 ! ,f>nese g>d5s 8! p]iod ( unity ( composition & effective gr\p+ ( masses0 f9ally triumphs ov] ! e>li] /yle4 ,no villa 0 ev] built on ?is site1 & !re is consequ5tly an air ( heav9ess & ov]-importance ab\t ! /ately asc5t :i* leads m]ely to two dom$ pavilions2 b ! composition w\ld h rega9$ its true value _h x be5 cr[n$ by su* a palace z ! ,roman c>d9als 7 beg9n+ to erect = !mselves4 ,x is especially int]e/+ to note ! contra/ 9 /yle & plan betwe5 ?is g>d5 & t ( ! contemporane\s ,villa ,m$ici4 ,"o 0 design$ = display1 ! o!r = privacy1 & ! success ) :i* ! purpose ( ea* is fulfill$ %[s ! orig9ality & indep5d5ce ( _! creators4 ,x is a common error to ?9k ( ! ,italian g>d5s ( ! ,r5aissance z repeat+ endlessly ! same ar*itectural effects3 _! peculi> *>m lies *iefly 9 ! v]satility ) :i* _! design]s adapt$ !m to diff]5t sites & diff]5t requirem5ts4 ,z an example ( ?is indep5d5ce ( mean+less conv5tions1 let ! /ud5t turn f ! ,villa ,m$ici & ! ,orti ,f>nesiani to a ?ird type ( villa creat$ at ! same "t--! ,cas9o ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv 9 ! ,vatican g>d5s1 built 9 #aefj by ! ,neapolitan ar*itect ,pirro ,ligorio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,m$ici1 ,,rome ,?is exquisite little g>d5-h\se lies 9 a holl[ ( ! out] ,vatican g>d5s ne> ! ,via de' ,fondam5ti4 ,a hillside once clo!d ) a grove rises abruptly beh9d x1 & 9 ?is hillside a deep oblong cut has be5 made & fac$ ) a reta9+-wall4 ,9 ! space ?us cle>$ ! villa is built1 "s t5 or fifte5 feet away f ! wall1 s t its gr\nd floor is cool & %ad$ )\t be+ damp4 ,! build+1 :i* is long & n>r[1 runs l5g?wise into ! cut1 its long faades be+ treat$ z sides1 :ile x pres5ts a n>r[ end z its front elevation4 ,! propriety ( ?is plan w be se5 :5 ! re/rict$ surr\nd+s are not$4 ,9 su* a small space a l>g] /ructure w\ld h be5 disproportionate2 & ,ligorio hit on ! only means ( giv+ to a h\se ( consid]able size ! appe>ance ( a m]e g>d5-pavilion4 ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e say t ,ligorio built ! ,villa ,pia 8aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5t h\ses1 ( :i* he _h made a special /udy40 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,roman fresco-ar*itecture is 9 fact visible 9 ?is delici\s little build+1 b s freely modifi$ by ! p]sonal ta/e ( ! ar*itect t x has none ( ! rigidity ( ! 8recon/itution10 b seems r ! day-dream ( an arti/ :o has saturat$ 8 m9d ) ! pa/4 ,! faade is a m]e pretext = ! display ( ! mo/ exquisite & v>i$ /ucco ornam5tation1 9 :i* motives borr[$ f ! ,roman /uc*i are h>moniz$ ) endless v]satility4 ,9 spite ( ! weal? ( detail1 x is sav$ f heav9ess & confusion by its delicacy ( treatm5t & by a c]ta9 navet :i* makes x m ak9 7fanta/ic z ! comp>ison may seem7 ) ! /ucco$ faade ( ,san ,b]n>d9o at ,p]ugia ?an ) simil> compositions ( its own p]iod4 ,! angels or g5ii 9 ! oblong panels are curi\sly sugge/ive ( ,ago/9o da ,duccio1 & ! pale-yell[ t>ni%$ surface ( ! /ucco recalls ! delicate hues ( ! ,p]ugian *apel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rty>d ,,gate ,,( ,,! ,,villa ,,pia ,! gr\nd floor consi/s ( an op5 loggia ( ?ree ar*es on columns1 =m+ a k9d ( atrium curi\sly fac$ ) an elaborate mosaic-"w ( t9y r\nd pebbles1 /a9$ 9 v>i\s col\rs & set 9 arabesques & o!r antique patt]ns4 ,! coigns ( ! faade are =m$ ( ?is same mosaic--a la/ t\* ( fancifulness :]e all is fanta/ic4 ,! b>rel-vault ( ! atrium is a m>vel ( delicate /uccature1 evid5tly inspir$ by ! "w ( ,giovanni da ,ud9e at ! ,villa ,madama2 & at ea* end /&s a spl5did m>ble bas9 re/+ on w+$ griff9s4 ,! fragile decorations ( ?is exquisite loggia are op5 on ?ree sides to ! wea!r1 & _m w9d[s ( ! upp] rooms 7:i* are decorat$ 9 ! same /yle7 are un%utt]$ & h brok5 panes1 s t ?is unique example ( c9que-c5to decoration is gradually fall+ into ru9 f m]e exposure4 ,! /eps ( ! atrium1 flank$ by m>ble ,cupids on dolph9s1 lead to an oval pav$ c\rt ) a c5tral f\nta9 9 :i* ! ,cupid-motive is repeat$4 ,?is c\rt is enclos$ by a l[ wall ) a seat runn+ ar\nd x & surm\nt$ by m>ble vases ( a beautiful tazza-l %ape4 ,fac+ ! loggia1 ! wall is brok5 7z at ! ,villa di ,papa ,giulio7 by a small pavilion re/+ on an op5 arcade1 ) an attic adorn$ ) /ucco panels2 :ile at ! sides1 equidi/ant betwe5 ! villa & ! pavilion1 are two vault$ porticoes1 ) faades l ar*es ( triumph1 by means ( :i* access is obta9$ to curv+ ramps t lead to ! l[] level ( ! g>d5s4 ,^! porticoes are also ri*ly adorn$ ) /ucco panels1 & l9$ )9 ) a mosaic-"w ( pebbles1 =m+ ni*es = a r[ ( bu/s4 ,f ! c5tral pavilion "o looks d[n on a tank at its base 7! pavilion be+ a /ory l[] on its out] or g>d5 side74 ,?is tank is surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ,!tis on a rock-"w ?rone1 9 a ni*e =m$ 9 ! basem5t ( ! pavilion4 ,! tank encloses ! pavilion on ?ree sides1 l a moat1 & ! wat]1 gu%+ f ?ree ni*es1 ov]fl[s ! l[ /one curb & drips on a pav$ walk slightly holl[$ to receive x--a device produc+ a wond]ful effect ( coolness & sup]abundance ( wat]4 ,! old g>d5s ( ! villa 7 on a level ) ! tank1 & ,falda's pr9t %[s ! +5uity ( _! plann+4 ,^! g>d5s h n[ be5 almo/ entirely de/roy$1 & ! bosco above ! villa has be5 cut d[n & replac$ by b>e grass-banks dott$ ) %rubs4 ,! ,villa ,pia has be5 ?us m9utely describ$1 fir/1 because x is seldom accessible1 & consequ5tly little kn[n2 b *iefly because x is virtually n a dwell+h\se1 b a g>d5-h\se1 & ?us =ms a "p ( ! actual composition ( ! g>d54 ,z su* x /&s alone 9 ,italian ar*itecture1 & ,burckh>dt1 :o notes h[ well its lavi% ornam5t is suit$ to a little pleasure-pavilion 9 a g>d51 is "r 9 describ+ x z ! 8mo/ p]fect retreat imag9able = a midsumm] aft]noon40 ,! out] g>d5s ( ! ,vatican1 9 a corn] ( :i* ! ,villa ,pia lies1 7 probably laid out by ,antonio da ,sangallo ! ,y\ng]1 :o di$ 9 #aedf2 & ?\gh mu* disfigur$1 !y /ill %[ traces ( _! orig9al plan4 ,! sunny %elt]$ t]race1 espali]$ ) lemons1 is a good example ( ! 8walk = ! cold season0 = :i* ,italian g>d5-ar*itects always provid$2 & ! l>ge sunk5 fl[]-g>d5 surr\nd$ by hang+ woods is "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ?is effective treatm5t ( ! gi>d9o segreto4 ,9 fact1 ! ,vatican may h sugge/$ _m features ( ! lat] ,r5aissance g>d51 ) its wide-spread plan :i* gradually came to include ! p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,pia--,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5s ,,( ,,! ,,vatican ,! sev5te5? c5tury saw ! developm5t ( ?is ext5d$ plan1 b saw also ! decl9e ( ! ar*itectural re/ra9t & purity ( detail :i* m>k ! g5]ation ( ,vignola & ,sangallo4 ,! ,villa ,borghese1 built 9 #afah by ! ,flemi% ar*itect ,giovanni ,vasanzia 7,john ( ,xant571 %[s a complete dep>ture f ! old tradition4 ,its elevation may inde$ be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ! g>d5-front ( ! ,villa ,m$ici1 :i* 0 probably ! prototype ( ! gay pleasure-h\se 9 :i* ornam5tal detail sup]s$$ ar*itectural composition2 b ! g>d5-ar*itecture ( ! ,villa ,borghese1 & ! treatm5t ( its ext5sive gr\nds1 %[ ! complete triumph ( ! b>oque4 ,! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,borghese1 :i* include a p>k ( sev]al hundr$ acres1 7 laid out by ,dom5ico ,sav9o & ,girolamo ,ra9aldi1 :ile its wat]works are due to ,giovanni ,fontana1 ^: "n is associat$ ) ! great jeux d'eaux ( ! villas at ,frascati4 ,falda's plan %[s t ! gr\nds ab\t ! h\se h be5 little *ang$4 ,at ea* end ( ! villa is ! oblong secret g>d51 n sunk5 b wall$2 9 front an entrance-c\rt1 at ! back an op5 space enclos$ 9 a wall ( clipp$ ilexes aga9/ :i* /atues 7 set1 & conta9+ a c5tral f\nta94 ,beyond ! left-h& wall$ g>d5 are v>i\s dep5d5cies1 includ+ an avi>y4 ,^! little build+s1 boldly b>oque 9 /yle1 sur*>g$ ) /ucco ornam5t1 & n )\t a c]ta9 ,flemi% heav9ess ( t\*1 h yet t gaiety1 t imprvu1 :i* 0 becom+ ! di/+ui%+ note ( ,roman g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,on a l>g] scale !y w\ld be oppressive2 b z m]e g>d5-h\ses1 ) _! leafy backgr\nd1 & ! picturesque adjuncts ( high walls1 wr\ght-iron gates1 vases & /atues1 !y h an und5iable *>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gateway ,,( ,,! ,,villa ,,borghese ,! plan ( ! ,borghese p>k has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,falda's pr9t %[s only ! vic9ity ( ! villa1 & x has nev] be5 decid$ :5 ! outly+ gr\nds 7 laid out & h[ mu* !y h be5 modifi$4 ,at pres5t ! p>k1 ) its romantic groves ( umbrella-p9e1 its ilex av5ues1 lake & amphi!atre1 its %am ru9s & little build+s scatt]$ on irregul> grassy knolls1 has ! appe>ance ( a j>d9 anglais laid out at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h]r ,tuck]mann1 p]suad$ t ?is p>k is ! "w ( ,giovanni ,fontana1 sees 9 him ! orig9ator ( ! 8s5tim5tal0 ,engli% & ,g]man l&scape-g>d5s1 ) _! h]mitages1 mausoleums & temples ( ,fri5d%ip2 b ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e1 f ^: plan ( ! p>k 8 inf]5ce is av[$ly drawn1 /ate t ! gr\nds 7 mu* modifi$ 9 #aghi by ,jacob ,moore1 an ,engli% l&scape-g>d5]1 & by ,pietro ,camporesi ( ,rome4 ,h]r ,gurlitt1 :o seems to h ov]look$ ?is /atem5t1 decl>es himself unable to pron\nce on ! date ( ?is 8creation already t\*$ ) ! feel+ ( s5tim5tality02 b ,burckh>dt1 :o is always accurate1 says t ! hippodrome & ! temple ( sculapius are ( late date1 & t ! p>k 0 remodell$ 9 ! /yle ( ,p\ss9's l&scapes 9 #ahdi4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s lat] ?an ! ,villa ,borghese !re arose its rival among ! great ,roman c\ntry-seats1 ! ,villa ,belrespiro or ,pamphily1 on ! ,janiculan4 ,! ,villa ,pamphily1 design$ by ,aless&ro ,alg>di ( ,bologna1 is probably ! be/ kn[n & mo/ admir$ ( ,roman maisons de plaisance1 & its incomp>able ilex av5ues & p9e-woods1 its roll+ mead[s & wide views ov] ! ,campagna1 h en*ant$ _m to :om its ar*itectural beauties w\ld n appeal4 ,! h\se1 ) its incru/ations ( antique bas-reliefs1 clev]ly adapt$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,villa ,m$ici1 b ) f> great] ri*ness & lic5se ( ornam5t1 is a p]fect example ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury villa1 or r cas9o2 = x 0 really int5d$1 n = a resid5ce1 b = a suburban lodge4 ,x is flank$ by lat]al t]races1 & ! g>d5-front is a /ory l[] ?an ! o!r1 s t ! balcony ( ! fir/ floor looks d[n on a great sunk5 g>d51 enclos$ 9 ! reta9+-walls ( ! t]races1 & ri*ly adorn$ ) /atues 9 ni*es1 f\nta9s & p>t]res de brod]ie4 ,!nce a d\ble /airway desc5ds to :at 0 once ! c5tral portion ( ! g>d5s1 a great amphi!atre b\nd$ by ilex-woods1 ) a ?tre d'eaux & /ately flights ( /eps lead+ up to t]rac$ ilex-groves2 b all ?is l[] g>d5 0 turn$ into an ,engli% p>k 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ,roman g>d5s fell a sacrifice to ?is s5seless *ange2 = 9 beauty ( site1 9 gr&eur ( scale1 & 9 ! weal? ( its ,roman sculpture1 ! ,villa ,pamphily 0 unmat*$4 ,ev5 n[ x is full ( int]e/+ fragm5ts2 b ! juxtaposition ( an undulat+ lawn & dotty %rubb]ies to ! /ately g>d5-ar*itecture ab\t ! villa has utt]ly de/roy$ ! unity ( ! composition4 ,!re is a leg5d to ! effect t ,le ,ntre laid out ! p>k ( ! ,villa ,pamphily :5 he came to ,rome 9 #afgh2 b ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e1 :o decl>e t !re is no?+ to corroborate ! /ory1 po9t out t ! ,villa ,pamphily 0 begun ov] ?irty ye>s be=e ,le ,ntre's visit4 ,abs5ce ( pro(1 h[ev]1 means little to ! av]age ,fr5* au?or1 eag] to v9dicate ,le ,ntre's claim to be+ ! fa!r n only ( ,fr5*1 b ( ,italian l&scape-ar*itecture2 & ,m4 ,riat1 9 8,l',art des ,j>d9s10 repeats ! leg5d ( ! ,villa ,pamphily1 :ile ,dussieux1 9 8 8,arti/s ,franais l',etrang]10 anxi\s to heap fur!r hon\rs on 8 compatriot1 actually ascribes to him ! plan ( ! ,villa ,albani1 :i* 0 laid out by ,pietro ,nolli ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,le ,ntre's visit to ,rome6 ,app>5tly ! :ole /ory ( ,le ,ntre's lay+ out ( ,italian g>d5s is bas$ on ! fact t he remodell$ "s details ( ! ,villa ,ludovisi2 b "o ne$ only comp>e ! dates ( 8 g>d5s ) ^? ( ! pr9cipal ,roman villas to see t he 0 ! pupil & n ! ma/] ( ! great ,italian g>d5-ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,*igi1 ,,rome ,! la/ great c\ntry h\se built = a ,roman c>d9al is ! villa outside ! ,porta ,sal>ia :i* ,c>lo ,m>*ionne built 9 #agdf = ,c>d9al ,albani4 ,9 spite ( its late date1 ! h\se /ill con=ms to ! type ( ,roman villa suburbana :i* orig9at$ ) ! ,villa ,m$ici2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! ,roman ar*itects1 hav+ hit on s appropriate & orig9al a /yle1 did n fe> to cont9ue x 9 spite ( ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d a lifeless classicalism4 ,c>d9al ,albani 0 a passionate collector ( antique sculpture1 & ! villa1 hav+ be5 built to display 8 treasures1 is appropriately plann$ ) an op5 arcade betwe5 ru/icat$ pila/]s1 :i* runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! faade on ! gr\nd floor1 & is cont9u$ by a long portico at ea* end4 ,! gr\nds1 laid out by ,antonio ,nolli1 h be5 mu* extoll$4 ,burckh>dt sees 9 !m traces ( ! reaction ( ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury g>d5+ on ! ,italian s*ool2 b may x n r be t1 ! ,villa ,albani be+1 by a r>e exception1 built on level gr\nd1 ! site inevitably sugge/$ a treatm5t simil> to ! ,fr5*8 ,x is h>d to f9d any?+ specifically ,fr5*1 any motive :i* has n be5 se5 aga9 & aga9 9 ,italy1 9 ! plan ( ! ,albani g>d5s2 & _! mo/ *>m+ feature1 ! long ilex-walk connect+ ! villa ) ! bosco1 exemplifies ! ,italian habit ( provid+ %ady access f ! h\se to ! wood4 ,dussieux1 at any rate1 paid ,le ,ntre no complim5t 9 attribut+ to him ! plan ( ! ,villa ,albani2 = ! great ,fr5* arti/ contriv$ to put m poetry into ! flat horizons ( ,vaux & ,v]sailles ?an ,nolli has won f ! fam\s view ( ! ,campagna :i* is said to h gov]n$ ! plann+ ( ! ,villa ,albani4 ,! gr\nds are laid out 9 =mal qu9cunxes ( clipp$ ilex1 b be=e ! h\se lies a va/ sunk5 g>d5 enclos$ 9 t]races4 ,! f>!r end ( ! g>d5 is t]m9at$ by a semicircul> portico call$ ! ,caff1 built lat] ?an ! h\se1 "u ! direction ( ,w9ckelmann2 & 9 ?is /ructure1 & 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! t]races1 "o sees ! heavy t\* ( t neo-,grecianism :i* 0 to cru% ! life out ( eighte5?-c5tury art4 ,! g>d5s ( ! ,villa ,albani seem to h be5 decorat$ by an ar*ologi/ r ?an an arti/4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t antique sculpture1 :5 boldly comb9$ ) a liv+ art1 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable adjuncts ( ! ,italian g>d52 :]eas1 set 9 an artificial evocation ( its own pa/1 x loses all its vitality & becomes z lifeless z its backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>t]res ,,on ,,t]race1 ,,villa ,,belrespiro 7,,pamphily-,,doria71 ,,rome ,"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( ! small] ,roman villas lies outside ! ,porta ,sal>ia1 a mile or two beyond ! ,villa ,albani4 ,?is is ! c\ntry-seat ( ,pr9ce ,don ,lodovico ,*igi4 ,9 _m respects x recalls ! ,si5ese type ( villa4 ,at ! entrance1 ! highroad is enl>g$ into a semicircle1 back$ by a wall ) bu/s2 & on ! axis ( ! iron gates "o sees fir/ a c\rt flank$ by box-g>d5s1 !n an op5 ar*way runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! h\se1 & beyond t1 ! vi/a ( a long walk enclos$ 9 high box-h$ges & t]m9at+ 9 ano!r semicircle ) /atues1 back$ by an ilex-plant$ m\nt4 ,! plan has all ! compactness & *>m ( ! ,tuscan & ,umbrian villas4 ,! level gr\nd ab\t ! h\se is subdivid$ into eight squ>e box-h$g$ g>d5s1 f\r on a side1 enclos+ symmetrical box-bord]$ plots4 ,beyond ^! are two little groves ) /atues & b5*es4 ,! gr\nd falls away 9 f>m-l& bel[ ?is level1 leav+ only ! long c5tral alley :i* appe>s to lead to o!r g>d5s1 b :i* really ends 9 ! a=e-m5tion$ semicircle1 beh9d :i* is a simil> alley1 runn+ at "r angles1 & lead+ directly to ! fields4 ,at ! o!r end ( ,rome lies ! only small ,roman g>d5 comp>able 9 *>m ) ,pr9ce ,*igi's4 ,?is is ! ,priorato1 or ,villa ( ! ,knights ( ,malta1 ne> ,santa ,sab9a1 on ! ,av5t9e4 ,piranesi1 9 #agfe1 remodell$ & decorat$ ! old *apel adjo9+ ! h\se2 & x is said t he also laid out ! g>d54 ,if he did s1 x %[s h[ late ! tradition ( ! ,r5aissance g>d5 l+]$ 9 ,italy2 = !re is no trace ( romantic influ5ces 9 ! ,priorato4 ,! gr\nds are small1 = ! h\se /&s on a /eep l$ge ov]look+ ! ,tib]1 :5ce !re is a glori\s view ( ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,janiculan4 ,! design] ( ! g>d5 evid5tly felt t x mu/ be a m]e sett+ to ?is view2 & accord+ly he laid out a /raight walk1 wall$ ) box & laurel & runn+ f ! gate to ! t]race above ! riv]4 ,! prospect fram$ 9 ?is gre5 tunnel is "o ( ! sights ( ,rome2 &1 by a t\* peculi>ly ,italian1 ! keyhole ( ! gate has be5 s plac$ z to take x 94 ,to ! left ( ! plea*$ walk lies a small fl[]-g>d51 plant$ ) squ>e-cut box-trees1 & enclos$ 9 a high wall ) ni*es conta9+ /atues3 a real 8secret g>d510 full ( sunny cloi/]$ /illness1 9 re/ful contra/ to ! wide prospect bel[ ! t]race4 ,! gr\nds beh9d ! ,palazzo ,colonna belong to ano!r type1 & are an int]e/+ example ( ! treatm5t ( a city g>d51 especially valuable n[ t s _m ( ! great g>d5s )9 ! walls ( ,rome h be5 de/roy$4 ,! ,colonna palace /&s at ! foot ( ! ,quir9al ,hill1 & ! g>d5s are built on ! /eep slope beh9d x1 be+ ent]$ by a /ately gateway f ! ,via ,quir9ale4 ,on ?is upp] level !re is a *>m+ rectangul> box-g>d51 ) fl[]-plots ab\t a c5tral bas94 ,!nce "o desc5ds to two n>r[ t]races1 "o b5ea? ! o!r1 plant$ ) box & ilex1 & adorn$ ) anci5t m>bles4 ,d[n ! c5tre1 />t+ f ! upp] g>d51 !re is an elaborate *teau d'eau ( b>oque design1 ) mossy urns & sea-gods1 t]m9at+ 9 a bas9 fr+$ ) f]ns2 & b5ea? ?is c5tral composition ! g>d5 ends 9 a ?ird wide t]race1 plant$ ) squ>e-clipp$ ilexes1 :i* look f above l a level floor ( v]dure4 ,graceful /one bridges connect ?is l[e/ t]race ) ! fir/-floor w9d[s ( ! palace1 :i* is divid$ f its g>d5 by a n>r[ /reet2 & ! :ole plan is an int]e/+ example ( ! beauty & v>iety ( effect :i* may be produc$ on a small /eep piece ( gr\nd4 ,( ! o!r num]\s g>d5s :i* once cr[n$ ! hills ( ,rome1 b few fragm5ts rema94 ,! ,villa ,celimontana1 or ,mattei1 on ! ,clian1 /ill exi/s1 b its gr\nds h be5 s ,angliciz$ t x is int]e/+ *iefly f its site & f its associations ) ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 ^: seat b5ea? ! giant ilexes is /ill pres]v$4 ,! magnific5t ,villa ,ludovisi has vani%$1 leav+ only1 amid a network ( new /reets1 ! ,cas9o ( ! ,aurora & a few beautiful fragm5ts ( ar*itecture incorporat$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ugly ,palazzo ,m>gh]ita2 & ! equally fam\s ,villa ,negroni 0 swept away to make room = ! ,piazza delle ,t]me & ! ,gr& ,htel4 ,! ,villa ,sac*etti1 on ! slope ( ,monte ,m>io1 is 9 ru9s2 9 ru9s ! old hunt+-lodge ( ,cec*ignola1 9 ! ,campagna1 on ! way to ! ,div9o ,amore4 ,^! & _m o!rs are gone or go+2 b at e turn ! wat*ful eye /ill lights on "s l+]+ fragm5t ( old g>d5-art--"s pill>$ gateway or flut$ vasca or brok5 /atue c[]+ 9 its ni*e--all te/ify+ to :at ,rome's cr[n ( g>d5s mu/ h be51 & /ill full ( sugge/ion to ! /ud5t ( h] pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,,l[] ,,g>d51 ,,villa ,,belrespiro 7,,pamphily-,,doria71 ,,rome ,,villas ,,ne> ,,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,d',,e/e1 ,,tivoli ,,iv ,,villas ,,ne> ,,rome ,i ,,capr>ola ,,& ,,lante ,! great c>d9als did n all build _! villas )9 sight ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,"o ( !m1 ,alex&] ,f>nese1 *ose a site above ! m\nta9 village ( ,capr>ola1 :i* looks =? ov] ! ,etrurian pla9 /rewn ) its anci5t cities--,nepi1 ,orte & ,civit ,ca/ellana--to ,soracte1 ris+ solit>y 9 ! middle di/ance1 & ! encircl+ l9e ( sn[-t\*$ ,ap5n9es4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all ,italy l ,capr>ola4 ,burckh>dt calls x 8p]haps ! highe/ example ( re/ra9$ maje/y :i* secul> ar*itecture has a*iev$02 & ,h]r ,gurlitt makes ! int]e/+ sugge/ion t ,vignola1 9 build+ x1 broke away f ! traditional palace-ar*itecture ( ,italy & s\ght 8 inspiration 9 ,france4 8,capr>ola10 he says1 8%[s ! nor!rn ca/le 9 ! mo/ mod]n =m x _h !n atta9$4444 ,we h to d "h ) "o ( ! =tifi$ resid5ces r>ely se5 save 9 ! nor?1 b d\btless necess>y 9 a neighb\rhood expos$ to ! ev]-increas+ dang]s ( brig&age4 ,italy1 inde$1 built ca/les & =tifi$ works1 b ! =tress-palace1 equally adapt$ to peace & w>1 0 almo/ unkn[n40 ,! num]\s illu/rat$ publications on ,capr>ola make x unnecess>y to describe its complex ar*itecture 9 detail4 ,x is suffici5t to say t its five ba/ions are surr\nd$ by a deep moat1 across :i* a light bridge at ! back ( ! palace leads to ! l[] g>d54 ,to pass f ! ?reat5+ faade to ! wide-spread beauty ( plea*$ walks1 f\nta9s & grottoes1 br+s vividly be=e "o ! curi\s contra/s ( ,italian c\ntry life 9 ! transition p]iod ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,outside1 "o pictures ! c>d9al's soldi]s & bravi l\ng+ on ! great plat=m above ! village2 :ile )91 "o has a vision ( noble ladies & _! cavali]s sitt+ "u rose-arb\rs or /roll+ betwe5 espali]$ lemon-trees1 discuss+ a ,greek manuscript or a ,roman bronze1 or li/5+ to ! la/ sonnet ( ! c>d9al's c\rt poet4 ,! l[] g>d5 ( ,capr>ola is a m]e wreck ( ov]gr[n box-p>t]res & crumbl+ wall & balu/rade4 ,pla/] /atues 9 all /ages ( decay /& 9 ! ni*es or cumb] ! pa?s2 fruit-trees h be5 plant$ 9 ! fl[]-b$s1 & ! maid5hair )]s 9 grottoes :]e ! wat] no long] fl[s4 ,! ar*itectural detail ( ! f\nta9s & ar*es is sumptu\s & beautiful1 b ! outl9e ( ! g5]al plan is n easy to trace2 & "o mu/ pass out ( ?is enclosure & climb ?r\gh hang+ oak-woods to a high] level to ga9 an idea ( :at ! g>d5s once 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,capr>ola ,beyond ! woods a broad tapis v]t leads to a level space ) a circul> f\nta9 sunk 9 turf4 ,p>tly surr\nd+ ?is is an ar*itectural composition ( ru/icat$ arcades1 betwe5 :i* a *teau d'eau desc5ds ! hillside f a grotto surm\nt$ by two mighty riv]-gods1 & =m+ ! c5tral motive ( a maje/ic d\ble /airway ( ru/icat$ /onework4 ,?is leads up to ! highe/ t]race1 :i* is cr[n$ by ,vignola's exquisite cas9o1 surely ! mo/ beautiful g>d5-h\se 9 ,italy4 ,! motive ( ! arcades & /airway1 ?\gh f9e 9 itself1 may be criticiz$ z too massive & important to be 9 keep+ ) ! delicate little build+ above2 b once on ! upp] t]race1 ! lack ( proportion is no long] se5 & all ! surr\nd+s are h>moni\s4 ,! composition is simple3 ar\nd ! cas9o1 ) its light arcades rais$ on a broad flight ( /eps1 /ret*es a level box-g>d5 ) f\nta9s1 enclos$ 9 a l[ wall surm\nt$ by ! fam\s ,canephor se5 9 e picture ( ,capr>ola--huge sylvan figures half em]g+ f _! /one %ea?s1 "s fi]ce or solemn1 "s full ( ru/ic laught]4 ,! audacity ( plac+ t r[ ( fanta/ic t]m9al div9ities aga9/ rea*es ( illimitable air girdl$ 9 m\nta9s gives an indescribable t\* ( poetry to ! upp] g>d5 ( ,capr>ola4 ,!re is a quality ( inevitabl5ess ab\t x--"o feels ( x1 z ( c]ta9 great v]se1 t x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise1 t1 9 ,vas>i's happy phrase1 x 0 born1 n built4 ,n m ?an twelve miles f ,capr>ola lies ! o!r fam\s villa attribut$ to ,vignola1 & :i* "o wi%es he may inde$ h built1 if only to %[ h[ a great arti/ c v>y 8 res\rces 9 adapt+ himself to a new !me4 ,! ,villa ,lante1 at ,bagnaia1 ne> ,vit]bo1 appe>s to h be5 ! "w n ( "o c>d9al1 b ( f\r4 ,raphael ,ri>io1 ,c>d9al ,bi%op ( ,vit]bo1 began x t[>d ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! "w1 c>ri$ on by 8 successors 9 ! see1 ,c>d9als ,ridolfi & ,gamb>a1 0 f9ally complet$ 9 #aehh by ,c>d9al ,montalto1 nephew ( ,sixtus ,v1 :o b\ght ! e/ate f ! bi%ops ( ,vit]bo & bequea!d x to ! ,holy ,see4 ,p]ci] & ,fonta9e believe t sev]al ar*itects collaborat$ 9 ! "w1 b its unity ( composition %[s t ! g5]al s*eme mu/ h orig9at$ 9 "o m9d1 & ,h]r ,gurlitt ?9ks !re is no?+ to disprove t ,vignola 0 its au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cas9o1 ,,villa ,,f>nese1 ,,capr>ola ,lante1 l ,capr>ola1 has be5 exhau/ively sket*$ & photograph$1 b s p]fect is x1 s f> does x surpass1 9 beauty1 9 pres]vation1 & 9 ! quality ( g>d5-magic1 all ! o!r great pleasure-h\ses ( ,italy1 t ! /ud5t ( g>d5-craft may always f9d fre% inspiration 9 its /udy4 ,if ,capr>ola is 8a g>d5 to look out f10 ,lante is "o 8to look into10 n 9 ! s5se t x is enclos$1 = its t]races comm& a wide horizon2 b ! pleasant l&scape surr\nd+ x is m]ely accessory to ! g>d5s1 a la/ t\* ( lovel9ess :]e all is lovely4 ,! design] ( ,lante und]/ood ?is1 & p]ceiv$ t1 ! surr\nd+s be+ unobtrusive1 he might elaborate ! =egr\nd4 ,! fl[]-g>d5 occupies a level space 9 front ( ! tw9 pavilions2 = in/ead ( "o villa !re are two at ,lante1 absolutely id5tical1 & connect$ by a rampe d\ce :i* asc5ds betwe5 !m to an upp] t]race4 ,?is peculi> arrangem5t is probably due to ! fact t ,c>d9al ,montalto1 :o built ! second pavilion1 f\nd !re 0 no o!r way ( provid+ m h\se-room )\t di/urb+ ! plan ( ! gr\nds4 ,! design ( ! fl[]-g>d5 is intricate & beautiful1 & its box-bord]$ p>t]res surr\nd "o ( ! mo/ fam\s & beautiful f\nta9s 9 ,italy4 ,! abundance ( wat] at ,lante enabl$ ! design] to produce a great v>iety ( effects 9 :at ,g]mans call ! 8wat]-art10 & n[h]e 0 8 inv5tion happi] ?an 9 plann+ ?is c5tral f\nta94 ,x /&s 9 a squ>e tank or bas91 surr\nd$ by a balu/rade1 & cross$ by f\r little bridges :i* lead to a circul> balu/rad$ walk1 enclos+ an inn] bas9 f ! c5tre ( :i* rises ! f\nta94 ,bridges also cross f ! circul> walk to ! plat=m on :i* ! f\nta9 is built1 s t "o may /& "u ! ar* ( ! wat]-jets1 & look across ! g>d5 ?r\gh a mi/ ( spray4 ,lante1 d\bly happy 9 its site1 is z ri* 9 %ade z 9 wat]1 & ! second t]race1 beh9d ! pavilions1 is plant$ ) anci5t plane-trees4 ,above ?is t]race rise ?ree o!rs1 all wood$ ) plane & ilex1 & d[n ! c5tre1 f ! woods above1 ru%es ! cascade :i* fe$s ! bas9 9 ! fl[]-g>d54 ,! t]races1 ) _! balu/rades & obelisks & d\ble flights ( /eps1 =m a /ately sett+ to ?is c5tral *teau d'eau1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] gu%es by mossy /eps & *annels to a spl5did c5tral composition ( sup]impos$ bas9s flank$ by recumb5t riv]-gods4 ,all ! g>d5-ar*itecture at ,lante m]its special /udy4 ,! tw9 pavilions seem pla9 & insignificant aft] ! brilliant elevations ( ! great ,roman villas1 b reg>d$ z "p ( ! g>d5-s*eme1 & n z dom9at+ x1 !y fall into _! prop] place1 & are se5 to be good examples ( ! sev]e b pure /yle ( ! e>ly c9que-c5to4 ,specially int]e/+ also is ! treatm5t ( ! reta9+-wall :i* faces ! entrance to ! gr\nds2 & ! great gates ( ! fl[]-g>d5s1 & ! f\nta9s & g>d5-h\ses on ! upp] t]races1 are all happy in/ances ( ,r5aissance g>d5-art unt\*$ by b>oc*ismo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,lante1 ,,bagnaia ,at ,lante1 also1 "o sees "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ! inclusion ( ! woodl& 9 ! g>d5-s*eme4 ,all ! sixte5?-c5tury villas _h small groves adjac5t to ! h\se1 & ! %ade ( ! natural woodl& 0 us$1 if possible1 z a back+ to ! g>d5s2 b at ! ,villa ,lante x is boldly work$ into ! g5]al s*eme1 ! t]races & g>d5-ar*itecture are skilfully bl5t ) x1 & its recesses are pi]c$ by grass alleys lead+ to cle>+s :]e pools surr\nd$ by /one seats slumb] "u ! spread+ bran*es4 ,! h>moniz+ ( wood & g>d5 is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! villas at ,frascati2 b z ^! are mo/ly lat] 9 date ?an ! ,lante gr\nds1 priority ( inv5tion may be claim$ = ! design] ( ! latt]4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly f ! ,italian p>k ( ! ,r5aissance t ,le ,ntre le>n$ ! use ( ! woodl& z an adjunct to ! g>d52 b 9 ,france ^! p>ks _h = ! mo/ "p to be plant$1 :]eas 9 ,italy ! g>d5-ar*itect c\ld use ! natural woodl&1 :i* 0 usually hilly1 & ! effects ?us produc$ 7 f> m v>i$ & int]e/+ ?an ^? possible 9 ! flat artificial p>ks ( ,france4 ,,ii ,,villa ,d',,e/e ,( ! ?ree great villas built by c>d9als beyond ! imm$iate outskirts ( ,rome1 ! ?ird & ! mo/ fam\s is ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli4 ,begun be=e #aedj by ! ,c>d9al ,bi%op ( ,cordova1 ! villa became ! prop]ty ( ,c>d9al ,ippolito d',e/e1 son ( ,alfonso ,i ( ,f]r>a1 :o c>ri$ on its embelli%m5t at ! co/ ( ov] a million ,roman scudi4 ,!nce x pass$ successively to two o!r c>d9als ( ! h\se ( ,e/e1 :o cont9u$ its adornm5t1 & f9ally1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 inh]it$ by ! ducal h\se ( ,mod5a4 ,! villa1 an unf9i%$ b>rack-l build+1 /&s on a piazza at "o end ( ! t[n ( ,tivoli1 above g>d5s :i* desc5d ! /eep hillside to ! gorge ( ! ,anio4 ,^! g>d5s h excit$ s mu* admiration t little ?\ght has be5 giv5 to ! h\se1 ?\gh x is suffici5tly int]e/+ to m]it att5tion4 ,x is said to h be5 built by ,pirro ,ligorio1 & surpris+ z x seems t ?is huge featureless pile %\ld h be5 design$ by ! creator ( ! ,cas9o del ,papa1 yet "o obs]ves t ! rooms are decorat$ ) ! same fanta/ic pebble-"w us$ 9 su* pr(usion at ! ,villa ,pia4 ,9 ext5uation ( ! ugl9ess ( ! ,villa d',e/e x %\ld1 moreov]1 be rememb]$ t its long faade is incomplete1 save = ! spl5did c5tral portico2 & also t1 :ile ! ,villa ,pia 0 int5d$ z %elt] = a summ] aft]noon1 ! great palace at ,tivoli 0 plann$ to h\se a c>d9al & 8 gue/s1 includ+1 x is said1 8a suite ( two hundr$ & fifty g5tlem5 ( ! noble/ blood ( ,italy40 ,:5 "o pictures su* a ?rong1 ) _! innum]able reta9]s1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! ,villa d',e/e _h to be exp&$ out ( all lik5ess to an ord9>y c\ntry h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pool1 ,,villa ,d',,e/e1 ,,tivoli ,! plan is +5i\s & int]e/+4 ,f ! village squ>e only a high blank wall is visible4 ,?r\gh a door 9 ?is wall "o passes into a fresco$ corridor :i* leads to a c\rt enclos$ 9 an op5 arcade1 ) f\nta9s 9 ru/icat$ ni*es4 ,f a corn] ( ! c\rt a f9e intramural /airway desc5ds to :at is1 on ! g>d5 side1 ! piano nobile ( ! villa4 ,on ?is side1 look+ ov] ! g>d5s1 is a long enfilade ( rooms1 gaily fresco$ by ! ,zuc*]i & _! s*ool2 & beh9d ! rooms runs a vault$ corridor built aga9/ ! side ( ! hill1 & light$ by bull's-eyes 9 its ro(4 ,?is corridor has lo/ its frescoes1 b pres]ves a l9e ( ni*es decorat$ 9 col\r$ pebbles & /ucco-"w1 ) gaily pa9t$ /ucco c>yatids support+ ! ar*es2 & z ea* ni*e conta9s a semicircul> f\nta91 ! :ole l5g? ( ! corridor mu/ once h rippl$ ) runn+ wat]4 ,! c5tral room op5s on ! great two-/ori$ portico or loggia1 :5ce "o desc5ds by an out] /airway to a t]race runn+ ! l5g? ( ! build+1 & t]m9at$ at "o end by an ornam5tal wall1 at ! o!r by an op5 loggia ov]look+ ! ,campagna4 ,f ?is upp] t]race1 ) its d5se wall ( box & laurel1 "o looks d[n on ! t[]+ cypresses & ilexes ( ! l[] g>d5s4 ,! gr\nds are n l>ge1 b ! impression produc$ is full ( a tragic gr&eur4 ,! villa t[]s above s high & b>e1 ! desc5t f t]race to t]race is s long & /eep1 !re are su* dep?s ( my/]y 9 ! inf9ite gre5 di/ances & 9 ! cypress-%ad$ pools ( ! l[] g>d51 t "o has a s5se ( awe r ?an ( pleasure 9 desc5d+ f "o level to ano!r ( d>kly ru/l+ gre54 ,b x is ! omnipres5t ru% ( wat] :i* gives ! ,e/e g>d5s _! peculi> "*4 ,f ! ,anio1 drawn up ! hillside at incalculable co/ & lab\r1 a ?\s& rills gu% d[nw>d1 t]race by t]race1 *annell+ ! /one rails ( ! balu/]s1 leap+ f /ep to /ep1 dripp+ into mossy con*s1 fla%+ 9 spray f ! horns ( sea-gods & ! jaws ( my?ical mon/]s1 or =c+ !mselves 9 irrepressible ov]fl[ d[n ! ivy-matt$ banks4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! second t]race is edg$ by a deep /one *annel1 into :i* ! /ream drips by c\ntless outlets ov] a quiv]+ fr+e ( maid5hair4 ,e side pa? or flight ( /eps is accompani$ by its sp>kl+ rill1 e ni*e 9 ! reta9+-walls has its wat]-p\r+ nymph or gu%+ urn2 ! solemn dep?s ( gre5 rev]b]ate ) ! tumult ( innum]able /reams4 8,! ,anio10 z ,h]r ,tuck]mann says1 8?robs ?r\gh ! :ole organism ( ! g>d5 l its inmo/ vital pr9ciple40 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,lante1 ,,bagnaia ,! g>d5s ( ! ,villa d',e/e 7 probably begun by ,pirro ,ligorio1 &1 z ,h]r ,gurlitt ?9ks1 cont9u$ lat] by ,giacomo della ,porta4 ,x w d\btless nev] be kn[n h[ mu* ,ligorio ow$ to ! ta/e ( ,orazio ,olivi]i1 ! fam\s hydraulic eng9e]1 :o rais$ ! ,anio to ! hilltop & organiz$ its di/ribution ?r\gh ! gr\nds4 ,b x is app>5t t ! :ole composition 0 plann$ ab\t ! c5tral fact ( ! ru%+ ,anio3 t ! g>d5s 7 to be1 z x 71 an organ on :i* ! wat] play$4 ,! result is extraord9>ily romantic & beautiful1 & ! v]satility ) :i* ! /ream is us$1 ! v>y+ effects won f x1 be> witness to ! imag9ative feel+ ( ! design]4 ,:5 all has be5 said 9 praise ( ! poetry & *>m ( ! ,e/e g>d5s1 x mu/ be own$ t f ! ar*itect's /&po9t !y are less satisfy+ ?an ^? ( ! o!r great c9que-c5to villas4 ,! plan is wor?y ( all praise1 b ! details are too complicat$1 & ! ornam5t is ei!r trivial or cumbr\s4 ,s inf]ior is ! ar*itecture to t ( ! ,lante g>d5s & ,capr>ola t ,burckh>dt 0 probably "r 9 attribut+ mu* ( x to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t "o feels ! heavy t\* ( ! b>oque4 ,! fanta/ic mosaic & /ucco temple conta9+ ! wat]-organ above ! great cascade1 ! ar*es ( triumph1 ! celebrat$ 8grotto ( ,are?usa10 ! (t5-sket*$ f\nta9 on ! second t]race1 all seem pitiably tawdry :5 comp>$ ) ! g>d5-ar*itecture ( ,raphael or ,vignola4 ,"s ( ! details ( ! composition are absolutely pu]ile--su* z ! toy model ( an anci5t city1 ?\ght to be old ,rome1 & p]haps sugge/$ by ! m9iature 8,valley ( ,canopus0 9 ! neighb\r+ ,villa ( ,hadrian2 & !re are endless complications ( detail1 :]e ! e>li] ma/]s w\ld h felt ! ne$ ( bread? & simplicity4 ,above all1 !re is a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! l&scape & its treatm5t4 ,! b>oque g>d5-ar*itecture ( ,italy is n )\t *>m1 & ev5 a t\* ( ! grotesque has its attraction 9 ! flat g>d5s ( ,lomb>dy or ! sunny ,euganeans2 b ! cypress-groves ( ! ,villa d',e/e are too solemn1 & ! ,roman l&scape is too augu/1 to suff] ! ne>ness ( ! trivial4 ,,iii ,,frascati ,! mo/ fam\s gr\p ( villas 9 ! ,roman c\ntry-side lies on ! hill above ,frascati4 ,"h1 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,flam9io ,ponzio built ! palace ( ,mondragone = ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese4#d ,al(t among hang+ ilex-woods rises ! mighty pile on its project+ basem5t4 ,?is =tress-l gr\nd floor1 ) high-plac$ grat$ w9d[s1 is common to all ! e>li] villas on ! brig&-haunt$ slopes ( ,frascati4 ,an av5ue ( anci5t ilexes 7n[ cruelly cut d[n7 leads up ?r\gh ! p>k to ! villa1 :i* is prec$$ by a great wall$ c\rty>d1 ) f\nta9s 9 ! usual ru/icat$ ni*es4 ,to ! "r ( ?is c\rt is ano!r1 flank$ by ! spl5did loggia ( ,vignola1 ) ! ,borghese eagles & dragons alt]nat+ 9 its sculptur$ sp&rels1 & a vault$ ceil+ adorn$ ) /uc*i--"o ( ! mo/ spl5did pieces ( g>d5-ar*itecture 9 ,italy4 ,footnote #d3 ,! villa 0 begun by ,m>t9o ,lunghi ! ,eld]1 9 #aefg1 = ! ,c>d9al ,m>co d',altemps1 enl>g$ by ,pope ,gregory ,,vii1 & complet$ by ,paul ,v & 8 nephew1 ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese4 ,see ,gu/av ,ebe1 8,die ,sptr5aissance40 ,illu/ration3 ,,cascade ,,& ,,rotunda1 ,,villa ,,aldobr&9i1 ,,frascati ,at ! o!r end ( ?is inn] c\rt1 :i* 0 =m]ly a fl[]-g>d51 ,giovanni ,fontana1 ^: "n is id5tifi$ ) ! f\nta9s ( ,frascati1 con/ruct$ a ?tre d'eau1 rais$ above ! c\rt1 & approa*$ by a d\ble ramp elaborately inlaid 9 mosaic4 ,?is ornate composition1 ) a s]ies ( mosaic ni*es simulat+ arcad$ gall]ies 9 p]spective1 is n[ 9 ru9s1 & ! mo/ impressive ?+ ab\t ,mondragone is ! nak$ maje/y ( its great t]race1 unadorn$ save by a c5tral f\nta9 & two tall twi/$ columns1 & look+ out ov] ! wood$ slopes ( ! p>k to ,frascati1 ! ,campagna1 & ! sea4 ,on a neighb\r+ height lies ! m fam\s ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 built = ! c>d9al ( t "n by ,giacomo della ,porta 9 #aeih1 & said by ,evelyn1 :o saw x fifty ye>s lat]1 8to surpass ! mo/ delici\s places 444 = its situation1 elegance1 pl5tiful wat]1 groves1 asc5ts & prospects40 ,! h\se itself does n be> comp>ison ) su* build+s z ! ,villa ,m$ici or ! ,villa ,pamphily4 ,9 /yle x %[s ! fir/ /age ( ! b>oque1 be=e t s*ool _h f\nd its =mula4 ,l all ! hill-built villas ( ,frascati1 x is a /ory l[] at ! back ?an 9 front2 & ! ro( ( ?is l[] /ory =ms at ea* end a t]race level ) ! fir/-floor w9d[s4 ,^! t]races are adorn$ ) two curi\s turrets1 re/+ on b>oque basem5ts & cr[n$ by swall[-tail$ cr5ellations--a fanta/ic rev]sion to m$ivalism1 m sugge/ive ( 8,/rawb]ry ,hill ,go?ic0 ?an ( ! ,italian sev5te5? c5tury4 ,orazio ,olivi]i & ,giovanni ,fontana are said to h collaborat$ ) ,giacomo della ,porta 9 design+ ! pr9cely g>d5s ( ! villa4 ,bel[ ! h\se a s]ies ( spl5did /one t]races lead to a long tapis v]t1 ) an ilex av5ue d[n its c5tre1 :i* desc5ds to ! mu*-admir$ grille ( /one & wr\ght-iron enclos+ ! gr\nds at ! foot ( ! hill4 ,beh9d ! villa1 9 a semicircle cut out ( ! hillside1 is ,fontana's fam\s wat]-!atre1 ( :i* ,evelyn gives a picturesque description3 8,j beh9d ! ,palace 444 rises a high hill or m\nta9 all ov]clad ) tall wood1 & s =m$ by nature z if x _h be5 cut out by art1 f ! summit ( :i* falls a cascade 444 precipitat+ into a l>ge !atre ( wat]4 ,"u ?is is an artificial grot :]e9 are curi\s rocks1 hydraulic organs1 & all sorts ( s++ birds1 mov+ & *irp+ by =ce ( ! wat]1 ) sev]al o!r pageants & surpris+ inv5tions4 ,9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ^! rooms rises a copp] ball t cont9ually dances ab\t ?ree feet above ! pavem5t1 by virtue ( a w9d convey$ secretly to a hole b5ea? x2 ) _m o!r devices = wett+ ! unw>y spectators4444 ,9 "o ( ^! !atres ( wat] is an ,atlas sp\t+1 444 & ano!r mon/] makes a t]rible ro>+ ) a horn2 b1 above all1 ! repres5tation ( a /orm is mo/ natural1 ) su* fury ( ra91 w9d & ?und] z "o w\ld imag9e oneself 9 "s extreme tempe/40 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,villa ,,lancellotti1 ,,frascati ,atlas & ! mon/] are sil5t1 & ! tempe/ has ceas$ to ro>2 b ! ar*itecture ( ! great wat]-!atre rema9s intact4 ,x has be5 mu* extoll$ by s good a critic z ,h]r ,gurlitt1 yet comp>$ ) ,vignola's loggia at ,mondragone or ! t]race ( ! ,orti ,f>nesiani1 x is a heavy & un9spir$ production4 ,x suff]s also f too great proximity to ! villa1 & f be+ out ( scale ) ! latt]'s mode/ elevation3 !re is a di/9ct lack ( h>mony betwe5 ! two faades4 ,b ev5 ,evelyn c\ld n say too mu* 9 praise ( ! glori\s desc5t ( ! cascade f ! hilltop4 ,x 0 9 ! guidance ( ru%+ wat] t ! ,roman g>d5-ar*itects ( ! sev5te5? c5tury %[$ _! poetic feel+ & endless v]satility2 & ! ar*itecture ( ! upp] g>d5 at ! ,aldobr&9i m]its all ! admiration :i* has be5 wa/$ on its pomp\s !atre4 ,ano!r example ( a ?tre d'eau1 less %[y b f> m beautiful1 is to be se5 at ! neighb\r+ ,villa ,conti 7n[ ,torlonia74 ,( ! =mal g>d5s ( ?is villa !re rema9 only ! va/ t]rac$ /airways :i* n[ lead to an ilex-grove level ) ! fir/ /ory ( ! villa4 ,?is grove is int]sect$ by mossy alleys1 lead+ to circul> cle>+s :]e f\nta9s ov]fl[ _! wide /one bas9s1 & b5*es are rang$ ab\t 9 ! deep %ade4 ,! c5tral alley1 on ! axis ( ! villa1 leads ?r\gh ! wood to a great grassy semicircle at ! foot ( an ilex-clad hill4 ,! base ( ! hillside is fac$ ) a long arcade ( tw5ty ni*es1 divid$ by pila/]s1 & ea* conta9+ a f\nta94 ,9 ! c5tre is a great b>oque pile ( rock-"w1 f :i* ! spray tosses into a semicircul> bas91 :i* also receives ! cascade desc5d+ f ! hilltop4 ,?is cascade is ! mo/ beautiful example ( f\nta9-ar*itecture 9 ,frascati4 ,x falls by a s]ies ( incl9$ /one l$ges into f\r oval bas9s1 ea* a little wid] ?an ! "o above x4 ,on ea* side1 /one /eps :i* foll[ ! curves ( ! bas9s lead to a grassy plateau above1 ) a balu/rad$ t]race ov]hang+ ! ru% ( ! cascade4 ,! upp] plateau is enclos$ 9 ilexes1 & 9 its c5tre is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful f\nta9s 9 ,italy--a l>ge bas9 surr\nd$ by a ri*ly sculptur$ balu/rade4 ,! plan ( ?is f\nta9 is an int]e/+ example ( ! v>iety :i* ! ,italian g>d5-ar*itects gave to ! outl9e ( _! bas9s4 ,ev5 9 ! small] g>d5s ! plan ( ^! bas9s is v>i$ ) ta/e & orig9ality2 & ! small wall-f\nta9s are also wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cas9o1 ,,villa ,,falconi]i1 ,,frascati ,among ! villas ( ,frascati !re are two1 less fam\s ?an ! =ego+1 b ev5 m full ( a romantic *>m4 ,"o is ! ,villa ,muti1 a mile or two beyond ! t[n1 on ! way to ,grotta ,f]rata4 ,f ! gate ?ree anci5t ilex av5ues lead to ! villa1 ! c5tral "o be+ on ! axis ( ! l[e/ g>d54 ,! gr\nd rises gradually t[>d ! h\se1 & ! space betwe5 ! ilex av5ues 0 probably once plant$ 9 =mal bos*i1 z fragm5ts ( /atu>y are /ill se5 among ! trees4 ,! h\se1 set aga9/ ! hillside1 ) ! usual =tress-l basem5t1 is two /ories l[] t[>d ! basse-c\r ?an t[>d ! g>d5s4 ,! av5ue to ! left ( ! entrance leads to a small g>d51 probably once a c\rt1 9 front ( ! villa1 :5ce "o looks d[n ov] a mighty reta9+-wall at ! basse-c\r on ! left4 ,on ! "r1 divid$ f ! c\rt by a l[ wall surm\nt$ by vases1 lies ! mo/ beautiful box-g>d5 9 ,italy1 laid out 9 an elaborate geometrical design1 & enclos$ on ?ree sides by high clipp$ walls ( box & laurel1 & on ! f\r? by a reta9+-wall :i* su/a9s an upp] g>d54 ,no?+ c surpass ! hu%$ & tranquil beauty ( ! sc5e4 ,!re are no fl[]s or bright col\rs--only ! contra/$ t9ts ( box & ilex & laurel1 & ! vivid gre5 ( ! moss spread+ ov] damp pa?s & anci5t /onework4 ,9 ! upp] g>d51 :i* is ( ! same l5g? b n>r[]1 ! box-p>t]res are repeat$4 ,?is g>d51 at ! end ne>e/ ! villa1 has a n>r[ rais$ t]race1 ) an elaborate ar*itectural reta9+-wall1 conta9+ a c5tral f\nta9 9 /ucco-"w4 ,/eps flank$ by /atues lead up to ?is f\nta91 & !nce "o passes by ano!r flight ( /eps to ! ?ird1 or upp]1 g>d51 :i* is level ) ! back ( ! villa4 ,?is ?ird g>d51 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree1 0 once also laid out 9 =mal p>t]res & bosquets set ) /atues1 & ?\gh x has n[ be5 remodell$ 9 ! l&scape /yle1 its old plan may /ill be trac$4 ,be=e x 0 de/roy$ ! ?ree t]races ( ! ,villa ,muti mu/ h =m$ ! mo/ en*ant+ g>d5 9 ,frascati1 & _! plan & ar*itectural details are wor?y ( c>eful /udy1 = !y belong to ! r>e class ( small ,italian g>d5s :]e gr&eur 0 less s\ght = ?an *>m & sylvan seclusion1 & :]e ! ,lat9 passion = ! monum5tal 0 subord9at$ to a desire = mod]ation & simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entrance1 ,,villa ,,falconi]i1 ,,frascati ,! ,villa ,falconi]i1 on ! hillside bel[ ,mondragone1 is rem>kable = ! weal? ( its g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,! gr\nds are ent]$ by two spl5did /one gateways1 ! upp] "o be+ on an axis ) ! villa4 ,a grass av5ue leads f ?is gate to an ar* ( triumph1 a ru/icat$ elevation ) ni*es & /atues1 surm\nt$ by ! inscription 8,horatius ,falconi]is10 & giv+ access to ! inn] gr\nds4 ,h5ce a /raight av5ue runs betwe5 =mal ilex-groves to ! c\rt be=e ! h\se4 ,on ! "r1 above ! bosco1 is a l(ty wall ( rock1 picturesquely ov]gr[n by %rubs & creep]s1 ) bu/s & o!r fragm5ts ( antique sculpture set "h & !re on its project+ l$ges4 ,?is natural cliff su/a9s an upp] plateau1 :]e !re is an oblong artificial wat] 7call$ 8! lake07 enclos$ 9 rock-"w & surr\nd$ by a grove ( mighty cypresses4 ,f ?is %ady solitude ! wood$ slopes ( ! l[] p>k are rea*$ by a d\ble /aircase s simple & maje/ic 9 design t x h>monizes p]fectly ) ! sylvan wildness :i* *>act]izes ! l&scape4 ,?is /aircase %\ld be /udi$ z an example ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,italian g>d5-ar*itects c\ld lay aside exub]ance & :imsicality :5 _! "w 0 int5d$ to bl5d ) "s broad or solemn effect ( nature4 ,! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,falconi]i 7 laid out by ,c>d9al ,ruff9i 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ! villa 0 n built till #afdh4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ creations ( ,borrom9i1 t brilliant arti/ 9 :om b>oque ar*itecture f\nd its happie/ expression2 & ! ,villa ,falconi]i makes "o regret t he did n (t5] ex]cise 8 fancy 9 ! con/ruction ( su* pleasure-h\ses4 ,! elevation foll[s ! tradition ( ! ,roman villa suburbana4 ,! c5tre ( ! gr\nd floor is an arcad$ loggia1 ! ro( ( :i* =ms a t]race to ! recess$ /ory above2 :ile ! c5tral motive ( ?is fir/ /ory is ano!r semicircul> recess1 adorn$ ) /ucco ornam5t & surm\nt$ by a brok5 p$im5t4 ,! attic /ory is set /ill f>!r back1 s t its balu/rad$ ro(-l9e =ms a backgr\nd = ! ri*ly decorat$ faade1 & ! build+1 ?\gh l>ge1 ?us pres]ves ! airy look & lightness ( proportion :i* _h come to be reg>d$ z suit$ to ! suburban pleasure-h\se4 ,to ! "r ( ! villa1 ! composition is prolong$ by a gateway ) c\pl$ columns surm\nt$ by /one dogs1 & lead+ f ! =ec\rt to ! adjo9+ basse-c\r4 ,ab\t ! latt] are gr\p$ a numb] ( l[ f>m-build+s1 to :i* a t\* ( ! b>oque gives picturesqu5ess4 ,9 ! *>m ( its elevation1 & 9 ! happy juxtaposition ( g>d5-walls & outbuild+s1 ! ,villa ,falconi]i =ms ! mo/ h>moni\s & successful example ( g>d5-ar*itecture 9 ,frascati4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,lancellotti1 ,,frascati ,! elevation :i* mo/ resembles x is t ( ! ,villa ,lancellotti4 ,"h ! h\se1 :i* is probably ne>ly a c5tury e>li]1 %[s ! same happy use ( ! op5 loggia1 :i* 9 ?is case =ms ! c5tral feature ( ! fir/ /ory1 above a /ately p$im5t$ doorway4 ,! loggia is surm\nt$ by a k9d ( squ>e-head$ gable cr[n$ by a balu/rade ) /atues1 & ! faade on ea* side ( ?is c5tral composition is almo/ ,tuscan 9 its sev]ity4 ,be=e ! h\se lies a beautiful box-g>d5 ( intricate design1 enclos$ 9 high walls ( ilex1 ) ! inevitable ?tre d'eau at its f>!r end4 ,?is is a semicircul> composition1 ) /atues 9 ni*es betwe5 ru/icat$ pila/]s1 & a c5tral grotto :5ce a f\nta9 p\rs into a wide balu/rad$ bas92 ! :ole be+ surm\nt$ by ano!r balu/rade1 ) a /atue set on ea* pi]4 ,x is h>moni\s & dignifi$ 9 design1 b un=tunately a fre% coat+ ( br[n & yell[ pa9t has de/roy$ t exquisite pat9a by means ( :i* ! climate ( ,italy effects ! gradual bl5d+ ( nature & ar*itecture4 ,,g5oese ,,villas ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,scassi1 ,,g5oa ,v ,,g5oese ,,villas ,g5oa1 "o ( ! mo/ spl5d\r-lov+ cities 9 ,italy1 _h almo/ always to import h] spl5d\r4 ,9 read+ ,soprani's 8,lives ( ! ,g5oese ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors & ,ar*itects10 "o is /ruck by ! fact t1 ) few exceptions1 ^! wor?ies 7 ,g5oese only 9 ! s5se ( hav+ plac$ _! tal5ts at ! s]vice ( ! m]*ant pr9ces :o re>$ ! m>ble city above its glori\s h>b\r4 ,! /r5g? ( ! race lay 9 o!r directions2 b1 z is (t5 ! case ) :at may be call$ p ( second>y arti/ic in/9cts1 ! ,g5oese p9$ = ! beauty !y c\ld n create1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !y call$ arti/s f all p>ts ( ,italy to embody _! conceptions ( magnific5ce4 ,two ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^!1 ,fra ,montorsoli & ,pi]9 del ,vaga1 came f ,flor5ce1 ,galeazzo ,alessi f ,p]ugia1 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,ca/ello f ,b]gamo2 & x is to ! g5ius ( ^! f\r m51 sculptor1 pa9t]1 ar*itect1 & /uccatore 7& ea* m or less v]s$ 9 ! crafts ( ! o!rs71 t ,g5oa owes ! great] "p ( h] magnific5ce4 ,fra ,giovanni ,angelo ,montorsoli1 ! ,flor5t9e1 mu/ "h be nam$ fir/1 s9ce 8 *ief "w1 ! ,palazzo ,&rea ,doria1 built 9 #aebi1 is ! e>lie/ ( ! great ,g5oese villas4 ,x is also ! mo/ famili> to mod]n travel]s1 = ! o!r beautiful c\ntry h\ses :i* =m]ly cr[n$ ! heights above ,g5oa1 f ,pegli to ,n]vi1 h n[ be5 buri$ 9 ! gr[? ( manufactur+ suburbs1 s t only ! dilig5t seek] aft] villa-ar*itecture w be likely to come ^u _! ru9$ g>d5s & peel+ /ucco faades among ! factory *imneys ( ,sampi]d>5a or ! squalid t5em5ts ( ,san ,fruttuoso4 ,! great ,&rea ,doria1 8,admiral ( ! ,navies ( ! ,pope1 ! ,emp]or1 ! ,k+ ( ,france & ! ,republic ( ,g5oa10 9 #aeba b\ght ! villas ,lomell9i & ,giu/9iani1 on ! we/]n %ore ( ! port ( ,g5oa1 & ?r[+ ! two e/ates toge!r1 creat$ a villa :]e9 8to enjoy 9 peace ! fruits ( an hon\r$ life0--s runs ! inscription on ! out] wall ( ! h\se4 ,fra ,montorsoli 0 fir/ & =emo/ a sculptor1 a pupil ( ,mi*elangelo's1 a pla/ic arti/ to :om ar*itecture 0 probably ( second>y int]e/4 ,p>tly p]haps = ?is reason1 & also because ! ,villa ,doria 0 9 great measure design$ to %[ ! frescoes ( ,pi]9 del ,vaga1 !re is little elaboration 9 its treatm5t4 ,yet ! cont9u\s op5 loggia on ! gr\nd floor1 & ! project+ side colonnades enclos+ ! upp] g>d51 give an airy elegance to ! wat]-front1 & make x1 9 comb9ation ) its mural pa9t+s & /ucco-ornam5tation1 & ! sculpture ( ! g>d5s1 "o ( ! mo/ villa-l ( ,italian villas4 ,! g>d5s !mselves desc5d 9 t]races to ! %ore1 & conta9 sev]al impos+ m>ble f\nta9s1 among !m "o ) a /atue ( ,neptune1 execut$ 9 #afjj by ! ,c>loni1 & suppos$ to be a portrait ( ! great ,admiral4 ,! h\se /&s aga9/ a /eep t]rac$ hillside1 =m]ly a "p ( ! gr\nds1 b n[ un=tunately divid$ f !m by ! railway cutt+4 ,a wide tapis v]t /ill asc5ds ! hill to a colossal ,jupit] 7"u :i* ! ,admiral's fav\rite dog is said to be buri$72 & :5 ! villa is se5 f ! h>b\r "o und]/&s h[ necess>y ?is /ately t]rac$ backgr\nd 0 to ! sett+ ( ! l[-ly+ build+4 ,beautiful inde$ mu/ h be5 ! surr\nd+s ( ! villa :5 ,evelyn visit$ x 9 #afdd1 & describ$ ! m>ble t]races above ! sea1 ! avi>y 8:]e9 grew trees ( m ?an two feet 9 diamet]1 besides cypress1 myrtles1 l5tiscuses & o!r r>e %rubs10 & 8! o!r two g>d5s full ( orange-trees1 citrons & pomegranates1 f\nta9s1 grots & /atues40 ,all b ! /atues h n[ disappe>$1 yet mu* ( ! old g>d5-magic l+]s 9 ! n>r[ /rip betwe5 h\se & sea4 ,x is ! glory ( ! ,italian g>d5-ar*itects t neglect & dis9tegration _c :olly m> ! effects !y 7 skill$ 9 creat+3 effects due to su* a f9e s5se ( proportion1 to s exquisite a p]ception ( ! relation betwe5 ar*itecture & l&scape1 betwe5 v]dure & m>ble1 t :ile a trace ( _! plan rema9s "o feels ! spell ( ! :ole4 ,:5 ,rub5s came to ,g5oa 9 #afjg he 0 s impress$ by ! magnific5ce ( its great /reet ( palaces--! lately built ,/rada ,nuova--t he record$ 8 admiration 9 a s]ies ( et*+s1 publi%$ 9 ,antw]p 9 #afbb "u ! title 8,palazzi di ,g5ova10 a priceless docum5t = ! /ud5t ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture 9 ,italy1 s9ce ! ,flemi% ma/] did n cont5t himself ) m]e impressioni/ sket*es1 l ,canaletto's fanciful ,v5etian et*+s1 b made c>eful ar*itectural draw+s & bird's-eye views ( all ! pr9cipal ,g5oese palaces4 ,z _m ( ^! build+s h s9ce be5 alt]$1 ,rub5s's volume has ! additional value ( pres]v+ a numb] ( int]e/+ details :i* might nev] h be5 recov]$ by subsequ5t /udy4 ,! ,/rada ,nuova ( ,g5oa1 plann$ by ,galeazzo ,alessi betwe5 #aeej & #aefj1 is ! e>lie/ example 9 ,europe ( a /reet laid out by an ar*itect ) delib]ate arti/ic int5t1 & design$ to display ! palaces ) :i* he subsequ5tly l9$ x4 ,hi!rto1 /reets _h =m$ !mselves on ! natural l9es ( traffic1 & individual h\ses _h sprung up along !m )\t mu* reg>d to ! site or /yle ( _! ne>e/ neighbors4 ,! ,/rada ,nuova1 on ! contr>y1 0 plann$ & c>ri$ out homog5e\sly1 & 0 ?us ! prog5itor ( all ! great /reet plans ( mod]n ,europe--( ! ,place ,royale & ! ,place ,v5dme 9 ,p>is1 ! great ,place at ,nancy1 ! gr\p+ ( ,palladian palaces ab\t ! ,basilica ( ,vic5za1 & all subsequ5t attempts to create an organic :ole out ( a numb] ( adjac5t build+s4 ,ev5 ,l5fant's plan ( ,wa%+ton may be said to owe its fir/ impulse to ! ,p]ugian ar*itect's conception ( a /reet ( palaces4 ,:5 ,alessi project$ ?is great "w he _h op5 gr\nd to build on1 ?\gh1 z ,evelyn rem>k$1 ! ri* ,g5oese m]*ants _h1 l ! ,holl&]s1 8little or no ext5t ( gr\nd to employ _! e/ates 940 ,/ill1 !re 0 space en\gh to p]mit ( spread+ porticoes & =ec\rts1 & to "o ( ! h\ses 9 ! ,/rada ,nuova ,alessi gave ! ample developm5t & airy proportions ( a true villa suburbana4 ,?is is ! ,palazzo ,p>odi1 :i*1 l ! vani%$ ,sauli palace1 %[s1 in/ead ( ! block plan ( ! city dwell+1 a c5tral corps de btim5t ) pavilions cr[n$ by op5 loggias1 & a ru/icat$ scre5 divid+ ! c\rt f ! /reet4 ,x is curi\s t1 save 9 ! case ( ! beautiful ,villa ,sauli 7n[ completely rebuilt71 ,alessi did n repeat ?is appropriate design 9 ! c\ntry h\ses ) :i* he adorn$ ! suburbs ( ,g5oa--^? 8ravi%+ retirem5ts ( ! ,g5oese nobility0 :i* prolong$ ! spl5d\r ( ! city = miles along ! coa/4 ,( 8 rema9+ villas1 all are built on ! block plan1 or ) b slight projections1 & ri* ?\gh !y are 9 detail1 & /ately 9 g5]al composition1 !y lack t t\* ( fantasy :i* ! ,roman villa-ar*itects knew h[ to imp>t4 ,be=e pron\nc+ ?is a defect1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ consid] ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* ,alessi & 8 fell[-ar*itects 9 ,g5oa _h to "w4 ,annibale ,lippi1 ,pirro ,ligorio1 ,giacomo della ,porta & ,c>lo ,borrom9i re>$ _! graceful loggias & /ret*$ _! airy colonnades aga9/ masses ( luxuriant foliage & above a f>-spread+ l&scape1 wond]ful ,to ! sea's edge = gloss & gloom1 :ile ,alessi & ,montorsoli _h to place _! c\ntry h\ses on n>r[ l$ges ( wat]less rock1 ) a ?9 coat+ ( soil p>*$ by ! w9d1 & an outlook ov] ! s]ri$ ro(s & cr[d$ %ipp+ ( a comm]cial city4 ,! ,g5oese g>d5s are m]e pockets ( e>? 9 coigns ( masonry1 :]e a few olives & bay-trees fight ! sun-gl>e & sea-w9d ( a h>% w9t] & a burn+ summ]4 ,! beauty ( ! prospect consi/s 9 ! noble outl9e ( ! h>b\r1 enclos$ 9 exquisitely modell$ b leafless hills1 & 9 ! great blue /ret* ( sea on :i*1 n[ & !n1 ! m\nta9s ( ,corsica float = a mom5t4 ,x w be se5 t1 amid su* surr\nd+s1 ! ar*itectural quality mu/ pr$om9ate ov] ! picturesque or naturali/ic4 ,n only ! natural re/rictions ( site & soil1 b ! sev]ity ( ! l&scape & ! ne>ness ( a great city1 made x necess>y t ! ,g5oese villa-ar*itects %\ld produce _! pr9cipal effects by means ( masonry & sculpture1 r ?an ( wat] & v]dure4 ,! some:at heavy silh\ette ( ! ,g5oese c\ntry h\ses is ?us p]haps p>tly expla9$2 = :]e ! g>d5 _h to be a /one monum5t1 x w\ld h be5 illogical to make ! h\se less massive4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ,alessi's villas lies 9 ! once fa%ionable suburb ( ,sampi]d>5a1 to ! we/ ( ,g5oa4 ,"h1 along ! %ore1 7 clu/]$ ! mo/ beautiful pleasure-h\ses ( ! m]*ant pr9ces4 ,! great] numb] h n[ be5 turn$ into t5em5ts = factory-work]s1 or into actual factories1 :ile ! beautiful g>d5s desc5d+ to ! sea h be5 cut 9 half by ! railway & plant$ ) cabbages & mulb]ries4 ,amid ?is labyr9? ( grimy walls1 crumbl+ loggias & wa/e gr\nd heap$ ) melan*oly refuse1 x is n easy to f9d "o's way to ! ,villa ,imp]iali 7n[ ,scassi71 ! ma/]piece ( ,alessi1 :i* /&s z a solit>y witness to ! =m] 8ravi%m5ts0 ( ,sampi]d>5a4 ,by a happy *ance ?is villa has become ! prop]ty ( ! municipality1 :i* has turn$ ! h\se into a girls' s*ool1 :ile ! gr\nds are us$ z a public g>d52 & s well h h\se & gr\nds be5 pres]v$ t ! /ud5t ( ar*itecture may "h obta9 a good idea ( ! magnific5ce ) :i* ! ,g5oese nobles surr\nd$ ev5 _! few weeks ( villeggiatura4 ,to mat* su* magnific5ce1 "o mu/ look to "o ( ! great villas ( ! ,roman c>d9als2 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ,villa ,doria ,pamphily 7:i* is small]7 & ( ! ,villa ,albani1 x w\ld be difficult to cite an elevation :]e palatial size is comb9$ ) su* lavi% ri*ness ( ornam5t4 ,alessi 0 once ?\ght to h /udi$ 9 ,rome "u ,mi*elangelo2 b ,h]r ,gurlitt %[s t ! latt] 0 abs5t f ,rome f #aeaf to #aece--t is1 precisely dur+ :at mu/ h be5 ! =mative p]iod ( ,alessi's tal5t4 ,! ,p]ugian ar*itect c]ta9ly %[s little trace ( ,mi*elangelesque influ5ces1 b seems to d]ive r f ! s*ool ( 8 own great contempor>y1 ,palladio4 ,! ,villa ,scassi1 ) its ,tuscan ord] bel[ & flut$ ,cor9?ian pila/]s above1 its ri*ly c>v$ frieze & cornice1 & its beautiful ro(-balu/rade1 is p]haps m famili> to /ud5ts ?an any o!r example ( ,g5oese suburban ar*itecture4 ,almo/ alone among ,g5oese villas1 x /&s at ! foot ( a hill1 ) g>d5s ris+ beh9d x in/ead ( desc5d+ bel[ x to ! sea4 ,h]r ,gurlitt ?9ks ^! gr\nds are among ! e>lie/ 9 ,italy 9 :i* ! n>r[ m$ival hortus inclusus 0 bl5t ) ! wid] l9es ( ! l&scape2 inde$1 he makes ! some:at surpris+ /atem5t t 8all ! lat] g>d5-craft has its s\rce 9 ,alessi1 :o1 9 ! ,scassi g>d5s1 has %[n to ! full 8 *>act]i/ic gift = pres]v+ unity ( conception 9 multiplicity ( =m40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g>d5-,,ni*e1 ,,villa ,,scassi1 ,,g5oa ,!re c\ld be no bett] def9ition ( ! g>d5-sci5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance2 & if1 z x seems probable1 ! ,scassi g>d5s are e>li] 9 date ?an ! ,boboli & ! ,orti ,f>nesiani1 !y c]ta9ly fill an important place 9 ! evolution ( ! pleasure-gr\nd2 b ! ,vatican g>d5s1 if !y 7 really design$ by ,antonio da ,sangallo1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z ! s\rce f :i* ! lat] s*ool ( l&scape-ar*itects drew _! fir/ inspiration4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly "h1 & 9 ! unf9i%$ g>d5s ( ! ,villa ,madama1 t ! e>lie/ attempts 7 made to br+ ! untam$ =ms ( nature into relation ) ! discipl9$ l9es ( ar*itecture4 ,h]r ,gurlitt is1 h[ev]1 q "r 9 call+ att5tion to ! rem>kable mann] 9 :i* ! ar*itectural l9es ( ! ,scassi g>d5s h be5 adapt$ to _! site1 & also to ! skill ) :i* ,alessi contriv$ ! successive transition f ! =mal surr\nd+s ( ! h\se to ! sylvan fre$om ( ! wood$ hilltop b5ea? :i* x lies4 ,a broad t]race1 g5tly slop+ ) ! natural grade ( ! l&1 leads up to a long level walk b5ea? ! high reta9+-wall :i* su/a9s ! second t]race4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is reta9+-wall is a beautifully design$ triple ni*e1 divid$ by ,atlantides support+ a delicately c>v$ entablature1 :ile a d\ble flight ( /eps encloses ?is c5tral composition4 ,ni*es ) /atues & m>ble seats also adorn ! lat]al walls ( ! g>d5s1 & on ! upp] t]race is a long tank or canal1 flank$ by clipp$ %rubs & /atues4 ,!nce an incl9$ pa? leads to a ru/icat$ temple ) colonnes torses1 & /atues 9 ni*es above flut$ bas9s into :i* wat] once fl[$2 & beyond ?is !re is a w9d+ asc5t to ! grove :i* cr[ns ! hill4 ,all ! ar*itectural details ( ! g>d5 are rem>kable = a classical purity & ref9em5t1 except ! ru/icat$ temple1 ( :i* ! fanta/ic columns are c>v$ to resemble tree-trunks4 ,?is may be ( lat] date2 b if contempor>y1 its b>oque /yle 0 probably int5d$ to m>k ! transition f ! =mality ( ! l[] g>d5s to ! ru/ic "* ( ! naturali/ic l&scape above--to =m1 9 fact1 a gate f ! g>d5 to ! p>k4 ,! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury saw ?is gradual recognition ( nature1 & adoption ( h] =ms1 9 ! ar*itecture & sculpture ( ! ,italian pleasure-h\se1 & m especially 9 ^? outly+ con/ructions :i* connect$ ! =mal & ! sylvan portions ( ! gr\nds4 8,9 mid-,r5aissance g>d5-ar*itecture10 z ,h]r ,tuck]mann puts x1 8! relation betwe5 art & l&scape is rev]s$4 ,previ\sly ! g>d5 _h _h to adapt itself to ar*itecture2 n[ ar*itectural =ms are =c$ into a resemblance ) nature40 ,b]n9i 0 ! great expon5t ( ?is new impulse1 ?\gh x may be trac$ back z f> z ,mi*elangelo4 ,x 0 ,b]n9i :o fir/ express$ 9 8 f\nta9s ! tremul\s motion & %ift+ curves ( wat]1 & :o put into 8 g>d5-sculpture t ru/le ( ple9 air :i* ! mod]n pa9t] seeks to express 9 8 l&scapes4 ,to trace ! gradual developm5t ( ?is rappro*em5t to nature at a p]iod s highly artificial w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ^! articles2 b 9 judg+ ! b>oque g>d5 ar*itecture & sculpture ( ! late ,r5aissance1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !y are n ! expression ( a wilful ecc5tricity1 b an attempt$ l9k betwe5 ! highly conv5tionaliz$ =ms ( urban art & t life ( ! fields & woods :i* 0 beg9n+ to *>m ! imag9ation ( poets & pa9t]s4 ,on ! height above ! ,acqua ,sola g>d5s1 on ! ea/]n side ( ,g5oa1 lies ,alessi's o!r great c\ntry h\se1 ! ,villa ,pallavic9i alle ,pes*i]e--n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ridicul\s ,villa ,pallavic9i at ,pegli1 a brummagem creation ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 to :i* ! guide-books /ill s5d ?rongs ( unsuspect+ t\ri/s1 :o come back imag9+ t ?is tawdry jumble ( weep+ will[s & ,*9ese pagodas1 mock ,go?ic ru9s & exotic vegetation1 repres5ts ! typical 8,italian g>d510 ( :i* s mu* is said & s little really kn[n4 ,! ,villa ,pallavic9i alle ,pes*i]e 7a draw+ ( :i* may be se5 9 ,rub5s's collection7 is 9 site & design a typical ,g5oese suburban h\se ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! l[] /ory has a s]ies ( ar*$ w9d[s betwe5 ,ionic pila/]s2 above are squ>e-head$ w9d[s ) upp] lights1 divid$ by flut$ ,cor9?ian pila/]s & surm\nt$ by a beautiful cornice & a ro(-balu/rade ( unusual design1 9 :i* gr\ps ( balu/]s alt]nate ) oblong panels ( ri*ly c>v$ op5work4 ,! v slightly project+ w+s h1 on bo? /ories1 ar*$ recesses 9 :i* h]oic /atues are pa9t$ 9 grisaille4 ,! n>r[ l$ge ( gr\nd on :i* ! villa is built p]mits only ( a broad t]race 9 front ( ! h\se1 ) a c5tral bas9 surm\nt$ by a beautiful w+$ figure & enclos$ 9 /one-edg$ fl[]-b$s4 ,/ately flights ( /eps lead d[n to a l[] t]race1 ( :i* ! mighty reta9+-wall is fac$ by a ,doric portico1 ) a recess$ loggia beh9d x4 ,f ?is level o!r flights ( /eps1 flank$ by great balu/rad$ walls ne>ly a hundr$ feet high1 desc5d to a ?ird t]race1 n>r[] ?an ! o!rs1 :5ce "o looks d[n into l[]-ly+ g>d5s1 w$g$ into e project+ %elf ( gr\nd betwe5 palace ro(s & t[]+ slopes ( masonry2 :ile directly b5ea? ?is cr[d$ =egr\nd sp>kles ! blue expanse ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,on a high] l$ge1 above ! ,villa ,pallavic9i1 lies ! ,villa ,durazzo-,grapollo1 p]haps also a "w ( ,alessi's4 ,"h ! unusual ext5t ( gr\nd ab\t ! h\se has p]mitt$ an int]e/+ developm5t ( l&scape-ar*itecture4 ,a f9e p$im5t$ gateway ) ru/icat$ pi]s gives admission to a /raight av5ue ( plane-trees lead+ up to ! h\se1 :i* is a dignifi$ build+ ) two /ories1 a mezzan9e & an attic4 ,! w9d[s on ! gr\nd floor are squ>e-head$1 ) oblong sunk panels above2 :ile on ! fir/ floor !re is a slightly b>oque movem5t ab\t ! ar*itraves1 & e o!r w9d[ is surm\nt$ by a curi\s %ell-%ap$ p$im5t4 ,on ! g>d5 side a beautiful m>ble balcony =ms ! c5tral motive ( ! piano nobile1 & ! ro( is enclos$ 9 a balu/rade ) alt]nate solid panels & gr\ps ( balu/]s4 ,! plan is oblong1 ) slightly project+ w+s1 adorn$ on bo? /ories ) c\pl$ pila/]s1 :i* on ! l[] floor are ru/icat$ & above are flut$ ,cor9?ian1 pa9t$ on ! /ucco surface ( ! h\se4 ,?is pa9t+ ( ar*itectural ornam5t is v *>act]i/ic ( ,g5oese ar*itecture1 & 0 done ) su* skill t1 at a little di/ance1 x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% a project+ ar*itectural memb] f its fresco$ c\nt]feit4 ,9 front ( ! villa is a long n>r[ =mal g>d51 support$ on ?ree sides by a l(ty reta9+-wall4 ,d[n ! middle ( ?is g>d51 on an axis ) ! c5tral doorway ( ! faade1 runs a canal t]m9at$ by recl9+ figures ( riv]-gods & m>ble dolph9s sp\t+ wat]4 ,an ilex-walk flanks x on ea* side1 & at ! f>!r end a balu/rade encloses ?is upp] g>d51 & two flights ( /eps1 ) ! usual c5tral ni*e1 lead to ! next level4 ,"h !re is a mu* great] ext5t ( gr\nd1 & ! old =mal l9es h be5 brok5 up into ! w9d+ pa?s & %rubb]ies ( a j>d9 anglais4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 traces ( ! orig9al plan may be discov]$1 & /atues & f\nta9s are scatt]$ ) *>m+ effect among ! irregul> plantations1 :ile pa?s betwe5 clipp$ walls ( gre5 lead to beautiful di/ant views ( ! sea & m\nta9s4 ,specially int]e/+ is ! treatm5t ( ! lat]al reta9+-walls ( ! upp] g>d54 ,9 ^! imm5se ramp>ts ( masonry h be5 cut tunnels decorat$ ) %ell-"w & /ucco ornam5t1 :i* lead up by a succession ( wide /eps to ! gr\nd on a level ) ! h\se4 ,"o ( ^! tunnels conta9s a s]ies ( pools ( wat]1 :i* f9ally p\r into a /ream w9d+ ?r\gh a romantic bos*etto on a l[] level4 ,"h1 z at ! ,villa ,scassi1 all ! g>d5-ar*itecture is pure & dignifi$ 9 /yle1 & !re is great beauty 9 ! broad & simple treatm5t ( ! upp] t]race1 ) its canal & ilex-walks4 ,f ! t]races ( ! ,villa ,durazzo "o looks =? ov] ! hillside ( ,san ,francesco d',alb>o1 ! suburb :i* balances ,sampi]d>5a on ! ea/4 ,happily ?is *>m+ di/rict is /ill a fa%ionable villeggiatura1 & ! h\ses :i* ,alessi built on its slopes /& above an almo/ unalt]$ l&scape ( g>d5 & v9ey>d4 ,a f9e road crosses ! ,bisagno & leads up betwe5 high walls & beautiful hang+ g>d5s1 pass+ at e turn "s *>m+ villa-faade 9 its sett+ ( cypresses & camellias4 ,among ^!1 "o %\ld n ov]look ! exquisite little ,p>adis9o1 a pale-gre5 toy villa ) ,ionic pila/]s & classic p$im5t1 p]*$ above a high t]race on ! left ( ! asc5t4 ,j above /&s ! ,p>adiso 7or ,villa ,cambiaso71 ano!r ma/]piece ( ,alessi's1#e to :i* x is almo/ impossible to obta9 admission4 ,un=tunately1 ! h\se /&s f> back f ! road1 above int]v5+ t]races & groves1 & "o c obta9 only an imp]fect glimpse ( its beautiful faade1 :i* is z ornate & impos+ z t ( ! ,villa ,scassi1 & ( g>d5-walks l9$ ) clipp$ h$ges & /atues4 ,footnote #e3 ,9 8 8,baukun/ d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali50 7,"p ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,v7 ,dr4 ,josef ,durm1 )\t cit+ 8 au?ority1 says t ! ,villa ,p>adiso 0 built 9 #afjj by ,&rea ,c]esola1 call$ ,vanove4 ,at ,alessi's o!r ,villa ,cambiaso1 high] up ! hill ( ,san ,francesco d',alb>o1 a m hospitable welcome awaits ! sight-se]4 ,"h admission is easily obta9$1 & x is possible to /udy & photograph at leisure4 ,?is villa is rem>kable = ! beauty ( ! c5tral loggia on ! gr\nd floor ( ! faade3 a gr& ,doric arcade1 lead+ into a two-/ori$ atrium design$ 9 ! sev]e/ classical _s4 ,s sugge/ive is ?is ( ! great loggia ( ! ,villa ,bombicci1 ne> ,flor5ce1 t "o und]/&s :y ,alessi 0 call$ ! pupil ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,at ! back ( ! h\se !re is 7z at ! ,villa ,bombicci7 a f9e upp] loggia1 & ! wide spac+ ( ! w9d[s on ! gr\nd floor1 & ! massiv5ess & simplicity ( all ! ar*itectural details1 inevitably recall ! ,tuscan /yle4 ,little is left ( ! old g>d5s save a tapis v]t flank$ by clipp$ h$ges1 :i* desc5ds to an iron grille on a l[] road2 b ! broad grassy space ab\t ! h\se has a b\nd>y-wall ) a cont9u\s m>ble b5*1 l t at ! ,villa ,pia 9 ! ,vatican g>d5s4 ,9 ! valley betwe5 ,san ,francesco d',alb>o & ! ,bisagno lies ! dismal suburb ( ,san ,fruttuoso4 ,"h "o mu/ seek1 ?r\gh a wa/e ( du/y /reets l9$ ) half-f9i%$ t5em5ts1 = :at mu/ once h be5 ! mo/ beautiful ( ,g5oese pleasure-h\ses--! ,villa ,imp]iali1 probably built by ,fra ,montorsoli4 ,x /&s high above broad t]rac$ gr\nds ( unusual ext5t1 back$ by a hang+ wood2 b all ! old g>d5s h be5 de/roy$1 save ! beautiful upp] t]race1 & ev5 ! h\se has suff]$ "s injury1 ?\gh n en\gh to detract greatly f its g5]al effect4 ,"h at la/ "o f9ds t union ( lightness & maje/y :i* *>act]izes ! ,villa ,m$ici & o!r ,roman h\ses ( its k9d4 ,! long elevation1 ) w+s set back1 has a ru/icat$ basem5t1 surm\nt$ by two /ories & an attic above ! cornice4 ,!re is no ord]1 b ! :ole faade is ri*ly fresco$ 9 a sev]e ar*itectural /yle1 ) ni*es1 /atues 9 grisaille1 & o!r ornam5ts1 all execut$ by a skilful h&4 ,! w9d[s on ! fir/ floor h brok5 p$im5ts ) a %ell-l movem5t1 & ^? above %[ ! same treatm5t1 alt]nat+ ) ! usual triangul> p$im5t4 ,b ! cr[n+ di/9ction ( ! h\se consi/s 9 ! two exquisite loggias :i* =m ! angles ( ! second /ory4 ,^! tall arcades1 re/+ on sl5d] columns1 give a wond]ful effect ( spread+ lightness to ! faade1 & break up its great bulk )\t di/urb+ ! g5]al impression ( /r5g? & dignity4 ,z a skilful di/ribution ( masses ! elevation ( ! ,villa ,imp]iali des]ves ! mo/ c>eful /udy1 & x is to be regrett$ t x c no long] be se5 9 comb9ation ) ! wide-spread t]races :i* once =m$ a "p ( its composition4 ,,lomb>d ,,villas ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,cicogna1 ,,bisus*io ,,vi ,,lomb>d ,,villas ,on ! walls ( ! munim5t-room ( ! old ,borromeo palace 9 ,milan1 ,mi*el9o1 a little-kn[n pa9t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 has depict$ ! sports & div]sions ( t noble family4 ,"h may be se5 ladies 9 peak$ h5n9s & long droop+ sleeves1 ) _! %ock-head$ gallants 9 fur-edg$ tunics & po9t$ %oes1 engag$ 9 curi\s games & dances1 aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ,lake ,maggiore & ! ,borromean ,isl&s4 ,x takes ! mod]n travell] an ef=t ( m5tal readju/m5t to recognize 9 ?is 8clump ( peakd isles0--b>e ,leon>desque rocks ?ru/+ !mselves spl9t]-wise above ! lake--! smil+ groves & t]races ( ! ,isola ,bella & ! ,isola ,madre4 ,= 9 ^? days ! ,borromei _h n conv]t$ _! rocky isl&s into ! hang+ g>d5s :i* to lat] travell]s became "o ( ! mo/ important sights ( ! 8gr& t\r02 & "o may le>n f ?is curi\s fresco ) :at seem+ly hopeless problems ! ,italian g>d5-art dealt1 & h[1 :ile audaci\sly remodell+ nature1 x contriv$ to keep 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s amid :i* x work$4 ,! ,isola ,madre1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,borromean gr\p1 0 ! fir/ to be built on & plant$4 ,! pla9 ,r5aissance palace /ill looks d[n on a s]ies ( wall$ g>d5s & a grove ( cypress1 laurel & p9e2 b ! great] "p ( ! isl& has be5 turn$ into an ,engli% p>k ( no special int]e/ save to ! horticulturi/1 :o may /udy "h ! imm5se v>iety ( exotic plants :i* fl\ri% 9 ! mild climate ( ! lakes4 ,! ,isola ,bella1 t pyramid ( fl[]-lad5 t]races ris+ opposite ,/resa1 9 a lovely b5d ( ! lake1 began to take its pres5t %ape ab\t #afcb1 :5 ,c\nt ,c>lo ,,iii built a cas9o di delizie on ! rocky p9nacle4 ,8 son1 ,c\nt ,vitaliano ,,iv1 cont9u$ & complet$ ! "w4 ,he levell$ ! po9t$ rocks1 fill$ _! int]/ices ) c\ntless loads ( soil f ! ma9l&1 & summon$ ,c>lo ,fontana & a gr\p ( ,milanese ar*itects to raise ! palace & g>d5-pavilions above t]races creat$ by ,ca/elli & ,crivelli1 :ile ! wat]works 7 entru/$ to ,mora ( ,rome1 ! /atu>y & o!r ornam5tal sculpture to ,vism>a4 ,! "w 0 complet$ 9 #afga1 & ! isl&1 :i* _h be5 creat$ a b>onial fief1 0 r5am$ ,isola ,isabella1 aft] ! c\nt's "m--a "n :i* euphony1 & ! g5]al admiration ! place excit$1 soon comb9$ to contract to ,isola ,bella4 ,! isl& is built up 9 t5 t]races1 n>r[+ successively t[>d ! top1 ! l[e/ re/+ on great vault$ arcades :i* project into ! lake & are us$ z a w9t] %elt] = ! lemon-trees ( ! upp] g>d5s4 ,ea* t]race is enclos$ 9 a m>ble balu/rade1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) vases1 /atues & obelisks1 & plant$ ) a pr(usion ( roses1 camellias1 jasm9e1 myrtle & pomegranate1 among :i* gr\ps ( cypresses lift _! d>k %afts4 ,aga9/ ! reta9+-walls oranges & lemons are espali]$1 & fl[]s bord] e pa? & wrea! e balu/rade & /airway4 ,x seems probable1 f ! old descriptions ( ! ,isola ,bella1 t x 0 orig9ally plant$ mu* z x n[ appe>s2 9 fact1 ! g>d5s ( ! ,italian lakes are probably ! only old pleasure-gr\nds ( ,italy :]e fl[]s h always be5 us$ 9 pr(usion4 ,9 ! equable lake climate1 nei!r cold 9 w9t]1 l ! ,lomb>d pla9s1 nor p>*$ 9 summ]1 l ! ,s\?1 ! passion = horticulture seems to h develop$ e>ly1 & ! l&scape-ar*itect 0 accu/om$ to m+le bright col\rs ) 8 ar*itectural masses1 in/ead ( rely+ on a sett+ ( uni=m v]dure4 ,! topmo/ t]race ( ! ,isola ,bella is cr[n$ by a m\nt1 aga9/ :i* is built a wat]-!atre ( excessively b>oque design4 ,?is ar*itectural composition faces ! s\!rn front ( ! palace1 a l>ge & n v int]e/+ build+ /&+ to ! nor? ( ! g>d5s2 :ile ! s\!rn extremity ( ! isl& t]m9ates 9 a beautiful g>d5-pavilion1 hexagonal 9 %ape1 ) ru/icat$ coigns & a cr[n+ balu/rade beset ) /atues4 ,ev5 ! n>r[ reef project+ into ! lake bel[ ?is pavilion has be5 conv]t$ into ano!r s]ies ( t]races1 ) connect+ flights ( /eps1 :i* c>ry d[n to ! wat]'s edge ! exub]ant v]dure ( ! upp] g>d5s4 ,! palace is m rem>kable = :at x conta9s 9 ! way ( furniture & decoration ?an = any ar*itectural value4 ,its great bulk & heavy outl9e are q disproportionate to ! airy elegance ( ! g>d5s x ov]looks1 & h\se & gr\nds seem 9 ?is case to h be5 design$ )\t any reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,! palace has1 h[ev]1 "o feature ( peculi> int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( villa-ar*itecture1 namely1 ! beautiful s]ies ( rooms 9 ! s\? basem5t1 op5+ on ! g>d5s1 & decorat$ ) ! mo/ exquisite ornam5tation ( pebble-"w & sea%ells1 m+l$ ) delicately t9t$ /ucco4 ,^! l[ vault$ rooms1 ) m>ble floors1 grotto-l walls1 & f\nta9s dripp+ into flut$ con*s1 are l a poet's notion ( "s twilight refuge f summ] heats1 :]e ! languid gre5 air has ! coolness ( wat]2 ev5 ! fanta/ic consoles1 tables & b5*es1 9 :i* cool-glimm]+ mosaics are comb9$ ) c>v$ wood & /ucco pa9t$ 9 fa9t gre5s & rose-t9ts1 might h be5 made ( "m-(-pe>l1 coral & seawe$ = ! adornm5t ( "s subm>9e palace4 ,z examples ( ! decoration ( a g>d5-h\se 9 a hot climate1 ^! rooms are unmat*$ 9 ,italy1 & _! treatm5t (f]s appropriate sugge/ions to ! mod]n g>d5-ar*itect 9 se>* ( effects ( coolness4 ,to %[ h[ little ! g>d5s ( ! ,isola ,bella h be5 *ang$ s9ce !y 7 fir/ laid out1 x is wor? :ile to quote ! description ( ,bi%op ,burnet1 t delightful arti/ 9 or?ography & punctuation1 :o desc5d$ into ,italy 9 ! ye> #afhe1 ) 8 8port-mangles0 lad5 ^u 8mullets40 8,f ,lugane10 ! bi%op's brea?less p]iods beg91 8,i w5t to ! ,lago ,maggiore1 :i* is a great & noble ,lake1 x is six & fifty ,miles long1 & 9 mo/ places six ,miles broad1 & a hundr$ ,fa?oms deep ab\t ! middle ( x1 x makes a great ,bay to ! ,we/w>d1 & !re lies "h two ,isl&s call$ ! ,borromean ,isl&s1 t are c]ta9ly ! lovelie/ spots ( gr\nd 9 ! ,_w1 !re is no?+ 9 all ,italy t c be comp>$ to !m1 !y h ! full view ( ! ,lake1 & ! gr\nd rises s sweetly 9 !m t no?+ c be imag9$ l ! ,t]races "h1 !y belong to two ,c\nts ( ! ,borromean family4 ,i 0 only 9 "o ( !m1 :i* belongs to ! head ( ! ,family1 :o is ,nephew to ! fam\s ,c>d9al kn[n by ! "n ( ,/ ,c>lo4444 ,! :ole ,isl& is a g>d5 444 & because ! figure ( ! ,isl& 0 n made regul> by ,nature1 !y h built great ,vaults & ,portica's along ! ,rock1 :i* are all made ,grotesque1 & s !y h br\ght x into a regul> =m by lay+ e>? ov] ^? ,vaults4 ,!re is fir/ a ,g>d5 to ! ,ea/ t rises up f ! ,lake by five r[s ( ,t]rasses1 on ! ?ree sides ( ! ,g>d5 t are wat]$ by ! ,lake1 ! ,/airs are noble1 ! ,walls are all cov]$ ) ,oranges & ,citrons1 & a m beautiful spot ( a ,g>d5 _c be se53 ,!re are two build+s 9 ! two corn]s ( ?is ,g>d51 ! "o is only a ,mill = fet*+ up ! ,wat]1 & ! o!r is a noble ,summ]-,h\se ! hexagonal pavilion all ,wa9scott$1 if ,i may speak s1 ) ,alaba/] & ,m>ble ( a f9e col\r incl9+ to r$1 f ?is ,g>d5 "o goes 9 a level to all ! re/ ( ! ,alleys & ,p>t]res1 ,h]b-,g>d5s & ,fl[]-,g>d5s1 9 all :i* !re are ,v>ieties ( ,f\nta9s & ,arbors1 b ! great ,p>t]re is a surpriz+ ?+1 = z x is well furni%$ ) ,/atues & ,f\nta9s1 & is ( a va/ ext5t1 & ju/ly situat$ to ! ,palace1 s at ! fur!r-end ( x !re is a great ,m\nt1 t face ( x t looks to ! ,p>t]re is made l a ,!atre all full ( ,f\nta9s & ,/atues1 ! height ris+ up 9 five sev]al r[s 444 & r\nd ?is ,m\nt1 answ]+ to ! five r[s into :i* ! ,!atre is divid$1 !re goes z ,_m ,t]rasses ( noble ,walks1 ! ,walls are all z close cov]$ ) ,oranges & ,citrons z any ( our ,walls 9 ,engl& are ) ,laurel3 ! top ( ! ,m\nt is sev5ty foot long & =ty broad1 & "h is a va/ ,ci/]n into :i* ! ,mill plays up ! wat] t mu/ furni% all ! ,f\nta9s4444 ,! fre%ness ( ! ,air1 x be+ bo? 9 a ,lake & ne> ! ,m\nta9s1 ! fragrant smell1 ! beautiful ,prospect1 & ! delight+ ,v>iety t is "h makes x su* a habitation = ,summ] t p]haps ! :ole ,_w ha? no?+ l x40 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,isola ,,bella1 ,,lake ,,maggiore ,sev5te5?-c5tury travell]s 7 unanim\s 9 extoll+ ! ,isola ,bella1 ?\gh1 z might h be5 expect$1 _! praise 0 *iefly = ^? elaborations & +5uities ( plann+ & eng9e]+ :i* give lea/ pleasure 9 ! pres5t day4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a critical reaction set 94 ,t\ri/s1 enam\r$ ( ! new 8,engli% g>d510 & ( ,r\sseau's descriptions ( ! 8bosquet de ,julie10 c\ld see no?+ to admire 9 ! ord]$ ar*itecture ( ! ,borromean ,isl&s4 ,! s5tim5tal sight-se]1 sigh+ = %am ,go?ic ru9s1 = glades plant$ 8aft] ,p\ss910 & = all ! lab\r$ naturalism ( ,repton & ,capability ,br[n1 %udd]$ at ! frank artifice ( ! old ,italian g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,! qu>rel !n begun /ill goes on1 & sympa?ies are divid$ betwe5 ! artificial-natural & ! frankly conv5tional4 ,! "t has come1 h[ev]1 :5 x is recogniz$ t bo? ^! mann]s are mann]s1 ! "o z artificial z ! o!r1 & ea* to be judg$1 n by any e?ical /&>d ( 8s9c]ity10 b on its own /hetic m]its4 ,?is has enabl$ mod]n critics to take a fair] view ( su* av[$ly conv5tional compositions z ! ,isola ,bella1 a g>d5 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! gr\nds ( ! great ,roman villas are z naturali/ic z ! age ( ,r\sseau c\ld h desir$4 ,?us imp>tially judg$1 ! ,isola ,bella /ill seems to _m too complete a negation ( nature2 nor c x appe> o!rwise to ^? :o judge ( x only f pictures & photographs1 :o h n se5 x 9 its environm5t4 ,= ! l&scape surr\nd+ ! ,borromean ,isl&s has precisely t quality ( artificiality1 ( exquisitely skilful arrangem5t & manipulation1 :i* seems to ju/ify1 9 ! g>d5-ar*itect1 almo/ any excesses ( ! fancy4 ,! ,roman l&scape1 gr&iose & ample1 seems an unalt]$ "p ( nature2 s d ! subtly modell$ hills & valleys ( c5tral ,italy3 all ^! sc5es h ! defici5cies1 ! repetitions1 ! meannesses & pr(usions1 ) :i* nature ?r[s h] great masses on ! canvas ( ! _w2 b ! lake sc5]y appe>s to h be5 design$ by a l+]+ & fa/idi\s h&1 b5t on elim9at+ e crud5ess & h>%ness1 & on bl5d+ all natural =ms1 f ! b>e m\nta9-peak to ! melt+ curve ( ! %ore1 9 "o h>mony ( ev]-v>y+ & ev]-beautiful l9es4 ,! effect produc$ is und\bt$ly "o ( artificiality1 ( a *os5 exclusion ( c]ta9 natural qualities1 su* z gloom1 b>r5ness1 & ! frank ugl9ess into :i* nature sometimes lapses4 ,!re is an almo/ =c$ gaiety ab\t ! l&scape ( ! lakes1 a fix$ smile ( p]5nial lovel9ess4 ,& x is z a complem5t to ?is attitude t ! ,borromean g>d5s ju/ify !mselves4 ,are !y real8 ,no2 b nei!r is ! l&scape ab\t !m4 ,are !y l any o!r g>d5s on e>?8 ,no2 b nei!r are ! m\nta9s & %ores ab\t !m l e>?ly %ores & m\nta9s4 ,!y are ,armida's g>d5s an*or$ 9 a lake ( dreams1 & !y %\ld be comp>$1 n ) ?is or t actual piece ( plant$ gr\nd1 b ) a page ( ,ario/o or ,boi>do4 ,f ! g>d5-/ud5t's po9t ( view1 !re is no?+ 9 ,lomb>dy z important z ! ,isola ,bella4 ,9 ^! ri* ,nor!rn prov9ces1 z 9 ! environs ( ,flor5ce1 ! old g>d5s h suff]$ f ! afflu5ce ( _! own]s1 & sc>cely any h be5 all[$ to reta9 _! orig9al outl9e4 ,! en?usiasm = ! ,engli% g>d5 swept ov] ,lomb>dy l a tidal wave1 oblit]at+ t]races & grottoes1 sub/itut+ w9d+ pa?s = plea*$ alleys1 & trans=m+ level box-p>t]res into roll+ lawns :i* turn z br[n z door-mats "u ! scor*+ ,lomb>d sun4 ,on ! lakes1 :]e ! g>d5-ar*itect 0 (t5 re/rict$ to a n>r[ l$ge ( gr\nd betwe5 m\nta9s & wat]1 ^! trans=mations 7 less easy1 = ! new /yle requir$ a consid]able expanse ( gr\nd = its developm5t4 ,along ! %ores ( ,como especially1 :]e ! gr\nd rises s abruptly f ! lake1 l&scape effects 7 difficult to produce1 nor 0 x easy to discov] a naturali/ic sub/itute = ! m>ble t]races built above ! wat]4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! n>r[ g>d5s h be5 z mu* modifi$ z space p]mitt$1 ! /raight pa?s h be5 made to w9d1 & spotty fl[]-b$s 9 grass h replac$ ! ord]$ box-g>d5s ) _! gravell$ walks & _! lemon-trees 9 e>!n vases4 ,! only old g>d5 on ,como :i* keeps m ?an a fragm5t ( its orig9al ar*itecture is t ( ! ,villa d',e/e at ,c]nobbio1 a mile or two f ! t[n ( ,como1 at ! s\!rn end ( ! lake4 ,! villa1 built 9 #aebg by ,c>d9al ,gallio 7:o 0 born a fi%]-lad ( ,c]nobbio71 has pass$ ?r\gh num]\s trans=mations4 ,9 #ahaf x 0 b\ght by ,c>ol9e ( ,brunswick1 :o gave x ! "n ( ,e/e1 & turn$ x into a great /ructure ( ! ,empire /yle4 ,"h = sev]al ye>s ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales held ! fanta/ic c\rt ( :i* ,b]gami1 ! c\ri]1 0 ,high ,*amb]la9 if n ,pr9ce ,consort2 &1 :atev] disadvantages may h accru$ to h]self f ?is e/abli%m5t1 h] resid5ce at ! ,villa d',e/e 0 a b5efit to ! village1 = %e built ! road connect+ ,c]nobbio ) ,moltrasio1 :i* 0 ! fir/ c>riage-drive along ! lake1 & sp5t l>ge sums on improvem5ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( h] e/ate4 ,s9ce !n ! villa has suff]$ a f>!r *ange into a l>ge & fa%ionable hotel2 b ?\gh ,que5 ,c>ol9e angliciz$ a "p ( ! gr\nds1 ! ma9 l9es ( ! old ,r5aissance g>d5 /ill exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d5s ,,( ,,isola ,,bella1 ,,lake ,,maggiore ,beh9d ! ,villa d',e/e ! m\nta9s are suffici5tly )drawn to leave a g5tle acclivity1 :i* 0 once laid out 9 a s]ies ( elaborate g>d5s4 ,adjo9+ ! villa is a piece ( level gr\nd j above ! lake1 :i* evid5tly =m$ ! 8secret g>d50 ) its p>t]res & f\nta9s4 ,?is has be5 replac$ by a lawn & fl[]-b$s1 b /ill keeps its b\nd>y-wall at ! back1 ) a b>oque grotto & f\nta9 ( pebbles & %ell-"w4 ,above ?is rises a tapis v]t %ad$ by cypresses1 & lead+ to ! usual ,h]cules 9 a temple4 ,! peculi> feature ( ?is asc5t is t x is bord]$ on ea* side ) n>r[ /eps ( *annell$ /one1 d[n :i* ! wat] ru%es "u ov]lapp+ f]ns & roses to ! fi%-pool bel[ ! grotto 9 ! l[] g>d54 ,beyond ! =mal g>d5s is ! bosco1 a bit ( f9e natural woodl& climb+ ! cliff-side1 ) w9d+ pa?s :i* lead to v>i\s summ]-h\ses & sylvan temples4 ,! ri* leafage ( walnut1 acacia & cypress1 ! glimpses ( ! blue lake f> bel[1 ! ru% ( a m\nta9 torr5t ?r\gh a deep gl5 spann$ by a romantic ivy-clad bridge1 make ?is bosco ( ! ,villa d',e/e "o ( ! mo/ en*ant+ bits ( sylvan g>d5+ 9 ,italy4 ,sc>cely less en*ant+ is ! grove ( old plane-trees by ! wat]-gate on ! lake1 :]e1 9 a solemn twilight ( ov]-ro(+ bran*es1 woodl& gods keep wat* above ! broad m>ble /eps desc5d+ to ! wat]4 ,9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,villa d',e/e !re is mu* ( ! ,roman _s--! bread? ( design1 ! un=c$ inclusion ( natural features1 & t s5sitiv5ess to ! quality ( ! surr\nd+ l&scape :i* *>act]izes ! great g>d5s ( ! ,campagna4 ,j across ! lake1 9 ! deep %ade ( ! wood$ cliffs b5ea? ! ,pizzo di ,torno1 lies ano!r villa /ill m /eep$ 9 ! ,italian g>d5-magic4 ,?is is ! ,villa ,pl9iana1 built 9 #aegj by ! ,c\nt ,anguissola ( ,piac5za1 & n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,trotti family ( ,milan4 ,! place takes its "n f an int]mitt5t spr+ 9 ! c\rt1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! "o describ$ by ,pl9y 9 "o ( 8 lett]s2 & x is f>!r celebrat$ z be+ ! coole/ villa on ,como4 ,x lies on a small bay on ! ea/ side ( ! lake1 & faces due nor?1 s t1 :ile ! villas ( ,c]nobbio are ba!d 9 sunlight1 a deep gre5 %ade envelops x4 ,! h\se /&s on a n>r[ l$ge1 its f\ndations project+ into ! lake1 & its back built aga9/ ! almo/ v]tical wood$ cliff :i* protects x f ! s\!rn sun4 ,d[n ?is cliff p\rs a foam+ m\nta9 torr5t f ! ,val di ,calore1 j b5ea? ! peak ( ,torno2 & ?is torr5t ! ar*itect ( ! ,villa ,pl9iana has captur$ 9 its desc5t to ! lake & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! c5tral ap>tm5t ( ! villa4 ,! effect produc$ is unlike any?+ else1 ev5 9 ! wond]l& ( ,italian g>d5s4 ,! two w+s ( ! h\se1 a pla9 & some:at melan*oly-look+ /ructure1 are jo9$ by an op5 arcad$ room1 aga9/ ! back wall ( :i* ! torr5t p\rs d[n1 ov] /onework tremul\s ) moss & f]ns1 gu%+ out aga9 b5ea? ! balu/rade ( ! loggia1 :]e x makes a great semicircle ( glitt]+ :it5ess 9 ! d>k-gre5 wat]s ( ! lake4 ,! old h\se is saturat$ ) ! fre%ness & dr5*$ ) ! fly+ spray ( ! cag$ torr5t4 ,! b>e vault$ rooms rev]b]ate ) x1 ! /one floors are gre5 ) its dampness1 ! air quiv]s ) its cool incessant ru%4 ,! contra/ ( ?is dusky dripp+ loggia1 on its p]petually %ad$ bay1 ) ! blaz+ blue wat]s ( ! lake & _! sun-/eep$ we/]n %ores1 is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful effects 9 s5sation t ! ,italian villa-art has ev] devis$4 ,! ar*itect1 n satisfi$ ) div]t+ a "p ( ! torr5t to cool 8 h\se1 has l$ ! re/ 9 a fall d[n ! cliff imm$iately adjo9+ ! villa1 & has design$ w9d+ pa?s ?r\gh ! woods f :i* "o may look d[n on ! bright ru% ( ! wat]s4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! h\se lies a long balu/rad$ t]race1 betwe5 ! lake & ! hang+ woods1 & "h1 on ! only bit ( op5 & level gr\nd ne> ! h\se1 are ! old =mal g>d5s1 n[ mu* neglect$1 b /ill full ( a melan*oly *>m4 ,aft] ! ,villa ,pl9iana1 ! o!r g>d5s ( ,como seem almo/ commonplace4 ,all along bo? %ores are villas :i*1 amid _m alt]ations1 h pres]v$ traces ( _! old g>d5-ar*itecture1 su* z ! ,bi%op ( ,como's villa1 s\? ( ,l5o1 ) its b>oque sa9ts & prophets p]*$ along ! g>d5-balu/rade1 & ! m fam\s ,villa ,c>lotta at ,cad5abbia1 :]e ! f9e gateways & ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! t]races be> witness to ! =m] beauty ( ! gr\nds4 ,b almo/ ev]y:]e ! old g>d5-magic has be5 driv5 out by a fury ( mod]n horticulture4 ,! plea*$ alleys h made way = lawns dott$ ) palms & bananas1 ! box-p>t]res h be5 replac$ by />-%ap$ b$s ( begonias & c9]>ias1 & ! groves ( laurel & myrtle by ?ickets ( pampas-grass & bamboo4 ,?is description applies to all ! pr9cipal g>d5s betwe5 ,como & ,bellagio4 ,"h & !re1 inde$1 9 almo/ all ( !m1 "s undi/urb$ corn] rema9s--a flight ( /eps wrea!d 9 ,banksian roses & desc5d+ to a %ady wat]-gate2 a f]n-l9$ grotto ) a /ucco ,pan or ,syr9x2 a clipp$ laurel-walk set ) m>ble b5*es1 or a classic summ]-h\se above ! lake--b ^! old bits are s scatt]$ & subm]g$ "u ! new ord] ( g>d5+ t x requires an ef=t ( ! imag9ation to recon/ruct f !m an image ( :at ! old lake-g>d5s mu/ h be5 be=e e ri* proprietor tri$ to conv]t 8 m>ble t]races into an ,engli% p>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,cicogna1 ,,f ,,! ,,t]race ,,above ,,! ,,h\se ,almo/ to be includ$ among lake-villas is ! beautiful ,villa ,cicogna at ,bisus*io4 ,?is *>m+ old place lies 9 ! lovely b little-kn[n hill-c\ntry betwe5 ! ,lake ( ,v>ese & ! s\!rn end ( ,lugano4 ,! h\se1 ( :i* ! hi/ory appe>s to be unkn[n to ! pres5t own]s1 is an e>ly ,r5aissance build+ ( great beauty1 ) a t\* ( ,tuscan au/]ity 9 its design4 ,! pla9 front1 ) deep project+ eaves & widely spac$ w9d[s1 might /& on "s village squ>e above ! ,arno2 & ! int]ior c\rt1 ) its two-/ori$ arcade1 recalls1 9 purity & lightness ( design1 ! inh]itors ( ,brunelles*i's tradition4 ,s few c\ntry h\ses ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury are to be f\nd 9 ! ,milanese t x w\ld be in/ructive to le>n :e!r ! ,villa ,cicogna is 9 fact due to a ,tuscan h&1 or :e!r ?is mid-,italian /yle 0 at t "t also preval5t 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,! villa is built aga9/ a hillside1 & ! int]ior c\rt =ms an oblong1 enclos$ on ?ree sides by ! h\se1 & cont9u$ on ! f\r? by a beautiful sunk5 g>d51 above :i* runs a balu/rad$ walk on a level ) ! upp] /ory4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! h\se is ano!r g>d51 consi/+ ( a long t]race b\nd$ by a high reta9+-wall1 :i* is tunnell$ d[n its :ole l5g? to =m a %ady arcad$ walk l9$ ) f]ns & dripp+ ) runnels ( wat]4 ,at ! back ( ! h\se ! gr\nd cont9ues to rise1 & a *teau d'eau is built aga9/ ! hillside2 :ile beyond ! t]race-g>d5 already describ$1 a gate leads to a hang+ woodl&1 ) %ady walks f :i*1 at e turn1 !re are en*ant+ views across ! s\!rn bay ( ,lake ,lugano4 ,! h\se itself is z int]e/+ z ! g>d54 ,! walls ( ! c\rt are fresco$ 9 *>m+ c9que-c5to designs1 & ! vault$ ceil+ ( ! loggia is pa9t$ 9 delicate trellis-"w1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! semicircul> arcade at ! ,villa di ,papa ,giulio4 ,sev]al ( ! rooms also pres]ve _! wall-frescoes & mu* ( _! ,r5aissance furniture1 :ile a s]ies ( small] ap>tm5ts on ! gr\nd floor are exquisitely decorat$ ) /ucco ornam5t 9 ! light /yle ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 s t ! ,villa ,cicogna /ill gives a vivid idea ( :at an old ,italian c\ntry h\se mu/ h be5 9 its orig9al /ate4 ,f ! hill-villas ( ! lakes to ! c\ntry places ( ! ,milanese rice-fields ! desc5t is some:at abrupt2 b ! /ud5t ( g>d5-ar*itecture may mitigate ! transition by c>ry+ on 8 rese>*es f ! s\!rn end ( ,como ?r\gh ! smil+ l&scape ( ! ,brianza4 ,"h !re are _m old villas1 9 a lovely sett+ ( v9ey>d & woodl&1 ) di/ant views ( ! ,alps & ( ! sunny ,lomb>d pla92 b ( old g>d5s few are to be f\nd4 ,!re is "o ( great beauty1 belong+ to ! ,villa ,crivelli1 ne> ! village ( ,inv]igo2 b z x is inaccessible to visitors1 only tantaliz+ glimpses may be obta9$ ( its /atues & t]races1 its cypress-walks & t[]+ 8,gigante40 ,n f> f ,inv]igo is ! ,rotonda ,cagnola1 n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,m>*ese d',adda1 & built 9 #ahac by ! ,m>*ese ,luigi ,cagnola 9 imitation ( ! ,propyla ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! h\se is beautifully plac$ on a hilltop1 ) glori\s views ov] ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 & is curi\s to ! /ud5t z an example ( ! neo-classicism ( ! ,empire2 b x has ( c\rse no g>d5s 9 ! old s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! flat environs ( ,milan 7 once dott$ ) c\ntry h\ses1 b ) ! gr[? ( ! city & ! increas$ facilities ( travel1 ^! h be5 = ! mo/ "p ab&on$ = villas 9 ! hills or on ! lakes1 & to =m an idea ( _! =m] spl5d\r "o mu/ turn to ! pages ( ,alb]to del ,r's r>e volumes4 ,"h "o may see 9 all its detail t elaborate /yle ( g>d5+ :i* ! ,fr5* l&scape-g>d5]s develop$ f ! 8gr& mann]0 acquir$ by ,le ,ntre 9 8 /udy ( ! great ,roman c\ntry-seats4 ,?is /yle1 adapt$ to ! flat ,fr5* l&scape1 & complicat$ by ! mann]isms & elaborations ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 came back to ,italy ) ! ,fr5* fa%ions :i* ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy 7 s fond ( import+4 ,! "t _h pass$ :5 ,europe modell$ itself on ,italy3 ,france 0 n[ ! glass ( fa%ion1 &1 9 nor!rn ,italy especially1 ,fr5* ar*itecture & g>d5+ 7 eag]ly reproduc$4 ,9 ,lomb>dy ! natural conditions 7 s simil> t ! ,fr5* geometrical g>d5s did n seem out ( place2 yet ev5 "h a diff]5ce is felt1 bo? 9 ! ar*itecture & ! g>d5s4 ,italy1 9 spite ( ,palladio & ! ,palladian tradition1 nev] fre$ h]self f ! b>oque4 ,h] arti/ic t5d5cies 7 all t[>d fre$om1 improvisation1 individual expression1 :ile ,france 0 fundam5tally classical & in/9ctively temp]ate4 ,j z ! ,fr5* cab9et-mak]s & bronze-*isell]s & modell]s 9 /ucco produc$ m delicate & f9i%$1 b less p]sonal1 "w ?an ! ,italian craftsm51 s ! ,fr5* ar*itects design$ ) great] precision & re/ra9t1 & less play ( p]sonal inv5tion4 ,to e/abli% a r\gh di/9ction1 x might be said t ,fr5* art has always be5 intellectual & ,italian art emotional2 & ?is di/9ction is felt ev5 9 ! treatm5t ( ! pleasure-h\se & its g>d54 ,9 ,italy ! ar*itectural detail rema9$ b>oque till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! ar*itect p]mitt$ himself f> great] lic5se 9 ! *oice ( =ms & ! comb9ation ( mat]ials4 ,! old villas ( ! ,milanese h a v /rong individuality1 & x is to be regrett$ t s few rema9 intact to %[ :at a p]sonal /yle !y pres]v$ ev5 "u ! mo/ obvi\s ,fr5* influ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,pl9iana1 ,,lake ,,como ,! ,naviglio1 ! canal :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,milan & s5ds v>i\s bran*es to ! ,tic9o & ! ,adda1 0 =m]ly l9$ = miles beyond ! city ) suburban villas4 ,few rema9 unalt]$1 & ev5 ( ^! few ! old g>d5s h disappe>$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ h\ses 9 ,del ,r's collection1 ! ,villa ,al>io 7n[ ,visconti di ,saliceto71 on ! ,naviglio ne> ,c]nusco1 is /ill 9 p]fect pres]vation )\t & )92 & ?\gh its old g>d5s 7 replac$ by an ,engli% p>k e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _! g5]al outl9e is /ill discov]able4 ,! villa1 a /ately pile built by ,ruggi]i 9 #agcf1 looks on a c\rt divid$ f ! highway by a f9e wall & beautiful iron gates4 ,l[ w+s conta9+ ! *apel & (fices1 & runn+ at "r angles to ! ma9 build+1 connect ! latt] ) ! c\rty>d walls2 & ar*$ passages ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! w+s lead to outly+ c\rts surr\nd$ by /ables & o!r dep5d5cies4 ,! h\se1 t[>d ! =ec\rt1 has a c5tral op5 loggia or atrium1 & ! upp] w9d[s are fram$ 9 b>oque ar*itraves & surm\nt$ by squ>e attic lights4 ,! g>d5 elevation is m elaborate4 ,"h !re is a c5tral projection1 ?ree w9d[s wide1 flank$ by two-/ori$ op5 loggias1 & cr[n$ by an attic ) ornam5tal pila/]s & urns4 ,?is c5tral bay is adorn$ ) beautiful wr\ght-iron balconies1 :i* are repeat$ 9 ! w+s at ea* end ( ! build+4 ,all ! wr\ght-iron ( ! ,villa ,visconti is rem>kable = its elegance & orig9ality1 & z us$ on ! t]races1 & 9 ! balu/rade ( ! /ate /aircase1 9 comb9ation ) heavy b>oque /one balu/]s1 x is an int]e/+ example ( a peculi>ly ,lomb>d /yle ( decoration4 ,betwe5 ! h\se & ! ,naviglio !re once lay an elaborate p>t]re de brod]ie1 t]m9at$ above ! canal by a balu/rad$ reta9+-wall adorn$ ) /atues1 & flank$ on ea* side by plea*$ walks1 arb\rs1 trellis-"w & fi%-ponds4 ,( ?is complicat$ pleasance little rema9s save ! long t]races ext5d+ f ea* end ( ! h\se1 ! old fl[]-g>d5 bel[ "o ( ^!1 & "s bits ( decorative sculpture incorporat$ 9 ! b\nd>y-walls4 ,! long tank or canal %[n 9 ,del ,r's pr9t has be5 turn$ into an irregul> pond ) grass-banks1 & ! p>t]re de brod]ie is n[ a lawn2 ev5 ! balu/rade has be5 remov$ f ! wall along ! ,naviglio4 ,/ill1 ! ar*itectural details ( ! =ec\rt & ! t]races are wor?y ( c>eful /udy1 & ! unusual beauty ( ! old villa1 ) its undi/urb$ gr\p ( dep5d5cies1 p>tly atones = ! loss ( its orig9al surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iron ,,gates ,,( ,,! ,,villa ,,al>io 7,,n[ ,,visconti ,,di ,,saliceto7 ,_m eighte5?-c5tury c\ntry h\ses 9 ! /yle ( ! ,villa ,visconti are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,milanese1 ?\gh few h reta9$ s unalt]$ an outl9e1 or ev5 su* fa9t traces ( _! =mal g>d5s4 ,! huge villa ( ! ,duke ( ,mod5a at ,v>ese--n[ ! ,municipio--is a good example ( ! same ar*itecture1 & has a beautiful /one-&-iron balu/rade & _m wr\ght-iron balconies 9 ! same /yle z ^? at ,c]nusco2 & its g>d5s1 asc5d+ ! hillside beh9d ! h\se1 & n[ us$ z a public p>k1 mu/ once h be5 v f9e4 ,! ,gr& ,htel ( ,v>ese is also an old villa1 & its ar*itectural scre5 & project+ w+s =m an unusually *>act]i/ic faade ( ! same p]iod4 ,"h1 aga91 little rema9s ( ! old g>d5 b a *>m+ upp] t]race2 b ! int]ior decorations ( _m ( ! rooms are undi/urb$1 & are exceptionally int]e/+ examples ( ! m delicate ,italian b>oque4 ,ano!r fam\s c\ntry h\se1 ,ca/ellazzo d',arconate1 at ,bollate1 is ev5 m palatial ?an ! ,duke ( ,mod5a's villa at ,v>ese1 &1 :ile r heavy 9 g5]al outl9e1 has an int]e/+ int]ior faade1 ) a long arcade re/+ on c\pl$ columns1 & look+ out ov] a /ately c\rty>d ) /atues4 ,?is villa is said to h pres]v$ a "p ( its old g>d5s1 b x is difficult ( access1 & c\ld n be visit$ at ! "t :5 ! mat]ial = ^! *apt]s 0 collect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rail+ ,,( ,,! ,,villa ,,al>io ,,villas ,,( ,,v5etia ,illu/ration3 ,,gateway ,,( ,,! ,,botanic ,,g>d51 ,,padua ,,vii ,,villas ,,( ,,v5etia ,writ]s on ,italian ar*itecture h hi!rto paid little att5tion to ! villa-ar*itecture ( ,v5etia4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t ,engli% & ,am]ican critics h deign$ to recognize any ar*itectural s*ool 9 ,italy lat] ?an t ( ,vignola & ,palladio1 & ev5 ^! two great ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury h be5 held up z examples ( deg5]acy to a g5]ation br$ 9 ! ,rusk9ian code ( art e?ics4 ,9 ,france1 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( ,viollet-le-,duc 0 ne>ly z ho/ile z ,rusk9's to any true und]/&+ ( ,italian art1 ! ,lat9 in/9ct = =m has ass]t$ itself 9 a reviv$ /udy ( ! classic tradition2 b ,fr5* writ]s on ar*itecture h hi!rto conf9$ !mselves *iefly to ! inve/igation ( _! national /yles4 ,x is only 9 ,g]many t ,italian ar*itecture f ,palladio to ,juv>a has receiv$ c>eful & sympa!tic /udy4 ,burckh>dt po9t$ ! way 9 8 8,cic]one0 & 9 8,! ,ar*itecture ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy02 ,h]r ,gu/av ,ebe foll[$ ) an int]e/+ book on ! late ,r5aissance ?r\gh\t ,europe2 & ,h]r ,gurlitt has produc$ ! mo/ ma/]ly "w yet writt5 on ! subject1 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,b>oque ,/yle 9 ,italy40 ,^! au?ors1 h[ev]1 hav+ to "w 9 a new & ext5sive field1 h necess>ily be5 oblig$ to re/rict !mselves to its mo/ important divisions4 ,burckh>dt's invaluable 8,r5aissance ,ar*itecture10 ?\gh full ( critical insight1 is r a collection ( memor&a ?an a hi/ory ( ! subject2 & ev5 ,h]r ,gurlitt1 ?\gh he goes into mu* great] detail1 _c =sake ! highroad = ! by-pa?s1 & has consequ5tly _h to pass by _m m9or ramifications ( 8 subject4 ,?is is especially to be regrett$ 9 reg>d to ! villa-ar*itecture ( ,v5etia1 ! int]e/ & individuality ( :i* he fully appreciates4 ,he po9ts out t ! lat] ,v5etian /yles spr+ f two s\rces1 ! s*ools ( ,palladio & ( ,sansov9o4 ,! =m]1 greatly z 8 "w 0 extoll$1 nev] _h ! full sympa?y ( ! ,v5etians4 ,8 art 0 too pure & sev]e = a race ^: ta/e _h be5 =m$ on ! fanta/ic m+l+ ( ,go?ic & ,byzant9e & on ! gl[+ decorations ( ! greate/ s*ool ( col\ri/s ! _w has kn[n4 ,x 0 f ! w>m & picturesque art ( ,sansov9o & ,longh5a t ! ,italian b>oque naturally develop$2 & ?\gh ! au?ority ( ,palladio made itself felt 9 ! (ficial ar*itecture ( ,v5etia1 its m9or con/ructions1 especially ! villas & small private h\ses1 seldom %[ any trace ( 8 influ5ce save 9 ! gr\p+ ( _! w9d[s4 ,s little is kn[n ( ! ,v5etian villa-build]s t ?is ^w z to _! g5]al t5d5cies mu/ replace ! exact in=mation :i* /ill rema9s to be ga!r$4 ,_m delightful examples ( ! ,v5etian maison de plaisance are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,padua & ,treviso1 along ! ,br5ta1 & 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,euganeans & ! ,monti ,b]ici4 ,un=tunately1 9 n m ?an "o or two in/ances h ! old g>d5s ( ^! h\ses be5 pres]v$ 9 _! *>act]i/ic =m2 &1 by a s+ul> p]v]sity ( fate1 x happ5s t ! villas :i* h kept _! g>d5s are n typical ( ! ,v5etian /yle4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ca/le ( ,cattajo1 at ,battaglia 9 ! ,euganean ,hills1 /&s 9 fact q ap>t f any contempor>y /yle4 ,?is extraord9>y edifice1 built = ! ,obizzi ( ,v5ice ab\t #aeej1 is said to h be5 copi$ f ! plans ( a ca/le 9 ,t>t>y br\ght home by ,m>co ,polo4 ,x %[s1 at any rate1 a delib]ate rev]sion1 9 mid-c9que-c5to1 to a k9d ( ,go?icism :i* _h become obsolete 9 nor!rn ,italy ?ree hundr$ ye>s e>li]2 & ! m+l+ ( ?is rude /yle ) classic detail & ,r5aissance sculpture has produc$ an effect picturesque en\gh to ju/ify s qua9t a tradition4 ,cattajo /&s on ! edge ( ! smil+ ,euganean c\ntry1 its great =tress-l bulk built up aga9/ a wood$ knoll ) a little riv] at its base4 ,cross+ ! riv] by a bridge flank$ by huge pi]s surm\nt$ ) /atues1 "o rea*es a portcullis 9 a massive gateh\se1 also adorn$ ) /atues4 ,! portcullis op5s on a long n>r[ c\rt plant$ ) a h$ge ( clipp$ euonymus2 & at "o end a spl5did balu/rad$ /airway cordon leads up to a flagg$ t]race ) yew-trees gr[+ betwe5 ! flags4 ,to ! left ( ?is t]race is a huge artificial grotto1 ) a /ucco ,sil5us loll+ on an elephant1 & o!r life-size animals & figures1 a composition recall+ ! zological wond]s ( ! grotto at ,ca/ello4 ,?is ,italian rev]sion to ! grotesque1 at a "t :5 x 0 los+ its fasc9ation = ! ,nor!rn races1 might =m ! subject ( an int]e/+ /udy ( race /hetics4 ,:5 ! co>se & sombre fancy ( m$ival ,europe f\nd expression 9 gr9n+ g>goyles & baleful or buffooni% images1 ,italian art held s]5ely to ! beautiful1 & wove ! mo/ tragic !mes into a labyr9? ( lovely l9es2 b 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :5 ! classical graces _h tak5 possession ( nor!rn ,europe1 ! *im]ical animals1 ! gnomes & gobl9s1 ! g>goyles & broom/ick-rid]s1 fl$ s\? ( ! ,alps1 & reappe>$ 9 ! que] fauna ( ,italian grottoes & 9 ! le]+ dw>fs & satyrs ( ! g>d5-walk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,at ,,val ,,san ,,zibio1 ,,ne> ,,battaglia ,f ! yew-tree t]race at ,cattajo an arcad$ loggia gives access to ! int]ior ( ! ca/le1 :i* is a bewild]m5t ( l[-/ori$ passageways & long flights ( /eps hewn 9 ! rock aga9/ :i* ! ca/le is built4 ,f a vault$ tunnel ( /one "o passes abruptly into a suite ( l(ty ap>tm5ts decorat$ ) sev5te5?-c5tury frescoes & op5+ on a balu/rad$ t]race gu>d$ by m>ble div9ities2 or1 tak+ ano!r turn1 "o f9ds "o's self 9 a %am ,go?ic *apel or 9 a m$ival *em9 de ronde on ! cr5elat$ walls4 ,?is fanta/ic m$ley ( /yles1 9 conjunction ) ! unusual site ( ! ca/le1 has produc$ sev]al picturesque bits ( g>d51 w$g$ betwe5 ! walls & ! hillside1 or on ! t]races ov]hang+ ! riv]2 b f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ,cattajo is ! orig9al treatm5t ( ! great /airway 9 ! c\rt4 ,six or sev5 miles f ,battaglia1 9 a n>r[ & f]tile valley ( ! ,euganeans1 lies "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pleasure-gr\nds 9 ,italy4 ,?is is ! g>d5 ( ! villa at ,val ,san ,zibio4 ,on approa*+ x1 "o sees1 across a grassy common1 a /ately & ornate ar* ( triumph ) a ru/icat$ faade & a brok5 p$im5t enri*$ ) /atues4 ,?is ar*1 :i* looks z ?\gh x 7 ! pr9cipal entrance-gate1 appe>s to h be5 plac$ 9 ! high b\nd>y-wall m]ely 9 ord] to af=d f ! highway a vi/a ( ! *teau d'eau :i* is ! *ief feature ( ! g>d5s4 ,! practice ( break+ ! wall to give a view ( "s special po9t 9 ! p>k or g>d5 0 v common 9 ,france1 b is seldom se5 9 ,italy1 ?\gh !re is a f9e in/ance ( x 9 ! op5 grille bel[ ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i at ,frascati4 ,! h\se at ,val ,san ,zibio is built ) its back to ! highroad1 & is an unpret5ti\s /ructure ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 n unlike ! ,villa de' ,gori at ,si5a1 ?\gh ! ,palladian gr\p+ ( its c5tral w9d[s %[s ! ne>ness ( ,v5ice4 ,x looks on a t]race enclos$ by a balu/rade1 :5ce a broad flight ( /eps desc5ds to ! g5tly slop+ g>d5s4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! long plea*$ alleys ( bee*1 _! wide tapis v]ts1 f\nta9s1 m>ble b5*es & /atues *>m+ly plac$ 9 ni*es ( clipp$ v]dure4 ,9 "o direction is a little lake1 9 ano!r a 8m\nt0 cr[n$ by a /atue1 :ile a long alley leads to a well-pres]v$ maze ) a rais$ plat=m 9 its c5tre4 ,^! labyr9?s are n[ r>ely f\nd 9 ,italian g>d5s1 & 7 probably nev] z popul> s\? ( ! ,alps z 9 ,holl& & ,engl&4 ,! long *teau d'eau1 ) its c\*ant ,n]eids & con*-bl[+ ,tritons1 desc5ds a g5tle slope in/ead ( a /eep hill1 & on ea* side high bee*-h$ges enclose tall groves ( decidu\s trees4 ,^! h$ges are *>act]i/ic ( ! nor? ,italian g>d5s1 :]e ! plane1 bee* & elm replace ! 8p]5nial gre5s0 ( ! s\?2 & !re is "o specially *>m+ po9t at ,val ,san ,zibio1 :]e f\r grass-alleys wall$ ) clipp$ bee*es conv]ge on a /one bas9 sunk 9 ! turf1 ) f\r m>ble putti seat$ on ! curb1 dangl+ _! feet 9 ! wat]4 ,an add$ t\* ( qua9tness is giv5 to ! g>d5s by ! fact t ! old wat]works are /ill 9 action1 s t ! unw>y visitor1 assail$ by fi]ce jets ( spray d>t+ up at him f ! t]race /eps1 ! cracks 9 ! flag/ones1 & all mann] ( unexpect$ ambu%es1 may =m "s idea ( ! aquatic surprises :i* af=d$ 8 ance/ors su* inexhau/ible amusem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,botanic ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,padua ,!re are few g>d5s 9 ,italy comp>able ) ,val ,san ,zibio2 b 9 ,padua !re is "o ( ano!r sort :i* has kept some?+ ( ! same anci5t savor4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,botanic ,g>d51 f\nd$ 9 #aede1 & said to be ! olde/ 9 ,italy4 ,! accompany+ plan1 ?\gh r\ghly sket*$ f memory1 w give "s idea ( its arrangem5t4 ,outside is a grove ( exotic trees1 :i* surr\nds a l>ge circul> space enclos$ 9 a beautiful old brick wall surm\nt$ by a m>ble balu/rade & adorn$ alt]nately ) bu/s & /atues4 ,! wall is brok5 by f\r gateways1 "o =m+ ! pr9cipal entrance f ! grove1 ! o!r ?ree op5+ on semicircles 9 :i* /atues are set aga9/ a backgr\nd ( foliage4 ,9 ! g>d5 itself ! b$s = 8simples0 are enclos$ 9 l[ iron rail+s1 )9 :i* !y are aga9 subdivid$ by /one edg+s1 ea* subdivision conta9+ a diff]5t species ( plant4 ,padua1 9 spite ( its flat surr\nd+s1 is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque cities ( upp] ,italy2 & ! seek] aft] g>d5s w f9d _m *>m+ bits along ! n>r[ canals1 or by ! sluggi% riv] skirt+ ! city walls4 ,inde$1 "o might almo/ include 9 a /udy ( g>d5s ! beautiful ,prato della ,valle1 ! public squ>e be=e ! *ur* ( ,santa ,giu/9a1 ) its encircl+ canal cross$ by m>ble bridges1 its range ( b>oque /atues ( 8wor?ies10 & its c5tral expanse ( turf & trees4 ,!re is no o!r example 9 ,italy ( a squ>e laid out 9 ?is p>k-l way1 & ! ,prato della ,valle w\ld =m an admirable model = ! treatm5t ( op5 spaces 9 a mod]n city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,val ,,san ,,zibio1 ,,ne> ,,battaglia ,a few miles f ,padua1 at ,ponte di ,br5ta1 beg9s ! long l9e ( villas :i* foll[s ! c\rse ( ! riv] to its outlet at ,fus9a4 ,dante speaks 9 ! 8,inf]no0 ( ! villas & ca/les on ! ,br5ta1 & x cont9u$ ! fav\rite villeggiatura ( ! ,v5etian nobility till ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re dwelt ! ,signor ,pococurante1 :om ,c&ide visit$ on 8 travels2 & ( fle%-&-blood celebrities _m might be cit$1 f ! fam\s ,procuratore ,pisani to ,byron1 :o 9 #ahai c>ri$ (f ! ,guiccioli to 8 villa at ,la ,mira on ! ,br5ta4 ,! h\ses /ill rema9 almo/ l9e = l9e z !y 7 drawn 9 ,gianfrancesco ,co/a's admirable et*+s1 8,le ,delizie del ,fiume ,br5ta10 publi%$ 9 #agej2 b un=tunately almo/ all ! old g>d5s h disappe>$4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 has be5 pres]v$1 & z x is ! "o mo/ (t5 celebrat$ by travell]s & poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x may be reg>d$ z a good example ( a /ately ,v5etian g>d54 ,?is is ! great villa built at ,/r1 9 #agcf1 = ,alvise ,pisani1 procurator ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 by ! ar*itects ,prati & ,frigimelica4 ,9 size & elegance x f> surpasses any o!r h\se on ! ,br5ta4 ,! prevail+ note ( ! o!r villas is "o ( simplicity & am5ity4 ,!y /& ne> ea* o!r1 ei!r on ! roadside or divid$ f x by a l[ wall bord]$ ) /atues & a %ort /rip ( g>d51 also ?ickly peopl$ ) nymphs1 satyrs1 %eph]desses1 & ! grotesque & comic figures ( ! ,comm$ia dell' ,arte2 unassum+ vill9i = ! mo/ "p1 sugge/+ a life ( suburban neighb\rl9ess & sociability4 ,b ! ,villa ,pisani is a palace4 ,its maje/ic faade1 ) pill>$ c5tral corps de btim5t & f>-rea*+ w+s1 /&s on ! highway bord]+ ! ,br5ta2 beh9d are ! rema9s ( ! old =mal g>d5s1 & on ea* side1 ! p>k ext5ds along ! road1 f :i* x is divid$ by a high wall & sev]al impos+ gateways4 ,! palace is built ab\t two inn] c\rts1 & its innum]able rooms are fresco$ by ! pr9cipal ,italian decorative pa9t]s ( ! day1 :ile ! great c5tral saloon has "o ( ,tiepolo's mo/ riot\sly spl5did ceil+s4 ,=tunately = ! pres]vation ( ^! treasures1 ,/r1 aft] be+ ! prop]ty ( ,eugne ,beauh>nais1 0 acquir$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 & is n[ a 8villa nazionale10 well kept up & op5 to ! public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gateway--,,villa ,,pisani1 ,,/r ,9 ! et*+ ( ,co/a1 an elaborate =mal g>d5 ) p>t]res de brod]ie is se5 to ext5d f ! back ( ! villa to ! beautifully compos$ /ables :i* face x4 ,?is g>d5 has un=tunately be5 replac$ by a level mead[1 flank$ on bo? sides by bos*i1 ) long /raight walks pi]c+ ! d5se gre5 leafage ( elm1 bee* & lime4 ,"h & !re fragm5ts ( g>d5-ar*itecture h surviv$ ! evid5t attempt to conv]t ! gr\nds into a j>d9 anglais ( ! s5tim5tal type4 ,!re is /ill a maze1 ) a fanciful little c5tral t[] asc5d$ by w9d+ /airs2 !re is a little wood$ 8m\nt10 ) a moat ab\t x1 & a cr[n+ temple2 & !re are v>i\s *>m+ g>d5-pavilions1 orang]ies1 g>d5]s' h\ses1 & simil> small con/ructions1 all built 9 ! airy & romantic /yle ( :i* ! ,italian villa-ar*itect _h n yet lo/ ! secret4 ,ar*itecturally1 h[ev]1 ! /ables are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ build+s at ,/r4 ,_! classical c5tral faade is flank$ by two curv+ w+s1 =m+ *>m+ly proportion$ lemon-h\ses1 & 9 ! /ables !mselves ! /alls are sumptu\sly divid$ by columns ( r$ m>ble1 ea* surm\nt$ by ! gild$ effigy ( a horse4 ,f ,/r to ,fus9a ! %ores ( ! ,br5ta are l9$ ) *>m+ pleasure-h\ses1 v>y+ 9 size f ! dignifi$ villa to ! little g>d5-pavilion1 & all full ( int]e/ & in/ruction to ! /ud5t ( villa-ar*itecture2 b unhappily no traces ( _! old g>d5s rema91 save ! /atues :i* once peopl$ ! p>t]res & surm\nt$ ! walls4 ,sev]al ( ! villas are attribut$ to ,palladio1 b only "o is really typical ( 8 /yle3 ! melan*oly ,malcont5ta1 built by ! ,fosc>i1 & n[ /&+ ru9\s & des]t$ 9 a m>%y field beside ! riv]4 ,! ,malcont5ta has all ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,palladio's mann]3 ! high basem5t1 ! project+ pill>$ portico1 ! g5]al air ( classical correctness1 :i* seems a little cold beside ! bright & graceful villa-ar*itecture ( ,v5etia4 ,burckh>dt1 ) 8 usual disc]nm5t1 rem>ks 9 ?is connection t x 0 a fault ( ,palladio's to sub/itute = ! recess$ loggia ( ! ,roman villa a project+ portico1 ?us sacrific+ "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & orig9al features ( ! ,italian c\ntry h\se to a n p>ticul>ly appropriate adaptation ( ! ,greek temple por*4 ,b ,palladio 0 a great arti/1 & if he 0 great 9 8 civic ar*itecture r ?an 9 8 c\ntry h\ses1 if 8 /ately g5ius l5t itself r to ! gr\p+ ( l>ge masses ?an to ! con/ruction ( pretty toys1 yet 8 mo/ fam\s villa is a di/9ct & orig9al contribution to ! *ief examples ( ! ,italian pleasure-h\se4 ,! ,villa ,capra1 bett] kn[n z ! ,rotonda1 :i* /&s on a hill above ,vic5za1 has be5 criticiz$ = hav+ f\r fronts in/ead ( "o front1 two sides & a back4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a squ>e build+ ) a project+ ,ionic portico on ea* face--a plan op5 to ! *>ge ( monotony1 b p>tly ju/ifi$ 9 ?is case by ! fact t ! h\se is built on ! summit ( a knoll f :i* !re are f\r views1 all equally pleas+1 & ea* z x 7 entitl$ to ! di/9ction ( hav+ a loggia to itself4 ,/ill1 x is c]ta9 t nei!r 9 ! ,rotonda nor 9 8 o!r villas did ,palladio hit on a /yle half z appropriate or pleas+ z ! typical mann] ( ! ,roman villa-ar*itects1 ) its happy m+l+ ( fre$om & classicalism1 its wond]ful adaptation to climate & habits ( life1 its caprici\s grace ( detail1 & its h>mony ) ! g>d5-ar*itecture :i* 0 design$ to surr\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,villa ,,valm>ana1 ,,vic5za ,! ,villa ,capra has n pres]v$ its old g>d5s1 & at ! ,villa ,giacomelli1 at ,mas]1 ,palladio's o!r fam\s c\ntry h\se1 ! gr\nds h be5 s mod]niz$ & /ripp$ ( all _! *>act]i/ic features t x is difficult to judge ( _! orig9al design2 b "o feels t all ,palladio's rural ar*itecture lack$ t t\* ( fancy & fre$om :i*1 9 ! ,roman s*ool1 facilitat$ ! transition ( mann] f ! h\se to ! g>d5-pavilion1 & f ! pavilion to ! half-ru/ic grotto & ! woodl& temple4 ,! ,villa ,valm>ana1 also at ,vic5za1 on ! ,monte ,b]ico1 n f> f ! ,rotonda1 has some?+ ( ! intimate *>m lack+ 9 ! latt]4 ,! l[ & simply design$ h\se is notable only = ! *>m+ frescoes ) :i* ,tiepolo adorn$ its rooms2 b ! beautiful loggia 9 ! g>d5 is attribut$ to ,palladio1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! old bee*-alleys1 ! *>m+ fresco$ f\nta91 ! g>d5-wall cr[n$ by ,v5etian grotesques1 =ms a composition ( exceptional picturesqu5ess4 ,! beautiful c\ntry-side betwe5 ,vic5za & ,v]ona is /rewn ) old villas1 _m ( :i* w\ld d\btless repay /udy2 b !re are no g>d5s ( note 9 ?is "p ( ,v5eto1 except ! fam\s ,giu/i g>d5s at ,v]ona1 probably bett] kn[n to sightse]s ?an any o!rs 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,9 spite ( all _! *>m1 h[ev]1 ! dusky mass+ ( _! old cypresses1 & _! w9d+ walks along ! cliff-side1 ! ,giu/i g>d5s pres]ve few traces ( _! orig9al design1 & are !re=e n especially important to ! /ud5t ( ,italian g>d5-ar*itecture4 ,m int]e/+ 9 ?is connection is ! ,villa ,cuzzano1 ab\t sev5 miles f ,v]ona1 a beautiful old h\se /&+ above a t]race-g>d5 plant$ ) an elaborate p>t]re de brod]ie4 ,beh9d ! villa is a spaci\s c\rt b\nd$ by a l9e ( l[ build+s ) a c5tral *apel4 ,! int]ior ( ! h\se has be5 little *ang$1 & is an int]e/+ example ( nor? ,italian villa plann+ & decoration4 ,! passion ( ! ,italian ar*itects = composition & cont9uity ( design is se5 9 ! c>eful plac+ ( ! *apel1 :i* is exactly on an axis ) ! c5tral saloon ( ! villa1 s t1 /&+ 9 ! *apel1 "o looks across ! c\rt1 ?r\gh ?is l(ty saloon1 & out on ! beautiful hilly l&scape beyond4 ,x 0 by su* means t ! villa-ar*itects obta9$1 ) simple mat]ials & 9 a limit$ space1 impressions ( di/ance1 & s5sations ( ! unexpect$1 = :i* "o looks 9 va9 9 ! haphaz>d & slip%od designs ( ! pres5t day4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,m5tion$ ,,italian ,gianfrancesco ,co/a ,le ,delizie del ,fiume ,br5ta4 #agej4 ,giovanni ,falda ,gi>d9i di ,roma4 ,n4 d4 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s ,palazzi di ,g5ova4 #afbb4 ,rafaello ,soprani ,vite de' ,pittori1 ,scultori ed ,ar*itetti ,g5ovesi4 7,second edition1 revis$1 enl>g$ & suppli$ ) notes by ,c4 ,g4 ,ratti4 #agfh47 ,giuseppe ,zoc*i ,v$ute delle ,ville e d'altri luoghi della ,toscana4 #agdd4 ,,fr5* ,le ,prsid5t de ,brosses ,lettres ,familires crites d',italie en #agci et #agdj4 ,l4 ,dussieux ,arti/es ,franais a l',etrang]4 ,mi*el de ,montaigne ,j\rnal du ,voyage en ,italie p> la ,suisse et l',allemagne en #aehj et #aeha4 ,p]ci] et ,fonta9e ,*oix des plus clbres ,maisons de ,plaisance de ,rome et de ses ,environs4 #ahji4 ,m>c ,antonio del ,r ,maisons de ,plaisance de l',etat de ,milan4 ,milan4 #agdc4 ,georges ,riat ,l',art des ,j>d9s4 ,n4 d4 ,eugne ,emmanuel ,dictionnaire ,raisonn de l',ar*itecture ,viollet-le-,duc ,franaise4 #aheh4 ,,g]man ,jacob ,burckh>dt ,d] ,cic]one4 #aija4 ,jacob ,burckh>dt ,ges*i*te d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali54 #ahia4 ,josef ,durm ,die ,bau/ile3 ,die ,baukun/ d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali54 #aijc4 ,gu/av ,ebe ,die ,sptr5aissance4 #ahhf4 ,cornelius ,gurlitt ,ges*i*te des ,b>ock/ils 9 ,itali54 #ahhg4 ,w4 ,c4 ,tuck]mann ,die ,g>t5kun/ d] ,itali5is*5 ,r5aissance-,zeit4 #ahhd4 ,,engli% ,mi*ael ,bryan ,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s & ,engrav]s1 biographical & critical4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ by ,rob]t ,edmund ,graves1 ,b4,a41 #ahhf4 ,g4 ,burnet1 ,d4,d41 ,bi%op ,"s ,lett]s1 conta9+ an ,acc\nt ( :at ( ,salisbury4 seem$ mo/ rem>kable 9 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 etc4 #afhf4 ,john ,evelyn ,di>y1 #afdd4 ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,l&scape-,,g>d5]s ,,m5tion$ ,,alessi 7,,galeazzo7 #aeab-aegb ,?\gh ,alessi 0 a native ( ,p]ugia 8 be/-kn[n build+s 7 erect$ 9 ,g5oa4 ,among !m are ! ,villa ,pallavic9i alle ,pes*i]e1 ! ,villa ,imp]iali 7n[ ,scassi71 ! ,villa ,giu/9iani 7n[ ,cambiaso71 ! ,palazzo ,p>odi1 ! public gran>ies1 & ! *ur* ( ! ,madonna di ,c>ignano4 ,he also laid out ! ,/rada ,nuova 9 ,g5oa4 ,8 *ief works 9 o!r places are3 ! ,palazzo ,m>9 7n[ ! ,municipio7 9 ,milan2 ! ,palazzo ,ant9ori1 & ! front ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo at ,p]ugia2 & ! *ur* ( ! ,madonna degli ,angeli ne> ,assisi4 ,,alg>di 7,,aless&ro7 #afjb-afed ,alg>di1 a ,bolognese ar*itect1 0 also di/+ui%$ z an engrav] & sculptor1 & 0 not$ = 8 figures ( *ildr54 ,he built ! ,villa ,belrespiro or ,pamphily on ! ,janiculan1 & ! ,villa ,sauli1 bo? 9 ,rome4 ,,ammanati 7,,b>tolommeo7 #aeaa-aeib ,ammanati1 ! pupil ( ,b&9elli & ,sansov9o1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,flor5t9e ar*itects ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 also not$ = 8 g>d5-sculpture4 ,9 ,flor5ce "s ( 8 be/ "w is se5 9 ! ,boboli g>d5 & 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,palazzo ,pitti1 :ile ! bridge ( ! ,s4 ,tr9it is consid]$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,9 ,rome he built ! f9e faades ( ! ,palazzo ,ruspoli & ( ! ,collegio ,romano4 ,! ru/icat$ loggia ( ! ,villa ,fonte all' ,erta is ascrib$ to him4 ,,b]n9i 7,,giovanni ,,lor5zo7 #aeih-afhj ,b]n9i1 a ,neapolitan by bir?1 0 ! greate/ ,italian ar*itect & sculptor ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"o ( 8 ma/]pieces 9 ar*itecture is ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,&rea al ,noviziato on ! ,quir9al1 & among 8 o!r works 9 ,rome are3 ! piazza & colonnade ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! ,scala ,regia 9 ! ,vatican1 ! ,palazzo di ,monte ,citorio1 & ! f\nta9s ( ,trevi & ! ,tritone2 at ,pi/oja ! ,villa ,rospigliosi1 at ,t]ni ! ca!dral1 & at ,rav5na ! ,porta ,nuova4 ,,borrom9i 7,,francesco7 #aeii-affg ,borrom9i1 a pupil ( ,mad]na1 01 next to ,b]n9i1 ! mo/ orig9al & brilliant expon5t ( b>oque ar*itecture 9 ,italy4 ,he 0 born 9 ,lomb>dy1 b work$ pr9cipally 9 ,rome4 ,among 8 be/-kn[n build+s are ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,agnes on ! ,piazza ,navona1 t ( ,san ,c>lo alle quattro fontane1 & ! ,college ( ! ,propag&a ,fide4 ,9 conjunction ) ,b]n9i & ,mad]na1 he built ! ,palazzo ,b>b]9i 9 ,rome4 ,"s ( 8 be/ "w is se5 9 ! ,villa ,falconi]i at ,frascati4 ,,bramante 7,,donato7 #addd-aead ,bramante 0 born at ,urb9o1 b execut$ all 8 e>ly "w 9 ,milan1 produc+ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 ! ,osp$ale ,maggiore1 & ! sacri/y ( ,san ,satiro1 :i* he n only built1 b decorat$ int]nally4 ,9 ,lomb>dy ! e>ly ,r5aissance ( build+ is call$ ! ,bramantesque /yle4 ,bramante's works 9 ,rome are3 ! ,tempietto ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio1 ! palace ( ! ,cancell]ia1 a "p ( ! ,vatican1 & a "p ( ! ,palazzo di ,san ,biagio4 ,,br[n 7,,lancelot7 #agae-aghc ,lancelot ,br[n1 kn[n z 8,capability ,br[n10 a native ( ,nor?umb]l&1 began 8 c>e] 9 a kit*5-g>d51 b1 ?\gh )\t arti/ic tra9+ & unable to draw1 he became = a "t a popul> design] ( l&scape-g>d5s4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,royal ,g>d5] at ,hampton ,c\rt1 & laid out ! lake at ,bl5heim4 ,he 0 consid]$ to excel 9 wat]-g>d5s4 ,,buontal5ti 7,,b]n>do ,,timante7 #aecf-afjh ,buontal5ti1 "o ( ! lead+ ,flor5t9e ar*itects ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 also di/+ui%$ z a sculptor & pa9t]4 ,he built ! villa ( ,pratol9o & c>ri$ on ! plann+ ( ! ,boboli g>d54 ,8 o!r works 9 ,flor5ce are3 ! faades ( ! ,palazzi ,/rozzi & ,ricc>di1 ! ,palazzo ,acciajuoli 7n[ ,cors9i71 ! corridor lead+ f ! ,uffizi to ! ,pitti ,palace1 & ! cas9o beh9d ,san ,m>co4 ,at ,si5a1 ,buontal5ti built ! ,palazzo ,reale1 & at ,pisa1 ! ,loggia de' ,ban*i4 ,,camporesi 7,,pietro7 ,b4 ----1 d4 #agha ,camporesi1 a ,roman ar*itect1 is m5tion$ z work+ ) 8,moore ( ,rome0 on ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,borghese4 ,,c>lone ,sev]al bro!rs ( ?is "n liv$ 9 ,g5oa betwe5 #aeej & #afej4 ,!y 7 kn[n z sculptors1 pa9t]s & gild]s1 & work]s 9 /ucco4 ,! beautiful ceil+ ( ! *ur* ( ! ,santissima ,annunziata 9 ,g5oa is kn[n to be by "o ( ! ,c>loni4 ,,ca/elli 7,,c>lo7 ,,xvii ,c5tury ,ca/elli1 :o complet$ ! faade ( ,santa ,m>ia alla ,porta1 9 ,milan1 0 an ar*itect ( ! s*ool ( ,mad]na4 ,) ,crivelli he laid out ! g>d5s ( ! ,isola ,bella1 ne> ,como4 ,,ca/ello 7,,giovanni ,,batti/a7 ,,call$ ,,il ,,b]gamasco #aeji-aegi ,giovanni ,ca/ello ( ,b]gamo 0 a pupil ( ,alessi's & di/+ui%$ himself 9 fresco-pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,9 ,g5oa he remodell$ ! ,palazzo ,pallavic9i 7n[ ,cataldi7 & built ! ,palazzo ,imp]iali4 ,soprani 78,vite de' ,pittori1 ,scultori ed ,ar*itetti ,g5ovesi07 says t ,il ,b]gamasco 0 c\rt-ar*itect to ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa9 & work$ on ! ,escorial4 ,bryan1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s & ,engrav]s1 /ates t ,il ,b]gamasco 0 employ$ on ! ,prado by ,*>les ,v1 :ile 8 son work$ = ,philip ,,ii4 ,,crivelli ,,xvii ,c5tury ,?is l&scape-g>d5] work$ ) ,c>lo ,ca/elli on ! gr\nds ( ! ,isola ,bella1 ne> ,como4 ,,f]ri 7,,antonio7 ,,xvii ,c5tury ,f]ri1 a ,flor5t9e ar*itect1 built ! ,villa ,cors9i ne> ,flor5ce1 & remodell$ ! ,palazzo ,cors9i on ! ,lung>no4 ,,fontana 7,,c>lo7 #afcd-agad ,fontana1 "o ( ! mo/ v]satile & accompli%$ ar*itects ( 8 day1 0 born at ,bruciato1 ne> ,milan4 ,he 0 call$ to ,rome z ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & collaborat$ ) ,b]n9i on sev]al occasions4 ,9 ,rome he built ! palace ( ,monte ,citorio1 ! faade ( ,san ,m>cello1 & ! ,palazzo ,torlonia4 ,z a villa-ar*itect 8 mo/ fam\s creation is ! ,g>d5 ,palace ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e9 9 ,vi5na4 ,he built ! palace on ! ,isola ,bella1 & ! ,villa ,*igi1 at ,cet9ale1 ne> ,si5a1 is also attribut$ to him4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( works on ! ,vatican & on ! antiquities ( ,rome4 ,,fontana 7,,giovanni7 #aedf-afad ,giovanni ,fontana1 ( ,melide1 ne> ,lugano1 excell$ 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to hydraulic "w4 ,at ! ,villa ,borghese 9 ,rome1 & 9 ! pr9cipal villas at ,frascati 7,aldobr&9i1 ,tav]na1 ,mondragone71 he introduc$ orig9al designs = ! wat]works4 ,9 ,rome he built ! ,palazzi ,giu/9iani & de' ,gori1 & made ! design = ! ,fontana dell' ,acqua ,paola1 ?\gh he did n live to c>ry x out4 ,,frigimelica 7,,c\nt ,,girolamo7 ,,xviii ,c5tury ,c\nt ,frigimelica1 an accompli%$ ,v5etian nobleman1 built ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,gaetano at ,vic5za1 & collaborat$ ) ,prati 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,villa ,pisani at ,/r4 ,,juv>a 7,,filippo7 #afhe-agce ,juv>a1 ! mo/ orig9al & int]e/+ ,italian ar*itect ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 a pupil ( ,c>lo ,fontana's4 ,8 mo/ important "w is ! *ur* ( ! ,sup]ga ne> ,tur91 & 8 pr9cipal build+s are f\nd 9 or ne> ,tur93 among !m be+ ! hunt+-lodge ( ,/up9igi & ! *ur*es ( ,santa ,cri/9a & ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,c>m9e4 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,filippo 9 ,tur9 0 rebuilt by ,juv>a1 & ! royal villa at ,rivoli1 z well z o!r villas 9 ! environs ( ,tur91 %[ 8 h&4 ,he remodell$ ! ,palazzo ,madama 9 ,rome2 at ,lucca he f9i%$ ! ,palazzo ,reale2 at ,mantua ! dome on ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,&rea is by him1 & 9 ,lisbon & ,madrid1 respectively1 he built ! royal palaces4 ,,le ,n,,tre 7,,&r7 #afac-agjj ,le ,ntre1 ! greate/ ( ,fr5* l&scape-g>d5]s1 fir/ /udi$ pa9t+ "u ,simon ,v\et1 toge!r ) ,mign>d1 ,lebrun & ,lesueur1 !n succe$$ 8 fa!r z sup]9t5d5t ( ! royal g>d5s4 ,among 8 great works are ! g>d5s at ,vaux-le-,vicomte1 at ,sceaux1 at ,*antilly1 & ! cascades & p>k at ,sa9t-,cl\d4 ,! p>k ( ,v]sailles1 ! g>d5s ( ! ,trianon1 ( ,clagny & ( ,m>ly1 are consid]$ 8 ma/]pieces4 ,:5 he visit$ ,italy he remodell$ ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,ludovisi4 ,he 0 frequ5tly consult$ by ! ,elector ( ,br&5burg & o!r notable =eign]s4 ,,ligorio 7,,pirro7 #adic-aehj ,ligorio1 ! ,neapolitan ar*itect1 0 also di/+ui%$ z antiqu>y1 sculptor & eng9e]2 he work$ mu* 9 sgraffiti4 ,he built ! beautiful ,villa ,pia 9 ! ,vatican g>d5s1 & ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli1 & made additions to ! ,vatican4 ,! ,libr>y 9 ,tur9 possesses 8 num]\s manuscripts1 "s ( :i* h be5 publi%$4 ,8 be/-kn[n works are 8,an ,attempt to ,re/ore ,anci5t ,rome0 & 8,! ,re/oration ( ,hadrian's ,villa10 ! plates = :i* 7 engrav$ on copp] by ,francesco ,cont9i 9 #agea4 ,,lippi 7,,annibale7 ,b4 ----1 d4 #aeha ,lippi is g5]ally said to h be5 ! son ( ,nanni di ,baccio ,bigio1 ! ar*itect & sculptor1 ?\gh "s biograph]s decl>e !m to h be5 ! same p]son4 ,assum+ ,lippi to h _h a sep>ate id5tity1 only two ( 8 works are kn[n3 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia di ,loreto1 ne> ,spoleto1 & ! ,villa ,m$ici 9 ,rome4 ,8 fame re/s on ! latt]1 :i* became ! model ( ! ,roman maison de plaisance4 ,,longh5a 7,,baldass>e7 #afjd-afhb ,longh5a1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ar*itect ( ! late ,r5aissance 9 ,v5etia1 gave all 8 "t & "w to 8 native city4 ,among ! build+s he erect$ !re are3 ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute1 ,s4 ,m>ia al ,scalzi1 ! ,osp$aletto1 ! cloi/] & /aircase 9 ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 ! ,palazzo ,pes>o1 & ! ,palazzo ,rezzonico 7n[ ,zel9sky74 ,,lunghi ,,or ,,longhi 7,,m>t9o7 ,,! ,,eld] ,,xvi ,c5tury ,lunghi1 born at ,viggi 9 ! ,milanese1 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 built ! ,villa ,mondragone at ,frascati1 9 #aefg1 = ,c>d9al ,m>co d',altemps4 ,! villa 0 enl>g$ by ,gregory ,,vii1 & lat] by ,paul ,v & 8 nephew1 ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese4 ,,m>*ionne 7,,c>lo7 #agjd-aghj ,m>*ionne 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,villa ,albani ne> ,rome1 built 9 #agdf4 ,,mi*elangelo 7,,simone ,,buon>roti7 #adge-aefd ,! great ar*itect1 sculptor & pa9t]1 0 born 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e he built ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y & ! *apel ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 ) ! cupola ( ! sacri/y4 ,9 ,rome he built ! ,palazzo de' ,cons]vatorii on ! ,capitol9e hill1 ! cornice ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese1 ! ,porta del ,popolo & ! ,porta ,pia4 ,8 model = ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 0 c>ri$ out except z to ! lant]n4 ,tradition assigns to him ! ,villa ai ,collazzi 7n[ ,bombicci7 ne> ,flor5ce4 ,,montorsoli 7,,fra ,,giovanni ,,angelo7 #aejg-aefc ,fra ,giovanni ,montorsoli1 a ,flor5t9e monk ( ! ,s]vite ,ord]1 0 a sculptor1 & /udi$ "u ,mi*elangelo4 ,he 0 e>ly call$ to ,g5oa1 :]e he decorat$ ! *ur* ( ,san ,matteo 7! *ur* ( ! ,doria family7 & built ! fam\s villa 9 ! h>b\r = ! ,admiral ,&rea ,doria4 ,! ,villa ,imp]iali1 at ,san ,fruttuoso1 ne> ,g5oa1 is also attribut$ to ,montorsoli4 ,"o ( 8 be/ works is ! high alt> 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,s]vi at ,bologna4 ,,moore 7,,jacob7 #agdj-agic ,moore1 a ,scot* l&scape-pa9t]--kn[n z 8,moore ( ,rome0--0 patroniz$ by ,pr9ce ,borghese1 & remodell$ ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,borghese 9 ! /yle ( ! j>d9 anglais4 ,,mora ,,xvii ,c5tury ,a ,roman eng9e] ( ! "n built "s ( ! wat]works on ! ,isola ,bella1 ne> ,como1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,nolli 7,,antonio7 ,,xviii ,c5tury ,nolli laid out ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,albani ne> ,rome1 9 #agdf4 ,,nolli 7,,pietro7 ,,xviii ,c5tury ,pietro ,nolli is also m5tion$ z "o ( ! l&scape-g>d5]s :o laid out ! ,villa ,albani4 ,,olivi]i 7,,orazio7 ,,( ,,tivoli ,,xvi ,c5tury ,olivi]i 0 employ$ z an eng9e] ( ! wat]works at ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli & ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i at ,frascati4 ,,palladio 7,,&rea7 #aejh-aehj ,palladio1 ! great ,v5etian ar*itect1 0 born at ,vic5za4 ,he turn$ ! developm5t ( ,italian ,r5aissance ar*itecture 9 ! direction ( pure classicalism1 & 0 a ma/] ( proportion 9 build+4 ,at ,vic5za he rebuilt ! ,sala della ,ragione1 & built ! ,palazzi ,ti5e & ,valm>ana & ! ,teatro ,olimpico2 :ile ! ,villa ,capra or ,rotonda1 ne> ,vic5za1 is 8 "w1 & also ! ,villa ,giacomelli at ,mas]4 ,9 ,v5ice he erect$ ! *ur*es ( ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore & ,il ,r$5tore1 also ! ,villa ,malcont5ta ne> ,fus9a on ! ,br5ta4 ,palladio publi%$ a 8,treatise on ,ar*itecture0 & 8,! ,antiquities ( ,rome40 ,,p>igi 7,,giulio7 ,b4 ----1 d4 #afce ,p>igi 0 a ,flor5t9e ar*itect1 eng9e] & design]4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 he work$ entirely 9 ,flor5ce & its environs4 ,he is ! ar*itect ( ! c\rt & arcade ( ,poggio ,imp]iale1 ! cloi/] ( ,s4 ,ago/9o1 ! ,palazzo ,m>ucelli 7n[ ,f5ci71 ! ,palazzo ,sc>latti1 & a "p ( ! ,uffizi4 ,,p]uzzi 7,,baldass>e7 #adha-aecg ,p]uzzi1 :o 0 bo? ar*itect & pa9t]1 divid$ 8 "t betwe5 ,rome & ,si5a1 :]e he 0 born4 ,he built ! ,villa ,vicobello ne> ,si5a1 z well z t ( ,belc>o4 ,! well-kn[n ,palazzo ,massimi alle ,colonne 9 ,rome is 8 "w1 also ! ,villa ,trivulzio ne> ,rome4 ,,piranesi 7,,giovanni ,,batti/a7 #agbj-aggh ,piranesi1 ! fam\s ,v5etian et*] & engrav]1 0 specially not$ = 8 et*+s ( fam\s build+s1 & has be5 call$ 8,! ,rembr&t ( ,ar*itecture40 ,he 0 also an ar*itect1 & work$ on ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,popolo 9 ,rome4 ,:ile !re he also remodell$ ! *apel ( ! ,priory ( ! ,knights ( ,malta1 & probably laid out ! gr\nds4 ,piranesi publi%$ ov] tw5ty folio volumes ( engrav+s & et*+s4 ,,ponzio 7,,flam9io7 #aege-afbj ,ponzio1 a ,lomb>d ar*itect1 built ! loggia ( ! ,villa ,mondragone at ,frascati1 & ! ,palazzo ,sci>ra1 & f9i%$ ! ,borghese ,*apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore 9 ,rome4 ,,porta 7,,giacomo ,,della7 #aeda-afjd ,della ,porta1 a ,milanese ar*itect1 0 a pupil ( ,vignola's4 ,8 great "w 0 ! f9i%+ ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome1 9 do+ :i* he foll[$ ,mi*elangelo's plan1 b improv$ ! curve4 ,8 o!r works 9 ,rome 73 ! *ur*es ( ,il ,ges1 ,s4 ,luigi de' ,francesi1 ,s4 ,cat>9a de' ,fun>i1 ! ,palazzo ,paluzzi1 ! faade ( ! ,palazzo ,*igi1 ! fam\s f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza d',araceli & ! ,piazza ,navona 7= :i* ,b]n9i suppli$ ! sculpture71 & ! ,fontana delle ,t>t>ughe4 ,9 ,g5oa he f9i%$ ! *ur* ( ! ,s4 ,s4 ,annunziata1 & he 0 employ$ on ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli & ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i at ,frascati4 ,,prati ,,xviii ,c5tury ,prati collaborat$ ) ,c\nt ,frigimelica 9 build+ ! ,villa ,pisani1 at ,/r ne> ,v5ice1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,ra9aldi 7,,girolamo7 #aegj-afee ,ra9aldi 0 a ,roman & 8 pr9cipal works are 9 ,rome4 ,he plann$ ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,agnese2 built ! faade ( ,s4 ,&rea della ,valle1 ! faade ( ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,campitelli1 & ! ,palazzo ,pamphily on ! ,piazza ,navona4 ,he add$ two pavilions to ! ,f>nes9a1 & design$ ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,borghese & ! g>d5s ( ! ,villa ,mondragone at ,frascati4 ,9 ,bologna he built ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,lucia4 ,,raphael ,,sanzio #adhc-aebj ,raphael succe$$ ,bramante z *ief ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,8 mo/ important villa is ! fam\s ,villa ,madama ne> ,rome4 ,! ,f>nes9a 9 ,rome 0 built by him1 & he laid out ! g>d5s ( ! ,vatican4 ,8 o!r works 9 ,rome are ! ,palazzo ,caff>elli 7n[ ,/oppani7 & ! ,capella ,*igi4 ,9 ,flor5ce he design$ ! faades ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo & ( ! ,palazzo ,p&olf9i 7n[ ,n5c9i74 ,,repton 7,,humphrey7 #ageb-ahah ,repton1 :o 0 born at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 began life z a m]*ant1 b hav+ fail$ 9 8 bus9ess1 became a l&scape-g>d5]4 ,he publi%$ 8,obs]vations on ,l&scape ,g>d5+0 7#ahjc71 & is ! be/-kn[n successor ( 8,capability ,br[n0 9 ! naturali/ic /yle ( g>d5+4 ,,romano 7,,giulio ,,dei ,,giannuzzi--,,also ,,call$ ,,giulio ,,pippi7 #adib-aedf ,z ,raphael's pupil1 ,giulio ,romano pa9t$ ! ar*itectural backgr\nds ( ,raphael's frescoes 9 ! ,vatican1 & ?is l$ to 8 /udy+ ar*itecture4 ,8 ma/]piece is ! ,palazzo del ,t at ,mantua1 :]e he also built a "p ( ! ,palazzo ,ducale4 ,he c>ri$ out ,raphael's decorations 9 ! ,villa ,madama4 ,,ruggi]i 7,,antonio ,,m>ia7 ,,xviii ,c5tury ,ruggi]i built ! ,villa ,al>io 7n[ ,visconti di ,saliceto7 on ! ,naviglio ne> ,milan1 & ! faade ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,fir5ze 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he also remodell$ ! int]ior ( ,santa ,felicit 9 ,flor5ce1 & 9 ,milan he built ! ,palazzo ,cusani4 ,,sangallo 7,,antonio ,,giamb]ti ,,da7 #adee-aecd ,antonio da ,sangallo 0 a bro!r ( ,giuliano1 & fam\s z a c>v] ( crucifixes4 ,he alt]$ ,hadrian's tomb 9 ,rome into ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 & laid out a "p ( ! ,vatican g>d5s4 ,! *ur* ( ! ,madonna di ,s4 ,biagio 9 ,montepulciano & ! =tress ( ,civit ,ca/ellana 7 built by him4 ,,sangallo1 ,,! ,,y\ng] 7,,antonio ,,cordiani ,,da7 #adhc-aedf ,?is ,sangallo 0 a nephew ( ! o!r ,antonio1 & a pupil ( ,bramante's4 ,aft] ,raphael's dea? he became ! lead+ ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! =tress at ,civit ,vec*ia is 8 "w4 ,9 ,rome he plann$ ! out] g>d5s ( ! ,vatican & built ! "r-h& *apel 9 ,s4 ,giacomo degli ,spagnuoli1 ! beautiful ,palazzo ,m>*ionne ,baldass9i1 ! ,palazzo ,sac*etti1 & ! great] "p ( ! ,palazzo ,f>nese4 ,,sangallo 7,,giuliano ,,giamb]ti ,,da7 #adde-aeaf ,giuliano da ,sangallo1 ! ,flor5t9e ar*itect1 0 also not$ z an eng9e] & a c>v] 9 wood4 ,8 great "w is ! villa at ,poggio a ,caiano ne> ,flor5ce1 ) a hall hav+ ! wide/ ceil+ !n kn[n4 ,he also built ! ,villa ,petraia at ,ca/ello1 ne> ,flor5ce1 & 9 or ne> ,flor5ce ! sacri/y & cloi/] ( ,san ,spirito1 ! cloi/] = ! ,frati ,eremitani di ,s4 ,ago/9o1 & ! villa ( ,poggio ,imp]iale4 ,among 8 o!r works are3 ! ,palazzo ,rov]e ne> ,san ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 9 ,rome1 & ! ,palazzo ,rov]e at ,savona4 ,sangallo also con/ruct$ _m =tresses4 ,aft] ,bramante's dea? he work$ ) ,raphael on ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,,sansov9o 7,,jacopo ,,tatti7 #adhg-aegj ,sansov9o1 ?\gh a ,flor5t9e by bir?1 work$ pr9cipally 9 ,v5ice4 ,he 0 equally di/+ui%$ z sculptor & ar*itect4 ,9 ! latt] capacity he built 9 ,v5ice ! ,zecca or ,m9t1 ! ,loggietta1 ! ,palazzo ,corn>o1 ! ,palazzo ,corn] della ,c ,gr&e1 ! ,scala d',oro 9 ! ,doge's palace1 ! *ur*es ( ,san ,m>t9o & ,san ,fant9o1 & 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,libr>y ( ,san ,m>co4 ,9 ,rome ! ,palazzo ,gaddi 7n[ ,nicol9i7 0 built by him4 ,,sav9o 7,,dom5ico7 ,,xviii ,c5tury ,sav9o is m5tion$ among ! l&scape-g>d5]s :o remodell$ ! gr\nds ( ! ,villa ,borghese4 ,,tito 7,,santi ,,di7 ,,( ,,flor5ce #aecf-afjc ,santi di ,tito ( ,flor5ce 0 kn[n z an hi/orical pa9t]1 & also z a build] ( villas at ,casciano & ,monte ,oliveto4 ,an octagonal villa at ,p]etola 0 built by him1 & he did "s decorative "w 9 ! ,villa ,pia4 ,9 ,flor5ce he built ! ,palazzo ,d>d9elli4 ,,il ,,tribolo 7,,niccol ,,p]icoli7 #adhe-aeej ,il ,tribolo1 ! ,flor5t9e sculptor1 /udi$ "u ,sansov9o4 ,he became kn[n = 8 beautiful designs 9 tile-"w1 ( :i* ! ,villa ,ca/ello ne> ,flor5ce %[s _m examples4 ,he collaborat$ ) ,ammanati 9 lay+ out ! ,boboli g>d51 & ! great grotto at ,ca/ello is 8 "w4 ,,ud9e 7,,giovanni ,,da7 #adhg-aefd ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 born1 z 8 "n indicates1 9 ! *ief city ( ! prov9ce ( ,friuli1 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ decorative arti/s ( 8 day4 ,he /udi$ "u ,giorgione & ,raphael1 & became not$ = 8 /a9$ glass & = ! inv5tion ( a /ucco z durable z t ( ! ,romans4 ,8 /ucco-"w 9 ! ,villa ,madama & 9 ! loggias ( ! ,vatican is fam\s1 & "p ( ! decoration ( ! ,borgia rooms 9 ! ,vatican is 8 "w4 ,mi*elangelo's *apel ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce 0 pa9t$ & decorat$ 9 /ucco by ,ud9e1 & he c>ri$ out1 9 pa9t+1 "s ( ,raphael's designs = ! great hall ( ! ,f>nes9a4 ,! ,palazzo ,grimani 9 ,v5ice & ! ,palazzo ,massimi alle ,colonne 9 ,rome 7 p>tly decorat$ by him4 ,,vaga 7,,pi]9 ,,del7 #aejj-aedg ,del ,vaga1 ^: real "n 0 ,pietro ,buonaccorsi1 0 born ne> ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,raphael's1 & aft] ! latt]'s dea? 0 employ$ 9 f9i%+ a "p ( 8 "w 9 ! ,vatican4 ,almo/ all del ,vaga's "w 0 done 9 ,g5oa1 :]e he pa9t$ ! /ate ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,villa ,doria4 ,! *>m+ pla/] decorations 9 ! ,palazzo ,pallavic9i 7n[ ,cataldi7 are by him1 & also ! ,h]cules cycle 9 ! ,palazzo ,od]o 7n[ ,m>i74 ,,vasanzio 7,,giovanni7 ,b4 ----1 d4 #afbb ,vasanzio1 kn[n also z ,il ,fiamm+o1 b ^: real "n 0 ,john ( ,xant51 0 a ,flemi% ar*itect :o came to ,italy & _h consid]able success 9 ,rome4 ,he built ! ,villa ,borghese 9 ,rome & design$ ! f\nta9s ( ! inn] c\rt ( ! ,villa ,pia4 ,he also work$ on ! ,villa ,mondragone at ,frascati & succe$$ ,flam9io ,ponzio z ar*itect ( ! ,palazzo ,rospigliosi 9 ,rome4 ,,vas>i 7,,giorgio7 #aeaa-aegd ,vas>i1 :o 0 born at ,arezzo1 0 a pupil ( ,mi*elangelo & ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,?\gh he consid]$ himself a bett] pa9t] ?an ar*itect1 x is *iefly z ! latt] t he int]e/s ! mod]n /ud5t4 ,he built ! c\rt ( ! ,uffizi 9 ,flor5ce & plann$ ! ,villa di ,papa ,giulio 9 ,rome2 pa9t$ ! ceil+ ( ! great hall ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io 9 ,flor5ce1 & c>v$ ! figure ( ,ar*itecture on ! tomb ( ,mi*elangelo 9 ,santa ,croce4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 *iefly fam\s = 8 lives ( ! ,italian pa9t]s & ar*itects4 ,,vignola 7,,giacomo ,,b>ozzi ,,da7 #aejg-aegc ,vignola1 "o ( ! greate/ ar*itects ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 born at ,vignola1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mod5a1 foll[$ ,mi*elangelo z ! ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! ,villa ,lante at ,bagnaia1 ne> ,vit]bo1 is attribut$ to him4 ,9 ,rome he built ! celebrat$ ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 ?\gh ! plan 0 ,vas>i's2 also ! g>d5-ar*itecture ( ! ,orti ,f>nesiani on ! ,palat9e4 ,8 ma/]piece is ! palace at ,capr>ola1 ne> ,vit]bo4 ,he also built ! great ,palazzo ,f>nese at ,piac5za1 v>i\s build+s at ,bologna1 & ! loggia ( ! ,villa ,mondragone at ,frascati4 ,8 *ur* ( ! ,ges 9 ,rome greatly influ5c$ o!r ar*itects4 ,8 text-book on ! ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture is "o ( ! be/-kn[n works on ! subject4 ,,index ,acqua ,sola1 g>d5s (1 #db1 #ec ,albani1 ,c>d9al1 #aac ,albani1 ,villa1 ,pietro ,nolli's "w on1 #aaj2 ,antonio ,nolli's "w on1 #aac d',alb>o1 ,san ,francesco1 villas at1 #ahh ,alessi1 ,galeazzo3 ,/rada ,nuova1 #agf2 ,villa ,imp]iali 7,scassi71 #agi2 ,villa ,p>adiso1 #ahi2 ,villa ,cambiaso1 #ahi ,alg>di1 ,aless&ro1 #aji ,ammanati1 ,b>tolommeo1 ,boboli g>d51 #be2 ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 #hd ,anguissola1 ,c\nt1 #bab ,are?usa1 grotto (1 at ,villa d',e/e1 #adg ,battaglia1 ca/le ( ,cattajo at1 #bcc ,b]n9i1 #ahe ,bisus*io3 see ,villa ,cicogna ,boboli g>d51 #be2 ,isola ,bella 91 #bi ,bologna1 ,giovanni da1 #cg2 figure ( ! ,ap5n9es1 #eg ,bombicci1 ,villa1 #ec ,borghese1 ,c>d9al ,scipione1 #adh ,borghese1 ,villa1 #ajg ,borromean ,isl&s1 #aig ,borromeo1 ,c>d9al ,*>les1 #bja ,borromeo1 ,c\nt ,vitaliano ,,iv1 #aih ,borrom9i1 #afc ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,padua1 #bci ,bramante3 ,vatican g>d5s1 #ha2 d\ble /aircase 9 ! ,vatican1 #ig ,br5ta1 !1 #bcc1 #bdc ,br[n1 8,capability10 #bje ,brunswick1 ,c>ol9e (1 #ahd ,buonaccorsi3 see ,vaga ,buontal5ti1 #be ,burnet1 ,bi%op3 description ( ,isola ,bella1 ,cad5abbia1 #bad ,cafaggiuolo1 ,villa1 #cj ,caff at ! ,villa ,albani1 #aad ,cagnola1 ,villa1 #bai ,cambiaso1 ,villa1 #ahi ,cambiaso1 ,villa3 see ,p>adiso ,campi1 ,villa1 #ed ,campiobbi1 #dh ,camporesi1 #ajh ,canopus1 ,valley (1 at ,villa ( ,hadrian1 #adh ,capra1 ,villa1 at ,vic5za1 #bdf ,capr>ola1 #ig2 ,vignola's cas9o1 #aca2 *teau d'eau1 #aca ,c>eggi1 ,villa1 #cj ,c>loni1 !3 /atue ( ,neptune 9 ,villa ,doria1 #age ,c>lotta1 ,villa1 at ,cad5abbia1 #bad ,cas9o ( ! ,aurora1 #aai ,cas9o del ,papa3 see ,villa ,pia ,ca/elli3 t]races on ! ,isola ,bella1 #aih ,ca/ello1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #agc ,ca/ello1 ,villa1 #cj ,cattajo1 ca/le (1 #bcc ,cec*ignola1 hunt+-lodge (1 #aai ,celimontana1 ,villa1 #aai ,cet9ale1 ,villa1 #fd2 h]mitage at1 #ff ,*teaux d'eau at ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 #aeb2 ,villa ,borghese1 #ajg2 ,capr>ola1 #aca2 ,villa ,cicogna1 #bag2 ,palazzo ,colonna1 #aai2 ,villa ,conti1 #aee2 ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli1 #add2 ,villa ,lante1 #acf2 ,lancellotti1 #afd2 ,mondragone1 #aea2 ,val ,san ,zibio1 #bcg ,*igi1 ,flavio1 #fe ,*igi1 ,villa1 #aag ,cicogna1 ,villa1 #bad2 *teau d'eau1 #bag ,clem5t ,,vii3 see ,m$ici1 ,giuliano de' ,colonna1 ,c>d9al1 #hc ,colonna1 ,palazzo1 #aah2 *teau d'eau1 #aai ,como1 villa ( ,bi%op (1 #bac ,conti1 ,villa3 see ,torlonia ,cordova1 ,c>d9al ,bi%op (1 #adj ,cors9i1 ,villa1 #dh ,crivelli1 ,villa1 ne> ,inv]igo1 #bah ,crivelli3 "w on ! ,isola ,bella1 #aih ,cuzzano1 ,villa1 #bej ,danti1 ,villa1 #dh1 #eg ,de' ,gori1 ,villa3 see ,palazz9a1 ,la ,durazzo-,grapollo1 ,villa1 #ahf ,dussieux1 #aaj ,e/e1 ,c>d9al ,ippolito d'1 #adj ,e/e1 ,villa d'1 at ,c]nobbio1 #bjh ,e/e1 ,villa d'1 at ,tivoli1 #aci2 grotesque g>d5-ar*itecture1 #bi2 ,ligorio's "w1 #adj2 frescoes ( ! ,zuc*]i1 #adc ,evelyn1 description ( ,villa ,m$ici1 #hi2 ( ,villa ,doria1 #age ,falconi]i1 ,villa1 #afj ,f>nese1 ,c>d9al ,alex&]1 #abg ,f>nese g>d5s1 #ig ,f]r>a1 ,alfonso ,i (1 #adj ,f]ri1 ,antonio1 #dh ,fontana1 ,c>lo3 ,cet9ale1 #fe2 palace & g>d5-pavilions on ! ,isola ,bella1 #aih ,fontana1 ,giovanni3 ,villa ,borghese1 #ajg2 ?tre d'eau at ,mondragone1 #aea2 wat]works at ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 #aeb ,fonte all' ,erta1 #ea ,frascati1 jeux d'eaux 9 villas1 #ajg2 *>act]i/ic features ( villas1 #aci ,gallio1 ,c>d9al1 #ahd ,gamb>a1 ,c>d9al1 #acb ,gamb]aia1 ,villa1 #de ,g>d51 ,botanic1 at ,padua1 #bci ,g>d5-h\se at ,capr>ola1 #aca ,g>d5-h\se at ,/r1 #bdd ,g>d5s3 ,acqua ,sola1 #ahe ,boboli1 #be ,f>nese1 #ig ,flor5t9e1 ,engli% influ5ce on1 #ba ,g5oese1 *>act]i/ics (1 #agh ,giu/i1 #bej ,pigna1 #hb ,vatican1 #ih ,g5oa1 villas (1 #agc ,giacomelli1 ,villa1 #bdi ,giulio1 ,villa di ,papa1 #hd ,giu/i g>d5s1 #bej ,giu/9iani1 ,villa1 #agd ,grotto at ,villa ,ca/ello1 #cd2 at ,villa d',e/e1 #adg2 at ,villa ,gamb]aia1 #de ,h]mitage at ,cet9ale1 #ff ,imp]iali1 ,villa1 at ,sampi]d>5a3 see ,villa ,scassi ,imp]iali1 ,villa1 at ,san ,fruttuoso1 #aij ,isola ,bella1 ,lake ( ,como1 #aih2 ,bi%op ,burnet's description (1 #bja ,isola ,bella 9 ,boboli g>d51 #bi ,isola ,madre1 ,lake ( ,como1 #aig ,julius ,,iii1 #hd ,juv>a1 #bca ,lancellotti1 ,villa1 #afd ,lante1 ,villa1 #acb2 *teau d'eau1 #acf2 g>d5s1 #ig ,le ,ntre1 #aaj1 #aci ,ligorio1 ,pirro1 #ih2 ,cas9o del ,papa1 #ih2 ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli1 #adj ,lippi1 ,annibale1 #ij ,lomell9i1 ,villa1 #agd ,longh5a1 #bcb ,ludovisi1 ,villa1 #aai ,maison de plaisance1 !1 #bb ,malcont5ta1 ,villa della1 #bde ,malta1 ,villa ( ! ,knights (1 #aag ,m>*ionne1 ,c>lo1 #aac ,mattei1 ,villa1 #aai ,m$ici1 ,eleonora de'1 #be ,m$ici1 ,giuliano de' 7,clem5t ,,vii71 #hb ,m$ici1 ,villa1 #hi ,mi*elangelo3 ,villa ,bombicci1 #ec2 ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 #hd ,mod5a1 ,villa ( ,duke (1 at ,v>ese1 #bbd ,mondragone1 #ig2 "w by ,flam9io ,ponzio1 #adh2 ,vignola's loggia1 #aea2 ,giovanni ,fontana's ?tre d'eau1 #aea ,montaigne3 description ( ,ca/ello1 #cc ,montalto1 ,c>d9al1 #acb ,montorsoli1 ,fra41 #agd ,moore1 ,jacob1 #ajh ,mora1 #aih ,muti1 ,villa1 #aei ,naples1 ,k+ (1 #hc ,negroni1 ,villa1 #aai ,nolli1 ,antonio1 #aac ,nolli1 ,pietro1 #aaj ,olivi]i1 ,orazio1 #adg ,padua1 ,botanic ,g>d51 #bci2 ,prato della ,valle1 #bdj ,palazz9a1 ,la1 #ga2 !atre at1 #gb ,palladio1 #ahj1 #bcb ,pallavic9i1 ,villa1 at ,pegli1 #ahe ,pallavic9i alle ,pes*i]e1 ,villa1 #ahe1 #ahj ,palmi]i1 ,villa1 #eg ,pamphily1 ,villa1 #aji2 ?tre d'eau1 #aaj ,papa1 ,cas9o del3 see ,villa ,pia ,papa ,giulio1 ,villa di1 #hd ,p>adis9o1 ,villa1 #ahi ,p>adiso1 ,villa1 #ahi ,p>igi1 ,giulio1 #ch ,p>ma1 ,du*ess (1 #hc ,p>odi1 ,palazzo1 #agg ,p]uzzi1 ,baldass>e1 at ,belc>o1 #fc2 at ,vicobello1 #fi ,pet] ,leopold1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 #ch ,petraia1 ,villa1 #cj2 f\nta9 at1 #cg ,pia1 ,villa1 #adj ,pigna1 ,gi>d9o della1 #hb ,piranesi1 #aag ,pisani1 ,alvise1 #bdc ,pisani1 ,villa1 at ,/r1 #bdd ,pius ,,iv1 #ih ,pl9iana1 ,villa1 #bab ,poggio a ,caiano1 #cj ,poggio ,imp]iale1 #ch ,ponzio1 ,flam9io1 #adh ,porta1 ,giacomo della1 #add2 ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 #aea ,prati1 #bdc ,pratol9o1 ,villa1 #cj1 #eg ,priorato1 ,il3 see ,villa ( ! ,knights ( ,malta ,pulci1 ,ca/el1 #eg ,ra9aldi1 ,girolamo1 #ajg ,raphael1 #hb ,repton1 ,humphrey1 #bje ,ri>io1 ,c>d9al1 #acb ,ridolfi1 ,c>d9al1 #acb ,romano1 ,giulio1 #hb ,rotonda ,cagnola3 see ,cagnola ,rotonda ,capra3 see ,capra ,rub5s1 #agf ,ruff9i1 ,c>d9al1 #afc ,ruggi]i1 #bbc ,sac*etti1 ,villa1 #aai ,sampi]d>5a1 #cc ,sangallo1 ,antonio da1 #hb2 ,a4 da ,sangallo ! ,y\ng]1 #ajd ,sangallo1 ,giuliano da1 #ch1 #hb ,sansov9o1 #bcb ,sav9o1 #ajg ,scassi1 ,villa1 #agi ,sixtus ,v1 #acb ,/r1 ,villa ,pisani at1 #bdd ,/rada ,nuova 9 ,g5oa1 #agf ,tiepolo3 ,villa ,pisani1 #bdd2 ,villa ,valm>ana1 #bdi ,tito1 ,santi di1 #ec ,torlonia1 ,villa1 #aee ,tribolo1 ,il3 ,boboli g>d51 #be2 f\nta9 at ,ca/ello1 #cc2 at ,petraia1 #cg ,ud9e1 ,giovanni da1 #hc ,vaga1 ,pi]9 del1 #agc ,valm>ana1 ,villa1 #bdi ,val ,san ,zibio1 ,villa (1 #bcg ,vasanzio1 ,giovanni 7,il ,fiamm+o71 #ajg ,vas>i1 #hd ,vatican1 g>d5s (1 #ha ,v5etia1 villa-ar*itecture (1 #bcb ,vigna del ,papa3 see ,villa di ,papa ,giulio ,vignola3 ,villa di ,papa ,giulio1 #hd2 ,f>nese g>d5s1 #ig2 ,capr>ola1 #aca2 loggia at ,mondragone1 #aea ,villa3 ,ai ,collazzi3 see ,bombicci ,al>io3 see ,visconti di ,saliceto ,albani1 #aaj1 #aac ,aldobr&9i1 #aea ,belc>o1 #fc ,belrespiro3 see ,pamphily ,bombicci1 #ec ,borghese1 #ajg ,cafaggiuolo1 #cj ,cagnola1 #bai ,cambiaso 7,p>adiso71 #ahi ,cambiaso1 by ,alessi1 #ahi ,campi1 #ed ,capponi at ,arcetri1 #dh ,capra1 #bdf ,capr>ola1 #ig ,c>eggi1 #cj ,c>lotta1 #bad ,ca/el ,pulci1 #eg ,celimontana1 #aai ,cet9ale1 #fd ,*igi1 #aag ,cicogna1 #bad ,conti3 see ,torlonia ,cors9i1 #dh ,crivelli1 #bah ,cuzzano1 #bej ,danti1 #dh1 #eg ,de' ,gori3 see ,palazz9a1 ,la ,doria 9 ,g5oa1 #age ,durazzo-,grapollo1 #ahf d',e/e at ,c]nobbio1 #ahd d',e/e at ,tivoli1 #aci ,falconi]i1 #afj ,fonte all' ,erta1 #ea ,gamb]aia1 #da ,giacomelli1 #bdi ,giu/9iani1 #agd ,imp]iali at ,san ,fruttuoso1 #aij ,imp]iali3 see ,scassi ,isola ,bella1 #aih ,lancellotti1 #afd ,lante1 #ig ,lappeggi1 #eg ,lomell9i1 #agd ,ludovisi1 #aai ,madama1 #hb ,malcont5ta1 #bde ,malta1 ( ! ,knights (1 #aag ,m$ici1 #hi ,mondragone1 #ig ,muti1 #aei ,negroni1 #aai ,palazz9a1 ,la1 #ga ,pallavic9i at ,pegli1 #ahe ,pallavic9i alle ,pes*i]e1 #ahe ,palmi]i1 #eg ,pamphily1 #aji di ,papa ,giulio1 #hd ,p>adis9o1 #ahi ,p>adiso3 see ,cambiaso ,petraia1 #cj ,pia1 #adj ,pisani1 #bdd ,pl9iana1 #bab ,poggio a ,caiano1 #cj ,poggio ,imp]iale1 #cj ,pratol9o1 #eg ,priorato1 del3 see ,malta ,rotonda3 see ,cagnola & ,capra ,sac*etti1 #aai ,scassi1 #agi ,torlonia1 #aee ,valm>ana1 #bdi ,val ,san ,zibio1 #bcg ,vicobello1 #fi ,visconti di ,saliceto1 #bbj ,villa suburbana1 !1 #bb ,villas ( ! ,br5ta1 #bdj2 ( ! ,brianza1 #bah2 ,flor5t9e1 #ai2 ,g5oese1 #agc2 ,milanese1 #aig2 ,roman1 #ha2 ,si5ese1 #fc2 ,v5etian1 #bca ,vism>a1 #aih ,xant51 ,john (3 see ,vasanzio ,zoc*i1 et*+s by1 #cc ,zuc*]i1 !1 #he1 #adc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #b4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4