,,pr9t+ ,,telegraphy 444 ,a ,,new ,,era ,,beg9s ,illu/ration3 ,autograph1 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt--#aifg ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt #aifg ,,preface ,hav+ be5 associat$ ) ! pr9t+ telegraph = m ?an sixty ye>s1 ,i h felt ! urge to write a rsum ( ! problems & ! progress made dur+ my "t t[>d today's wond]ful a*ievem5ts 9 ! art ( telegraphic communications4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ( all ! old-"t electric telegraph sy/ems1 x appe>s t only ^? us+ ! ,morse dot-da% code inv5t$ 9 #ahcg & ! p]mutation code devis$ by ,gauss & ,web] 9 #ahcc 7n[ kn[n ev]y:]e z ! ,baudot code7 h surviv$ today4 ,samuel ,morse's code1 :i* 0 modifi$ some:at 9 sev]al lett] code compositions to facilitate its use any:]e 9 ! _w1 has become an audible1 easily le>n$ int]national language1 lov$ by its us]s ev]y:]e4 ,x w no d\bt cont9ue to be us$ = "s "t to come1 z long z we h our railroad telegraph op]ators1 radio amateurs1 police ,,cw sy/ems1 c]ta9 bran*es ( ! ,arm$ ,=ces1 & any o!rs :o conv]se 9 dits & dahs4 ,! p]mutation code has tak5 hold firmly1 too4 ,its use ( five pulses transmitt$ 9 v>y+ comb9ations ( on & (f1 or positive & negative1 conditions has wide application 9 today's pr9t$ communications sy/ems4 ,z 9 ! ,morse sy/em1 alphabets = ! five-unit p]mutation code sy/em h be5 modifi$ z to lett] code compositions = int]national correspond5ce4 ,! p]mutation code uses ! p[]s ( two 9 progressively select+ a lett] pr9t+ position4 ,! b9>y code uses ! same selective /ops by yes or no designation 9 a sy/em ( c\nt+ by ! p[]s ( two4 ,x is us$ :]e l>g] gr\ps ( yes or no positions are requir$1 z 9 data process+ & comput] sy/ems4 ,?is writ+1 !n1 is a bit ( hi/ory t w put toge!r ! con/ructive developm5ts t br\ght ab\t ! pres5t era ( ! worldwide1 telegraphically-transmitt$ pr9t$ ^w4 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge ) great appreciation ! in=mative mat]ial s5t to me by my fri5ds1 bo? "h & 9 =eign l&s1 :o are associat$ ) ! telegraph indu/ry4 ,= assembl+ in=mation we h ga!r$ f v>i\s s\rces & = ! mo/ helpful assi/ance giv5 me 9 writ+ ?is /ory1 ,i also want to ?ank my secret>y1 ,mrs4 ,doris ,pompilio4 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraphy 444 ,a ,,new ,,era ,,beg9s ,,*apt] #a ,introduction ,x is a major ef=t today to keep pace ) ! rapid advances 9 ! field ( pr9t$ communications4 ,h>dly a day passes t we d n read ( a new developm5t 9 equipm5t t is m complex1 f>!r rea*+1 m rapid 9 op]ation4444 ,?is electrical1 or electronic1 transmission & int]*ange ( ! pr9t$ ^w might be said to be an evolvem5t ( ! old pr9t+ telegraph sy/ems4 ,su* sy/ems1 ov] ! ye>s1 :ile n s rapidly z today1 7 also improv$ ^u1 modifi$1 spe$$ up1 b c\ld be us$ only 9 ! po9t-to-po9t transmission ( messages4 ,:ile ! railroads _h be5 us+ ! ,morse code sy/em 7key & s\nd]7 satisfactorily1 !y w\ld h pref]r$ a sy/em :]eby a pr9t$ record c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ! indu/rial _w1 too1 !re 0 ne$ = a bus9essman's pr9t+ telegraph--a means to type out messages1 directly & int]*angeably1 to f>-(f associates4 ,& !re 0 always t dream1 />t+ ) ! e>lie/ telegraph exp]im5t]s1 ( be+ able to correspond in/antly ) "o ano!r any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,inde$1 ! ne$ = all ?is _h be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 b n ! way4 ,x 0 aft] ! turn ( ! c5tury t telegraph eng9e]s began 9 e>ne/ to ?9k ab\t a sy/em ( telegraphy t w\ld p]mit direct int]communication by ! pr9t$ ^w1 & direct circuit connection to any outly+ subscrib] z 9 ! telephone communication sy/em4 ,up until !n1 app>atus = transmitt+ telegrams1 su* z t ( ,:eat/one ,cooke1 ,morse1 ,hughes1 ,b>clay1 etc41 also ! /ep-by-/ep /ock tick]s & bullet9 pr9t]s1 us$ v>i\s types ( code-signal+ devices 9 :i* ! code v>i$ 9 l5g? z to ! transmission ( m frequ5t or less frequ5t lett]s4 ,n[ 9 ord] to provide a practical telegraph sy/em p]mitt+ ! int]connection ( app>atus ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! fir/ basic requisite is a /&>d signal+ code2 ?is code1 moreov]1 mu/ be ( su* nature z to use ! simple/ =m ( electrical signal+ 7su* z make & break signals1 or positive & negative signals71 & ! code %\ld be ( equal l5g? = all *>act]s4 ,! p]mutation code1 :]e comb9ations ( five plus & m9us pulses w give ?irty-two selective positions1 0 sugge/$ z f> back z #ahcc by ,gauss & ,web]4 ,:iteh\se1 9 #ahed1 & ,b>nett1 9 #ahfj1 exp]im5t$ fur!r1 us+ ! p]mutation code to op]ate a record+ me*anism4 ,h[ev]1 no practical means = actually pr9t+ lett]s & figures 0 f\nd until #ahhb :5 ,jean ,maurice ,emile ,baudot design$ a multiplex sy/em to p]mit ! transmission ( f\r messages 9 ea* direction ov] a s+le l9e circuit4 ,lat]1 ,baudot design$ a tape pr9t] 9 :i* ! select+ & pr9t+ me*anisms compris$ an +5i\s arrangem5t ( coop]at+ p>ts1 includ+ a rotat+ type:eel associat$ ) a cod$ comb9] :eel & five /ation>y elem5ts selectively movable to receiv$ code positions1 ea* elem5t hav+ an ext5d+ f+] to be br\ght into contact ) ! p]iph]y ( ! cod$ comb9] :eel ^u ! completion ( a selective code sett+4 ,:5 ! code comb9ation ( ! set f+]s mat*$ a code on ! :eel1 a pr9t roll] 0 releas$ to press ! record+ tape aga9/ ! type:eel & pr9t ! select$ lett]4 ,al?\gh ! ,baudot ,multiplex 0 us$ ext5sively 9 ,europe1 eng9e]s & inv5tors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h n produc$ a practical #e-unit p]mutation-code telepr9t] sy/em4 ,!y 7 con/antly se>*+ = a unit code sy/em requir+ a m9imum numb] ( electrical impulses to op]ate a telegraph pr9t]4 ,v>i\s types ( relay sy/ems us+ di/9ctive signal pulses 7 propos$4 ,a ?ree-unit-code sy/em t %[$ promise1 & did n require syn*ronism1 us$ f\r diff]5t electrical pulse conditions3 a high voltage positive or negative pulse1 & a l[ voltage positive or negative pulse4 ,records %[ t _m inv5tors play$ ) ?is code & t ,john ,burry1 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum1 ,g4 ,a4 ,c>dwell1 & ,j4 ,c4 ,b>clay1 among o!rs1 built op]able equipm5t us+ su* a code arrangem5t4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt f ,c>dwell's pat5t ,no4 #ije1dig ( ,decemb] #a1 #aijh1 may be ( int]e/4 ,x describes ! code arrangem5t ( f\r diff]5t l9e conditions 9 ?ree signal gr\ps to produce #cf diff]5t code comb9ations4 ,9 ord] to en]gize ! controll] magnets 9 prop] sequ5ce to position ! type :eel = pr9t+ a desir$ lett]1 a pr$et]m9$ code or sy/em ( s5d+ 9 ! impulses is ess5tial4 ,9 an in/rum5t con/ruct$ by me 9 accordance ) ! pres5t inv5tion ,i h us$ ! foll[+3 #a-b-a lett] space #a-b-c c>riage return #a-b-d l9e space #a-c-a type :eel %ift #a-c-b type :eel release #a-c-d ,a #a-d-a ,i #a-d-b ,o #a-d-c ,d #b-a-b ,e #b-a-c ,h #b-a-d ,n #b-c-a ,w #b-c-b ,r #b-c-d ,s #b-d-a ,t #b-d-b ,v #b-d-c ,u #c-a-b - #c-a-c 1 #c-a-d 8 #c-b-a ,y #c-b-c ,c #c-b-d ,f #c-d-a ,g #c-d-b ,q #c-d-c ,l #d-a-b ,m #d-a-c ,j #d-a-d ,b #d-b-a ,x #d-b-c ,z #d-b-d 4 #d-c-a ,k #d-c-b ,p #d-c-d ,! num]als 9 ! above code or sy/em indicate ! sequ5ce ( ! impulses ?r\gh ! relay contacts #a1 #b1 #c & #d4 ,c>dwell's back]s =m$ ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,typewrit] ,company & sold %>es1 claim+ a great pr(itable future = _! app>atus4 ,a few pr9t]s 7 built1 b1 on ext5d$ s]vice te/s1 ! high-l[-voltage feature prov$ to be impractical & ! company fold$4 ,j4 ,c4 ,b>clay ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company design$ pr9t+ app>atus & p]=at$ tape transmitt+ equipm5t = ?is type ( sy/em1 b1 aft] limit$ use ( ! high-l[-voltage pr9ciple1 he *ang$ ?is feature to long & %ort pulses ) discrim9at+ relays4 ,) lat] improvem5ts1 ?is sy/em 0 put into s]vice on a numb] ( ,we/]n ,union message circuits4 ,note3 ,today1 9 ! #aifjs1 ! te*niques ( frequ5cy division & electronics c\ld be us$ = transmitt+ ?ree diff]5t l9e conditions f a gr\p ( f\r diff]5t frequ5cies4 ,9 su* a sy/em1 syn*ronism betwe5 s5d & receive t]m9als1 or ! />t-/op me?od to control correct tim+1 is n ne$$4 ,! transmission ( any select$ gr\p ( ?ree1 :5 receiv$ 9 succession at a telepr9t]1 w cause pr9t+ ( a lett] :5 ! ?ird receiv+ relay completes a circuit to ! select$ pr9t+ magnet4 ,transi/or circuits ) associat$ control elem5ts c\ld replace ! relays4 ,telegraph companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 mo/ly us+ ! ,morse & increas$ its effici5cy ?r\gh developm5t ( quadruplex op]ation & high-spe$ transmission sy/ems4 ,h[ev]1 ! que/ = a m effici5t pr9t+ telegraph sy/em p]si/$ & v>i\s types 7 propos$ & tri$4 ,all made use ( codes t 7 impractical = int]communicat+ sy/ems &1 :ile "s 7 us$ 9 message s]vice by ! telegraph companies1 !y did n appe> to h any great advantage ov] ! ,morse telegraph4 ,9 #aiaa1 ,we/]n ,union began inve/igat+ sy/ems us$ 9 ,europe4 ,! fir/ to be te/$ 0 ! ,cre$1 a sy/em = transmitt+ & pr9t+ ,cont95tal or ,morse code signals at high spe$4 ,aft] obs]v+ sev]al o!r sy/ems1 ! ,murray ,multiplex1 an improv$ & mod]niz$ v]sion ( ! ,baudot ,multiplex1 0 f\nd to %[ bett] op]at+ features &1 due to ! use ( ! five-unit p]mutation code1 m effici5t use ( telegraph l9es4 ,by agreem5t ) ,donald ,murray1 & ) 8 coop]ation1 ! s-call$ ,we/]n ,union ,multiplex 0 develop$1 us+ ,murray's phonic :eel drive & syn*ron\s correction4 ,we/]n ,union eng9e]s design$ tape transmitt]s & an autocontrol device = transmitt+ s]vice signals4 ,a keybo>d-op]at$1 five-unit-code1 tape pun* 0 suppli$ by ! ,morkrum ,company4 ,a page pr9t]1 :i* 0 lat] conv]t$ to pr9t on gumm$ tape1 0 suppli$ by ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,multiplex 0 effective 9 increas+ op]at+ effici5cy & came into ext5sive use ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,f t "t on1 developm5t ( ! ,baudot p]mutation-code pr9t+ telegraph app>atus 0 fur!r$ by v>i\s companies1 su* z ,bell ,laboratories1 ,we/]n ,electric1 ! ,morkrum ,company1 ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company1 z well z ! companies ( ,j4 ,e4 ,wright1 ,l4 ,m4 ,potts1 & o!rs4 ,x appe>s t all ( ^! inv5tors exp]im5t$ ) ! idea ( op]at+ all transmitt+ & receiv+ app>atus at id5tical spe$s to transmit a five-unit-code comb9ation by fir/ transmitt+ a pulse to />t bo? transmitt] & ! di/ant receiv] at ! same "t4 ,syn*ron\s op]ation 0 obta9$ by electric motors equipp$ ) gov]nors to ma9ta9 correct spe$2 "s us$ tun+-=k-controll$ impulse motors4 ,a sy/em ( five relays ) progressive contact arrangem5ts to cause cascade op]ation 0 also us$ to provide correct tim+4 ,lat]1 :5 correctly-tim$1 #fj-;cycle alt]nat+ curr5t became available 7see page #bg71 syn*ron\s motors did ! job4 ,telepr9t] app>atus us+ ?is syn*ron\s me?od work$ v well = po9t-to-po9t transmission z 0 us$ by ! telegraph companies & news-di/ribut+ organizations to c>ry local traffic4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 solve ! s\ght-= plan = a telepr9t] int]communicat+ sy/em4 ,:5 attempts 7 made to connect pr9t]s at diff]5t di/ant po9ts 9 a telegraph int]communicat+ circuit :ile us+ ! syn*ron\s pr9ciple1 false reception & pr9t+ errors w\ld occur1 due to v>iation 9 l9e circuit conditions & to a v>iation ( ! me*anical />t op]ation at outly+ telepr9t]s4 ,?is requir$ frequ5t ov]l9e adju/m5t to keep ! connect$ app>atus 9 phase4 ,! foll[+ is an exc]pt f a pat5t application ( ,dr4 ,l\is ,m4 ,potts 7lat] to become rese>* eng9e] = ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation71 fil$ ,june #ag1 #aiji1 giv+ 8 idea = a*iev+ a telepr9t] int]communicat+ sy/em on ! syn*ron\s pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,potts 0 a v capable telegraph eng9e]4 ,8 e>ly association 0 ) ! telegraph sy/em ( ! ,r[l& ,telegraphic ,company :i* _h limit$ use 9 ! e>ly #aijjs4 ,9 ^? syn*ron\s telegraph sy/ems :]e9 ! s5d+ & ! receiv+ commutator bru%es con/antly rotate1 x is necess>y to adju/ ^! bru%es s t !y w approximately simultane\sly engage correspond+ segm5ts4 ,to effect ?is adju/m5t !re is usually provid$ a special device embody+ an additional segm5t on ea* commutator1 & ! adju/m5t consi/s 9 caus+ ! bru%es to arrive approximately simultane\sly on ?is segm5t at ! two ends ( ! l9e4 ,su* adju/m5t is kn[n z 8f9d+ ! lett]0 & has to be made e "t syn*ronism has be5 int]rupt$4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t inv5tion1 ! necessity ( provid+ additional means = p]=m+ ! s-call$ op]ation ( 8f9d+ ! lett]0 is r5d]$ unnecess>y1 s9ce ! transmitt+ & receiv+ commutator bru%es at ! two ends ( ! l9e />t up afre% z x 7 = ea* signal4 ,9 a lat] pat5t application1 fil$ ,octob] #aa1 #aiac1 ,dr4 ,potts /at$3 ,?is ma*9e has also ! advantage ( be+ able to op]ate ) a v %ort code4 ,9 ord] to adapt x to ,morse circuits1 x %\ld be capable ( op]at+ ) a code at lea/ z %ort z ! ,morse code4 ,9 ! pres5t ma*9e1 ,i pref]ably employ a five unit code :i*1 toge!r ) ! />t+ impulse & ! lag betwe5 signals1 is actually %ort] ?an ! ,morse code4 ,c\nt+ ! five code impulse p]iods1 ! />t+ impulse p]iod & ! p]iod ( lag betwe5 impulses1 ea* signal 9 my case1 may be consid]$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,morse code z be+ sev5 units long1 :]eas ! ,morse code is #h4e units long4 ,! av]age signal be+ %ort] ?an ! ,morse1 ! delicacy ( adju/m5t w be less & ! di/ance ( op]ation great] ?an a ,morse telegraph = ! same rate ( transmission 9 words p] m9ute4 ,dr4 ,potts1 h[ev]1 /ill dep5d$ on l syn*ron\s op]ation at bo? t]m9als1 & dual />t1 s he did n h ! answ] aft] all6 ,john ,e4 ,wright1 :o 9 ! #ahijs design$ & built /ep-by-/ep pr9t+ app>atus1 includ+ ! ,wright-,negron bullet9 pr9t]1 also turn$ 8 ?\ghts t[>d ! five-unit p]mutation code = pr9t] op]ation & built sev]al v>iations us+ ! syn*ron\s pr9ciple4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,telegraphs = ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna & ,we/]n ,railroad ?\ght well ( ,wright's app>atus & plac$ "s 9 op]ation4 ,b1 "h aga91 reliable op]ation c\ld be ma9ta9$ only 9 po9t-to-po9t op]ation4 ,z w be not$ 9 ,*apt] #b1 ,mr4 ,wright's pat5ts 7 pur*as$ by ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company 9 #aibb4 ,a pap] issu$ by ,siem5s-,halske ( ,g]many 9 ,janu>y ( #aiaga /ates t ! ,siem5s ,p5del ,telegraph 8is among ! =]unn]s ( ! ev5tual worldwide />t-/op sy/em = int]communication by ! pr9t$ ^w40 ,! foll[+ exc]pt translat$ f t description briefly expla9s ! op]ation3 ,! ,p5del ,telegraph uses ! five-unit p]mutation code to select *>act]s1 & op]ates on a />t-/op pr9ciple4 ,x is int5d$ = /ation-to-/ation1 "o-way op]ation1 ! l9e curr5t normally be+ clos$ to ! positive side ( ! l9e batt]y4 ,transmission is "u control ( a keybo>d ) keys arrang$ z 9 a typewrit]4 ,^u ! depression ( a key1 ! l9e batt]y is rev]s$1 !reby transmitt+ a negative pulse to l9e :i* effects ! />t ( bo? transmitt] & receiv] at ! same "t4 ,!reaft]1 five-code-comb9ation pulses are transmitt$1 foll[$ by positive curr5t to l9e1 ?us re/or+ ! circuit sy/em to a normally clos$ l9e condition4 ,! "n 8,p5del ,telegraph0 w\ld make "o ?9k t ! tim+ ( ! transmitt] & receiv] 7 "u control ( a sw++ p5dulum4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,h[ev]1 x does h a plan = simulat+ ! action ( a p5dulum by an arrangem5t ( spr+s & semi-rotat+ weights to effect syn*ronism = ea* pr9t+ cycle2 & en]gy is d]iv$ f a motor :i* int]mitt5tly w9ds a p[] ma9spr+ to an ev5 t5sion4 ,?is arrangem5t is />t$ 9 op]ation at bo? t]m9als at ! same "t & provides iso*ronal motion at bo? transmitt] & receiv] = ea* transmitt$ "*4 ,due to multiple op]ations ( ! spr+s & weights us$ to provide syn*ron\s action1 ! op]at+ spe$ is limit$ to f\r or five lett]s p] second4 ,9 ,engl&1 too1 !re 0 "w be+ done along ^! same l9es4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,h>rison1 :o is s well kn[n = 8 contributions ov] ! ye>s 9 ! telegraph field1 devis$ pr9t] app>atus us+ ! five-unit code :i* is describ$ 9 ,h]b]t's ,telegraphy1#b z foll[s3 ,! in/rum5t is provid$ ) a ,baudot #e-key keybo>d1 & has a /ep-by-/ep di/ributor :i* is m\nt$ inside ! cas+4 ,! /&>d ,baudot alphabet is us$1 b ea* lett] or "* is prefix$ by a positive />t+ impulse4 ,e "t a key is depress$ a univ]sal b> is actuat$ :i* closes contacts giv+ ! />t+ impulse & ! di/ributors at bo? ends ( ! l9e /ep ?r\gh six spaces4 ,! comb9] is ( ! electrical type inv5t$ by ,baudot1 & is simil> to t us$ 9 ,siem5s' new automatic pr9t+ telegraph4 ,five relays ( ! class us$ = telephone purposes are set at ! receiv+ end1 accord+ to :e!r "s ( ! /epp+ impulses are positive or negative4 ,! di/ributor is a trunk hunt+ swit* z us$ 9 automatic telephony1 & consi/s ( a rat*et :eel & /epp+ electromagnet4 ,on ! %aft ( ! rat*et :eel is fix$ a wip] :i* sweeps ov] a semi-circul> bank ( contacts 9 response to ! /epp+ impulses4 ,two-way work+ is secur$ by means ( ! diff]5tial balance4 7,! article ends ) ! /atem5t t a typewrit] keybo>d is be+ con/ruct$ to replace ! five keys47 ,x appe>s t all ( ^! telegraph eng9e]s & inv5tors envision$ a />t-/op sy/em & exp]im5t$ ) ! idea ( op]at+ all transmitt+ & receiv+ app>atus at id5tical spe$s by ins]t+ a />t signal be=e ea* gr\p ( lett] code signals1 to />t bo? transmitt] & di/ant receiv] at ! same "t1 & a /op condition betwe5 code gr\ps4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s w be %[n ! contributions made by bo? ! ,kle9s*midt & ! ,morkrum companies 9 ! pr9t+ telegraph field1 & f9ally _! jo9t ef=ts :i* 7 to lead up to ! e/abli%m5t ( t n[ worldwide int]communicat+ sy/em1 ! ,,telex4 ,,*apt] #b ,,kle9s*midt ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt's fir/ direct contact ) telegraph app>atus 0 dur+ 8 employm5t z a "y man1 9 #ahic1 by ,john ,e4 ,wright1 ^: firm _h develop$ & 0 !n manufactur+ pr9t+ telegraph equipm5t kn[n z ! ,wright-,negron bullet9 pr9t] = ! ,havas ,news ,ag5cy 9 ,p>is4 ,^! pr9t]s op]at$ on ! /ep-by-/ep pr9ciple at #cj words p] m9ute4 7,to atte/ to _! rugg$ness1 z late z #aiea "s ( ^! ma*9es 7 report$ to be /ill 9 use67 ,five ye>s lat]1 9 #ahih1 ,kle9s*midt />t$ an exp]im5tal %op at #abb ,fulton ,/reet 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a sign ov] ! door read1 8,inv5tions ,develop$10 & he did exp]im5tal & developm5tal "w = v>i\s cu/om]s 7individuals z well z companies--includ+ ,we/]n ,union7 on a "t-&-mat]ial basis4 ,9 ! beg9n+ he _h a project ( 8 own go+--a facsimile telegraph sy/em4 ,he submitt$ ! sy/em to ,we/]n ,union 9 #aijj ) ! sugge/ion t x might be valuable = cu/om] s]vices1 s9ce a cu/om] c\ld write 8 telegram 9 longh& & ins]t ! writt5 message 9 ! transmitt+ unit = transmission 9 facsimile to ! telegraph c5tral4 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 0 reject$4 ,at t "t ! photoelectric cell = scann+ ! writt5 message & electronic means = amplify+ signals _h n yet be5 develop$2 :ile ! app>atus op]at$ q well ov] %ort circuits1 evid5tly ! "t _h n arriv$ = comm]cial facsimile telegraphy4 ,! fir/ telegraph app>atus job = ! %op 0 br\ght 9 by ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,c>dwell1 a d5ti/ by pr(ession4 ,x 0 a p>tially develop$ pr9t+ telegraph us+ a ?ree-unit code made up ( comb9ations ( plus-m9us-high-&-l[-voltage pulses 7! code we h already discuss$74 ,! "w = ,dr4 ,c>dwell 0 c>ri$ on until #aijc :5 a work+ model 0 complet$4 ,x _h a type:eel = pr9t+ & /ops arrang$ 9 a circle2 magnets "u control ( relay selection 7 us$ to set ! /ops accord+ to ! receiv$ code comb9ations4 ,?is arrangem5t op]at$ well1 & on a te/ ov] a ,we/]n ,union circuit f ,new ,york to ,baltimore x gave satisfactory results4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 ! code arrangem5t prov$ unsatisfactory = g5]al telegraphic use4 ,_m cu/om]s came to ! exp]im5tal %op ) e type ( idea imag9able2 vacuum clean]s 7,! 8,vacuna071 elevator signals1 "s e>ly designs = ,elm] ,sp]ry's gyrocompass 7 only a few4 ,kle9s*midt also set up a c\ple ( side-l9e bus9esses1 "o = manufactur+ automatic fi%+ reels "u ! trade "n 8,kelso10 ano!r1 ! ,aseptuloid ,company1 = mak+ vacc9ation %ields 7"s read]s may well rememb] _! *ildhood vacc9ations be+ protect$ by a bubble ( celluloid74 ,ano!r cu/om] 0 ,george ,m4 ,seely1 :o lat] 0 in/rum5tal 9 br++ ,kle9s*midt's "w to ! att5tion ( ,*>les ,b4 ,goodspe$ & ,w4 ,s4 ,moore 7!y 7 to become 8 f9ancial back]s--see page #ad74 ,mr4 ,seely came to ! %op 9 #aijf ) a p>tially develop$ block sy/em = electric trolley c> railways4 ,8 plan 0 to use special devices atta*$ to ! trolley pole :i* w\ld coop]ate ) /ation>y electrical controls at c]ta9 fix$ po9ts along ! road4 ,aft] work+ along ^! l9es = a:ile x became app>5t t "s inv5tive "w w\ld be requir$ on ,kle9s*midt's "p4 ,seely1 9 addition to "t & mat]ial1 !n (f]$ him a reta9] = ! assignm5t ( any result+ pat5ts4 ,z plans & /udies progress$1 a numb] ( railway signal+ devices 7 develop$1 te/$1 & pat5t$4 ,a major item 0 ! developm5t ( a telephone tra9 dispat*+ sy/em4 ,a complete set ( app>atus 0 exhibit$ 9 op]ation at ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,railroads ,communications ,conv5tion held 9 ,los ,angeles 9 #aiaj4 ,! company "n giv5 ?is v5ture 0 ! 8,national ,telephone ,selector ,company10 locat$ at #bce ,gre5wi* ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! telephone tra9 dispat*+ sy/em 0 in/all$ on ! ,long ,bran* ,railroad ) #cj /ations connect$ ) dispat*] headqu>t]s at ,r$ ,bank1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,ano!r in/allation 0 made on ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 connect+ #ch /ations ) dispat*] headqu>t]s at ,fairbanks1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mo/ ( ! pat5ts assign$ to ,mr4 ,seely 7 ev5tually sold to ! ,hall ,signal ,company4 ,do+ developm5t "w = o!rs & assign+ pat5ts = a reta9] did n satisfy ,kle9s*midt's ambitions4 ,8 int]e/s be+ ma9ly 9 ! telegraph1 he set out to design & build a piece ( app>atus t ! telegraph companies c\ld use4 ,a keybo>d-op]at$ p]=ator to pun* ! ,morse code 9 a tape = automatic transmission at high spe$ look$ l a promis+ subject1 s9ce ! tape pun*es 9 use at t "t _h a ?ree-key arrangem5t--"o ea* = dot1 da%1 & space4 ,kle9s*midt's fir/ keybo>d-op]at$1 ,morse-code p]=ator 0 con/ruct$ 9 #aiaa & exhibit$ to ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,b5jam91 _! *ief eng9e]1 & ,mr4 ,emmett ,r4 ,%ute1 a vice presid5t1 ?\ght well ( ! ma*9e &1 aft] te/+ x1 gave ,kle9s*midt an ord] = fifty4 ,?is ord] spell$ success4 ,to celebrate ! ev5t1 ,kle9s*midt invit$ 8 bro!rs1 ,b]n>d1 ,fr$ & ,william1 & _! families to a d9n] p>ty at a di/+ui%$ re/aurant4 ,soon !reaft] 7#aiac71 ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company 0 organiz$1 ) ! bro!rs z incorporat+ (fic]s4 ,! ,kle9s*midt ,keybo>d ,p]=ator came into use by telegraph & cable companies ?r\gh\t ! _w :]e ,morse1 ,:eat/one1 or ,cable codes 7 us$ to transmit telegrams4 ,x 0 also us$ ) ,we/]n ,union's ,b>clay sy/em :i* _h its own code4 ,! device 0 lat] manufactur$ by ,teletype ,corporation "u ! "n 8,teletype ,p]=ator0 & us$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t :]e x s]v$ its purpose = high-spe$ ,morse transmission dur+ ! w> p]iod 7see figure #a74 ,9 ! ye>s #aiaa & #aiab1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 9 look+ t[>d high] op]at+ effici5cy ov] _! trunk circuits1 decid$ to te/ ! ,cre$ high-spe$ ,morse & ! ,murray ,multiplex1 & invit$ bo? companies to br+ _! app>atus to ,new ,york4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ,kle9s*midt became acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,cre$1 :o1 ^u obs]v+ ! ,kle9s*midt keybo>d p]=ator at ,we/]n ,union1 0 impress$ by its p]=mance & said t !re w\ld be a good m>ket = x 9 ,engl&1 especially z a keybo>d pun* = ! ,cre$ high-spe$ ,cont95tal-,morse-code sy/em4 ,z a result ( t conf]5ce he ask$ = t5 z a trial ord]4 ,^! p]=ators 7 %ipp$ to ,london 9 due "t & gave satisfactory s]vice4 ,! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice ,telegraph evid5tly _h he>d ab\t ?is new p]=ator & s5t a lett] to ! ,kle9s*midt company ask+ = a demon/ration at _! ,london headqu>t]s4 ,n[ x happ5$ at t "t t ,kle9s*midt 0 extremely busy ) ! developm5t ( a five-unit-code typeb> pr9t] = ! new ,multiplex--& ?is 0 urg5t s9ce ! fir/ model 0 to be put on competitive te/ ) a type:eel pr9t] submitt$ by ,l4 ,m4 ,potts & ! ,we/]n ,electric type:eel pr9t] :i* 0 !n 9 use4 ,!re=e1 he felt he %\ld n lose a mon? or two 9 ?is developm5tal "w = a trip to ,london4 ,s1 8 answ] to ?is important invitation 0 t he c\ld n p]sonally br+ "o ( 8 p]=ators = exhibit b t he w\ld ask ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,cre$ to d s4 ,mr4 ,cre$ agre$ & set up a =mal exhibit = ! ,po/ ,(fice eng9e]s2 he consequ5tly receiv$ an ord] = tw5ty ,kle9s*midt p]=ators4 ,fur!r correspond5ce ) ,cre$ result$ 9 an ord] = "o hundr$ & a reque/ t ,kle9s*midt come to ,london ! next ye> 7#aiad7 to negotiate a contract to supply 8 keybo>d p]=ators = ! ,cre$ high-spe$ ,morse & to set up a sales ag5cy ) ,cre$ = c]ta9 t]ritories4 ,:ile 9 ,london 9 ! summ] ( #aiad1 ,kle9s*midt visit$ ! ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,telegraph at 8 (fice to apologize = hav+ _h ,mr4 ,cre$ exhibit ! ,kle9s*midt p]=ator in/ead ( br++ x p]sonally z _h be5 reque/$4 ,! ,manag+ ,director repli$ t ,mr4 ,cre$ _h inde$ giv5 a v good op]at+ exhibition ( ! device & t an ord] = tw5ty _h be5 plac$ ) him4 8,h[ev]10 he add$1 8y "k1 we s5t y an (ficial invitation & expect$ y\r appe>ance ) y\r ma*9e60 ,to cont9ue3 ,^u obs]v+ ! *ange 9 sy/ems at ,we/]n ,union 7swit*+ f ! ,b>clay to ! ,murray ,multiplex71 ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company1 :o _h be5 exp]im5t+ 9 ! developm5t ( a telegraph typewrit]1 built a receiv+ teletypewrit] = ! multiplex4 ,x 0 a magnet-op]at$1 five-unit-code typeb> page pr9t]1 us+ ! ,und]wood typewrit] me*anisms z a basis2 & x 0 complet$ 9 "t = te/ & evaluation at ,we/]n ,union 9 competition ) ! type:eel pr9t]s ( bo? ,l4 ,m4 ,potts & ,we/]n ,electric4 ,! ,we/]n ,electric ma*9e 0 giv5 ! numb] #a;,a1 ,mr4 ,potts's1 #b;,a1 & ! ,kle9s*midt pr9t] 0 #c;,a4 ,! f9al outcome ( ! te/s 0 ! selection ( ! ,kle9s*midt model1 & ! company receiv$ an ord] = five ma*9es1 to include a sp>e1 to equip ! ,new ,york t]m9al ( a ,new ,york-to-,bo/on1 f\r-*annel multiplex sy/em4 ,! ord] 0 fill$ 9 a %ort "t & ! ma*9es 7 put on te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,kle9s*midt ,keybo>d-,op]at$ ,morse-,code ,p]=ator 7?is ma*9e return$ to au?or by a cu/om] aft] be+ us$ ?irty ye>s67 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #c;,b ,typeb> ,page ,pr9t] ( ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company f ,museum ( ,kle9s*midt ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation ,kle9s*midt wat*$ ! op]ation ( 8 ma*9es 9 s]vice almo/ e day & 0 cont9ually on ! look\t = possible ways to improve & simplify ! app>atus4 ,! te/s ran ?r\gh to completion satisfactorily1 &1 ^u submitt+ an improv$ design1 numb]$ ! #c;,b1 ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company receiv$ an ord] = "o hundr$ typeb> page pr9t]s4 ,! #c;,b !reaft] became /&>d app>atus & additional ord]s 7 plac$ z ! multiplex sy/em at ,we/]n ,union exp&$ 7see figure #b74 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 ,we/]n ,union effici5cy eng9e]s f\nd t1 due to circuit failures1 c]ta9 p>ts ( messages w\ld h to be repeat$4 ,because ?is meant retyp+ ! message1 !y felt1 & = o!r reasons z well1 t pr9t+ ! receiv$ messages on tape w\ld be m economical1 s9ce corrections c\ld be ins]t$ )\t repeat+ ! entire message4 ,to meet ?is requirem5t1 ! typeb> page pr9t] 0 r$esign$ = pr9t+ on tape4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by us+ ! same selection controls & op]at+ ! typeb>s to pr9t d[nw>d on ! tape in/ead ( upw>d aga9/ ! plat5 z 9 ! page pr9t]4 ,a tape gumm] to atta* ! tape to a message blank 0 also design$4 ,! #ba;,a1 lat] ,no4 #bb1 tape pr9t] 0 ord]$ 9 quantity !reaft]4 ,see+ ! possibility ( us+ _! typeb> page pr9t] = direct-l9e s]vice1 ! ,kle9s*midt company built a motor-driv5 s5d-receive unit hav+ a s+le contact transmitt] :i* op]at$ "u control ( a code-p]=at$ tape to transmit sev5 signals 9 succession3 "o />t1 five code1 & a /op signal4 ,! receiv+ unit _h a sev5-segm5t commutator1 "o segm5t = />t1 five = code1 & "o = /op1 & a rotat+ bru% to pick up & transmit ! receiv$ code signals to ! pr9t+ unit4 ,?is app>atus 0 in/all$ at ! ,unit$ ,press = news di/ribution to _! connect$ newspap]s4 ,ano!r set 0 in/all$ at ! ,l\isville & ,na%ville ,railroad = /ation communications1 & /ill ano!r 9 ,new ,york ,city at ! ,equitable ,life ,assurance ,society betwe5 _! d[nt[n & upt[n (fices4 ,9 connection ) ! latt] in/allation1 ! ,equitable p ask$ p]mission to in/all ! pr9t+ app>atus on ! telephone l9e & !re 0 objection f ! telephone company4 ,h[ev]1 aft] "s consid]ation !y f9ally agre$ t ! app>atus c\ld be in/all$ b w>n+ t %\ld x create int]f]5ce ) ! telephone l9e x w\ld be remov$ imm$iately4 ,z x turn$ out1 ! pr9t] op]ation ov] ?is telephone circuit did n create any int]f]5ce & ! app>atus rema9$ 9 s]vice a long "t 7figure #c 74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company ,teletypewrit] ,app>atus = ,direct-,l9e ,s]vice ,! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company n[ began to h f9ancial difficulties4 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt 0 borr[+ :]ev] he c\ld4 ,!re 0 no l>ge quantity production & evid5tly 8 *>ges = ! app>atus deliv]$ 7 too l[4 ,at any rate1 e>ly 9 #aiag1 ,mr4 ,seely sugge/$ t he get f9ancial help to c>ry on & x 0 "h t ! foll[+ g5tlem5 ent]$ ! picture3 ,*>les ,b4 ,goodspe$ ( ! ,buckeye ,/eel ,ca/+ ,company2 ,paul ,m4 ,b5$ict1 assi/ant to ! presid5t ( ! ,c4 ,b4 ,q42 ,edw>d ,moore1 son ( ,judge ,moore ( ! ,am]ican ,c ,company2 ,eldon ,bisbee1 a ,new ,york lawy]2 & "o ( ,mr4 ,bisbee's cli5ts1 ,alb]t ,h5ry ,wigg51 :o 0 !n presid5t ( ! ,*ase ,national ,bank4 ,) _! f9ancial back+1 ! company 0 able to cont9ue ) fur!r developm5tal "w on simplifi$ & m effici5t app>atus4 ,ord]s = v>i\s types ( equipm5t = ! ,we/]n ,union ,multiplex & = ! ,morse code keybo>d p]=ator came along1 b developm5tal co/s 7 high & /ill m capital inve/m5t 0 requir$2 ,kle9s*midt w\ld !n borr[ f ! ,*ase ,bank4 ,e s (t5 at ! ,kle9s*midt company's directors' meet+s1 ,mr4 ,holly1 ca%i] ( ! bank & also a director ( ! company1 w\ld /ate t ! ,kle9s*midt loan 8/ood out l a ligh?\se10 s a vote = an additional /ock issue 0 c>ri$ & ! loan paid4 ,along ab\t #aiai ! ,kle9s*midt company _h complet$ a satisfactory keybo>d-op]at$ typeb> telepr9t] = int]communication sy/ems 7see figure #d74 ,! ,kle9s*midt ,telegraph ,typewrit]1 z x 0 call$1 0 in/all$ at ! ,new ,york ,city ,news1 ! ,panama ,canal1 & at ! ,brooklyn ,union ,gas ,company 7fig4 #e74 ,9 #aibb1 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt1 hav+ le>n$ t ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wright _h discont9u$ fur!r developm5ts 9 ! telegraph field1 propos$ ! pur*ase ( 8 pat5ts1 /at+ t ?is acquisition w\ld broad5 ! ,kle9s*midt company's pat5t situation4 ,! proposal 0 c>ri$1 &1 aft] negotiations1 ,mr4 ,wright's pat5ts 7 b\ght = #ajj %>es ( ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company's common /ock4 ,9 #aibc1 ! ,kle9s*midt ,telegraph ,typewrit] 0 exhibit$ at ! #bj? ,annual ,bus9ess ,%[ 9 ,new ,york & creat$ a great deal ( int]e/4 ,9 #aibd1 a complete telegraph sy/em 0 eng9e]$ & set up = ! ,mexican gov]nm5t4 7,an eng9e] f ,we/]n ,union 0 borr[$ to help ) ?is job47 ,"o day1 9 #aibc1 aft] "s correspond5ce ) ,samuel ,samuel ,co41 ,ltd41 ?r\gh :om ! ,kle9s*midt company receiv$ ord]s f ,japan = ! ,morse code keybo>d p]=ator1 ! ,japanese ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration s5t "o ( _! telegraph eng9e]s1 ,mr4 ,y4 ,okomoto1 to ! company's headqu>t]s to assi/ 9 work+ out a keybo>d arrangem5t ( ,japanese *>act]s = a simplifi$ alphabet consi/+ ( #hh *>act]s :i* ! ,japanese ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration _h devis$4 ,! five-unit code c\ld n be us$ s9ce only #fd selective positions c\ld be _h4 ,s ! telegraph typewrit] me*anisms 7 *ang$ to six-unit-code op]ation1 :i* work$ out v well4 ,! ,kle9s*midt company1 & lat] ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt1 receiv$ cont9u+ ord]s = ! six-unit-code telegraph typewrit]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company ,telegraph ,typewrit] 7keybo>d-op]at$ typeb> telepr9t]7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,kle9s*midt ,telegraph ,typewrit]s 7in/allation at ,brooklyn ,union ,gas ,co47 ,,*apt] #c ,,krum ,,& ,,morton 7,,morkrum7 ,m>k ,morton1 head ( ! ,we/]n ,cold ,/orage ,company 9 ,*icago1 & cold-/orage eng9e] ,*>les ,l4 ,krum1 ! vice presid5t ( ! firm1 ent]$ ! telegraph field q by accid5t4 ,a "y electrical eng9e] nam$ ,frank ,pe>ne1 9 #aijb1 _h "s ideas = a pr9t+ telegraph ma*9e & ne$$ f9ancial back+ to c>ry on 8 exp]im5ts4 ,"o ( 8 contacts happ5$ to be ,joy ,morton1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,morton ,salt ,company4 ,joy ,morton became int]e/$ en\gh to become ,pe>ne's back]1 & prevail$ ^u bro!r ,m>k to set up a laboratory 9 ! attic ( ! cold-/orage plant = ,pe>ne's exp]im5ts4 ,x seems t aft] a ye> or s1 ,pe>ne lo/ int]e/ 9 8 inv5tion & w5t into ! tea*+ field4 ,he prov$ to be a v successful pr(essor at ,arm\r ,te* :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea?4#c ,b ,pe>ne's "w 0 n 9 va91 = ,*>les ,l4 ,krum _h become int5sely int]e/$ & c>ri$ on ! "w ) fur!r inv5tions ( 8 own4 ,inde$1 he fil$ 8 fir/ pat5t application on ,augu/ #bj1 #aijc1 :i* propos$ ! use ( a code compris+ f\r signals3 a positive pulse or a negative pulse ( l[ voltage1 & a positive or negative pulse ( a high] voltage4 ,f\r additional pat5ts 7 fil$1 ! la/ 9 #aijf4 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum !n set ab\t build+ a ma*9e :i* 0 demon/rat$ 9 #aijf & look$ promis+ en\gh to =m a company to fur!r develop x4 ,?is company 0 made up ( ! ,mortons 7bro!rs ,joy & ,m>k7 & ! ,krums 7,*>les ,l4 & 8 son ,h[>d :o _h j f9i%$ college74 ,! comb9ation ( _! names1 ( c\rse1 result$ 9 8,! ,morkrum ,company10 :i* 0 incorporat$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e on ,octob] #g1 #aijg4 ,! *>t] /ockhold]s 7 ,joy ,morton1 :o %\ld]$ ! greate/ f9ancial burd52 ,*>les ,krum2 ,joy ,morton's secret>y1 ,daniel ,pet]k9 7he lat] became an (fic] ( ! ,morkrum ,company72 ,m>k ,morton2 & ,/]l+ ,morton 7,joy's son1 ( :om we %all be he>+ m lat] on74 ,! work+ capital ( ! new company am\nt$ to #aej1jjj4jj4 ,*>les ,krum's son ,h[>d1 aft] graduation1 jo9$ ) 8 fa!r 9 ! developm5tal "w ( ?is new company &1 due to 8 /udies 9 electrical eng9e]+1 0 able to help 8 fa!r consid]ably4 ,8 fir/ love & int5d$ c>e] 0 music1 b he put ?is aside 9 favor ( 8 fa!r's telegraph pr9t]4 ,h[ev]1 a tune on ! piano :i* he always kept 9 ! laboratory w\ld help him solve _m a difficult problem4 ,9 #aijh ! ,krums develop$ & produc$ a work+ model ( ! f\r-unit-code1 plus-m9us1 high-l[-voltage sy/em1 :i* 0 appli$ to op]ate ! me*anism ( an ,oliv] typewrit]4 ,! sy/em 0 !n giv5 an op]ative te/ on ! wires ( ! ,*icago & ,alton ,railroad1 ( :i* ,joy ,morton 0 a director4 ,z _! rese>* "w progress$1 ,h[>d /udi$ ! v>i\s sy/ems 9 curr5t use &1 ) 8 fa!r1 decid$ to ab&on ! plus-m9us1 high-l[-voltage sy/em4 ,!y turn$ in/ead to a sy/em us+ ! five-unit p]mutation code z employ$ by ,baudot 9 8 multiplex telegraph 9 :i* syn*roniz$ t]m9al app>atus ) p]iodic correction 0 ! controll+ feature4 ,_! fir/ jo9t pat5t describes a plan = accompli%+ syn*roniz$ reception ) transmission us+ a sy/em ( five relays int]connect$ to op]ate 9 successive cascade =m2 ?us1 :5 ! relays at bo? t]m9als are correctly tim$ = successive op]ation1 !y w transmit & receive ! five pulse comb9ations ( ! ,baudot code4 ,= transmitt+ & receiv+ ! code pulses1 ea* ( ! five relays has an additional contact4 ,to />t ! relay cascade op]ation1 a />t relay is add$ at bo? t]m9als & op]at$ by a />t pulse :i* prec$es ea* code transmission4 ,x seem$ natural = ! ,krums to turn to a relay sy/em at fir/1 s9ce1 f 8 "w ) ! ?ree-unit-code1 high-l[-voltage sy/em1 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum 0 exp]i5c$ ) ! possibilities ( relay op]ation4 ,! sy/em ( ! relay *a9 9 cascade op]ation 0 employ$ to op]ate a page pr9t] us+ ! me*anisms ( ! ,blick5sdo]f] typewrit] :i* _h a ?ree-r[ type:eel4 ,! ,po/al ,telegraph ,company became int]e/$ & b\ght a numb] ( ^! pr9t]s 9 #aiaj4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ sale ( ,morkrum app>atus & provid$ en?usiasm = ! ,krums = fur!r rese>*1 :i* l$ to ! sub/itution ( a gov]n$-motor-driv5 bru% di/ributor to replace ! relay cascade sy/em4 ,= ?is new plan ! motor at ! receiv+ pr9t] op]at$ at a slightly high] spe$ & 0 held 9 cont9u\sly syn*ron\s op]ation ) ! transmitt] by ! p]iodic transmission ( a correct+ pulse4 ,! new code select+ & pr9t] control sy/em 0 also adapt$ to op]ate ! me*anism ( ! ,blick5sdo]f] type:eel typewrit]4 ,! idea work$ out bett] ?an ! cascade relay sy/em1 & a numb] ( pr9t]s us+ ?is me?od 7 con/ruct$ & nam$ ! 8,morkrum ,blue ,code40 ,a few 7 put 9 s]vice at ! ,po/al ,telegraph ,company4 ,! ,associat$ ,press 7,,ap7 became int]e/$ 9 ! ,morkrum 8,blue ,code0 pr9t] sy/em z a replacem5t = ! l[-spe$ ,morse sy/em :i* 0 be+ us$ to transmit news items to newspap]s 9 _m cities4 ,"h1 cont9u\s transmission "u control ( a code-pun*$ tape1 z us$ 9 ! ,morse code sy/em1 0 a requirem5t1 s ,messrs4 ,krum set to "w & design$ a keybo>d-op]at$1 five-unit1 ,baudot-code p]=ator & an automatic pun*$-tape-controll$ transmitt]4 ,?is app>atus 0 in/all$ at ! ,new ,york headqu>t]s 9 #aiae & receiv+ pr9t]s 7 gradually in/all$ ?r\gh\t ! ,associat$ ,press sy/em4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt & picture 7fig4 #f7 f ,oliv] ,graml+'s book1 ,,ap--,! ,/ory ( ,news1#d describes ! introduction ( ! sy/em to ! ,associat$ ,press3 ,! tide ( news by telegraph _h cont9u$ ) ! ye>s4 ,facilities _h be5 improv$1 ! ,morse click$ into virtually e t[n 9 ! c\ntry1 b ! old me?od 0 ! same4 ,day 9 & day out1 s5d+ op]ators took dispat*es1 translat$ !m into ! da%-dot ( code1 & ! telegraph keys s5t ! signals on ! circuits at a rate ( tw5ty-five to ?irty-five words a m9ute4 ,9 memb] newspap] (fices along ! l9e ! ,morse s\nd]s clack-clack$ busily & receiv+ op]ators translat$ ! code symbols back into words1 copy+ ! /ories 9 j]ky spurts4 ,! news ( m ?an half a c5tury _h be5 h&l$ t way4 ,= "s "t1 h[ev]1 ,*>les ,l4 ,krum1 a ,*icago cold-/orage eng9e]1 & 8 son ,h[>d _h be5 work+ to p]fect an automatic ma*9e :i* w\ld s5d ! pr9t$ ^w by wire at great] spe$ )\t ! int]m$i>y ( code4 ,!y call$ _! inv5tion ! ,morkrum ,telegraph ,pr9t]--co9+ ! ^w ,morkrum by comb9+ ! inv5tor's "n ) ! fir/ syllable 9 ! la/ "n ( ,joy ,morton1 a ,*icago bus9essman :o f9anc$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,a ,,s5d+ ,,op]ator ,,sat ,,at ,a ,,keybo>d ,,l ,,t ,,( ,a ,,typewrit]4 ,reproduc$ f ,,ap--,! ,/ory ( ,news1 by p]mission ( ,associat$ ,press4 ,sev]al o!r automatic telegraphic devices 7 be+ promot$1 b 7,k5t7 ,coop] & eng9e]s 9 ! ,traffic ,dep>tm5t decid$ ,krum's ma*9e held ! mo/ promise = _! purposes4 ,te/s got "u way4 ,9 ! ,associat$ ,press headqu>t]s1 :i* _h be5 mov$ sev5 blocks f ! old ,we/]n ,union build+ to #ea ,*amb]s ,/reet1 a s5d+ op]ator sat at a keybo>d simil> to t ( an ord9>y typewrit]4 ,z he /ruck ! keys1 copy+ ! dispat*es be=e him1 ! ma*9e p]=at$ a pap] tape ) a s]ies ( holes1 ea* comb9ation repres5t+ a lett]4 ,! tape f$ into a box-l transmitt] :i* trans=m$ ! tape p]=ations into electrical impulses & s5t !m along ! wires into ! receiv+ ma*9es 9 newspap] (fices4 ,^! impulses actuat$ telegraph relays & set ! receiv+ ,morkrum ma*9es automatically reproduc+ ! lett]s :i* ! s5d+ op]ators 7 typ+ miles away4 ,! te/s demon/rat$ t ! ,morkrum c\ld transmit news h\r aft] h\r at ! rate ( sixty words a m9ute & ! copy 0 deliv]$ clean & uni=m4 ,?us began ! sl[ ext5sion ( ,morkrum transmission to ! :ole leas$ wire sy/em1 replac+ ! 8brass p\nd+0 ,morse keys4 ,x 0 a transition t requir$ ye>s & until x 0 complet$ bo? ,morse & ,morkrum work$ side by side 9 _m places4 ,an int]e/+ /ory appe>$ rec5tly 9 8,! ,,ap ,_w10#e giv+ "s recollections ( ,,ap's fir/ field ma9t5ance man1 ,royal 7,roy7 ,bailey1 !n ag$ #ga & liv+ 9 retirem5t 9 ,cali=nia4 ,he /ill rememb]s ! ,,ap's fir/ pr9t+ telegraph ma*9es1 ! article says2 9 fact1 he help$ make !m1 = he 0 a me*anic 9 ! ,morkrum ,company's factory 9 ,*icago4 ,:5 ! ,morkrum ,company %ipp$ ! fir/ ma*9es to ,,ap headqu>t]s1 ,bailey w5t along ) ! ma*9es to in/all & ma9ta9 !m1 al?\gh he rema9$ on ! ,morkrum ,company's payroll4 ,he ev5tually in/all$ ,,ap pr9t]s all ov] ,new ,york ,city & ,connecticut1 9 ,new>k1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 & 9 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is & ,kansas ,city4 ,he recalls t ,morse telegraph]s 8us$ to groan :5 !y fir/ saw him40 ,! e>ly telepr9t]s 7 h>d to keep syn*roniz$1 ,bailey fur!r recalls1 & copy boys _h to *eck ! spe$ frequ5tly by sight+ ! /rip$ motor fly:eel ?r\gh a tun+ =k4 7,_m ( ^? copy boys1 he says1 includ+ ,mickey ,burt & ,h5ry ,ell+1 became ,,ap eng9e]s47 ,z ! exp]im5tal & developm5tal "w cont9u$ at ! ,morkrum plant1 ,h[>d ,krum /udi$ all types ( />t-/op sy/ems & f\nd t syn*ron\s control 0 ! basis ( all sy/ems4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ ) v>i\s ideas 8 ?\ghts turn$ to a plan to make ! />t ( ! receiv+ unit some:at indep5d5t ( ! transmitt+ unit />t1 ?us avoid+ irregul>ities !n pres5t 9 transmitt] />t devices4 ,?is idea l$ to ! con/ruction ( a p]mutation-code1 />t-/op sy/em1 us+ segm5t$ commutators ) rotat+ bru% di/ributors at bo? transmitt+ & receiv+ units & a />t magnet = ea* to control />t-/op op]ation4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! transmitt] />t magnet1 :5 en]giz$1 releases ! transmitt+ bru%1 :i* imm$iately contacts ! fir/ segm5t to transmit a />t pulse to op]ate ! receiv] />t magnet2 ! five-unit-code signal comb9ation foll[s & bo? transmitt+ & receiv+ units are /opp$4 ,! app>atus 0 appli$ to control ! select+ & pr9t+ me*anism ( ! ,blick5sdo]f] type:eel typewrit] & nam$ ! 8,morkrum ,gre5 ,code40 ,?is improv$ app>atus soon replac$ ! ,blue ,code pr9t] at ,associat$ ,press & o!r in/allations 7see figs4 #g & #g;,a74 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ additional comm5ts ( ,mr4 ,bailey may be ( int]e/3#f ,9 #aiai ,i in/all$ ! ,new ,york-,wa%+ton circuit1 ) drops at ,philadelphia & ,baltimore4 ,?is 0 a new type ( pr9t] us+ :at we call$ ! ,gre5 ,code4 ,?is 0 consid]$ an improvem5t ov] ! old ,blue ,code1 :i* meant a re>rangem5t ( ! receiv+ me*anism1 b /ill ! ma*9es made use ( a type:eel4444 ,our bigge/ job ( all came 9 #aibc :5 we *ang$ ov] all ! old ,blue ,code type:eel pr9t]s 9 ! ,new ,york area to ! new /yle ,l4 ,c4 ,smi? typeb> pr9t]s us+ ,gre5 ,code4 7,morkrum b\ght ,l4 ,c4 ,smi? typewrit]s & add$ new ma*9]y to !m4 ,^? pr9t]s became ! fam\s ,model #ab47 ,z we h se51 a numb] ( inv5tors _h pat5t$ ways & means to adopt ! five-unit code = op]at+ a telegraph pr9t] sy/em by ! transmission ( a />t pulse to />t bo? transmitt+ app>atus & ! di/ant receiv+ app>atus at ! same "t1 foll[$ by transmission ( a select$ code & a /op pulse4 ,to a*ieve successful op]ation1 v close spe$ adju/m5t 0 requir$4 ,at fir/1 ?is 0 a*iev$ by ! use ( gov]n$ motors &1 lat]1 :5 accurately tim$1 #fj-;cycle alt]nat+ curr5t became available1 ! problem ( syn*ron\s op]ation ( s5d & receive /ations 0 solv$ by ! use ( syn*ron\s motors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,morkrum ,company's ,blue ,code ,type:eel ,page ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g;,a ,morkrum ,company's ,gre5 ,code ,type:eel ,page ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,telegraph pr9t] sy/ems ( ?is type 7 us$ by telegraph companies = city-to-city transmission ( telegrams & by news-ga!r+ & -di/ribut+ organizations to transmit ! news f headqu>t]s to newspap]s 9 diff]5t cities4 ,:ile />t-/op sy/ems ( ?is type 7 us$ successfully on press circuits & on telegraph message /ation-to-/ation circuitry1 tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ :5 a numb] ( pr9t] s5d-receive units 7 set up 9 an int]communicat+ sy/em4 ,"h x 0 f\nd t ! receiv] />t 0 n always 9 "t ) ! transmitt] />t1 due to v>y+ l9e circuit conditions & a v>iation 9 ! />t release me*anism at connect$ /ations4 ,x seems odd t syn*ron\s sy/ems1 :]e bo? transmitt] & receiv] 7 />t$ at ! same "t 7requir+ bo? transmitt] & receiv] to ma9ta9 syn*ronism71 held ! field = s long a "t1 ?us limit+ telegraph transmission to "o-way op]ation4 ,x evid5tly took a m9d n b\nd or hamp]$ by ! /&>d & accept$ way ( op]at+ syn*ron\s sy/ems to disc>d su* old ideas & to set =? boldly on a new patt]n :i*1 9 reality1 diff]$ b slightly f ! !n-e/abli%$ syn*ron\s sy/ems1 & to s[ ! se$ = />t+ fur!r developm5ts lead+ to ! pres5t telegraph typewrit]1 ,,twx1 & ,,telex int]communicat+ sy/ems4 ,su* a man 0 ,h[>d ,l4 ,krum1 :o1 9 fur!r ?9k+ on ! subject1 came ^u ! almo/ simple idea ( hav+ ! transmitt] />t ! receiv] r ?an hav+ !m bo? />t at ! same "t4 ,?is arrangem5t requir$ high] spe$ op]ation ( ! receiv] & !re=e ! receiv+ code pulse positions 7 spread ov] a %ort] area1 :i* meant progressively decreas+ ! angul> division ( ! receiv+ memb]s4 ,!n1 to set ! receiv$ />t pulse 9 ! mo/ favorable position ) relation to ! foll[+ code signal reception1 an ori5tation adju/m5t ( ! receiv] />t position 0 provid$4 7,note3 ,on ,june #bj1 #aifa1 ,kle9s*midt wrote to ,h[>d ,krum--!n 9 retirem5t 9 ,cali=nia--giv+ a %ort description ( ! ,morkrum ,company activities1 includ+ ! word+ ( ! above la/ two p>agraphs1 & ask+ him to write ! ,morkrum /ory4 ,h[>d ,krum repli$ on ,july #c1 #aifa1 indicat+ 8 approval & say+ t he w\ld be glad to put toge!r "s notes = ,kle9s*midt4 ,x 0 q a %ock1 !re=e1 :5 a lett] 0 receiv$ f ,h[>d ,krum's son1 ,*>les1 9 ,septemb] ( #aifa1 tell+ ( 8 fa!r's sudd5 s]i\s illness4 ,!n1 regretfully1 x 0 n long aft]w>ds t ^w 0 receiv$ ( ,h[>d ,krum's dea? on ,novemb] #ac1 #aifa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,morkrum ,company ,no4 #ab ,typeb> ,page ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,h[>d ,krum's improv$ me?od = op]at+ />t-/op1 p]mutation-code telegraph sy/ems 0 fir/ appli$ to ! ,morkrum ,gre5 ,code app>atus to control ! select+ & pr9t+ op]ations ( ! ,blick5sdo]f] type:eel typewrit]4 ,at ?is "t ! ,kle9s*midt company & o!r manufactur]s 7 />t+ to produce p]mutation-code1 />t-/op telegraph pr9t]s us+ typeb> pr9t+ l ! m mod]n typewrit]s :i* began rapidly to replace ! ,blick5sdo]f]1 ! ,hammond1 & ! o!r type:eel pr9t+ typewrit]s4 ,obs]v+ ?is situation1 ! ,morkrum ,company />t$ int5sive developm5t "w to produce ! ,no4 #ab typeb> page pr9t]1 us+ ! typeb>s & op]at+ me*anism ( ! ,l4 ,c4 ,smi? typewrit] & plat5 ( a ,wood/ock typewrit] 7fig4 #h74 ,fur!r developm5ts produc$ ! ,morkrum ,no4 #aa tape pr9t] :i* us$ ! ,baudot comb9] me?od = select+ & pr9t+ *>act]s "u control ( />t-/op1 s5d-receive devices4 ,! ,no4 #aa 0 a small1 compact tape pr9t] op]at+ at fifty words p] m9ute4 ,q a numb] 7 put into s]vice at hotels & else:]e = local message s]vice 7fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,morkrum ,company ,no4 #aa ,tape ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,! new ,no4 #ab typeb> page pr9t] f\nd num]\s applications4 ,x replac$ ! ,gre5 ,code & ! e>li] ,blue ,code :]ev] us$4 ,! new ,no4 #ab 0 in/all$ at ,we/]n ,union1 on "s railroads1 & 9 ! ,*icago ,police telegraph sy/em4 ,! ,no4 #abs 7 also in/all$ by ,po/al ,telegraph on int]city circuits & us$ z receiv+ units = ! ,po/al ,multiplex4 ,! ,po/al ,multiplex _h be5 design$ by ,morkrum & ,po/al eng9e]s ) ! consultant assi/ance ( ,donald ,murray :o 0 a fri5dly associate & _h a lic5se agreem5t ) ! ,morkrum ,company cov]+ "s ( 8 pat5ts4 ,a few ,no4 #ab ,morkrums 7 %ipp$ abroad = use ) ! ,murray ,multiplex2 ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice ,telegraph & ! ,au/ralian ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration 7 cu/om]s4 ,late 9 #aibd ! ,morkrum ,company & ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company jo9$ to =m ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation4 ,a /ory tell+ ( ! union ( ^! two companies 0 publi%$ by ,=tune magaz9e 9 ,m>* ( #aicb4g ,be=e go+ to t /ory1 x may be ( int]e/ to describe an important ev5t conc]n+ ! *ange 9 ! supply ( electric p[] f direct curr5t to #fj-;cycle alt]nat+ curr5t & ! f9al tim+ to exactly #fj cycles p] second ( all ,a4,c4 p[] supplies s t our electric clocks may be connect$ to an ,a4,c4 outlet & give correct "t4 ,! adv5t ( correctly tim$1 #fj-;cycle ,a4,c4 electric p[]1 available ?r\gh\t ! nation1 0 a great boon to ! design]s ( pr9t+ telegraph app>atus & "s types ( facsimile telegraph & picture transmitt+ sy/ems4 ,9 prior ye>s1 ov]l9e syn*ronization ( s5d & receive app>atus 0 always a problem & nev] p]fect4 ,today1 syn*roniz+ app>atus betwe5 t]m9als becomes ! simple matt] ( provid+ #fj-;cycle ,a4,c4 syn*ron\s motors4 ,j plug into a p[] outlet & y h 8sync06 ,h5ry ,ellis ,w>r51 a clock mak]1 not+ ! *ange 9 electric p[] s]vice f direct curr5t to #fj-;cycle alt]nat+ curr5t1 set ab\t to build a motor to op]ate at #fj-;cycle spe$ b f\nd t ! #fj-;cycle frequ5cy did n always hold to =m1 & :5 appli$ to runn+ a clock1 did n hold correct "t4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt1 f ,! ,romance ( ,"t1#h tells ( ,w>r5's activities :i* l$ to syn*roniz+ #fj-;cycle alt]nat+ curr5t to exact "t3 ,syn*ron\s ,electric ,"t ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( all contributions to horology is ! "w ( an ,am]ican :o has e>n$ ! title1 8,fa!r ( ,electric ,"t40 ,h5ry ,ellis ,w>r5 0 graduat$ f ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 #ahid4 ,9 #aijg he m>ri$ & settl$ 9 ,a%l&1 ,massa*usetts4 ,"h x 0 t he began to "w out 8 idea = electrically op]at$ timepieces4 ,8 fir/ product 0 an +5i\s batt]y-op]at$ clock4 ,9 #aiad he organiz$ ! ,w>r5 ,clock ,company & set up production 9 a b>n on 8 f>m4 ,yet he knew ! batt]y clock 0 n 8 goal1 = direct curr5t (f]$ no means ( accurate regulation4 ,direct curr5t fl[s con/antly 9 "o direction only1 l wat] d[n a riv] or l ! passage ( "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 alt]nat+ curr5t *anges direction regul>ly1 l ! oscillation ( ! balance :eel 9 a wat*4 ,b in/ead ( ! usual five times a second ( ! balance :eel1 mo/ alt]nat+ curr5t completes its trip =w>d & backw>d sixty times a second4 ,obvi\sly1 a clock 8ge>$0 to su* a frequ5cy w\ld run z reliably z ! curr5t4 ,9 #aiaf1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( ext5sive exp]im5tation1 ,w>r5 develop$ a motor :i* w\ld />t by itself1 run on alt]nat+ curr5t1 & c>ry )\t difficulty ! load ( r$uction ge>s driv+ ! clock h&s4 ,x c\ld also h&le ! cams & contacts ( an al>m clock or set 9 motion a /rik+ or *im+ me*anism4 ,!n came ! te/4 ,he plugg$ ! clock into ! p[] socket4 ,x comm5c$ to run4 ,weeks ( obs]vation & *eck+ %[$ an irregul> error ( z mu* z t5 to fifte5 m9utes a day4 ,conv9c$ t 8 clock 0 "r1 ,w>r5 discov]$ t ! alt]nat+ curr5t frequ5cy deliv]$ to 8 b>n factory 0 (f half a cycle p] second--#ei & n #fj cycles4 ,?is slight deflection w\ld produce t mu* "t loss 9 a #bd-;h\r run4 ,:5 he in=m$ ! electric company ( ?is error1 he 0 met at fir/ ) polite disbelief4 ,yet he %[$ su* a compreh5sive k ( ! subject t ! company began to re*eck _! /&>ds4 ,w>r5 built sev]al m syn*ron\s clocks & a ma/] regulator ( 8 own design = p[]-/ation use4 ,on "o dial ( 8 ma/] clock !re 7 two h&s1 black & gold4 ,! black h& 0 connect$ to an accurately adju/$ p5dulum clock1 beat+ seconds4 ,! gold h& 0 driv5 by ! ge> tra9 ( "o ( 8 electric clocks4 ,z long z ! two h&s revolv$ toge!r1 ! curr5t cycles 7 exactly #fj p] second4 ,set up 9 a p[] /ation1 ?is all[$ ! op]ator to adju/ ! turb9e g5]ators z ne$$ to keep ! two h&s ( ! ma/] clock toge!r4 ,?us all o!r prop]ly set electric clocks on ! same sy/em w\ld keep ! same "t automatically4 ,! ,edison ,electric ,illum9at+ ,company ( ,bo/on tri$ out ! ma/] clock on ,octob] #bc1 #aiaf4 ,s9ce !n ?is regulation has cont9u$4 ,o!r p[] companies adopt$ ,w>r5's ma/] clock4 ,today virtually all alt]nat+ curr5t furni%$ 9 ,am]ica is simil>ly *eck$4 ,practical electric "t is available at ! light socket almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,b !re are additional b5efits4 ,/&>diz+ ! frequ5cy exp&$ ! m>ket = curr5t to run ! increas+ numb] ( clocks 9 use4 ,yet1 f ! consum]'s po9t ( view1 ea* clock draws little curr5t1 co/+ b a few p5nies a mon?4 ,uni=m frequ5cy also gave m ev5 spe$s 9 motor-driv5 ma*9]y1 ) a resultant improvem5t 9 product4 ,x made easi] ! jo9+ ( "o p[] /ation to ano!r4 ,syn*ron\s motors us$ 9 c]ta9 met]s & record]s produc$ bett]1 m accurate records at l[] co/4 ,! ,w>r5 ent]prise exp&$ rapidly4 ,! batt]y clock 0 discont9u$4 ,! r$ b>n 0 no long] l>ge en\gh1 & new space 0 acquir$4 ,! trade m>k 8,tele*ron10 mean+ 8"t f a di/ance0 7f two ,greek words71 0 us$ to id5tify all products ( ! company4 ,! firm "n 0 *ang$ to /ress ! "n ,tele*ron1 & 9 #aieb a m]g] 0 made ) ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,plants are n[ op]at$ 9 ,worce/] z well z 9 ,a%l&1 ,massa*usetts4 ,& n[ back to ! telegraph field4444 ,,*apt] #d ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation 7lat] r5am$ 8,teletype ,corporation07 ,dur+ & aft] ! fir/ _w w>1 bo? ! ,morkrum ,company & ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company 7 progressively develop+ & produc+ telegraph app>atus & br++ out new & improv$ op]at+ devices to a po9t :]e conflict+ pat5ts 7 at issue4 ,?is meant infr+em5t litigation :i* might de/roy bo? companies4 ,nei!r company c\ld obta9 ord]s 9 suffici5t quantity to make ! manufactur+ ( app>atus pr(itable1 &1 ) co/ly developm5t "w at h&1 m capital inve/m5t 0 a cont9u\s requirem5t4 ,! foll[+ exc]pts f ! ,m>* #aicb issue ( ,=tune#i tells ( ! f9al jo9+ ( ! two companies4 ,! ,morkrum ,co4 _h no pr(its to %[ = its ef=ts1 & "o c be fairly safe 9 assum+ t no o!r mak] ( telegraph pr9t]s made pr(its4 ,!re 7 competitors1 ( c\rse4 ,ev5 ! fir/ telegraph inv5t$ by ,samuel ,morse _h a pr9t]1 b x pr9t$ 9 dots & da%es in/ead ( 9 lett]s ( ! ,engli% alphabet4 ,t orig9al ,morse pr9t] 0 ab&on$ z f> back z #ahdd because a man :o c\ld be tra9$ to read dots & da%es c\ld j z easily be tra9$ to li/5 to !m4 ,! problem ( gett+ a pr9t] to pr9t ! alphabet 0 fac$ by inv5tors m ?an half a c5tury ago1 & x 0 n really a difficult problem4 ,! difficulty 0 to inv5t a pr9t] t 0 n too complicat$ & delicate to be reliable1 t 0 simple en\gh to be manufactur$ = a few hundr$ in/ead ( a few ?\s& doll>s4 ,?is difficulty occupi$ _m m9ds o!r ?an ! ,morton-,krum intellig5ces4 ,! mo/ notewor?y ( ,morkrum ,co4's rivals 9 pr9t]-mak+ 0 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt1 an inv5tor :o _h all ! inv5tor's leg5d>y devotion to 8 task & to no?+ else4 ,8 creations includ$ a vacc9ation %ield1 an automatic fi%+ reel1 & ! p]fection ( ! ,:eat/one p]=ator4 ,he _h be5 t9k]+ ) a telegraph pr9t] 9 "o =m & ano!r s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #aiag 8 project 0 revamp$4 ,x _h ! f9ancial back+ ( ,*>les ,b4 ,goodspe$1 ( ! ,buckeye ,/eel ,ca/+ ,co42 ,paul ,m4 ,b5$ict1 assi/ant to ! presid5t ( ! ,c4 ,b4 ,q42 ,edw>d ,moore1 son ( ,judge ,moore ( ,am]ican ,c fame2 ,eldon ,bisbee1 a ,new ,york lawy]2 & "o ( ,mr4 ,bisbee's legal cli5ts1 ,alb]t ,h5ry ,wigg91 !n presid5t ( ! ,*ase ,national ,bank4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,goodspe$1 a quiet1 retir+ g5tleman1 :o suppli$ mo/ ( ! corporate 7z di/9ct f inv5tive7 en]gy ( ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,co4444 ,9 ! ye>s f #aiag to #aibd ! ,kle9s*midt & ! ,morkrum companies became ! lead+ mak]s ( telegraph pr9t]s1 b !y did n h an easy r[ to hoe4 ,_! only possible cu/om]s 7 ! two great telegraph companies1 ! ,telephone company1 ! railroads1 & an occasional outside bus9ess su* z a press association4 ,! competition 0 di%e>t5+1 & x became ke5] ) ! elevation ( ,/]l+1 son ( ,joy ,morton1 to ! presid5cy ( ! ,morkrum ,co41 an elevation t 0 ma9ly a ,w>-"t accid5t1 = ,/]l+ ,morton _h resign$ f 8 fa!r's company to enli/ 9 ! ,army1 _h be5 reject$ because ( a small /eel plate 9 8 anatomy1 & _h *os5 ! ,morkrum ,co4 z an alt]native4 ,eng9e]+ progress 0 made1 sometimes "u ludicr\s circum/ances4 ,!re 0 "o occasion :5 ,/]l+ ,morton1 ab\t to sail = ,europe1 he>d t ! ,kle9s*midt ,co4 0 ab\t to br+ out a simplex pr9t]4 ,up to t "t bo? companies _h be5 mak+ pr9t]s = use ) multiplex ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,morton 0 afraid t ,mr4 ,kle9s*midt 0 ab\t to anticipate him 9 ! simplex developm5t :i* 0 ! =]unn] ( ! pres5t teletypewrit]4 ,?is 0 a cont+5cy :i* ,mr4 ,morton c\ld n well p]mit4 ,on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 he call$ on ,h[>d ,krum1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,new ,york4 ,!y b\ght a draw+ bo>d1 hir$ a room at ! ,pr9ceton ,club1 & work$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs try+ to design su* a ma*9e4 ,completely baffl$ by "o small detail1 !y gave up & took a bus = ,coney ,isl&4 ,on ! way1 ,h[>d ,krum d\bl$ up 9 sudd5 ec/acy & inspiration4 ,!y ru%$ f ! bus at ,coney ,isl&1 ent]$ a soda f\nta91 & on ! spot design$ ! ma*9e on ! back ( an envelope4 ,?is simplex ma*9e ( ! ,morkrum ,co4 & ! "o develop$ by ,kle9s*midt at ! same "t are ! ma*9es :i* make ,teletype comm]cially important1 ! sub/ance ( ! bus9ess today4 ,b eng9e]+ progress 0 n bus9ess progress4 ,bo? companies f ! /&po9t ( pr(its 7 failures4 ,_! few cu/om]s play$ !m (f aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,9 despair1 !y 7 bo? will+ to sell out4 ,at "o po9t ,mr4 ,goodspe$ (f]$ ! ,kle9s*midt company to ,mr4 ,newcomb ,c>lton ( ,we/]n ,union = #dab1jjj1 ! am\nt inve/$ 9 x4 ,mr4 ,morton sold 8 company 9 all b fact to ,mr4 ,*>les ,g4 du ,bois1 !n presid5t ( ,we/]n ,electric1 b ,mr4 du ,bois w5t (f to ,europe1 & 8 sub/itute refus$ to see any m]it 9 ! deal4 ,s x fell ?r\gh4 ,unable to sell !mselves to _! cu/om]s1 !y tri$ sell+ !mselves to ea* o!r4 ,9 #aibc ,messrs4 ,goodspe$ & ,morton came to t]ms4 ,! ,morkrum ,co4 sign$ ! agreem5t &1 ev]y?+ arrang$1 ,mr4 ,goodspe$ w5t (f to bicycle ) 8 wife 9 ,s\? ,africa--:]eupon 8 company sudd5ly *ang$ its m9d4 ,t 0 ! situation ( ^! two un=tunate companies 9 #aibd :5 ,mr4 ,morton />t$ a suit = pat5t infr+em5t aga9/ 8 rivals4 ,a c\nt] suit 0 promptly fil$4 ,mr4 ,goodspe$ 0 q "r :5 he said ! suits w\ld ru9 bo?--!re 0 e prospect t by ! "t ! c\rts _h settl$ ?+s1 ! pat5ts w\ld h be5 9 su* a sn>l t nei!r c\ld d any?+4 ,! suit1 9 fact1 0 ,/]l+ ,morton's way ( br++ matt]s to a head4 ,s1 figuratively speak+1 on ! c\r?\se /eps !y m]g$4 ,! t]ms ( ! m]g] z embodi$ 9 ! six-l9e agreem5t 7x 0 lat] made ov] into a tw5ty-five-page legal docum5t :i* conclud$ by say+ t 9 case ( dispute ! six-l9e agreem5t %\ld be ! f9al au?ority7 7 ^!3 ea* ( ! old companies receiv$ a half int]e/ 9 ! common /ock 7#aj1jjj %>es7 ( ! new company2 #ae1jjj %>es 7callable at #aje7 ( ! new company's pref]r$ /ock %\ld be divid$ accord+ to ! assets ( ! old companies4 ,actually1 #ac1igi %>es ( pref]r$ 7 issu$1 ! majority go+ to ! ,morkrum gr\p4 ,& s x 0 t ! agreem5t to jo9 bo? companies "u ! "n ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation 0 consummat$ & *>t]$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e on ,decemb] #bi1 #aibd1 ) ,/]l+ ,morton z ,presid5t1 ,h[>d ,l4 ,krum z ,vice ,presid5t 9 *>ge ( manufactur+1 & ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt z ,vice ,presid5t 9 *>ge ( developm5t1 pat5ts & =eign sales4 ,"o ( ! fir/ decisions to make 0 :e!r ! ,kle9s*midt plant 9 ,long ,isl& ,city or ! ,morkrum plant 9 ,*icago w\ld be ! headqu>t]s = ! new company4 ,! ,kle9s*midt company 0 on a #bg1jjj-;foot leas$ floor 9 a build+ :i* ,r4 ,h4 ,macy ,company _h j pur*as$ to use = a w>eh\se1 & negotiations _h be5 go+ on = "s "t = ! pur*ase ( ! ,kle9s*midt lease--! sum ( #be1jjj4jj hav+ be5 (f]$4 ,:5 ! union ( ! two companies 0 decid$ ^u1 an agreem5t to vacate on ! t]ms (f]$ 0 sign$1 & ! ,kle9s*midt firm mov$ to ! ,morkrum-own$ plant 9 ,*icago4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation ,no4 #ad ,/>t-,/op ,typeb> ,tape ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,br++ toge!r ! eng9e]+ tal5t & pat5ts ( ! two companies _h an imm$iate effect t[>d fur!r progress4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! new company set out to d1 ?r\gh consolidation ( _! pa/ ef=ts1 0 to p]fect a satisfactory />t-/op-op]at$ tape pr9t] = ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company to use = circuit ext5sion to cu/om]s :o 7 ext5sively us+ ! telegraph = imm$iate1 writt5 communication4 7,?is 0 to spe$ up telegraphic communication & elim9ate ! ne$ = mess5g] s]vice :i* _h be5 ! cu/om47 ,! ,morkrum company _h submitt$ _! />t-/op-op]at$ ,baudot tape pr9t]1 & ! ,kle9s*midt company _h propos$ ! ,we/]n ,union ,no4 #bb tape pr9t] 9 a r$esign to />t-/op op]ation4 ,n[1 ! new company 0 able to comb9e bo? plans & z a result came up ) _! fir/ developm5t1 a typeb>1 />t-/op-op]at$1 tape pr9t]1 ! ,no4 #ad 7see figure #aj74 ,9 ! f9al design1 ,h[>d ,krum & 8 production eng9e]s took a l>ge "p4 ,aft] te/s & evaluation1 ,we/]n ,union's fir/ ord] 0 = #aj1jjj ma*9es at #cag4jj ea*4 ,?is am\nt$ to a total ( #c1agj1jjj4jj4 ,no su* quantity _h ev] be5 he>d ( be=e6 ,x is q evid5t t :ile ! two companies 7 sep>at$1 ea* com+ up ) improv$ & new designs ( telegraph app>atus1 !re 0 a lack ( decision by telegraph companies z to :i* type ( app>atus to adopt 9 exp&+ _! op]ations1 & !re=e !y did n buy 9 quantity4 ,! l>ge/ previ\s ord] to ! ,kle9s*midt ,electric ,company 0 = #hjj ,no4 #bb typeb> tape pr9t]s = ! ,we/]n ,union ,multiplex4 ,at ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt m space 0 ne$$4 ,! corn] prop]ty on ,wrightwood ,av5ue adjo9+ ! ,morkrum plant 0 pur*as$1 & a f\r-/ory build+ 0 erect$4 ,! design ( a telegraph typewrit] t w\ld be m effici5t & require a m9imum ( ma9t5ance s]vice 0 ! mo/ important project1 & ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt 0 work+ ) ,bell ,laboratories eng9e]s endeavor+ to meet all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,bell ,telephone sy/em4 ,a typeb> pr9t] ) a /ation>y pr9t+ plat5 & mov+ typeb> pr9t+ unit 0 specifi$4 ,^! requirem5ts 7 f9ally met ) ! design ( ! ,no4 #ae page pr9t] to op]ate at #fj words p] m9ute1 & manufacture ( ?is app>atus 0 />t$ 9 #aibg 7see figure #aa74 ,! ,no4 #ae page pr9t] became ! /&>d = nationwide int]communicat+ telegraph s]vice = _m ye>s4 ,9 #aibf1 soon aft] ! ,no4 #ad tape pr9t] 0 put into s]vice1 ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt receiv$ a reque/ f ! police dep>tm5t ( ,b]l91 ,g]many1 = detail$ in=mation1 /at+ t !y 7 int]e/$ 9 ! pur*ase ( ab\t sixty ,no4 #ad pr9t]s4 ,! lett] ask$ if ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt 0 repres5t$ by an ag5t 9 ,g]many :om !y c\ld contact4 ,at an executive meet+1 ,mr4 ,morton & ,mr4 ,krum ask$ ,mr4 ,kle9s*midt to take c>e ( ?is matt] s9ce 8 company1 be=e jo9+ !m1 _h sold app>atus 9 "s =eign c\ntries4 ,aft] fur!r correspond5ce ) ! ,b]l9 police (ficials1 ,kle9s*midt decid$ p]sonally to take a ,no4 #ad pr9t] to ,g]many & arrange = a repres5tative !re4 ,aft] visit+ & conf]r+ ) sev]al companies exp]i5c$ 9 ! telegraph & associat$ app>atus field1 a satisfactory arrangem5t 0 consummat$ ) ! ,c4 ,lor5z ,company1 on ,octob] #be1 #aibf1 = ! manufacture & sale ( ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt equipm5t 9 ,g]many1 on a royalty-lic5s+ basis4 ,at t "t ! ,lor5z company manufactur$ telegraph & telephone equipm5t & railway signal+ app>atus4 ,_! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t 0 "u ! sup]vision ( ,dr4 ,g]h>d ,grims5 :o took ! matt] 9 h& = fur!r exploitation t[>d an int]communicat+ pr9t+ telegraph sy/em1 us+ ! ,no4 #ae page teletypewrit]4 ,siem5s ,halske1 ! pr9cipal manufactur]s ( telegraph equipm5t 9 ,g]many1 7 also lic5s$ by ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation1 on ,june #a1 #aibi1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,lor5z company4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,no4 #ae ,page ,pr9t] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation 7,z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 x 0 ^! lic5s+ arrangem5ts :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,,telex int]communicat+ telepr9t] sy/em 9 ,europe47 ,9 e>ly #aibg ! well-kn[n newspap] publi%]1 ,mr4 ,frank ,e4 ,gannett1 came to ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt1 br++ 8 company's eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,morey1 :o _h he>d ( v>i\s attempts to op]ate a typesett+ ma*9e1 su* z ,l9otype or ,int]type1 directly f ! telegraph4 ,mr4 ,gannett said1 8,we h telegraph typewrit]s 9 our news rooms t record ! news z transmitt$ f ! ,associat$ ,press & ! ,unit$ ,press1 & t is f9e4 ,n[1 :y n g a /ep fur!r & op]ate our typesett+ ma*9es directly f ! telegraph circuit8 ,if y c develop su* a device1 ,i w help f9ance ! project40 ,inde$1 aft] "s /udy ( ! matt]1 ! possibility ( devis+ su* a sy/em seem$ entirely feasible & ! developm5t ( suitable app>atus 0 turn$ ov] to ! rese>* & developm5t dep>tm5t4 ,a workable plan 0 soon put toge!r & a sep>ate company1 ! ,teletypesett] ,company1 0 organiz$1 ) ,mr4 ,gannett jo9+ f9ancially4 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt 0 elect$ presid5t4 ,developm5t proce$$ & a complete set ( app>atus 0 set up & publicly demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t on ,decemb] #f1 #aibh1 at "o ( ,mr4 ,gannett's newspap]s1 ,! ,times ,union ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york4 ,teletypesett] equipm5t 0 subsequ5tly manufactur$ = sev]al in/allations4 ,aft] ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company pur*as$ ! ,teletype ,corporation 9 #aicj1 ! ,teletypesett] ,company 0 sold to ! ,fair*ild ,company4 ,teletypesett] equipm5t is n[ 9 univ]sal use by mo/ newspap]s & ! l>g] pr9t+ companies4 ,dur+ ! p]iod t ! ,unit$ ,/ates' bus9ess cycle 0 on a cont9u\s upsw+ 7dur+ ! late #aibjs71 securities sales on ! ,new ,york ,/ock ,ex*ange 7 go+ to con/antly high] volume1 & ! old /ep-by-/ep /ock tick] did n1 by l>ge m>g9s1 keep pace 9 record+ /ock %>e transactions4 ,!re 0 a cry = a high] spe$ /ock tick]2 9 fact1 ! ,/ock ,ex*ange (ficials told ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt t !y w\ld be happy to conv]t ! entire sy/em if !y c\ld get high] spe$4 ,an adaptation ( ! five-unit-code1 />t-/op sy/em seem$ ! solution & ! ,rese>* & ,developm5t dep>tm5t set out to develop suitable app>atus4 ,sev]al ideas 7 /udi$ &1 because ( ! frequ5t *anges f lett]s to figures1 requir+ pr9t+ 9 sep>ate r[s on ! tape1 a six-unit code 0 adapt$ in/ead 9 :i* comb9ations = a figure includ$ ! six? select+ pulse to op]ate ! figures pr9t hamm] & block ! lett]s pr9t hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation ,/ock ,tick] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt company 0 soon able to %[ ! ,/ock ,ex*ange p a /ock tick] op]at+ on a telegraph sy/em t work$ at twice ! spe$ ( ! /ep-by-/ep-op]at$ tick]s !n 9 use4 ,a spe$ ( #ejj pr9t+ op]ations p] m9ute c\ld be obta9$1 ?us atta9+ a "o-hundr$-p]c5t increase 9 ! transmitt+ & record+ ( /ock quotations on ! tape 7see figure #ab74 ,! ,/ock ,ex*ange tick] s]vice company ord]$ #ae1jjj ( ^! high-spe$ tick]s & ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company also ord]$ a quantity = _! national /ock quotations di/ribut+ sy/ems4 ,z bus9ess ( ! comb9$ ,morkrum & ,kle9s*midt companies w5t along1 x 0 ?\ght t ! "n 8,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,corporation0 0 a pretty big m\?ful & t a simpl] "n m *>act]i/ic ( its products w\ld be bett]4 ,! "n 8,teletype0 0 sugge/$1 & 9 ! ye> #aibh ! "n *ange to 8,teletype ,corporation0 0 made4 ,! exact orig9 ( ! ^w 8teletype0 is n kn[n b x is no d\bt "o ( ! abbreviat$ =ms ( ! words 8telegraph typewrit]0 :i* 7 us$ ov] ! ye>s4 ,9 lit]ature1 9 ! e>ly #aijjs1 we f9d t ! ^w 8teletype10 9 speak+ ( pr9t+ telegraph equipm5t1 & o!r %ort5$ =ms1 su* z 8telewrit]0 & 8teletyp]10 7 us$ int]*angeably4 ,kle9s*midt's son1 ,edw>d ,f41 :o /udi$ electrical eng9e]+ at ,/ev5's ,in/itute & at ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 0 employ$ z developm5t eng9e] by ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt company :]e he assi/$ 9 ! design ( projects at h&1 &1 dur+ #aibi1 produc$ a sy/em & app>atus = transmitt+ & record+ pr9t$ *>act]s by ! successive transmission ( dots arrang$ 9 a patt]n to =m lett]s4 ,:ile ?is sy/em requir$ a high] signal+ frequ5cy1 x 0 ?\ght to be sup]ior to p]mutation-code transmission ov] radio circuits :]e electro/atic int]f]5ce is exp]i5c$1 s9ce1 9 ! dot patt]n transmission1 electro/atic int]f]5ce up to a degree w n *ange ! readability ( a transmitt$ lett]4 ,! sy/em 0 9 te/ op]ation to prove its effici5cy ov] radio circuits :]e consid]able /atic int]f]5ce 0 exp]i5c$4 ,^u he>+ ( ?is new telegraph = ! radio1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,/anley ,doll> became int]e/$ 9 ! use ( ?is communicat+ sy/em = 8 /eam%ip l9e4 ,!re 0 consid]able correspond5ce 9 ?is matt] dur+ mid-#aicj1 j prior to ! sale ( ,teletype2 h[ev]1 nei!r ,,at,t nor ,we/]n ,electric 0 int]e/$ 9 fur!r promot+ ?is new radio telegraph1 s ! matt] 0 dropp$4 ,bus9ess activities ( ,teletype ,corporation 7 n[ gr[+ rapidly & ) good pr(it4 ,! capital /ructure ( #aj1jjj %>es 0 :olly inadequate1 s by a #ae-to-#a /ock divid5d ! capital /ructure 0 rais$ to #aej1jjj %>es1 & divid5ds on an annual basis ( #ab4jj 7 paid4 ,! successful developm5t ( app>atus = diff]5t applications useful 9 ! telegraph field 0 l>gely due to ! close coop]ation betwe5 ! rese>*-developm5t & ! manufactur+ dep>tm5ts ( ! organization4 ,h[>d ,krum _h exp]t eng9e]s & design]s 9 8 dep>tm5t1 ,kle9s*midt br\ght 8 lead+ eng9e]s & design]s f ! ,long ,isl& ,city plant1 & !re 0 a def9ite _s ( coop]ation all ar\nd4 ,to quote aga9 f ! ,=tune magaz9e /ory3#aj ,z ! ye>s up to #aibe1 :5 ! ,kle9s*midt-,morkrum m]g] took place1 7 w&]+s 9 a pr(itless des]t1 s ! ye>s f #aibe to #aicj f\nd ! teletype 9 a l& ( milk & honey4 ,mr4 ,morton1 h[ev]1 0 incl9$ to ?9k t a company :i* _h only two or ?ree major cu/om]s is n /rongly plac$4 ,fur!rmore 7& by ! spr+ ( #aicj71 at lea/ "o ( ^? cu/om]s 0 actively 9 ! m>ket z a ,teletype pur*as]4 ,?is buy] 0 ,colonel ,so/h5es ,behn1 ^: ,int]national ,telephone ,telegraph ,co4 includes ,po/al ,telegraph at home 9 addition to _m communication & manufactur+ companies abroad4 ,) ,colonel ,behn want+ to buy & ,mr4 ,morton want+ to sell1 negotiations rapidly proce$$ to a po9t at :i* ,mr4 ,morton1 at lea/1 ?\ght ! deal 0 almo/ conclud$4 ,b :ile ,mr4 ,morton & ! ,colonel 7 discuss+ ! prospective acquisition1 into ! ,colonel's (fice walk$ a man :o has no o!r place 9 ?is /ory except t he happ5$ to int]rupt at ?is mom5t4 ,z ?is g5tleman 0 introduc$1 he ask$ :e!r ,mr4 ,morton 7 relat$ to ,joy or ,paul ,morton4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,morton admitt$ t !y 7 8 fa!r & uncle1 ! man turn$ to ,colonel ,behn & said 9 je/3 8,bett] wat* y\r /ep4 ,t's a sm>t family40 ,only ,colonel ,behn kn[s :e!r he gave t rem>k any weight1 b ! po9t is t ! negotiations sudd5ly collaps$1 & t ! visitor's rem>k ab\t ! sm>t family /ill lives vividly 9 ,mr4 ,morton's memory4 ,?is setback 0 n a setback at all to su* a negotiator z ,mr4 ,morton4 ,two mon?s lat]1 9 ,may1 #aicj1 y f9d him walk+ into ! (fice ( ,cl>5ce ,g4 ,/oll1 vice presid5t ( ,we/]n ,electric1 ,a4 ,t4 ,t4's manufactur+ subsidi>y4 ,?is "t !re _h be5 no prelim9>ies4 ,mr4 ,/oll rose f 8 desk & said3 8,good morn+4 ,:at c ,i d = y80 8,d y want to buy ,teletype80 8,is x = sale80 8,yes1 at a price40 8,all "r4 ,let's get d[n to bus9ess40 ,!y got d[n to bus9ess on ! spot1 & !y rema9$ at x = ?ree solid days 9 ,mr4 ,/oll's (fice4 ,! agreem5t z rea*$ call$ = ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 to pay (f ! pref]r$ /ock ( ,teletype1 #ac1igi %>es callable at #aje1 & to give "o %>e ( ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 9 ex*ange = ea* common %>e ( ,teletype4 ,! ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 %>es 7 wor? ab\t #bjj1 s ! price came to upw>ds ( #cj1jjj1jjj--plus1 ( c\rse1 ! #a1dfg1gie = retir+ ! ,teletype pref]r$4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ?is deal to take ov] ,teletype on a %>e-=-%>e basis 0 exclusive ( =eign pat5t rights b did include pat5t rights 9 ,canada & ,mexico4 ,! sale to ,we/]n ,electric 0 clos$ on ,septemb] #cj1 #aicj4 ,mr4 ,/oll ( t company 0 made presid5t4 ,h[>d ,krum cont9u$ on z vice presid5t & 0 a lead] 9 develop+ a numb] ( comm5dable devices1 includ+ a sy/em = transmitt+ messages 9 scrambl$1 untranslatable code =m & receiv+ su* scrambl$ code 9 p]fect message =m4 ,mr4 ,morton 0 reta9$ z consultant4 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt made an arrangem5t to d developm5t "w = ! new organization 9 a laboratory ( 8 own1 assign+ all inv5tions to ! ,teletype ,corporation 7see page #ej74 ,aft] ,kle9s*midt left ,teletype1 8 assi/ant1 ,alb]t ,h4 ,reib]1 c>ri$ on z head ( ,rese>* & ,developm5t = a %ort :ile be=e 8 untimely dea?4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,walt] ,j4 ,z5n] _h advanc$ &1 9 #aice1 became ,dep>tm5t ,*ief & lat] ,vice ,presid5t 9 ,*>ge ( ,rese>* & ,developm5t4 ,"u ,z5n]'s direction a numb] ( new devices 9 ! telepr9t] field 7 develop$1 includ+ ultra-high-spe$ tape-p]=at+ & tape-controll$ transmitt+ devices1 z well z a high-spe$ /ock tick] op]at+ at #ijj *>act]s p] m9ute 7introduc$ 9 #aifd7 to replace ! e>li] ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt tick] :i* op]at$ at #ejj *>act]s p] m9ute4 ,"s #id pat5ts 7 issu$ 9 8 "n1 :i* h contribut$ greatly to ! gr[? ( ! ,teletype ,corporation4#aa ,on ,may #ae1 #aidj1 ,h[>d ,krum & ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt 7 bo? honor$ by ,! ,frankl9 ,in/itute & aw>d$ ! ,john ,price ,we!rill ,m$al1 ea* "o 8,= 8 ,"p 9 ! ,developm5t ( a ,successful ,electrically ,op]at$ ,duplicate ,typewrit+ ,ma*9e ,n[ ,kn[n z ! ,teletypewrit]10 7,quot$ f ! m$al c]tificate47 ,illu/ration3 ,teletype ,corporation's new ,model #cc ,automatic ,s5d-,receive ,set ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,h[>d ,krum lat] also receiv$ an aw>d z ,mod]n ,pione] f ! ,national ,manufactur]s ,association4 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt1 on ,april #ai1 #aieh1 0 aw>d$ ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor ( ,eng9e]+ at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,brooklyn4 ,to cont9ue3 ,aft] ! sale ( pat5t rights 9 ,canada1 ,mexico1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,we/]n ,electric1 !re rema9$ ! ,european & o!r =eign pat5t rights /ill ) ! orig9al ,morkrum & ,kle9s*midt inve/ors4 ,! ,int]national ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company want$ ^! rights1 &1 aft] negotiations 9 ,new ,york1 a price 0 set = _! pur*ase ?r\gh ! ,cre$ ,company 9 ,london1 !n own$ by ,,x,t4 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt 0 s5t to ,london 9 #aicj to close ! deal4 ,"s *anges to ! sales contract 7 reque/$ by ,cre$ :i* kept ! cables busy by ,kle9s*midt 9 ask+ = approval f ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 & ,we/]n ,electric lawy]s4 ,f9ally1 ^u all-ar\nd approval1 ! contract 0 sign$ at ! previ\sly-agre$-to price ( "o & a qu>t] million doll>s4 ,,*apt] #e ,teletypewrit] ,int]communication ,exp&s ,,telex ,z a result ( ! acquisition ( pat5ts ( ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,company by ! ,lor5z company1 ,siem5s ,halske1 &1 lat]1 ! ,cre$ company 9 ,engl&1 all ( :i* we h discuss$ briefly1 teletypewrit] int]communicat+ exp&$ rapidly4 ,9 j a %ort "t1 ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ^! companies1 x spread ov] all ( ,europe & 0 nam$ ,,telex 7,,telepr9t] ,,ex*ange ,s]vice74 ,dr4 ,g]h>d ,grims5 ( ! ,lor5z company1 9 a lett] to ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt1 dat$ ,july #aa1 #aifb1 /ates1 9 "p 7slightly edit$73 ,! /ory ( pr9t+ telegraph app>atus us+ an equal l5g? code 9 ! ,lor5z ,co4 comm5ces 9 #aibg ) ! acquisition ( ! mo/ important pat5ts ( ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt ,co4 ,be=e !n1 ! ,lor5z p 7 busy 9 manufactur+ ,morse app>atus & deliv]+ ex*ange tick]s :i* us$ ! ,hughes code4 ,! transmitt] _h a piano keybo>d1 ! receiv] 0 a page pr9t] ) a mov+ type :eel4444 ,! bigge/ network ( ?is k9d 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,police s]vice 7) "o transmitt] & ab\t #cjj receiv]s74 ,! connections betwe5 ! headqu>t]s & ! sub/ations 7 built by us+ guttap]*a cable l9es own$ by ! police adm9i/ration4 ,?is broadca/+ network 0 erect$ ar\nd #aijg4 ,by #aibg ! cables _h ag$1 by normal corrosion1 to su* a degree t in/ead ( #aaj-volt d\ble curr5t transmitt+ voltage1 little by little1 up to #bbj volts 0 necess>y = a fairly satisfy+ op]ation4 ,also1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! app>atus became m co/ly4 ,?is 0 ! situation :5 "s communication exp]ts ( ! police & ! po/ adm9i/ration made ! fir/ /udies ab\t ! newe/ telegraph te*nique 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4444 ,!y f\nd t ! />t-/op1 five-unit tape pr9t]1 ! ,model #ad1 develop$ & manufactur$ by ! ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt company1 w\ld be ! be/ in/rum5t to replace ! old ones 9 ! police s]vice z well z 9 ! telegraph bus9ess ( ! ,g]man po/ adm9i/ration4 ,( special importance to ! police s]vice 0 ! fact t by introduc+ ?is app>atus1 x 0 n necess>y to build a new network because n[ x became possible to r5t normal telephone l9es us+ s+le curr5t1 #dj-milliamp]e1 #fj-volt curr5t only4 ,siem5s & ,halske eng9e]s1 9 #aibe1 _h design$ a telepr9t] us+ ! five-unit-code1 />t-/op pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 manufactur$ & improvem5ts add$1 includ+ ! new />t-/op me?od develop$ by ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt4 ,! ,cre$ company1 :i* _h />t$ manufacture ( />t-/op telepr9t]s be=e #aicj1 hav+ pur*as$ sev]al ,morkrum pr9t]s be=e ! consolidation ( t company ) ! ,kle9s*midt company1 also design$ a telepr9t] = ! new five-unit-code1 />t-/op sy/em4 ,9 ano!r write-up1 ,dr4 ,grims5 /ates t aft] ! ,siem5s company came into ! picture1 a fully automatic telepr9t] network 0 />t$ 9 #aicc ) a trial in/allation betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,hamburg = ab\t =ty private subscrib]s4 ,! results 7 s enc\rag+ t ! ,g]man ,rei*spo/ cont9u$ ! "w1 & five ye>s lat] ! ,,telex sy/em conta9$ ab\t #aj1jjj subscrib]s4 ,,telex s]vice 0 introduc$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #aicb & 0 work$ ov] ! telephone network1 us+ a s+le-tone voice frequ5cy c>ri] signal :i* 0 key$ on & (f by ! telepr9t] transmitt]4 7,f ,freebody's ,telegraphy47#ab ,int]connection = ,,telex s]vice 0 made by dial+ a subscrib] z 9 telephone op]ation4 ,,telex directories !n1 z n[1 gave ! call numb]s ( subscrib]s4 ,types ( answ]back devices 7 design$ 9 bo? ,engl& & ,g]many :i* f9ally develop$ into an arrangem5t :]eby ! call+ subscrib] w\ld1 aft] dial+ a numb]1 press a special key1 ! %ift$ ,d key--nam$ ! 8,:o-,are-,y80 button--:i* w\ld cause ! transmission ( a signal code automatically to activate ! call$ teletypewrit] me*anism into transmitt+ its ,,telex numb]4 ,fur!r app>atus1 a device to pun* ! code 9 a tape & a pun*$-tape-controll$ transmitt]1 0 soon add$4 ,! ,siem5s company also develop$ & built completely automatic swit*+ equipm5t = ! ,,telex sy/em :i* is us$ by _m telegraph adm9i/rations4 ,?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ! companies :o 7 manufactur+ telepr9t]s & associat$ equipm5t1 ! _m problems t appe>$ 7 ev5tually solv$ to improve ! app>atus & br+ ! ,,telex sy/em to ev5tual p]fection = worldwide telegraph communications4 7,at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 accord+ to /ati/ics1 !re are ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj ,,telex subscrib]s ?r\gh\t ! _w47 ,"o ( ! problems fac$ 9 sett+ up su* a worldwide sy/em 0 t ( /&>diz+ ! code & op]at+ spe$4 ,at ! "t ( ,kle9s*midt's /ay 9 ,london 9 #aicj to close negotiations ) ,cre$ = ! sale ( ,morkrum-,kle9s*midt's =eign rights1 he met ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,feu]hahn ( ! ,g]man ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration :o at t "t 0 9 conf]5ce ) ,cre$ & repres5tatives f ! ,briti% ,telegraph ,adm9i/ration z to /&>diz+ on an alphabet & telegraph code = int]national communications4 ,mr4 ,feu]hahn argu$ = ! adoption ( ! ,am]ican ,murray alphabet & code1 /at+ t he already _h ! approval & cons5t ( ! ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,belgian telegraph adm9i/rations4 ,mr4 ,feu]hahn & ,kle9s*midt sp5t "s h\rs toge!r4 ,aft] _! return to _! respective c\ntries1 ,kle9s*midt receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,feu]hahn ref]r+ to _! talks & /at+ t he _h be5 9 correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ( ,we/]n ,union & ,mr4 ,p>k] ( ,bell ,laboratories ) reg>d to code & o!r p]t95t matt]s ( /&>dization s t an ,int]national ,telepr9t] ,ex*ange c\ld be ext5d$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r lett] dat$ ,octob] #aj1 #aica1 review$ ! a=em5tion$ /&>dization se>*4 ,! ,murray alphabet & #g-unit code 7 soon adopt$ & are /ill 9 use today 9 ,,telex4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 an association1 ! ,consultative ,committee on ,int]national ,telegraph 7,,ccit--n[ ! ,,ccitt to include ! telephone71 0 =m$ & met regul>ly to discuss problems & to set op]at+ regulations = ! ,,telex app>atus 9 an int]communicat+ sy/em4 ,! ,,ccitt at ?is writ+ is /ill meet+ regul>ly on worldwide /&>dization 9 bo? telegraph & telephone communications4 ,,telex ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,twx ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,novemb] #aica1 ! ,bell ,telephone ,companies ann\nc$ an int]communicat+ teletypewrit] s]vice1 call$ ,,twx = %ort 7,teletype,writ] e,x*ange71 by :i* int]connections c\ld be made by a swit*bo>d op]ator z 9 telephone s]vice4 ,"o ( _! fir/ adv]tisem5ts nam$ x a 8,telephone ,typewrit] ,s]vice1 a s]vice t typewrites by wire1 a me?od ( int]-(fice communication t has ! quickness ( ! telephone1 ! flexibility ( conv]sation1 ! accuracy ( ! typewrit]1 ! au?ority ( ! pr9t$ ^w1 ! p]man5cy ( pr9t40#ac ,tape-pun*+ & tape-controll$ transmitt+ app>atus 0 provid$4 ,?is s]vice all[$ subscrib]s to c>ry on a typewritt5 conv]sation at a *>ge less ?an ! co/ ( a telephone call1 :e!r to local or to di/ant areas4 ,! maximum spe$ ( ?is equipm5t 0 limit$ to sixty words p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,telephone ,typewrit] ,s]vice 7e>ly ,,twx app>atus7 reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,am]ican telephone ,telegraph ,co4 ,!re are approximately #ed1jjj subscrib]s to ,,twx at ?is writ+1 & ! ,,twx directory gets fatt] ) ea* new issue4 ,9 #aifb all ,,twx ma*9es 7 conv]t$ to direct dial+ op]ation1 mak+ ! s]vice easi] to use4 ,in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh 8,op]ator0 by manually typ+ out ! call lett]s ( ! p>ty be+ call$1 "o n[ m]ely depresses ! ,orig9ate button1 li/5s = ! dial tone1 & !n dials ! ,,twx numb] ( ! p>ty want$4 ,,rca ,communications1 ,inc41 0 ! fir/ to ext5d int]national ,,telex s]vice to ,bell ,sy/em teletypewrit] subscrib]s 7#aiee71 enabl+ !m to make & receive ov]seas calls on _! dome/ic ,,twx ma*9es4#ad ,z /at$1 ! ,,twx ma*9es 7 ge>$ = #fj-words-p]-m9ute op]ation1 :]eas ! ,,telex sy/em op]at$ at #ff words p] m9ute4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = ,r4,c4,a4 to use conv]sion app>atus to an error-detect+ code = ov]seas radio transmission4 ,?is code 0 a sev5-unit code1 us+ ?ree m>k+ & f\r spac+ elem5ts1 giv+ #ce usable comb9ations4 ,by us+ a special pr9t]1 :5 a faulty comb9ation 0 receiv$1 a special error symbol 0 pr9t$4 ,we/]n ,union1 9 ,may ( #aieh1 introduc$ ,,telex s]vice betwe5 ,new ,york ,city & v>i\s ,canadian po9ts4 ,by #aifb ! s]vice _h be5 ext5d$ to #fg ,unit$ ,/ates cities1 & at ?is writ+ !y expect to s]ve #ahj ,unit$ ,/ates cities ) an anticipat$ subscrib] capacity ( _m ?\s&s4#ae ,9 addition to dome/ic s]vice betwe5 ,u4 ,s4 cities1 subscrib]s c dial automatic telepr9t] connections to ,canada & ,mexico4 ,also1 !y c obta9 direct ,,telex connections to o!r p>ts ( ! _w ?r\gh ! ov]seas facilities ( ,,rcac 7,radio ,corporation ( ,am]ica ,communications71 ,,ac,r 7,am]ican ,cable & ,radio71 & ,,wui 7,we/]n ,union ,int]national74 ,! op]at+ spe$ ( #ff words p] m9ute & also ! telepr9t] keybo>d 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,,telex network con=m to int]national /&>ds ( ! ,,ccitt4 ,?is provides complete op]at+ compatibility ) o!r ,,telex sy/ems ?r\gh\t ! _w )\t ! ne$ = spe$ & keybo>d translators4#ae ,,"s ,,( ,,today',s ,,telex ,,app>atus ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,sagem ,electronic ,telepr9t] us$ 9 ,,telex ,picture by c\rtesy ( ,socit d',applications ,gnrales d',electricit et de ,mcanique ,illu/ration3 ,we/]n ,union ,,telex ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice ,,telex ,in/allation by c\rtesy ( ,h4 ,m4 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ,illu/ration3 7uncaption$7 ,illu/ration3 ,/&>d ,elektrik ,lor5z ,,telex ,app>atus reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,/&>d ,elektrik ,lor5z ,illu/ration3 ,siem5s ,halske ,,telex ,app>atus ,picture by c\rtesy ( ,siem5s ,halske ,,*apt] #f ,,kle9s*midt ,,laboratories ,z we h se51 ,edw>d ,kle9s*midt1 ^u resign+ f ,teletype ,corporation z vice presid5t :5 x 0 tak5 ov] by ,we/]n ,electric1 _h agre$ to d developm5t "w = !m1 work+ indep5d5tly b assign+ any inv5tions to ! new ,teletype ,corporation4 ,& s x 0 t ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories came into exi/5ce4 ,incorporat$ on ,m>* #ba1 #aica1 "u ,delaw>e laws1 = ! imm$iate purpose ( do+ rese>* & developm5t "w = ,teletype1 ! pr9cipals ( ! new company 7 ,edw>d ,e4 z presid5t1 & 8 two sons1 ,edw>d ,f4 z vice presid5t & ,b]n>d ,l4 z secret>y4 ,kle9s*midt _h e>li] propos$ a compreh5sive & completely automatic pr9t+ telegraph swit*+ sy/em 9 :i* messages are automatically r\t$ f ! subscrib] pr9t] ?r\gh telegraph c5trals ( ! addressee pr9t] "u control ( address tape p]=ations4 ,"u 8 developm5t contract ) ,teletype he cont9u$ "w on ! sy/em4 ,message /orage 9 p]=at$ tape 0 provid$ = at all c5tral swit*+ po9ts1 & an answ]back arrangem5t 0 includ$ 9 ! sy/em by ! automatic return transmission ( ! addressee's numb] to ! s5d]4 ,z ! rese>* & developm5t "w = ,teletype cont9u$1 ! swit*+ sy/em 0 complet$1 & v>i\s o!r devices ( m or less importance 7 develop$1 ) pat5ts assign$ to ! ,teletype ,corporation4 ,9 late #aicd ! contract ) ,teletype expir$4 ,at t "t1 son ,b]n>d 0 op]at+ a pr9t+ plant 9 r close qu>t]s 9 ,highl& ,p>k1 ,ill9ois4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,laboratories _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 r5t$ qu>t]s at ! ,m]*&ise ,m>t 9 ,*icago4 ,see+ t !re w\ld be no "w = ,teletype1 x 0 decid$ to set up work+ qu>t]s 9 ,highl& ,p>k :]e ! family liv$4 ,s9ce r5t$ space 0 n available1 a build+ 0 con/ruct$ on ,l9colnwood ,road 9 ! ,braeside section ( ,highl& ,p>k to h\se bo? ! ,b4 ,l4 ,kle9s*midt ,pr9t+ ,company & ! ma*9]y & o!r equipm5t ( ! ,laboratories4 ,! ,laboratories1 n[ inactive1 became a p]sonal hold+ company ) #bcjj %>es to cov] a book value ( approximately #bcj1jjj4jj 7,kle9s*midt hav+ di/ribut$ ! major portion ( ^! %>es to 8 *ildr5 & gr&*ildr574 ,son ,edw>d ,f4 turn$ 8 ?\ghts to o!r fields & c>ri$ on exp]im5tal "w 9 ! new build+ 9 devices n connect$ ) ! telegraph4 ,son ,b]n>d 0 involv$ 9 8 pr9t+ bus9ess4 ,_! fa!r's ?\ghts lay dormant = a long "t1 b /ill !re 0 ! urge to cont9ue ) ! telegraph1 & a plan = op]at+ a five-unit-code select+ me*anism1 op]at+ on a progressive /op pr9ciple to position a type:eel or to select a typeb> = pr9t+ on tape or page1 0 work$ out4 ,:5 models ( ?is new plan 7 complet$ & op]at+ successfully1 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt imm$iately ?\ght ( ,teletype ,corporation & br\ght ! app>atus to _! att5tion1 submitt+ models & pat5t applications = _! evaluation4 ,aft] num]\s conf]5ces & correspond5ce1 h[ev]1 8 (f] = ! sale ( pat5t rights & models 0 reject$4 ,disc\rag$1 he left ! complet$ models at ! ,highl& ,p>k lab & mov$ to ,florida4 ,dur+ ! second _w w>1 son ,b]n>d ab&on$ 8 pr9t+ e/abli%m5t & />t$ a tool & die %op1 us+ ! ma*9]y & facilities ( ! ,laboratories z well z space occupi$ by 8 pr9t+ %op4 ,! ,b4 ,l4 ,kle9s*midt ,company 0 kept busy build+ tools1 dies1 & special devices = ! w> ef=t4 ,?r\gh ,b]n>d's associations he le>n$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps ne$$ a light-weight1 transportable telepr9t] = tactical field use1 & he ask$ 8 fa!r if he c\ld %[ ! progressive /op pr9t] to ! ,signal ,corps at _! ,*icago headqu>t]s4 ,8 fa!r1 9 ,miami at t "t1 gave 8 approval4 ,two days lat]1 ! telephone rang 9 ,miami & x 0 ,b]n>d say+1 8,dad1 !y are int]e/$ & want y to br+ ! pr9t] model to ,army ,headqu>t]s 9 ,wa%+ton40 ,no?+ c\ld h pleas$ 8 fa!r m6 ,9 ,febru>y ( #aidd1 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt demon/rat$ a work+ model ( 8 telepr9t] 9 ,wa%+ton at ! (fice ( ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic]4 ,(ficials ( ! ,signal ,corps 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! unit1 n only because ( its extreme lightness & small bulk1 b because ( ! repres5tations t ! basic design features ( ?is tape pr9t]1 exclusive ( ! pr9t+ me*anism1 c\ld be incorporat$ 9 a page-type pr9t] :i* c\ld be con/ruct$ ) a total weight ( approximately ?irty p\nds4 ,! ma*9e 0 subsequ5tly in=mally te/$ at ! ,signal ,corps ,eng9e]+ ,laboratories & f\nd to h excell5t m>g9s :5 work+ )\t an int]m$iate relay on v l[ l9e curr5t1 a highly desirable feature 9 a piece ( tactical teletypewrit] equipm5t4 ,! exhibit at ,headqu>t]s 0 successful1 & aft] op]ative te/s at ! ,signal ,corps' ,coles ,signal ,laboratories 9 ,r$ ,bank1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e approval = fur!r /udies 0 giv51 ! ,kle9s*midt organization 0 ask$ to prep>e plans t[>d a tactical light-weight pr9t] = field use4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t teletypewrit]s at t "t 7 heavy1 cumb]some1 & int5d$ = use only at telegraph (fices or at o!r plant or (fice fix$ in/allations4 ,! plans = a light-weight page pr9t] 7 submitt$ to ! ,signal ,corps z reque/$ & 7 well receiv$ by _! eng9e]s4 ,^! eng9e]s !n wrote up specifications detail+ _! requirem5ts = a rugg$1 light-weight portable set = h&-c>ry+ ?r\gh jungles & swamps1 & op]able "u sev]e climatic conditions2 ! specifications 7 submitt$ to ! ,teletype ,corporation1 ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 & to ! ,kle9s*midt organization4 ,we/]n ,union did n take on ! developm5t job1 b ,teletype & ,kle9s*midt accept$4 ,a contract = ! developm5t ( a teletypewrit] accord+ to ,signal ,corps specifications 0 clos$ ) bo? companies 9 #aide4 ,! ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories 7 n 9 active op]ation at ?is "t1 s ! fir/ developm5t contract 0 clos$ ) ! ,b4 ,l4 ,kle9s*midt ,company :i* 0 fully equipp$ to c>ry on ! "w4 ,exp]t tool & model mak]s 7 9 8 employ1 "s ( :om turn$ out to d well at ! draw+ bo>d & 7 ( great help 9 work+ out me*anical functions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 five or six ( ,b]n>d's employees are /ill ) ! ,kle9s*midt ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation at ?is writ+1 "s hav+ atta9$ sup]visory positions4 ,edw>d ,f4 jo9$ 8 fa!r 9 fur!r eng9e]+ & developm5t "w1 & models ( a typeb> page pr9t] & a type:eel page pr9t] to op]ate at #fj words p] m9ute 7 built4 ,^u evaluation by ! ,signal ,corps & ,army eng9e]s1 a pr9t] ) a high] op]at+ spe$1 up to #ajj words p] m9ute1 0 dem&$4 ,?is new requirem5t meant a complete r$esign ( app>atus1 b x 0 successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh & exp]im5tal models 7 submitt$ by bo? companies4 ,!reupon bo? ,kle9s*midt & ,teletype 7 ask$ to build t5 pr9t]s = field te/s4 ,?is 0 done1 & aft] ext5sive field te/+1 ! ,kle9s*midt-design$1 keybo>d-op]at$1 #ajj-words-p]-m9ute typeb> page pr9t] 0 accept$1 &1 by ord] ( ! !n ,secret>y ( ,w>1 x 0 made ! /&>d = ! ,milit>y1 effective on ,janu>y #a1 #aidi4 7,?is pr9t] 0 lat] to be kn[n z ! ,,tt-#d tactical page pr9t]1 ! pr9cipal compon5t ( ,teletypewrit] ,set ,,an_/,,pgc-#a47 7,see fig4 #ac47 ,an ann\ncem5t f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army1 9 a docum5t releas$ = publication on ,febru>y #ac1 #aidi1af read z foll[s3 ,portable ,teletypewrit] ,develop$ by ,signal ,corps ,portable teletypewrit] equipm5t s light t a p>a*uti/ c c>ry x on a jump f an airplane has be5 develop$ & adopt$ by ! ,army1 promis+ a major advancem5t 9 milit>y communications1 ! ,signal ,corps ann\nc$ today4 ,weigh+ b #de p\nds1 comp>$ ) curr5t field equipm5t t weighs #bbe p\nds1 ! new portable teletypewrit] is b "o-f\r? ! size ( ! old1 has #cjj few] p>ts1 is consid]ably /rong] & consequ5tly requires f> less ma9t5ance4 ,! new equipm5t is capable ( transmitt+ & receiv+ messages #ff p] c5t fa/] ?an exi/+ types & w op]ate on bo? wire & radio circuits4 ,x is wat]pro( & %\ld x be us$ 9 amphibi\s op]ations1 c\ld be float$ onto a bea*4 ,! developm5t is ! fruition ( a #bj-ye>-old project t did n get "u way 9 e>ne/1 h[ev]1 until ,_w ,w> ,,ii 0 ne>ly ov]4 ,because ( its light weight1 ! new teletypewrit] c be us$ mu* clos] to ! front l9es ?an has be5 ! case4 ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 teletyp$ messages c\ld g only z f> =w>d z a division headqu>t]s4 ,h[ mu* f>!r =w>d ! new equipm5t c be us$1 w be det]m9$ 9 =?com+ field te/s4 ,! portable teletypewrit] 0 develop$ by ! ,signal ,corps ,eng9e]+ ,laboratories at ,=t ,monm\?1 ,new ,j]sey1 ?r\gh a rese>* & developm5t contract ) ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories1 ,incorporat$1 ( ,highl& ,p>k1 ,ill9ois4 ,!re are ?ree compon5ts to a complete field unit3 ! teletypewrit] itself1 weigh+ #de p\nds2 a p[] unit1 & a case ( accessories4 ,! ?ree toge!r weigh #aaf p\nds4 ,all units are wat]pro(1 bo? to p]mit flotation 9 amphibi\s activities & to provide complete protection f wea!r4 ,"o man c c>ry ! teletypewrit] itself1 :ile two m5 c c>ry all ?ree units4 ,! field teletypewrit] 9 curr5t use weighs #bbe p\nds &--if a vehicle is n available--requires f\r m5 to c>ry x4 ,) p[] unit & accessories1 pres5t field equipm5t totals m ?an #djj p\nds & requires sev5 m5 to c>ry x4 ,:ile developm5t "w = ! ,signal ,corps 0 progress+1 ,b]n>d kept busy manag+ g5]al op]ations & ,edw>d ,f4 took hold 9 ! g5]al design & devis$ important features t 7 pat5t$ 9 8 "n4 ,b]n>d di$ 9 ,m>*1 #aidh4 ,h[ev]1 developm5t "w w5t along ) ! ,b4 ,l4 ,kle9s*midt facilities until #aidi1 :5 a production ord] = #b1jjj telepr9t]s1 con=m+ to ! n[ approv$ ,kle9s*midt design1 0 to be plac$4 ,n[ t ,b]n>d 0 no long] !re to take ov] bus9ess details1 & z a c]ta9 am\nt ( basic capital 0 ne$$ to op]ate a production e/abli%m5t1 arrangem5ts 7 made to transf] ,b]n>d's equipm5t to ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories :i* !reaft] clos$ a contract to manufacture ! requir$ quantity ( telepr9t]s n[ designat$ z ! ,,tt-#d telegraph typewrit]4 ,kle9s*midt s5ior1 n[ sev5ty-f\r1 0 n eag] to take ov] ! managem5t ( production activities1 & :ile manufactur]s 9 ! (fice equipm5t & radio field 7 ready & anxi\s to take on ! manufacture ( ^! new telepr9t]s1 he s\ght to keep ! future ( ?is new developm5t ) ! ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories--n[ own$ by all memb]s ( 8 family4 ,8 son-9-law1 ,em]son ,e4 7,bud7 ,mead1 0 op]at+ a manufactur+ plant1 produc+ electrical control devices q successfully1 s1 8,:y n ask ,bud1 !n ,secret>y ( ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories1 to take ov]8 ,he c\ld no d\bt sell ! ,mead company at a pr(it40 ,bud did f9d a buy] = 8 company & he 0 !n made vice presid5t ( ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories2 lat]1 :5 ,edw>d ,e4 ,kle9s*midt turn$ ov] full managem5t to him1 ,mead became executive vice presid5t4 ,! imm$iate problem at ! ,laboratories 0 to f9d manufactur+ space4 ,! fir/ ?\ght 0 to r5t1 b !n !re w\ld be no room to exp& %\ld l>g] ord]s foll[1 & ?is c\ld be expect$ s9ce ,kle9s*midt telepr9t] app>atus 0 n[ made /&>d equipm5t = all ,u4,s4 ,arm$ ,s]vices4 ,^u fur!r inve/igation1 ,bud ,mead f\nd a plot 9 ,de]field1 ,ill9ois1 fac+ ,c\nty ,l9e ,road1 consi/+ ( ?irte5 acres1 :i* c\ld be pur*as$ at a reasonable price4 ,?is area w\ld give pl5ty ( build+ room & space = p>k+ c>s4 ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories' fir/ build+1 #bjj #aej feet1 0 soon erect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,portable ,,tt-#d ,tactical ,page ,pr9t] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,,an_/,,fgc-#bj ,fix$-,/ation ,teletypewrit] ,set ,prelim9>y "w t[>d manufactur+1 draw+s1 ord]+ ( production ma*9]y1 special tools1 /&>d p>ts1 & o!r items 0 c>ri$ on at ! ,braeside laboratory4 ,! ef=ts ( all ( ! p ( ! ,kle9s*midt organization1 work+ ) great en?usiasm & wond]ful coop]ation1 sometimes ar\nd ! clock1 7 rew>d$ :5 on ,april #ag1 #aiej1 preproduction samples ( light-weight teletypewrit] sets 7 deliv]$ on s*$ule to ! ,signal ,corps 9 ,=t ,monm\? = approval & acceptance4 ,imm$iately ^u receipt ( _! approval1 production began on ! contract aw>d$ 9 ,june ( #aidi4 ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories subsequ5tly receiv$ contracts & built ?\s&s ( _! telepr9t]s1 includ+ ! fill+ ( ord]s = ! ,,an_/,,fgc-#bj fix$ /ation telepr9t]s 7see fig4 #ad74 ,lat]1 ! ,laboratories1 toge!r ) ! ,automatic ,electric ,company1 !n ( ,*icago1 n[ ( ,nor?lake1 ,ill41 design$ & built swit*+ app>atus & set up high-spe$1 #ajj-words-p]-m9ute1 automatic telepr9t] swit*+ c5t]s = ! ,milit>y4 ,^! sy/ems _h trunk swit*+ controls locat$ at key di/ribut+ po9ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & abroad1 int]connect$ by micr[ave circuitry4 ,z fur!r ord]s = telepr9t]s & associat$ equipm5t came along1 manufactur+ facilities 7 exp&$ into m build+ area2 additions to ! fir/ unit br\ght t build+ to #bjj #ejj feet4 ,ano!r build+1 #bej #cej feet1 ( special design to h\se belt-l9e app>atus assembly & p>ts /orage1 also te/+1 inspection1 & %ipp+1 0 erect$ 9 #aieh4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aief1 ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories m]g$ ) ,smi?-,corona ,inc41 on an ex*ange-(-%>es basis1 :i* ev5tually gave ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories' %>ehold]s #fj %>es ( ,smi?-,corona 7lat] ,smi?-,corona ,m>*ant ,inc41 & !n ,,scm ,corporation7 /ock = "o %>e ( ,kle9s*midt ,laboratories'4 ,bud ,mead 0 elect$ a director & a memb] ( ! executive committee4 ,lat]1 he became vice presid5t ( op]ations4 ,:5 ,smi?-,corona m]g$ ) ,m>*ant ,calculators1 ,inc4 7,june1 #aieh71 he 0 made executive vice presid5t2 !n1 9 ,octob] ( #aifj1 he 0 nam$ presid5t ( ,smi?-,corona ,m>*ant ,inc4 7n[ kn[n z ,,scm ,corporation74 ,kle9s*midt1 z a ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation1 cont9ues to supply ! ,milit>y & also comm]cial us]s ) telepr9t] equipm5t4 ,! conclusion ( ?is *apt] tells briefly ! direction ! ,kle9s*midt ,division is go+ 9 ! pr9t$ communications field4 ,be=e ! ,kle9s*midt #ajj-words-p]-m9ute telepr9t] 0 put into s]vice on int]communicat+ circuits1 ! op]at+ spe$ on /&>d circuits _h be5 limit$ to #fj words p] m9ute4 ,not+ ?is important *ange 9 op]at+ spe$1 o!r manufactur]s _h to r$esign _! telepr9t] equipm5t to meet ! new #ajj-words-p]-m9ute spe$4 ,teletype ,corporation came up ) a new design1 ! ,no4 #bh1 9 :i* all ! type pallets are moveably m\nt$ 9 a rectangul> box t is position$ to move a select$ type pallet into pr9t+ position by a sy/em ( lev]s op]at$ 9 aggregate motions "u control ( ! code select+ me*anisms 7fig4 #ae74 ,:5 s position$1 a pr9t hamm] /rikes ! type pallet to pr9t ! "*4 ,cre$1 9 ,engl&1 lat] br\ght out a new design1 _! ,no4 #ge1 us+ a segm5t$ type:eel hav+ f\r r[s ( type faces4 ,! type:eel is set 9 ! select$ pr9t+ position by a lev] & l9kage sy/em op]at+ 9 aggregate motion "u control ( ! code select+ me*anism4 ,to pr9t ! select$ "*1 ! type:eel is /ruck aga9/ ! pr9t+ pap] 7fig4 #af74 ,siem5s & ,halske1 9 ,g]many1 produc$ _! ,no4 #ajj1 a r$esign ( ! ,no4 #ae ,teletype1 us+ light] & fa/] mov+ p>ts = op]ation at #ajj words p] m9ute4 ,among o!r improv$ features 7 a type b> %ift to replace ! plat5 %ift = pr9t+ lett]s or figures1 & a two-color ribbon :i* is automatically %ift$ to pr9t 9 r$ or black to di/+ui% betwe5 s5t & receiv$ messages--a feature ( conv5i5ce 9 ,,telex communication4 ,! ,siem5s ,no4 #ajj 0 design$ especially = ! ,,telex sy/em1 op]at+ at #ff words p] m9ute1 :]e x is us$ ext5sively 7fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,teletype ,corporation ,model #bh #ajj-words-p]-m9ute ,teletypewrit] ,picture ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ,teletype ,corporation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,cre$ ,company ,ltd4 ,model #ge ,telepr9t] ) atta*m5ts ,picture by c\rtesy ( ,cre$ ,co4 ,ltd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,siem5s ,halske ,model #ajj ,telepr9t] ,picture by c\rtesy ( ,siem5s ,halske ,! ,kle9s*midt pr9t]1 design$ to op]ate at #ajj to #aej words a m9ute1 employs a new me?od = op]at+ a typeb> pr9t+ me*anism1 compris+ a type basket movable across ! pr9t$ page & c>ry+ ! requir$ set ( type b>s4 ,ea* type b> has a connect$ pu% rod ext5d+ to ! re> ( ! type basket & is made op]ative to cause pr9t+ :5 a rotat+ f+]1 selectively position$ by a cod$ /op cage1 is /ruck aga9/ ! pu% rod4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,milit>y = a telepr9t] op]able 9 any angul> position1 ! lett] spac+ & c>riage return ) decel]ation to ! /op position is "u positive control ( ! motor drive4 ,illu/ration3 ,kle9s*midt ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation ,,an_/,,fgc-#be ,s5d-,receive ,fix$-,/ation ,teletypewrit] ,set 7us$ by ! ,milit>y7 ,9 #aidh1 sci5ti/s at ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories1 engag$ 9 semiconductor rese>*1 ann\nc$ ! bir? ( _! fam\s bra9*ild1 ! transi/or4 ,n[ ! little transi/or & 8 fri5ds1 ! diode & advanc$ te*niques 9 electromagnetic inductive devices1 h gradually tak5 ov] 9 ! communications field1 p]mitt+ />tl+ spe$ increases & *anges 9 equipm5t design4 ,9 ! #ajj-words-p]-m9ute teletypewrit]s1 ! p]mutation code equival5t ( ! "* to be transmitt$ or receiv$ 0 at "s po9t 8set up0 me*anically by position+ lev]s or vanes4 ,! in]tial prop]ties ( ^! me*anical p>ts plac$ l[-level limitations on ! op]at+ set-up spe$4 ,by us+ ! b9>y code & electronic swit*+ circuits1 ! set-up "t has be5 r$uc$ f milliseconds to microseconds1 mak+ high] spe$s m easily obta9able4 ,also1 electronic approa*es to pr9t+ on page or tape h contribut$ to ! spe$-up ( telegraph receiv+ devices4 ,n[1 bo? tape & page devices are available at op]at+ spe$s up to #aj1jjj words p] m9ute4 ,?anks to ! ,bell ,sy/em1 also1 is ! developm5t ( ,data-,phone s]vice1 />t$ 9 #aieh4 ,data-,phone makes use ( all ! telephone swit*+ devices & repeat+ app>atus s t any type ( communicat+ sy/em us+ frequ5cies )9 ! voice range may be us$4 ,= su* sy/ems ! telephone company w in/all equipm5t to sep>ate ! diff]5t types ( electrical transmission to prev5t int]f]5ce4 ,because ,data-,phone enables n only ! s\nd ( ! human voice to be s5t ov] a telephone circuit1 b in=mation f a teletypewrit] or bus9ess ma*9e z well1 ?is new use = ! telephone sy/em has exp&$ its s]vice to _m types ( bus9ess communications4 ,at ?is writ+1 ! ,bell ,sy/em adv]tises1 8,data-,phone #8talks' #af times fa/] ?an p talk4 ,x c s5d pun*$ c>d or tap$ data any:]e--at spe$s up to #bejj words p] m9ute40 ,:ile ^! advances h be5 tak+ place1 ! transi/or & its companions h made a simil> impact 9 ! field ( data process+4 ,! rapid evolution ( comput]s & o!r high-spe$ swit*+ devices has g5]at$ a ne$ = high] spe$ equipm5t to supply input & output requirem5ts4 ,! *angeov] to electronics has realiz$ m9ification1 light] weight1 r$uction ( me*anical p>ts ) a correspond+ r$uction 9 ma9t5ance1 quiet] op]ation1 & great] adaptability to code & language conv]sion4 ,,kle9s*midt ,,division ,,( ,,scm ,,corporation ,at ! ,kle9s*midt ,division :]e ,mr4 ,emilio ,j4 ,cadamagnani1 ,executive ,vice ,presid5t1 is 9 *>ge1 _! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,l4 ,ke>ney1 is keep+ up ) ! *ange f electrome*anically- to electronically-controll$ devices4 ,_! new ,model #caa ,electronic ,data ,pr9t] %[n "h is an example4 ,op]at+ at spe$s f #fj to #djj words p] m9ute & capable ( receiv+ #e-1 #f-1 #g-1 or #h-level code in=mation 9 ei!r s]ial or p>allel =m1 x is design$ = use 9 high-spe$ communications or data process+ sy/ems4 ,also illu/rat$ is /ill ano!r new ,kle9s*midt device1 ! ,model #cba ,automatic ,data ,set1 :i* includes n only a page pr9t] ) keybo>d b a tape p]=ator & a tape read]1 all compactly m\nt$ 9 a console4 ,bo? ! ,model #caa & ,model #cba are compatible ) exi/+ data modems1 conv5tional pr9t+ telegraph equipm5t1 electronic comput]s1 & data process+ equipm5t4 ,?is compatibility p]mits _! use 9 on-l9e or (f-l9e communications & data-h&l+ applications4 ,m excit+ devices may be anticipat$ 9 ! rapidly mov+ field ( pr9t$ communications4 ,illu/ration3 ,kle9s*midt ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation ,model #caa ,electronic ,data ,pr9t] ,illu/ration3 ,kle9s*midt ,division ( ,,scm ,corporation ,model #cba ,automatic ,data ,set ,footnotes #a;,d] ,p5del-,telegraph von ,siem5s ,halske1 by ,e4 ,ehrh>dt1 #f ,jan4 #aiag4 #b,telegraphy1 ,a ,detail$ ,exposition ( ! ,telegraph ,sy/em ( ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice1 by ,t4 ,e4 ,h]b]t1 ,f\r? ,edition 7) ,add5dum71 ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london1 #aibj4 #c8,teletype's ,salty ,pa/10 ,! ,,ap ,_w1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bi4 #d;,,ap1 ,! ,/ory ( ,news1 by ,oliv] ,graml+1 illu/rat$ by ,h5ry ,c4 ,b>r[1 ,f>r> & ,r9eh>t1 ,inc41 ,new ,york-,toronto1 #aidj4 #e8,"s ,recollections ( ,,ap's ,fir/ ,field ,ma9t5ance ,man10 ,! ,,ap ,_w1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bh4 #f8,"s ,recollections ( ,,ap's ,fir/ ,field ,ma9t5ance ,man10 ,! ,,ap ,_w1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bh4 #g,see page #cj4 #h,! ,romance ( ,"t1 by ,brooks ,palm] = ,! ,clock ,manufactur]s ,association ( ,am]ica1 ,inc41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 #aied 7copies may be pur*as$ f ,am]ican ,clock ,wat* ,museum1 ,inc41 #ajj ,maple ,/reet1 ,bri/ol1 ,conn474 #i8cj1jjj1jjj ,wor? ( ,teletype10 ,=tune1 ,m>* #aicb4 #aj8cj1jjj1jjj ,wor? ( ,teletype10 ,=tune1 ,m>* #aicb4 #aa8,walt] ,j4 ,z5n] ,retires10 ,teletype ,news1 ,febru>y #aifd4 #ab,telegraphy1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,freebody1 ,sir ,isaac ,pitman & ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london1 #aieh4 #ac;,f bro*ure publi%$ by ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company1 #a-i-bh4 #ad8;,communications f ,morse to ,satellites10 by ,george ,a4 ,%aw1 ,,rca ,communications1 ,inc41 ,wire & ,radio ,communications1 ,sept4 #aifb4 #ae8,telex 9 ! ,u4,s4,a410 ,communications ,electronics1 ,sept4 #aifb4 #af,national ,milit>y ,e/abli%m5t1 ,dept4 ( ! ,army1 ,wa%4 #be1 ,d4,c41 = release ,sunday1 ,feb4 #ac1 #aidi4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typographical errors4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4