,,printing ,,telegraphy 444 ,a ,,new ,,era ,,begins ,illustration3 ,autograph1 ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt--#aifg ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt #aifg ,,preface ,having been associated with the printing telegraph for more than sixty years1 ,i have felt the urge to write a rsum of the problems and the progress made during my time toward today's wonderful achievements in the art of telegraphic communications4 ,it is interesting to note that of all the old-time electric telegraph systems1 it appears that only those using the ,morse dot-dash code invented in #ahcg and the permutation code devised by ,gauss and ,weber in #ahcc 7now known everywhere as the ,baudot code7 have survived today4 ,samuel ,morse's code1 which was modified somewhat in several letter code compositions to facilitate its use anywhere in the world1 has become an audible1 easily learned international language1 loved by its users everywhere4 ,it will no doubt continue to be used for some time to come1 as long as we have our railroad telegraph operators1 radio amateurs1 police ,,cw systems1 certain branches of the ,armed ,forces1 and any others who converse in dits and dahs4 ,the permutation code has taken hold firmly1 too4 ,its use of five pulses transmitted in varying combinations of on and off1 or positive and negative1 conditions has wide application in today's printed communications systems4 ,as in the ,morse system1 alphabets for the five-unit permutation code system have been modified as to letter code compositions for international correspondence4 ,the permutation code uses the powers of two in progressively selecting a letter printing position4 ,the binary code uses the same selective stops by yes or no designation in a system of counting by the powers of two4 ,it is used where larger groups of yes or no positions are required1 as in data processing and computer systems4 ,this writing1 then1 is a bit of history that will put together the constructive developments that brought about the present era of the worldwide1 telegraphically-transmitted printed word4 ,i wish to acknowledge with great appreciation the informative material sent to me by my friends1 both here and in foreign lands1 who are associated with the telegraph industry4 ,for assembling information we have gathered from various sources and for the most helpful assistance given me in writing this story1 ,i also want to thank my secretary1 ,mrs4 ,doris ,pompilio4 ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt ,,printing ,,telegraphy 444 ,a ,,new ,,era ,,begins ,,chapter #a ,introduction ,it is a major effort today to keep pace with the rapid advances in the field of printed communications4 ,hardly a day passes that we do not read of a new development in equipment that is more complex1 farther reaching1 more rapid in operation4444 ,this electrical1 or electronic1 transmission and interchange of the printed word might be said to be an evolvement of the old printing telegraph systems4 ,such systems1 over the years1 while not so rapidly as today1 were also improved upon1 modified1 speeded up1 but could be used only in the point-to-point transmission of messages4 ,while the railroads had been using the ,morse code system 7key and sounder7 satisfactorily1 they would have preferred a system whereby a printed record could be obtained4 ,in the industrial world1 too1 there was need for a businessman's printing telegraph--a means to type out messages1 directly and interchangeably1 to far-off associates4 ,and there was always that dream1 starting with the earliest telegraph experimenters1 of being able to correspond instantly with one another anywhere in the world4 ,indeed1 the need for all this had been known for many years1 but not the way4 ,it was after the turn of the century that telegraph engineers began in earnest to think about a system of telegraphy that would permit direct intercommunication by the printed word1 and direct circuit connection to any outlying subscriber as in the telephone communication system4 ,up until then1 apparatus for transmitting telegrams1 such as that of ,wheatstone ,cooke1 ,morse1 ,hughes1 ,barclay1 etc41 also the step-by-step stock tickers and bulletin printers1 used various types of code-signaling devices in which the code varied in length as to the transmission of more frequent or less frequent letters4 ,now in order to provide a practical telegraph system permitting the interconnection of apparatus throughout the world1 the first basic requisite is a standard signaling code2 this code1 moreover1 must be of such nature as to use the simplest form of electrical signaling 7such as make and break signals1 or positive and negative signals71 and the code should be of equal length for all characters4 ,the permutation code1 where combinations of five plus and minus pulses will give thirty-two selective positions1 was suggested as far back as #ahcc by ,gauss and ,weber4 ,whitehouse1 in #ahed1 and ,barnett1 in #ahfj1 experimented further1 using the permutation code to operate a recording mechanism4 ,however1 no practical means for actually printing letters and figures was found until #ahhb when ,jean ,maurice ,emile ,baudot designed a multiplex system to permit the transmission of four messages in each direction over a single line circuit4 ,later1 ,baudot designed a tape printer in which the selecting and printing mechanisms comprised an ingenious arrangement of cooperating parts1 including a rotating typewheel associated with a coded combiner wheel and five stationary elements selectively movable to received code positions1 each element having an extending finger to be brought into contact with the periphery of the coded combiner wheel upon the completion of a selective code setting4 ,when the code combination of the set fingers matched a code on the wheel1 a print roller was released to press the recording tape against the typewheel and print the selected letter4 ,although the ,baudot ,multiplex was used extensively in ,europe1 engineers and inventors in the ,united ,states had not produced a practical #e-unit permutation-code teleprinter system4 ,they were constantly searching for a unit code system requiring a minimum number of electrical impulses to operate a telegraph printer4 ,various types of relay systems using distinctive signal pulses were proposed4 ,a three-unit-code system that showed promise1 and did not require synchronism1 used four different electrical pulse conditions3 a high voltage positive or negative pulse1 and a low voltage positive or negative pulse4 ,records show that many inventors played with this code and that ,john ,burry1 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum1 ,g4 ,a4 ,cardwell1 and ,j4 ,c4 ,barclay1 among others1 built operable equipment using such a code arrangement4 ,the following excerpt from ,cardwell's patent ,no4 #ije1dig of ,december #a1 #aijh1 may be of interest4 ,it describes the code arrangement of four different line conditions in three signal groups to produce #cf different code combinations4 ,in order to energize the controller magnets in proper sequence to position the type wheel for printing a desired letter1 a predetermined code or system of sending in the impulses is essential4 ,in an instrument constructed by me in accordance with the present invention ,i have used the following3 #a-b-a letter space #a-b-c carriage return #a-b-d line space #a-c-a type wheel shift #a-c-b type wheel release #a-c-d ,a #a-d-a ,i #a-d-b ,o #a-d-c ,d #b-a-b ,e #b-a-c ,h #b-a-d ,n #b-c-a ,w #b-c-b ,r #b-c-d ,s #b-d-a ,t #b-d-b ,v #b-d-c ,u #c-a-b - #c-a-c 1 #c-a-d 8 #c-b-a ,y #c-b-c ,c #c-b-d ,f #c-d-a ,g #c-d-b ,q #c-d-c ,l #d-a-b ,m #d-a-c ,j #d-a-d ,b #d-b-a ,x #d-b-c ,z #d-b-d 4 #d-c-a ,k #d-c-b ,p #d-c-d ,the numerals in the above code or system indicate the sequence of the impulses through the relay contacts #a1 #b1 #c and #d4 ,cardwell's backers formed the ,american ,telegraph ,typewriter ,company and sold shares1 claiming a great profitable future for their apparatus4 ,a few printers were built1 but1 on extended service tests1 the high-low-voltage feature proved to be impractical and the company folded4 ,j4 ,c4 ,barclay of the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company designed printing apparatus and perforated tape transmitting equipment for this type of system1 but1 after limited use of the high-low-voltage principle1 he changed this feature to long and short pulses with discriminating relays4 ,with later improvements1 this system was put into service on a number of ,western ,union message circuits4 ,note3 ,today1 in the #aifjs1 the techniques of frequency division and electronics could be used for transmitting three different line conditions from a group of four different frequencies4 ,in such a system1 synchronism between send and receive terminals1 or the start-stop method to control correct timing1 is not needed4 ,the transmission of any selected group of three1 when received in succession at a teleprinter1 will cause printing of a letter when the third receiving relay completes a circuit to the selected printing magnet4 ,transistor circuits with associated control elements could replace the relays4 ,telegraph companies in the ,united ,states were mostly using the ,morse and increased its efficiency through development of quadruplex operation and high-speed transmission systems4 ,however1 the quest for a more efficient printing telegraph system persisted and various types were proposed and tried4 ,all made use of codes that were impractical for intercommunicating systems and1 while some were used in message service by the telegraph companies1 they did not appear to have any great advantage over the ,morse telegraph4 ,in #aiaa1 ,western ,union began investigating systems used in ,europe4 ,the first to be tested was the ,creed1 a system for transmitting and printing ,continental or ,morse code signals at high speed4 ,after observing several other systems1 the ,murray ,multiplex1 an improved and modernized version of the ,baudot ,multiplex1 was found to show better operating features and1 due to the use of the five-unit permutation code1 more efficient use of telegraph lines4 ,by agreement with ,donald ,murray1 and with his cooperation1 the so-called ,western ,union ,multiplex was developed1 using ,murray's phonic wheel drive and synchronous correction4 ,western ,union engineers designed tape transmitters and an autocontrol device for transmitting service signals4 ,a keyboard-operated1 five-unit-code1 tape punch was supplied by the ,morkrum ,company4 ,a page printer1 which was later converted to print on gummed tape1 was supplied by the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company4 ,the ,western ,union ,multiplex was effective in increasing operating efficiency and came into extensive use throughout the system4 ,from that time on1 development of the ,baudot permutation-code printing telegraph apparatus was furthered by various companies1 such as ,bell ,laboratories1 ,western ,electric1 the ,morkrum ,company1 the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company1 as well as the companies of ,j4 ,e4 ,wright1 ,l4 ,m4 ,potts1 and others4 ,it appears that all of these inventors experimented with the idea of operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds to transmit a five-unit-code combination by first transmitting a pulse to start both transmitter and the distant receiver at the same time4 ,synchronous operation was obtained by electric motors equipped with governors to maintain correct speed2 some used tuning-fork-controlled impulse motors4 ,a system of five relays with progressive contact arrangements to cause cascade operation was also used to provide correct timing4 ,later1 when correctly-timed1 #fj-;cycle alternating current became available 7see page #bg71 synchronous motors did the job4 ,teleprinter apparatus using this synchronous method worked very well for point-to-point transmission as was used by the telegraph companies and news-distributing organizations to carry local traffic4 ,it did not1 however1 solve the sought-for plan for a teleprinter intercommunicating system4 ,when attempts were made to connect printers at different distant points in a telegraph intercommunicating circuit while using the synchronous principle1 false reception and printing errors would occur1 due to variation in line circuit conditions and to a variation of the mechanical start operation at outlying teleprinters4 ,this required frequent overline adjustment to keep the connected apparatus in phase4 ,the following is an excerpt from a patent application of ,dr4 ,louis ,m4 ,potts 7later to become research engineer for the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation71 filed ,june #ag1 #aiji1 giving his idea for achieving a teleprinter intercommunicating system on the synchronous principle4 ,dr4 ,potts was a very capable telegraph engineer4 ,his early association was with the telegraph system of the ,rowland ,telegraphic ,company which had limited use in the early #aijjs4 ,in those synchronous telegraph systems wherein the sending and the receiving commutator brushes constantly rotate1 it is necessary to adjust these brushes so that they will approximately simultaneously engage corresponding segments4 ,to effect this adjustment there is usually provided a special device embodying an additional segment on each commutator1 and the adjustment consists in causing the brushes to arrive approximately simultaneously on this segment at the two ends of the line4 ,such adjustment is known as 8finding the letter0 and has to be made every time synchronism has been interrupted4 ,according to the present invention1 the necessity of providing additional means for performing the so-called operation of 8finding the letter0 is rendered unnecessary1 since the transmitting and receiving commutator brushes at the two ends of the line start up afresh as it were for each signal4 ,in a later patent application1 filed ,october #aa1 #aiac1 ,dr4 ,potts stated3 ,this machine has also the advantage of being able to operate with a very short code4 ,in order to adapt it to ,morse circuits1 it should be capable of operating with a code at least as short as the ,morse code4 ,in the present machine1 ,i preferably employ a five unit code which1 together with the starting impulse and the lag between signals1 is actually shorter than the ,morse code4 ,counting the five code impulse periods1 the starting impulse period and the period of lag between impulses1 each signal in my case1 may be considered in comparison with the ,morse code as being seven units long1 whereas the ,morse code is #h4e units long4 ,the average signal being shorter than the ,morse1 the delicacy of adjustment will be less and the distance of operation greater than a ,morse telegraph for the same rate of transmission in words per minute4 ,dr4 ,potts1 however1 still depended on like synchronous operation at both terminals1 and dual start1 so he did not have the answer after all6 ,john ,e4 ,wright1 who in the #ahijs designed and built step-by-step printing apparatus1 including the ,wright-,negron bulletin printer1 also turned his thoughts toward the five-unit permutation code for printer operation and built several variations using the synchronous principle4 ,the ,superintendent of ,telegraphs for the ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western ,railroad thought well of ,wright's apparatus and placed some in operation4 ,but1 here again1 reliable operation could be maintained only in point-to-point operation4 ,as will be noted in ,chapter #b1 ,mr4 ,wright's patents were purchased by the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company in #aibb4 ,a paper issued by ,siemens-,halske of ,germany in ,january of #aiaga states that the ,siemens ,pendel ,telegraph 8is among the forerunners of the eventual worldwide start-stop system for intercommunication by the printed word40 ,the following excerpt translated from that description briefly explains the operation3 ,the ,pendel ,telegraph uses the five-unit permutation code to select characters1 and operates on a start-stop principle4 ,it is intended for station-to-station1 one-way operation1 the line current normally being closed to the positive side of the line battery4 ,transmission is under control of a keyboard with keys arranged as in a typewriter4 ,upon the depression of a key1 the line battery is reversed1 thereby transmitting a negative pulse to line which effects the start of both transmitter and receiver at the same time4 ,thereafter1 five-code-combination pulses are transmitted1 followed by positive current to line1 thus restoring the circuit system to a normally closed line condition4 ,the name 8,pendel ,telegraph0 would make one think that the timing of the transmitter and receiver were under control of a swinging pendulum4 ,this is not the case4 ,however1 it does have a plan for simulating the action of a pendulum by an arrangement of springs and semi-rotating weights to effect synchronism for each printing cycle2 and energy is derived from a motor which intermittently winds a power mainspring to an even tension4 ,this arrangement is started in operation at both terminals at the same time and provides isochronal motion at both transmitter and receiver for each transmitted character4 ,due to multiple operations of the springs and weights used to provide synchronous action1 the operating speed is limited to four or five letters per second4 ,in ,england1 too1 there was work being done along these same lines4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,harrison1 who is so well known for his contributions over the years in the telegraph field1 devised printer apparatus using the five-unit code which is described in ,herbert's ,telegraphy1#b as follows3 ,the instrument is provided with a ,baudot #e-key keyboard1 and has a step-by-step distributor which is mounted inside the casing4 ,the standard ,baudot alphabet is used1 but each letter or character is prefixed by a positive starting impulse4 ,every time a key is depressed a universal bar is actuated which closes contacts giving the starting impulse and the distributors at both ends of the line step through six spaces4 ,the combiner is of the electrical type invented by ,baudot1 and is similar to that used in ,siemens' new automatic printing telegraph4 ,five relays of the class used for telephone purposes are set at the receiving end1 according to whether some of the stepping impulses are positive or negative4 ,the distributor is a trunk hunting switch as used in automatic telephony1 and consists of a ratchet wheel and stepping electromagnet4 ,on the shaft of the ratchet wheel is fixed a wiper which sweeps over a semi-circular bank of contacts in response to the stepping impulses4 ,two-way working is secured by means of the differential balance4 7,the article ends with the statement that a typewriter keyboard is being constructed to replace the five keys47 ,it appears that all of these telegraph engineers and inventors envisioned a start-stop system and experimented with the idea of operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds by inserting a start signal before each group of letter code signals1 to start both transmitter and distant receiver at the same time1 and a stop condition between code groups4 ,in the following chapters will be shown the contributions made by both the ,kleinschmidt and the ,morkrum companies in the printing telegraph field1 and finally their joint efforts which were to lead up to the establishment of that now worldwide intercommunicating system1 the ,,telex4 ,,chapter #b ,,kleinschmidt ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt's first direct contact with telegraph apparatus was during his employment as a young man1 in #ahic1 by ,john ,e4 ,wright1 whose firm had developed and was then manufacturing printing telegraph equipment known as the ,wright-,negron bulletin printer for the ,havas ,news ,agency in ,paris4 ,these printers operated on the step-by-step principle at #cj words per minute4 7,to attest to their ruggedness1 as late as #aiea some of these machines were reported to be still in use67 ,five years later1 in #ahih1 ,kleinschmidt started an experimental shop at #abb ,fulton ,street in ,new ,york ,city4 ,a sign over the door read1 8,inventions ,developed10 and he did experimental and developmental work for various customers 7individuals as well as companies--including ,western ,union7 on a time-and-material basis4 ,in the beginning he had a project of his own going--a facsimile telegraph system4 ,he submitted the system to ,western ,union in #aijj with the suggestion that it might be valuable for customer services1 since a customer could write his telegram in longhand and insert the written message in the transmitting unit for transmission in facsimile to the telegraph central4 ,the idea1 however1 was rejected4 ,at that time the photoelectric cell for scanning the written message and electronic means for amplifying signals had not yet been developed2 while the apparatus operated quite well over short circuits1 evidently the time had not arrived for commercial facsimile telegraphy4 ,the first telegraph apparatus job for the shop was brought in by ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,cardwell1 a dentist by profession4 ,it was a partially developed printing telegraph using a three-unit code made up of combinations of plus-minus-high-and-low-voltage pulses 7the code we have already discussed74 ,the work for ,dr4 ,cardwell was carried on until #aijc when a working model was completed4 ,it had a typewheel for printing and stops arranged in a circle2 magnets under control of relay selection were used to set the stops according to the received code combinations4 ,this arrangement operated well1 and on a test over a ,western ,union circuit from ,new ,york to ,baltimore it gave satisfactory results4 ,as we have seen1 however1 the code arrangement proved unsatisfactory for general telegraphic use4 ,many customers came to the experimental shop with every type of idea imaginable2 vacuum cleaners 7,the 8,vacuna071 elevator signals1 some early designs for ,elmer ,sperry's gyrocompass were only a few4 ,kleinschmidt also set up a couple of side-line businesses1 one for manufacturing automatic fishing reels under the trade name 8,kelso10 another1 the ,aseptuloid ,company1 for making vaccination shields 7some readers may well remember their childhood vaccinations being protected by a bubble of celluloid74 ,another customer was ,george ,m4 ,seely1 who later was instrumental in bringing ,kleinschmidt's work to the attention of ,charles ,b4 ,goodspeed and ,w4 ,s4 ,moore 7they were to become his financial backers--see page #ad74 ,mr4 ,seely came to the shop in #aijf with a partially developed block system for electric trolley car railways4 ,his plan was to use special devices attached to the trolley pole which would cooperate with stationary electrical controls at certain fixed points along the road4 ,after working along these lines for awhile it became apparent that some inventive work would be required on ,kleinschmidt's part4 ,seely1 in addition to time and material1 then offered him a retainer for the assignment of any resulting patents4 ,as plans and studies progressed1 a number of railway signaling devices were developed1 tested1 and patented4 ,a major item was the development of a telephone train dispatching system4 ,a complete set of apparatus was exhibited in operation at the ,american ,association of ,railroads ,communications ,convention held in ,los ,angeles in #aiaj4 ,the company name given this venture was the 8,national ,telephone ,selector ,company10 located at #bce ,greenwich ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the telephone train dispatching system was installed on the ,long ,branch ,railroad with #cj stations connected with dispatcher headquarters at ,red ,bank1 ,new ,jersey4 ,another installation was made on the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad in ,west ,virginia1 connecting #ch stations with dispatcher headquarters at ,fairbanks1 ,west ,virginia4 ,most of the patents assigned to ,mr4 ,seely were eventually sold to the ,hall ,signal ,company4 ,doing development work for others and assigning patents for a retainer did not satisfy ,kleinschmidt's ambitions4 ,his interests being mainly in the telegraph1 he set out to design and build a piece of apparatus that the telegraph companies could use4 ,a keyboard-operated perforator to punch the ,morse code in a tape for automatic transmission at high speed looked like a promising subject1 since the tape punches in use at that time had a three-key arrangement--one each for dot1 dash1 and space4 ,kleinschmidt's first keyboard-operated1 ,morse-code perforator was constructed in #aiaa and exhibited to the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,benjamin1 their chief engineer1 and ,mr4 ,emmett ,r4 ,shute1 a vice president1 thought well of the machine and1 after testing it1 gave ,kleinschmidt an order for fifty4 ,this order spelled success4 ,to celebrate the event1 ,kleinschmidt invited his brothers1 ,bernard1 ,fred and ,william1 and their families to a dinner party at a distinguished restaurant4 ,soon thereafter 7#aiac71 the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company was organized1 with the brothers as incorporating officers4 ,the ,kleinschmidt ,keyboard ,perforator came into use by telegraph and cable companies throughout the world where ,morse1 ,wheatstone1 or ,cable codes were used to transmit telegrams4 ,it was also used with ,western ,union's ,barclay system which had its own code4 ,the device was later manufactured by ,teletype ,corporation under the name 8,teletype ,perforator0 and used by the ,u4 ,s4 ,government where it served its purpose for high-speed ,morse transmission during the war period 7see figure #a74 ,in the years #aiaa and #aiab1 the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company1 in looking toward higher operating efficiency over their trunk circuits1 decided to test the ,creed high-speed ,morse and the ,murray ,multiplex1 and invited both companies to bring their apparatus to ,new ,york4 ,it was on this occasion that ,kleinschmidt became acquainted with ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,creed1 who1 upon observing the ,kleinschmidt keyboard perforator at ,western ,union1 was impressed by its performance and said that there would be a good market for it in ,england1 especially as a keyboard punch for the ,creed high-speed ,continental-,morse-code system4 ,as a result of that conference he asked for ten as a trial order4 ,these perforators were shipped to ,london in due time and gave satisfactory service4 ,the ,british ,post ,office ,telegraph evidently had heard about this new perforator and sent a letter to the ,kleinschmidt company asking for a demonstration at their ,london headquarters4 ,now it happened at that time that ,kleinschmidt was extremely busy with the development of a five-unit-code typebar printer for the new ,multiplex--and this was urgent since the first model was to be put on competitive test with a typewheel printer submitted by ,l4 ,m4 ,potts and the ,western ,electric typewheel printer which was then in use4 ,therefore1 he felt he should not lose a month or two in this developmental work for a trip to ,london4 ,so1 his answer to this important invitation was that he could not personally bring one of his perforators for exhibit but that he would ask ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,creed to do so4 ,mr4 ,creed agreed and set up a formal exhibit for the ,post ,office engineers2 he consequently received an order for twenty ,kleinschmidt perforators4 ,further correspondence with ,creed resulted in an order for one hundred and a request that ,kleinschmidt come to ,london the next year 7#aiad7 to negotiate a contract to supply his keyboard perforators for the ,creed high-speed ,morse and to set up a sales agency with ,creed for certain territories4 ,while in ,london in the summer of #aiad1 ,kleinschmidt visited the ,managing ,director of the ,post ,office ,telegraph at his office to apologize for having had ,mr4 ,creed exhibit the ,kleinschmidt perforator instead of bringing it personally as had been requested4 ,the ,managing ,director replied that ,mr4 ,creed had indeed given a very good operating exhibition of the device and that an order for twenty had been placed with him4 8,however10 he added1 8you know1 we sent you an official invitation and expected your appearance with your machine60 ,to continue3 ,upon observing the change in systems at ,western ,union 7switching from the ,barclay to the ,murray ,multiplex71 the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company1 who had been experimenting in the development of a telegraph typewriter1 built a receiving teletypewriter for the multiplex4 ,it was a magnet-operated1 five-unit-code typebar page printer1 using the ,underwood typewriter mechanisms as a basis2 and it was completed in time for test and evaluation at ,western ,union in competition with the typewheel printers of both ,l4 ,m4 ,potts and ,western ,electric4 ,the ,western ,electric machine was given the number #a;,a1 ,mr4 ,potts's1 #b;,a1 and the ,kleinschmidt printer was #c;,a4 ,the final outcome of the tests was the selection of the ,kleinschmidt model1 and the company received an order for five machines1 to include a spare1 to equip the ,new ,york terminal of a ,new ,york-to-,boston1 four-channel multiplex system4 ,the order was filled in a short time and the machines were put on test4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,kleinschmidt ,keyboard-,operated ,morse-,code ,perforator 7this machine returned to author by a customer after being used thirty years67 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b #c;,b ,typebar ,page ,printer of ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company from ,museum of ,kleinschmidt ,division of ,,scm ,corporation ,kleinschmidt watched the operation of his machines in service almost every day and was continually on the lookout for possible ways to improve and simplify the apparatus4 ,the tests ran through to completion satisfactorily1 and1 upon submitting an improved design1 numbered the #c;,b1 the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company received an order for one hundred typebar page printers4 ,the #c;,b thereafter became standard apparatus and additional orders were placed as the multiplex system at ,western ,union expanded 7see figure #b74 ,several years later1 ,western ,union efficiency engineers found that1 due to circuit failures1 certain parts of messages would have to be repeated4 ,because this meant retyping the message1 they felt1 and for other reasons as well1 that printing the received messages on tape would be more economical1 since corrections could be inserted without repeating the entire message4 ,to meet this requirement1 the typebar page printer was redesigned for printing on tape4 ,this was accomplished by using the same selection controls and operating the typebars to print downward on the tape instead of upward against the platen as in the page printer4 ,a tape gummer to attach the tape to a message blank was also designed4 ,the #ba;,a1 later ,no4 #bb1 tape printer was ordered in quantity thereafter4 ,seeing the possibility of using their typebar page printer for direct-line service1 the ,kleinschmidt company built a motor-driven send-receive unit having a single contact transmitter which operated under control of a code-perforated tape to transmit seven signals in succession3 one start1 five code1 and a stop signal4 ,the receiving unit had a seven-segment commutator1 one segment for start1 five for code1 and one for stop1 and a rotating brush to pick up and transmit the received code signals to the printing unit4 ,this apparatus was installed at the ,united ,press for news distribution to their connected newspapers4 ,another set was installed at the ,louisville and ,nashville ,railroad for station communications1 and still another in ,new ,york ,city at the ,equitable ,life ,assurance ,society between their downtown and uptown offices4 ,in connection with the latter installation1 the ,equitable people asked permission to install the printing apparatus on the telephone line and there was objection from the telephone company4 ,however1 after some consideration they finally agreed that the apparatus could be installed but warning that should it create interference with the telephone line it would be removed immediately4 ,as it turned out1 the printer operation over this telephone circuit did not create any interference and the apparatus remained in service a long time 7figure #c 74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company ,teletypewriter ,apparatus for ,direct-,line ,service ,the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company now began to have financial difficulties4 ,edward ,kleinschmidt was borrowing wherever he could4 ,there was no large quantity production and evidently his charges for the apparatus delivered were too low4 ,at any rate1 early in #aiag1 ,mr4 ,seely suggested that he get financial help to carry on and it was here that the following gentlemen entered the picture3 ,charles ,b4 ,goodspeed of the ,buckeye ,steel ,casting ,company2 ,paul ,m4 ,benedict1 assistant to the president of the ,c4 ,b4 ,q42 ,edward ,moore1 son of ,judge ,moore of the ,american ,can ,company2 ,eldon ,bisbee1 a ,new ,york lawyer2 and one of ,mr4 ,bisbee's clients1 ,albert ,henry ,wiggen1 who was then president of the ,chase ,national ,bank4 ,with their financial backing1 the company was able to continue with further developmental work on simplified and more efficient apparatus4 ,orders for various types of equipment for the ,western ,union ,multiplex and for the ,morse code keyboard perforator came along1 but developmental costs were high and still more capital investment was required2 ,kleinschmidt would then borrow from the ,chase ,bank4 ,every so often at the ,kleinschmidt company's directors' meetings1 ,mr4 ,holly1 cashier of the bank and also a director of the company1 would state that the ,kleinschmidt loan 8stood out like a lighthouse10 so a vote for an additional stock issue was carried and the loan paid4 ,along about #aiai the ,kleinschmidt company had completed a satisfactory keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter for intercommunication systems 7see figure #d74 ,the ,kleinschmidt ,telegraph ,typewriter1 as it was called1 was installed at the ,new ,york ,city ,news1 the ,panama ,canal1 and at the ,brooklyn ,union ,gas ,company 7fig4 #e74 ,in #aibb1 ,edward ,kleinschmidt1 having learned that ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wright had discontinued further developments in the telegraph field1 proposed the purchase of his patents1 stating that this acquisition would broaden the ,kleinschmidt company's patent situation4 ,the proposal was carried1 and1 after negotiations1 ,mr4 ,wright's patents were bought for #ajj shares of the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company's common stock4 ,in #aibc1 the ,kleinschmidt ,telegraph ,typewriter was exhibited at the #bjth ,annual ,business ,show in ,new ,york and created a great deal of interest4 ,in #aibd1 a complete telegraph system was engineered and set up for the ,mexican government4 7,an engineer from ,western ,union was borrowed to help with this job47 ,one day1 in #aibc1 after some correspondence with ,samuel ,samuel ,co41 ,ltd41 through whom the ,kleinschmidt company received orders from ,japan for the ,morse code keyboard perforator1 the ,japanese ,telegraph ,administration sent one of their telegraph engineers1 ,mr4 ,y4 ,okomoto1 to the company's headquarters to assist in working out a keyboard arrangement of ,japanese characters for a simplified alphabet consisting of #hh characters which the ,japanese ,telegraph ,administration had devised4 ,the five-unit code could not be used since only #fd selective positions could be had4 ,so the telegraph typewriter mechanisms were changed to six-unit-code operation1 which worked out very well4 ,the ,kleinschmidt company1 and later ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt1 received continuing orders for the six-unit-code telegraph typewriters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company ,telegraph ,typewriter 7keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,kleinschmidt ,telegraph ,typewriters 7installation at ,brooklyn ,union ,gas ,co47 ,,chapter #c ,,krum ,,and ,,morton 7,,morkrum7 ,mark ,morton1 head of the ,western ,cold ,storage ,company in ,chicago1 and cold-storage engineer ,charles ,l4 ,krum1 the vice president of the firm1 entered the telegraph field quite by accident4 ,a young electrical engineer named ,frank ,pearne1 in #aijb1 had some ideas for a printing telegraph machine and needed financial backing to carry on his experiments4 ,one of his contacts happened to be ,joy ,morton1 the founder of the ,morton ,salt ,company4 ,joy ,morton became interested enough to become ,pearne's backer1 and prevailed upon brother ,mark to set up a laboratory in the attic of the cold-storage plant for ,pearne's experiments4 ,it seems that after a year or so1 ,pearne lost interest in his invention and went into the teaching field4 ,he proved to be a very successful professor at ,armour ,tech where he remained until his death4#c ,but ,pearne's work was not in vain1 for ,charles ,l4 ,krum had become intensely interested and carried on the work with further inventions of his own4 ,indeed1 he filed his first patent application on ,august #bj1 #aijc1 which proposed the use of a code comprising four signals3 a positive pulse or a negative pulse of low voltage1 and a positive or negative pulse of a higher voltage4 ,four additional patents were filed1 the last in #aijf4 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum then set about building a machine which was demonstrated in #aijf and looked promising enough to form a company to further develop it4 ,this company was made up of the ,mortons 7brothers ,joy and ,mark7 and the ,krums 7,charles ,l4 and his son ,howard who had just finished college74 ,the combination of their names1 of course1 resulted in 8,the ,morkrum ,company10 which was incorporated in the ,state of ,maine on ,october #g1 #aijg4 ,the charter stockholders were ,joy ,morton1 who shouldered the greatest financial burden2 ,charles ,krum2 ,joy ,morton's secretary1 ,daniel ,peterkin 7he later became an officer of the ,morkrum ,company72 ,mark ,morton2 and ,sterling ,morton 7,joy's son1 of whom we shall be hearing more later on74 ,the working capital of the new company amounted to #aej1jjj4jj4 ,charles ,krum's son ,howard1 after graduation1 joined with his father in the developmental work of this new company and1 due to his studies in electrical engineering1 was able to help his father considerably4 ,his first love and intended career was music1 but he put this aside in favor of his father's telegraph printer4 ,however1 a tune on the piano which he always kept in the laboratory would help him solve many a difficult problem4 ,in #aijh the ,krums developed and produced a working model of the four-unit-code1 plus-minus1 high-low-voltage system1 which was applied to operate the mechanism of an ,oliver typewriter4 ,the system was then given an operative test on the wires of the ,chicago and ,alton ,railroad1 of which ,joy ,morton was a director4 ,as their research work progressed1 ,howard studied the various systems in current use and1 with his father1 decided to abandon the plus-minus1 high-low-voltage system4 ,they turned instead to a system using the five-unit permutation code as employed by ,baudot in his multiplex telegraph in which synchronized terminal apparatus with periodic correction was the controlling feature4 ,their first joint patent describes a plan for accomplishing synchronized reception with transmission using a system of five relays interconnected to operate in successive cascade form2 thus1 when the relays at both terminals are correctly timed for successive operation1 they will transmit and receive the five pulse combinations of the ,baudot code4 ,for transmitting and receiving the code pulses1 each of the five relays has an additional contact4 ,to start the relay cascade operation1 a start relay is added at both terminals and operated by a start pulse which precedes each code transmission4 ,it seemed natural for the ,krums to turn to a relay system at first1 since1 from his work with the three-unit-code1 high-low-voltage system1 ,c4 ,l4 ,krum was experienced with the possibilities of relay operation4 ,the system of the relay chain in cascade operation was employed to operate a page printer using the mechanisms of the ,blickensdoerfer typewriter which had a three-row typewheel4 ,the ,postal ,telegraph ,company became interested and bought a number of these printers in #aiaj4 ,this was the first sale of ,morkrum apparatus and provided enthusiasm for the ,krums for further research1 which led to the substitution of a governed-motor-driven brush distributor to replace the relay cascade system4 ,for this new plan the motor at the receiving printer operated at a slightly higher speed and was held in continuously synchronous operation with the transmitter by the periodic transmission of a correcting pulse4 ,the new code selecting and printer control system was also adapted to operate the mechanism of the ,blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter4 ,the idea worked out better than the cascade relay system1 and a number of printers using this method were constructed and named the 8,morkrum ,blue ,code40 ,a few were put in service at the ,postal ,telegraph ,company4 ,the ,associated ,press 7,,ap7 became interested in the ,morkrum 8,blue ,code0 printer system as a replacement for the low-speed ,morse system which was being used to transmit news items to newspapers in many cities4 ,here1 continuous transmission under control of a code-punched tape1 as used in the ,morse code system1 was a requirement1 so ,messrs4 ,krum set to work and designed a keyboard-operated1 five-unit1 ,baudot-code perforator and an automatic punched-tape-controlled transmitter4 ,this apparatus was installed at the ,new ,york headquarters in #aiae and receiving printers were gradually installed throughout the ,associated ,press system4 ,the following excerpt and picture 7fig4 #f7 from ,oliver ,gramling's book1 ,,ap--,the ,story of ,news1#d describes the introduction of the system to the ,associated ,press3 ,the tide of news by telegraph had continued with the years4 ,facilities had been improved1 the ,morse clicked into virtually every town in the country1 but the old method was the same4 ,day in and day out1 sending operators took dispatches1 translated them into the dash-dot of code1 and the telegraph keys sent the signals on the circuits at a rate of twenty-five to thirty-five words a minute4 ,in member newspaper offices along the line the ,morse sounders clack-clacked busily and receiving operators translated the code symbols back into words1 copying the stories in jerky spurts4 ,the news of more than half a century had been handled that way4 ,for some time1 however1 ,charles ,l4 ,krum1 a ,chicago cold-storage engineer1 and his son ,howard had been working to perfect an automatic machine which would send the printed word by wire at greater speed without the intermediary of code4 ,they called their invention the ,morkrum ,telegraph ,printer--coining the word ,morkrum by combining the inventor's name with the first syllable in the last name of ,joy ,morton1 a ,chicago businessman who financed them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f ,a ,,sending ,,operator ,,sat ,,at ,a ,,keyboard ,,like ,,that ,,of ,a ,,typewriter4 ,reproduced from ,,ap--,the ,story of ,news1 by permission of ,associated ,press4 ,several other automatic telegraphic devices were being promoted1 but 7,kent7 ,cooper and engineers in the ,traffic ,department decided ,krum's machine held the most promise for their purposes4 ,tests got under way4 ,in the ,associated ,press headquarters1 which had been moved seven blocks from the old ,western ,union building to #ea ,chambers ,street1 a sending operator sat at a keyboard similar to that of an ordinary typewriter4 ,as he struck the keys1 copying the dispatches before him1 the machine perforated a paper tape with a series of holes1 each combination representing a letter4 ,the tape fed into a box-like transmitter which transformed the tape perforations into electrical impulses and sent them along the wires into the receiving machines in newspaper offices4 ,these impulses actuated telegraph relays and set the receiving ,morkrum machines automatically reproducing the letters which the sending operators were typing miles away4 ,the tests demonstrated that the ,morkrum could transmit news hour after hour at the rate of sixty words a minute and the copy was delivered clean and uniform4 ,thus began the slow extension of ,morkrum transmission to the whole leased wire system1 replacing the 8brass pounding0 ,morse keys4 ,it was a transition that required years and until it was completed both ,morse and ,morkrum worked side by side in many places4 ,an interesting story appeared recently in 8,the ,,ap ,world10#e giving some recollections of ,,ap's first field maintenance man1 ,royal 7,roy7 ,bailey1 then aged #ga and living in retirement in ,california4 ,he still remembers the ,,ap's first printing telegraph machines1 the article says2 in fact1 he helped make them1 for he was a mechanic in the ,morkrum ,company's factory in ,chicago4 ,when the ,morkrum ,company shipped the first machines to ,,ap headquarters1 ,bailey went along with the machines to install and maintain them1 although he remained on the ,morkrum ,company's payroll4 ,he eventually installed ,,ap printers all over ,new ,york ,city and ,connecticut1 in ,newark1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore and ,washington1 and in ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis and ,kansas ,city4 ,he recalls that ,morse telegraphers 8used to groan when they first saw him40 ,the early teleprinters were hard to keep synchronized1 ,bailey further recalls1 and copy boys had to check the speed frequently by sighting the striped motor flywheel through a tuning fork4 7,many of those copy boys1 he says1 including ,mickey ,burt and ,henry ,elling1 became ,,ap engineers47 ,as the experimental and developmental work continued at the ,morkrum plant1 ,howard ,krum studied all types of start-stop systems and found that synchronous control was the basis of all systems4 ,after experimenting with various ideas his thoughts turned to a plan to make the start of the receiving unit somewhat independent of the transmitting unit start1 thus avoiding irregularities then present in transmitter start devices4 ,this idea led to the construction of a permutation-code1 start-stop system1 using segmented commutators with rotating brush distributors at both transmitting and receiving units and a start magnet for each to control start-stop operation4 ,in this system the transmitter start magnet1 when energized1 releases the transmitting brush1 which immediately contacts the first segment to transmit a start pulse to operate the receiver start magnet2 the five-unit-code signal combination follows and both transmitting and receiving units are stopped4 ,the apparatus was applied to control the selecting and printing mechanism of the ,blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter and named the 8,morkrum ,green ,code40 ,this improved apparatus soon replaced the ,blue ,code printer at ,associated ,press and other installations 7see figs4 #g and #g;,a74 ,in this connection the following additional comments of ,mr4 ,bailey may be of interest3#f ,in #aiai ,i installed the ,new ,york-,washington circuit1 with drops at ,philadelphia and ,baltimore4 ,this was a new type of printer using what we called the ,green ,code4 ,this was considered an improvement over the old ,blue ,code1 which meant a rearrangement of the receiving mechanism1 but still the machines made use of a typewheel4444 ,our biggest job of all came in #aibc when we changed over all the old ,blue ,code typewheel printers in the ,new ,york area to the new style ,l4 ,c4 ,smith typebar printers using ,green ,code4 7,morkrum bought ,l4 ,c4 ,smith typewriters and added new machinery to them4 ,those printers became the famous ,model #ab47 ,as we have seen1 a number of inventors had patented ways and means to adopt the five-unit code for operating a telegraph printer system by the transmission of a start pulse to start both transmitting apparatus and the distant receiving apparatus at the same time1 followed by transmission of a selected code and a stop pulse4 ,to achieve successful operation1 very close speed adjustment was required4 ,at first1 this was achieved by the use of governed motors and1 later1 when accurately timed1 #fj-;cycle alternating current became available1 the problem of synchronous operation of send and receive stations was solved by the use of synchronous motors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g ,morkrum ,company's ,blue ,code ,typewheel ,page ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g;,a ,morkrum ,company's ,green ,code ,typewheel ,page ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,telegraph printer systems of this type were used by telegraph companies for city-to-city transmission of telegrams and by news-gathering and -distributing organizations to transmit the news from headquarters to newspapers in different cities4 ,while start-stop systems of this type were used successfully on press circuits and on telegraph message station-to-station circuitry1 trouble was experienced when a number of printer send-receive units were set up in an intercommunicating system4 ,here it was found that the receiver start was not always in time with the transmitter start1 due to varying line circuit conditions and a variation in the start release mechanism at connected stations4 ,it seems odd that synchronous systems1 where both transmitter and receiver were started at the same time 7requiring both transmitter and receiver to maintain synchronism71 held the field for so long a time1 thus limiting telegraph transmission to one-way operation4 ,it evidently took a mind not bound or hampered by the standard and accepted way of operating synchronous systems to discard such old ideas and to set forth boldly on a new pattern which1 in reality1 differed but slightly from the then-established synchronous systems1 and to sow the seed for starting further developments leading to the present telegraph typewriter1 ,,twx1 and ,,telex intercommunicating systems4 ,such a man was ,howard ,l4 ,krum1 who1 in further thinking on the subject1 came upon the almost simple idea of having the transmitter start the receiver rather than having them both start at the same time4 ,this arrangement required higher speed operation of the receiver and therefore the receiving code pulse positions were spread over a shorter area1 which meant progressively decreasing the angular division of the receiving members4 ,then1 to set the received start pulse in the most favorable position with relation to the following code signal reception1 an orientation adjustment of the receiver start position was provided4 7,note3 ,on ,june #bj1 #aifa1 ,kleinschmidt wrote to ,howard ,krum--then in retirement in ,california--giving a short description of the ,morkrum ,company activities1 including the wording of the above last two paragraphs1 and asking him to write the ,morkrum story4 ,howard ,krum replied on ,july #c1 #aifa1 indicating his approval and saying that he would be glad to put together some notes for ,kleinschmidt4 ,it was quite a shock1 therefore1 when a letter was received from ,howard ,krum's son1 ,charles1 in ,september of #aifa1 telling of his father's sudden serious illness4 ,then1 regretfully1 it was not long afterwards that word was received of ,howard ,krum's death on ,november #ac1 #aifa47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h ,morkrum ,company ,no4 #ab ,typebar ,page ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,howard ,krum's improved method for operating start-stop1 permutation-code telegraph systems was first applied to the ,morkrum ,green ,code apparatus to control the selecting and printing operations of the ,blickensdoerfer typewheel typewriter4 ,at this time the ,kleinschmidt company and other manufacturers were starting to produce permutation-code1 start-stop telegraph printers using typebar printing like the more modern typewriters which began rapidly to replace the ,blickensdoerfer1 the ,hammond1 and the other typewheel printing typewriters4 ,observing this situation1 the ,morkrum ,company started intensive development work to produce the ,no4 #ab typebar page printer1 using the typebars and operating mechanism of the ,l4 ,c4 ,smith typewriter and platen of a ,woodstock typewriter 7fig4 #h74 ,further developments produced the ,morkrum ,no4 #aa tape printer which used the ,baudot combiner method for selecting and printing characters under control of start-stop1 send-receive devices4 ,the ,no4 #aa was a small1 compact tape printer operating at fifty words per minute4 ,quite a number were put into service at hotels and elsewhere for local message service 7fig4 #i74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i ,morkrum ,company ,no4 #aa ,tape ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,the new ,no4 #ab typebar page printer found numerous applications4 ,it replaced the ,green ,code and the earlier ,blue ,code wherever used4 ,the new ,no4 #ab was installed at ,western ,union1 on some railroads1 and in the ,chicago ,police telegraph system4 ,the ,no4 #abs were also installed by ,postal ,telegraph on intercity circuits and used as receiving units for the ,postal ,multiplex4 ,the ,postal ,multiplex had been designed by ,morkrum and ,postal engineers with the consultant assistance of ,donald ,murray who was a friendly associate and had a license agreement with the ,morkrum ,company covering some of his patents4 ,a few ,no4 #ab ,morkrums were shipped abroad for use with the ,murray ,multiplex2 the ,british ,post ,office ,telegraph and the ,australian ,telegraph ,administration were customers4 ,late in #aibd the ,morkrum ,company and the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company joined to form the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation4 ,a story telling of the union of these two companies was published by ,fortune magazine in ,march of #aicb4g ,before going to that story1 it may be of interest to describe an important event concerning the change in the supply of electric power from direct current to #fj-;cycle alternating current and the final timing to exactly #fj cycles per second of all ,a4,c4 power supplies so that our electric clocks may be connected to an ,a4,c4 outlet and give correct time4 ,the advent of correctly timed1 #fj-;cycle ,a4,c4 electric power1 available throughout the nation1 was a great boon to the designers of printing telegraph apparatus and some types of facsimile telegraph and picture transmitting systems4 ,in prior years1 overline synchronization of send and receive apparatus was always a problem and never perfect4 ,today1 synchronizing apparatus between terminals becomes the simple matter of providing #fj-;cycle ,a4,c4 synchronous motors4 ,just plug into a power outlet and you have 8sync06 ,henry ,ellis ,warren1 a clock maker1 noting the change in electric power service from direct current to #fj-;cycle alternating current1 set about to build a motor to operate at #fj-;cycle speed but found that the #fj-;cycle frequency did not always hold to form1 and when applied to running a clock1 did not hold correct time4 ,the following excerpt1 from ,the ,romance of ,time1#h tells of ,warren's activities which led to synchronizing #fj-;cycle alternating current to exact time3 ,synchronous ,electric ,time ,one of the most important of all contributions to horology is the work of an ,american who has earned the title1 8,father of ,electric ,time40 ,henry ,ellis ,warren was graduated from ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology in #ahid4 ,in #aijg he married and settled in ,ashland1 ,massachusetts4 ,here it was that he began to work out his idea for electrically operated timepieces4 ,his first product was an ingenious battery-operated clock4 ,in #aiad he organized the ,warren ,clock ,company and set up production in a barn on his farm4 ,yet he knew the battery clock was not his goal1 for direct current offered no means of accurate regulation4 ,direct current flows constantly in one direction only1 like water down a river or like the passage of time4 ,on the other hand1 alternating current changes direction regularly1 like the oscillation of the balance wheel in a watch4 ,but instead of the usual five times a second of the balance wheel1 most alternating current completes its trip forward and backward sixty times a second4 ,obviously1 a clock 8geared0 to such a frequency would run as reliably as the current4 ,in #aiaf1 after several years of extensive experimentation1 ,warren developed a motor which would start by itself1 run on alternating current1 and carry without difficulty the load of reduction gears driving the clock hands4 ,it could also handle the cams and contacts of an alarm clock or set in motion a striking or chiming mechanism4 ,then came the test4 ,he plugged the clock into the power socket4 ,it commenced to run4 ,weeks of observation and checking showed an irregular error of as much as ten to fifteen minutes a day4 ,convinced that his clock was right1 ,warren discovered that the alternating current frequency delivered to his barn factory was off half a cycle per second--#ei and not #fj cycles4 ,this slight deflection would produce that much time loss in a #bd-;hour run4 ,when he informed the electric company of this error1 he was met at first with polite disbelief4 ,yet he showed such a comprehensive knowledge of the subject that the company began to recheck their standards4 ,warren built several more synchronous clocks and a master regulator of his own design for power-station use4 ,on one dial of his master clock there were two hands1 black and gold4 ,the black hand was connected to an accurately adjusted pendulum clock1 beating seconds4 ,the gold hand was driven by the gear train of one of his electric clocks4 ,as long as the two hands revolved together1 the current cycles were exactly #fj per second4 ,set up in a power station1 this allowed the operator to adjust the turbine generators as needed to keep the two hands of the master clock together4 ,thus all other properly set electric clocks on the same system would keep the same time automatically4 ,the ,edison ,electric ,illuminating ,company of ,boston tried out the master clock on ,october #bc1 #aiaf4 ,since then this regulation has continued4 ,other power companies adopted ,warren's master clock4 ,today virtually all alternating current furnished in ,america is similarly checked4 ,practical electric time is available at the light socket almost everywhere4 ,but there are additional benefits4 ,standardizing the frequency expanded the market for current to run the increasing number of clocks in use4 ,yet1 from the consumer's point of view1 each clock draws little current1 costing but a few pennies a month4 ,uniform frequency also gave more even speeds in motor-driven machinery1 with a resultant improvement in product4 ,it made easier the joining of one power station to another4 ,synchronous motors used in certain meters and recorders produced better1 more accurate records at lower cost4 ,the ,warren enterprise expanded rapidly4 ,the battery clock was discontinued4 ,the red barn was no longer large enough1 and new space was acquired4 ,the trade mark 8,telechron10 meaning 8time from a distance0 7from two ,greek words71 was used to identify all products of the company4 ,the firm name was changed to stress the name ,telechron1 and in #aieb a merger was made with the ,general ,electric ,company4 ,plants are now operated in ,worcester as well as in ,ashland1 ,massachusetts4 ,and now back to the telegraph field4444 ,,chapter #d ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation 7later renamed 8,teletype ,corporation07 ,during and after the first world war1 both the ,morkrum ,company and the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company were progressively developing and producing telegraph apparatus and bringing out new and improved operating devices to a point where conflicting patents were at issue4 ,this meant infringement litigation which might destroy both companies4 ,neither company could obtain orders in sufficient quantity to make the manufacturing of apparatus profitable1 and1 with costly development work at hand1 more capital investment was a continuous requirement4 ,the following excerpts from the ,march #aicb issue of ,fortune#i tells of the final joining of the two companies4 ,the ,morkrum ,co4 had no profits to show for its efforts1 and one can be fairly safe in assuming that no other maker of telegraph printers made profits4 ,there were competitors1 of course4 ,even the first telegraph invented by ,samuel ,morse had a printer1 but it printed in dots and dashes instead of in letters of the ,english alphabet4 ,that original ,morse printer was abandoned as far back as #ahdd because a man who could be trained to read dots and dashes could just as easily be trained to listen to them4 ,the problem of getting a printer to print the alphabet was faced by inventors more than half a century ago1 and it was not really a difficult problem4 ,the difficulty was to invent a printer that was not too complicated and delicate to be reliable1 that was simple enough to be manufactured for a few hundred instead of a few thousand dollars4 ,this difficulty occupied many minds other than the ,morton-,krum intelligences4 ,the most noteworthy of ,morkrum ,co4's rivals in printer-making was ,edward ,kleinschmidt1 an inventor who had all the inventor's legendary devotion to his task and to nothing else4 ,his creations included a vaccination shield1 an automatic fishing reel1 and the perfection of the ,wheatstone perforator4 ,he had been tinkering with a telegraph printer in one form and another since the beginning of the century4 ,in #aiag his project was revamped4 ,it had the financial backing of ,charles ,b4 ,goodspeed1 of the ,buckeye ,steel ,casting ,co42 ,paul ,m4 ,benedict1 assistant to the president of the ,c4 ,b4 ,q42 ,edward ,moore1 son of ,judge ,moore of ,american ,can fame2 ,eldon ,bisbee1 a ,new ,york lawyer2 and one of ,mr4 ,bisbee's legal clients1 ,albert ,henry ,wiggin1 then president of the ,chase ,national ,bank4 ,it was ,mr4 ,goodspeed1 a quiet1 retiring gentleman1 who supplied most of the corporate 7as distinct from inventive7 energy of the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,co4444 ,in the years from #aiag to #aibd the ,kleinschmidt and the ,morkrum companies became the leading makers of telegraph printers1 but they did not have an easy row to hoe4 ,their only possible customers were the two great telegraph companies1 the ,telephone company1 the railroads1 and an occasional outside business such as a press association4 ,the competition was disheartening1 and it became keener with the elevation of ,sterling1 son of ,joy ,morton1 to the presidency of the ,morkrum ,co41 an elevation that was mainly a ,war-time accident1 for ,sterling ,morton had resigned from his father's company to enlist in the ,army1 had been rejected because of a small steel plate in his anatomy1 and had chosen the ,morkrum ,co4 as an alternative4 ,engineering progress was made1 sometimes under ludicrous circumstances4 ,there was one occasion when ,sterling ,morton1 about to sail for ,europe1 heard that the ,kleinschmidt ,co4 was about to bring out a simplex printer4 ,up to that time both companies had been making printers for use with multiplex machines4 ,mr4 ,morton was afraid that ,mr4 ,kleinschmidt was about to anticipate him in the simplex development which was the forerunner of the present teletypewriter4 ,this was a contingency which ,mr4 ,morton could not well permit4 ,on the spur of the moment1 he called on ,howard ,krum1 who happened to be in ,new ,york4 ,they bought a drawing board1 hired a room at the ,princeton ,club1 and worked for twenty-four hours trying to design such a machine4 ,completely baffled by one small detail1 they gave up and took a bus for ,coney ,island4 ,on the way1 ,howard ,krum doubled up in sudden ecstacy and inspiration4 ,they rushed from the bus at ,coney ,island1 entered a soda fountain1 and on the spot designed the machine on the back of an envelope4 ,this simplex machine of the ,morkrum ,co4 and the one developed by ,kleinschmidt at the same time are the machines which make ,teletype commercially important1 the substance of the business today4 ,but engineering progress was not business progress4 ,both companies from the standpoint of profits were failures4 ,their few customers played them off against each other4 ,in despair1 they were both willing to sell out4 ,at one point ,mr4 ,goodspeed offered the ,kleinschmidt company to ,mr4 ,newcomb ,carlton of ,western ,union for #dab1jjj1 the amount invested in it4 ,mr4 ,morton sold his company in all but fact to ,mr4 ,charles ,g4 du ,bois1 then president of ,western ,electric1 but ,mr4 du ,bois went off to ,europe1 and his substitute refused to see any merit in the deal4 ,so it fell through4 ,unable to sell themselves to their customers1 they tried selling themselves to each other4 ,in #aibc ,messrs4 ,goodspeed and ,morton came to terms4 ,the ,morkrum ,co4 signed the agreement and1 everything arranged1 ,mr4 ,goodspeed went off to bicycle with his wife in ,south ,africa--whereupon his company suddenly changed its mind4 ,that was the situation of these two unfortunate companies in #aibd when ,mr4 ,morton started a suit for patent infringement against his rivals4 ,a counter suit was promptly filed4 ,mr4 ,goodspeed was quite right when he said the suits would ruin both--there was every prospect that by the time the courts had settled things1 the patents would have been in such a snarl that neither could do anything4 ,the suit1 in fact1 was ,sterling ,morton's way of bringing matters to a head4 ,so1 figuratively speaking1 on the courthouse steps they merged4 ,the terms of the merger as embodied in the six-line agreement 7it was later made over into a twenty-five-page legal document which concluded by saying that in case of dispute the six-line agreement should be the final authority7 were these3 each of the old companies received a half interest in the common stock 7#aj1jjj shares7 of the new company2 #ae1jjj shares 7callable at #aje7 of the new company's preferred stock should be divided according to the assets of the old companies4 ,actually1 #ac1igi shares of preferred were issued1 the majority going to the ,morkrum group4 ,and so it was that the agreement to join both companies under the name ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation was consummated and chartered in the ,state of ,delaware on ,december #bi1 #aibd1 with ,sterling ,morton as ,president1 ,howard ,l4 ,krum as ,vice ,president in charge of manufacturing1 and ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt as ,vice ,president in charge of development1 patents and foreign sales4 ,one of the first decisions to make was whether the ,kleinschmidt plant in ,long ,island ,city or the ,morkrum plant in ,chicago would be the headquarters for the new company4 ,the ,kleinschmidt company was on a #bg1jjj-;foot leased floor in a building which ,r4 ,h4 ,macy ,company had just purchased to use for a warehouse1 and negotiations had been going on for some time for the purchase of the ,kleinschmidt lease--the sum of #be1jjj4jj having been offered4 ,when the union of the two companies was decided upon1 an agreement to vacate on the terms offered was signed1 and the ,kleinschmidt firm moved to the ,morkrum-owned plant in ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation ,no4 #ad ,start-,stop ,typebar ,tape ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,bringing together the engineering talent and patents of the two companies had an immediate effect toward further progress4 ,the first thing the new company set out to do1 through consolidation of their past efforts1 was to perfect a satisfactory start-stop-operated tape printer for the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company to use for circuit extension to customers who were extensively using the telegraph for immediate1 written communication4 7,this was to speed up telegraphic communication and eliminate the need for messenger service which had been the custom47 ,the ,morkrum company had submitted their start-stop-operated ,baudot tape printer1 and the ,kleinschmidt company had proposed the ,western ,union ,no4 #bb tape printer in a redesign to start-stop operation4 ,now1 the new company was able to combine both plans and as a result came up with their first development1 a typebar1 start-stop-operated1 tape printer1 the ,no4 #ad 7see figure #aj74 ,in the final design1 ,howard ,krum and his production engineers took a large part4 ,after tests and evaluation1 ,western ,union's first order was for #aj1jjj machines at #cag4jj each4 ,this amounted to a total of #c1agj1jjj4jj4 ,no such quantity had ever been heard of before6 ,it is quite evident that while the two companies were separated1 each coming up with improved and new designs of telegraph apparatus1 there was a lack of decision by telegraph companies as to which type of apparatus to adopt in expanding their operations1 and therefore they did not buy in quantity4 ,the largest previous order to the ,kleinschmidt ,electric ,company was for #hjj ,no4 #bb typebar tape printers for the ,western ,union ,multiplex4 ,at ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt more space was needed4 ,the corner property on ,wrightwood ,avenue adjoining the ,morkrum plant was purchased1 and a four-story building was erected4 ,the design of a telegraph typewriter that would be more efficient and require a minimum of maintenance service was the most important project1 and ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt was working with ,bell ,laboratories engineers endeavoring to meet all the requirements of the ,bell ,telephone system4 ,a typebar printer with a stationary printing platen and moving typebar printing unit was specified4 ,these requirements were finally met with the design of the ,no4 #ae page printer to operate at #fj words per minute1 and manufacture of this apparatus was started in #aibg 7see figure #aa74 ,the ,no4 #ae page printer became the standard for nationwide intercommunicating telegraph service for many years4 ,in #aibf1 soon after the ,no4 #ad tape printer was put into service1 ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt received a request from the police department of ,berlin1 ,germany1 for detailed information1 stating that they were interested in the purchase of about sixty ,no4 #ad printers4 ,the letter asked if ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt was represented by an agent in ,germany whom they could contact4 ,at an executive meeting1 ,mr4 ,morton and ,mr4 ,krum asked ,mr4 ,kleinschmidt to take care of this matter since his company1 before joining them1 had sold apparatus in some foreign countries4 ,after further correspondence with the ,berlin police officials1 ,kleinschmidt decided personally to take a ,no4 #ad printer to ,germany and arrange for a representative there4 ,after visiting and conferring with several companies experienced in the telegraph and associated apparatus field1 a satisfactory arrangement was consummated with the ,c4 ,lorenz ,company1 on ,october #be1 #aibf1 for the manufacture and sale of ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt equipment in ,germany1 on a royalty-licensing basis4 ,at that time the ,lorenz company manufactured telegraph and telephone equipment and railway signaling apparatus4 ,their engineering department was under the supervision of ,dr4 ,gerhard ,grimsen who took the matter in hand for further exploitation toward an intercommunicating printing telegraph system1 using the ,no4 #ae page teletypewriter4 ,siemens ,halske1 the principal manufacturers of telegraph equipment in ,germany1 were also licensed by the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation1 on ,june #a1 #aibi1 with the consent of the ,lorenz company4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,no4 #ae ,page ,printer ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation 7,as may be seen in the following chapter1 it was these licensing arrangements which led to the establishment of the ,,telex intercommunicating teleprinter system in ,europe47 ,in early #aibg the well-known newspaper publisher1 ,mr4 ,frank ,e4 ,gannett1 came to ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt1 bringing his company's engineer1 ,mr4 ,walter ,morey1 who had heard of various attempts to operate a typesetting machine1 such as ,linotype or ,intertype1 directly from the telegraph4 ,mr4 ,gannett said1 8,we have telegraph typewriters in our news rooms that record the news as transmitted from the ,associated ,press and the ,united ,press1 and that is fine4 ,now1 why not go a step further and operate our typesetting machines directly from the telegraph circuit8 ,if you can develop such a device1 ,i will help finance the project40 ,indeed1 after some study of the matter1 the possibility of devising such a system seemed entirely feasible and the development of suitable apparatus was turned over to the research and development department4 ,a workable plan was soon put together and a separate company1 the ,teletypesetter ,company1 was organized1 with ,mr4 ,gannett joining financially4 ,edward ,kleinschmidt was elected president4 ,development proceeded and a complete set of apparatus was set up and publicly demonstrated for the first time on ,december #f1 #aibh1 at one of ,mr4 ,gannett's newspapers1 ,the ,times ,union of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,teletypesetter equipment was subsequently manufactured for several installations4 ,after the ,western ,electric ,company purchased the ,teletype ,corporation in #aicj1 the ,teletypesetter ,company was sold to the ,fairchild ,company4 ,teletypesetter equipment is now in universal use by most newspapers and the larger printing companies4 ,during the period that the ,united ,states' business cycle was on a continuous upswing 7during the late #aibjs71 securities sales on the ,new ,york ,stock ,exchange were going to constantly higher volume1 and the old step-by-step stock ticker did not1 by large margins1 keep pace in recording stock share transactions4 ,there was a cry for a higher speed stock ticker2 in fact1 the ,stock ,exchange officials told ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt that they would be happy to convert the entire system if they could get higher speed4 ,an adaptation of the five-unit-code1 start-stop system seemed the solution and the ,research and ,development department set out to develop suitable apparatus4 ,several ideas were studied and1 because of the frequent changes from letters to figures1 requiring printing in separate rows on the tape1 a six-unit code was adapted instead in which combinations for a figure included the sixth selecting pulse to operate the figures print hammer and block the letters print hammer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation ,stock ,ticker ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt company was soon able to show the ,stock ,exchange people a stock ticker operating on a telegraph system that worked at twice the speed of the step-by-step-operated tickers then in use4 ,a speed of #ejj printing operations per minute could be obtained1 thus attaining a one-hundred-percent increase in the transmitting and recording of stock quotations on the tape 7see figure #ab74 ,the ,stock ,exchange ticker service company ordered #ae1jjj of these high-speed tickers and the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company also ordered a quantity for their national stock quotations distributing systems4 ,as business of the combined ,morkrum and ,kleinschmidt companies went along1 it was thought that the name 8,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,corporation0 was a pretty big mouthful and that a simpler name more characteristic of its products would be better4 ,the name 8,teletype0 was suggested1 and in the year #aibh the name change to 8,teletype ,corporation0 was made4 ,the exact origin of the word 8teletype0 is not known but it is no doubt one of the abbreviated forms of the words 8telegraph typewriter0 which were used over the years4 ,in literature1 in the early #aijjs1 we find that the word 8teletype10 in speaking of printing telegraph equipment1 and other shortened forms1 such as 8telewriter0 and 8teletyper10 were used interchangeably4 ,kleinschmidt's son1 ,edward ,f41 who studied electrical engineering at ,steven's ,institute and at ,northwestern ,university1 was employed as development engineer by the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt company where he assisted in the design of projects at hand1 and1 during #aibi1 produced a system and apparatus for transmitting and recording printed characters by the successive transmission of dots arranged in a pattern to form letters4 ,while this system required a higher signaling frequency1 it was thought to be superior to permutation-code transmission over radio circuits where electrostatic interference is experienced1 since1 in the dot pattern transmission1 electrostatic interference up to a degree will not change the readability of a transmitted letter4 ,the system was in test operation to prove its efficiency over radio circuits where considerable static interference was experienced4 ,upon hearing of this new telegraph for the radio1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,stanley ,dollar became interested in the use of this communicating system for his steamship line4 ,there was considerable correspondence in this matter during mid-#aicj1 just prior to the sale of ,teletype2 however1 neither ,,at,t nor ,western ,electric was interested in further promoting this new radio telegraph1 so the matter was dropped4 ,business activities of ,teletype ,corporation were now growing rapidly and with good profit4 ,the capital structure of #aj1jjj shares was wholly inadequate1 so by a #ae-to-#a stock dividend the capital structure was raised to #aej1jjj shares1 and dividends on an annual basis of #ab4jj were paid4 ,the successful development of apparatus for different applications useful in the telegraph field was largely due to the close cooperation between the research-development and the manufacturing departments of the organization4 ,howard ,krum had expert engineers and designers in his department1 ,kleinschmidt brought his leading engineers and designers from the ,long ,island ,city plant1 and there was a definite spirit of cooperation all around4 ,to quote again from the ,fortune magazine story3#aj ,as the years up to #aibe1 when the ,kleinschmidt-,morkrum merger took place1 were wanderings in a profitless desert1 so the years from #aibe to #aicj found the teletype in a land of milk and honey4 ,mr4 ,morton1 however1 was inclined to think that a company which had only two or three major customers is not strongly placed4 ,furthermore 7and by the spring of #aicj71 at least one of those customers was actively in the market as a ,teletype purchaser4 ,this buyer was ,colonel ,sosthenes ,behn1 whose ,international ,telephone ,telegraph ,co4 includes ,postal ,telegraph at home in addition to many communication and manufacturing companies abroad4 ,with ,colonel ,behn wanting to buy and ,mr4 ,morton wanting to sell1 negotiations rapidly proceeded to a point at which ,mr4 ,morton1 at least1 thought the deal was almost concluded4 ,but while ,mr4 ,morton and the ,colonel were discussing the prospective acquisition1 into the ,colonel's office walked a man who has no other place in this story except that he happened to interrupt at this moment4 ,as this gentleman was introduced1 he asked whether ,mr4 ,morton were related to ,joy or ,paul ,morton4 ,when ,mr4 ,morton admitted that they were his father and uncle1 the man turned to ,colonel ,behn and said in jest3 8,better watch your step4 ,that's a smart family40 ,only ,colonel ,behn knows whether he gave that remark any weight1 but the point is that the negotiations suddenly collapsed1 and that the visitor's remark about the smart family still lives vividly in ,mr4 ,morton's memory4 ,this setback was not a setback at all to such a negotiator as ,mr4 ,morton4 ,two months later1 in ,may1 #aicj1 you find him walking into the office of ,clarence ,g4 ,stoll1 vice president of ,western ,electric1 ,a4 ,t4 ,t4's manufacturing subsidiary4 ,this time there had been no preliminaries4 ,mr4 ,stoll rose from his desk and said3 8,good morning4 ,what can ,i do for you80 8,do you want to buy ,teletype80 8,is it for sale80 8,yes1 at a price40 8,all right4 ,let's get down to business40 ,they got down to business on the spot1 and they remained at it for three solid days in ,mr4 ,stoll's office4 ,the agreement as reached called for ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 to pay off the preferred stock of ,teletype1 #ac1igi shares callable at #aje1 and to give one share of ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 in exchange for each common share of ,teletype4 ,the ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 shares were worth about #bjj1 so the price came to upwards of #cj1jjj1jjj--plus1 of course1 the #a1dfg1gie for retiring the ,teletype preferred4 ,it should be noted here that this deal to take over ,teletype on a share-for-share basis was exclusive of foreign patent rights but did include patent rights in ,canada and ,mexico4 ,the sale to ,western ,electric was closed on ,september #cj1 #aicj4 ,mr4 ,stoll of that company was made president4 ,howard ,krum continued on as vice president and was a leader in developing a number of commendable devices1 including a system for transmitting messages in scrambled1 untranslatable code form and receiving such scrambled code in perfect message form4 ,mr4 ,morton was retained as consultant4 ,edward ,kleinschmidt made an arrangement to do development work for the new organization in a laboratory of his own1 assigning all inventions to the ,teletype ,corporation 7see page #ej74 ,after ,kleinschmidt left ,teletype1 his assistant1 ,albert ,h4 ,reiber1 carried on as head of ,research and ,development for a short while before his untimely death4 ,in the meantime1 ,walter ,j4 ,zenner had advanced and1 in #aice1 became ,department ,chief and later ,vice ,president in ,charge of ,research and ,development4 ,under ,zenner's direction a number of new devices in the teleprinter field were developed1 including ultra-high-speed tape-perforating and tape-controlled transmitting devices1 as well as a high-speed stock ticker operating at #ijj characters per minute 7introduced in #aifd7 to replace the earlier ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ticker which operated at #ejj characters per minute4 ,some #id patents were issued in his name1 which have contributed greatly to the growth of the ,teletype ,corporation4#aa ,on ,may #ae1 #aidj1 ,howard ,krum and ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt were both honored by ,the ,franklin ,institute and awarded the ,john ,price ,wetherill ,medal1 each one 8,for his ,part in the ,development of a ,successful ,electrically ,operated ,duplicate ,typewriting ,machine ,now ,known as the ,teletypewriter10 7,quoted from the medal certificate47 ,illustration3 ,teletype ,corporation's new ,model #cc ,automatic ,send-,receive ,set ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,howard ,krum later also received an award as ,modern ,pioneer from the ,national ,manufacturers ,association4 ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt1 on ,april #ai1 #aieh1 was awarded the honorary degree of ,doctor of ,engineering at the ,polytechnic ,institute of ,brooklyn4 ,to continue3 ,after the sale of patent rights in ,canada1 ,mexico1 and the ,united ,states to ,western ,electric1 there remained the ,european and other foreign patent rights still with the original ,morkrum and ,kleinschmidt investors4 ,the ,international ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company wanted these rights1 and1 after negotiations in ,new ,york1 a price was set for their purchase through the ,creed ,company in ,london1 then owned by ,,it,t4 ,edward ,kleinschmidt was sent to ,london in #aicj to close the deal4 ,some changes to the sales contract were requested by ,creed which kept the cables busy by ,kleinschmidt in asking for approval from ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 and ,western ,electric lawyers4 ,finally1 upon all-around approval1 the contract was signed at the previously-agreed-to price of one and a quarter million dollars4 ,,chapter #e ,teletypewriter ,intercommunication ,expands ,,telex ,as a result of the acquisition of patents of the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,company by the ,lorenz company1 ,siemens ,halske1 and1 later1 the ,creed company in ,england1 all of which we have discussed briefly1 teletypewriter intercommunicating expanded rapidly4 ,in just a short time1 through the cooperation of these companies1 it spread over all of ,europe and was named ,,telex 7,,teleprinter ,,exchange ,service74 ,dr4 ,gerhard ,grimsen of the ,lorenz company1 in a letter to ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt1 dated ,july #aa1 #aifb1 states1 in part 7slightly edited73 ,the story of printing telegraph apparatus using an equal length code in the ,lorenz ,co4 commences in #aibg with the acquisition of the most important patents of the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt ,co4 ,before then1 the ,lorenz people were busy in manufacturing ,morse apparatus and delivering exchange tickers which used the ,hughes code4 ,the transmitter had a piano keyboard1 the receiver was a page printer with a moving type wheel4444 ,the biggest network of this kind was installed in the ,berlin ,police service 7with one transmitter and about #cjj receivers74 ,the connections between the headquarters and the substations were built by using guttapercha cable lines owned by the police administration4 ,this broadcasting network was erected around #aijg4 ,by #aibg the cables had aged1 by normal corrosion1 to such a degree that instead of #aaj-volt double current transmitting voltage1 little by little1 up to #bbj volts was necessary for a fairly satisfying operation4 ,also1 the maintenance of the apparatus became more costly4 ,this was the situation when some communication experts of the police and the post administration made the first studies about the newest telegraph technique in the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4444 ,they found that the start-stop1 five-unit tape printer1 the ,model #ad1 developed and manufactured by the ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt company1 would be the best instrument to replace the old ones in the police service as well as in the telegraph business of the ,german post administration4 ,of special importance to the police service was the fact that by introducing this apparatus1 it was not necessary to build a new network because now it became possible to rent normal telephone lines using single current1 #dj-milliampere1 #fj-volt current only4 ,siemens and ,halske engineers1 in #aibe1 had designed a teleprinter using the five-unit-code1 start-stop principle4 ,this was manufactured and improvements added1 including the new start-stop method developed by ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt4 ,the ,creed company1 which had started manufacture of start-stop teleprinters before #aicj1 having purchased several ,morkrum printers before the consolidation of that company with the ,kleinschmidt company1 also designed a teleprinter for the new five-unit-code1 start-stop system4 ,in another write-up1 ,dr4 ,grimsen states that after the ,siemens company came into the picture1 a fully automatic teleprinter network was started in #aicc with a trial installation between ,berlin and ,hamburg for about forty private subscribers4 ,the results were so encouraging that the ,german ,reichspost continued the work1 and five years later the ,,telex system contained about #aj1jjj subscribers4 ,,telex service was introduced in ,great ,britain in #aicb and was worked over the telephone network1 using a single-tone voice frequency carrier signal which was keyed on and off by the teleprinter transmitter4 7,from ,freebody's ,telegraphy47#ab ,interconnection for ,,telex service was made by dialing a subscriber as in telephone operation4 ,,telex directories then1 as now1 gave the call numbers of subscribers4 ,types of answerback devices were designed in both ,england and ,germany which finally developed into an arrangement whereby the calling subscriber would1 after dialing a number1 press a special key1 the shifted ,d key--named the 8,who-,are-,you80 button--which would cause the transmission of a signal code automatically to activate the called teletypewriter mechanism into transmitting its ,,telex number4 ,further apparatus1 a device to punch the code in a tape and a punched-tape-controlled transmitter1 was soon added4 ,the ,siemens company also developed and built completely automatic switching equipment for the ,,telex system which is used by many telegraph administrations4 ,through the cooperation of the companies who were manufacturing teleprinters and associated equipment1 the many problems that appeared were eventually solved to improve the apparatus and bring the ,,telex system to eventual perfection for worldwide telegraph communications4 7,at the time of this writing1 according to statistics1 there are nearly #a1jjj1jjj ,,telex subscribers throughout the world47 ,one of the problems faced in setting up such a worldwide system was that of standardizing the code and operating speed4 ,at the time of ,kleinschmidt's stay in ,london in #aicj to close negotiations with ,creed for the sale of ,morkrum-,kleinschmidt's foreign rights1 he met ,mr4 ,martin ,feuerhahn of the ,german ,telegraph ,administration who at that time was in conference with ,creed and representatives from the ,british ,telegraph ,administration as to standardizing on an alphabet and telegraph code for international communications4 ,mr4 ,feuerhahn argued for the adoption of the ,american ,murray alphabet and code1 stating that he already had the approval and consent of the ,french1 ,italian1 and ,belgian telegraph administrations4 ,mr4 ,feuerhahn and ,kleinschmidt spent some hours together4 ,after their return to their respective countries1 ,kleinschmidt received a letter from ,mr4 ,feuerhahn referring to their talks and stating that he had been in correspondence with ,mr4 ,benjamin of ,western ,union and ,mr4 ,parker of ,bell ,laboratories with regard to code and other pertinent matters of standardization so that an ,international ,teleprinter ,exchange could be extended into the ,united ,states4 ,another letter dated ,october #aj1 #aica1 reviewed the aforementioned standardization search4 ,the ,murray alphabet and #g-unit code were soon adopted and are still in use today in ,,telex4 ,in later years1 an association1 the ,consultative ,committee on ,international ,telegraph 7,,ccit--now the ,,ccitt to include the telephone71 was formed and met regularly to discuss problems and to set operating regulations for the ,,telex apparatus in an intercommunicating system4 ,the ,,ccitt at this writing is still meeting regularly on worldwide standardization in both telegraph and telephone communications4 ,,telex ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,twx ,in the ,united ,states1 in ,november #aica1 the ,bell ,telephone ,companies announced an intercommunicating teletypewriter service1 called ,,twx for short 7,teletype,writer e,xchange71 by which interconnections could be made by a switchboard operator as in telephone service4 ,one of their first advertisements named it a 8,telephone ,typewriter ,service1 a service that typewrites by wire1 a method of inter-office communication that has the quickness of the telephone1 the flexibility of conversation1 the accuracy of the typewriter1 the authority of the printed word1 the permanency of print40#ac ,tape-punching and tape-controlled transmitting apparatus was provided4 ,this service allowed subscribers to carry on a typewritten conversation at a charge less than the cost of a telephone call1 whether to local or to distant areas4 ,the maximum speed of this equipment was limited to sixty words per minute4 ,illustration3 ,telephone ,typewriter ,service 7early ,,twx apparatus7 reproduced by permission of ,american telephone ,telegraph ,co4 ,there are approximately #ed1jjj subscribers to ,,twx at this writing1 and the ,,twx directory gets fatter with each new issue4 ,in #aifb all ,,twx machines were converted to direct dialing operation1 making the service easier to use4 ,instead of going through 8,operator0 by manually typing out the call letters of the party being called1 one now merely depresses the ,originate button1 listens for the dial tone1 and then dials the ,,twx number of the party wanted4 ,,rca ,communications1 ,inc41 was the first to extend international ,,telex service to ,bell ,system teletypewriter subscribers 7#aiee71 enabling them to make and receive overseas calls on their domestic ,,twx machines4#ad ,as stated1 the ,,twx machines were geared for #fj-words-per-minute operation1 whereas the ,,telex system operated at #ff words per minute4 ,it was therefore necessary for ,r4,c4,a4 to use conversion apparatus to an error-detecting code for overseas radio transmission4 ,this code was a seven-unit code1 using three marking and four spacing elements1 giving #ce usable combinations4 ,by using a special printer1 when a faulty combination was received1 a special error symbol was printed4 ,western ,union1 in ,may of #aieh1 introduced ,,telex service between ,new ,york ,city and various ,canadian points4 ,by #aifb the service had been extended to #fg ,united ,states cities1 and at this writing they expect to serve #ahj ,united ,states cities with an anticipated subscriber capacity of many thousands4#ae ,in addition to domestic service between ,u4 ,s4 cities1 subscribers can dial automatic teleprinter connections to ,canada and ,mexico4 ,also1 they can obtain direct ,,telex connections to other parts of the world through the overseas facilities of ,,rcac 7,radio ,corporation of ,america ,communications71 ,,ac,r 7,american ,cable and ,radio71 and ,,wui 7,western ,union ,international74 ,the operating speed of #ff words per minute and also the teleprinter keyboard in the ,u4 ,s4 ,,telex network conform to international standards of the ,,ccitt4 ,this provides complete operating compatibility with other ,,telex systems throughout the world without the need for speed and keyboard translators4#ae ,,some ,,of ,,today',s ,,telex ,,apparatus ,illustration3 ,the ,,sagem ,electronic ,teleprinter used in ,,telex ,picture by courtesy of ,socit d',applications ,gnrales d',electricit et de ,mcanique ,illustration3 ,western ,union ,,telex ,picture through courtesy of ,western ,union ,telegraph ,co4 ,illustration3 ,general ,post ,office ,,telex ,installation by courtesy of ,h4 ,m4 ,postmaster-,general ,illustration3 7uncaptioned7 ,illustration3 ,standard ,elektrik ,lorenz ,,telex ,apparatus reproduced by permission of ,standard ,elektrik ,lorenz ,illustration3 ,siemens ,halske ,,telex ,apparatus ,picture by courtesy of ,siemens ,halske ,,chapter #f ,,kleinschmidt ,,laboratories ,as we have seen1 ,edward ,kleinschmidt1 upon resigning from ,teletype ,corporation as vice president when it was taken over by ,western ,electric1 had agreed to do development work for them1 working independently but assigning any inventions to the new ,teletype ,corporation4 ,and so it was that ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories came into existence4 ,incorporated on ,march #ba1 #aica1 under ,delaware laws1 for the immediate purpose of doing research and development work for ,teletype1 the principals of the new company were ,edward ,e4 as president1 and his two sons1 ,edward ,f4 as vice president and ,bernard ,l4 as secretary4 ,kleinschmidt had earlier proposed a comprehensive and completely automatic printing telegraph switching system in which messages are automatically routed from the subscriber printer through telegraph centrals of the addressee printer under control of address tape perforations4 ,under his development contract with ,teletype he continued work on the system4 ,message storage in perforated tape was provided for at all central switching points1 and an answerback arrangement was included in the system by the automatic return transmission of the addressee's number to the sender4 ,as the research and development work for ,teletype continued1 the switching system was completed1 and various other devices of more or less importance were developed1 with patents assigned to the ,teletype ,corporation4 ,in late #aicd the contract with ,teletype expired4 ,at that time1 son ,bernard was operating a printing plant in rather close quarters in ,highland ,park1 ,illinois4 ,the operations of the ,laboratories had been carried on in rented quarters at the ,merchandise ,mart in ,chicago4 ,seeing that there would be no work for ,teletype1 it was decided to set up working quarters in ,highland ,park where the family lived4 ,since rented space was not available1 a building was constructed on ,lincolnwood ,road in the ,braeside section of ,highland ,park to house both the ,b4 ,l4 ,kleinschmidt ,printing ,company and the machinery and other equipment of the ,laboratories4 ,the ,laboratories1 now inactive1 became a personal holding company with #bcjj shares to cover a book value of approximately #bcj1jjj4jj 7,kleinschmidt having distributed the major portion of these shares to his children and grandchildren74 ,son ,edward ,f4 turned his thoughts to other fields and carried on experimental work in the new building in devices not connected with the telegraph4 ,son ,bernard was involved in his printing business4 ,their father's thoughts lay dormant for a long time1 but still there was the urge to continue with the telegraph1 and a plan for operating a five-unit-code selecting mechanism1 operating on a progressive stop principle to position a typewheel or to select a typebar for printing on tape or page1 was worked out4 ,when models of this new plan were completed and operating successfully1 ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt immediately thought of ,teletype ,corporation and brought the apparatus to their attention1 submitting models and patent applications for their evaluation4 ,after numerous conferences and correspondence1 however1 his offer for the sale of patent rights and models was rejected4 ,discouraged1 he left the completed models at the ,highland ,park lab and moved to ,florida4 ,during the second world war1 son ,bernard abandoned his printing establishment and started a tool and die shop1 using the machinery and facilities of the ,laboratories as well as space occupied by his printing shop4 ,the ,b4 ,l4 ,kleinschmidt ,company was kept busy building tools1 dies1 and special devices for the war effort4 ,through ,bernard's associations he learned that the ,united ,states ,signal ,corps needed a light-weight1 transportable teleprinter for tactical field use1 and he asked his father if he could show the progressive stop printer to the ,signal ,corps at their ,chicago headquarters4 ,his father1 in ,miami at that time1 gave his approval4 ,two days later1 the telephone rang in ,miami and it was ,bernard saying1 8,dad1 they are interested and want you to bring the printer model to ,army ,headquarters in ,washington40 ,nothing could have pleased his father more6 ,in ,february of #aidd1 ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt demonstrated a working model of his teleprinter in ,washington at the office of the ,chief ,signal ,officer4 ,officials of the ,signal ,corps were greatly interested in the unit1 not only because of its extreme lightness and small bulk1 but because of the representations that the basic design features of this tape printer1 exclusive of the printing mechanism1 could be incorporated in a page-type printer which could be constructed with a total weight of approximately thirty pounds4 ,the machine was subsequently informally tested at the ,signal ,corps ,engineering ,laboratories and found to have excellent margins when working without an intermediate relay on very low line current1 a highly desirable feature in a piece of tactical teletypewriter equipment4 ,the exhibit at ,headquarters was successful1 and after operative tests at the ,signal ,corps' ,coles ,signal ,laboratories in ,red ,bank1 ,new ,jersey1 where approval for further studies was given1 the ,kleinschmidt organization was asked to prepare plans toward a tactical light-weight printer for field use4 ,it should be pointed out that teletypewriters at that time were heavy1 cumbersome1 and intended for use only at telegraph offices or at other plant or office fixed installations4 ,the plans for a light-weight page printer were submitted to the ,signal ,corps as requested and were well received by their engineers4 ,these engineers then wrote up specifications detailing their requirements for a rugged1 light-weight portable set for hand-carrying through jungles and swamps1 and operable under severe climatic conditions2 the specifications were submitted to the ,teletype ,corporation1 the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company1 and to the ,kleinschmidt organization4 ,western ,union did not take on the development job1 but ,teletype and ,kleinschmidt accepted4 ,a contract for the development of a teletypewriter according to ,signal ,corps specifications was closed with both companies in #aide4 ,the ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories were not in active operation at this time1 so the first development contract was closed with the ,b4 ,l4 ,kleinschmidt ,company which was fully equipped to carry on the work4 ,expert tool and model makers were in his employ1 some of whom turned out to do well at the drawing board and were of great help in working out mechanical functions4 ,as a matter of fact1 five or six of ,bernard's employees are still with the ,kleinschmidt ,division of ,,scm ,corporation at this writing1 some having attained supervisory positions4 ,edward ,f4 joined his father in further engineering and development work1 and models of a typebar page printer and a typewheel page printer to operate at #fj words per minute were built4 ,upon evaluation by the ,signal ,corps and ,army engineers1 a printer with a higher operating speed1 up to #ajj words per minute1 was demanded4 ,this new requirement meant a complete redesign of apparatus1 but it was successfully carried through and experimental models were submitted by both companies4 ,thereupon both ,kleinschmidt and ,teletype were asked to build ten printers for field tests4 ,this was done1 and after extensive field testing1 the ,kleinschmidt-designed1 keyboard-operated1 #ajj-words-per-minute typebar page printer was accepted1 and1 by order of the then ,secretary of ,war1 it was made the standard for the ,military1 effective on ,january #a1 #aidi4 7,this printer was later to be known as the ,,tt-#d tactical page printer1 the principal component of ,teletypewriter ,set ,,an_/,,pgc-#a47 7,see fig4 #ac47 ,an announcement from the ,department of the ,army1 in a document released for publication on ,february #ac1 #aidi1af read as follows3 ,portable ,teletypewriter ,developed by ,signal ,corps ,portable teletypewriter equipment so light that a parachutist can carry it on a jump from an airplane has been developed and adopted by the ,army1 promising a major advancement in military communications1 the ,signal ,corps announced today4 ,weighing but #de pounds1 compared with current field equipment that weighs #bbe pounds1 the new portable teletypewriter is but one-fourth the size of the old1 has #cjj fewer parts1 is considerably stronger and consequently requires far less maintenance4 ,the new equipment is capable of transmitting and receiving messages #ff per cent faster than existing types and will operate on both wire and radio circuits4 ,it is waterproof and should it be used in amphibious operations1 could be floated onto a beach4 ,the development is the fruition of a #bj-year-old project that did not get under way in earnest1 however1 until ,world ,war ,,ii was nearly over4 ,because of its light weight1 the new teletypewriter can be used much closer to the front lines than has been the case4 ,during ,world ,war ,,ii1 teletyped messages could go only as far forward as a division headquarters4 ,how much farther forward the new equipment can be used1 will be determined in forthcoming field tests4 ,the portable teletypewriter was developed by the ,signal ,corps ,engineering ,laboratories at ,fort ,monmouth1 ,new ,jersey1 through a research and development contract with ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories1 ,incorporated1 of ,highland ,park1 ,illinois4 ,there are three components to a complete field unit3 the teletypewriter itself1 weighing #de pounds2 a power unit1 and a case of accessories4 ,the three together weigh #aaf pounds4 ,all units are waterproof1 both to permit flotation in amphibious activities and to provide complete protection from weather4 ,one man can carry the teletypewriter itself1 while two men can carry all three units4 ,the field teletypewriter in current use weighs #bbe pounds and--if a vehicle is not available--requires four men to carry it4 ,with power unit and accessories1 present field equipment totals more than #djj pounds and requires seven men to carry it4 ,while development work for the ,signal ,corps was progressing1 ,bernard kept busy managing general operations and ,edward ,f4 took hold in the general design and devised important features that were patented in his name4 ,bernard died in ,march1 #aidh4 ,however1 development work went along with the ,b4 ,l4 ,kleinschmidt facilities until #aidi1 when a production order for #b1jjj teleprinters1 conforming to the now approved ,kleinschmidt design1 was to be placed4 ,now that ,bernard was no longer there to take over business details1 and as a certain amount of basic capital was needed to operate a production establishment1 arrangements were made to transfer ,bernard's equipment to ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories which thereafter closed a contract to manufacture the required quantity of teleprinters now designated as the ,,tt-#d telegraph typewriter4 ,kleinschmidt senior1 now seventy-four1 was not eager to take over the management of production activities1 and while manufacturers in the office equipment and radio field were ready and anxious to take on the manufacture of these new teleprinters1 he sought to keep the future of this new development with the ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories--now owned by all members of his family4 ,his son-in-law1 ,emerson ,e4 7,bud7 ,mead1 was operating a manufacturing plant1 producing electrical control devices quite successfully1 so1 8,why not ask ,bud1 then ,secretary of ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories1 to take over8 ,he could no doubt sell the ,mead company at a profit40 ,bud did find a buyer for his company and he was then made vice president of ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories2 later1 when ,edward ,e4 ,kleinschmidt turned over full management to him1 ,mead became executive vice president4 ,the immediate problem at the ,laboratories was to find manufacturing space4 ,the first thought was to rent1 but then there would be no room to expand should larger orders follow1 and this could be expected since ,kleinschmidt teleprinter apparatus was now made standard equipment for all ,u4,s4 ,armed ,services4 ,upon further investigation1 ,bud ,mead found a plot in ,deerfield1 ,illinois1 facing ,county ,line ,road1 consisting of thirteen acres1 which could be purchased at a reasonable price4 ,this area would give plenty of building room and space for parking cars4 ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories' first building1 #bjj #aej feet1 was soon erected4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,portable ,,tt-#d ,tactical ,page ,printer ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,,an_/,,fgc-#bj ,fixed-,station ,teletypewriter ,set ,preliminary work toward manufacturing1 drawings1 ordering of production machinery1 special tools1 standard parts1 and other items was carried on at the ,braeside laboratory4 ,the efforts of all of the people of the ,kleinschmidt organization1 working with great enthusiasm and wonderful cooperation1 sometimes around the clock1 were rewarded when on ,april #ag1 #aiej1 preproduction samples of light-weight teletypewriter sets were delivered on schedule to the ,signal ,corps in ,fort ,monmouth for approval and acceptance4 ,immediately upon receipt of their approval1 production began on the contract awarded in ,june of #aidi4 ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories subsequently received contracts and built thousands of their teleprinters1 including the filling of orders for the ,,an_/,,fgc-#bj fixed station teleprinters 7see fig4 #ad74 ,later1 the ,laboratories1 together with the ,automatic ,electric ,company1 then of ,chicago1 now of ,northlake1 ,ill41 designed and built switching apparatus and set up high-speed1 #ajj-words-per-minute1 automatic teleprinter switching centers for the ,military4 ,these systems had trunk switching controls located at key distributing points in the ,united ,states and abroad1 interconnected by microwave circuitry4 ,as further orders for teleprinters and associated equipment came along1 manufacturing facilities were expanded into more building area2 additions to the first unit brought that building to #bjj #ejj feet4 ,another building1 #bej #cej feet1 of special design to house belt-line apparatus assembly and parts storage1 also testing1 inspection1 and shipping1 was erected in #aieh4 ,in ,august1 #aief1 ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories merged with ,smith-,corona ,inc41 on an exchange-of-shares basis1 which eventually gave ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories' shareholders #fj shares of ,smith-,corona 7later ,smith-,corona ,marchant ,inc41 and then ,,scm ,corporation7 stock for one share of ,kleinschmidt ,laboratories'4 ,bud ,mead was elected a director and a member of the executive committee4 ,later1 he became vice president of operations4 ,when ,smith-,corona merged with ,marchant ,calculators1 ,inc4 7,june1 #aieh71 he was made executive vice president2 then1 in ,october of #aifj1 he was named president of ,smith-,corona ,marchant ,inc4 7now known as ,,scm ,corporation74 ,kleinschmidt1 as a ,division of ,,scm ,corporation1 continues to supply the ,military and also commercial users with teleprinter equipment4 ,the conclusion of this chapter tells briefly the direction the ,kleinschmidt ,division is going in the printed communications field4 ,before the ,kleinschmidt #ajj-words-per-minute teleprinter was put into service on intercommunicating circuits1 the operating speed on standard circuits had been limited to #fj words per minute4 ,noting this important change in operating speed1 other manufacturers had to redesign their teleprinter equipment to meet the new #ajj-words-per-minute speed4 ,teletype ,corporation came up with a new design1 the ,no4 #bh1 in which all the type pallets are moveably mounted in a rectangular box that is positioned to move a selected type pallet into printing position by a system of levers operated in aggregate motions under control of the code selecting mechanisms 7fig4 #ae74 ,when so positioned1 a print hammer strikes the type pallet to print the character4 ,creed1 in ,england1 later brought out a new design1 their ,no4 #ge1 using a segmented typewheel having four rows of type faces4 ,the typewheel is set in the selected printing position by a lever and linkage system operating in aggregate motion under control of the code selecting mechanism4 ,to print the selected character1 the typewheel is struck against the printing paper 7fig4 #af74 ,siemens and ,halske1 in ,germany1 produced their ,no4 #ajj1 a redesign of the ,no4 #ae ,teletype1 using lighter and faster moving parts for operation at #ajj words per minute4 ,among other improved features were a type bar shift to replace the platen shift for printing letters or figures1 and a two-color ribbon which is automatically shifted to print in red or black to distinguish between sent and received messages--a feature of convenience in ,,telex communication4 ,the ,siemens ,no4 #ajj was designed especially for the ,,telex system1 operating at #ff words per minute1 where it is used extensively 7fig4 #ag74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae ,teletype ,corporation ,model #bh #ajj-words-per-minute ,teletypewriter ,picture through courtesy of ,teletype ,corporation ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af ,creed ,company ,ltd4 ,model #ge ,teleprinter with attachments ,picture by courtesy of ,creed ,co4 ,ltd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag ,siemens ,halske ,model #ajj ,teleprinter ,picture by courtesy of ,siemens ,halske ,the ,kleinschmidt printer1 designed to operate at #ajj to #aej words a minute1 employs a new method for operating a typebar printing mechanism1 comprising a type basket movable across the printed page and carrying the required set of type bars4 ,each type bar has a connected push rod extending to the rear of the type basket and is made operative to cause printing when a rotating finger1 selectively positioned by a coded stop cage1 is struck against the push rod4 ,to meet the requirements of the ,military for a teleprinter operable in any angular position1 the letter spacing and carriage return with deceleration to the stop position is under positive control of the motor drive4 ,illustration3 ,kleinschmidt ,division of ,,scm ,corporation ,,an_/,,fgc-#be ,send-,receive ,fixed-,station ,teletypewriter ,set 7used by the ,military7 ,in #aidh1 scientists at ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories1 engaged in semiconductor research1 announced the birth of their famous brainchild1 the transistor4 ,now the little transistor and his friends1 the diode and advanced techniques in electromagnetic inductive devices1 have gradually taken over in the communications field1 permitting startling speed increases and changes in equipment design4 ,in the #ajj-words-per-minute teletypewriters1 the permutation code equivalent of the character to be transmitted or received was at some point 8set up0 mechanically by positioning levers or vanes4 ,the inertial properties of these mechanical parts placed low-level limitations on the operating set-up speed4 ,by using the binary code and electronic switching circuits1 the set-up time has been reduced from milliseconds to microseconds1 making higher speeds more easily obtainable4 ,also1 electronic approaches to printing on page or tape have contributed to the speed-up of telegraph receiving devices4 ,now1 both tape and page devices are available at operating speeds up to #aj1jjj words per minute4 ,thanks to the ,bell ,system1 also1 is the development of ,data-,phone service1 started in #aieh4 ,data-,phone makes use of all the telephone switching devices and repeating apparatus so that any type of communicating system using frequencies within the voice range may be used4 ,for such systems the telephone company will install equipment to separate the different types of electrical transmission to prevent interference4 ,because ,data-,phone enables not only the sound of the human voice to be sent over a telephone circuit1 but information from a teletypewriter or business machine as well1 this new use for the telephone system has expanded its service to many types of business communications4 ,at this writing1 the ,bell ,system advertises1 8,data-,phone #8talks' #af times faster than people talk4 ,it can send punched card or taped data anywhere--at speeds up to #bejj words per minute40 ,while these advances have been taking place1 the transistor and its companions have made a similar impact in the field of data processing4 ,the rapid evolution of computers and other high-speed switching devices has generated a need for higher speed equipment to supply input and output requirements4 ,the changeover to electronics has realized minification1 lighter weight1 reduction of mechanical parts with a corresponding reduction in maintenance1 quieter operation1 and greater adaptability to code and language conversion4 ,,kleinschmidt ,,division ,,of ,,scm ,,corporation ,at the ,kleinschmidt ,division where ,mr4 ,emilio ,j4 ,cadamagnani1 ,executive ,vice ,president1 is in charge1 their engineering department1 under the supervision of ,mr4 ,robert ,l4 ,kearney1 is keeping up with the change from electromechanically- to electronically-controlled devices4 ,their new ,model #caa ,electronic ,data ,printer shown here is an example4 ,operating at speeds from #fj to #djj words per minute and capable of receiving #e-1 #f-1 #g-1 or #h-level code information in either serial or parallel form1 it is designed for use in high-speed communications or data processing systems4 ,also illustrated is still another new ,kleinschmidt device1 the ,model #cba ,automatic ,data ,set1 which includes not only a page printer with keyboard but a tape perforator and a tape reader1 all compactly mounted in a console4 ,both the ,model #caa and ,model #cba are compatible with existing data modems1 conventional printing telegraph equipment1 electronic computers1 and data processing equipment4 ,this compatibility permits their use in on-line or off-line communications and data-handling applications4 ,more exciting devices may be anticipated in the rapidly moving field of printed communications4 ,illustration3 ,kleinschmidt ,division of ,,scm ,corporation ,model #caa ,electronic ,data ,printer ,illustration3 ,kleinschmidt ,division of ,,scm ,corporation ,model #cba ,automatic ,data ,set ,footnotes #a;,der ,pendel-,telegraph von ,siemens ,halske1 by ,e4 ,ehrhardt1 #f ,jan4 #aiag4 #b,telegraphy1 ,a ,detailed ,exposition of the ,telegraph ,system of the ,british ,post ,office1 by ,t4 ,e4 ,herbert1 ,fourth ,edition 7with ,addendum71 ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london1 #aibj4 #c8,teletype's ,salty ,past10 ,the ,,ap ,world1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bi4 #d;,,ap1 ,the ,story of ,news1 by ,oliver ,gramling1 illustrated by ,henry ,c4 ,barrow1 ,farrar and ,rinehart1 ,inc41 ,new ,york-,toronto1 #aidj4 #e8,some ,recollections of ,,ap's ,first ,field ,maintenance ,man10 ,the ,,ap ,world1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bh4 #f8,some ,recollections of ,,ap's ,first ,field ,maintenance ,man10 ,the ,,ap ,world1 ,autumn #aifb1 p4 #bh4 #g,see page #cj4 #h,the ,romance of ,time1 by ,brooks ,palmer for ,the ,clock ,manufacturers ,association of ,america1 ,inc41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 #aied 7copies may be purchased from ,american ,clock ,watch ,museum1 ,inc41 #ajj ,maple ,street1 ,bristol1 ,conn474 #i8cj1jjj1jjj ,worth of ,teletype10 ,fortune1 ,march #aicb4 #aj8cj1jjj1jjj ,worth of ,teletype10 ,fortune1 ,march #aicb4 #aa8,walter ,j4 ,zenner ,retires10 ,teletype ,news1 ,february #aifd4 #ab,telegraphy1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,freebody1 ,sir ,isaac ,pitman and ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london1 #aieh4 #ac;,from brochure published by ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company1 #a-i-bh4 #ad8;,communications from ,morse to ,satellites10 by ,george ,a4 ,shaw1 ,,rca ,communications1 ,inc41 ,wire and ,radio ,communications1 ,sept4 #aifb4 #ae8,telex in the ,u4,s4,a410 ,communications ,electronics1 ,sept4 #aifb4 #af,national ,military ,establishment1 ,dept4 of the ,army1 ,wash4 #be1 ,d4,c41 for release ,sunday1 ,feb4 #ac1 #aidi4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typographical errors4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4