,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--,! ,le>do ,map ( ! ,_w1 #adeb or #adec4 ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,libr>y ,,s]ies ,,no4 #d ,,! ,,le>do ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w #adeb ,,or #adec ,9 ! ,collections ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society ,,by ,,john ,,kirtl& ,,wright1 ,ph4,d4 ,libr>ian1 ,am]ican ,geographical ,society ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,! ,,map ,,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,ho5 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,new ,,york #ahed ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,broadway ,,at #aef,,? ,,/reet ,,new ,,york #aibh ,,copyright1 #aibh ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,rum=d ,,press ,,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,! ,le>do ,map ( ! ,_w1 #adeb or #adec #a ,! ,cal5d> & ! ,inscription ,b5ea? ,x #b ,! ,map ,disk #d ,s\rces ( ,le>do's ,geography #f ,! ,kn[n ,_w ,accord+ to ,le>do #aj ,asia #aj ,africa #ae ,! ,m$it]ranean #af ,europe #ag ,notes #ba ,app5dix3 ,detail$ ,comm5ts on ! ,map #ca ,explanation #ca ,i4 ,nor!rn ,asia #cb ,,ii4 ,f> ,ea/]n ,asia #ce ,,iii4 ,india #cg ,,iv4 ,c5tral ,asia #dj ,v4 ,p]sia #da ,,vi4 ,mesopotamia & ,syria #db ,,vii4 ,arabia #dd ,,viii4 ,asia ,m9or #de ,,ix4 ,arm5ia1 ,caucasia1 & ,s\!a/]n ,russia #df ,x4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ,r$ ,sea #dg ,,xi4 ,s\!rn ,africa #dg ,,xii4 ,middle & ,l[] ,nile ,region #di ,,xiii4 ,upp] ,nile ,region & ,we/ ,africa #ej ,,xiv4 ,nor? ,africa #eb ,,xv4 ,black & ,m$it]ranean ,seas #ed ,,xvi4 ,s\?we/]n ,europe #ee ,,xvii4 ,atlantic ,ocean & ,isl&s #ef ,,xviii4 ,c5tral ,europe #ef ,,xix4 ,italy #eg ,,xx4 ,s\!a/]n ,europe #eg ,,xxi4 ,baltic ,sea #eh ,,xxii4 ,sc&9avia #eh ,,xxiii4 ,ea/]n ,europe #ei ,,xxiv4 ,f> ,nor? #fj ,li/ ( ,ref]5ces #fc ,! ,reproduction ( ! ,le>do ,map1 by ,a4 ,b4 ,ho5 #ga ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,! ,le>do map ( ! _w1 #adeb or #adec frontispiece #b4 ,passage f mid-eighte5? c5tury manuscript ( ! ,doge ,m>co ,fosc>9i ref]r+ to ,le>do map ( #addg #bc #c4 ,passage f mid-eighte5? c5tury manuscript ( ,giovanni ,ago/9i ref]r+ to ,le>do map ( #addg #bc #d4 ,g5]al key map at end ( book #e4 ,detail$ key map2 nor!a/]n section at end ( book #f4 ,detail$ key map2 ea/-c5tral section at end ( book #g4 ,detail$ key map2 s\!a/]n section at end ( book #h4 ,detail$ key map2 nor?we/]n section at end ( book #i4 ,detail$ key map2 we/-c5tral section at end ( book #aj4 ,detail$ key map2 s\?we/]n section at end ( book ,,! ,,le>do ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w #adeb ,,or #adec ,! notes w be f\nd on pp4 #ba-bh4 ,9 #aijf ,ar*] ,m4 ,hunt+ton1 ,esq41 pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society "o ( ?ree kn[n maps ( ! _w sign$ & dat$ by ! ,v5etian1 ,giovanni ,le>do4 ,( ^!1 ! olde/1 z well z ! crude/ & simple/1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,communal ,libr>y at ,v]ona & c>ries ! date #addb4a ,! second 7#addh71 some:at m elaborate 9 design1 belongs to ! ,civic ,museum at ,vic5za4#b ,! ,society's map1#c ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree1 be>s ! signature 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn]3 ,johanes ,le>dus de ,v5etteis me fezit abano dom9i #ade84 ,! la/ digit 9 ?is inscription is p>tly mutilat$2 ! date1 h[ev]1 is probably ei!r #adeb or #adec4d ,! ,society's map is ( prim>y int]e/ z reveal+ a conception ( ! e>?'s surface typical ( ! c5tury prec$+ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,9 its bl5d+ ( colors & pleas+ g5]al composition x =ms a "w ( art ( no slight decorative value4 ,fur!rmore1 ! encircl+ cal5d> & _m details on ! map prop] are di/9ctly unusual4#e ,! ,society has !re=e und]tak5 ! publication ( a full-siz$ color$ facsimile1 9 explanation ( :i* ! pres5t book 0 prep>$4 ,drawn on a piece ( p>*m5t measur+ #bh by #bc in*es 7#gb4d #ei4d cm471 ! orig9al is 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation except = two pieces torn f ! left-h& side1 = discolorations1 & = ! fad+ ( "s ( ! inscriptions4 ,=tunately1 no "p ( ! map itself has be5 s]i\sly injur$4 ,! ,cal5d> & ! ,inscription ,b5ea? ,x ,! cal5d>s encircl+ ,le>do's ?ree maps con/itute exceptional additions4 ,( ^! cal5d>s1 ! "o on ! ,society's map is ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! inscription 9 ! panel bel[ ! circles1 9 "p an explanation ( ! cal5d>1 is some:at awkw>dly phras$ 9 ! ,v5etian dialect ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b1 al?\gh x lacks ! beg9n+ ( ea* l9e1 ! mean+ is fairly cle>1 especially :5 c]ta9 ( ! miss+ l9es are recon/ruct$ f ! correspond+ inscription on ! map 9 ,vic5za4#f ,9 ! fir/ two l9es ! c>tograph] makes an excursion into ! realm ( !ology4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,mc,giffert1 to :om ! pres5t writ] submitt$ ! passage1 ?is "p ( ! inscription is 8evid5tly n ! "w ( a !ologian1 = x makes ,god ! creator #8( all ?+s creat$ & uncreat$' 7! cr$al phrase is #8?+s visible & invisible'71 & 9 ! next clause runs ! ,tr9ity 7#8?ree p]sons & "o common sub/ance'7 & ! p]son ( ,*ri/ toge!r z if !y 7 ! same ?+4 ,!re are rem9isc5ces ( ! ,nic5e cre$1 b ! :ole is !ologically a hodge-podge40 ,?is passage is foll[$ by a /atem5t t ! map %[s h[ ! l& & isl&s /& 9 relation to ! seas & h[ ! _m prov9ces & m\nta9s & pr9cipal riv]s are di/ribut$ on ! l&4 ,!n1 on ! ass]t$ au?ority ( ,macrobius1 8a v excell5t a/rolog] & geometrician10 figures are giv5 = ! dim5sions ( ! e>? & ( v>i\s heav5ly bodies4 ,^! are q fanciful1 be>+ little relation to ! correspond+ figures actually cit$ by ,macrobius4#g ,! a/ronomical details are foll[$ 9 ! ?ird p>agraph by ! explanation ( ! cal5d>4 ,! latt] consi/s ( eight conc5tric circles1 ( :i* ! inn]mo/ gives ! dates ( ,ea/] = n9ety-five ye>s1 f ,april #a1 #adec1 to ,april #aj1 #aedg2 :5 ,ea/] falls 9 ,april1 ,a is writt5 9 ! small comp>tm5t1 :5 9 ,m>*1 ,m2 leap ye>s are designat$ by ,b 78bissextile ye>s074 ,! second circle %[s ! names ( ! mon?s1 beg9n+ ) ,m>*1 :i* 0 (ficially reckon$ ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> 9 ! ,republic ( ,v5ice until z late z #agigh2 x also tells ! day1 h\r1 & m9ute :5 ! sun ent]s ea* ( ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac4 ,! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? circles enable "o to calculate ! phases ( ! moon4 ,9 ! ?ird circle ! fir/ n9ete5 lett]s ( ! alphabet repres5t 9 ord] ! ye>s ( ! ,metonic lunisol> cycle4 ,^! ye>s 7 usually designat$ by ! gold5 numb]s1 b be=e ! ,gregorian re=m lett]s 7 frequ5tly employ$ 9 place ( ! numb]s4 ,le>do expla9s t ,c /&s = #adec1 ,d = #aded1 & s on until ,t is rea*$1 aft] :i* we beg9 ov] aga9 at ,a4#i ,a lett] is plac$ opposite ! figures 79 ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? circles7 %[+ respectively ! day ( ! mon?1 ! h\r ( ! day1 & ! 8po9t ( ! h\r0 at :i* ! 8conjunction ( ! moon0 7i4 e4 new moon7 w take place 9 ! ye>s to :i* ! lett] ref]s4 ,= example1 !re w be a new moon on ,april #h1 #adec1 at #af h\rs1 #bjj po9ts4#aj ,le>do adds t !re are #ajhj po9ts 9 an h\r4#aa ,! sev5? circle gives ! dom9ical1 or 8,sunday10 lett]s2 ^! are indicat$ opposite ! days ( ! mon? 7f\r? circle7 on :i* ,sunday falls 9 ! ye>s designat$ by ! sev5 fir/ lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,if we "k ! dom9ical lett] = any p>ticul> ye>1 we may ?us det]m9e ! days ( ! week4#ab ,le>do1 h[ev]1 does n specify ! ye>s to :i* ! dom9ical lett]s 9 8 cal5d> ref]4 ,! eigh? & n9? circles give ! l5g?s ( ! days 9 h\rs & m9utes4#ac ,f ?is we see t ! v]nal equ9ox fell on ,m>* #aa1 inasmu* z ! cal5d> 0 con/ruct$ be=e ! ,gregorian re=m4 ,f9ally1 9 ! t5? circle sa9ts' days & o!r religi\s fe/ivals are %[n4#ad ,! f\r figures 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! cal5d> & ! out] edge ( ! p>*m5t repres5t ! f\r evangeli/s3 ! lion = ,/4 ,m>k1 ! bull = ,/4 ,luke1 ! angel = ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ! eagle 7( :i* only ! head %[s7 = ,/4 ,john4#ae ,! ,map ,disk ,x %\ld be not$ fir/ t ea/ is at ! top ( ! map & ,j]usalem at ! c5t]2 h5ce ! long axis ( ! ,m$it]ranean runs v]tically up ! s\!rn half ( ! disk4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 appropriately color$1 ! seas are uni=mly blue4 ,! l&s are left ! natural color ( ! blea*$ p>*m5t except = a fi]y r$ region 9 ! f> s\? be>+ ! leg5d3 8,des]t un9habit$ because ( heat10 & a dre>y br[n wa/e 9 ! f> nor? m>k$3 8,des]t un9habit$ because ( cold40 ,isl&s are t9t$ ei!r r$ or yell[1 ) gre5 pat*es 9 ! int]ior ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! only o!r natural features depict$ are m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & lakes1 al?\gh c]ta9 des]ts are m5tion$ 9 leg5ds4 ,m\nta9 ranges are repres5t$ by r[s ( m\nds1 alt]nately r$1 gre51 & blue1 & ea* ris+ symmetrically 9 two or ?ree /eps4 ,riv]s are blue &1 z frequ5tly on m$ieval maps1 sometimes connect "o sea ) ano!r1 or at lea/ h common s\rces4 ,a yell[ lake1 label$ 8,s&y ,sea10 lies 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,sah>a4 ,vignettes ( ca/les1 wall$ t[ns1 & *ur*es /& = cities1 k+doms1 & regions4 ,9 mo/ cases ! names h be5 writt5 ^u ! vignettes !mselves2 s9ce ! latt] are also color$ p9k or gre51 ! lett]s are frequ5tly obscur$ & q illegible4 ,_m t[ns & di/ricts are %[n by r$ dots beside :i* ! names are writt5 9 ink1 once black b n[ fad$ ) age4 ,^! names 7 ins]t$ aft] ! vignettes 7 drawn1 = 9 _m in/ances !y are tilt$ or compress$ to fit ! available space4 ,! draftsman did n v5ture to write any "n to ! left ( ! dot to :i* x belongs2 z he c\ld n write on ! blue ( ! seas1 he 0 oblig$ to inv]t ! map 9 ! case ( places on s\?-fac+ coa/s4 ,names ( isl&s & seas1 :i* _h to be writt5 on wat] surfaces1 are inclos$ 9 small yell[ panels4 ,! names ( ! cont95ts1 ! two inscriptions relat+ to ! pol> & equatorial des]ts1 & ! words 8,t]re/rial ,p>adise0 are 9 r$ capitals2 b all o!r names are 9 m9uscule1 usually )\t an initial capital4 ,besides place names !re are a few long] leg5ds4 ,w9ds bl[+ f ! f\r c>d9al & f\r int]m$iate po9ts ( ! compass are %[n by eight faces ar\nd ! edge ( ! disk4 ,^? to ! nor?1 nor?we/1 & nor!a/ are blue1 sugge/+ cold bla/s f ^! qu>t]s2 ! o!r faces are ruddy4 ,al?\gh decorative1 ! ,le>do map lacks _m ( ! pictorial elem5ts--animals1 birds1 prepo/]\s mon/]s--t enliv5 ! blank spaces on o!r m$ieval maps4 ,) ! exception ( ! eight w9d faces & ! symbolic figures ( ! evangeli/s no liv+ creatures1 :e!r animals or m51 are graphically repres5t$4 ,s\rces ( ,le>do's ,geography ,briefly /at$1 ! s\rces ( ,le>do's geography are to be s\ght 9 ! in=mation accumulat$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z add$ to & alt]$ dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs on ! basis ( ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible & z lat] augm5t$ by ! "w ( m$ieval travel]s1 m]*ants1 & sailors4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod ! ,greeks develop$ ! idea 7borr[$1 p]haps1 f ! ,babylonians#af7 t ! e>? is a flat disk surr\nd$ by ! ,ocean ,/ream4 ,?is conception seems to h giv5 rise to a c>tographic tradition foll[$ by c]ta9 anci5t & m$ieval map-mak]s :o _h long outgr[n ! belief t ! e>? is actually flat4 ,?us ,le>do draws a circul> l& mass1 or oik\m5e1 surr\nd$ by a n>r[ hem ( wat]4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 "q 8 belief 9 ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 = o!rwise he c\ld h>dly h held ! views express$ 9 ! panel bel[ ! cal5d>4 ,fur!rmore1 8 two leg5ds relat+ to ! fi]y & froz5 des]ts e*o a !ory t 0 prop\nd$ 9 classical times & bas$ on ! hypo!sis ( a sph]ical e>?4 ,?is !ory1 work$ out 9 detail by ,crates ( ,mallos1 is briefly z foll[s4#ag ,ar\nd ! equatorial circumf]5ce ( ! globe is a fi]y zone s int5sely hot t no man c cross x4 ,?is zone cuts (f all communication ) ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! nor? & s\? pol> caps are un9habitable because ( ! cold4 ,an ocean encircl+ ! globe f nor? to s\? int]cepts communication ) ! half ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e opposite ! oik\m5e4 ,_m maps 7 made 9 ! ,middle ,ages to illu/rate ?is conception4 ,le>do presumably _h x 9 m9d & did n int5d to repres5t ei!r a flat disk or a complete hemisph]e b m]ely a circul> portion ( ! e>?'s surface ly+ nor? ( ! equator4 ,9 its ori5tation1 ) ea/ & ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise at ! top & ) ,j]usalem at ! c5t]1 ! map foll[s ! ,*ri/ian tradition ( ! e>li] ,middle ,ages4 ,o!r features reflect+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,scriptures are ,noah's ,ark re/+ on top ( ,mt4 ,ar>at1 ,mt4 ,s9ai1 ! exagg]at$ l5g? ( ! ,riv] ,jordan1 & an inscription 9 ! f> nor!a/ ref]r+ to ,gog & ,magog4 ,lat] m$ieval contacts betwe5 ,europe & remote l&s are reveal$ 9 names d]iv$ f ,m>co ,polo & possibly f o!r ,we/]n travel]s :o _h visit$ ! ,ori5t1 z well z 9 ! ,arabic names 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,m$ieval navigators' *>ts also influ5c$ ,le>do4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury sailors 9 ! ,m$it]ranean--p>ticul>ly ,italians & ,catalans--began mak+ m>9e maps 7kn[n z portolan *>ts7 t f> surpass$ all e>li] maps 9 ! accurate del9eation ( coa/ l9es4 ,! majority ( ^! %[ ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic coa/s ( ,europe & ( nor? ,africa b little ( ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts & no?+ ( ! f>!r p>ts ( ,asia4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 7 us$ z ! basis = maps ( ! _w4 ,on ! latt] ! %ore l9es 7 d]iv$ f ! navigators' *>ts1 & ! rema9+ regions 7 compil$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! ,le>do map belongs 9 ?is category4 ,among ! exi/+ maps dat+ f ! f\rte5? & e>ly fifte5? c5turies our ,le>do map is v closely relat$ to ! gr\p ( maps drawn by ! fam\s ,catalan c>tograph]s ( ,majorca 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s4 ,9 its g5]al outl9es x is s /rik+ly l a ,catalan map ( ab\t #adej n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,e/e ,libr>y at ,mod5a#ah t we mu/ assume a common c>tographic ance/or at no great di/ance back4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 leg5ds on ! ,e/e map t ,le>do does n give1 p>ticul>ly ! long inscriptions & a multitude ( place names on ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic coa/s4 ,le>do's map1 on ! o!r h&1 has features n %[n on ! ,e/e map4 ,^! are ( two sorts3 7#a7 place names 9 ,asia & ,africa1 ! c\nt]p>ts ( :i* may be f\nd on o!r ,catalan#ai & ,italian#bj maps ( ! p]iod2 & 7#b7 riv]1 m\nta91 & prov9ce names tak5 directly f ,ptolemy4 ,!re are also n a few names ^: orig9s or c\nt]p>ts on o!r maps ,i h be5 unable to trace4 ,ptolemy's ,geography _h be5 neglect$ dur+ ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 b ! en?usia/ic int]e/ 9 ,greek lit]ature :i* *>act]iz$ ! e>ly ,r5aissance _h l$ to its translation into ,lat9 %ortly be=e ,le>do's "t4#ba ,a /rict int]pretation ( ,ptolemy's data w\ld h necessitat$ a complete r$raft+ ( ! outl9es ( ! cont95ts1 z 0 done on ! ,ptolemaic atlases ( ! mid- & late fifte5? c5tury4 ,le>do made no su* attempt4 ,! ext5t ( 8 concession to ! ,ptolemaic geography 0 to spr9kle a few ( ,ptolemy's names ov] a m$ieval base & to add ! ,riv]s ,indus & ,oe*>des 9 ea/]n ,asia4#bb ,! ,kn[n ,_w ,accord+ to ,le>do ,! numb]s 9 p>5!ses correspond to ! ref]5ce numb]s 9 ! ,app5dix 7pp4 #cb-fj7 & on ! key maps at ! end ( ! book4 ,9 ! ,app5dix 7pp4 #ca-fg7 ,i h tri$ to id5tify z _m z possible ( ! names & o!r features %[n on ! ,le>do map ) exi/+ places1 or at lea/ ) correspond+ features on o!r maps ( ! p]iod4 ,"h ,i propose to conduct ! read] on a rapid sight-see+ t\r ar\nd ! map1 po9t+ out "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ details only4 ,asia ,9 ! extreme nor? 7left-h& side7 !re is a l>ge /ructure :i* looks l an ,italian *ur* ) its campanile 7#ac74 ,! leg5d b5ea?1 sugge/$ ultimately by a passage f ,m>co ,polo1 runs ab\t ?us3 8,?is is ! sepul*] ( ! ,gr& ,khan & !y d ?is :5 he comes to be c>ri$ = int]m5t3 he comes accompani$ by _m arm$ m5 :o kill ^? :om !y f9d on ! roads1 & !y say t ! s\ls ( ^! are bless$ because !y accompany ! s\l ( ! ,gr& ,khan to ano!r life40 ,m>co ,polo adds t at ! "t ( ! fun]al ( ,mang\ ,khan #bj1jjj p]sons 7 ?us sla96 ,! actual place ( burial ( ! ,mongol ,khans 0 9 ,ca?ay1 f> away f nor!rn ,russia :]e ,le>do1 foll[+ ! model ( ,catalan maps1 draws x4 ,european c>tograph]s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies seem to h kn[n & c>$ little ab\t ! relative positions ( places 9 ,asia2 z ,italian m]*ants by ?is "t _h e/abli%$ contacts ) ! ,mongols 9 s\!rn ,russia1 :at 0 m natural ?an to place ! ,mongol ov]lord's tomb 9 ! h9t]l& ( ! ,black ,sea8 ,"h !re 0 m available space ?an 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 & "h on ,le>do's map ! ,gr& ,khan's tomb c\ld be made symmetrically to balance ,pre/] ,john's palace across ! map 9 ,africa 7#bii74 ,s\? ( ! sepul*] we see ! ,riv] ,volga 7#f1 #g7 fl[+ into ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! ,caspian 7#bej74 ,a bran* f ! ea/ 7#h71 p]haps ! ,kama1 jo9s ! ,volga :]e ! latt] b5ds at a "r angle to ! s\?4 ,ea/ ( ! l[] ,volga is a 8des]t ( ?irty days0 7#aj71 ,polo's my/]i\s demon-haunt$ des]t ( ,lop1 :]e ! travel] he>s r++ bells & o!r uncanny s\nds 7possibly 8s++ s&s074 ,l ! ,gr& ,khan's tomb1 ?is des]t is also w(ully misplac$1 s9ce ! actual des]t ( ,lop lies 9 ea/]n ,*9ese ,turke/an4 ,! responsibility is n ,le>do's1 h[ev]1 = ! ,lop des]t is 9 ! same place on ! ,catalan ,atlas ( #acge & on ! ,e/e map4 ,f>!r ea/1 beyond a r[ ( six ca/les repres5t+ t[ns on ! bord]l&s ( ,*9a 7#ce-dj71 we come to a gulf ( ! encircl+ ocean & to a great sy/em ( m\nta9s4 ,! gulf 7#aa71 :i* conta9s ?ree isl&s1 appe>s 9 almo/ ! same position & =m on ! ,e/e map1 :]e !re is a leg5d expla9+ t on ! isl&s griffons & falcons are f\nd & t ! natives are n all[$ to kill !m )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,gr& ,khan ( ! ,tat>s4 ,?is is also f ,m>co ,polo1 :o writes t ! isl&s :]e ! g]falcons are br$ lie s f> nor? t ! ,nor? ,/> is left beh9d y 9 ! s\?6 ,! m\nta9s s\!a/ ( ! gulf make an enclosure %ap$ some?+ l a 7#db-dg74 ,inside ! nor!rn half ( ?is a leg5d tells u t 8?is is ! prov9ce ( ,gog & ,magog1 :]e _m tribes ( ! ,jews 7 %ut 90 7#gj71 ref]r+ to ! m$ieval tradition t ,alex&] ! ,great enclos$ ,gog & ,magog--! t]rible hordes ( ,anti*ri/--)9 ! ,caspian ,m\nta9s4 ,on _m maps ! m\nta9s ( ,gog & ,magog 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ are nam$ ?us4 ,le>do1 h[ev]1 places 8,mo ,gaspio0 7,caspiae ,montes7 7#d7 nor? ( ! ,caspian ,sea some:at ne>] ! position at :i* ,ptolemy _h plac$ !m4 ,to ! m\nta9s ( ,gog & ,magog he assigns names d]iv$ f ,ptolemy's nor!a/]n ,asia4 ,runn+ we/w>d f ! s\!rn bas9 =m$ by ^! m\nta9s ,le>do has add$ a riv] 7#di71 ! ,oe*>des ( ,ptolemy4 ,ne> ! po9t :]e ?is riv] em]ges f ! m\nta9 rim we see a r$ spot label$ 8,iron gate0 7#gb7 &1 imm$iately to ! we/1 two %ort r$ m>ks1 8,/atues ( ,alex&]0 7#gc74 ,! iron gate 0 built by ,alex&] 9 ! wall enclos+ ,gog & ,magog1 & ! /atues repres5t trumpet]s set up by ,alex&] to keep gu>d ov] ^! unclean hordes4 ,on ! ,catalan maps ! trumpet]s !mselves are %[n ) _! trumpets4 ,imm$iately we/ ( ! /atues appe>s 8,m\nt ,tanacom$o0 7#dh71 an amus+ in/ance ( ,le>do's c>elessness2 he has "h evid5tly copi$ 8,montana ,com$orum0 f a ,ptolemaic map1 comb9+ ! la/ "p ( ! fir/ ^w ) ! fir/ "p ( ! la/6 ,at ! extreme ea/]n edge ( ! _w disk we see ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise 7#fc7 surr\nd$ by an enorm\s wall to keep out curi\s intrud]s4 ,! ,riv] ,indus fl[s s\?we/w>d to a great delta ne> ! entrance ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7#hd74 ,_m ( ! place names 9 ,india correspond ) ^? ( ! ,catalan maps & 9 turn 7 d]iv$ f ,m>co ,polo4 ,! sc5e ( ,/4 ,?omas' mission & ( ! e>ly introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,india is indicat$ by ! inscription3 8,"h prea*$ ,/4 ,?omas0 7#aac74 ,9 c5tral ,asia1 we note two riv]s ent]+ ! ea/]n side ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 ! ,jax>tes 7#aag7 & ,oxus 7#aah74 ,! ,lake ( ,aral1 9 :i* ^! great /reams actually h _! outlet1 seems to h be5 :olly unkn[n to ! geograph]s bo? ( antiquity & ( m$ieval ,europe4 ,moslem s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 7 aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,le>do's ca/les ( ,organa & ( ,organzia 7,urganj7 7#abj1 #aba7 at ! m\? ( ! ,jax>tes & 8 place "n ,orcania 7#acb7 on ! ,oxus recall ,mat!w ,arnold's description ( ! ,oxus at ! close ( ,sohrab & ,ru/um3 ,b ! maje/ic riv] float$ on 444 ,"r = ! pol> />1 pa/ ,orgunj1 ,brimm+1 & bright1 & l>ge4 ,! ,tigris & ,euphrates 7#afe1 #aff7 jo91 rea*+ ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7#bfg7 z a s+le /ream fl[+ betwe5 two l>ge edifices t repres5t ,susiana 7#agb7 & ,babylonia 7#agc74 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,tigris a nameless riv] 7#aci7 hav+ its headwat]s 9 a l>ge lake 7#ach7 also ent]s ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,?is same /ream on ! ,catalan ,atlas & on ! ,e/e map rises 9 a d\ble s\rce1 two bodies ( wat] t h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,lakes ,van & ,urmia4 ,le>do connects ! ,euphrates 7#aff7 ) ! ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh ! ,orontes 7#afh7 & ) ! ,r$ ,sea 7#bfh7 ?r\gh ! ,jordan 7#afg74 ,! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ,arabia is ,mecca 7#baa71 a l>ge dom$ & t[]$ build+ 9 good ,italian ,r5aissance /yle & presumably repres5t+ a mosque4 ,sev]al corrupt$ ,turki% place names 7#bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcb7 along ) classical names 7#bbd1 #bca1 #bcc-bce7 appe> 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,indian ,ocean is fill$ ) yell[ & r$ isl&s4 ,a leg5d ass]t+ t pepp] & spice are f\nd 9 ^! isl&s 7#bge7 comes f ,m>co ,polo's description ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,! l>ge/ ( all ! isl&s1 ly+ (f ! coa/ ( ,india1 is m>k$ ,taprobana 7#bfi7 & probably repres5ts ,sumatra4 ,africa ,le>do's ,africa1 l t ( ! ,e/e map1 has a v unusual %ape4 ,two gulfs rea* inl& f ! ,indian ,ocean & f ! ,atlantic1 p>tially cutt+ (f ! s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,on ! ,e/e map ! ea/]n gulf is n z prom95t z t ( ,le>do's map1 b ! we/]n is ev5 deep]4 ,krets*m] sugge/s t ^! features h sprung f a comb9ation ( ! anci5t doctr9e ( a va/ au/ral cont95t ) ,ptolemy's !ory t ! ,indian ,ocean is surr\nd$ by l&4#bc ,c]ta9 ,arabic maps %[ an ea/w>d projection ( ,africa l ^? ( ! ,e/e map & ,le>do1 al?\gh !y d n indicate any?+ correspond+ to ! we/]n gulf4 ,pre/] ,john's ca/le 7#bii7 bulks l>ge 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 reports spread ?r\gh ,europe ( ! va/ realm ( a fabul\s ,*ri/ian mon>* 9 ! he>t ( ,asia4 ,by ! f\rte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ,pre/] ,john's empire _h be5 transf]r$ to ,africa1 :]e x became associat$ ) ! ,*ri/ian k+dom ( ,abyss9ia4 ,! elaborate edifice ) :i* ,le>do repres5ts ,pre/] ,john's empire may be int5d$ = ! sumptu\s palace describ$ 9 ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,lett] ( ,pre/] ,john4 ,l mo/ m$ieval c>tograph]s1 ,le>do makes ! ,nile 7#cab7 rise 9 ,we/ ,africa 7#cch74 ,9 ?is he foll[s ,h]odotus1 ,pl9y1 ,mela1 & o!r anci5t au?orities4 ,ptolemy1 h[ev]1 seems to h _h a m correct view1 plac+ ! s\rces ( ! riv] 9 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 9 ea/]n ,africa4 ,no?+ daunt$1 mo/ ( ! fifte5?-c5tury c>tograph]s :o us$ ! writ+s ( ,ptolemy boldly transf]r$ ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon to ,we/ ,africa to suit _! !ory ( ! riv]'s c\rse4 ,?us1 on ! ,le>do map we see ! ,montes ,lunae 7#ccd7 on ! nor? coa/ ( ! ,we/ ,african gulf4 ,!nce f\r /reams fl[ nor? into a lake1 out ( :i* ! ,nile makes its way ea/w>d & ano!r /ream fl[s we/w>d into ! ,atlantic4 ,! latt] /ream repres5ts1 p]haps1 a comb9ation ( ,nig] & ,s5egal1 ( :i* "s fa9t k may h be5 ga9$ ?r\gh trad]s :o _h cross$ ! ,sah>a4 ,! l[] ,nile is jo9$ by ! ,riv] 8,/apus0 7#cac71 d\btless ! ,a/apus ( ,ptolemy or ! mod]n ,blue ,nile4 ,on ! ,e/e map ?is tribut>y rises 9 ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise1 !re plac$ 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 ,to ! m\nta9 range ( ,nor? ,africa1 ! ,c>5a ( ! ,catalan maps1 ,le>do has add$ ,ptolemaic names 7#che-cib74 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,! outl9es ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7#dcc7 & ,black ,seas 7#dca7 are m correct ?an any o!r features :i* ,le>do draws4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is due to ! fact t !y 7 d]iv$ ultimately f ! portolan *>ts4 ,le>do pres]ves ! faulty ori5tation ( ! ,m$it]ranean *>act]i/ic ( ! latt]4 ,if we assume t ! p]p5dicul> l9e ext5d+ f ! w9d-bl[] (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,spa9 ?r\gh ,j]usalem to ! w9d-bl[] ea/ ( ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise is int5d$ to run due ea/ & we/1 we see t ! axis ( ! ,m$it]ranean ) ! adjo9+ %ores has be5 turn$ c\nt]-clockwise "s twelve degrees4 ,?is is probably because ( failure on ! "p ( ! mak]s ( ! orig9al portolan *>ts to take into consid]ation ! decl9ation ( ! compass4#bd ,le>do's place names along ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,sea coa/s are all d]iv$ f ! portolan *>ts1 al?\gh ,le>do wrote names only :]e x 0 easy to d s )\t cr[d+4 ,! lea/ successful portion ( ,le>do's ,m$it]ranean coa/ is t ( ,spa93 ! %ore is "h unduly elongat$ z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,e/e ,catalan map1 ,b>celona 7#dge7 & ,ampurias 7#dgf7 be+ plac$ too f> nor!a/ on :at ought to be ! ,fr5* %ore l9e4 ,europe ,z on ! ,catalan maps1 ! geography ( nor?we/]n ,europe is badly di/ort$4 ,! ,se9e 7#ddh71 ,rh9e 7#dhg71 & ,elbe 7#dhh7 all fl[ p>allel ) "o ano!r b slightly to ! s\? ( we/4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,danube 7#eeb7 ) its s\!rn bran*es is m true to nature4 ,! ,baltic ,sea 7#egg7 & ,sc&9avia are drawn mu* z on ! ,e/e map4 ,,notes #a;,giuseppe ,crivell>i1 ,alcuni cimeli della c>tografia m$ievale esi/5ti a ,v]ona1 ,flor5ce1 #aijc1 pp4 #e-bh4 #b,?is map 0 discov]$ by ,v9c5zo ,laz>i 9 #ahej4 ,a detail$ description & int]pretation ( x w be f\nd 9 ,sant>em1 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #cih-ddb full] bibliographical details reg>d+ ?is & o!r abbreviat$ ref]5ces 9 ^! notes w be f\nd on pp4 #fc-fg2 black & :ite reproduction 9 ,sant>em's ,atlas1 ,"p #c1 ,no4 #di2 also 9 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild1 ,p]iplus1 p4 #fa4 #c,! map 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgi by ,major ,fri$ri* von ,pilat1 ,imp]ial ,c\nsellor ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,legation & ,consul-,g5]al ( ,au/ria-,hung>y 9 ,v5ice4 ,at ! "t x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,society a brief anonym\s description appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 ,vol4 #ch1 #aijf1 pp4 #cfe-cfh4 ,?is 0 bas$ ^u a sixte5-page pamphlet by ,dr4 ,guglielmo ,b]*et1 ,il planisf]o di ,giovanni ,le>do dell' anno #adeb1 ,v5ice1 #ahhj1 accompany+ a photographic facsimile con/itut+ ,no4 ,,xiv ( ! s]ies ,raccolta di mappamondi e c>te nauti*e del ,,xiii al ,,xvi secolo publi%$ by ,f]d9& ,ongania1 ,v5ice4 ,dr4 ,b]*et's pap]1 :ile useful to ! pres5t writ]1 has on ! :ole prov$ disappo9t+ because ( its _m inaccuracies 9 transcriptions & also because almo/ no attempt 0 made to deal ) ! place names1 9 _m respects ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( all4 #d;,z mu* ( ?is digit z rema9s might be ! upp] "p ( ei!r a #b1 a #c1 or a #g4 ,s9ce ! ,ea/] cal5d> beg9s ) #adec ! date c\ld h>dly be e>li] ?an ,ea/]1 #adeb4 ,= ! same reason1 x is n likely to h be5 z late z #adeg1 ! only possible date aft] #adec4 ,on ! ,vic5za ,le>do map ! ,ea/] cal5d> beg9s ) ! ye> 9 :i* ! map is dat$1 #addh2 on ! ,v]ona map ( #addb ! cal5d> beg9s ) ! prec$+ ye>1 #adda4 ,a discrepancy ( f\r ye>s betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! cal5d> & ! date ( ! map1 h[ev]1 is mo/ improbable4 ,sant>em1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #cii1 & ,b]*et1 op4 cit41 p4 #f1 cite two mid-eighte5? c5tury ,,mss 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 :i* conta9 entries relat+ to a map by ,giovanni ,le>do dat$ #addg4 ,"o ( ^! ,,ms is t ( ! ,doge ,m>co ,fosc>9i 7,codex ital41 ,,xi1 #abc1 p4 #db71 ! o!r t ( a contempor>y s*ol>1 ,giovanni degli ,ago/9i 7,codex ital41 ,,vii1 #bia1 p4 #edb2 ?is & ! prec$+ ref]5ce 7 furni%$ to ! pres5t writ] by ! ,*ief ,libr>ian ( ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's2 !y d n agree exactly ) ! ref]5ces z giv5 by ,sant>em & ,b]*et74 ,! passage f ! ,fosc>9i ,,ms 7,fig4 #b7 may be translat$ ?us3 8,gio4 ,le>do1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 #addj1 made a planisph]e on p>*m5t on :i* 0 writt5 ,le>dius de ,v5etiis me fecit anno #addg4 ,x 0 at ! h\se ( 7era presso7 ,b]n>do ,trevisano4 ,apo/olo ,z5o saw x _m times & m>vel$ at see+ ! exactness ( ! design40 ,! passage f ! ,ago/9i ,,ms 7,fig4 #c7 runs z foll[s3 8,giovanni ,le>do3 ,?is 7man7 liv$ %ortly be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & he delight$ 9 geography & sph]es4 ,9 ! ,trevisan ,libr>y 0 pres]v$ a planisph]e by him on p>*m5t on :i* c\ld be se5 del9eat$ ! :ole t]raque\s globe ) all ! signs & cele/ial con/ellations1 b5ea? :i*1 accord+ to 8 ass]tion1 e "p is plac$4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is p>*m5t ^! words may be read3 ,joannes ,le>dius de ,v5etiis me fecit ab anno #addg4 ,x is curi\s to see h[ 9 8 "t1 :5 n _m discov]ies _h be5 made & navigation 0 s little advanc$1 ! positions ( ! prov9ces & ( ! seas 7 conceiv$40 ,b]*et1 op4 cit41 p4 #g1 po9ts out t ! arms at ! top ( ! p>*m5t ( ! ,le>do map n[ belong+ to ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society are ^? ( ! ,trevisan h\se4 ,he reads incorrectly1 h[ev]1 ! date giv5 by ,ago/9i z #adeb1 conclud+ !refrom t ! map m5tion$ by ! latt] 0 ! same z ! ,society's map1 ! date ( :i* he also reads z #adeb4 ,9 view ( ! actual diff]5ce 9 ! dates1 we may conclude t ,le>do con/ruct$ two maps = ! ,trevisan family1 & t ! "o dat$ #addg is yet to be r$iscov]$4 ,figs4 #b & #c--,passages f mid-eighte5? c5tury manuscripts 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to a map by ,giovanni ,le>do1 dat$ #addg4 ,see note #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--;f manuscript ( ! ,doge ,m>co ,fosc>9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--;f manuscript ( ,giovanni ,ago/9i4 #e;,al?\gh ! ,society's map is n1 p]haps1 "o ( ! great1 out/&+ monum5ts ( m$ieval c>tography1 ! ass]tion ( ,!obald ,fis*] 7,sammlung mittelalt]li*] ,welt- und ,seek>t51 ,v5ice1 #ahhf1 p4 #ajd7 t ! ,le>do maps ( #addh & #adeb 7 8von g]+em ,w]t10 seems too h>%4 #f,!re foll[s a transcription ( ?is leg5d4 ,miss+ passages suppli$ f ! ,vic5za map z transcrib$ on ,sant>em's reproduction are giv5 9 squ>e brackets3 444 *reatore de ,tute le ,cose *reate et non *reato et ,e ,en #c p]sone et una m$exima su/anzia et uno ,idio ,el quale ,en 4i4inita 7div9ita87 ,e ,incompr5sibelle aiom5i et aianzelli quanti uisono dal z5tro p] s9o ,ala zirconf]5zia ,en umanita 444 444 ene ,m>ia et f>si homo pasibelle et so/5] morte p] ,r$im] ,lumana z5]azione et resusito ,il ,t]zo zorno et asexe 444 7en87 ziello ala de/]a del padre et al n\isimo di zudig]a zu/i et pe*atori4 ,al nome de quel dio *e cosi v]am5te *re 444 at 444 como ,la ,t]a et le ,ixole /ano nel m>e et ,molte pr\9zie et monti et fiumi pr5zipalli sono nela ,t]a ,el diamitro dela ,t]a sie meglia #fheg secondo ,macobrio ezel5tisimo ,a/rologo et geumetrico4 ,el diamitro de ,laqua sie meia #adgif4 ,el diametro de lai]e sie meglia #caibi_/4 ,e diamitro del fuoguo #fhaia_/4 ,el diamitro de ,la ,luna sie meglia #adgadi4 ,el diamitro de m]curio sie meia #bj787gecc4 ,el diamitro de v5us sie meglia #fibgjc4 ,el diamitro del solle sie meia #adidgha4 ,el diamitro de m>7te7 444 eia #fecbcgd_/ 7,jupit]74 ,el diamitro de saturno sie ,meia #aciigidb_/4 diamitrus horbis signiorum sie meia #biiieeia4 diamitrus horbis aplanes sie meia #fdbgfbff_/4 diamitrus horbis *ri/al9i sie meia #acggbd787hef4 pitagora dize *e da ,la 4444 ,el primo zir*olo *e zirconscrisse ,il sopra s*rito mapamondo sie de la raxon de la pasqua de la ,rexurezione p] ,ani #ie4 ,com5za nel #adec adi primo aprille conpie nel #aedg adi #aj ,aprille4 qu&o si ,tr\a nele caxelle ,let]a ,m au]emo ,la pasqua de m>zo1 qu&o si ,tr\]a ,let]a ,a ,au]emo qu&o la vi5e daprille4 qu&o si tr\a let]a ,b quelano au]emo ,bixe/ro4 ,el segondo zircolo sie de ,i#ab mexi dellano et qu&o ,il sole ,entra ,en cadauno dei #ab segni zele/i4 ,el ,t]zo zircollo sie de #ai ,let]e de lalfabeto p] ,atr\> la raxon de ,la ,luna4 ,el qu>to zircollo sie dei num]i 787 di zorni de mexi4 ,el qu9to sie de le ore4 ,el se/o zircollo sie ,iponti de le hore4 ,el setimo zircollo sie ,le ,let]e dom9icale4 ,lotauo zircollo sie ,le ore de ,la gr&eza del di ,en tututo 7sic67 ,el t5po de lano 7874 ,el nono zircolo sie dei m5udi *e auanza oltra ,le ore ne la gr&eza del di4 ,el dezim 444 uol] sap]e qu&o r9\a ,la ,luna de ,zugnio del #adec4 nel dito mileximo ,abiamo p] let]a concor5te ,let]a ,c4 ,auol] atr\> ,la conioncion de la ,luna dobiamo ,atr\> ,let]a ,c nel mexe de zugnio ,e al9cotro se tr\]a di44 444 7r97 ou]a ,la ,luna de cadauno mexe del dito mileximo4 ,el mileximo com5z7a7 de ,z5>o nel #aded au]emo concor5te ,let]a d ecosi se s*ore ogniano #a ,let]a de lalfabeto4 ,et qu&o sizunze alet]a ,t l',altro ano drieto sitorna ,alet]a ,a4 444 raxone com5za ,ala ,leu> del solle e int5dese atanti di et ,atante hore et atanti 787 ponti4 ponti #ajhj s9t5de #a hora4 ,ale fiade ,en uno mexe si tr\a #b fiade una ,let]a en quel mexe ,la luna r9\a #b fiade etc4 #g;,by ! 8diamet]s0 ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets ,le>do obvi\sly means ! diamet]s ( ! orbits4 ,macrobius1 ,comm5t>ia 9 somnium ,scipionis1 ,i1 #bj3 #bj1 gives ! diamet] ( ! e>? z #hj1jjj /ades1 :i* might1 if conv]t$ into ,arabic miles1 be approximately ! #fheg miles ( ,le>do4 ,accord+ to ,macrobius ! radius ( ! sun's orbit is #d1hjj1jjj /ades 7ibid41 ,i1 #bj3 #ba72 ! diamet] ( ! sun's orbit w\ld !re=e be #i1fjj1jjj /ades1 or #abj times t ( ! e>?4 ,! diamet] ( ! sun's orbit accord+ to ,le>do is #bah times t ( ! e>?4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,porphyry1 ,macrobius 7ibid41 ,,ii1 #c3 #ad7 gives ! relative di/ances betwe5 ! planets2 b ,le>do's figures be> no relation to ^!4 ,i h n be5 able z yet to trace ! orig9 ( ,le>do's figures4 #h;,h4 ,grotef5d1 ,zeitre*nung des deuts*5 ,mittelalt]s und d] ,neuzeit1 ,vol4 #a1 ,hannov]1 #ahia1 p4 #bjc 7ref]5ce k9dly sugge/$ by ,dom ,hugh ,g4 ,bv5ot ( ,we+>t5 ,abbey1 ,wrttemb]g1 ,g]many74 #i;,grotef5d1 op4 cit41 p4 #aac1 ass]ts t ,o 0 usually omitt$ to avoid confusion ) z]o4 ,le>do1 h[ev]1 includes ,o4 ,j & ,i are c\nt$ z "o lett]4 ,! gold5 numb] ( #adec is #aj2 ,le>do's ,a corresponds ) gold5 numb] #h4 #aj,! foll[+ is a comp>ison ( ! times ( ! new moon on c]ta9 dates z indicat$ by ,le>do ) ! actual times z det]m9$ = ! m]idian ( ,v5ice f ,?4 von ,oppolz]1 ,canon d] ,f9/]nisse 7con/itut+ ,d5ks*r4 ,kais]l4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 9 ,wi51 ,ma?4-naturw4 ,classe1 ,vol4 #eb1 #ahhg74 ,le>do's ,times ,actual ,times #adec ,dec4 #a 8 hrs4 #bjc8 pts4 ,nov4 #cj #b4dj ,p4 ,m4 #adee ,apr4 #af #ba hrs4 8 ,apr4 #ag #ab4bb ,a4 ,m4 #adef ,apr4 #f #g hrs4 #bbi pts4 ,apr4 #e #d4be ,a4 ,m4 #adfa ,jan4 #aa #ba hrs4 8 ,jan4 #aa #h4dd ,p4 ,m4 #adfh ,feb4 #bc #ad hrs4 #gdg pts4 ,feb4 #bc #aj4ae ,p4 ,m4 ,! discrepancies are too great & too v>iable to enable u to come to any v def9ite conclusions z to ! place or mann] ( orig9 ( ,le>do's figures4 #aa,! division ( ! h\r into #ajhj po9ts 7#cffj1 z ,dom ,bv5ot po9ts out7 is puzzl+4 ,m usually ! h\r 0 subdivid$ into f\r po9ts4 ,see ,grotef5d1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahh4 #ab,! dom9ical lett] = #adec 0 ,g4 #ac,on ! basis ( c]ta9 ( ! figures giv5 by ,le>do = ! l5g?s ( ! days at ab\t ! times ( ! sol/ices1 ,i h e/imat$ t ?is table 0 work$ out = ab\t lat4 #db #de ,n1 :i* is m ne>ly ! latitude ( ,orvieto ?an t ( ,v5ice 7#de #cj74 7,?is calculation 0 made ) ! ,smi?sonian ,meteorological ,tables1 #d? edit4 7con/itut+ ,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,colls41 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #a71 ,wa%+ton1 #aiah3 ,table #hg1 8,duration ( ,sun%9e at ,diff]5t ,latitudes10 & ,table #hh1 8,decl9ation ( ! ,sun = ! ,ye> #ahii40 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! decl9ation ( ! sun = #adeb & #ahii is negligible47 ,dom ,bv5ot writes3 8,i fancy day l5g?s 7 reckon$ r\ghly = degrees4 ,"h 9 ,we+>t5 ab\t #adij !y us$ tables drawn up = lat4 #de ,n1 ?\gh ! place is actually #dg #dj40 #ad;,i am indebt$ to ,dom ,bv5ot = ! foll[+ comm5t3 8,conc]n+ ! cal5d> ( sa9ts ,i f9d ! good ,v5etian has ins]t$ besides ! usual fea/ ( ,/4 ,m>k1 patron ( ,v5ice1 on ,april #be two m3 t ( 8 app>ition & ! f9d+ ( 8 relics on ,june #be & a ?ird fea/ on ,jan4 #ca 7translation74 ,! la/ two 7 special = ! diocese ( ,v5ice 7,aquileia74 ,! cal5d> = ,aquileia is giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ,grotef5d1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 #a1 b does n q tally ) ,le>do's li/ ( sa9ts4 ,p]haps ?is is because ,grotef5d has mod]niz$ ! cal5d>4 ,x may be t ,le>do1 liv+ p]haps else:]e ?an 9 ,v5ice or its diocese1 put 9 fea/s t 7 de> to him4 ,inde$1 9 view ( y\r f9d+s = latitude f ! l5g? ( ! days see prec$+ note1 ,rome is ! mo/ likely place1 p]haps1 = ! ,v5etian embassy4 ,x lies ne>ly 9 lat4 #db ,n2 if we all[ = ,le>do measur+ ! l5g? ( ! days accord+ to ! app>5t sunset & sunrise1 ?is may well expla9 a discrepancy ( ! great] "p ( a degree40 #ae;,b]*et1 op4 cit41 p4 #g4 #af,see ,h4 ,f4 ,lutz1 ,geographical ,/udies ,among ,babylonians & ,egyptians1 9 ,am]4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 #bf 7,n4,s471 #aibd1 pp4 #afj-agd4 #ag,see ,app5dix1 ,nos4 #cje1 #fai4 #ah,krets*m]1 ,,ce see p4 #fc4 #ai,p>ticul>ly ! fam\s ,catalan ,atlas ( #acge see p4 #fc4 #bj;,= ! names ( & = bibliographical ref]5ces relat+ to "s ( ^! maps see ! li/ ( ref]5ces on pp4 #fc-fg1 sub ,,cd1 ,mauro1 ,piz41 ,vat41 ,vilad4 #ba,?is ,lat9 translation ( ,ptolemy's ,geography 0 begun by ! ,byzant9e s*ol> ,emmanuel ,*rysoloras & complet$ by ,jacopus ,angelus 9 #adaj2 manuscripts ( ?is translation 7 accompani$ by maps1 :i*1 h[ev]1 diff] f ! well-kn[n maps 9 ! ,ptolemaic atlases ( ! late fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! latt] 7 ! "w ( ,dom9us ,nicolaus ,g]manus1 kn[n z ,ni*olas ,donis4 ,see ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild1 ,facsimile ,atlas to ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,c>tography1 transl4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,ekelf & ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,/ockholm1 #ahhi1 pp4 #i-aj4 #bb,l ! ,le>do map ( #adeb1 ! map ( ,walsp]g]1 #addh1 reveals ,ptolemaic influ5ce 9 "s ( its names al?\gh all ! topographical features are /rictly m$ieval4 ,! ,g5oese _w map ( #addg 9 its elliptical =m is ! result ( a m s]i\s attempt to reconcile ! ,ptolemaic geography ) ! traditional views4 ,see ,krets*m]1 ,,ce1 pp4 #gf-gg2 on ! ,walsp]g] map1 ,krets*m]1 ,e9e neue mittelalt]li*e ,weltk>te d] vatikanis*5 ,biblio!k1 9 ,zeits*r4 ,gesell4 fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 ,vol4 #bf1 #ahia1 pp4 #cga-djf1 ref]5ce on pp4 #cgf-cgg4 ,on ! ,g5oese _w map see ! ext5d$ comm5t>y ( ,fis*]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aee-bjf4 #bc,kret41 ,,ce pp4 #hb-hc4 #bd,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #ha-ic2 see also ,e4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 ,portolan ,*>ts3 ,_! ,orig9 & ,*>act]i/ics1 ) a ,descriptive ,li/ ( ^? ,belong+ to ! ,hispanic ,society ( ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 p4 #ai1 :]e x is sugge/$ t ! faulty ori5tation ( ! ,m$it]ranean may be 9 "p connect$ ) ! p]si/5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,ptolemy ( ! practice ( plac+ ,con/ant9ople on maps 8too f> to ! nor? by at lea/ two degrees40 ,,app5dix ,,detail$ ,,comm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,map ,explanation ,! foll[+ comm5t>y is divid$ into sections numb]$ ) ,roman num]als correspond+ to ! ,roman num]als on ! g5]al key map 7,fig4 #d1 at end ( book74 ,ea* item is giv5 an ,arabic num]al :i* corresponds to ! ,arabic num]als on ! detail$ key maps 7,figs4 #e-aj1 at end ( book74 ,= ea* feature :i* be>s a place "n & = ea* long] leg5d on ! ,le>do map ! transcription is giv5 bel[ 9 italic4 ,_m ( ^! transcriptions1 p>ticul>ly ( names writt5 on edifices 7ca/les1 *ur*es1 etc471 are m]e guesses1 ow+ to ! obscurity ( ! orig9al4 ,p>ticul> difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! lett]s a1 e1 o1 c1 & t1 & betwe5 s & f4 ,a clue to ! read+ ( _m names1 h[ev]1 0 furni%$ by o!r maps contempor>y ) or e>li] ?an t ( ,le>do4 ,illegible lett]s are indicat$ by dots2 d\btful read+s by 7872 int]polat$ lett]s are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,illeg4 means 8:olly illegible40 ,no data beside ! transcriptions are giv5 = su* names z f4 tigris1 corsi*a1 galizia1 etc41 ! mean+ ( :i* is obvi\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! less famili> names1 ! =ms 9 :i* !y appe> on c]ta9 o!r m$ieval maps are suppli$4 ,9 g5]al1 if a "n occurs on ! ,catalan ,atlas ( #acge 7,,ca71 on ! ,catalan map 9 ! ,e/e ,libr>y at ,mod5a 7,,ce71 or on ! ,ptolemaic maps 7,ptol471 no attempt is made to indicate its occurr5ce else:]e4 ,ea* d\btful id5tification ) a m$ieval "n is prec$$ by 84 ,= names along ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,atlantic1 ref]5ces are giv5 to ! pages 9 ,krets*m]'s ,die itali5is*5 ,portolane des ,mittelalt]s 7 ,kret41 ,port47 :]e ! v>iant spell+s ( ^! names z !y are f\nd 9 ! m important portolans & portolan *>ts are li/$ & ! places id5tifi$ ) mod]n localities4 ,id5tifications ) mod]n localities are indicat$ by 1 or mod42 ) well-kn[n anci5t localities by anct4 ,sugge/$ b d\btful id5tifications are prec$$ by 81 & names = :i* ,i h be5 unable to f9d or to sugge/ any id5tification ) a mod]n locality are indicat$ by 8 /&+ alone4 ,) ! id5tification ( ,ptolemaic & m$ieval names 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,sc&9avia1 we ent] ^u a haz>d\s & controv]sial field4 ,:ile 9 _m in/ances ,i h indicat$ id5tifications t h be5 made by compet5t s*ol>s1 ne$less to say1 ^! %\ld n be accept$ z f9al4 ,"o _c b feel t :]e an id5tification is bas$ ^u m]e simil>ity 9 s\nd x is (t5 a case ( "o man's guess be+ z good z ano!r's4 ,! scope & purpose ( ! pres5t /udy does n p]mit ( an exhau/ive exam9ation ( ^! que/ions ( detail4 ,= m complete bibliographical data relat+ to publications ref]r$ to 9 abbreviat$ =m 9 ! key & = an explanation ( ! abbreviations1 see pp4 #fc-fg4 ,9 bibliographical ref]5ces volume numb]s are indicat$ 9 l[] case ,roman1 book numb]s 9 upp] case ,roman1 & *apt] & page numb]s 9 ,arabic type4 ,on ! key maps :]e !re are long r[s ( place names ! fir/ & la/ numb]s only are indicat$1 ) an arr[ connect+ !m4 ,?is is done to avoid ov]cr[d+4 ,! ,arabic num]als are 9 g5]al plac$ 9 positions correspond+ to ^? ( ! leg5ds on ! orig9al4 ,?is leads 9 "s in/ances to ! sep>ation ( ! numb]s f ! symbols to :i* !y relate 7e4g41 #gc74 ,i4 ,nor!rn ,asia ,m\nta9s #a ,mo4 alani3 ,alani ,montes 9 ,scy?ia intra ,imaum ,montem1 ,,ne ( ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3 #c 7,,fa #bb772,mugodzh> hills 9 ! ,kirghiz /eppes1 a s\!rn cont9uation ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s 7,,pw1 i1 #abha74 #b ,mo4 ripei3 ,rhipaei ,montes1 9 :i* ! ,don rises1 betwe5 ,sea ( ,az( & ,baltic1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3ae 7,,fa #ag774 ,see also #eif & ,,pw1 #bnd s]41 i1 #ijb-ijd4 #c ,mo4 norosus3 ,norossus ,mons1 ,,ne ( ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3e 7,,fa #bb774 #d ,mo4 gaspio3 ,caspii ,montes1 betwe5 ,great] ,arm5ia & ,m$ia1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ac3c 7,,fa#bj772 transf]r$ to ! f> nor!a/ z ! haunt ( ,gog & ,magog on m$ieval maps1 includ+ ,,ca & ,,ce4 ,see ,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjb-bjf4 ,riv]s #e f4 ,tanai3 ,tanais ,fluvius1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #i3a1 etc4 7,,fa#ag772;,don4 #f f4 rumus3 8,rhymmus ,fluvius1 :i* ent]s ! ,caspian ,e ( ! ,rha 7,volga71 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3b1 #d 7,,fa#bb772,volga4 #g f4 ras3 ,rha ,fluvius1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #i3ab1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 see ,,pw1 #bnd s]41 i1 #a-h2upp] ,volga4 #h ,unnam$ ea/]n tribut>y ( ! ,ras2,kama or ,viatka4 ,o!r ,natural ,features #i ziz]a3 ,ziz]a1 %[n z an isl& on ,,cd & ,,ca2! jazira or isl& ( ,peskov 9 ! ,volga ne> ,ts>its9 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjh72 ,hamy 7#cie7 sugge/s ,sizran4 #aj dix]to de zornade tr5ta 7des]t ( ?irty days74 ,m>co ,polo's des]t ( ,lop1 said to take "o mon? to cross 7,polo1 i1 #aif72 a long inscription on ,,ca 9 ! same locality describes ?is des]t & ! devils' voices he>d 9 x4 ,see #cc4 #aa ,on ?is gulf z x is %[n on ,,ce appe>s ! leg5d3 8,on ^! isl&s !re are _m beautiful griffons & falcons1 & ! inhabitants ( ! isl&s d n v5ture to seize !m )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,gr& ,khan1 "l ( ! ,tat>s0 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjh2 f ,polo1 i1 #bgj74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,nor? ( ! ,riv] ,ras & its ,ea/]n ,tribut>y #ab zima*ia7873 8,s>matia2,russia4 ,see also #fjj4 #ac ,tomb ( ! ,gr& ,khan1 b5ea? :i* an inscription reads ?us3 q 444 li sie ,el sepul*ro del gran c et fano que/a 444 *e qu&o ,el u5 portato a sepelir ,el u5 acompagniato da molti hom5i armadi ,iquali ozid5o queli787 ,itr\ano su le /rade et dicono *e le anime de coloro sono ,b5$ete p] *e ,le aconpagniano ,lanima del gran c aunaltra uita4 ,simil> inscription 9 correspond+ position on ,,ce 7#bji-baj7 f ,polo 7i1 #bdf1 #bej-bea74 #ad ,ro4 de mas 444 7873 8,moscaor1 ,,cd2,mosc[ 7,hamy1 #cid74 #ae ca/4 ra47873 8,ca/rama1 ,,ca2 ,ca/rema1 ,,ce2,ko/roma 7,hamy1 #cie74 #af ez9a7873 8duplicate ( #ah4 #ag alla 444 7873 8,allania1 ,n ( ,black ,sea1 ,,ca2c\ntry ( ! ,alans 7,hallb41 #ac1 #ad74 ,see also #fjd4 #ah etzina3 ,polo 7i1 #bbc-bbe72 ,cordi] 7,s] ,m4 ,p41 #ec-ee7 places ,polo's ,etz9a 9 ,,sw ,mongolia1 8on ! riv] ,hei-%ui1 call$ ,ets9a ,ets9 ,gol by ! ,mongols40 ,see also #af4 7,b7 ,betwe5 ! ,riv]s ,ras1 ,rumus1 & ,tanai #ai tra*ia3 ,tora*i1 ,,ca2,torjok 7,hamy1 #cie74 #bj tuf]3 ,tif]1 ,,ca2,tv]1 capital ( an important ,russian pr9cipality & seat ( a bi%op 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #ba botnia78738,bo?nia2 8duplicate ( #fjh4 #bb zit]eae7873 8,aretreca1 ,vat42,a/rakhan 7,pull1 ,vat41 #h74 #bc racoba7873 8 7,c7 ,s\? ,side ( ,ea/ ,bran* ( ,riv] ,rumus #bd borga3 ,borg>1 ,,ca2 ,bolg>a1 ,polo 7i1 #d1 #f-h72m$4 ,bolgh>1 on ! ,volga #ij m4 bel[ ,kazan 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #g74 #be ,iorn3 ,ioram1 ,,ca28,*urmansk 7,%urm9sk7 on ! ,viatka 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjg74 #bf pas*ati7873 ,pas*]ti1 ,,ca2,ba%kir4 ,see ,hallb41 #fi-gj2 ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dib4 #bg fasa7873 ,fa*atim1 ,,ca2 8,viatka 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjg74 #bh sebur7873 ,sebur1 ,,ca28,sibir1 ,sib]ia4 ,see ,hallb41 #dfe-dff2 ,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjg4 7,d7 ,nor? & ,nor!a/ ( ,mt4 ,gaspio #bi ,m>morea3 ,m>morea1 ,,ca28 ,see ,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjh4 #cj la 444 te78738 #ca fugur7873 ,sugur1 ,,ca4 ,see ,hallb41 #dhi28 #cb z944 lel7873 ,cigicalas1 ,,ca2 8,prov9ce ( ,*+9talas1 ,polo1 7i1 #bab-bac728region betwe5 ,lake ,baikal & ,kamul 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bad-bae2 ,cordi]1 ,s] ,m4 ,p41 #ea-eb74 #cc ,lop3 ,on ,,ca ,ciutat de ,lop ,n ( ,lake ,yssicol2 also a long leg5d 7f ,polo1 i1 #aif-aig7 describ+ ,lop z a city :]e travel]s re/ !mselves & _! bea/s & supply !mselves ) provisions be=e cross+ ! des]t4 ,see ,hallb41 #caf-cah2vic9ity ( ,lob ,nor betwe5 ,*9ese ,turke/an & ! ,gobi4 ,see also #aj4 #cd f9dazion3 8,s9da*u1 ,polo 7i1 #bhe72 ,s9acius1 ,,ca2mod]n ,hsan-hua1 n f> f ,kalgan on ! ,great ,wall 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bie74 7,e7 ,r[ ,we/ & ,s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ! ,?ree ,isl&s #ce canpiton3 ,campicion1 ,polo 7,pau?i]'s edit41 i1 #afe72 ,campi*u1 ,polo 7,yule's edit41 i1 #bai72 ,campicion,*ancjo ( ,,ca 7,cordi]1 ,,ca1 #ce728,kan-*\ 9 ,kan-su 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bbj2 ,pau?i]1 l4 c42 ,cordi]1 l4 c42 see also ,hallb41 #ajg74 #cf sia 444 r78738,siacur1 ,,ca28 #cg t&uc3 ,t&u*1 ,,ca2 ,t&uc or ,t5duc 0 ! "n ( a pla91 a prov9ce1 & a city belong+ to ,pre/] ,john2 9 ! prov9ce 0 ! c\ntry ( ,gog & ,magog 7,polo1 i1 #bdj1 #bhd728 ,see ,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bhe-bhh2 ,paul ,pelliot 9 ,j\rn4 ,asiatique1 ,may-,june1 #aibb1 pp4 #eie-eif4 #ch su*chur7873 8,suk*ur 9 ,tangut1 ,polo 7i1 #bag72,su-*\ 9 ,kan-su 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bah74 #ci rabo4ibi78738 #dj tignin=3 8,*+ianfu1 ,polo 7ii1 #agf-agg72;,*9kiang-fu 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #agg-agh74 ,leg5d ,betwe5 ,riv]s ,ras & ,tanai #da ,idolatri3 ,on ,,ce a leg5d apply+ to city ( ,ca/rema 7see #ae7 expla9s t idolat]s !re wor%ip a metal idol )\t head or h&s 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #baj74 ,,ii4 ,f> ,ea/]n ,asia ,! surface ( ! map nor?we/ ( ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise has be5 rubb$ 9 su* a way t _m ( ! names are illegible4 ,m\nta9s ,! m\nta9 sy/em "h corresponds ess5tially ) t ( ,,ce2 ,ptolemaic names h be5 giv5 to m\nta9s & riv]s4 #db sa 444 s78738 #dc ,mo4 osmire7873 ,asmiraei ,montes 9 ,s]ica1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3 #b 7,,fa#bc7728;ea/]n end ( ,t#8i5 ,%an ) ! small l[ hill *a9s to ! s\? 7,,pw1 ii1 #agjb74 #dd ,mo4 ,tagurus3 ,tagurus ,mons 9 ,s]ica 7 71 ,ptol41 l4 c4 #de ,mo4 otorocoras3 ,ottorocoras ,mons 9 ,s]ica 7ibid474 #df ,mo4 semant9us3 ,seman?9i ,montes 9 ,india intra ,gangem1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #b3h 7,,fa#bf7728;coa/ range ( ,annam 7,,pw1 iv1 #bjej2 see also ,g]9i1 #cgf74 #dg ,mo4 anibi3 ,annibi ,montes1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3b 7,,fa#bc7728;ea/]n ,t#8i5 ,%an above ,q>a ,%> & ,turfan 7,,pw1 i1 #bbeh74 #dh ,mo4 ,tanacom$o3 8,mon-,tana ,com$o rum 7 7 9 ,sogdiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3 #c 7,,fa#bb774 ,riv]s ,no riv]s are %[n 9 ?is region on ei!r ,,ca or ,,ce2 ,le>do 0 evid5tly impell$ to add !m by ! /udy ( ,ptolemy's ,geography4 #di f4 oc>dis3 ,oe*>des ,fl4 ( ,s]ica1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3 #c 7,,fa#bc774 #ej f4447878 #ea f4 danas3 ,demus ,fl4 ( ,sogdiana1 a bran* ( ! ,jax>tes 7see #aag71 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3 #c 7,,fa#bb774 #eb f4 bascatis3 ,bascatis ,fl4 ( ,sogdiana1 also a bran* ( ! ,jax>tes 7ibid474 ,lake #ec ,illeg43 ,lacus ,issicol1 ,le>do1 #addh2 ,yssicol1 ,,ca28ei!r ,lake ,balka% or ,issiq ,kl 7,hallb41 #efc-efd74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,nor?we/ ( ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise #ed sa*ai3 8,sacae1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ac 7,,fa#bb774 #ee s 444 de iaca7873 8 #ef-fb ,all illeg4 #fc ,,p>adixo ,,t]e/o3 ,! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise is plac$ 9 ,africa on ! e>li] ,le>do maps z well z on ,,ce4 ,see ,wright1 ,lore1 #bfa-bfc4 7,b7 ,we/ ( ,t]re/rial ,p>adise #fd s9a3 8,s9ae1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #c 7,,fa#bf772;,*9a 7see ,wright1 op4 cit41 #bga74 #fe ,ro de 4444ge7873 8 #ff ,tango 444 ti7873 8,tangut1 ,polo 7i1 #bjc-bje72,kansu & s\!rn ,mongolia 7,hallb41 #ejg-ejh74 #fg ,ro ,t>se3 ,,ca & ,,ce h leg5ds to ! effect t f ,t>sia came ! ?ree ,magi 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #aig-aih2 ,hallb41 #eae-eag1 #bfg-bfh72vic9ity ( ! ,t#8i5 ,%an 7,hallb41 l4c472ea/]n ,turke/an 7,kret41 l4c474 ,place ,names #fh p9ca7873 8,p9zu1 ,mauro 7,zurla1 #cf2 "n omitt$ on ,sant>em's copy ( ,mauro map 9 8 ,atlas1 #de72 8,piju1 ,polo 7ii1 #ada2 see ,hallb41 #dji72,p#8ei-*\ 7,yule1 ,polo1 l4c474 #fi ruo5ci78738 ,long] ,inscriptions #gj pr\9zia de og magog d\e =on787 s]ati molti ,trib 444 de ,judei 7prov9ce ( ,gog & ,magog :]e _m tribes ( ,jews 7 enclos$73 ,relat$ leg5ds on ,,ca 7,bu*on & ,ta/u1 #ade-adf7 & ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjb-bjf72 see ,hallb41 #bfj-bfe4 ,on leg5d ( ,gog & ,magog see also ,wright1 ,lore1 #bhg-bhh4 #ga ,idolatri3 ,a reflection ( ! idolat]s ( ! ,gr& ,khan's doma9s frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,m>co ,polo4 #gb porte de f]o3 ,! iron gates erect$ by ,alex&] ! ,great to enclose ,gog & ,magog1 %[n on ,,ce2 see #gj4 #gc /atoe de ales&ro3 ,! /atues ( trumpet]s set up by ,alex&] to keep gu>d ov] ,gog & ,magog1 %[n on ,,ca & ,,ce2 see #gj4 #gd dix]to d\e eno molti grifoni3 ,griffons 7 plac$ 9 ,scy?ia by _m classical & m$ieval writ]s2 see ,hallb41 #bcb-bcd4 #ge qu 444 si manza c>ne de omo 7"h !y eat ! fle% ( man72 ,cannibals 7 plac$ 9 ^! regions by _m classical & m$ieval writ]s2 !y 7 (t5 associat$ ) ,gog & ,magog2 see ,hallb41 #cj-cb4 ,,iii4 ,india ,m\nta9 #gf ,mo4 me&rus3 ,mae&rus ,mons 9 ,f>!r ,india1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #b3h 7,,fa#bf7728,mahudaung m\nta9s 9 ,upp] ,burma 7,g]9i1 #ea1 #hcb74 ,no correspond+ m\nta9 %[n on ei!r ,,ca or ,,ce4 ,riv]s ,! riv] sy/em is m elaborate ?an1 al?\gh some:at analog\s 9 its g5]al patt]n to1 t ( ,,ca & ,,ce4 ,! ,indus & its bran*es seem to be lack+ on ! ,catalan maps4 ,i am unable to trace ! orig9 ( sev]al ( ! riv] names4 #gg f4 priolada38 #gh f4 t9d>us38 #gi f4 masarus38 #hj f4 sumas38 #ha f4 b9das3 ,b9das ,fl4 ( ,india intra ,gangem ,fluvium 7,ptol41 ,,vii1 #a1 #f 7,,fa#be772 possibly ! "n is relat$ to t ( ,bhiw&i ne> ,basse91 ,n ( ,bombay 7,tomas*ek1 9 ,,pw1 iii1 #bfh-bfi74 #hb f4 madus3 ,namadus ,fl4 ( ,india intra ,gangem ,fluvium1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3e 7,,fa#be774 #hc f4 am>us3 ,am>us is giv5 z ano!r "n = ! ,indus on ,vat4 7,pull1 ,vat41 #af-ag72 no ,am>us ,fl4 9 ,ptol4 #hd f4 ,indicus3 ,! c\rse ( ! ,indus z ,le>do draws x is d]iv$ f ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3b 7,,fa#be774 ,edifices #he pr$on corcon7873 8 #hf t]is9ti7873 8 #hg zat97873 8,zayton1 ,,ca2 ,zaytom1 ,,ce2 ,zayton1 ,polo 7ii1 #bcd-bcg71 an important m$ieval ,*9ese seaport28 ,see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bcg-bdb2 ,cordi]1 ,,ca1 #dh-di4 #hh cansai7873 ,ciutat de ,cansay1 ,,ca2 ,k9say1 ,polo 7ii1 #ahe-aic1 #bjj-bjh1 #bae-baf72;,hang*[ 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #aic2 ,cordi]1 ,,ca1 #da-db74 #hi ,india4 #ij ,ro de colonbi3 ,pruu9esa ,columbo1 ,,ca2 ,coilum1 ,polo 7ii1 #cge-cgf72 see ,hallb41 #aec-aef2,quilon 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #cgg-chj74 #ia balesan3 ,balaxan 7,polo1 ,ramusio's edit41 #aehc1 accord+ to ,hallb41 #fb72 ,cjutat de ,baldassia1 ,,ca2 ,baldacia1 ,,ce2,badak%an 7see ,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #aeg-afc74 #ib taseta3 8,rey del ,tauris1 ,,ca2 ,rey ,tauris1 ,,ce2,tabriz 7,hallb41 #eah-ebb74 ,place ,names on ,coa/ #ic p5ta3 ,p5ta1 next place ,e ( ,bangala1 ,,ca2 ,p5tam1 an isl&1 ,polo 7ii1 #bhj72 see also ,hallb41 #daa-dac2;,b9tan 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bhj728! ,be-,tumah 7,isl&7 ( ! ,arab ,navigators1 ! ,tamasak ,isl& ( ! ,malays2 &1 9 %ort1 ! ,s+apore ,isl& ( our day0 7,g4 ,e4 ,g]9i1 9 ,j\rn4 ,royal ,asiatic ,soc41 ,july1 #aije1 p4 #eji2 see also ,cordi]1 ,s] ,m4 ,p41 #aje72 ,g]9i1 #gdj1 sugge/s t ,p5ta ( ,,ca 8might h be5 ! hi/orical cont9uation ( ! ,ptolemaic0 ,p5tapolis 7,ptol41 ,,vii1 #b3b71 :i* he places ne> ! m\? ( ! ,*ittagong1 at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 #id ta9e3 #8cjutat de cayna acj f9is catayo1' ,,ca2 see ,cordi]1 ,,ca1 #ci4 #ie bangala3 ,bangala1 ,,ca2 ,polo 7ii1 #ih-ii72;,b5gal4 #if ianpa3 ,janpa1 ,,ca2 ,*amba1 ,polo 7ii1 #bff-bfh72 see ,hallb41 #agc-agd2;,annamite coa/ 7,cordi]1 9 ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bgj72;,c#8ha-ban1 ! anci5t ,*am capital 7,g]9i1 #bdj74 #ig ligo3 ,l+o1 ,,ca2 8,locac1 ,polo 7ii1 #bgf7 7?is id5tification sugge/$ by ,pull1 ,,ce1 #df728,siam1 ,borneo1 or ,malay ,p59sula 7see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bgg-bhj2 ,hallb41 #dhf2 ,cordi]1 ,s] ,m4 ,p41 #ajd-aje74 #ih macab93 8,mahab>1 ,mauro2 ,maab>1 ,polo 7ii4 #cca-ccb72;,corom&el ,coa/ 7,hallb41 #cbj-cbc74 #ii gr 444 7873 8 #ajj d>si3 8 #aja c>uzia3 8 #ajb butifilli3 ,butifilis1 ,,ca2 ,mutfili1 ,polo 7ii1 #cfb72,motupalli 7,yule1 ,polo41 ii1 #cfb74 #ajc caclur7873 8 #ajd coluto3 ,quilon 7see also #ij74 #aje cormos3 8,hormuz 7see #aeh7 misplac$3 8,! c is con/antly sub/itut$ = an aspirate by ! ,italian travell]s 7e4g4 ,polo's ,cormos = ,hormuz70 7,yule1 ,ca?41 ii1 #bdb74 ,see ,hallb41 #bdb-bdf2,ormuz4 #ajf elli3 ,elly1 ,,ca2 ,ely1 ,polo 7ii1 #che-chf72,mt4 ,d',eli or ,delly 7,yule1 ,ca?41 iv1 #gd-ge74 #ajg maganor3 ,manganor1 ,,ca2,mangalore 7,yule1 ,ca?4 iv1 #gc74 #ajh diegei3 ,diogil 9 int]ior ( ,india1 ,,ca2,deogiri1 m$4 "n ( ,daulatabad 7see ,yule1 ,ca?4 i1 #caj2 iv1 #ba74 #aji cora3 8,cory ,promontorium1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3aa7;,,fa#be772;,cape ,calym]e 7,e4 ,h4 ,bunbury1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,geography 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahgi71 ii1 #dgd74 #aaj pez4mor7873 ,pescamor1 ,,ca28p]haps ,b>elor0 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cji2 iv1 #gc74 #aaa zitabor3 ,*9tabor1 ,,ca2,/4 ,john's ,po9t 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cji2 iv1 #fd-fe74 #aab p>z9>7873 ,pay*9or1 ,,ca2,b>kur 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i4 #cji2 iv1 #gc74 ,long] ,inscriptions #aac qui pr$ico san ,tomaxo 7"h prea*$ ,/4 ,?omas73 ,on ! traditions reg>d+ ,/4 ,?omas 9 ,india see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii4 #cec-cei2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #gd1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bgi4 #aad qui nasele noxe d9dia 7"h gr[ ! nuts ( ,india73 ,9 ! ,ramusian v]sion ( ,polo 7ii1 #ced7 occurs ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 connection ) ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas3 8,! ,*ri/ians :o h *>ge ( ! *ur* h a great numb] ( ,indian ,nut trees1 :]eby !y get _! liv+40 #aae ,india dix]ta4 ,,iv4 ,c5tral ,asia ,m\nta9 #aaf ,mo4 c>opanus3 ,p>opanisus ,mons1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aa3e1 etc4 7,,fa#be772;,h9du ,ku% 7,hallb41 #cic74 ,see also #abc4 ,riv]s #aag f4 ,ix>tes3 ,jax>tis ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3a1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 %[n b n nam$ on ,,ce2 ,flum d',organi1 ,,ca2 see ,hallb41 #bhj-bha4 ,on anci5t & m$ieval k ( ! ,aral ,sea1 into :i* ! ,jax>tes fl[s1 see ,w4 ,b>?old1 ,aral1 9 ,encycl4 ( ,islam1 ,vol4 #a1 ,leid5 & ,london1 #aiac1 pp4 #dai-dbj4 #aah f4 ,oxius3 ,oxus ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #i3a1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 8,flum ,amo1 ,,ca2 n %[n on ,,ce2 see ,hallb41 #bd-bf4 #aai f4 rius3 ,areios or ,arius ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ag3b 7,,fa#bd772 see ,hallb41 #be1 #dg2 ,,pw1 ii1 #fbc28;,h>i ,rud4 ,edifices #abj organa3 8,dupl4 ( #aba4 #aba organzia3 ,flum d',organi1 ,,ca2 see ,hallb41 #edg-edi2 ,yule1 ,ca?41 iii1 #hb2,urganj1 fam\s m$ieval city ( ,khorasmia on ! l[] ,oxus4 #abb sagomoa78738,sam>k& 7see ,hallb41 #dde-ddh74 ,place ,names #abc p>aponixa2 ,p>opanisades1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ah1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772nor!rn ,afghani/an 7,besni]1 #egc74 ,see also #aaf4 #abd ar*uxia3 ,ara*osia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #bj1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772;,afghani/an 7,besni]1 #fi74 ,see ,hallb41 #cc-cd4 #abe arzeglia3 8 ,see #abi4 #abf dragiana3 ,drangiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ai1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772,sei/an 7,hallb41 #aib74 #abg m>gana3 ,m>giana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772;environs ( mod]n ,m]v 7,besni]1 #dfd74 #abh ar*uxia3 ,dupl4 ( #abd4 #abi arzegia3 ,dupl4 ( #abe4 #acj mesagit3 ,massagitae1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj3b 7,,fa#bb772 a p ( ,scy?ia m5tion$ also by ,pl9y1 ,sol9us1 etc4 7,hallb41 #cci-cdj74 #aca bocasan3 8,boc>1 ,,ca2,bukh>a 7,hallb41 #gi-hj74 #acb orcania3 ,probably a repetition ( #abj & #aba2 might1 h[ev]1 be ,hyrcania1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #i 7,,fa#bb772 see ,hallb41 #bec-bed2"p ( ,maz&]an 7,besni]1 #cgf74 #acc sam>ia38,sam>c& 7see #abb72 ,hallb41 #ddh1 sugge/s ,sam>ia 9 ,pale/9e misplac$1 b adds3 8p\rtant la *ose n'e/ pas probable40 #acd zagaspia3 ,z>aspa1 ,,ca2 ,z>iaspa or ,z>ispa 9 ,bactriana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aa3g 7,,fa#bb772;,balkh 7,besni]1 #aag74 ,see also ,kret41 ,walsp41 #che4 #ace amol3 ,?is "n is appli$ to v>i\s t[ns & to a riv] 9 c5tral ,asia on ,,ca & ,mauro4 ,p]haps x repres5ts a confusion ( ! "n ( ! t[n ( ,amol 9 ,maz&]an ) t ( ! ,amu ,d>ia 7,oxus74 ,see ,hallb41 #bd-bf4 #acf s5o3 8,s5a or ,s9a 9 ,m>giana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj3c 7,,fa#bb774 #acg lidazel38 ,v4 ,p]sia ,lake & ,riv] #ach1 #aci ,unnam$ lake & riv]4 ,on ,,ca & ,,ce ! riv] rises 9 two lakes1 ! ea/]n & we/]n be+ nam$ on ,,ca ,m> ,d>gis 7,lake ,van7 & ,m> de ,m>ga 7,lake ,urmia7 respectively 7,hallb41 #dc-dd1 #ccg-cch74 ,on ,piz4 ! riv] is ,flum ,*exi2 if ,*exi is ,khuzi/an 7see #afd7 ! riv] possibly repres5ts ! ,k>un4 ,des]t #adj ,s>mania dix]ta3 ,c>mania ,des]ta1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #f7;,,fa#bj772;int]ior ( ! mod]n ,k]man4 ,see also #aec4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,s\? ,%ore ( ,caspian ,sea #ada dise4n7873 ,dey/am1 ,,ca28,dehi/an1 a di/rict ( ,maz&]an 7,hallb41 #ahh74 #adb mexandra3 ,mas&ra1 ,,ca2,maz&]an4 #adc gal53 ,cap de ,cilan1 ,cillam1 ,gellam1 ,,ca2,gilan 7,hallb41 #bag-bah74 #add aspaur7873 ,a*dio1 ,,ca2 ,asidio1 ,,ce28 #ade godaspi3 ,gudaspu1 ,con4 7#ei72 ,codaspi1 ,piz428 #adf ,turis3 ,rey del ,tavris 9 c5tral ,p]sia1 ,,ca2,tabriz 7,hallb41 #eah-ebb74 ,see also #ib4 7,b7 ,int]ior #adg tra*se3 8,dupl4 ( #fg4 #adh z>matia3 8,s>matia1 misplac$2 see1 h[ev]1 #ab1 #fjj4 #adi siria3 ,ciutat de ,ssiras1 ,,ca2 ,siras1 ,,ce2,%iraz 7,hallb41 #dgj-dga74 #aej p>?ia3 ,p>?ia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #e 7,,fa#bj772,khurasan 7,hallb41 #cid-cie7 #aea ,ro odmin7873 8 #aeb ,ro de p]sia3 ,p]sis1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #d 7,,fa#bj772,p]sia4 7,c7 ,p]sian ,gulf ,coa/ #aec ,s>mania abitada3 ,c>mania1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #h 7,,fa#bj772,k]man4 ,see also #adj4 ,place ,names1 ,nor? ,coa/ ( ,p]sian ,gulf #aed sem5>3 ,fem5at1 ,,ca2 ,sem5at1 ,polo 7ii1 #cih-cii72,somna? 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #djj74 #aee demonela3 ,damonela1 ,,ca2,daibul 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cji74 #aef *etimo3 ,*etimo1 ,,ca2,kij 7ibid474 #aeg oncon3 ,nocran1 ,,ca 7omitt$ on ,*oix de doc4 reproduction ( ,,ca72,makran 7ibid474 #aeh ormixon3 ,hormision1 ,,ca28,old ,hormuz on ! ,cont95t0 7ibid474 ,see #aje4 #aei traman3 ,creman1 ,,ca2,k]man4 ,see #aec4 #afj usu3 ,ussn1 ,,ca2 8,husn ,am>at8 7see ,edri41 #a1 #cgi ?is ref]5ce is to ,p4 ,a4 ,jaub]t1 ,gographie d',edrisi1 traduite de l'arabe en franais 7,recueil de voyages et de mmoires publi p> la ,socit de ,gographie1 ,vols4 #e & #f1 ,p>is1 #ahcf-ahdj71 i1 #cfc1 #cij7 ,any ca/le is ,husn0 7ibid472,ess9a 7,lelewel1 ii1 #ee74 #afa cadome7873 8 #afb s]os3 ,s]ans1 ,,ca2 ,su/>1 ,piz428,siraf 7,yule1 l4c472 ,su/>1 ,m$iceo2,%u%t> 7ibid47288rivire ,s*ir90 7,lelewel1 l4c474 #afc 444 * 444 7873 8 #afd *esi3 ,*esi1 ,,ca2,khuzi/an 7,yule1 ,ca?41 i1 #cjh72 %[n z an isl& on ,piz428,s*ei*078,%eikh ,%u#8aib ,isl&7 7,la ,r41 i1 #fe74 ,,vi4 ,mesopotamia & ,syria ,riv]s & ,lakes #afe-afh ,! riv] sy/em is m accurately drawn ?an on ,,ca & ,,ce1 inasmu* z ! ,euphrates & ,tigris jo9 be=e rea*+ ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,on ,,ca !y ent] ! ,gulf sep>ately2 on ,,ce ! ,euphrates sw+s ar\nd into ,egypt1 ent]+ ! ,nile j above ,babilonia 7,cairo74 ,all ?ree maps %[ a connection betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ,m$it]ranean ?r\gh ! ,orontes1 b only ,le>do makes ! ,jordan communicate ) ! ,euphrates4 ,on ,,ca & ,,cd an isl&1 ,ziz]a 7see also #i71 on ,,cd said to be ! site ( ,n9eveh1 is %[n 9 ! ,euphrates1 b on ,,ce & ,le>do ?is has become a lake4 ,on ,,ca ! ?ree lakes along ! ,jordan are label$ f ,n to ,s3 ,aqu>on 7,lake ,hule71 ,m> de ,gallilea 7,sea ( ,galilee71 & ,m> ,gamora 7sea ( ,gomorrah1,dead ,sea74 #afe f4 tigris4 #aff f4 eufrates4 #afg f4 ,jordano4 #afh f 444 soldino3 ,orontes 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgj74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,along ! ,tigris #afi moxor3 ,moror1 ,,ca2 ,moxor1 ,dalorto map 7,la ,r41 i1 #fd72,mosul 7ibid474 #agj apfes3 ,aipsa1 ,vat42 ,suq al-,ahvaz ( ! ,arabic it9]>ies 7,pull1 ,vat41 #ac1 #ca1 #cd74 #aga ,inporio asiriorum 7empire ( ! ,assyrians72 ,assyria1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #a 7,,fa#bj774 #agb s]uxiana3 ,susiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #c 7,,fa#bj772,khuzi/an 7,besni]1 #gbf74 #agc babilo 4447873 ,babylon or ,babylonia4 ,see also #cbc4 7,b7 ,9 ,syria #agd ga 444 a7874 #age ,j]uxalem3 ,on ! plac+ ( ,j]usalem at ! c5t] ( ! e>?'s surface see ,wright1 ,lore1 #bei-bfa4 #agf c 444r7873 8 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,9 ,mesopotamia #agg baldac3 ,ciutat de ,balda*1 ,,ca2,baghdad4 #agh mexapo3 8,mesopotamia4 #agi birzi3 8,birejik4 #ahj megan3 8,mogan1 ,jordanus ( ,svrac 7,j\rda9 ,catalani de ,svrac1 ,mirabilia descripta3 ,les m]veilles de l',asie1 edit4 by ,h5ri ,cordi]1 ,p>is1 #aibe1 #ic-id2 ,hallb41 #cef-ceg72pla9 ( ,mugan ne> junction ( ,araxes & ,kur4 #aha malaxim3 ,malasia1 ,,ca3,malatia4 7,b7 ,int]ior ( ,syria #ahb alepo3 ,aleppo4 #ahc antozia7873 8,antio*4 7,c7 ,syrian ,coa/ #ahd sold93 ,suweidiyeh1 ne> anci5t ,seleucia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgj74 #ahe laliza3 ,latakia 7ibid474 #ahf tortoxa3 ,t>tus 7ibid474 #ahg tripoli3 ,tripoli 7ibid41 #fga74 #ahh zibele3 ,jebeleh 7ibid474 #ahi b>uto3 ,beirut 7ibid474 #aij a*re3 ,acre 7ibid41 #fgb74 #aia gafo3 ,jaffa 7ibid474 #aib l>ixa3 ,el-#8,ari% 7ibid41 #fgc74 ,,vii4 ,arabia ,m\nta9s #aic ,mo4 s9ai4 #aid ,mo4 felizis arabie3 ,montana ,arabiae ,felicis1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ptol4 7,v1 #ag3 #c2 ,v1 #ai3 #a 7,,fa#ai771 divides ,arabia ,petraea & ,arabia ,des]ta on ! nor? f ,arabia ,felix on ! s\?2,a%-,%]a' m\nta9s 7see ,alois ,musil1 ,! ,nor!rn ,hez1 ,new ,york1 #aibf1 #bee2 ! same1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,new ,york1 #aibg1 #ejb-ejc74 #aie ,mo4 prion\s3 ,prionotus ,mons on ,s coa/ ( ,arabia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #g3aj 7,,fa#ba7728 ,edifices 7,a7 ,on ,p]sian ,gulf & ,indian ,ocean #aif baz>3 ,bass>a1 ,,ca2,basra4 #aig golftata3 ,golfaca1 ,,ca2 ,golfa?an1 ,con4 7#db728 ,see ,jimnez de la ,espada1 #bje4 #aih ,ieita 7873 ,jepta1 ,,ca2 ,egepta1 ,con4 7#db728 #aii cabat3 ,cabat1 ,,ca2 ,con4 7#db72 8,calatu1 ,polo 7ii1 #ddi-dea72,qalhat 9 #8,oman 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dea2 ,hallb41 #ig-ih74 #bjj letrob7873 ,ietrib1 ,,ca28,ya?rib1 ! anci5t "n = ,m$9a1 misplac$4 #bja arabia4 7,b7 ,r$ ,sea ,coa/ #bjb s5ea3 ,s5eha1 ,,ca2,san#8a 7,hallb41 #dfh-dfi74 #bjc fidomat3 ,adromant1 ,,ca28,hadhramaut4 #bjd amei3 ,mey1 ,,ca2 8 #bje ald4p7873 ,adep1 ,adem1 ,,ca2,ad5 7,hallb41 #h-aj74 #bjf eta4447873 8 #bjg gaida7873 ,guja1 ,,ca28,jidda4 #bjh nabates3 ,nabataeans 7,besni]1 #eji74 #bji 787 ,illeg43 8 7,c7 ,int]ior #baj sabea3 ,arabia ,sebba1 ,,ca 7:i* gives an illu/ration & leg5d relat+ to ! ,que5 ( ,%eba72,saba or ,%eba4 #baa ,la me*a3 ,ciutat de ,me*a1 ) leg5d1 ,,ca2,mecca4 ,regional ,names #bab ,arabia dix]ta3 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ai 7,,fa#ai774 #bac ,arabia petroxa3 ,arabia ,petraea1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ag 7,,fa#ai774 ,,viii4 ,asia ,m9or ,riv] #bad ff4 rosso3 ,odoric ( ,pord5one1 ,palat9e v]sion 7,yule1 ,ca?41 ii1 #ajb1 n4 #d72 ,pegalotti1 #g 7ibid41 iii1 #afd728! tribut>y ( ! ,araxes1 ! ,kizil ,*ai :i* wat]s ,khoi0 7,cordi]1 9 ! same1 iii1 #afd1 n4 #a74 ,edifice #bae ,tr4447873 ,troia2,troy4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,int]ior #baf sau/ia3 ,saua/o1 ,,ca2anct4 ,seba/ea1 mod4 ,sivas4 #bag ,tabacasan3 8 #bah suilia 7873 8 #bai sis3 ,scisia1 ,,ca2,sis4 #bbj almesia3 ,amasia4 #bba l>&a3 anct4 ,l>&a1 mod4 ,k>aman4 #bbb anguri7873 ,angora4 #bbc alada*ia3 anct4 ,laodicea ,combu/a1 mod4 ,ladik4 #bbd filadelfia3 anct4 ,philadelphia1 mod4 ,ala ,%ehr4 #bbe ca/am5a3 ,ka/amuni4 #bbf congre3 ,*angri4 #bbg a*riot]i7873 8,ak ,%ehr4 #bbh ,ja*rie7873 8 #bbi ,janis>i3 ,y5i ,%ehr4 #bcj c>iacas>3 8,afiun ,q>ahis>4 #bca nicomidia4 #bcb bursa3 ,brusa4 #bcc lizia3 anct4 ,lycia4 #bcd p]gamo3 anct4 ,p]gamum4 #bce licnia7873 8anct4 ,lycaonia1 misplac$4 7,b7 ,black ,sea ,coa/ #bcf ,tripoli3 ,tireboli 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdh74 #bcg cirisonda3 ,kiresn 7ibid474 #bch lauatiza3 ,lauona1 ,,ca2,vona ,bay 7ibid474 #bci simiso3 ,samsun 7ibid474 #bdj s9opi3 anct4 ,s9ope1 mod4 ,s9ob4 7ibid474 #bda d44s44l447873 ,doca/elli 7ibid41 #fej72,kidros 7ibid474 #bdb borli3 8,boli 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! int]ior74 #bdc sama/ro3 ,amasra 7ibid474 #bdd *io3 ,?io1 ,,ca2anct4 ,?ios ,prom4 7ibid474 #bde punta ra*ia3 anct4 ,h]aclea ,pontica1 mod4 ,b5d] ,ergli 7ibid474 #bdf algiro3 ,anadoli ,kawak 7ibid474 7,c7 ,aegean coa/ #bdg lesmire3 ,smyrna 7ibid41 #fec74 ,,ix4 ,arm5ia1 ,caucasia1 & ,s\!a/]n ,russia ,m\nta9 #bdh ,mt4 ,ar>at is label$ l>*e de noe4 ,riv]s #bdi ,a riv] connect+ ! ,sea ( ,az( ) ! ,caspian is %[n on ,,ca & ,,ce1 b )\t ! bran*es rea*+ ! ,black ,sea2 on ,piz4 ?is riv] is nam$ ,flm' ,cicopo 7! ,cicopa ( ,,ca & o!r portolan maps be+ a nor? bran* ( ! ,kuban delta2 ,kret41 ,port41 #fdf72,kuban ,riv] 7ibid474 ,caspian ,sea #bej ,m>e de ,aba*u787 7,sea ( ,baku73 ,m> de ,s>ra e de ,bacu1 ,,ca2 ,m> de ,sala e de ,bacu1 ,,ce4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,we/ ,coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea #bea ,illeg43 8 #beb fama*i3 ,siama*i1 ,vat4 7,pull1 #i728,%emakha 7ibid41 #h1 n4 #d74 #bec b>ama*i3 ,b>ma*u1 ,,ca28 #bed aba*u3 ,bacu1 ,,ca2,baku4 7,b7 ,betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas #bee porte deuee7873 8,porte de ,f] 7see #gb & ,hallb41 #dad74 #bef arm9ia4 #beg arm9ia3 ,dupl4 ( #bef4 7,c7 ,coa/s ( ,sea ( ,az( & ,black ,sea #beh 44na7873 8,tana1 important m$ieval comm]cial city at m\? ( ! ,don2mod4 ,az( 7,kret41 ,port41 #fde2 ,hallb41 #ejc-ejd74 #bei trabexonda3 ,trebizond 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdh74 ,place ,names 9 ,s\!a/]n ,russia #bfj seua/opoli3 anct4 & m$4 ,seba/opolis on coa/ ( ,abkhasia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdg74 #bfa auogaxi3 ,abkhasia 7ibid41 #fdf74 #bfb m5greli3 ,m+relians or ,m+relia 7ibid41 #fdg74 #bfc zi*ia3 8regional "n ( ,circassia0 7ibid41 #fdf74 #bfd copa3 ,copa 7ibid474 #bfe matraca3 ,matrega1 ,g5oese trad+ t[n on ,taiman ,p59sula 7ibid474 ,x4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ,r$ ,sea #bff ,ma4444di*o3 ,m>e ,indi*o4 #bfg ,m>e de p]sia4 #bfh ,m44444443 ,m>e rosso4 #bfi 444 ,taprobana3 ,trapobana1 ,,ca1 ,,ce2 ! ,taprobane ( ! anci5t geograph]s 0 ,ceylon2 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! "n 0 probably appli$ to ,sumatra 7,cordi]1 ,,ca1 #eg-eh2 ,kret41 ,,ce1 #ajg2 = sugge/$ id5tifications ( places %[n 9 ,trapobana on ,,ca see ,g]9i1 #fdf-fdg74 #bgj famdabo7873 8,regio ,fem>um 7= ,fem9>um7 on isl& ( ,iana1 ,,ca1 :i* is p]haps a reflection ( ,polo's /ory ( ! ,male & ,female ,isl&s 7ii1 #djd-dje72 see also ,g]9i1 #fdg1 n4 #b4 #bga ,illeg43 8 #bgb m4447873 8,malao1 on bo? ,trapobana & ,iana1 ,,ca2 ,mallao1 on ,jaua1 ,,ce384 #bgc leuia3 ,l]oa1 on ,trapobana1 ,,ca28 #bgd y4 ca9a3 ,caynam1 ,,ca1 ,,ce28,&aman ,isl&s 7,bu*on & ,ta/u1 p4 #acg74 #bge ixole d\e nase p et altre spez ie 7isl&s :]e pepp] & o!r spices are produc$73 ,leg5d on ,,ca runs3 8,9 ! sea ( ! ,indies are #gedh isl&s ( :i* we _c enum]ate "h ! m>vel\s ri*es1 n only 9 gold & silv] b also 9 spices & preci\s /ones02 f ,polo 7ii1 #bfd71 :o also1 l ,le>do1 m5tions pepp]4 #bgf ya de c]idus3 ,c]$im1 ,,ce2 8,s]5dib1 ,arabic "n = ,ceylon4 #bgg y 44corto7873 8,setro*a1 ,,ce28,socotra4 #bgh ,nameless isl&1 corresponds 9 %ape & position to ! ,iana ( ,,ca & ,jaua ( ,,ce2,java 7,cordi]1 ,,ca1 p4 #fa72,sumatra 7,g]9i1 p4 #hcd74 #bgi ,leg5ds on ?is isl& illegible2 x is1 h[ev]1 simil> 9 %ape to ,salam or ,silan ( ,,ce28,ceylon4 #bhj ,illeg43 8 #bha y 44 siliraoil7873 8 ,,xi4 ,s\!rn ,africa ,m\nta9s #bhb ,mo elefans3 ,elephas ,mons on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3aj 7,,fa#ae772,ras el-,fil 7,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t91 #bhh74 #bhc ,monti d\e se caua m 444 ro molto oro1 ,le>do1 #addh 7m\nta9 :]e mu* gold is m9$73 ,pl9y 7,nat4 hi/41 ,,vi1 #ahi7 m5tions ! abundance ( gold 9 ,e?iopia betwe5 ,napata & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,s\? ,%ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea #bhd gob>i3 ,zob> or ,gob>1 ,le>do1 #addh28,zanzib> 7,sant>em1 iii1 #dcg74 #bhe uigie3 8,vuigie1 9 int]ior ( ,pre/] ,john's realm1 ,mauro28 #bhf tobolet7873 8 #bhg scu5dn7873 ,/u5di1 ,mauro28,suak94 #bhh trag$x7873 ,tragoditi1 ,mauro2 ,troglodytica ,regio1 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3 #bg 7,,fa #ae772;c\ntry along ,w coa/ ( ,r$ ,sea betwe5 ,egypt & ,abyss9ia 7,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t91 #dga-dgd74 #bhi satoris7873 ,catoris1 ,mauro28 #bij basag 44 r7873 8 7,b7 ,ea/]n 8,horn0 ( ,africa #bia acoan3 ,aic\m de ,afra1 ,le>do1 #addh 7,sant>em1 iii1 #dcg72 ,hascum1 ,mauro28,axum 9 ,abyss9ia 7,la ,r41 ii1 #aae74 #bib safola3 ,s(rala1 ,mauro28,s(ala4 #bic m$ifola3 8--#bid pr\9zie d(ir3 ,p4 ,dav>o1 ,mauro28,daw>o 9 ,abyss9ia 7,la ,r41 ii1 #aac1 #acb74 #bie gf5uj7873 8 #bif flmodo7873 8 #big dela 44 7873 8 7,c7 ,c5tral ,region #bih miluas7873 8 #bii ,inp]io del pre/o ,jani 7,empire ( ,pre/] ,john73 ,pre/] ,john is %[n 9 ?is "p ( ,africa on ,,ca & ,,ce4 ,on ! orig9s ( ! leg5d ( ,pre/] ,john & on ! transf]5ce ( ! realm ( ?is my?ical pot5tate f ,asia to ,africa 9 popul> tradition see ,kret41 ,,ce1 #ii-aja2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #bhc-bhf4 #cjj ta 4 4 4 n7873 8 #cja grafai3 8 #cjb fe 4 4 47873 8 #cjc mesa3 ,con4 7#cf7 says t ,pre/] ,john always resides at ,malsa 7,jimnez de la ,espada1 #bbb2 ,la ,r41 i1 #fa74 #cjd c>ap7873 8 ,long] ,leg5ds #cje ,,dix]to ,,dexabitado ,,p] ,,caldo 7des]t un9habit$ on acc\nt ( heat73 ,le>do1 #addh1 ,walsp]g]1 #addh1 & ,borgia1 #adeb1 8all %[ a simil> torrid zone1 ?\gh ! !ory 0 prote/$ aga9/ by ,fra ,mauro1 ,diogo ,gomez1 & d\btless by o!rs0 7,a4 ,ra9aud1 ,le cont95t au/ral3 hypo?ses et dc\v]tes1 ,p>is1 #ahic1 #aii72 on ! developm5t & hi/ory ( ?is !ory see especially ,ra9aud1 passim2 also ,wright1 ,lore1 #ah1 #aeg-afa4 #cjf dix]to4 #cjg qui nase hom5i *e ano ,il uolto nel petto 7"h are born m5 :o h ! face 9 ! *e/73 ,su* mon/]s are describ$ by ,sol9us1 #ca1e2 ,isidore1 ,etym41 ,,xi1 #c1 #ag2 & %[n on ! ,h]e=d map 7,mill]1 ,mappaemundi1 iv1 #de74 ,,xii4 ,middle & ,l[] ,nile ,region ,m\nta9s #cjh ,mo4 dimas3 ,mons dimas1 ,mauro28 #cji ,mo4 libuzio3 ,montes ,libyci1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #e3 #ai 7,,fa#ad772;esc>pm5t ov]look+ ,nile ,valley on ,w 7,,pw1 xiii1 #adh74 #caj ,mo4 pilazi3 ,mons ,pollaza1 ,mauro2 8,pylaei ,montes 9 ,e?iopia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3 #bf 7,,fa#ae7728 #caa ,mo4 arazas3 ,arangas ,mons1 9 ,lybia ,int]ior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #ab 7,,fa#ae7728 ,riv]s & ,lakes #cab f4 nillo3 ,! c\rse ( ! ,nile & its tribut>ies corresponds ess5tially ) t ( ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #hi-ia2 see also #cch74 #cac f4 /apus3 ,a/apus ,fl4 9 ,e?iopia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3bd 7,,fa#ae772;,bahr al-,azraq1 or ,blue ,nile 7,,pw1 ii1 #agge-aggf2 ,besni]1 #if74 ,o!r ,natural ,features #cad ,etiopia dezito3 ,e?iopian des]t4 #cae ,libia dix]ta2 ,des]ta ,libya1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3bg 7,,fa#ac774 #caf dix]ta ar5oxa qui nase animali quatrup$i *e ano ,il uolto domo 7s&y des]t :]e are born quadrup$ animals :i* h ! face ( a man73 ,possibly ref]s to ! manti*ora ( ,pl9y 7,nat4 hi/41 ,,viii1 #ba2 see ,wright1 ,lore1 #dfh74 #cag ya4 m]oe3 ,isl& ( ,m]o1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g 7,,fa#ae774 ,edifices 7,a7 ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,r$ ,sea #cah fili/9a3 ,pale/9e4 #cai aid 4 p7873 ,aydip1 ,,ca2,aidhab4 #cbj cidor7873 8 #cba climas3 ,climas1 ,mauro28 7,b7 ,on ! ,nile & ,/apus #cbb alesandria3 ,alex&ria1 ,,ca4 #cbc babilonia3 ,babillonja1 ,,ca2 ,babilonia1 ,,ce2! m$ieval "n ( ,old ,cairo4 #cbd sacon3 ,sohan1 ,,ca2 ,soan1 ,,ce2anct4 ,sy5e1 mod4 ,aswan4 #cbe bac 47873 8 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi ,illeg4 7,c7 ,on ,nor? ,%ore ( ,we/ ,african ,gulf #ccj1 #cca ,illeg4 ,place ,"n1 ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,r$ ,sea #ccb tes 7or tos73 8,*os1 ,,ca2 ,con428,qoseir ,,xiii4 ,upp] ,nile ,region & ,we/ ,africa ,m\nta9s #ccc ,mo4 ,b>dtion7873 ,b>detus ,mons 9 ,e?iopia ,int]ior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #h3 #f 7,,fa#ae774 #ccd ,mo4 ,lune do*o nasitur nillo 7,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon f :i* ! ,nile rises73 ,accord+ to a long leg5d on ,,ce ^! m\nta9s are call$ 8,gibel ,cam> by ! ,s>ac5s1 :i* means ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 9 our tongue02 !y are s high t al?\gh !y lie on ! equator bo? poles may be se5 f !m4 ,! fam\s ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7 fir/ m5tion$ by ,ptolemy 7,,iv1 #h3 #c72 see also ,kret41 ,,ce4 #ia-ib4 #cce ,mo4 capis3 ,caphas ,mons 9 ,libya ,int]ior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #i 7,,fa#ae772 see ,,pw1 x1 #ahib4 #ccf ,mo4 deo ue *ulum7873 8,deorum ,currus ,mons 9 ,libya ,int]ior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3i 7,,fa#ae772 f>!/ po9t s\? on ,w coa/ ( ,africa rea*$ by ,hanno2,mt4 ,sagres 9 ,si]ra ,leone 7,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t91 #cid-cif72;,cam]oons ,m\nta9 7see articles by ,j4 de ,h>t 9 ,j\rn4 ,african ,soc41 xxv1 #aibf1 #bfd-bgg 7not$ 9 ,geogr4 ,rev41 xvi1 #aibf1 #ffa-ffb71 & by ,r4 ,h5nig 9 ,geogr4 ,zeits*r41 xxxiii1 #aibg1 #cgh-cib74 ,isl& #ccg ya4 de pr5je3 8,insula ,palola1 ,c>ignano1 ,piz4 7,fis*]1 #ada728 ,riv]s1 ,lake1 ,seacoa/ #cch ,! upp] c\rse ( ! ,nile ) ! great lake & its tribut>ies ris+ 9 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7#ccd7 corresponds ess5tially to ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #hi-ia72 ,,ce1 h[ev]1 %[s a subt]ranean passage ( ! riv] ,w ( ,m]oe4 ,on anci5t & m$ieval !ories reg>d+ ! c\rse ( ! ,nile1 see ,sim>1 passim2 ,lang5mai]1 #dg-dh2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #cjd-cjf4 ,see also #cab1 #ccd4 #cci ,! bay ) ! r$1 cross-%ap$ isl& is repres5t$ on ,,ce by an isl& 9 ! delta ( ! ,we/-,african riv]4 ,des]t #cdj m>e ar5oxe 7,s&y ,sea73 ,on ,,ce !re are two leg5ds indicat+ s&y areas 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #if74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,nor? ( ,nile-,s5egal #cda ,ro dogan 47873 8,organa1 ,,ca2 ,rey d,organa1 ,,ce2empire ( ,ghana or ,kanem 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cdb ,ro444447873 8 #cdc almesia3 ,almesia1 ,,ca2,mzab 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cdd ma 44 7873 8 7,b7 ,s\? ( ,nile-,s5egal #cde-cdi ,illeg4 #cej ,ro m444nel7873 84 #cea ,illeg4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,betwe5 ,mt4 ,b>dtion & ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon #ceb elcor7873 ,probably an ,arabic "n ) article1 el28 #cec anesa3 8 #ced elundia3 see #ceb28 #cee d5d5ie3 8,d5di ( ,antony ,malfant's n>rative ( a voyage to ,tuat 9 #addg 7,la ,r41 i1 #aed74 #cef drisna3 8 #ceg solla3 ,soll1 ,,ce2 8,sala1 ,idrisi28,sele1 ,s ( ,timbuktu 7,mill]1 ,arab41 #afb74 #ceh burga3 ,burga1 ,,ce1 a m\nta9 9 ,gotonye1 ,con4 7#cd728;,burda1 8m\nta9 region ( ! ,sudan ,e ( riv] ,%>i1 :i* fl[s into ,lake ,*ad1 & ,s ( t[n ( ,k5gas0 7,jimnez de la ,espada1 #ahf74 #cei quilan3 ,quilam1 ,,ce28 7,b7 ,nor? ( ,headwat]s ( ! ,nile #cfj ganugia3 8,geugeu1 ,,ca2,go 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cfa geu5e3 ,g9yia1 ,,ca2 ,gu9eua1 ,,ce2,ghana 7,la ,r41 i1 #ace2 ,kret41 ,,ce1 #if-ig74 #cfb atelas3 8 #cfc ansica3 ,anzi*a1 ,,ca2,9 ,ziza 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf1 #ach74 #cfd tablet3 ,tabelbelt1 ,,ca2 ,tibalb]t1 ,con4 7#cj72,tabelb]t 7,la ,r41 i1 #aah74 #cfe artixe3 8 #cff tocor3 ,tacort1 ,,ca2,tuggurt 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 ,see also #cfh4 7,c7 ,ea/]n ,r[ ( ,names ,n ( ,riv] ,s5egal #cfg tutega3 ,tutega1 ,vilad42,tijikja 7,la ,r41 i1 #ace74 #cfh tocor3 ,dupl4 ( #cff4 #cfi udam3 ,sudan1 ,,ca2,sudan 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cgj tusont3 8 #cga tagaza3 ,tagaza1 ,,ca2,teghaza 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 ,see also #cgc4 #cgb getulla3 ,gaetulia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #ae 7,,fa#ae772;des]t region ,s ( ,morocco4 #cgc tagase3 ,dupl4 ( #cga4 #cgd tem5adis3 ,tem5as91 ,,ca28,tlems54 #cge ,regnio de belemon3 ,rex ,belm>91 ,bianco2 8dyna/y ( ,b5i ,m>9 :i* rul$ 9 ,fez 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury & at ,tremc5 ,tlems5 until #adjg0 7,sim>1 #bie1 f ,sant>em1 iii1 #cfh74 7,d7 ,we/]n ,r[ ( ,names ,n ( ,riv] ,s5egal #cgf ,fis5gan3 ,ihs5gam1 ,vilad42 8"n n[ us$ by ! negroes to designate ! s&y regions on ! we/ bank ( ! ,s5egal0 7,la ,r41 i1 #acd74 #cgg uilodesci3 ,?is "n is s mu* l t ( ! map-mak]1 ,mecia de ,vilade/es1 t "o is almo/ tempt$ to believe t 8 signature has someh[ f\nd its way z a place "n to ,le>do's map4 #cgh tasu3 8 #cgi masc>ota3 ,masc>ota1 ,,ca2 ,masqu>ota1 ,,ce2,tamgrut 7,la ,r41 i1 #acg74 #chj ag(3 8 #cha dun>d93 8,t>udant1 ,idrisi 7,mill]1 ,arab41 #agg728,t>udant4 #chb ubda3 ,ubadu*1 ,,ca28 #chc altam>3 ,alam>a1 ,,ca2 ,zi*ialham>a1 ,con4 7#bi72! ,saghuiet el-,hamra 9 nor!rn ,rio d',oro 7,la ,r41 i1 #acd74 #chd saf9et7873 8 ,,xiv4 ,nor? ,africa ,m\nta9s ,to ! m\nta9 range ( ,nor? ,africa1 a /ock feature on m$ieval maps1 ,le>do adds at r&om g>bl$ ,ptolemaic names4 #che ,mo4 ,j\is3 ,dios vel ,jovis ,mons 9 ,prov9ce ( ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3 #ah 7,,fa#ac771 badly out ( place28,jebel ,zaghwan1 ,,sw ( ,tunis 7,mll]1 i1 #fce74 #chf ,mo4 galcas3 ,zalacus ,mons 9 ,mauretania ,caes>i5sis 7,alg]ia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b1 #ad 7,,fa#ab772;a "p ( ! ,less] ,atlas ,,sw ( ,algi]s 7see ,mll]1 i1 #fja74 #chg ,mo4 usalatus3 ,usalaetus ,mons 9 ,prov9ce ( ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3ah 7,,fa#ac772;,jebel ,usselet ne> site ( ,hadrumetum 7,mll]1 i1 #fce74 #chh ,mo4 mas>us3 ,mamps>us ,mons 9 ,prov9ce ( ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7l4 c474 #chi ,mons4 bur4ea7873 ,buz>a ,mons :]e ,mauretania ,caes>i5sis1 ! ,prov9ce ( ,africa1 & ,libya ,int]ior meet1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b3af2 ,,iv1 #c3af 7,,fa#ac7728;,jebel bu-,kahil1 ,s ( ,bu-,saada1 ,alg]ia 7,,pw1 iii1 #ajid74 #cij ,mo flruxu7873 ,phr\raesus ,mons 9 ,mauretania ,caes>i5sis 7,alg]ia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b3af 7,,fa#ab7728;,jurjura1 ,,se ( ,algi]s 7,mll]1 i1 #fjb74 #cia ,mo4 g>is3 ,g>as ,mons 9 ,mauretania ,caes>i5sis1 ,ptol4 7l4 c474 #cib ,alta mons3 ,atlas ,mons ,m9or on ,atlantic coa/ ( ,mauretania ,t+itana 7,morocco71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #a3b 7,,fa#ab772 see ,,pw1 ii1 #baai4-- ,riv] #cic ,a riv] ris+ ,,sw ( ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s & ent]+ ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean is %[n on _m f\rte5? & fifte5? c5tury maps4 ,on ,,ca1 in/ead ( ris+ 9 a lake ) ?ree tribut>ies1 z ,le>do repres5ts x1 ! riv] encircles ! city ( ,sigilmessa 7,tissimi1 9 oasis ( ,tafilet1 ,mill]1 ,arab41 #agg71 :]e x is ent]$ by f\r tribut>ies f ! s\?2 a bran* is also %[n ent]+ ! ,atlantic4 ,on ,,ce ! riv] corresponds ess5tially to t ( ,,ca1 except t ! bran* to ! ,atlantic has be5 made ! ma9 /ream & ! arm lead+ to ! ,m$it]ranean has be5 sep>at$ f t sea & conv]t$ into a d\bl$-*annel$ tribut>y ( ! ma9 /ream4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,on or ,ne> ! ,m$it]ranean ,coa/ #cid1 #cie ,illeg4 #cif africa7873 ,! ,roman ,prov9ce ( ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c 7,,fa#ac774 #cig tunixi3 ,tunis 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgi74 #cih bona3 ,bne 7ibid41 #fhj74 #cii se 4447873 ,septa ( ,portolan *>ts2,ceuta 7ibid41 #fhc74 7,b7 ,int]ior1 ,along ,nor!rn ,base ( ,m\nta9 ,range #djj ,illeg4 #dja bize/a7873 8,bi*e/1 ,,ca28,biskra4 #djb1 #djc ,illeg4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,on ,m$it]ranean ,coa/ #djd lu*a3 8,a place ne> ,cape ,lukka0 or ,ras el-,melh 7,kret41 ,port41 #fge74 #dje c4 bon&rea3 ,cape ,bon&rea ( ,portolan *>ts2,ras el-,hillil 7ibid474 #djf ,illeg4 #djg bni*o7873 ,b]ni*o ( ,portolan *>ts2anct4 ,b]5ice1 mod4 ,b5ghazi 7ibid41 #fgf74 #djh ,illeg4 #dji licodia3 ,ras el-,omja 7ibid474 #daj sid53 8,sidra1 ,,ca2isl& ( ,abu ,%eifa 7,bu ,sceifa ( ,italian maps7 7ibid474 #daa cas]o s5sor3 ,s5sur 7ibid41 #fgg74 #dab rasimabaxi3 ,ras el-,makhbez 7ibid474 #dac /ora3 ,/ora 7ibid41 #fhj74 #dad ancol3 ,collo 7ibid474 #dae ziz]i3 ,jijeli 7ibid474 #daf buzia3 ,b\gie 7ibid41 #fha74 #dag titelis3 ,cape ,t$less 7ibid474 #dah arzeia3 ,arzeu 7ibid41 #fhb74 #dai or4m7873 ,oran 7ibid474 #dbj s]em3 8,riv] ,s5am 7ibid474 #dba om4e7873 ,hona91 ,cape ,noe 7ibid474 #dbb milela3 ,mellila 7ibid41 #fhc74 #dbc l>&ie3 ,l>cudia ( ! ,portolan *>ts 7ibid4728 #dbd molcm>7873 ,molcem> ( ,portolan *>ts2,alhucemas ,isl&s 7ibid474 7,b7 ,int]ior ( ,morocco #dbe manosa3 8,manora ( ,portolan *>ts2,meh$ia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fhd74 #dbf mosa3 8,messa ( ,portolan *>ts28,massa 7ibid41 #fhe74 #dbg m>an3 8 #dbh zem>3 ,zamor ( ,portolan *>ts2,azammur 7ibid41 #fhd74 7,c7 ,coa/ ( ,morocco #dbi n9fe3 ,niffe ( ,portolan *>ts2,casablanca 7ibid474 #dcj s(93 ,safi 7ibid474 ,,xv4 ,black & ,m$it]ranean ,seas ,names ( ,seas #dca ,m>e mauro7873 ,unnam$ on ,,ca & ,,ce2,black ,sea4 #dcb ,m>e de adriano3 ,adriatic ,sea4 #dcc ,m>e ,medit]rano4 #dcd ,m>e de ,leone3 ,gulf ( ,lions4 ,isl&s #dce ,cipro3 ,cyprus4 #dcf rodo3 ,rhodes4 #dcg sio3 ,*ios 7,kret41 ,port41 #ffj74 #dch arcipellago4 #dci negroponte3 ,euboea4 #ddj ya de *rete 7873 ,crete4 #dda crsi*a4 #ddb s>dignia4 #ddc m9ori*a3 ,m9orca4 #ddd ,maiori*a3 ,majorca4 #dde ,illeg4 ,,xvi4 ,s\?we/]n ,europe ,riv]s #ddf ,! ,guadalquivir3 simil> c\rse on ,,ca & ,,ce4 #ddg f4 liz]3 ,loire4 #ddh f4 /equana3 ,se9e4 #ddi f4 rodenus3 ,rhne4 ,edifices #dej gr 444 7873 ,granada4 #dea ,illeg4 #deb span 444 7873 ,spa94 #dec1 #ded ,illeg4 #dee b>t4nia3 ,brittany4 #def fr 444 a3 ,france4 #deg ,illeg4 #deh 4 ugn 4447873 8,avignon4 #dei pr\i447873 8,prov5ce4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,atlantic ,coa/ #dfj sibilia7873 ,seville4 #dfa lisbona4 #dfb galizia4 #dfc a/ora3 ,a/urias4 #dfd gantiet3 8 7,b7 ,m$it]ranean ,coa/ #dfe malica3 ,malaga4 #dff s>auignia3 ,salobr5a 7,kret41 ,port41 #eha74 #dfg al787m]ia4 #dfg;a c>ta4787enia3 ,c>tag5a4 #dfh lacant]a3 ,alicante 7ibid41 #ehd-ehe74 #dfi d5ia4 #dgj toloxa3 ,tolosa4 #dga ual5za3 ,val5cia4 #dgb tortoxa3 ,tortosa4 #dgc sale3 ,sal\4 #dgd t>agona4 #dge b>zelona4 #dgf anpurie3 ,ampurias4 #dgg coliuro3 ,colli\re #dgh n>bona4 #dgi monpoli]3 ,montpeli]4 #dhj aquemorte3 ,aigues ,mortes4 ,regional ,"n #dha guascognia3 ,gascony4 ,,xvii4 ,atlantic ,ocean & ,isl&s #dhb ,m>e de spagnia4 #dhc ,illeg42,can>y ,isl&s4 #dhd ,+ilt]ra4 #dhe ,s*oz47873 ,scotia2,scotl&4 ,,xviii4 ,c5tral ,europe ,m\nta9s #dhf ,! ,alps run due nor? f nor!rn ,italy4 ,riv]s & ,lake #dhg f4 r5us3 ,rh9e4 #dhh ,! ,elbe1 unnam$ 7see1 h[ev]1 #eac72 simil> c\rse on ,,ce1 ,,ca1 ,bianco1 & o!r maps4 #dhi f4 prexant3 8 #dij f4 sudumr7873 ,sudum]a1 ,,ca2riv] ( ,s&omir1 or ,vi/ula 7,hamy1 #djb74 #dia lacus s5ire7873 8,lacus ,ale*1 ,,cd2 ,lacus ,n]ja1 ,,ca28,bay ( ,putzig 7,hamy1 #djj74 ,edifices #dib-dig ,all illeg4 #dih polana3 ,polonia1 ,,ca2,pol&4 #dii panonia3 8anct4 ,pannonia4 #ejj c>c\ia7873 ,crac\ja1 ,,ca2,crac[4 #eja podol4a3 ,podolia4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,on ! ,rh9e #ejb au/rua7873 ,au/ria4 #ejc colognia4 7,b7 ,betwe5 ,rh9e & ,elbe & on ,elbe #ejd bemia3 ,bohemia4 #eje praga3 ,prague4 #ejf dr5sna3 ,dresd54 #ejg mis53 ,meiss54 #ejh guse3 ,guise1 ,,ca2,wrtz5 7,hamy1 #djg74 #eji aquis3 8 #eaj mogropes3 ,mangobror1 ,,ca28,magdeburg4 #eaa arg5imonde3 ,arg5t ,munde1 ,,ca2 ,tang]mnde 7,bu*on & ,ta/u1 #di74 #eab /5d>3 ,/5dal4 #eac albia3 ,riv] "n made into a place "n2,elbe4 7,c7 ,betwe5 ,elbe & ,baltic #ead g>a gorda7873 ,g>agona1 ,,ca2,glogau 7,hamy1 #djc74 #eae s*lauonia3 ,sclavania1 ! "n appli$ to ! ,slavic fronti] region ( ,g]many 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7,sprun]-,m5cke1 ,hi/or4 ,atlas1 ,mittelalt]1 ,no4 #ca74 #eaf sasonia3 ,saxony4 #eag ludusmaior3 ,ludis ,magna1 ,,ca2 ,lundis ,magna on ,ptolemaic maps ( ! type call$ ,sc&ico-,byzant9e by ,nord5skild 7,p]iplus1 #hh72 ,bondismaguc1 ,con4 7#g2 see ,jimnez de la ,espada #ahd-ahe728,ld]%ag51 ne> ,/ralsund 7,lelewel1 ii1 #fe2 ,hamy1 #djj74 #eah dazia3 ,d5m>k4 #eai prusia3 ,prussia2 see #ebc4 #ebj colb]a3 ,kolb]g4 #eba alec3 ,ale*1 ,,ca2,hela 7,lelewel1 ii1 #fe74 #ebb /et94 #ebc pursia3 ,dupl4 ( #eai4 #ebd godanse3 ,godansse1 ,,ca2,danzig4 #ebe s*eipe7873 ,scorpe1 ,,ca28,/olp 7,hamy1 #djj74 #ebf ,sudana3 ,sudona1 ,,ca2,s&ecz 7ibid41 #djb74 #ebg pantenia3 ,prut5ja1 ,,ca2,knigsb]g on ! ,pregel 7ibid41 #dja74 #ebh eue7873 8 #ebi albig3 ,alb+1 ,,ca2,elb+ 7ibid41 #djb74 ,,xix4 ,italy ,riv] #ecj f4 po4 ,edifices #eca ,illeg43 8,g5oa4 #ecb ,illeg43 8,flor5ce4 #ecc ,illeg43 8,rome4 #ecd ,illeg43 8,naples4 #ece ,illeg43 ,vignette repres5ts ,/4 ,m>k's & ! ,campanile2,v5ice4 ,place ,names #ecf 4 4 g 4 4 7873 8,reggio di ,calabria4 #ecg cotron3 ,cotrone 7,kret41 ,port41 #fah74 #ech t>anto4 #eci otranto4 #edj br&izo3 ,br9disi4 #eda manfr$onia4 #edb gua/o3 ,va/o 7ibid41 #fba74 #edc ortona4 #edd ancona4 #ede fano4 #edf pex>a3 ,pes>o4 #edg rimano3 ,rim9i4 #edh zex5o3 ,ces5atico 7ibid41 #fbc74 #edi rau5a3 ,rav5na4 #eej f]>a4 #eea *ioca3 ,*ioggia 7ibid474 ,,xx4 ,s\!a/]n ,europe ,riv]s ,! riv] sy/em corresponds g5]ally ) t ( ,,ca & ,,ce4 #eeb f4 donoia3 ,danube4 #eec f4 morana3 ,morava4 #eed f4 dr9a3 ,dr94 #eee f4 moree7873 8,moldau4 #eef1 #eeg1 #eeh3 ,?ree unnam$ isl&s 9 ! ,danube2 on ,,ca ^! are nam$3 ,insula de ,jaurim1 ,insula ,buda1 ,insula de ,s]mona7874 ,edifices #eei bu 4 4 47873 8,buda4 #efj m 4 4 l 4 47873 8 #efa ong>ia3 ,hung>y4 #efb s]uia3 ,s]bia4 #efc bosna7873 ,bosnia4 #efd ula*ia3 ,walla*ia4 #efe bulgaria4 ,place ,names #eff dalmazi4 #efg albania4 #efh modon3 ,me?one 7,kret41 ,port41 #fce74 #efi coron3 ,corone 7ibid474 #egj saloni*i4 #ega filipopoli4 #egb s(ia4 #egc &]nopolli3 ,adrianople4 #egd g>ipolli3 ,gallipoli4 #ege p]a4 #egf co/ant9opoli4 ,,xxi4 ,baltic ,sea #egg ,m> de alemani3 ,baltic ,sea4 #egh ya787 gotl&ia3 ,gottl&4 #egi ,illeg4 ,,xxii4 ,sc&9avia ,m\nta9s #ehj ,! m\nta9 sy/em is a simplification ( t %[n on ,,ce4 ,riv]s #eha f4 netur3 ,fl ,nectir1 ,,ce2 ,fl4 ,vectur1 ,,cd2,motala1 outlet ( ,lake ,vett]n 7,hamy1 #chg74 #ehb f4 turontes3 ,turuntus ,fl4 9 ,s>matia1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3b 7,,fa#i772;,dv9a 7,mll]1 i1 #dab74 ,long] ,leg5ds #ehc 9 que/a p> te si caualca su z]vi tori et montoni et su queli fano le loro bataie 79 ?is region !y ride on de]1 bulls1 & %eep1 & on ^! !y make _! battles73 ,comp>e leg5d on ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bad74 #ehd ,9 que/a p>te /a z5te *e non uide ,il sole #d mexe de lano 79 ?is region !re are p :o d n see ! sun = f\r mon?s ( ! ye>73 ,sant>em 7iii1 #dji1 note #b7 sugge/s a relation betwe5 ?is & a passage 9 ,jordanis1 ,de rebus ,geticis 7,monum5ta ,g]maniae hi/orica1 ,auctorum antiquissimorum1 ,vol4 #e1 ,"p #a1 ,b]l91 #ahhb1 p4 #eh7 descriptive ( ! ,adogitae ( ,scanzia1 :o enjoy un9t]rupt$ sun%9e = =ty days & d>kness = an equal p]iod ea* ye> 7see also ,fridtj( ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 i1 #acj-acd74 ,place ,names #ehe n\ega3 ,norway4 #ehf se*amor3 ,scamor1 ,,cd2,skanr 7,hamy1 #dbf74 #ehg sc>sa3 ,sc>sa1 ,,cd3,sk>aborg 7,hamy1 #chc74 #ehh z$9a3 8,&9e1 ,,cd1 :i* is possibly 8nund9ae10 ) ref]5ce to ! fairs ( ,skanr & ,val/]bode 7,hamy1 #che74 #ehi sel&ia3 8,zeal&1 misplac$4 ,see ,nans51 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ii1 #bai4 #eij suzia3 ,suecia1 ,,cd2,sw$5 7,hamy1 #chc1 #dbf74 #eia /o*i3 ,/ocol1 ,,cd2 ,/ocoll1 ,,ce2,/ockholm 7,hamy1 #chf1 #dbg74 #eib ,erma3 8,kalma1 ,,cd2,kalm> 7,hamy1 #chf1 #dbg74 #eic sadezefl+t7873 ,sud]pigel1 ,,cd2 ,sude*p+1 ,,ce2,sd]kp+ 7,hamy1 #chg1 #dbg74 #eid saglat3 ,asillang1 ,,ce2 ,ass+l& on f\rte5? c5tury map 9 ,museo ,borbonico1 ,naples 7,hamy1 #dbg728 #eie rod]93 ,rod]91 ,,cd2 ,,ce2,rod51 anci5t "n = ! ea/ coa/ ( ,sw$52,roslad5 7,hamy1 #chg1 #dbg74 ,,xxiii4 ,ea/]n ,europe ,m\nta9s #eif ,mo4 ripei3 ,dupl4 ( #b4 ,riv]s #eig ,le>do's unnam$ riv] ent]+ ,e extremity ( ,baltic is call$ ,flum ,nu on ,,cd2 ,flum de ,mi1 ,,ce2,volkh( & ,neva1 confus$ 7,hamy1 #cij74 #eih f4 axiazes3 ,axiaces ,fl4 ( ,s>matia ,europae1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3ah 7,,fa#i774 #eii f4 turllo3 ,krets*m] 7,port41 #fdb7 records ,flum5 ,turle only on an anonym\s fifte5? c5tury map 9 ! ,museum fr ,me]eskunde1 ,b]l9 7ibid41 pp4 #acc-ace72;,dnie/] 7ibid41 #fdb74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,nor? ( ,neva #fjj zima*ia ,inf]ior3 8corruption ( ,s>matia1 ,ptol4 7passim 7,,fa#i774 ,see also #ab4 #fja rosia3 ,russia4 7,b7 ,betwe5 ,don1 ,neva1 & ,black ,sea #fjb ,lordo1 apply+ to a gr\p ( t5ts2! ,gold5 ,horde ( ,tat>s 7,hallb41 #cah-cai74 #fjc nog>dia3 ,nogorado1 ,,cd2 ,nogorodo1 ,,ce2,novgorod 7,hamy1 #cij74 #fjd alana3 ,allania1 ,,ca2! ,alans 7,hallb41 #ac-ad74 #fje albana3 ,albania1 ,,nw ( ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ab 7,,fa#ah772 see ,hallb41 #ad-ae2,%irvan & ,daghe/an 7,besni]1 #bi74 #fjf br 4 4 ica7873 ,bran*i*a1 ,,ca2 ,brancica1 ,piz42,briansk 7,hamy1 #cib74 #fjg bra*iat3 8,dupl4 ( #fjf4 #fjh b?nia3 8,bo?nia4 #fji rossia3 ,dupl4 ( #fja4 #faj transiluana3 ,transylvania1 misplac$4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,crimean ,p59sula #faa gotia3 8,a small /ret* ( l& betwe5 ! ,yaila ,range & ! coa/1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g5oese aft] ! f\rte5? c5tury0 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdc72 see also ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dib4 #fab soldaia3 ,sudak1 important trad+ po/ 9 ,g5oese h&s aft] #acfe 7ibid41 #fdd74 #fac gafa3 ,kafa1 ,feodosia 7ibid474 #fad soronti7873 8 #fae uospero3 ,k]* 7ibid474 7,b7 ,at ,ea/]n ,end ( ! ,baltic4 #faf piaha7873 8,p9sk4 #fag letefan pagan3 ,litefanie ,pagans1 ,,ca2,li?uania 7,hamy1 #cih-cii74 7,c7 ,on ,lake at ,headwat]s ( ,neva1 ,don1 & ,volga #fah p]ana3 ,p]um1 ,,ca2 ,,ce,murom 7,hamy1 #cid74 ,,xxiv4 ,f> ,nor? #fai ,,dix]to ,,dexabitado ,,p] ,,fr$o 7des]t un9habit$ because ( cold73 ,see #cje4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,! publications li/$ "h are ^? to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce only is made 9 ! ,notes & ,app5dix4 ,! abbreviations !re employ$ prec$e ea* ref]5ce4 ,besni]3 ,maurice ,besni]1 ,lexique de gographie anci5ne1 ,p>is1 #aiad4 ,bu*on & ,ta/u3 ,j4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bu*on & ,j4 ,ta/u1 ,notice d'un atlas en langue catalane1 manuscrit de l'an #acge1 cons]v p>mi les manuscrits de la ,biblio?que ,royale s\s le ,no #fhaf1 fonds anci51 9-folio maximo1 9 ,notices et extraits de manuscrits de la ,biblio?que du ,roi et autres biblio?ques1 ,vol4 #ad1 ,p>is1 #ahda1 pp4 #a-aeb4 ,only complete transcription & comm5t>y on ! ,catalan ,atlas4 ,see ,,ca4 ,,ca3 ,catalan ,atlas 7i4 e4 map divid$ into six p>*m5t %eets7 ( #acge2 sometimes call$ ,catalan ,atlas ( ,*>les ,v1 to ^: libr>y x belong$4 ,facsimile 93 ,*oix de docum5ts gographiques cons]vs la ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #abc-abd2 ,bu*on & ,ta/u2 ,cordi]1 ,,ca4 ,,cd3 ,map ( ,angell9o ,dulc]t1 #acci4 ,see ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,la mappemonde d',angel9o ,dulc]t1 de ,majorque 7#acci71 #bnd edition1 ,p>is1 #aijc 7) photographic reproduction74 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #aah-aai4 ,,ce3 ,catalan map ( fifte5? c5tury 9 ,biblioteca ,e/5se1 ,mod5a4 ,color$ reproduction accompany+ ,konrad ,krets*m]1 ,die ,katalanis*e ,weltk>te d] ,biblioteca ,e/5se zu ,mod5a1 9 ,zeits*r4 ,gesell4 fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 ,vol4 #cb1 #ahig1 pp4 #fe-aaa1 #aia-bah 7,kret41 ,,ce74 ,photographic reproduction 9 ,f4 ,l4 ,pull1 ,/udi italiani di filologia indo-iranica1 ,vol4 #e1 ,atlas1 ,flor5ce1 #aije4 ,con43 ,libro del conosimi5to de todos los reynos y ti]ras 444 escrito por un franciscano espaol m$iados del siglo ,,xiv4 ,our ref]5ces are to ! pages ( ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham's translation & edition 7( ,jimnez de la ,espada's edition1 q4 v47 entitl$ ,book ( ! ,k ( all ! ,k+doms44441 ,hakluyt ,society ,publs41 ,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 #bi1 ,london1 #aiab4 ,cordi]1 ,,ca3 ,h5ri ,cordi]1 ,l',extrme-,ori5t dans l'atlas catalan de ,*>les ,v1 ,roi de ,france1 9 ,bullet9 de gographie hi/orique et descriptive1 ,vol4 #aj1 #ahie1 pp4 #ai-fd4 ,cordi]1 ,s] ,m4 ,p43 ,h5ri ,cordi]1 ,s] ,m>co ,polo3 ,notes & ,add5da to ,sir ,h5ry ,yule's ,edition1 ,conta9+ ! ,results ( ,rec5t ,rese>* & ,discov]y1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aibj4 ,,fa3 ,see ,ptolemy4 ,fis*]3 ,!obold ,fis*]1 ,sammlung mittelalt]li*] ,welt- und ,seek>t5 itali5is*5 ,ursprungs und aus itali5is*5 ,biblio!k5 und ,ar*iv5 h]ausgegeb5 und erlut]t1 ,v5ice1 #ahhf4 ,text accompany+ ,raccolta4 ,g]9i3 ,g4 ,e4 ,g]9i1 ,rese>*es on ,ptolemy's ,geography ( ,ea/]n ,asia 7,fur!r ,india & ,indo-,malay ,ar*ipelago71 con/itut+ ,asiatic ,society ,monographs ,no4 #a1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,hallb3 ,iv> ,hallb]g1 ,l',extrme ,ori5t dans la littrature et la c>tographie de l',occid5t des ,,xiiie1 ,,xive1 et ,,xve sicles3 tude sur l'hi/oire de la gographie1 ,gteborg1 #aijf4 ,alphabetical li/ ( place names ?r\gh\t ,asia z a :ole 7n m]ely ! ,f> ,ea/7 ) v>iant =ms1 ref]5ces to ! s\rces1 & id5tifications4 ,hamy3 ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,les orig9es de la c>tographie de l',europe sept5trionale1 9 ,bullet9 de gographie hi/orique et descriptive1 ,vol4 #c1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ccc-dcb4 ,jimnez de la ,espada3 ,mrcos ,jimnez de la ,espada1 editor1 ,libro del conosimi5to de todos los reynos y ti]ras 444 escrito por un franciscano espaol m$iados del siglo ,,xiv1 ,madrid1 #ahgg4 ,see also ,con4 ,kret41 ,,ce3 ,see ,,ce4 ,kret41 ,port43 ,konrad ,krets*m]1 ,die itali5is*5 ,portolane des ,mittelalt]s1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,k>tographie und ,nautik1 con/itut+ ,v]ff5tli*ung51 ,in/it4 fr ,me]eskunde und ,geographis*es ,in/it4 an d] ,univ]sitt ,b]l91 ,no4 #ac1 ,b]l91 #aiji4 ,?is fundam5tal /udy includes a descriptive li/ ( ! pr9cipal portolan *>ts & a li/ ( ! names %[n on !m along ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic1 ) id5tifications ) mod]n names4 ,la ,r43 ,*>les de ,la ,roncire1 ,la dc\v]te de l',afrique au moy5 ge1 c>tographes et explorateurs1 ,vols4 #a & #b1 ,cairo1 #aibe4 ,lelewel3 ,joa*im ,lelewel1 ,gographie du moy5 age1 #e vols4 & atlas1 ,brussels1 #aheb-aheg4 ,mauro3 ,fra ,mauro's map ( ! _w1 c4 #adeh1 9 ,doge's ,palace1 ,v5ice4 ,mu* r$uc$ photographic reproduction 9 ,raccolta1 ,no4 #ae2 copy 9 ,sant>em1 ,atlas4 ,see ,zurla2 ,kret41 ,port41 p4 #adj4 ,mill]1 ,arab43 ,konrad ,mill]1 ,mappae arabicae3 arabis*e ,welt- und ,lnd]k>t5 des #i4-ac4 ,jahrhund]ts1 #f vols4 7( :i* ,vols4 #c1 #d1 & #e h n yet appe>$71 ,/uttg>t1 #aibf-aibg4 ,mill]1 ,mappaemundi3 ,konrad ,mill]1 ,mappaemundi3 die lte/5 ,weltk>t51 #f vols41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahie-ahih4 ,mll]3 ,c>l ,mll]1 editor1 ,claudii ,ptolemaei geographia1 ,vol4 #a1 ,p>ts #a & #b1 & ,atlas1 ,p>is #ahhc1 #aija4 ,cov]s ,bks4 ,i-,v only4 ,see ,ptol4 ,nord5skild1 ,p]iplus3 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild1 ,p]iplus1 an ,essay on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,*>ts & ,sail+-,directions1 transl4 by ,f4 ,a4 ,ba!r1 ,/ockholm1 #ahig4 ,piz43 ,francesco ,pizigano's map1 #acfg1 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>ma4 ,copy 9 ,e4-,f4 ,jom>d1 ,les monum5ts de la gographie1 ou recueil d'anci5nes c>tes4444 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #aba-abb4 ,polo3 ,m>co ,polo1 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo ! ,v5etian ,conc]n+ ! ,k+doms & ,m>vels ( ! ,ea/1 translat$ & edit$ ) notes by ,sir ,h5ry ,yule1 #crd edition revis$ by ,h5ri ,cordi]1 #b vols41 ,london1 #aijc4 ,except :]e o!rwise indicat$ all ref]5ces are to volumes & pages ( ?is edition4 ,ptol43 ,ptolemy 7,claudius ,ptolemaeus71 ,geographia1 edit$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,a4 ,nobbe1 #c vols41 ,leipzig1 ,vol4 #a1 #ahih2 ,vol4 #b1 #aiac2 ,vol4 #c1 n4 d4 ,ref]5ces are to book1 *apt]1 & section ( ?is edition4 ,ref]5ces indicat$ by ,,fa are to ! plates on :i* reproductions f ! ,rome1 #adij1 edition are giv5 9 ,a4 ,e4 ,nrd5skild1 ,facsimile-,atlas to ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,c>tography ) ,reproductions ( ! ,mo/ ,important ,maps ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,,xv & ,,xvi ,c5turies1 translat$ f ! ,sw$i% ,orig9al by ,j4 ,a4 ,ekelf & ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,/ockholm1 #ahhi4 ,pull1 ,vat43 ,see ,vat4 ,,pw3 ,paulys ,real-encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 new edition begun by ,georg ,wiss[a4 #ae vols1 & #d supplem5ts h appe>$ 7#aibg71 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid-4 ,raccolta3 ,raccolta di mappamondi e c>te nauti*e del ,,xiii al ,,xvi secolo1 7,h4 ,f4 & ,m4 ,mn/]1 succe$$ by7 ,f]d4 ,ongania1 ,v5ice1 7#ahfi871 #ahha4 7,s]ies ( photographic facsimiles ( #ag maps1 also kn[n z ,ongania ,collection4 ,see ,fis*]47 ,ra9aud3 ,arm& ,ra9aud1 ,le cont95t au/ral3 hypo?ses et dc\v]tes1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,sant>em3 ,le ,vicomte de ,sant>em1 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de la cosmographie et de la c>tographie p5dant le moy5-age44441 #c vols4 & atlas1 ,p>is1 #ahdi-aheb4 ,sprun]-,m5ke3 ,k4 von ,sprun] & ,?4 ,m5ke1 ,h&-atlas fr die ,ges*i*te des ,mittelalt]s und d] neu]5 ,zeit 7?ird edition ( ,sprun]'s atlas revis$ by ,m5ke71 ,go?a1 #ahhj4 ,vat43 ,map 9 ,vatican ,libr>y1 fondo ,museo ,borgiano1 ,no4 ,v4 ,photographic reproduction ) comm5t>y 93 ,f4 ,l4 ,pull1 ,una c>ta it9]>ia del secolo ,,xv ,vaticana ,borgiana1 con/itut+ ,/udi italiani di filologia indo-iranica1 ,vol4 #e1 ,la c>tografia antica dell' ,india1 ,"p #b1 ,app5dix #d1 ,flor5ce1 #aije 7,pull1 ,vat474 ,vilad43 ,map ( ,mecia de ,vilade/es1 #adac4 ,color$ reproduction ( ,african portion z frontispiece ( ,la ,r41 ,vol4 #a4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 p4 #abf4 ,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t93 ,l\is ,vivi5 de ,/4 ,m>t91 ,le nord de l',afrique dans l'antiquit grecque et roma9e3 tude hi/orique et gographique1 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 ,wright1 ,lore3 ,j4 ,k4 ,wright1 ,! ,geographical ,lore ( ! ,"t ( ! ,crusades3 a ,/udy 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval ,sci5ce & ,tradition 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 con/itut+ ,am]ican ,geographical ,society ,rese>* ,s]ies ,no4 #ae1 ,new ,york1 #aibe4 ,yule1 ,ca?43 ,sir ,h5ry ,yule1 ,ca?ay & ! ,way ,?i!r1 #bnd edit41 edit$ by ,h5ri ,cordi]1 #d vols41 ,hakluyt ,society ,publs41 ,s]4 #b1 ,vols4 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 ,london1 #aiac-aiaf4 ,yule1 ,polo3 ,see ,polo4 ,zurla3 ,placido ,zurla1 ,il mappamondo di ,fra ,mauro ,camaldolese1 ,v5ice1 #ahjf4 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,! ,,le>do ,,map ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,ho5 ,a4 ,ho5 ,company1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s usually ask$ 9 reg>d to ! reproduction or facsimile ( an old map is3 8,h[ 0 x made80 ,to answ] ?is "q & to give "s idea ( ! difficult te*nical problems involv$1 ,mr4 ,ho51 "u ^: direction ! ,society's reproduction ( ! ,le>do ,map 0 made1 has be5 k9d en\gh to furni% ! foll[+ note4--,j4 ,k4 ,w4 ,! ,le>do ,map is pa9t$ on p>*m5t4 ,"s ( ! colors h fad$1 & o!rs "h & !re h sep>at$ f ! sk91 leav+ blanks 9 ! pa9t+4 ,! latt] defects are especially noticeable 9 ! yell[ zones encircl+ ! map prop]4 ,to avoid ! injection ( ! p]sonal elem5t into ! reproduction1 no attempt 0 made to re/ore ! miss+ lett]s or symbols4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t 9 cases ( p>tial legibility ! v pale/ p>ts ( ! fad$ manuscript may h fail$ to regi/] 9 ! reproduction1 al?\gh great c>e 0 be/[$ on ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,z a fir/ /ep 9 ! reproduction ( ! map1 color sep>ation negatives 7 made on photographic plates s5sitiz$ = all ! colors4 ,by int]pos+ prop] light filt]s & by mak+ sep>ate exposures = ea* color1 negatives giv+ r$1 yell[ or gre51 & blue or purple values 7 made1 toge!r ) a f\r? negative giv+ neutral tones--black & grays4 ,z ! la/ negative compreh5ds almo/ ! entire base ( ! map1 special att5tion 0 devot$ to its conv]sion into a pr9t+ plate4 ,! process employ$ is kn[n 9 ,g]many z 8,alb]type0 or 8,li*tdruck10 9 ,engl& z 8collotype10 & 9 ,am]ica z 8heliotype0 or 8photogelat940 ,( ^! names1 8collotype0 seems to be ! mo/ fitt+4 ,briefly1 ?is process consi/s ( s5sitiz+ a gelat9 film ) a *romic salt & expos+ x to light "u a negative4 ,9 proportion to ! am\nt ( light pass+ ! negative !re w be a reaction 9 ! *romat$ gelat94 ,9 ?is reaction ! gelat9 loses its p[] ( absorb+ wat] & takes on ! opposite prop]ty ( hold+ 8non-wat]y0 sub/ances1 su* z pr9t+ ink4 ,! action ( ! light is a grad$ "o1 v>y+ f full effect "u ! cle> p>ts ( ! negative to nil "u ! v d5se p>ts4 ,a simil> gradation 9 ink-reta9+ p[]s is acquir$ by ! expos$ gelat9 film4 ,?us1 :]e ! light ex]ts full effect ! gelat9 w be completely h>d5$ & w hold ! ink 9 its greate/ int5sity 7solid72 ! p>ts :i* receive less light or none at all w hold ! ink 9 att5uat$ quantity4 ,! lights & %ades ( ! mono*rome picture are ?us reproduc$4 ,9 ord] t ! film may ex]cise ?is selective p[] ( tak+ on or reject+ ink x is necess>y t ! unalt]$ p>ts be kept moi/4 ,!re=e1 aft] exposure "u ! negative1 ! film is wa%$ to free ! gelat9 ( ! unus$ *romates4 ,:ile /ill moi/ x is roll$ ) a roll] c>ry+ pr9t+ ink4 ,?is roll] w dis*>ge its ink on ! h>d5$ p>ts ( ! film 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( light t ea* "p has receiv$ ?r\gh ! negative4 ,if a %eet ( pap] is !n press$ on ! ink$ film x w lift ! ink & ! result+ impression w be ( ! same "* z ! base color ( ! ,le>do ,map4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t z ! light-affect$ & h>d5$ surface ( ! film accommodates itself to ! unaffect$ und]ly+ gelat9 7z ! latt] swells 9 wa%+7 x breaks up into a net ( l9es4 ,?is reticulation is b>ely p]ceptible 9 ! high lights ( ! picture b gradually increases 9 /r5g? until ! me% fuses into ! solid color ( ! deepe/ %ades4 ,x w n[ be app>5t t ! feasibility ( pr9t+ ^! colloid plates h+es on ! fact t ! grad$ ink-attract+ me% is sep>at$ by inv]sely grad$ ink-repell+1 int]/itial1 unalt]$1 & moi/ gelat94 ,its me% n be+ app>5t to ! unaid$ eye1 ! collotype approa*es ! fidelity ( a true photograph 9 ! r5d]+ ( details4 ,= ?is reason1 ! collotype process has be5 select$ z be/ suit$ = ! reproduction ( ! ,le>do base4 ,! color+ ( ! map 0 done by ov]pr9t+1 9 li?ography1 z _m colors z 7 deem$ necess>y to convey a fair idea ( ! orig9al4 ,li?ographic plates 7 made f ! color sep>ation negatives m5tion$ above4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! li?ographic process are1 broadly1 simil> to ^? describ$ = gelat9 pr9t+1 ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! process be+ a wat]-absorb+ gr\nd mass 7lime/one7 9 place ( ! gelat9 & a wat]-repell+ & ink-attract+ surface affection simil> to t creat$ by ! action ( light on ! *romat$ gelat9 film4 ,li?ographic /one is an amorph\s c>bonate ( lime ( f9e1 close texture4 ,x has an aff9ity = wat]--t is1 x is easily kept damp4 ,?is aff9ity may be de/roy$ by *ang+ ! c>bonate ( lime to "s wat]-resi/+ salt1 su* z ! oleate1 or by add+ to ! surface ( ! /one a film hav+ ! same p[]4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods 7 utiliz$ 9 mak+ ! color plates ( ! ,le>do ,map4 ,a numb] ( li?ographic /ones 7 prop]ly surfac$ & ?is surface cov]$ ) v ?91 light-s5sitive1 colloid films4 ,! color sep>ation negatives 7 expos$ ov] ^! s5sitive films & ! result+ photographs on /one gave ! r$1 yell[1 blue1 & o!r values ( ! orig9al z !y _h be5 analyz$ by ! light filt]s4 ,no color sep>ation process1 h[ev]1 c elim9ate f ! areal color+ ! black & grays ( ! base4 ,simil>ly1 ! colors !mselves absorb a c]ta9 am\nt ( :ite light s t ! effect ( ! areal color+ is also felt 9 ! mono*rome reproduction ( ! base map 7e4 g41 gray lett]+ is lo/ 9 heavily color$ areas74 ,= ?is reason1 x is necess>y to correct by h& ! unnatural effect produc$ by ! ov]pr9t+ ( all ! color plates 9 ! d>k] portions ( ! picture4 ,li?ography is be/ suit$ = ! control ( ^! difficulties1 & = ?is reason ! color plates 7 made on /one4 ,! me*anical pr9t+ ( ! edition f gelat9 or /one embraces ?ree ess5tial op]ations3 7#a7 moi/5+ ! plate by damp+ roll]s2 7#b7 ink+ ! plate by ink+ roll]s2 7#c7 press+ ( suitable pap] on ! ink$ plate4 ,aft] ! base is pr9t$1 ! base plate is tak5 f ! press1 ano!r plate1 c>ry+ "o ( ! map colors1 is plac$ 9 position1 & ! prop] color put on ! ink+ roll]s4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! second color is !n done z 0 t ( ! base4 ,simil> *anges ( ! pr9t+ plates & color$ inks foll[ 9 ord] = ea* ( ! colors :i* make up ! complete map4 ,eight color pr9t+s 9 addition to ! base color 7 f\nd necess>y = ! prop] r5d]+ ( ! ,le>do pa9t+4 ,"o ( ^!1 a light gray-buff1 cov]s ! area ( ! p>*m5t & s]ves to br+ x out f ! :ite pap] backgr\nd4 ,9 select+ a suitable pap] = ?is reproduction1 c]ta9 qualities _h to be consid]$4 ,among ^! 7 good pr9t+ surface1 durability1 & z mu* /r5g? z c\ld be _h along ) ! above ess5tials4 ,a *>t plate pap] ( high rag cont5t 0 made especially = ! "w4 ,,key ,,maps ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--;,g5]al key map4 ,! numb]s correspond to ^? ( ! ma9 c5t] heads 9 ! comm5t>y on pp4 #cb-fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--;,detail$ key map3 nor!a/]n section4 ,! numb]s 9 ?is & 9 ,figs4 #f-i correspond to ! ,arabic numb]s on pp4 #cb-fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--;,detail$ key map3 ea/-c5tral section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g--;,detail$ key map3 s\!a/]n section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--;,detail$ key map3 nor?we/]n section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--;,detail$ key map3 we/-c5tral section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--;,detail$ key map3 s\?we/]n section4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,correct$ a few palpable typographical errors4 --,9 ! ,detail$ ,cont5ts1 broke p>agraphs up s t ea* numb] 7label7 is on a sep>ate l9e4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4