,illustration3 ,fig4 #a--,the ,leardo ,map of the ,world1 #adeb or #adec4 ,,american ,,geographical ,,society ,,library ,,series ,,no4 #d ,,the ,,leardo ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,world #adeb ,,or #adec ,in the ,collections of the ,american ,geographical ,society ,,by ,,john ,,kirtland ,,wright1 ,ph4,d4 ,librarian1 ,american ,geographical ,society ,,with ,a ,,note ,,on ,,the ,,reproduction ,,of ,,the ,,map ,,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,hoen ,illustration3 ,,american ,,geographical ,,society ,,of ,,new ,,york #ahed ,,american ,,geographical ,,society ,,broadway ,,at #aef,,th ,,street ,,new ,,york #aibh ,,copyright1 #aibh ,,by ,,the ,,american ,,geographical ,,society ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,rumford ,,press ,,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,contents ,,page ,the ,leardo ,map of the ,world1 #adeb or #adec #a ,the ,calendar and the ,inscription ,beneath ,it #b ,the ,map ,disk #d ,sources of ,leardo's ,geography #f ,the ,known ,world ,according to ,leardo #aj ,asia #aj ,africa #ae ,the ,mediterranean #af ,europe #ag ,notes #ba ,appendix3 ,detailed ,comments on the ,map #ca ,explanation #ca ,i4 ,northern ,asia #cb ,,ii4 ,far ,eastern ,asia #ce ,,iii4 ,india #cg ,,iv4 ,central ,asia #dj ,v4 ,persia #da ,,vi4 ,mesopotamia and ,syria #db ,,vii4 ,arabia #dd ,,viii4 ,asia ,minor #de ,,ix4 ,armenia1 ,caucasia1 and ,southeastern ,russia #df ,x4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,persian ,gulf1 and ,red ,sea #dg ,,xi4 ,southern ,africa #dg ,,xii4 ,middle and ,lower ,nile ,region #di ,,xiii4 ,upper ,nile ,region and ,west ,africa #ej ,,xiv4 ,north ,africa #eb ,,xv4 ,black and ,mediterranean ,seas #ed ,,xvi4 ,southwestern ,europe #ee ,,xvii4 ,atlantic ,ocean and ,islands #ef ,,xviii4 ,central ,europe #ef ,,xix4 ,italy #eg ,,xx4 ,southeastern ,europe #eg ,,xxi4 ,baltic ,sea #eh ,,xxii4 ,scandinavia #eh ,,xxiii4 ,eastern ,europe #ei ,,xxiv4 ,far ,north #fj ,list of ,references #fc ,the ,reproduction of the ,leardo ,map1 by ,a4 ,b4 ,hoen #ga ,,illustrations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,the ,leardo map of the world1 #adeb or #adec frontispiece #b4 ,passage from mid-eighteenth century manuscript of the ,doge ,marco ,foscarini referring to ,leardo map of #addg #bc #c4 ,passage from mid-eighteenth century manuscript of ,giovanni ,agostini referring to ,leardo map of #addg #bc #d4 ,general key map at end of book #e4 ,detailed key map2 northeastern section at end of book #f4 ,detailed key map2 east-central section at end of book #g4 ,detailed key map2 southeastern section at end of book #h4 ,detailed key map2 northwestern section at end of book #i4 ,detailed key map2 west-central section at end of book #aj4 ,detailed key map2 southwestern section at end of book ,,the ,,leardo ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,world #adeb ,,or #adec ,the notes will be found on pp4 #ba-bh4 ,in #aijf ,archer ,m4 ,huntington1 ,esq41 presented to the ,american ,geographical ,society one of three known maps of the world signed and dated by the ,venetian1 ,giovanni ,leardo4 ,of these1 the oldest1 as well as the crudest and simplest1 is preserved in the ,communal ,library at ,verona and carries the date #addb4a ,the second 7#addh71 somewhat more elaborate in design1 belongs to the ,civic ,museum at ,vicenza4#b ,the ,society's map1#c the largest of the three1 bears the signature in the lower right-hand corner3 ,johanes ,leardus de ,venetteis me fezit abano domini #ade84 ,the last digit in this inscription is partly mutilated2 the date1 however1 is probably either #adeb or #adec4d ,the ,society's map is of primary interest as revealing a conception of the earth's surface typical of the century preceding the discovery of ,america4 ,in its blending of colors and pleasing general composition it forms a work of art of no slight decorative value4 ,furthermore1 the encircling calendar and many details on the map proper are distinctly unusual4#e ,the ,society has therefore undertaken the publication of a full-sized colored facsimile1 in explanation of which the present book was prepared4 ,drawn on a piece of parchment measuring #bh by #bc inches 7#gb4d #ei4d cm471 the original is in a fair state of preservation except for two pieces torn from the left-hand side1 for discolorations1 and for the fading of some of the inscriptions4 ,fortunately1 no part of the map itself has been seriously injured4 ,the ,calendar and the ,inscription ,beneath ,it ,the calendars encircling ,leardo's three maps constitute exceptional additions4 ,of these calendars1 the one on the ,society's map is the most interesting4 ,the inscription in the panel below the circles1 in part an explanation of the calendar1 is somewhat awkwardly phrased in the ,venetian dialect of the fifteenth century1 but1 although it lacks the beginning of each line1 the meaning is fairly clear1 especially when certain of the missing lines are reconstructed from the corresponding inscription on the map in ,vicenza4#f ,in the first two lines the cartographer makes an excursion into the realm of theology4 ,according to ,dr4 ,arthur ,c4 ,mc,giffert1 to whom the present writer submitted the passage1 this part of the inscription is 8evidently not the work of a theologian1 for it makes ,god the creator #8of all things created and uncreated' 7the credal phrase is #8things visible and invisible'71 and in the next clause runs the ,trinity 7#8three persons and one common substance'7 and the person of ,christ together as if they were the same thing4 ,there are reminiscences of the ,nicene creed1 but the whole is theologically a hodge-podge40 ,this passage is followed by a statement that the map shows how the land and islands stand in relation to the seas and how the many provinces and mountains and principal rivers are distributed on the land4 ,then1 on the asserted authority of ,macrobius1 8a very excellent astrologer and geometrician10 figures are given for the dimensions of the earth and of various heavenly bodies4 ,these are quite fanciful1 bearing little relation to the corresponding figures actually cited by ,macrobius4#g ,the astronomical details are followed in the third paragraph by the explanation of the calendar4 ,the latter consists of eight concentric circles1 of which the innermost gives the dates of ,easter for ninety-five years1 from ,april #a1 #adec1 to ,april #aj1 #aedg2 when ,easter falls in ,april1 ,a is written in the small compartment1 when in ,march1 ,m2 leap years are designated by ,b 78bissextile years074 ,the second circle shows the names of the months1 beginning with ,march1 which was officially reckoned the first month of the year in the ,republic of ,venice until as late as #agigh2 it also tells the day1 hour1 and minute when the sun enters each of the twelve signs of the zodiac4 ,the third1 fourth1 fifth1 and sixth circles enable one to calculate the phases of the moon4 ,in the third circle the first nineteen letters of the alphabet represent in order the years of the ,metonic lunisolar cycle4 ,these years were usually designated by the golden numbers1 but before the ,gregorian reform letters were frequently employed in place of the numbers4 ,leardo explains that ,c stands for #adec1 ,d for #aded1 and so on until ,t is reached1 after which we begin over again at ,a4#i ,a letter is placed opposite the figures 7in the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth circles7 showing respectively the day of the month1 the hour of the day1 and the 8point of the hour0 at which the 8conjunction of the moon0 7i4 e4 new moon7 will take place in the years to which the letter refers4 ,for example1 there will be a new moon on ,april #h1 #adec1 at #af hours1 #bjj points4#aj ,leardo adds that there are #ajhj points in an hour4#aa ,the seventh circle gives the dominical1 or 8,sunday10 letters2 these are indicated opposite the days of the month 7fourth circle7 on which ,sunday falls in the years designated by the seven first letters of the alphabet4 ,if we know the dominical letter for any particular year1 we may thus determine the days of the week4#ab ,leardo1 however1 does not specify the years to which the dominical letters in his calendar refer4 ,the eighth and ninth circles give the lengths of the days in hours and minutes4#ac ,from this we see that the vernal equinox fell on ,march #aa1 inasmuch as the calendar was constructed before the ,gregorian reform4 ,finally1 in the tenth circle saints' days and other religious festivals are shown4#ad ,the four figures in the spaces between the calendar and the outer edge of the parchment represent the four evangelists3 the lion for ,st4 ,mark1 the bull for ,st4 ,luke1 the angel for ,st4 ,matthew1 and the eagle 7of which only the head shows7 for ,st4 ,john4#ae ,the ,map ,disk ,it should be noted first that east is at the top of the map and ,jerusalem at the center2 hence the long axis of the ,mediterranean runs vertically up the southern half of the disk4 ,with the exception of the ,red ,sea1 appropriately colored1 the seas are uniformly blue4 ,the lands are left the natural color of the bleached parchment except for a fiery red region in the far south bearing the legend3 8,desert uninhabited because of heat10 and a dreary brown waste in the far north marked3 8,desert uninhabited because of cold40 ,islands are tinted either red or yellow1 with green patches in the interior of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,the only other natural features depicted are mountains1 rivers1 and lakes1 although certain deserts are mentioned in legends4 ,mountain ranges are represented by rows of mounds1 alternately red1 green1 and blue1 and each rising symmetrically in two or three steps4 ,rivers are blue and1 as frequently on medieval maps1 sometimes connect one sea with another1 or at least have common sources4 ,a yellow lake1 labeled 8,sandy ,sea10 lies in the midst of the ,sahara4 ,vignettes of castles1 walled towns1 and churches stand for cities1 kingdoms1 and regions4 ,in most cases the names have been written upon the vignettes themselves2 since the latter are also colored pink or green1 the letters are frequently obscured and quite illegible4 ,many towns and districts are shown by red dots beside which the names are written in ink1 once black but now faded with age4 ,these names were inserted after the vignettes were drawn1 for in many instances they are tilted or compressed to fit the available space4 ,the draftsman did not venture to write any name to the left of the dot to which it belongs2 as he could not write on the blue of the seas1 he was obliged to invert the map in the case of places on south-facing coasts4 ,names of islands and seas1 which had to be written on water surfaces1 are inclosed in small yellow panels4 ,the names of the continents1 the two inscriptions relating to the polar and equatorial deserts1 and the words 8,terrestrial ,paradise0 are in red capitals2 but all other names are in minuscule1 usually without an initial capital4 ,besides place names there are a few longer legends4 ,winds blowing from the four cardinal and four intermediate points of the compass are shown by eight faces around the edge of the disk4 ,those to the north1 northwest1 and northeast are blue1 suggesting cold blasts from these quarters2 the other faces are ruddy4 ,although decorative1 the ,leardo map lacks many of the pictorial elements--animals1 birds1 preposterous monsters--that enliven the blank spaces on other medieval maps4 ,with the exception of the eight wind faces and the symbolic figures of the evangelists no living creatures1 whether animals or men1 are graphically represented4 ,sources of ,leardo's ,geography ,briefly stated1 the sources of ,leardo's geography are to be sought in the information accumulated by the ,greeks and ,romans1 as added to and altered during the early ,middle ,ages by the ,church ,fathers on the basis of the interpretation of the ,bible and as later augmented by the work of medieval travelers1 merchants1 and sailors4 ,at a very early period the ,greeks developed the idea 7borrowed1 perhaps1 from the ,babylonians#af7 that the earth is a flat disk surrounded by the ,ocean ,stream4 ,this conception seems to have given rise to a cartographic tradition followed by certain ancient and medieval map-makers who had long outgrown the belief that the earth is actually flat4 ,thus ,leardo draws a circular land mass1 or oikoumene1 surrounded by a narrow hem of water4 ,we cannot1 however1 question his belief in the sphericity of the earth1 for otherwise he could hardly have held the views expressed in the panel below the calendar4 ,furthermore1 his two legends relating to the fiery and frozen deserts echo a theory that was propounded in classical times and based on the hypothesis of a spherical earth4 ,this theory1 worked out in detail by ,crates of ,mallos1 is briefly as follows4#ag ,around the equatorial circumference of the globe is a fiery zone so intensely hot that no man can cross it4 ,this zone cuts off all communication with the southern hemisphere4 ,the north and south polar caps are uninhabitable because of the cold4 ,an ocean encircling the globe from north to south intercepts communication with the half of the northern hemisphere opposite the oikoumene4 ,many maps were made in the ,middle ,ages to illustrate this conception4 ,leardo presumably had it in mind and did not intend to represent either a flat disk or a complete hemisphere but merely a circular portion of the earth's surface lying north of the equator4 ,in its orientation1 with east and the ,terrestrial ,paradise at the top and with ,jerusalem at the center1 the map follows the ,christian tradition of the earlier ,middle ,ages4 ,other features reflecting the influence of the ,scriptures are ,noah's ,ark resting on top of ,mt4 ,ararat1 ,mt4 ,sinai1 the exaggerated length of the ,river ,jordan1 and an inscription in the far northeast referring to ,gog and ,magog4 ,later medieval contacts between ,europe and remote lands are revealed in names derived from ,marco ,polo and possibly from other ,western travelers who had visited the ,orient1 as well as in the ,arabic names in ,asia and ,africa4 ,medieval navigators' charts also influenced ,leardo4 ,towards the close of the thirteenth century sailors in the ,mediterranean--particularly ,italians and ,catalans--began making marine maps 7known as portolan charts7 that far surpassed all earlier maps in the accurate delineation of coast lines4 ,the majority of these show the ,mediterranean and ,atlantic coasts of ,europe and of north ,africa but little of the interior of the continents and nothing of the farther parts of ,asia4 ,some1 however1 were used as the basis for maps of the world4 ,on the latter the shore lines were derived from the navigators' charts1 and the remaining regions were compiled from other sources4 ,the ,leardo map belongs in this category4 ,among the existing maps dating from the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries our ,leardo map is very closely related to the group of maps drawn by the famous ,catalan cartographers of ,majorca in the ,balearic ,islands4 ,in its general outlines it is so strikingly like a ,catalan map of about #adej now preserved in the ,este ,library at ,modena#ah that we must assume a common cartographic ancestor at no great distance back4 ,there are1 however1 certain legends on the ,este map that ,leardo does not give1 particularly the long inscriptions and a multitude of place names on the ,mediterranean and ,atlantic coasts4 ,leardo's map1 on the other hand1 has features not shown on the ,este map4 ,these are of two sorts3 7#a7 place names in ,asia and ,africa1 the counterparts of which may be found on other ,catalan#ai and ,italian#bj maps of the period2 and 7#b7 river1 mountain1 and province names taken directly from ,ptolemy4 ,there are also not a few names whose origins or counterparts on other maps ,i have been unable to trace4 ,ptolemy's ,geography had been neglected during the earlier ,middle ,ages1 but the enthusiastic interest in ,greek literature which characterized the early ,renaissance had led to its translation into ,latin shortly before ,leardo's time4#ba ,a strict interpretation of ,ptolemy's data would have necessitated a complete redrafting of the outlines of the continents1 as was done on the ,ptolemaic atlases of the mid- and late fifteenth century4 ,leardo made no such attempt4 ,the extent of his concession to the ,ptolemaic geography was to sprinkle a few of ,ptolemy's names over a medieval base and to add the ,rivers ,indus and ,oechardes in eastern ,asia4#bb ,the ,known ,world ,according to ,leardo ,the numbers in parentheses correspond to the reference numbers in the ,appendix 7pp4 #cb-fj7 and on the key maps at the end of the book4 ,in the ,appendix 7pp4 #ca-fg7 ,i have tried to identify as many as possible of the names and other features shown on the ,leardo map with existing places1 or at least with corresponding features on other maps of the period4 ,here ,i propose to conduct the reader on a rapid sight-seeing tour around the map1 pointing out some of the most interesting details only4 ,asia ,in the extreme north 7left-hand side7 there is a large structure which looks like an ,italian church with its campanile 7#ac74 ,the legend beneath1 suggested ultimately by a passage from ,marco ,polo1 runs about thus3 8,this is the sepulcher of the ,grand ,khan and they do this when he comes to be carried for interment3 he comes accompanied by many armed men who kill those whom they find on the roads1 and they say that the souls of these are blessed because they accompany the soul of the ,grand ,khan to another life40 ,marco ,polo adds that at the time of the funeral of ,mangou ,khan #bj1jjj persons were thus slain6 ,the actual place of burial of the ,mongol ,khans was in ,cathay1 far away from northern ,russia where ,leardo1 following the model of ,catalan maps1 draws it4 ,european cartographers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries seem to have known and cared little about the relative positions of places in ,asia2 as ,italian merchants by this time had established contacts with the ,mongols in southern ,russia1 what was more natural than to place the ,mongol overlord's tomb in the hinterland of the ,black ,sea8 ,here there was more available space than in the ,far ,east1 and here on ,leardo's map the ,grand ,khan's tomb could be made symmetrically to balance ,prester ,john's palace across the map in ,africa 7#bii74 ,south of the sepulcher we see the ,river ,volga 7#f1 #g7 flowing into the northwestern corner of the ,caspian 7#bej74 ,a branch from the east 7#h71 perhaps the ,kama1 joins the ,volga where the latter bends at a right angle to the south4 ,east of the lower ,volga is a 8desert of thirty days0 7#aj71 ,polo's mysterious demon-haunted desert of ,lop1 where the traveler hears ringing bells and other uncanny sounds 7possibly 8singing sands074 ,like the ,grand ,khan's tomb1 this desert is also wofully misplaced1 since the actual desert of ,lop lies in eastern ,chinese ,turkestan4 ,the responsibility is not ,leardo's1 however1 for the ,lop desert is in the same place on the ,catalan ,atlas of #acge and on the ,este map4 ,farther east1 beyond a row of six castles representing towns on the borderlands of ,china 7#ce-dj71 we come to a gulf of the encircling ocean and to a great system of mountains4 ,the gulf 7#aa71 which contains three islands1 appears in almost the same position and form on the ,este map1 where there is a legend explaining that on the islands griffons and falcons are found and that the natives are not allowed to kill them without the permission of the ,grand ,khan of the ,tatars4 ,this is also from ,marco ,polo1 who writes that the islands where the gerfalcons are bred lie so far north that the ,north ,star is left behind you in the south6 ,the mountains southeast of the gulf make an enclosure shaped something like a 7#db-dg74 ,inside the northern half of this a legend tells us that 8this is the province of ,gog and ,magog1 where many tribes of the ,jews were shut in0 7#gj71 referring to the medieval tradition that ,alexander the ,great enclosed ,gog and ,magog--the terrible hordes of ,antichrist--within the ,caspian ,mountains4 ,on many maps the mountains of ,gog and ,magog in the ,far ,east are named thus4 ,leardo1 however1 places 8,mo ,gaspio0 7,caspiae ,montes7 7#d7 north of the ,caspian ,sea somewhat nearer the position at which ,ptolemy had placed them4 ,to the mountains of ,gog and ,magog he assigns names derived from ,ptolemy's northeastern ,asia4 ,running westward from the southern basin formed by these mountains ,leardo has added a river 7#di71 the ,oechardes of ,ptolemy4 ,near the point where this river emerges from the mountain rim we see a red spot labeled 8,iron gate0 7#gb7 and1 immediately to the west1 two short red marks1 8,statues of ,alexander0 7#gc74 ,the iron gate was built by ,alexander in the wall enclosing ,gog and ,magog1 and the statues represent trumpeters set up by ,alexander to keep guard over these unclean hordes4 ,on the ,catalan maps the trumpeters themselves are shown with their trumpets4 ,immediately west of the statues appears 8,mount ,tanacomedo0 7#dh71 an amusing instance of ,leardo's carelessness2 he has here evidently copied 8,montana ,comedorum0 from a ,ptolemaic map1 combining the last part of the first word with the first part of the last6 ,at the extreme eastern edge of the world disk we see the ,terrestrial ,paradise 7#fc7 surrounded by an enormous wall to keep out curious intruders4 ,the ,river ,indus flows southwestward to a great delta near the entrance of the ,persian ,gulf 7#hd74 ,many of the place names in ,india correspond with those of the ,catalan maps and in turn were derived from ,marco ,polo4 ,the scene of ,st4 ,thomas' mission and of the early introduction of ,christianity into ,india is indicated by the inscription3 8,here preached ,st4 ,thomas0 7#aac74 ,in central ,asia1 we note two rivers entering the eastern side of the ,caspian ,sea1 the ,jaxartes 7#aag7 and ,oxus 7#aah74 ,the ,lake of ,aral1 in which these great streams actually have their outlet1 seems to have been wholly unknown to the geographers both of antiquity and of medieval ,europe4 ,moslem scholars1 however1 were aware of its existence4 ,leardo's castles of ,organa and of ,organzia 7,urganj7 7#abj1 #aba7 at the mouth of the ,jaxartes and his place name ,orcania 7#acb7 on the ,oxus recall ,matthew ,arnold's description of the ,oxus at the close of ,sohrab and ,rustum3 ,but the majestic river floated on 444 ,right for the polar star1 past ,orgunj1 ,brimming1 and bright1 and large4 ,the ,tigris and ,euphrates 7#afe1 #aff7 join1 reaching the ,persian ,gulf 7#bfg7 as a single stream flowing between two large edifices that represent ,susiana 7#agb7 and ,babylonia 7#agc74 ,to the east of the ,tigris a nameless river 7#aci7 having its headwaters in a large lake 7#ach7 also enters the ,persian ,gulf4 ,this same stream on the ,catalan ,atlas and on the ,este map rises in a double source1 two bodies of water that have been identified with ,lakes ,van and ,urmia4 ,leardo connects the ,euphrates 7#aff7 with the ,mediterranean through the ,orontes 7#afh7 and with the ,red ,sea 7#bfh7 through the ,jordan 7#afg74 ,the most prominent feature in ,arabia is ,mecca 7#baa71 a large domed and towered building in good ,italian ,renaissance style and presumably representing a mosque4 ,several corrupted ,turkish place names 7#bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcb7 along with classical names 7#bbd1 #bca1 #bcc-bce7 appear in ,asia ,minor4 ,the ,indian ,ocean is filled with yellow and red islands4 ,a legend asserting that pepper and spice are found in these islands 7#bge7 comes from ,marco ,polo's description of the ,east ,indian archipelago4 ,the largest of all the islands1 lying off the coast of ,india1 is marked ,taprobana 7#bfi7 and probably represents ,sumatra4 ,africa ,leardo's ,africa1 like that of the ,este map1 has a very unusual shape4 ,two gulfs reach inland from the ,indian ,ocean and from the ,atlantic1 partially cutting off the southern extremity of the continent4 ,on the ,este map the eastern gulf is not as prominent as that of ,leardo's map1 but the western is even deeper4 ,kretschmer suggests that these features have sprung from a combination of the ancient doctrine of a vast austral continent with ,ptolemy's theory that the ,indian ,ocean is surrounded by land4#bc ,certain ,arabic maps show an eastward projection of ,africa like those of the ,este map and ,leardo1 although they do not indicate anything corresponding to the western gulf4 ,prester ,john's castle 7#bii7 bulks large in the interior of ,africa4 ,in the twelfth century1 reports spread through ,europe of the vast realm of a fabulous ,christian monarch in the heart of ,asia4 ,by the fourteenth century1 however1 ,prester ,john's empire had been transferred to ,africa1 where it became associated with the ,christian kingdom of ,abyssinia4 ,the elaborate edifice with which ,leardo represents ,prester ,john's empire may be intended for the sumptuous palace described in the thirteenth-century ,letter of ,prester ,john4 ,like most medieval cartographers1 ,leardo makes the ,nile 7#cab7 rise in ,west ,africa 7#cch74 ,in this he follows ,herodotus1 ,pliny1 ,mela1 and other ancient authorities4 ,ptolemy1 however1 seems to have had a more correct view1 placing the sources of the river in the ,mountains of the ,moon in eastern ,africa4 ,nothing daunted1 most of the fifteenth-century cartographers who used the writings of ,ptolemy boldly transferred the ,mountains of the ,moon to ,west ,africa to suit their theory of the river's course4 ,thus1 on the ,leardo map we see the ,montes ,lunae 7#ccd7 on the north coast of the ,west ,african gulf4 ,thence four streams flow north into a lake1 out of which the ,nile makes its way eastward and another stream flows westward into the ,atlantic4 ,the latter stream represents1 perhaps1 a combination of ,niger and ,senegal1 of which some faint knowledge may have been gained through traders who had crossed the ,sahara4 ,the lower ,nile is joined by the ,river 8,stapus0 7#cac71 doubtless the ,astapus of ,ptolemy or the modern ,blue ,nile4 ,on the ,este map this tributary rises in the ,terrestrial ,paradise1 there placed in ,east ,africa4 ,to the mountain range of ,north ,africa1 the ,carena of the ,catalan maps1 ,leardo has added ,ptolemaic names 7#che-cib74 ,the ,mediterranean ,the outlines of the ,mediterranean 7#dcc7 and ,black ,seas 7#dca7 are more correct than any other features which ,leardo draws4 ,this1 of course1 is due to the fact that they were derived ultimately from the portolan charts4 ,leardo preserves the faulty orientation of the ,mediterranean characteristic of the latter4 ,if we assume that the perpendicular line extending from the wind-blower off the west coast of ,spain through ,jerusalem to the wind-blower east of the ,terrestrial ,paradise is intended to run due east and west1 we see that the axis of the ,mediterranean with the adjoining shores has been turned counter-clockwise some twelve degrees4 ,this is probably because of failure on the part of the makers of the original portolan charts to take into consideration the declination of the compass4#bd ,leardo's place names along the ,mediterranean and ,black ,sea coasts are all derived from the portolan charts1 although ,leardo wrote names only where it was easy to do so without crowding4 ,the least successful portion of ,leardo's ,mediterranean coast is that of ,spain3 the shore is here unduly elongated as compared with that of the ,este ,catalan map1 ,barcelona 7#dge7 and ,ampurias 7#dgf7 being placed too far northeast on what ought to be the ,french shore line4 ,europe ,as on the ,catalan maps1 the geography of northwestern ,europe is badly distorted4 ,the ,seine 7#ddh71 ,rhine 7#dhg71 and ,elbe 7#dhh7 all flow parallel with one another but slightly to the south of west4 ,the course of the ,danube 7#eeb7 with its southern branches is more true to nature4 ,the ,baltic ,sea 7#egg7 and ,scandinavia are drawn much as on the ,este map4 ,,notes #a;,giuseppe ,crivellari1 ,alcuni cimeli della cartografia medievale esistenti a ,verona1 ,florence1 #aijc1 pp4 #e-bh4 #b,this map was discovered by ,vincenzo ,lazari in #ahej4 ,a detailed description and interpretation of it will be found in ,santarem1 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #cih-ddb fuller bibliographical details regarding this and other abbreviated references in these notes will be found on pp4 #fc-fg2 black and white reproduction in ,santarem's ,atlas1 ,part #c1 ,no4 #di2 also in ,a4 ,e4 ,nordenskild1 ,periplus1 p4 #fa4 #c,the map was discovered in #ahgi by ,major ,friedrich von ,pilat1 ,imperial ,counsellor of the ,austro-,hungarian ,legation and ,consul-,general of ,austria-,hungary in ,venice4 ,at the time it was presented to the ,society a brief anonymous description appeared in the ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society1 ,vol4 #ch1 #aijf1 pp4 #cfe-cfh4 ,this was based upon a sixteen-page pamphlet by ,dr4 ,guglielmo ,berchet1 ,il planisfero di ,giovanni ,leardo dell' anno #adeb1 ,venice1 #ahhj1 accompanying a photographic facsimile constituting ,no4 ,,xiv of the series ,raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del ,,xiii al ,,xvi secolo published by ,ferdinand ,ongania1 ,venice4 ,dr4 ,berchet's paper1 while useful to the present writer1 has on the whole proved disappointing because of its many inaccuracies in transcriptions and also because almost no attempt was made to deal with the place names1 in many respects the most interesting features of all4 #d;,as much of this digit as remains might be the upper part of either a #b1 a #c1 or a #g4 ,since the ,easter calendar begins with #adec the date could hardly be earlier than ,easter1 #adeb4 ,for the same reason1 it is not likely to have been as late as #adeg1 the only possible date after #adec4 ,on the ,vicenza ,leardo map the ,easter calendar begins with the year in which the map is dated1 #addh2 on the ,verona map of #addb the calendar begins with the preceding year1 #adda4 ,a discrepancy of four years between the beginning of the calendar and the date of the map1 however1 is most improbable4 ,santarem1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #cii1 and ,berchet1 op4 cit41 p4 #f1 cite two mid-eighteenth century ,,mss in the ,library of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 which contain entries relating to a map by ,giovanni ,leardo dated #addg4 ,one of these ,,ms is that of the ,doge ,marco ,foscarini 7,codex ital41 ,,xi1 #abc1 p4 #db71 the other that of a contemporary scholar1 ,giovanni degli ,agostini 7,codex ital41 ,,vii1 #bia1 p4 #edb2 this and the preceding reference were furnished to the present writer by the ,chief ,librarian of the ,library of ,st4 ,mark's2 they do not agree exactly with the references as given by ,santarem and ,berchet74 ,the passage from the ,foscarini ,,ms 7,fig4 #b7 may be translated thus3 8,gio4 ,leardo1 who flourished in #addj1 made a planisphere on parchment on which was written ,leardius de ,venetiis me fecit anno #addg4 ,it was at the house of 7era presso7 ,bernardo ,trevisano4 ,apostolo ,zeno saw it many times and marveled at seeing the exactness of the design40 ,the passage from the ,agostini ,,ms 7,fig4 #c7 runs as follows3 8,giovanni ,leardo3 ,this 7man7 lived shortly before the middle of the fifteenth century1 and he delighted in geography and spheres4 ,in the ,trevisan ,library was preserved a planisphere by him on parchment on which could be seen delineated the whole terraqueous globe with all the signs and celestial constellations1 beneath which1 according to his assertion1 every part is placed4 ,at the bottom of this parchment these words may be read3 ,joannes ,leardius de ,venetiis me fecit ab anno #addg4 ,it is curious to see how in his time1 when not many discoveries had been made and navigation was so little advanced1 the positions of the provinces and of the seas were conceived40 ,berchet1 op4 cit41 p4 #g1 points out that the arms at the top of the parchment of the ,leardo map now belonging to the ,american ,geographical ,society are those of the ,trevisan house4 ,he reads incorrectly1 however1 the date given by ,agostini as #adeb1 concluding therefrom that the map mentioned by the latter was the same as the ,society's map1 the date of which he also reads as #adeb4 ,in view of the actual difference in the dates1 we may conclude that ,leardo constructed two maps for the ,trevisan family1 and that the one dated #addg is yet to be rediscovered4 ,figs4 #b and #c--,passages from mid-eighteenth century manuscripts in the ,library of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 in which reference is made to a map by ,giovanni ,leardo1 dated #addg4 ,see note #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b--;from manuscript of the ,doge ,marco ,foscarini4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c--;from manuscript of ,giovanni ,agostini4 #e;,although the ,society's map is not1 perhaps1 one of the great1 outstanding monuments of medieval cartography1 the assertion of ,theobald ,fischer 7,sammlung mittelalterlicher ,welt- und ,seekarten1 ,venice1 #ahhf1 p4 #ajd7 that the ,leardo maps of #addh and #adeb were 8von geringem ,wert10 seems too harsh4 #f,there follows a transcription of this legend4 ,missing passages supplied from the ,vicenza map as transcribed on ,santarem's reproduction are given in square brackets3 444 chreatore de ,tute le ,cose chreate et non chreato et ,e ,en #c persone et una medexima sustanzia et uno ,idio ,el quale ,en 4i4inita 7divinita87 ,e ,incomprensibelle aiomeni et aianzelli quanti uisono dal zentro per sino ,ala zirconferenzia ,en umanita 444 444 ene ,maria et farsi homo pasibelle et sostener morte per ,redimer ,lumana zenerazione et resusito ,il ,terzo zorno et asexe 444 7en87 ziello ala destera del padre et al nouisimo di zudigera zusti et pechatori4 ,al nome de quel dio che cosi veramente chre 444 at 444 como ,la ,tera et le ,ixole stano nel mare et ,molte prouinzie et monti et fiumi prenzipalli sono nela ,tera ,el diamitro dela ,tera sie meglia #fheg secondo ,macobrio ezelentisimo ,astrologo et geumetrico4 ,el diamitro de ,laqua sie meia #adgif4 ,el diametro de laiere sie meglia #caibi_/4 ,e diamitro del fuoguo #fhaia_/4 ,el diamitro de ,la ,luna sie meglia #adgadi4 ,el diamitro de mercurio sie meia #bj787gecc4 ,el diamitro de venus sie meglia #fibgjc4 ,el diamitro del solle sie meia #adidgha4 ,el diamitro de mar7te7 444 eia #fecbcgd_/ 7,jupiter74 ,el diamitro de saturno sie ,meia #aciigidb_/4 diamitrus horbis signiorum sie meia #biiieeia4 diamitrus horbis aplanes sie meia #fdbgfbff_/4 diamitrus horbis christalini sie meia #acggbd787hef4 pitagora dize che da ,la 4444 ,el primo zircholo che zirconscrisse ,il sopra schrito mapamondo sie de la raxon de la pasqua de la ,rexurezione per ,ani #ie4 ,comenza nel #adec adi primo aprille conpie nel #aedg adi #aj ,aprille4 quando si ,troua nele caxelle ,letera ,m aueremo ,la pasqua de marzo1 quando si ,trouera ,letera ,a ,aueremo quando la viene daprille4 quando si troua letera ,b quelano aueremo ,bixestro4 ,el segondo zircolo sie de ,i#ab mexi dellano et quando ,il sole ,entra ,en cadauno dei #ab segni zelesti4 ,el ,terzo zircollo sie de #ai ,letere de lalfabeto per ,atrouar la raxon de ,la ,luna4 ,el quarto zircollo sie dei numeri 787 di zorni de mexi4 ,el quinto sie de le ore4 ,el sesto zircollo sie ,iponti de le hore4 ,el setimo zircollo sie ,le ,letere dominicale4 ,lotauo zircollo sie ,le ore de ,la grandeza del di ,en tututo 7sic67 ,el tenpo de lano 7874 ,el nono zircolo sie dei menudi che auanza oltra ,le ore ne la grandeza del di4 ,el dezim 444 uoler sapere quando rinoua ,la ,luna de ,zugnio del #adec4 nel dito mileximo ,abiamo per letera concorente ,letera ,c4 ,auoler atrouar ,la conioncion de la ,luna dobiamo ,atrouar ,letera ,c nel mexe de zugnio ,e alincotro se trouera di44 444 7rin7 ouera ,la ,luna de cadauno mexe del dito mileximo4 ,el mileximo comenz7a7 de ,zenaro nel #aded aueremo concorente ,letera d ecosi se schore ogniano #a ,letera de lalfabeto4 ,et quando sizunze aletera ,t l',altro ano drieto sitorna ,aletera ,a4 444 raxone comenza ,ala ,leuar del solle e intendese atanti di et ,atante hore et atanti 787 ponti4 ponti #ajhj sintende #a hora4 ,ale fiade ,en uno mexe si troua #b fiade una ,letera en quel mexe ,la luna rinoua #b fiade etc4 #g;,by the 8diameters0 of the sun1 moon1 and planets ,leardo obviously means the diameters of the orbits4 ,macrobius1 ,commentaria in somnium ,scipionis1 ,i1 #bj3 #bj1 gives the diameter of the earth as #hj1jjj stades1 which might1 if converted into ,arabic miles1 be approximately the #fheg miles of ,leardo4 ,according to ,macrobius the radius of the sun's orbit is #d1hjj1jjj stades 7ibid41 ,i1 #bj3 #ba72 the diameter of the sun's orbit would therefore be #i1fjj1jjj stades1 or #abj times that of the earth4 ,the diameter of the sun's orbit according to ,leardo is #bah times that of the earth4 ,on the authority of ,porphyry1 ,macrobius 7ibid41 ,,ii1 #c3 #ad7 gives the relative distances between the planets2 but ,leardo's figures bear no relation to these4 ,i have not been able as yet to trace the origin of ,leardo's figures4 #h;,h4 ,grotefend1 ,zeitrechnung des deutschen ,mittelalters und der ,neuzeit1 ,vol4 #a1 ,hannover1 #ahia1 p4 #bjc 7reference kindly suggested by ,dom ,hugh ,g4 ,bvenot of ,weingarten ,abbey1 ,wrttemberg1 ,germany74 #i;,grotefend1 op4 cit41 p4 #aac1 asserts that ,o was usually omitted to avoid confusion with zero4 ,leardo1 however1 includes ,o4 ,j and ,i are counted as one letter4 ,the golden number of #adec is #aj2 ,leardo's ,a corresponds with golden number #h4 #aj,the following is a comparison of the times of the new moon on certain dates as indicated by ,leardo with the actual times as determined for the meridian of ,venice from ,th4 von ,oppolzer1 ,canon der ,finsternisse 7constituting ,denkschr4 ,kaiserl4 ,akad4 der ,wiss4 in ,wien1 ,math4-naturw4 ,classe1 ,vol4 #eb1 #ahhg74 ,leardo's ,times ,actual ,times #adec ,dec4 #a 8 hrs4 #bjc8 pts4 ,nov4 #cj #b4dj ,p4 ,m4 #adee ,apr4 #af #ba hrs4 8 ,apr4 #ag #ab4bb ,a4 ,m4 #adef ,apr4 #f #g hrs4 #bbi pts4 ,apr4 #e #d4be ,a4 ,m4 #adfa ,jan4 #aa #ba hrs4 8 ,jan4 #aa #h4dd ,p4 ,m4 #adfh ,feb4 #bc #ad hrs4 #gdg pts4 ,feb4 #bc #aj4ae ,p4 ,m4 ,the discrepancies are too great and too variable to enable us to come to any very definite conclusions as to the place or manner of origin of ,leardo's figures4 #aa,the division of the hour into #ajhj points 7#cffj1 as ,dom ,bvenot points out7 is puzzling4 ,more usually the hour was subdivided into four points4 ,see ,grotefend1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahh4 #ab,the dominical letter for #adec was ,g4 #ac,on the basis of certain of the figures given by ,leardo for the lengths of the days at about the times of the solstices1 ,i have estimated that this table was worked out for about lat4 #db #de ,n1 which is more nearly the latitude of ,orvieto than that of ,venice 7#de #cj74 7,this calculation was made with the ,smithsonian ,meteorological ,tables1 #dth edit4 7constituting ,smithsonian ,misc4 ,colls41 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #a71 ,washington1 #aiah3 ,table #hg1 8,duration of ,sunshine at ,different ,latitudes10 and ,table #hh1 8,declination of the ,sun for the ,year #ahii40 ,the difference in the declination of the sun for #adeb and #ahii is negligible47 ,dom ,bvenot writes3 8,i fancy day lengths were reckoned roughly for degrees4 ,here in ,weingarten about #adij they used tables drawn up for lat4 #de ,n1 though the place is actually #dg #dj40 #ad;,i am indebted to ,dom ,bvenot for the following comment3 8,concerning the calendar of saints ,i find the good ,venetian has inserted besides the usual feast of ,st4 ,mark1 patron of ,venice1 on ,april #be two more3 that of his apparition and the finding of his relics on ,june #be and a third feast on ,jan4 #ca 7translation74 ,the last two were special for the diocese of ,venice 7,aquileia74 ,the calendar for ,aquileia is given at the beginning of ,grotefend1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 #a1 but does not quite tally with ,leardo's list of saints4 ,perhaps this is because ,grotefend has modernized the calendar4 ,it may be that ,leardo1 living perhaps elsewhere than in ,venice or its diocese1 put in feasts that were dear to him4 ,indeed1 in view of your findings for latitude from the length of the days see preceding note1 ,rome is the most likely place1 perhaps1 for the ,venetian embassy4 ,it lies nearly in lat4 #db ,n2 if we allow for ,leardo measuring the length of the days according to the apparent sunset and sunrise1 this may well explain a discrepancy of the greater part of a degree40 #ae;,berchet1 op4 cit41 p4 #g4 #af,see ,h4 ,f4 ,lutz1 ,geographical ,studies ,among ,babylonians and ,egyptians1 in ,amer4 ,anthropologist1 ,vol4 #bf 7,n4,s471 #aibd1 pp4 #afj-agd4 #ag,see ,appendix1 ,nos4 #cje1 #fai4 #ah,kretschmer1 ,,ce see p4 #fc4 #ai,particularly the famous ,catalan ,atlas of #acge see p4 #fc4 #bj;,for the names of and for bibliographical references relating to some of these maps see the list of references on pp4 #fc-fg1 sub ,,cd1 ,mauro1 ,piz41 ,vat41 ,vilad4 #ba,this ,latin translation of ,ptolemy's ,geography was begun by the ,byzantine scholar ,emmanuel ,chrysoloras and completed by ,jacopus ,angelus in #adaj2 manuscripts of this translation were accompanied by maps1 which1 however1 differ from the well-known maps in the ,ptolemaic atlases of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,the latter were the work of ,dominus ,nicolaus ,germanus1 known as ,nicholas ,donis4 ,see ,a4 ,e4 ,nordenskild1 ,facsimile ,atlas to the ,early ,history of ,cartography1 transl4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,ekelf and ,clements ,r4 ,markham1 ,stockholm1 #ahhi1 pp4 #i-aj4 #bb,like the ,leardo map of #adeb1 the map of ,walsperger1 #addh1 reveals ,ptolemaic influence in some of its names although all the topographical features are strictly medieval4 ,the ,genoese world map of #addg in its elliptical form is the result of a more serious attempt to reconcile the ,ptolemaic geography with the traditional views4 ,see ,kretschmer1 ,,ce1 pp4 #gf-gg2 on the ,walsperger map1 ,kretschmer1 ,eine neue mittelalterliche ,weltkarte der vatikanischen ,bibliothek1 in ,zeitschr4 ,gesell4 fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin1 ,vol4 #bf1 #ahia1 pp4 #cga-djf1 reference on pp4 #cgf-cgg4 ,on the ,genoese world map see the extended commentary of ,fischer1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aee-bjf4 #bc,kret41 ,,ce pp4 #hb-hc4 #bd,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #ha-ic2 see also ,e4 ,l4 ,stevenson1 ,portolan ,charts3 ,their ,origin and ,characteristics1 with a ,descriptive ,list of those ,belonging to the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 p4 #ai1 where it is suggested that the faulty orientation of the ,mediterranean may be in part connected with the persistence since the time of ,ptolemy of the practice of placing ,constantinople on maps 8too far to the north by at least two degrees40 ,,appendix ,,detailed ,,comments ,,on ,,the ,,map ,explanation ,the following commentary is divided into sections numbered with ,roman numerals corresponding to the ,roman numerals on the general key map 7,fig4 #d1 at end of book74 ,each item is given an ,arabic numeral which corresponds to the ,arabic numerals on the detailed key maps 7,figs4 #e-aj1 at end of book74 ,for each feature which bears a place name and for each longer legend on the ,leardo map the transcription is given below in italic4 ,many of these transcriptions1 particularly of names written on edifices 7castles1 churches1 etc471 are mere guesses1 owing to the obscurity of the original4 ,particular difficulty was encountered in distinguishing between the letters a1 e1 o1 c1 and t1 and between s and f4 ,a clue to the reading of many names1 however1 was furnished by other maps contemporary with or earlier than that of ,leardo4 ,illegible letters are indicated by dots2 doubtful readings by 7872 interpolated letters are enclosed in square brackets4 ,illeg4 means 8wholly illegible40 ,no data beside the transcriptions are given for such names as f4 tigris1 corsicha1 galizia1 etc41 the meaning of which is obvious4 ,in the case of the less familiar names1 the forms in which they appear on certain other medieval maps are supplied4 ,in general1 if a name occurs on the ,catalan ,atlas of #acge 7,,ca71 on the ,catalan map in the ,este ,library at ,modena 7,,ce71 or on the ,ptolemaic maps 7,ptol471 no attempt is made to indicate its occurrence elsewhere4 ,each doubtful identification with a medieval name is preceded by 84 ,for names along the coast of the ,mediterranean1 the ,black ,sea1 and the ,atlantic1 references are given to the pages in ,kretschmer's ,die italienischen ,portolane des ,mittelalters 7 ,kret41 ,port47 where the variant spellings of these names as they are found in the more important portolans and portolan charts are listed and the places identified with modern localities4 ,identifications with modern localities are indicated by 1 or mod42 with well-known ancient localities by anct4 ,suggested but doubtful identifications are preceded by 81 and names for which ,i have been unable to find or to suggest any identification with a modern locality are indicated by 8 standing alone4 ,with the identification of ,ptolemaic and medieval names in the ,far ,east1 in ,africa1 and in ,scandinavia1 we enter upon a hazardous and controversial field4 ,while in many instances ,i have indicated identifications that have been made by competent scholars1 needless to say1 these should not be accepted as final4 ,one cannot but feel that where an identification is based upon mere similarity in sound it is often a case of one man's guess being as good as another's4 ,the scope and purpose of the present study does not permit of an exhaustive examination of these questions of detail4 ,for more complete bibliographical data relating to publications referred to in abbreviated form in the key and for an explanation of the abbreviations1 see pp4 #fc-fg4 ,in bibliographical references volume numbers are indicated in lower case ,roman1 book numbers in upper case ,roman1 and chapter and page numbers in ,arabic type4 ,on the key maps where there are long rows of place names the first and last numbers only are indicated1 with an arrow connecting them4 ,this is done to avoid overcrowding4 ,the ,arabic numerals are in general placed in positions corresponding to those of the legends on the original4 ,this leads in some instances to the separation of the numbers from the symbols to which they relate 7e4g41 #gc74 ,i4 ,northern ,asia ,mountains #a ,mo4 alani3 ,alani ,montes in ,scythia intra ,imaum ,montem1 ,,ne of ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3 #c 7,,fa #bb772,mugodzhar hills in the ,kirghiz steppes1 a southern continuation of the ,ural ,mountains 7,,pw1 i1 #abha74 #b ,mo4 ripei3 ,rhipaei ,montes1 in which the ,don rises1 between ,sea of ,azof and ,baltic1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3ae 7,,fa #ag774 ,see also #eif and ,,pw1 #bnd ser41 i1 #ijb-ijd4 #c ,mo4 norosus3 ,norossus ,mons1 ,,ne of ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3e 7,,fa #bb774 #d ,mo4 gaspio3 ,caspii ,montes1 between ,greater ,armenia and ,media1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ac3c 7,,fa#bj772 transferred to the far northeast as the haunt of ,gog and ,magog on medieval maps1 including ,,ca and ,,ce4 ,see ,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjb-bjf4 ,rivers #e f4 ,tanai3 ,tanais ,fluvius1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #i3a1 etc4 7,,fa#ag772;,don4 #f f4 rumus3 8,rhymmus ,fluvius1 which enters the ,caspian ,e of the ,rha 7,volga71 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ad3b1 #d 7,,fa#bb772,volga4 #g f4 ras3 ,rha ,fluvius1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #i3ab1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 see ,,pw1 #bnd ser41 i1 #a-h2upper ,volga4 #h ,unnamed eastern tributary of the ,ras2,kama or ,viatka4 ,other ,natural ,features #i zizera3 ,zizera1 shown as an island on ,,cd and ,,ca2the jazira or island of ,peskov in the ,volga near ,tsaritsin 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjh72 ,hamy 7#cie7 suggests ,sizran4 #aj dixerto de zornade trenta 7desert of thirty days74 ,marco ,polo's desert of ,lop1 said to take one month to cross 7,polo1 i1 #aif72 a long inscription on ,,ca in the same locality describes this desert and the devils' voices heard in it4 ,see #cc4 #aa ,on this gulf as it is shown on ,,ce appears the legend3 8,on these islands there are many beautiful griffons and falcons1 and the inhabitants of the islands do not venture to seize them without the permission of the ,grand ,khan1 lord of the ,tatars0 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjh2 from ,polo1 i1 #bgj74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,north of the ,river ,ras and its ,eastern ,tributary #ab zimachia7873 8,sarmatia2,russia4 ,see also #fjj4 #ac ,tomb of the ,grand ,khan1 beneath which an inscription reads thus3 q 444 li sie ,el sepulchro del gran can et fano questa 444 che quando ,el uen portato a sepelir ,el uen acompagniato da molti homeni armadi ,iquali ozideno queli787 ,itrouano su le strade et dicono che le anime de coloro sono ,benedete per che ,le aconpagniano ,lanima del gran can aunaltra uita4 ,similar inscription in corresponding position on ,,ce 7#bji-baj7 from ,polo 7i1 #bdf1 #bej-bea74 #ad ,ro4 de mas 444 7873 8,moscaor1 ,,cd2,moscow 7,hamy1 #cid74 #ae cast4 ra47873 8,castrama1 ,,ca2 ,castrema1 ,,ce2,kostroma 7,hamy1 #cie74 #af ezina7873 8duplicate of #ah4 #ag alla 444 7873 8,allania1 ,n of ,black ,sea1 ,,ca2country of the ,alans 7,hallb41 #ac1 #ad74 ,see also #fjd4 #ah etzina3 ,polo 7i1 #bbc-bbe72 ,cordier 7,ser ,m4 ,p41 #ec-ee7 places ,polo's ,etzina in ,,sw ,mongolia1 8on the river ,hei-shui1 called ,etsina ,etsin ,gol by the ,mongols40 ,see also #af4 7,b7 ,between the ,rivers ,ras1 ,rumus1 and ,tanai #ai trachia3 ,torachi1 ,,ca2,torjok 7,hamy1 #cie74 #bj tufer3 ,tifer1 ,,ca2,tver1 capital of an important ,russian principality and seat of a bishop in the ,middle ,ages4 #ba botnia78738,bothnia2 8duplicate of #fjh4 #bb zitereae7873 8,aretreca1 ,vat42,astrakhan 7,pull1 ,vat41 #h74 #bc racoba7873 8 7,c7 ,south ,side of ,east ,branch of ,river ,rumus #bd borga3 ,borgar1 ,,ca2 ,bolgara1 ,polo 7i1 #d1 #f-h72med4 ,bolghar1 on the ,volga #ij m4 below ,kazan 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #g74 #be ,iorn3 ,ioram1 ,,ca28,churmansk 7,shurminsk7 on the ,viatka 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjg74 #bf paschati7873 ,pascherti1 ,,ca2,bashkir4 ,see ,hallb41 #fi-gj2 ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dib4 #bg fasa7873 ,fachatim1 ,,ca2 8,viatka 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjg74 #bh sebur7873 ,sebur1 ,,ca28,sibir1 ,siberia4 ,see ,hallb41 #dfe-dff2 ,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjg4 7,d7 ,north and ,northeast of ,mt4 ,gaspio #bi ,marmorea3 ,marmorea1 ,,ca28 ,see ,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjh4 #cj la 444 te78738 #ca fugur7873 ,sugur1 ,,ca4 ,see ,hallb41 #dhi28 #cb zin44 lel7873 ,cigicalas1 ,,ca2 8,province of ,chingintalas1 ,polo1 7i1 #bab-bac728region between ,lake ,baikal and ,kamul 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bad-bae2 ,cordier1 ,ser ,m4 ,p41 #ea-eb74 #cc ,lop3 ,on ,,ca ,ciutat de ,lop ,n of ,lake ,yssicol2 also a long legend 7from ,polo1 i1 #aif-aig7 describing ,lop as a city where travelers rest themselves and their beasts and supply themselves with provisions before crossing the desert4 ,see ,hallb41 #caf-cah2vicinity of ,lob ,nor between ,chinese ,turkestan and the ,gobi4 ,see also #aj4 #cd findazion3 8,sindachu1 ,polo 7i1 #bhe72 ,sinacius1 ,,ca2modern ,hsan-hua1 not far from ,kalgan on the ,great ,wall 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bie74 7,e7 ,row ,west and ,south of the ,gulf of the ,three ,islands #ce canpiton3 ,campicion1 ,polo 7,pauthier's edit41 i1 #afe72 ,campichu1 ,polo 7,yule's edit41 i1 #bai72 ,campicion,chancjo of ,,ca 7,cordier1 ,,ca1 #ce728,kan-chou in ,kan-su 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bbj2 ,pauthier1 l4 c42 ,cordier1 l4 c42 see also ,hallb41 #ajg74 #cf sia 444 r78738,siacur1 ,,ca28 #cg tanduc3 ,tanduch1 ,,ca2 ,tanduc or ,tenduc was the name of a plain1 a province1 and a city belonging to ,prester ,john2 in the province was the country of ,gog and ,magog 7,polo1 i1 #bdj1 #bhd728 ,see ,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bhe-bhh2 ,paul ,pelliot in ,journ4 ,asiatique1 ,may-,june1 #aibb1 pp4 #eie-eif4 #ch suchchur7873 8,sukchur in ,tangut1 ,polo 7i1 #bag72,su-chou in ,kan-su 7,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #bah74 #ci rabo4ibi78738 #dj tigninfor3 8,chingianfu1 ,polo 7ii1 #agf-agg72;,chinkiang-fu 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #agg-agh74 ,legend ,between ,rivers ,ras and ,tanai #da ,idolatri3 ,on ,,ce a legend applying to city of ,castrema 7see #ae7 explains that idolaters there worship a metal idol without head or hands 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #baj74 ,,ii4 ,far ,eastern ,asia ,the surface of the map northwest of the ,terrestrial ,paradise has been rubbed in such a way that many of the names are illegible4 ,mountains ,the mountain system here corresponds essentially with that of ,,ce2 ,ptolemaic names have been given to mountains and rivers4 #db sa 444 s78738 #dc ,mo4 osmire7873 ,asmiraei ,montes in ,serica1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3 #b 7,,fa#bc7728;eastern end of ,t#8ien ,shan with the small low hill chains to the south 7,,pw1 ii1 #agjb74 #dd ,mo4 ,tagurus3 ,tagurus ,mons in ,serica 7 71 ,ptol41 l4 c4 #de ,mo4 otorocoras3 ,ottorocoras ,mons in ,serica 7ibid474 #df ,mo4 semantinus3 ,semanthini ,montes in ,india intra ,gangem1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #b3h 7,,fa#bf7728;coast range of ,annam 7,,pw1 iv1 #bjej2 see also ,gerini1 #cgf74 #dg ,mo4 anibi3 ,annibi ,montes1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3b 7,,fa#bc7728;eastern ,t#8ien ,shan above ,qara ,shar and ,turfan 7,,pw1 i1 #bbeh74 #dh ,mo4 ,tanacomedo3 8,mon-,tana ,comedo rum 7 7 in ,sogdiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3 #c 7,,fa#bb774 ,rivers ,no rivers are shown in this region on either ,,ca or ,,ce2 ,leardo was evidently impelled to add them by the study of ,ptolemy's ,geography4 #di f4 ocardis3 ,oechardes ,fl4 of ,serica1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #af3 #c 7,,fa#bc774 #ej f4447878 #ea f4 danas3 ,demus ,fl4 of ,sogdiana1 a branch of the ,jaxartes 7see #aag71 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3 #c 7,,fa#bb774 #eb f4 bascatis3 ,bascatis ,fl4 of ,sogdiana1 also a branch of the ,jaxartes 7ibid474 ,lake #ec ,illeg43 ,lacus ,issicol1 ,leardo1 #addh2 ,yssicol1 ,,ca28either ,lake ,balkash or ,issiq ,kl 7,hallb41 #efc-efd74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,northwest of the ,terrestrial ,paradise #ed sachai3 8,sacae1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ac 7,,fa#bb774 #ee s 444 de iaca7873 8 #ef-fb ,all illeg4 #fc ,,paradixo ,,teresto3 ,the ,terrestrial ,paradise is placed in ,africa on the earlier ,leardo maps as well as on ,,ce4 ,see ,wright1 ,lore1 #bfa-bfc4 7,b7 ,west of ,terrestrial ,paradise #fd sina3 8,sinae1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #c 7,,fa#bf772;,china 7see ,wright1 op4 cit41 #bga74 #fe ,ro de 4444ge7873 8 #ff ,tango 444 ti7873 8,tangut1 ,polo 7i1 #bjc-bje72,kansu and southern ,mongolia 7,hallb41 #ejg-ejh74 #fg ,ro ,tarse3 ,,ca and ,,ce have legends to the effect that from ,tarsia came the three ,magi 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #aig-aih2 ,hallb41 #eae-eag1 #bfg-bfh72vicinity of the ,t#8ien ,shan 7,hallb41 l4c472eastern ,turkestan 7,kret41 l4c474 ,place ,names #fh pinca7873 8,pinzu1 ,mauro 7,zurla1 #cf2 name omitted on ,santarem's copy of ,mauro map in his ,atlas1 #de72 8,piju1 ,polo 7ii1 #ada2 see ,hallb41 #dji72,p#8ei-chou 7,yule1 ,polo1 l4c474 #fi ruoenci78738 ,longer ,inscriptions #gj prouinzia de og magog doue foron787 serati molti ,trib 444 de ,judei 7province of ,gog and ,magog where many tribes of ,jews were enclosed73 ,related legends on ,,ca 7,buchon and ,tastu1 #ade-adf7 and ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bjb-bjf72 see ,hallb41 #bfj-bfe4 ,on legend of ,gog and ,magog see also ,wright1 ,lore1 #bhg-bhh4 #ga ,idolatri3 ,a reflection of the idolaters of the ,grand ,khan's domains frequently mentioned by ,marco ,polo4 #gb porte de fero3 ,the iron gates erected by ,alexander the ,great to enclose ,gog and ,magog1 shown on ,,ce2 see #gj4 #gc statoe de alesandro3 ,the statues of trumpeters set up by ,alexander to keep guard over ,gog and ,magog1 shown on ,,ca and ,,ce2 see #gj4 #gd dixerto doue eno molti grifoni3 ,griffons were placed in ,scythia by many classical and medieval writers2 see ,hallb41 #bcb-bcd4 #ge qu 444 si manza carne de omo 7here they eat the flesh of man72 ,cannibals were placed in these regions by many classical and medieval writers2 they were often associated with ,gog and ,magog2 see ,hallb41 #cj-cb4 ,,iii4 ,india ,mountain #gf ,mo4 meandrus3 ,maeandrus ,mons in ,farther ,india1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #b3h 7,,fa#bf7728,mahudaung mountains in ,upper ,burma 7,gerini1 #ea1 #hcb74 ,no corresponding mountain shown on either ,,ca or ,,ce4 ,rivers ,the river system is more elaborate than1 although somewhat analogous in its general pattern to1 that of ,,ca and ,,ce4 ,the ,indus and its branches seem to be lacking on the ,catalan maps4 ,i am unable to trace the origin of several of the river names4 #gg f4 priolada38 #gh f4 tindarus38 #gi f4 masarus38 #hj f4 sumas38 #ha f4 bindas3 ,bindas ,fl4 of ,india intra ,gangem ,fluvium 7,ptol41 ,,vii1 #a1 #f 7,,fa#be772 possibly the name is related to that of ,bhiwandi near ,bassein1 ,n of ,bombay 7,tomaschek1 in ,,pw1 iii1 #bfh-bfi74 #hb f4 madus3 ,namadus ,fl4 of ,india intra ,gangem ,fluvium1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3e 7,,fa#be774 #hc f4 amarus3 ,amarus is given as another name for the ,indus on ,vat4 7,pull1 ,vat41 #af-ag72 no ,amarus ,fl4 in ,ptol4 #hd f4 ,indicus3 ,the course of the ,indus as ,leardo draws it is derived from ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3b 7,,fa#be774 ,edifices #he predon corcon7873 8 #hf terisinti7873 8 #hg zatin7873 8,zayton1 ,,ca2 ,zaytom1 ,,ce2 ,zayton1 ,polo 7ii1 #bcd-bcg71 an important medieval ,chinese seaport28 ,see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bcg-bdb2 ,cordier1 ,,ca1 #dh-di4 #hh cansai7873 ,ciutat de ,cansay1 ,,ca2 ,kinsay1 ,polo 7ii1 #ahe-aic1 #bjj-bjh1 #bae-baf72;,hangchow 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #aic2 ,cordier1 ,,ca1 #da-db74 #hi ,india4 #ij ,ro de colonbi3 ,pruuinesa ,columbo1 ,,ca2 ,coilum1 ,polo 7ii1 #cge-cgf72 see ,hallb41 #aec-aef2,quilon 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #cgg-chj74 #ia balesan3 ,balaxan 7,polo1 ,ramusio's edit41 #aehc1 according to ,hallb41 #fb72 ,cjutat de ,baldassia1 ,,ca2 ,baldacia1 ,,ce2,badakshan 7see ,yule1 ,polo1 i1 #aeg-afc74 #ib taseta3 8,rey del ,tauris1 ,,ca2 ,rey ,tauris1 ,,ce2,tabriz 7,hallb41 #eah-ebb74 ,place ,names on ,coast #ic penta3 ,penta1 next place ,e of ,bangala1 ,,ca2 ,pentam1 an island1 ,polo 7ii1 #bhj72 see also ,hallb41 #daa-dac2;,bintan 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bhj728the ,be-,tumah 7,island7 of the ,arab ,navigators1 the ,tamasak ,island of the ,malays2 and1 in short1 the ,singapore ,island of our day0 7,g4 ,e4 ,gerini1 in ,journ4 ,royal ,asiatic ,soc41 ,july1 #aije1 p4 #eji2 see also ,cordier1 ,ser ,m4 ,p41 #aje72 ,gerini1 #gdj1 suggests that ,penta of ,,ca 8might have been the historical continuation of the ,ptolemaic0 ,pentapolis 7,ptol41 ,,vii1 #b3b71 which he places near the mouth of the ,chittagong1 at the head of the ,bay of ,bengal4 #id taine3 #8cjutat de cayna acj finis catayo1' ,,ca2 see ,cordier1 ,,ca1 #ci4 #ie bangala3 ,bangala1 ,,ca2 ,polo 7ii1 #ih-ii72;,bengal4 #if ianpa3 ,janpa1 ,,ca2 ,chamba1 ,polo 7ii1 #bff-bfh72 see ,hallb41 #agc-agd2;,annamite coast 7,cordier1 in ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bgj72;,c#8ha-ban1 the ancient ,cham capital 7,gerini1 #bdj74 #ig ligo3 ,lingo1 ,,ca2 8,locac1 ,polo 7ii1 #bgf7 7this identification suggested by ,pull1 ,,ce1 #df728,siam1 ,borneo1 or ,malay ,peninsula 7see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #bgg-bhj2 ,hallb41 #dhf2 ,cordier1 ,ser ,m4 ,p41 #ajd-aje74 #ih macabin3 8,mahabar1 ,mauro2 ,maabar1 ,polo 7ii4 #cca-ccb72;,coromandel ,coast 7,hallb41 #cbj-cbc74 #ii gr 444 7873 8 #ajj darsi3 8 #aja caruzia3 8 #ajb butifilli3 ,butifilis1 ,,ca2 ,mutfili1 ,polo 7ii1 #cfb72,motupalli 7,yule1 ,polo41 ii1 #cfb74 #ajc caclur7873 8 #ajd coluto3 ,quilon 7see also #ij74 #aje cormos3 8,hormuz 7see #aeh7 misplaced3 8,the c is constantly substituted for an aspirate by the ,italian travellers 7e4g4 ,polo's ,cormos for ,hormuz70 7,yule1 ,cath41 ii1 #bdb74 ,see ,hallb41 #bdb-bdf2,ormuz4 #ajf elli3 ,elly1 ,,ca2 ,ely1 ,polo 7ii1 #che-chf72,mt4 ,d',eli or ,delly 7,yule1 ,cath41 iv1 #gd-ge74 #ajg maganor3 ,manganor1 ,,ca2,mangalore 7,yule1 ,cath4 iv1 #gc74 #ajh diegei3 ,diogil in interior of ,india1 ,,ca2,deogiri1 med4 name of ,daulatabad 7see ,yule1 ,cath4 i1 #caj2 iv1 #ba74 #aji cora3 8,cory ,promontorium1 ,ptol4 7,,vii1 #a3aa7;,,fa#be772;,cape ,calymere 7,e4 ,h4 ,bunbury1 ,a ,history of ,ancient ,geography 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahgi71 ii1 #dgd74 #aaj pez4mor7873 ,pescamor1 ,,ca28perhaps ,barelor0 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cji2 iv1 #gc74 #aaa zitabor3 ,chintabor1 ,,ca2,st4 ,john's ,point 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cji2 iv1 #fd-fe74 #aab parzinar7873 ,paychinor1 ,,ca2,barkur 7,yule1 ,cath41 i4 #cji2 iv1 #gc74 ,longer ,inscriptions #aac qui predico san ,tomaxo 7here preached ,st4 ,thomas73 ,on the traditions regarding ,st4 ,thomas in ,india see ,yule1 ,polo1 ii4 #cec-cei2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #gd1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bgi4 #aad qui nasele noxe dindia 7here grow the nuts of ,india73 ,in the ,ramusian version of ,polo 7ii1 #ced7 occurs the following statement in connection with the shrine of ,st4 ,thomas3 8,the ,christians who have charge of the church have a great number of ,indian ,nut trees1 whereby they get their living40 #aae ,india dixerta4 ,,iv4 ,central ,asia ,mountain #aaf ,mo4 caropanus3 ,paropanisus ,mons1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aa3e1 etc4 7,,fa#be772;,hindu ,kush 7,hallb41 #cic74 ,see also #abc4 ,rivers #aag f4 ,ixartes3 ,jaxartis ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ab3a1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 shown but not named on ,,ce2 ,flum d',organi1 ,,ca2 see ,hallb41 #bhj-bha4 ,on ancient and medieval knowledge of the ,aral ,sea1 into which the ,jaxartes flows1 see ,w4 ,barthold1 ,aral1 in ,encycl4 of ,islam1 ,vol4 #a1 ,leiden and ,london1 #aiac1 pp4 #dai-dbj4 #aah f4 ,oxius3 ,oxus ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #i3a1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772 8,flum ,amo1 ,,ca2 not shown on ,,ce2 see ,hallb41 #bd-bf4 #aai f4 rius3 ,areios or ,arius ,fl41 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ag3b 7,,fa#bd772 see ,hallb41 #be1 #dg2 ,,pw1 ii1 #fbc28;,hari ,rud4 ,edifices #abj organa3 8,dupl4 of #aba4 #aba organzia3 ,flum d',organi1 ,,ca2 see ,hallb41 #edg-edi2 ,yule1 ,cath41 iii1 #hb2,urganj1 famous medieval city of ,khorasmia on the lower ,oxus4 #abb sagomoa78738,samarkand 7see ,hallb41 #dde-ddh74 ,place ,names #abc paraponixa2 ,paropanisades1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ah1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772northern ,afghanistan 7,besnier1 #egc74 ,see also #aaf4 #abd archuxia3 ,arachosia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #bj1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772;,afghanistan 7,besnier1 #fi74 ,see ,hallb41 #cc-cd4 #abe arzeglia3 8 ,see #abi4 #abf dragiana3 ,drangiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #ai1 etc4 7,,fa#bd772,seistan 7,hallb41 #aib74 #abg margana3 ,margiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj1 etc4 7,,fa#bb772;environs of modern ,merv 7,besnier1 #dfd74 #abh archuxia3 ,dupl4 of #abd4 #abi arzegia3 ,dupl4 of #abe4 #acj mesagit3 ,massagitae1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj3b 7,,fa#bb772 a people of ,scythia mentioned also by ,pliny1 ,solinus1 etc4 7,hallb41 #cci-cdj74 #aca bocasan3 8,bocar1 ,,ca2,bukhara 7,hallb41 #gi-hj74 #acb orcania3 ,probably a repetition of #abj and #aba2 might1 however1 be ,hyrcania1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #i 7,,fa#bb772 see ,hallb41 #bec-bed2part of ,mazanderan 7,besnier1 #cgf74 #acc samaria38,samarcand 7see #abb72 ,hallb41 #ddh1 suggests ,samaria in ,palestine misplaced1 but adds3 8pourtant la chose n'est pas probable40 #acd zagaspia3 ,zaraspa1 ,,ca2 ,zariaspa or ,zarispa in ,bactriana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aa3g 7,,fa#bb772;,balkh 7,besnier1 #aag74 ,see also ,kret41 ,walsp41 #che4 #ace amol3 ,this name is applied to various towns and to a river in central ,asia on ,,ca and ,mauro4 ,perhaps it represents a confusion of the name of the town of ,amol in ,mazanderan with that of the ,amu ,daria 7,oxus74 ,see ,hallb41 #bd-bf4 #acf seno3 8,sena or ,sina in ,margiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #aj3c 7,,fa#bb774 #acg lidazel38 ,v4 ,persia ,lake and ,river #ach1 #aci ,unnamed lake and river4 ,on ,,ca and ,,ce the river rises in two lakes1 the eastern and western being named on ,,ca ,mar ,dargis 7,lake ,van7 and ,mar de ,marga 7,lake ,urmia7 respectively 7,hallb41 #dc-dd1 #ccg-cch74 ,on ,piz4 the river is ,flum ,chexi2 if ,chexi is ,khuzistan 7see #afd7 the river possibly represents the ,karun4 ,desert #adj ,sarmania dixerta3 ,carmania ,deserta1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #f7;,,fa#bj772;interior of the modern ,kerman4 ,see also #aec4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,south ,shore of ,caspian ,sea #ada dise4n7873 ,deystam1 ,,ca28,dehistan1 a district of ,mazanderan 7,hallb41 #ahh74 #adb mexandra3 ,masandra1 ,,ca2,mazanderan4 #adc galen3 ,cap de ,cilan1 ,cillam1 ,gellam1 ,,ca2,gilan 7,hallb41 #bag-bah74 #add aspaur7873 ,achdio1 ,,ca2 ,asidio1 ,,ce28 #ade godaspi3 ,gudaspu1 ,con4 7#ei72 ,codaspi1 ,piz428 #adf ,turis3 ,rey del ,tavris in central ,persia1 ,,ca2,tabriz 7,hallb41 #eah-ebb74 ,see also #ib4 7,b7 ,interior #adg trachse3 8,dupl4 of #fg4 #adh zarmatia3 8,sarmatia1 misplaced2 see1 however1 #ab1 #fjj4 #adi siria3 ,ciutat de ,ssiras1 ,,ca2 ,siras1 ,,ce2,shiraz 7,hallb41 #dgj-dga74 #aej parthia3 ,parthia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #e 7,,fa#bj772,khurasan 7,hallb41 #cid-cie7 #aea ,ro odmin7873 8 #aeb ,ro de persia3 ,persis1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #d 7,,fa#bj772,persia4 7,c7 ,persian ,gulf ,coast #aec ,sarmania abitada3 ,carmania1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #h 7,,fa#bj772,kerman4 ,see also #adj4 ,place ,names1 ,north ,coast of ,persian ,gulf #aed semenar3 ,femenat1 ,,ca2 ,semenat1 ,polo 7ii1 #cih-cii72,somnath 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #djj74 #aee demonela3 ,damonela1 ,,ca2,daibul 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cji74 #aef chetimo3 ,chetimo1 ,,ca2,kij 7ibid474 #aeg oncon3 ,nocran1 ,,ca 7omitted on ,choix de doc4 reproduction of ,,ca72,makran 7ibid474 #aeh ormixon3 ,hormision1 ,,ca28,old ,hormuz on the ,continent0 7ibid474 ,see #aje4 #aei traman3 ,creman1 ,,ca2,kerman4 ,see #aec4 #afj usu3 ,ussn1 ,,ca2 8,husn ,amarat8 7see ,edri41 #a1 #cgi this reference is to ,p4 ,a4 ,jaubert1 ,gographie d',edrisi1 traduite de l'arabe en franais 7,recueil de voyages et de mmoires publi par la ,socit de ,gographie1 ,vols4 #e and #f1 ,paris1 #ahcf-ahdj71 i1 #cfc1 #cij7 ,any castle is ,husn0 7ibid472,essina 7,lelewel1 ii1 #ee74 #afa cadome7873 8 #afb seros3 ,serans1 ,,ca2 ,sustar1 ,piz428,siraf 7,yule1 l4c472 ,sustar1 ,mediceo2,shushtar 7ibid47288rivire ,schirin0 7,lelewel1 l4c474 #afc 444 ch 444 7873 8 #afd chesi3 ,chesi1 ,,ca2,khuzistan 7,yule1 ,cath41 i1 #cjh72 shown as an island on ,piz428,scheich078,sheikh ,shu#8aib ,island7 7,la ,r41 i1 #fe74 ,,vi4 ,mesopotamia and ,syria ,rivers and ,lakes #afe-afh ,the river system is more accurately drawn than on ,,ca and ,,ce1 inasmuch as the ,euphrates and ,tigris join before reaching the ,persian ,gulf4 ,on ,,ca they enter the ,gulf separately2 on ,,ce the ,euphrates swings around into ,egypt1 entering the ,nile just above ,babilonia 7,cairo74 ,all three maps show a connection between the ,euphrates and ,mediterranean through the ,orontes1 but only ,leardo makes the ,jordan communicate with the ,euphrates4 ,on ,,ca and ,,cd an island1 ,zizera 7see also #i71 on ,,cd said to be the site of ,nineveh1 is shown in the ,euphrates1 but on ,,ce and ,leardo this has become a lake4 ,on ,,ca the three lakes along the ,jordan are labeled from ,n to ,s3 ,aquaron 7,lake ,hule71 ,mar de ,gallilea 7,sea of ,galilee71 and ,mar ,gamora 7sea of ,gomorrah1,dead ,sea74 #afe f4 tigris4 #aff f4 eufrates4 #afg f4 ,jordano4 #afh f 444 soldino3 ,orontes 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgj74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,along the ,tigris #afi moxor3 ,moror1 ,,ca2 ,moxor1 ,dalorto map 7,la ,r41 i1 #fd72,mosul 7ibid474 #agj apfes3 ,aipsa1 ,vat42 ,suq al-,ahvaz of the ,arabic itineraries 7,pull1 ,vat41 #ac1 #ca1 #cd74 #aga ,inporio asiriorum 7empire of the ,assyrians72 ,assyria1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #a 7,,fa#bj774 #agb seruxiana3 ,susiana1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #c 7,,fa#bj772,khuzistan 7,besnier1 #gbf74 #agc babilo 4447873 ,babylon or ,babylonia4 ,see also #cbc4 7,b7 ,in ,syria #agd ga 444 a7874 #age ,jeruxalem3 ,on the placing of ,jerusalem at the center of the earth's surface see ,wright1 ,lore1 #bei-bfa4 #agf c 444r7873 8 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,in ,mesopotamia #agg baldac3 ,ciutat de ,baldach1 ,,ca2,baghdad4 #agh mexapo3 8,mesopotamia4 #agi birzi3 8,birejik4 #ahj megan3 8,mogan1 ,jordanus of ,svrac 7,jourdain ,catalani de ,svrac1 ,mirabilia descripta3 ,les merveilles de l',asie1 edit4 by ,henri ,cordier1 ,paris1 #aibe1 #ic-id2 ,hallb41 #cef-ceg72plain of ,mugan near junction of ,araxes and ,kur4 #aha malaxim3 ,malasia1 ,,ca3,malatia4 7,b7 ,interior of ,syria #ahb alepo3 ,aleppo4 #ahc antozia7873 8,antioch4 7,c7 ,syrian ,coast #ahd soldin3 ,suweidiyeh1 near ancient ,seleucia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgj74 #ahe laliza3 ,latakia 7ibid474 #ahf tortoxa3 ,tartus 7ibid474 #ahg tripoli3 ,tripoli 7ibid41 #fga74 #ahh zibele3 ,jebeleh 7ibid474 #ahi baruto3 ,beirut 7ibid474 #aij achre3 ,acre 7ibid41 #fgb74 #aia gafo3 ,jaffa 7ibid474 #aib larixa3 ,el-#8,arish 7ibid41 #fgc74 ,,vii4 ,arabia ,mountains #aic ,mo4 sinai4 #aid ,mo4 felizis arabie3 ,montana ,arabiae ,felicis1 which1 according to ,ptol4 7,v1 #ag3 #c2 ,v1 #ai3 #a 7,,fa#ai771 divides ,arabia ,petraea and ,arabia ,deserta on the north from ,arabia ,felix on the south2,ash-,shera' mountains 7see ,alois ,musil1 ,the ,northern ,hez1 ,new ,york1 #aibf1 #bee2 the same1 ,arabia ,deserta1 ,new ,york1 #aibg1 #ejb-ejc74 #aie ,mo4 prionous3 ,prionotus ,mons on ,s coast of ,arabia1 ,ptol4 7,,vi1 #g3aj 7,,fa#ba7728 ,edifices 7,a7 ,on ,persian ,gulf and ,indian ,ocean #aif bazar3 ,bassara1 ,,ca2,basra4 #aig golftata3 ,golfaca1 ,,ca2 ,golfathan1 ,con4 7#db728 ,see ,jimnez de la ,espada1 #bje4 #aih ,ieita 7873 ,jepta1 ,,ca2 ,egepta1 ,con4 7#db728 #aii cabat3 ,cabat1 ,,ca2 ,con4 7#db72 8,calatu1 ,polo 7ii1 #ddi-dea72,qalhat in #8,oman 7,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dea2 ,hallb41 #ig-ih74 #bjj letrob7873 ,ietrib1 ,,ca28,yathrib1 the ancient name for ,medina1 misplaced4 #bja arabia4 7,b7 ,red ,sea ,coast #bjb senea3 ,seneha1 ,,ca2,san#8a 7,hallb41 #dfh-dfi74 #bjc fidomat3 ,adromant1 ,,ca28,hadhramaut4 #bjd amei3 ,mey1 ,,ca2 8 #bje ald4p7873 ,adep1 ,adem1 ,,ca2,aden 7,hallb41 #h-aj74 #bjf eta4447873 8 #bjg gaida7873 ,guja1 ,,ca28,jidda4 #bjh nabates3 ,nabataeans 7,besnier1 #eji74 #bji 787 ,illeg43 8 7,c7 ,interior #baj sabea3 ,arabia ,sebba1 ,,ca 7which gives an illustration and legend relating to the ,queen of ,sheba72,saba or ,sheba4 #baa ,la mecha3 ,ciutat de ,mecha1 with legend1 ,,ca2,mecca4 ,regional ,names #bab ,arabia dixerta3 ,arabia ,deserta1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ai 7,,fa#ai774 #bac ,arabia petroxa3 ,arabia ,petraea1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ag 7,,fa#ai774 ,,viii4 ,asia ,minor ,river #bad ff4 rosso3 ,odoric of ,pordenone1 ,palatine version 7,yule1 ,cath41 ii1 #ajb1 n4 #d72 ,pegalotti1 #g 7ibid41 iii1 #afd728the tributary of the ,araxes1 the ,kizil ,chai which waters ,khoi0 7,cordier1 in the same1 iii1 #afd1 n4 #a74 ,edifice #bae ,tr4447873 ,troia2,troy4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,interior #baf saustia3 ,sauasto1 ,,ca2anct4 ,sebastea1 mod4 ,sivas4 #bag ,tabacasan3 8 #bah suilia 7873 8 #bai sis3 ,scisia1 ,,ca2,sis4 #bbj almesia3 ,amasia4 #bba laranda3 anct4 ,laranda1 mod4 ,karaman4 #bbb anguri7873 ,angora4 #bbc aladachia3 anct4 ,laodicea ,combusta1 mod4 ,ladik4 #bbd filadelfia3 anct4 ,philadelphia1 mod4 ,ala ,shehr4 #bbe castamena3 ,kastamuni4 #bbf congre3 ,changri4 #bbg achrioteri7873 8,ak ,shehr4 #bbh ,jachrie7873 8 #bbi ,janisari3 ,yeni ,shehr4 #bcj cariacasar3 8,afiun ,qarahisar4 #bca nicomidia4 #bcb bursa3 ,brusa4 #bcc lizia3 anct4 ,lycia4 #bcd pergamo3 anct4 ,pergamum4 #bce licnia7873 8anct4 ,lycaonia1 misplaced4 7,b7 ,black ,sea ,coast #bcf ,tripoli3 ,tireboli 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdh74 #bcg cirisonda3 ,kiresn 7ibid474 #bch lauatiza3 ,lauona1 ,,ca2,vona ,bay 7ibid474 #bci simiso3 ,samsun 7ibid474 #bdj sinopi3 anct4 ,sinope1 mod4 ,sinob4 7ibid474 #bda do44s44l447873 ,docastelli 7ibid41 #fej72,kidros 7ibid474 #bdb borli3 8,boli 7which1 however1 is in the interior74 #bdc samastro3 ,amasra 7ibid474 #bdd chio3 ,thio1 ,,ca2anct4 ,thios ,prom4 7ibid474 #bde punta rachia3 anct4 ,heraclea ,pontica1 mod4 ,bender ,ergli 7ibid474 #bdf algiro3 ,anadoli ,kawak 7ibid474 7,c7 ,aegean coast #bdg lesmire3 ,smyrna 7ibid41 #fec74 ,,ix4 ,armenia1 ,caucasia1 and ,southeastern ,russia ,mountain #bdh ,mt4 ,ararat is labeled larche de noe4 ,rivers #bdi ,a river connecting the ,sea of ,azof with the ,caspian is shown on ,,ca and ,,ce1 but without the branches reaching the ,black ,sea2 on ,piz4 this river is named ,flm' ,cicopo 7the ,cicopa of ,,ca and other portolan maps being a north branch of the ,kuban delta2 ,kret41 ,port41 #fdf72,kuban ,river 7ibid474 ,caspian ,sea #bej ,mare de ,abachu787 7,sea of ,baku73 ,mar de ,sarra e de ,bacu1 ,,ca2 ,mar de ,sala e de ,bacu1 ,,ce4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,west ,coast of the ,caspian ,sea #bea ,illeg43 8 #beb famachi3 ,siamachi1 ,vat4 7,pull1 #i728,shemakha 7ibid41 #h1 n4 #d74 #bec baramachi3 ,barmachu1 ,,ca28 #bed abachu3 ,bacu1 ,,ca2,baku4 7,b7 ,between the ,black and ,caspian ,seas #bee porte deuee7873 8,porte de ,fer 7see #gb and ,hallb41 #dad74 #bef arminia4 #beg arminia3 ,dupl4 of #bef4 7,c7 ,coasts of ,sea of ,azof and ,black ,sea #beh 44na7873 8,tana1 important medieval commercial city at mouth of the ,don2mod4 ,azof 7,kret41 ,port41 #fde2 ,hallb41 #ejc-ejd74 #bei trabexonda3 ,trebizond 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdh74 ,place ,names in ,southeastern ,russia #bfj seuastopoli3 anct4 and med4 ,sebastopolis on coast of ,abkhasia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdg74 #bfa auogaxi3 ,abkhasia 7ibid41 #fdf74 #bfb mengreli3 ,mingrelians or ,mingrelia 7ibid41 #fdg74 #bfc zichia3 8regional name of ,circassia0 7ibid41 #fdf74 #bfd copa3 ,copa 7ibid474 #bfe matraca3 ,matrega1 ,genoese trading town on ,taiman ,peninsula 7ibid474 ,x4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,persian ,gulf1 and ,red ,sea #bff ,ma4444dicho3 ,mare ,indicho4 #bfg ,mare de persia4 #bfh ,m44444443 ,mare rosso4 #bfi 444 ,taprobana3 ,trapobana1 ,,ca1 ,,ce2 the ,taprobane of the ancient geographers was ,ceylon2 in the ,middle ,ages the name was probably applied to ,sumatra 7,cordier1 ,,ca1 #eg-eh2 ,kret41 ,,ce1 #ajg2 for suggested identifications of places shown in ,trapobana on ,,ca see ,gerini1 #fdf-fdg74 #bgj famdabo7873 8,regio ,femarum 7for ,feminarum7 on island of ,iana1 ,,ca1 which is perhaps a reflection of ,polo's story of the ,male and ,female ,islands 7ii1 #djd-dje72 see also ,gerini1 #fdg1 n4 #b4 #bga ,illeg43 8 #bgb m4447873 8,malao1 on both ,trapobana and ,iana1 ,,ca2 ,mallao1 on ,jaua1 ,,ce384 #bgc leuia3 ,leroa1 on ,trapobana1 ,,ca28 #bgd y4 caina3 ,caynam1 ,,ca1 ,,ce28,andaman ,islands 7,buchon and ,tastu1 p4 #acg74 #bge ixole doue nase p et altre spez ie 7islands where pepper and other spices are produced73 ,legend on ,,ca runs3 8,in the sea of the ,indies are #gedh islands of which we cannot enumerate here the marvelous riches1 not only in gold and silver but also in spices and precious stones02 from ,polo 7ii1 #bfd71 who also1 like ,leardo1 mentions pepper4 #bgf ya de ceridus3 ,ceredim1 ,,ce2 8,serendib1 ,arabic name for ,ceylon4 #bgg y 44corto7873 8,setrocha1 ,,ce28,socotra4 #bgh ,nameless island1 corresponds in shape and position to the ,iana of ,,ca and ,jaua of ,,ce2,java 7,cordier1 ,,ca1 p4 #fa72,sumatra 7,gerini1 p4 #hcd74 #bgi ,legends on this island illegible2 it is1 however1 similar in shape to ,salam or ,silan of ,,ce28,ceylon4 #bhj ,illeg43 8 #bha y 44 siliraoil7873 8 ,,xi4 ,southern ,africa ,mountains #bhb ,mo elefans3 ,elephas ,mons on the east coast of ,africa1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3aj 7,,fa#ae772,ras el-,fil 7,vivien de ,st4 ,martin1 #bhh74 #bhc ,monti doue se caua m 444 ro molto oro1 ,leardo1 #addh 7mountain where much gold is mined73 ,pliny 7,nat4 hist41 ,,vi1 #ahi7 mentions the abundance of gold in ,ethiopia between ,napata and the ,red ,sea4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,south ,shore of the ,red ,sea #bhd gobari3 ,zobar or ,gobar1 ,leardo1 #addh28,zanzibar 7,santarem1 iii1 #dcg74 #bhe uigie3 8,vuigie1 in interior of ,prester ,john's realm1 ,mauro28 #bhf tobolet7873 8 #bhg scuendn7873 ,stuendi1 ,mauro28,suakin4 #bhh tragedit7873 ,tragoditi1 ,mauro2 ,troglodytica ,regio1 in ,east ,africa1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3 #bg 7,,fa #ae772;country along ,w coast of ,red ,sea between ,egypt and ,abyssinia 7,vivien de ,st4 ,martin1 #dga-dgd74 #bhi satoris7873 ,catoris1 ,mauro28 #bij basag 44 r7873 8 7,b7 ,eastern 8,horn0 of ,africa #bia acoan3 ,aicoum de ,afra1 ,leardo1 #addh 7,santarem1 iii1 #dcg72 ,hascum1 ,mauro28,axum in ,abyssinia 7,la ,r41 ii1 #aae74 #bib safola3 ,sofrala1 ,mauro28,sofala4 #bic medifola3 8--#bid prouinzie dofir3 ,p4 ,davaro1 ,mauro28,dawaro in ,abyssinia 7,la ,r41 ii1 #aac1 #acb74 #bie gfenuj7873 8 #bif flmodo7873 8 #big dela 44 7873 8 7,c7 ,central ,region #bih miluas7873 8 #bii ,inperio del presto ,jani 7,empire of ,prester ,john73 ,prester ,john is shown in this part of ,africa on ,,ca and ,,ce4 ,on the origins of the legend of ,prester ,john and on the transference of the realm of this mythical potentate from ,asia to ,africa in popular tradition see ,kret41 ,,ce1 #ii-aja2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #bhc-bhf4 #cjj ta 4 4 4 n7873 8 #cja grafai3 8 #cjb fe 4 4 47873 8 #cjc mesa3 ,con4 7#cf7 says that ,prester ,john always resides at ,malsa 7,jimnez de la ,espada1 #bbb2 ,la ,r41 i1 #fa74 #cjd carap7873 8 ,longer ,legends #cje ,,dixerto ,,dexabitado ,,per ,,caldo 7desert uninhabited on account of heat73 ,leardo1 #addh1 ,walsperger1 #addh1 and ,borgia1 #adeb1 8all show a similar torrid zone1 though the theory was protested against by ,fra ,mauro1 ,diogo ,gomez1 and doubtless by others0 7,a4 ,rainaud1 ,le continent austral3 hypothses et dcouvertes1 ,paris1 #ahic1 #aii72 on the development and history of this theory see especially ,rainaud1 passim2 also ,wright1 ,lore1 #ah1 #aeg-afa4 #cjf dixerto4 #cjg qui nase homeni che ano ,il uolto nel petto 7here are born men who have the face in the chest73 ,such monsters are described by ,solinus1 #ca1e2 ,isidore1 ,etym41 ,,xi1 #c1 #ag2 and shown on the ,hereford map 7,miller1 ,mappaemundi1 iv1 #de74 ,,xii4 ,middle and ,lower ,nile ,region ,mountains #cjh ,mo4 dimas3 ,mons dimas1 ,mauro28 #cji ,mo4 libuzio3 ,montes ,libyci1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #e3 #ai 7,,fa#ad772;escarpment overlooking ,nile ,valley on ,w 7,,pw1 xiii1 #adh74 #caj ,mo4 pilazi3 ,mons ,pollaza1 ,mauro2 8,pylaei ,montes in ,ethiopia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3 #bf 7,,fa#ae7728 #caa ,mo4 arazas3 ,arangas ,mons1 in ,lybia ,interior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #ab 7,,fa#ae7728 ,rivers and ,lakes #cab f4 nillo3 ,the course of the ,nile and its tributaries corresponds essentially with that of ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #hi-ia2 see also #cch74 #cac f4 stapus3 ,astapus ,fl4 in ,ethiopia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g3bd 7,,fa#ae772;,bahr al-,azraq1 or ,blue ,nile 7,,pw1 ii1 #agge-aggf2 ,besnier1 #if74 ,other ,natural ,features #cad ,etiopia dezito3 ,ethiopian desert4 #cae ,libia dixerta2 ,deserta ,libya1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3bg 7,,fa#ac774 #caf dixerta arenoxa qui nase animali quatrupedi che ano ,il uolto domo 7sandy desert where are born quadruped animals which have the face of a man73 ,possibly refers to the mantichora of ,pliny 7,nat4 hist41 ,,viii1 #ba2 see ,wright1 ,lore1 #dfh74 #cag ya4 meroe3 ,island of ,mero1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #g 7,,fa#ae774 ,edifices 7,a7 ,west ,coast of ,red ,sea #cah filistina3 ,palestine4 #cai aid 4 p7873 ,aydip1 ,,ca2,aidhab4 #cbj cidor7873 8 #cba climas3 ,climas1 ,mauro28 7,b7 ,on the ,nile and ,stapus #cbb alesandria3 ,alexandria1 ,,ca4 #cbc babilonia3 ,babillonja1 ,,ca2 ,babilonia1 ,,ce2the medieval name of ,old ,cairo4 #cbd sacon3 ,sohan1 ,,ca2 ,soan1 ,,ce2anct4 ,syene1 mod4 ,aswan4 #cbe bac 47873 8 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi ,illeg4 7,c7 ,on ,north ,shore of ,west ,african ,gulf #ccj1 #cca ,illeg4 ,place ,name1 ,west ,coast of ,red ,sea #ccb tes 7or tos73 8,chos1 ,,ca2 ,con428,qoseir ,,xiii4 ,upper ,nile ,region and ,west ,africa ,mountains #ccc ,mo4 ,bardtion7873 ,bardetus ,mons in ,ethiopia ,interior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #h3 #f 7,,fa#ae774 #ccd ,mo4 ,lune docho nasitur nillo 7,mountains of the ,moon from which the ,nile rises73 ,according to a long legend on ,,ce these mountains are called 8,gibel ,camar by the ,saracens1 which means ,mountains of the ,moon in our tongue02 they are so high that although they lie on the equator both poles may be seen from them4 ,the famous ,mountains of the ,moon were first mentioned by ,ptolemy 7,,iv1 #h3 #c72 see also ,kret41 ,,ce4 #ia-ib4 #cce ,mo4 capis3 ,caphas ,mons in ,libya ,interior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #i 7,,fa#ae772 see ,,pw1 x1 #ahib4 #ccf ,mo4 deo ue chulum7873 8,deorum ,currus ,mons in ,libya ,interior1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3i 7,,fa#ae772 farthest point south on ,w coast of ,africa reached by ,hanno2,mt4 ,sagres in ,sierra ,leone 7,vivien de ,st4 ,martin1 #cid-cif72;,cameroons ,mountain 7see articles by ,j4 de ,hart in ,journ4 ,african ,soc41 xxv1 #aibf1 #bfd-bgg 7noted in ,geogr4 ,rev41 xvi1 #aibf1 #ffa-ffb71 and by ,r4 ,hennig in ,geogr4 ,zeitschr41 xxxiii1 #aibg1 #cgh-cib74 ,island #ccg ya4 de prenje3 8,insula ,palola1 ,carignano1 ,piz4 7,fischer1 #ada728 ,rivers1 ,lake1 ,seacoast #cch ,the upper course of the ,nile with the great lake and its tributaries rising in the ,mountains of the ,moon 7#ccd7 corresponds essentially to ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #hi-ia72 ,,ce1 however1 shows a subterranean passage of the river ,w of ,meroe4 ,on ancient and medieval theories regarding the course of the ,nile1 see ,simar1 passim2 ,langenmaier1 #dg-dh2 ,wright1 ,lore1 #cjd-cjf4 ,see also #cab1 #ccd4 #cci ,the bay with the red1 cross-shaped island is represented on ,,ce by an island in the delta of the ,west-,african river4 ,desert #cdj mare arenoxe 7,sandy ,sea73 ,on ,,ce there are two legends indicating sandy areas in ,west ,africa 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #if74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,north of ,nile-,senegal #cda ,ro dogan 47873 8,organa1 ,,ca2 ,rey d,organa1 ,,ce2empire of ,ghana or ,kanem 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cdb ,ro444447873 8 #cdc almesia3 ,almesia1 ,,ca2,mzab 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cdd ma 44 7873 8 7,b7 ,south of ,nile-,senegal #cde-cdi ,illeg4 #cej ,ro m444nel7873 84 #cea ,illeg4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,between ,mt4 ,bardtion and the ,mountains of the ,moon #ceb elcor7873 ,probably an ,arabic name with article1 el28 #cec anesa3 8 #ced elundia3 see #ceb28 #cee dendenie3 8,dendi of ,antony ,malfant's narrative of a voyage to ,tuat in #addg 7,la ,r41 i1 #aed74 #cef drisna3 8 #ceg solla3 ,soll1 ,,ce2 8,sala1 ,idrisi28,sele1 ,s of ,timbuktu 7,miller1 ,arab41 #afb74 #ceh burga3 ,burga1 ,,ce1 a mountain in ,gotonye1 ,con4 7#cd728;,burda1 8mountain region of the ,sudan ,e of river ,shari1 which flows into ,lake ,chad1 and ,s of town of ,kengas0 7,jimnez de la ,espada1 #ahf74 #cei quilan3 ,quilam1 ,,ce28 7,b7 ,north of ,headwaters of the ,nile #cfj ganugia3 8,geugeu1 ,,ca2,go 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cfa geuene3 ,ginyia1 ,,ca2 ,guineua1 ,,ce2,ghana 7,la ,r41 i1 #ace2 ,kret41 ,,ce1 #if-ig74 #cfb atelas3 8 #cfc ansica3 ,anzicha1 ,,ca2,in ,ziza 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf1 #ach74 #cfd tablet3 ,tabelbelt1 ,,ca2 ,tibalbert1 ,con4 7#cj72,tabelbert 7,la ,r41 i1 #aah74 #cfe artixe3 8 #cff tocor3 ,tacort1 ,,ca2,tuggurt 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 ,see also #cfh4 7,c7 ,eastern ,row of ,names ,n of ,river ,senegal #cfg tutega3 ,tutega1 ,vilad42,tijikja 7,la ,r41 i1 #ace74 #cfh tocor3 ,dupl4 of #cff4 #cfi udam3 ,sudan1 ,,ca2,sudan 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 #cgj tusont3 8 #cga tagaza3 ,tagaza1 ,,ca2,teghaza 7,la ,r41 i1 #acf74 ,see also #cgc4 #cgb getulla3 ,gaetulia1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #f3 #ae 7,,fa#ae772;desert region ,s of ,morocco4 #cgc tagase3 ,dupl4 of #cga4 #cgd temenadis3 ,temenasin1 ,,ca28,tlemsen4 #cge ,regnio de belemon3 ,rex ,belmarin1 ,bianco2 8dynasty of ,beni ,marin which ruled in ,fez in the thirteenth century and at ,tremcen ,tlemsen until #adjg0 7,simar1 #bie1 from ,santarem1 iii1 #cfh74 7,d7 ,western ,row of ,names ,n of ,river ,senegal #cgf ,fisengan3 ,ihsengam1 ,vilad42 8name now used by the negroes to designate the sandy regions on the west bank of the ,senegal0 7,la ,r41 i1 #acd74 #cgg uilodesci3 ,this name is so much like that of the map-maker1 ,mecia de ,viladestes1 that one is almost tempted to believe that his signature has somehow found its way as a place name to ,leardo's map4 #cgh tasu3 8 #cgi mascarota3 ,mascarota1 ,,ca2 ,masquarota1 ,,ce2,tamgrut 7,la ,r41 i1 #acg74 #chj agof3 8 #cha dunardin3 8,tarudant1 ,idrisi 7,miller1 ,arab41 #agg728,tarudant4 #chb ubda3 ,ubaduch1 ,,ca28 #chc altamar3 ,alamara1 ,,ca2 ,zichialhamara1 ,con4 7#bi72the ,saghuiet el-,hamra in northern ,rio d',oro 7,la ,r41 i1 #acd74 #chd safinet7873 8 ,,xiv4 ,north ,africa ,mountains ,to the mountain range of ,north ,africa1 a stock feature on medieval maps1 ,leardo adds at random garbled ,ptolemaic names4 #che ,mo4 ,jouis3 ,dios vel ,jovis ,mons in ,province of ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3 #ah 7,,fa#ac771 badly out of place28,jebel ,zaghwan1 ,,sw of ,tunis 7,mller1 i1 #fce74 #chf ,mo4 galcas3 ,zalacus ,mons in ,mauretania ,caesariensis 7,algeria71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b1 #ad 7,,fa#ab772;a part of the ,lesser ,atlas ,,sw of ,algiers 7see ,mller1 i1 #fja74 #chg ,mo4 usalatus3 ,usalaetus ,mons in ,province of ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c3ah 7,,fa#ac772;,jebel ,usselet near site of ,hadrumetum 7,mller1 i1 #fce74 #chh ,mo4 masarus3 ,mampsarus ,mons in ,province of ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7l4 c474 #chi ,mons4 bur4ea7873 ,buzara ,mons where ,mauretania ,caesariensis1 the ,province of ,africa1 and ,libya ,interior meet1 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b3af2 ,,iv1 #c3af 7,,fa#ac7728;,jebel bu-,kahil1 ,s of ,bu-,saada1 ,algeria 7,,pw1 iii1 #ajid74 #cij ,mo flruxu7873 ,phrouraesus ,mons in ,mauretania ,caesariensis 7,algeria71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #b3af 7,,fa#ab7728;,jurjura1 ,,se of ,algiers 7,mller1 i1 #fjb74 #cia ,mo4 garis3 ,garas ,mons in ,mauretania ,caesariensis1 ,ptol4 7l4 c474 #cib ,alta mons3 ,atlas ,mons ,minor on ,atlantic coast of ,mauretania ,tingitana 7,morocco71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #a3b 7,,fa#ab772 see ,,pw1 ii1 #baai4-- ,river #cic ,a river rising ,,sw of the ,atlas ,mountains and entering the western ,mediterranean is shown on many fourteenth and fifteenth century maps4 ,on ,,ca1 instead of rising in a lake with three tributaries1 as ,leardo represents it1 the river encircles the city of ,sigilmessa 7,tissimi1 in oasis of ,tafilet1 ,miller1 ,arab41 #agg71 where it is entered by four tributaries from the south2 a branch is also shown entering the ,atlantic4 ,on ,,ce the river corresponds essentially to that of ,,ca1 except that the branch to the ,atlantic has been made the main stream and the arm leading to the ,mediterranean has been separated from that sea and converted into a doubled-channeled tributary of the main stream4 ,edifices 7,a7 ,on or ,near the ,mediterranean ,coast #cid1 #cie ,illeg4 #cif africa7873 ,the ,roman ,province of ,africa 7,tunisia71 ,ptol4 7,,iv1 #c 7,,fa#ac774 #cig tunixi3 ,tunis 7,kret41 ,port41 #fgi74 #cih bona3 ,bne 7ibid41 #fhj74 #cii se 4447873 ,septa of ,portolan charts2,ceuta 7ibid41 #fhc74 7,b7 ,interior1 ,along ,northern ,base of ,mountain ,range #djj ,illeg4 #dja bizesta7873 8,bichest1 ,,ca28,biskra4 #djb1 #djc ,illeg4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,on ,mediterranean ,coast #djd lucha3 8,a place near ,cape ,lukka0 or ,ras el-,melh 7,kret41 ,port41 #fge74 #dje c4 bonandrea3 ,cape ,bonandrea of ,portolan charts2,ras el-,hillil 7ibid474 #djf ,illeg4 #djg bnicho7873 ,bernicho of ,portolan charts2anct4 ,berenice1 mod4 ,benghazi 7ibid41 #fgf74 #djh ,illeg4 #dji licodia3 ,ras el-,omja 7ibid474 #daj siden3 8,sidra1 ,,ca2island of ,abu ,sheifa 7,bu ,sceifa of ,italian maps7 7ibid474 #daa casero sensor3 ,sensur 7ibid41 #fgg74 #dab rasimabaxi3 ,ras el-,makhbez 7ibid474 #dac stora3 ,stora 7ibid41 #fhj74 #dad ancol3 ,collo 7ibid474 #dae zizeri3 ,jijeli 7ibid474 #daf buzia3 ,bougie 7ibid41 #fha74 #dag titelis3 ,cape ,tedless 7ibid474 #dah arzeia3 ,arzeu 7ibid41 #fhb74 #dai or4m7873 ,oran 7ibid474 #dbj serem3 8,river ,senam 7ibid474 #dba om4e7873 ,honain1 ,cape ,noe 7ibid474 #dbb milela3 ,mellila 7ibid41 #fhc74 #dbc larandie3 ,larcudia of the ,portolan charts 7ibid4728 #dbd molcmar7873 ,molcemar of ,portolan charts2,alhucemas ,islands 7ibid474 7,b7 ,interior of ,morocco #dbe manosa3 8,manora of ,portolan charts2,mehedia 7,kret41 ,port41 #fhd74 #dbf mosa3 8,messa of ,portolan charts28,massa 7ibid41 #fhe74 #dbg maran3 8 #dbh zemar3 ,zamor of ,portolan charts2,azammur 7ibid41 #fhd74 7,c7 ,coast of ,morocco #dbi ninfe3 ,niffe of ,portolan charts2,casablanca 7ibid474 #dcj sofin3 ,safi 7ibid474 ,,xv4 ,black and ,mediterranean ,seas ,names of ,seas #dca ,mare mauro7873 ,unnamed on ,,ca and ,,ce2,black ,sea4 #dcb ,mare de adriano3 ,adriatic ,sea4 #dcc ,mare ,mediterrano4 #dcd ,mare de ,leone3 ,gulf of ,lions4 ,islands #dce ,cipro3 ,cyprus4 #dcf rodo3 ,rhodes4 #dcg sio3 ,chios 7,kret41 ,port41 #ffj74 #dch arcipellago4 #dci negroponte3 ,euboea4 #ddj ya de chrete 7873 ,crete4 #dda crsicha4 #ddb sardignia4 #ddc minoricha3 ,minorca4 #ddd ,maioricha3 ,majorca4 #dde ,illeg4 ,,xvi4 ,southwestern ,europe ,rivers #ddf ,the ,guadalquivir3 similar course on ,,ca and ,,ce4 #ddg f4 lizer3 ,loire4 #ddh f4 stequana3 ,seine4 #ddi f4 rodenus3 ,rhne4 ,edifices #dej gr 444 7873 ,granada4 #dea ,illeg4 #deb span 444 7873 ,spain4 #dec1 #ded ,illeg4 #dee bart4nia3 ,brittany4 #def fr 444 a3 ,france4 #deg ,illeg4 #deh 4 ugn 4447873 8,avignon4 #dei proui447873 8,provence4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,atlantic ,coast #dfj sibilia7873 ,seville4 #dfa lisbona4 #dfb galizia4 #dfc astora3 ,asturias4 #dfd gantiet3 8 7,b7 ,mediterranean ,coast #dfe malica3 ,malaga4 #dff sarauignia3 ,salobrena 7,kret41 ,port41 #eha74 #dfg al787meria4 #dfg;a carta4787enia3 ,cartagena4 #dfh lacantera3 ,alicante 7ibid41 #ehd-ehe74 #dfi denia4 #dgj toloxa3 ,tolosa4 #dga ualenza3 ,valencia4 #dgb tortoxa3 ,tortosa4 #dgc sale3 ,salou4 #dgd taragona4 #dge barzelona4 #dgf anpurie3 ,ampurias4 #dgg coliuro3 ,collioure #dgh narbona4 #dgi monpolier3 ,montpelier4 #dhj aquemorte3 ,aigues ,mortes4 ,regional ,name #dha guascognia3 ,gascony4 ,,xvii4 ,atlantic ,ocean and ,islands #dhb ,mare de spagnia4 #dhc ,illeg42,canary ,islands4 #dhd ,ingilterra4 #dhe ,schoz47873 ,scotia2,scotland4 ,,xviii4 ,central ,europe ,mountains #dhf ,the ,alps run due north from northern ,italy4 ,rivers and ,lake #dhg f4 renus3 ,rhine4 #dhh ,the ,elbe1 unnamed 7see1 however1 #eac72 similar course on ,,ce1 ,,ca1 ,bianco1 and other maps4 #dhi f4 prexant3 8 #dij f4 sudumr7873 ,sudumera1 ,,ca2river of ,sandomir1 or ,vistula 7,hamy1 #djb74 #dia lacus senire7873 8,lacus ,alech1 ,,cd2 ,lacus ,nerja1 ,,ca28,bay of ,putzig 7,hamy1 #djj74 ,edifices #dib-dig ,all illeg4 #dih polana3 ,polonia1 ,,ca2,poland4 #dii panonia3 8anct4 ,pannonia4 #ejj carcouia7873 ,cracouja1 ,,ca2,cracow4 #eja podol4a3 ,podolia4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,on the ,rhine #ejb austrua7873 ,austria4 #ejc colognia4 7,b7 ,between ,rhine and ,elbe and on ,elbe #ejd bemia3 ,bohemia4 #eje praga3 ,prague4 #ejf drensna3 ,dresden4 #ejg misen3 ,meissen4 #ejh guse3 ,guise1 ,,ca2,wrtzen 7,hamy1 #djg74 #eji aquis3 8 #eaj mogropes3 ,mangobror1 ,,ca28,magdeburg4 #eaa argenimonde3 ,argent ,munde1 ,,ca2 ,tangermnde 7,buchon and ,tastu1 #di74 #eab stendar3 ,stendal4 #eac albia3 ,river name made into a place name2,elbe4 7,c7 ,between ,elbe and ,baltic #ead gara gorda7873 ,garagona1 ,,ca2,glogau 7,hamy1 #djc74 #eae schlauonia3 ,sclavania1 the name applied to the ,slavic frontier region of ,germany in the ,middle ,ages 7,spruner-,mencke1 ,histor4 ,atlas1 ,mittelalter1 ,no4 #ca74 #eaf sasonia3 ,saxony4 #eag ludusmaior3 ,ludis ,magna1 ,,ca2 ,lundis ,magna on ,ptolemaic maps of the type called ,scandico-,byzantine by ,nordenskild 7,periplus1 #hh72 ,bondismaguc1 ,con4 7#g2 see ,jimnez de la ,espada #ahd-ahe728,ldershagen1 near ,stralsund 7,lelewel1 ii1 #fe2 ,hamy1 #djj74 #eah dazia3 ,denmark4 #eai prusia3 ,prussia2 see #ebc4 #ebj colbera3 ,kolberg4 #eba alec3 ,alech1 ,,ca2,hela 7,lelewel1 ii1 #fe74 #ebb stetin4 #ebc pursia3 ,dupl4 of #eai4 #ebd godanse3 ,godansse1 ,,ca2,danzig4 #ebe scheipe7873 ,scorpe1 ,,ca28,stolp 7,hamy1 #djj74 #ebf ,sudana3 ,sudona1 ,,ca2,sandecz 7ibid41 #djb74 #ebg pantenia3 ,prutenja1 ,,ca2,knigsberg on the ,pregel 7ibid41 #dja74 #ebh eue7873 8 #ebi albig3 ,albing1 ,,ca2,elbing 7ibid41 #djb74 ,,xix4 ,italy ,river #ecj f4 po4 ,edifices #eca ,illeg43 8,genoa4 #ecb ,illeg43 8,florence4 #ecc ,illeg43 8,rome4 #ecd ,illeg43 8,naples4 #ece ,illeg43 ,vignette represents ,st4 ,mark's and the ,campanile2,venice4 ,place ,names #ecf 4 4 g 4 4 7873 8,reggio di ,calabria4 #ecg cotron3 ,cotrone 7,kret41 ,port41 #fah74 #ech taranto4 #eci otranto4 #edj brandizo3 ,brindisi4 #eda manfredonia4 #edb guasto3 ,vasto 7ibid41 #fba74 #edc ortona4 #edd ancona4 #ede fano4 #edf pexara3 ,pesaro4 #edg rimano3 ,rimini4 #edh zexeno3 ,cesenatico 7ibid41 #fbc74 #edi rauena3 ,ravenna4 #eej ferara4 #eea chioca3 ,chioggia 7ibid474 ,,xx4 ,southeastern ,europe ,rivers ,the river system corresponds generally with that of ,,ca and ,,ce4 #eeb f4 donoia3 ,danube4 #eec f4 morana3 ,morava4 #eed f4 drina3 ,drin4 #eee f4 moree7873 8,moldau4 #eef1 #eeg1 #eeh3 ,three unnamed islands in the ,danube2 on ,,ca these are named3 ,insula de ,jaurim1 ,insula ,buda1 ,insula de ,sermona7874 ,edifices #eei bu 4 4 47873 8,buda4 #efj m 4 4 l 4 47873 8 #efa ongaria3 ,hungary4 #efb seruia3 ,serbia4 #efc bosna7873 ,bosnia4 #efd ulachia3 ,wallachia4 #efe bulgaria4 ,place ,names #eff dalmazi4 #efg albania4 #efh modon3 ,methone 7,kret41 ,port41 #fce74 #efi coron3 ,corone 7ibid474 #egj salonichi4 #ega filipopoli4 #egb sofia4 #egc andernopolli3 ,adrianople4 #egd garipolli3 ,gallipoli4 #ege pera4 #egf costantinopoli4 ,,xxi4 ,baltic ,sea #egg ,mar de alemani3 ,baltic ,sea4 #egh ya787 gotlandia3 ,gottland4 #egi ,illeg4 ,,xxii4 ,scandinavia ,mountains #ehj ,the mountain system is a simplification of that shown on ,,ce4 ,rivers #eha f4 netur3 ,fl ,nectir1 ,,ce2 ,fl4 ,vectur1 ,,cd2,motala1 outlet of ,lake ,vettern 7,hamy1 #chg74 #ehb f4 turontes3 ,turuntus ,fl4 in ,sarmatia1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3b 7,,fa#i772;,dvina 7,mller1 i1 #dab74 ,longer ,legends #ehc in questa par te si caualca su zervi tori et montoni et su queli fano le loro bataie 7in this region they ride on deer1 bulls1 and sheep1 and on these they make their battles73 ,compare legend on ,,ce 7,kret41 ,,ce1 #bad74 #ehd ,in questa parte sta zente che non uide ,il sole #d mexe de lano 7in this region there are people who do not see the sun for four months of the year73 ,santarem 7iii1 #dji1 note #b7 suggests a relation between this and a passage in ,jordanis1 ,de rebus ,geticis 7,monumenta ,germaniae historica1 ,auctorum antiquissimorum1 ,vol4 #e1 ,part #a1 ,berlin1 #ahhb1 p4 #eh7 descriptive of the ,adogitae of ,scanzia1 who enjoy uninterrupted sunshine for forty days and darkness for an equal period each year 7see also ,fridtjof ,nansen1 ,in ,northern ,mists1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 i1 #acj-acd74 ,place ,names #ehe nouega3 ,norway4 #ehf sechamor3 ,scamor1 ,,cd2,skanr 7,hamy1 #dbf74 #ehg scarsa3 ,scarsa1 ,,cd3,skaraborg 7,hamy1 #chc74 #ehh zedina3 8,andine1 ,,cd1 which is possibly 8nundinae10 with reference to the fairs of ,skanr and ,valsterbode 7,hamy1 #che74 #ehi selandia3 8,zealand1 misplaced4 ,see ,nansen1 ,northern ,mists1 ii1 #bai4 #eij suzia3 ,suecia1 ,,cd2,sweden 7,hamy1 #chc1 #dbf74 #eia stochi3 ,stocol1 ,,cd2 ,stocoll1 ,,ce2,stockholm 7,hamy1 #chf1 #dbg74 #eib ,erma3 8,kalma1 ,,cd2,kalmar 7,hamy1 #chf1 #dbg74 #eic sadezeflingt7873 ,suderpigel1 ,,cd2 ,sudechping1 ,,ce2,sderkping 7,hamy1 #chg1 #dbg74 #eid saglat3 ,asillang1 ,,ce2 ,assingland on fourteenth century map in ,museo ,borbonico1 ,naples 7,hamy1 #dbg728 #eie roderin3 ,roderin1 ,,cd2 ,,ce2,roden1 ancient name for the east coast of ,sweden2,rosladen 7,hamy1 #chg1 #dbg74 ,,xxiii4 ,eastern ,europe ,mountains #eif ,mo4 ripei3 ,dupl4 of #b4 ,rivers #eig ,leardo's unnamed river entering ,e extremity of ,baltic is called ,flum ,nu on ,,cd2 ,flum de ,mi1 ,,ce2,volkhof and ,neva1 confused 7,hamy1 #cij74 #eih f4 axiazes3 ,axiaces ,fl4 of ,sarmatia ,europae1 ,ptol4 7,,iii1 #e3ah 7,,fa#i774 #eii f4 turllo3 ,kretschmer 7,port41 #fdb7 records ,flumen ,turle only on an anonymous fifteenth century map in the ,museum fr ,meereskunde1 ,berlin 7ibid41 pp4 #acc-ace72;,dniester 7ibid41 #fdb74 ,edifices 7,a7 ,north of ,neva #fjj zimachia ,inferior3 8corruption of ,sarmatia1 ,ptol4 7passim 7,,fa#i774 ,see also #ab4 #fja rosia3 ,russia4 7,b7 ,between ,don1 ,neva1 and ,black ,sea #fjb ,lordo1 applying to a group of tents2the ,golden ,horde of ,tatars 7,hallb41 #cah-cai74 #fjc nogardia3 ,nogorado1 ,,cd2 ,nogorodo1 ,,ce2,novgorod 7,hamy1 #cij74 #fjd alana3 ,allania1 ,,ca2the ,alans 7,hallb41 #ac-ad74 #fje albana3 ,albania1 ,,nw of ,caspian ,sea1 ,ptol4 7,v1 #ab 7,,fa#ah772 see ,hallb41 #ad-ae2,shirvan and ,daghestan 7,besnier1 #bi74 #fjf br 4 4 ica7873 ,branchicha1 ,,ca2 ,brancica1 ,piz42,briansk 7,hamy1 #cib74 #fjg brachiat3 8,dupl4 of #fjf4 #fjh bthnia3 8,bothnia4 #fji rossia3 ,dupl4 of #fja4 #faj transiluana3 ,transylvania1 misplaced4 ,place ,names 7,a7 ,crimean ,peninsula #faa gotia3 8,a small stretch of land between the ,yaila ,range and the coast1 in the hands of the ,genoese after the fourteenth century0 7,kret41 ,port41 #fdc72 see also ,yule1 ,polo1 ii1 #dib4 #fab soldaia3 ,sudak1 important trading post in ,genoese hands after #acfe 7ibid41 #fdd74 #fac gafa3 ,kafa1 ,feodosia 7ibid474 #fad soronti7873 8 #fae uospero3 ,kerch 7ibid474 7,b7 ,at ,eastern ,end of the ,baltic4 #faf piaha7873 8,pinsk4 #fag letefan pagan3 ,litefanie ,pagans1 ,,ca2,lithuania 7,hamy1 #cih-cii74 7,c7 ,on ,lake at ,headwaters of ,neva1 ,don1 and ,volga #fah perana3 ,perum1 ,,ca2 ,,ce,murom 7,hamy1 #cid74 ,,xxiv4 ,far ,north #fai ,,dixerto ,,dexabitado ,,per ,,fredo 7desert uninhabited because of cold73 ,see #cje4 ,,list ,,of ,,references ,the publications listed here are those to which frequent reference only is made in the ,notes and ,appendix4 ,the abbreviations there employed precede each reference4 ,besnier3 ,maurice ,besnier1 ,lexique de gographie ancienne1 ,paris1 #aiad4 ,buchon and ,tastu3 ,j4 ,a4 ,c4 ,buchon and ,j4 ,tastu1 ,notice d'un atlas en langue catalane1 manuscrit de l'an #acge1 conserv parmi les manuscrits de la ,bibliothque ,royale sous le ,no #fhaf1 fonds ancien1 in-folio maximo1 in ,notices et extraits de manuscrits de la ,bibliothque du ,roi et autres bibliothques1 ,vol4 #ad1 ,paris1 #ahda1 pp4 #a-aeb4 ,only complete transcription and commentary on the ,catalan ,atlas4 ,see ,,ca4 ,,ca3 ,catalan ,atlas 7i4 e4 map divided into six parchment sheets7 of #acge2 sometimes called ,catalan ,atlas of ,charles ,v1 to whose library it belonged4 ,facsimile in3 ,choix de documents gographiques conservs la ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris1 #ahhc4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #abc-abd2 ,buchon and ,tastu2 ,cordier1 ,,ca4 ,,cd3 ,map of ,angellino ,dulcert1 #acci4 ,see ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,la mappemonde d',angelino ,dulcert1 de ,majorque 7#acci71 #bnd edition1 ,paris1 #aijc 7with photographic reproduction74 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #aah-aai4 ,,ce3 ,catalan map of fifteenth century in ,biblioteca ,estense1 ,modena4 ,colored reproduction accompanying ,konrad ,kretschmer1 ,die ,katalanische ,weltkarte der ,biblioteca ,estense zu ,modena1 in ,zeitschr4 ,gesell4 fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin1 ,vol4 #cb1 #ahig1 pp4 #fe-aaa1 #aia-bah 7,kret41 ,,ce74 ,photographic reproduction in ,f4 ,l4 ,pull1 ,studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica1 ,vol4 #e1 ,atlas1 ,florence1 #aije4 ,con43 ,libro del conosimiento de todos los reynos y tierras 444 escrito por un franciscano espaol mediados del siglo ,,xiv4 ,our references are to the pages of ,sir ,clements ,markham's translation and edition 7of ,jimnez de la ,espada's edition1 q4 v47 entitled ,book of the ,knowledge of all the ,kingdoms44441 ,hakluyt ,society ,publs41 ,ser4 #b1 ,vol4 #bi1 ,london1 #aiab4 ,cordier1 ,,ca3 ,henri ,cordier1 ,l',extrme-,orient dans l'atlas catalan de ,charles ,v1 ,roi de ,france1 in ,bulletin de gographie historique et descriptive1 ,vol4 #aj1 #ahie1 pp4 #ai-fd4 ,cordier1 ,ser ,m4 ,p43 ,henri ,cordier1 ,ser ,marco ,polo3 ,notes and ,addenda to ,sir ,henry ,yule's ,edition1 ,containing the ,results of ,recent ,research and ,discovery1 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aibj4 ,,fa3 ,see ,ptolemy4 ,fischer3 ,theobold ,fischer1 ,sammlung mittelalterlicher ,welt- und ,seekarten italienischen ,ursprungs und aus italienischen ,bibliotheken und ,archiven herausgegeben und erlutert1 ,venice1 #ahhf4 ,text accompanying ,raccolta4 ,gerini3 ,g4 ,e4 ,gerini1 ,researches on ,ptolemy's ,geography of ,eastern ,asia 7,further ,india and ,indo-,malay ,archipelago71 constituting ,asiatic ,society ,monographs ,no4 #a1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,hallb3 ,ivar ,hallberg1 ,l',extrme ,orient dans la littrature et la cartographie de l',occident des ,,xiiie1 ,,xive1 et ,,xve sicles3 tude sur l'histoire de la gographie1 ,gteborg1 #aijf4 ,alphabetical list of place names throughout ,asia as a whole 7not merely the ,far ,east7 with variant forms1 references to the sources1 and identifications4 ,hamy3 ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,les origines de la cartographie de l',europe septentrionale1 in ,bulletin de gographie historique et descriptive1 ,vol4 #c1 #ahhh1 pp4 #ccc-dcb4 ,jimnez de la ,espada3 ,mrcos ,jimnez de la ,espada1 editor1 ,libro del conosimiento de todos los reynos y tierras 444 escrito por un franciscano espaol mediados del siglo ,,xiv1 ,madrid1 #ahgg4 ,see also ,con4 ,kret41 ,,ce3 ,see ,,ce4 ,kret41 ,port43 ,konrad ,kretschmer1 ,die italienischen ,portolane des ,mittelalters1 ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der ,kartographie und ,nautik1 constituting ,verffentlichungen1 ,instit4 fr ,meereskunde und ,geographisches ,instit4 an der ,universitt ,berlin1 ,no4 #ac1 ,berlin1 #aiji4 ,this fundamental study includes a descriptive list of the principal portolan charts and a list of the names shown on them along the coasts of the ,mediterranean and ,atlantic1 with identifications with modern names4 ,la ,r43 ,charles de ,la ,roncire1 ,la dcouverte de l',afrique au moyen ge1 cartographes et explorateurs1 ,vols4 #a and #b1 ,cairo1 #aibe4 ,lelewel3 ,joachim ,lelewel1 ,gographie du moyen age1 #e vols4 and atlas1 ,brussels1 #aheb-aheg4 ,mauro3 ,fra ,mauro's map of the world1 c4 #adeh1 in ,doge's ,palace1 ,venice4 ,much reduced photographic reproduction in ,raccolta1 ,no4 #ae2 copy in ,santarem1 ,atlas4 ,see ,zurla2 ,kret41 ,port41 p4 #adj4 ,miller1 ,arab43 ,konrad ,miller1 ,mappae arabicae3 arabische ,welt- und ,lnderkarten des #i4-ac4 ,jahrhunderts1 #f vols4 7of which ,vols4 #c1 #d1 and #e have not yet appeared71 ,stuttgart1 #aibf-aibg4 ,miller1 ,mappaemundi3 ,konrad ,miller1 ,mappaemundi3 die ltesten ,weltkarten1 #f vols41 ,stuttgart1 #ahie-ahih4 ,mller3 ,carl ,mller1 editor1 ,claudii ,ptolemaei geographia1 ,vol4 #a1 ,parts #a and #b1 and ,atlas1 ,paris #ahhc1 #aija4 ,covers ,bks4 ,i-,v only4 ,see ,ptol4 ,nordenskild1 ,periplus3 ,a4 ,e4 ,nordenskild1 ,periplus1 an ,essay on the ,early ,history of ,charts and ,sailing-,directions1 transl4 by ,f4 ,a4 ,bather1 ,stockholm1 #ahig4 ,piz43 ,francesco ,pizigano's map1 #acfg1 in ,national ,library1 ,parma4 ,copy in ,e4-,f4 ,jomard1 ,les monuments de la gographie1 ou recueil d'anciennes cartes4444 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 pp4 #aba-abb4 ,polo3 ,marco ,polo1 ,the ,book of ,ser ,marco ,polo the ,venetian ,concerning the ,kingdoms and ,marvels of the ,east1 translated and edited with notes by ,sir ,henry ,yule1 #crd edition revised by ,henri ,cordier1 #b vols41 ,london1 #aijc4 ,except where otherwise indicated all references are to volumes and pages of this edition4 ,ptol43 ,ptolemy 7,claudius ,ptolemaeus71 ,geographia1 edited by ,c4 ,f4 ,a4 ,nobbe1 #c vols41 ,leipzig1 ,vol4 #a1 #ahih2 ,vol4 #b1 #aiac2 ,vol4 #c1 n4 d4 ,references are to book1 chapter1 and section of this edition4 ,references indicated by ,,fa are to the plates on which reproductions from the ,rome1 #adij1 edition are given in ,a4 ,e4 ,nrdenskild1 ,facsimile-,atlas to the ,early ,history of ,cartography with ,reproductions of the ,most ,important ,maps ,printed in the ,,xv and ,,xvi ,centuries1 translated from the ,swedish ,original by ,j4 ,a4 ,ekelf and ,c4 ,r4 ,markham1 ,stockholm1 #ahhi4 ,pull1 ,vat43 ,see ,vat4 ,,pw3 ,paulys ,real-encyclopdie der classischen ,altertumswissenschaft1 new edition begun by ,georg ,wissowa4 #ae vols1 and #d supplements have appeared 7#aibg71 ,stuttgart1 #ahid-4 ,raccolta3 ,raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del ,,xiii al ,,xvi secolo1 7,h4 ,f4 and ,m4 ,mnster1 succeeded by7 ,ferd4 ,ongania1 ,venice1 7#ahfi871 #ahha4 7,series of photographic facsimiles of #ag maps1 also known as ,ongania ,collection4 ,see ,fischer47 ,rainaud3 ,armand ,rainaud1 ,le continent austral3 hypothses et dcouvertes1 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,santarem3 ,le ,vicomte de ,santarem1 ,essai sur l'histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen-age44441 #c vols4 and atlas1 ,paris1 #ahdi-aheb4 ,spruner-,menke3 ,k4 von ,spruner and ,th4 ,menke1 ,hand-atlas fr die ,geschichte des ,mittelalters und der neueren ,zeit 7third edition of ,spruner's atlas revised by ,menke71 ,gotha1 #ahhj4 ,vat43 ,map in ,vatican ,library1 fondo ,museo ,borgiano1 ,no4 ,v4 ,photographic reproduction with commentary in3 ,f4 ,l4 ,pull1 ,una carta itineraria del secolo ,,xv ,vaticana ,borgiana1 constituting ,studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica1 ,vol4 #e1 ,la cartografia antica dell' ,india1 ,part #b1 ,appendix #d1 ,florence1 #aije 7,pull1 ,vat474 ,vilad43 ,map of ,mecia de ,viladestes1 #adac4 ,colored reproduction of ,african portion as frontispiece of ,la ,r41 ,vol4 #a4 ,see ,kret41 ,port41 p4 #abf4 ,vivien de ,st4 ,martin3 ,louis ,vivien de ,st4 ,martin1 ,le nord de l',afrique dans l'antiquit grecque et romaine3 tude historique et gographique1 ,paris1 #ahfc4 ,wright1 ,lore3 ,j4 ,k4 ,wright1 ,the ,geographical ,lore of the ,time of the ,crusades3 a ,study in the ,history of ,medieval ,science and ,tradition in ,western ,europe1 constituting ,american ,geographical ,society ,research ,series ,no4 #ae1 ,new ,york1 #aibe4 ,yule1 ,cath43 ,sir ,henry ,yule1 ,cathay and the ,way ,thither1 #bnd edit41 edited by ,henri ,cordier1 #d vols41 ,hakluyt ,society ,publs41 ,ser4 #b1 ,vols4 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 #da1 ,london1 #aiac-aiaf4 ,yule1 ,polo3 ,see ,polo4 ,zurla3 ,placido ,zurla1 ,il mappamondo di ,fra ,mauro ,camaldolese1 ,venice1 #ahjf4 ,,the ,,reproduction ,,of ,,the ,,leardo ,,map ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,hoen ,a4 ,hoen ,company1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,one of the first things usually asked in regard to the reproduction or facsimile of an old map is3 8,how was it made80 ,to answer this question and to give some idea of the difficult technical problems involved1 ,mr4 ,hoen1 under whose direction the ,society's reproduction of the ,leardo ,map was made1 has been kind enough to furnish the following note4--,j4 ,k4 ,w4 ,the ,leardo ,map is painted on parchment4 ,some of the colors have faded1 and others here and there have separated from the skin1 leaving blanks in the painting4 ,the latter defects are especially noticeable in the yellow zones encircling the map proper4 ,to avoid the injection of the personal element into the reproduction1 no attempt was made to restore the missing letters or symbols4 ,it is further to be noted that in cases of partial legibility the very palest parts of the faded manuscript may have failed to register in the reproduction1 although great care was bestowed on this part of the work4 ,as a first step in the reproduction of the map1 color separation negatives were made on photographic plates sensitized for all the colors4 ,by interposing proper light filters and by making separate exposures for each color1 negatives giving red1 yellow or green1 and blue or purple values were made1 together with a fourth negative giving neutral tones--black and grays4 ,as the last negative comprehends almost the entire base of the map1 special attention was devoted to its conversion into a printing plate4 ,the process employed is known in ,germany as 8,albertype0 or 8,lichtdruck10 in ,england as 8collotype10 and in ,america as 8heliotype0 or 8photogelatin40 ,of these names1 8collotype0 seems to be the most fitting4 ,briefly1 this process consists of sensitizing a gelatin film with a chromic salt and exposing it to light under a negative4 ,in proportion to the amount of light passing the negative there will be a reaction in the chromated gelatin4 ,in this reaction the gelatin loses its power of absorbing water and takes on the opposite property of holding 8non-watery0 substances1 such as printing ink4 ,the action of the light is a graded one1 varying from full effect under the clear parts of the negative to nil under the very dense parts4 ,a similar gradation in ink-retaining powers is acquired by the exposed gelatin film4 ,thus1 where the light exerts full effect the gelatin will be completely hardened and will hold the ink in its greatest intensity 7solid72 the parts which receive less light or none at all will hold the ink in attenuated quantity4 ,the lights and shades of the monochrome picture are thus reproduced4 ,in order that the film may exercise this selective power of taking on or rejecting ink it is necessary that the unaltered parts be kept moist4 ,therefore1 after exposure under the negative1 the film is washed to free the gelatin of the unused chromates4 ,while still moist it is rolled with a roller carrying printing ink4 ,this roller will discharge its ink on the hardened parts of the film in proportion to the amount of light that each part has received through the negative4 ,if a sheet of paper is then pressed on the inked film it will lift the ink and the resulting impression will be of the same character as the base color of the ,leardo ,map4 ,it is of interest to note that as the light-affected and hardened surface of the film accommodates itself to the unaffected underlying gelatin 7as the latter swells in washing7 it breaks up into a net of lines4 ,this reticulation is barely perceptible in the high lights of the picture but gradually increases in strength until the mesh fuses into the solid color of the deepest shades4 ,it will now be apparent that the feasibility of printing these colloid plates hinges on the fact that the graded ink-attracting mesh is separated by inversely graded ink-repelling1 interstitial1 unaltered1 and moist gelatin4 ,its mesh not being apparent to the unaided eye1 the collotype approaches the fidelity of a true photograph in the rendering of details4 ,for this reason1 the collotype process has been selected as best suited for the reproduction of the ,leardo base4 ,the coloring of the map was done by overprinting1 in lithography1 as many colors as were deemed necessary to convey a fair idea of the original4 ,lithographic plates were made from the color separation negatives mentioned above4 ,the principles underlying the lithographic process are1 broadly1 similar to those described for gelatin printing1 the essential elements in the process being a water-absorbing ground mass 7limestone7 in place of the gelatin and a water-repelling and ink-attracting surface affection similar to that created by the action of light on the chromated gelatin film4 ,lithographic stone is an amorphous carbonate of lime of fine1 close texture4 ,it has an affinity for water--that is1 it is easily kept damp4 ,this affinity may be destroyed by changing the carbonate of lime to some water-resisting salt1 such as the oleate1 or by adding to the surface of the stone a film having the same power4 ,both of these methods were utilized in making the color plates of the ,leardo ,map4 ,a number of lithographic stones were properly surfaced and this surface covered with very thin1 light-sensitive1 colloid films4 ,the color separation negatives were exposed over these sensitive films and the resulting photographs on stone gave the red1 yellow1 blue1 and other values of the original as they had been analyzed by the light filters4 ,no color separation process1 however1 can eliminate from the areal coloring the black and grays of the base4 ,similarly1 the colors themselves absorb a certain amount of white light so that the effect of the areal coloring is also felt in the monochrome reproduction of the base map 7e4 g41 gray lettering is lost in heavily colored areas74 ,for this reason1 it is necessary to correct by hand the unnatural effect produced by the overprinting of all the color plates in the darker portions of the picture4 ,lithography is best suited for the control of these difficulties1 and for this reason the color plates were made on stone4 ,the mechanical printing of the edition from gelatin or stone embraces three essential operations3 7#a7 moistening the plate by damping rollers2 7#b7 inking the plate by inking rollers2 7#c7 pressing of suitable paper on the inked plate4 ,after the base is printed1 the base plate is taken from the press1 another plate1 carrying one of the map colors1 is placed in position1 and the proper color put on the inking rollers4 ,the printing of the second color is then done as was that of the base4 ,similar changes of the printing plates and colored inks follow in order for each of the colors which make up the complete map4 ,eight color printings in addition to the base color were found necessary for the proper rendering of the ,leardo painting4 ,one of these1 a light gray-buff1 covers the area of the parchment and serves to bring it out from the white paper background4 ,in selecting a suitable paper for this reproduction1 certain qualities had to be considered4 ,among these were good printing surface1 durability1 and as much strength as could be had along with the above essentials4 ,a chart plate paper of high rag content was made especially for the work4 ,,key ,,maps ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d--;,general key map4 ,the numbers correspond to those of the main center heads in the commentary on pp4 #cb-fj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e--;,detailed key map3 northeastern section4 ,the numbers in this and in ,figs4 #f-i correspond to the ,arabic numbers on pp4 #cb-fj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f--;,detailed key map3 east-central section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g--;,detailed key map3 southeastern section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h--;,detailed key map3 northwestern section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i--;,detailed key map3 west-central section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj--;,detailed key map3 southwestern section4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typographical errors4 --,in the ,detailed ,contents1 broke paragraphs up so that each number 7label7 is on a separate line4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4