,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cook]y ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press ,,on ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cook]y4 #8,! read] :o wants to satisfy himself z to ! value ( ?is book1 & ! novelty :i* its tea*+ possesses1 ne$ n g beyond ! fir/ *apt]1 on 8,! ,boil+ ( ,wat]40 ,b if he reads ?is he c]ta9ly w g fur!r1 & w probably beg9 to ?9k h[ he c induce 8 cook to assimilate "s ( ! valuable lessons :i* ,mr4 ,williams gives4 ,if he c succe$ 9 t he w h done a v good day's "w = 8 heal? & h\se4 4 4 4 ,ab\t ! economical value ( ! book !re c be no d\bt4'--,,spectator4 #8,w be welcom$ by all :o wi% to see ! subject ( ! prep>ation ( food r$uc$ to a sci5ce4 4 4 4 ,p]spicu\sly & pleasantly ,mr4 ,williams expla9s ! :y & ! :]e=e ( ea* successive /ep 9 any giv5 piece ( cul9>y "w4 ,e mi/ress ( a h\sehold :o wi%es to raise h] cook above ! level ( a m]e automaton w pur*ase two copies ( ,mr4 ,williams's excell5t book--! "o = ! kit*51 & ! o!r = h] own c>eful & /udi\s p]usal4'--,,k4 #8,?or\ghly readable1 full ( int]e/1 ) en\gh ( ! au?or's p]sonality to give a piquancy to ! /ories told4'--,,we/m9/] ,,review4 #8,mr4 ,williams is a good *emi/ & a pleasant writ]3 he has evid5tly be5 a ke5 obs]v] ( diet>ies 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & 8 little book conta9s mu* t is wor? read+4'--,,a!n,,um4 #8,!re is pl5ty ( room = ?is excell5t book by ,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams4 4 4 4 ,!re are few conductors ( cook]y classes :o are s ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ! subject t !y w n f9d _m valuable h9ts 9 ,mr4 ,williams's pages4'--,,scotsman4 #8,?r\gh\t ! "w we f9d ! signs ( c>e & ?\ghtful inve/igation4 4 4 4 ,mr4 ,williams has manag$ mo/ judici\sly to compress into a v small compass a va/ am\nt ( au?oritative in=mation on ! subject ( food & fe$+ g5]ally--& ! volume is really q a comp5dium ( its subject4'--,,food4 #8,! ,briti% cook might d]ive a good _m useful h9ts f ,mr4 ,williams's late/ book4 4 4 4 ,! au?or ( 8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y0 has produc$ a v int]e/+ "w4 ,we he>tily recomm5d x to !ori/s1 to p :o cook = !mselves1 & to all :o are anxi\s to spread abroad enlight5$ ideas ^u a mo/ important subject4 4 4 4 ,h]eaft]1 cook]y w be reg>d$1 ev5 9 ?is isl&1 z a high art & sci5ce4 ,we may n live to ^? delightful days2 b :5 !y come1 & ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,cook]y is grant$ to qualifi$ c&idates1 ! 8,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y0 w be a text-book 9 ! s*ools1 & ! bu/ ( ,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams w /& side by side ) t ( ,c\nt ,rum=d ^u e prop]ly-appo9t$ kit*5 dress]4'--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 #8,h\sekeep]s :o wi% to be fully in=m$ z to ! nature ( successful cul9>y op]ations %\ld read 8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y40'--,,*ri/ian ,,_w4 #8,9 all ! n9ete5 *apt]s into :i* ! "w is divid$ !re is mu* bo? to int]e/ & to in/ruct ! g5]al read]1 :ile des]v+ ! att5tion ( ! 8dietetic re=m]40 4 4 4 ,! au?or has made almo/ a life-long /udy ( ! subject4'--,,engli% ,,me*anic4 ,,o!r ,,works ,,by ,,mr4 ,,mattieu ,,williams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,%ort ,,*apt]s4 #8,few writ]s on popul> sci5ce "k bett] h[ to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 ! ,scylla ( te*nical ab/rus5ess & ! ,*>ybdis ( empty frivolity ?an ,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams4 ,he writes = intellig5t p :o are n te*nically sci5tific1 & he expects !m to und]/& :at he tells !m :5 he has expla9$ x to !m 9 8 p]fectly lucid fa%ion )\t any ( ! embelli%m5ts1 9 v d\btful ta/e1 :i* usually pass = popul>isation4 ,! pap]s are n m]e r*auffs ( common k4 ,almo/ all ( !m are m>k$ by orig9al ?\ght1 & _m ( !m conta9 demon/rations or ap]u ( consid]able sci5tific value4'--,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 #8,!re are few writ]s on ! subjects :i* ,mr4 ,williams selects ^: f]tility & orig9ality are equal to 8 own4 ,we read all he has to say ) pleasure1 & v r>ely )\t pr(it4'--,,sci5ce ,,gossip4 #8,mr4 ,mattieu ,williams is und\bt$ly able to pres5t sci5tific subjects to ! popul> m9d ) mu* cle>ness & =ce3 & ^! essays may be read ) advantage by ^?1 :o1 )\t hav+ _h special tra9+1 are yet suffici5tly intellig5t to take int]e/ 9 ! movem5t ( ev5ts 9 ! sci5tific _w4'--,,academy4 ,cr[n #hvo4 clo? limp1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,simple ,,treatise ,,on ,,heat4 #8,?is is an unpret5d+ little "w1 put =? = ! purpose ( exp\nd+1 9 simple /yle1 ! ph5om5a & laws ( heat4 ,no /r5g? is va9ly sp5t 9 endeav\r+ to pres5t a ma!matical view ( ! subject4 ,! ,au?or passes ov] ! ord9>y range ( matt] to be f\nd 9 mo/ elem5t>y treatises on heat1 & enl>ges ^u ! applications ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce--a subject :i* is naturally attractive to ! un9itiat$4 ,mr4 ,williams's object has be5 well c>ri$ out1 & 8 little book may be recomm5d$ to ^? :o c>e to /udy ?is int]e/+ bran* ( physics4'--,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,review4 #8,we c recomm5d ?is treatise z equally exact 9 ! in=mation x imp>ts1 & pleasant 9 ! mode ( imp>t+ x4 ,x is nei!r dry nor te*nical1 b suit$ 9 all respects to ! use ( intellig5t le>n]s4'--,,tablet4 #8,decid$ly a success4 ,! language is z simple z possible1 consi/5tly ) sci5tific s\ndness1 & ! copi\sness ( illu/ration ) :i* ,mr4 ,williams's pages ab\nd1 d]iv$ f dome/ic life & f ! commone/ op]ations ( nature1 w comm5d ?is book to ! ord9>y read] z well z to ! "y /ud5t ( sci5ce4'--,,academy4 ,london 3 ,,*atto ,,w9dus1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4 ,demy #hvo4 clo? extra1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,fuel ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 #8,! "w is well des]v+ ( c>eful /udy1 especially by ! a/ronom]1 too apt to =got ! tea*+s ( o!r sci5ces ?an 8 own4'--,,fras]',s ,,magaz9e4 #8,x is *>act]is$ ?r\gh\t by a c>efulness ( ?\ght & an orig9ality t comm& respect1 :ile x is bas$ ^u obs]v$ facts & n ^u m]e fanciful !ory4'--,,eng9e]+4 #8,mr4 ,williams's int]e/+ & valuable "w call$ 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun40'--,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,review4 ,london3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,co4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cook]y ,,by ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams ,,au?or ,,( #8,,! ,,fuel ,,( ,,! ,,sun' #8,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,%ort ,,*apt]s' #8,a ,,simple ,,treatise ,,on ,,heat' ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,second ,,edition ,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly #ahib ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london ,,preface4 ,,dur+ ! infancy ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute1 :5 my classes 9 ,cannon ,/reet con/itut$ ! :ole ( its tea*+ ma*9]y1 ,i deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures to ladies on #8,h\sehold ,philosophy1' 9 :i* #8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y' 0 includ$4 ,9 collect+ mat]ial = ^! lectures1 ,i 0 surpris$ at ! /range neglect ( ! subject by mod]n *emi/s4 ,on tak+ x up aga91 aft] an int]val ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 ,i f9d t 7except+ ! *emi/ry ( w9e cook]y71 absolutely no?+ fur!r1 wor?y ( ! "n ( rese>*1 has 9 ! meantime be5 br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,?is explanation is dem&$ z an apology = :at "s may consid] ! egotism t p]meates ?is little "w4 ,i h be5 cont9ually compell$ to put =? my own explanations ( famili> ph5om5a1 my own speculations1 conc]n+ ! *anges effect$ by cook]y1 & my own small contributions to ! exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,"u ^! difficult circum/ances ,i h endeav\r$ to place be=e ! read] a simple & readable acc\nt ( :at is kn[n ( #8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y1' expla9+ te*nicalities z !y occur1 r ?an ab/a9+ f ! use ( !m by means ( cumbr\s circumlocution or patronis+ baby-talk4 ,) a mod]ate ef=t ( att5tion1 any unle>n$ b intellig5t read] ( ei!r sex may und]/& all ! cont5ts ( ^! *apt]s2 & ,i v5ture to anticipate t sci5tific *emi/s may f9d 9 !m "s sugge/ive matt]4 ,if ^! expectations are ju/ifi$ by results1 ?is prelim9>y essay w fulfil its d\ble object4 ,x w diffuse a k ( :at is at pres5t kn[able ( #8,! ,*emi/ry ( ,cook]y' among ^? :o greatly ne$ x1 & w contribute to ! ext5sion ( su* k by op5+ a wide & v promis+ field ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,i %\ld add t ! "w is bas$ on a s]ies ( pap]s t appe>$ 9 #8,k' dur+ ! ye>s #ahhc & #ahhd4 ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams4 ,,/onebridge ,,p>k1 ,,london1 ,n4,w4 ,m>* #ahhe4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,boil+ ,,( ,,wat] #h ,,iii4 ,,album5 #ai ,,iv4 ,,gelat91 ,,fibr91 ,,& ,,! ,,juices ,,( ,,meat #cb ,v4 ,,roa/+ ,,& ,,grill+ #dg ,,vi4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,roa/] #fc ,,vii4 ,,fry+ #hd ,,viii4 ,,/ew+ #aaa ,,ix4 ,,*eese #abg ,x4 ,,fat--,,milk #aef ,,xi4 ,,! ,,cook]y ,,( ,,vegetables #agc ,,xii4 ,,glut5--,,bread #aid ,,xiii4 ,,vegetable ,,case9 ,,& ,,vegetable ,,juices #baa ,,xiv4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,cook]y ,,& ,,*eap ,,d9n]s #bbg ,,xv4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,tea ,,& ,,c(fee #bde ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,cook]y ,,( ,,w9e #bfe ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,veget>ian ,,"q #bid ,,xviii4 ,,malt$ ,,food #cjc ,,xix4 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,nutrition #cac ,,index #cbe ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cook]y4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,! philosoph] :o fir/ p]ceiv$ & ann\nc$ ! fact t all ! physical do+s ( man consi/ simply 9 *ang+ ! places ( ?+s1 made a v pr(\nd g5]alisation1 & "o t is wor?y ( m s]i\s consid]ation ?an x has receiv$4 ,all our h&icraft1 h[ev] great may be ! skill employ$1 am\nts to no m ?an ?is4 ,! m9] moves ! ore & ! fuel f _! subt]ranean re/+-places1 !n !y are mov$ into ! furnace1 & by ano!r mov+ ( combu/ibles ! work+ ( ! furnace is />t$2 !n ! metals are mov$ to ! f\ndries & =ges1 !n "u hamm]s1 or squeez]s1 or into melt+-pots1 & !nce to m\lds4 ,! workman %apes ! b>s1 or plates1 or ca/+s by remov+ a "p ( _! sub/ance1 & by m & m mov+s ( mat]ial produces ! eng9e1 :i* does its "w :5 fuel & wat] are mov$ into its fireplace & boil]4 ,! /atue is )9 ! r\gh block ( m>ble2 ! sculptor m]ely moves away ! out] portions1 & !reby r5d]s 8 arti/ic conception visible to 8 fell[-m54 ,! agriculturi/ m]ely moves ! soil 9 ord] t x may receive ! se$1 :i* he !n moves into x1 & :5 ! gr[? is complet$1 he moves ! result1 & !reby makes 8 h>ve/4 ,! same may be said ( e o!r op]ation4 ,man alt]s ! position ( physical ?+s 9 su* wise t ! =ces ( ,nature %all op]ate ^u !m1 & produce ! *anges or o!r results t he requires4 ,my reasons = ?is introductory digression w be easily und]/ood1 z ?is view ( ! do+s ( man & ! do+s ( ,nature displays fundam5tally ! bus9ess ( human education1 s f> z ! physical proce$+s & physical welf>e ( mank9d are conc]n$4 ,x cle>ly po9ts out two well-m>k$ natural divisions ( su* education--education or tra9+ 9 ! movem5ts to be made1 & education 9 a k ( ! consequ5ces ( su* movem5ts--i4e4 9 a k ( ! =ces ( ,nature :i* actually d ! "w :5 man has suitably arrang$ ! mat]ials4 ,! education ord9>ily giv5 to appr5tices 9 ! work%op1 or ! field1 or ! /udio--or1 z relat+ to my pres5t subject1 ! kit*5--is ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! second & equally necess>y be+ simply & purely ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce z appli$ to ! arts4 ,i _c proce$ any fur!r )\t a prote/ aga9/ a v g5]al 7s f> z ?is c\ntry is conc]n$7 misuse ( a n[ v popul> t]m1 a misuse t is r surpris+1 see+ t x is accept$ by s*ol>s :o h devot$ ! be/ ( _! intellectual ef=ts to ! /udy ( words4 ,i ref] to ! ^w te*nical z appli$ 9 ! designation #8te*nical education4' ,s long z our work%ops are sep>at$ f our sci5ce s*ools & colleges1 x is mo/ desirable1 9 ord] to avoid cont9ual circumlocution1 to h t]ms t %all prop]ly di/+ui% betwe5 ! "w ( ! two1 & admit ( def9ite & consi/5t use4 ,! two words are ready at h&1 &1 al?\gh ( ,greek orig91 h become1 by analog\s usage1 pla9 simple ,engli%4 ,i mean ! words te*nical & te*nological4 ,! ,greek n\n te*ne signifies an art1 trade1 or pr(ession1 & our e/abli%$ usage ( ?is root is 9 accordance ) its signification4 ,!re=e1 #8te*nical education' is a suitable & prop] designation ( ! tra9+ :i* is giv5 to appr5tices1 c41 9 ! /rictly te*nical details ( _! trades1 arts1 or pr(essions--i4e4 9 ! skilful mov+ ( ?+s4 ,:5 we require a "n = ! sci5ce or ! philosophy ( any?+1 we obta9 x by us+ ! ,greek root logos1 & app5d+ x 9 ,engli% =m to ! ,greek "n ( ! g5]al subject1 z geology1 ! sci5ce ( ! e>?2 an?ropology1 ! sci5ce ( man2 biology1 ! sci5ce ( life1 c4 ,:y n !n foll[ ?is g5]al usage1 & adopt #8te*nology' z ! sci5ce ( trades1 arts1 or pr(essions1 & !reby obta9 consi/5t & conv5i5t t]ms to designate ! two divisions ( education--te*nical education1 t giv5 9 ! work%op1 c41 & te*nological education1 t :i* %\ld be giv5 z supplem5t>y to all su* te*nical education8 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! pres5t "w w be a contribution to ! te*nology ( cook]y1 or to ! te*nological education ( cooks1 ^: te*nical education is q beyond my rea*4 ,! kit*5 is a *emical laboratory 9 :i* are conduct$ a numb] ( *emical processes by :i* our food is conv]t$ f its crude /ate to a condition m suitable = dige/ion & nutrition1 & made m agreeable to ! palate4 ,x is ! rationale or ology ( ^! processes t ,i %all endeav\r to expla92 b at ! outset x is only fair to say t 9 _m in/ances ,i %all n succe$ 9 do+ ?is satisfactorily1 z !re /ill rema9 "s kit*5 my/]ies t h n yet come )9 ! firm grasp ( sci5ce4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! *emical diff]5ces betwe5 a roa/1 a boil$1 & a raw leg ( mutton has n yet be5 told4 ,y & ,i1 g5tle read]1 aid$ by no o!r app>atus ?an a knife & =k1 c easily detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 a cut out ( ! saddle ( a ?ree-ye>-old ,s\?d[n & "o f a t5-mon?s-old mead[-f$ ,leice/]1 b ! *emi/ 9 8 laboratory1 ) all 8 reag5ts1 te/-tubes1 beak]s1 combu/ion-tubes1 pota%-bulbs1 c4 c41 & 8 balance turn+ to "o-?\s&? ( a gra91 _c physically demon/rate ! s\rces ( ^! diff]5ces ( flav\r4 ,/ill ,i hope to %[ t mod]n *emi/ry c ?r[ into ! kit*5 a great deal ( light t %all n m]ely help ! cook 9 do+ 8 or h] "w m effici5tly1 b %all also elevate bo? ! "w & ! work]1 & r5d] ! kit*5 f> m int]e/+ to all intellig5t p :o h an appetite = k1 z well z = food2 m s ?an x c be :ile ! cook is grop+ 9 rule-(-?umb d>kness--is m]ely a te*nical op]ator un5light5$ by te*nological intellig5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! pap]s ,i %all draw l>gely on ! practical & philosophical "w ( t rem>kable man1 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ! ,massa*usetts 'pr5tice-boy & s*oolma/]2 aft]w>ds ! ,briti% soldi] & diplomati/1 ,colonel ,sir ,b5jam9 ,?ompson2 !n ,colonel ( ,horse & ,g5]al ,aide-de-,camp ( ! ,elector ,*>les ,!odore ( ,bav>ia2 !n ,major-,g5]al ( ,cavalry1 ,privy ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate & head ( ,w> ,dep>tm5t ( ,bav>ia2 !n ,c\nt ,rum=d ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire & ,ord] ( ! ,:ite ,eagle2 !n ,milit>y ,dictator ( ,bav>ia1 ) full gov]n+ p[]s dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ,elector2 !n a private resid5t 9 ,brompton ,road1 & f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,albem>le ,/reet2 !n a ,p>isian citoy51 ! husb& ( ! #8,goddess ( ,reason1' ! wid[ ( ,lavoisi]2 b1 above all1 a practical & sci5tific cook1 ^: exploits 9 economic cook]y are /ill b v imp]fectly appreciat$1 ?\gh he himself evid5tly reg>d$ !m z ! mo/ important ( all 8 v>i$ a*ievem5ts4 ,8 fai? 9 cook]y is well express$ 9 ! foll[+1 :]e he is speak+ ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ ! ,bav>ian army & ! poor ( ,muni*4 ,he says3 #8,i con/antly f\nd t ! ri*ness or quality ( a s\p dep5d$ m ^u ! prop] *oice ( ! +r$i5ts1 & a prop] managem5t ( ! fire 9 ! comb9ation ( ^! +r$i5ts1 ?an ^u ! quantity ( solid nutriti\s matt] employ$2 mu* m ^u ! art & skill ( ! cook ?an ^u ! sums laid out 9 ! m>ket4' ,a great _m fallacies are cont9ually p]petrat$1 n only by ignorant p1 b ev5 by em95t *emi/s & physiologi/s1 by inatt5tion to :at is indicat$ 9 ?is passage4 ,9 _m *emical & physiological works may be f\nd elaborately m9ute tables ( ! *emical composition ( c]ta9 articles ( food1 & ) ^! ! assumption 7ei!r directly /at$ or impli$ z a matt] ( c\rse7 t su* tables repres5t ! practical nutritive value ( ! food4 ,! illusory "* ( su* assumption is easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! analysis is usually t ( ! article ( food 9 its raw /ate1 & ?us all ! *emical *anges involv$ 9 ! process ( cook]y are ignor$4 ,secondly1 ! difficulty or facility ( assimilation is too (t5 unhe$$4 ,?is dep5ds bo? ^u ! orig9al condition ( ! food & ! *anges :i* ! cook]y has produc$--*anges :i* may d\ble its nutritive value )\t effect+ m ?an a small p]c5tage ( alt]ation 9 its *emical composition z reveal$ by laboratory analysis4 ,9 ! rec5t discussion on :ole-meal bread1 = example1 *emical analyses ( ! bran1 c41 are quot$1 & x is commonly assum$ t if ^! c be %[n to conta9 m ( ! !oretical bone-mak+ or bra9-mak+ elem5ts1 t !y are1 !re=e1 9 ref]5ce to ^! requirem5ts1 m nutriti\s ?an ! f9e fl\r4 ,b be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ ?is1 x mu/ be made cle> t ^! out] & usually reject$ portions ( ! gra9 are z easily dige/$ & assimilat$ z ! f9] inn] fl\r4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be able to %[ t ! practical failure ( ?is :ole-meal bread movem5t 7:i* is n a novelty1 b only a revival7 is ma9ly due to ! disreg>d ( ! cook]y "q2 t :ole-meal prep>$ z bread by simple bak+ is less nutriti\s ?an f9e fl\r simil>ly prep>$2 b t :ole-meal o!rwise prep>$ may be1 & has be51 made m nutriti\s ?an f9e :ite bread4 ,ano!r prelim9>y example4 ,a p\nd ( biscuit conta9s m solid nutritive matt] ?an a p\nd ( beef/eak1 b may n1 :5 eat5 by ord9>y mortals1 d s mu* nutritive "w4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x is a matt] ( prep>ation--n exactly :at is call$ cook+1 b equival5t to :at cook+ %\ld be4 ,x is ! prep>ation :i* has conv]t$ ! grass food ( ! ox into ano!r k9d ( food :i* we c assimilate v easily4 ,! fact t we use ! dige/ive & nutri5t app>atus ( %eep1 ox51 c41 = ! prep>ation ( our food1 is m]ely a transitory b>b>ism1 to be ultimately sup]s$$ :5 my pres5t subject is suffici5tly und]/ood & appli$ to enable u to prep>e ! con/itu5ts ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 su* a mann] t !y %all be z easily assimilat$ z ! prep>$ grass :i* we call beef & mutton1 & :i* we n[ use only on acc\nt ( our ignorance ( ! subject treat$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,i d n presume to ass]t or sugge/ t my ef=ts t[>ds ! removal ( ?is ignorance w transport u at once into a veget>ian mill5nium1 b if !y only op5 ! gate & %[ u t !re is a road on :i* we may travel t[>ds great improvem5ts 9 ! prep>ation ( our food z reg>ds flav\r1 economy1 & :olesom5ess1 my reasonable read]s w n be disappo9t$4 ,s mu* ( cook]y be+ effect$ by ! application ( heat1 a sket* ( ! g5]al laws ( heat might be includ$ 9 ?is introductory *apt]1 b = ! necess>y ext5t ( ! subject4 ,i omit x )\t compunction1 hav+ already writt5 #8,a ,simple ,treatise on ,heat1' :i* is dive/$ ( te*nical difficulties by pres5t+ simply ! ph5om5a & laws ( ,nature )\t any artificial s*ola/ic complications4 ,messrs4 ,*atto ,w9dus h br\ght out ?is little essay 9 a *eap =m1 &1 9 spite ( ! risk ( be+ accus$ ( puff+ my own w>es1 ,i recomm5d its p]usal to ^? :o are e>ne/ly /udy+ ! :ole philosophy ( cook]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,boil+ ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,z ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y ( ! op]ations ( cook]y1 & ! mo/ frequ5tly p]=m$1 x naturally takes a fir/ place 9 treat+ ! subject4 ,wat] is boil$ 9 ! kit*5 = two di/9ct purposes3 #a/1 = ! cook+ ( itself2 #bnd1 = ! cook+ ( o!r ?+s4 ,a diss]tation on ! diff]5ce betwe5 raw wat] & cook$ wat] may appe> p$antic1 b1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 x is consid]able1 v practical1 & important4 ,! be/ way to /udy any physical subject is to exam9e x exp]im5tally1 b ?is is n always possible ) ev]yday means4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re is no difficulty4 ,take a ?9#a glass vessel1 su* z a flask1 or1 bett]1 "o ( ! #8beak]s1' or ?9 tumbl]-%ap$ vessels1 s l>gely us$ 9 *emical laboratories2 p>tially fill x ) ord9>y h\sehold wat]1 & !n place x ov] ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 or ,buns5's1 or o!r smokeless gas-burn]4 ,c>efully wat* ! result1 & ! foll[+ w be obs]v$3 fir/ ( all1 little bubbles w be =m$1 adh]+ to ! sides ( ! glass1 b ultimately ris+ to ! surface1 & !re becom+ dissipat$ by diffusion 9 ! air4 ,?is is n boil+1 z may be prov$ by try+ ! temp]ature ) ! f+]4 ,:at1 !n1 is x8 ,x is ! yield+ back ( ! atmosph]ic gases :i* ! wat] has dissolv$ or cond5s$ )9 itself4 ,^! bubbles h be5 collect$1 & by analysis prov$ to consi/ ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & c>bonic acid1 obta9$ f ! air2 b 9 ! wat] !y exi/ by no means 9 ! same proportions z orig9ally 9 ! air1 nor 9 con/ant proportions 9 diff]5t samples ( wat]4 ,i ne$ n "h g into ! quantitative details ( ^! proportions1 nor ! reasons ( _! v>iation1 ?\gh !y are v int]e/+ subjects4 ,proce$+ ) our inve/igation1 we %all f9d t ! bubbles cont9ue to =m & rise until ! wat] becomes too hot = ! f+] to be> imm]sion4 ,at ab\t ?is /age some?+ else beg9s to occur4 ,mu* l>g] bubbles1 or r bli/]s1 are n[ =m$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel1 imm$iately ov] ! flame1 & !y cont9ually collapse into app>5t no?+ness4 ,ev5 at ?is /age a !rmomet] imm]s$ 9 ! wat] w %[ t ! boil+-po9t is n rea*$4 ,z ! temp]ature rises1 ^! bli/]s rise high] & high]1 become m & m ne>ly sph]ical1 f9ally q s1 !n deta* !mselves & rise t[>ds ! surface2 b ! fir/ t make ?is v5ture p]i% 9 ! attempt--!y gradually collapse z !y rise1 & vani% be=e rea*+ ! surface4 ,! !rmomet] n[ %[s t ! boil+-po9t is ne>ly rea*$1 b n q4 ,pres5tly ! bubbles rise completely to ! surface & break !re4 ,n[ ! wat] is boil+1 & ! !rmomet] /&s at #bab ,fahr4 or #ajj ,c5t4 ,) ! aid ( suitable app>atus x c be %[n t ! atmosph]ic gases above nam$ cont9ue to be giv5 (f along ) ! /eam = a consid]able "t aft] ! boil+ has comm5c$2 ! complete removal ( _! la/ traces be+ a v difficult1 if n an impossible1 physical problem4 ,aft] a mod]ate p]iod ( boil+1 h[ev]1 we may practically reg>d ! wat] z free f ^! gases4 ,9 ?is condition ,i v5ture to call x cook$ wat]4 ,our exp]im5t s f> indicates "o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 cook$ & raw wat]4 ,! cook$ wat] has be5 depriv$ ( ! atmosph]ic gases t ! raw wat] conta9$4 ,by cool+ "s ( ! cook$ wat] & ta/+ x1 ! diff]5ce ( flav\r is v p]ceptible2 by no means improv$1 ?\gh x is q possible to acquire a pref]5ce = ?is flat1 ta/eless liquid4 ,if a fi% be plac$ 9 su* cook$ wat] x swims = a :ile ) its m\? at ! surface1 = j !re is a film t is reacquir+ its *>ge ( oxyg51 c41 by absorb+ x f ! air2 b ?is film is s ?91 & s poorly *>g$1 t aft] a %ort /ruggle ! fi% dies = lack ( oxyg5 9 its blood2 dr[n$ z truly & completely z an air-brea?+ animal :5 imm]s$ 9 any k9d ( wat]4 ,spr+ wat] & riv] wat] t h pass$ ?r\gh or ov] consid]able di/ances 9 calc>e\s di/ricts suff] ano!r *ange 9 boil+4 ,! orig9 & nature ( ?is *ange may be %[n by ano!r exp]im5t z foll[s3 ,buy a p5nywor? ( lime-wat] f a druggi/1 & procure a small glass tube ( ab\t quill size1 or ! /em ( a fre% tobacco-pipe may be us$4 ,half fill a small w9e-glass ) ! lime-wat]1 & bl[ ?r\gh x by means ( ! tube or tobacco-pipe4 ,pres5tly x w become turbid4 ,cont9ue ! bl[+1 & ! turbidity w increase up to a c]ta9 degree ( milk9ess4 ,g on bl[+ ) #8comm5dable p]sev]ance1' & an inv]sion ( effect w foll[2 ! turbidity dim9i%es1 & at la/ ! wat] becomes cle> aga94 ,! *emi/ry ( ?is is simple en\gh4 ,f ! lungs a mixture ( nitrog51 oxyg51 & c>bonic acid is exhal$4 ,! c>bonic acid comb9es ) ! soluble lime1 & =ms a c>bonate ( lime :i* is insoluble 9 m]e wat]4 ,b ?is c>bonate ( lime is to a c]ta9 ext5t soluble 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid1 & su* saturation is effect$ by ! cont9uation ( bl[+4 ,n[ take "s ( ! lime-wat] t has be5 ?us treat$1 place x 9 a clean glass flask1 & boil x4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! flask w be f\nd incru/$ ) a ?9 film ( some?+4 ,?is is ! c>bonate ( lime :i* has be5 ?r[n d[n aga9 by ! action ( boil+1 :i* has driv5 (f its solv5t1 ! c>bonic acid4 ,?is cru/ w eff]vesce if a little acid is add$ to x4 ,9 ?is mann] our tea-kettles1 eng9e-boil]s1 c41 become incru/$ :5 f$ ) calc>e\s wat]s1 & mo/ wat]s are calc>e\s2 ^? suppli$ to ,london1 :i* is surr\nd$ by *alk1 are l>gely s4 ,?us1 ! boil+ or cook+ ( su* wat] effects a removal ( its m9]al impurities m or less completely4 ,o!r wat]s conta9 su* m9]al matt] z salts ( sodium & potassium4 ,^! are n removable by m]e boil+1 be+ equally soluble 9 hot or cold1 a]at$1 or non-a]at$ wat]4 ,usually we h no v /rong motive = remov+ ei!r ^! or ! dissolv$ c>bonate ( lime1 or ! atmosph]ic gases f wat]1 b !re is ano!r class ( impurities ( s]i\s importance4 ,^! are ! organic matt]s dissolv$ 9 all wat] t has run ov] l& cov]$ ) vegetable gr[?1 or1 m especially1 t :i* has receiv$ contributions f sew]s or any o!r =m ( h\se dra9age4 ,su* wat] supplies nutrim5t to ^? microscopic abom9ations1 ! micrococci1 bacilli1 bact]ia1 c41 :i* are n[ %[n to be connect$ ) blood poison+4 ,^! little pe/s are h>mless1 & probably nutriti\s1 :5 cook$1 b 9 _! raw & gr[+ /ate are horribly prolific 9 ! blood ( p :o are 9 c]ta9 /ates ( :at is call$ #8receptivity4' ,!y 7! bact]ia1 c47 appe> to be poison$ or someh[ kill$ (f by ! dige/ive secretions ( ! blood ( "s p1 & n\ri%$ luxuriantly 9 ! blood ( o!rs4 ,z nobody c be q sure to :i* class he belongs1 or may pres5tly belong1 or :e!r ! wat] suppli$ to 8 h\sehold is free f blood-poison+ organisms1 cook$ wat] is a saf] bev]age ?an raw wat]4 ,i %\ld add t ?is g]m !ory ( disease is disput$ by "s :o ma9ta9 t ! s\rce ( ! diseases attribut$ to su* microbia is *emical poison1 ! microbia 7i4e4 little liv+ ?+s7 are m]ely accid5tal1 or creatures f$ on ! disease-produc+ poison4 ,9 ei!r case ! boil+ is effectual1 z su* organic poisons :5 cook$ lose _! orig9al virul5t prop]ties4 ,! requirem5t = ?is simple op]ation ( cook+ increases ) ! d5sity ( our population1 :i*1 on rea*+ a c]ta9 degree1 r5d]s ! pollution ( all wat] obta9$ f ! ord9>y s\rces almo/ inevitable4 ,reflect+ on ?is subject1 ,i h be5 /ruck ) a curi\s fact t has hi!rto escap$ notice1 viz4 t 9 ! c\ntry :i* ov] all o!rs comb9es a v l>ge population ) a v small all[ance ( cleanl9ess1 ! ord9>y dr9k ( ! p is boil$ wat]1 flav\r$ by an infusion ( leaves4 ,^! p1 ! ,*9ese1 seem 9 fact to h be5 ! inv5tors ( boil$-wat] bev]ages4 ,judg+ f travell]s' acc\nts ( ! /ate ( ! riv]s1 rivulets1 & g5]al dra9age & irrigation arrangem5ts ( ,*9a1 its population c\ld sc>cely h rea*$ its pres5t d5sity if ,*9am5 7 dr9k]s ( raw in/ead ( cook$ wat]4 ,?is is especially rem>kable 9 ! case ( su* places z ,canton1 :]e l>ge numb]s are liv+ afloat on ! m\?s ( sewage-lad5 riv]s or e/u>ies4 ,! ord9>y ev]yday dome/ic bev]age is a weak infusion ( tea1 made 9 a l>ge teapot1 kept 9 a padd$ basket to reta9 ! heat4 ,! :ole family is suppli$ f ?is res]voir4 ,! v poore/ dr9k pla9 hot wat]1 or wat] t+$ by infus+ ! sp5t tea-leaves reject$ by _! ri*] neighb\rs4 ,next to ! boil+ ( wat] = its own sake1 comes ! boil+ ( wat] z a m$ium = ! cook+ ( o!r ?+s4 ,"h1 at ! outset1 ,i h to correct an error ( language :i*1 z too (t5 happ5s1 leads by cont9ual sugge/ion to false ideas4 ,:5 we speak ( #8boil$ beef1' #8boil$ mutton1' #8boil$ eggs1' #8boil$ potatoes1' we talk nons5se2 we are n m]ely us+ an elliptical expression1 z :5 we say1 #8! kettle boils1' :i* we all und]/& to mean ! cont5ts ( ! kettle1 b we are exp\nd+ a false !ory ( :at has happ5$ to ! beef1 c4--z false z ?\gh we %\ld describe ! mat]ial ( ! kettle t has held boil+ wat] z boil$ copp] or boil$ iron4 ,no boil+ ( ! food takes place 9 any su* cases z ! above-nam$--x is m]ely heat$ by imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]2 ! *anges t actually take place 9 ! food are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ebullition4 ,ev5 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! meat is n boil$ 9 ord9>y cases1 z its boil+-po9t is high] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ wat]1 ow+ to ! salts x holds 9 solution4 ,?us1 z a matt] ( *emical fact1 a #8boil$ leg ( mutton' is "o t has be5 cook$1 b n boil$2 :ile a roa/$ leg ( mutton is "o t has be5 p>tially boil$4 ,mu* ( ! con/itu5t wat] ( fle% is boil$ out1 fairly driv5 away z vap\r dur+ roa/+ or bak+1 & ! fat on its surface is also boil$1 &1 m or less1 dissociat$ into its *emical elem5ts1 c>bon & wat]1 z %[n by ! br[n+1 due to ! sep>at$ c>bon4 ,z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 ?is v]bal explanation is no m]e v]bal quibble1 b x involves important practical applications4 ,an enorm\s wa/e ( preci\s fuel is p]petrat$ e day1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries :]e ,engli% cook]y prevails1 on acc\nt ( ! almo/ univ]sal ignorance ( ! philosophy ( ! s-call$ boil+ ( food4 ,:5 x is once fairly und]/ood t ! meat is n to be boil$1 b is m]ely to be w>m$ by imm]sion 9 wat] rais$ to a maximum temp]ature ( #bab1 & :5 x is fur!r und]/ood t wat] _c 7"u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure7 be rais$ to a high] temp]ature ?an #bab by any am\nt ( viol5t boil+1 ! popul> di/9ction betwe5 #8simm]+' & boil+1 :i* is s ob/9ately ma9ta9$ z a kit*5 sup]/ition1 is demoli%$4 ,! exp]im5t describ$ on pages #h & #i %[$ t imm$iately ! bubbles ( /eam rea* ! surface ( ! wat] & break !re--t is1 :5 simm]+ comm5ces--! !rmomet] rea*es ! boil+-po9t1 & t h[ev] viol5tly ! boil+ may aft]w>ds occur1 ! !rmomet] rises no high]4 ,!re=e1 z a m$ium = heat+ ! sub/ances to be cook$1 simm]+ wat] is j z effective z #8wallop+' wat]4 ,!re are exceptional op]ations ( cook]y1 :]e9 useful me*anical "w is done by viol5t boil+2 b 9 all ord9>y cook]y simm]+ is j z effective4 ,! heat t is appli$ to d m ?an ! smalle/ degree ( simm]+ is simply wa/$ 9 conv]t+ wat] into useless /eam4 ,! am\nt ( su* wa/e may be easily e/imat$4 ,to raise a giv5 quantity ( wat] f ! freez+ to ! boil+ po9t dem&s an am\nt ( heat repres5t$ by #ahj 9 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 or #ajj ,c5tigrade4 ,to conv]t ?is into /eam1 #iij ,fahr4 or #eej ,c5t4 is necess>y--j five-&-a-half times z mu*4 ,on a prop]ly-con/ruct$ hot-plate or s&-ba? a doz5 saucepans may be kept at ! true cook+ temp]ature1 ) an exp5diture ( fuel commonly employ$ 9 ,engl& to #8boil' "o saucepan4 ,9 ! great majority ( s-call$ boil+ op]ations1 ev5 simm]+ is unnecess>y4 ,n only is a #8boil$ leg ( mutton' n itself boil$1 b ev5 ! wat] 9 :i* x is cook$ %\ld n be kept boil+1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,! foll[+1 writt5 by ,c\nt ,rum=d ne>ly #ajj ye>s ago1 rema9s applicable at ! pres5t "t1 9 spite ( all our mod]n rese>* & sci5ce tea*+3 #8,! process by :i* food is mo/ commonly prep>$ = ! table--,,boil+--is s famili> to ev]yone1 & its effects are s uni=m & app>5tly s simple1 t few1 ,i believe1 h tak5 ! tr\ble to inquire h[ or 9 :at mann] ^! effects are produc$2 & :e!r any & :at improvem5ts 9 t bran* ( cook]y are possible4 ,s little has ?is matt] be5 an object ( inquiry t few1 v few inde$ ,i believe1 among ! millions ( p]sons :o = s _m ages h be5 daily employ$ 9 ?is process1 h ev] giv5 !mselves ! tr\ble to be/[ "o s]i\s ?\ght ^u ! subject4 #8,! cook kn[s f exp]i5ce t if 8 jo9t ( meat be kept a c]ta9 "t imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat] x w be done1 z x is call$ 9 ! language ( ! kit*52 b if he be ask$ :at is done to x1 or h[ or by :at ag5cy ! *ange x has und]gone has be5 effect$--if he und]/&s ! "q--x is t5 to "o b he w be emb>rass$4 ,if he does n und]/& he w probably answ] )\t hesitation1 t 8,! meat is made t5d] & eatable by be+ boil$40 ,ask him if ! boil+ ( ! wat] be ess5tial to ! process4 ,he w answ]1 8,)\t d\bt40 ,pu% him a little fur!r by ask+ him :e!r1 7 x possible to keep ! wat] equally hot )\t boil+1 ! meat w\ld n be cook$ z soon & z well z if ! wat] 7 made to boil4 ,"h x is probable he w make ! fir/ /ep t[>ds acquir+ k by le>n+ to d\bt4' ,9 ano!r place he po9ts to ! fact t at ,muni*1 :]e 8 *ief cook]y op]ations 7 p]=m$1 wat] boils at #bji 7on acc\nt ( its elevation71 :ile 9 ,london ! boil+-po9t is #bab4 #8,yet nobody1 ,i believe1 ev] p]ceiv$ t boil$ meat 0 less done at ,muni* ?an at ,london4 ,b if meat may )\t ! lea/ difficulty be cook$ ) a heat ( #bji at ,muni*1 :y %\ld x n be possible to cook x ) ! same degree ( heat 9 ,london8 ,if ?is c be done 9 ,london 7:i* ,i ?9k c h>dly admit ( a d\bt71 !n x is evid5t t ! process ( cook]y1 :i* is call$ boil+1 may be p]=m$ 9 wat] :i* is n boil+ hot4' ,he proce$s to say1 #8,i well "k1 f my own exp]i5ce1 h[ difficult x is to p]suade cooks ( ?is tru?1 b x is s important t no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ 9 endeav\r+ to remove _! prejudices & enlight5 _! und]/&+s4 ,?is may be done mo/ effectually 9 ! case be=e u by a me?od ,i h sev]al times put 9 practice ) complete success4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,take two equal boil]s1 conta9+ equal quantities ( boil+ hot wat]1 & put into !m two equal pieces ( meat tak5 f ! same c>case--two legs ( mutton1 = in/ance--& boil !m dur+ ! same "t4 ,"u "o ( ! boil]s make a small fire1 j b>ely suffici5t to keep ! wat] boil+ hot1 or r j beg9n+ to boil2 "u ! o!r make z vehem5t a fire z possible1 & keep ! wat] boil+ ! :ole "t ) ! utmo/ viol5ce4 ,! meat 9 ! boil] 9 :i* ! wat] has be5 kept only j boil+ hot w be f\nd to be q z well done z t 9 ! o!r4 ,x w ev5 be f\nd to be mu* bett] cook$1 t is to say t5d]]1 m juicy1 & mu* high] flav\r$4' ,rum=d at ?is date 7#ahjb7 und]/ood p]fectly t ! wat] j boil+ hot _h ! same temp]ature z t :i* 0 boil+ ) ! utmo/ viol5ce1 b did n und]/& t ! be/ result is obta9$ at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 = 9 ano!r place he /ates t if ! meat be cook$ 9 wat] "u pressure1 s t ! temp]ature %all exce$ #bab1 x w be done proportionally quick] & z well4 ,my reasons = controv]t+ ?is w be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,footnote3 #a ,9 apply+ heat to glass vessels1 ?ickness is a s\rce ( weakness or liability to fracture1 on acc\nt ( ! unequal expansion ( ! two sides1 due to inequality ( temp]ature1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 increases ) ! ?ickness ( ! glass4 ,besides ?is1 ! ?ickness increases ! lev]age ( ! break+ /ra94 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,album54 ,,9 ord] to illu/rate "s ( ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! cook+ ( animal food1 ,i w fir/ take ! simple case ( cook+ an egg by means ( hot wat]4 ,^! *anges are 9 ?is case easily visible & v simple1 al?\gh ! egg itself conta9s all ! mat]ials ( a complete animal4 ,bones1 muscles1 visc]a1 bra91 n]ves1 & fea!rs ( ! *ick5--all are produc$ f ! egg1 no?+ be+ add$1 & little or no?+ tak5 away4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 add t 9 eat+ an egg we d n get q s mu* ( x z ! *ick5 does4 ,liebig f\nd by analysis t 9 ! :ite & ! yolk !re is a defici5cy ( m9]al matt] = supply+ ! bones ( ! *ick1 & t ?is defici5cy is suppli$ by "s ( ! %ell be+ dissolv$ by ! phosphoric acid :i* is =m$ inside ! egg by ! comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air 7:i* passes ?r\gh ! %ell7 ) ! phosphorus conta9$ 9 ! s(t matt] ( ! egg4 ,by comp>+ ! %ell ( a h5's egg aft] ! *ick5 is hat*$ f x ) t ( a fre%ly-laid egg1 ! diff]5ce ( ?ickness may be easily se54 ,:5 we op5 a raw egg1 we f9d envelop$ 9 a /\ti% membrane a quantity ( glairy1 slimy1 visc\s1 col\rless fluid1 :i*1 z ev]ybody n[ kn[s1 is call$ album51 a ,lat9 translation ( its common "n1 #8! :ite4' ,)9 ! :ite ( ! egg is ! yolk1 *iefly compos$ ( album51 b ) "s o!r con/itu5ts add$--notably a peculi> oil4 ,at pres5t ,i w only consid] ! *anges :i* cook]y effects on ! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! egg1 m]ely add+ t ?is same album5 is "o ( ! mo/ important1 if n ! "o mo/ important1 mat]ial ( animal food1 & is repres5t$ by a correspond+ nutriti\s con/itu5t 9 vegetables4 ,we all "k t :5 an egg has be5 imm]s$ dur+ a few m9utes 9 boil+ wat]1 ! col\rless1 slimy liquid is conv]t$ into ! :ite solid to :i* x owes its "n4 ,?is coagulation ( album5 is "o ( ! mo/ decid$ & be/ und]/ood *anges effect$ by cook]y1 & !re=e dem&s especial /udy4 ,place "s fre%1 raw :ite ( egg 9 a te/-tube or o!r suitable glass vessel1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x imm]se ! bulb ( a !rmomet]4 7,cyl9drical !rmomet]s1 ) ! degrees m>k$ on ! glass /em1 are made = su* laboratory purposes47 ,place ! tube conta9+ ! album5 9 a vessel ( wat]1 & gradually heat ?is4 ,:5 ! album5 atta9s a temp]ature ( ab\t #acd ,fahr41 :ite fibres w beg9 to appe> )9 x2 ^! w increase until ab\t #afj is atta9$1 :5 ! :ole mass w become :ite & ne>ly opaque4#b ,x is n[ coagulat$1 & may be call$ solid4 ,n[ exam9e "s ( ! result1 & y w f9d t ! album5 ?us only j coagulat$ is a t5d]1 delicate1 jelly-l sub/ance1 hav+ e appe>ance to sight1 t\*1 & ta/e ( be+ easily dige/ible4 ,?is is ! case4 ,hav+ settl$ ^! po9ts1 proce$ ) ! exp]im5t by heat+ ! rema9d] ( ! album5 7or a new sample7 up to #bab1 & keep+ x = a:ile at ?is temp]ature4 ,x w dry1 %r9k1 & become horny4 ,if ! heat is c>ri$ a little fur!r1 x becomes conv]t$ into a sub/ance :i* is s h>d & t\gh t a valuable cem5t is obta9$ by simply sme>+ ! edges ( ! article to be cem5t$ ) :ite ( egg1 & !n heat+ x to a little above #bab4c ,?is simple exp]im5t tea*es a great deal ( :at is b little kn[n conc]n+ ! philosophy ( cook]y4 ,x %[s 9 ! fir/ place t1 s f> z ! coagulation ( ! album5 is conc]n$1 ! cook+ temp]ature is n #bab1 or t ( boil+ wat]1 b #afj1 i4e4 #eb bel[ x4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 a t5d]1 juicy /eak1 r\nd$ or plump$ out 9 ! middle1 & a t\gh1 lea!ry abom9ation1 t has be5 s cook$ z to %rivel & curl up4 ,! contraction1 dry+ up1 & hornify+ ( ! album5 9 ! te/ tube repres5ts ! album5 ( ! latt]1 :ile ! t5d]1 delicate1 trembl+1 semi-solid t 0 coagulat$ at #afj1 repres5ts ! album5 9 ! fir/4 ,b ?is is a digression1 or r anticipation1 see+ t ! grill+ ( a beef/eak is a problem ( pr(\nd complexity t we _c solve until we h ma/]$ ! rudim5ts4 ,we h n yet det]m9$ h[ to practically apply ! laws ( album5 coagulation z discov]$ by our te/-tube exp]im5t to ! cook+ ( a breakfa/ egg4 ,! non-pr(essional /ud5t may d ?is at ! breakfa/ fireside4 ,! app>atus requir$ is a saucepan l>ge en\gh = boil+ a p9t ( wat]--! mat]ials1 two eggs4 ,cook "o 9 ! or?odox mann] by keep+ x 9 boil+ wat] ?ree-&-a-half m9utes4 ,!n place ! o!r 9 ?is same boil+ wat]2 b1 in/ead ( keep+ ! saucepan ov] ! fire1 place x on ! he>? & leave x !re1 ) ! egg 9 x1 ab\t t5 m9utes or m4 ,a /ill bett] way ( mak+ ! comp>ative exp]im5t is to use1 = ! second egg1 a wat]-ba?1 or ba9-m>ie ( ! ,fr5* cook--a vessel imm]s$ 9 boil+1 or ne>ly boil+ wat]1 l a glue-pot1 & !re=e n q s hot z its s\rce ( heat4 ,9 ?is case a !rmomet] %\ld be us$1 & ! wat] surr\nd+ ! egg be kept at or ne> #ahj ,fahr4 ,"t ( imm]sion ab\t t5 or twelve m9utes4 ,a comp>ison ( results w %[ t ! egg t has be5 cook$ at a temp]ature ( m ?an #cj bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( wat] is t5d] & delicate1 ev5ly s ?r\gh\t1 no "p be+ h>d :ile ano!r "p is semi-raw & slimy4 ,i said #8t5 m9utes or m1' because1 :5 ?us cook$1 a prolong$ exposure to ! hot wat] does no mis*ief2 if ! temp]ature ( #afj is n exce$$1 x may rema9 twice z long )\t h>d5+4 ,! #ahj is above-nam$ because ! ris+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! egg itself is due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 its own temp]ature & t ( ! wat]1 & :5 t diff]5ce is v small1 ?is takes place v sl[ly1 besides :i* ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is1 ( c\rse1 l[]$ 9 rais+ t ( ! cold egg4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is pr9ciple sev]ely1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,at #aj4cj ,p4,m4 ,i plac$ a new-laid egg 9 a cov]$ /onew>e j>1 ( ab\t "o-p9t capacity1 & fill$ ?is ) boil+ wat]2 !n wrapp$ ! j> 9 _m folds ( flannel--s _m t1 ) ! egg1 !y fill$ a hat-case1 9 :i* ,i plac$ ! bundle & left x !re until breakfa/-"t next morn+1 t5 h\rs lat]4 ,on unroll+1 ,i f\nd ! wat] cool$ d[n to #ie2 ! yolk ( ! egg 0 h>d1 b ! :ite only j solidifi$ & mu* s(t] ?an ! yolk4 ,on repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 & leav+ ! egg 9 its flannel coat+ = f\r h\rs1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 #abc & ! egg 9 simil> condition--! :ite cook$ 9 p]fection1 delicately t5d]1 b ! yolk too h>d4 ,a ?ird exp]im5t ( twelve h\rs1 wat] at #bjj on />t+1 gave a simil> result z reg>ds ! /ate ( ! egg4 ,i ?us f\nd t ! yolk coagulates firmly at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! :ite4 ,:e!r ?is is due to a diff]5t condition ( ! album5 itself or to ! action ( ! o!r con/itu5ts on ! album51 requires fur!r rese>* to det]m9e4 ,! album5 ( ! yolk has receiv$ ! "n ( #8vitell91' & is usually describ$ z ano!r v>iety diff]+ f t ( ! :ite1 z x is diff]5tly affect$ by *emical reag5ts2 b ,lehmann#d reg>ds x z a mixture ( album5 & case91 & describes exp]im5ts :i* ju/ify 8 conclusion4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! temp]ature ( coagulation does n appe> to h be5 obs]v$1 & ,i _c und]/& h[ ! admixture ( case9 c effect x4 ,:5 eggs are cook$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 ! #c m9utes' imm]sion is insuffici5t to all[ ! heat to pass fully to ! middle ( ! egg1 & !re=e ! :ite is subject$ to a high] temp]ature ?an ! yolk4 ,9 my exp]im5t !re 0 "t = a practically uni=m diffusion ( ! heat ?r\gh\t4 ,i %all describe h]eaft] :at is call$ ! #8,norwegian' cook+ app>atus1 :]e9 f[ls1 c41 are cook$ z ! eggs 7 9 my hat-case4 ,album5 exi/s 9 fle% z "o ( its juices1 r ?an 9 a def9itely-organis$ condition4 ,x is di/ribut$ betwe5 ! fibres ( ! lean 7i4e4 ! muscles71 & x lubricates ! tissues g5]ally1 besides be+ an important con/itu5t ( ! blood itself--( t portion ( ! blood :i* rema9s liquid :5 ! blood is dead--i4e4 ! s]um4 ,z blood is n an ord9>y article ( food1 except+ 9 ! =m ( #8black pudd+s1' its album5 ne$ n be "h consid]$1 nor ! debat$ "q ( :e!r its album5 is id5tical ) ! album5 ( ! fle%4 ,exi/+ ?us 9 a liquid /ate 9 our ord9>y fle% meats1 x is liable to be wa/$ 9 ! c\rse ( cook]y1 especially if ! cook has only receiv$ ! cu/om>y te*nical education & rema9s 9 te*nological ignorance4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u suppose t a leg ( mutton1 a slice ( cod1 or a piece ( salmon is to be cook$ 9 wat]1 #8boil$1' z ! cook says4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! results ( ! previ\sly-describ$ exp]im5ts on ! egg-album51 & also ! fact t 9 its liquid /ate album5 is diffusible 9 wat]1 ! read] may n[ /& z sci5tific umpire 9 answ]+ ! "q :e!r ! fi% or ! fle% %\ld be put 9 hot wat] at once1 or 9 cold wat]1 & be gradually heat$4 ,! #8big-endians' & ! #8little-endians' ( ,liliput 7 n m def9itely divid$ ?an are c]ta9 cook]y au?orities on ?is "q 9 ref]5ce to fi%4 ,ref]r+ at r&om to ! cook]y-books t come fir/ to h&1 ,i f9d !m ab\t equally divid$ on ! "q4 ,conf9+ our att5tion at pres5t to ! album51 :at mu/ happ5 if ! fi% or fle% is put 9 cold wat]1 :i* is gradually heat$8 ,obvi\sly a loss ( album5 by exudation & diffusion ?r\gh ! wat]1 especially 9 ! case ( slic$ fi% or ( meat expos+ mu* surface ( fibres cut across4 ,x is also evid5t t su* loss ( album5 w be %[n by its coagulation :5 ! wat] is suffici5tly heat$4 ,practical read]s w at once recognise 9 ! #8scum' :i* rises to ! surface ( ! boil+ wat]1 & 9 ! milk9ess t is m or less diffus$ ?r\gh\t x1 ! evid5ce ( su* loss ( album54 ,?is loss indicates ! desirability ( plung+ ! fi% or fle% at once into wat] hot en\gh to imm$iately coagulate ! sup]ficial album51 & !reby plug ! pores ?r\gh :i* ! inn] album9\s juice o!rwise exudes4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re are o!r juices besides ! album52 ^! are ! mo/ important ( ! flav\r+ con/itu5ts1 &1 ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( animal food1 h great nutritive value2 s mu* s1 t animal food is q ta/eless & almo/ wor?less )\t !m4 ,i h laid especial emphasis on ! above qualification1 le/ ! read] %\ld be l$ into an error orig9at$ by ! bone-s\p committee ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & propagat$ widely by ,liebig--t ( reg>d+ ^! juices z a conc5trat$ nutrim5t :5 tak5 alone4 ,!y con/itute collectively ! extractum c>nis1 :i*1 ) ! addition ( m or less gelat9e 7! less ! bett]71 is commonly sold z ,liebig's #8,extract ( ,meat4' ,x is prep>$ by simply m9c+ lean meat1 expos+ x to ! action ( cold wat]1 & !n evaporat+ d[n ! solution ( extract ?us obta9$4 ,i %all return to ?is on rea*+ ! subjects ( cle> s\ps & beef-tea1 at pres5t m]ely add+ z evid5ce ( ! importance ( reta9+ ^! juices 9 cook$ meat1 t ! extracts ( beef1 mutton1 & pork may be di/+ui%$ by _! specific flav\rs4 ,"s ,extract ( ,kang>oo1 s5t to me _m ye>s ago f ,au/ralia by ! ,ramornie ,company1 made a s\p t 0 curi\sly diff]5t 9 flav\r f ! o!r extract simil>ly prep>$ by ! same company4 ,epicures pron\nc$ x v *oice & #8gamey4'#e ,:5 ^! juices are remov$ f ! meat1 mutton1 beef1 pork1 c41 ! rema9+ solids are all alike1 s f> z ! palate alone c di/+ui%4 ,let u n[ apply ^! pr9ciples practically to ! case ( a leg ( mutton4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to seal ! pores1 ! meat %\ld be put into boil+ wat]2 ! wat] %\ld be kept boil+ = five or t5 m9utes4 ,a coat+ ( firmly-coagulat$ album5 w ?us envelop ! jo9t4 ,n[1 in/ead ( boil+ or #8simm]+' ! wat]1 set ! saucepan aside1 :]e ! wat] w reta9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj1 or #cb bel[ ! boil+-po9t4 ,cont9ue ?is ab\t half z long aga91 or d\ble ! usual "t giv5 9 ! cook]y-books = boil+ a leg ( mutton1 & try ! effect4 ,x w be analog\s to t ( ! egg cook$ on ! same pr9ciples1 & appreciat$ accord+ly4 ,! usual addition ( salt to ! wat] is v desirable4 ,x has a ?reefold action3 fir/1 x directly acts on ! sup]ficial album5 ) coagulat+ effect2 second1 x slightly raises ! boil+-po9t ( ! wat]2 & ?ird1 by increas+ ! d5sity ( ! wat]1 ! #8exosmosis' or ooz+ out ( ! juices is less active4 ,^! actions are slight1 b all co-op]ate 9 keep+ 9 ! juices4 ,i %\ld add t a leg ( mutton = boil+ %\ld be fre%1 & n #8hung' z = roa/+4 ,! reasons = ?is h]eaft]4 #8,please1 mum1 ! fi% w\ld break to pieces1' w\ld be ! probable reply ( ! unsci5tific cook1 to :om h] mi/ress _h sugge/$ ! desirability ( cook+ fi% 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples exp\nd$ above4 ,_m k9ds ( fi% w\ld ?us break if ! popul> notions ( #8boil+' 7 c>ri$ out1 & ! fi% sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 wat] t 0 agitat$ by ! act ( ebullition4 ,b ?is difficulty vani%es :5 ! true !ory ( cook]y is und]/ood & practically appli$ by cook+ ! fi% f beg9n+ to end )\t ev] boil+ ! wat] at all4 ,9 ! case ( ! leg ( mutton1 *os5 z a previ\s example1 ! plung+ 9 boil+ wat] & ma9t5ance ( boil+-po9t = a few m9utes 0 unobjectionable1 z ! mo/ effectual means ( obta9+ ! firm coagulation ( a sup]ficial lay] ( album52 b1 9 ! case ( fragile fi%1 ?is advantage c only be obta9$ 9 a m9or degree by us+ wat] j bel[ ! boil+-po9t2 ! break+ ( ! fi% by ! agitation ( ! boil+ wat] does m ?an m]ely disfigure x :5 s]v$--x op5s outlets to ! juices1 & !reby depreciates ! flav\r1 besides sacrific+ "s ( ! nutriti\s album54 ,to demon/rate ?is exp]im5tally1 take two equal slices f ! same salmon1 cook "o accord+ to ,mrs4 ,beeton & o!r au?orities by putt+ x into cold wat]1 or p\r+ cold wat] ov] x1 !n heat+ up to ! boil+-po9t4 ,cook ! o!r slice by putt+ x into wat] ne>ly boil+ 7ab\t #bjj ,fahr471 & keep+ x at ab\t #ahj to #bjj1 b nev] boil+ at all4 ,!n di% up1 exam9e1 & ta/e4 ,! second w be f\nd to h reta9$ m ( its prop] salmon col\r & flav\r2 ! fir/ w be pal] & m l cod1 or o!r :ite fi%1 ow+ to ! exosmosis or ooz+ out ( its *>act]i/ic juices4 ,:5 two simil> pieces ( split salmon are ?us cook$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is /ill m rem>kable4 ,i %\ld add t ! practice ( splitt+ salmon = boil+1 once s fa%ionable1 is n[ ne>ly obsolete1 & ju/ly s4 ,i 0 surpris$1 & at fir/ consid]ably puzzl$1 at :at ,i saw ( salmon-cook+ 9 ,norway4 ,z ?is fi% is s abundant !re 7#a;d4 p] lb4 w\ld be reg>d$ z a high price 9 ! ,tellem>k71 ,i naturally suppos$ t l>ge exp]i5ce1 op]at+ by natural selection1 w\ld h evolv$ ! be/ me?od ( cook+ x1 b f\nd t1 n only 9 ! f>mh\ses ( ! int]ior1 b at su* hotels z ! #8,victoria1' 9 ,*ri/iania1 ! usual cook]y 0 effect$ by cutt+ ! fi% into small pieces & sodd5+ x 9 wat] 9 su* wise t x came to table almo/ col\rless1 & ) m]ely a fa9t sugge/ion ( :at we prize z ! ri* flav\r ( salmon4 ,a few mon?s' exp]i5ce & a little reflection solv$ ! problem4 ,salmon is s ri*1 & has s special a flav\r1 t :5 daily eat5 x soon palls on ! palate4 ,ev]ybody has he>d ! old /ory ( ! clause 9 ! ind5tures ( ! ,ab]de5 appr5tices1 b9d+ ! ma/]s n to fe$ ! boys on salmon m frequ5tly ?an twice a week4 ,if ! /ory is n true x ought to be1 = full meals ( salmon e day w\ld1 ere long1 r5d] ! special flav\r ( ?is o!rwise delici\s fi% q sick5+4 ,by boil+ out ! ri* oil ( ! salmon1 ! ,norwegian r$uces x ne>ly to ! condition ( cod-fi%1 conc]n+ :i* ,i le>n$ a curi\s fact f two old ,dogg]bank fi%]m51 ) :om ,i _h a long sail+ cruise f ! ,gold5 ,horn to ! ,?ames4 ,!y agre$ 9 /at+ t cod-fi% is l bread1 t !y & all _! mates liv$ ^u x 7& sea-biscuits7 day aft] day = mon?s toge!r1 & nev] tir$1 :ile ri*] fi% ultimately became repulsive if eat5 daily4 ,?is /atem5t 0 elicit$ by an imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,we 7 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e bonetta 7 v abundant1 & e morn+ & ev5+ ,i amus$ myself by spe>+ !m f ! m>t+ale ( ! s*oon]1 & s successfully t all h&s 7or r m\?s7 7 abundantly suppli$ ) ?is delici\s d>k-fle%$1 full-blood$1 & high-flav\r$ fi%4 ,i began by mak+ ?ree meals a day on x1 b at ! end ( ab\t a week 0 glad to return to ! ord9>y %ip's f>e ( salt junk & *ick5s4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( an exp]im5t ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's is v int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,he says3 #8,i _h long suspect$ t x c\ld h>dly be possible t precisely ! temp]ature ( #bab 7t ( boil+ wat]7 %\ld be t :i* is be/ adapt$ = cook+ all sorts ( food2 b x 0 ! unexpect$ result ( an exp]im5t t ,i made ) ano!r view :i* made me p>ticul>ly att5tive to ?is subject4 ,desir\s ( f9d+ out :e!r x w\ld be possible to roa/ meat on a ma*9e t ,i _h contriv$ = dry+ potatoes1 & fitt$ up 9 ! kit*5 ( ! ,h\se ( ,indu/ry at ,muni*1 ,i put a %\ld] ( mutton into x1 & aft] att5d+ to ! exp]im5t ?ree h\rs1 & f9d+ t x %[$ no signs ( be+ done1 ,i conclud$ t ! heat 0 n suffici5tly int5se1 & despair+ ( success ,i w5t home1 r out ( hum\r at my ill success1 & ab&on$ my %\ld] ( mutton to ! cookmaids4 #8,x be+ late 9 ! ev5+ & ! cookmaids ?9k+1 p]haps1 t ! meat w\ld be z safe 9 ! dry+ ma*9e z any:]e else1 left x !re all night4 ,:5 !y came 9 ! morn+ to take x away1 int5d+ to cook x = _! d9n]1 !y 7 mu* surpris$ at f9d+ x already cook$1 & n m]ely eatable1 b p]fectly well done1 & mo/ s+ul>ly well ta/$4 ,?is appe>$ to !m ! m miracul\s1 z ! fire "u ! ma*9e 0 q gone out be=e !y left ! kit*5 9 ! ev5+ to g to b$1 & z !y _h lock$ up ! kit*5 :5 !y left x1 & tak5 away ! key4 #8,?is wond]ful %\ld] ( mutton 0 imm$iately br\ght to me 9 triumph1 & ?\gh ,i 0 at no great loss to acc\nt = :at _h happ5$1 yet x c]ta9ly 0 q unexpect$2 & :5 ,i ta/$ ! meat ,i 0 v mu* surpris$ inde$ to f9d x v diff]5t1 bo? 9 ta/e & flav\r1 f any ,i _h ev] ta/$4 ,x 0 p]fectly t5d]2 b ?\gh x 0 s mu* done x did n appe> to be 9 ! lea/ sodd5 or insipid2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 uncommonly sav\ry & high flav\r$4' ,:at ,i h already expla9$ conc]n+ ! coagulation ( album5 w r5d] ?is result fairly intelligible4 ,x w be /ill m s aft] :at foll[s conc]n+ ! effect ( heat on ! o!r con/itu5ts ( a %\ld] ( mutton4 ,! ,norwegian cook+ app>atus1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 & :i* is n[ comm]cially suppli$ 9 ,engl&1 does its "w 9 a some:at simil> mann]4 ,x consi/s ( an inn] t9 pot ) well-fitt+ lid1 :i* fits into a box1 hav+ a ?ick l9+ ( ill-conduct+ mat]ial--su* z felt1 wool1 or sawdu/ 7x %\ld be two or ?ree in*es ?ick bottom & sides74 ,a f[l1 = example1 is put into ! t91 :i* is !n fill$ up ) boil+ wat] & cov]$ ) a close-fitt+ cov] l9$ l ! box1 & firmly /rapp$ d[n4 ,?is may be left = t5 or twelve h\rs1 :5 ! f[l w be f\nd mo/ delicately cook$4 ,= ya*tsm5 & #8camp+-out' p>ties1 c41 x is a v luxuri\s app>atus4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,t>*n(f has rec5tly discov]$ ! curi\s fact t ! :ite ( ! eggs ( birds t are hat*$ )\t fea!rs rema9s transp>5t :5 coagulat$1 :ile ! eggs :i* produce *ick5s & o!r birds already fl$g$ become opaque :5 coagulat$4 ,?is is famili>ly illu/rat$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 plov]s' eggs & h5s' eggs :5 cook$4 #c #8,egg-cem5t1' made by ?ick5+ :ite ( egg ) f9ely-p[d]$ quicklime1 has long be5 us$ = m5d+ alaba/]1 m>ble1 c4 ,= jo9+ fragm5ts ( fossils & m9]alogical specim5s1 x w be f\nd v useful4 ,:ite ( egg alone may be us$1 if c>efully heat$ aft]w>ds4 #d ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cef4 #e ,x 0 giv5 to me 9 #ahfh4 ,i h j f\nd t "s ( x rema9s unus$ 7,decemb] #ahhd71 & t x /ill reta9s its *>act]i/ic flav\r4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,gelat91 ,,fibr91 ,,& ,,! ,,juices ,,( ,,meat4 ,,gelat9 is a v important elem5t ( animal food2 x is1 9 fact1 ! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! animal tissues1 ! walls ( ! cells ( :i* animals are built up be+ compos$ ( gelat94 ,i w n "h discuss ! "q ( :e!r ,hall]'s rem>k1 #8,dimidium corporis humani glut5 e/' 7#8half ( ! human body is gelat9'71 %\ld or %\ld n n[1 z ,lehmann says1 #8be modifi$ to ! ass]tion t half ( ! solid p>ts ( ! animal body are conv]tible1 by boil+ ) wat]1 into gelat94' ,lehmann & o!rs give ! "n ( #8glut9' to ! compon5t ( ! animal tissue z x exi/s !re1 & gelat9 to x :5 act$ ^u by boil+ wat]4 ,o!rs indicate ?is diff]5ce by nam+ ! fir/ #8gelat91' & ! second #8gelat9e4' ,! diff]5ce ^u :i* ^! di/9ctions are bas$ is directly connect$ ) my pres5t subject1 z x is j ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! raw & ! cook$ mat]ial1 :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 consi/s ma9ly 9 solubility4 ,ev5 ! orig9al or raw gelat9 v>ies mat]ially 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is a decid$ly practical diff]5ce betwe5 ! solubility ( ! cell-walls ( a "y *ick5 & ^? ( an old h54 ,! pleasant fiction :i* describes all ! pretty gelat9e prep>ations ( ! table z #8calf's-foot jelly1' is f\nd$ on ! great] solubility ( ! juv5ile ho(1 z comp>$ to t ( ! adult ox or horse1 or to ! p>+s ( hides ab\t to be us$ by ! tann]4 ,all ^! produce gelat9 by boil+1 ! calves' feet ) comp>atively little boil+4 ,besides ^! diff]5ces !re are decid$ v>ieties1 or1 ,i might say1 species ( gelat91 hav+ slight diff]5ces ( *emical composition & *emical relations4 ,!re is ,*ondr91 or c>tilage gelat91 :i* is obta9$ by boil+ ! c>tilages ( ! ribs1 l>ynx1 or jo9ts = eighte5 or tw5ty h\rs 9 wat]4 ,!n !re is ,fibro91 obta9$ by boil+ spid]s' webs & ! silk ( silkworms or o!r cat]pill>s4 ,^! exi/ z a liquid inside ! animal1 :i* solidifies on exposure4 ,! fibres ( sponge conta9 ?is modification ( gelat94 ,ano!r k9d is ,*it91 :i* con/itut$ ! animal food ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :5 he f$ ^u locu/s & wild honey4 ,x is ! basis ( ! bodily /ructure ( insects2 ( ! spiral tubes :i* p]meate !m ?r\gh\t1 & are s wond]fully display$ :5 we exam9e insect anatomy by aid ( ! microscope2 also ( _! inte/9al canal1 _! ext]nal skeleton1 scales1 hairs1 c4 ,x simil>ly =ms ! true skeleton & bodily framework ( crabs1 lob/]s1 %rimps1 & o!r cru/acea1 be>+ ! same relation to _! %ells1 muscles1 c41 t ord9>y gelat9 does to ! bones & s(t] tissues ( ! v]tebrata2 x is #8! bone ( _! bones1 & ! fle% ( _! fle%4' ,x is obta9able by boil+ ^! creatures d[n1 b is m difficult ( solution ?an ! ord9>y gelat9 ( beef1 mutton1 fi%1 & p\ltry4 ,to ?is difficulty ( solution 9 ! /oma*1 ! nightm>e t foll[s lob/] supp]s is probably attributable4 ,i once _h an exp]i5ce ( ! edibility ( ! %ells ( a cru/acean4 ,:5 travell+1 ,i always cont9ue ! pursuit ( k 9 re/aurants by ord]+ any?+ t appe>s on ! bill ( f>e t ,i h nev] he>d ( be=e1 or _c translate or pron\nce4 ,at a ,neapolitan re/aurant ,i f\nd #8,gamb]o di ,m>e' on ! ,c>ta1 :i* ,i translat$ #8,leggy ?+s ( ! sea1' or sea-creep]s1 & ord]$ !m accord+ly4 ,!y prov$ to be %rimps fri$ 9 _! %ells1 & 7 v delici\s--l :itebait1 b ri*]4 ,! *it9 ( ! %ells 0 ?us cook$ to crispness1 & no evil consequ5ces foll[$4 ,if r$uc$ to locu/s1 ,i %\ld1 if possible1 cook !m 9 ! same mann]1 &1 z !y h simil> *emical composition1 !y w\ld d\btless be equally good4 ,%\ld any epicurean read] desire to try ?is di% 7! %rimps1 ,i mean71 he %\ld fry !m z !y come f ! sea1 n z !y are sold by ! fi%mong]1 ^! be+ already boil$ 9 salt wat]2 usually 9 sea wat] by ! %rimp]s :o cat* !m1 ! *it9 be+ indurat$ !reby4 ,! introduction ( fri$ & t9n$ locu/s z an epicurean delicacy w\ld be a boon to suff]+ humanity1 by supply+ indu/rial comp5sation to ! inhabitants ( di/ricts subject to p]iodical plagues ( locu/ invasion4 ,! idea ( eat+ !m appe>s repulsive at fir/1 s w\ld t ( eat+ su* creepy-crawly ?+s z %rimps1 if no adv5tur\s h]o _h made ! fir/ exempl>y exp]im5t4 ,*it9 is *it91 :e!r elaborat$ on ! l& or secret$ 9 ! sea4 ,! veget>ian locu/ & ! cicala are free f ! pung5t ess5tial oils ( ! really unpleasant cock*af]4 ,t curi\s epicurean food1 ! edible birds'-ne/s1 :i* has be5 a subject ( mu* controv]sy conc]n+ its composition1 is commonly describ$ z a delicate k9d ( gelat94 ,?is does n appe> to be q correct4 ,x is c]ta9ly gelat9\s 9 its me*anical prop]ties1 b x m ne>ly resembles ! mat]ial ( ! slime & organic tissue ( snails1 a sub/ance to :i* ! "n ( muc9 has be5 giv54 ,?us ! birds'-ne/ s\p ( ! ,ea/ & ! snail s\p ( ! ,we/ are ne>ly alli$1 & t made f callipa% & callipee supplies an int]m$iate reptilian l9k4 ,! birds'-ne/s1 :5 clean$ = cook+1 are entirely compos$ ( ! dri$ saliva ( swall[s1 or r swiftlets 7collocalia71 & ?is saliva probably conta9s "s am\nt ( dige/ive f]m5t or peps91 :i* may r5d] x m dige/ible ?an ! vulg> product f %9 ( beef1 & consequ5tly m acceptable to feeble epicures4 ,^? :o h suffici5t vital en]gy to supply _! own saliva w probably pref] ! vulg> concoction to ! co/ly secretion4 ,! bird saliva sells = its own weight 9 silv]1 :5 fre$ f adh]+ impurities4#f ,^? :o are dispos$ to b[ too implicitly to m]e au?ority 9 sci5tific matt]s w d well to /udy ! hi/ory & ! treatm5t :i* gelat9 has receiv$ f "s ( ! highe/ ( ^! au?orities4 ,our gr&mo!rs believ$ x to be highly nutriti\s1 prep>$ x 9 ! =m ( jellies = invalids1 & e/imat$ ! nutritive value ( _! s\ps by ! consi/5cy ( ! jelly :i* !y =m$ on cool+1 :i* ?ickness is due to ! gelat9 !y conta94 ,is+lass1 :i* is simply ! swim-bladd] ( ! /urgeon & simil> fi%es cut into %r$s1 0 especially e/eem$1 & sold at high prices4 ,?is is ! pure/ natural =m ( gelat94 ,ev]ybody believ$ t ! callipa% & callipee ( ! ald]man's turtle s\p contribut$ l>gely to 8 prov]bial gir?1 & ^? :o c\ld n af=d to pay = ! gelat9 ( ! reptile1 made mock turtle f ! gelat9\s tissues ( calves'-heads & pigs'-feet4 ,ab\t fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces appo9t$ a bone-s\p commission1 consi/+ ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t savants ( ! p]iod4 ,!y work$ = above t5 ye>s ^u ! problem submitt$ to !m1 t ( det]m9+ :e!r or n ! s\p made by boil+ bones until only _! m9]al matt] rema9$ solid1 is1 or is n1 a nutriti\s food = ! inmates ( hospitals1 c4 ,9 ! volum9\s report :i* !y ultimately submitt$ to ! ,academy1 !y decid$ 9 ! negative4 ,b>on ,liebig became ! popul> expon5t ( _! conclusions1 & vigor\sly d5\nc$ gelat91 z n m]ely a wor?less article ( food1 b z load+ ! sy/em ) mat]ial t dem&s wa/eful ef=t = its removal4 ,! ,academicians f$ dogs on gelat9 alone1 f\nd t !y spe$ily lo/ fle%1 & ultimately di$ ( />vation4 ,a multitude ( simil> exp]im5ts %[$ t gelat9 alone w n support animal life1 & h5ce ! conclusion t pure gelat9 is wor?less z an article ( food1 & t ord9>y s\ps conta9+ gelat9 ow$ _! nutritive value to _! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,accord+ to ! above-nam$ report1 & ! /atem5ts ( ,liebig1 ! foll[+1 :i* ,i f9d on a wrapp] ( ,liebig's #8,extract ( ,meat1' is ju/ifiable3 #8,?is ,extract ( ,meat diff]s ess5tially f ! gelat9\s product obta9$ f t5dons & muscul> fibre1 inasmu* z x conta9s #hj p] c5t4 ( nutritive matt]1 :ile ! o!r conta9s #d or #e p] c5t4' ,"h ! #d or #e p] c5t4 all[$ to exi/ 9 ! #8gelat9\s product' 7i4e4 ord9>y kit*5 /ock or glaze71 is attribut$ to ! con/itu5ts x conta9s ov] & above ! pure gelat94 ,! foll[+1 f a text-book l>gely us$ by m$ical /ud5ts1#g %[s ! e/imation 9 :i* gelat9 0 held at t date3 #8,b !re is ano!r azotis$ comp\nd1 ,gelat91 t is furni%$ by animals1 to :i* no?+ analog\s exi/s 9 ,plants2 & ?is is commonly reput$ to possess highly nutriti\s prop]ties4 ,x may be confid5tly affirm$1 h[ev]1 z a result ( exp]im5ts made ^u a l>ge scale1 t ,gelat9 is incapable ( be+ conv]t$ into ,album5 9 ! animal body1 s t x _c be appli$ to ! nutrition ( ! album9\s tissues4 ,&1 al?\gh x might priori be ?\ght n unlikely t ,gelat91 tak5 9 z food1 %\ld be appli$ to ! nutrition ( ! gelat9\s tissues1 yet nei!r obs]vation nor exp]im5t be>s out su* a probability4' ,fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says3 #8,! use ( gelat9 z food w\ld seem to be limit$ to its p[] ( furni%+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( combu/ive mat]ial t may assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! heat ( ! body4' ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h refut$ ^! conclusions4 ,i mu/ n be tempt$ to describe !m 9 detail1 b only to /ate ! g5]al results1 :i* are1 t :ile animals f$ on gelat9 s\p1 =m$ into a s(t pa/e ) bread1 lo/ fle% & /r5g? rapidly1 !y recov]$ _! orig9al weight :5 to ?is same food only a v small quantity ( ! sapid & odor\s pr9ciples ( meat 7 add$4 ,?us1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,edw>ds & ,balzac1 a "y dog t _h ceas$ gr[+1 & _h lo/ "o-fif? ( its orig9al weight :5 f$ on bread & gelat9 = ?irty days1 0 next suppli$ ) ! same food1 b to :i* 0 add$1 twice a day1 only two tablespoonfuls ( s\p made f horsefle%4 ,!re 0 an increase ( weight on ! fir/ day1 &1 #89 tw5ty-?ree days ! dog _h ga9$ consid]ably m ?an its orig9al weight1 & 0 9 ! enjoym5t ( vigor\s heal? & /r5g?4' ,all ?is diff]5ce 0 due to ! sav\ry con/itu5ts ( ! f\r tablespoonfuls ( meat s\p1 :i* s\p conta9$ ! juices ( ! fle%1 to :i*1 z already /at$1 its flav\r is due4 ,! inf]5ces drawn by ,m4 ,edw>ds f ! :ole ( ! exp]im5ts are ! foll[+3 #8#a4 ,t gelat9 alone is insuffici5t = alim5tation4 #b4 ,t1 al?\gh insuffici5t1 x is n un:olesome4 #c4 ,t gelat9 contributes to alim5tation1 & is suffici5t to su/a9 x :5 x is mix$ ) a due proportion ( o!r products :i* w\ld !mselves prove insuffici5t if giv5 alone4 #d4 ,t gelat9 extract$ f bones1 be+ id5tical ) t extract$ f o!r p>ts--& bones be+ ri*] 9 gelat9 ?an o!r tissues1 & able to af=d two-?irds ( _! weight ( x--!re is an inconte/able advantage 9 mak+ !m s]ve = nutrition 9 ! =m ( s\p1 jellies1 pa/e1 c41 always1 h[ev]1 tak+ c>e to provide a prop] admixture ( ! o!r pr9ciples 9 :i* ! gelat9-s\p is defective4 #e4 ,t to r5d] gelat9-s\p equal 9 nutritive & dige/ible qualities to t prep>$ f meat alone1 x is suffici5t to mix "o-f\r? ( meat-s\p ) ?ree-f\r?s ( gelat9-s\p2 & t1 9 fact1 no diff]5ce is p]ceptible betwe5 s\p ?us prep>$ & t made solely f meat4 #f4 ,t 9 prep>+ s\p 9 ?is way1 ! great advantage rema9s1 t :ile ! s\p itself is equally n\ri%+ ) meat-s\p1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! meat :i* w\ld be requisite = ! latt] by ! common process ( mak+ s\p are sav$ & made useful 9 ano!r way--z by roa/+1 c4 #g4 ,t jellies ought always to be associat$ ) "s o!r pr9ciples to r5d] !m bo? nutritive & dige/ible4'#h ,! read] may make a v simple exp]im5t on himself by prep>+ fir/ a pure gelat9-s\p f is+lass1 or ! prep>$ gelat9 commonly sold1 & try+ to make a meal ( ?is ) bread alone4 ,its insipidity w be evid5t ) ! fir/ spoonful4 ,if he p]sev]es1 x w become n m]ely insipid1 b positively repulsive2 &1 %\ld he /ruggle ?r\gh "o meal & !n ano!r1 )\t any o!r food betwe51 he w f9d x1 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7v>y+ ) con/itution & previ\s alim5tation71 positively nause\s4 ,let him n[ add to x "s ( ,liebig's #8,extract ( ,meat1' & he w at once p]ceive ! diff]5ce4 ,"h ! natural appetite =e%ad[s ! result ( cont9u+ ! exp]im5t1 & po9ts ! way to correct+ ! errors ( ! ,academicians & ,b>on ,liebig4 ,! jellies t we take at ev5+ p>ties1 or ! jujubes us$ z sweetmeats1 are flav\r$ ) some?+ positive4 ,i h ta/$ #8,blue-,ribbon' jellies t 7 wret*$ly insipid4 ,?is 0 n m]ely ow+ to ! abs5ce ( alcohol1 ( :i* v little c rema9 9 su* prep>ations1 b r to ! abs5ce ( ! flav\r+ +r$i5ts ( ! w9e4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ ! fur!r1 delib]ate1 & sci5tific ext5sion ( ?is pr9ciple1 by add+ to bone-s\p1 or o!r =m ( insipid gelat91 ! pota%1 salts1 phosphates1 c41 :i* are f\nd 9 ! juices ( meat & vegetables4 ,!y may ei!r be prep>$ 9 ! manufactur+ laboratory1 l ,p>ri%'s #8,*emical ,food1' or #8,syrup ( phosphates1' or extract$ f fruits1 z comm]cial limejuice is extract$4 ,i recomm5d ^? :o are int]e/$ to manufacture & (f] = sale a good prep>ation ( limejuice gelat94 ,x w\ld seem t gelat9 alone1 al?\gh conta9+ ! elem5ts requir$ = nutrition1 requires some?+ m to r5d] x dige/ible4 ,we %all probably be n f> f ! tru? if we picture x to ! m9d z some?+ too smoo?1 too neutral1 too in]t1 to set ! dige/ive organs at "w1 & t x !re=e requires ! addition ( a decid$ly sapid some?+ t %all make ^! organs act4 ,i believe t ! prop] function ( ! palate is to det]m9e our selection ( su* mat]ials2 t its activity is 9 direct sympa?y ) t ( all ! dige/ive organs2 & t if we c>efully avoid ! vitiation ( our natural appetites1 we h 9 our m\?s1 & ! n]v\s app>atus connect$ !re)1 a laboratory t is capable ( supply+ u ) in=mation conc]n+ "s ( ! *emical relations ( food :i* is beyond ! grasp ( ! analytical ma*9]y ( ! able/ ( our sci5tific *emi/s4 ,:at is ! *emi/ry ( ! cook]y ( gelat98 ,:at are ! *emical *anges effect$ by cook]y ^u gelat98 ,or1 o!rwise /at$1 :at is ! *emical diff]5ce or diff]5ces betwe5 cook$ & raw gelat98 ,i f9d no satisfactory answ] to ^! que/ions 9 any ( our text-books1 & !re=e w d :at ,i c t[>ds supply+ my own solution ( ! problem4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be und]/ood t raw gelat91 or animal membrane z x exi/s 9 its organis$ condition1 is n soluble 9 cold wat]1 & n imm$iately 9 hot wat]4 ,g5u9e is+lass is ! membrane ( ! swim-bladd] ( ! /urgeon 7t ( o!r fi%es is said to be sometimes sub/itut$74 ,9 its unprep>$ =m x is n easily dissolv$1 b if soak$ 9 wat]1 especially 9 w>m wat]1 = "s "t1 x swells4 ,! same ) o!r =ms ( membrane4 ,?is swell+ ,i reg>d z ! fir/ /age ( ! cook]y4 ,on exam9ation1 ,i f9d t x is n only increas$ 9 bulk b also 9 weight1 & t ! increase ( weight is due to "s wat] t x has tak5 into itself4 ,"h1 !n1 we h crude gelat9 plus wat]1 or hydrat$ gelat94 ,proce$+ fur!r1 by boil+ ?is until x all dissolves1 & !n all[+ x to h>d5 by v sl[ evaporation1 ,i f9d t x /ill conta9s "s ( its acquir$ wat]1 & t ,i _c drive away ?is newly-acquir$ wat] )\t de/roy+ "s ( its *>act]i/ic prop]ties--its solubility & gluey "*4 ,be=e return+ to its orig9al weight z crude is+lass1 x becomes some:at c>bonis$4 ,h5ce1 ,i inf] t ! cook]y ( gelat9 consi/s 9 conv]t+ ! orig9al membrane m or less completely into a hydrate ( its =m] self4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! #8prep>$ gelat9' sold 9 ! %ops is hydrat$ gelat91 completely hydrat$1 see+ t x is completely & readily soluble4 ,! membranes ( our ord9>y cook$ meat are1 if ,i am "r1 p>tially hydrat$1 9 v>y+ degrees1 & !reby prep>$ = solution 9 ! c\rse ( dige/ion4 ,! v>y+ degrees are illu/rat$ by ! diff]5ces 9 a knuckle ( veal or a calf's head1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x has be5 /ew$1 i4e4 subject$ to ! hydrat+ process4 ,! second /age ( ! cook]y ( gelat9 is ! solution ( ?is hydrate1 z 9 s\ps1 c4 ,c>p5t]s' glue is crude hydrat$ gelat91 made by /ew+ or hydrat+ ho(s ( horses1 cattle1 c41 or ! wa/e cutt+s ( hides4 ,! c>p5t] kn[s t if he all[s 8 solution ( glue to boil 7su* a solution boils at a high] temp]ature ?an pure wat]71 x loses its t5acity1 becomes c9d]y1 or1 z ,i %\ld say1 dehydrat$ or dissociat$1 )\t return+ to ! orig9al condition ( ! organis$ membranes4 ,ev5 a frequ5t reheat+ at ! glue-pot temp]ature #8weak5s' ! glue1 & !re=e he pref]s fre% glue1 & puts b a little at a "t into 8 glue-pot4 ,! applications ( ?is !ory w appe> z ,i proce$4 ,a %eep or an ox1 a f[l or a rabbit1 is made up1 l ourselves1 ( organic /ructures & blood1 ! organs cont9ually wa/+ z !y "w1 & be+ r5ew$ by ! blood2 or1 o!rwise describ$1 ! compon5t molecules ( ^! organs are cont9ually dy+ ( old age z _! "w is done1 & replac$ by new-born successors g5]at$ by ! blood4 ,^! molecules are1 = ! mo/ "p1 cellul>1 ea* cell liv+ a little life ( its own1 g5]at$ ) a def9ite individuality1 do+ its own life-"w1 !n %rivell+ 9 decay1 dy+ 9 ! mid/ ( vital surr\nd+s1 suff]+ cremation1 & !reby contribut+ to ! animal heat necess>y = ! life ( its successors1 & ev5 giv+ up a portion ( its sub/ance to supply !m ) absorption-food4 ,! cell walls are ma9ly compos$ ( gelat91 or ! sub/ance :i* produces gelat91 z already expla9$1 :ile ! cont5ts ( ! cell are album9\s matt] or fat1 or ! special con/itu5ts ( ! p>ticul> organ x composes4 ,a description ( all ^! con/itu5ts w\ld c>ry me too f> into details4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 only ref] to ^? :i* con/itute ! bulk ( animal food1 & :i* are alt]$ 9 ! process ( cook+4 ,9 ! lean ( meat1 i4e4 ! muscles ( ! animal1 we h ! album9\s juices already describ$1 ! gelat9\s membranes1 %ea?s1 & walls ( ! muscle fibre1 & ! fibre itself4 ,?is is compos$ ( muscle-fibr91 or synton91 z ,lehmann has nam$ x4 ,liv+ blood consi/s ( a complex liquid1 9 :i* are susp5d$ a multitude ( m9ute cells1 "s r$1 o!rs col\rless4 ,:5 ! blood is remov$ & dies1 x clots or p>tially solidifies1 & is f\nd to conta9 a network ( extremely f9e fibre1 to :i* ! "n ( fibr9 is appli$4 ,a simil> *ange takes place 9 ! sub/ance ( ! muscle aft] dea?4 ,x /iff5s1 & ?is /iff5+1 or rigor mortis1 is effect$ by ! =mation ( a clot analog\s to ! coagulation ( ! blood4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 blood-fibr9 & muscle-fibr9 or synton9 is1 t ! latt] is readily soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* only #a_/ajjj ( hydro*loric acid has be5 add$1 :ile 9 su* a solution blood-fibr9 only becomes swoll54 ,if ! ga/ric juice conta9s a little free hydro*loric acid1 ?is diff]5ce is important 9 ref]5ce to food4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 add t ! exi/5ce ( su* free acid 9 ! human ga/ric juice is disput$1 especially by ,gru5ewaldt & ,s*ro$]4 ,! conflict ( able *emi/s on ?is po9t & o!rs conc]n+ ! composition ( ?is fluid leads me to suppose t ! secretions ( ! human /oma* v>y ) ! food habitually tak52 t fle%-eat]s acquire a ga/ric juice simil> to t ( c>nivor\s animals1 :ile vegetable fe$]s are suppli$ ) dige/ive solv5ts m suitable to _! food4 ,?is idea is support$ by ! te/imony ( rigid veget>ians4 ,!y tell me t at fir/ ! pure veget>ian diet did n appe> to satisfy !m1 b aft] a :ile x became z su/a9+ z _! =m] food4 ,?is is expla9$ if1 9 consequ5ce ( ! modification ( ! ga/ric & o!r dige/ive juices1 ! veget>ian food became m completely dige/$ aft] veget>ian habits became e/abli%$4 ,! prop]ties ( fibr91 s f> z cook]y is conc]n$1 place x betwe5 album5 & gelat92 x is coagulable l album51 & soluble l gelat91 b 9 a m9or degree4 ,l gelat91 x is ta/eless & non-nutriti\s alone4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by fe$+ animals on lean meat1 :i* has be5 cut up & subject$ to ! action ( cold wat]1 :i* dissolves out ! album5 & o!r juices ( ! fle%1 & leaves only ! muscul> fibre & its envelopes4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 made 9 laboratories1 & also on a l>g] scale 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ! lean beef f :i* ! #8,extract ( ,meat' _h be5 tak5 out by cold wat] 0 giv5 to dogs1 pigs1 & o!r animals2 b1 aft] tak+ a few m\?fuls1 !y all reject$ x1 & suff]$ />vation :5 x 0 =c$ ^u !m )\t o!r food4 ,! same is ! case ) ! spontane\sly coagulat$ fibr9 ( ! blood2 x is1 :5 wa%$1 a yell[i% opaque fibr\s mass1 )\t smell or ta/e1 insoluble 9 cold wat]1 alcohol1 or e!r1 b imp]fectly soluble if dige/$ = a consid]able "t 9 hot wat]4 ,! foll[+ is ! *emical composition ( ^! ?ree con/itu5ts ( lean meat1 accord+ to ,muld]3 -------------------------------------- -- ,album5 ,gelat9e ,fibr9 -------------------------------------- ,c>bon #ece #ejdj #ebg ,hydrog5 #gj #ffd #fi ,nitrog5 #aee #ahcd #aed ,oxyg5 #bbj #bdfb #bce ,sulphur #af -- #ab ,phosphorus #jd -- #jc --------------------------- #ajjj #ajjjj #ajjj -------------------------------------- ,!re are two o!r con/itu5ts ( lean meat :i* are v diff]5t f ei!r ( ^!1 viz4 ,kreat9e & ,kreat99e1 o!rwise spell$ #8creat9e' & #8creat99e4' ,!y exi/ 9 ! juice ( ! fle%1 & are freely soluble 9 cold or hot wat]1 f :i* solution !y may be cry/allis$ by evaporat+ ! solv5t1 j z we may cry/allise common salt1 alum1 c4 ,!y ?us h a resemblance to m9]al sub/ances1 & /ill m s to "s ( ! active con/itu5ts ( plants1 su* z ! alkaloids !9e & caffe9e1 ^u :i* dep5d ! /imulat+ or #8refre%+' prop]ties ( tea & c(fee4 ,l ^!1 !y are highly nitrog5\s1 & _m !ories h be5 bas$ ^u ?is1 bo? z reg>ds _! exceptionally nutriti\s prop]ties & _! functions 9 ! liv+ muscle4 ,"o ( ^! !ories is t !y are ! dead matt] ( muscle1 ! fir/ & second products ( ! combu/ion :i* accompanies muscul> "w1 urea be+ ! f9al product4 ,accord+ to ?is _! relation to ! muscle is exactly ! opposite ( t ( ! album9\s juice1 ?is be+ probably ! mat]ial f :i* ! muscle is built up or r5ew$4 ,! foll[+ is _! composition1 accord+ to ,liebig's analyses1 & does n support ?is hypo!sis3 -------------------------------- -- ,kreat9e ,kreat99e -------------------------------- ,c>bon #cffd #dbdh ,hydrog5 #fhg #fai ,nitrog5 #cbjf #cgag ,oxyg5 #bddc #adaf ---------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj -------------------------------- ,!y appe> to und]go no *ange 9 cook+ unless excessively heat$2 may be us$ uncook$1 z 9 cold-drawn extract ( meat4 ,! juices ( lean fle% also conta9 a little lactic acid--! acid ( milk--b ?is does n appe> to be an absolutely ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,besides ^! !re are m9]al salts ( consid]able nutritive importance1 ?\gh small 9 quantity4 ,^!1 ) ! kreat9e & kreat99e1 are ! *ief con/itu5ts ( beef-tea prop]ly s-call$1 & w be fur!r treat$ :5 ,i come to t prep>ation4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to keep 9 view ! fact t ^! juices are ess5tial to complete ! nutritive value ( animal food4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,! foll[+1 f ,francatelli's ,mod]n ,cook1 is amus+1 if n in/ructive3 #8,take two doz5 g>d5 snails1 add to ^! ! h9d qu>t]s only ( two doz5 /ream frogs1 previ\sly sk9n$2 bruise !m toge!r 9 a mort>1 aft] :i* put !m into a /ewpan ) a c\ple ( turnips *opp$ small1 a little salt1 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( hay-saffron1 & ?ree p9ts ( spr+ wat]4 ,/ir ^! on ! fire until ! bro? beg9s to boil1 !n skim x well & set x by ! side ( ! fire to simm] = half an h\r2 aft] :i* x %\ld be /ra9$1 by pressure ?r\gh a tammy clo?1 into a bas9 = use4 ,?is bro?1 f its soo?+ qualities1 (t5 c\nt]acts1 successfully1 ! /ra9+ effects ( a sev]e c\gh1 & alleviates1 m ?an any o!r cul9>y prep>ation1 ! suff]+s ( ! consumptive4' #g ,c>p5t]'s ,manual ( ,physiology1 #crd edition1 #ahdf1 p4 #bfg4 #h ,londe1 ,n\veaux lm5ts d',hygine1 #bnd edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gc4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,roa/+ ,,& ,,grill+4 ,i ,,may n[ v5ture to /ate my own view ( a some:at obscure subject--viz4 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! roa/+ or grill+ ( meat & ! /ew+ ( meat4 ,x appe>s to me t1 z reg>ds ! nature ( ! op]ation1 x consi/s simply 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cook+ m$ia2 t a grill$ /eak or *op1 or a roa/$ jo9t is meat t has be5 /ew$ 9 its own juices in/ead ( /ew$ 9 wat]2 t 9 bo? cases ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! solid p>ts ( ! meat are ! same 9 k9d1 provid$ always t ! roa/+ or grill+ is prop]ly p]=m$4 ,! album5 is coagulat$ 9 all cases1 & ! gelat9\s & fibr\s tissues are s(t5$ by be+ heat$ 9 a liquid solv5t4 ,i %all pres5tly apply ?is def9ition 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & bad cook]y4 ,9 ! roa/$ or grill$ meat ! juices are reta9$ 9 ! meat 7) ! exception ( ^? :i* escape z gravy on ! di%71 :ile 9 /ew+ ! juices g m or less completely into ! wat]1 & ! loos5+ ( ! fibres & solution ( ! gelat9 & fibr9 may be c>ri$ fur!r1 inasmu* z a l>g] quantity ( solv5t is us$4 ,roa/+ & grill+ may be reg>d$ z our national me?ods ( fle% cook]y1 & /ew+ 9 wat] t ( our cont95tal neighb\rs4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! flav\r ( ,engli% roa/ beef & ,fr5* b\illi or ,italian manzo is due to ! ret5tion or ! removal ( ! sal9e & highly-flav\r$ soluble mat]ials4 7,conc5trat$ kreat9e & kreat99e are pung5tly sapid47 ,! ,fr5*man takes !m out ( 8 b\illi1 or boil$ meat1 & transf]s !m to 8 b\illon1 or s\p1 :i*1 ) him1 is an ess5tial elem5t ( a meal4 ,if he ate 8 meat )\t s\p1 he w\ld be l ! dogs f$ on gelat9 by ! bone-s\p commission]s4 ,to ! ,engli%man1 ) 8 roa/ or grill$ meat1 s\p is m]ely a luxury1 n an absolutely necess>y elem5t ( a complete diet>y4 ,:at we call boil$ meat1 z a boil$ leg ( mutton or r\nd ( beef1 is an int]m$iate prep>ation4 ,! heat is "h communicat$ by wat]1 & ! juices p>tially reta9$4 ,n only d we1 9 roa/+ & grill+ our meat1 keep ! juices )9 x1 b we conc5trate !m consid]ably by evaporat+ away "s ( ! wat] by :i* !y are naturally dilut$4 ,?is is my explanation ( ! rationale ( ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 boil$ meat & roa/$ or grill$ meat4 ,a fur!r diff]5ce--t due to br[n+--is discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,fry+4 ,^? accu/om$ to su* conc5tration ( flav\r reg>d ! mild] results ( boil+ z insipid1 =1 by ?is process & by /ew+1 :]e mu* wat] is us$1 ! juices are fur!r dilut$ in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$4 ,x is a fairly debatable "q :e!r ! simplicity ( ta/e :i* f9ds satisfaction 9 ! mild] diet is bett] & m desirable ?an ! appetite = /rong meat4 ,! diff]5ce has "s analogy to t betwe5 ! ?ir/ = light w9e & t = /iff grog4 ,! application ( ! pr9ciples above exp\nd$ to ! processes ( grill+ & roa/+ is simple en\gh4 ,z ! meat is to be /ew$ 9 its own juices1 x is evid5t t ^! juices mu/ be reta9$ z completely z possible1 & t 9 ord] to succe$ 9 ?is1 we h to /ruggle ) ! evaporat+ en]gy ( ! #8dry heat' :i* effects ! cook]y1 & may n only conc5trate ! juices by driv+ (f "s ( _! solv5t wat]1 b may volatilise or decompose ! flav\r+ pr9ciples !mselves4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t ^! organic comp\nds are v un/able1 mo/ ( !m be+ decompos$ :5 rais$ to a temp]ature above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,! repulsive en]gy ( heat drives ap>t or #8dissociates' _! loosely-comb9$ elem5ts1 & :5 ?us :olly or p>tially dissociat$1 all ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ! orig9al comp\nd vani%1 & o!rs take _! place4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t ! s-call$ #8dry heat' may be communicat$ by convection or by radiation1 or bo?4 ,:5 wat] is ! heat+ m$ium1 !re is convection only--i4e4 heat+ by actual contact ) ! heat$ body4 ,9 roa/+ & grill+ !re is also "s convection-heat+ due to ! hot air :i* actually t\*es ! meat2 b ?is is a v small elem5t ( effici5cy1 ! "w be+ *iefly done1 :5 well done1 by ! heat :i* is radiat$ f ! fire directly to ! surface ( ! meat1 & :i*1 9 ! case ( roa/+ 9 front ( a fire1 passes ?r\gh ! int]v5+ air ) v little heat+ effect !reon4 ,i am n p]petrat+ any f>-fet*$ p$antry 9 po9t+ out ?is diff]5ce1 z w be und]/ood at once by suppos+ a beef/eak to be cook$ by susp5d+ x 9 a *amb] fill$ ) hot dry air4 ,su* air is actively ?ir/+ = ! vap\r ( wat]1 & w take into itself1 f e humid sub/ance x t\*es1 a quantity proportionate to its temp]ature4 ,! /eak receiv+ its heat by convection--i4e4 ! heat convey$ by su* hot air1 & communicat$ by contact--w\ld be desiccat$1 b n cook$4 ,?is di/9ction is s important1 t ,i w illu/rate x /ill fur!r1 my *ief ju/ification = su* insi/5ce be+ t ev5 ,rum=d himself evid5tly fail$ to und]/& x1 & x has be5 g5]ally misund]/ood or neglect$4 ,let u suppose ! hot air us$ = convection cook+ to be at ! cook+-po9t1 z ! hot wat] 9 /ew+ %\ld be1 :at w foll[ its application to ! meat8 ,evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! juices1 & ) t evaporation a l[]+ ( temp]ature at ! surface ( ! meat1 keep+ x bel[ ! cook+-po9t4 ,if ! air be heat$ above ?is1 ! evaporation w g on ) proportionate rapidity4 ,z ne>ly #a1jjj degrees ( heat are lo/ z temp]ature1 & conv]t$ into expansive =ce :5ev] & :]ev] evaporation ( wat] occurs1 ! film ( hot1 dry air t\*+ ! meat is cool$ by ?is evaporation1 & s9ks imm$iately1 to be replac$ by a ris+ film ( light]1 hott]1 & dri] air4 ,?is dr9ks 9 m vap\r1 cools & s9ks1 to give place to ano!r1 & s on till ! inn] juices gradually ooze betwe5 ! fibres to ! por\s surface1 :]e !y are c>ri$ away by ! hot1 dry air1 & a h>d1 lea!ry1 unma/icable mass ( desiccat$ gelat91 album51 fibr91 c41 is produc$4 ,n[1 let u suppose a simil> beef/eak to be cook$ by radiant heat1 ) ! lea/ possible co-op]ation ( convection4 ,to effect ?is1 our s\rce ( heat mu/ be a good radiator4 ,gl[+ solids are bett] radiators ?an ord9>y flames2 !re=e coke1 or *>coal1 or ord9>y coal1 aft] its bitum9\s matt] has done its flam+1 %\ld be us$1 & ! /eak or *op may be plac$ 9 front or above a surface ( su* gl[+ c>bon4 ,9 ord9>y dome/ic practice x is plac$ on a gridiron above ! coal1 & !re=e ,i w consid] ?is case fir/4 ,! object to be atta9$ is to raise ! juices ( ! meat ?r\gh\t to ab\t ! temp]ature ( #ahj ,fahr4 z quickly z possible1 9 ord] t ! cook]y may be complet$ be=e ! wat] ( ^! juices %all h _h "t to evaporate excessively2 !re=e ! meat %\ld be plac$ z ne> to ! surface ( ! gl[+ c>bon z possible4 ,b ! practical h\sewife w say t1 if plac$ )9 two or ?ree in*es1 "s ( ! fat w be melt$ & burn1 & !n ! /eak w be smok$4 ,n[1 "h we require a little m *emi/ry4 ,!re is smok+ & smok+2 smok+ t produces a dete/able flav\r1 & smok+ t does no mis*ief at all beyond appe>ances4 ,! flame ( an ord9>y coal fire is due to ! di/illation & combu/ion ( t>ry vap\rs4 ,if su* a flame /rikes a comp>atively cool surface l t ( ! meat1 x w cond5se & deposit !reon a film ( crude coal t> & coal naph?a1 mo/ nause\s & r mis*iev\s2 b if ! flame be t :i* is caus$ by ! combu/ion ( its own fat1 ! deposit on a mutton-*op w be a little mutton juice1 on a beef/eak a little beef juice1 m or less black5$ by mutton-c>bon or beef-c>bon4 ,b ^! h no o!r flav\r ?an t ( cook$ mutton & cook$ beef2 !re=e !y are p]fectly innoc5t1 9 spite ( _! black1 guilty appe>ances4 ,if any ( my read]s are sceptical1 let !m appeal to exp]im5t by putt+ a mutton-*op to ! torture1 & tak+ its own confession4 ,to d ?is1 divide ! *op 9 equal halves1 !n hold "o half ov] a flam+ coal1 imm]s+ x 9 ! flame1 & ?us cook x4 ,n[ cut a bit ( fat (f ! o!r1 ?r[ ?is fat on a surface ( cle>1 gl[+1 flameless coal or coke1 &1 :5 a good blaze is ?us obta9$1 imm]se ! half *op recklessly & unm]cifully into ?is flame2 !re let x splutt] & fizz1 let x drop m fat & make m flame1 b hold x !re nev]!less = a few m9utes1 & !n ta/e ! result4 ,9 spite ( its blackness1 x w be 7if j w>m$ ?r\gh to ! above-nam$ cook+ temp]ature7 a delici\sly-cook$1 juicy1 nutriti\s1 dige/ible morsel1 app>5tly raw1 b actually m completely cook$ ?an if x _h be5 held twice z long1 at d\ble ! di/ance1 f ! surface ( ! fire4 ,= fur!r in/ruction1 make a ?ird exp]im5t by imitat+ ! cauti\s unsci5tific cook1 :o1 ignorant ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cond5sation products ( coal & ^? f beef & mutton fat1 c>efully raises ! gridiron directly ! flame f ! dropp+ fat ?reat5s ! object ( h] solicitude4 ,! result w be an ord9>y dome/ic *op or /eak4 ,i apply ?is adjective1 because 9 ?is p>ticul> ef=t ( cook]y1 ! grill+ ( *ops & /eaks1 dome/ic cook]y is commonly at fault4 ,! majority ( our ,city m5 f9d t :ile ! jo9t cook$ at home is bett] ?an t !y usually get at re/aurants & hotels1 ! *ops & /eaks are inf]ior4 ,i believe t ?is inf]iority is due1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! want ( und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 coal-flame & fat-flame2 & 9 ! second1 to ! advantage af=d$ to ! #8grill-room' cook by 8 specially-con/ruct$ fire1 ) a l>ge surface ( gl[+ coke surm\nt$ by a slop+ grill1 :]eon he c expose 8 *ops & /eaks to a maximum ( radiant heat ) a m9imum ( convection heat2 ! hot air :i* passes 9 a curr5t ov] ! coke surface hav+ su* small dep? t x b>ely t\*es ! b>s ( ! grill4 7,?is may be se5 by wat*+ ! c\rse ( flame produc$ by ! dropp+s ( ! fat47 ,! same obliquity ( draught prev5ts ! s]i\s black+ ( ! meat1 :i*1 al?\gh h>mless1 is unsightly & calculat$ to awak5 prejudice4 ,! high temp]ature rapidly imp>t$ by radiation to ! surface ( ! meat =ms a ?9 sup]ficial cru/ ( h>d5$ & semi-c>bonis$ album5 & fibre1 t resi/s ! outru% ( vap\r1 & produces )9 a c]ta9 degree ( high pressure1 :i* probably acts 9 loos5+ ! fibres4 ,a well-grill$ *op or /eak is #8puff$' out--made ?ick] 9 ! middle2 an ill-cook$1 desiccat$ specim5 is %rivell$1 collaps$1 & ?9n$ by ! sl[ dep>ture or dissociation ( its juices4 ,happy little c\ples1 liv+ 9 little h\ses ) only "o little s]vant--or1 happi] /ill1 ) no s]vant at all--compla9 ( _! little jo9ts ( meat1 :i*1 :5 roa/$1 are s dry1 z comp>$ ) ! big succul5t jo9ts ( l>g] h\seholds4 ,a little reflection on ! pr9ciples above appli$ to ! grill+ ( /eaks & *ops w expla9 ! s\rce ( ?is little difficulty1 & %[ h[ x may be ov]come4 ,i w "h v5ture ^u a little ( ! ma!matics ( cook]y1 z well z its *emi/ry4 ,:ile ! weight or quantity ( mat]ial 9 a jo9t increases ) ! cube ( its ?r\gh-measur$ dim5sions1 its surface only increases ) _! squ>e--or1 o!rwise /at$1 we d n ne>ly d\ble or treble ! surface ( a jo9t ( giv5 =m :5 we d\ble or treble its weight2 & vice v]s1 ! less ! weight1 ! great] ! surface 9 proportion to ! weight4 ,?is is obvi\s en\gh :5 we consid] t we _c cut a s+le lump ( any?+ into halves )\t expos+ or creat+ two fre% surfaces :]e no surfaces 7 expos$ be=e4 ,z ! evaporation ( ! juices is1 "u giv5 conditions1 proportionate to ! surface expos$1 x is evid5t t ?is process ( conv]t+ ! inside middle into two outside surfaces mu/ increase ! am\nt ( evaporation t occurs 9 roa/+4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! rem$y = ?is8 ,x is tw(old4 ,fir/1 to seal up ! pores ( ^! additional surfaces z completely z possible2 & secondly1 to dim9i% to ! utmo/ ! "t ( exposure to ! dry air4 ,logically foll[+ up ^! pr9ciples1 ,i arrive at a practical =mula :i* w probably induce c]ta9 or?odox cooks to d5\nce me z a cul9>y p>adox]4 ,x is ?is3 ,t ! small] ! jo9t to be roa/$1 ! high] ! temp]ature to :i* its surface %\ld be expos$4 ,! roa/+ ( a small jo9t %\ld1 9 fact1 be conduct$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! grill+ ( a *op or /eak describ$ 9 my la/4 ,! surface %\ld be cru/$ or br[n$--burn$1 if y please--z spe$ily z possible1 9 su* wise t ! juices )9 %all be held !re "u high pressure1 & only all[$ to escape by bur/ & splutt]s1 r ?an by /eady evaporation4 ,! be/ way ( do+ ?is is a problem to be solv$ by ! practical cook4 ,i only exp\nd ! pr9ciples1 & timidly sugge/ ! mode ( apply+ !m4 ,9 a metallurgical laboratory1 :]e ,i am mo/ at home1 ,i c\ld roa/ a small jo9t beautifully by susp5d+ x inside a l>ge r$-hot /eel-smelt]'s crucible1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 an app>atus call$ a #8muffle1' :i* is a fireclay tunnel op5 9 front1 & s arrang$ 9 a suitable furnace z to be easily made r$-hot all r\nd4 ,a small jo9t plac$ on a dripp+-pan & run into ?is w\ld be equally heat$ by all-r\nd conv]g+ radiation1 & exquisitely roa/$ 9 ! c\rse ( t5 to ?irty m9utes1 accord+ to its size4 ,"s su* an app>atus has yet to be inv5t$ 9 ord] t we may le>n ! flav\r & t5d]ness ( a p]fectly-roa/$ small jo9t ( beef or mutton4 ,= roa/+ l>ge masses ( meat1 a diff]5t proce$+ is necess>y4 ,"h we h to cont5d1 n ) excessive surface 9 proportion to bulk--z 9 ! grill+ ( *ops & /eaks1 & ! roa/+ ( small jo9ts--b ) ! contr>y1 viz4 excessive bulk 9 proportion to surface4 ,if a b>on ( beef 7 to be treat$ accord+ to my prescription = a /eak1 or = a s+le small w+ rib1 or o!r jo9t ( ?ree to five p\nds weight1 x w\ld be *>r$ on its surface long be=e ! heat c\ld rea* its c5tre4 ,a consid]able "t is "h inevitably dem&$4 ,( c\rse1 ! high] ! initial outside temp]ature1 ! m rapidly ! heat w p5etrate2 b we _c apply ?is law to a lump ( meat z we may to a mass ( iron4 ,we may g on heat+ ! outside ( ! iron to r$ness1 b n s ! meat4 ,s long z ! surface ( ! meat rema9s moi/1 we _c raise x to a high] temp]ature ?an ! boil+-po9t ( ! liquid t moi/5s x4 ,above ?is1 *>r+ comm5ces4 ,a little ( su* *>r+1 su* z occurs to ! /eak or small jo9t dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( its exposure to ! great heat1 does no h>m2 x simply #8br[ns' ! surface2 b if ?is 7 cont9u$ dur+ ! roa/+ ( a l>ge jo9t1 a cru/ ( positively black *>coal w\ld be =m$1 ) ru9\s wa/e & g5]al detrim5t4 ,z ,rum=d prov$ long ago1 liquids are v bad conductors1 & :5 _! circulation is prev5t$ by conf9em5t betwe5 fibres1 z 9 ! meat1 ! rate at :i* heat w travel ?r\gh ! humid mass is v sl[ inde$4 ,z few ( my read]s are likely to fully e/imate ! magnitude ( ?is difficulty1 ,i w /ate a fact t came "u my own obs]vation1 & at ! "t surpris$ me4 ,ab\t five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago ,i 0 visit+ a fri5d at ,w>wick dur+ ! #8mop1' or #8/atute fair'--! annual slave m>ket ( ! c\nty4 ,9 accordance ) ! old cu/om1 an ox 0 roa/$ :ole 9 ! op5 public m>ket-place4 ,! spitt+ ( ! c>cass & />t+ ! cook]y 0 a disgu/+ sight4 ,we are accu/om$ to see ! neatly-cut jo9ts ord9>ily br\ght to ! kit*52 b ! h&l+ & impal+ ( ! :ole body ( a huge bea/ by half a doz5 r\gh m51 :ile its /iff5$ limbs 7 /ret*+ out f its trunk1 pres5t$ ! c>nivor\s "* ( our ord9>y fe$+ v grossly inde$4 ,nev]!less ,i wat*$ ! process1 p>took ( "s ( its result1 & f\nd x good4 ,! fire 0 light$ be=e midnight1 ! rotation ( ! bea/ on ! horizontal spit began %ortly aft]1 & cont9u$ until ! foll[+ midday1 all ?is "t be+ necess>y = ! rais+ ( ! inn] p>ts ( ! fle% to ! cook+ temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj ,fahr4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! grill+ ( a /eak1 :i*1 :5 well done1 is done 9 a few m9utes1 or ! roa/+ ( ! small jo9t z above )9 ?irty m9utes1 & y w see t ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 dwell+ on ! great diff]5ces ( ! two processes1 & ! necessity ( v v>i$ proce$+ to meet ^! diff]5t conditions4 ,! diff]5ce ( "t is s great t ! small] relative surface is insuffici5t to comp5sate = ! evaporation t mu/ occur if ! grill+ pr9ciple1 or ! pure & simple action ( radiant heat1 7 only made available1 z 9 ! above ideal roa/+ ( ! small jo9t4 ,:at1 !n1 is add$ to ?is8 ,h[ is ! desiccat+ difficulty ov]come 9 ! l>ge-scale roa/+8 ,simply by ba/+4 ,all night long & all ! next morn+ m5 7 cont9u\sly at "w p\r+ melt$ fat ov] ! surface ( ! sl[ly-rotat+ c>cass ( ! ,w>wick ox1 skilfully direct+ a ladleful to any "p t indicat$ undue dryness4 ,by ?is device ! meat is m or less completely envelop$ 9 a v>ni% ( hot melt$ fat1 :i* assi/s 9 ! communication ( heat1 :ile x *ecks ! evaporation ( ! juices4 ,9 su* roa/+ ! heat is p>tially communicat$ by convection ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a fat-ba?1 z 9 /ew+ x is all suppli$ by a wat]-ba?4 ,i h made "s exp]im5ts :]e9 ?is pr9ciple is fully c>ri$ out4 ,9 a suitably-siz$ saucepan ,i melt$ a suffici5t quantity ( mutton-dripp+ to =m a ba?1 :]e9 a small jo9t ( mutton c\ld be completely imm]s$4 ,! fat 0 !n rais$ to a high temp]ature1 #cej 7z %[n by ,davis' tryomet]1 pres5tly to be describ$74 ,!n ,i imm]s$ ! jo9t 9 ?is1 keep+ up ! high temp]ature = a few m9utes4 ,aft]w>ds ,i all[$ x to fall bel[ #bjj1 & ?us cook$ ! jo9t4 ,x 0 good & juicy1 ?\gh a little ( ! gravy _h escap$ & 0 f\nd 9 ! fat aft] cool+4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) v>iations ( temp]ature2 ! be/ result obta9$ :5 x 0 ab\t #djj at ! beg9n+1 & kept up to above #bjj aft]w>ds4 ,i us$ lo9s & half-legs ( mutton1 expos+ consid]able surface4 ,i f9d t ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson1 9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1 & n[ repr9t$1 has invad$ my subject1 & has done ?is s well t ,i %all retaliate by annex+ 8 sugge/ion1 :i* is t fi% %\ld be roa/$4 ,he says t ?is mode ( cook+ fi% %\ld be g5]al1 s9ce x is applicable to all v>ieties4 ,i fully agree ) him1 b g a little fur!r 9 ! same direction by includ+1 n only roa/+ 9 a ,dut* or ,am]ican ov5 be=e ! fire1 b also 9 ! side-ov5s ( kit*5]s & 9 gas-ov5s1 :i*1 :5 us$ z ,i h expla9$1 are roa/]s--i4e4 !y cook by radiation1 )\t any ( ! dry+ anticipat$ by ,sir ,h5ry4 ,! practical h\sewife w probably say ?is is n new1 see+ t p :o "k :at is good h long be5 9 ! habit ( enjoy+ mack]el & haddocks 7especially ,dubl9 ,bay haddocks7 /uff$ & bak$1 & cods' heads simil>ly treat$4 ,! ,jews d some?+ ( ! k9d ) halibut's head1 :i* !y prize z ! greate/ ( all pisc9e delicacies4 ,! ,john ,dory is commonly /uff$ & cook$ 9 an ov5 by ^? :o und]/& 8 m]its4 ,! excell5ce ( ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson's idea consi/s 9 its bread? z applicable to all fi%1 on ! basis ( t fundam5tal pr9ciple ( sci5tific cook]y on :i* ,i h s cont9ually & v>i\sly insi/$1 viz4 ! ret5tion & conc5tration ( ! natural juices ( ! vi&s4 ,he recomm5ds ! plac+ ( ! fi% entire1 if ( mod]ate size1 9 a t9 or plat$ copp] di% adapt$ to ! =m & size ( ! fi%1 b a little deep] ?an its ?ickness1 s z to reta9 all ! juices1 :i* on exposure to ! heat w fl[ out2 ! surface to be lightly spread ) butt] ) a morsel or two add$1 & ! di% plac$ be=e ! fire 9 a ,dut* or ,am]ican ov51 or ! special app>atus made by ,burton ( ,ox=d ,/reet1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! lecture4 ,to ?is ,i may add1 t if a clos$ ov5 be us$1 ,rum=d's device ( a false bottom1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 p4 #gb 7see next *apt]71 %\ld be adopt$1 :i* may be easily done by simply /&+ ! above-describ$ fi%-di%1 on any k9d ( support to raise x a little1 9 a l>g] t9 tray or bak+-di%1 conta9+ "s wat]4 ,! evaporation ( ! wat] w prev5t ! dry+ up ( ! fi% or ( its natural gravy2 & if ! ov5 v5tilation is treat$ ) ! contempt ,i %all pres5tly recomm5d1 ! fi%1 if ?ick1 w be bett] cook$ & m juicy ?an 9 an op5-fac$ ov5 9 front ( ! fire4 ,?is rem9ds me ( a me?od ( cook+ fi% :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( my p$e/rian travels 9 ,italy1 ,i h se5 practis$ 9 ! rude/ ( o/]ias1 :]e my fell[-gue/s 7 c>bon>i 7*>coal burn]s71 waggon]s1 road-mak+ navvies1 c4 ,_! /aple #8magro1' or fa/-day mat]ial1 is split & dri$ codfi% import$ f ,norway1 :i* 9 appe>ance resembles ! hides t are import$ to ! ,b]mondsey tann]ies4 ,a piece is hack$ out f "o ( ^!1 soak$ = a:ile 9 wat]1 & c>efully roll$ 9 a piece ( pap] saturat$ ) olive oil4 ,a hole is !n made 9 ! :ite emb]s ( ! *>coal fire1 ! pap] p>cel ( fi% ins]t$ & c>efully buri$ 9 a%es ( select$ temp]ature4 ,x comes out wond]fully well cook$ consid]+ ! nature ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,luxuri\s cook]y en papillote is conduct$ on ! same pr9ciple & especially appli$ to r$ mullets1 ! pap] be+ butt]$ & ! sauce envelop$ ) ! fi%4 ,9 all ^! cases ! ret5tion ( ! natural juices is ! prim>y object4 ,i %\ld add t ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson directs1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! roa/$ fi% %\ld be s]v$ 9 ! di% :]e9 x 0 cook$4 ,he sugge/s t #8portions ( fi%1 su* z fillets1 may be treat$ z well z entire fi%2 g>ni%es ( all k9ds1 z %ell-fi%1 c41 may be add$1 flav\r+ also ) f9e h]bs & condim5ts accord+ to ta/e4' #8,fillets ( plaice or skate ) a slice or two ( bacon2 ! di% to be fill$ or g>ni%$ ) "s previ\sly-boil$ h>icots1' is wisely recomm5d$ z a sav\ry meal = a poor man1 & "o t is highly nutriti\s4 ,a *emical analysis ( six-p5nywor? ( su* a comb9ation w\ld prove its nutritive value to be equal to fully eighte5-p5nywor? ( beef/eak4 ,"s p may be incl9$ to smile at :at ,i am ab\t to say1 viz4 t su* sav\ry di%es1 s]v+ to v>y ! monotony ( ! poor h>d-work+ man's ord9>y f>e1 af=d consid]able moral1 z well z physical1 advantage4 ,an in/ructive exp]i5ce ( my own w illu/rate ?is4 ,:5 w&]+ alone ?r\gh ,norway 9 #ahef1 ,i lo/ ! track 9 cross+ ! ,kjol5 fjeld1 /ruggl$ on = tw5ty-?ree h\rs )\t food or re/1 & arriv$ 9 sorry plight at ,lom1 a v wild region4 ,aft] a few h\rs' re/ ,i pu%$ on to a /ill wild] region & /ill r\gh] qu>t]s1 & cont9u$ ?us to ! great ,jo/$al table-l&1 an unbrok5 glaci] ( #ejj squ>e miles2 !n desc5d$ ! ,jo/$al itself to its op5+ on ! ,sogne fjord--five days ( extreme h>d%ip ) no o!r food ?an flatbrod 7v co>se oatcake71 & bilb]ries ga!r$ on ! way1 v>i$ on "o occasion ) ! luxury ( two raw turnips4 ,!n ,i rea*$ a comp>atively luxuri\s /ation 7,ronnei71 :]e ham & eggs & cl>et 7 obta9able4 ,! fir/ glass ( cl>et produc$ an effect t al>m$ me--a crav+ = m & = /rong] dr9k1 t 0 almo/ irresi/ible4 ,i f9i%$ a bottle ( ,/4 ,juli51 & no?+ b a viol5t ef=t ( w prev5t$ me f !n ord]+ br&y4 ,i attribute ?is to ! exhau/ion consequ5t ^u ! excessive "w & insuffici5t unsav\ry food ( ! previ\s five days2 h made _m subsequ5t obs]vations on ! victims ( alcohol1 & h no d\bt t ov]work & scanty1 ta/eless food is ! prim>y s\rce ( ! crav+ = /rong dr9k t s l>gely prevails ) su* deplorable results among ! class t is ! mo/ expos$ to su* privation4 ,i d n say t ?is is ! only s\rce ( su* deprav$ appetite4 ,x may also be eng5d]$ by ! opposite extreme ( excessive luxuri\s p&]+ to g5]al s5suality4 ,! practical inf]5ce sugge/$ by ?is exp]i5ce & ^! obs]vations is1 t spee*-mak+1 pl$ge-sign+1 & blue-ribbon missions c only effect tempor>y results unless supplem5t$ by satisfy+ ! natural appetite ( hungry p by supplies ( food t are n only nutriti\s1 b sav\ry & v>i$4 ,su* food ne$ be no m exp5sive ?an t :i* is commonly eat5 by ! poore/ ( ,engli%m51 b x mu/ be f> bett] cook$4 ,comp>+ ! dome/ic economy ( ! poor] classes ( our c\ntrym5 ) t ( ! correspond+ classes 9 ,france & ,italy 7) bo? ( :i* ,i am well acqua9t$71 ,i f9d t ! raw mat]ial ( ! diet>y ( ! ,fr5* & ,italians is inf]ior to t ( ! ,engli%1 b a f> bett] result is obta9$ by bett] cook]y4 ,! ,italian peasantry are bett] f$ ?an ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ! poor o/]ias above ref]r$ to1 n only ! ,friday salt fi%1 b all ! o!r vi&s1 7 incomp>ably bett] cook$ ?an 9 correspond+ places 9 ,engl&1 & ! v>iety 0 great] ?an is common 9 _m middle-class h\ses4 ,! ord9>y supp] ( ! #8r\ghs' above-nam$ 0 ( ?ree c\rses3 fir/1 a #8m9e/ra1' i4e4 a s\p ( "s k9d1 cont9ually v>i$1 or a sav\ry di% ( mac>oni2 !n a ragot or sav\ry /ew ( vegetables & meat1 foll[$ by an excell5t salad2 ! bev]age1 a flask ( ?9 b g5u9e w9e4 ,:5 ,i come to ! subject ( *eese1 ,i w describe _! mode ( cook+ & us+ x4 ,my fir/ walk ?r\gh ,italy ext5d$ f ! ,alps to ,naples1 & f ,mess9a to ,syracuse4 ,i ?us sp5t ne>ly a ye> 9 ,italy dur+ a season ( great abundance1 & nev] saw a drunk5 ,italian4 ,a few ye>s aft] ?is ,i walk$ ?r\gh a "p ( ,lomb>dy1 & f\nd ! little o/]ias z bad z ,engli% be]%ops or l[ public-h\ses4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( sc>city & tr\ble1 #8! ?ree plagues1' z !y call$ !m--! potato disease1 ! silkworm fungus1 & ! grape disease--_h br\ght ab\t g5]al privation4 ,!re 0 no w9e at all2 potato _s & co>se be] _h tak5 its place4 ,monoton\s #8pol5ta1' a sort ( pa/e or porridge made f ,indian corn meal1 to :i* !y give ! contemptu\s "n ( #8mis]abile1' 0 !n ! g5]al food1 & mu* drunk5ness 0 ! natural consequ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,roa/]4 ,,9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 #8,essays1 ,political1 ,economical1 & ,philosophical1' page #abi1 ,c\nt ,rum=d introduces ?is subject1 ) ! foll[+ apology1 :i* ,i repeat & adopt4 ,he says3 #8,i %all1 no d\bt1 be criticis$ by _m = dwell+ s long on a subject :i* to !m w appe> l[1 vulg>1 & trifl+2 b ,i mu/ n be det]r$ by fa/idi\s criticisms f do+ all ,i c d to succe$ 9 :at ,i h und]tak54 ,7 ,i to treat my subject sup]ficially1 my writ+ w\ld be ( no use to anybody1 & my lab\r w\ld be lo/2 b by inve/igat+ x ?or\ghly1 ,i may1 p]haps1 engage o!rs to pay t att5tion to x :i*1 f its importance1 x des]ves4' ,?is subject ( roa/+ occupi$ a l>ge am\nt ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's att5tion :ile he 0 9 ,engl& resid+ 9 ,brompton ,road1 & f\nd+ ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,8 ef=ts 7 direct$ n m]ely to cook+ ! meat effectively1 b to do+ s economically4 ,l all o!rs :o h contemplat$ ?\ghtfully ! habits ( ,engli%m51 he 0 %ock$ at ! b>b>ic wa/e ( fuel t ev]y:]e prevail$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ev5 to a great] ext5t !n ?an n[4 ,! fir/ fact t necess>ily pres5t$ itself to 8 m9d 0 ! great am\nt ( heat t is wa/$1 :5 an ord9>y jo9t ( meat is susp5d$ 9 front ( an ord9>y coal fire to int]cept & utilise only a small fraction ( its total radiation4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is no o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e su* a process is indig5\s4 ,i say #8indig5\s1' because !re c]ta9ly are hotels :]e ?is or any o!r ,engli% extravagance is p]petrat$ to please ,engli%m5 :o *oose to pay = x4 ,:at is usually call$ roa/ meat 9 c\ntries n inhabit$ by ,engli%-speak+ p1 is :at we %\ld call #8bak$ meat1' ! v "n ( :i* sets all ! ga/ronomic bri/les ( an or?odox ,engli%man 9 a position ( p]p5dicul>ity4 ,i h a !ory ( my own respect+ ! orig9 ( ?is prejudice4 ,)9 ! recollection ( _m /ill liv+1 ! great middle class ( ,engli%m5 liv$ 9 t[n2 _! sitt+-rooms 7 back p>l\rs beh9d _! %ops1 or factories1 or w>eh\ses2 _! draw+-rooms 7 on ! fir/-floor1 & kit*5s 9 ! basem5t4 ,!y kept "o g5]al s]vant ( ! #8,m>*ioness' type4 ,! correspond+ class n[ live 9 suburban villas1 keep cook1 h\semaid1 & p>l\r-maid1 besides ! g>d5] & 8 boy1 & !y d9e at supp]-"t4 ,9 ! days ( ! "o m>*ioness & ! basem5t kit*51 ^! citiz5s #8( cr$it & r5[n' d9$ at d9n]-"t1 & 7 9 ! habit ( plac+ a ?ree-legg$ op5 iron triangle 9 a br[n e>!nw>e di%1 !n spread+ a /ratum ( peel$ potatoes on said di%1 & a jo9t ( meat above1 on ! op5 triangul> support4 ,?is edifice 0 c>ri$ by ! m>*ioness to ! bakeh\se r\nd ! corn] at ab\t #aa ,a4,m41 & br\ght back /eam+ & sav\ry at #a ,p4,m4 ,?is 0 especially ! case on ,sundays2 b !re 7 exceptions1 z :51 = example1 ! condition ( ! mi/ress's w>drobe (f]$ no p>ticul> motive = go+ to *ur*1 & %e /ay$ at home & roa/$ ! ,sunday d9n]4 ,! exp]i5ce ?us obta9$ demon/rat$ a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! flav\r ( ! roa/$ & ! bak$ meat v decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! home roa/$4 ,:y8 ,! pr9cipal reason 01 ,i believe1 t ! bak]'s l>ge bread-ov5 conta9$ at d9n]-"t a curi\s m$ley ( meats--mutton1 beef1 pork1 geese1 veal1 c41 includ+ /uff+ ) sage & onions1 besides ! possibility ( a jo9t or two t _h be5 hung long] ?an 0 necess>y = procur+ t5d]ness4 ,! vap\rs ( ^! w\ld induce a confusion ( flav\rs 9 ! mild] meats1 fully acc\nt+ = ! obs]v$ sup]iority ( ! home-roa/$ jo9ts4 ,a little reflection on ! pr9ciples already exp\nd$ w %[ t1 !oretically reg>d$1 a giv5 piece ( meat w\ld be bett] roa/$ 9 a clos$ *amb] radiat+ heat f all sides t[>ds ! meat ?an x c\ld be :5 susp5d$ 9 front ( a fire & heat$ only on "o side1 :ile ! o!r side 0 turn$ away to cool m or less1 accord+ to ! rate ( rotation4 ,if ,i agre$ ) ! popul> belief 9 ! advantage ( op5-air exposure to direct radiation f gl[+ coal1 ,i %\ld sugge/ t = l>ge jo9ts a special roa/+ fire be con/ruct$1 by build+ an upright cyl9d] ( fire-brick1 & erect+ )9 ?is a small] cyl9d] or grat+ ( iron b>s1 s t ! fuel %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ^!1 & ?us =m an upright cyl9drical r+ or %irt ( fire1 enclos$ outside by ! bricks1 b op5 & gl[+ t[>ds ! inside ( ! holl[ cyl9d]1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! meat %\ld be susp5d$ to receive ! radiation f all sides4 ,! :ole app>atus might /& "u a dome1 t]m9at+ 9 an ord9>y *imney1 l a glass-h\se or a /eel-mak]'s cem5t+ furnace2 or1 9 ?is respect1 l ^? wondr\s kit*5s ( ! old s]aglio at ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ea* ap>tm5t is a huge *imney1 outspread+ d[nw>ds1 s t ! cooks1 & _! mat]ials & app>atus1 z well z ! huge fires !mselves1 are all "u ! great c5tral *imney %aft4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 recomm5d su* an app>atus1 ev5 to ! mo/ weal?y & luxuri\s epicure1 because ,i am conv9c$1 n m]ely f !oretical consid]ations1 b also f practical exp]im5ts1 t all k9ds ( meat may be n m]ely z well roa/$ 9 a close ov5 z be=e an op5 fire1 b t ! close *amb]1 prop]ly manag$1 produces bett] results 9 e respect ?an c possibly be obta9$ by roa/+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,to obta9 su* results !re mu/ be no compromise1 no concession to any false !ory respect+ a necessity = special v5tilation1 except+ 9 ! case ( semi-putrid game or v5ison1 :i* require to be c>bonis$ & dis9fect$ z well z cook$1 &1 ( c\rse1 also dem& ! spe$y removal ( _! noxi\s vap\rs4 ,n s ) fre% meats4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! vap\r ( beef t c injure ! flav\r ( beef1 nor 9 ! vap\r ( mutton t is damag+ to mutton1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,b !re is mu* t c1 & does actually improve !m2 or1 m /rictly speak+1 prev5ts ! det]ioration to :i* !y are liable :5 roa/$ be=e an op5 fire4 ,i w endeav\r to expla9 ?is4 ,c>efully-conduct$ exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ ! g5]al law t atmosph]ic air is a vacuum to ! vap\r ( wat] & o!r simil> vap\rs1 :ile ea* p>ticul> vap\r is a pl5um to itself1 ?\gh n to o!r vap\rs2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 if a giv5 space1 at a giv5 temp]ature1 be fill$ ) air1 ! quantity ( aque\s vap\r t x is capable ( hold+ is ! same z ?\gh ?is space conta9$ no air at all1 nor any?+ else4 ,b ?is same space may conta9 a mu* small] quantity ( aque\s vap\r1 & yet be absolutely imp5etrable to aque\s vap\r1 provid$ its temp]ature is unalt]$4 ,?us1 if a bell-glass1 fill$ ) air1 "u ord9>y pressure1 at ! temp]ature ( #ajj ,fahr41 be plac$ ov] a di% ( wat] at ! same temp]ature1 a quantity ( vap\r1 equal to #a_/cj? 79 r\nd numb]s7 ( ! weight ( ! air1 w rise into ! bell-glass1 & !re rema9 diffus$ ?r\gh\t4 ,if !re 7 less air1 or no air at all 7temp]ature rema9+ ! same71 ! bell-glass w\ld obta9 & hold ! same quantity ( vap\r4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ fill$ ) air1 x conta9$ at ! outset only ?is #a_/cj? ( aque\s vap\r1 x w\ld n[ be an imp5etrable pl5um1 behav+ l a solid to aque\s vap\r--no m c\ld be =c$ into x :ile its temp]ature rema9$ ! same4 ,b :ile ?us *>g$ ) aque\s vap\r1 !re w\ld /ill be room = vap\r ( alcohol1 or turp5t9e1 or e!r1 or *lor(orm1 c4 ,x w\ld be a vacuum to ^!1 ?\gh a pl5um to itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! alcohol1 turp5t9e1 e!r1 or *lor(orm 7 all[$ to evaporate into ! bell-glass1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ei!r ( ^! vap\rs w\ld pres5tly ent] x1 & !n ?is vap\r w\ld act l a solid mass 9 resi/+ ! entry ( any m ( its own k9d1 :ile x w\ld be freely p]vi\s to ! vap\r ( wat] or t ( ! o!r liquids4 ,a practical example w fur!r illu/rate ?is4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i 0 engag$ 9 ! di/illation ( p>aff9 oil1 & _h a few ?\s& gallons ( ! crude liquid 9 a /ill ) a tall head & a ris+ cond5s]4 ,9 spite ( sev]e fir+1 ! di/illation proce$$ v sl[ly4 ,!n ,i ?rew into ! /ill1 j above ! surface ( ! oil1 a jet ( /eam4 ,! rate ( di/illation imm$iately increas$ ) ! same fir+1 al?\gh ! /eam 0 ( mu* l[] temp]ature ?an ! boil+ oil1 &1 !re=e1 wa/$ mu* heat4 ,! rationale ( ?is 01 t at fir/ an atmosph]e ( oil vap\r /ood ov] ! oil1 & ?is 0 imp]vi\s to m oil vap\r1 b on sweep+ ?is out & replac+ x by /eam1 ! atmosph]e above ! liquid oil 0 p]meable by oil vap\r4 ,?is pr9ciple is l>gely appli$ 9 simil> di/illations4 ,always keep+ 9 view t ! prim>y problem 9 roa/+ is to raise ! temp]ature ?r\gh\t to ! cook+ heat )\t desiccation ( ! natural juices ( ! meat1 & apply+ to ?is problem ! laws ( vap\r diffusion exp\nd$ 9 my la/1 x is easy en\gh to und]/& ! !oretical advantages ( roa/+ 9 a clos$ ov51 ! space )9 :i* spe$ily becomes saturat$ ) ^? p>ticul> vap\rs t resi/ fur!r vaporisation ( ^! juices4 ,9 all op5-air roa/+1 :e!r by ! "o-sid$ fire ( ord9>y con/ruction or ! surr\nd+ fire t ,i h sugge/$1 convection curr5ts are necess>ily at "w desiccat+ & t\gh5+ ! meat 9 spite ( ! ba/+1 ?\gh temp]$ !reby4 ,i say #8!oretical1' because ,i despair ( practically conv9c+ any ?or\ghbr$ ,engli%man t bak$ meat is bett] ?an roa/$ meat by any reason+ :atev]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is suffici5tly #8un-,engli%' to te/ ! "q exp]im5tally1 he may possibly conv9ce himself4 ,to d ?is fairly1 a l>ge jo9t ( meat %\ld be equally divid$1 "o half roa/$ 9 front ( ! fire1 ! o!r 9 a non-v5tilat$ ov5 ov] a little wat] by a cook :o kn[s h[ to heat ! ov54 ,?is condition is ess5tial1 z "s intellig5ce is dem&$ 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( an ov51 :ile any b>b>ian c c>ry out ! mod]n modification ( ! ord9>y device ( ! savage1 :o skew]s a bit ( meat1 & holds ?is ne> en\gh to a fire to make x frizzle4 ,hav+ settl$ ?is "q to my own satisfaction m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i n[ amuse myself occasionally by exp]im5t+ ^u o!rs1 & cont9ually f9d t ! mo/ uncompromis+ !oretical hat]s ( bak$ meat practically pref] x to or?odox roa/$ meat1 provid$ always t !y eat x 9 ignorance4 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's #8,t5? ,essay' is devot$ to 8 roa/] & roa/+ g5]ally1 & occupies n9ety-f\r pages1 includ+ ! special preface4 ,?is preface is curi\s n[1 z x conta9s ! foll[+ apology = delay ( publication3 #8,dur+ sev]al mon?s1 almo/ ! :ole ( my "t 0 tak5 up ) ! bus9ess ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 & ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! objects ( t noble e/abli%m5t w1 no d\bt1 ?9k t ,i judg$ wisely 9 pref]r+ its int]e/ to e o!r conc]n4' ,to ^? :o att5d ! fa%ionable ga!r+s held on ,friday ev5+s 9 #8t noble e/abli%m5t' dur+ ! ,london season1 x is almo/ comical to read :at its f\nd] says conc]n+ ! object = :i* x 0 in/itut$--viz4 ! noble purpose ( ,,diffus+ ,,! ,,k ,,& ,,facilitat+ ,,! ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,( ,,new ,,& ,,useful ,,inv5tions ,,& ,,improvem5ts4' ,! capitals are ,rum=d's1 & he illu/rates _! mean+ by ref]5ce to #8! repository ( ?is new e/abli%m5t1' :]e specim5s ( pots & kettles1 ov5s1 roa/]s1 fireplaces1 gridirons1 tea-kettles1 kit*5-boil]s1 c41 might be inspect$4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 suffici5tly imprud5t to accept an invitation to describe ,rum=d's sci5tific rese>*es 9 "o ,friday ev5+ lecture1 rigidly limit$ to fifty-sev5 m9utes 7& consequ5tly muddl$ my subject 9 ! va9 /ruggle to cond5se x71 ,i tri$ to f9d ! orig9al roa/]1 b fail$2 all t rema9$ ( ! orig9al #8repository' be+ a few models put out ( ! way z ?\gh !y 7 empty w9e-bottles4 ,i am n f9d+ fault1 z ! noble "w t has be5 done !re by ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall mu/ h pr(\ndly gladd5$ ! sup]vis+ s\l ( ,rum=d 7suppos+ t x does su* spiritual sup]vision71 9 spite ( 8 neglect$ roa/]1 :i* ,i mu/ n[ describe )\t fur!r digression4 ,x is %[n op5 & out ( its sett+ 9 ,fig4 #a1 & !re se5 z a holl[ cyl9d] ( %eet-iron1 :i*1 = ord9>y use1 may be ab\t #ah in*es 9 diamet] & #bd in*es long1 clos$ p]man5tly at "o end1 & by a h+$ d\ble door ( %eet-iron 7dd7 at ! o!r4 ,! d\bl+ ( ! door is = ! purpose ( reta9+ ! heat by means ( an int]v5+ l9+ ( ill-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,or a s+le door ( %eet-iron1 ) a panel ( wood outside1 may be us$4 ,! :ole to be set horizontally 9 brickwork1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! door-front be+ flu% ) ! front ( ! brickwork4 ,! flame ( ! small fire bel[ plays freely all r\nd x by fill+ ! envelop+ flue-space indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es on ,fig4 #d4 ,inside ! cyl9d] is a %elf to support ! dripp+-pan 7d7 ,fig4 #a1 :i* is sep>ately %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,?is dripp+-pan is an important elem5t ( ! app>atus4 ,fig4 #c %[s x 9 cross section1 made up ( two t9-plate di%es1 "o above ! o!r1 arrang$ to leave a space 7w7 betwe54 ,?is space conta9s wat]1 half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,above is a gridiron1 %[n 9 plan1 ,fig4 #b1 on :i* ! meat re/s2 ! b>s ( ?is are %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to prev5t ! fat :i* drips f ! meat f be+ ov]heat$ & fill+ ! roa/] ) ! fumes ( burnt--i4e4 p>tially decompos$1 fat & gravy1 to ! ta9t+ influ5ce ( :i* ,rum=d attribut$ ! ,engli% prejudice aga9/ bak$ meat4 ,s long z any wat] rema9s ! dripp+ _c be rais$ m ?an two or ?ree degrees above #bab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! tube v1 ,fig4 #a1 is = c>ry+ away vap\r1 if necess>y4 ,?is tube may be op5$ or clos$ by means ( a damp] mov$ by ! little h&le %[n on ! "r4 ,! heat ( ! roa/] is regulat$ by means ( ! regi/] c1 ,fig4 #d1 9 ! a%-pit door ( ! fire-place1 its dryness by ! above-nam$ damp] ( ! /eam tube v1 & also by ! bl[pipes1 b p4 ,^! are iron tubes1 ab\t #b 94 9 diamet]1 plac$ und]nea?1 s z to be 9 ! mid/ ( ! flame z x asc5ds f ! fire into ! envelop+ flue1 %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ,fig4 #d1 :]e _! ext]nal op5+s are %[n at b p1 b p1 & ! plugs by :i* !y may be op5$ or clos$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x is evid5t t by remov+ ^! plugs1 & op5+ ! damp] ( ! /eam pipe1 a bla/ ( hot dry air w be deliv]$ into ! roa/] at its back "p1 & x mu/ pass =w>d to escape by ! /eam pipe4 ,z ^! bl[pipes are rais$ to a r$ heat :5 ! fire is burn+ briskly1 ! temp]ature ( ?is bla/ ( air may be v high2 ) ev5 a v mod]ate fire1 suffici5tly high to desiccate & spoil ! meat if !y 7 kept op5 dur+ all ! "t ( cook+4 ,!y are accord+ly to be kept clos$ until ! la/ /age ( ! roa/+ is rea*$2 !n ! fire is urg$ by op5+ ! a%-pit regi/]1 & :5 ! bl[pipes are ab\t r$-hot1 _! plugs are remov$1 & ! /eam-pipe damp] is op5$ = a few m9utes to br[n ! meat by means ( ! hot w9d ?us g5]at$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a special fire directly "u ! roa/] is "h design$1 & t ?is fire is enclos$ 9 brickwork4 ,?is is a g5]al feature ( ,rum=d's arrangem5ts4 ,! economy ( ! :ole device w be und]/ood by ! fact t 9 a te/ exp]im5t at ! ,f\ndl+ ,in/itution ( ,london1 he roa/$ #aab lbs4 ( beef ) a consumption ( only #bb lbs4 ( coal 7?ree p5nywor?1 at #bes4 p] ton74 ,rum=d tells u t #8:5 ^! roa/]s 7 fir/ propos$1 & be=e _! m]it 0 e/abli%$1 _m d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! ta/e ( ! food prep>$ 9 !m1' b t1 aft] _m practical trials1 x 0 prov$ t #8meat ( e k9d1 )\t any exception1 roa/$ 9 a roa/]1 is bett] ta/$1 high] flav\r$1 & mu* m juicy & delicate ?an :5 roa/$ on a spit be=e an op5 fire4' ,^! italics are 9 ! orig9al1 & ! te/imony ( compet5t judges is quot$4 ,i mu/ describe "o exp]im5t 9 detail4 ,two legs ( mutton f ! same c>cass made equal 9 weight be=e cook+ 7 roa/$1 "o be=e ! fire & ! o!r 9 a roa/]4 ,:5 cook$1 bo? 7 weigh$1 & ! jo9t roa/$ 9 ! roa/] prov$ to be heavi] ?an ! o!r by #f p] c5t4 ,!y 7 br\ght ^u table at ! same "t1 #8& a l>ge & p]fectly unprejudic$ company 0 assembl$ to eat !m4' ,bo? 7 f\nd good1 b a decid$ pref]5ce giv5 to t cook$ 9 ! roa/]2 #8x 0 mu* m juicy1 & 0 ?\ght bett] ta/$4' ,bo? 7 fairly eat5 up1 no?+ rema9+ ( ei!r t 0 eatable1 & ! fragm5ts collect$4 #8,( ! leg ( mutton :i* _h be5 roa/$ 9 ! roa/]1 h>dly any?+ visible rema9$1 except+ ! b>e bone1 :ile a consid]able heap 0 =m$ ( scraps n eatable :i* rema9$ ( t roa/$ on a spit4' ,?is 0 an eloqu5t exp]im5t2 ! ga9 ( #f p] c5t4 tells ( juices reta9$ ) consequ5t ga9 ( flav\r1 t5d]ness1 & dige/ibility1 & ! subsequ5t te/imony ( ! scraps describes ! diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( ! t5don\s1 integum5t>y portions ( ! jo9ts1 :i* are j ^? t pres5t ! t\ghe/ practical problems to ! cook1 especially 9 roa/+4 ,b :y are ^! roa/]s n 9 g5]al use8 ,:y did !y die ) _! inv5tor1 not)/&+ ! fact1 m5tion$ 9 8 essay1 t ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,greek ,/reet1 ,soho1 _h sold above #bjj1 & o!rs 7 mak+ !m8 ,^? ( my read]s :o h _h practical exp]i5ce 9 us+ hot air or 9 sup]heat+ /eam1 w d\btless h already detect$ a weak po9t 9 ! #8bl[pipes4' ,:5 iron pipes are heat$ to r$ness1 or !reab\ts1 & a bla/ ( air or /eam passes ?r\gh !m1 !y "w admirably = a :ile1 b pres5tly ! pipe gives way1 = iron is a combu/ible sub/ance1 & burns sl[ly :5 heat$ & suppli$ ) abundant oxyg51 ei!r by means ( air or wat]2 ! latt] be+ decompos$1 its hydrog5 set free1 :ile its oxyg5 comb9es ) ! iron1 & r$uces x to friable oxide4 ,rum=d does n appe> to h und]/ood ?is1 or he w\ld h made 8 bl[pipes ( fire-clay or o!r refractory non-oxidisable mat]ial4 ,! records ( ! ,great ,seal ,(fice conta9 specifications ( hundr$s ( +5i\s inv5tions t h fail$ mo/ vexati\sly f ?is defect2 & ,i c\ld tell ( jo9t-/ock companies t h be5 #8float$' to c>ry out inv5tions involv+ ! use ( heat$ air or sup]-heat$ /eam t h work$ beautifully & ) app>5t economy :ile ! %>es 7 9 ! m>ket1 & !n collaps$ j :5 ! calls 7 paid up1 ! co/ ( r5ewal ( sup]heat]s & hot-air *amb]s hav+ worse ?an annull$ ! economy ( work+ fuel describ$ 9 ! prospectus4 ,?us a vessel driv5 by heat$ air1 z a sub/itute = /eam1 0 fitt$ up ) its caloric eng9e1 & cross$ ! ,atlantic ) pass5g]s on bo>d4 ,! voyage practically demon/rat$ a great sav+ ( coal2 ! pat5t rights 7 pur*as$ accord+ly = a v l>ge am\nt1 & %>es w5t up buoyantly until ! oxidation ( ! great air *amb] prov$ t ! eng9e burn$ iron z well z coal at a ru9\s co/4 ,al?\gh no m5tion is made by ,rum=d ( su* de/ruction ( ! bl[pipes1 he 0 evid5tly consci\s ( ! co/l9ess ( 8 orig9al roa/]1 z he describes ano!r :i* may be economically sub/itut$ = x4 ,?is has an air *amb] =m$ by br++ d[n ! body ( ! ov5 s z to enclose ! space occupi$ by ! bl[pipes %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & plac+ ! dripp+-pan on a false bottom jo9$ to ! front face ( ! roa/] j bel[ ! door1 b n ext5d+ q to ! back4 ,an adju/able regi/] door op5s at ! front into ?is air *amb]1 & :5 ?is is op5$ ! air passes along f front to back "u ! false bottom1 & rises beh9d to an outlet pipe l t %[n at v1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ?us pass+ along ! hot bottom ( ! ov5 ! air is heat$1 b n s greatly z by ! bl[pipes1 :i* be+ surr\nd$ by ! flame on all sides1 are heat$ above z well z bel[1 & ! air 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m is mu* m expos$ to heat ?an 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air-*amb]4 ,to increase ! heat transmitt$ 9 ! latt]1 ,rum=d proposes t #8a c]ta9 quantity ( iron wire1 9 loose coils1 or ( iron turn+s1 be put into ! air *amb]4' ,?is modification he call$ a #8roa/+-ov51' to di/+ui% x f ! fir/ describ$1 ! #8roa/]4' ,he /ates t ! roa/+-ov5 is n q s effective z ! roa/]1 b f its great] *eapness may be l>gely us$4 ,?is anticipation has be5 realis$4 ,! mod]n #8kit*5]1' :i* 9 s _m =ms is gradually & /eadily supplant+ ! anci5t op5 range1 is an app>atus 9 :i* roa/+ 9 ! op5 air be=e a fire is sup]s$$ by roa/+ 9 a clos$ *amb] or roa/+-ov54 ,hav+ made ?ree removals )9 ! la/ twelve ye>s1 ea* prec$$ by a t$i\s am\nt ( h\se-hunt+1 ,i h se5 a great _m kit*5s ( newly-built h\ses1 & f9d t ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ^! h clos$ kit*5]s1 & only ab\t #aj p] c5t4 are fitt$ ) op5 ranges ( ! old patt]n4 ,bottle-jacks1 l smoke-jacks & spits1 are gradually fall+ into disuse4 ,:5 ^! kit*5]s 7 fir/ introduc$1 a great po9t 0 made by ! manufactur] ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! roa/+ & ! bak+-ov52 ! fir/ be+ provid$ ) a special app>atus = effect+ v5tilation by devices m or less resembl+ t 9 ,rum=d's roa/+-ov54 ,gradually ^! deg5]at$ into m]e %ams1 & n[ 9 ! be/ kit*5]s ev5 a pret5ce to v5tilation is ab&on$4 ,hav+ reason$ out my own !ory ( ! conditions dem&$ = p]fect roa/+ "s "t ago 7ab\t #ahfj1 :5 ,i lectur$ on #8,h\sehold ,philosophy1' to a class ( ladies at ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute71 ,i h wat*$ ! gradual disappe>ance ( ^! concessions to popul> prejudice ) "s int]e/1 z !y %[ h[ practical exp]i5ce has confirm$ my !ory1 :i*1 z already exp\nd$1 is t fre% meat %\ld be cook$ by ! action ( radiant heat1 project$ t[>ds x f all sides1 :ile x is imm]s$ 9 an atmosph]e ne>ly saturat$ ) its own vap\rs4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i ref] to ! vap\rs z !y rise f ! meat1 & n to ! vap\r ( burnt dripp+1 :i* ,rum=d describes4 ,! acrid prop]ties ( ! products ( su* p>tial dissociation are f> bett] und]/ood by mod]n *emi/s ?an !y 7 9 ,rum=d's "t4 ,8 wat] dripp+-pan effectually prev5ts _! =mation4 ,x is /ill manufactur$ ( ! precise patt]n %[n 9 ! draw+1 copi$ f ,rum=d's1 & cooks :o und]/& _! bus9ess at all use x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! few dome/ic fireplace-ov5s t exi/$ 9 ,rum=d's "t 7 clumsily heat$ by rak+ "s ( ! fire f ! grate into a space left bel[ ! ov54 ,^? ( ! be/ mod]n kit*5]s are heat$ by flues go+ r\nd !m1 g5]ally />t+ f ! top1 :i* ?us atta9s ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,! radiation f ?is does ! #8br[n+' = :i* ,rum=d's bl[pipes 7 design$4 ,"h ,i diff] f my tea*]1 z1 accord+ to my view ( ! philosophy ( roa/+1 ! br[n+1 or ! application ( ! highe/ temp]ature1 %\ld take place at ! beg9n+ r ?an ! end ( ! process1 9 ord] t a cru/ ( firmly coagulat$ album5 may surr\nd ! jo9t & reta9 ! juices ( ! meat4 ,all t is necess>y to obta9 ?is effect 9 a suffici5t degree is to raise ! roa/+-ov5 to an excessive temp]ature be=e ! meat is put 94 ,suppos+ an equal fire is ma9ta9$ all ! :ile1 ?is excessive initial temp]ature w pres5tly decl9e1 because1 :5 ! meat is 9 ! ov51 ! radiant heat f its sides is int]cept$ by ! jo9t & do+ "w ^u x2 heat _c d "w )\t a correspond+ fall ( temp]ature4 ,:ile ! ov5 is empty ! radiations f ea* side cross ! op5 space to re9=ce ! temp]ature ( ! o!r sides4 ,:5 ,i fir/ decid$ to write on ?is subject ,i made "s designs = kit*5 !rmomet]s int5d+ to h !m made1 & to recomm5d _! use2 b 0 n successful4 ,:5 a man condemns 8 own inv5tions1 8 v]dict may be safely accept$ )\t fur!r inquiry4 ,i aft]w>ds le>n$ t ,messrs4 ,davis ,co4 _h already con/ruct$ special ov5 !rmomet]s1 to be s atta*$ to ! ov5-door t ! bulb %\ld be inside & ! tube hav+ ! expansion ( ! m]cury outside1 & !re=e readable )\t op5+ ! door1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 & ano!r = /&+ inside ! ov51 ,fig4 #f4 ,i le>n$ by ^! !rmomet]s ! cause ( my own failure4 ,i tri$ to d too mu*--to con/ruct "o =m ( !rmomet] to d all k9ds ( kit*5 "w4 ,a !rmomet] suitable = ! ov5 is n applicable to try+ ! temp]ature ( a fat-ba? us$ 9 fry+4 ,i accord+ly wrote to ,messrs4 ,davis ask+ !m to devise a !rmomet] = ?is purpose4 ,!y h done s4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,is !re1 !n1 any diff]5ce at all betwe5 roa/+ & bak+8 ,!re is4 ,9 roa/+1 ! temp]ature1 aft] ! fir/ />t1 is ma9ta9$ ab\t uni=mly ?r\gh\t2 :ile 9 bak+ bread by ! old-fa%ion$ me?od1 ! temp]ature cont9ually decl9es f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! process2 b 9 ord] t a dwell] 9 cities1 or ! cook ( an ord9>y t[n h\sehold1 may und]/& ?is diff]5ce1 "s explanation is necess>y4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ov51 su* z 0 g5]ally us$ 9 ,rum=d's "t1 & is /ill us$ 9 c\ntry h\ses & by old-fa%ion$ bak]s1 is an ar*$ cavity ( brick ) a flat brick floor4 ,?is cavity is clos$ by a suitable door1 :i* 9 its primitive1 & p]haps its be/ =m1 0 a flat tile press$ aga9/ ! op5+ & lut$ r\nd ) clay4 ,su* ov5s 71 & /ill are1 heat$ by simply spread+ on ! brick floor a suffici5t quantity ( wood--pref]ably well-dri$ twigs2 ^!1 be+ light$1 raise ! temp]ature ( ! ar*$ ro( to a gl[+ heat1 & t ( ! floor 9 a some:at l[] degree4 ,:5 ?is heat+ is complet$ 7! judgem5t ( :i* con/itutes ! *ief elem5t ( skill 9 ?us bak+7 ! emb]s are c>efully bru%$ out f ! floor1 ! loaves1 c41 ins]t$ by means ( a flat battl$ore ) a long h&le1 call$ a #8peel1' & ! door clos$ & firmly lut$ r\nd1 n to be op5$ until ! op]ation is complete4 ,bak$ clay is an excell5t radiator1 & !re=e ! surface ( bricks =m+ ! ar*$ ro( ( ! ov5 radiates vigor\sly ^u its cont5ts bel[1 :i* are ?us heat$ at top by radiation f ! ro(1 & at bottom by direct contact ) ! floor ( ! ov54 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! compact bottom cru/1 & ! d>k] bubble-be>+ top cru/ ( an ord9>y loaf is ?us expla9$4 ,z ! bak+ ( a l>ge jo9t ( meat is a long] op]ation ?an ! bak+ ( bread1 !re is ano!r reason besides t already giv5 = ! inf]iority ( meat :5 bak$ 9 a bak]'s ov5 con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! sl[ cool+-d[n mu/ t5d to produce a flabb9ess & insipidity simil> to t ( ! roa/ meat :i* is s]v$ at re/aurants :]e a jo9t rema9s #89 cut' = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,( ?is ,i speak !oretically1 n hav+ _h an opportunity ( ta/+ a jo9t t has be5 cook$ 9 a brick ov5 ( ! con/ruction above describ$2 b ,i h obs]v$ ! advantage ( ma9ta9+ a /eady heat ?r\gh\t ! process ( roa/+ 7aft] ! fir/ high] heat+ above describ$71 9 ! iron ov5 ( a kit*5]1 or ,am]ican /ove1 or gas ov54 ,ano!r & some:at orig9al me?od ( roa/+ is t :i* is c>ri$ out 9 #8,capta9 ,w>r5's ,cook+ ,pot1' conc]n+ ! practical result ( :i* ,i he> conflict+ op9ions4 ,x is a l>ge pot conta9+ wat]1 inside :i* is susp5d$--l ! glue *amb] ( a glue-pot--an inn] vessel4 ,! meat to be cook$ is plac$ )\t wat] 9 ?is inn] clos$ vessel1 :i* dips into ! wat] ( ! out] vessel1 ! /eam f :i* is l$ away by a side op5+ or pipe4 ,?is out] wat] be+ kept boil+1 ! meat is surr\nd$ only by its own vap\r1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x is cook$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! result is simil> to boil$ meat1 ) ! advantage ( reta9+ ^? juices t pass away into ! wat] 9 ord9>y boil+4 ,?is advantage is unque/ionable1 & s f> ! app>atus may be safely recomm5d$4 ,b "s ( ! claims made 9 ! prospectuses t are freely di/ribut$ are que/ionable4 ,! me?od ( roa/+ ) ,w>r5's pot is to cook ! meat z above describ$ 9 its own vap\r1 !n dr$ge ) fl\r1 & hang be=e ! fire tw5ty m9utes4 ,! result is a t5d] imitation ( roa/ meat1 b m l boil$ ?an roa/$ meat 9 flav\r4 ,?is is mu* approv$ by _m1 b ,i am told t meat ?us cook$ & eat5 daily palls ^u ! appetite4 ,i "k "o1 a y\? 7n "o ( our fa/idi\s fops ( ! p]iod71 :o1 f$ ^u ?is at s*ool dur+ a few ye>s1 has !reby acquir$ a fix$ av]sion to boil$ meat ( all k9ds4 ,reg>d+ ! subject !oretically1 x appe>s to me t ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,capta9 ,w>r51 & foll[$ by ^? :o use 8 cook]1 %\ld be rev]s$ = roa/+2 t ! meat %\ld h ! tw5ty m9utes be=e ! fire--or 9 a hot ov5--be=e1 in/ead ( aft]1 its /ew+ 9 its own vap\r4 ,"s exp]im5ts ,i h made confirm ?is view s f> z !y g1 b are n suffici5tly num]\s to settle ! "q4 ,= /ew+ ( all k9ds1 & = su* concoctions z ,rum=d's s\p 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv471 x is an admirable app>atus1 & ! contrivances = c>ry+ ! /eam f ! out] vessel to a vegetable /eam] above ! cook+ *amb]1 be=e describ$1 is v +5i\s & effective4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! prospectus1 t ! #8n\ri%+ juices' o!rwise wa/$ #8are by t mode cond5s$1 & =m at ! bottom ( ! vessel a ri* gelat9\s body1' is mislead+4 ,gelat9 is n volatile2 ! gelat9\s body at ! bottom ( ! vessel is n compos$ ( cond5s$ vap\rs1 ?\gh cond5s$ vap\r ( wat] is conc]n$ 9 its =mation4 ,x is simply "s ( ! gelat9 ( ! jo9t dissolv$ by ! wat] :i* cond5ses ^u x1 & f9ally drips d[n f ! jo9t1 c>ry+ ) x ! dissolv$ gelat94 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,fry+4 ,,! process ( fry+ foll[s next 9 natural ord] to ^? ( roa/+ & grill+4 ,a little reflection w %[ t 9 fry+ ! heat is n communicat$ to ! food by radiation f a heat$ surface at "s di/ance1 b by direct contact ) ! heat+ m$ium1 :i* is ! hot fat commonly1 b errone\sly1 describ$ z #8boil+ fat4' ,z ,i am writ+ = intellig5t read]s :o desire to und]/& ! philosophy ( ! common processes ( cook]y1 s f> z !y are und]/&able1 ?is fallacy conc]n+ boil+ fat %\ld be pu%$ aside at once4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ord9>y animal fats are n boilable "u ! pressure ( our atmosph]e 7"o ( ! con/itu5t fatty acids ( butt]1 butyric acid1 is an exception2 x boils at #cad ,fahr474 ,be=e rea*+ _! boil+-po9t1 i4e4 ! temp]ature at :i* !y pass completely into ! /ate ( vap\r1 _! con/itu5ts are m or less dissociat$ or sep>at$ by ! repulsive ag5cy ( ! heat1 new comp\nds be+ 9 _m cases =m$ by recomb9ations ( _! elem5ts4 ,:5 wat] is heat$ to #bab x is conv]t$ completely into a gas1 :i* gas1 on cool+ bel[ #bab1 returns to ! fluid /ate )\t any loss4 ,9 l mann] if we raise an ess5tial oil1 su* z turp5t9e1 to #cbj1 or oil ( pepp]m9t to #cdj1 or orange-peel oil to #cde1 or pat*\li to #dhi1 & o!r su* oils to c]ta9 o!r temp]atures1 !y pass into a /ate ( vap\r1 & ^! vap\rs1 :5 cool$1 recond5se into _! orig9al =m ( liquid oil )\t alt]ation4 ,h5ce !y are call$ #8volatile oils1' :ile ! greasy oils :i* _c ?us be di/ill$ 79 :i* class animal fats are includ$7 are call$ #8fix$ oils4' ,a v simple practical means ( di/+ui%+ ^! is ! foll[+3 make a spot ( ! oil to be te/$ on clean blott+-pap]4 ,heat ?is by hold+ x above a _s-lamp flame1 or by toa/+ be=e a fire4 ,if ! oil is volatile ! spot disappe>s2 if fix$1 x rema9s z a spot ( grease until ! heat is rais$ high en\gh to *> ! pap]1 ( :i* *>r+ 7a result ( ! dissociation above-nam$7 ! oil p>takes4 ,b ! practical cook may say1 #8,?is is wrong1 = ! fat 9 my fry+-pan does boil4 ,i see x boil1 & ,i he> x boil4' ,! reply to ?is is1 t ! l>d1 or dripp+1 or butt] t y put into y\r fry+-pan is oil mix$ ) wat]1 & t x is n ! oil b ! wat] t y see boil+4 ,to prove ?is1 take "s fre% l>d1 z usually suppli$1 & heat x 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 rais+ ! temp]ature gradually4 ,pres5tly x w beg9 to splutt]4 ,if y try x ) a !rmomet] y w f9d t ?is splutt]+-po9t agrees ) ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & if y use a retort y may cond5se & collect ! splutt]-matt]1 & prove x to be wat]4 ,s long z ! splutt]+ cont9ues ! temp]ature ( ! melt$ fat1 i4e4 ! oil1 rema9s ab\t ! same1 ! wat] vap\r c>ry+ away ! heat4 ,:5 all ! wat] is driv5 (f ! liquid becomes quiesc5t1 9 spite ( its temp]ature ris+ f #bab to above #djj1 :5 a pung5t smoky vap\r comes (f & ! oil gr[s d>k]2 ?is vap\r is n vap\r ( l>d1 b vap\r ( sep>at$ & recomb9$ con/itu5ts ( ! l>d1 :i* is n[ suff]+ dissociation1 ! volatile products pass+ (f :ile ! non-volatile c>bon 7i4e4 l>d-*>coal7 rema9s beh9d1 col\r+ ! liquid4 ,if ! heat+ be cont9u$1 a residuum ( ?is c>bon1 9 ! =m ( s(t coke or *>coal1 w be all t rema9s 9 ! heat$ vessel4 ,we may n[ und]/& :at happ5s :5 some?+ humid--say a sole--is put into a fry+-pan :i* conta9s fat heat$ above #bab4 ,wat]1 :5 sudd5ly heat$ above its boil+-po9t1 is a p[]ful explosive1 & may be v dang]\s1 simply because x exp&s to #a1gbh times its orig9al bulk :5 conv]t$ into /eam4 ,/eam-eng9e boil]s & ! boil]s ( kit*5 /oves sometimes explode by becom+ r$-hot :ile dry1 & !n receiv+ a little wat] :i* sudd5ly exp&s to /eam4 ,! noise & splutt]+ t is />t$ imm$iately ! sole is imm]s$ 9 ! hot fat is due to ! explosion ( a multitude ( small bubbles =m$ by ! conf9em5t ( ! sudd5ly exp&+ /eam 9 ! visc\s fat1 f :i* x releases itself ) a c]ta9 degree ( viol5ce4 ,x is evid5t t to effect ?is am\nt ( eruptive viol5ce1 ! temp]ature mu/ be consid]ably above ! boil+-po9t ( ! explod+ wat]4 ,if x 7 only j at ! boil+-po9t1 ! wat] w\ld boil quietly4 ,z we all "k1 ! flav\r & appe>ance ( a boil$ sole or mack]el are decid$ly diff]5t f ^? ( a fri$ sole or mack]el1 & x is easy to und]/& t ! diff]5t results ( ^! cook+ processes are to "s ext5t due to ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature to :i* ! fi% is subject$4 ,x w be at once und]/ood t my !ory ( ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 roa/$ or grill$ meat & boil$ meat applies to fri$ fi%2 t ! flav\r+ juices are reta9$ :5 ! fi% is fri$1 :ile m or less ( !m escape into ! wat] :5 boil$4 ,besides ?is1 ! surface ( ! fri$ fi%1 l t ( ! roa/$ or grill$ meat1 is #8br[n$4' ,:at is ! nature1 ! *emi/ry ( ?is br[n+8 ,i h endeav\r$ to f9d "s answ] to ?is "q1 t ,i might quote ) au?ority1 b no te*nological or purely *emical "w )9 my rea* supplies su* answ]4 ,rum=d ref]s to x z ess5tial to roa/+1 & provides = x 9 ! mann] already describ$1 b he goes no f>!r into ! philosophy ( x ?an admitt+ its flav\r+ effect4 ,i mu/ !re=e /ruggle ) ! problem 9 my own way z ,i be/ c4 ,has ! g5tle read] ev] attempt$ ! manufacture ( #8h>d-bake1' or #8t(fy1' or #8butt]-scot*1' by mix+ sug> ) butt]1 fus+ ! mixture1 & heat+ fur!r until ! well-kn[n h>d1 br[n confection is produc$8 ,i v5ture to call ?is fri$ sug>4 ,if heat$ simply )\t ! butt] x may be call$ bak$ sug>4 ,! sci5tific "n = ?is bak$ sug> is c>amel4 ,! *emical *anges t take place 9 ! br[n+ ( sug> h be5 m sy/ematically /udi$ ?an ^? :i* occur 9 ! con/itu5ts ( fle% :5 br[n$ 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y cook]y4 ,believ+ !m to be ne>ly analog\s1 ,i w /ate1 z briefly z possible1 ! lead+ facts conc]n+ ! sug>4 ,ord9>y sug> is cry/all9e1 i4e4 :5 x passes f ! liquid to ! solid /ate x assumes regul> geometrical =ms4 ,if ! solidification takes place undi/urb$ & sl[ly1 ! geometric cry/als are l>ge1 z 9 sug>-c&y2 if ! wat] is rapidly evaporat$ ) agitation1 ! cry/als are small1 & ! :ole mass is a granul> aggregation ( cry/als1 su* z we see 9 loaf sug>4 ,if ?is cry/all9e sug> be heat$ to ab\t #cbj ,fahr4 x fuses1 & )\t any *ange ( *emical composition und]goes "s sort ( int]nal physical alt]ation t makes x coh]e 9 a diff]5t fa%ion4 7,! le>n$ "n = ?is action is allotropism1 & ! sub/ance is said to be allotropic1 o!r condition$2 or dimorphic1 two-%ap$74 ,in/ead ( be+ cry/all9e ! sug> n[ becomes vitre\s1 x solidifies z a transp>5t amb]-col\r$ glass-l sub/ance1 ! well-kn[n b>ley-sug>1 :i* diff]s f cry/all9e sug> n only 9 ?is respect1 b has a mu* l[] melt+-po9t2 x liquefies betwe5 #aij & #bab1 :ile loaf-sug> does n fuse bel[ #cbj4 ,left to itself1 vitre\s sug> returns gradually to its orig9al condition1 loses transp>5cy1 & breaks up into small cry/als4 ,9 do+ ?is x gives out ! heat :i* dur+ its vitre\s condition _h be5 do+ ! "w ( break+ up its cry/all9e /ructure1 & !re=e 0 n manife/$ z temp]ature4 ,?is return to ! cry/all9e condition is ret>d$ by add+ v9eg> or mucilag9\s matt] to ! heat$ sug>2 h5ce ! confection]s' "n ( #8b>ley-sug>1' :i*1 9 "o ( its old-fa%ion$ =ms1 0 prep>$ by boil+ d[n ord9>y sug> 9 a decoction ( pe>l b>ley4 ,! ,fr5* cooks & confection]s c>ry on ! heat+ ( sug> ?r\gh v>i\s /ages be>+ diff]5t te*nical names1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* is a spl5did crimson v>iety1 l>gely us$ 9 fancy sweetmeats1 & conta9+ no =eign col\r+ matt]1 z commonly suppos$4 ,?\gh no?+ is add$1 some?+ is tak5 away1 & ?is is "s ( ! *emically-comb9$ wat] ( ! orig9al sug>1 9 ! p>t+ ) :i* n only a *ange ( col\r occurs1 b also a modification ( flav\r1 z anybody may prove by exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is gradually rais$ to #dbj1 ! sug> loses two equival5ts ( wat]1 & becomes c>amel--a d>k-br[n sub/ance1 no long] sweet1 b hav+ a new flav\r ( its own4 ,x fur!r diff]s f sug> by be+ incapable ( f]m5tation4 ,! fir/ /age ( ?is cook]y ( sug> has n[ an ar*ological int]e/ 9 connection ) "o ( ! lo/ arts ( ! kit*51 viz4 ! #8sp9n+' ( sug>4 ,)9 ! rea* ( my own recollection no ev5+ p>ty c\ld pret5d to be /yli% unless ! supp]-table 0 decorat$ ) a specim5 ( ?is art--a temple1 a pagoda1 or some?+ ( ! sort done 9 b>ley-sug>4 ,^! 7 made by rais+ ! sug> to #cbj1 :5 x fus$ & became amorph\s1 or vitre\s1 z already describ$4 ,! cook !n dipp$ a skew] into x2 ! melt$ vitre\s sug> adh]$ to ?is1 & 0 drawn out z a ?read1 :i* spe$ily solidifi$ by cool+4 ,:ile 9 ! act ( solidification x 0 wov5 into ! desir$ =m1 & ! skilful arti/ did ?is ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,i once witness$ ) *ildi% delight ! sp9n+ ( a great "w ( art by ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&'s ,fr5* cook 9 ,/4 ,james's ,palace4 ,x 0 a %ip 9 full sail1 ! sails ( edible waf]1 ! hull a basketwork ( spun sug>1 ! ma/s ( massive sug>-/icks1 & ! rigg+ ( delicate ?reads ( ! same4 ,z ne>ly z ,i c rememb]1 ! :ole 0 complet$ 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,b to return f high art bel[ /airs to *emical sci5ce4 ,! conv]sion ( sug> into c>amel is1 z already /at$1 att5d$ ) a *ange ( flav\r2 a k9d ( bitt]ness replaces ! sweetness4 ,?is peculi> flav\r1 judici\sly us$1 is a p[]ful adjunct to cook]y1 & "o :i* is %amefully neglect$ 9 our ord9>y ,engli% dome/ic kit*5s4 ,to te/ ?is1 g to "o ( ^? ,swiss re/aurants orig9ally in/itut$ 9 ?is c\ntry by t ent]pris+ ,tic9ese1 ! late ,c>lo ,gatti1 & :i* are n[ s num]\s 9 ,london & our o!r l>ge t[ns2 call = mac*]oni al sugo2 notice ! ri* br[n gravy1 ! #8sugo4' ,_m an ,engli% cook w\ld use half a p\nd ( gravy beef to produce ! l2 b ! basis ( ?is is a halfp5nywor? or less ( :at ,i call a c>amel comp\nd1 z an example ( :i* ,i copy ! foll[+ recipe f ! ,h\sehold ,edition ( ,g\ff's #8,royal ,cook]y ,book3' #8,melt half a p\nd ( butt]2 add "o p\nd ( fl\r2 mix well1 & leave on a sl[ fire1 /irr+ occasionally until x becomes ( a light mahogany col\r4 ,:5 cool x may be kept 9 ! l>d] ready = use4' ,g\ff calls ?is #8,liaison au ,r\x2' ! ,engli% = liaison is a ?ick5+4 ,x is really fri$ fl\r4 ,burnt onion is ano!r =m ( c>amel1 ) a special flav\r sup]add$4 ,pla9 sug> c>amel is improv$ by ! use ( a little butt]1 z 9 mak+ t(fee4 ,?us prep>$ x is really a fri$ sug> r ?an a bak$ sug>4 ,beurre noir 7black butt]7 is ano!r ( ! c>amelis$ prep>ations us$ by cont95tal cooks4 ,:ile engag$ ^u y\r mac>oni1 look ar\nd at ! o!r di%es s]v$ to o!r cu/om]s4 ,in/ead ( ! pale slices ( meat spread out 9 a little puddle ( pale wat]y liquid1 t are s]v$ 9 ,engli% re/aurants ( correspond+ class1 y w see da9ty morsels1 cov]$ ) ri* br[n gravy1 or surr\nd$ by vegetables imm]s$ 9 ! same4 ,?is #8sugo' is greatly v>i$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts1 by additions ( /ock-bro?1 t>ragon v9eg>1 ket*up1 c41 b burnt fl\r1 burnt sug>1 or burnt onions1 or burnt some?+ is ! basis ( x all4 ,to fur!r te/ ! flav\r+ prop]ties ( br[n+1 take "s eels cut up z usual = /ew+2 divide into two portions2 /ew "o brutally--by ?is ,i mean simply 9 a little wat]--s]v+ !m ) ?is wat] z a pale gravy or juice4 ,let ! second portion be well fri$1 fully c>amelis$ or br[n$1 !n /ew$1 & s]v$ ) br[n gravy4 ,comp>e ! result4 ,make a correspond+ exp]im5t ) a beef/eak4 ,cut x 9 two portions2 /ew "o brutally 9 pla9 wat]2 fry ! o!r1 !n /ew x & s]ve br[n4 ,take a highly-bak$ loaf--bett] "o t is black outside2 scrape (f ! film ( cru/ t is q black1 i4e4 completely c>bonis$1 & y w come to a ri* br[n lay]1 especially if y op]ate ^u ! bottom cru/4 ,slice (f a ?9 %av+ ( ?is & eat x critically4 ,m>k its high flav\r z comp>$ ) ! comp>atively insipid crumb ( ! same loaf1 & note especially ! resemblance betwe5 ?is flav\r & t ( ! c>amel f sug>1 & t ( ! br[n$ eels & br[n$ /eak4 ,a delicate way ( detect+ ! flav\r due to ! br[n+ ( bread is to make two b[ls ( bread & milk 9 ! same mann]1 "o ) ! cru/ ! o!r ) ! crumb ( ! same loaf4 ,i am n sugge/+ ^! z examples ( bett] or worse flav\r1 b z evid5ce ( ! fact t mu* flav\r ( "s sort is g5]at$4 ,x may be out ( place1 z ,i ?9k x is1 9 ! bread & milk1 or x may be add$ ) mu* advantage to o!r ?+s1 z x is by ! cook :o manipulates c>amel & its analogues skilfully4 ,! l>ge/ con/itu5t ( bread is />*4 ,exclud+ wat]1 x con/itutes ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! weight ( good :eat5 fl\r4 ,/>* diff]s b little f sug> 9 composition4 ,x is easily conv]t$ into sug> by simply heat+ x ) a little sulphuric acid1 & by o!r means1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak m fully h]eaft]1 :5 ,i come to ! cook]y ( vegetables4 ,:5 simply heat$1 x is conv]t$ into dextr9 or #8,briti% gum1' l>gely us$ z a sub/itute = gum arabic4 ,if ! heat is cont9u$ a *ange ( col\r takes place2 x gr[s d>k] & d>k]1 until x black5s j z sug> does1 ! f9al result be+ ne>ly ! same4 ,wat] is driv5 (f 9 bo? cases1 b 9 c>bonis+ sug> we />t ) m wat]1 sug> be+ />* plus wat] or ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,?us ! br[n mat]ial ( bread-cru/ or toa/ is ne>ly id5tical ) sug> c>amel4 ,i h (t5 amus$ myself by wat*+ :at occurs :5 toa/ & wat] is prep>$1 & ,i recomm5d my read]s to repeat ! obs]vation4 ,toa/ a small piece ( bread to blackness1 & !n float x on wat] 9 a glass vessel4 ,leave ! wat] at re/1 & direct y\r att5tion to ! "u side ( ! float+ toa/4 ,little ?readlike /reams ( br[n liquid w be se5 desc5d+ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is is a solution ( ! sub/ance :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is a sort ( c>amel1 & :i* ultimately t+es all ! wat]4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i comm5c$ a c\rse ( exp]im5ts ) ?is sub/ance1 b did n complete !m4 ,9 case ,i %\ld nev] d s1 ,i w "h communicate ! results atta9$4 ,i f\nd t ?is />* c>amel is a dis9fectant1 & t sug> c>amel also has "s dis9fect+ prop]ties4 ,i am n prep>$ to say t x is p[]ful en\gh to dis9fect sewage1 ?\gh at ! "t ,i _h a n>r[ escape f ! ,great ,seal ,(fice1 :]e ,i ?\ght ( pat5t+ x = ?is purpose z a non-poison\s dis9fectant t may be p\r$ into riv]s 9 any quantity )\t dang]4 ,?\gh x may n be p[]ful en\gh = ?is1 x has an appreciable effect on wat] slightly ta9t$ ) decompos+ organic matt]4 ,?is is a v curi\s fact4 ,we d n "k :o inv5t$ toa/ & wat]1 nor1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 has any !ory ( its use be5 exp\nd$1 yet !re is extant a vague popul> impression t ! toa/ has "s sort ( :olesome effect on ! wat]4 ,i suspect t ?is mu/ h be5 orig9ally bas$ on exp]i5ce1 probably on ! exp]i5ce ( our =efa!rs or =emo!rs1 liv+ 9 c\ntry places :]e /agnant wat] 0 a common bev]age1 & v>i\s devices 7 adopt$ to r5d] x potable4 ,gelat91 fibr91 album51 c4--i4e4 all ! mat]ials ( animal food--z already %[n1 are compos$1 l />* & sug>1 ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 )1 9 ! case ( ^! animal sub/ances1 ! addition ( nitrog52 b ?is does n prev5t _! p>tial c>bonisation 7or #8c>amelis+1' if ,i may inv5t a "n to express ! action :i* /ops %ort ( black5+74 ,animal fat is a hydroc>bon :i* may be simil>ly br[n$1 &1 if ,i am "r 9 my g5]alisation ( all ^! br[n+ processes1 an important practical conclusion foll[s1 viz4 t *eap soluble c>amel made by skilfully heat+ common sug> or fl\r is really1 z well z app>5tly1 z valuable an elem5t 9 gravies1 c41 z ! f> m exp5sive col\r+ matt] ( br[n meat gravies1 & t our ,engli% cooks %\ld use x f> m lib]ally ?an !y usually d4 ,! prep>ation ( sug> c>amel is easy en\gh2 ! sug> %\ld be gradually heat$ till x assumes a ri* br[n col\r & has lo/ its orig9al sweetness4 ,if c>ri$ j f> en\gh1 ! result is easily soluble 9 hot wat]1 & ! solution may be kept = a long "t1 z x is by cooks :o und]/& its m]its4 ,9 connection ) ! idea ( its dis9fect+ action1 ,i may ref] to ! cook]y ( ta9t$ meat or #8high' game4 ,a h>e t is repulsively advanc$ :5 raw may1 by mu* roa/+ & br[n+1 become q :olesome2 & su* is commonly ! case 9 ! ord9>y cook+ ( h>es4 ,if x 7 boil$ or m]ely /ew$ 7)\t prelim9>y br[n+7 9 ?is condition1 x w\ld be q disgu/+ to ord9>y palates4 ,a leg ( mutton = roa/+ %\ld be hung until x beg9s to become odor\s2 = boil+ x %\ld be z fre% z possible4 ,?is %\ld be especially rememb]$ n[ t we h s mu* froz5 meat import$ f ! antipodes4 ,:5 duly ?aw$ x is 9 spl5did condition = roa/+1 b is n usually s satisfactory :5 boil$4 ,i may "h m5tion incid5tally t su* meat is sometimes unju/ly condemn$ on acc\nt ( its display+ a raw c5tre :5 cook$4 ,?is arises f imp]fect ?aw+4 ,! heat requir$ to ?aw a giv5 weight ( ice & br+ x up to #fj is ab\t ! same z is dem&$ = ! cook]y ( an equal quantity ( meat1 & !re=e1 :ile ! ?aw$ portion ( ! meat is be+ cook$1 ! froz5 portion is b j ?aw$1 & rema9s q raw4 ,a mu* long] "t is dem&$ = ?aw+--i4e4 supply+ #adb ( lat5t heat--?an might be suppos$4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ?aw+ is complet$1 drive an iron skew] ?r\gh ! ?icke/ "p ( ! jo9t4 ,if !re is a core ( ice )9 x w be di/9ctly felt by its resi/ance4 ,a correspond5t asks me :i* is ! mo/ nutriti\s--a slice ( ,engli% beef 9 its own gravy or ! br[n$ morsel z s]v$ 9 an ,italian re/aurant ) ! c>amel addition to ! gravy8 ,?is is a v fair "q1 & n difficult to answ]4 ,if bo? are equally cook$1 nei!r ov]done nor und]done1 !y mu/ conta91 weight = weight1 exactly ! same con/itu5ts 9 equally dige/ible =m1 s f> z *emical composition is conc]n$4 ,:e!r !y w actually be dige/$ ) equal facility & assimilat$ ) equal complet5ess dep5ds ^u some?+ else n measurable by *emical analysis1 viz4 ! reli% ) :i* !y are respectively eat54 ,to "s p]sons ! undisguis$ fle%9ess ( ! ,engli% slice1 especially if und]done1 is v repugnant4 ,to ^! ! correspond+ morsel1 cook$ accord+ to ,g\ff r ?an ,mrs4 ,beeton1 w\ld be m nutriti\s4 ,to ! c>nivor\s ,john ,bull1 :o reg>ds su* di%es z #8na/y ,fr5* messes' ( que/ionable composition1 ! slice ( unmi/akable ox-fle%1 f a visible jo9t1 w\ld obta9 all ! advantages ( appreciative ma/ication1 & t sympa?y betwe5 ! bra9 & ! /oma* :i* is s p[]ful t1 :5 discordantly ex]t$1 x may produce ! effects t are record$ 9 ! case ( ! sport+ travell] :o 0 invit$ by a ,r$ ,indian *ief to a #8dog-fight1' & ate ) reli% ! sav\ry di%es at :at he suppos$ to be a prelim9>y banquet4 ,dige/ion 0 tranquilly & heal?fully proce$+1 "u ! soo?+ influ5ce ( ! calumet1 :5 he ask$ ! *ief :5 ! fight w\ld comm5ce4 ,on be+ told t x 0 ov]1 & t1 9 ! f9al ragot he _h prais$ s highly1 ! la/ puppy-dog possess$ by ! tribe _h be5 cook$ 9 8 hon\r1 ! normal c\rse ( dige/ion ( ! hon\r$ gue/ 0 completely rev]s$4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( c>amel1 ,i %\ld say a few words ab\t ,fr5* c(fee1 or #8,c(fee z 9 ,france1' ( :i* we he> s mu*4 ,!re are two secrets ^u :i* dep5d ! excell5ce ( our neighb\rs 9 ! production ( ?is bev]age4 ,fir/1 economy 9 us+ ! wat]2 second1 flav\r+ ) c>amel4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 x appe>s t ,engli% h\sewives h be5 demoralis$ by ! habitual use ( tea1 & apply to ! infusion ( c(fee ! popul> =mula = t ( tea1 #8a spoonful = ea* p]son & "o = ! pot4' ,! ,fr5* aft]-d9n] c(fee-cup has ab\t "o-?ird ( ! liquid capacity ( a full-siz$ ,engli% breakfa/-cup1 b ! quantity ( solid c(fee suppli$ to ea* cupful is m ?an equal to t ord9>ily all[$ = ! l>g] ,engli% measure ( wat]4 ,besides ?is1 ! c(fee is commonly1 ?\gh n univ]sally1 flav\r$ ) a specially & skilfully-prep>$ c>amel1 in/ead ( ! *icory s l>gely us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,mu* ( ! s-call$ #8,fr5* c(fee' n[ sold by our groc]s 9 t9s is c>amel flav\r$ ) c(fee r ?an c(fee flav\r$ ) c>amel1 & _m %rewd ,engli% h\sewives h discov]$ t by mix+ ! *eape/ ( ^! ,fr5* c(fees ) an equal quantity ( pure c(fee !y obta9 a bett] result ?an ) ! common dome/ic mixture ( ?ree p>ts c(fee & "o ( *icory4 ,a few mon?s ago a sample ( #8c(fee-f9+s' 0 s5t to me = *emical exam9ation1 t ,i might c]tify to its composition & :olesom5ess4 ,i describ$ x 9 my report z #8a c>amel1 ) a peculi>ly ri* aroma & flav\r1 evid5tly due to ! vegetable juices or extractive matt] naturally unit$ ) ! sac*>9e sub/ance f :i* x is prep>$4' ,i _h no def9ite in=mation ( ! exact nature ( ?is sac*>9e sub/ance1 b h s9ce le>n$ t x 0 a bye-product ( sug> ref9+4 ,nei!r ! juice ( ! beetroot nor ! sap ( ! sug>-cane consi/s entirely ( pure sug> dissolv$ 9 pure wat]4 ,!y bo? conta9 o!r con/itu5ts common to vegetable juices1 & "s peculi> to !mselves4 ,^! mucilag9\s matt]s1 :5 r\ghly sep>at$1 c>ry d[n ) !m "s sug>1 & =m a sort ( co>se sweetwort1 capable by skilful treatm5t ( produc+ a ri* c>amel well suit$ = mix+ ) c(fee4 ,return+ to ! subject ( fry+1 we enc\nt] a good illu/ration ( ! practical importance ( s\nd !ory4 ,a great deal ( fi% & o!r k9ds ( food is badly & wa/efully cook$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! preval5ce ( a false !ory ( fry+4 ,x is evid5t t _m dome/ic cooks 7n hotel or re/aurant cooks7 h a vague idea t ! metal plate =m+ ! bottom ( ! fry+-pan %\ld directly convey ! heat ( ! fire to ! fri$ sub/ance1 & t ! bit ( butt] or l>d or dripp+ put into ! pan is us$ to prev5t ! fi% f /ick+ to x or to add to ! ri*ness ( ! fi% by sme>+ its surface4 ,! !ory :i* ,i h prop\nd$ above is t ! melt$ fat cooks by convection ( heat1 j z wat] does 9 ! s-call$ boil+ ( meat4 ,if ?is is correct1 x is evid5t t ! fi%1 c41 %\ld be completely imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( melt$ fat or oil1 & t ! turn+ ov] dem&$ by ! greas$-plate !ory is unnecess>y4 ,well educat$ cooks und]/& ?is di/9ctly1 & use a deep] vessel ?an our common fry+-pan1 *>ge ?is ) a quantity ( fat suffici5t to cov] ! fi%1 :i* is simply laid ^u a wire support1 or fry+-basket & left 9 ! hot fat until ! br[n+ ( its surface1 or ( ! fl\r or bread-crumbs ) :i* x is coat$ indicates ! suffici5cy ( ! cook]y4 ,! illu/ration is f ,g\ff's excell5t cook]y-book already quot$1 & is introduc$ because ,i h f\nd x s little und]/ood by ,engli% h\sewives4 ,fry+-kettles may n[ be pur*as$ at all our be/ ,engli% ironmong]s1 ?\gh until rec5tly !y 7 difficult to obta94 ,my lectures & pap]s h l>gely ext5d$ ! dem& & consequ5t supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,at fir/ sight ! deep fat ba? appe>s extravagant1 z comp>$ ) ! practice ( greas+ ! bottom ( ! pan ) a little dab ( fat1 b any h\sewife :o w apply to ! fry+ ( sprats1 h]r+s1 c41 ! me?od ( quantitative inductive rese>*1 describ$ & advocat$ by ,"l ,bacon 9 8 #8,novum ,organum ,sci5ti>um1' may prove ! contr>y4 #8,mu/ ,i read ! 8,novum ,organum10 & buy ano!r diction>y1 9 ord] to translate all ?is8' %e may exclaim 9 despair4 #8,no6' is my reply4 ,?is ,baconian inductive me?od1 to :i* we are indebt$ = all ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce1 is no?+ m nor less ?an ! sy/ematic & ord]ly application ( common s5se & def9ite measurem5t to practical que/ions4 ,9 ?is case x may be appli$ simply by fry+ a weigh$ quantity ( any k9d ( fi% or cutlet1 c41 9 a weigh$ quantity ( fat us$ z a ba?2 !n weigh+ ! fat t rema9s & subtract+ ! latt] weight f ! fir/1 to det]m9e ! quantity consum$4 ,if ! fry+ be prop]ly p]=m$1 & ?is quantity comp>$ ) t :i* is consum$ by ! me?od ( m]ely greas+ ! pan-bottom1 ! ba? fry+ w be prov$ to be ! m economical z well z ! m effici5t me?od4 ,! reason ( ?is is simply t mu* or all ( ! fat is burnt & wa/$ :5 only a ?9 film is spread on ! bottom ( ! pan1 :ile no su* wa/e occurs :5 ! ba? ( fat is prop]ly us$4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! dissociation ( fat comm5ces is bel[ t requir$ = delicately br[n+ ! surface ( ! fi% itself1 or ( ! fl\r or bread-crumbs1 & !re=e no fat is burnt away f ! ba?1 z x is by ! ov]-heat$ portions ( a m]ely greas$ fry+-pan2 & z reg>ds ! quantity adh]+ to ! fi% itself1 ?is may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by )draw+ x f ! ba? :5 ! :ole is uni=mly at ! maximum cook+ temp]ature1 & all[+ ! fluid fat to dra9 (f at once4 ,x may be suppos$ t by complete imm]sion ( ! fi% 9 ! fat-ba?1 m fat w soak into x1 b su* is n ! case2 ! wat] amid/ ! fibres ( ! fi% is boil+ & driv+ out /eam s rapidly t no fat c ent] if ! heat is well ma9ta9$ to ! la/ mom5t1 & ! fry+ n cont9u$ too long4 ,:5 cook$ on ! greas$ plate1 "o side is necess>ily cool+1 & ! fat settl+ d[n into ! fi% to occupy ! pores left vacu\s by ! cond5s+ /eam1 :ile ! o!r is be+ heat$ f bel[4 ,! temp]ature ( ! fat-ba? may be te/$ by ! ord9>y cook's me?od--t ( ?r[+ into x a small piece ( bread-crumb ab\t ! size ( a nut4 ,if x frizzles & produces l>ge bubbles ( /eam1 ! full temp]ature ( fry+ 9 ! hotte/ ( fat is rea*$2 if x frizzles slightly1 & only gives out small /eam-bubbles1 y h ! temp]ature dem&$ = sl[ fry+4 ,! ba?-fry+ dem&s sep>ate supplies ( fat#i--"o = fi%1 ano!r = cutlets & o!r simil> k9ds ( meat1 a ?ird = su* goody-goodies z apple-fritt]s--a mo/ :olesome & delici\s di%1 too r>ely se5 on ,engli% tables4 ,i suspect t ! preval5ce ( ! greas$ fry+-pan is ! reason ( its r>ity4 ,cook$ by ?is b>b>ic device1 apples are sc>cely eatable1 b :5 ?9 slices are imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( melt$ fat at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj ,fahr41 ! wat] ( _! juice is sudd5ly boil$1 & z ?is wat] is conta9$ 9 a multitude ( little bladd]like cells1 !y bur/1 & ! :ole /ructure is puff$ out to a mo/ delicate lightness1 f> m suitable = foll[+ solid meats ?an sodd5$ fruit envelop$ 9 heavy indige/ible pudd+-pa/e4 ,ano!r advantage is t ) prop] app>atus 7wire basket1 kettle1 & /ore ( special fat7 ! fritt]s c be prep>$ & cook$ 9 ab\t "o-t5? ( ! "t dem&$ = ! prep>ation & cook]y ( an apple pudd+ or pie4 ,a few seconds ( imm]sion 9 ! fat-ba? is suffici5t4 ,! fat us$ 9 fry+ requires occasional purification4 ,i may illu/rate ! pr9ciple on :i* x %\ld be conduct$ by describ+ ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ref9+ ( m9]al oils1 su* z petroleum or ! p>aff9 di/illates ( bitum9\s %ales4 ,^! are d>k1 t>ry liquids ( treacle-l consi/5cy1 ) a /rong & (f5sive od\r4 ,nev]!less !y are1 at b little co/1 conv]t$ into ! #8cry/al oil' us$ = lamps1 & t beautiful pe>ly sub/ance1 ! solid1 transluc5t p>aff9 n[ s l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,besides ^!1 we obta9 f ! same dirty s\rce an int]m$iate sub/ance1 ! well-kn[n #8,vasel9e1' n[ becom+ ! basis ( mo/ ( ! o9tm5ts ( ! ph>macopia4 ,?is purification is effect$ by agitation ) sulphuric acid1 :i* p>tly c>bonises & p>tly comb9es ) ! impurities1 & sep>ates !m 9 ! =m ( a f\l & acrid black mess1 kn[n te*nically z #8acid t>4' ,:5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 ! di/illation ( cannel & %ale 9 ,fl9t%ire1 ?is acid t> 0 a t]rible bugbe>4 ,x f\nd its way my/]i\sly into ! ,alyn riv] & poison$ ! tr\t2 b n[1 if ,i am correctly in=m$1 ! ,scot* manufactur]s h turn$ x to pr(itable acc\nt4 ,animal fat & vegetable oils are simil>ly purifi$4 ,v objectionable refuse fat ( v>i\s k9ds is ?us made into tall[1 or mat]ial = ! soap-mak]1 & grease = lubricat+ ma*9]y4 ,unsav\ry /ories h be5 told ab\t ! manufacture ( butt] f ,?ames mud or ! nodules ( fat t are ga!r$ !refrom by ! mudl>ks1 b !y are all false 7see pap] on #8,! ,oleag9\s ,product ( ,?ames ,mud' 9 #8,sci5ce 9 ,%ort ,*apt]s'74 ,x may be possible to purify fatty matt] f ! f\le/ ( admixtures1 & d ?is s completely z to produce a s(t1 ta/eless fat1 i4e4 a butt] sub/itute1 b su* a curiosity w\ld co/ m ?an half a cr[n p] p\nd1 & !re=e ! m>ket is safe1 especially z ! degree ( purification requir$ = soap-mak+ & ma*9]y grease co/s b little & ! dem& = su* fat is v great4 ,^! me?ods ( purification are n available 9 ! kit*51 z oil ( vitriol is a vici\s comp\nd4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is "s ( ! ,academicians devot$ !mselves v e>ne/ly to ! subject ( ! purification ( fat 9 ord] to produce :at !y t]m$ #8siege butt]' f ! refuse ( slaught]-h\ses1 c41 & edible salad oils f crude colza oil1 f ! rancid fi% oils us$ by ! lea!r-dress]1 c4 ,^? :o are specially int]e/$ 9 ! subject may f9d "s curi\s pap]s 9 ! #8,comptes ,r5dus' ( t p]iod4 ,9 vol4 lxxi41 page #cf1 ,m4 ,boillot describes 8 me?od ( mix+ kit*5-/uff & o!r refuse fat ) lime-wat]1 agitat+ ! mixture :5 heat$1 & !n neutralis+ ) an acid4 ,! product ?us obta9$ is describ$ z admirably adapt$ = cul9>y op]ations1 & ! me?od is applicable to ! purpose "h "u consid]ation4 ,fur!r on 9 ! same volume is a #8,note on ,suets & ,alim5t>y ,fats' by ,m4 ,dubrunfaut1 :o tells u t ! mo/ ta9t$ ( alim5t>y fats & rancid oils may be depriv$ ( _! bad od\rs by #8appropriate fry+4' ,8 me?od is to raise ! temp]ature ( ! fat to #adj to #aej ,c5t4 7#bhd to #cjb ,fahr47 9 a fry+-pan2 !n cauti\sly spr9kle ^u x small quantities ( wat]4 ,! /eam c>ries (f ! volatile fatty acids :i* produce ! rancidity 9 su* z fi% oils1 & also removes ! neutral (f5sive fatty matt]s t are decomposable by heat4 ,9 ano!r pap] by ,m4 ,fua ?is me?od is appli$ to ! removal ( cellul> tissue ( crude fats f slaught]-h\ses4 ,x is really no?+ m ?an ! old f>mh\se proce$+ ( #8r5d]+' l>d1 by fry+ ! membran\s fat until ! membran\s matt] is br[n$ & aggregat$ into small nodules1 :i* con/itute ! #8scrat*+s'--a delicacy greatly reli%$ by our ,briti% pl\ghboys at pig-kill+ "t1 b r too ri* 9 pork-fat to supply a suitable meal = p ( s$5t>y vocations4 ,! action ( heat ?us appli$ & long-cont9u$ is simil> to t ( ! /rong sulphuric acid4 ,! impurities ( ! fat are organic matt]s m easily decomposable ?an ! fat itself1 or o!rwise /at$1 !y are dissociat$ into c>bon & wat] at ab\t #cjj ,fahr41 :i* is a l[] temp]ature ?an t requir$ = ! dissociation ( ! pure oil or fat4 ,by ma9ta9+ ?is temp]ature1 ^! comp\nds become fir/ c>amelis$1 !n c>bonis$ ne>ly to blackness1 :5 all _! p[]s ( (f5siv5ess vani%4 ,9 ! m viol5t factory process ( purification by sulphuric acid ! simil> action :i* occurs is due to ! p[]ful aff9ity ( ?is acid = wat]3 ?is may be /rik+ly %[n by add+ to ?ick syrup or p\nd$ sug> ab\t its own bulk ( oil ( vitriol1 :5 a m>vell\s commotion occurs1 & a magnifi$ black c9d] is produc$ by ! sep>ation ( ! wat] f ! sug>4 ,! foll[+ simple practical =mula may be r$uc$ f ^! data4 ,:5 a consid]able quantity ( mu*-us$ fry+-fat is accumulat$1 heat x to ab\t #cjj ,fahr41 z indicat$ by ! crackl+ ( wat] :5 spr9kl$ on x1 or1 bett] /ill1 by a prop]ly-con/ruct$ !rmomet]4 ,!n p\r ! melt$ fat on hot wat]4 ,?is mu/ be done c>efully1 z a l>ge quantity ( fat at #cjj p\r$ ^u a small quantity ( boil+ wat] w illu/rate ! fact t wat] :5 sudd5ly heat$ is an explosive comp\nd4 ,! quantity ( wat] %\ld exce$ t ( ! fat1 & ! p\r+ be done gradually4 ,!n agitate ! fat & wat] toge!r1 &1 if ! op]ator is suffici5tly skilful & intellig5t1 ! purification may be c>ri$ fur!r by c>efully boil+ ! wat] "u ! fat & all[+ its /eam to pass ?r\gh2 b ?is is a little dang]\s1 on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( :at ! practical *emi/ calls #8bump+1' or ! sudd5 =mation ( a big bubble ( /eam t w\ld kick a good deal ( ! sup]abundant fat into ! fire4 ,:e!r ?is supplem5t>y boil+ is c>ri$ out or n1 ! fat & ! wat] %\ld be left toge!r to cool gradually1 :5 a d>k lay] ( c>bonis$ impurities w be f\nd re/+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & adh]+ to ! bottom ( ! cake ( fat4 ,?is may be peel$ (f & put into ! wa/e grease-pot to be fur!r ref9$ ) ! next op]ation4 ,ultimately ! wor/ ( x w s9k to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,a c>eful cook may keep ! supply ( fry+ fat cont9ually good1 by simply p\r+ x into a bas9 7a deep pudd+-bas9 ) small area at bottom is be/71 lett+ x solidify !re1 & !n p>+ away ! bottom s$im5t4 ,ev5 ?is dirty-look+ s$im5t ne$ n be altoge!r wa/$4 ,:5 a consid]able quantity has accumulat$ x may be purifi$ by ! me?od ( ,dubrunfaut & ,fua above describ$4 ,z ord9>y !rmomet]s regi/] b little above #bab1 & laboratory !rmomet]s are too delicately con/ruct$ = kit*5 use1 ,i reque/$ ,messrs4 ,davis ,co4 to con/ruct a special !rmomet] = te/+ ! temp]ature ( heat$ fat4 ,!y h accord+ly made an in/rum5t t answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,x is l a laboratory !rmomet]1 i4e4 a glass tube ) long bulb & ! degrees engrav$ on ! glass itself1 b ! bulb is turn$ at "r angles to ! tube1 s t x is horizontal :5 ! tube /&s p]p5dicul>1 & lies "u a /& j above ! level ( ! bottom ( ! kettle4 ,! in/rum5t ?us /&s alone firmly1 ) its bulb fully imm]s$ ev5 9 a v %all[ ba? ( fat4 ,g\ff says3 #8,fat is ! be/ = fry+2 ! light-col\r$ dripp+ ( roa/ meat1 & ! fat tak5 (f bro? are to be pref]r$4 ,^! fail+1 beef suet1 *opp$ f9e & melt$ d[n on a sl[ fire1 )\t br[n+1 w d v well2 :5 ! bottom ( ! /ewpan c be se5 ?r\gh ! suet1 x is suffici5tly melt$4' ,he is no advocate = l>d1 #8z x always leaves an unpleasant coat+ ( fat on :atev] is fri$ 9 x4' ,olive oil ( ! be/ quality is almo/ absolutely ta/eless1 & hav+ z high a boil+ po9t z animal fats x is ! be/ ( all fry+ m$ia4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re is a prejudice aga9/ ! use ( su* oil4 ,i h notic$ at "s ( ^? humble b mo/ useful e/abli%m5ts :]e poor p are suppli$ ) p5ny or twop5ny portions ( well-cook$1 good fi%1 t 9 ! front is an inscription /at+ #8only ! be/ beef-dripp+ is us$ 9 ?is e/abli%m5t4' ,?is means a repudiation ( oil4 ,on my fir/ visit to ,arctic ,norway ,i arriv$ be=e ! g>n]+ & exportation ( ! spr+ cod h>ve/ 0 complet$4 ,! packet /opp$ at a score or s ( /ations on ! ,l(od5s & ! ma9l&4 ,foggy wea!r 0 no imp$im5t1 z an exp]i5c$ pilot free f cat>rh c\ld /e] direct to ! h>b\r by #8foll[+ 8 nose4' ,huge cauldrons /ood by ! %ore 9 :i* 7 /ew+ ! la/ bat*es ( ! liv]s ( codfi% caught a mon? be=e & expos$ 9 ! meantime to ! cont9u\s ,arctic sun%9e4 ,_! condition mu/ be imag9$1 z ,i ab/a9 f description ( details4 ,! bus9ess !n proce$+ 0 ! extraction ( ! oil f ^! liv]s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 #8cod-liv] oil1' b is kn[n comm]cially z #8fi% oil1' or #8cod oil4' ,t :i* is sold by our druggi/s z cod-liv] oil is describ$ 9 ,norway z #8m$ic9e oil1' & ?\gh prep>$ f ! same raw mat]ial1 is extract$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,only fre% liv]s are us$ = ?is1 & ! be/ quality1 ! #8cold-drawn' oil1 is obta9$ by press+ ! liv]s )\t /ew+4 ,^? :o are un=tunately famili> ) ?is c>efully-prep>$1 highly-ref9$ product1 "k t ! fi%y flav\r cl+s to x s p]t9aci\sly t all attempts to completely remove x )\t decompos+ ! oil h fail$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is easily und]/ood t ! fi% oil /ew$ s crudely out ( ! putrid or semi-putrid liv]s mu/ be nause\s inde$4 ,x is nev]!less us$ by "s ( ! fi%-fry]s1 & refuse #8,gallipoli' 7olive oil ( ! wor/ quality7 is sold = ?is purpose4 ,! oil obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( salt+ s>d9es1 h]r+s1 c41 is also us$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is n surpris+ t ! use ( oil = fry+ %\ld1 l ! oil itself1 be 9 bad od\r4 ,i dwell ^u ?is because we are probably on :at1 if a f9e writ]1 ,i %\ld call ! #8eve ( a great revolution' 9 respect to fry+ m$ia4 ,two new mat]ials1 pure1 ta/eless1 & s *eap z to be capable ( pu%+ pig-fat 7l>d7 out ( ! m>ket1 h rec5tly be5 introduc$4 ,^! are cotton-se$ oil & poppy-se$ oil4 ,! fir/ has be5 = "s "t 9 ! m>ket (f]$ = sale "u v>i\s fictiti\s names1 :i* ,i w n reveal1 z ,i refuse to become a m$ium = ! adv]tisem5t ( any?+--h[ev] good 9 itself--t is sold "u false pret5ces4 ,z e bale ( cotton yields half a ton ( se$1 & e ton ( se$ may be made to yield #bh lbs4 to #cb lbs4 ( crude oil1 ! available quantity is v great4 ,at pres5t only a small quantity is made1 ! surplus se$ be+ us$ z manure4 ,its f]tilis+ value w\ld n be dim9i%$ by remov+ ! oil1 :i* is only a hydro-c>bon1 i4e4 mat]ial suppli$ by air & wat]4 ,all ! f]tilis+ con/itu5ts ( ! se$ are left beh9d 9 ! oil-cake f :i* ! oil has be5 press$4 ,hi!rto cotton-se$ oil has fall5 among ?ieves4 ,x is us$ z an adult]ant ( olive oil2 s>d9es & pil*>ds are pack$ 9 x4 ,! s>d9e trade has decl9$ lately1 "s say f defici5t supplies ( ! fi%4 ,i suspect t !re has be5 a decl9e 9 ! dem& due to ! sub/itution ( ?is oil = t ( ! olive4 ,_m p :o =m]ly enjoy$ s>d9es no long] c>e = !m1 & !y d n "k :y4 ,! sub/itution ( cotton-se$ oil expla9s ?is 9 mo/ cases4 ,x is n rancid1 has no decid$ flav\r1 b /ill is unpleasant :5 eat5 raw1 z ) salads or s>d9es4 ,x has a flat1 cold "*1 & an aft] ta/e t is fa9tly sugge/ive ( ca/or oil2 b fa9t z x is1 x int]f]es ) ! dem& = a purely luxuri\s article ( food4 ,?is delicate defect is q inappreciable 9 ! results ( its use z a fry+ m$ium4 ,! v be/ l>d or ord9>y kit*5 butt]1 eat5 cold1 has m ( objectionable flav\r ?an ref9$ cotton-se$ oil4 ,i h n ta/$ poppy-se$ oil1 b am told t x is simil> to t f ! cotton-se$4 ,z reg>ds ! quantities available1 "s idea may be =m$ by pluck+ a ripe head f a g>d5 poppy & %ak+ out ! little r\nd se$s ?r\gh ! w9d[s on ! top4 ,^? :o h n tri$ ?is w be a/oni%$ at ! numb]s produc$ by ea* fl[]4 ,z poppies are l>gely cultivat$ = ! production ( opium1 & ! yield ( ! drug itself by ea* plant is v small1 ! supplies ( oil may be consid]able2 #ega1edb cwt4 ( se$s 7 export$ f ,india la/ ye>1 ( :i* #cdf1jca cwt4 w5t to ,france4 ,palm oil1 ?\gh at pres5t practically unkn[n 9 ! kit*51 may easily become an e/eem$ mat]ial = ! fry+-kettle4 ,at pres5t1 ! famili> uses ( palm oil 9 c&le-mak+ & = railway grease w cause my sugge/ion to %ock ! n]ves ( _m delicate p1 b ^! %\ld rememb] t be=e palm oil 0 import$ at all1 ! mat]ial f :i* c&les & soap 7 made1 & by :i* c>t :eels & heavy ma*9]y 7 greas$1 0 tall[--i4e4 ! fat ( mutton & beef4 ,! reason :y our gr&mo!rs did n use c&les = fry+ :5 %ort ( dripp+ or suet 0 t ! mutton fat con/itut+ ! c&le 0 impure1 s are ! yell[ c&les & yell[ grease 9 ! axle-boxes ( ! railway c>riages4 ,?is vegetable fat is q z in(f5sive 9 itself1 q z :olesome1 &--s5tim5tally reg>d$--less objectionable1 ?an ! fat obta9$ f ! c>cass ( a slaught]$ animal4 ,:5 common s5se & true s5tim5t supplant m]e unreason+ prejudice1 vegetable oils & vegetable fats w l>gely supplant ^? ( animal orig9 9 e elem5t ( our diet>y4 ,we are b j beg9n+ to und]/& !m4 ,*evreul1 :o 0 ! fir/ to tea* u ! *emi/ry ( fats1 is /ill liv+1 & we are only le>n+ h[ to make butt] 7n #8inf]ior ,dorset1' b #8*oice ,norm&y'7 )\t ! aid ( dairy produce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 good reason = anticipat+ t ! inexhau/ible supplies ( oil obta9able f ! vegetable _w--especially f tropical vegetation--w ere long be freely available = kit*5 uses1 & ! n[ popul> product ( ! ,*icago hog factories w be altoge!r bani%$ !refrom1 & us$ only = greas+ c>t-:eels & o!r ma*9]y4 ,z a practical conclusion ( ?is "p ( my subject1 ,i w quote f ! #8,oil ,trade ,review' ( ?is mon?1 ,decemb] #ahhd1 ! curr5t :olesale prices ( "s ( ! oils possibly available = fry+ purposes3 olive oil1 f #dcl4 to #ijl4 p] tun ( #beb gallons2 cod oil1 #cfl4 p] tun2 s>d9e or tra9 7i4e4 ! oil t dra9s f pil*>ds1 h]r+s1 s>d9es1 c41 :5 salt$71 #bgl4 #ajs4 to #bhl4 p] tun2 cocoanut1 f #cel4 to #chl4 p] ton ( #bj cwt4 7,?is1 9 ! case ( oil1 is ne>ly ! same z ! measur$ tun47 ,palm1 f #chl4 to #djl4 #ajs4 p] ton2 palm-nut or copra1 #cal4 #ajs4 p] ton2 ref9$ cotton-se$1 #cjl4 #ajs4 to #cal4 p] ton2 l>d1 #ecl4 to #eel4 p] ton4 ,! above are ! extreme ranges ( ea* class4 ,i h n copi$ ! te*nical names & prices ( ! int]m$iate v>ieties4 ,"o p5ny p] lb4 is #il4 #fs4 #h;d4 p] ton1 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #al4 p] ton may be reckon$ z #a_/i? ( a p5ny p] lb4 ,?us ! pres5t price ( be/ ref9$ cotton-se$ oil is #c;d4 p] lb42 ( cocoanut oil1 #c;d42 palm oil1 f #c;d4 to #d;d41 :ile l>d co/s #f;d4 p] lb4 :olesale4 ,i %\ld add1 9 ref]5ce to ! se$-oils1 t !re is a possible objection to _! use z fry+ m$ia4 ,oils extract$ f se$s conta9 m or less ( l9ole9e 7s nam$ f its abundance 9 l9se$ oil71 :i*1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 comb9es ) oxyg51 swells & dries4 ,if ! oil f cotton-se$ or poppy-se$ conta9s too mu* ( ?is1 x w ?ick5 inconv5i5tly :5 kept = a l5g? ( "t expos$ to ! air4 ,palm oil is practically free f x1 b ,i am d\btful respect+ palm-nut oil1 z mo/ ( ! nut oils are #8dri]s4' ,extravagant cooks delude confid+ mi/resses by dem&+ butt] = ord9>y fry+4 ,a v5]ation = co/l9ess is "o ( ! vulg> vices1 especially dom9ant bel[ /airs4 ,9 _m cases a worse motive induces ! d5unciation ( ! dripp+ & skimm$ fat recomm5d$ by ,g\ff z above1 & ! sub/itution ( l>d or butt] = x4 ,?is is ! practice ( sell+ ! dripp+ z #8kit*5 /uff4' ,,footnote3 #i ,! necessity = ?is is n s great z may appe> !oretically4 ,i h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( hav+ veal cutlets fri$ 9 a ba? previ\sly us$ = fi%1 & 0 n able to detect any fi%y flav\r z ,i expect$ ,i %\ld4 ,?is 0 ! case ev5 :5 ,i knew t ! fi% fat _h be5 us$1 & ,i 0 consequ5tly f> m critical ?an "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,ev5 apple-fritt]s may be cook$ 9 fat t has be5 us$ = fi%4 ,i h tri$ ?is s9ce ! above 0 writt5 & am surpris$ at ! result4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/ew+4 ,,"s ( my read]s may ?9k t ,i ought to h treat$ ?is 9 connection ) ! boil+ ( meat1 z boil+ & /ew+ are commonly reg>d$ z m]e modifications ( ! same process4 ,accord+ to my mode ( reg>d+ ! subject1 i4e4 ) ref]5ce to ! object to be atta9$1 !y are opposite processes4 ,! object 9 ! s-call$ #8boil+' (1 say1 a leg ( mutton1 is to raise ! temp]ature ( ! meat ?r\gh\t j up to ! cook+ temp]ature 9 su* a mann] t x %all z ne>ly z possible reta9 all its juices2 ! hot wat] m]ely op]at+ z a vehicle or m$ium = convey+ ! heat4 ,9 /ew+ ne>ly all ?is is rev]s$4 ,! juices are to be extract$ m or less completely1 & ! wat] is requir$ to act z a solv5t z well z a heat-conveyor4 ,in/ead ( ! meat itself surr\nd+ & envelop+ ! juices z x %\ld :5 boil$1 roa/$1 grill$1 or fri$1 we dem& 9 a /ew t ! juices %all surr\nd or envelop ! meat4 ,9 "s cases ! sep>ation ( ! juices is ! sole object1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 s\ps & gravies1 ( :i* #8beef-tea' may be tak5 z a typical example4 ,extractum c>nis1 or ,liebig's #8,extract ( ,meat' is beef-tea 7or mutton-tea7 conc5trat$ by evaporation4 ,! juices ( lean meat may be extract$ v completely )\t cook+ ! meat at all1 m]ely by m9c+ x & !n plac+ x 9 cold wat]4 ,mac]ation is ! prop] "n = ?is treatm5t4 ,! philosophy ( ?is is int]e/+1 & s little und]/ood 9 ! kit*5 t ,i mu/ expla9 its rudim5ts4 ,if two liquids capable ( mix+ toge!r1 b ( diff]5t d5sities1 be plac$ 9 ! same vessel1 ! d5s] at ! bottom1 !y w mix toge!r 9 defiance ( gravitation1 ! heavy liquid ris+ & spread+ itself ?r\gh\t ! light]1 & ! light] desc5d+ & diffus+ itself ?r\gh ! heavi]4 ,?us1 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 :i* has ne>ly d\ble ! d5sity ( wat]1 may be plac$ "u wat] by p\r+ wat] 9 a tall glass j>1 & !n c>efully p\r+ ! acid d[n a funnel ) a long tube1 ! bottom end ( :i* t\*es ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,at fir/ ! heavy liquid pu%es up ! light]1 & its upp] surface may be di/9ctly se5 ) t ( ! light] re/+ ^u x4 ,?is is bett] %[n if ! wat] be col\r$ by a blue t9cture ( litmus1 :i* is r$d5$ by ! acid4 ,a r$ /ratum indicates ! b\nd>ies ( ! two liquids4 ,gradually ! r$d5+ proce$s upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 ! :ole ( ! wat] *anges f blue to r$1 & ! acid becomes t+$4 ,graham work$ = _m ye>s ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! laws ( ?is diffusion1 & ! rates at :i* diff]5t liquids diffus$ into ea* o!r4 ,8 me?od 0 to fill small j>s ( uni=m size & %ape 7ab\t #d oz4 capacity7 ) ! sal9e or o!r d5se solution1 place ^u ! gr\nd m\? ( ! j> a plate-glass cov]1 !n imm]se x1 :5 fill$1 9 a cyl9drical glass vessel conta9+ ab\t #bj oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! cov] be+ v c>efully remov$1 diffusion 0 all[$ to proce$ = a giv5 "t1 & !n by analysis ! am\nt ( transf] into ! di/ill$ wat] 0 det]m9$4 ,i mu/ resi/ ! temptation to exp\nd ! v int]e/+ results ( ^! rese>*es1 m]ely /at+ t !y prove ?is diffusion to be no m]e accid5tal mix+1 b an action t proce$s ) a regul>ity r$ucible to simple ma!matical laws4 ,"o curi\s fact ,i may m5tion--viz4 t on comp>+ ! solutions ( a numb] ( diff]5t salts1 ^? :i* cry/allise 9 ! same =ms h simil> rates ( diffusion4 ,! law t be>s ! mo/ directly ^u cook]y is t #8! quantity ( any sub/ance diffus$ f a solution ( uni=m /r5g? increases z ! temp]ature rises4' ,! application ( ?is w be se5 pres5tly4 ,x may be suppos$ t if ! j> us$ 9 ,graham's diffusion exp]im5ts 7 ti$ ov] ) a me*anically air-tight & wat]-tight membrane1 ! br9e or o!r sal9e solution ?us conf9$ 9 ! j> c\ld n diffuse itself into ! pure wat] above & ar\nd x2 p :o are satisfi$ ) any?+ t #8/&s to reason' w\ld be q sure t a bladd] :i* resi/s ! passage ( wat]1 ev5 :5 ! wat] is press$ up to ! bur/+-po9t1 _c be p]meable to a mo/ g5tle & spontane\s fl[ ( ! same wat]4 ,! true philosoph]1 h[ev]1 nev] tru/s to any reason+1 n ev5 ma!matical demon/ration1 until its conclusions are v]ifi$ by obs]vations & exp]im5t4 ,9 ?is case all rational preconceptions or ma!matical calculations bas$ ^u ! am\nt ( attractive =ce ex]t$ betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! diff]5t liquids are outrag$ by ! facts4 ,if a /\t1 well-ti$ bladd] t w\ld bur/ r ?an all[ a drop ( wat] to be squeez$ me*anically ?r\gh x be p>tially fill$ ) a solution ( common wa%+ soda1 & !n imm]s$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ! soda w make its way out ( ! bladd] by pass+ ?r\gh its walls1 & ! pure wat] w g 9 at ! same "t2 = if1 aft] "s "t is all[$1 ! out] wat] be te/$ by dipp+ into x a /rip ( r$ litmus pap]1 x w be turn$ blue1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( ! alkali !re91 & if ! cont5ts ( ! bladd] be weigh$ or measur$1 !y w be f\nd to h increas$ by ! infl[ ( fre% wat]4 ,?is infl[ is call$ endosmosis1 & ! outfl[ ( ! solution is call$ exosmosis4 ,if an indi>ubb] bottle be fill$ ) wat] & imm]s$ 9 alcohol or e!r1 ! endosmosis ( ! _s w be s p[]fully ex]t$ z to di/5d ! bottle consid]ably4 ,if ! bottle be fill$ ) alcohol or e!r1 & surr\nd$ by wat]1 x w ne>ly empty itself4 ,! =ce ex]t$ by ?is action is display$ by ! ris+ ( ! sap f ! rootlets ( a =e/ giant to ! cells ( its topmo/ leaves4 ,n only plants1 b animals also1 are complex osmotic ma*9es4 ,!re is sc>cely any vital function--if any at all--9 :i* ?is osmosis does n play an important "p4 ,i h no d\bt t ! m5tal ef=t ,i am at ?is mom5t ex]t+ is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! endosmosis & exosmosis t is proce$+ ?r\gh ! delicate membranes ( "s ( ! _m miles ( blood-vessels t ramify ?r\gh\t ! grey matt] ( my bra94 ,b ,i mu/ w&] no f>!r beyond ! kit*51 hav+ already said en\gh to indicate t diosmosis 7:i* is ! g5]al t]m us$ = express+ ! actions ( endosmosis & exosmosis z !y occur simultane\sly7 does ! "w ( extract+ ! p]man5t juices ( meat :5 x is imm]s$ 9 ei!r hot or cold wat]4 ,i say p]man5t juices ) int5t1 9 ord] to exclude ! album51 :i* be+ coagulable at ! l[e/ cook+ temp]ature is n p]man5t4 ,x is "o ( t class ( bodies to :i* ,graham gave ! "n ( colloids 7glue-l71 su* z />*1 dextr91 gum1 c41 to di/+ui% !m f ano!r class1 ! cry/alloids1 or bodies t cry/allise on solidification4 ,! latt] diffuse & pass ?r\gh membranes by diosmosis readily1 ! colloids v sluggi%ly4 ,?us a solution ( ,epsom salts diffuses sev5 times z rapidly z album51 & f\rte5 times z rapidly z c>amel4 ,! diff]5ce is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! diff]5t diffusibility ( a solution ( ord9>y cry/all9e sug> & t ( b>ley-sug> & c>amel1 ! latt] be+ amorph\s or =mless colloids t dry into a gummy mass :5 _! solutions are evaporat$1 in/ead ( =m+ cry/als z ! orig9al sug> did4 ,"s ( ! juices ( meat1 z already expla9$1 exi/ betwe5 its fibres1 o!rs are )9 ^? fibres or cells1 envelop$ 9 ! %ea? or cell membrane4 ,x is evid5t t ! loose or free juices w be extract$ by simple diffusion1 ^? envelop$ 9 membranes by exosmosis ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,! result mu/ be ! same 9 bo? cases2 ! meat w be p]meat$ by ! wat]1 & ! surr\nd+ wat] w be p]meat$ by ! juices t orig9ally exi/$ )9 ! meat4 ,z ! rate ( diffusion--o!r conditions be+ equal--is proportionate to ! ext5t ( ! surfaces ( ! div]se liquids t are expos$ to ea* o!r1 & z ! rate ( diosmosis is simil>ly proportion$ to ! exposure ( membrane1 x is evid5t t ! cutt+-up ( ! meat w assi/ ! extraction ( its juices by ! creation ( fre% surfaces2 h5ce ! well-kn[n advantage ( m9c+ 9 ! mak+ ( beef-tea4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! condition ( lean meat t has ?us be5 m9c$ & expos$ = a few h\rs to ^! actions by imm]sion 9 cold wat]4 ,on remov+ & /ra9+ su* m9c$ meat x w be f\nd to h lo/ its col\r1 & if x is n[ cook$ x is insipid1 & ev5 nause\s if eat5 9 any quantity4 ,x has be5 giv5 to dogs & cats & pigs2 ^!1 aft] eat+ a little1 refuse to take m1 & :5 suppli$ ) ?is juiceless meat alone1 !y langui%1 become emaciat$1 & die ( />vation if ! exp]im5t is cont9u$4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d contribut$ to ! fallaci\s conclusions ( ! ,fr5* ,academicians4 ,al?\gh ! meat f :i* ! juices are ?us completely extract$ is q wor?less alone1 & meat f :i* !y are p>tially extract$ is ne>ly wor?less alone1 ei!r ( !m becomes valuable :5 eat5 ) ! juices4 ,! /ew$ beef ( ! ,fr5*man w\ld des]ve ! contempt be/[$ ^u x by ! prejudic$ ,engli%man if x 7 eat5 z ! ,engli%man eats 8 roa/ beef2 b :5 prec$$ by a potage conta9+ ! juices ( ! beef x is q z nutriti\s z if roa/$1 & m easily dige/$4 ,graham f\nd t increase ( temp]ature increases ! rate ( diffusion ( liquids1 & 9 accordance ) ?is ! extraction ( ! juices ( meat is effect$ m rapidly by w>m ?an by cold wat]2 b !re is a limit to ?is advantage1 z w be easily und]/ood f :at has already be5 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 conc]n+ ! coagulation ( album51 :i* at ! temp]ature ( #acd ,fahr4 beg9s to %[ signs ( los+ its fluidity2 at #afj becomes a semi-opaque jelly2 at ! boil+ po9t ( wat] is a r t\gh solid2 & if kept at ?is temp]ature1 %r9ks1 & becomes h>d] & h>d]1 t\gh] & t\gh]1 till x atta9s a consi/5ce comp>able to t ( horn temp]$ ) gutta-p]*a4 ,i h spok5 ( beef-tea1 or ,extractum c>nis 7,liebig's #8,extract ( ,meat'71 z an extreme case ( extract+ ! juices ( meat1 & mu/ n[ expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! juices ( an ord9>y /ew4 ,suppos+ ! juices ( ! meat to be extract$ by mac]ation 9 cold wat]1 & ! bro? ?us obta9$ to be heat$ 9 ord] to alt] its raw flav\r1 a scum w be se5 to rise ^u ! surface2 ?is is c>efully remov$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,liebig's #8,extract1' or 9 ! prep>ation ( beef-tea = an invalid1 b 9 ?us skimm+ we remove a highly-nutriti\s con/itu5t--viz4 ! album51 :i* has coagulat$ dur+ ! heat+4 ,! pure beef-tea1 or ,extractum c>nis1 conta9s only ! kreat9e1 kreat99e1 ! soluble phosphates1 ! lactic acid1 & o!r non-coagulable sal9e con/itu5ts1 t are r /imulat+ ?an nutriti\s1 & :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 are n dige/$ at all--i4e4 !y are n conv]t$ into *yme 9 ! /oma*1 d n pass ?r\gh ! pylorus into ! duod5um1 c41 b1 in/ead ( ?is1 _! dilute solution passes1 l ! wat] we dr9k1 directly into ! blood by endosmosis ?r\gh ! delicate membrane ( t m>vell\s network ( microscopic blood-vessels :i* is spread ov] ! surface ( e "o ( ! myriads ( little up/&+ filam5ts :i*1 by _! aggregation1 con/itute ! vill\s or velvet coat ( ! /oma*4 ,9 "s /ates ( pro/ration1 :]e ! blood is insuffici5tly suppli$ ) ^! juices1 ?is endosmosis is l p\r+ new life into ! body1 b x is n :at is requir$ = ! normal su/5ance ( ! heal?y body4 ,= ord9>y food1 all ! nutriti\s con/itu5ts %\ld be reta9$1 ei!r 9 ! meat itself or 9 its liquid surr\nd+4 ,reg>d+ x !oretically1 ,i %\ld dem& ! ret5tion ( ! album5 9 ! meat1 & insi/ ^u its rema9+ !re 9 ! condition ( t5d] semi-solidity1 correspond+ to ! :ite ( an egg :5 p]fectly cook$1 z describ$ 9 page #bb4 ,also t ! gelat9 & fibr9 be s(t5$ by suffici5t dige/ion 9 hot wat]1 & t ! sal9e juices 7^? con/itut+ beef-tea7 be p>tially extract$4 ,i say #8p>tially1' because _! complete extraction1 z 9 ! case ( ! mac]at$ m9c$-meat1 w\ld too completely rob ! meat ( its sapidity4 ,h[1 !n1 may ^! !oretical desid]ata be atta9$8 ,x is evid5t f ! pr9ciples already exp\nd$ t cold extraction takes out ! album51 !re=e ?is mu/ be avoid$2 also t boil+ wat] w h>d5 ! album5 to lea!ry consi/5ce4 ,?is may be %[n exp]im5tally by subject+ an ord9>y beef/eak to ! action ( boil+ wat] = ab\t half an h\r4 ,x w come out 9 ! abom9able condition too (t5 obta9$ by ,engli% cooks :5 !y make an attempt at /ew+--an unkn[n art to ! majority ( !m4 ,su* an ill-us$ morsel defies ! ef=ts ( ord9>y human jaws1 & is curi\sly curl$ & di/ort$4 ,?is t\gh5+ & curl+ is a result ( ! coagulation1 h>d5+1 & %r9kage ( ! album5 z already describ$4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t nei!r cold wat] nor boil+ wat] %\ld be us$ 9 /ew+1 b wat] at ! temp]ature at :i* album5 j beg9s to coagulate--i4e4 ab\t #acd1 or betwe5 ?is & #afj z ! extreme4 ,my def9ition ( /ew+ dem&s a qualification z reg>ds ! album54 ,al?\gh ?is is "o ( ! juices ( ! meat :5 cold1 x %\ld n be extract$ 9 ord9>y /ew+1 z x is 9 ! mac]ation = beef-tea1 & !reby appe> z a scum to be reject$4 ,x %\ld be b>ely coagulat$1 & ?us reta9$ 9 ! meat 9 z t5d] a condition z possible4 ,be+ a colloid 7see ante1 page #aae7 its liability to diffusion is small4 ,b "h we enc\nt] a s]i\s difficulty4 ,h[ is ! unsci5tific cook to det]m9e & ma9ta9 ?is temp]ature8 ,if y tell h] t ! wat] mu/ n boil1 %e %ifts h] /ewpan to ! side ( ! fire1 :]e x %all only simm]1 & %e firmly believes t su* simm]+ wat] has a l[] temp]ature ?an wat] t is boil+ viol5tly ov] ! fire4 #8,x /&s to reason' t x mu/ be s1 & if ! exp]im5tal philosoph] appeals to fact & ! evid5ce ( ! !rmomet]1 he is a #8!ori/4' ,! ,fr5* cook escapes ?is simm]+ delusion by h] common use ( ! ba9-m>ie or #8wat]-ba?1' z we call x 9 ! laboratory1 :]e x is also l>gely us$ = #8dige/+' at temp]atures bel[ #bab4 ,?is is simply a vessel imm]s$ 9 an out] vessel ( wat]4 ,! wat] 9 ! out] vessel may boil1 b t 9 ! inn] vessel _c1 z its evaporation keeps x bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] f :i* its heat is d]iv$4 ,a c>p5t]'s glue-pot is a v good & compact =m ( wat]-ba?4 ,"s ironmong]s keep 9 /ock a =m ( wat]-ba? :i* !y call a #8milk-scald]4' ,?is resembles ! glue-pot1 b has an inn] vessel ( e>!nw>e :i* is1 ( c\rse1 a great improvem5t ^u ! c>p5t]'s device1 z x may be s easily clean$4 ,capta9 ,w>r5's1 & o!r simil> #8cook+-pots1' may be us$ z wat]-ba?s by remov+ ! cov] ( ! inn] vessel4 ,"o ( ! incid5tal advantages ( ! ba9-m>ie is t ! /ew+ may be p]=m$ 9 e>!nw>e or ev5 glass vessels1 see+ t !y are n directly expos$ to ! fire4 ,o!r =ms ( su* d\ble vessels are obta9able at ! be/ ironmong]s4 ,i h lately se5 a v neat app>atus ( ?is k9d1 call$ #8,dolby's ,extractor1' made by ,messrs4 ,griffi?s ,br[ett ( ,birm+ham4 ,?is consi/s ( an e>!nw>e vessel t re/s on a l$ge1 & ?us hangs 9 an out] t9-plate vessel2 b1 in/ead ( wat]1 !re is an air space surr\nd+ ! e>!nw>e pot4 ,a top screws ov] ?is1 & ! :ole /&s 9 an ord9>y saucepan ( wat]4 ,! heat is ?us v sl[ly & /eadily communicat$ ?r\gh an air-ba?1 & x makes excell5t beef-tea4 ,at temp]atures bel[ ! boil+ po9t evaporation proce$s sup]ficially1 & ! rate ( evaporation at a giv5 temp]ature is proportionate to ! surface expos$1 irrespective ( ! total quantity ( wat]2 !re=e1 ! %all[] ! inn] vessel ( ! ba9-m>ie1 & ! great] its upp] outspread1 ! l[] w be ! temp]ature ( its liquid cont5ts :5 its sides & bottom are heat$ by boil+ wat]4 ,! wat] 9 a bas9-%ap$ inn] vessel w h a l[] temp]ature ?an t 9 a vessel ( simil> dep?1 ) upright sides1 & expos+ an equal wat] surface4 ,a good wat]-ba? = /ew+ may be extemporis$ by us+ a common pudd+-bas9 7,i mean "o ) project+ rim1 z us$ = ty+ d[n ! pudd+-clo?71 & select+ a saucepan j big en\gh = ?is to drop into1 & re/ ^u its rim4 ,put ! meat1 c41 to be /ew$ into ! bas91 p\r hot wat] ov] !m1 & hot wat] into ! saucepan1 s t ! bas9 %all be 9 a wat]-ba?2 !n let ?is out] wat] simm]--v g5tly1 s z n to jump ! bas9 ) its /eam4 ,/ew ?us = ab\t d\ble ! "t usually prescrib$ 9 ,engli% cook]y-books1 & comp>e ! result ) simil> mat]ials /ew$ 9 boil+ or #8simm]+' wat]4 ,i h already 7page #ia7 ref]r$ to ! fry+ t1 9 mo/ cases1 %\ld prec$e /ew+4 ,x n only supplies ! c>amel br[n+ !re describ$1 b mod]ates ! extraction ( ! juices :i*1 z ,i h said above1 is desirable on ! "p ( ! meat itself :5 gravy is n ! prim>y object4 ,"s fur!r explanation is "h necess>y1 z x is q possible to obta9 :at commonly passes = t5d]ness by a v flagrant violation ( ! pr9ciples above exp\nd$4 ,?is is done on a l>ge scale & 9 extreme degree 9 ! prep>ation ( ord9>y ,au/ralian t9n$ meat4 ,a numb] ( t9s are fill$ ) ! meat1 & sold]$ d[n close1 all b a small p9-hole4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a ba? *>g$ ) a sal9e sub/ance1 su* z *loride ( z9c1 :i* has a high] boil+ po9t ?an wat]4 ,?is is heat$ up to its boil+ po9t1 & consequ5tly ! wat] :i* is 9 ! t9s ) ! meat boils vigor\sly1 & a jet ( /eam mix$ ) air bl[s f ! p9-hole4 ,:5 all ! air is expell$1 & ! jet is ( pure /eam only 7a diff]5ce detect$ at once by ! tra9$ exp]t71 ! t9 is remov$1 & a little melt$ sold] skilfully dropp$ on ! hole to seal ! t9 h]metically4 ,an exam9ation ( "o ( ^! t9s w %[ ?is f9al sold]+ )1 9 "s1 a flap bel[ to prev5t any sold] f fall+ 9 among/ ! meat4 ,! object ( ?is is to exclude all air1 = if only a v small quantity rema9s1 oxidation & putrefaction spe$ily ensues1 z %[n by a bulg+ ( ! t9s in/ead ( ! p>tial collapse t %\ld occur :5 ! /eam cond5ses1 ! display ( :i* collapse is an indication ( ! good quality ( ! cont5ts4 ,by #8good quality' ,i mean good ( its k9d2 b1 z ev]ybody kn[s :o has tri$ beef & mutton ?us prep>$1 x is n satisfactory4 ,! pres]vation f putrefactive decomposition is p]fectly successful1 & all ! orig9al con/itu5ts ( ! meat are !re4 ,x is app>5tly t5d]1 b practically t\gh--i4e4 x falls to pieces at a m]e t\* ( ! knife1 b ^! fragm5ts (f] to ! tee? a peculi> resi/ance to prop] ma/ication4 ,i may describe _! condition z "o ( p]t9aci\s fibrosity4 ,! fibres sep>ate1 b !y are /ubborn fibres /ill4 ,?is is a v s]i\s matt]1 =1 7 x o!rwise1 ! great problem ( supply+ our d5se population ) an abundance ( *eap animal food w\ld h be5 solv$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,z x is1 ! pla9 t9n$-meat ent]prise has n develop$ to any important ext5t beyond af=d+ a v>iation ) salt junk on bo>d %ip4 ,:at is ! rationale ( ?is defect8 ,beyond ! g5]al /atem5t t ! meat is #8ov]done1' ,i h met ) no attempt at explanation1 b am n1 !re=e1 dispos$ to give up ! riddle )\t attempt+ a solution4 ,rev]t+ to :at ,i h already said conc]n+ ! action ( heat on ! con/itu5ts ( fle%1 x is evid5t t 9 ! fir/ place ! long exposure to ! boil+ po9t mu/ h>d5 ! album54 ,synton91 or muscle-fibr91 ! mat]ial ( ! ultimate contractile fibres ( ! muscle1 is coagulat$ by boil+ wat]1 & fur!r h>d5$ by cont9u\s boil+1 9 ! same mann] z album54 ,?us ! muscle-fibres !mselves1 & ! lubricat+ liquor#aj 9 :i* !y are imb$d$1 mu/ be simultane\sly t\gh5$ by ! me?od above describ$1 & ?is expla9s ! p]t9aci\s fibrosity ( ! result4 ,b h[ is ! app>5t t5d]ness1 ! facile sep>ation ( ! fibres ( ! same meat produc$8 ,a little fur!r exam9ation ( ! anatomy & *emi/ry ( muscle w1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 ?is q satisfactorily4 ,! ultimate fibres ( ! muscles are envelop$ 9 a v delicate membrane2 a bundle ( ^! is aga9 envelop$ 9 a some:at /rong] membrane 7areol> tissue72 & a numb] ( ^! bundles ( fasciculi are fur!r envelop$ 9 a proportionally /rong] %ea? ( simil> membrane4 ,all ^! b9d+ membranes are ma9ly compos$ ( gelat91 or ! sub/ance :i* produces gelat9 :5 boil$4 ,! boil+ t is necess>y to drive out all ! air f ! t9s is suffici5t to dissolve ?is1 & effect t easy sep>ability ( ! muscul> fibres1 or fasciculi ( fibres1 t gives to su* ov]cook$ meat its fictiti\s t5d]ness4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r all ! gelat9 ( ^! membranes is ?us dissolv$4 ,! jelly exi/+ 9 ! t9s %[s t "s is dissolv$ & hydrat$1 if my !ory ( ! cook]y is "r2 b !re does n appe> to be z mu* ( ?is jelly z w\ld be =m$ by ! /ew+ ( a correspond+ quantity ( meat at a l[] temp]ature4 ,"s ( ! membran\s gelat9 is1 ,i suspect1 dehydrat$ :5 ! highe/ temp]ature ( ! process is atta9$--i4e4 :5 ! conc5tration ( ! juices raises ! boil+ po9t ( _! solution consid]ably above t ( pure wat]4 ,?is1 if ,i am "r1 w\ld *eck fur!r solution ( ! membrane1 w\ld hydrate & h>d5 ! rema9d]1 & ?us contribute to ! h>d5+ ( ! fibre above describ$4 ,i h ent]$ into ^! anatomical & *emical details because x is only by und]/&+ !m t ! diff]5ce betwe5 true t5d]ness & spuri\s t5d]ness ( /ew$ meat c be s\ndly und]/ood1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e /ew$ meats are despis$ because sci5tific /ew+ is practically & g5]ally an unkn[n art4 ,ask an ,engli% cook ! diff]5ce betwe5 boil$ beef or mutton & /ew$ beef or mutton1 & 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ h] reply w be to ! effect t /ew$ meat is t :i* has be5 boil$ or simm]$ = a long] "t ?an ! boil$ meat4 ,%e proce$s1 9 accordance ) ?is def9ition1 :5 mak+ an ,iri% /ew or simil> di%1 by #8simm]+' at #bab until1 by ! coagulation & h>d5+ ( ! album5 & synton91 a lea!ry mass is obta9$2 !n %e cont9ues ! simm]+ until ! gelat9 ( ! areol> tissue is p>tially dissolv$1 & ! t\gh5$ fibres sep>ate or become readily sep>able4 ,hav+ a*iev$ ?is dis9tegration1 %e supposes ! meat to be t5d]1 ! fact be+ t ! fibres individually are t\gh] ?an !y 7 at ! lea!ry /age4 ,! mis*ief is n limit$ to ! de/ruction ( ! flav\r ( ! meat1 b includes ! de/ruction ( ! nutritive value ( its solid portion by r5d]+ x all indige/ible1 ) ! exception ( ! gelat91 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! gravy4 ,?is exception %\ld be duly not$1 inasmu* z x is ! "o r$eem+ feature ( su* proce$+ t r5d]s x fairly well adapt$ = ! cook]y ( su* meat z c[-heels1 %eeps'-trott]s1 calves'-heads1 %9s ( beef1 knuckles ( veal1 & o!r vi&s :i* consi/ ma9ly ( membran\s1 t5d9\s1 or integum5t>y matt] compos$ ( gelat94 ,to treat ! prime p>ts ( good beef or mutton 9 ?is mann] is to p]petrate a dome/ic atrocity4 ,i may "h m5tion an exp]im5t t ,i h made lately4 ,i kill$ a sup]annuat$ h5--m ?an six ye>s old1 b o!rwise 9 v good condition4 ,cook$ 9 ! ord9>y way %e w\ld h be5 uneatably t\gh4 ,in/ead ( be+ ?us cook$1 %e 0 g5tly /ew$ ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,i _c gu>antee to ! ma9t5ance ( ! !oretical temp]ature1 hav+ suspicion ( "s simm]+4 ,aft] ?is %e 0 left 9 ! wat] until x cool$1 & on ! foll[+ day 0 roa/$ 9 ! usual mann]--i4e4 9 a roa/+ ov54 ,! result 0 excell5t2 z t5d] z a full-gr[n *ick5 roa/$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & ( q equal flav\r1 9 spite ( ! v good bro? obta9$ by ! prelim9>y /ew+4 ,?is surpris$ me4 ,i anticipat$ ! s(t5+ ( ! t5dons & ligam5ts1 b suppos$ t ! extraction ( ! juices w\ld h spoil$ ! flav\r4 ,x mu/ h dilut$ x1 & t s mu* rema9$ 0 probably due to ! fact t an old f[l is m fully flav\r$ ?an a "y *ick54 ,! usual f>mh\se me?od ( cook+ old h5s is to /ew !m simply1 ! rule 9 ! ,midl&s be+ "o h\r 9 ! pot = e ye> ( age4 ,! feature ( ! above exp]im5t 0 ! supplem5t>y roa/+4 ,z ! lay+ season comes to an end1 old h5s become a drug 9 ! m>ket2 & ^? among my read]s :o h n a h5-roo/ ( _! own w mu* oblige _! p\lt]]s by ord]+ a h5 t is w>rant$ to be f\r ye>s old or upw>ds4 ,if he deals fairly he w supply a specim5 ^u :i* !y may repeat my exp]im5t v *eaply4 ,x (f]s ! d\ble economy ( utilis+ a ne>ly wa/e product1 & obta9+ *ick5-bro? & roa/ f[l simultane\sly4 ,ano!r exp]im5t on ! cook+ ( old h5s 0 rec5tly made by a neighb\r at my sugge/ion1 & prov$ v successful4 ,! bird 0 cut up & g5tly /ew$ 9 fat l ! small jo9ts ( my exp]im5ts describ$ 9 p4 #eg4 ,i h n yet repeat$ ?is exp]im5t1 b :5 ,i d %all use bacon liquor 7! surplus fat f grill$ bacon7 = ! ba?1 & hope !reby to obta9 an approa* to ! effect ( #8l>d+1' z practis$ 9 luxuri\s cook]y4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( /ew+ is t x af=ds a means ( obta9+ a sav\ry & v :olesome di% at a m9imum ( co/4 ,a small piece ( meat may be /ew$ ) a l>ge quantity ( vegetables1 ! juice ( ! meat sav\r+ ! :ole4 ,besides ?is1 x co/s f> less fuel ?an roa/+4 ,! wife ( ! ,fr5* or ,swiss l&$ proprietor--i4e4 a work+ peasant--cooks ! family d9n] ) less ?an a t5? ( ! exp5diture ( fuel us$ 9 ,engl& = ! prep>ation ( an inf]ior meal4 ,a little *>coal "u h] ba9-m>ie does x all4 ,! economy ( "t corresponds to ! economy ( fuel1 = ! mixture ( vi&s requir$ = ! /ew once put into ! pot is left to itself until d9n]-"t1 or at mo/ an occasional /irr+ ( fre% *>coal into ! emb]s is all t is dem&$4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,i h v5tur$ to ascribe ?is lubricat+ function to ! album5 :i* envelopes ! fibres1 ?\gh d\btful :e!r x is q or?odox to d s4 ,its id5tity 9 composition ) ! synovial liquor ( ! jo9ts1 & ! necessity = su* lubricant1 ju/ify ?is supposition4 ,x may act z a nutri5t fluid at ! same "t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,*eese4 ,i ,,n[ come to a v important con/itu5t ( animal food1 al?\gh x is n conta9$ 9 beef1 mutton1 pork1 p\ltry1 game1 fi%1 or any o!r organis$ animal sub/ance1 unless 9 egg yolk1 z ,lehmann /ates 7see page #bc74 ,x is n ev5 prov$ satisfactorily to exi/ 9 ! blood1 al?\gh x is someh[ obta9$ f ! blood by special gl&s at c]ta9 p]iods4 ,i ref] to case91 ! sub/antial basis ( *eese1 :i*1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is ! consolidat$ curd ( milk4 ,x is evid5t at once t case9 mu/ exi/ 9 two =ms1 ! soluble & insoluble1 s f> z ! common solv5t1 wat]1 is conc]n$4 ,x exi/s 9 ! soluble =m1 & completely dissolv$ 9 milk1 & insoluble 9 *eese4 ,:5 precipitat$ 9 its insoluble or coagulat$ =m z ! curd ( new milk x c>ries ) x ! fatty matt] or cream1 & !re=e1 9 ord] to /udy its prop]ties 9 a /ate ( purity1 we mu/ obta9 x o!rwise4 ,?is may be done by all[+ ! fat globules ( ! milk to float to ! surface1 & !n remov+ !m by sep>at+ ! cream z by ! ord9>y dairy me?od4 ,we ?us obta9 9 ! skimm$ milk a solution ( case91 b !re /ill rema9s "s ( ! fat4 ,?is may be remov$ by evaporat+ ! solution d[n to solidity1 & !n dissolv+ out ! fat by means ( e!r1 :i* leaves ! soluble case9 beh9d4 ,! adh]+ e!r be+ evaporat$1 we h a fairly pure specim5 ( case9 9 its orig9al or soluble =m4 ,?is1 :5 dry1 is an amb]-col\r$ transluc5t sub/ance1 devoid ( od\r1 & insipid4 ,! insipidity & abs5ce ( od\r ( ! pure & sep>at$ case9 are notewor?y1 z %[+ t ! condition 9 :i* x exi/s 9 milk is v diff]5t f t ( ! case9 ( *eese4 ,my object 9 po9t+ ?is out is to %[ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! manufacture ( *eese new prop]ties are develop$4 ,skim-milk--a solution ( case9--is ta/eless & inodor\s1 :ile fre% *eese1 :e!r made f skimm$ or :ole milk1 has a v decid$ flav\r & od\r4 ,if we n[ add "s ( our dry case9 to wat]1 x dissolves1 =m+ a yell[i% viscid fluid1 :i*1 on evaporation1 becomes cov]$ ) a slight film ( insoluble case91 :i* may be readily drawn (f4 ,"s ( my read]s w recognise 9 ?is description ! resemblance ( a n[ well-kn[n dome/ic prep>ation ( soluble case91 cond5s$ milk1 :]e x is mix$ ) mu* cream1 & 9 ! ord9>y prep>ation also mu* sug>4 ,! cream dilutes ! yell[ness1 b does n q mask x1 & ! viscidity is %[n by ! /r+s :i* foll[ ! spoon :5 a spoonful is lift$4 ,if a conc5trat$ solution ( pure case9 is expos$ to ! air x rapidly putrefies1 & passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges t ,i mu/ n t>ry to describe1 beyond /at+ t ammonia is giv5 (f1 & "s cry/all9e sub/ances1 su* z leuc9e1 tyros9e1 c41 v int]e/+ to ! physiological *emi/1 b n important 9 ! kit*51 are =m$4 ,a solution ( case9 9 wat] is n coagulat$ by boil+2 x may be repeat$ly evaporat$ to dryness & r$issolv$4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! practicability ( pres]v+ milk by evaporat+ x d[n1 or #8cond5s+4' ,?is cond5s$ milk1 h[ev]1 loses a little2 its album5 is sacrific$1 z ev]ybody w und]/& :o has dipp$ a spoon 9 fre%ly-boil$ milk & obs]v$ ! sk9 :i* ! spoon removes f ! surface4 ,?is is coagulat$ album54 ,if alcohol is add$ to a conc5trat$ solution ( case9 9 wat]1 a pseudo-coagulation occurs2 ! case9 is precipitat$ z a :ite sub/ance l coagulat$ album51 b if only a little alcohol is us$1 ! solid may be r$issolv$ 9 wat]2 if1 h[ev]1 x is ?us treat$ ) /rong alcohol1 ! case9 becomes difficult ( solution1 or ev5 q insoluble4 ,alcohol add$ to solid soluble case9 r5d]s x opaque1 & gives x ! appe>ance ( coagulat$ album54 ,! alcohol itself dissolves a little ( ?is4 ,! *>act]i/ic coagulation ( case91 or its conv]sion f ! soluble to ! insoluble =m1 is produc$ r my/]i\sly by r5net4 ,acids g5]ally precipitate x ei!r f aque\s solution or f milk4 ,! coagulation effect$ by m9]al acids f aque\s solutions is n s complete z t produc$ by lactic acid f milk1 or v9eg>1 ! =m] coagulum be+ m readily r$issolv$ by alkalies or weak] basic sub/ances ?an ! latt]4 ,a calf has f\r /oma*s1 ! f\r? be+ t :i* corresponds to ours1 bo? 9 /ructure & functions4 ,x is l9$ ) a membrane f :i* is secret$ ! ga/ric juice & o!r fluids conc]n$ 9 effect+ ! conv]sion ( food into *yme4 ,a weak infusion made f a small piece ( ?is #8muc\s membrane' w coagulate ! case9 ( ?ree ?\s& times its own quantity ( milk1 or ! coagulation may be effect$ by plac+ a small piece ( ! /oma* 7usually salt$ & dri$ = ! purpose7 9 ! milk1 & w>m+ x = a few h\rs4 ,_m !oretical attempts h be5 made to expla9 ?is action ( ! r5net4 ,simon & ,liebig suppose t x acts prim>ily z a f]m5t1 conv]t+ ! sug> ( milk into lactic acid1 & t ?is lactic acid coagulates ! case94 ,?is !ory has be5 controv]t$ by ,selmi & o!rs1 b ! balance ( evid5ce is decid$ly 9 its fav\r4 ,! coagulation :i* occurs 9 ! liv+ /oma* :5 milk is tak5 z food appe>s to be due to ! lactic acid ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,case91 :5 ?or\ghly coagulat$ by r5net1 !n purifi$ & dri$1 is a h>d & yell[i% hornlike sub/ance4 ,x s(t5s & swells 9 wat]1 b does n dissolve !re91 nor 9 alcohol nor weak acids4 ,/rong m9]al acids decompose x4 ,alkalies dissolve x readily1 & if conc5trat$1 decompose x on ! application ( heat4 ,:5 mod]ately heat$1 x s(t5s & may be drawn into ?reads1 & becomes ela/ic2 at a high] temp]ature x fuses1 swells up1 c>bonises1 & develops ne>ly ! same products ( di/illation z ! o!r prote9 comp\nds4 ,note ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is & ! soluble case9 above describ$1 viz4 t obta9$ by simply remov+ ! fat f ! milk1 !n evaporat+ away ! wat]1 b us+ no r5net4 ,i h good & suffici5t reasons = ?us specify+ ! prop]ties ( ?is con/itu5t ( food4 ,i reg>d x z ! mo/ important ( all t ,i h to describe 9 connection ) my subject--! sci5ce ( cook]y4 ,x conta9s 7z ,i %all pres5tly %[7 m nutriti\s mat]ial ?an any o!r food t is ord9>ily obta9able1 & its cook]y is s+ul>ly neglect$1 is practically an unkn[n art1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we commonly eat x raw1 al?\gh 9 its raw /ate x is peculi>ly indige/ible1 & 9 ! only cook$ =m famili>ly kn[n among u "h1 t ( a ,wel% rabbit1 or r>ebit1 x is too (t5 r5d]$ /ill m indige/ible1 ?\gh ?is ne$ n be ! case4 ,"h1 9 ?is d5sely-populat$ c\ntry1 :]e we import s mu* ( our food1 *eese dem&s our mo/ pr(\nd att5tion4 ,! difficulties & co/ ( import+ all k9ds ( meat1 fi%1 & p\ltry are great1 :ile *eese may be *eaply & delib]ately br\ght to u f any "p ( ! _w :]e c[s or goats c be f$1 & x c be /or$ m readily & kept long] ?an o!r k9ds ( animal food4 ,all t is requir$ to r5d] x1 next to bread1 ! /aple food ( ,britons is sci5tific cook]y4 ,if ,i %all be able1 9 :at is to foll[1 to imp>t to my fell[-c\ntrym51 & m especially c\ntrywom51 my own convictions conc]n+ ! cookability1 & consequ5t improv$ dige/ibility1 ( *eese1 ,i %all h #8done ! ,/ate "s s]vice6' ,tak+ muscul> fibre )\t bone--i4e4 select$ be/ "p ( ! meat--beef conta9s on an av]age #gb p] c5t4 ( wat]2 mutton1 #gc2 veal1 #gd2 pork1 #fi2 f[l1 #gc2 :ile ,*e%ire *eese conta9s only #cj1 & o!r *eeses ab\t ! same4 ,?us1 at />t+1 we h 9 e p\nd ( *eese r m ?an twice z mu* solid food z 9 a p\nd ( ! be/ meat1 or comp>+ ) ! av]age ( ! :ole c>cass1 includ+ bone1 t5dons1 c41 ! *eese has an advantage ( ?ree to "o4 ,! foll[+ results ( ,muld]'s analysis ( case91 :5 comp>$ ) ^? by ! same *emi/ ( album51 gelat9 & fibr91 %[ t !re is b little diff]5ce 9 ! ultimate *emical composition ( ^!1 s f> z ! con/itu5ts !re nam$ are conc]n$3 ,case9 ,c>bon #echc ,hydrog5 #gae ,nitrog5 #aefe ,oxyg5 ,sulphur #bccg ,album5 ,gelat9 ,fibr9 ,c>bon #ece #ejdj #ebg ,hydrog5 #gj #ffd #fi ,nitrog5 #aee #ahcd #aed ,oxyg5 #bbj #bdfb #bce ,sulphur #af 0 #ab ,phosphorus #jd 0 #jc ,we may !re=e conclude t1 reg>d+ ^! f ! po9t ( view ( nitrog5\s or fle%-=m+1 & c>bonace\s or heat-giv+ con/itu5ts1 ^! *ief mat]ials ( fle% & ( *eese are ab\t equal4 ,! same is ! case z reg>ds ! fat4 ,! quantity 9 ! c>cass ( ox51 calves1 %eep1 lambs1 & pigs v>ies1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,edw>d ,smi?1 f #af p] c5t4 to #cac p] c5t4 9 mod]ately fatt$ animals2 :ile 9 :ole-milk *eeses x v>ies f #bafh p] c5t4 to #cbca p] c5t41 com+ d[n 9 skim-milk *eeses z l[ z #fc4 ,dr4 ,smi? includes ,neuf*tel *eese1 conta9+ #ahgd p] c5t41 among ! :ole-milk *eeses4 ,he does n seem to be aw>e t ! *eese made up betwe5 /raws & sold "u t "n is a ricotta1 or crude curd ( skim-milk *eese4 ,its j value is ab\t ?reep5ce p] p\nd4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e x =ms ! basis ( "s delici\s di%es 7su* z bud9o di ricotta#aa71 x is sold = ab\t twop5ce p] p\nd1 or less4 ,!re is a discrepancy 9 ! publi%$ analyses ( case9 :i* dem&s explanation "h1 z x is ( great practical importance4 ,!y g5]ally correspond to ! above ( ,muld] )9 small fractions1 z %[n bel[ 9 ^? ( ,s*]] & ,dumas3 ,s*]] ,dumas ,c>bon #edffe #ecg ,hydrog5 #gdfe #gb ,nitrog5 #aegbd #aff ,oxyg51 sulphur #bbadf #bbe ------- ----- #ajjjjj #ajjj ,9 ^! ! #ajj p>ts are made up )\t any phosphate ( lime1 :ile1 accord+ to ,lehmann 7#8,physiological ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #cgi1 ,cav5di% ,edition71 #8case9 t has n be5 treat$ ) acids conta9s ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime2 m1 consequ5tly1 ?an is conta9$ 9 any ( ! prote9 comp\nds we h hi!rto consid]$4' ,f ?is x appe>s t we may h case9 )1 & case9 )\t1 ?is necess>y con/itu5t ( food4 ,9 precipitat+ case9 = laboratory analysis1 acids are commonly us$1 & ?us ! phosphate ( lime is dissolv$ out2 b ,i am unable at pres5t to tell my read]s ! precise ext5t to :i* ?is actually occurs 9 practical *eese-mak+ :]e r5net is us$4 ,:at ,i h at pres5t le>n$ only indicates g5]ally t ?is con/itu5t ( *eese is v v>iable2 & ,i h]eby sugge/ to ^? *emi/s :o are pr(essionally conc]n$ 9 ! analysis ( food1 t !y may supply a valuable contribution to our k ( ?is subject by simply det]m9+ ! phosphate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! a% ( diff]5t k9ds ( *eese4 ,i w\ld d ?is myself1 b1 hav+ dur+ "s t5 ye>s pa/ ne>ly =sak5 ! laboratory = ! writ+-table1 ,i h n ! leisure = su* "w2 &1 worse /ill1 h n t prime ess5tial to practical rese>* 7especially ( end[$ rese>*71 a /aff ( ob$i5t assi/ants to d ! drudg]y4 ,! comp>ison specially dem&$ is betwe5 *eeses made ) r5net1 & ^? ,dut* & factory *eeses ! curd ( :i* has be5 precipitat$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,!oretical consid]ations po9t to ! conclusion t 9 ! latt] mu* or ev5 all ( ! phosphate ( lime may be left 9 solution 9 ! :ey1 & ?us ! food-value ( ! *eese s]i\sly l[]$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 susp5d judgm5t 9 ! meantime4 ,9 comp>+ ! nutritive value ( *eese ) t ( fle%1 ! ret5tion ( ?is phosphate ( lime corresponds ) ! ret5tion ( "s ( ! juices ( ! meat1 among :i* are ! phosphates ( ! fle%4 ,^! phosphates ( lime are ! bone-mak+ mat]ial ( food1 & h some?+ to d 9 build+ up ! bra9 & n]v\s matt]1 ?\gh n to ! ext5t t is suppos$ by ^? :o imag9e t !re is a special connection betwe5 phosphorus & ! bra91 or phosphoresc5ce & spirituality4 ,bone conta9s ab\t elev5 p] c5t4 ( phosphorus1 bra9 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! value ( food 9 ref]5ce to its phosphate ( lime is n m]ely a matt] ( p]c5tage1 z ?is salt may exi/ 9 a /ate ( solution1 z 9 milk1 or z a solid v difficult ( assimilation1 z 9 bones4 ,t reta9$ 9 *eese is probably 9 an int]m$iate condition--n actually 9 solution1 b s f9ely divid$ z to be readily dissolv$ by ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,i may m5tion1 9 ref]5ce to ?is1 t :5 a *ild or o!r "y animal takes its natural food 9 ! =m ( milk1 ! milk is conv]t$ into unpress$ *eese1 or curd1 prior to its dige/ion4 ,suppos+ t1 on an av]age1 *eese conta9s only "o-half ( ! #f p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime f\nd1 z above1 9 ! case91 & tak+ into consid]ation ! wat] conta9$ 9 fle%1 ! bone1 c41 we may conclude g5]ally t "o p\nd ( av]age *eese conta9s z mu* nutrim5t z ?ree p\nds ( ! av]age mat]ial ( ! c>cass ( an ox or %eep z prep>$ = sale by ! but*]2 or o!rwise /at$1 a *eese ( #bj lbs4 weight conta9s z mu* food z a %eep weigh+ #fj lbs4 z x hangs 9 ! but*]'s %op4 ,n[ comes ! practical "q4 ,c we assimilate or conv]t into our own sub/ance ! *eese-food z easily z we may ! fle%-food8 ,i reply t we c]ta9ly _c1 if ! *eese is eat5 raw2 b h no d\bt t we may1 if x be suitably cook$4 ,h5ce ! p>am\nt importance ( ?is "p ( my subject4 ,a ,swiss or ,sc&9avian m\nta9e] c & does dige/ & assimilate raw *eese z a /aple article ( food1 & proves its nutritive value by ! result2 b feebl] bip$s ( ! pla9s & t[ns _c d ! l4 ,i may "h m5tion t ,i h rec5tly made "s exp]im5ts on ! dissolv+ ( *eese by add+ suffici5t alkali 7c>bonate ( pota%7 to neutralise ! acid x conta9s1 9 ord] to conv]t ! case9 into its orig9al soluble =m z x exi/$ 9 ! milk1 & h p>tially succe$$ bo? ) wat] & milk z solv5ts2 b be=e report+ ^! results 9 detail ,i w describe "s ( ! practically-e/abli%$ me?ods ( cook+ *eese t are s curi\sly unkn[n or little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! fa!rl& ( my gr&fa!r1 ,l\is ,gabriel ,mattieu1 "o ( ! commone/ di%es ( ! peasant :o tills 8 own freehold & gr[s 8 own food is a fondu4 ,?is is a mixture ( *eese & eggs1 ! *eese grat$ & beat5 into ! egg z 9 mak+ omelettes1 ) a small addition ( new milk or butt]4 ,x is plac$ 9 a little pan l a fl[]-pot sauc]1 cook$ g5tly1 s]v$ z x comes (f ! fire1 & eat5 f ! vessel 9 :i* x is cook$4 ,i h made _m a he>ty d9n] on "o ( ^!1 plus a lump ( black bread & a small bottle ( g5u9e b ?9 w9e2 ! co/ ( ! :ole banquet at a little aub]ge be+ usually less ?an sixp5ce4 ,! *eese is 9 a pa/y condition1 & p>tly dissolv$ 9 ! milk or butt]4 ,i h te/$ ! su/a9+ p[] ( su* a meal by do+ "s v /iff m\nta9 climb+ & long fa/+ aft] x4 ,x is r too good--ov] nutriti\s--= a man only do+ s$5t>y "w4 ,a dilut$ & delicate modification ( ?is may be made by tak+ slices ( bread1 or bread & butt]1 soak+ !m 9 a batt] made ( eggs & milk--)\t fl\r--!n plac+ ! slices ( soak$ bread 9 a pie-di%1 cov]+ ea* ) a ?ick coat+ ( grat$ *eese1 & ?us build+ up a /ratifi$ deposit to fill ! di%4 ,! surplus batt] may be p\r$ ov] ! top2 or if "t is all[$ = saturation1 ! tr\ble ( prelim9>y soak+ may be sav$ by simply p\r+ all ! batt] ?us4 ,?is1 :5 g5tly bak$1 supplies a delici\s & highly nutriti\s di%4 ,we call x #8*eese pudd+' at home1 b my own exp]i5ce conv9ces me t we make a mi/ake 9 us+ x to supplem5t ! jo9t4 ,x is f> too nutriti\s = ?is2 its sav\ry "* tempts "o to eat x s freely t x w\ld be f> wis] to use x z ! ,swiss peasant uses 8 fondu--i4e4 z ! sub/antial di% ( a :olesome d9n]4 ,i h te/$ its dige/ibility by eat+ x he>tily = supp]4 ,no nightm>e has foll[$4 ,if ,i sup on a correspond+ quantity ( raw *eese my sleep is mis]ably ev5tful4 ,a correspond5t writes z foll[s f ! ,*>lotte ,squ>e ,"y ,ladies' ,in/itution3 #8,i h be5 try+ ! v>i\s ways ( cook+ *eese m5tion$ 9 y\r articles 9 8,k10 & h "o or two improvem5ts to sugge/ 9 ! mak+ ( *eese pudd+4 ,i f9d ! result is mu* bett] :5 ! bread is grat$ l ! *eese1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) x2 !n ! batt] p\r$ ov] bo?4 ,i ?9k y w also f9d x bett] :5 bak$ 9 a %all[ t91 su* z is us$ = ,york%ire pudd+4 ,?is gives m ( ! br[n$ surface1 :i* is ! be/ ( x4 ,ano!r improvem5t is to put "s ( ! crumbl$ bread 7on pap]7 9 ! ov5 till br[n1 & eat ) x 7z = game74 ,i h n succe$$ 9 mak+ any improvem5t 9 ! fondu 7see page #aci71 :i* is delightful4' ,my recollections ( ! fondu ( ! ,swiss peasant be+ s em95tly satisfactory on all po9ts--nutritive or su/a9+ value1 appetis+ flav\r & economy--,i h s\ght = a recipe 9 sev]al cook]y-books1 & f9d at la/ a ne> approa* to x 9 an old edition ( ,mrs4 ,rundell's #8,dome/ic ,cook]y4' ,a simil> di% is describ$ 9 t useful book #8,cre-,fydd's ,family ,f>e1' "u ! "n ( #8,*eese ,s\ffl or ,fondu4'#ab ,i _h look$ = x 9 m pret5ti\s works1 especially 9 ! mo/ pret5ti\s & ! mo/ disappo9t+ "o ,i h yet be5 tempt$ to pur*ase1 viz4 ! #bg? edition ( ,francatelli's #8,mod]n ,cook1' a "w :i* ,i _c recomm5d to anybody :o has less ?an #bj1jjjl4 a ye> & a correspond+ luxury ( liv]4 ,amid/ all ! cul9>y mon/rosities ( ^! #8high-class' manuals1 ,i fail to f9d any?+ conc]n+ ! cook]y ( *eese t is wor? ! att5tion ( my read]s4 ,francatelli has1 "u ! "n ( #8,eggs la ,suisse1' a sort ( fondu1 b decid$ly inf]ior to ! common fondu ( ! humble ,swiss o/]ia1 z ,francatelli lays ! eggs ^u slices ( *eese1 & prescribes especially t ! yolks %all n be brok52 omits ! milk1 b sub/itutes 7= high-class extravagance' sake1 ,i suppose7 #8a gill ( d\ble cream1' to be p\r$ ov] ! top4 ,?us ! *eese is n int]m+l$ ) ! egg1 le/ x %\ld spoil ! appe>ance ( ! unbrok5 yolks1 its case9 is made lea!ry in/ead ( be+ dissolv$1 & ! sub/itution ( sixp5ny wor? ( d\ble cream = a halfp5ny wor? ( milk supplies ! high-class victim ) fivep5ce halfp5ny wor? ( bili>y d]angem5t4 ,9 ,g\ff's #8,royal ,cook]y ,book' 7! ,h\sehold ,edition ( :i* conta9s a great deal t is really useful to an ,engli% h\sewife7 ,i f9d a bett] recipe "u ! "n ( #8,*eese ,s\ffls4' ,he says3 #8,put two ounces & a qu>t] ( fl\r 9 a /ewpan1 ) "o p9t & a half ( milk2 season ) salt & pepp]2 /ew ov] ! fire till boil+1 & %\ld !re be any lumps1 /ra9 ! s\ffl pa/e ?r\gh a tammy clo?2 add sev5 ounces ( grat$ ,p>mesan *eese1 & sev5 yolks ( eggs2 :ip ! :ites till !y are firm1 & add !m to ! mixture2 fill "s pap] cases ) x1 & bake 9 ! ov5 = fifte5 m9utes4' ,cre-,fydd says3 #8,grate six ounces ( ri* *eese 7,p>mesan is ! be/72 put x into an enamell$ saucepan1 ) a teaspoonful ( fl\r ( mu/>d1 a saltspoonful ( :ite pepp]1 a gra9 ( cay5ne1 ! six? "p ( a nutmeg1 grat$1 two ounces ( butt]1 two tablespoonfuls ( bak$ fl\r1 & a gill ( new milk2 /ir x ov] a sl[ fire till x becomes l smoo?1 ?ick cream 7b x mu/ n boil72 add ! well-beat5 yolks ( six eggs1 beat = t5 m9utes1 !n add ! :ites ( ! eggs beat5 to a /iff fro?2 put ! mixture into a t9 or a c>dbo>d m\ld1 & bake 9 a quick ov5 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,s]ve imm$iately4' ,"h is a true cook]y ( *eese by solution1 & ! result is an excell5t di%4 ,b !re is "s unnecess>y complication & kit*5 p$antry involv$4 ,! s\ffl "p ( ! bus9ess is a m]e puff+ up ( ! mixture = ! purpose ( display+ ! clev]ness ( ! cook1 be+ q useless to ! consum]1 z x subsides be=e x c be eat54 ,x fur!r involves practical mis*ief1 z x _c be obta9$ )\t toa/+ ! surface ( ! *eese into an air-tight lea!ry sk9 t is abnormally indige/ible4 ,! foll[+ is my own simplifi$ recipe3 ,take a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( grat$ *eese2 add x to a gill ( milk 9 :i* is dissolv$ z mu* p[d]$ bic>bonate ( pota% z w /& ^u a ?reep5ny-piece2 mu/>d1 pepp]1 c41 z prescrib$ above by ,cre-,fydd4#ac ,heat ?is c>efully until ! *eese is completely dissolv$4 ,!n beat up ?ree eggs1 yolks & :ites toge!r1 & add !m to ?is solution ( *eese1 /irr+ ! :ole4 ,n[ take a %all[ metal or e>!nw>e di% or tray t w be> heat+2 put a little butt] on ?is1 & heat ! butt] till x frizzles4 ,!n p\r ! mixture into ! tray1 & bake or fry x until x is ne>ly solidifi$4 ,a *eap] di% may be made by increas+ ! proportion ( *eese--say1 six to eight ounces to ?ree eggs1 or only "o egg to a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( *eese = a h>d-work+ man ) p[]ful dige/ion4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,girdle/one writes z foll[s 7,i quote ) p]mission73 #8,z reg>ds ! 8*eese fondu10 y\r recipe = :i* has enabl$ me to turn *eese to practical acc\nt z food1 y may be glad to he> t x has become a common di% 9 our microscopic mnage4 ,inde$ *eese1 :i* =m]ly 0 poison to me1 is n[ alike pleasant & dige/ible4 ,b "s ( y\r read]s may l to "k t ! addition ( bread-crumbs is1 9 my judgm5t at lea/1 a great improvem5t1 giv+ great] lightness to ! compo/1 & remov+ ! h>%ness ( flav\r o!rwise incid5tal to a mixture :i* comprises s l>ge a proportion ( *eese4 ,we 7my wife & ,i7 ?9k ?is a great improvem5t4' ,i h receiv$ two o!r lett]s mak+1 q indep5d5tly1 ! same sugge/ion conc]n+ ! bread-crumbs4 ,i h tri$ ! addition1 & agree ) ,mr4 ,girdle/one t x is a great improvem5t z food = su* z ourselves1 :o are bra9-work]s1 & = all o!rs ^: occupations are at all s$5t>y4 ,! undilut$ fondu is too nutriti\s = u1 ?\gh suitable = ! m\nta9e]4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 prep>+ ?is di% conv5i5tly is t ( obta9+ suitable vessels = ! f9al fry+ or bak+1 z ea* portion %\ld be p\r$ into1 & fri$ or bak$ 91 a sep>ate di%1 s t ea* may1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 h 8 own fondu complete1 & eat x f ! di% z x comes f ! fire4 ,z dem& creates supply1 our ironmong]s1 c41 w soon le>n to meet ?is dem& if x arises4 ,i h writt5 to ,messrs4 ,griffi?s ,br[ett1 ( ,birm+ham1 l>ge manufactur]s ( :at is te*nically call$ #8holl[ w>e'--i4e4 vessels ( all k9ds knock$ up f a s+le piece ( metal )\t any sold]+--& !y h made suitable fondu di%es accord+ to my specification1 & supply !m to ! %opkeep]s4 ,! bic>bonate ( pota% is an orig9al novelty t w possibly al>m "s ( my non-*emical read]s4 ,i advocate its use = two reasons3 fir/1 x effects a bett] solution ( ! case9 by neutralis+ ! free lactic acid t inevitably exi/s 9 milk suppli$ to t[ns1 & any free acid t may rema9 9 ! *eese4 ,at a f>mh\se1 :]e ! milk is j drawn f ! c[1 x is unnecess>y = ?is purpose1 z su* new milk is itself slightly alkal9e4 ,my second reason is physiological1 & ( great] weight4 ,salts ( pota% are necess>y con/itu5ts ( human food4 ,!y exi/ 9 all k9ds ( :olesome vegetables & fruits1 & 9 ! juices ( fre% meat1 b !y are want+ 9 *eese1 hav+1 on acc\nt ( _! great solubility1 be5 left beh9d 9 ! :ey4 ,?is abs5ce ( pota% appe>s to me to be ! "o s]i\s objection to ! free use ( *eese diet4 ,! ,swiss peasant escapes ! mis*ief by 8 abundant salads1 :i* eat5 raw conta9 all _! pota% salts1 in/ead ( leav+ ! great] "p 9 ! saucepan1 z d cabbages1 c41 :5 cook$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,9 ,norway1 :]e salads are sc>ce1 ! bond] & 8 h\sem5 h at times suff]$ greatly f scurvy1 especially 9 ! f> nor?1 & w\ld be sev]ely victimis$ b = special rem$ies t !y use 7! mottebe]1 cranb]ry1 c41 gr[n & pres]v$ especially = ! purpose74 ,! ,lapl&]s make a bro? ( scurvy-grass & simil> h]bs2 ,i h wat*$ !m ga!r+ ^!1 & obs]v$ t ! wild cel]y 0 a lead+ +r$i5t4 ,scurvy on bo>d %ip results f eat+ salt meat1 ! pota% ( :i* has escap$ by exosmosis into ! br9e or pickle4 ,! sailor n[ escapes x by dr9k+ citrate ( pota% 9 ! =m ( lime-juice1 & by alt]nat+ salt junk ) rations ( t9n$ meats4 ,i once liv$ = six days on bread & *eese only1 ta/+ no o!r food4 ,i _h1 9 company ) ,c4 ,m4 ,clayton 7son ( ! ,s5ator ( ,delaw>e1 :o negotiat$ ! ,clayton-,bulw] ,treaty71 tak5 a passage f ,malta to ,a!ns 9 a little s*oon]1 & expect+ a ?ree days' j\rney we took no o!r rations ?an a lump ( ,*e%ire *eese & a supply ( bread4 ,bad wea!r d\bl$ ! expect$ l5g? ( our j\rney4 ,we 7 bo? "y1 & pr\d ( our h>dihood 9 be>+ privations1 7 /aun* disciples ( ,diog5es2 b on ! la/ day we succumb$1 & b>t]$ ! rema9d] ( our bread & *eese = "s ( ! boil$ horse-beans & cabbage-bro? ( ! =eca/le4 ,! *eese1 highly reli%$ at fir/1 _h become positively nause\s1 & our crav+ = ! =eca/le vegetable bro? 0 absurd1 consid]+ ! full view we _h ( its con/itu5ts & ( ! dirt9ess ( its cooks4 ,i attribute ?is to ! lack ( pota% salts 9 ! *eese & bread4 ,x 0 simil> to ! crav+ = common salt by cattle t lack necess>y *lorides 9 _! food4 ,i am satisfi$ t *eese c nev] take ! place 9 an economic diet>y1 o!rwise ju/ifi$ by its nutriti\s composition1 unless ?is defici5cy ( pota% is someh[ suppli$4 ,my device ( us+ x ) milk z a solv5t supplies x 9 a simple & natural mann]4 ,! milk is n necess>y1 ?\gh pref]able4 ,i f9d t a solution ( *eese may be made 9 wat] by simply grat+ or ?9ly slic+ ! *eese1 & add+ x to ab\t its own bulk ( wat] 9 :i* ! bic>bonate ( pota% is dissolv$4 ,! proportion ( bic>bonate1 :i* ,i !oretically e/imate z dem&$ = supply+ ! defici5cy ( pota%1 is at ! rate ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an ounce to ! p\nd ( *eese2 & ,i f9d t x w be> ?is quantity )\t ! flav\r ( ! pota% be+ detect$4 ,! proportion ( pota% 9 c[s' milk is m ?an d\ble ! quantity ?us suppli$1 b ,i assume t ! *eese loses ab\t half ( its orig9al supply1 & base ?is assumption on ! fact t ord9>y *eese conta9s an av]age ( ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( sal9e matt]1 :ile ! proportion ( sal9e matt] to ! case9 & fat ( ! milk am\nts to #e p] c5t4 ,?is is a r\gh practical e/imate1 kept r bel[ ! actual quantity dem&$2 !re=e m ?an ! qu>t] ounce may be us$ ) impunity4 ,i h d\bl$ x 9 "s ( my exp]im5ts1 & ?us h j detect$ ! bitt] flav\r ( ! salt4 ,z reg>ds ! solubility ( ! *eese1 ,i %\ld add t !re are great diff]5ces 9 diff]5t samples4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! new] & mild] ! *eese ! m soluble4 ,"s t ,i h tri$ leave a /ubbornly insoluble residuum1 :i* is dete/ably t\gh4 ,i f\nd ! same *eese to be unusually indige/ible :5 eat5 ) bread 9 ! ord9>y raw /ate1 & h reason to believe t x is :at ,i h call$ #8bos* *eese1' to be describ$ pres5tly4 ,! successful solution1 9 ei!r alkalis$ milk or alkalis$ wat]1 cools into a cu/>d-l mass1 ! ?ickness or viscosity v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) ! quantity ( solv5t4 ,x may be kept = use a %ort "t 7f two or ?ree days to two or ?ree weeks1 accord+ to ! wea!r71 aft] :i* x becomes putresc5t4 ,z n[ well kn[n to all conc]n$1 a great deal ( #8butt]9e1' or #8oleom>g>9e1' or #8m>g>9e1' or #8bos*1' is made by extract+ f ! wa/e fat ( ox5 & %eep "s ( its h>d] con/itu5ts1 ! palmitic & /e>ic acids1 !n work+ up ! s(t] rema9d] ) a little milk1 or ev5 )\t ! milk1 into a resemblance to butt]4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$ & hone/ly sold = :at x is1 no fair gr\nds = objection exi/2 b x is too commonly sold = :at x is n--i4e4 z butt]4 ,= cook]y purposes a fair sample ( #8bos*' is q z good z #8inf]ior dosset4' ,i h ta/$ "s t is sc>cely di/+ui%able f be/ ,devon%ire fre%4 ,m rec5tly ?is ent]prise has be5 fur!r develop$4 ,g5u9e butt] is made f cream skimm$ f ! milk4 ,! skimm$ milk is !n curdl$1 & to ! :ey ?us precipitat$ a suffici5t quantity ( bos* is add$ to replace ! butt] t has be5 s5t to m>ket4 ,a /ill m objectionable comp\nd is made by us+ hogs' l>d z a sub/itute = ! natural cream4 ,^! extrane\s fats r5d] ! *eese m indige/ible4 ,! curd precipitat$ f skim-milk is h>d] & t\gh] ?an t ?r[n d[n f :ole milk1 & ^! add$ fats m]ely envelop ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ?is4 ,h5ce my suspicion t ! *eese leav+ ! above-describ$ insoluble residuum 0 a sample ( #8bos*' *eese4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h met ) ! foll[+ 9 ! ,times1 br++ ! subject up to late/ date1 & ,i take ! lib]ty ( repr9t+ ! l>g] "p ( ?is int]e/+ & cle>ly-writt5 communication3 #8,,imitat$ ,,dairy ,,products4 #8,! pr(itable utilisation ( refuse products has always be5 "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems :i* h confront$ manufactur]s4 ,until rec5tly ! disposal ( skim-milk 0 "o ( ! difficulties ( ! manag]s ( butt] factories1 or 8cream]ies0 z !y are t]m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,simil>ly1 ! sale ( ! int]nal fat ( animals slaught]$ = food1 ) ! exception ( l>d1 0 practically re/rict$ to ! manufactur]s ( soap & c&les4 ,x 0 res]v$ to a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,mge-,mauries1 to discov] ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a m pr(itable use ( ^! sub/ances4 ,he %[$ t by a judici\s comb9ation ( milk & ! cl>ifi$ fat ( animals a sub/ance c\ld be produc$ :i* closely resembl$ butt]4 ,s close1 inde$1 is ! resemblance ( imitation butt] to ! real article t ! skill ( ! *emi/ mu/ be invok$ to r5d] detection positive1 if ! artificial butt] is good ( its k9d4 ,s recondite1 inde$1 is ! te/ ( ! *emi/ t x dep5ds ^u ! p]c5tage ( volatile oils 9 butt]-fat & 9 caul-fat respectively4 #8,artificial butt] is ! result ( sev]al processes4 ,! int]nal fat ( cattle is fir/ *opp$ into small pieces1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a huge & some:at modifi$ sausage-ma*9e4 ,! f9ely-divid$ suet is aft]w>ds plac$ 9 suitable vessels1 & heat$ up to #abb ,fahr41 b a high] temp]ature mu/ be avoid$1 o!rwise a portion ( ! /e>9e1 or true tall[ ( ! suet1 becomes inextricably mix$ ) ! oleom>g>9e4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ! tall[ ta/e w\ld be fatal to ! manufacture ( a fir/-class article4 ,! melt$ fat is transf]r$ to casks & left to cool2 aft]w>ds x is put 9 small quantities into co>se bags1 sev]al ( :i* are made into a pile ) iron plates betwe5 !m1 & plac$ 9 a hydraulic press4 ,! result is ! expression ( ! pure oleom>g>9e z a cle> yell[ oil1 ! solid /e>9e rema9+ 9 ! bags4 #8,! next /ep is ! manufacture ( ?is oleom>g>9e into ! sub/ance :i* has be5 designat$ 8butt]9e10 & :i* is quot$ on ! ,london m>ket z 8bos*40 ,! 8oleo0 is remelt$ at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( milk & ( butt]1 & !n *urn$4 ,! result is ! production ( a mat]ial closely resembl+ butt]1 9 fact practically id5tical s f> z appe>ance is conc]n$4 ,x is wa%$1 work$1 & o!rwise treat$ l real butt]1 & pack$ to simulate ! k9ds ( butt] :i* are mo/ 9 dem& on ! m>ket to :i* x is s5t4 ,9 ,london all k9ds ( butt] are sold1 & we believe t !y are all m or less imitat$4 #8,un=tunately = ! consum] ( butt]9e1 n all t is sold1 ev5 z butt]1 is made ) s mu* reg>d to c>e & cleanl9ess1 or ) su* comp>atively unobjectionable mat]ials4 ,! dem& = oleom>g>9e1 :i* con/itutes ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! mass t is *urn$1 has naturally rais$ its price1 & v>i\s sub/itutes h be5 tri$ ) m or less success4 ,l>d has be5 ext5sively us$1 & is said to answ] fairly well4 ,oils ( v>i\s k9ds h also _h _! trial1 b us$ alone _! melt+ po9t is too l[4 ,e>?-nut oil is us$ 9 small quantities by "s mak]s 9 ord] to imp>t an agreeable flav\r1 especially 9 cases :]e ! artificial butt] has be5 8weight$0 by ! addition ( wat] to ! milk1 or meal to an inf]ior oil4 #8,! adaptation ( ,m4 ,mge's process to ! imitation ( o!r dairy products is a natural sequ5ce to ! success1 9 a comm]cial s5se1 :i* has att5d$ ! manufacture ( artificial butt]4 ,! skim-milk difficulty 9 ! ,am]ican butt] factories has set _! manag]s to "w at ! problem ( its conv]sion into some?+ saleable = "s "t pa/4 ,?is difficulty has be5 increas$ ( late ye>s by ! inv5tion ( ! cream sep>ator1 :i* deprives ! milk ( practically all its cream2 b on ! l>ge dairy f>ms ( ,d5m>k1 :]e f #ajj to #cjj c[s are kept & ^! sep>ators are us$1 ! skim-milk is made into skim-*eese1 & ! work+ classes 9 t c\ntry d n object to eat a nutriti\s article ( diet :i* !y c buy at ab\t f\rp5ce p] p\nd4 ,b nei!r ! ,am]ican nor ! ,engli% lab\r]1 z a g5]al rule1 likes a *eese t is at ! same "t exce$+ly poor 9 fat & excessively h>d to bite4 #8,obvi\sly ! fir/ /ep 0 to add fat to ! skim-milk s z to replace ! cream :i* _h be5 tak5 (f4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 no easy matt]1 = nei!r oleom>g>9e nor l>d w\ld mix ) ! skim-milk :5 directly appli$4 ,! imitation *eese attempt$ to be made 9 ?is way 0 wret*$ly bad2 &1 :5 cut1 ! add$ fatty matt] 0 f\nd 9 /reaks1 & to a great ext5t ooz$ out 9 its orig9al condition4 8,l>d-*eese10 9 fact1 soon became a by-^w & a reproa*1 & x is /at$ t la/ ye> a l>ge quantity ( poor1 unsophi/icat$ *eese 0 sold "u t "n1 & ?us increas$ its evil reputation4 #8,b ! utilisation ( ! skim-milk /ill rema9$ a necessity to ! manag]s ( ! 8cream]ies10 if !y 7 to be comm]cially successful4 ,! "q 01 !re=e1 consid]$ :e!r x w\ld n be possible to make an artificial cream :i* %\ld replace ! natural cream :i* _h be5 tak5 (f ! milk4 ,?is idea 0 soon put to a practical te/1 & ) mo/ rem>kable results4 #8,! process n[ adopt$ beg9s ) ! manufacture ( artificial cream z foll[s3 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( skim-milk is heat$ to ab\t #he ,fahr41 & "o-half ! quantity ( ei!r l>d1 oleom>g>9e1 or olive oil1 z ! case may be4 ,^! sub/ances are convey$ ?r\gh sep>ate pipes into an 8emulsion0 ma*9e1 :i* subdivides bo? mat]ials to a surpris+ degree1 :ile x mixes !m ?or\ghly toge!r--! arrangem5t insur+ t ! ma*9e is regul>ly f$ ) ! due proportions ( ! sub/ances :i* are be+ us$4 ,x is /at$ t ! artificial cream made ) olive oil 9 ?is way is n object$ to 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = use 9 tea & c(fee4 #8,= ! manufacture ( imitation *eese1 ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ?is imitation cream is add$ to ! skim-milk4 ,! latt] be+ rais$ to #he ,fahr41 & ! =m] to #ace ,fahr4 or upw>ds1 ! mixture atta9s a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,fahr4 ,! rema9d] ( ! process is id5tical ) t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,am]ican ,*$d> *eese1 except t a special me*anical agitator is us$ to insure t ! curd %all be ev5ly /irr$ & cook$1 s z to avoid any loss ( fat 9 ! :ey4 ,success or failure 9 ! manufacture ( imitation *eese seems to dep5d *iefly ^u ! p]fect emulsion ( ! skim-milk ) ! fat 9 ! prelim9>y process ( mak+ artificial cream4 ,t hav+ be5 accompli%$1 ! rema9+ processes are said to be p]fectly easy & satisfactory4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by compet5t judges t ! be/ descriptions ( oleom>g>9e *eese c ) difficulty1 if at all1 be detect$ f ! ord9>y ,am]ican ,*$d> ( comm]ce2 b ! imitation product has nev]!less a t5d5cy to become rapidly m\ldy aft] hav+ be5 cut4 #8,! trade 9 imitation butt] is n[ some?+ enorm\s & increases e ye>2 9 ! ,ne!rl&s alone !re are sixty or sev5ty factories4 ,imitation *eese is only j beg9n+ to appe> on ! ,london m>ket1 b !re c be little d\bt t be=e long x w compete successfully ) all b ! be/ & mo/ delicate descriptions ( ! real article1 unless x is br&$ s z to %[ its true "*4 ,"o firm alone1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 made #bjj1jjj lbs4 ( imitation *eese la/ ye>1 & _! factories are 9 full "w aga9 ?is ye>4' ,my fir/ acqua9tance ) ! rational cook]y ( *eese 0 9 ! autumn ( #ahdb1 :5 ,i d9$ ) ! monks ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,be+ ! only gue/1 ,i 0 ! fir/ to be suppli$ ) s\p1 & !n came a di% ( grat$ *eese4 ,be+ "y & ba%ful1 ,i 0 a%am$ to display my ignorance by ask+ :at ,i 0 to d ) ! *eese1 b made a bold da%1 nev]!less1 & spr9kl$ "s ( x into my s\p4 ,i !n le>n$ t my guess 0 q correct2 ! prior & ! monks did ! same4 ,on walk+ on to ,italy ,i le>n$ t !re su* use ( *eese is univ]sal4 ,m9e/ra )\t ,p>mesan w\ld 9 ,italy be reg>d$ z we 9 ,engl& %\ld reg>d muff9s & crumpets )\t butt]4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce my fir/ soj\rn 9 ,italy1 my sympa?ies are cont9ually lac]at$ :5 ,i contemplate ! melan*oly spectacle ( human be+s eat+ ?9 s\p )\t any grat$ *eese4 ,n only 9 s\ps1 b 9 _m o!r di%es1 x is simil>ly us$4 ,z an example1 ,i may "n #8,risotto la ,milanese1' a delici\s1 :olesome1 & economical di%--a sort ( /ew compos$ ( rice & ! giblets ( f[ls1 usually *>g$ ab\t twop5ce to ?reep5ce p] portion at ,italian re/aurants4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 is ! reason :y ,i f9d no recipe = x 9 ! #8high-class' cook]y-books4 ,x is always s]v$ ) grat$ ,p>mesan4 ,! same ) ! _m v>ieties ( pa/e1 ( :i* mac>oni & v]micelli are ! be/ kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 all ^! ! *eese is spr9kl$ ov]1 & !n /irr$ into ! s\p1 c41 :ile x is hot4 ,! *eese be+ f9ely divid$ is fus$ at once1 & ?us delicately cook$4 ,?is is q diff]5t f ! #8mac>oni *eese' commonly prep>$ 9 ,engl& by deposit+ mac>oni 9 a pie-di%1 !n cov]+ x ) a /ratum ( grat$ *eese1 & plac+ ?is 9 an ov5 or be=e a fire until ! *eese is desiccat$1 br[n$1 & conv]t$ into a horny1 case\s =m ( c>bon t w\ld induce *ronic dyspepsia 9 ! /oma* ( a wild bo> if he f$ ^u x = a week4 ,9 all prep>ations ( ,italian pa/es1 risottos1 pures1 c41 ! *eese is intimately mix$ ?r\gh\t1 & s(t5$ & diffus$ !reby 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,! ,italians !mselves imag9e t only _! own ,p>mesan *eese is fit = ?is purpose1 & h infect$ _m ,engli%m5 ) ! same idea4 ,?us x happ5s t fancy prices are paid 9 ?is c\ntry = t p>ticul> *eese1 :i* ne>ly resembles ! *eese kn[n 9 our midl& c\nties z #8skim dick'--sold !re at ab\t f\rp5ce p] p\nd1 or giv5 by ! f>m]s to _! lab\r]s4 ,x is *eese #8t has s5t its butt] to m>ket1' be+ made f ! skim-milk :i* rema9s 9 ! dairy aft] ! pigs h be5 fully suppli$4 ,i h us$ ?is k9d ( *eese z a sub/itute = ,p>mesan1 & ,i f9d x answ]s ! purpose1 ?\gh x has n ! f9e flav\r ( ! be/ qualities ( ,p>mesan4 ,! only fault ( our ord9>y :ole-milk ,engli% & ,am]ican *eeses is t !y are too ri*1 & _c be s f9ely grat$ on acc\nt ( _! m unctu\s /ructure1 due to ! cream !y conta94 ,i note t 9 ! recipes ( high-class cook]y-books1 :]e ,p>mesan is prescrib$1 cream is commonly add$4 ,s5sible ,engli% cooks1 :o use ,*e%ire1 ,*$d>1 or good ,am]ican *eese1 are practically includ+ ! ,p>mesan & ! cream 9 natural comb9ation4 ,by all[+ ^! *eeses to dry1 or by sett+ aside ! out] "p ( ! *eese = ! purpose1 ! difficulty ( grat+ is ov]come4 ,i h n[ to communicate ano!r result ( my *eese-cook+ rese>*es1 viz4 a new di%--*eese-porridge--or1 ,i may say1 a new class ( di%es--*eese-porridges4 ,!y are n int5d$ = epicures1 :o only live to eat1 b = m5 & wom5 :o eat 9 ord] to live & "w4 ,^! comb9ations ( *eese are m especially fitt$ = ^? ^: "w is muscul>1 & :o "w 9 ! op5 air4 ,s$5t>y bra9-work]s %\ld use !m c>efully1 le/ !y suff] f ov]-nutrition1 :i* is b a few degrees worse ?an p>tial />vation4 ,my typical *eese-porridge is ord9>y oatmeal-porridge made 9 ! usual mann]1 b to :i* grat$ *eese1 or "s ( ! *eese solution above describ$1 is add$1 ei!r :ile 9 ! cook]y-pot or aft] x is tak5 out1 & yet z hot z possible4 ,x %\ld be spr9kl$ gradually & well /irr$ 94 ,ano!r k9d ( *eese-porridge or *eese-pudd+ is made by add+ *eese to bak$ potatoes--! potatoes to be tak5 out ( _! sk9s & well ma%$ :ile ! grat$ *eese is spr9kl$ & int]m+l$4 ,a little milk may or may n be add$1 accord+ to ta/e & conv5i5ce4 ,?is is bett] suit$ = ^? ^: occupations are s$5t>y1 potatoes be+ less nutriti\s & m easily dige/$ ?an oatmeal4 ,!y are *iefly compos$ ( />*1 :i* is a heat-giv] or fatt5]1 :ile ! *eese is highly nitrog5\s1 & supplies ! elem5ts 9 :i* ! potato is defici5t1 ! two toge!r =m+ a fair approa* to ! !oretically dem&$ balance ( con/itu5ts4 ,i say bak$ potatoes r ?an boil$1 & p]haps %\ld expla9 my reasons1 ?\gh 9 do+ s ,i anticipate :at ,i %all expla9 m fully :5 on ! subject ( vegetable food4 ,raw potatoes conta9 pota% salts :i* are easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,i f9d t :5 ! potato is boil$ "s ( ! pota% comes out into ! wat]1 & ?us ! vegetable is robb$ ( a v valuable con/itu5t4 ,! bak$ potato conta9s all its orig9al sal9e con/itu5ts :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 are specially dem&$ z an addition to *eese-food4 ,ha/y pudd+ made1 z usual1 ( :eat fl\r1 may be conv]t$ f an insipid to a sav\ry & highly nutriti\s porridge by ! addition ( *eese 9 l mann]4 ,! same ) boil$ rice1 :e!r :ole or gr\nd1 also sago1 tapioca1 & o!r =ms ( edible />*4 ,suppos+ :ole rice is us$--& ,i ?9k ?is is ! be/--! *eese may be spr9kl$ among ! gra9s ( rice & well /irr$ or ma%$ up ) !m4 ,! addition ( a little br[n gravy to ?is1 ) or )\t *ick5 giblets1 gives u an ,italian risotto4 ,! ,indian-corn /irab\t ( ! poor ,iri% cotti] w\ld be mu* improv$ bo? 9 flav\r & nutritive value by ! addition ( a little grat$ *eese4 ,pease pudd+ is n improv$ by *eese4 ,! *emi/ry ( ?is w come out :5 ,i expla9 ! composition ( peas1 beans1 c4 ,! same applies to pea s\p4 ,i might enum]ate o!r me?ods ( cook+ *eese by ?us add+ x 9 a f9ely-divid$ /ate to o!r k9ds ( food1 b if ,i 7 to express my own convictions on ! subject ,i %\ld /ir up prejudice by nam+ "s mixtures :i* _m p w\ld d5\nce4 ,z an example ,i may ref] to a di% :i* ,i inv5t$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago--viz4 fi% & *eese pudd+1 made by tak+ ! rema9s f a di% ( boil$ codfi%1 haddock1 or o!r :ite fi%1 ma%+ x ) bread-crumbs1 grat$ *eese1 & ket*up1 !n w>m+ 9 an ov5 & s]v+ aft] ! usual mann] ( scallop$ fi%4 ,any rema9s ( oy/] sauce may be advantage\sly includ$4 ,i f9d ?is delici\s1 b o!rs may n4 ,i frequ5tly add grat$ *eese to boil$ fi% z ord9>ily s]v$1 & h lately made a fi% sauce by dissolv+ grat$ *eese 9 milk ) ! aid ( a little bic>bonate ( pota%1 & add+ ?is to ord9>y melt$ butt]4 ,i sugge/ ^! *eese mixtures to o!rs ) "s misgiv+s z reg>ds palatability1 aft] le>n+ ! revelations ( ,d>w9 on ! p]si/5ce ( h]$ity4 ,x is q possible t1 be+ a comp\nd ( ! ,swiss ,mattieu ) ! ,wel% ,williams 7*eese on bo? sides71 ,i may inh]it an abnormal fondness = ?is /aple food ( ! m\nta9e]s4 ,be ?is z x may1 s f> z ! m]e palate is conc]n$2 b 9 ! *emi/ry ( all my advocacy ( *eese & its cook]y ,i h full confid5ce4 ,r5d]$ dige/ible by simple & suitable cook]y1 & add$ ) a little pota% salt to f>9ace\s food ( all k9ds1 x af=ds exactly :at is requir$ to supply a !oretically complete & a mo/ economical diet>y1 )\t ! aid ( any o!r k9d ( animal food4 ,! pota% salts may be advantage\sly suppli$ by a lib]al second c\rse ( fruit or salad4 ,"o m ( my h]etical applications ( grat$ *eese mu/ be specifi$4 ,x is t ( spr9kl+ x freely ov] ord9>y /ew$ tripe1 :i* ?us becomes extraord9>y /ew$ tripe4 ,or a solution ( *eese may be mix$ ) liquor ( ! /ew4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t /ew$ tripe is ! mo/ easily dige/ible ( all solid animal food4 ,?is 0 %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,beaumont on 8 pati5t1 ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 :o 0 s oblig+ 7f a sci5tific po9t ( view7 z to dis*>ge a gun 9 su* a mann] t x %ot away ! front ( 8 own /oma* & left !re1 aft] ! heal+ ( ! w\nd1 a valv$ w9d[ ?r\gh :i*1 ) ! aid ( a simple optical contrivance1 ! "w ( dige/ion c\ld be wat*$4 ,dr4 ,beaumont f\nd t :ile beef & mutton requir$ ?ree h\rs = dige/ion1 tripe 0 dige/$ 9 "o h\r4#ad ,i add by way ( po/script a recipe = a di% lately inv5t$ by my wife4 ,x is vegetable m>r[ au grat91 prep>$ by simply boil+ ! vegetable z usual1 slic+ x1 plac+ ! slices 9 a di%1 cov]+ !m ) grat$ *eese1 & !n br[n+ slightly 9 an ov5 or be=e ! fire1 z 9 prep>+ ! well-kn[n #8caulifl[] au grat94' ,i h modifi$ ?is 7) improvem5t1 ,i believe7 by ma%+ ! boil$ m>r[ & /irr+ ! grat$ *eese into ! mid/ ( x :il/ z hot z possible2 or1 bett] /ill1 by add+ a little ( ! solution ( *eese above describ$ to ! pure ( ma%$ m>r[ & /irr+ x well 9 :ile hot4 ,to please ! ladies1 & make x look pretty on ! table1 a little m grat$ *eese may be spr9kl$ on ! top ( ?is & br[n$ 9 ! ov5 or ) a salam&]4 ,p ) weak dige/ive p[]s %\ld set aside ! pretty4 ,turnips may be simil>ly treat$ z #8ma%$ turnips au grat94' ,i recomm5d ?is especially to my veget>ian fri5ds1 :o h no objection to *eese1 b d n prop]ly appreciate x4 ,tak+ z ,i d great int]e/ 9 _! ef=ts1 reg>d+ !m z pione]s ( a great & c]ta9ly approa*+ re=m1 ,i h frequ5tly d9$ at _! re/aurants 7always d s :5 )9 rea*1 z ,i am only a fle%-eat] = conv5i5ce' sake71 & by ! exp]i5ce ?us af=d$ ( _! cook]y1 am conv9c$ t !y are los+ _m conv]ts by ! lack ( *eese 9 _m ( _! mo/ important di%es4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,i am greatly disgu/$ ) ! cook]y-books1 especially ! pret5ti\s volume ( ,francatelli's1 on be+ unable to f9d any recipe = ?is delici\s ,italian di%1 & a simil> abs5ce ( a doz5 or two ( equally common & excell5t prep>ations famili> to all :o h d9$ at ! ,lepre 7,rome71 or o!r good ,italian re/aurants4 #ab ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago ^! *eese fondus 7 "o ( ! usual c\rses at _m-c\rse banquets1 b n[ !y are r>ely f\nd 9 ! m5u ( su* d9n]s4 ,!re is good reason = ?is4 ,!y are f> too nutriti\s to be eat5 ) a doz5 o!r ?+s4 ,_! prop] use is to sub/itute ! jo9t 9 an ord9>y respectable meal ( meat & pudd+4 #ac ,be=e ! ,adult]ation ,act 0 pass$1 mu/>d fl\r 0 usually mix$ ) well-dri$ :eat5 fl\r1 :]eby ! r$undant oil 0 absorb$1 & ! mixture 0 a dry p[d]4 ,n[ x is diff]5t1 be+ pure p[d]$ mu/>d se$1 & usually r damp4 ,x n only lies clos]1 b is mu* /rong]4 ,!re=e1 9 foll[+ any recipe ( old cook]y-books1 only ab\t half ! /at$ quantity %\ld be us$4 #ad ,! read] :o desires fur!r in=mation on ?is & k9dr$ subjects w f9d x cle>ly & s\ndly treat$ 7)\t any ( ! noxi\s p$antry t too commonly prevails 9 su* treatises7 9 ,dr4 ,&rew ,combe's ,physiology ( ,dige/ion1 :i*1 al?\gh writt5 by a dy+ man ne>ly half a c5tury ago1 /ill rema9s1 l 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,physiology1 ! be/ popul> "w on ! subject4 ,subsequ5t editions h be5 edit$ & br\ght up to date by 8 nephew1 ,sir ,james ,coxe4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fat--,,milk4 ,,we all "k t !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 raw fat & cook$ fat2 b :at is ! rationale ( ?is diff]5ce8 ,is x any?+ beyond ! obvi\s fusion or semi-fusion ( ! solid8 ,^! are v natural & simple que/ions1 b 9 no "w on *emi/ry or te*nology c ,i f9d any answ] to !m1 or ev5 any attempt at an answ]4 ,i w !re=e d ! be/ ,i c t[>ds solv+ ! problem 9 my own way4 ,all ! cookable & eatable fats fall into ! class ( #8fix$ oils1' s nam$ by *emi/s to di/+ui% !m f ! #8volatile oils1' o!rwise describ$ z #8ess5tial oils4' ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two classes is simple en\gh4 ,! volatile oils 7mo/ly ( vegetable orig97 may be di/ill$ or simply evaporat$ away l wat] or alcohol1 & leave no residue4 ,! fix$ oils simil>ly treat$ are dissociat$ m or less completely4 ,?is has be5 already expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,o!rwise express$1 ! boil+ po9t ( ! volatile oils is bel[ _! dissociation po9t4 ,! fix$ oils are ^? :i* are dissociat$ at a temp]ature bel[ _! boil+ po9t4 ,my object 9 ?us express+ ?is diff]5ce w be und]/ood ^u a little reflection4 ,! volatile oils1 :5 heat$1 be+ di/ill$ )\t *ange are uncookable2 :ile ! fix$ oils if simil>ly heat$ suff] v>i\s degrees ( *ange z _! temp]ature is rais$1 & may be completely decompos$ by /eady application ( heat 9 a clos$ vessel )\t ! aid ( any o!r *emical ag5t ?an ! heat itself4 ,?is #8de/ructive di/illation' conv]ts !m into solid c>bon & hydro-c>bon gases1 some:at simil> to ^? we obta9 by ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal4 ,if we wat* ! *anges occurr+ z ! heat advances to ?is complete dissociation po9t we may obs]ve a m9or or p>tial dissociation proce$+ gradually onw>d1 resembl+ t :i* ,i h already describ$ z occurr+ :5 sug> is simil>ly treat$ 7,*apt] ,,vii4 page #hg74 ,b 9 ord9>y cook+ we d n g s f> z to c>bonise ! fat itself1 ?\gh we d br[n or p>tially c>bonise ! membrane :i* envelopes ! fat4 ,:at !n is ! nature ( ?is m9or dissociation1 if su* occurs8 ,be=e giv+ my answ] to ?is "q ,i mu/ expla9 ! *emical con/itution ( fat4 ,x is a comp\nd ( a v weak base ) v weak acids4 ,! basic sub/ance is glyc]9e1 ! acids 7n s\r at all1 b s nam$ because !y comb9e ) bases z ! actually s\r acids d7 are /e>ic acid1 palmitic acid1 oleic acid1 c41 & be> ! g5]al "n ( #8fatty acids4' ,!y are solid or liquid1 accord+ to temp]ature4 ,:5 solid !y are pe>ly cry/all9e sub/ances1 :5 fus$ !y are oily liquids4 ,to simplify1 ,i w take "o ( ^! z a type1 & t ! "o :i* is ! *ief con/itu5t ( animal fats1 viz4 /e>ic acid4 ,i h a lump ( x be=e me4 ,newly brok5 ?r\gh1 x might at a di/ance be mi/ak5 = a piece ( ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,x is granul>1 l ! m>ble1 b n s h>d1 &1 :5 rubb$ ) ! h&1 diff]s f ! m>ble 9 betray+ its orig9 by a small degree ( unctu\sness1 b x c sc>cely be describ$ z greasy4 ,i f9d by exp]im5t t ?is may be mix$ ) glyc]9e )\t comb9ation tak+ place1 t :5 heat$ ) glyc]9e j to its fus+ po9t1 & ! two are agitat$ toge!r1 ! comb9ation is by no means complete4 ,in/ead ( obta9+ a s(t1 smoo? fat1 ,i obta9 a granul> fat small /e>ic cry/als ) glyc]9e among/ !m4 ,x is a mixture ( /e>ic acid & glyc]9e1 n a *emical comp\nd2 x is /e>ic acid & glyc]9e1 b n a /e>ate ( glyc]9e or glyc]9e /e>ate4 ,a simil> sep>ation is :at ,i suppose to occur 9 ! cook+ ( animal fat4 ,i f9d t mutton-fat1 beef-fat1 or o!r fat :5 raw is p]fectly smoo?1 z te/$ by rubb+ a small quantity1 free f membrane1 betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 or by ! /ill m delicate te/ ( rubb+ x betwe5 ! tip ( ! tongue & ! palate4 ,b dripp+1 :e!r ( beef1 or mutton1 or p\ltry1 is granul>1 z anybody :o has ev] eat5 bread & dripp+ kn[s well en\gh1 & ! manufactur]s ( #8butt]9e1' or #8bos*1' "k too well1 ! de/ruction or prev5tion ( ?is granulation be+ "o ( ! difficulties ( _! art4 ,my !ory ( ! cook]y ( fat is simply t heat1 :5 cont9u$ long en\gh1 or rais$ suffici5tly high1 effects an incipi5t dissociation ( ! fatty acids f ! glyc]9e1 & ?us assi/s ! dige/ive organs by pres5t+ ! base & ! acids 9 a condition bett] fitt$ 7or advanc$ by "o /age7 = ! new comb9ations dem&$ by assimilation4 ,"s physiologi/s h lately ass]t$ t ! fat ( our food is n assimilat$ at all--n laid d[n aga9 z fat1 b is us$ directly z fuel = ! ma9t5ance ( animal heat4 ,if ?is is correct1 ! advantage ( ! prelim9>y dissociation is m decid$1 = ! combu/ible portion ( ! fat is its fatty acids2 ! glyc]9e is an imp$im5t to combu/ion1 s mu* s t ! mod]n c&le-mak] removes x1 & !reby greatly improves ! combu/ibility ( 8 c&les4 ,x may be t ! glyc]9e ( ! fat we eat is assimilat$ l sug>1 :ile ! fatty acids act directly z fuel4 ,?is view may reconcile "s ( ! conflict+ facts 7su* z ! exi/5ce ( fat 9 ! c>nivora7 t /& 9 ! way ( ! !ory ( ! uses ( fat food above ref]r$ to1 accord+ to :i* fat is n fatt5+1 & ^? :o w\ld #8,bant' %\ld eat fat freely to ma9ta9 animal heat1 :ile v ab/emi\s 9 ! consumption ( sug> & f>9ace\s food4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 tall[ & dripp+ is in/ructive4 ,_! orig9 is ! same2 bo? are melt$ fats--beef or mutton fats--& bo? conta9 ! same fatty acids & glyc]9e1 b !re is a visible & tangible diff]5ce 9 _! molecul> condition4 ,tall[ is smoo? & homog5e\s1 dripp+ decid$ly granul>4 ,i attribute ?is diff]5ce to ! fact t 9 r5d]+ tall[1 ! heat is ma9ta9$ no long] ?an is necess>y to effect ! fusion2 :ile1 9 ! ord9>y production ( dripp+1 ! fat is expos$ 9 ! dripp+-pan to a long cont9uance ( heat1 besides be+ highly heat$ :5 us$ 9 ba/+4 ,!re=e ! dissociation is c>ri$ f>!r 9 ! case ( ! dripp+1 & ! result becomes s5sible4 ,i h obs]v$ t home-r5d]$ l>d1 t obta9$ 9 ,engli% f>mh\ses1 :]e ! #8scrat*+s' 7i4e4 ! membran\s p>ts7 are frizzl$1 is m granul> ?an ! l>d we n[ obta9 9 su* abundance f ,*icago & o!r :olesale hog regions4 ,i h n witness$ ! l>d r5d]+ at ,*icago1 b h little d\bt t economy ( fuel is practis$ 9 conduct+ x1 & !re=e less dissociation w\ld be effect$ ?an 9 ! dome/ic retail process4 ,"s ( ! e>ly manufactur]s ( #8bos*' purifi$ _! fat by ! process recomm5d$ & practis$ by ! ,fr5* ,academicians ,,mm4 ,dubrunfaut & ,fua 7see page #ajb74 ,i wrote ab\t x 9 #ahga1 & consequ5tly receiv$ "s samples ( artificial butt] ?us made 9 ! ,midl&s4 ,x 0 pure fat1 p]fectly :olesome1 b1 al?\gh col\r$ to imitate butt]1 _h ! granul> "* ( dripp+4 ,s9ce t "t great progress has be5 made 9 ?is bran* ( indu/ry4 ,i h lately ta/$ samples ( pure #8bos*' or #8oleom>g>9e' undi/+ui%able f *urn$ cream or good butt]1 ?\gh (f]$ = sale at #h;d4 p] lb4 9 :olesale packages4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is ! high temp]atures ( ! process ( ! ,academicians are c>efully avoid$1 & ! smoo?ness ( pure butt] is obta9$4 ,i m5tion ?is n[ m]ely 9 confirmation ( my !ory ( ! rationale ( fat cook]y1 b %all return to ?is subject ( #8bos*' or butt]9e aga91 z x has consid]able intr9sic int]e/ 9 ref]5ce to our food supplies1 & %\ld be bett] und]/ood ?an x is4 ,if ?is !ory ( fat cook]y & ! prec$+ !oretical explanations ( ! cook]y ( gelat9 & fibr9 are correct1 a broad practical d$uction foll[s1 viz4 t 9 ! cook]y ( fat ! full temp]ature ( #bab or ev5 a mu* high] temp]ature does no mis*ief1 or may be desirable1 :ile all ! o!r con/itu5ts ( meat are bett] cook$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bab2 ! album5 especially at a consid]ably l[] temp]ature4 ,!re is nei!r coagulation nor dehydration to be fe>$ z reg>ds ! fat1 unless ! heat is rais$ to t ( ! dissociation ( ! fix$ oils1 :i*1 z already expla9$1 is mu* above #bab2 ! *ange :i* !n takes place 9 ! fat 7analog\s to t c>amelis+ sug>7 is n dehydration prop]ly s call$1 al?\gh ! elem5ts ( wat] or hydrog5 may be driv5 (f4 ,hydration is a comb9+ ( wat] z wat]1 n ) ! elem5ts ( wat] z elem5ts1 & ! wat] ( mo/ hydrates becomes dissociat$ at a temp]ature a little above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,my own exp]im5ts on gelat9 %[ t hydration occurs :5 crude gelat9 is expos$ to ! action ( wat] at or bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 & t dehydration takes place at & above ! boil+ po9t1 or o!rwise /at$1 ! boil+ po9t is ! critical temp]ature :]e ei!r hydration or dehydration may occur accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,! orig9al membrane imm]s$ 9 wat] at #bab becomes hydrat$1 :ile hydrat$ gelat9 heat$ to #bab & expos$ to ! air is dehydrat$4 ,fat is only dissociat$ z reg>ds its glyc]9e1 & is cook$ !reby4 ,! dietetic value ( milk is obvi\s en\gh f ! fact t ! "y ( ! human species & all ! mammalia1 :e!r c>nivor\s1 gram9ivor\s1 or h]bivor\s1 are entirely f$ ^u x dur+ ! p]iod ( _! mo/ rapid gr[?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n ju/ify ! practice ( describ+ milk z a model diet & tabulat+ its composition z t :i* %\ld repres5t ! composition ( food = adults4 ,! fallacy ( ?is is evid5t f ! fact t grass is ! model food ( ! c[1 & milk t ( ! calf4 ,al?\gh ! grass conta9s all ! con/itu5ts ( ! milk1 _! proportions are widely diff]5t2 besides ?is ! grass conta9s a v great deal ( mat]ial t does n exi/ 9 milk--silica = example4 ,! con/itu5ts ( milk are fir/ wat]1 con/itut+ f #fe to #ij p] c5t4 ,nitrog5\s matt]1 consi/+ ( ! case9 above describ$ & a little album54 ,fat1 sug>1 & sal9e sub/ances4 ,! proportions ( ^! v>y s greatly 9 ! milk f diff]5t animals ( ! same species1 & 9 t f ! same animal at diff]5t times t tabul> /atem5ts ( ! p]c5tage composition ( ! milk ( diff]5t animals are v v>iable4 ,i h five su* tables be=e me1 assembl$ = ! purpose ( supply+ mat]ial = my read]s1 b !y are s contradictory1 ?\gh all by good *emi/s1 t ,i am at a loss 9 mak+ a *oice4 ,! foll[+ is ,dr4 ,mill]'s /atem5t ( ! mean result ( sev]al analyses3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,woman ,c[ ,goat ,ass ,%eep ,bit* ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,wat] #hhf #hgd #hbj #ije #hef #ffc ,fat #bf #dj #de #ad #de #adh ,sug> & soluble salts #di #ej #de #fd #db #bi ,nitrog5\s comp\nds & insoluble salts #ci #cf #ij #ag #eg #afj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! fat exi/s 9 ! =m ( m9ute globules ( oil susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! ris+ ( ^! to ! surface =ms ! cream4 ,:5 ! milk is new x is slightly alkal9e1 & ?is assi/s 9 ! admixture ( ! oil ) ! wat]1 =m+ an emulsion :i* may be imitat$ by :ipp+ olive or o!r simil> oil 9 wat]4 ,if ! wat] is slightly alkal9e ! milky-look+ emulsion is m easily obta9$ ?an 9 neutral wat]1 /ill m s ?an :5 !re is acid 9 ! wat]4 ,z milk becomes old] lactic acid is =m$2 at fir/ alkal9ity is ex*ang$ = neutrality1 & aft]w>ds ! milk becomes acid4 ,?is assi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( ! cream4 ,butt] is m]ely ! oil globules aggregat$ by agitation or *urn+4 ,! condition ( ! case9 has be5 already describ$4 ,! sug> ( milk or #8lact9e' is mu* less sweet ?an cane sug>4 ,! cook]y ( milk is v simple1 b by no means unimportant4 ,t !re is an appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 raw & boil$ milk may be prov$ by tak+ equal quantities ( ea* 7! boil$ sample hav+ be5 all[$ to cool d[n71 add+ !m to equal quantities ( ! same infusion ( c(fee1 !n critically ta/+ ! mixtures4 ,! diff]5ce is suffici5t to h long s9ce e/abli%$ ! practice among all skilful cooks ( scrupul\sly us+ boil$ milk = mak+ caf au lait4 ,i h tri$ a simil> exp]im5t on tea1 & f9d t 9 ?is case ! cold milk is pref]able4 ,:y ?is %\ld be--:y boil$ milk %\ld be bett] = c(fee & raw milk = tea--,i _c tell4 ,if any ( my read]s h n done s already1 let !m try simil> exp]im5ts ) cond5s$ milk1 & ,i h no d\bt t ! v]dict ( ! majority w be t x is passable ) c(fee1 b v objectionable 9 tea4 ,?is is milk t has be5 v mu* cook$4 ,! *ief def9able alt]ation effect$ by ! boil+ ( milk is ! coagulation ( ! small quantity ( album5 :i* x conta9s4 ,?is rises z x becomes solidifi$1 c>ry+ ) x "s ( ! fat globules ( ! milk1 & a little ( its sug> & sal9e con/itu5ts1 ?us =m+ a sk9-l scum on ! surface1 :i* may be lift$ ) a spoon & eat51 z x is p]fectly :olesome1 & v nutriti\s4 ,if all ! milk t is p\r$ into ,london e morn+ 7 to fl[ d[n a s+le *annel1 x w\ld =m a respectable little rivulet4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! self-adju/+ op]ation ( dem& & supply is pres5t$ by ! fact t1 )\t any special legislation or any dictat+ (ficial1 ! quantity requir$ %\ld ?us fl[ ) s little excess t1 9 spite ( its p]i%able qualities1 little or none is spoil$ by s\r+2 & yet at any mom5t anybody may buy a p5nywor? )9 two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds ( any "p ( ! great metropolis4 ,!re is no record ( any s+le day on :i* ! supply has fail$1 or ev5 be5 s5sibly defici5t4 ,?is is effect$ by draw+ ! supplies f a great numb] ( indep5d5t s\rces1 :i* are n likely to be simultane\sly di/urb$ 9 ! same direction4 ,c\pl$ ) ?is advantage is a s]i\s dang]4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t c]ta9 microbia 7m9ute liv+ abom9ations71 :i* are said to dissem9ate malignant diseases1 may live 9 milk1 fe$ ^u x1 increase & multiply !re91 & by x be transmitt$ to human be+s ) possibly s]i\s & ev5 fatal results4 ,?is g5]al g]m !ory ( disease has be5 rec5tly que/ion$ by "s m5 ^: conclusions dem& respect4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson /\tly opposes x1 & 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ( ! #8comma-%ap$' bacillus1 s firmly describ$ z ! orig9 ( *ol]a1 ! refutation is app>5tly complete4 ,! alt]native hypo!sis is t ! class ( diseases 9 "q are caus$ by a *emical poison1 n necess>ily organis$ z a plant or animal1 & !re=e n to be f\nd by ! microscope4 ,i speak ! m feel+ly on ?is subject1 hav+ v rec5tly _h pa9ful exp]i5ce ( x4 ,"o ( my sons w5t = a holiday to a f>m-h\se 9 ,%rop%ire1 :]e _m happy & heal?-giv+ holidays h be5 sp5t by all ! memb]s ( my family4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree weeks he 0 attack$ by sc>let fev]1 & suff]$ sev]ely4 ,he aft]w>ds le>n$ t ! c[boy _h be5 ill1 & fur!r inquiry prov$ t 8 illness 0 sc>let fev]1 ?\gh n ackn[l$g$ to be su*2 t he _h milk$ be=e ! scal+ ( ! sk9 t foll[s ! eruption c\ld h be5 complet$1 & x 0 !re=e mo/ probable t "s ( ! scales f 8 h&s fell into ! milk4 ,my son drank freely ( uncook$ milk1 ! o!r inmates ( ! f>m dr9k+ home-brew$ be]1 & only tak+ milk 9 tea or c(fee hot en\gh to de/roy ! vitality ( fev] g]ms4 ,he alone suff]$4 ,?is infection 0 ! m rem>kable1 inasmu* z a few mon?s previ\sly he _h be5 assi/+ a m$ical man 9 a cr[d$ "p ( ,london :]e sc>let fev] 0 preval5t1 & _h come into frequ5t contact ) pati5ts 9 diff]5t /ages ( ! disease )\t suff]+ infection4 ,_h ! milk f ?is f>m be5 s5t to ,london 9 ! usual mann] 9 cans1 & ! cont5ts ( ^! p>ticul> cans mix$ ) ^? ( ! re/ receiv$ by ! v5dor1 ! :ole ( 8 /ock might h be5 infect$4 ,z "s ?\s&s ( f>ms contribute to ! supply+ ( ,london ) milk1 ! risk ( su* contact ) infect$ h&s occurr+ occasionally 9 "o or ano!r ( !m is v great1 & fully ju/ifies me 9 urg5tly recomm5d+ ! manag] ( e h\sehold to /rictly en=ce ! boil+ ( e drop ( milk t ent]s ! h\se4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #bab ! vitality ( all dang]\s g]ms is de/roy$1 & ! boil+ po9t ( milk is a little above #bab4 ,! temp]ature ( tea or c(fee1 z ord9>ily us$1 may d x1 b is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,i ne$ only ref] g5]ally to ! cases ( :olesale infection t h rec5tly be5 trac$ to ! milk ( p>ticul> dairies1 z ! p>ticul>s are famili> to all :o read ! newspap]s4 ,! necessity = boil+ rema9s ! same1 :e!r we accept ! g]m !ory or t ( *emical poison1 z su* poison mu/ be ( organic orig91 &1 l o!r simil> organic comp\nds1 subject to dissociation or o!r alt]ation :5 heat$ to ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r butt] may or may n act z a dang]\s c>ri] ( su* g]ms2 :e!r !y rise ) ! cream1 survive ! *urn+1 & fl\ri% among ! fat4 ,! subject is ( vital importance1 & yet1 9 spite ( ! rese>* fund ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,briti% ,association1 c41 we h no data ^u :i* to base ev5 an approximately s\nd conclusion4 ,we may !orise1 ( c\rse2 we may suppose t ! bact]ia1 bacilli1 c41 :i* we see "u ! microscope to be cont9ually wriggl+ ab\t or driv+ along are do+ s 9 ord] to obta9 fre% food f ! surr\nd+ liquid1 & !re=e t if imprison$ 9 butt] !y w\ld langui% & die4 ,we may po9t to ! analogies ( f]m5t g]ms :i* dem& nitrog5\s matt]1 & !re=e suppose t ! pe/if]\s w&]]s _c live ^u a m]e hydro-c>bon l butt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t ! g]ms ( su* ?+s c rema9 dormant "u conditions t are fatal to _! p>5ts1 & develop =?) :5 releas$ & br\ght into new surr\nd+s4 ,^! speculations are int]e/+ en\gh1 b 9 su* a matt] ( life & dea? to ourselves & our *ildr5 we require positive facts--direct microscopic or *emical evid5ce4 ,9 ! meantime ! d\bt is highly fav\rable to #8bos*4' ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u suppose ! case ( a c[ graz+ on a sewage-f>m1 manur$ f a di/rict on :i* ent]ic fev] has exi/$4 ,! c[ lies d[n1 & its teats are soil$ ) liquid conta9+ ! *emical poison or ! g]ms :i* are s fe>fully malignant :5 tak5 int]nally4 ,9 ! c\rse ( milk+ a ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( ! infect$ matt] conta9+ a few hundr$ g]ms ent]s ! milk1 & ^! g]ms increase & multiply4 ,! cream t rises c>ries "s ( !m ) x1 & !y are ?us 9 ! butt]1 ei!r dead or alive--we "k n :i*1 b h to accept ! risk4 ,n[1 take ! case ( #8bos*4' ,! c[ is slaught]$4 ,! wa/e fat--t be=e ! days ( palm oil & vasel9e 0 sold = lubricat+ ma*9]y--is skilfully prep>$1 made up into #b lb4 rolls1 delicately wrapp$ 9 special musl91 or prettily m\ld$ & fitt$ into #8,norm&y' baskets4 ,:at is ! risk 9 eat+ ?is8 ,none at all provid$ always ! #8bos*' is n adult]at$ ) cream-butt]4 ,! special disease g]ms d n survive ! *emi/ry ( dige/ion1 d n pass ?r\gh ! gl&ul> tissues ( ! follicles t secrete ! liv+ fat1 & !re=e1 ev5 ?\gh ! c[ %\ld h f$ on sewage grass1 moi/5$ ) infect$ sewage wat]1 its fat w\ld n be poison$4 ,:at we require 9 connection ) ?is is comm]cial hone/y3 t ! ?\s&s ( tons ( #8bos*' n[ annually made %all be sold z #8bos*1' or1 if pref]r$1 z #8oleom>g>9e1' or #8butt]9e1' or any o!r "n t %all tell ! tru?4 ,9 ord] to r5d] su* comm]cial hone/y possible to %opkeep]s1 m intellig5ce is dem&$ among _! cu/om]s4 ,a deal]1 on :om ,i c rely1 told me lately t if he (f]$ ! #8bos*' or #8butt]9e' to 8 o!r cu/om]s z he 0 !n (f]+ x to me1 at #h;d4 p] lb4 9 #bd-lb4 box1 or #i;d4 retail1 he c\ld n possibly sell x1 & 8 reputation w\ld be injur$ by admitt+ t he kept x2 b t ! same p :o w\ld be disgu/$ ) x at #i;d4 w buy x freely at d\ble ! price z prime ,devon%ire fre% butt]2 &1 he add$1 significantly1 #8,i _c af=d to lose my bus9ess & be ru9$ because my cu/om]s are fools4' ,to pa/rycooks & o!rs 9 bus9ess x is sold hone/ly en\gh = :at x is1 & us$ in/ead ( butt]4 ,9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society' = ,janu>y #ahdd1 page #ib1 is an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts made by ,a4 ,may] 9 ord] to det]m9e ! comp>ative nutritive value ( #8bos*' & cream-butt]4 ,!y 7 made on a man & a boy4 ,! result 0 t on an av]age a little above #a p] c5t4 less ( ! #8bos*' 0 absorb$ into ! sy/em ?an ( ! cream-butt]4 ,?is is a v trifl+ diff]5ce4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( animal food ,i may say a few words on ! late/1 & p]haps ! greate/1 triumph ( sci5ce 9 ref]5ce to food supply--i4e4 ! successful solution ( ! great problem ( pres]v+ fre% meat = an almo/ indef9ite l5g? ( "t4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t meat :i* is froz5 rema9s fre%4 ,! ,ab]de5 :al]s 7 9 ! habit ( fea/+ _! fri5ds on return+ home on jo9ts t 7 tak5 out fre% f ,ab]de51 & kept froz5 dur+ a long ,arctic voyage4 ,9 ,norway game is %ot at ! end ( autumn1 & kept 9 a froz5 /ate = consumption dur+ ! :ole w9t] & f> into ! spr+4 ,! e>ly attempts to apply ! freez+ process = ! c>riage ( fre% meat f ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia by us+ ice1 or freez+ mixtures ( ice & salt1 fail$1 b n[ all ! difficulties are ov]come by a simple application ( ! great pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :]eby ! burn+ ( coal may be made to produce a degree ( cold proportionate to ! am\nt ( heat x gives out 9 burn+4 ,c>casses ( %eep are !reby froz5 to /ony h>dness imm$iately !y are slaught]$ 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia1 !n pack$ 9 close refrig]at$ c>s1 c>ri$ to ! %ip1 & !re /[$ 9 *amb]s refrig]at$ by ! same means1 & ?us br\ght to ,engl& 9 ! same /ate ( /ony h>dness z t orig9ally produc$4 ,i d9$ to-day on "o ( ! legs ( a %eep t ,i b\ght a week ago1 & :i* 0 graz+ at ! ,antipodes ?ree mon?s be=e4 ,i pref] x to any ,engli% mutton ord9>ily obta9able4 ,! gr\nds ( ?is pref]5ce w be und]/ood :5 ,i expla9 t ,engli% f>m]s1 :o manufacture mutton z a prim>y product1 kill _! %eep z soon z !y are full gr[n1 :5 a ye> old or less4 ,!y _c af=d to fe$ a %eep = two ye>s long] m]ely to improve its flav\r )\t add+ to its weight4 ,c\ntry g5tlem51 :o d n c>e = exp5se1 occasionally regale _! fri5ds on a haun* or saddle ( ?ree-ye>-old mutton1 z a r>e & co/ly luxury4 ,! ,antipodean grazi]s are wool gr[]s4 ,until lately mutton 0 m]ely us$ z manure1 & ev5 n[ x is b a second>y product4 ,! wool crop improves ye> by ye> until ! %eep is ?ree or f\r ye>s old2 !re=e x is n slaught]$ until ?is age is atta9$2 & ?us ! %eep s5t to ,engl& are simil> to ^? ( ! c\ntry squire1 & su* z ! ,engli% f>m] c\ld n s5d to m>ket "u eighte5p5ce p] p\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o drawback2 b ,i h te/$ x ?or\ghly 7hav+ suppli$ my own table dur+ ! la/ six mon?s ) no o!r mutton ?an t f ,new ,zeal&71 & f9d x s trifl+ z to be imp]ceptible unless critically look$ =4 ,x is simply t1 9 ?aw+1 a small quantity ( ! juice ( ! meat oozes out4 ,?is is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! sup]ior ri*ness & fulness ( flav\r ( ! meat itself1 :i* is mu* d>k] 9 col\r ?an "y mutton4 ,legs ( froz5 mutton %\ld be hung ) ! ?ick cut "p upw>ds4 ,) ?is precaution ! loss ( juice is b nom9al4 ,if ! froz5 %eep is n cut up until completely ?aw$ & requir$ = cook+ !re is no loss4 ,ano!r successful me?od ( meat-pres]v+ has be5 m lately introduc$4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! rem>kable antiseptic prop]ties ( boric acid 7or boracic acid z x is sometimes nam$72 ?is is ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( borax1 &1 l ! fatty acids above describ$1 has no s\r flav\r4 ,! speciality ( ?is process1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 a ,gl\ce/]%ire surgeon1 is ! me?od by :i* a small quantity ( ! antiseptic is made to p]meate ! :ole ( ! c>cass4 ,! animal is r5d]$ ins5sible1 ei!r by a /unn+ bl[ or by an an/hetic1 ) ! he>t /ill beat+4 ,a ve9--usually ! jugul>--is op5$1 & a small quantity ( blood let out4 ,!n a correspond+ quantity ( a solution ( boric acid1 rais$ to blood heat1 is made to fl[ into ! ve9 f a vessel rais$ to a suitable height above x4 ,! action ( ! he>t c>ries ?is ?r\gh all ! capill>y vessels into e "p ( ! body ( ! animal4 ,! complet5ess ( ?is diffusion may be und]/ood by reflect+ on ! fact t we _c puncture any "p ( ! body ) ! po9t ( a ne$le )\t draw+ blood f "s ( ^! vessels4 ,aft] ! completion ( ?is circulation ! animal is bl$ to dea? 9 ! usual mann]4 ,f ?ree to f\r ounces ( boric acid is suffici5t = a %eep ( av]age weight1 & mu* ( ?is comes away ) ! f9al ble$+4 ,on ,april #b1 #ahhd1 ,i made a he>ty meal on ! roa/$1 boil$1 & /ew$ fle% ( a %eep t 0 kill$ on ,febru>y #h1 ! c>cass hang+ 9 ! meantime 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,x 0 p]fectly fre%1 & )\t any p]ceptible flav\r ( ! boric acid3 v t5d]1 & full-flav\r$ z fre% meat4 ,on ,july #ai1 #ahhd1 ,i pur*as$ a haun* ( ! prep>$ mutton1 & hung x 9 an ill-con/ruct$ l>d] dur+ ! excessively hot wea!r t foll[$4 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 aft] tw5ty-two days ( ?is sev]e ordeal1 x 0 /ill 9 good condition4 ,! #aa? & #ab? 7 two ( ! hotte/ days ( ! pres5t c5tury 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! #ac? ,i exam9$ ! haun* v c>efully1 & detect$ symptoms ( giv+ way4 ,x _h become s(t]1 & 0 p]vad$ ?r\gh\t ) a slight malod\r4 ,on ! #ad? x became worse1 & !n ,i _h x roa/$4 ,x 0 decid$ly gamey2 ! fat1 or r ! membran\s junction betwe5 fat & lean1 & ! membran\s %ea?s ( ! muscles _h succumb$1 b ! sub/ance ( ! muscles1 ! firm lean p>ts ( ! meat1 7 q eatable1 & eat5 by myself & o!r memb]s ( my family4 ,!re 0 no ta/e ( boric acid1 & ! meat 0 unusually t5d]4 ,! curi\s elem5t ( ?is process is ! v small quantity ( ! boric acid :i* does ! "w s effectually4 ,= "s "t pa/ mo/ ( ! milk t is suppli$ to ,london has be5 simil>ly treat$ by add+ borax or a prep>ation *iefly compos$ ( borax1 & nam$ #8glacial9e4' ,?is suppresses ! incipi5t lactic f]m5tation1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 o!rwise produces ! s\r+ ( milk1 & ?us prep>$ ! milk rema9s = a long "t unalt]$4 ,! small quantity ( borax t we ?us imbibe ) our tea1 c(fee1 c41 is q h>mless4 ,m4 de ,cyon1 :o has /udi$ ?is subject exp]im5tally1 affirms t x is v b5eficial4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,cook]y ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,,my read]s w rememb] t ,i ref]r$ to ,hall]'s /atem5t1 #8,dimidium corporis humani glut5 e/1' :i* applies to animals g5]ally1 viz4 t half ( _! sub/ance is gelat91 or t :i* by cook]y becomes gelat94 ,?is abundance dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! walls ( ! cells & ! frame-"w ( ! tissues are compos$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,9 ! vegetable /ructure we enc\nt] a close analogy to ?is4 ,cellul> /ructure is /ill m cle>ly def9$ ?an 9 ! animal1 z may be easily se5 ) ! help ( a v mod]ate microscopic p[]4 ,pluck "o ( ! fibrils t y see %oot+ d[n into ! wat] ( hyac9? glasses1 or1 fail+ "o ( ^!1 any o!r succul5t rootlet4 ,cru% x betwe5 two pieces ( glass & exam9e4 ,at ! end !re is a loose spongy mass ( r\nd$ cells2 ^! m]ge into oblong rectangul> cells surr\nd+ a c5tral axis ( spiral tube or tubes or greatly elongat$ cell /ructure4 ,take a ?9 slice ( /em1 or leaf1 or fl[]1 or b>k1 or pi?1 exam9e 9 l mann]1 & cellul> /ructure ( "s k9d w display itself1 cle>ly demon/rat+ t :atev] may be ! cont5ts ( ^! r\nd1 oval1 hexagonal1 oblong1 or o!rwise regul> or irregul> cells1 we _c cook & eat any :ole vegetable1 or slice ( vegetable1 )\t enc\nt]+ a l>ge quantity ( cell wall4 ,x con/itutes f> m ?an half ( ! sub/ance ( mo/ vegetables1 & !re=e dem&s prom95t consid]ation4 ,x exi/s 9 _m =ms ) widely diff]+ physical prop]ties1 b ) v little v>iation 9 *emical composition1 s little t 9 _m *emical treatises cellul> tissue1 cellulose1 lign91 & woody fibre are treat$ z *emically synonym\s4 ,?us1 ,mill] says3 #8,cellul> tissue =ms ! gr\ndwork ( e plant1 & :5 obta9$ 9 a pure /ate1 its composition is ! same1 :atev] may h be5 ! nature ( ! plants :i* furni%$ x1 ?\gh x may v>y greatly 9 appe>ance & physical *>act]s2 ?us1 x is loose & spongy 9 ! succul5t %oots ( g]m9at+ se$s1 & 9 ! roots ( plants1 su* z ! turnip & ! potato2 x is por\s & ela/ic 9 ! pi? ( ! ru% & ! eld]2 x is flexible & t5aci\s 9 ! fibres ( hemp & flax2 x is compact 9 ! bran*es & wood ( gr[+ trees2 & becomes v h>d & d5se 9 ! %ells ( ! filb]t1 ! pea*1 ! cocoanut1 & ! ,phytelephas or vegetable ivory4' ,its composition 9 all ^! cases is t ( a c>bo-hydrate1 i4e4 c>bon unit$ ) ! elem5ts ( wat]1 :i*1 by ! way1 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) a hydro-c>bon1 or comp\nd ( c>bon ) hydrog5 simply1 su* z petroleum1 fats1 ess5tial oils1 & res9s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s little *emical diff]5ce betwe5 wood5 tissue & ! pure cellulose t we h 9 f9ely c>d$ cotton1 9 l951 & pure pap] pulp1 su* z is us$ 9 mak+ ! filt]+ pap] = *emical laboratories1 :i* burns )\t leav+ a weighable quantity ( a%4 ,! woody =ms ( cellul> tissue owe _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties to an incru/ration ( lign91 :i* is (t5 describ$ z synonym\s ) cellulose1 b is n s4 ,x is compos$ ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 l cellulose1 b ! hydrog5 is 9 excess ( ! proportion requir$ to =m wat] by comb9ation ) ! oxyg54 ,my own view ( ! composition ( ?is incru/ation 7lign9 prop]ly is call$7 is t x consi/s ( a c>bo-hydrate unit$ ) a hydro-c>bon1 ! latt] hav+ a res9\s "*2 b :e!r ! hydro-c>bon is *emically comb9$ ) ! c>bo-hydrate 7! res9 ) ! cellulose71 or :e!r ! res9 only me*anically envelopes & indurates ! cellulose ,i w n v5ture to decide1 ?\gh ,i incl9e to ! latt] !ory4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ?is view ( ! con/itution ( ! indurat$ =ms ( cellul> tissue has an important practical be>+ ^u my pres5t subject4 ,to indicate ?is 9 advance1 ,i w put x grossly z op5+ ! "q ( :e!r a v great ref9em5t ( sci5tific cook]y may or may n enable u to conv]t nut%ells1 wood %av+s1 & sawdu/ into :olesome & dige/ible food4 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t x may4 ,x c\ld be done at once if ! incru/+ res9\s matt] 7 remov$2 = pure cellulose 9 ! =m ( cotton & l95 rags has be5 conv]t$ into sug> artificially 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/2 & 9 ! rip5+ ( fruits su* conv]sion is effect$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! laboratory ( nature4 ,a ,j]sey pe>1 = example1 :5 full gr[n 9 autumn is little bett] ?an a lump ( acidulat$ wood4 ,left hang+ on ! leafless tree1 or ga!r$ & c>efully /or$ = two or ?ree mon?s1 x becomes by nature's own unaid$ cook]y ! mo/ delici\s & delicate pulp t c be ta/$ or imag9$4 ,c]ta9 animals h a rem>kable p[] ( dige/+ ligne\s tissue4 ,! beav] is an example ( ?is4 ,! :ole ( its /oma*1 & m especially t second>y /oma* ! ccum1 is (t5 f\nd cramm$ or plugg$ ) fragm5ts ( wood & b>k4 ,i h op5$ ! crops ( sev]al ,norwegian pt>migans1 & f\nd !m fill$ ) no o!r food ?an ! ne$les ( p9es1 ^u :i* !y evid5tly fe$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! birds1 :5 cook$1 7 sc>cely eatable on acc\nt ( ! /rong res9\s flav\r ( _! fle%4 ,if my !ory ( ! con/itution ( su* woody tissues is correct1 ^! animals only require ! p[] ( secret+ "s solv5t = ! res91 on ! removal ( :i* _! food w\ld consi/ ( ! same mat]ial z ! tissue ( ! succul5t /ems & leaves eat5 by ord9>y h]bivor\s animals4 ,! res9\s flav\r ( ! fle% ( ! pt>migan indicates su* solution ( res94 ,i may "h1 by ! way1 correct ! commonly accept$ v]sion ( a popul> /ory4 ,we are told t :5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette 0 in=m$ ( a fam9e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,tyrol1 & ( ! />v+ ( "s ( ! peasants !re1 %e repli$1 #8,i w\ld r eat pie-cru/' 7"s ( ! /ory-tell]s say #8pa/ry'7 #8?an />ve4' ,!reupon ! c\rti]s giggl$ at ! ignorance ( ! pamp]$ pr9cess1 :o c\ld suppose t />v+ peasants _h su* an alt]native food z pa/ry4 ,! ignorance1 h[ev]1 0 all on ! side ( ! c\rti]s & ^? :o repeat ! /ory 9 its ord9>y =m4 ,! pr9cess 0 ! only p]son 9 ! ,c\rt :o really und]/ood ! habits ( ! peasants ( ! p>ticul> di/rict 9 "q4 ,!y cook _! meat1 *iefly "y veal1 by roll+ x 9 a k9d ( d\gh made ( sawdu/ mix$ ) z little co>se fl\r z w hold x toge!r2 !n place ?is 9 an ov5 or 9 wood emb]s until ! d\gh is h>d5$ to a t\gh cru/1 & ! meat is rais$ ?r\gh\t to ! cook+ po9t4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette said t %e w\ld r eat crotons ?an />ve1 kn[+ t ^! crotons1 or meat pie-cru/s1 are giv5 to ! pigs2 t ! pigs dige/ !m1 & are n\ri%$ by !m 9 spite ( ! wood sawdu/4 ,:5 on ! subject ( cook+ animal food1 ,i _h to def9e ! cook+ temp]ature z det]m9$ by t at :i* album5 coagulates1 & to po9t out ! mis*ief aris+ f exce$+ t temp]ature & ?us r5d]+ ! album5 horny & indige/ible4 ,no su* precautions are dem&$ 9 ! boil+ ( vegetables4 ,! "w to be done 9 cook+ a cabbage or a turnip1 = example1 is to s(t5 ! cellul> tissue by ! action ( hot wat]2 !re is no?+ to avoid 9 ! direction ( ov]-heat+4 ,ev5 if ! wat] c\ld be rais$ above #bab1 ! vegetable w\ld be r improv$ ?an injur$ !reby4 ,! "q t n[ naturally arises is :e!r mod]n sci5ce c %[ u t any?+ m c be done 9 ! prep>ation ( vegetable tissue ?an ! m]e s(t5+ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,i h already said t ! practice ( us+ ! dige/ive app>atus ( %eep1 ox51 c41 = ! prep>ation ( our food is m]ely a transitory b>b>ism1 to be ultimately sup]s$$ by sci5tific cook]y1 by prep>+ vegetables 9 su* a mann] t !y %all be z easily dige/$ z ! prep>$ grass we call beef & mutton4 ,i d n mean by ?is t ! vegetable we %\ld use %all be grass itself1 or t grass %\ld be "o ( ! vegetables4 ,we mu/1 = our requirem5t1 select vegetables t conta9 z mu* nutrim5t 9 a giv5 bulk z our pres5t mix$ diet1 b 9 do+ s we enc\nt] ! s]i\s difficulty ( f9d+ t ! readily soluble cell wall or ma9 bulk ( animal food--! gelat9--is replac$ 9 ! vegetable by ! cellulose1 or woody fibre1 :i* is n only m difficult ( solution1 b is n nitrog5\s1 is only a comp\nd ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog54 ,next to ! envelop+ tissue1 ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( ! vegetables we use z food is />*4 ,laundry associations may r5d] ! ,lat9 "n #8fecula'1 or #8f>9a'1 m agreeable :5 appli$ to food4 ,we fe$ v l>gely on />*1 & take x 9 a multitude ( =ms4 ,exclud+ wat]1 x con/itutes above ?ree-f\r?s ( our #8/aff ( life1' a /ill l>g] proportion ( rice1 :i* is ! /aff ( ,ori5tal life1 & ne>ly ! :ole ( arr[root1 sago1 & tapioca1 :i* may be describ$ z compos$ ( />* & wat]4 ,peas1 beans1 & e k9d ( se$ & gra9 conta9 x 9 prepond]at+ proportions2 potatoes ! same1 & ev5 ^? vegetables :i* we eat raw1 all conta9 )9 _! cells consid]able quantities ( />*4 ,take a small piece ( d\gh1 made 9 ! usual mann] by moi/5+ :eat fl\r1 put x 9 a piece ( musl9 & "w x ) ! f+]s "u wat]4 ,! wat] becomes milky1 & ! milk9ess is se5 to be produc$ by m9ute granules t s9k to ! bottom :5 ! agitation ( ! wat] ceases4 ,^! are />* granules4 ,!y may be obta9$ by simil> treatm5t ( o!r k9ds ( fl\r4 ,view$ "u a microscope !y are se5 to be ovoid p>ticles ) peculi> conc5tric m>k+s t ,i mu/ n t>ry to describe4 ,! =m & size ( ^! granules v>y accord+ to ! plant f :i* !y are d]iv$1 b ! *emical composition is 9 all cases ! same1 except+1 p]haps1 t ! am\nt ( wat] associat$ ) ! actual />* v>ies1 produc+ "s small diff]5ces ( d5sity or o!r physical v>iations4 ,arr[root may be tak5 z an example4 ,to ! *emi/ arr[root is />* 9 z pure a =m z c be f\nd 9 nature1 & he applies ?is description to all k9ds ( arr[root2 b1 look+ at ! #8price curr5t' 9 ! #8,groc]' ( ! curr5t week1 ,novemb] #bb1 #ahhd1 ,i f9d "u ! fir/ item1 :i* is #8,arr[root1' ! foll[+3 #8,b]muda1 p] lb4 #aj;d4 to #as4 #e;d42' #8,/4 ,v9c5t & ,natal1 #a;d4 to #g;d42' & ?is is a fair example ( ! usual diff]5ces ( price ( ?is commodity4 ,five f>?+s to #ec f>?+s is a wide range1 & %\ld express a wide diff]5ce ( quality4 ,i h on sev]al occasions1 at long int]vals ap>t1 obta9$ samples ( ! highe/-pric$ ,b]muda1 & ev5 #8,mission>y' arr[root1 suppos$ to be p]fect1 br\ght home by immaculate mission>ies !mselves1 & !re=e wor? #cs4 #f;d4 p] lb41 & h comp>$ ?is ) ! #8,/4 ,v9c5t & ,natal4' ,i f9d t ! only diff]5ce is t on boil+ 9 a giv5 quantity ( wat] ! ,b]muda produces a some:at /iff] jelly1 ! :i* additional t5acity is easily obta9able by us+ a little m ( ! #a;d4 7or say #c;d4 to all[ a pr(it on retail+7 to ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,bo? are />*1 & />* is nei!r m nor less ?an />*1 unless x be t ! be/ ,b]muda1 sold at #cs4 p] lb41 is />* plus humbug4#ae ,! ultimate *emical composition ( />* is ! same z t ( cellulose--c>bon & ! elem5ts ( wat]1 & 9 ! same proportions2 b ! diff]5ce ( *emical & physical prop]ties indicates "s diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! elem5ts4 ,x w\ld be q out ( place "h to discuss ! !ories ( molecul> con/itution :i* su* diff]5ces h sugge/$1 especially z !y are all r cl\dy4 ,! p]c5tage is--c>bon #ddd1 oxyg5 #did1 & hydrog5 #fb4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 />* & cellulose t mo/ closely affects my pres5t subject1 t ( dige/ibility1 is consid]able4 ,! ord9>y food-=ms ( />*1 su* z arr[root1 tapioca1 rice1 c41 are among ! mo/ easily dige/ible k9ds ( food1 :ile cellulose is peculi>ly difficult ( dige/ion2 9 its crude & compact =ms x is q indige/ible by human dige/ive app>atus4 ,nei!r ( !m are capable ( su/a9+ life alone2 !y conta9 none ( ! nitrog5\s mat]ial requir$ = build+ up muscle1 n]ve1 & o!r animal tissue4 ,!y may be conv]t$ into fat1 & may supply fuel = ma9ta9+ animal heat1 & may possibly supply "s ( ! en]gies dem&$ = organic "w4 ,s]i\s consequ5ces h result$ f ignorance ( ?is4 ,! popul> notion t any?+ :i* ?ick5s to a jelly :5 cook$ mu/ be proportionally nutriti\s is v fallaci\s1 & _m a victim has di$ ( />vation by ! reliance ( nurses on ?is !ory1 & consequ5tly fe$+ an emaciat$ invalid on m]e />* 9 ! =m ( arr[root1 c4 ,! sell+ ( a fancy v>iety at t5 times its prop] value has greatly aid$ ?is delusion1 s _m believ+ t :atev] is de> mu/ be good4 ,i rememb] :5 oy/]s 7 retail$ 9 ,london at f\rp5ce p] doz54 ,!y 7 n !n suppos$ to be exceptionally nutriti\s1 7 n prescrib$ by fa%ionable physicians to invalids1 z !y h be5 lately1 s9ce _! price has ris5 to ?reep5ce ea*4 ,m ?an half a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ,dr4 ,beaumont publi%$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts on ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t94 ,^! %[$ t fre% raw oy/]s requir$ #b h\rs #ee m9utes1 & /ew$ fre% oy/]s #c h\rs = dige/ion1 aga9/ #a h\r = boil$ tripe & #c h\rs = roa/ or boil$ beef or mutton4 ,oy/]s conta9 m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & are1 weight = weight1 f> less nutriti\s ?an beef or mutton2 less ?an ! easily dige/ible tripe4 ,b tripe is *eap & vulg>1 !re=e kit*5maids1 footm51 & fa%ionable physicians despise x4 ,! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! cook]y ( />* may1 ,i ?9k1 be describ$ z simple hydration1 or union ) wat]2 n t def9ite *emical comb9ation :i* may be express$ 9 t]ms ( *emical equival5ts1 b a sort ( hydration ( :i* we h s _m o!r examples1 :]e some?+ unites ) wat] 9 any quantity1 ! union be+ accompani$ ) an evolution ( "s am\nt ( heat4 ,/rik+ illu/rations ( ?is are pres5t$ on plac+ a piece ( hydrat$ soda or pota% 9 wat]1 or mix+ sulphuric acid1 already comb9$ *emically ) an equival5t ( wat]1 ) m wat]4 ,"h we h aque\s adhesion & consid]able evolution ( heat1 )\t ! def9itive quantitative *emical comb9ation dem&$ by atomic !ories4 ,9 ! exp]im5t above describ$ = sep>at+ ! />* f :eat fl\r1 ! />* ?us lib]at$ s9ks to ! bottom ( ! wat] & rema9s !re undissolv$4 ,! same occurs if arr[root be ?r[n into wat]4 ,?is insolubility is n entirely due to ! int]v5tion ( ! envelope ( ! granules1 z may be %[n by cru%+ ! granules1 :ile dry1 & !n dropp+ !m into wat]4 ,su* a mixture ( />* & cold wat] rema9s un*ang$ = a long "t--,mill] says #8an indef9ite "t4' ,:5 heat$ to a little above #adj ,fahr41 an absorption ( wat] takes place ?r\gh ! envelop+ membrane ( ! granules1 !y swell consid]ably1 & ! mixture becomes pa/y or visc\s4 ,if ?is pa/e be l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 ! swoll5 granules /ill rema9 z sep>ate bodies & sl[ly s9k1 ?\gh a consid]able exosmosis ( ! true />* has occurr$1 z %[n by ! ?ick5+ ( ! wat]4 ,i suppose t 9 _! orig9al /ate ! envelop+ membrane is mu* fold$1 & t ^! folds =m ! curi\s m>k+ ( conc5tric r+s :i* con/itutes ! *>act]i/ic microscopic /ructure ( />* granules1 & t :5 cook$1 at ! temp]ature nam$1 ! v delicate membrane becomes fully di/5d$ by ! increas$ bulk ( ! hydrat$ & dilut$ />*1 & ?us ! r+s disappe>4 ,a v little me*anical viol5ce1 m]e /irr+1 n[ breaks up ^! di/5d$ granules1 & we obta9 ! />* pa/e s well kn[n to ! laundress1 & to all :o h se5 cook$ arr[root4 ,if ?is pa/e be dri$ by evaporation x does n rega9 its =m] insolubility1 b readily dissolves 9 hot or cold wat]4 ,?is is :at ,i %\ld describe z cook$ />*4 ,if ! heat is n[ rais$ f #adj to ! boil+ po9t1 & ! boil+ cont9u$1 ! gelat9\s mass becomes ?ick] & ?ick]2 & if !re are m ?an fifty p>ts ( wat] to "o ( />* a sep>ation takes place1 ! />* settl+ d[n ) its fifty p>ts ( wat]1 ! excess ( wat] /&+ above x4 ,c>efully dri$ />* may be heat$ to above #cjj )\t becom+ soluble1 b at #djj a rem>kable *ange comm5ces4 ,! same occurs to ord9>y comm]cial />* at #cbj1 ! diff]5ce evid5tly dep5d+ on ! wat] reta9$ by x4 ,if ! heat is cont9u$ a little beyond ?is x is conv]t$ into dextr91 o!rwise nam$ #8,briti% gum1' #8gommel9e1' #8/>* gum1' & #8,alsace gum1' f its resemblance to gum-arabic1 = :i* x is n[ v ext5sively sub/itut$4 ,solutions ( ?is 9 bottles are sold 9 ! /ation]s' %ops "u v>i\s names = desk uses4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ?is conv]sion ( />* into dextr9 is1 t x is accompani$ by no *ange ( *emical composition4 ,/>* is compos$ ( six equival5ts ( c>bon1 t5 ( hydrog51 & five ( oxyg5--,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 i4e4 six ( c>bon & five ( wat] or its elem5ts4 ,dextr9 has exactly ! same composition2 s also has gum-arabic :5 purifi$4 ,b _! prop]ties diff] consid]ably4 ,/>*1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 :5 dri$ is :ite & opaque & pulv]5t2 dextr91 simil>ly dri$1 is transp>5t & brittle2 gum-arabic ! same4 ,if a piece ( />*1 or a solution ( />*1 is t\*$ by a solution ( iod9e1 x becomes blue almo/ to blackness1 if ! solution is /rong2 no su* *ange occurs :5 ! iod9e solution is add$ to dextr9 or gum4 ,a solution ( dextr9 :5 mix$ ) pota% *anges to a ri* blue col\r :5 a little sulphate ( copp] is add$2 no su* effect is produc$ by gum-arabic1 & ?us we h an easy te/ = di/+ui%+ betwe5 true & fictiti\s gum-arabic4 ,! te*nical "n = describ+ ?is p]si/5ce ( composition ) *anges ( prop]ties is isom]ism1 & bodies ?us relat$ are said to be isom]ic ) ea* o!r4 ,ano!r di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( dextr9 is t x produces a "r-h&$ rotation on a ray ( pol>is$ light1 h5ce its "n1 f dext]1 ! "r4 ,! conv]sion ( />* into dextr9 is a v important elem5t ( ! subject ( vegetable cook+1 inasmu* z />* food _c be assimilat$ until ?is conv]sion has tak5 place1 ei!r be=e or aft] we eat x4 ,i w !re=e describe o!r me?ods by :i* ?is *ange may be effect$4 ,if />* be boil$ 9 a dilute solution ( almo/ any acid1 x is conv]t$ into dextr94 ,a solution conta9+ less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( sulphuric or nitric acid is suffici5tly /rong = ?is purpose4 ,"o me?od ( comm]cial manufacture 7,pay5's7 is to moi/5 #aj p>ts ( />* ) #c ( wat]1 conta9+ #a_/aej? ( its weight ( nitric acid1 spread+ ! pa/e ^u %elves1 all[+ x to dry 9 ! air1 & !n heat+ x = an h\r-&-a-half at ab\t #bdj ,fahr4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+ ag5t 9 effect+ ?is conv]sion is dia/ase4 ,x is "o ( ^? my/]i\s comp\nds :i* h receiv$ ! g5]al "n ( #8f]m5ts4' ,!y are di/urb]s ( *emical peace1 molecul> agitators t initiate *emical revolutions1 :i* may be b5efic5t or v mis*iev\s4 ,! morbific matt] ( contagi\s diseases1 ! v5om ( snake-bite1 & a multitude ( o!r poisons1 are f]m5ts4 ,yea/ is a famili> example ( a f]m5t1 & "o t is ! be/ und]/ood4 ,i mu/ n be tempt$ into a diss]tation on ?is subject1 b may m]ely rem>k t mod]n rese>* indicates t _m ( ^! f]m5ts are microscopic creatures1 l9k+ ! vegetable ) ! animal _w2 !y may be describ$ z liv+ ?+s1 see+ t !y gr[ f g]ms & g5]ate o!r g]ms t produce _! l4 ,:]e ?is is prov51 we c und]/& h[ a m9ute g]m may1 by fall+ ^u suitable n\ri%m5t1 increase & multiply1 & ?us effect ^u l>ge quantities ( matt] ! *emical revolution above nam$4 ,i h already describ$ ! action ( r5net ^u milk1 & ! v small quantity :i* produces coagulation4 ,!re appe>s to be no int]cession ( liv+ microbia 9 ?is case1 nor h any be5 yet demon/rat$ to con/itute ! f]m5t ( dia/ase1 ?\gh !y may be suspect$4 ,be ?is z x may1 dia/ase is a mo/ b5efic5t f]m5t4 ,x communicates to ! infant plant its fir/ brea? ( active life1 & op]ates 9 ! v fir/ /age ( animal dige/ion4 ,9 a gra9 ( :eat1 = example1 ! embryo is surr\nd$ ) its fir/ food4 ,:ile ! se$ rema9s dry above gr\nd !re is no assimilation ( ! insoluble />* or glut51 no gr[?1 nor o!r sign ( life4 ,b :5 ! se$ is moi/5$ & w>m$1 ! />* is *ang$ to dextr9 by ! action ( dia/ase1 & ! dextr9 is fur!r conv]t$ into sug>4 ,! food ( ! g]m ?us gradually r5d]$ soluble p5etrates its tissues2 x is !reby f$ & gr[s1 unfolds its fir/ leaf upw>ds1 ?r[s d[nw>d its fir/ rootlet1 /ill fe$+ on ! conv]t$ />* until x has develop$ ! organs by :i* x c fe$ on ! c>bonic acid ( ! air & ! soluble m9]als ( ! soil4 ,b = ! orig9al insolubility ( ! />* x w\ld be wa%$ away into ! soil1 & wa/$ ere ! g]m c\ld absorb x4 ,! malt/]1 by artificial heat & moi/ure1 ha/5s ?is =mation ( dextr9 & sug>2 !n by a roa/+ heat kills ! baby plant j z x is break+ ?r\gh ! se$-%ea?4 ,blue ,ribbon orators miss a po9t 9 fail+ to notice ?is4 ,x w\ld be q 9 _! l9e to d5\nce ) sca?+ eloqu5ce su* he>tless infanticide4 ,dia/ase may be obta9$ by simply gr9d+ fre%ly g]m9at$ b>ley or malt1 moi/5+ x ) half its weight ( w>m wat]1 all[+ x to /&1 & !n press+ out ! liquid4 ,"o "p ( dia/ase is suffici5t to conv]t #b1jjj p>ts ( />* into dextr91 & f dextr9 to sug>1 if ! action is cont9u$4 ,! mo/ fav\rable temp]ature = ?is is #adj ,fahr4 ,! action ceases if ! temp]ature be rais$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! />* :i* we take s abundantly z food appe>s to h no m food-value to u ?an to ! vegetable g]m until ! conv]sion into dextr9 or sug> is effect$4 ,f :at ,i h already /at$ conc]n+ ! action ( heat ^u />*1 x is evid5t t ?is conv]sion is m or less effect$ 9 "s processes ( cook]y4 ,9 ! bak+ ( bread an incipi5t conv]sion probably occurs ?r\gh\t ! loaf1 :ile 9 ! cru/ x is c>ri$ s f> z to completely *ange mo/ ( ! />* into dextr91 & "s into sug>4 ,^? ( u :o c rememb] our bread-&-milk may n h =gott5 ! gummy "* ( ! cru/ :5 soak$4 ,?is may be felt by simply moi/5+ a piece ( cru/ 9 hot wat] & rubb+ x betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( sweetness may also be detect$1 ?\gh disguis$ by ! bitt]ness ( ! c>amel1 :i* is also !re4 ,! f9al conv]sion ( />* food into dextr9 & sug> is effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( dige/ion1 especially1 z already /at$1 9 ! fir/ /age--t ( insalivation4 ,saliva conta9s a k9d ( dia/ase1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( saliv>y dia/ase & muc94 ,x does n appe> to be exactly ! same sub/ance z vegetable dia/ase1 ?\gh its action is simil>4 ,x is mo/ abundantly secret$ by h]bivor\s animals1 especially by rum9at+ animals4 ,its comp>ative defici5cy 9 c>nivor\s animals is %[n by ! fact t if vegetable matt] is mix$ ) _! food1 />* passes ?r\gh !m unalt]$4 ,"s "t is requir$ = ! conv]sion ( ! />* by ?is animal dia/ase1 & 9 "s animals !re is a special laboratory or kit*5 = effect+ ?is prelim9>y cook]y ( vegetable food4 ,rum9at+ animals h a special /oma* cavity = ?is purpose 9 :i* ! food1 aft] ma/ication1 is held = "s "t & kept w>m be=e pass+ into ! cavity :i* secretes ! ga/ric juice4 ,! crop ( gra9-eat+ birds appe>s to p]=m a simil> function4 ,x is !re mix$ ) a secretion correspond+ to saliva1 & is ?us p>tially malt$--9 ?is case be=e ma/ication 9 ! gizz>d4 ,at a lat] /age ( dige/ion1 ! />* t has escap$ conv]sion by ! saliva is aga9 subject$ to ! action ( animal dia/ase conta9$ 9 ! pancreatic juice1 :i* is v simil> to saliva4 ,x is a fair inf]5ce f ^! facts t creatures l ourselves1 :o are n provid$ ) a crop or comp\nd /oma*1 & manife/ly secrete less saliva ?an horses or o!r gra9-mun*+ animals1 require "s prelim9>y assi/ance :5 we adopt gram9ivor\s habits2 & "o "p ( ! bus9ess ( cook]y is to supply su* prelim9>y treatm5t to ! oats1 b>ley1 :eat1 maize1 peas1 beans1 c41 :i* we cultivate & use = food4 ,i may add t ! /oma* itself appe>s to d v little1 possibly no?+1 t[>ds ! dige/ion ( />*4 ,! prim>y conv]sion into dextr9 is effect$ by ! saliva1 & ! subsequ5t dige/ion ( ?is takes place 9 ! duod5um & foll[+ portions ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,?is applies equally to ! less easily dige/$ mat]ial ( ! vegetable tissue describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,h5ce ! great] l5g? ( ! inte/9al canal 9 h]bivor\s animals z comp>$ ) ! c>nivora4 ,hav+ describ$ ! *anges effect$ by heat ^u />*1 & ref]r$ to its fur!r conv]sion into dextr9 & sug>1 ,i w n[ take "s practical examples ( ! cook]y ( />* foods1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* are compos$ ( pure1 or ne>ly pure1 />*4 ,:5 arr[root is m]ely /irr$ 9 cold wat]1 x s9ks to ! bottom undissolv$ & unalt]$4 ,:5 cook$ 9 ! usual mann] to =m ! well-kn[n mucilag9\s or jelly-l food1 ! *ange is a simple case ( ! swell+ & break+ up ( ! granules already describ$ z occurr+ 9 wat] at ! temp]ature ( #adj ,fahr4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason = limit+ ! temp]ature1 z ! same action takes place f #adj upw>ds to ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,i may "h m5tion a peculi>ity ( ano!r =m ( ne>ly pure />* food1 viz4 tapioca1 :i* is obta9$ by pulp+ & wa%+ out ! />* granules ( ! root ( ! ,manihot1 !n heat+ ! wa%$ />* 9 pans1 & /irr+ x :ile hot ) iron or wood5 paddles4 ,?is cooks & breaks up ! granules1 & agglut9ates ! />* into nodules :i*1 z ,mr4 ,james ,coll9s expla9s 7#8,j\rnal ( ,society ( ,arts1' ,m>* #ad1 #ahhd71 are !reby coat$ ) dextr91 to :i* gummy coat+ "s ( ! peculi>ities ( tapioca pudd+ are attributable4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ?is ,manihot root1 f :i* our h>mless tapioca is obta9$1 is t]ribly poison\s4 ,! plant is "o ( ! l>ge family ( nause\s spurgeworts 7,euphorbiace74 ,! poison resides 9 ! milky juice surr\nd+ ! />* granules1 b be+ bo? soluble 9 wat] & volatile1 mo/ ( x is wa%$ away 9 sep>at+ ! />* granules1 & any t rema9s aft] wa%+ is driv5 (f by ! heat+ & /irr+1 :i* has to rea* #bdj 9 ord] to effect ! *anges above describ$4 ,i suspect t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ms ( tapioca & arr[root has aris5 f ! necessity ( ?us driv+ (f ! la/ traces ( ! poison1 ) :i* ! aborig9al manufactur]s are s well acqua9t$ z to comb9e ! indu/ry ( poison+ _! arr[s ) t ( extract+ ! />*-food f ! same root4 ,no c]tificate f ! public analy/ is dem&$ to e/abli% ! abs5ce ( ! poison f any giv5 sample ( tapioca1 z ! juice ( ! ,manihot root1 l t ( o!r spurges1 is unmi/akably acrid & nause\s4 ,sago1 :i* is a />* obta9$ f ! pi? ( ! /em ( ! sago-palm & o!r plants1 is prep>$ 9 gra9s l tapioca1 ) simil> results4 ,bo? sago & tapioca conta9 a little glut51 & !re=e h m food-value ?an arr[root4 ,! mo/ famili> ( our />* foods is ! potato4 ,i place x among ! />* foods z next to wat]2 />* is its prevail+ con/itu5t1 z ! foll[+ /atem5t ( av]age compositions w %[3 ,wat]1 #ge p] c5t42 />*1 #ahh2 nitrog5\s mat]ials1 #b2 sug>1 #c2 fat1 #jb2 salts1 #a4 ,! salts v>y consid]ably ) ! k9d & age ( ! potato1 f #jh to #ac 9 full-gr[n4 ,"y potatoes conta9 m4 ,9 boil+ potatoes1 ! *ange effect$ appe>s to be simply a break+ up or bur/+ ( ! />* granules1 & a conv]sion ( ! nitrog5\s glut5 into a m soluble =m1 probably by a c]ta9 degree ( hydration4 ,z we all "k1 !re are great diff]5ces among potatoes2 "s are waxy1 o!rs fl\ry2 & ^!1 aga91 v>y accord+ to ! mann] & degree ( cook+4 ,i _c f9d any publi%$ acc\nt ( ! *emi/ry ( ^! diff]5ces1 & mu/1 !re=e1 endeav\r to expla9 !m 9 my own way4 ,z an exp]im5t1 take two potatoes ( ! fl\ry k9d2 boil or /eam !m toge!r until !y are j s(t5$ ?r\gh\t1 or1 z we say1 #8well done4' ,n[ leave "o ( !m 9 ! saucepan or /eam]1 & v mu* ov]-cook x4 ,its fl\ry "* w h disappe>$1 x w h become s(t & gummy4 ,! read] c expla9 ?is by simply rememb]+ :at has already be5 expla9$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( dextr94 ,x is due to ! conv]sion ( "s ( ! />* into dextr94 ,my explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! waxy & fl\ry potato is t ! latt] is s con/itut$ t all ! />* granules may be dis9tegrat$ by heat 9 ! mann] already describ$ be=e any consid]able proportion ( ! />* is conv]t$ into dextr91 :ile ! />* ( ! waxy potatoes = "s reason1 probably a l>g] supply ( dia/ase1 is s mu* m readily conv]tible into dextr91 t a consid]able proportion becomes gummy be=e ! :ole ( ! granules are brok5 up1 i4e4 be=e ! potato is cook$ or s(t5$ ?r\gh\t4 ,i mu/ "h ?r[ myself into ! great controv]sy ( jackets or no jackets4 ,%\ld potatoes be peel$ be=e cook+1 or %\ld !y be boil$ 9 _! jackets8 ,i say mo/ decid$ly 9 jackets1 & w /ate my reasons4 ,f #ec to #ef p] c5t4 ( ! above-/at$ sal9e con/itu5ts ( ! potato is pota%1 & pota% is an important con/itu5t ( blood--s important t 9 ,norway1 :]e scurvy once prevail$ v s]i\sly1 x has be5 bani%$ s9ce ! introduction ( ! potato1 &1 accord+ to ,lang & o!r good au?orities1 ?is is ow+ to ! use ( potatoes by a p :o =m]ly 7 insuffici5tly suppli$ ) sal9e vegetable food4 ,pota% salts are freely soluble 9 wat]1 & ,i f9d t ! wat] 9 :i* potatoes h be5 boil$ conta9s pota%1 z may be prov$ by boil+ x d[n to conc5trate1 !n filt]+ & add+ ! usual pota% te/1 plat9um *loride4 ,x is evid5t t ! sk9 ( ! potato mu/ resi/ ?is passage ( ! pota% into ! wat]1 ?\gh x may n fully prev5t x4 ,! bur/+ ( ! sk9 only occurs at q ! latt] /age ( ! cook]y4 ,! greate/ practical au?orities on ! potato1 ,iri%m51 appe> to be unanim\s4 ,i d n rememb] to h se5 a pre-peel$ potato 9 ,irel&4 ,i f9d t ,i c at once detect by ! diff]5ce ( flav\r :e!r a potato has be5 boil$ ) or )\t its jacket1 & t ?is diff]5ce is evid5tly sal9e4 ,^! consid]ations lead to ano!r conclusion1 viz4 t bak$ potatoes & fri$ potatoes1 or potatoes cook$ 9 su* a mann] z to be eat5 ) _! own bro?1 z 9 ,iri% /ew 79 :i* cases ! previ\s peel+ does no mis*ief71 are pref]able to boil$ potatoes4 ,/eam$ potatoes probably lose less ( _! pota% juices ?an :5 boil$2 b ?is is unc]ta91 z ! modicum ( di/ill$ wat] cond5s$ ^u ! potato & cont9ually r5ew$ may wa% away z mu* z ! l>g] quantity ( h>d wat] 9 :i* ! boil$ potato is imm]s$4 ,^? :o eat an abundance ( fruit1 ( raw salads1 & o!r vegetables supply+ a suffici5cy ( pota% to ! blood1 may peel & boil _! potatoes2 b ! poor ,iri% peasant1 :o dep5ds ^u ! potato = all 8 su/5ance1 requires t !y %all supply him ) pota%4 ,:5 travell+ 9 ,irel& 7,i explor$ e c\nty ( t c\ntry r exhau/ively dur+ ?ree successive summ]s :5 edit+ ! #d? edition ( ,murray's #8,h&book'71 ,i 0 surpris$ at ! abs5ce ( fruit-trees 9 ! small f>ms :]e "o might expect !m to ab\nd4 ,on speak+ ( ?is ! reason giv5 0 t all trees are ! l&lord's prop]ty2 t if a t5ant %\ld plant !m !y w\ld sugge/ luxury & prosp]ity1 & !re=e a rise ( r5t2 or o!rwise /at$1 ! t5ant w\ld be f9$ = ?us improv+ ! value ( 8 hold+4 ,?is 0 be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,l& ,act1 :i* we may hope w put an end to su* legalis$ brig&age4 ,) ! abolition ( rack-r5t+ ! ,iri% peasant may gr[ & eat fruit2 may ev5 ta/e jam )\t fe> & trembl+2 may gr[ rhub>b & make pies & pudd+s 9 defiance ( ! ag5t4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 8 crav+ = potato-pota% w probably dim9i%1 & 8 *ildr5 may actually fe$ on bread4 ,i h be5 told by an ,am]ican lady t 9 ! fa!rl& ( potatoes1 z well z 9 _! adopt$ c\ntry1 !y are always boil$ or /eam$ 9 _! jackets3 t ,am]ican cooks1 l ^? ( ,irel&1 w\ld consid] x an outrage to cut (f ! protect+ sk9 ( ! potato be=e cook+ x2 t !y are m commonly ma%$ !re ?an "h1 & t ! ma%+ is done by rapidly remov+ ! sk9s & ?r[+ ! /ripp$ potato into a supplem5t>y saucepan or o!r vessel1 9 :i* !y may be kept hot until ! prep>ation is complet$4 ,z reg>ds ! nutritive value ( ! potato1 x is well to und]/& t ! common notion conc]n+ its *eapness z an article ( food is a fallacy4 ,tak+ ,dr4 ,edw>d ,smi?'s figures1 #gfj gra9s ( c>bon & #bd gra9s ( nitrog5 are conta9$ 9 #a lb4 ( potatoes2 #b lbs4 ( potatoes are requir$ to supply ! am\nt ( c>bon conta9$ 9 #a lb4 ( bread2 & #c lbs4 ( potatoes are necess>y = supply+ ! nitrog5 ( #a lb4 ( bread4 ,) bread at #a;d4 p] lb41 potatoes %\ld co/ less ?an d4 p] lb4 9 ord] to be z *eap z bread = ! h>d-work+ man :o requires an abundance ( nitrog5\s food4 ,potatoes conta9 #ag p] c5t4 ( c>bon2 oatmeal has #gc p] c5t4 ,tak+ nitrog5\s matt] also into consid]ation1 #a lb4 ( oatmeal is wor? #f lbs4 ( potatoes4 ,my own obs]vations 9 ,irel& h fully conv9c$ me ( ! wisdom ( ,william ,cobbett's d5unciation ( ! potato z a /aple article ( food4 ,! bulk t has to be eat51 & is eat51 9 ord] to su/a9 life1 conv]ts ! potato fe$] into a m]e assimilat+ ma*9e dur+ a l>go "p ( ! day1 & r5d]s him unfit = any k9d ( vigor\s m5tal or bodily ex]tion4 ,if ,i 7 ! autocratic ,cz> ( ,irel&1 my fir/ /ep t[>ds ! reg5]ation ( ! ,iri% p w\ld be ! introduction1 acclimatis+1 & dissem9ation ( ! ,colorado beetle1 9 ord] to produce a complete & p]man5t potato fam9e4 ,! effect ( potato fe$+ may be /udi$ by wat*+ ! "w ( a potato-f$ ,iri% m[] or reap] :o comes across to "w ^u an ,engli% f>m :]e ! h>ve/m5 are f$ 9 ! f>mh\se & ! supply ( be] is n excessive4 ,! improvem5t ( 8 work+ p[]s aft] two or ?ree weeks ( ,engli% fe$+ is comp>able to t ( a horse :5 f$ ^u corn1 beans1 & hay1 aft] fe$+ = a ye> on grass only4 ,my /rictures on ! potato d n apply to !m z us$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! prevail+ vice ( our ord9>y diet is t x is too c>nivor\s4 ,! potatoes we eat ) our meat s]ve to dilute x1 & supply ! f>9ace\s elem5t 9 :i* fle% is defici5t4 ,! read] may h obs]v$ t mo/ ( ! />* foods are d]iv$ f ! roots or /ems ( plants4 ,_m o!rs are us$ 9 tropical climates :]e little lab\r is dem&$ or done1 &1 !re=e1 b little nitrog5\s food requir$4 ,,footnote3 #ae ,9 fairness to retail]s ,i %\ld /ate t ! price ( arr[root j n[ is unusually l[2 ! ord9>y range is f twop5ce to two %ill+s4 ,p :o are afraid ( hav+ _! arr[root adult]at$ %\ld ask !mselves :at c be us$ to *eap5 ! ,/4 ,v9c5t at ! above-quot$ prices1 :i* are ^? ( ! unque/ionably g5u9e article4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,glut5--,,bread4 ,,hav+ treat$ ! cook]y ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! roots & /ems ( ! plant1 ! fibre & ! />*1 ,i n[ come to food obta9$ f ! se$s & ! leaves4 ,tak+ ! se$s fir/1 z ! m important1 x becomes necess>y to describe ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts :i* are m abundant 9 !m ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! plant1 ?\gh !y also conta9 />* & cell mat]ial1 or woody fibre1 z already /at$4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i describ$ a me?od ( sep>at+ />* f fl\r by wa%+ a piece ( d\gh 9 wat]1 & !reby remov+ ! />* granules1 :i* fall to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,if ?is wa%+ is cont9u$ until no fur!r milk9ess ( ! wat] is produc$1 ! piece ( d\gh w be mu* r$uc$ 9 dim5sions1 & *ang$ into a grey1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 & visc\s or glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to bird-lime1 & has receiv$ ! appropriate "n ( glut54 ,:5 dri$1 x becomes a h>d1 horny1 transp>5t mass4 ,x is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & p>tly soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,x is soluble 9 /rong v9eg>1 & 9 weak solutions ( pota% or soda4 ,if ! alkal9e solution is neutralis$ by an acid1 ! glut5 is precipitat$4 ,if crude glut51 obta9$ z above1 is subject$ to ! action ( hot alcohol1 x is sep>at$ into two di/9ct sub/ances1 "o soluble & ! o!r insoluble4 ,z ! solution cools1 a fur!r sep>ation takes place ( a sub/ance soluble 9 hot alcohol b n 9 cold1 & ano!r soluble 9 ei!r hot or cold alcohol4 ,! fir/1 viz4 t insoluble 9 ei!r hot or cold alcohol1 has be5 nam$ glut5-fibr92 t soluble 9 hot alcohol1 b n 9 cold1 glut5-case92 & t soluble 9 ei!r hot or cold alcohol1 glut94 ,i give ^! names & expla9 !m1 z my read]s may be o!rwise puzzl$ by meet+ !m 9 books :]e !y are us$ )\t explanation1 especially z !re is ano!r sub/ance pres5tly to be describ$1 to :i* ! "n ( #8vegetable case9' has also be5 appli$4 ,! glut5-fibr9 is suppos$ to correspond ) blood-fibr91 glut5-case9 ) animal-case91 & glut9 ) album54 ,_! composition is z foll[s1 :i* ,i app5d = :at x is wor? 9 connection ) ?is !ory1 b ma9ly to %[ h[ small is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *emical composition ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( animals & ^? ( plants4 ,i %all come to ?is subject aga93 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ -- ,glut5-,fibr9 ,glut5-,case9 ,glut9 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c>bon #ecbc #ecdf #ecbg ,hydrog5 #gja #gac #gag ,nitrog5 #afda #afjd #aeid ,oxyg5 & sulphur #bcce #bccg #bcfb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,blood-,fibr9 -- 7,s*]]7 ,animal-,case9 ,album5 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c>bon #eceg #echc #ecej ,hydrog5 #fij #gae #gjj ,nitrog5 #aegb #aefe #aeej ,oxyg5 & sulphur #bbha #bccg #bdjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,glut5 is usually describ$ z #8p>tly soluble 9 hot wat]4' ,my own exam9ation ( ?is sub/ance sugge/s t #8p>tially soluble' is a bett] description ?an #8p>tly soluble' 7,mill]7 or #8v slightly soluble' 7,lehmann74 ,?is diff]5ce is n m]ely a v]bal quibble1 b v real & practical 9 ref]5ce to ! rationale ( its cook]y4 ,a p>tially soluble sub/ance is "o :i* is compos$ ( soluble & also ( insoluble con/itu5ts1 :i*1 z already /at$1 is /rictly ! case ) glut5 9 ref]5ce to ! solv5t action ( hot alcohol4 ,a v slightly soluble sub/ance is "o t dissolves completely1 b dem&s a v l>ge quantity ( ! solv5t4 ,i f9d t ! action ( hot wat] on glut51 z appli$ 9 cook]y1 is to effect :at may be describ$ z a p>tial solution--t is1 x effects a loos5+ ( ! bonds ( solidity )\t go+ s f> z to r5d] x completely fluid4 ,x appe>s to be a sort ( hydration simil> to t :i* is effect$ by hot wat] on />*1 b less decid$4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 wa% "s fl\r 9 cold wat] s z to sep>ate ! glut5 9 ! mann] already describ$2 !n boil "s fl\r z 9 mak+ ord9>y bill-/ick]s' pa/e1 & wa% ?is 9 cold wat]4 ,! glut5 w come out ) difficulty f ?is1 &1 :5 sep>at$1 w be s(t] & less t5aci\s ?an ! cold-wa%$ specim54 ,?is diff]5ce rema9s until "s ( ! wat] x conta9s is driv5 out1 = :i* reason ,i reg>d x z hydrat$1 ?\gh ,i am n prep>$ to say t ! hydration is ( a truly *emical "*--a def9ite *emical comb9ation ( glut5 ) wat]2 x may be only a me*anical comb9ation--a loos5+ ( solidity by a molecul> int]m+l+ ( wat]4 ,! importance ( ?is 9 ! cook]y ( gra9-food is v great1 z anybody :o aspires to ! hon\r ( becom+ a m>tyr to sci5ce may prove by simply mak+ a meal on raw :eat1 ma/icat+ ! gra9s until r$uc$ to small pills ( glut51 & !n swall[+ !m4 ,mild indige/ion or acute spasms w foll[1 accord+ to ! quantity tak5 & ! dige/ive en]gies ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,raw fl\r w act simil>ly1 b less decid$ly4 ,bread-mak+ is ! mo/ important1 z well z a typical example1 ( ! cook]y ( gra9-food4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! gra9 is ! fir/ process ( su* cook]y2 x va/ly increases ! area expos$ to ! subsequ5t actions4 ,! next /age is t ( surr\nd+ ea* gra9 ( ! fl\r ) a ?9 film ( wat]4 ,?is is done 9 mak+ ! d\gh by c>eful admixture ( a modicum ( wat] & knead+1 9 ord] to squeeze ! wat] well betwe5 all ! p>ticles4 ,! effect ( insuffici5t envelop+ 9 wat] is sometimes se5 9 a loaf conta9+ a :ite p[d]y k]nel ( unmix$ fl\r4 ,if no?+ m ?an ?is 7 done1 & su* simple d\gh 7 bak$1 ! />* granules w\ld be duly brok5 up & hydrat$1 ! glut5 also hydrat$1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! p>ticles ( fl\r w\ld be s cem5t$ toge!r z to =m a mass s h>d & t\gh :5 bak$1 t no ord9>y human tee? c\ld cru% x4 ,among all our mod]n triumphs ( appli$ sci5ce1 none c be nam$ t is m ref9$ & elegant ?an ! old device by :i* ?is difficulty is ov]come 9 ! ev]yday bus9ess ( mak+ bread4 ,:o inv5t$ x1 & :51 ,i d n "k4 ,its discov]y 0 c]ta9ly v f> ant]ior to any k ( ! *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 its application1 & probably accid5tal4 ,! problem has a v difficult aspect4 ,"h are millions ( p>ticles1 ea* ( :i* has to be moi/5$ on its surface1 b ea*1 :5 ?us moi/5$1 becomes rem>kably adhesive1 & !re=e /icks fa/ to all its surr\nd+ neighb\rs4 ,we require1 )\t altoge!r suppress+ ?is adhesiv5ess1 to int]pose a b>ri] t %all sund] ^! millions ( p>ticles f ea* o!r s delicately z nei!r to sep>ate !m completely nor all[ !m to completely adh]e4 ,x is evid5t t1 if ! op]ation t supplies ea* p>ticle ) its film ( moi/ure c simultane\sly supply x ) a p>tial atmosph]e ( gase\s matt]1 ! difficult & delicate problem w be effectively solv$4 ,x is ?us solv$ 9 mak+ bread4 ,z already expla9$1 ! se$ :i* is brok5 up into fl\r conta9s dia/ase z well z />*1 & ?is dia/ase1 :5 aid$ by moi/ure & mod]ate w>m?1 conv]ts ! />* into dextr9 & sug>4 ,?is action comm5ces :5 ! d\gh is made2 ?is alone w\ld only increase ! adhesiv5ess ( ! mass1 if x w5t no fur!r1 b ! sug> ?us produc$ may1 by ! aid ( a suitable f]m5t1 be conv]t$ into alcohol4 ,z ! composition ( alcohol corresponds to t ( sug>1 m9us c>bonic acid1 ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas is an ess5tial "p ( ?is conv]sion4 ,) ^! facts be=e u1 _! practical application 9 bread-mak+ is easily und]/ood4 ,to ! wat] ) :i* ! fl\r is to be moi/5$ "s yea/ is add$1 & ! yea/-cells1 :i* are v mu* small] ?an ! gra9s ( fl\r1 are diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! wat]4 ,! fl\r is moi/5$ ) ?is liquid1 :i* only dem&s a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,fahr4 to act ) consid]able en]gy on e granule ( fl\r t x t\*es4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( ! passive1 lumpy1 t5aci\s d\gh produc$ by moi/5+ ! fl\r ) m]e wat]1 a lively #8sponge1' z ! bak] calls x1 is produc$1 :i* #8rises' or gr[s 9 bulk by ! evolution & int]position ( millions ( invisibly small bubbles ( gas4 ,?is sponge is mix$ ) m fl\r & wat]1 & knead$ & knead$ aga9 to effect a complete & equal diffusion ( ! gas bubbles1 & f9ally1 ! por\s mass ( d\gh is plac$ 9 an ov5 previ\sly rais$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #dej4 ,! bak]'s old-fa%ion$ me?od ( te/+ ! temp]ature ( 8 ov5 is in/ructive4 ,he ?r[s fl\r on ! floor4 ,if x black5s )\t tak+ fire1 ! heat is consid]$ suffici5t4 ,x might be suppos$ t ?is is too high a temp]ature1 z ! object is to cook ! fl\r1 n to burn x4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! fl\r :i* has be5 prep>$ = bak+ is mix$ ) wat]1 & ! evaporation ( ?is wat] w mat]ially l[] ! temp]ature ( ! d\gh itself4 ,besides ?is1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ano!r object is to be atta9$4 ,a h>d %ell or cru/ has to be =m$1 :i* w s encase & support ! lump ( d\gh z to prev5t x f subsid+ :5 ! fur!r evolution ( c>bonic acid gas %all cease1 :i* w be ! case "s "t be=e ! cook+ ( ! mass is complet$4 ,x w happ5 :5 ! temp]ature rea*es ! po9t at :i* ! yea/-cells c no long] g]m9ate1 :i* temp]ature is consid]ably bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,9 spite ( ?is high outside temp]ature1 t ( ! inn] "p ( ! loaf is kept d[n to a little above #bab by ! evaporation ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! bread4 ,! escape ( ?is vap\r & ! expansion ( ! c>bonic acid bubbles by heat comb9e to increase ! porosity ( ! loaf4 ,! outside be+ heat$ consid]ably above ! temp]ature ( ! inn] "p1 ?is v>iation produces ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! cru/ & ! crumb4 ,! action ( ! high temp]ature 9 directly conv]t+ "s ( ! />* into dextr9 w be und]/ood f :at ,i h already /at$1 & also ! p>tial conv]sion ( ?is dextr9 into c>amel1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,?us we h 9 ! cru/ an excess ( dextr9 z comp>$ ) ! crumb1 & ! addition ( a v>iable quantity ( c>amel4 ,9 lightly-bak$ bread1 ) a cru/ ( uni=m pale yell[i% col\r1 ! conv]sion ( ! dextr9 into c>amel has b>ely comm5c$1 & ! gummy "* ( ! dextr9 coat+ is well display$4 ,"s su* bread1 especially ! long /aves ( life common 9 ,france1 appe> z ?\gh !y _h be5 v>ni%$1 & _! cru/ is p>tially soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is expla9s ! app>5t p>adox t h>d cru/1 or dry toa/1 is m easily dige/$ ?an ! s(t crumb ( bread2 ! cook]y ( ! crumb n hav+ be5 c>ri$ beyond ! m]e hydration ( ! glut5 & ! />*1 & su* degree ( dextr9 =mation z 0 due to ! action ( ! dia/ase ( ! gra9 dur+ ! prelim9>y p]iod ( #8ris+4' ,9 ! cru/ "s ( ! "w ( insalivation is already done by ! bak]4 ,! dige/ibility ( toa/ is d\btless aid$ by its brittl5ess1 caus+ x to be m brok5 up & mix$ ) ! saliva4 ,ev]ybody has1 ( c\rse1 he>d ( #8unf]m5t$ bread1' & _m h ta/$ x4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 devis$1 "s pat5t$1 = effect+ an evolution ( gas 9 ! d\gh )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! f]m5tation above describ$4 ,"o ( ^! is t ( add+ a little hydro*loric acid to ! wat] us$ 9 moi/5+ ! fl\r1 & mix+ bic>bonate ( soda 9 p[d] ) ! fl\r 7to e #d lbs4 ( fl\r oz4 bic>bonate & #d fluid dra*ms ( hydro*loric acid ( #aaf specific gravity74 ,^! comb9e & =m sodium *loride1 common salt1 ) evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,! salt ?us =m$ takes ! place ( t usually add$ 9 ord9>y bread-mak+1 & ! c>bonic acid gas evolv$ acts l t giv5 (f 9 f]m5tation2 b ! rapidity ( ! action ( ! acid & c>bonate pres5ts a difficulty4 ,! bread mu/ be quickly made1 z ! action is soon complet$4 ,x does n g on /eadily increas+ & /opp+ j at ! "r mom5t1 z 9 ! case ( f]m5tation4 ,o!r me?ods simil> 9 pr9ciple h be5 adopt$1 su* z add+ ammonia c>bonate ) ! soda c>bonate4 ,! ammonia salt is volatile itself1 besides evolv+ c>bonic acid by its union ) ! acid4 ,9 spite ( ! great am\nt ( +5uity exp5d$ ^u ! manufacture ( su* unf]m5t$ bread1 & ! ef=ts to br+ x into use1 b little progress has be5 made4 ,! g5]al v]dict appe>s to be t ! unf]m5t$ bread is n s #8sweet1' t x lacks "s elem5t ( flav\r1 is #8*ippy' or ta/eless z comp>$ ) good old-fa%ion$ :eat5 bread1 free f alum or o!r adult]ation4 ,my !ory ( ?is diff]5ce is t x is due to ! abs5ce ( ^? *anges :i* take place :ile ! sponge or d\gh is ris+1 :51 if ,i am "r1 ! dia/ase ( ! gra9 is op]at+1 z 9 g]m9ation1 to produce a c]ta9 quantity ( dextr9 & sug>1 & possibly act+ also on ! glut54 ,defici5cy ( dextr9 is1 ,i ?9k1 ! *ief cause ( ! *ippy "* ( a]at$ bread4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 ord9>y bread-mak+1 ! f]m5tation is protract$ ov] sev]al h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! temp]ature mo/ fav\rable to g]m9ation is /eadily ma9ta9$4 ,! practical importance ( ! f]m5tation is /rik+ly %[n by ! fact t1 9 ! c\rse ( sponge ris+1 d\gh ris+1 & bak+1 a loaf becomes ab\t f\r times z l>ge z ! orig9al mixture ( fl\r1 wat]1 c41 ( :i* x 0 made2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 an ord9>y loaf is made up ( "o "p ( solid bread to m ?an ?ree p>ts ( air bubbles or pores4 ,fr5* rolls & "s o!r k9ds ( fancy bread are /ill m gase\s4 ,s f> ,i h only nam$ ! fl\r1 wat]1 salt1 & yea/4 ,^!1 ) a little sug> or milk1 add$ accord+ to ta/e & cu/om1 are ! +r$i5ts ( home-made bread1 b #8bak]s' bread' is commonly1 ?\gh n necess>ily1 some:at m complex4 ,!re is ! mat]ial te*nically kn[n z #8fruit1' & ano!r :i* be>s ! equivocal "n ( #8/uff1' or #8rocky4' ,! fruit are potatoes4 ,! quantity ( ^! prescrib$ 9 ,knight's #8,guide to ,trade' is "o peck to ! sack ( fl\r4 ,?is proportion is s small 7ab\t #c p] c5t4 by weight7 t1 if n exce$$1 x _c be reg>d$ z a fraudul5t adult]ation1 = ! additional co/ involv$ 9 ! boil+1 sk9n+1 & g5]al prep>+ ( ! small addition exce$s ! sav+ 9 ! price ( raw mat]ial4 ,! fruit1 !re=e1 is n add$ m]ely because x is *eap] ?an fl\r1 z _m p suppose4 ,! in/ructions conc]n+ its use giv5 9 ! "w above nam$ cle>ly indicate t ! potato fl\r is us$ to assi/ f]m5tation4 ,^! in/ructions prescribe t ! peck ( potatoes %all be boil$ 9 _! sk9s1 ma%$ 9 ! #8season+ tub1' !n mix$ ) two or ?ree qu>ts ( wat]1 ! same quantity ( pat5t yea/1 & ?ree or f\r p\nds ( fl\r4 ,! mixture is left to /& = six or twelve h\rs1 :5 x w h become :at is call$ a f]m5t4 ,aft] /ra9+ ?r\gh a sieve1 to sep>ate ! sk9s ( ! fruit1 x is mix$ ) ! sack ( fl\r1 wat]1 c4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t x w\ld n pay to add su* a quantity 9 su* a mann] z a m]e adult]ant4 ,! bak] uses x = improv+ ! bread1 f 8 po9t ( view4 ,! /uff or rocky consi/s1 accord+ to ,toml9son1 ( "o "p ( alum to ?ree p>ts ( common salt4 ,! same au?ority tells u t ! bak]s buy ?is at #b;d4 p] packet1 conta9+ #a lb4 9 ea*1 & t !y believe x to be gr\nd alum4 ,!y buy x ?us = imm$iate use1 be+ subject to a heavy f9e if !y keep alum on ! premises4 ,! quantity ( ! mixture ord9>ily us$ is #h oz4 to ea* sack ( fl\r weigh+ #bhj lbs41 s t ! proportion ( alum is b #b oz4 to #bhj lbs4 ,z "o sack ( fl\r is 7) wat]7 made into eighty loaves weigh+ #d lbs4 ea*1 ! quantity ( alum 9 #a lb4 ( bread am\nts to #a_/afj? ( an oz4 ,! rationale ( ! action ( ?is small quantity ( alum is /ill a *emical puzzle4 ,t x has an appreciable effect 9 improv+ ! appe>ance ( ! bread is unque/ionable1 & x may actually improve ! quality ( bread made f inf]ior fl\r4 ,"o ( ! bak]'s te*nical te/s ( quality is ! mann] 9 :i* ! loaves ( a bat* sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,t !y %\ld break ev5ly & pres5t a some:at silky r ?an a lumpy fracture1 is a matt] ( trade e/imation4 ,:5 ! fracture is r\gh & lumpy1 "o loaf pull+ away "s ( ! j belong+s ( its neighb\r1 ! feel+s ( ! or?odox bak] are mu* w\nd$4 ,! alum is said to prev5t ?is impropriety1 :ile an excess ( salt aggravates x4 ,x appe>s to be a fact t ?is small quantity ( alum :it5s ! bread4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r cases ( adult]ation1 !re are two guilty p>ties--! buy] :o dem&s impossible or unnatural appe>ances1 & ! manufactur] or v5dor :o supplies ! fooli% dem&4 ,! judg+ ( bread by its :it5ess is a mi/ake :i* has l$ to mu* mis*ief1 aga9/ :i* ! rec5t agitation = #8:ole meal' is1 ,i ?9k1 an extreme reaction4 ,if ! husk1 :i* is dem&$ by ! :ole-meal agitators1 7 z dige/ible z ! inn] fl\r1 !y w\ld unque/ionably be "r1 b x is easy to %[ t x is n1 & t 9 "s cases ! passage ( ! undige/$ p>ticles may produce mis*iev\s irritation 9 ! inte/9al canal4 ,my own op9ion on ?is subject 7x /ill rema9s 9 ! region ( op9ion r ?an ( sci5ce7 is t a middle c\rse is ! "r "o1 viz4 t bread %\ld be made ( mod]ately-dress$ or #8seconds' fl\r r ?an ov]-dress$ #8fir/s' or undress$ #8?irds'--i4e4 unsift$ :ole-meal fl\r4 ,su* seconds fl\r does n fairly produce :ite bread1 & consum]s are unwise 9 dem&+ :it5ess4 ,9 my h\sehold we make our own bread1 b occasionally1 :5 ! dem& exce$s ord9>y supply1 a loaf or two is b\ght f ! bak]4 ,i f9d t1 ) correspond+ or id5tical fl\r1 ! bak]'s bread is :it] ?an ! home-made1 & proportionally inf]ior4 ,i may describe x z col\rless 9 flav\r1 x lacks ! *>act]i/ic ( :eat5 sweetness4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is1 z c]ta9 bak]s are n[ do+ a great bus9ess 9 supply+ :at !y call #8home-made' or #8f>mh\se' bread4 ,x is d>k] 9 col\r ?an ord9>y bread1 b is sold nev]!less at a high] price1 & ,i f9d t x has ! flav\r ( ! bread made 9 my own kit*54 ,:5 _! cu/om]s become m intellig5t1 all ! bak]s w d\btless cease to incur ! exp5se ( buy+ packets ( #8/uff' or #8rocky1' or any o!r blea*+ abom9ation4 ,liebig ass]ts t 9 c]ta9 cases ! use ( lime-wat] improves ! quality ( bread4 ,toml9son says t #89 ! "t ( bad h>ve/s1 :5 ! :eat is damag$1 ! fl\r may be consid]ably improv$1 )\t any injuri\s result :atev]1 by ! addition ( f #bj to #dj gra9s ( c>bonate ( magnesia to e p\nd ( fl\r4' ,x is also /at$ t *alk has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,^! w\ld all act 9 ne>ly ! same mann] by neutralis+ any acid1 su* z acetic1 t might already exi/ or be g5]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( f]m5tation4 ,:5 glut5 is kept 9 a moi/ /ate1 x sl[ly loses its s(t1 ela/ic1 & insoluble condition2 if kept 9 wat] = a few days1 x gradually runs d[n into a turbid1 slimy solution1 :i* does n =m d\gh :5 mix$ ) />*4 ,! glut5 ( imp]fectly-rip5$ :eat1 or ( fl\r or :eat t has be5 badly kept 9 ! mid/ ( humid surr\nd+s1 appe>s to h fall5 p>tially into ?is condition1 ! glut5 be+ an actively hygroscopic sub/ance4 ,liebig's exp]im5ts %[ t fl\r 9 :i* ! glut5 has und]gone ?is p>tial *ange may h its orig9al qualities re/or$ by mix+ #ajj p>ts ( fl\r ) #bf or #bg p>ts ( saturat$ lime-wat] & a suffici5cy ( ord9>y wat] to "w x into d\gh4 ,i suspect t ! action ( ! alum is ( a simil> k9d1 ?\gh ?is does n satisfactorily acc\nt = ! blea*+4 ,! action ( sulphate ( copp]1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 ,belgium & o!r places = improv+ ! appe>ance & spong9ess ( loaves1 is /ill m my/]i\s ?an t ( alum4 ,kuhlmann f\nd t a s+le gra9 9 a #d-lb4 loaf produc$ a m>k$ alt]ation 9 ! appe>ance ( ! bread4 ,=tunately ?is adult]ation1 if p]petrat$ to a mis*iev\s ext5t1 may be easily detect$ by acidulat+ ! crumb1 & !n moi/5+ ) a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,! br[n col\r ?us produc$ betrays ! pres5ce ( copp]4 ,! detection ( alum 9 small quantities is extremely difficult4 ,i %\ld add t ! anci5t me?od ( effect+ ! f]m5tation ( bread1 :i* ,i und]/& is /ill employ$ to "s ext5t 9 ,france1 diff]s some:at f ! ord9>y mod]n ,engli% practice4 ,:5 fl\r made into d\gh is kept = "s "t mod]ately w>m1 x und]goes spontane\s f]m5tation1 =m]ly describ$ z #8pan>y f]m5tation1' & suppos$ to be ( a diff]5t nature f ! f]m5tation :i* produces yea/4 ,d\gh 9 ?is condition is call$ leav51 & :5 knead$ ) fre% fl\r & wat] its f]m5tation is communicat$ to ! :ole lump2 h5ce ! anci5t metaphors4 ,9 practice ! leav5 0 obta9$ by sett+ aside "s ( ! d\gh ( a previ\s bat*1 & add+ ?is to ! next :5 its f]m5tation _h rea*$ its maximum activity4 ,"o reason :y ! mod]n me?od has sup]s$$ ?is appe>s to be t ! leav5 is liable to proce$ onw>d beyond ! fir/ /age ( f]m5tation1 or t produc+ alcohol1 & run into ! acet\s1 or v9eg>-=m+ f]m5tation1 produc+ s\r bread4 ,ano!r reason may be t ! potato mixture above describ$1 :i* is b ano!r k9d ( leav51 is m effectual & conv5i5t4 ,dr4 ,daugli%'s me?od 7pat5t$ 9 #ahef1 #aheg1 & #aheh7 is bas$ on ! fact t wat] "u pressure absorbs & holds 9 solution a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* escapes :5 ! pressure is dim9i%$1 z 9 uncork+ soda-wat]1 c4 ,dr4 ,daugli% places ! fl\r 9 a /rong1 air-tight iron vessel1 !n =ces wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid "u high pressure into ?is2 knead+-knives mix ! d\gh by _! rotation4 ,:5 ! mixture is complet$ a trap at ! l[] "p ( ! globul> iron vessel is op5$4 ,! pressure ( ! conf9$ c>bonic acid above =ces ! d\gh ?r\gh ?is 9 a cyl9drical jet or flat ribbon z requir$1 & ?is squirt$ cyl9d] or ribbon is fa%ion$ by suitable cutt]s1 c41 into loaves4 ,! compress$ gas exp&s1 & ! loaves are sm>tly bak$ be=e ! expansive en]gy ( ! gas is exhau/$4 ,x is ju/ly claim$ = ?is process t x is f> m cleanly ?an ! ord9>y me?od ( mak+ bread1 z ) suitable ma*9]y su* #8a]at$ bread' c be made )\t h&l+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 new & /ale bread is famili> en\gh1 b ! nature ( ! diff]5ce is by no means s commonly und]/ood4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ to be a simple result ( m]e dry+4 ,t ?is is n a true explanation may be easily prov$ by repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,b\ss+ault1 :o plac$ a v /ale loaf 7six days old7 9 an ov5 = an h\r1 dur+ :i* "t x 01 ( c\rse1 be+ fur!r dri$2 b1 nev]!less1 x came out z a new loaf4 ,he f\nd t dur+ ! six days1 :ile becom+ /ale1 x only lo/ #a p] c5t4 ( its weight by dry+1 & t dur+ ! "o h\r 9 ! ov5 x lo/ #c p] c5t4 9 becom+ new1 & app>5tly m moi/4 ,by us+ an air-tight case in/ead ( an ord9>y ov51 he repeat$ ! exp]im5t sev]al times 9 succession on ! same piece ( bread1 mak+ x alt]nately /ale & new ea* "t4 ,= ?is exp]im5t ! ov5 %\ld be b mod]ately heat$--#bfj to #cjj ,fahr4 is suffici5t4 ,i am fond ( hot rolls = breakfa/1 & frequ5tly h !m la ,b\ss+ault1 by treat+ /ale bread-cru/s 9 ?is mann]4 ,my wife tells me t :5 ! cru/s h be5 long neglect$1 & are ?91 ! ,b\ss+ault hot rolls are improv$ by dipp+ ! cru/ 9 wat] be=e putt+ x into ! ov54 ,?is is n necess>y 9 exp]im5t+ ) a :ole loaf or a ?ick piece ( /ale bread4 ,! crumb ( bread1 :e!r new or /ale1 conta9s ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,mill] says #8! diff]5ce 9 prop]ties betwe5 ! two dep5ds simply ^u diff]5ce 9 molecul> arrangem5t4' ,?is #8molecul> arrangem5t' is ! cu/om>y mod]n me?od ( expla9+ a multitude ( simil> physical & *emical problems1 or1 z ,i w\ld r say1 ( evad+ explanation "u ! cov] ( a vague conv5tional phrase4 ,i h made "s simple exp]im5ts :i* supply a visible explanation ( ! facts )\t invok+ ! aid ( any invisible atoms or molecules1 or any imag9>y arrangem5ts or re>rangem5ts ( ^! imag9>y entities4 ,i f9d t1 z bread becomes /ale1 its porosity appe>s to increase1 & t :5 r5ew$ by reheat+1 x returns to its orig9al app>5tly small] degree ( porosity4 ,t ?is *ange c be only app>5t is evid5t f ! facts t ! total quantity ( solid mat]ial 9 ! loaf rema9s ! same1 & its total dim5sions are reta9$ m or less completely by ! rigidity ( ! cru/4 ,i say #8m or less1' because ?is dep5ds ^u ! ?ickness & h>dness ( ! cru/1 & also ^u ! complet5ess ( its surr\nd+4 ,lightly-bak$ loaves %r9k a little 9 dim5sions 9 becom+ /ale1 & p>tly rega9 ! loss on reheat+1 b ?is diff]5ce only exagg]ates ! app>5t p>adox ( v>y+ porosity1 z ! dim9i%$ bulk ( a giv5 quantity ( mat]ial displays increas$ porosity1 & ! increase ( total dim5sions accompanies ! dim9i%$ porosity4 ,i h obta9$ a reconciliation ( ?is p>adox by c>eful exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! crumb4 ,?is %[s t ! l>g] or decid$ly visible pores are cells hav+ walls ( some:at silky appe>ance4 ,! silky lu/re & /ructure is1 ,i h no d\bt1 due to a v>ni% ( dextr91 ! gummy nature ( :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,on look+ a little m closely at ?is inn] surface ( ! big bl[-holes ) ! aid ( a h&-l5s ( mod]ate p[]1 ,i f9d t x is n a cont9u\s v>ni% ( gum1 b a net-"w or agglom]ation ( gummy fibres & p>ticles1 b>ely t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,my !ory ( ! *ange t takes place z ! bread becomes /ale is1 t ^! fibres & p>ticles gradually approa* ea* o!r ei!r by %r9kage or adhesive attraction1 & ?us consolidate & h>d5 ! walls ( ea* ( ! millions ( easily visible pores1 ^! walls =m+ ! solid mat]ial ( :i* ! loaf is made up4 ,9 do+ s !y naturally increase ! dim5sions ( ! visible pores1 :ile ! microscopic int]/ices or spaces betwe5 ! m9ute fibres ( ! cell walls are dim9i%$ by ! approximation or adhesion ( ! fibres to ea* o!r4 ,?is adhesion is probably aid$ by an ooz+ out or effloresc5ce ( ! vap\r held by ! fibres1 & its cond5sation on _! surfaces4 ,?is po9t1 be x und]/ood1 is m]ely hypo!tical1 z ! effloresc5ce is n visible4 ,all ! o!r ph5om5a ,i h j describ$ are visible ei!r ) ! nak$ eye or by ! aid ( a l5s4 ,:5 ! /ale bread is aga9 heat$1 a g5]al expansion occurs by ! conv]sion ( liquid wat] into aque\s vap\r1 e gra9 ( wat] ?us conv]t$ exp&+ to #a1gjj times its =m] bulk4 ,z ?is happ5s ?r\gh\t1 i4e4 ^u ! surface ( e "o ( ! c\ntless fibres or p>ticles1 !re mu/ be a g5]al elb[+ 9 ! cr[d1 break+ up ! rec5t adhesion betwe5 ^! fibres & ?ru/+ !m all ap>t 9 ! directions ( lea/ resi/ance2 i4e4 t[>ds ! op5 spaces ( ! l>g] & visible pores1 produc+ t app>5t dim9ution ( porosity t ,i h obs]v$ z ! easily visible *>act]i/ic ( ! *ange4 ,?is explanation may be fur!r demon/rat$ by cutt+ a loaf ?r\gh ! middle f top to bottom1 & expos+ ! cut surfaces4 ,9 ?is case ! bread becomes unequally /ale1 m s ne> ! cut surface ?an )94 ,! unequal pull due to ! great] approximation & adhesion ( ! fibres & small p>ticles causes a rupture ( ! expos$ surface ( ! crumb1 :i* becomes crack$ or fissur$ )\t any p]ceptible alt]ation ( ! size ( ! visible pores4 ,if ! two brok5 faces be n[ accurately plac$ toge!r1 ! halves ?us closely jo9$1 firmly ti$1 & plac$ = an h\r 9 ! ov51 x w be se5 on sep>at+ !m t ! *asms are consid]ably clos$1 ?\gh n q heal$4 ,c>eful exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! inside1 by break+ out a portion ( ! crumb1 w reveal t loos5+ :i* ,i h describ$4 #8,popp$ corn' is a peculi> example ( />* cook]y4 ,"h a c]ta9 degree ( porosity is giv5 to an orig9ally close-compact$ /ructure ( />* by ! simple op]ation ( explosive viol5ce due to ! sudd5 conv]sion into vap\r ( ! wat] naturally associat$ ) ! />*4 ,! op]ation is too rapid = ! production ( mu* dextr94 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,vegetable ,,case9 ,,& ,,vegetable ,,juices4 ,,z mo/ ( my read]s d\btless "k1 peas1 beans1 l5tils & o!r se$s ( legum9\s plants are m nutriti\s1 !oretically1 ?an ! se$s ( grasses1 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 maize1 c4 ,i 0 glad to see at ! ,heal? ,exhibition a f9e s]ies ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton cases1 display+ 9 ! simple/ & mo/ demon/rative mann] ! proximate analyses ( ! *ief mat]ials ( animal & vegetable food4 ,i ref] to !m n[ because !y did n receive ! att5tion !y des]ve4 ,on ! op5+ day !re 01 out ( all ! cr[d1 only "o o!r besides myself be/[+ any att5tion ^u !m4 ,^! cases %[ #a lb4 ( :eat1 oats1 potatoes1 peas1 c4 c41 on trays2 by ! side ( ^! are bottles1 conta9+ ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! #a lb41 & o!r trays1 conta9+ ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! same quantity2 ! />*1 glut51 case91 ! m9]al matt]1 c41 ?us display+ at a glance ! nutriti\s value ( ea* s f> z *emical analysis c display x4 ,^? ,iri%m5 & o!rs :o ?9k ,i h be5 too h>d ^u ! potato1 w d well to take its nutritive measure ?us1 & comp>e x ) t ( o!r vegetable foods4 ,i %\ld add t ^! cases =m a "p ( ! p]man5t collection ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & !re=e may be /udi$ at any "t4 ,all ! legum9\s se$s1 ! gr\nd-nuts1 c41 h _! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts display$ "u ! "n ( #8case94' ,! use ( ?is t]m is r confus+4 ,9 _m mod]n books x does n appe> at all 9 connection ) ! vegetable k+dom1 b is replac$ by #8legum94' ,liebig reg>d$ ?is nitrog5\s con/itu5t ( ! legum9\s se$s1 almonds1 c41 z id5tical ) ! case9 ( milk1 & x 0 a pupil & fri5d ( ,liebig's--! late ,pr9ce ,consort--:o devis$ & orig9ally sup]vis$ ?is graphic me?od ( display+ ! *emi/ry ( food4#af ,i w n "h discuss ! vex$ "q ( :e!r ! analyses ( ,liebig1 id5tify+ legum9 ) case91 or r ^? ( ,dumas & ,cah\rs1 :o /ate t ! vegetable case9 is n ( ! same composition z animal case91 are correct4 ,! foll[+ figures display my ju/ification = ?us lightly treat+ ! discussion3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- -- ,case9 ,legum9 ,legum9 ,legum9 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,c>bon #ecg #ejej #eeje #efbd ,hydrog5 #gb #fgh #gei #gig ,nitrog5 #aff #ahag #aehi #aehc ,oxyg5 & ,sulphur #bbe #bdee #badg #aiif ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! fir/ column %[s ! results ( ,dumas = animal case92 ! second1 ^? ( ,dumas & ,cah\rs = legum92 ! ?ird1 ^? ( ,jones = ! same2 & ! f\r?1 ^? ( ,ro*l$]2 all z quot$ by ,lehmann4 ,"h x w be se5 t ! diff]5ces ^u :i* ,dumas & ,cah\rs base _! suppos$ refutation ( ! id5tity ( ! animal ) ! vegetable pr9ciple are mu* small] ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! results ( diff]5t analyses ( ! latt]4 ,^! diff]5ces ,i suspect are all due to ! difficulty ( isolat+ ! sub/ances 9 "q1 especially ( ! vegetable sub/ance1 :i* is s intimately mix$ ) ! />*1 c41 9 its natural condition t complete sep>ation is ( que/ionable possibility4 ,! difficulty 7or impossibility7 ( driv+ (f all ! adh]+ wat]1 )\t remov+ ! comb9$ elem5ts ( wat]1 is a fur!r s\rce ( discrepancy4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ! foll[+ description ( ! me?od ( sep>ation z giv5 by ,mill] 7#8,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1' vol4 iii474 #8,legum9 is usually extract$ f peas or f almonds1 by dige/+ ! pulp ( ! cru%$ se$s 9 w>m wat] = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! undissolv$ portion is /ra9$ (f by means ( l951 & ! turbid liquid all[$ to deposit ! />* :i* x holds 9 susp5sion2 x is !n filt]$ & mix$ ) dilute acetic acid4 ,a :ite floccul5t precipitate is ?us =m$1 :i* mu/ be collect$ on a filt] & wa%$4' ,?is is b a me*anical process1 & its liability to v>iation 9 result may be le>n$ by anybody :o w repeat x1 or :o has sep>at$ ! glut5 ( fl\r by simil> treatm5t4 ,practically reg>d$ 9 relation to our pres5t subject1 case9 & legum9 may be consid]$ z ! same4 ,_! nutritive values are equal1 & exceptionally high1 suppos+ !y c be dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,"o is ! mo/ difficult ( dige/ion ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( vegetable food1 & ! o!r enjoys ! same di/9ction among ^? ( animal food4 ,bo? prim>ily exi/ 9 a soluble =m2 bo? are r5d]$ solid & insoluble 9 wat] by ! action ( acids2 bo? are precipitat$ z a curd by r5net1 & bo? are r5d]$ soluble aft] precipitation1 or are reta9$ 9 _! orig9al soluble =m by ! action ( alkalies4 ,!y ne>ly resemble 9 flav\r1 & ,john ,*9aman makes actual *eese f peas & beans4 ,pease-pudd+ hot1 pease-pudd+ cold1 ,pease-pudd+ 9 ! pot1 n9e days old4 ,i leave to ,mr4 ,clodd ! hi/orical problem ( det]m9+ :e!r ?is notable c\plet is ( ,semitic1 ,aryan1 ,neoli?ic1 or ,paleoli?ic orig94 ,reg>d$ f my po9t ( view1 x expresses a cul9>y & *emical pr9ciple ( "s importance1 & indicates an anci5t practice t is wor?y ( revival4 ,i h lately made "s exp]im5ts on ! ensilage ( human food1 :]eby ! cellul> tissue ( ! vegetable may be gradually subject$ to t break+ up ( fibre already describ$4 ,"o ( ! curi\s a*ievem5ts ( *emical metamorphoses t is (t5 quot$ z a matt] = wond]m5t is ! conv]sion ( old rags into sug> by treat+ !m ) acid4 ,! wond]m5t ( ?is is dim9i%$1 & its int]e/ increas$1 :5 we rememb] t ! cellulose or woody fibre ( :i* ! rags are compos$ has ! same composition z />*1 & ?us its conv]sion into sug> corresponds to ! e-day proce$+s describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,all t ,i h read & se5 9 connection ) ! rec5t ensilage exp]im5ts on cattle fodd] indicate t x is a process ( sl[ vegetable cook]y1 a dige/+ or mac]ation ( fibr\s vegetables 9 _! own juices1 :i* loos5s ! fibre1 r5d]s x s(t] & m dige/ible1 & n only does ?is1 b1 to "s ext5t1 conv]ts x into dextr9 & sug>4 ,i h]eby recomm5d ^? g5tlem5 :o h ensilage-pits & are suffici5tly ent]pris+ to try bold exp]im5ts1 to wat] ! fodd]1 z x is be+ pack$ d[n1 ) dilute hydro*loric acid or acetic acid1 :i*1 if ,i am n delud$ by plausible !ory1 w mat]ially increase ! sug>-=m+ action ( ! ensilage4 ,! acid1 if n ov]-suppli$1 w f9d ammonia & o!r bases ) :i* to neutralise itself4 ,su* ensilage w correspond to t :i* occurs :5 we ga!r ,j]sey or o!r sup]latively f9e pe>s 9 autumn z soon z !y are full gr[n4 ,!y are !n h>d1 woody1 & acid1 q unfit = food1 b by simply /or+ !m = a mon?1 or two1 or ?ree1 !y become lusci\sly t5d] & sweet2 ! woody fibres are conv]t$ into sug>1 ! acid neutralis$1 & all ?is by simply fulfill+ ! conditions ( ensilage1 viz4 close pack+ ( ! fibre1 exclusion ( air by ! ?ick r9d ( ! fruit1 plus ! o!r condition :i* ,i h j sugge/$1 viz4 ! diffusion ( acid among ! well-pack$ fibres ( ! ensilage mat]ial4 ,9 my exp]im5ts on ! ensilage ( human food ,i h enc\nt]$ ! same difficulty z t :i* has tr\bl$ grazi]s 9 _! exp]im5ts1 viz4 t small-scale results d n fairly repres5t ^? obta9$ ) l>ge quantities4 ,!re is besides ?is ano!r elem5t ( imp]fection 9 my exp]im5ts respect+ :i* ,i am b\nd to be c&id to my read]s1 viz4 t ! idea ( ?us ext5d+ ! pr9ciple 0 sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( writ+ ?is s]ies1 &1 !re=e1 a suffici5t "t has n yet elaps$ to enable me 7) mu* o!r occupation7 to d practical ju/ice to ! inve/igation4 ,i f9d t oatmeal-porridge is greatly improv$ by be+ made "s days be=e x is requir$1 !n /or$ 9 a clos$ j>1 br\ght =? & heat$ = use4 ,! *ange effect$ is j t :i* !oretically may be expect$1 viz4 a s(t5+ ( ! fibr\s mat]ial1 & a sweet5+ due to ! =mation ( sug>4 ,?is sweet5+ ,i obs]v$ _m ye>s ago 9 "s gruel t 0 p>tly eat5 "o night & left /&+ until next morn+1 :5 ,i ?\ght x ta/$ sweet]2 b to be assur$ ( ?is ,i _h x w>m$ aga9 two nights aft]w>ds1 s t x might be ta/$ "u ! same conditions ( temp]ature1 palate1 c41 z at fir/4 ,! sweetness 0 /ill m di/9ct1 b ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ no fur!r4 ,i h lately le>n$ t my ensilage notion is n absolutely new4 ,a fri5d :o read my ,cantor ,lectures tells me t he has long be5 accu/om$ to h 8 porridge made "s days be=e eat+ x1 !n hav+ x w>m$ up :5 requir$4 ,he f9ds ! result m dige/ible ?an newly-made porridge4 ,! classical n9e days' old pease-pudd+ is a simil> anticipation1 & ,i f9d1 r curi\sly1 t n9e days is ab\t ! limit to :i* x may be practically kept 9 a cool place be=e mildew--m\ld9ess--is suffici5tly e/abli%$ to spoil ! pudd+4 ,i h n yet tri$ a b>rel full ( pease-pudd+ or moi/5$ pease-meal1 closely cov]$ & p[]fully press$ d[n1 b hope to d s4 ,besides ^! we h a notable example ( ensilage 9 s\r-kraut--a =eign luxury t ,john ,bull1 ) 8 usual bl9dness1 d5\nces1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 #8,horrid /uff6' #8bea/ly mess6' & su*-l expressions ,i he> :5ev] ,i "n x to c]ta9 p]sons4 ,:o are ^! p]sons8 ,simply ,engli% m5 & ,engli% wom5 :o h nev] se51 nev] ta/$1 & "k no?+ :atev] ( :at !y d5\nce s viol5tly1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is a /aple article ( food among millions ( highly-intellig5t p4 ,common s5se 7to say no?+ ( t highe/ result ( true sci5tific tra9+1 ! faculty ( susp5d+ judgm5t until ! arrival ( k7 %\ld sugge/ t "s degree ( inve/igation %\ld prec$e ! d5unciation4 ,9 ! cases ( ! s\r-kraut & ! rip5+ pe> !re is acid at "w ^u ! fibre1 :i*1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 assi/s 9 ! conv]sion ( ?is indige/ible con/itu5t into soluble & dige/ible dextr9 & sug>4 ,! dem& = ! solution ( ! vegetable case9 or legum91 :i* has su* high nutritive value & is s abundant 9 peas1 c41 is ( ! opposite k9d4 ,acids solidify & h>d5 case91 alkalies s(t5 & dissolve x4 ,!re=e ! *emical ag5t sugge/$ z a suitable aid 9 ! ensilage or sl[ cook]y1 or ! boil+ or rapid cook]y1 ( legum9\s food is su* an alkali z may be :olesome & compatible ) ! dem&s = nutrition4 ,! analyses ( peas1 beans1 l5tils1 c41 %[ a defici5cy ( pota% salts z comp>$ ) ! quantity ( nitrog5\s nutrim5t !y conta92 !re=e ,i propose1 z 9 ! case ( *eese food1 t we %\ld add ?is pota% 9 ! conv5i5t & safe =m ( bic>bonate--n m]ely add x to ! wat] 9 :i* ! vegetables may be boil$1 & :i* wat] is ?r[n away 7z 9 ! common practice ( add+ soda :5 boil+ gre5s71 b add ! pota% to ! actual pease-porridge1 pease-pudd+1 l5til s\p1 c41 & treat x z a "p ( ! food z well z an adjunct to ! cook]y4 ,?is is especially requir$ :5 we use dri$ peas1 dri$ beans ( any k9d1 su* z h>icots1 dri$ l5tils1 c4 ,i f9d t tak+ ! ord9>y yell[ split-peas & boil+ !m 9 a weak solution ( bic>bonate ( pota% = two or ?ree h\rs1 a p>tial solution ( ! case9 is effect$1 produc+ pease-pudd+1 or pease-porridge1 or pure 7accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] us$71 :i* is s(t] & m gelid ?an t :i* is obta9$ by simil>ly boil+ )\t ! pota%4 ,! undissolv$ portion evid5tly consi/s ( ! fibr\s tissue ( ! peas1 ! gelat9\s or dissolv$ portion be+ ! />*1 ) m or less ( case94 ,i say #8m or less1' because at pres5t ,i h n be5 able to det]m9e :e!r or n ! case9 is all r5d]$ soluble4 ,! flav\r ( ! cle> pea-s\p :i* ,i obta9$ by filt]+ ?r\gh flannel %[s t "s ( ! case9 is dissolv$2 ?is is fur!r demon/rat$ by add+ an acid to ! cle> solution1 :i* at once precipitates ! dissolv$ case94 ,! filt]$ pea-s\p sets to a /iff jelly on cool+1 & promises to be a special food ( "s value1 b = ! reasons above /at$1 ,i am n yet able to speak positively z to its quantitative value4 ,! exp]i5ce ( any "o p]son is n suffici5t = ?is1 ! "q be+1 n :e!r x conta9s nutritive mat]ial--?is is unque/ionable--b :e!r x is easily dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,z we all "k1 a food ( ?is k9d may #8agree' ) "s p]sons & n ) o!rs--i4e4 x may be dige/$ & assimilat$ ) ease or ) difficulty accord+ to p]sonal idiosyncrasies4 ,! *eesy "* ( ! abundant precipitate :i* ,i obta9 by acidulat+ ?is solution is v int]e/+ & in/ructive1 reg>d$ f a *emical po9t ( view4 ,! solubility ( ! case9 is increas$ by soak+ ! peas = "s h\rs1 or1 bett] /ill1 a few days1 9 ! solution ( bic>bonate ( pota%4 ,ano!r "q is op5$ by ^! exp]im5ts1 viz4 :at is ! "* & ! value ( ! fibr\s solid matt] rema9+ beh9d aft] filt]+ out ! cle> pea-s\p8 ,has ! alkali act$ 9 an opposite mann] to ! acid 9 ! rip5+ pe>8 ,is x m]ely a fibr\s refuse only fit = pig-food1 or is x des]v+ ( fur!r att5tion 9 ! kit*58 ,%\ld x be treat$ ) dilute acid--say a little v9eg>--to break up ! fibre1 & !reby be made into good porridge8 ,o!r que/ions crop up "h z !y h be5 cropp+ cont9ually s9ce ,i committ$ myself to ! writ+ ( ^! pap]s1 & s abundantly t if ,i c\ld af=d to set up a special laboratory1 & end[ x ) a /aff ( assi/ants1 !re w\ld be "s ye>s' "w = myself & /aff be=e ,i c\ld answ] !m exhau/ively1 &1 d\btless1 ! answ]s w\ld sugge/ new que/ions1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,i /ate ?is 9 apology = ! m]ely sugge/ive crudity ( _m ( ! ideas t ,i h ?r[n out4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( peas1 ,i mu/ "h repeat a practical sugge/ion t ,i publi%$ 9 ! #8,birm+ham ,j\rnal1' ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 viz4 t ! wat] 9 :i* gre5 peas are boil$ %\ld n be ?r[n away4 ,x conta9s mu* ( ! sal9e con/itu5ts ( ! peas1 "s soluble case91 & has a f9e flav\r1 ! v ess5ce ( ! peas4 ,if to ?is1 z x comes f ! saucepan1 be add$ a little /ock1 or "s ,liebig's #8,extract1' a delici\s s\p is at once produc$1 requir+ no?+ m ?an ord9>y season+4 ,) c>e1 x may =m a cle> s\p su* z j n[ is 9 fa%ion among ! fa/idi\s1 b prep>$ h[ev] r\ghly1 x is a v economical1 :olesome1 & appetis+ s\p1 & co/s a m9imum ( tr\ble4 ,i mu/ "h add a few words 9 advocacy ( ! fur!r adoption 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! ,fr5* practice ( us+ z potage ! wat] 9 :i* vegetables g5]ally 7except+ potatoes7 h be5 boil$4 ,:5 we boil cabbages1 turnips1 c>rots1 c41 we dissolve out ( !m a v l>ge proportion ( _! sal9e con/itu5ts2 salts :i* are absolutely necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( heal?2 salts )\t :i* we become victims ( g\t1 rheumatism1 lumbago1 neuralgia1 gravel1 & all ! ills t human fle% ) a li?ic acid dia!sis is heir to2 i4e4 ab\t ! mo/ pa9ful s]ies ( all its inh]itances4 ,! pota% ( ^! salts exi/+ !re9 9 comb9ation ) organic acids is sep>at$ f ^! acids by organic combu/ion1 & is !n & !re pres5t$ to ! baneful li?ic acid ( ! blood & tissues1 ! /ony torture-p>ticles ( :i* x conv]ts into soluble li?ate ( pota%1 & ?us enables !m to be c>ri$ out ( ! sy/em4 ,i "k n :i* ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* inv5t$ fa/-day & s\pe maigre1 b c\ld almo/ suppose t he 0 a sci5tific monk1 a pr(\nd al*emi/1 l ,basil ,val5t9e1 :o1 9 8 seek+s = ! aurum potabile1 ! elixir ( life1 _h le>n$ ! b5efic5t action ( organic pota% salts on ! blood1 & !re=e us$ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* to en=ce _! frequ5t use among ! fai?ful4 ,! above rem>ks :5 publi%$ 9 #8,k' invok$ mu* correspond5ce1 includ+ _m inquiries = fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! salts t %\ld be conta9$ 9 our food1 & 9 :at o!r =m !y might be obta9$4 ,i !re=e add ! foll[+1 especially z ,i c speak f practical exp]i5ce ( ! mis]ies t may be escap$ by und]/&+ & apply+ x4 ,i inh]it :at is call$ a #8li?ic acid dia!sis4' ,my fa!r & 8 bro!rs 7 m>tyrs to rheumatic g\t1 & di$ e>ly 9 consequ5ce4 ,i _h a premonitory attack ( g\t at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 & o!r w>n+ symptoms at o!r times1 b h kept ! enemy at bay dur+ =ty ye>s by simply und]/&+ t ?is li?ic acid 7/ony acid7 comb9es ) pota%1 =m+ ?us a soluble salt1 :i* is safely excret$4 ,o!rwise x is deposit$ "h or !re1 produc+ g\t1 rheumatism1 /one1 gravel1 & o!r dreadfully pa9ful diseases1 :i* are practically incurable :5 ! deposit is fairly e/abli%$4 ,by effect+ ! above-nam$ comb9ation 9 ! blood ! deposition is prev5t$4 ,! pota% requir$ = ! purpose exi/s 9 sev]al conditions4 ,fir/1 9 its uncomb9$ /ate z cau/ic pota%4 ,?is is poison1 = ! simple reason t x comb9es s vigor\sly ) organic matt] t x w\ld decompose ! dige/ive organs !mselves if pres5t$ to !m4 ,! l[] c>bonate is less cau/ic1 ! bic>bonate ne>ly1 b n q1 neutral4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be tak5 z food1 because x is capable ( comb9+ ) ! acid con/itu5ts ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,! prop] comp\nds to be us$ are ^? :i* correspond to ! salts exi/+ 9 ! juices ( vegetables & fle%1 viz4 comp\nds ( pota% ) organic acids1 su* z t>t>ic acid1 :i* =ms ! pota% salt ( ! grape2 su* z citric acid1 ) :i* pota% is comb9$ 9 lemons & oranges2 malic acid1 ) :i* x is comb9$ 9 apples & _m o!r fruits2 ! natural acids ( vegetables g5]ally2 lactic acid 9 milk1 c4 ,all ^! acids1 & _m o!rs ( simil> orig91 are compos$ ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 held toge!r ) su* feeble aff9ity t !y are easily dissociat$ or decompos$ by heat4 ,?is may be %[n by heat+ "s cream ( t>t> or t>t>ic acid on a /rip ( metal or glass4 ,x w become c>bonis$ to a c9d]1 l o!r organic matt]4 ,if ! heat is rais$ suffici5tly ?is c9d] w all burn away to c>bonic acid & wat] 9 ! case ( ! pure acid1 or w leave c>bonate ( pota% if cream ( t>t> or o!r pota% salt is ?us burn$4 ,unless ,i am mi/ak51 ?is repres5ts viol5tly :at occurs gradually & mildly 9 ! human body1 :i* is 9 a cont9u\s /ate ( sl[ combu/ion s long z x is alive4 ,! organic acids ( ! pota% salts suff] sl[ combu/ion1 give (f _! excess ( c>bonic acid & wat] to be brea!d out1 evaporat$1 & eject$1 leav+ beh9d _! pota%1 :i* comb9es ) ! o!rwise /ony li?ic acid j :5 & :]e x comes into sep>ate exi/5ce by ! organic actions :i* effect ! above-describ$ sl[ combu/ion4 ,if we take pota% 9 comb9ation ) a m9]al acid1 su* z ! sulphuric1 nitric1 or hydro*loric1 no su* decomposition is possible2 ! bonds unit+ ! elem5ts ( ! m9]al acid are too /rong to be sund]$ by ! mild *emi/ry ( ! liv+ body1 & ! m9]al acid1 if sep>at$ f its pota% base1 w\ld be mo/ mis*iev\s1 z x precipitates ! li?ic acid 9 its wor/ =m4 ,= ?is reason1 all free m9]al acids are poisons to ^? :o h a li?ic acid dia!sis2 !y may ev5 create x :]e x did n previ\sly exi/4 ,h5ce ! iniquity ( *eap5+ ! manufacture ( lemonade1 g+]-be]1 c41 by us+ dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid z a sub/itute = citric or t>t>ic acid4 ,i %all pres5tly come to ! cook]y ( w9es1 & h some?+ to say ab\t ! m9]al acids us$ 9 produc+ ! *oic] qualities ( "s v #8dry1' high-pric$ samples :i*1 accord+ to my view ( ! subject1 h caus$ ! op]ations ( li?otomy & li?otrity to be includ$ among ! luxuries ( ! ri*4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t :5 ,i recomm5d$ ! use ( bic>bonate ( pota% = ! solution ( case91 all ^! pr9ciples 7 kept 9 view1 includ+ ! objection to ! bic>bonate itself4 ,9 ! case ( ! *eese1 ! quantity recomm5d$ 0 bas$ on an e/imate ( ! quantity ( lactic acid exi/+ 9 ! *eese & capable ( leav+ ! case9 to g ov] to ! pota%4 ,9 ! case ( ! peas ! quantity is difficult to e/imate1 ow+ to its v>iability4 ,! m correct det]m9ation ( su* quantities is among ! objects ( fur!r rese>* to :i* ,i h be=e allud$4 ,speak+ g5]ally x is n to ! laboratory ( ! *emi/ t we %\ld g = our pota% salts1 b to ! laboratory ( nature1 & m especially to t ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,!y exi/ 9 ! gre5 p>ts ( all vegetables4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! manufacture ( comm]cial pota% f ! a%es ( ! twigs & leaves ( timb] trees4 ,! m succul5t ! vegetable ! great] ! quantity ( pota% x conta9s1 ?\gh !re are "s m9or exceptions to ?is4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 we extract & wa/e a consid]able proportion ( ^! salts :5 we boil vegetables & ?r[ away ! potage1 :i* our wis] & m ?rifty neighb\rs add to _! e-day m5u4 ,:5 we eat raw vegetables1 z 9 salads1 we obta9 all _! pota%4 ,fruits g5]ally conta9 important quantities ( pota% salts1 & x is ^u ^! especially t ! possible victims ( li?ic acid %\ld rely4 ,lemons & grapes conta9 !m mo/ abundantly4 ,^? :o _c af=d to buy ^! z articles ( daily food may use cream ( t>t>1 :i*1 :5 g5u9e1 is ! natural salt ( ! grape1 ?r[n d[n 9 ! mann] ,i %all describe :5 on ! subject ( ! cook]y ( w9es4 ,at ! risk ( be+ accus$ ( presumption1 ,i mu/ "h prote/1 z a *emi/1 aga9/ "o ( #8! fallacies ( ! faculty1' or ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! faculty1 viz4 t ( indiscrim9ately prohibit+ to g\ty & rheumatic pati5ts ! use ( acids or any?+ hav+ an acid ta/e4 ,?is has probably aris5 f exp]i5ce ( ! fact t m9]al acids d s]i\s mis*ief1 & t alkal9e c>bonate ( pota% af=ds relief4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic acids1 :i* are decompos$ 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 & ! fix$ composition ( ! m9]al acids1 does n appe> to h be5 suffici5tly /udi$ by ^? :o prohibit fruit & vegetables on acc\nt ( _! acidity4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ne>ly all ! organic comp\nds ( pota%1 z !y exi/ 9 vegetables & fruit1 are acid4 ,x may be desirable1 9 "s cases1 to add a little bic>bonate ( pota% to neutralise ?is excess ( acid & increase ! pota% supply4 ,i h f\nd x advantage\s to ?r[ a half-saltspoonful ( ?is into a tumbl] ( wat] conta9+ ! juice ( a lemon1 & h ev5 add$ x to /ew$ or bak$ rhub>b & gooseb]ries4 ,9 ^! x fro?s l :ipp$ cream1 & dim9i%es ! dem& = sug>1 an excess ( :i* appe>s to be mis*iev\s to ^? :o require mu* pota%4 ,i mu/ conclude ?is s]mon on ! pota% text by add+ t x is q possible to take an excess ( ?is solv5t4 ,su* excess is depress+2 its action is :at is call$ #8l[]+4' ,i w n v5ture ^u an explanation ( ! rationale ( ?is l[]+1 or discuss ! "q ( :e!r or n ! blood is made wat]y1 z sometimes /at$4 ,intimately connect$ ) ?is "p ( my subject is ano!r vegetable pr9ciple t ,i h n yet nam$4 ,?is is vegetable jelly1 or pect91 ! jelly ( fruits1 ( turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips1 c4 ,fremy has nam$ x pectose4 ,l ! sal9e juices ( meat x is v little *ang$ by cook]y4 ,an acid may be sep>at$ f x :i* has be5 nam$ #8pectic acid1' ! prop]ties & artificial comp\nds ( :i* appe> to me to sugge/ ! !ory t ! natural jelly ( fruits l>gely consi/s ( comp\nds ( ?is acid ) pota% or soda or lime4 ,we all "k ! appe>ance & flav\r ( currant jelly1 apple jelly1 c41 :i* are compos$ ( natural vegetable jelly plus sug>4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! jellies is an op]ation ( cook]y1 & "o t des]ves m att5tion ?an x receives4 ,i %all nev] =get ! rahat lak\m1 prep>$ = ! ,sultana1 :i* ,i once _h ! privilege ( eat+ 9 ! kit*5 ( ! ,s]aglio ( ,/amb\l1 :]e x 0 pres5t$ to me by 8 ,excell5cy ! ,gr& ,confection] z a sample ( 8 ma/]piece4 ,its basis 0 ! pure pectose ( _m fruits1 ! inspissat$ juices ( grapes1 pea*es1 p9e-apples1 & ,i "k n :at o!rs4 ,! %]bet 0 simil>1 b liquid4 ,well may !y obey ! ,prophet & ab/a9 f ! gross] concoctions t we call w9e :5 su* ambrosial nect> z ?is is suppli$ 9 its place6 ,x is to ,imp]ial ,tokay z tokay is to table-be]6 ,i ta/$ _m o!r *oice confections !re1 & :5 ,i f9d myself def5d+ ! ,turk aga9/ 8 _m enemies1 my consci5ce sometimes asks :e!r my politics h be5 influ5c$ by ! remembrance ( t visit4 ,! #8lumps ( delight' sold by our confection]s are imitations made ( flav\r$ gelat94 ,simil> sub/itutes are sold 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! same z reg>ds ! %]bet4 ,i conclude ?is "p ( my subject by re-e*o+ ,mr4 ,glad/one's advocacy ( ! ext5sion ( fruit culture4 ,we %amefully neglect ! be/ ( all food1 9 eat+ & dr9k+ s little fruit4 ,z reg>ds cook$ fruit1 ,i say jam = ! million1 jelly = ! luxuri\s1 & juice = all4 ,) ^! 9 abundance1 ! abolition ( alcoholic dr9ks w foll[ z a necess>y result ( natural nausea4 ,i may add t besides ! lett]s ask+ = ! fur!r in=mation "h giv51 ,i h s9ce receiv$ sev]al o!rs f read]s :o h adopt$ ! diet above prescrib$ ) good practical results4 ,i h fur!r le>n$ t veget>ians are rem>kably free f ! li?ic acid tr\bles above nam$1 & t _m :o 7 suff]]s be=e !y became veget>ians h subsequ5tly escap$4 ,! te/imony ( a l>ge numb] is dem&$ 9 su* subjects1 z individual examples may dep5d ^u individual peculi>ities ( con/itution4 ,,footnote3 #af ,%ortly aft] ! close ( ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 :5 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 0 only 9 embryo1 ,i _h occasion to call on ,dr4 ,lyon ,playfair at ! #8boil]s1' & !re f\nd ! ,pr9ce h>d at "w giv+ in/ructions = ! arrangem5t & labell+ ( ^! analys$ food products & ! simil>ly display$ mat]ials ( indu/ry1 su* z :alebone1 ivory1 c4 ,i !n1 by inquiry1 le>n$ h[ mu* "t & lab\r he 0 devot+1 n only to ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! collection1 b also to its m9or details4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,cook]y ,,& ,,*eap ,,d9n]s4 ,i ,,mu/ n leave ! subject ( vegetable cook]y )\t describ+ ,c\nt ,rum=d's a*ievem5ts 9 fe$+ ! paup]s1 rogues1 & vagabonds ( ,muni*4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is is ! m desirable1 f ! fact t ! #8s\p' :i* =m$ ! basis ( 8 diet>y is /ill misund]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry1 = reasons t ,i %all pres5tly /ate4 ,aft] reorganis+ ! ,bav>ian army1 n only z reg>ds milit>y discipl9e1 b 9 ! fe$+1 clo?+1 education1 & useful employm5t ( ! m51 9 ord] to make !m good citiz5s z well z good soldi]s1 he attack$ a /ill m difficult problem--t ( remov+ f ,bav>ia ! sc&al & burd5 ( ! hordes ( begg>s & ?ieves :i* _h become intol]able4 ,he tells u t #8! numb] ( it9]ant begg>s ( bo? sexes1 & all ages1 z well =eign]s z natives1 :o /roll$ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 all directions1 levy+ contributions f ! indu/ri\s inhabitants1 /eal+ & robb+1 & lead+ a life ( indol5ce & mo/ %ameless debau*]y1 0 q incr$ible2' &1 fur!r1 t #8^! dete/able v]m9 sw>m$ ev]y:]e1 & n only _! impud5ce & clamor\s importunity 7 )\t any b\nds1 b !y _h rec\rse to ! mo/ diabolical acts & mo/ horrid crimes 9 ! prosecution ( _! infam\s trade4 ,"y *ildr5 7 /ol5 f _! p>5ts by ^! wret*es1 & _! eyes put out1 or _! t5d] limbs brok5 & di/ort$1 9 ord]1 by expos+ !m ?us maim$1 to excite ! pity & commis]ation ( ! public4' ,he gives fur!r p>ticul>s ( _! trad+ ^u ! mis]y ( _! own *ildr51 & _! organisation to obta9 alms by sy/ematic intimidation4 ,previ\s attempts to cure ! evil _h fail$1 ! public _h lo/ all fai? 9 fur!r projects1 & !re=e no support 0 to be expect$ = ,rum=d's s*eme4 #8,aw>e ( ?is1' he says1 #8,i took my measures accord+ly4 ,to conv9ce ! public t ! s*eme 0 feasible1 ,i det]m9$ fir/1 by a great ex]tion1 to c>ry x into complete execution1 & !n to ask !m to support x4' ,he describes ! milit>y organisation by :i* he di/ribut$ ! army ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts to capture all ! /roll+ prov9cial begg>s1 & h[1 on ,jan4 #a1 #agij1 he bagg$ all ! begg>s ( ,muni* 9 less ?an an h\r by means ( a well-organis$ civil & milit>y battue1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day be+ ! great fe/ival :5 all ! begg>s w5t abroad to en=ce _! cu/om>y black-mail ^u ! indu/ri\s section ( ! population4 ,?\gh v int]e/+1 ,i mu/ n ent] ^u ^! details1 b _c help /epp+ a little aside f my prop] subject to quote 8 weighty words on ! e?ical pr9ciples ^u :i* he proce$$4 ,he says t #8) p]sons ( ?is description1 x is easy to be conceiv$ t precepts1 admonitions1 & puni%m5ts w\ld be ( little avail4 ,b :]e precepts fail1 habits may sometimes be successful4 ,to make vici\s & ab&on$ p happy1 x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ necess>y1 fir/1 to make !m virtu\s4 ,b :y n rev]se ?is ord]8 ,:y n make !m fir/ happy & !n virtu\s8 ,if happ9ess & virtue be insep>able1 ! end w z c]ta9ly be atta9$ by "o me?od z by ! o!r2 & x is mo/ und\bt$ly mu* easi] to contribute to ! happ9ess & com=t ( p]sons 9 a /ate ( pov]ty & mis]y ?an1 by admonitions & puni%m5ts1 to improve _! morals4' ,he appli$ ^! pr9ciples to 8 mis]able mat]ial ) complete success1 &1 ref]r+ to ! result1 exclaims1 #8,w\ld to ,god t my success might enc\rage o!rs to foll[ my example6' ,fur!r exam9ation ( 8 proce$+s %[s t1 9 ord] to foll[ su* example1 a k ( fir/ pr9ciples & a det]m9ation to c>ry !m out 9 bold defiance ( vulg> ignorance1 g5]al prejudice1 &1 vile/ ( all1 polite sne]+1 is necess>y4 ,hav+ captur$ ! begg>s ?us clev]ly1 he proce$$ to c>ry out ! above-/at$ pr9ciple by tak+ !m to a l>ge build+ already prep>$1 :]e #8ev]y?+ 0 done t c\ld be devis$ to make !m really com=table4' ,! fir/ condition ( su* com=t1 he ma9ta9s1 is cleanl9ess1 & 8 diss]tation on ?is1 ?\gh writt5 s long ago1 might be quot$ 9 lett]s ( gold by our sanit>ians ( to-day4 ,describ+ h[ he c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciples1 he says ( ! prison]s ?us captur$3 #8,mo/ ( !m _h be5 us$ to liv+ 9 ! mo/ mis]able hovels1 9 ! mid/ ( v]m9 & e k9d ( fil?9ess1 or to sleep 9 ! /reets & "u ! h$ges1 half nak$ & expos$ to all ! inclem5cies ( ! seasons4 ,a l>ge & commodi\s build+1 fitt$ up 9 ! neate/ & mo/ com=table mann]1 0 n[ provid$ = _! reception4 ,9 ?is agreeable retreat !y f\nd spaci\s & elegant ap>tm5ts kept ) ! mo/ scrupul\s neatness2 well w>m$ 9 w9t] & well light$2 a good w>m d9n] e day1 gratis1 cook$ & s]v$ up ) all possible att5tion to ord] & cleanl9ess2 mat]ials & ut5sils = ^? t 7 able to "w2 ma/]s gratis = ^? :o requir$ in/ruction2 ! mo/ g5]\s pay1 9 money1 = all ! lab\r p]=m$2 & ! k9de/ usage f e p]son1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 belong+ to ! e/abli%m5t4 ,"h 9 ?is asylum = ! indig5t & un=tunate1 no ill-usage1 no h>% language is p]mitt$4 ,dur+ five ye>s t ! e/abli%m5t has exi/$1 n a bl[ has be5 giv5 to anyone1 n ev5 to a *ild by 8 in/ructor4' ,?is appe>s l ! v exp5sive s*eme ( a b5evol5t utopian2 b1 to set my read]s at re/ on ?is po9t1 ,i w anticipate a little by /at+ t1 al?\gh at fir/ "s exp5se 0 incurr$1 all ?is 0 f9ally repaid1 &1 at ! end ( six ye>s1 !re rema9$ a net pr(it ( #ajj1jjj flor9s1 #8aft] exp5ses ( e k9d1 sal>ies1 wages1 repairs1 c41 _h be5 d$uct$4' ,:5 w our workh\ses be adm9i/]$ ) simil> results8 ,i mu/ n dwell ^u 8 devices = gradually inveigl+ ! lazy creatures into habits ( indu/ry1 = he und]/ood human nature too well to adopt ! gaol]'s !ory1 :i* assumes t e able-bodi$ man c d a day's "w daily1 9 spite ( previ\s habits4 ,rum=d's pati5ts became indu/ri\s ultimately1 b 7 n made s at once4 ,?is developm5t ( indu/ry 0 "o ( ! elem5ts ( f9ancial & moral success1 & ! next 9 importance 0 ! economy ( ! commiss>iat1 :i* dep5d$ on ,rum=d's skilful cook]y ( ! *eape/ vi&s1 r5d]+ !m dige/ible1 nutriti\s1 & palatable4 ,_h he adopt$ ! diet>y ( an ,engli% workh\se or an ,engli% prison1 8 f9ancial success w\ld h be5 impossible1 & 8 pati5ts w\ld h be5 no bett] f$1 nor bett] able to "w4 ,! /aple food 0 :at he calls a #8s\p1' b ,i f9d1 on foll[+ out 8 in/ructions = mak+ x1 t ,i obta9 a porridge r ?an a s\p4 ,he made _m exp]im5ts1 & says3 #8,i con/antly f\nd t ! ri*ness or quality ( a s\p dep5d$ m ^u a prop] *oice ( ! +r$i5ts1 & a prop] managem5t ( ! fire 9 ! comb9ation ( ^! +r$i5ts1 ?an ^u ! quantity ( solid nutriti\s matt] employ$2--mu* m ^u ! art & skill ( ! cook ?an ^u ! sum laid out 9 ! m>ket4' ,our veget>ian fri5ds w be int]e/$ 9 le>n+ t at fir/ he us$ meat 9 ! s\p provid$ = ! begg>s1 b gradually omitt$ x1 & ! *ange 0 unnotic$ by ^? :o ate1 & no diff]5ce 0 obs]vable z reg>ds its nutritive value4 ,9 #agij1 little1 or r no?+1 0 kn[n ( ! *emi/ry ( food4 ,oxyg5 _h be5 discov]$ only sixte5 ye>s be=e1 & *emical analysis1 z n[ und]/ood1 0 an unkn[n art4 ,9 spite ( ?is ,rum=d select$ z ! basis ( 8 s\p j t proximate elem5t :i* we n[ "k to be "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s t he c\ld h obta9$ f ei!r ! animal or vegetable k+dom--viz4 case94 ,he n only select$ ?is1 b he comb9$ x ) ^? o!r con/itu5ts ( food :i* our highe/ ref9em5ts ( mod]n practical *emi/ry & physiology h prov$ to be exactly :at are requir$ to supplem5t ! case9 & con/itute a complete diet>y4 ,by select+ ! *eape/ =m ( case9 & ! *eape/ s\rces ( ! o!r con/itu5ts1 he succe$$ 9 supply+ ! begg>s ) good hot d9n]s daily at ! co/ ( less ?an "o halfp5ny ea*4 ,! co/ ( ! mess = ! ,bav>ian soldi]s "u 8 comm& 0 r m1 viz4 twop5ce daily1 ?ree f>?+s ( ?is be+ devot$ to pure luxuries1 su* z be]1 c4 ,"s ( 8 *emical speculations1 h[ev]1 h n be5 confirm$4 ,! composition ( wat] _h j be5 discov]$1 & he f\nd by exp]i5ce t a giv5 quantity ( solid food 0 m satisfy+ to ! appetite & m effective 9 nutrition :5 made into s\p by long boil+ ) wat]4 ,?is l$ him to suppose t ! wat] itself 0 decompos$ by cook]y1 & its elem5ts recomb9$ or unit$ ) o!r elem5ts1 & ?us became nutriti\s by be+ conv]t$ into ! tissues ( plants & animals4 ,?us1 speak+ ( ! b>ley :i* =m$ an important con/itu5t ( 8 s\p1 he says3 #8,x requires1 x is true1 a great deal ( boil+2 b :5 x is prop]ly manag$1 x ?ick5s a va/ quantity ( wat]1 &1 z ,i suppose1 prep>es x = decomposition' 7! italics are 8 own74 ,we n[ "k t ?is idea ( decompos+ wat] by su* means is a mi/ake2 b1 9 my own op9ion1 !re is some?+ beh9d x :i* /ill rema9s to be le>n$ by mod]n *emi/s4 ,9 my endeav\rs to fa?om ! rationale ( ! *anges :i* occur 9 cook]y1 ,i h be5 7z my read]s w rememb]7 cont9ually driv5 into hypo!ses ( hydration1 i4e4 ( suppos+ t "s ( ! wat] us$ 9 cook]y unites to =m true *emical comp\nds ) c]ta9 ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! food4 ,z already /at$1 :5 ,i comm5c$ ?is subject ,i _h no idea ( its sugge/iv5ess1 ( ! wide field ( rese>* :i* x has op5$ out4 ,"o ( ^! l9es ( rese>* is ! det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ?is hydration ( cook$ gelat91 fibr91 cellulose1 case91 />*1 legum91 c4 ,t wat] is ) !m :5 !y are cook$ is evid5t en\gh1 b :e!r t wat] is br\ght into actual *emical comb9ation ) !m 9 su* wise z to =m new comp\nds ( additional nutritive value proportionate to ! *emical addition ( wat]1 dem&s s mu* inve/igation t ,i h be5 driv5 to m]ely !orise :]e ,i ought to h demon/rat$4 ,! fact t ! liv+ body :i* our food is build+ up & r5ew+ conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 "s ( x comb9$1 & "s ( x uncomb9$1 has a notable be>+ on ! "q4 ,we may yet le>n t hydration & dehydration h m to d ) ! vital functions ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,! foll[+ are ! +r$i5ts us$ by ,rum=d 9 #8,s\p ,no4 #a'3 ,weight ,avoirdupois4 ,co/4 lbs4 oz4 s4 d4 #d vi]tels ( pe>l b>ley1 equal to ab\t #bj gallons #ada #b #j #aa #g #d vi]tels ( peas #aca #d #j #g #c ,cutt+s ( f9e :eat5 bread #fi #aj #j #aj #b ,salt #ai #ac #j #a #b #bd maass1 v weak be]1 v9eg>1 or r small be] turn$ s\r1 ab\t #bd qu>ts #df #ac #j #a #e ,wat]1 ab\t #efj qu>ts #a1jgg #j -- --------- --------- #a1dhe #aj #a #aa #i ,fuel1 #hh lbs4 dry p9e wood #j #j #b ,wages ( ?ree cook maids1 at #bj flor9s a ye> ea* #j #j #c ,daily exp5se ( fe$+ ! ?ree cook maids1 at #aj creutz]s 7#c p5ce /]l+7 ea*1 accord+ to agreem5t #j #j #aa ,daily wages ( two m5 s]vants #j #a #g ,repairs ( kit*5 furniture 7#ij flor9s p] ann47 daily #j #j #e --------- ,total daily exp5ses :5 d9n] is provid$ = #a1bjj p]sons #a #ae #b ,?is am\nts to #dbb_/abjj1 or a trifle m ?an ( a p5ny = ea* d9n] ( ?is ,no4 #a s\p4 ,! co/ 0 /ill fur!r r$uc$ by ! use ( ! potato1 !n a novelty1 conc]n+ :i* ,rum=d makes ! foll[+ rem>ks1 n[ v curi\s4 #8,s /rong 0 ! av]sion ( ! public1 p>ticul>ly ! poor1 aga9/ !m at ! "t :5 we began to make use ( !m 9 ! public kit*5 ( ! ,h\se ( ,indu/ry 9 ,muni*1 t we 7 absolutely oblig$1 at fir/1 to introduce !m by /eal?4 ,a private room 9 a retir$ corn] 0 fitt$ up z a kit*5 = cook+ !m2 & x 0 necess>y to disguise !m1 by boil+ !m d[n entirely1 & de/roy+ _! =m & texture1 to prev5t _! be+ detect$4' ,! foll[+ are ! +r$i5ts ( #8,s\p ,no4 #b1' ) potatoes3 ,weight ,avoirdupois4 ,co/4 lbs4 oz4 s4 d4 #b vi]tels ( pe>l b>ley #gj #i #j #e #i-ac_/bb #b vi]tels ( peas #fe #aj #j #c #g #h vi]tels ( potatoes #bcj #d #j #a #i-i_/aa ,cutt+s ( bread #fi #aj #j #aj #b-d_/aa ,salt #ai #ac #j #a #b ,v9eg> #df #ac #j #a #e ,wat] #ihb #ae -- ,fuel1 s]vants1 repairs1 c41 z be=e #j #c #e-e_/ab ----------- ,total daily co/ ( #a1bjj d9n]s #a #g #f ,?is r$uces ! co/ to a little above "o f>?+ p] d9n]4 ,9 ! essay f :i* ! above is quot$1 !re is ano!r acc\nt1 r$uc+ all ! items to :at !y w\ld co/ 9 ,london 9 ,novemb] #agie1 :i* raises ! am\nt to #b f>?+s p] portion = ,no4 #a1 & #b f>?+s = ,no4 #b4 ,9 ?is e/imate ! exp5ses = fuel1 s]vants1 kit*5 furniture1 c4 are /at$ at ?ree times z mu* z ! co/ at ,muni*1 & ! o!r items at ! prices /at$ 9 ! pr9t$ report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ( ,novemb] #aj1 #agie4 ,b s9ce #agie we h made great progress 9 ! "r direction4 ,bread !n co/ "o %ill+ p] loaf1 b>ley & peas ab\t #ej p] c5t4 m ?an at pres5t1 salt is set d[n by ,rum=d at #a;d4 p] lb4 7n[ ab\t "o f>?+74 ,fuel 0 also de>]4 ,b wages h ris5 greatly4 ,z /at$ 9 money1 !y are ab\t d\bl$ 79 pur*as+ p[]--i4e4 real wages--!y are ?reefold74 ,mak+ all ^! all[ances1 *>g+ wages at six times ^? paid by him1 ,i f9d t ! pres5t co/ ( ,rum=d's ,no4 #a s\p w\ld be a little ov] "o halfp5ny p] portion1 & ,no4 #b j ab\t "o halfp5ny4 ,i "h assume t ,rum=d's directions = ! con/ruction ( kit*5 fireplaces & economy ( fuel are c>ri$ out4 ,we are 9 ^! matt]s /ill a c5tury beh9d 8 arrangem5ts ( #agij1 & no?+ %ort ( a coal-fam9e w puni% & cure our crim9al extravagance4 ,! cook]y ( ! above-nam$ +r$i5ts is conduct$ z foll[s3 #8,! wat] & pe>l b>ley fir/ put toge!r 9 ! boil] & made to boil1 ! peas are !n add$1 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ ov] a g5tle fire ab\t two h\rs2 ! potatoes are !n add$ 7peel$71 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ = ab\t "o h\r m1 dur+ :i* "t ! cont5ts ( ! boil] are frequ5tly /irr$ ab\t ) a l>ge wood5 spoon or ladle1 9 ord] to de/roy ! texture ( ! potatoes1 & to r$uce ! s\p to "o uni=m mass4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! v9eg> & salt are add$2 &1 la/ ( all1 at ! mom5t t x is to be s]v$ up1 ! cutt+s ( bread4' ,no4 #a is to be cook$ = ?ree h\rs )\t ! potatoes4 ,z already /at$1 ,i h f\nd1 9 c>ry+ out ^! in/ructions1 t ,i obta9 a pure or porridge r ?an a s\p4 ,i f\nd ! ,no4 #a to be excell5t1 ,no4 #b inf]ior4 ,x 0 bett] :5 v small potatoes 7 us$2 !y became m jelli$1 & ! pure altoge!r _h less ( ! granul> texture ( ma%$ potatoes4 ,i f\nd x necess>y to conduct ! :ole ( ! cook+ myself2 ! invet]ate kit*5 sup]/ition conc]n+ simm]+ & boil+1 ! belief t any?+ rapidly boil+ is hott] ?an :5 x simm]s1 & is !re=e cook+ m quickly1 compels ! non-sci5tific cook to %ort5 ! t$i\s ?ree-h\r process by boil+4 ,?is boil+ drives ! wat] f bel[1 bakes ! l[] /ratum ( ! porridge1 & spoils ! :ole4 ,! ord9>y cook1 7 %e #8at ! /rappado1 or all ! racks 9 ! _w1' w\ld n keep any?+ b>ely boil+ = ?ree h\rs ) no visible result4 ,accord+ to h] positive & sup]lative exp]i5ce1 ! mess is cook$ suffici5tly 9 "o-?ird ( ! "t1 z soon z ! peas are s(t5$4 ,%e don't1 & %e won't1 & %e c't1 & %e %an't und]/& any?+ ab\t hydration4 #8,:5 x's done1 x's done1 & !re's an end to x1 & :at m d y want8' ,h5ce ! failures ( ! attempts to introduce ,rum=d's porridge 9 our ,engli% workh\ses1 prisons1 & s\p kit*5s4 ,i f9d1 :5 ,i make x myself1 t x is incomp>ably sup]ior & f> *eap] ?an ! #8skilly' at pres5t provid$1 ?\gh ! sample ( skilly t ,i ta/$ 0 sup]ior to ! ord9>y slop4 ,! weight ( ea* portion1 z s]v$ to ! begg>s1 c41 0 #aii oz4 7#a ,bav>ian p\nd72 ! solid matt] conta9$ 0 #f oz4 ( ,no4 #b1 or #d oz4 ( ,no4 #a1 & ,rum=d /ates t ?is #8is q suffici5t to make a good meal = a /rong1 heal?y p]son1' z #8abundantly prov$ by long exp]i5ce4' ,he insi/s1 aga9 & aga91 ^u ! necessity ( ! ?ree-h\rs' cook+1 & ,i am equally conv9c$ ( its necessity1 ?\gh1 z above expla9$1 n on ! same !oretical gr\nds4 ,no repetition ( 8 exp]i5ce is fair unless ?is be att5d$ to4 ,i h no hesitation 9 affirm+ t ! #d oz4 ( ,no4 #a1 :5 ?us boil$ = #c h\rs1 w supply m nutrim5t ?an #f oz4 boil$ only #a h\r4 ,! bread %\ld n be cook$1 b add$ j be=e s]v+ ! s\p4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is he has publi%$ a v curi\s essay1 entitl$ #8,( ! ,pleasure ( ,eat+1 & ( ! ,means t may be ,employ$ = ,increas+ x4' ,rum=d us$ wood z fuel1 & 8 kit*5-ranges 7 con/ruct$ ( brickwork ) a sep>ate fire = ea* pot1 ! pot be+ set 9 9 ! brickwork imm$iately above ! fireplace 9 su* mann] t ! flame & heat$ products ( combu/ion surr\nd$ ! pot on _! way to ! exit flue4 ,! quantity ( fuel 0 adju/$ to ea* op]ation1 & ) wood emb]s a long su/a9$ mod]ate heat 0 easily obta9$4 ,) coal-fires su* sep>ate fir+ w\ld be tr\blesome1 z coal _c be s easily k9dl$ on requirem5t z wood4 ,) our ro>+1 wa/eful kit*5 furnaces & /ill m wa/eful cooks1 ! long-su/a9$ mod]ate heat is n practicable )\t "s fur!r device4 ,i f\nd t1 by us+ a #8milk scald]1' :i* is a wat]-ba? simil> to a glue-pot1 b on a l>ge scale1 ,i c\ld obta9 ,rum=d's results ov] a common kit*5-range ) v little tr\ble1 & no risk ( bak+ ! bottom "p ( ! porridge4 ,i fur!r f\nd t ev5 a long] p]iod ( /ew+ ?an he prescribes is desirable4 ,i made a he>ty meal on ,no4 #a s\p1 & f\nd x z satisfactory z any d9n] ( meat1 potatoes1 c41 ( any numb] ( c\rses2 &1 z a *emi/1 ,i ass]t )\t any hesitation1 t su* a meal is demon/rably ( equal or sup]ior nutritive value to an ord9>y ,engli%man's slice ( beef dilut$ ) potatoes4 ,! ,no4 #b s\p is n s satisfactory4 ,rum=d 0 wrong 9 8 e/imate ( ! value ( potatoes4 ,9 ! =mula = ,rum=d's s\p x is /at$ t ! bread %\ld n be cook$1 b add$ j be=e s]v+ ! s\p4 ,l ev]y?+ else 9 8 practical programmes1 ?is 0 prescrib$ ) a philosophical reason4 ,8 reasons may h be5 fanciful sometimes1 b he nev] act$ /upidly1 z ! vulg> majority ( mank9d usually d :5 !y bl9dly foll[ an e/abli%$ cu/om )\t kn[+ any reason = s do+1 or ev5 attempt+ to discov] a reason4 ,9 8 essay on #8,! ,pleasure ( ,eat+1 & ( ! ,means t may be ,employ$ = ,increas+ x1' he says3 #8,! pleasure enjoy$ 9 eat+ dep5ds1 fir/1 on ! agreeabl5ess ( ! ta/e ( ! food2 &1 secondly1 ^u its p[] to affect ! palate4 ,n[1 !re are _m sub/ances extremely *eap1 by :i* v agreeable ta/es may be giv5 to food1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! basis or nutritive sub/ance ( ! food is ta/eless2 & ! effect ( any k9d ( palatable solid food 7( meat1 = in/ance7 ^u ! organs ( ta/e may be increas$1 almo/ indef9itely1 by r$uc+ ! size ( ! p>ticles ( su* food1 & caus+ x to act ^u ! palate by a l>g] surface4 ,& if means be us$ to prev5t its be+ swall[$ too soon1 :i* may easily be done by mix+ x ) "s h>d & ta/eless sub/ance1 su* z crumbs ( bread r5d]$ h>d by toa/+1 or any?+ else ( t k9d1 by :i* a long ma/ication is r5d]$ necess>y1 ! enjoym5t ( eat+ may be greatly increas$ & prolong$4' ,he adds t #8! idea ( occupy+ a p]son a great :ile1 & af=d+ him mu* pleasure at ! same "t 9 eat+ a small quantity ( food1 may p]haps appe> ridicul\s to "s2 b ^? :o consid] ! matt] att5tively w p]ceive t x is v important4 ,x is p]haps z mu* s z any?+ t c employ ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]4' ,fur!r on he adds3 #8,if a glutton c be made to gorm&ise two h\rs ^u two ounces ( meat1 x is c]ta9ly mu* bett] = him ?an to give himself an indige/ion by eat+ two p\nds 9 ! same "t4' ,?is is amus+ z well z in/ructive2 s also are 8 rese>*es into :at ,i may v5ture to describe z ! specific sapidity ( diff]5t k9ds ( food1 :i* he det]m9$ by dilut+ or int]mix+ !m ) insipid mat]ials1 & !reby asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( surface ov] :i* !y might be spread be=e _! p>ticul> flav\r disappe>$4 ,he conclud$ t a r$ h]r+ has ! highe/ specific sapidity--i4e4 ! greate/ am\nt ( flav\r 9 a giv5 weight ( any k9d ( food he _h te/$1 & t1 comp>+ x on ! basis ( co/ = co/1 its sup]iority is /ill great]4 ,he tells u t #8! pleasure ( eat+ dep5ds v mu* inde$ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! food is appli$ to ! organs ( ta/e1' & t he consid]s #8x necess>y to m5tion1 & ev5 to illu/rate 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 e circum/ance :i* appe>s to h influ5ce 9 produc+ ^! important effects4' ,z an example ( ?is1 ,i may quote 8 in/ructions = eat+ ha/y pudd+3 #8,! pudd+ is !n eat5 ) a spoon1 ea* spoonful ( x be+ dipp$ into ! sauce be=e x is c>ri$ to ! m\?1 c>e be+ _h 9 tak+ x up to beg9 on ! outside1 or ne> ! brim ( ! plate1 & to approa* ! c5tre by regul> advances1 9 ord] n to demoli% too soon ! excavation :i* =ms ! res]voir = ! sauce4' ,8 solid ,indian-corn pudd+ is1 9 l mann]1 #8to be eat5 ) a knife & =k1 beg9n+ at ! circumf]5ce ( ! slice1 & approa*+ regul>ly t[>ds ! c5tre1 ea* piece ( pudd+ be+ tak5 up ) ! =k & dipp$ into ! butt]1 or dipp$ into x 9 "p only1 be=e x is c>ri$ to ! m\?4' ,z a supplem5t to ! *eap s\p recipes ,i w quote "o :i* ,rum=d gives z ! *eape/ food :i* 9 8 op9ion c be provid$ 9 ,engl&3 ,take ( wat] #h gallons1 mix x ) #e lbs4 ( b>ley-meal1 boil x to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick jelly4 ,season ) salt1 v9eg>1 pepp]1 sweet h]bs1 & f\r r$ h]r+s p\nd$ 9 a mort>4 ,in/ead ( bread1 add #e lbs4 ( ,indian corn made into a samp1 & /ir x toge!r ) a ladle4 ,s]ve imm$iately 9 portions ( #bj oz4 ,samp is #8said to h be5 inv5t$ by ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :o h no corn-mills4' ,x is ,indian corn depriv$ ( its ext]nal coat by soak+ x t5 or twelve h\rs 9 a lixivium ( wat] & wood a%es4#ag ,?is coat or husk1 be+ sep>at$ f ! k]nel1 rises to ! surface ( ! wat]1 :ile ! gra9 rema9s at ! bottom4 ,! sep>at$ k]nel is /ew$ = ab\t two days 9 a kettle ( wat] plac$ ne> ! fire4 #8,:5 suffici5tly cook$1 ! k]nels w be f\nd to be swell$ to a great size & bur/ op51 & ?is food1 :i* is uncommonly sweet & n\ri%+1 may be us$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways2 b ! be/ way ( us+ x is to mix x ) milk1 & ) s\ps & bro?s z a sub/itute = bread4' ,he pref]s x to bread because #8x requires m ma/ication1 & consequ5tly t5ds m to prolong ! pleasure ( eat+4' ,! co/ ( ?is s\p he e/imates z foll[s3 s4 d4 #e lbs4 b>ley meal1 at #a;d4 p]4 lb41 or #es4 #f;d4 p] bu%el #j #g #e lbs4 ,indian corn1 at #a;d4 p] lb4 #j #f #d r$ h]r+s #j #c ,v9eg> #j #a ,salt #j #a ,pepp] & sweet h]bs #j #b ----- #a #h ,?is makes #fd portions1 :i* ?us co/ r less ?an "o-?ird ( a p5ny ea*4 ,z prices 7 high] !n ?an n[1 x comes d[n to little m ?an "o f>?+1 or "o-?ird ( a p5ny1 z /at$1 :5 co/ ( prep>ation 9 mak+ on a l>ge scale is includ$4 ,i h n be5 successful 9 mak+ ?is s\p2 fail$ 9 ! #8samp1' z expla9$ 9 ! foot-note4 ,by sub/itut+ #8rasp+s' 7! co>se p[d] rasp$ (f ! surface ( rolls or ov]-bak$ loaves7 or bread-crumbs br[n$ 9 an ov51 ,i obta9 a fair result = ^? :o h no objection to a diffus$ flav\r ( r$ h]r+4 ,by us+ grat$ *eese in/ead ( ! h]r+1 z well z sub/itut+ bread-crumbs or rasp+s = ! ,indian corn1 ,i h completely succe$$2 b = economy & quality comb9$1 ! ,no4 #a s\p1 z suppli$ at ,muni*1 is pref]able4 ,! fe$+ ( ! ,bav>ian soldi]s is /at$ 9 detail 9 vol4 i4 ( ,rum=d's #8,essays4' ,i take "o *>act]i/ic example4 ,x is f an (ficial report on exp]im5ts made #89 ob$i5ce to ! ord]s ( ,lieut4-,g5]al ,c\nt ,rum=d1 by ,s]geant ,wickelh('s mess1 9 ! fir/ company ( ! fir/ 7or ,elector's ,own7 regim5t ( ,gr5adi]s at ,muni*4' ,,june #aj1 #agie4--;,,bill ,,( ,,f>e4 ,boil$ beef1 ) s\p & bread dumpl+s4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,exp5se4 ,fir/1 = ! boil$ beef & ! s\p4 lb4 lo?s4 ,creutz]s4 #b #j beef #af #j #a sweet h]bs #a #j #j pepp] #j #j #f salt #j #a #ad ammunition bread cut f9e #b #i #bj wat] #j ------------ ---- ,total #ac #i ,co/ #bj ,! ,bav>ian p\nd is a little less ?an #a lb4 avoirdupois1 & is divid$ into #cb lo?s4 ,all ^! 7 put into an e>!nw>e pot & boil$ = two h\rs & a qu>t]2 !n divid$ into twelve portions ( #bf-g_/ab lo?s ea*1 co/+ #a creutz]4 ,second1 = ! bread dumpl+4 lb4 lo?s4 ,creutz]s4 #aj #ac f f9e semel bread #aj #a #j ( f9e fl\r #d #j #f salt #j #c #j wat] #j ----- --- ,total #e #ai ,co/ #ae ,?is mass 0 made into dumpl+s1 :i* 7 boil$ half an h\r 9 cle> wat]4 ,^u tak+ !m out ( ! wat] !y 7 f\nd to weigh #e lbs4 #bd lo?s1 giv+ #ae lo?s to ea* portion1 co/+ #a creutz]4 ,! meat1 s\p1 & dumpl+s 7 s]v$ all at once1 9 ! same di%1 & 7 all eat5 toge!r at d9n]4 ,ea* memb] ( ! mess 0 also suppli$ ) #aj lo?s ( rye bread1 :i* co/ #e_/af ( a creutz]4 ,also ) #aj lo?s ( ! same = breakfa/1 ano!r piece ( same weight 9 ! aft]noon1 & ano!r = 8 supp]4 ,a detail$ analysis ( ?is is giv51 ! sum total ( :i* %[s t ea* man receiv$ 9 avoirdupois weight daily3 lb4 oz4 #b #b-cd_/ajj ( solids #a #b-hd_/ajj ( #8prep>$ wat]' ------------- #c #e-ah_/ajj total solids & fluids4 :i* co/ #e-ag_/dh creutz]s1 or twop5ce /]l+1 v ne>ly4 ,o!r bills ( f>e ( o!r messes1 (ficially report$1 give ab\t ! same4 ,?is is exclusive ( ! co/ ( fuel1 c41 = cook+4 ,all :o are conc]n$ 9 s\p-kit*5s or o!r economic diet>ies %\ld c>efully /udy ! details suppli$ 9 ^! #8,essays' ( ,c\nt ,rum=d2 !y are ?or\ghly practical1 &1 al?\gh ne>ly a c5tury old1 are highly in/ructive at ! pres5t day4 ,) _! aid l>ge bas9s ( good1 nutriti\s s\p might be suppli$ at "o p5ny p] bas91 leav+ a pr(it = e/abli%m5t exp5ses2 & if su* 7 obta9able at ,bill+sgate1 ,smi?field1 ,lead5hall1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 & o!r m>kets 9 ,london & ! prov9ces1 :]e poor m5 are work+ at e>ly h\rs on cold morn+s1 ! dram-dr9k+ :i* prevails s fatally 9 su* places w\ld be m effectually sup]s$$ ?an by any temp]ance missions1 :i* are limit$ to m]e talk+4 ,su* s\p is incomp>ably bett] ?an tea or c(fee4 ,x %\ld be includ$ 9 ! bill ( f>e ( all ! c(fee-palaces & su*-l e/abli%m5ts4 ,s9ce ! above appe>$ 9 #8,k1' ,i h _h mu* correspond5ce ) ladies & g5tlem5 :o are b5evol5tly ex]t+ !mselves 9 ! good "w ( provid+ *eap d9n]s = poor s*ool-*ildr5 & poor p g5]ally4 ,i may m5tion p>ticul>ly ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,moore ,ede1 ,rector ( ,gate%ead-on-,tyne1 a pione] 9 ! #8,p5ny ,d9n]' movem5t1 & :o has publi%$ a valuable p5ny tract on ! subject1 #8,*eap ,food & ,*eap ,cook]y1' :i* ,i recomm5d to all 8 fell[-work]s4 7,he supplies di/ribution copies at #f;d4 p] #ajj47 ,8 #8,p5ny ,d9n] ,cook]1' n[ comm]cially suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,walk] & ,emley1 ,newca/le1 ov]comes ! difficulties ,i h describ$ 9 ! sl[ cook]y ( ,rum=d's s\p4 ,x is a d\ble vessel on ! glue-pot pr9ciple1 heat$ by gas4 ,,footnote3 #ag ,su* lixivium is ess5tially a dilute solution ( c>bonate ( pota% 9 v crude =m1 n conv5i5tly obta9$ by burn]s ( pit coal4 ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t ( soak+ "s ord9>y ,indian corn 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 exce$+ ! t5 or twelve h\rs specifi$ by ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,! ext]nal coat 0 n remov$ ev5 aft] two days' soak+1 b ! corns 7 mu* swoll5 & s(t5$4 ,i suspect t ?is diff]5ce is due to ! condition ( ! corn :i* is import$ "h4 ,x is fully rip5$1 dri$1 & h>d5$1 :ile t us$ by ! ,indians 0 probably fre% ga!r$1 b>ely ripe1 & mu* s(t]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,tea ,,& ,,c(fee4 ,,take eight p>ts by weight ( meal 7,rum=d says #8:eat or rye meal1' & ,i add1 or oatmeal71 & "o "p ( butt]4 ,melt ! butt] 9 a clean iron fry+-pan1 &1 :5 ?us melt$1 spr9kle ! meal into x2 /ir ! :ole briskly ) a broad wood5 spoon or spatula till ! butt] has disappe>$ & ! meal is ( a uni=m br[n col\r1 l roa/$ c(fee1 great c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t burn+ on ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,ab\t half an ounce ( ?is roa/$ meal boil$ 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & season$ ) salt1 pepp]1 & v9eg>1 =ms #8burnt s\p1' mu* us$ by ! wood-cutt]s ( ,bav>ia1 :o "w 9 ! m\nta9s f> away f any habitations4 ,_! provisions = a week 7! "t !y commonly rema9 9 ! m\nta9s7 consi/ ( a l>ge loaf ( rye bread 7:i*1 z x does n s soon gr[ dry & /ale z :eat5 bread1 is always pref]r$ to x72 a l95 bag1 conta9+ a small quantity ( roa/$ meal1 prep>$ z above2 ano!r small bag ( salt1 & a small wood5 box conta9+ "s p\nd$ black pepp]2 & sometimes1 b n (t51 a small bottle ( v9eg>2 b black pepp] is an +r$i5t nev] omitt$4 ,! rye bread1 :i* eat5 alone or ) cold wat] w\ld be v h>d f>e1 is r5d]$ palatable & satisfactory1 ,rum=d ?9ks also m :olesome & nutriti\s1 by ! help ( a b[l ( hot s\p1 s easily prep>$ f ! roa/$ meal4 ,he tells u t ?is is n only us$ by ! wood-cutt]s1 b t x is also ! common breakfa/ ( ! ,bav>ian peasant1 & adds t #8x is inf9itely pref]able1 9 all respects1 to t mo/ p]nici\s wa%1 tea1 ) :i* ! l[] classes ( ! inhabitants ( ?is isl& dr5* _! /oma*s & ru9 _! con/itutions4' ,he adds t #8:5 tea is tak5 ) a suffici5t quantity ( sug> & good cream1 & ) a l>ge quantity ( bread-&-butt]1 or ) toa/ & boil$ eggs1 &1 above all1 :5 x is n drunk too hot1 x is c]ta9ly less un:olesome2 b a simple infusion ( ?is drug1 drunk boil+ hot1 z ! poor usually take x1 is c]ta9ly a poison1 :i*1 ?\gh x is sometimes sl[ 9 its op]ation1 nev] fails to produce fatal effects1 ev5 9 ! /ronge/ con/itutions1 :]e ! free use ( x is cont9u$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4' ,?is may appe> to _m a v /rong condemnation ( _! fav\rite bev]age2 nev]!less1 ,i am satisfi$ t x is s\nd2 & my op9ion is n ha/ily adopt$1 nor borr[$ f ,rum=d1 b a conclusion bas$ ^u _m obs]vations1 ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 & confirm$ by exp]im5ts made ^u myself4 ,i !re=e /rongly recomm5d ?is sub/itute1 especially z s _m ( u h to submit to ! b5efic5t dome/ic despotism ( ! g5tl] & m p]sev]+ sex1 "o ( ! common =ms ( ?is despotism be+ t ( n p]mitt+ its male victim to dr9k cold wat] at breakfa/4 ,?is burnt s\p has ! fur!r advantage ( r5d]+ imp]ative ! boil+ ( ! wat]1 a mo/ important precaution aga9/ ! p]ils ( sewage contam9ation1 n removable by m]e filtration4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e confirm$ tea-dr9k]1 :5 s\ndly int]pret$1 supplies condemnation ( 8 bev]age2 ! plea commonly urg$ on its behalf be+1 :5 und]/ood1 an eloqu5t expression ( su* condemnation4 #8,x is s refre%+2' #8,i am fit = no?+ :5 tea-"t comes r\nd until ,i h _h my tea1 & !n ,i am fit = any?+4' ,! #8fit = no?+' /ate comes on at #e ,p4,m41 :5 ! drug is tak5 at ! or?odox "t1 or ev5 9 ! e>ly morn+1 9 ! case ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to h a cup ( tea br\ght to _! b$side be=e ris+4 ,"s w ev5 plead = tea by tell+ t by its aid "o c sit up all night long at bra9-"w )\t feel+ sleepy1 provid$ ample supplies ( ! infusion are tak5 f "t to "t4 ,x is unque/ionably true t su* may be done2 t ! tea-dr9k] is languid & we>y at tea-"t1 :atev] be ! h\r1 & t ! refre%m5t produc$ by #8! cup t *e]s' & is said n to inebriate1 is almo/ in/antane\s4 ,:at is ! true significance ( ^! facts8 ,! refre%m5t is c]ta9ly n due to nutrition1 n to ! rebuild+ ( any worn-out or exhau/$ organic tissue4 ,! total quantity ( mat]ial convey$ f ! tea-leaves into ! wat] is ridicul\sly too small = ! p]=mance ( any su* nutritive function2 & besides ?is1 ! action is f> too rapid1 !re is n suffici5t "t = ! conv]sion ( ev5 t m9ute quantity into organis$ work+ tissue4 ,! action _c be t ( a food1 b is purely & simply t ( a /imulat+ or irritant drug1 act+ directly & abnormally on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! five-o'clock lassitude & crav+ is nei!r m nor less ?an ! reaction induc$ by ! habitual abnormal /imulation2 or o!rwise1 & q fairly1 /at$1 x is ! outw>d symptom ( a diseas$ condition ( bra9 produc$ by ! action ( a drug2 x may be b a mild =m ( disease1 b x is truly a disease nev]!less4 ,! active pr9ciple :i* produces ?is result is ! cry/all9e alkaloid1 ! !9e1#ah a comp\nd belong+ to ! same class z /ry*n9e & a numb] ( simil> vegetable poisons4 ,^!1 :5 dilut$1 act m$ic9ally--t is1 produce di/urbance ( normal functions z ! tea does1 &1 l !9e1 mo/ ( !m act specially on ! n]v\s sy/em2 :5 conc5trat$ !y are dreadful poisons1 v small doses caus+ dea?4 ,! volatile oil1 ( :i* tea conta9s ab\t #a p] c5t41 probably contributes to ?is effect4 ,john/on attributes ! heada*es & gidd9ess to :i* tea-ta/]s are subject to ?is oil1 & also #8! attacks ( p>alysis to :i*1 aft] a few ye>s1 ^? :o are employ$ 9 pack+ & unpack+ *e/s ( tea are f\nd to be liable4' ,z bo? ! alkaloid & ! oil are volatile1 ,i suspect t !y jo9tly contribute to ^! di/urbances1 ! n>cotic bus9ess be+ done by ! volatile oil1 ! p>alysis suppli$ by ! alkaloid4 ,! non-tea-dr9k] does n suff] any ( ! five-o'clock symptoms1 &1 if o!rwise 9 s\nd heal?1 rema9s 9 /eady work+ condition until 8 day's "w is end$ & ! "t = re/ & sleep arrives4 ,b ! habitual victim ( any k9d ( drug or di/urb] ( normal functions acquires a diseas$ condition1 display$ by ! loss ( vitality or o!r deviation f normal function1 :i* is tempor>ily reliev$ by ! usual dose ( ! drug1 b only 9 su* wise z to g5]ate a r5ew$ crav+4 ,i include 9 ?is g5]al /atem5t all ! vice-drugs 7to co9 a g5]al "n71 su* z alcohol1 opium1 tobacco 7:e!r smok$1 *ew$1 or snuff$71 ars5ic1 has*is*1 betel-nut1 coca-leaf1 ?orn-apple1 ,sib]ian fungus1 mat1 c41 all ( :i* are excessively #8refre%+' to _! victims1 & ( :i* ! use may be1 & has be51 def5d$ by ! same argum5ts z ^? us$ by ! advocates ( habitual tea-dr9k+4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! reaction or residual effect ( ^! on ! sy/em is ne>ly ! opposite ( t ( _! imm$iate effect1 & ?us l>g] & l>g] doses are dem&$ to br+ ! sy/em to its normal condition4 ,! non-tea-dr9k] or mod]ate dr9k] is kept awake by a cup ( tea or c(fee tak5 late at night1 :ile ! h>d dr9k] ( ^! bev]ages sc>cely feels any effect1 especially if accu/om$ to take x at t "t4 ,! practice ( tak+ tea or c(fee by /ud5ts1 9 ord] to "w at night1 is d[nright madness1 especially :5 prep>+ = an exam9ation4 ,m ?an half ( ! cases ( breakd[n1 loss ( memory1 fa9t+1 c41 :i* occur dur+ sev]e exam9ations1 & f> m frequ5tly ?an is commonly kn[n1 are due to ?is4 ,i cont9ually he> ( promis+ /ud5ts :o h ?us fail$2 &1 on inquiry1 h le>n$--9 almo/ e in/ance--t ! victim has previ\sly drugg$ himself ) tea or c(fee4 ,sleep is ! re/ ( ! bra92 to rob ! h>d-work$ bra9 ( its necess>y re/ is c]ebral suicide4 ,my old fri5d1 ! late ,?omas ,wright 7! ar*ologi/71 0 a victim ( ?is t]rible folly4 ,he und]took ! translation ( ! #8,life ( ,julius ,cs>1' by ,napoleon ,,iii41 & to d x 9 a cruelly %ort "t4 ,he fulfill$ 8 contract by sitt+ up sev]al nights successively by ! aid ( /rong tea or c(fee 7,i =get :i*74 ,i saw him %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,9 a few weeks he _h ag$ al>m+ly1 _h become q bald2 8 bra9 gave way & nev] recov]$4 ,!re 0 b little diff]5ce betwe5 8 age & m9e1 & b = ?is dreadful c]ebral /ra91 r5d]$ possible only by ! /imulant 7= o!rwise he w\ld h fall5 to sleep ov] 8 "w1 & !reby sav$ 8 life71 he might /ill be amus+ & in/ruct+ ?\s&s ( read]s by fre% volumes ( popul>is$ ar*ological rese>*4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t all ,i h said above applies to c(fee z to tea1 ?\gh n s s]i\sly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! active alkaloid is ! same 9 bo?1 b tea conta9s weight = weight above twice z mu* z c(fee4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we commonly use ab\t #ej p] c5t4 m c(fee ?an tea to ea* giv5 measure ( wat]4 ,on ! ,cont95t !y use ab\t d\ble our quantity 7?is is ! true secret ( #8,c(fee z 9 ,france'71 & ?us produce z pot5t an infusion z our tea4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ! above rem>ks are exclusively appli$ to ! habitual use ( ^! /imulants4 ,z m$ic9es1 us$ occasionally & judici\sly1 !y are invaluable1 provid$ always t !y are n us$ z ord9>y bev]ages4 ,9 ,italy1 ,greece1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 x is cu/om>y1 :5 anybody feels ill ) indef9ite symptoms1 to s5d to ! druggi/ = a dose ( tea4 ,f :at ,i h se5 ( its action on non-tea-dr9k]s1 x appe>s to be specially pot5t 9 arre/+ ! premonitory symptoms ( fev]1 ! fev] heada*e1 c4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! above 9 #8,k1' ,i h be5 rem9d$ ( ! high au?orities :o h def5d$ ! use ( ! alkaloids1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ,liebig's !ory1 or ! !ory commonly attribut$ to ,liebig1 b :i* is ,lehmann's1 publi%$ 9 ,liebig's #8,annal51' vol4 lxxxvii41 & adopt$ & advocat$ by ,liebig ) 8 usual ability4 ,lehmann wat*$ = "s weeks ! effects ( c(fee ^u two p]sons 9 good heal?4 ,he f\nd t x ret>d$ ! wa/e ( ! tissues ( ! body1 t ! proportion ( phosphoric acid & ( urea excret$ by ! kidneys 0 dim9i%$ by ! action ( ! c(fee1 ! diet be+ 9 all o!r respects ! same4 ,pure caffe9e 7:i* is ! same z !9e7 produc$ a simil> effect2 ! aromatic oil ( ! c(fee1 giv5 sep>ately1 0 f\nd to ex]t a /imulat+ effect on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,john/on 7#8,*emi/ry ( ,common ,life'7 closely foll[+ ,liebig1 & ref]r+ to ! rese>*es ( ,lehmann1 says3 #8,! wa/e ( ! body is less5$ by ! introduction ( !9e into ! /oma*--t is1 by ! use ( tea4 ,& if ! wa/e be less5$1 ! necessity = food to repair x w be less5$ 9 an equal proportion4 ,9 o!r words1 by ! consumption ( a c]ta9 quantity ( tea1 ! heal? & /r5g? ( ! body w be ma9ta9$ 9 an equal degree ^u a small] quantity ( ord9>y food4 ,tea1 !re=e1 saves food--/&s to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! place ( food--:ile1 at ! same "t1 x soo!s ! body & enliv5s ! m9d4' ,he proce$s to say t #89 ! old & infirm x s]ves also ano!r purpose4 ,9 ! life ( mo/ p]sons a p]iod arrives :5 ! /oma* no long] dige/s en\gh ( ! ord9>y elem5ts ( food to make up = ! natural daily wa/e ( ! bodily sub/ance4 ,! size & weight ( ! body1 !re=e1 beg9 to dim9i% m or less p]ceptibly4 ,at ?is p]iod tea comes 9 z a m$ic9e to arre/ ! wa/e1 to keep ! body f fall+ away s fa/1 & ?us to enable ! less en]getic p[]s ( dige/ion /ill to supply z mu* z is ne$$ to repair ! we> & te> ( ! solid tissues4' ,no wond]1 !re=e1 says he1 #8t ! ag$ female1 :o has b>ely en\gh income to buy :at are call$ ! common necess>ies ( life1 %\ld yet sp5d a portion ( h] small ga9s 9 pur*as+ h] ounce ( tea4 ,%e c live q z well on less common food :5 %e takes h] tea along ) x2 :ile %e feels light] at ! same "t1 m *e]ful1 & fitt] = h] "w1 because ( ! indulg5ce4' 7,! italics are my own = comp>ison ) ^? t foll[47 ,all ?is is bas$ ^u ! rese>*es ( ,lehmann & o!rs1 :o measur$ ! "w ( ! vital furnace by ! quantity ( a%es produc$--! urea & phosphoric acid excret$4 ,b !re is also ano!r me?od ( measur+ ! same1 t ( collect+ ! expir$ brea? & det]m9+ ! quantity ( c>bonic acid giv5 (f by combu/ion4 ,?is me?od is imp]fect1 inasmu* z x only measures a portion ( ! c>bonic acid :i* is giv5 (f4 ,! sk9 is also a respiratory organ1 co-op]at+ ) ! lungs 9 evolv+ c>bonic acid4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,smi? adopt$ ! me?od ( measur+ ! respir$ c>bonic acid only4 ,8 results 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 #8,! ,philosophical ,transactions' ( #ahei1 & aga9 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ( 8 volume on #8,food1' ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,aft] /at+1 9 ! latt]1 ! details ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* include dep? ( respiration z well z am\nt ( c>bonic acid respir$1 he says3 #8,h5ce x 0 prov$ beyond all d\bt t tea is a mo/ p[]ful respiratory excitant4 ,z x causes an evolution ( c>bon greatly beyond t :i* x supplies1 x foll[s t x mu/ p[]fully promote ^? vital *anges 9 food :i* ultimately produce ! c>bonic acid to be evolv$4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( supply+ nutritive matt]1 x causes ! assimilation & trans=mation ( o!r foods4' ,n[1 note ! foll[+ practical conclusions1 :i* ,i quote 9 ,dr4 ,smi?'s own words1 b take ! lib]ty ( r5d]+ 9 italics ^? passages t ,i wi% ! read] to specially comp>e ) ! prec$+ quotations f ,john/on3 #8,9 ref]5ce to nutrition1 we may say t tea increases wa/e1 s9ce x promotes ! trans=mation ( food )\t supply+ nutrim5t1 & increases ! loss ( heat )\t supply+ fuel1 & x is !re=e especially adapt$ to ! wants ( ^? :o usually eat too mu*1 & aft] a full meal1 :5 ! process ( assimilation %\ld be quick5$1 b is less adapt$ to ! poor & ill-f$1 & dur+ fa/+4' ,he tells u v positively t #8to take tea be=e a meal is z absurd z n to take x aft] a meal1 unless ! sy/em be at all times replete ) nutritive mat]ial4' ,&1 aga93 #8,our exp]im5ts h suffic$ to %[ h[ tea may be injuri\s if tak5 ) defici5t food1 & !reby exagg]ate ! evils ( ! poor2' &1 aga93 #8,! conclusions at :i* we arriv$ aft] our rese>*es 9 #aheh 71 t tea %\ld n be tak5 )\t food1 unless aft] a full meal2 or ) insuffici5t food2 or by ! "y or v feeble2 & t its ess5tial action is to wa/e ! sy/em or consume food1 by promot+ vital action :i* x does n support1 & !y h n be5 disprov$ by any subsequ5t sci5tific rese>*es4' ,?is f9al ass]tion may be true1 & to ^? :o #8g 9 = ! la/ ?+ out1' ! late/ novelty or fa%ion 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 or mill9]y1 ! abs5ce ( any refutation ( lat] date is q en\gh4 ,b h[ ab\t ! previ\s #8sci5tific rese>*es' ( ,lehmann1 :o1 on all su* subjects1 is ab\t ! highe/ au?ority t c be quot$4 ,8 ?ree volumes on #8,physiological ,*emi/ry1' translat$ & republi%$ by ! ,cav5di% ,society1 /& pre-em95t z ! be/-writt51 mo/ cond5s$1 & complete "w on ! subject1 & 8 orig9al rese>*es con/itute a lifetime's "w1 n ( m]e r&om *ange-r++ among ! elem5ts ( obscure & insignificant organic comp\nds1 b ( judici\sly select$ *emical "w1 hav+ def9ite philosophical aims & objects4 ,x is evid5t f ! passages ,i h emphatically quot$ t ,dr4 ,smi? flatly contradicts ,lehmann1 & arrives at directly contradictory physiological results & practical inf]5ces4 ,are we1 !re=e1 to conclude t he has blund]$ 9 8 analysis1 or t ,lehmann has done s8 ,on c>efully comp>+ ! two sets ( inve/igations1 ,i conclude t !re is no necess>y contradiction 9 ! facts3 t bo? may be1 & 9 all probability are1 q correct z reg>ds _! *emical results2 b t ,dr4 ,smi? has only attack$ half ! problem1 :ile ,lehmann has grasp$ ! :ole4 ,all ! popul> /imulants1 refre%+ drugs1 & #8pick-me-ups' h two di/9ct & opposite actions--an imm$iate exaltation :i* la/s = a c]ta9 p]iod1 v>y+ ) ! drug & ! con/itution ( its victim1 & a subsequ5t depression proportionate to ! prim>y exaltation1 b1 z ,i believe1 always exce$+ x ei!r 9 duration or int5sity1 or bo?1 ?us giv+ z a nett or mean result a loss ( vitality4 ,dr4 ,smi?'s exp]im5ts only measur$ ! c>bonic acid exhal$ f ! lungs dur+ ! fir/ /age1 ! p]iod ( exaltation4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 ext5d$ to #ej m9utes1 #ga m9utes1 #fe m9utes1 & 9 "o case to #a h\r & #ej m9utes4 ,x is wor?y ( note t1 9 ,exp]im5t #a1 #ajj gra9s ( black tea 7 giv5 to two p]sons1 & ! duration ( ! exp]im5t 0 #ej & #ga m9utes2 ! av]age increase 0 #ga & #fh cubic in*es p] m9ute1 :ile 9 ,no4 #f1 ) ! same dose & ! c>bonic acid collect$ dur+ #a h\r & #ej m9utes1 ! av]age increase p] m9ute 0 only #dge cubic in*es4 ,^! indicate a decl9e ( ! exaltation1 & ! curves on 8 diagrams %[ ! same4 ,8 c(fee results 7 simil>4 ,we all "k t ! #8refre%+' action ( tea (t5 ext5ds ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,my own exp]im5ts on myself %[ t x cont9ues ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & t ( be] or w9e less ?an "o h\r 7mod]ate doses 9 ea* case74 ,i h te/$ ?is by walk+ measur$ di/ances aft] tak+ ! /imulant & comp>+ ) my walk+ p[]s :5 tak+ no o!r bev]age ?an cold wat]4 ,! duration ( ! tea /imulation has be5 also measur$ 7pa9fully s7 by ! duration ( sleeplessness :5 female s$uction has l$ me to dr9k tea late 9 ! ev5+4 ,! duration ( c(fee is ab\t "o-?ird less ?an tea4 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] weeks 7days in/ead ( m9utes71 measur$ ! :ole effect ( ! alkaloid & oil ( ! c(fee dur+ bo? ! p]iods ( exaltation & depression1 &1 !re=e1 suppli$ a mean or total result :i* accords ) ord9>y ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t ! pot ( tea ( ! poor ne$lewoman subdues ! natural crav+ = food2 ! habitual smok] claims ! same m]it = 8 pipe1 & ! *ew] = 8 quid4 ,wond]ful /ories are told ( ! long ab/95ce ( ! dr9k]s ( mat1 *ew]s ( betel-nut1 ,sib]ian fungus1 coca-leaf1 & pepp]-wort1 & ! smok]s & eat]s ( has*is*1 c4 ,n only is ! s5se ( hung] allay$1 b less food is dem&$ = su/a9+ life4 ,x is a curi\s fact t simil> effects %\ld be produc$1 & simil> advantages claim$1 = ! use ( a drug :i* is totally diff]5t 9 its o!r *emical prop]ties & relations4 #8,:ite ars5ic1' or ars5i\s acid1 is ! oxide ( a metal1 & f> z ! poles asund] f ! alkaloids1 alcohols1 & aromatic res9s 9 *emical classification4 ,b x does *eck ! wa/e ( ! tissues1 & is eat5 by ! ,/yrians & o!rs ) physiological effects curi\sly resembl+ ^? ( its *emical antipodeans above nam$4 ,=emo/ among ^! physiological effects is t ( #8mak+ ! food appe> to g f>!r4' ,x is /range t ,liebig or any physiologi/ :o accepts 8 views ( vital *emi/ry1 %\ld claim ?is dim9ution ( ! normal wa/e & r5ewal ( tissue z a m]it1 see+ t1 accord+ to ,liebig1 life itself is ! product ( su* *ange1 & dea? ! result ( its cessation4 ,b 9 ! eag]ness t has be5 display$ to ju/ify exi/+ indulg5ces1 ?is claim has be5 ext5sively made by m5 :o ought to "k bett] ?an to admit su* a plea4 ,i speak1 z be=e1 ( ! habitual use ( su* drugs1 n ( _! occasional m$ic9al use4 ,! wa/e ( ! body may be go+ on ) kill+ rapidity1 z 9 fev]1 & !n su* m$ic9es may save life1 provid$ always t ! body has n become #8tol]ant1' or p>tially ins5sible1 to !m by daily usage4 ,i once wat*$ a dang]\s case ( typhoid fev]4 ,act+ "u ! in/ructions ( skilful m$ical att5dants1 & aid$ by a cl9ical !rmomet] & a seconds wat*1 ,i s appli$ small doses ( br&y at %ort int]vals z to keep d[n bo? pulse & temp]ature )9 ! limits ( fatal combu/ion4 ,! pati5t _h sc>cely ta/$ alcohol be=e ?is1 & !re=e x ex]t$ its maximum efficacy4 ,i 0 surpris$ at ! c]ta9 response ( bo? pulse & temp]ature to ?is mo/ valuable m$ic9e & mo/ p]nici\s bev]age4 ,! argum5t t has be5 ! mo/ indu/ri\sly urg$ 9 fav\r ( all ! vice-drugs1 & ea* 9 its turn1 is t mis]able apology t has be5 made = e folly1 e vice1 e political abuse1 e social crime 7su* z slav]y1 polygamy1 c471 :5 ! "t has arriv$ = re=mation4 ,i _c condesc5d to s]i\sly argue aga9/ x1 b m]ely /ate ! fact t ! widely-diffus$ practice ( us+ "s k9d ( /imulat+ drug has be5 claim$ z a suffici5t pro( ( ! necessity or advantage ( su* practice4 ,i leave my read]s to be/[ on su* a plea ! treatm5t !y may ?9k x des]ves4 ,^? :o believe t a rational be+ %\ld h rational gr\nds = 8 conduct w treat ?is cu/om>y refuge ( bl9d cons]vatism z ,i d4 ,i recomm5d tea dr9k]s :o desire to practically inve/igate ! subject = !mselves to repeat ! exp]im5t t ,i h made4 ,aft] e/abli%+ ! habit ( tak+ tea at a p>ticul> h\r1 sudd5ly rel9qui% x altoge!r4 ,! result w be m or less unpleasant1 9 "s cases s]i\sly s4 ,my symptoms 7 a dull heada*e & intellectual sluggi%ness dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day--& if compell$ to d any bra9-"w1 su* z lectur+ or writ+1 ,i did x badly4 ,?is1 z ,i h already said1 is ! diseas$ condition induc$ by ! habit4 ,^! symptoms v>y ) ! am\nt ( ! cu/om>y indulg5ce & ! temp]am5t ( ! individual4 ,a r\gh1 lumb]+1 ins5sible navvy may dr9k a qu>t or two ( tea1 or a few gallons ( be]1 or sev]al qu>t]ns ( g91 ) b small results ( any k9d4 ,i "k an omnibus-driv] :o makes sev5 d\ble j\rneys daily1 & 8 #8regl>s' are half a qu>t]n ( g9 at ea* t]m9us--i4e4 #a p9ts daily1 exclusive ( extras4 ,?is w\ld r5d] mo/ m5 helplessly drunk1 b he is nev] drunk1 & drives well & safely4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! exp]im5t] has tak5 suffici5t daily tea to h a s5sible effect1 he w suff] on leav+ x (f4 ,let him p]sev]e 9 ! discont9uance1 9 spite ( bra9 languor & dull heada*e4 ,he w f9d t day by day ! languor w dim9i%1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks 9 my case7 he w be wean$4 ,he w reta9 f morn+ to night ! full1 free1 & /eady use ( all 8 faculties2 w get ?r\gh 8 day's "w )\t any fluctuation ( work+ ability 7provid$1 ( c\rse1 no o!r /imulant is us$74 ,in/ead ( 8 be/ faculties be+ dep5d5t on a drug = _! awak5+1 he w be 9 ! condition ( true manhood--i4e4 able to d 8 be/ 9 any direction ( ef=t1 simply 9 reply to moral dem&2 able to d :atev] is "r & advantage\s1 because 8 reason %[s t x is s4 ,! s5se ( duty is to su* a free man ! only /imulus dem&$ = call+ =? 8 utt]mo/ en]gies4 ,if he aga9 returns to 8 habitual tea1 he w aga9 be r$uc$ to m or less ( dep5d5ce ^u x4 ,?is condition ( dep5d5ce is a /ate ( disease precisely analog\s to t :i* is induc$ by opium & o!r drugs t op]ate by tempor>y abnormal c]ebral exaltation4 ,! pleasurable s5sations enjoy$ by ! opium-eat] or smok] or morphia injector are m int5se ?an ^? ( ! tea-dr9k]1 & ! reaction proportionally great]4 ,i mu/ n leave ?is subject )\t a ^w or two 9 ref]5ce to a widely prevail+ & v mis*iev\s fallacy4 ,_m argue & actually believe t because a giv5 drug has great effici5cy 9 cur+ disease1 x mu/ d good if tak5 "u ord9>y conditions ( heal?4 ,no high au?orities are dem&$ = ! refutation ( ?is4 ,a little common s5se prop]ly us$ is q suffici5t4 ,x is evid5t t a m$ic9e1 prop]ly s-call$1 is some?+ :i* is capable ( produc+ a di/urb+ or alt]ative effect on ! body g5]ally or "s p>ticul> organ4 ,! skill ( ! physician consi/s 9 s apply+ ?is di/urb+ ag5cy z to produce an alt]ation ( ! /ate ( disease1 a direct conv]sion ( ! /ate ( disease to a /ate ( heal?1 if possible 7:i* is r>ely ! case71 or m usually ! conv]sion ( "o /ate ( disease into ano!r ( mild] "*4 ,b1 :5 we are 9 a /ate ( s\nd heal?1 any di/urbance or alt]ation mu/ be a *ange = ! worse1 mu/ ?r[ u out ( heal? to an ext5t proportionate to ! pot5cy ( ! drug4 ,i might illu/rate ?is by a multitude ( famili> examples1 b !y w\ld c>ry me too f> away f my prop] subject4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o class ( su* rem$ies :i* are directly connect$ ) ! *emi/ry ( cook]y4 ,i ref] to ! condim5ts t act z #8tonics1' exclud+ common salt1 :i* is an article ( food1 ?\gh (t5 miscall$ a condim5t4 ,salt is food simply because x supplies ! blood ) "o ( its normal & necess>y con/itu5ts1 *loride ( sodium1 )\t :i* we _c live4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( x exi/s 9 mo/ ( our ord9>y food1 b n always suffici5t4 ,cay5ne pepp] may be select$ z a typical example ( a condim5t prop]ly s-call$4 ,mu/>d is a food & condim5t comb9$2 ?is is ! case ) "s o!rs4 ,curry p[d]s are mixtures ( v pot5t condim5ts ) m or less ( f>9ace\s mat]ials1 & sulphur comp\nds1 :i*1 l ! oil ( mu/>d1 ( onions1 g>lic1 c41 may h a c]ta9 am\nt ( special nutritive value4 ,! m]e condim5t is a /imulat+ drug t does its "w directly ^u ! inn] l9+ ( ! /oma*1 by excit+ x to increas$ & abnormal activity4 ,a dyspeptic may obta9 imm$iate relief by us+ cay5ne pepp]4 ,among ! adv]tis$ pat5t m$ic9es is a pill be>+ ! v om9\s "n ( its comp\nd]1 ! active con/itu5t ( :i* is cay5ne4 ,great relief & tempor>y com=t is commonly obta9$ by us+ x z a #8d9n] pill4' ,if ?us us$ only z a tempor>y rem$y = an acute & tempor>y1 or exceptional1 attack ( indige/ion all is well1 b ! cay5ne1 :e!r tak5 9 pills or du/$ ov] ! food or /ew$ ) x 9 curries or any o!rwise1 is "o ( ! mo/ cruel ( sl[ poisons :5 tak5 habitually4 ,?\s&s ( poor wret*es are crawl+ mis]ably t[>ds _! graves1 ! victims ( ! multitude ( maladies ( bo? m9d & body t are connect$ ) *ronic1 incurable dyspepsia1 all br\ght ab\t by ! habitual use ( cay5ne & its condim5tal c\s9s4 ,! usual hi/ory ( ^! victims is1 t !y began by ov]-fe$+1 took ! condim5t to =ce ! /oma* to d m ?an its heal?ful am\nt ( "w1 us+ b a little at fir/4 ,!n ! /oma* became tol]ant ( ?is little1 & dem&$ m2 !n m1 & m1 & m1 until at la/ inflammation1 ulc]ation1 torpidity1 & f9ally ! dea? ( ! dige/ive p[]s1 accompani$ ) all t long tra9 ( mis]ies to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,india is _! special fa!rl&4 ,engli%m51 accu/om$ to an active life at home1 & a climate dem&+ mu* fuel-food = ! ma9t5ance ( animal heat1 g to ,india1 cramm$1 maybe1 ) ,lat91 b ignorant ( ! laws ( heal?2 *eap s]vants promote indol5ce1 tropical heat dim9i%es respiratory oxidation1 & ! appetite naturally fails4 ,in/ead ( und]/&+ ?is failure z an admonition to take small] quantities ( food1 or food ( less nutritive & combu/ive value1 su* z c>bohydrates in/ead ( hydroc>bons & album5oids1 !y reg>d x z a symptom ( ill-heal?1 & take curries1 bitt] ale1 & o!r tonics or appetis+ condim5ts1 :i*1 h[ev] mis*iev\s 9 ,engl&1 are f> m s !re4 ,i "k sev]al m5 :o h liv$ rationally 9 ,india1 & !y all agree t ! climate is especially fav\rable to longevity1 provid$ bitt] be]1 & all o!r alcoholic dr9ks1 all pepp]y condim5ts1 & fle% foods are avoid$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( vigor\s old age ,i h ev] met 0 a retir$ colonel eighty-two ye>s ( age1 :o _h ris5 f ! ranks1 & _h be5 fifty-five ye>s 9 ,india )\t furl\gh2 drunk no alcohol dur+ t p]iod2 0 a veget>ian 9 ,india1 ?\gh n s 9 8 native l&4 ,i guess$ 8 age to be some:]e ab\t sixty4 ,he 0 a ,scot*man1 & an ard5t /ud5t ( ! works ( bo? ,george & ,dr4 ,&rew ,combe4 ,a correspond5t inquires :e!r ,i class cocoa among/ ! /imulants4 ,s f> z ,i am able to le>n1 x %\ld n be s class$1 b ,i _c speak absolutely4 ,m]e *emi/ry supplies no answ] to ?is "q4 ,x is purely a physiological subject1 to be /udi$ by obs]vation ( effects4 ,su* obs]vations may be made by anybody ^: sy/em has n become #8tol]ant' ( ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,my own exp]i5ce ( cocoa 9 all its =ms is t x is n /imulat+ 9 any s5sible degree4 ,i h acquir$ no habit ( us+ x1 & yet ,i c enjoy a ri* cup or b[l ( cocoa or *ocolate j be=e b$-"t )\t los+ any sleep4 ,:5 ,i am occasionally betray$ into tak+ a late cup ( c(fee or tea1 ,i rep5t x = "s h\rs aft] go+ to b$4 ,my inquiries among o!r p1 :o are n "u ! influ5ce ( t mo/ p[]ful ( all argum5ts1 ! logic ( incl9ation1 h confirm$ my own exp]i5ce4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 add t "s au?orities h attribut$ exhil>at+ prop]ties to ! !obrom9e or nitrog5\s alkaloid ( cocoa4 ,its composition ne>ly resembles t ( !9e1 z ! foll[+ 7f ,john/on7 %[s3 ,!9e ,!obrom9e ,c>bon #dihj #dfdc ,hydrog5 #ejh #dbj ,nitrog5 #bhhc #cehe ,oxyg5 #afbi #aceb ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,x exi/s 9 ! cocoa bean 9 ab\t ! same proportion z ! !9e 9 tea1 b 9 mak+ a cup ( cocoa we use a mu* great] weight ( cocoa ?an ( tea 9 a cup ( tea4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! prop]ties ( !obrom9e 7 simil> to ^? ( !9e1 we %\ld feel ! /imulat+ effects mu* m decid$ly4 ,! alkaloid ( tea & c(fee 9 its pure /ate has be5 adm9i/]$ to animals1 & f\nd to produce p>alysis1 b ,i am n aw>e t !obrom9e has act$ simil>ly4 ,ano!r ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 cocoa & tea or c(fee is t cocoa is1 /rictly speak+1 a food4 ,we d n m]ely make an infusion ( ! cacao bean1 b eat x bodily 9 ! =m ( a s\p4 ,x is highly nutriti\s1 "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s foods 9 common use4 ,:5 travell+ on foot 9 m\nta9\s & o!r regions1 :]e !re 0 a risk ( sp5d+ ! night al fresco & supp]less1 ,i h usually c>ri$ a cake ( *ocolate 9 my knapsack1 z ! mo/ portable & un*angeable =m ( conc5trat$ nutrim5t1 & h f\nd x mo/ valuable4 ,on "o occasion ,i w5t a/ray on ! ,kjol5fjeld1 9 ,norway1 & /ruggl$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t food or %elt]4 ,i _h no *ocolate !n1 & sorely rep5t$ my improvid5ce4 ,_m o!r p$e/rians h tri$ *ocolate 9 l mann]1 & all ,i "k h comm5d$ its great #8/ay+' prop]ties1 simply reg>d$ z food4 ,i !re=e conclude t ,l9nu 0 n )\t /rong ju/ification 9 giv+ x ! "n ( !obroma 7food = ! gods71 b to confirm ?is practically ! pure nut1 ! :ole nut1 & no?+ b ! nut 7except+ ! milk & sug> add$ by ! consum]7 %\ld be us$4 ,"s mis]able c\nt]feits are (f]$--f>9ace\s pa/e1 flav\r$ ) cocoa & sug>4 ,! be/ sample ,i h be5 able to procure is ! %ip cocoa prep>$ = ! ,navy4 ,?is is no?+ b ! :ole nut unsweet5$1 gr\nd1 & cru%$ to an impalpable pa/e4 ,x requires a little boil+1 & :5 milk alone is us$1 ) due proportion ( sug>1 x is a !obroma4 ,cond5s$ milk dilut$1 & )\t fur!r sweet5+1 may be us$4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! analyses ( two samples ( cocoa by ,pay53 ,cacao butt] #dh #ej ,album51 fibr91 & o!r nitrog5\s matt] #ba #bj ,!obrom9e #d #b ,/>*1 ) traces ( sug> #aa #aj ,cellulose #c #b ,col\r+ matt]1 aromatic ess5ce traces ,m9]al matt] #c #d ,wat] #aj #ab --- --- #ajj #ajj ,! v l>ge proportion ( fat %[s t ! ,italians are "r 9 _! mode ( us+ _! breakfa/ cup ( *ocolate4 ,!y cut _! roll into #8f+]s1' & dip x 9 ! #8aurora' in/ead ( spread+ butt] on x4 ,vegetable food g5]ally conta9s an excess ( cellulose & a defici5cy ( fat2 !re=e cocoa1 ) its excess ( fat & defici5cy ( cellulose1 is !oretically indicat$ z a v desirable adjunct to an ord9>y veget>ian diet>y4 ,! few exp]im5ts ,i h made by p]petrat+ ! cul9>y h]esy ( add+ cocoa to oatmeal-porridge & o!r pures1 to ma%$ potatoes1 turnips1 c>rots1 boil$ rice1 sago1 tapioca1 c41 prove t veget>ians h mu* to le>n 9 ! cook]y ( cocoa4 ,dur+ two mon?s' soj\rn 9 ,milan my daily breakfa/ consi/$ ( bread1 grapes1 & p[d]$ *ocolate4 ,ea* grape 0 bitt5 across1 "o-half eat5 pure & simple1 !n ! cut & pulpy face ( ! o!r half 0 dipp$ 9 ! *ocolate p[d]1 & eat5 ) z mu* z adh]$ to x4 ,i h nev] be5 bett] f$4 ,,footnote3 #ah ,ord9>y tea conta9s ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ?is4 ,x may easily be obta9$ by mak+ a /rong infusion & sl[ly evaporat+ x to dryness1 !n plac+ ?is dri$ extract on a wat*-glass or evaporat+-di%1 cov]+ x ) an inv]t$ w9eglass1 tumbl]1 or conical cap ( pap]4 ,a :ite fume rises & cond5ses on ! cool cov] 9 ! =m ( m9ute col\rless cry/als4 ,! tea itself may be us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! dri$ extract1 b ! quantity ( cry/als w be less4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,cook]y ,,( ,,w9e4 ,,9 an ungu>d$ mom5t ,i promis$ to include ! above 9 ?is "w1 & w d ! be/ ,i c to fulfil ! ra% promise2 b ! utmo/ result ( ?is ef=t c only be a contribution to a subject :i* is too pr(\ndly my/]i\s to be fully grasp$ by any intellect t is n suffici5tly clairvoyant to p5etrate pav+-/ones1 & see ?r\gh !m to ! int]iors ( ! closely-til$ cell>s :]e9 ! my/]ies are manipulat$4 ,i w fir/ def9e :at ,i mean by ! cook]y ( w9e4 ,grape juice 9 its unf]m5t$ /ate may be describ$ z #8raw w9e1' or ?is "n may be appli$ to ! juice aft] f]m5tation4 ,i apply x 9 ! latt] s5se1 & %all use x z describ+ grape juice :i* has be5 spontane\sly & rec5tly f]m5t$ )\t ! addition ( any =eign mat]ials1 or alt]$ by keep+1 or heat+1 or any o!r process beyond f]m5tation4 ,all su* processes & admixture :i* affect any *emical *anges on ! raw mat]ial ,i %all describe z cook]y1 & ! result z cook$ w9e4 ,:5 ,i ref] to w9e made f o!r juice ?an t ( ! grape x w be nam$ specifically4 ,at ! outset a fallacy1 v preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 %\ld be controv]t$4 ,! high prices *>g$ = ! cook$ mat]ial sold to ,engli%m5 has l$ to absurdly exagg]at$ notions ( ! orig9al value ( w9e4 ,i am q safe 9 /at+ t ! av]age m>ket value ( ri* w9e 9 its raw /ate1 9 c\ntries :]e ! grape gr[s luxuriantly1 & :]e1 9 consequ5ce1 ! av]age quality ( ! w9e is ! be/1 does n exce$ sixp5ce p] gallon1 or "o p5ny p] bottle4 ,i speak n[ ( ! newly-made w9e4 ,all[+ ano!r sixp5ce p] gallon = b>rell+ & /orage1 ! value ( ! commodity 9 portable =m becomes twop5ce p] bottle4 ,i am n speak+ ( ?91 poor w9es1 produc$ by a second or ?ird press+ ( ! grapes1 b ( ! be/ & ri*e/ quality1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,i d n include ! fancy w9es--^? produc$ 9 c]ta9 v9ey>ds ( celebrat$ *teaux--t are sup]/iti\sly v5]at$ by ^? easily-delud$ p :o suppose !mselves to be connoisseurs ( *oice w9es4 ,i ref] to n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! ri* w9es t actually come into ! m>ket4 ,w9es made f grapes gr[n 9 unfav\rable climates naturally co/ m 9 proportion to ! poorness ( ! yield4 ,z "s ( my read]s may be incl9$ to "q ?is e/imate ( av]age co/1 a few illu/rative facts may be nam$4 ,9 ,sicily & ,calabria ,i usually paid at ! roadside or village #8o/]ias' an equival5t to "o halfp5ny = a glass or tumbl] hold+ ne>ly half a p9t ( common w9e1 ?91 b g5u9e4 ,?is 0 at ! rate ( less ?an "o %ill+ p] gallon1 or twop5ce p] bottle1 & includ$ ! co/ ( b>rell+1 /orage1 & innkeep]'s pr(it on retail+4 ,9 ! luxuriant w9e-gr[+ regions ( ,spa91 a travell] halt+ at a railway refre%m5t /ation & buy+ "o ( ! sausage s&wi*es t !re prevail1 is all[$ to help himself to w9e to dr9k on ! spot )\t *>ge1 b if he fills 8 flask to c>ry away he is subject$ to an extra *>ge ( "o halfp5ny4 ,x is well kn[n to all conc]n$ t at v9tage-"t ( fairly good seasons1 9 all c\ntries :]e ! grape gr[s freely1 a good empty cask is wor? m ?an ! new w9e x conta9s :5 fill$2 t mu* w9e is wa/$ f lack ( vessels1 & anybody s5d+ two good empty casks to a vign]on c h "o ( !m fill$ 9 ex*ange = ! o!r4 ,^? :o desire fur!r illu/rations & v]ification %\ld ask _! fri5ds--outside ( ! trade--:o h travell$ 9 ,s\!rn w9e c\ntries1 & "k ! language & some?+ m ( ! c\ntry ?an is to be le>n$ by be+ simply transf]r$ f "o hotel to ano!r "u ! guidance ( c\ri]s1 cic]oni1 valets de place1 c4 ,?us ! five %ill+s paid = a bottle ( ri* port is made up ( "o p5ny = ! orig9al w9e1 "o p5ny m = co/ ( /orage1 c41 ab\t sixp5ce = duty & c>riage to ?is c\ntry1 & twop5ce = bottl+1 mak+ t5p5ce altoge!r2 ! rema9+ f\r %ill+s & twop5ce is paid = cook]y & w9e-m]*ant's pr(its4 ,"u cook]y ,i include ^? *anges :i* may be obta9$ by simply expos+ ! w9e to ! action ( ! temp]ature ( an ord9>y cell>1 or ! high] temp]ature ( #8,pa/eur+1' to be pres5tly describ$4 ,9 ! y\?ful days ( *emi/ry ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods ( cook]y 0 ! only "o available1 & w9e 0 kept by w9e-m]*ants ) purely comm]cial int5t = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s4 ,a little reflection w %[ t ?is simple & orig9al cook]y 0 v exp5sive1 suffici5tly s to legitimately expla9 ! rise 9 m>ket value f t5p5ce to five %ill+s or m p] bottle4 ,w9e-m]*ants require a respectable pr(it on ! capital !y inve/ 9 _! bus9ess--at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 p] annum on ! prime co/ ( ! w9e laid d[n4 ,!n !re is ! r5tal ( cell>s & (fices1 ! e/abli%m5t exp5ses--su* z wages1 sampl+1 s5d+ out1 adv]tis+1 losses by bad debts1 c4--to be add$4 ,! capital ly+ dead 9 ! cell> dem&s comp\nd int]e/4 ,at t5 p] c5t4 ! pr9cipal d\bles 9 ab\t sev5 & "o-?ird ye>s4 ,call+ x sev5 ye>s1 to all[ v meagrely = e/abli%m5t exp5ses1 we get ! foll[+ result3 s4 d4 ,:5 #g ye>s old ! t5p5ny w9e is wor? #j #a #h p] bottle4 0 #ad 0 0 0 #j #c #d 0 0 #ba 0 0 0 #j #f #h 0 0 #bh 0 0 0 #j #ac #d 0 0 #ce 0 0 0 #a #f #h 0 ,"h1 !n1 we h a fair comm]cial explanation ( ! high prices ( old-fa%ion$ old w9es2 or ( :at ,i may n[ call ! traditional value ( w9e4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is less :5 a man lays d[n 8 own w9e 9 8 own cell>1 9 ob$i5ce to ! maxim1 #8,lay d[n good port 9 ! days ( y\r y\?1 & :5 y are old y\r fri5ds w n =sake y4' ,he may be satisfi$ ) a mu* small] rate ( int]e/ ?an ! man engag$ 9 bus9ess fairly dem&s4 ,/ill1 :5 w9e ?us ag$ 0 ?r[n into ! m>ket1 x compet$ ) comm]cially cell>$ w9e1 & obta9$ rem>kable prices1 especially z x has a special value = #8bl5d+' purposes1 i4e4 = mix+ ) new] w9es & infect+ !m ) its own s5ility4 ,b :y d ,i say t n[ su* values are traditional8 ,simply because ! progress ( *emi/ry has %[n u h[ ! *anges result+ f ye>s ( cell>age may be effect$ by sci5tific cook]y 9 a few h\rs or days4 ,we are indebt$ to ,pa/eur = ! mo/ legitimate--,i might say ! only legitimate--me?od ( do+ ?is4 ,! process is accord+ly call$ #8,pa/eur+4' ,x consi/s 9 simply heat+ ! w9e to ! temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 #adj ,fahr41 ! temp]ature at :i*1 z w be rememb]$1 ! visible *anges 9 ! cook]y ( animal food comm5ces4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is is also ! exact temp]ature at :i* dia/ase acts mo/ p[]fully 9 conv]t+ />* into dextr94 ,pa/eur+ is a process dem&+ consid]able skill2 no portion ( ! w9e dur+ its cook]y mu/ be rais$ above #adj1 yet all mu/ rea* x2 nor mu/ x be expos$ to ! air4 ,! app>atus design$ by ,rossignol is "o ( ! be/ suit$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is a l>ge metallic vat or boil] ) air-tight cov] & a false bottom1 f :i* rises a trumpet-%ap$ tube ?r\gh ! middle ( ! vat1 & pass+ ?r\gh an air-tight fitt+ 9 ! cov]4 ,! *amb] =m$ by ! false bottom is fill$ ) wat] by means ( ?is tube1 ! object be+ to prev5t ! w9e at ! l[] "p f be+ heat$ directly by ! fire :i* is bel[ ! wat] *amb]4 ,a !rmomet] is also ins]t$ air-tight 9 ! lid1 ) its bulb half-way d[n ! vat4 ,to all[ = expansion a tube is simil>ly fitt$ into ! lid4 ,?is is b5t syphon-l1 & its l[] end dipp$ into a flask conta9+ w9e or wat]1 s t air or vap\r may escape & bubble ?r\gh1 b none ent]4 ,ev5 9 draw+ (f f ! vat ! w9e is n all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! air1 b is convey$ by a pipe :i* b5ds d[n1 & dips to ! bottom ( ! b>rel4 ,! app>atus is bulky & exp5sive4 ,if heat$ ) exposure to air1 ! w9e acquires a flav\r easily recognis$ z ! #8gt de cuit1' or flav\r ( cook+4 ,:5 ,pa/eur's me?od is prop]ly conduct$ ! only *anges effect$ are ^? :i* w\ld be o!rwise produc$ by age4 ,i h he>d ( _m failures made by ,engli% w9e-m]*ants 9 _! attempts at ,pa/eur+1 & am n at all surpris$1 see+ h[ secretly & clumsily ^! attempts h be5 made4 ,! *anges ?us produc$ are some:at obscure4 ,"o effect is probably t :i* m decid$ly occurs 9 ! matur+ ( :isky & o!r spirits di/ill$ f gra91 viz4 ! r$uction ( ! proportion ( amylic alcohol or fusel oil1 :i*1 al?\gh less abundantly produc$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( grape juice ?an 9 gra9 or potato _s1 is =m$ 9 v>y+ quantities4 ,caproic alcohol & caprylic alcohol are also produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( grape juice or ! #8m>c' ( grapes--i4e4 ! mixture ( ! :ole juice & ! sk9s4 ,^! are acrid1 ill-flav\r$ spirits1 m conducive to heada*e ?an ! e?ylic alcohol1 :i* is prop] _s ( good w9e4 ,e w9e-dr9k] kn[s t ! am\nt ( heada*e obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( w9e1 or a giv5 outlay ( ca%1 v>ies ) ! sample1 & ?is v>iation appe>s to be due to ^! supplem5t>y alcohols or e!rs4 ,ano!r *ange appe>s to be ! =mation ( e!rs hav+ *oice flav\rs & b\quets2 nan?ic e!r1 or ! e!r ( w9e1 is ! mo/ important ( ^!1 & x is probably =m$ by ! action ( ! natural acid salts ( ! w9e ^u its alcohol4 ,john/on says3 #8,s p[]ful is ! od\r ( ?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 t few w9es conta9 m ?an "o =ty-?\s&? "p ( _! bulk ( x4 ,yet x is always pres5t1 c always be recognis$ by its smell1 & is "o ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( all grape w9es4' ,?is e!r is /at$ to be ! basis ( ,hung>ian w9e oil1 :i*1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 has be5 sold = flav\r+ br&y at ! rate ( sixty-n9e doll>s p] p\nd4 ,i am surpris$ t up to ! pres5t "t x has n be5 *eaply produc$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,*emical problems t appe> f> m difficult h be5 practically solv$4 ,! pat]nal t5d]ness ) :i* w9e is reg>d$1 bo? by its produc]s & consum]s1 is amus+4 ,!y speak ( x z be+ #8sick1' describe its #8diseases1' & _! rem$ies z ?\gh x 7 a s5ti5t be+2 & ^! diseases1 l our own1 are n[ attribut$ to bacilli1 bact]ia1 or o!r microbia4 ,pa/eur1 :o has work$ out ?is "q ( ! orig9 ( diseases 9 w9e z he is s well kn[n to h done 9 animals1 recomm5ds 79 pap]s read be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ,may & ,augu/ #ahfe71 t ^! microbia be #8kill$' by fill+ ! bottles close up to ! cork1 :i* is ?ru/ 9 j ) suffici5t firmness to all[ ! w9e on exp&+ to =ce x out a little1 b n entirely1 ?us prev5t+ any air f ent]+ ! bottle4 ,! bottles are !n plac$ 9 a *amb] heat$ to temp]atures rang+ f #de to #ajj ,c4 7#aac to #bab ,fahr471 :]e !y rema9 = an h\r or two4 ,!y are !n set aside1 all[$ to cool1 & ! cork driv5 94 ,x is said t ?is treatm5t kills ! microbia1 gives to ! w9e an increas$ b\quet & improv$ col\r--9 fact1 ages x consid]ably4 ,bo? old & new w9es may be ?us treat$4 ,i simply /ate ?is on ! au?ority ( ,pa/eur1 hav+ made no direct exp]im5ts or obs]vations on ^! diseases1 :i* he describes z result+ 9 acetification1 rop9ess1 bitt]ness1 & decay or decomposition4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r k9d ( sickness :i* ,i h /udi$1 bo? exp]im5tally & !oretically4 ,i ref] to ! tempor>y sickness :i* sometimes occurs to ri* w9es :5 !y are mov$ f "o cell> to ano!r1 & to light w9es :5 newly export$ f _! native climate to our own4 ,g5u9e w9es are ! mo/ subject to su* sickness2--! natural1 unsophi/icat$ w9es1 ^? t h n be5 subject$ to #8=tification1' to #8v9age1' to #8pla/]+1' #8sulphur+1' c4--processes ( cook]y to be pres5tly describ$4 ,?is sickness %[s itself by ! w9e becom+ turbid1 or opalesc5t1 !n ?r[+ d[n ei!r a cru/ or a loose1 tr\blesome s$im5t4 ,^? ( my read]s :o are suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ?is subject to c>e to /udy x practically %\ld make ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,dissolve 9 di/ill$ wat]1 or1 bett]1 9 wat] slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 z mu* cream ( t>t> z w saturate x4 ,?is is be/ done by heat+ ! wat]1 agitat+ an excess ( cream ( t>t> 9 x1 !n all[+ ! wat] to cool1 ! excess ( salt to subside1 & p\r+ (f ! cle> solution4 ,n[ add to ?is solution1 :ile q cle> & bright1 a little cle> br&y1 :isky1 or o!r _s1 & mix !m by %ak+4 ,! solution w become #8sick1' l ! w9e4 ,:y is ?is8 ,x dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! bit>trate ( pota%1 or cream ( t>t>1 is soluble to "s ext5t 9 wat]1 b almo/ insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,9 a mixture ( alcohol & wat] its solubility is int]m$iate--! m alcohol ! small] ! quantity t c be held 9 solution 7hydro*loric & mo/ o!r acids1 except+ t>t>ic1 increase its solubility 9 wat]74 ,?us1 if we h a saturat$ solution ( ?is salt ei!r 9 pure wat] or acidulat$ wat]1 or w9e1 ! addition ( alcohol ?r[s "s ( x d[n 9 solid =m1 & ?is makes ! solution sick or turbid4 ,:5 pure wat] or acidulat$ wat] is us$1 z 9 ! above-describ$ exp]im5t1 cry/als ( ! salt are freely =m$1 & fall d[n readily2 b ) a complex liquid l w9e1 conta9+ sac*>9e & mucilag9\s matt]1 ! precipitation takes place v sl[ly2 ! p>ticles are excessively m9ute1 become entangl$ ) ! mucilage1 c41 & ?us rema9 susp5d$ = a long "t1 ma9ta9+ ! turbidity accord+ly4 ,n[1 ?is bit>trate ( pota% is ! *>act]i/ic natural salt ( ! grape1 & its unf]m5t$ juice is saturat$ ) x4 ,z f]m5tation proce$s1 & ! sug> ( ! grape-juice is conv]t$ into alcohol1 ! capacity ( ! juice = hold+ ! salt 9 solution dim9i%es1 & x is gradually ?r[n d[n4 ,b x does n fall alone4 ,x c>ries ) x "s ( ! col\r+ & extractive matt] ( ! grape-juice4 ,?is precipitate1 9 its crude /ate call$ argol1 or roh] ,we9/e91 is ! s\rce f :i* we obta9 ! t>t>ic acid ( comm]ce1 ! cream ( t>t>1 & o!r salts ( t>t>ic acid4 ,n[ let u suppose t we h a natural1 unsophi/icat$ w9e4 ,x is evid5t t x is saturat$ ) ! t>trate1 s9ce only s mu* argol 0 ?r[n d[n dur+ f]m5tation z x 0 unable to reta94 ,x is fur!r evid5t t if su* a w9e has n be5 exhau/ively f]m5t$1 i4e4 if x /ill conta9s "s ( ! orig9al grape-sug>1 & if any fur!r f]m5tation ( ?is sug> takes place1 ! capacity ( ! mixture = hold+ ! t>trate 9 solution becomes dim9i%$1 & a fur!r precipitation mu/ occur4 ,?is precipitation w come d[n v sl[ly1 w consi/ n m]ely ( pure cry/als ( cream ( t>t>1 b ( m9ute p>ticles c>ry+ ) x "s col\r+ matt]1 extractives1 c41 & ?us spoil+ ! brilliancy ( ! w9e1 mak+ x m or less turbid4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,boil+ wat] dissolves ? ( its weight ( cream ( t>t>1 cold wat] only #a_/ahj?1 &1 at int]m$iate temp]atures1 int]m$iate quantities4 ,!re=e1 if we l[] ! temp]ature ( a saturat$ solution1 precipitation occurs4 ,h5ce1 ! sick5+ ( w9e due to *ange ( cell>s or *ange ( climate1 ev5 :5 no fur!r f]m5tation occurs4 ,! light] ! w9e1 i4e4 ! less alcohol x conta9s naturally1 ! m t>trate x conta9s1 & ! great] ! liability to ?is s\rce ( sickness4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! tempor>y sickness to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,i h prov$ ! tru? ( ?is !ory by filt]+ su* sick5$ w9e ?r\gh laboratory filt]+ pap]1 !reby r5d]+ x transp>5t1 & obta9+ on ! pap] all ! guilty di/urb+ matt]4 ,i f\nd x to be a k9d ( argol1 b conta9+ a mu* l>g] proportion ( extractive & col\r+ matt]1 & a small] proportion ( t>trate ?an ! argol ( comm]ce4 ,i op]at$ ^u ri* new ,catalan w9e4 ,?is br+s me at once to ! s\rce or orig9 ( a sort ( w9e-cook]y by no means s legitimate z ! ,pa/eur+ already describ$1 z x frequ5tly am\nts to s]i\s adult]ation4 ,! w9e-m]*ants are "h ! victims ( _! cu/om]s1 :o dem& an am\nt ( transp>5cy t is simply impossible z a p]man5t condition ( unsophi/icat$ grape-w9e4 ,to anybody :o has any k ( ! *emi/ry ( w9e1 no?+ c be m ludicr\s ?an ! antics ( ! pret5d+ connoisseur ( w9e :o holds 8 glass up to ! light1 %uts "o eye 7ev5 at ! /age be=e d\ble vision comm5ces71 & admires ! brilliancy ( ! liquid1 ?is v brilliancy be+1 9 n9ete5 samples out ( tw5ty1 ! evid5ce ( adult]ation1 cook]y1 or sophi/ication ( "s k9d4 ,g5u9e w9e made f pure grape-juice )\t *emical manipulation is a liquid t is nev] reliably cle>1 = ! reasons above /at$4 ,p>tial precipitation1 suffici5t to produce opalesc5ce1 is cont9ually tak+ place1 & !re=e ! unnatural brilliancy dem&$ is obta9$ by sub/itut+ ! natural & :olesome t>trate by salts ( m9]al acids1 & ev5 by ! free m9]al acid itself4 ,at "o "t ,i deem$ ?is latt] adult]ation impossible1 b h be5 conv9c$ by direct exam9ation ( samples ( high-pric$ 7m>k ?is1 n *eap7 dry %]ries t !y conta9$ free sulphuric & sulphur\s acid4 ,! action ( ?is free m9]al acid on ! w9e w be und]/ood by :at ,i h already expla9$ conc]n+ ! solubility ( ! bit>trate ( pota%4 ,?is solubility is greatly increas$ by a little ( su* acid1 & !re=e ! transp>5cy ( ! w9e is by su* addition r5d]$ /able1 unaffect$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,b :at is ! effect ( su* free m9]al acid on ! dr9k] ( ! w9e8 ,if he is 9 any degree pre-dispos$ to g\t1 rheumatism1 /one1 or any ( ! li?ic acid diseases1 8 life is sacrific$1 ) prec$+ tortures ( ! mo/ horrible k9d4 ,x has be5 /at$1 & probably ) tru?1 t ! late ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii4 drank dry %]ry1 & 0 a m>tyr ( ?is k9d4 ,i repeat emphatically t1 g5]ally speak+1 high-pric$ dry %]ries are f> worse ?an *eap ,m>sala1 bo? z reg>ds ! quantity !y conta9 ( sulphates & free acid4 ,anybody :o d\bts ?is may conv9ce himself by simply pur*as+ a little *loride ( b>ium1 dissolv+ x 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & add+ to ! sample ( w9e to be te/$ a few drops ( ?is solution4 ,pure w9e1 conta9+ its full supply ( natural t>trate1 w become cl\dy to a small ext5t1 & gradually4 ,a small precipitate w be =m$ by ! t>trate4 ,! w9e t conta9s ei!r free sulphuric acid or any ( its comp\nds w yield imm$iately a copi\s :ite precipitate l *alk1 b mu* m d5se4 ,?is is sulphate ( b>yta4 ,! exp]im5t may be made 9 a common w9e-glass1 b bett] 9 a cyl9drical te/-tube1 z1 by us+ 9 ?is a fix$ quantity 9 ea* exp]im5t1 a r\gh notion ( ! relative quantity ( sulphate may be =m$ by ! dep? ( ! :ite lay] aft] all has come d[n4 ,to det]m9e ?is accurately1 ! w9e1 aft] apply+ ! te/1 %\ld be filt]$ ?r\gh prop] filt]+ pap]1 & ! precipitate & pap] burnt 9 a plat9um or porcela9 crucible & !n weigh$2 b ?is dem&s app>atus n always available1 & "s te*nical skill4 ,! simple demon/ration ( ! copi\s precipitation is in/ructive1 & ^? ( my read]s :o are practical *emi/s1 b h n yet appli$ ?is te/ to su* w9es1 w be a/oni%$1 z ,i 01 at ! am\nt ( precipitation4 ,i may add t my fir/ exp]i5ce 0 ^u a sample ( dry %]ry1 br\ght to me by a fri5d :o b\ght 8 w9e ( a respectable w9e-m]*ant1 & paid a high price = x1 b f\nd t x disagre$ ) him2 x conta9$ an al>m+ quantity ( free sulphuric acid4 ,s9ce t ,i h te/$ scores ( samples1 "s ( ! f9e/ 9 ! m>ket1 s5t to me by a consci5ti\s import] z ! be/ he c\ld obta91 & ^! conta9$ sulphate ( pota% in/ead ( bit>trate4 ,my fri5d1 ! %]ry-m]*ant1 c\ld n acc\nt = x1 ?\gh he 0 mo/ anxi\s to d s4 ,?is 0 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,by d9t ( inquiry & cross-exam9ation ( exp]ts 9 ! w9e trade1 ,i h1 ,i believe1 discov]$ ! orig9 ( ! sulphate ( pota% t is conta9$ 9 ! samples t ! ,briti% w9e-m]*ant sells z he buys1 & consci5ti\sly believes to be pure4 ,at fir/ ,i hunt$ up all ! in=mation ,i c\ld obta9 f books conc]n+ ! manufacture ( %]ry2 le>n$ t ! grapes are usually spr9kl$ ) a little p[d]$ sulphur z !y are plac$ 9 ! vats prior to /amp+4 ,! quantity ?us add$1 h[ev]1 is q insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! sulphur comp\nds 9 ! samples ( w9e ,i exam9$4 ,ano!r s\rce is describ$ 9 ! books--t f sulphur+ ! casks4 ,?is process consi/s simply ( burn+ sulphur inside a p>tially-fill$ or empty cask1 until ! exhau/ion ( free oxyg5 & its replacem5t by sulphur\s acid r5d]s fur!r combu/ion impossible4 ,! cask is !n fill$ ) ! w9e4 ,?is w\ld add a little ( sulphur\s acid1 b /ill n suffici5t4 ,!n comes ! #8pla/]+1' or int5tional addition ( gypsum 7pla/] ( ,p>is74 ,?is1 if l>gely c>ri$ out1 is suffici5t to expla9 ! complete conv]sion ( ! natural t>trates into sulphates ( pota%1 & su* pla/]+ is admitt$ to be an adult]ation or sophi/ication4 ,i obta9$ samples ( %]ry f a reliable s\rce1 :i* ,i h no d\bt ! %ipp] hone/ly believ$ to h be5 subject$ to no su* delib]ate pla/]+2 /ill1f ^! came d[n an extravagantly excessive precipitate on ! addition ( *loride ( b>ium solution4 ,i aft]w>ds le>n$ t #8,spani% e>?' 0 us$ 9 ! f9+4 ,:y ,spani% e>? 9 pref]5ce to is+lass or :ite ( egg1 :i* are q unobjectionable & v effici5t8 ,to ?is "q ,i c\ld get no satisfactory answ] directly1 b le>n$ vaguely t ! f9+ produc$ by ! :ite ( egg1 ?\gh complete at ! "t1 0 n p]man5t1 :ile t effect$ by ,spani% e>?1 conta9+ mu* sulphate ( lime1 is p]man5t4 ,! brilliancy ?us obta9$ is n lo/ by age or v>iations ( temp]ature1 & ! dry %]ries ?us cook$ are pref]r$ by ,engli% w9e-dr9k]s4 ,! sulphate ( pota% :i*1 by ! action ( sulphate ( lime1 is made to replace bit>trate1 is s readily soluble t nei!r *anges ( temp]ature nor increase ( alcohol1 due to fur!r f]m5tation1 w ?r[ x d[n2 & ?us ! w9e-mak] & w9e-m]*ant1 )\t any guilty int5t1 & ignorant ( :at he is really do+1 sophi/icates ! w9e1 alt]s its ess5tial composition1 & adds an impurity 9 do+ :at he supposes to be a m]e cl>ification or removal ( impurities4 ,i h he>d ( g5u9e %]ries be+ return$ z bad to ! %ipp] because !y 7 g5u9e1 & _h be5 f9$ )\t sophi/ication4 ,my own exp]i5ce ( g5u9e w9es 9 w9e-gr[+ c\ntries tea*es me t su* w9es are r>ely brilliant2 & ! v>iations ( solubility ( ! natural salt ( ! grape1 :i* ,i h already expla9$1 %[s :y ?is is ! case4 ,if ! dr9k]s ( %]ry & o!r :ite & gold5 w9es w\ld cease to dem& ! conv5tional brilliancy1 !y w\ld soon be suppli$ ) ! g5u9e article1 :i* really co/s ! w9e-m]*ant less ?an ! cook$ product !y n[ insi/ ^u hav+4 ,?is fooli% dem& ( 8 cu/om]s m]ely gives him a l>ge am\nt ( unnecess>y tr\ble & annoyance4 ,s f>1 ! w9e-m]*ant2 b h[ ab\t ! consum]8 ,simply t ! sub/itution ( a m9]al acid--! sulphuric = a vegetable acid 7! t>t>ic7--supplies him ) a precipitant ( li?ic acid 9 8 own body2 t is1 provides him ) ! s\rce ( g\t1 rheumatism1 gravel1 /one1 c41 ) :i* ,engli% w9e-dr9k]s are prov]bially tortur$4 ,i am ! m urg5t 9 prop\nd+ ?is view ( ! subject1 because ,i see pla9ly t n only ! pati5ts1 b too commonly _! m$ical advis]s1 d n und]/& x4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^! exp]im5ts ,i call$ ^u a cl]ical neighb\r1 & f\nd him 9 8 /udy ) 8 foot on a pill[1 & groan+ ) g\t4 ,a decant] ( pale1 *oice1 v dry %]ry 0 on ! table4 ,he p\r$ out a glass = me & ano!r = himself4 ,i ta/$ x1 & !n p]petrat$ ! unhe>d-( rud5ess ( d5\nc+ ! w9e = :i* my ho/ _h paid s high a price4 ,he knew a little *emi/ry1 & ,i accord+ly w5t home =?)1 br\ght back "s *loride ( b>ium1 add$ x to 8 *oice %]ry1 & %[$ him a precipitate :i* made him %udd]4 ,he drank no m dry %]ry1 & has _h no s]i\s relapse ( g\t4 ,9 ?is case 8 m$ical advis] prohibit$ port & advis$ dry %]ry4 ,! foll[+ f #8,! ,brew]1 ,di/ill]1 & ,w9e ,manufactur]1' by ,john ,g>dn] 7,*ur*ill's #8,te*nological ,h&books1' #ahhc71 supports my view ( ! position ( ! w9e-mak] & w9e-m]*ant4 #8,dupr & ,?udicum h %[n by exp]im5t t ?is practice ( pla/]+1 z x is call$1 also r$uces ! yield ( ! liquid1 z a consid]able "p ( ! w9e me*anically comb9es ) ! gypsum & is lo/4' ,:5 an adult]ation--ju/ly s-call$--is practis$1 ! object is to enable ! p]petrator to obta9 an increas$ pr(it on sell+ ! commodity at a giv5 price4 ,9 ?is case an opposite result is obta9$4 ,! gypsum1 or ,spani% e>?1 is us$ 9 consid]able quantity1 & leaves a bulky residuum1 :i* c>ries away "s ( ! w9e ) x1 & ?us increases ! co/ to ! sell] ( ! saleable result4 ,hav+ ref]r$ s (t5 to dry w9es1 ,i %\ld expla9 ! *emi/ry ( ?is s-call$ dryness4 ,! f]m5tation ( w9e is ! result ( a vegetable gr[?1 t ( ! yea/1 a microscopic fungus 7,p5icillium glaucum74 ,! mu/1 or juice ( ! grape1 obta9s ! g]m spontane\sly--probably f ! atmosph]e4 ,two di/9ct effects are produc$ by ?is f]m5tation or gr[? ( fungus3 fir/1 ! sug> ( ! mu/ is conv]t$ into alcohol2 second1 m or less ( ! album9\s or nitrog5\s matt] ( ! mu/ is consum$ z food by ! fungus4 ,if un9t]rupt$1 ?is f]m5tation goes on ei!r until ! supply ( suffici5t sug> is /opp$1 or until ! supply ( suffici5t album9\s matt] is /opp$4 ,! relative proportions ( ^! det]m9e :i* ( ! two %all be fir/ exhau/$4 ,if ! sug> is exhau/$ be=e ! nitrog5\s food ( ! fungus1 a dry w9e is produc$2 if ! nitrog5\s food is fir/ consum$1 ! rema9+ unf]m5t$ sug> produces a sweet w9e4 ,if ! sug> is greatly 9 excess1 a v9 de liqueur is ! result1 su* z ! ,frontignac1 ,lunel1 ,rivesaltes1 c41 made f ! muscat grape4 ,! v>ieties ( grape are v num]\s4 ,rusby1 9 8 #8,visit to ! ,v9ey>ds ( ,spa9 & ,france1' gives a li/ ( #egj v>ieties1 &1 z f> back z #ahbg1 ,caval[ enum]at$ m ?an #a1ejj diff]5t w9es 9 ,france alone4 ,f ! above x w be und]/ood t1 ct]is p>ibus1 ! poor] ! grape ! dri] ! w9e2 or t a giv5 v>iety ( grape w yield a dri] w9e if gr[n :]e x rip5s imp]fectly1 ?an if gr[n 9 a w>m] climate4 ,b ! quantity ( w9e obta9able f a giv5 acreage 9 ! cool] climate is less ?an :]e ! sun is m effective1 & ?us ! naturally dry w9es co/ m to produce ?an ! naturally sweet w9es4 ,! read] w und]/&1 f :at has already be5 /at$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 natural sweet w9es & natural dry w9es1 t ! conv]sion ( ei!r "o into ! o!r is n a difficult problem4 ,w9e is a fa%ionable bev]age 9 ?is c\ntry1 & fa%ions fluctuate4 ,^! fluctuations are n accompani$ ) a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! *emical composition ( any p>ticul> class ( grapes1 b someh[ ! w9e produc$ !refrom obeys ! laws ( supply & dem&4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ ! dem& = dry %]ry has dom9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh1 z ,i am in=m$1 ! wea!rcock ( fa%ion is n[ on ! turn4 ,"o mode ( satisfy+ ?is dem& = dry w9e is1 ( c\rse1 to make x f a grape :i* has little sug> & mu* album9\s matt]1 b 9 a giv5 di/rict ?is is n always possible4 ,ano!r is to ga!r ! grapes be=e !y are fully rip5$1 b ?is involves a sacrifice 9 ! yield ( alcohol1 & probably ( flav\r4 ,ano!r me?od1 obvi\s en\gh to ! *emi/1 is to add z mu* album9\s or nitrog5\s mat]ial z %all cont9ue to fe$ ! yea/ fungus until all1 or ne>ly all1 ! sug> 9 ! grape %all be conv]t$ into alcohol1 ?us supply+ /r5g? & dryness 7or sal9ity7 simultane\sly4 ,%\ld ^! be excessive1 ! rem$y is simple & *eap :]ev] wat] ab\nds4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! quantity ( sug> naturally conta9$ 9 ! ripe grape v>ies f #aj to #cj p] c5t4--a v l>ge range4 ,! quantity ( alcohol v>ies proportionally :5 ! mu/ is f]m5t$ to dryness4 ,accord+ to ,pavy1 #8!re are dry %]ries to be met ) t are free f sug>1' :ile 9 o!r w9es ! quantity ( rema9+ sug> am\nts to z mu* z #bj p] c5t4 ,:ite ( egg & gelat9 are ! mo/ easily available & innoc5t =ms ( nitrog5\s mat]ial t may be us$ = su/a9+ or r5ew+ ! f]m5tation ( w9es t are to be artificially dri$4 ,my inquiries 9 ! trade lead me to conclude t ?is is n und]/ood z well z x %\ld be4 ,bo? :ite ( egg & gelat9 79 ! =m ( is+lass or o!rwise7 are freely us$ = f9+1 & x is well en\gh kn[n t w9es t h be5 freely subject$ to su* f9+ keep bett] & become dri] ) age1 b ,i h nev] yet met a w9e-m]*ant :o und]/ood :y1 nor any s\nd explanation ( ! fact 9 ! trade lit]ature4 ,:5 ?us add$ to ! w9e already f]m5t$1 ! effect is d\btless due to ! promotion ( a sl[1 second>y f]m5tation4 ,! bulk ( ! gelat9 or album5 is c>ri$ d[n ) ! s$im5t1 b "s rema9s 9 solution4 ,!re may be "s d\bt z to ! album5 ?us rema9+1 b none conc]n+ ! gelat91 :i* is freely soluble bo? 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,! truly sci5tific mode ( apply+ ?is pr9ciple w\ld be to add ! nitrog5\s mat]ial to ! mu/4 ,i dwell ?us ^u ?is because1 if fa%ion insi/s s imp]atively ^u dryness z to compel artificial dry+1 ?is me?od is ! lea/ objectionable1 be+ a close imitation ( natural dry+1 almo/ id5tical2 :ile !re are o!r me?ods ( induc+ fictiti\s dryness t are mis*iev\s adult]ations4 ,g5]ally describ$1 ^! consi/ 9 produc+ an imitation ( ! natural sal9ity ( ! dry w9e by ! addition ( factiti\s salts & =tify+ ) alcohol4 ,! sug> rema9s1 b is disguis$ !reby4 ,x 0 a w9e ?us treat$ t fir/ br\ght ! subject ( ! sulphates1 already ref]r$ to1 "u my notice4 ,x conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( sug>1 b 0 n p]ceptibly sweet4 ,x 0 v /rong & decid$ly acid2 conta9$ free sulphuric acid & alum1 :i*1 z all :o h ta/$ x "k1 gives a peculi> s5se ( dryness to ! palate4 ,! sulphur+1 pla/]+1 & use ( ,spani% e>? increase ! dryness ( a giv5 w9e by add+ m9]al acid & m9]al salts4 ,9 a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy by ,l4 ,magni] de la ,s\rce 7#8,comptes ,r5dus1' vol4 xcviii4 page #aaj71 ! au?or /ates t #8pla/]+ modifies ! *emical *>act]s ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! w9e1 & n only does ! calcium sulphate decompose ! potassium hydrog5 t>trate 7cream ( t>t>71 ) =mation ( calcium t>trate1 potassium sulphate1 & free t>t>ic acid1 b x also decomposes ! neutral organic comp\nds ( potassium :i* exi/ 9 ! juice ( ! grape4' ,i quote f ab/ract 9 #8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society' ( ,may #ahhd4 ,9 ! ,fr5* #8,j\rnal ( ,ph>maceutical ,*emi/ry1' vol4 vi4 pp4 #aah-abc 7#ahhb71 is a pap]1 by ,p4 ,c>les1 9 :i* ! *emical & hygi5ic results ( pla/]+ are discuss$4 ,8 g5]al conclusion is1 t ! use ( gypsum 9 cle>+ w9es #8r5d]s !m hurtful z bev]ages2' t ! gypsum acts #8on ! potassium bit>trate 9 ! juice ( ! grape1 =m+ calcium t>trate1 t>t>ic acid1 & potassium sulphate1 a l>ge proportion ( ! la/ two bodies rema9+ 9 ! w9e4' ,unpla/]$ w9es conta9 ab\t two grammes ( free acid p] litre2 aft] pla/]+1 !y conta9 #8d\ble or treble t am\nt1 & ev5 m4' ,a ,g]man *emi/1 ,griessmay]1 & m rec5tly ano!r1 ,kais]1 h also /udi$ ?is subject1 & arrive at simil> conclusions4 ,kais] analys$ w9es :i* 7 pla/]$ by add+ gypsum to ! mu/1 t is to ! juice be=e f]m5tation1 & also samples 9 :i* ! gypsum 0 add$ to ! #8f9i%$ w9e1' i4e4 = f9+1 s-call$4 ,he f\nd t #89 ! f9i%$ w9e1 by ! addition ( gypsum1 ! t>t>ic acid is replac$ by sulphuric acid1 & !re is a p]ceptible increase 9 ! calcium2 ! o!r con/itu5ts rema9 unalt]$4' ,8 conclusion is t ! pla/]+ ( w9e %\ld be call$ adult]ation1 & treat$ accord+ly1 on ! gr\nd t ! article 9 "q is !reby depriv$ ( its *>act]i/ic con/itu5ts1 & o!rs1 n normally pres5t1 are introduc$4 ,?is ref]s m especially to ! pla/]+ or gypsum f9+ ( f9i%$ w9es4 7,bi$]mann's #8,c5tralblatt1' #ahha1 pp4 #fcb1 #fcc47 ,9 ! pap] above nam$1 by ,p4 ,c>les1 we are told t #8ow+ to ! injuri\s nature ( ! impurities ( pla/]$ w9es1 endeav\rs h be5 made to free !m f ^! by a me?od call$ 8depla/]+10 b ! rem$y proves worse ?an ! defect4' ,! samples analys$ by ,c>les conta9$ b>ium salts1 b>ium *loride hav+ be5 us$ to remove ! sulphuric acid4 ,9 "s cases excess ( ! b>ium salt 0 f\nd 9 ! w9e1 & 9 o!rs b>ium sulphate 0 held 9 susp5sion4 ,closely foll[+ ! ab/ract ( ?is pap]1 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1' is ano!r f ! ,fr5* #8,j\rnal ( ,ph>maceutical ,*emi/ry1' vol4 v4 pp4 #eha-c1 to :i* ,i n[ ref]1 by ! way1 = ! in/ruction ( cl>et-dr9k]s1 :o may n be aw>e ( ! fact t ! phyllox]a de/roy$ all ! cl>et grapes 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,france1 )\t /opp+ ! manufacture or dim9i%+ ! export ( cl>et itself4 ,9 ?is pap]1 by ,j4 ,le=t1 we are told1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t #8ow+ to ! ravages ( ! phyllox]a among ! v9es1 sub/itutes = grape-juice are be+ introduc$ = ! manufacture ( w9es2 ( ^!1 ! au?or specially condemns ! use ( beet-root sug>1 s9ce1 dur+ its f]m5tation1 besides e?yl alcohol & aldehyde1 x yields propyl1 butyl1 & amyl alcohols1 :i* h be5 %[n by ,duj>d9 & ,audig to act z poisons 9 v small quantities4' ,9 connection ) ?is subject ,i may add t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t c>efully protects its own citiz5s by rigid inspection & analysis ( ! w9es (f]$ = sale to ,fr5* w9e-dr9k]s2 b does n feel b\nd to exp5d its funds & en]gies 9 hamp]+ comm]ce by sev]e exam9ation ( ! w9es t are export$ to #8,john ,bull et son le1' especially z ,john ,bull is kn[n to h a robu/ con/itution4 ,?us1 va/ quantities ( brilliantly col\r$ liquid1 flav\r$ ) orris root1 :i* w\ld n be all[$ to pass ! b>ri]s ( ,p>is1 b mu/ g some:]e1 is drunk 9 ,engl& at a co/ ( f\r times z mu* z ! ,fr5*man pays = g5u9e grape-w9e4 ,! col\r$ concoction be+ bright]1 skilfully cook$1 & duly labell$ to imitate ! products ( real or imag9>y celebrat$ v9ey>ds1 is pref]r$ by ! ,engli% g\rmet to any?+ t c be made f simple grape-juice4 ,i %\ld add t a "* some:at simil> to t ( natural dryness is obta9$ by mix+ ) ! grape-juice w9e a second>y product1 obta9$ by add+ wat] to ! m>c 7i4e4 ! residue ( sk9s1 c41 t rema9s aft] press+ out ! mu/ or juice72 a m9imum ( sug> is dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & ?is liquor is f]m5t$4 ,! sk9s & se$s conta9 mu* tannic acid or a/r+5t matt]1 & ?is r\ghness imposes ^u _m w9e-dr9k]s1 provid$ ! price *>g$ = ! w9e ?us *eap5$ be suffici5tly high4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile resid5t 9 ,birm+ham1 an ent]pris+ manufactur+ druggi/ consult$ me on a practical difficulty :i* he 0 unable to solve4 ,he _h succe$$ 9 produc+ a v f9e cl>et 7,*teau ,digbe?1 let u call x7 by duly =tify+ ) sil5t _s a solution ( cream ( t>t>1 & flav\r+ ?is ) a small quantity ( orris root4 ,ta/$ 9 ! d>k x 0 all t c\ld be desir$ = introduc+ a new indu/ry to ,birm+ham2 b ! w9e 0 :ite1 & e col\r+ mat]ial t he _h tri$ produc+ ! requir$ t9t m>r$ ! flav\r & b\quet ( ! pure ,*teau ,digbe?4 ,he might h us$ "o ( ! mag5ta dyes1 b z ^! 7 prep>$ by boil+ anil9e ov] dry ars5ic acid1 & my ,birm+ham fri5d 0 burd5$ ) a consci5ce1 he refra9$ f ?us apply+ "o ( ! rec5t triumphs ( *emical sci5ce4 ,?is 0 previ\s to ! invasion ( ,france by ! phyllox]a4 ,dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( t visitation1 ,fr5* ent]prise be+ m p[]fully /imulat$ & less scrupul\s ?an t ( ,birm+ham1 made use ( ! anil9e dyes = col\r+ spuri\s cl>et to su* an ext5t t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t int]f]$1 & a special te/ pap] nam$ nokr9e 0 inv5t$ by ,,mm4 ,la9ville & ,roy1 & sold 9 ,p>is = ! purpose ( detect+ falsely-col\r$ w9es4 ,! mode ( us+ ! nokr9e is z foll[s3 #8,a slip ( ! pap] is /eep$ 9 pure w9e = ab\t five seconds1 briskly %ak51 9 ord] to remove excess ( liquid1 & !n plac$ on a %eet ( :ite pap] to s]ve z a /&>d4 ,a second slip ( ! te/-pap] is !n /eep$ 9 ! suspect$ w9e 9 ! same mann]1 & laid beside ! =m]4 ,x is ass]t$ t #a_/ajj1jjj ( mag5ta is suffici5t to give ! pap] a violet %ade1 :il/ a l>g] quantity produces a c>m9e r$4 ,) g5u9e r$ w9e ! col\r produc$ is a greyi% blue1 :i* becomes lead-col\r$ on dry+4' ,i copy ! above f ! #8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce' ( ,april #ahgg4 ,! editor adds t ! inv5tors ( ?is pap] h discov]$ a me?od ( remov+ ! mag5ta f w9es )\t injur+ _! quality1 #8a fact ( "s importance1 if x be true t sev]al hundr$ ?\s& hectolitres ( w9e sophi/icat$ ) mag5ta are 9 ! h&s ( ! w9e-m]*ants' 7a hectolitre is #bb gallons74 ,ano!r simple te/ t 0 recomm5d$ at ! "t 0 to imm]se a small wisp ( raw silk#ai 9 ! suspect$ w9e1 keep+ x !re at a boil+ heat = a few m9utes4 ,anil9e col\rs dye ! silk p]man5tly2 ! natural col\r ( ! grape is easily wa%$ out4 ,i f9d on ref]r+ to ! #8,*emical ,news1' ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1' ! #8,comptes ,r5dus1' & o!r sci5tific p]iodicals ( ! p]iod ( ! phyllox]a plague1 su* a multitude ( me?ods = te/+ false col\r+ mat]ials t ,i give up 9 despair my orig9al int5tion ( describ+ !m 9 detail4 ,x w\ld dem& f> m space ?an ! subject des]ves4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 j "n a few ( ! m h>mless col\r+ adult]ants t are /at$ to h be5 us$1 & = :i* special te/s h be5 devis$ by ,fr5* & ,g]man *emi/s3 ,beet-root1 pea*-wood1 eld]b]ries1 mulb]ries1 log-wood1 privet-b]ries1 litmus1 ammoniacal co*9eal1 ,f]nambucca-wood1 phytolacca1 burnt sug>1 extract ( rhatany1 bilb]ries2 #8j]upiga' or #8g]opiga1' a comp\nd ( eld] juice1 br[n sug>1 grape juice1 & crude ,portuguese br&y' 7= *oice tawny port72 #8t9cture ( saffron1 turm]ic1 or saffl[]' 7= gold5 %]ry72 r$ poppies1 mall[ fl[]s1 c4 ,^? ( my read]s :o h done any?+ 9 practical *emi/ry are well acqua9t$ ) blue & r$ litmus1 & ! g5]al fact t su* vegetable col\rs *ange f blue to r$ :5 expos$ to an acid1 & return to blue :5 ! acid is ov]come by an alkali4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( ! grape is "o ( ^!4 ,muld] & ,maum5 h giv5 x ! "n ( nocyan or w9e-blue1 z its col\r1 :5 neutral1 is blue2 ! r$ col\r ( g5u9e w9es is due to ! pres5ce ( t>t>ic & acetic acid act+ ^u ! w9e-blue4 ,!re are a few purple w9es1 _! col\r be+ due to unusual abs5ce ( acid4 ,! orig9al v9tage :i* gave celebrity to port w9e is an example ( ?is4 ,! b\quet ( w9e is usually describ$ z due to ! pres5ce ( e!r1 nan?ic e!r1 :i* is naturally =m$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( grape juice1 & is itself a v>iable mixture ( o!r e!rs1 su* z caprilic1 caproic1 c4 ,! oil ( ! se$ ( ! grape contributes to ! b\quet4 ,! fancy values ( fancy w9es are l>gely due1 or m prop]ly speak+ 7 l>gely due1 to peculi>ities ( b\quet4 ,^! peculi> w9es became co/ly because _! supply 0 limit$1 only a c]ta9 v9ey>d1 9 "s cases ( v small area1 produc+ ! :ole crop ( ! fancy article4 ,! high price once e/abli%$1 & ! dem& f> exce$+ ! possibilities ( supply f ! orig9al s\rce1 o!r & resembl+ w9es are n[ sold "u ! "n ( ! celebrat$ locality ) ! b\quet or a b\quet artificially introduc$4 ,x has ?us come ab\t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess t ! de>e/ w9es ( ! *oice/ br&s are ^? :i* are ! mo/ likely to be sophi/icat$4 ,! flav\r+ ( w9e1 ! imp>t+ ( delicate b\quet1 is a high art1 & is co/ly4 ,x is only ^u high-pric$ w9es t su* co/ly op]ations c be practis$4 ,simple ord9>y grape-juice--z ,i h already /at$--is s *eap :5 & :]e its quality is ! highe/1 i4e4 9 good seasons & suitable climates1 t adult]ation ) any?+ b wat] r5d]s ! adult]at$ product m co/ly ?an ! g5u9e4 ,:5 !re is a good v9tage x does n pay ev5 to add sug> & wat] to ! m>c or residue1 & press ?is a second "t4 ,x is m pr(itable to use x = mak+ inf]ior br&y1 or w9e oil1 huile de m>c1 or ev5 = fodd] or manure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only applies :]e ! dem& is = simple g5u9e w9e1 a dem& almo/ unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 :]e connoisseurs ab\nd :o pass _! glasses horizontally "u _! noses1 hold !m up to ! light to look = beesw+s & absurd transp>5cy1 kn[+ly exam9e ! br& on ! cork1 & o!rwise (f] !mselves z will+ dupes to be pecuni>ily immolat$ on ! great high alt> ( ! holy %r9e ( co/ly humbug4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i 0 at ,frank=t1 on my way to ! ,tyrol & ,v5ice1 & !re saw1 at a few paces be=e me1 an unque/ionable ,engli%man1 ) an ill-slung knapsack4 ,i spoke to him1 e>n$ 8 gratitude at once by %[+ him h[ to disp5se ) t knapsack abom9ation1 ! brea/-/rap4 ,we *umm$1 & put up at a g5u9e ,g]man ho/elry ( my selection1 ! ,ga/haus zum ,s*wan54 ,"h we supp$ ) a multitude ( natives1 to ! great amusem5t ( my new fri5d1 :o _h hi!rto halt$ at hotels devis$ = ,engli%m54 ,! h&maid5 s]v$ u ) w9e 9 tumbl]s1 & we bo? pron\nc$ x excell5t4 ,my new fri5d 0 en?usia/ic2 ! b\quet 0 sup]ior to any?+ he _h ev] met ) be=e1 & if x c\ld only be f9$--x 0 n by any means bright--x w\ld be invaluable4 ,he !n took me into 8 confid5ce4 ,he 0 9 ! w9e trade1 assi/+ 9 8 fa!r's bus9ess2 ! #8gov]nor' _h told him to look out 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 z !re 7 obscure v9ey>ds "h & !re produc+ v *oice w9es t might be contract$ = at v l[ prices4 ,?is 0 "o ( !m2 "h 0 good bus9ess4 ,if ,i w\ld help him to le>n all ab\t x1 pres5tation cases ( w9e %\ld be p\r$ ^u me = ev] aft]4 ,i accord+ly ask$ ! h&maid51 #8,0 fr ,we98' c4 ,h] answ] 01 #8,apfel-,we94' ,%e 0 fright5$ at my bur/ ( laught]1 & ! "y w9e-m]*ant also imag9$ t he _h made acqua9tance ) a lunatic1 until ,i translat$ ! answ]1 & told him t we _h be5 dr9k+ cid]4 ,we call$ = m1 & !n recognis$ ! #8curi\s' b\quet at once4 ,! manufacture ( b\quets has made great progress ( late1 & !y are mu* *eap] ?an =m]ly4 ,_! *ief s\rce is coal-t>1 ! refuse f gas-works4 ,t mo/ easily produc$ is ! ess5ce ( bitt] almonds1 :i* supplies a #8nutty' flav\r & b\quet4 ,anybody may make x by simply add+ b5zol 7! mo/ volatile portion ( ! coal-t>71 9 small portions at a "t1 to w>m1 fum+ nitric acid4 ,on cool+ & dilut+ ! mixture1 a yell[ oil1 :i* solidifies at a little above ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 is =m$4 ,x may be purifi$ by wa%+ fir/ ) wat]1 & !n ) a weak solution ( c>bonate ( soda to remove ! excess ( acid4 ,x is n[ l>gely us$ 9 cook]y z ess5ce ( bitt] almonds4 ,its old p]fum]y "n 0 ,ess5ce ( ,mirbane4 ,by m elaborate op]ations on ! coal-t> product1 a numb] ( o!r ess5ces & b\quets ( curi\sly imitative "* are produc$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> ( ^! is ! ess5ce ( j>gonelle pe>s1 :i* flav\rs ! #8pe> drops' ( ! confection] s cunn+ly2 ano!r is raspb]ry flav\r1 by ! aid ( :i* a mixture ( fig-se$s & apple-pulp1 duly col\r$1 may be conv]t$ into a raspb]ry jam t w\ld deceive our ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,i d n say t x n[ is s us$ 7?\gh ,i believe x has be571 = ! simple reason t :olesale jam-mak]s n[ gr[ _! own fruit s *eaply t ! g5u9e article co/s no m ?an ! %am4 ,raspb]ries c be gr[n & ga!r$ at a co/ ( ab\t twop5ce p] p\nd4 ,) w9e at #fjs4 to #ajjs4 p] doz5 ! case is diff]5t4 ,! price leaves an ample m>g9 = ! conv]sion ( #8,italian r$s1' ,catalans1 & o!r s\nd ord9>y w9es into any fancy br&s t may happ5 to be 9 fa%ion4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! m]e fact t c]ta9 emp]ors or pot5tates h b\ght up ! :ole produce ( ! *teau t is nam$ on ! labels does n int]f]e ) ! m>ket supply1 :i* is /rictly regulat$ by ! dem&4#bj ,visit+ a fri5d 9 ! trade1 he (f]$ me a glass ( ! w9e t he drank himself :5 at home1 & suppli$ to 8 own family4 ,he ask$ my op9ion ( x4 ,i repli$ t ,i ?\ght x 0 g5u9e grape-juice1 resembl+ t :i* ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to dr9k at c\ntry inns 9 ! ,cte d',or 7,burgundy7 & 9 ,italy4 ,he told me t he import$ x directly f a di/rict ne> to t ,i fir/ nam$1 & c\ld supply x at #abs4 p] doz5 ) a fair pr(it4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 call+ at 8 place ( bus9ess 9 ! ,we/-end1 he told me t "o ( 8 be/ cu/om]s _h j be5 ta/+ ! v>i\s samples ( d9n] cl>et !n rema9+ on ! table1 "s ( !m exp5sive1 & t he _h *os5 ! same z ,i _h1 b :at 0 my fri5d to d8 ,_h he quot$ #abs4 p] doz51 he w\ld h lo/ "o ( 8 be/ cu/om]s1 & sacrific$ 8 reputation z a high-class w9e-m]*ant2 !re=e he quot$ #eds41 & bo? buy] & sell] 7 p]fectly satisfi$3 ! w9e-m]*ant made a l>ge pr(it1 & ! cu/om] obta9$ :at he dem&$--a good w9e at a #8respectable price4' ,he c\ld n insult 8 fri5ds by putt+ *eap #abs4 tra% on 8 table4 ,"h arises an e?ical "q4 ,0 ! w9e-m]*ant ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ?is *>ge "u ! circum/ances2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 :o 0 to blame = ! crook$ness ( ! transaction8 ,i say ! cu/om]2 my v]dict is1 #8,s>ve him "r6' ,9 ref]5ce to w9es1 & /ill m to cig>s1 & "s o!r useless luxuries1 ! typical ,engli%man is a victim to a preval5t comm]cial sup]/ition4 ,he bl9dly assumes t price mu/ necess>ily repres5t quality1 & !re=e %uts 8 eyes & op5s 8 m\? to swall[ any?+ ) complete satisfaction1 provid$ t he pays a good price = x at a respectable e/abli%m5t1 i4e4 "o :]e only high-pric$ articles are sold4 ,if any read] ?9ks ,i speak too /rongly1 let him asc]ta9 ! m>ket price p] lb4 ( ! be/ ,havanna tobacco leaves :]e !y are gr[n1 also ! co/ ( twi/+ !m into cig> %ape 7a skilful workwoman c make a ?\s& 9 a day71 !n add to ! sum ( ^! ! co/ ( pack+1 c>riage1 & duty4 ,he w be r a/oni%$ at ! result ( ?is ari?metical problem4 ,if ^! ?+s 7 necess>ies ( life1 or contribut$ 9 any degree or mann] to human welf>e1 ,i %\ld prote/ indignantly2 b see+ :at !y are & :at !y d1 ,i r rejoice at ! limitation ( consumption effect$ by _! fancy prices4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,9 repeat+ ^! exp]im5ts ,i f9d t ! be/ =m ( silk is t :i* ! ,cov5try dy]s te*nically call #8boil$ silk1' i4e4 raw silk boil$ 9 pota% to remove its res9\s v>ni%4 ,9 ?is /ate ! anil9e dyes atta* !mselves to ! fibre v readily & firmly4 #bj ,! foll[+ is f ,k ( ,augu/ #ae1 #ahhd4 ,x is editorial1 n m9e1 ?\gh ,i h he>d ^! #8,_s ,flav\rs' spok5 ( by exp]ts z ord9>y m]*&ise4 ,! ,hung>ian w9e oil is "o ( !m3 #8,i h j obta9$ :at is expressively kn[n z 8a wr9kle0 f a :olesale price-li/ ( a di/ill] :i* has fall5 7no matt] h[7 into my h&s4 ,t x 0 nev] int5d$ to be se5 by any mortal eyes outside ( 8! trade0 goes )\t say+4 ,9 ?is highly in/ructive docum5t ,i f9d1 "u ! head ( 8,_s ,flav\rs10 8! att5tion ( consum]s 9 ,au/ralia & ,india0 7we ne$n't say any?+ ab\t ,engl&7 8is p>ticul>ly call$ to ^! v useful & excell5t flav\rs4 ,"o p\nd ( ei!r ( ^! ess5ces to fifty gallons ( pla9 _s0 7let u suppose potato _s7 8w make imm$iately a f9e br&y or old tom1 c41 )\t ! use ( a /ill4--,see ,lancet report40 ,?is is foll[$ by a li/ ( prices ( ^! 8flav\rs10 & !n foll[s a simil> "o ( 8,w9e ,aromas40 ,a *e]ful look-out all ?is pres5ts1 ^u my ^w6 ,! confid+ travell] calls at 8 inn = "s old br&y1 & !y make x 9 ! b> :ile he is wait+4 ,he ord]s a p9t ( cl>et or port1 & /raightway he is s]v$ ) "s t has be5 two & a half m9utes 9 bottle6 ,aft] ! p]usal ( ?is price-li/1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t 9 ! case ( no articles ( consumption :atev] is ! motto ,caveat emptor m ne$ful to be att5d$ to ?an 9 t ( 7s call$7 w9es & spirits4' ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,veget>ian ,,"q ,,9 my introductory *apt] ,i said1 #8,! fact t we use ! dige/ive & nutri5t app>atus ( %eep1 ox51 c41 = ! prep>ation ( our food is m]ely a transitory b>b>ism1 to be ultimately sup]s$$ :5 my pres5t subject is suffici5tly und]/ood & appli$ to enable u to prep>e ! con/itu5ts ( ! vegetable k+dom to be z easily assimilat$ z ! prep>$ grass :i* we call beef & mutton4' ,?is s5t5ce1 :5 x appe>$ 9 #8,k1' br\ght me 9 communication ) a v e>ne/ body ( m5 & wom51 :o at consid]able social inconv5i5ce are ab/a9+ f fle% food1 & do+ x purely on pr9ciple4 ,"s p sne] at !m1 call !m #8crot*etty1' #8faddy1' c41 b1 = my own "p1 ,i h a great respect = crot*etty p1 hav+ le>n$ long ago t e fir/ great /ep t has ev] be5 tak5 9 ! pa? ( human progress 0 d5\nc$ z a crot*et by ^? x 0 leav+ beh9d4 ,?is respect is q ap>t f ! consid]ation ( :e!r ,i agree or disagree ) ! crot*ets !mselves4 ,i !re=e will+ly respond to ! reque/ t ,i %\ld expla9 m fully my view ( ?is subject4 ,! fact t !re are n[ 9 ,london eight exclusively veget>ian re/aurants1 & all ( !m fl\ri%+1 %[s t x is "o ( wide int]e/4 ,at ! outset x is necess>y to bru% aside c]ta9 false issues t are commonly rais$ 9 discuss+ ?is subject4 ,! "q is n :e!r we are h]bivor\s or c>nivor\s animals4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t we are nei!r4 ,! c>nivora fe$ on fle% alone1 & eat t fle% raw4 ,nobody proposes t we %\ld d ?is4 ,! h]bivora eat raw grass4 ,nobody sugge/s t we %\ld foll[ _! example4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t man _c be class$ ) ! c>nivor\s animals1 nor ! h]bivor\s animals1 nor ) ! gram9ivor\s animals4 ,8 tee? are n con/ruct$ = mun*+ & gr9d+ raw gra91 nor 8 dige/ive organs = assimilat+ su* gra9 9 ?is condition4 ,he is n ev5 to be class$ ) ! omnivor\s animals4 ,he /&s ap>t f all z ,,! ,,cook+ ,,animal4 ,x is true t !re 0 a "t :5 our ance/ors ate raw fle%1 includ+ t ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ! lime/one cav]ns ( ?is & o!r ,european c\ntries we f9d human bones gnaw$ by human tee?1 & split op5 by fl9t implem5ts = ! evid5t purpose ( extract+ ! m>r[1 accord+ to ! dome/ic economy ( ! p]iod4 ,! %ell m\nds t ^! prehi/oric bip$s h left beh9d1 %[ t mussels1 oy/]s1 & o!r mollusca 7 also eat5 raw1 & !y d\btless v>i$ ! m5u ) snails1 slugs1 & worms1 z ! rema9+ ,au/ralian savages /ill d4 ,besides ^! !y probably includ$ roots1 succul5t plants1 nuts1 & su* fruit z !n exi/$4 ,!re are _m among u :o are v pr\d ( _! anci5t l9eage1 & :o ?9k x hon\rable to g back z f> z possible & to ma9ta9 ! cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs2 b !y all seem to draw a l9e some:]e1 none desir+ to g z f> back z to _! int]-glacial troglodytic ance/ors1 &1 !re=e1 ,i ne$ n discuss ! desirability ( re/or+ _! diet>y4 ,all human be+s became cooks z soon z !y le>n$ h[ to make a fire1 & h all cont9u$ to be cooks ev] s9ce4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 look at ?is veget>ian "q f ! po9t ( view ( prep>$ food1 :i* excludes ne>ly all comp>ison ) ! food ( ! brute creation4 ,i say #8ne>ly all1' because !re is "o case 9 :i* all ! animals t approa* ! ne>e/ to ourselves--! mammalia--are provid$ naturally ) a specially prep>$ food1 viz4 ! "m's milk4 ,! composition ( ?is prep>ation appe>s to me to ?r[ m light ?an any?+ else ^u ?is veget>ian controv]sy1 & yet x seems to h be5 entirely ov]look$4 ,! milk prep>$ = ! "y ( ! diff]5t animals 9 ! laboratory or kit*5 ( ,nature is surely adapt$ to _! /ructure z reg>ds natural food requirem5ts4 ,)\t assum+ t ! human dietetic requirem5ts are id5tical ) ei!r ( ! o!r mammals1 we may le>n some?+ conc]n+ our approximation to "o class or ano!r by comp>+ ! composition ( human milk ) t ( ! animals 9 "q4 ,i f9d ready to h& 9 ,dr4 ,mill]'s #8,*emi/ry'1 vol4 iii41 a comp>ative /atem5t ( ! mean ( sev]al analyses ( ! milk ( woman1 c[1 goat1 ass1 %eep1 & bit*4 ,! latt] is a mod]ately c>nivor\s animal1 ne>ly approa*+ ! omnivor\s "* commonly ascrib$ to man4 ,! foll[+ is ! /atem5t3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,woman ,c[ ,goat ,ass ,%eep ,bit* ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat] #hhf #hgd #hbj #ije #hef #ffc ,fat #bf #dj #de #ad #de #adh ,sug> & soluble salts #di #ej #de #fd #db #bi ,nitrog5\s comp\nds & insoluble salts #ci #cf #ij #ag #eg #afj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,accord+ to ?is x is q evid5t t ,nature reg>ds our food requirem5ts z approa*+ mu* ne>] to ! h]bivora ?an to ! c>nivora1 & has provid$ = u accord+ly4 ,if we are to beg9 ! build+-up ( our bodies on a food m ne>ly resembl+ t ( ! h]bivora ?an t ( ! c>nivora1 x is only reasonable to assume t we %\ld cont9ue on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! diff]5ce are in/ructive4 ,! food :i* ,nature provides = ! human infant diff]s f t provid$ = ! "y c>nivor\s animal1 j 9 ! same way z fle% food diff]s f ! cultivat$ & cook$ vegetables & fruit )9 easy rea* ( man4 ,^! conta9 less fat1 less nitrog5\s matt]1 m wat]1 & m sug> 7or />*1 :i* becomes sug> dur+ dige/ion7 ?an animal food4 ,^? :o advocate ! use ( fle% food usually d s on ! gr\nd t x is m nutriti\s1 conta9s m nitrog5\s mat]ial & m fat ?an vegetable food4 ,s mu* ! worse = ! human be+1 says ,nature1 :5 %e prep>es ! food4 ,b z a matt] ( practical fact !re are no fle%-eat]s among u1 none :o avail !mselves ( ?is high] proportion ( album9oids & fat4 ,we all practically admit e day 9 eat+ our ord9>y ,engli% d9n]1 t ?is excess ( nitrog5\s matt] & fat is bad2 we d s by mix+ ! meat ) t p>ticul> vegetable :i* conta9s an excess ( ! c>bo-hydrates 7/>*7 ) ! smalle/ available quantity ( album9oids & fat4 ,! slice ( meat1 dilut$ ) ! lump ( potato1 br+s ! :ole d[n to ab\t ! av]age composition ( a fairly-arrang$ veget>ian repa/4 ,:5 ,i speak ( a veget>ian repa/1 ,i d n mean m]e cabbages & potatoes1 b prop]ly select$1 well cook$1 nutriti\s vegetable food4 ,z an example1 ,i w take ,c\nt ,rum=d's ,no4 #a s\p1 already describ$1 )\t ! bread1 & 9 l mann] take beef & potatoes )\t bread4 ,tak+ orig9al weights1 & assum+ t ! lump ( potato weigh$ ! same z ! slice ( meat1 we get ! foll[+ composition accord+ to ! table giv5 by ,pavy1 page #daj3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,wat] ,album5 ,/>* ,sug> ,fat ,salts ---------------------------------------- ---- ,lean beef #gbjj #aicj -- -- #cfj #eaj ,potatoes #gejj #baj #ahhj #cbj #jbj #jgj ---------------------------------------- ---- #adgjj #badj #ahhj #cbj #chj #ehj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean composition ( mixture #gcej #ajgj #idj #afj #aij #bij ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,rum=d's s\p 7)\t ! bread aft]w>ds add$7 0 compos$ ( equal measures ( peas & pe>l b>ley1 or b>ley meal1 & ne>ly equal weights4 ,_! p]c5tage composition z /at$ 9 ! above-nam$ table is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,wat] ,album5 ,/>* ,sug> ,fat ,salts ---------------------------------------- ---- ,peas #aejj #bcjj #eedj #bjj #baj #bej ,b>ley meal #aejj #fcj #fidj #dij #bdj #bjj ---------------------------------------- ---- #cjjj #bicj #acdhj #fij #dej #dej ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean composition ( mixture #aejj #adfe #fbdj #cde #bbe #bbe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"h1 !n1 9 #ajj p>ts ( ! mat]ial ( ,rum=d's halfp5ny d9n]1 z comp>$ ) ! #8mix$ diet1' we h #dj p] c5t4 m ( nitrog5\s food1 m ?an six & a half times z mu* c>bo-hydrate 9 ! =m ( />*1 m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( sug>1 ab\t #ag p] c5t4 m ( fat1 & only a little less ( salts 7suppli$ by ! salt :i* ,rum=d add$74 ,?us ! #8mix$ diet' falls %ort 9 all ! co/ly con/itu5ts1 & only excels by its abundance ( v *eap wat]4 ,?is analysis supplies ! explanation ( :at has puzzl$ _m inquir]s1 & enc\rag$ "s sne]]s at ?is "w ( ! great sci5tific philan?ropi/1 viz4 t he all[$ less ?an five ounces ( solids = ea* man's d9n]4 ,he did s & f\nd x suffici5t1 because he 0 supply+ f> m nutriti\s mat]ial ?an beef & potatoes2 8 five ounces 0 m satisfactory ?an a p\nd ( beef & potatoes1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* is wat]1 = :i* wat] ,john ,bull bl9dly pays a %ill+ or m p] p\nd :5 he buys 8 prime /eak4 ,rum=d add$ ! wat] at pump co/1 &1 by long boil+1 caus$ "s ( x to unite ) ! solid mat]ials 7by ! hydration ,i h describ$71 & !n s]v$ ! comb9ation 9 ! =m ( porridge1 rais+ ea* portion to #ai ounces4 ,i might multiply su* examples to prove ! fallacy ( ! prevail+ notions conc]n+ ! nutritive value ( ! #8mix$ diet1' a fallacy :i* is m]ely an inh]it$ epidemic1 a baseless physical sup]/ition4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 j add "o m example = comp>ison--viz4 ! ,highl&]'s porridge4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( oatmeal--also f ,pavy's table3 ,wat] #aejj ,album5 #abfj ,/>* #ehdj ,sug> #edj ,fat #efj ,salts #cjj ,comp>e ?is ) ! beef & potatoes above1 & x w be se5 t x is sup]ior 9 e item except+ ! wat]4 ,"o hundr$ ounces ( oatmeal conta9 #ai ounce m ( album5 ?an is conta9$ 9 #ajj ounces ( beef & potatoes mix$ 9 equal proportions4 ,! #ajj ounces ( oatmeal supplies #cif ounces m ( c>bo-hydrate 7/>*74 ,! #ajj ounces ( oatmeal is sup]ior to ! ext5t ( #ch ounces 9 sug>4 ,x has ! advantage by #cg ounces 9 fat1 & #ji ounce 9 salts1 b ! mix$ diet beats ! oatmeal by conta9+ #eh ounces m wat]2 ne>ly f\r times z mu*4 ,?is defici5cy is readily suppli$ 9 ! cook]y4 ,^! figures expla9 a puzzle t may h sugge/$ itself to "s ( my ?\ghtful read]s--viz4 ! smallness ( ! quantity ( dry oatmeal t is us$ 9 mak+ a l>ge portion ( porridge4 ,if we c\ld1 9 l mann]1 see our portion ( beef or mutton & potatoes r$uc$ to dryness1 ! smallness ( ! quantity ( actually solid food requir$ = a meal w\ld be simil>ly manife/4 ,an ald]man's banquet 9 ?is condition w\ld b>ely fill a breakfa/ cup4 ,i _c at all agree ) ^? ( my veget>ian fri5ds :o d5\nce fle%-meat z a prolific s\rce ( disease1 z inflam+ ! passions1 & g5]ally demoralis+4 ,nei!r am ,i at all dispos$ to make a religion ( ei!r eat+1 or dr9k+1 or ab/a9+4 ,!re are c]ta9 album9oids1 c]ta9 c>bo-hydrates1 c]ta9 hydro-c>bons1 & c]ta9 salts dem&$ = our su/5ance4 ,except+ 9 fruit1 ^! are n suppli$ by nature 9 a fit condition = our use4 ,!y mu/ be prep>$4 ,:e!r we d all ! prep>ation 9 ! kit*5 by br++ ! produce ( ! e>? directly !re1 or :e!r1 on acc\nt ( our ignorance & incapacity z cooks1 we pass our food ?r\gh ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 blood-vessels1 c41 ( %eep & ox51 z a sub/itute = ! fir/ /ages ( sci5tific cook]y1 ! result is ab\t ! same z reg>ds ! dietic result4 ,fle% fe$+ is a na/y practice1 b ,i see no gr\nds = d5\nc+ x z physiologically injuri\s1 except+ 9 ! fact t ! liability to g\t1 rheumatism1 & neuralgia is increas$ by x4 ,9 my y\?ful days ,i 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) a %eep t belong$ to a but*] 9 ,j]myn ,/reet4 ,?is animal1 = "s reason1 _h be5 sp>$ 9 its lamb-hood1 & 0 re>$ z ! but*]'s pet4 ,x 0 well-kn[n 9 ,/4 ,james's by foll[+ ! but*]'s m5 ?r\gh ! /reets l a dog4 ,i h se5 ?is %eep /eal mutton-*ops & dev\r !m raw4 ,x pref]r$ beef or mutton to grass4 ,x enjoy$ robu/ heal?1 & 0 by no means f]oci\s4 ,x 0 m]ely a disgu/+ animal1 ) excessively p]v]t$ appetite2 a p]v]sion t supplies v sugge/ive mat]ial = human m$itation4 ,my own exp]im5ts on myself1 & ! multitude ( o!r exp]im5ts t ,i am daily witness+ among m5 ( all occupations :o h ca/ aside fle% food aft] _m ye>s ( mix$ diet1 prove inconte/ably t fle% food is q unnecess>y2 & also t m5 & wom5 :o emulate ! a=esaid %eep to ! mild ext5t ( consum+ daily ab\t two ounces ( animal tissue comb9$ ) six ounces ( wat]1 & dilute ?is ) su* weak vegetable food z ! potato1 are n measurably alt]$ !reby s f> z physical heal? is conc]n$4#ba ,on economical gr\nds1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce is enorm\s4 ,if all ,engli%m5 7 veget>ians & fi%-eat]s1 ! :ole aspect ( ! c\ntry w\ld be *ang$4 ,x w\ld be a l& ( g>d5s & or*>ds1 in/ead ( gradually rev]t+ to prairie graz+-gr\nd z at pres5t4 ,! unemploy$ mis]ables ( our great t[ns1 ! inhabitants ( our union workh\ses1 & all our rogues & vagabonds1 w\ld f9d ample & suitable employm5t 9 agriculture4 ,e acre ( l& w\ld require ?ree or f\r times z mu* lab\r z at pres5t1 & fe$ five or six times z _m p4 ,no s5tim5tal exagg]ation is dem&$ = ! recomm5dation ( su* a re=m z ?is4 ,,footnote3 #ba ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h met ) "s al>m+ revelations conc]n+ ! increas+ preval5ce ( canc]1 :i*1 if confirm$1 w =ce me to )draw ?is conclusion4 ,?is horrible disease has increas$ 9 ,engl& ) increase ( prosp]ity--) increase ( luxury 9 fe$+--:i* 9 ?is c\ntry means m fle% food4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahej to #ahfj1 ! dea?s f canc] _h increas$ by #b1jjj2 f #ahfj to #ahgj ! increase 0 #b1djj2 f #ahgj to #ahhj x rea*$ #c1bjj1 above ! prec$+ t5 ye>s4 ,! proportion ( dea?s is f> high] among ! well-to-d classes ?an among ! poor] classes4 ,x seems to be ! "o disease t increases ) improv$ g5]al sanit>y conditions4 ,! evid5ce is n yet complete1 b z f> z x goes x po9ts mo/ om9\sly to a direct connection betwe5 canc] & excessive fle% fe$+ among p ( s$5t>y habits4 ,! mo/ abundant victims appe> to be wom5 :o eat mu* meat & take b little out-(-door ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,malt$ ,,food4 ,a ,,few ye>s ago ! #8f>m]s' fri5ds' 7 v sangu9e on ! subject ( us+ malt z cattle food4 ,at agricultural meet+s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! iniquit\s malt-tax 0 eloqu5tly d5\nc$ because x /ood 9 ! way ( ?is great fodd] re=m4 ,!n ! malt-tax 0 repeal$1 & =?) ! subject fell out ( he>+4 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,! idea ( malt fe$+ 0 !oretically s\nd4 ,by ! malt+ ( b>ley or o!r gra9 its dia/ase is made to act ^u its insoluble />*1 & to conv]t ?is m or less completely into soluble dextr91 a *ange :i* is absolutely necess>y z a "p ( ! bus9ess ( dige/ion4 ,!re=e1 if y fe$ cattle on malt$ gra9 in/ead ( raw gra91 y supply !m ) a food s prep>$ t a "p ( ! bus9ess ( dige/ion is already done = !m1 & _! nutrition is !reby advanc$4 ,f :at ,i am able to le>n1 ! reason :y ?is hopeful !ory has n be5 c>ri$ out is simply t x does n #8pay4' ,! advantage 9 fatt5+ ! cattle is n suffici5t to remun]ate ! f>m]s = ! extra co/ ( ! malt$ food4 ,?is may be ! case ) ox51 b x does n foll[ t x %\ld be ! same ) human be+s4 ,cattle fe$ on grass1 mangold-wurzels1 c41 9 _! raw /ate1 b we _c2 &1 z ,i h already %[n1 we are n gram9ivor\s 9 ! mann] !y are2 we _c dige/ raw :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 or maize4 ,we _c d ?is because we are n suppli$ ) su* effective natural gr9d+ app>atus z !y h 9 _! m\?s1 &1 fur!r1 because we h a mu* small] supply ( saliva & a %ort] alim5t>y canal4 ,we c easily supply our natural defici5cies 9 ! matt] ( gr9d+1 & d s by means ( our fl\r mills1 b at fir/ ?\ght ! idea ( f9d+ an artificial repres5tative ( ! saliva ( ox5 does n recomm5d itself4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is und]/ood t ! *ief active pr9ciple ( ! saliva s closely resembles ! dia/ase ( malt t x has receiv$ ! "n ( #8animal dia/ase1' & is probably ! same comp\nd1 ! aspect ( ! problem *anges4 ,n only is ?is ! case ) ! secretion f ! gl&s surr\nd+ ! m\?1 b ! pancreas :i* is conc]n$ 9 a lat] /age ( dige/ion is a gl& s simil> to ! saliv>y gl&s t 9 ord9>y cook]y bo? are dress$ & s]v$ z #8sweetbreads2' ! #8pancreatic juice' is a liquid closely resembl+ saliva1 & conta9s a simil> dia/ase1 or sub/ance t conv]ts />* into dextr91 & f dextr9 to sug>4 ,lehmann says1 #8,x is n[ indubitably e/abli%$ t ! pancreatic juice possesses ?is sug>-=m+ p[] 9 a f> high] degree ?an ! saliva4' ,besides ?is1 !re is ano!r sug>-=m+ secretion1 ! #8inte/9al juice1' :i* op]ates on ! />* ( ! food z x passes along ! inte/9al canal4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we %\ld1 9 ex]cis+ our privilege z cook+ animals1 be able to assi/ ! dige/ive functions ( ! saliva1 ! pancreatic & inte/9al secretions1 j z we help our tee? by ! fl\r mill1 & ! means ( do+ ?is is (f]$ by ! dia/ase ( malt4 ,9 accordance ) ?is reason+ ,i h made "s exp]im5ts on a v>iety ( our common vegetable foods1 by simply rais+ !m--9 contact ) wat]--to ! temp]ature mo/ fav\rable to ! conv]t+ action ( dia/ase 7#adj to #aej ,fahr5heit71 & !n add+ a little malt extract or malt fl\r4 ,?is extract may be pur*as$ ready made1 or prep>$ by soak+ cru%$ or gr\nd malt 9 w>m wat]1 leav+ x = an h\r or two or long]1 & !n press+ out ! liquid4 ,i f9d t oatmeal-porridge :5 ?us treat$ is ?9n$ by ! conv]sion ( ! bulk ( its insoluble />* into soluble dextr92 t boil$ rice is simil>ly ?9n$2 t a /iff jelly ( arr[root is at once r5d]$ wat]y1 & its conv]sion into dextr9 is demon/rat$ by its alt]$ action :5 a solution ( iod9e is add$ to x4 ,x no long] becomes sudd5ly ( a deep blue col\r z :5 x 0 />*4 ,sago & tapioca are simil>ly *ang$1 b n s completely z arr[root4 ,?is is evid5tly because !y conta9 a little nitrog5\s matt] & cellulose1 :i*1 :5 /irr$1 give a milk9ess to ! o!rwise cle> & limpid solution ( dextr94 ,pease-pudd+ :5 ?us treat$ behaves v in/ructively4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ z a fairly uni=m pa/e1 x p>tially sep>ates into pa/e & cle> liquid1 ! pa/e be+ ! cellulose & vegetable case91 ! liquid a solution ( ! dextr9 or conv]t$ />*4 ,ma%$ turnips1 c>rots1 potatoes1 c41 behave simil>ly1 ! g5]al results %[+ t s f> z />* is conc]n$ !re is no practical difficulty 9 obta9+ a conv]sion ( ! />* into dextr9 by means ( a v small quantity ( maltose4 ,ha/y pudd+ made ( boil$ fl\r is simil>ly alt]$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! degree ( visible alt]ation is proportionate to ! am\nt ( />*1 b ! m intimately x is mix$ ) ! cellulose1 ! m sl[ly ! *ange occurs4 ,i h made malt-porridge by us+ malt fl\r in/ead ( oatmeal4 ,i f\nd x r too sweet1 b on mix+ ab\t "o "p ( malt fl\r ) f\r to eight p>ts ( oatmeal1 an excell5t & easily dige/ible porridge is obta9$1 & "o :i* ,i /rongly recomm5d z a mo/ valuable food = /rong p & invalids1 *ildr5 & adults4 ,fur!r details ( ^! exp]im5ts w\ld be t$i\s1 & are n necess>y1 z !y display no *emical *anges t are new to sci5ce1 & ! practical results may be briefly /at$ )\t su* details1 z foll[s4 ,i recomm5d1 fir/1 ! production ( malt fl\r by gr9d+ & sift+ malt$ :eat1 malt$ b>ley1 or malt$ oats1 or all ( ^!1 & ! retail+ ( ?is at its fair value z a /aple article ( food4 ,e %opkeep] :o sells fl\r or meal ( any k9d %\ld sell ?is4 ,secondly1 t ?is malt$ fl\r1 or ! extract made f x z above describ$1 be mix$ ) ! ord9>y fl\r us$ 9 mak+ pa/ry1 biscuits1 bread1 c41#bb & ) all k9ds ( porridge1 pa/ry1 pea-s\p1 & o!r f>9ace\s prep>ations1 & t :5 ^! are cook$ !y %\ld be sl[ly heat$ at fir/1 9 ord] t ! maltose may act ^u ! />* at its mo/ fav\rable temp]ature 7#adj to #aej ,fahr474 ,?irdly1 :5 practicable1 su* prep>ations z porridge1 pea-s\p1 pa/ry1 c41 %\ld be prep>$ by fir/ cook+ !m 9 ! usual mann]1 !n /irr+ ! malt meal or malt extract into !m1 & all[+ ! mixture to rema9 = "s "t4 ,?is "t may v>y f a few m9utes to sev]al h\rs or days--! long] ! bett]4 ,i h prov$ by exp]im5ts on boil$ rice1 oatmeal-porridge1 pease-pudd+1 c41 t complete conv]sion may ?us be effect$4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( #adj to #aej is c>efully obta9$1 ! "w ( conv]sion is done 9 half an h\r or less4 ,at #bab x is arre/$4 ,at temp]atures bel[ #adj1 x proce$s ) a sl[ness v>y+ ) ! depression ( temp]ature4 ,! mo/ rapid result is obta9$ by fir/ cook+ ! food z above1 !n r$uc+ ! temp]ature to #aej1 & add+ ! malt fl\r or malt extract1 & ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature = a %ort "t4 ,! advantage ( previ\s cook+ is due to ! prelim9>y break+-up & hydration ( ! />* granules4 ,f\r?ly1 besides ! malt meal or malt fl\r1 ,i recomm5d ! manufacture ( :at ,i may call #8pe>l malt1' t is1 malt treat$ z b>ley is treat$ 9 ! manufacture ( pe>l b>ley4 ,?is pe>l malt may be l>gely us$ 9 s\ps1 pudd+s1 & = o!r purposes evid5t to ! practical cook4 ,x may be f\nd pref]able to ! malt fl\r = "s ( ! above-nam$ purposes1 especially = mak+ a pure l ,rum=d's s\p4 ,i /rongly recomm5d su* a s\p to veget>ians--i4e4 ! ,rum=d s\p ,no4 #a1 already describ$1 b ) ! admixture ( a little pe>l malt ) ! pe>l b>ley 7or malt fl\r fail+ ! pe>l malt74 ,a small proportion ( malt 7"o-tw5tie?1 = example7 has a consid]able effect1 b a l>g] am\nt is desirable4 ,9 all cases ?is quantity may be regulat$ by exp]i5ce & accord+ to :e!r a decid$ malt flav\r is or is n pref]r$4 ,i h n yet met ) any malt$ maize comm]cially prep>$1 b my exp]im5ts on a small scale %[ t x is a v desirable product4 ,z reg>ds ! action ( vegetable dia/ase on cellulose1 :e!r x is capable ( break+ x up or effect+ its hydration & conv]sion into dige/ible sug>1 ,i am n yet able to speak positively1 b ! foll[+ facts are promis+4 ,i treat$ sago1 tapioca1 & rice ) ! maltose z above1 & f\nd t at a temp]ature ( #adj to #aej all ! />* disappe>s 9 ab\t half an h\r1 z prov$ by ! iod9e te/4 ,/ill ! liquid 0 n cle>3 flocculi ( cellulose1 c41 7 susp5d$ 9 x4 ,i kept ?is on ! top ( a /ove sev]al days1 :]e ! temp]ature ( ! liquid v>i$ f #ajj to #ahj :ile ! fire 0 burn+1 b fell to t ( ! atmosph]e dur+ ! night4 ,! quantity ( ! insoluble matt] consid]ably dim9i%$1 b x 0 n entirely remov$4 ,?is l$ me to make fur!r exp]im5ts1 /ill 9 progress1 on ! ensilage ( human food ) ! aid ( dia/ase4 ,^! exp]im5ts are on a small scale1 & are suffici5tly satisfactory to ju/ify m effective trials on a l>g] scale4 ,x is well kn[n t ord9>y ensilage succe$s mu* bett] on a l>ge ?an on a small scale1 & ,i h no d\bt t su* w be ! case ) my dia/ase ensilage ( oatmeal1 pease-pudd+1 ma%$ roots1 c4 ,i am also treat+ su* vegetable food mat]ial ) v>i\s acids = ! same purpose4 ,:5 by ^! or o!r means we conv]t vegetable tissue into dextr9 & sug>1 z x is naturally conv]t$ 9 ! rip5+ pe>1 & z x has be5 artificially conv]t$ 9 our laboratories1 we %all ext5d our food supplies 9 an incalculable degree4 ,sw$es1 turnips1 mangold-wurzels1 c41 w become delicate diet = invalids2 horse beans1 f> m nutriti\s ?an beef2 delicate biscuits & fancy pa/ry1 z well z ord9>y bread1 w be produc$ f sawdu/ & wood %av+s1 plus a little legum9\s fl\r to supplem5t ! nitrog5\s requirem5t4 ,?is may ev5 be done n[4 ,long ago ,i conv]t$ an old pocket-h&k]*ief & "p ( an old %irt into sug>1 b n pr(itably z a comm]cial transaction4 ,o!r *emi/s h done ! l 9 _! laboratories4 ,x is yet to be done 9 ! kit*54 ,i %\ld add t ! sug> ref]r$ to 9 all ! above is n cane sug>1 b ! sug> correspond+ to t 9 ! grape & 9 honey4 ,x is less sweet ?an cane or beet sug>1 b is a bett] food4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! opposite nature ( ! solv5ts dem&$ by ! case9 & ! cellulose 9 my exp]im5ts on ! ensilage ( pease-pudd+4 ,! action ( dia/ase indicates a possible solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,let u suppose t a suffici5t am\nt ( pota% is us$ to dissolve ! case91 its solution sep>at$ z describ$ 7pages #bah-bai71 ! insoluble fibr\s rema9d] treat$ ) maltose or malt fl\r1 & its action all[$ to proce$ to f]m5tation & effect+ ! =mation ( acetic acid4 ,w ?is acid1 by means ( ensilage1 act ^u ! cellulose z ! acid ( ! unripe pe> acts ^u its cellulose8 ,?is is ano!r ( ! que/ions t ,i c only sugge/1 n hav+ _h "t & opportunity to supply exp]im5tal answ]4 ,d fruits conta9 dia/ase8 ,two k9ds ( food are describ$ by ,pavy 7#8,treatise on ,food & ,dietetics1' page #bbg71 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* ! conv]sion ( />* into dextr9 appe>s to be effect$4 ,z ,i h no acqua9tance ) ^!1 nev] met ) !m ei!r 9 ,scotl& or ,wales1 ,i w quote 8 description3 #8,s[ans1 se$s1 or flumm]y1 :i* con/itutes a v popul> article ( diet 9 ,scotl& & ,s\? ,wales1 is made f ! husks ( ! gra9 7oats74 ,! husks1 ) ! />*y p>ticles adh]+ to !m1 are sep>at$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! gra9 & /eep$ 9 wat] = "o or two days1 until ! mass f]m5ts & becomes s\ri%4 ,x is !n skimm$ & ! liquid boil$ d[n to ! consi/5ce ( gruel4 ,9 ,wales ?is food is call$ sucan4 ,budrum is prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 except t ! liquid is boil$ d[n to a suffici5t consi/5cy to =m1 :5 cold1 a firm jelly4 ,?is resembles blancmange1 & con/itutes a light1 demulc5t1 & nutriti\s article ( food1 :i* is well suit$ = ! weak /oma*4' ,"h x is evid5t t solution takes place & a gummy sub/ance is =m$2 ?is & ! f]m5tation & s\ri% ta/e all indicate ! action ( ! dia/ase ( ! se$ conv]t+ ! />* into dextr9 & sug>1 ! latt] pass+ at once into acetic f]m5tation4 ,hav+ only j met ) ?is passage1 ,i am unable to supply any exp]im5tal evid5ce1 b sugge/ to any ( my read]s :o may be on ! spot :]e ei!r ( ^! prep>ations are made1 ! simple exp]im5t ( add+ a little dilut$ t9cture ( iod9e to ! s[ans or budrum1 pref]ably to ! latt]4 ,if any ( ! />* rema9s z />*1 a deep blue t9t w be imm$iately /ruck2 if ?is is n ! case x is all conv]t$4 ,i h j receiv$ a lett] 7:ile ! pro(s ( ?is %eet are 9 c\rse ( correction7 f a retir$ b>ri/] 9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye>1 :o1 aft] a successful c>e] 9 ,india1 #8retir$ 9 #ahgj to enjoy ! otium cum dig4' ,among o!r int]e/+ p>ticul>s relat+ to animal & vegetable diet1 he tells me t #8someh[ ,i did n1 ) a purely vegetable diet1 excite saliva suffici5t = dige/ion1 & be+ con/itutionally a g\ty subject1 ,i h suff]$ v mu* f g\t until comp>atively lately 7say ! la/ eight mon?s71 :5 an idea came into my head t by ! use ( pota% ,i might get rid ( ! calc>e\s deposit accompany+ g\t1 & h be5 tak+ #cj drops ( liquor potass 9 my tea ) v good effect4 ,b )9 ! la/ t5 days1 ?anks to y\r article 9 8,k0 ( ,janu>y #af1 #ahhe1 ,i h1 z x 7 by magic1 become "y aga94 ,i 0 n aw>e t ! dia/ase ( malt _h ! same p[]s z ! saliv>y secretions4 ,:5 ,i read y\r article1 ,i comm5c$ ! exp]im5t on my morn+ food1 namely1 oatmeal-porridge1 ( :i* = sev]al ye>s ,i h cook$ daily f\r ounces1 ( :i* ,i c\ld nev] eat m ?an half )\t feel+ di/5d$ = an h\r or two1 & !n aga9 feel+ hungry & a crav+ = m food4 ,s9ce ,i foll[$ y\r directions ,i h be5 able to eat com=tably ne>ly ! :ole 7five ounces ) ! malt74 ,i feel no di/5sion = ! "t nor crav+ aft]w>ds2 ,i am com=tably satisfi$ = h\rs2 b :at is m1 ! dia/as$ porridge has _h ! effect ( remov+ ! t5d5cy to co/iv5ess1 :i* 0 sore tr\ble1 & x has r5d]$ my jo9ts supple1 & de/roy$ ! t5d5cy ( my f+] & toe-nails to gr[ rapidly & brittle4 ,all ?is seems to h *ang$1 z if by magic4 ,i1 !re=e1 write to y z a public b5efactor1 to ?ank y = y\r seasonable h9ts4' ,i quote ?is lett] 7) ! p]mission ( ! writ]1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,t4 ,pet]s57 ! m will+ly & confid5tly f ! fact t ,i h lately adopt$ z a regul> supp] diet a porridge made ( oatmeal1 to :i* ab\t "o-six? or "o-eigh? ( malt fl\r is add$4 ,i f9d x 9 e respect advantage\s1 f> bett] ?an ord9>y simple oatmeal-porridge4 ,! foll[+ f ,pavy1 p4 #bbi1 indicates fur!r ! desirability ( assi/+ ! saliv>y gl&s & pancreas 9 dige/+ ?is o!rwise excell5t food4 ,speak+ ( oatmeal-porridge1 he says3 #8,x is apt to disagree ) "s dyspeptics1 hav+ a t5d5cy to produce acidity & pyrosis1 & cases h be5 notic$ among ^? :o h be5 9 ! daily habit ( consum+ x1 :]e dyspeptic symptoms h subsid$ ^u tempor>ily ab&on+ its use4' ,my read]s %\ld try ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,x supplies a /rik+ demon/ration ( ! pot5cy ( ! dia/ase ( malt4 ,make a portion ( oatmeal-porridge 9 ! usual mann]1 b unusually ?ick--a pudd+ r ?an a porridge2 !n1 :ile x is /ill hot 7#aej or !reab\ts7 9 ! saucepan1 add "s dry malt fl\r 7equal to "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( ! oatmeal us$74 ,/ir ?is dry fl\r into x & a curi\s trans=mation w take place4 ,! dry fl\r in/ead ( ?ick5+ ! mixture acts l ! addition ( wat]1 & conv]ts ! ?ick pudd+ into a ?9 porridge4 ,i f9d t ?is p>adox greatly a/oni%es ! practical cook4 ,,footnote3 #bb ,i h lately le>n$ t a pat5t 0 secur$ "s ye>s ago = #8malt bread1' & t su* bread is obta9able f bak]s :o make x "u a lic5se f ! pat5tee4 ,! #8revis$ =mula' = #ahhd1 :i* ,i h j obta9$1 says3 #8,take ( :eat meal #f lbs41 :eat fl\r #f lbs41 malt fl\r #f oz41 ,g]man yea/ #b oz41 salt #b oz41 wat] suffici5t4 ,make into d\gh 7)\t fir/ melt+ ! malt71 prove well1 & bake 9 t9s4' ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,nutrition4 ,i ,,h repeat$ly spok5 ( ! nitrog5\s & non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( food1 assum+ t ! nitrog5\s are ! m nutriti\s1 are ! pla/ic or fle%-build+ mat]ials1 & t ! non-nitrog5\s mat]ials _c build up fle% or bone or n]v\s matt]1 c only supply ! mat]ial ( fat1 & by _! combu/ion ma9ta9 ! animal heat4 ,9 do+ s ,i h be5 tread+ on loose gr\nd--,i may say on a sci5tific quicks&4 ,:5 ,i fir/ taught practical physiology to *ildr5 9 ,ed9burgh1 _m ye>s ago1 ?is "p ( ! subject 0 mu* easi] to tea* ?an n[4 ,! simple & elegant !ory ( ,liebig 0 !n g5]ally accept$1 & appe>$ q s\nd4 ,accord+ to ?is1 e muscul> ef=t is p]=m$ at ! exp5se ( muscul> tissue2 e m5tal ef=t1 at ! exp5se ( c]ebral tissue2 & s on ) all ! =ces ( life4 ,?is consumption or degradation ( tissue dem&s cont9ual supplies ( food = its r5ewal1 & z all ! work+ organs ( ! animal are compos$ ( nitrog5\s tissue1 x is cle>ly necess>y1 accord+ to ?is1 t we %\ld be suppli$ ) nitrog5\s food to r5ew !m1 see+ t ! nitrog5 ( ! air _c be assimilat$ by animals at all4 ,b besides do+ me*anical & m5tal "w1 ! animal body is cont9ually giv+ out heat1 & its temp]ature mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,food is also dem&$ = ?is1 & ! non-nitrog5\s food is ! mo/ readily combu/ible1 especially ! hydro-c>bons or fats2 ! c>bo-hydrates--/>*1 sug>1 c4--also1 b 9 l[] degree4 ,^!1 !n1 7 describ$ z fuel food1 or heat-produc]s4 ,?is view is /rongly confirm$ by a multitude ( famili> facts4 ,m51 horses1 & o!r animals _c d cont9u\s h>d "w )\t a supply ( nitrog5\s food2 ! h>d] ! "w ! m !y require1 & ! great] becomes _! crav+ = x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 su* food is eat5 9 l>ge quantities by idle p1 !y become victims ( inflammatory disease1 or _! heal? o!rwise suff]s1 accord+1 probably1 to :e!r !y assimilate or reject x4 ,man is a cosmopolitan animal1 & ! v>iations ( 8 natural dem& = food 9 diff]5t climates af=ds v direct support to ,liebig's !ory4 ,enorm\s quantities ( hydro-c>bon1 9 ! =m ( fat1 are consum$ by ! ,esquimaux & by ,europeans :5 !y w9t] 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,!y _c live !re )\t x4 ,9 hot climates "s fuel food is requir$1 & ! mild] =m ( c>bo-hydrates is *os51 & f\nd to be mo/ suitable2 rice1 :i* is ma9ly compos$ ( />*1 is an example4 ,sug> also4 ,(f] an ,esquimaux a tall[ c&le & a rice or tapioca pudd+2 he w reject ! latt]1 & eat ! =m] ) great reli%4 ,a multitude ( o!r facts might be /at$1 all support+ ,liebig's !ory4 ,!re is "o t j occurs to me z ,i write1 :i* ,i w /ate1 z x appe>s to h be5 hi!rto unnotic$4 ,"s organs :i* act 9 su* wise t we c see _! mode ( action are visibly dis9tegrat$ & consum$ by _! own activity1 & may be se5 to dem& ! p]petual r5ewal describ$ by ,liebig4 ,!re are gl&s ( cellul> /ructure :i* ca/ (f _! t]m9al cells conta9+ ! fluid !y secrete2 d _! "w by giv+ up _! own /ructural sub/ance at _! p]iph]al work+ surface4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! quicks&8 ,x is "h4 ,if muscul> & m5tal "w 7 done at ! exp5se ( ! nitrog5\s muscul> & c]ebral tissues1 ! quantity ( nitrog5 excret$ %\ld v>y ) ! am\nt ( "w done4 ,?is 0 =m]ly /at$ to be ! case )\t hesitation1 z ! foll[+ passage f ,c>p5t]'s #8,manual ( ,physiology' 7#crd edition1 #ahef1 page #bef71 %[s3 #8,e action ( ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems involves ! dea? & decay ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! liv+ tissue1 z is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! products ( t decay 9 ! excretions4' ,m rec5t exp]im5ts by ,fick & ,wislic5us1 ,p>kes1 ,h\ghton1 ,ranke1 ,voit1 ,fl9t1 & o!rs are said to contradict ?is by %[+ t ! wa/e nitrog5 v>ies ) ! quantity ( nitrog5\s food t is eat51 b n ) ! muscul> "w done4 ,= ! details ( ^! exp]im5ts ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to /&>d mod]n physiological treatises1 z a full description ( !m w\ld c>ry me too f> away f my imm$iate subject4 7,dr4 ,pavy's #8,treatise on ,food' has an introductory *apt] on #8,! ,dynamic ,relations ( ,food1' 9 :i* ?is subject is cle>ly treat$ 9 suffici5t detail = popul> read+47 ,x is q ! fa%ion n[ to rely ^u ^! lat] exp]im5ts2 b = my own "p1 ,i am by no means satisfi$ ) !m--& = ?is reason1 t ! excretions f ! sk9 & f ! lungs 7 n exam9$4 ,x is j ^! :i* are greatly increas$ by ex]cise1 & _! normal quantity is v l>ge1 especially ^? f ! sk91 :i* are ?reefold1 viz4 ! ins5sible p]spiration1 :i* is transpir$ by ! sk9 z invisible vap\r2 ! sweat1 :i* is liquid1 & ! solid p>ticles ( exud$ cuticle4 ,lavoisi] & ,segu9 long ago made v labori\s exp]im5ts ^u !mselves 9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! ins5sible p]spiration4 ,segu9 enclos$ himself 9 a bag ( glaz$ taffeta1 :i* 0 ti$ ov] him ) no o!r op5+ ?an a hole correspond+ to 8 m\?2 ! edges ( ?is hole 7 glu$ to 8 lips ) a mixture ( turp5t9e & pit*4 ,he c>efully weigh$ himself & ! bag be=e & aft] 8 enclosure !re94 ,8 own loss ( weight be+ p>tly f ! lungs & p>tly f ! sk91 ! am\nt ga9$ by ! bag repres5t$ ! quantity ( ! latt]2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! loss ( 8 own weight gave ! am\nt exhal$ f ! lungs4 ,he ?us f\nd t ! l>ge/ quantity ( ins5sible exhalation f ! lungs & sk9 toge!r am\nt$ to #c oz4 p] h\r1 or at ! rate ( #e lbs4 p] day4 ,! smalle/ quantity 0 #a lb4 #ad oz41 & ! mean 0 #c lbs4 #aa oz4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ?is 0 cutane\s4 ,^! figures only %[ ! quantity ( ins5sible p]spiration dur+ repose4 ,val5t9 f\nd t 8 h\rly loss by cutane\s exhalation :ile sitt+ am\nt$ to #cbh grammes1 or r less ?an #a oz4 ,on tak+ ex]cise1 ) an empty /oma*1 9 ! sun1 ! h\rly loss increas$ to #hic grammes1 or ne>ly ?ree times z mu*4 ,aft] a meal foll[$ by viol5t ex]cise1 ) ! temp]ature ( ! air at #gb ,f41 x am\nt$ to #acbg grammes1 or ne>ly #d times z mu* z dur+ repose4 ,a robu/ man1 tak+ viol5t ex]cise 9 hot wea!r1 may give (f z mu* z #e lbs4 9 an h\r4 ,! ?ird excretion f ! sk91 ! epi!lial or sup]ficial scales ( ! epid]mis1 is small 9 weight1 b x is solid1 & ( simil> composition to gelat94 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ?is increases l>gely ) ex]cise4 ,! practice ( spong+ & #8rubb+ d[n' ( a?letes removes ! excess2 b ,i am n aw>e ( any attempt t has be5 made to det]m9e accurately ! quantity ?us remov$4 ,does ! sk9 excrete nitrog5\s matt] t may be1 l urea1 a product ( ! degradation or de/ruction ( muscul> tissue8 ,! foll[+ passage f ,lehmann's #8,physiological ,*emi/ry' 7vol4 ii4 p4 #chi71 %[s t ! sk9 ?r[s out pl5ty ( nitrog5 obta9$ f some:]e3 #8,x has be5 %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,milly1 ,jur9e1 ,+5h\ss1 ,spallanzani1 ,ab]ne?y1 ,b>ruel1 & ,coll>d di ,m>tigny1 t gases1 & especially c>bonic acid & nitrog51 are likewise exhal$ ) ! liquid secretion ( ! sudip>i\s gl&s4 ,accord+ to ! la/-nam$ exp]im5tali/ ! ratio betwe5 ^! two gases is v v>iable2 ?us1 9 ! gas develop$ aft] vegetable food !re is a prepond]ance ( c>bonic acid1 &1 aft] animal food1 !re is an excess ( nitrog54 ,ab]ne?y f\nd t on an av]age ! collective gas conta9$ r m ?an two-?irds ( c>bonic acid & r less ?an "o-?ird ( nitrog54' ,b x appe>s t less gas is exhal$ :5 !re is mu* liquid p]spiration4 ,lehmann's summ>y ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,ab]ne?y1 ,brunn]1 & ,val5t9 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cia71 gives ! am\nt ( h\rly exudation1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 z #ejga grammes ( wat]1 #jbe ( a gramme ( c>bon1 & #jib ( a gramme ( nitrog54 ,?is am\nts to #ba grammes ( nitrog5 p] day 9 ! ins5sible p]spiration2 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce avoirdupois1 or z mu* nitrog5 z is conta9$ 9 "o p\nd & a half ( natural liv+ muscle4 ,t ! liquid p]spiration conta9s comp\nds ( nitrog51 & j su* comp\nds z w\ld result f ! degradation ( nitrog5\s tissue1 is unque/ionable4 ,z ,lehmann says 7vol4 ii4 p4 #chi71 #8! sweat v easily decomposes1 & gives rise to ! second>y =mation ( ammonia4' ,simon & ,b]zelius f\nd salts ( ammonia 9 ! sweat3 t ! ammonia is comb9$ bo? ) hydro*loric acid & ) organic acids3 t x probably exi/s z c>bonate ( ammonia 9 alkal9e sweat4 ,! exi/5ce ( urea 9 sweat appe>s to be unc]ta92 "s *emi/s ass]t its pres5ce1 o!rs d5y x4 ,favre & ,s*ott91 = example1 :o h bo? /udi$ ! subject v c>efully1 are at direct v>iance4 ,i suspect t bo? are "r1 z its pres5ce or abs5ce is v>iable1 & appe>s to dep5d on ! condition ( ! subject ( ! exp]im5t4 ,favre describes a special nitrog5\s acid :i* he discov]$ 9 sweat1 & names x hydrotic or sudoric acid4 ,its composition corresponds1 accord+ to 8 analysis1 to ! =mula ,c#aj;,h#h,,no#ac4 ,i h summ>is$ ^! facts1 z !y %[ cle>ly en\gh t conclusions bas$ on an exam9ation ( ! quantity ( nitrog5 excret$ by ! kidneys alone 7& su* is ! sole basis ( ! mod]n !ories71 are ( little or no value 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n muscul> "w is accompani$ ) degradation ( muscul> tissue4 ,! well kn[n fact t ! total quantity ( excretory "w done by ! sk9 increases ) muscul> "w1 :ile t f ! kidneys r dim9i%es1 indicates 9 ! pla9e/ possible mann] t an exam9ation ( ! sk9 secretion %\ld be prim>y 9 connection ) ?is "q4 ,to entirely neglect ?is 9 su* a rese>* is a sci5tific p>allel to ! hi/rionic feat ( p]=m+ ! trag$y ( #8,hamlet' ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k omitt$4 ,see+ t x has be5 entirely neglect$1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 express+1 v pla9ly & positively1 my op9ion ( ! wor?lessness ( all ! mod]n rese>* ^u :i* ! alleg$ refutation ( ,liebig's !ory ( ! de/ruction & r5ewal ( liv+ tissue 9 ! p]=mance ( vital "w is bas$1 & my rejection ( ! mod]n alt]native hypo!sis conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* food supplies ! mat]ial dem&$ = muscul> & m5tal "w4 ,i may be accus$ ( ra%ness & presumption 9 ?us attempt+ to /em ! ov]:elm+ curr5t ( mod]n sci5tific progress4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,x is mod]n sci5tific fa%ion1 r ?an sci5tific progress1 t ,i oppose4 ,we h too mu* ( ?is mill9]y _s 9 ! sci5tific _w j n[2 too mu* eag]ness to run aft] #8! la/ ?+ out1' & assume1 ) undue read9ess1 t ! #8late/ rese>*es' are1 ( c\rse1 ! be/--especially :]e fa%ionable physicians are conc]n$4 ,hav+ summ>is$ ,liebig's !ory ( ! s\rce ( vital p[]1 & its suppos$ refutation by mod]n exp]im5ts1 ,i w n[ endeav\r to /ate ! alt]native mod]n hypo!sis1 ?\gh n )\t difficulty1 nor ) satisfactory result1 see+ t ! rec5t !ori/s are vague & self-contradictory4 ,all agree t vital p[] or lib]at$ =ce is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( "s k9d ( *emical action ( a de/ructive or oxidis+ "*1 & is1 !re=e1 !oretically analog\s to ! s\rce ( p[] 9 a /eam-eng9e2 b :5 !y come to ! practical "q ( ! dem& = work+ fuel or food1 !y ab&on ?is analogy4 ,pavy says 7#8,treatise on ,food & ,dietetics1' page #f73 #8,9 ! lib]ation ( actual =ce1 a complete analogy may be trac$ betwe5 ! animal sy/em & a /eam-eng9e4 ,bo? are m$ia = ! conv]sion ( lat5t into actual =ce4 ,9 ! animal sy/em1 combu/ible mat]ial is suppli$ "u ! =m ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( food1 & oxyg5 is tak5 9 = ! process ( respiration4 ,f ! *emical en]gy due to ! comb9ation ( ^!1 =ce is lib]at$ 9 an active /ate2 &1 besides manife/+ itself z heat1 & 9 o!r ways peculi> to ! animal sy/em1 is capable ( p]=m+ me*anical "w4' ,9 ano!r place 7page #ei ( same "w71 aft] describ+ ,liebig's view1 ,dr4 ,pavy says3 #8,! facts :i* h be5 already adduc$' 7^? above describ$ on ! nitrog5 elim9at$ by ! kidneys71 #8suffice to refute ?is doctr9e4 ,inde$1 x may be consid]$ z abundantly prov$ t food does n require to become organis$ tissue be=e x c be r5d]$ available = =ce-production4' ,on page #ha he says3 #8,:ile nitrog5\s matt] may be reg>d$ z =m+ ! ess5tial basis ( /ructures possess+ active or liv+ prop]ties1 ! non-nitrog5\s pr9ciples may be look$ ^u z supply+ ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,! "o may be spok5 ( z hold+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t ( action1 :ile ! o!r supplies ! motive p[]4 ,nitrog5\s alim5t>y matt] may1 x is true1 by oxidation contribute to ! g5]ation ( ! mov+ =ce1 b1 z has be5 expla9$1 9 fulfill+ ?is (fice !re is evid5ce be=e u to %[ t x is split up into two di/9ct portions1 "o conta9+ ! nitrog51 :i* is elim9at$ z useless1 & a residu>y non-nitrog5\s portion :i* is reta9$ & utilis$ 9 =ce-production4' ,! italics are m9e1 = reasons pres5tly to be expla9$4 ,pavy's "w conta9s repetitions & fur!r illu/rations ( ?is attribution ( ! orig9 ( =ce to ! non-nitrog5\s elem5ts ( food4 ,!n we h a /atem5t ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,j\le on ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 connect$ ) exp]im5ts ( ,frankl& ) ! app>atus t is us$ = det]m9+ ! calorific value ( coal1 c4--viz4 a little tubul> furnace *>g$ ) a mixture ( ! combu/ible to be te/$1 & *lorate ( pota%4 ,?is be+ plac$ 9 a tube1 op5 bel[1 & ?ru/ "u wat]1 is fir$1 & gives out all its heat to ! surr\nd+ liquid1 ! rise ( temp]ature ( :i* measures ! calorific value ( ! sub/ance 7see fig4 #g1 page #ba1 #8,simple ,treatise on ,heat'74 ,f ?is result is calculat$ ! me*anical "w obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( diff]5t food mat]ials4 ,t f a gramme is giv5 z foll[s3 ,beef fat #bg1ggh ,units ( "w1 ,/>* 7arr[root7 #aa1ihc or numb] ( ,lump sug> #aj1bed p\nds lift$ ,grape sug> #aj1jch "o foot4 ,9 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,smi?'s treatise on #8,food1' ! foot-p\nd equival5t ( ea* k9d ( food is specifically /at$ 9 su* a mann] z to lead ! /ud5t to conclude t ?is repres5ts its actual work+ effici5cy z food4 ,o!r mod]n writ]s repres5t x 9 l mann]4 ,"h1 !n1 comes ! be>+ ( ^! !ories on my subject4 ,a practical diet>y or m5u is dem&$1 say1 = navvies or = a?letes 9 full "w2 ano!r = s$5t>y p do+ little "w ( any k9d4 ,accord+ to ! new !ory1 ! be/ possible food = ! fir/ class is fat1 butt] be+ sup]ior to lean beef 9 ! proportion ( #ad1dba to #b1hbi 7,smi?71 & beef fat hav+ ne>ly eight times ! value ( lean beef4 ,t5 gra9s ( rice give #g1ded foot-p\nds ( work+-p[]1 :ile ! same quantity ( lean beef gives only #b1hbi2 accord+ to :i* #a lb4 ( rice %\ld supply z mu* support to h>d work]s z #b lbs4 ( beef/eak4 ,none ( ! mod]n !ori/s d>e to be consi/5t :5 deal+ ) su* direct practical applications4 ,i might quote a multitude ( o!r palpable inconsi/5cies ( ! !ory1 :i* is s slipp]y t x _c be firmly grasp$4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,pavy 7page #djc71 imm$iately aft] describ+ bacon fat z #8! mo/ effici5t k9d ( =ce-produc+ mat]ial1' & /at+ t #8! non-nitrog5\s alim5t>y pr9ciples appe> to possess a high] dietetic value ?an ! nitrog5\s1' tells u t #8! p]=mance ( "w may be look$ ^u z necessitat+ a proportionate supply ( nitrog5\s alim5t>y matt]1' & 8 reason = ?is admission be+ t su* nitrog5\s mat]ial is requir$ = ! nutrition ( ! muscles !mselves4 ,a pretty tissue ( inconsi/5cies is ?us suppli$6 ,non-nitrog5\s food is ! be/ =ce-produc]--x corresponds to ! fuel ( ! /eam-eng9e2 ! nitrog5\s is necess>y only to repair ! ma*9e4 ,nev]!less1 :5 =ce production is specially dem&$1 ! food requir$ is n ! =ce-produc]1 b ! special build] ( muscles1 ! :i* muscles1 accord+ to !ory1 are n us$ up & r5ew$ 9 do+ ! "w4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! :ole ( ?is mod]n !oretical fabric is built ^u ! exp]im5ts :i* are suppos$ to %[ t !re is no m elim9ation ( nitrog5\s matt] dur+ h>d "w ?an dur+ re/4 ,yet we are told t #8! p]=mance ( "w may be look$ ^u z necessitat+ a proportionate supply ( nitrog5\s alim5t>y matt]1' & t su* mat]ial #8is split up into two di/9ct portions1 "o conta9+ ! nitrog51 :i* is elim9at$ z useless4' ,?is !sis is prov$ by exp]im5ts %[+ 7z ass]t$7 t su* elim9ation is n s proportion$4 ,9 %ort1 ! mod]n !ory pres5ts u ) ! foll[+ pretty p>adox4 ,! consumption ( nitrog5\s food is proportionate to "w done4 ,! elim9ation ( nitrog5 is n proportionate to "w done4 ,! elim9ation ( nitrog5 is proportionate to ! consumption ( nitrog5\s food4 ,i h tri$ h>d to obta9 a rational physiological view ( ! mod]n !ory4 ,:5 its advocates comp>e our food to ! fuel ( an eng9e1 & ma9ta9 t its combu/ion directly supplies ! mov+ p[]1 :at d !y mean8 ,!y _c suppose t ! food is ?us oxidis$ z food1 yet su* is impli$4 ,! "w _c be done 9 ! /oma*1 nor 9 ! inte/9al canal1 nor 9 ! mes5t]ic gl&s1 nor 9 _! outlet1 ! ?oracic duct4 ,aft] leav+ ?is1 ! food becomes organis$ liv+ mat]ial1 ! blood be+ su*4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 z betwe5 ! new !ory & t ( ,liebig1 mu/ be :e!r "w is effect$ by ! combu/ion ( ! blood itself or by ! degradation ( ! work+ tissues1 :i* are f$ & r5ew$ by ! blood4 ,al?\gh ?is is s obvi\sly ! only rational physiological "q1 ,i h n f\nd x ?us /at$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! suppos$ analogy to ! /eam-eng9e breaks d[n altoge!r2 ! food is c]ta9ly assimilat$1 is conv]t$ into ! liv+ mat]ial ( ! animal itself be=e x does any "w1 & !re=e x mu/ be ! we> & te> ( ! ma*9e itself :i* supplies ! work+ p[]1 & n t ( ! food z m]e fuel mat]ial %ovell$ directly into ! animal furnace4 ,i ?us agree ) ,playfair1 :o says t ! mod]n !ory involves a #8false analogy ( ! animal body to a /eam-eng9e1' & t #8incessant trans=mation ( ! act+ p>ts ( ! animal ma*9e =ms ! condition = its action1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! /eam-eng9e x is ! trans=mation ( fuel ext]nal to ! ma*9e :i* causes x to move4' ,pavy says t #8,dr4 ,playfair1 9 ^! utt]ances1 mu/ be reg>d$ z writ+ beh9d ! "t4' ,he may be beh9d z reg>ds ! fa%ion1 b ,i ?9k he is 9 advance z reg>ds ! tru?4 ,my read]s1 !re=e1 ne$ n be a%am$ ( cl++ to ! old-fa%ion$ belief t _! own bodies are alive ?r\gh\t1 & p]=m all ! op]ations ( work+1 feel+1 ?9k+1 c41 by virtue ( _! own inh]5t self-conta9$ vitality1 & t 9 do+ ?is !y consume _! own sub/ance1 :i* has to be p]petually replac$ by new mat]ial1 its quality dep5d+ ^u ! mann] ( work+ & ! matt] & mann] ( replacem5t4 ,! c\rse ( our own evolution ?us dep5ds ^u ourselves2 we may1 accord+ to our own daily conduct1 be build+ up a bett] body & a bett] m9d1 or "o t %all be worse ?an ! fair promise ( ! orig9al g]m4 ,!re=e ! philosophy ( ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! body & bra9 are built up & r5ew$ mu/ be wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,?is philosophy is #8,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,cook]y4' ,,index4 ,,acids1 m9]al & vegetable1 #bbd ,arat$ bread1 #bjf ,album51 #ai coagulation (1 #bj ( fle%1 #bd loss ( 9 boil+ fi% & meat1 #bd ,allotropism1 #hh ,alum 9 bread1 #bjc ,animal dia/ase1 #ahf ,apple fritt]s1 #aja ,argol1 #bgc ,arr[root1 #agi ,ars5ic eat+1 #bef ,,ba9-,,m>ie1 #bb1 #aai ,bak$ meat1 prejudice aga9/1 #fd ,bak+ v]sus roa/+ ( meat1 #fe ,b>ley sug>1 #hh ,ba/+1 #eg ,bav>ian begg>s & ,c\nt ,rum=d1 #bbi ,birds'-ne/s1 edible1 #ce ,blood-fibr91 #dc #8,boil$ meat' is n boil$1 #ad ,boil+ ( fat1 #hd ( wat]1 #h ,bone-s\p ,commission ( ,fr5* ,academy1 #cf ,boriz$ meat1 #agj milk1 #aga ,bos* v4 butt]1 #afg v4 butt]9e1 #add ,b\ss+ault's exp]im5ts on bread1 #bjg ,bread1 #aig ,briti% gum1 #ahb ,br[n+ ( roa/$ meat1 #gh rationale (1 #hg ,budrum1 #caj ,butt]1 #afc & infection1 #aff ,,calc>e\s ,,wat]1 #aj ,canc] & fle% eat+1 #cja ,c>amel1 #hg-hi a dis9fectant1 #ib ,c>nivor\s1 a %eep1 #cja ,case91 #abg *anges (1 #abh vegetable1 #baa ,cay5ne pepp]1 #bfj ,cellul> tissue1 #agd1 #ahj ,*eese1 cook]y (1 #acf dige/ibility (1 #ace 9 s\p1 #adi nutritive value (1 #aca phosphates 91 #acc porridge1 #aea pudd+1 #acf solubility (1 #adc ,*emical analysis & nutritive value ( food1 #f ,*9ese & cook$ wat]1 #ac ,*it91 #cc ,*ondr91 #cc ,cocoa1 #bfa #8,c(fee z 9 ,france1' #if ,colloids & cry/alloids1 #aae ,composition ( album51 gelat91 & fibr91 #de kreat9e & kreat99e1 #df ,cond5s$ milk1 #abi ,condim5ts1 #bei ,convection 9 roa/+1 #di ,cook$ wat]1 #aj ,cream1 #afb ,cru/ ( bread1 #ia1 #acf1 #bjj ,curd ( milk1 #abg ,,dextr91 #ahb1 #ahe 9 bread1 #bjj ,dia/ase1 #ahd1 #cjc ,dia/as$ porridge1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cab ,diff]5ce betwe5 vegetable & animal food1 #agg1 #big ,diffusion ( liquids1 #aab ,dige/ion ( />*1 #ahf ,d9n] ( a ,fr5* or ,swiss peasant1 #abf ,diosmosis1 #aad ,dis9fection ( wat] by boil+1 #ab by toa/1 #ib ,dissociation ( flav\rs1 #di ,dolby's extractor1 #abj ,dome/ic *ops & /eaks1 #eb ,d\gh1 #aig ,dripp+1 #aei ,drunk5ness & cook]y1 #fa ,,economical ,,fry+1 #ih ,effects ( dia/as$ porridge1 #caa ,eggs1 cook]y (1 #bb nutritive value (1 #ai ( fea!r$ & fea!rless "y birds1 #bj ,endosmosis & exosmosis1 #aad ,engli% /ew+1 #abd ,ensilage ( human food1 #bad by means ( dia/ase1 #cjh ,excretion ( nitrog5 f ! sk91 #caf ,expansion ( well-grill$ meat1 #ec ,exp]im5t ) ,rum=d's roa/]1 #gd ,explosion ( wat]1 #hf ,extract ( meat1 #aag ,,fat1 #aef action ( heat on1 #hd1 #aeh ba? = jo9ts1 #eg = fry+1 #aja ,f]m5tation ( bread1 #aih ,f]m5ts1 #ahd ,fibr91 #dc ,fi%1 boil+ (1 #bd1 #bg cook$ 9 pap]1 #fj roa/+1 #eh ) *eese1 #aec ,flames1 diff]5t k9ds (1 & grill+1 #ea ,flav\r+ p[] ( ! juices ( meat1 #bf ,fle% fe$+1 a tempor>y b>b>ism1 #g ,flumm]y1 #caj ,fondu1 #acf ,=ces ( nature co-op]at+ ) man1 #b ,froz5 meat1 #id1 #afh ,fruit jelly1 #bbe ,fry+1 #hd kettle1 #ih !ory (1 #ig ,fuel wa/$ 9 boil+1 #ae ,,ga/ric ,,juice1 modification (1 #dd ,gelat91 fibr91 & ! juices ( meat1 #cb hydration (1 #da solubility (1 #cb ,glut51 #aid fibr9 & glut5 case91 #aie ,glyc]9e1 #aeg ,gre5-pea cle> s\p1 #bai ,grill+ ( *ops & /eaks1 #eb ,gum arabic1 #ahc ,,ha/y ,,pudd+ ,,& ,,*eese1 #aeb ,hot rolls f /ale bread1 #bjh ,hydration ( gelat91 #da ( />*1 #aha ,,incru/ation ,,( ,,boil]s1 kettles1 c41 #aa ,is+lass1 #cf1 #da ,italian cook]y1 #ij ( *eese1 #adi ,,john/on ,,on ,,tea ,,& ,,c(fee1 #bea ,juices ( meat1 #be1 #dj1 #de ,,kit*5 ,a ,,*emical ,,laboratory1 !1 #d ,kit*5]-ov5s & roa/]s1 #g ,kreat9e & kreat99e1 #de ,,l>d1 #aei dissociation (1 #he ,leav51 #bjf ,leg ( mutton1 h[ to boil1 #bf ,legum91 #bab ,lehmann on c(fee1 #bea #8,liaison au r\x1' #ij ,liebig on gelat91 #cf on tea & c(fee1 #bea ,liebig's extract ( meat1 #be1 #cg ,lign91 #agd ,lime 9 bread1 #bje ,lob/] supp]s1 #cc ,locu/s z food1 #cd ,,mac]ation1 #aab ,magnesia 9 bread1 #bfe ,malt1 action on v>i\s foods1 #cje directions = us+1 #cjf1 #cab ,malt$ food1 #cjc ,man1 ! cook+ animal1 #bie ,man's "w on e>?1 #a ,m>ie ,anto9ette's pie-cru/1 #agf ,milk1 a c>ri] ( infection1 #afd composition (1 #afb cook+ (1 #afc dietetic value (1 #afa = h]bivora1 c>nivora1 & man1 #bif supply to ,london1 #afc ,muscle fibr91 #dc ,,new ,,& ,,/ale ,,bread1 #bjg ,nitrog5\s pr9ciples ( plants & animals comp>$1 #aie ,norwegian cook+ app>atus1 #bd1 #cj ,nutrition1 fa%ionable !ory (1 #cae inconsi/5cies ( fa%ionable !ory (1 #cai ,liebig's !ory (1 #cac ,playfair on ! physiology (1 #cbd ! physiology (1 #cac ,nutritive value ( food z affect$ by cook]y1 #f ( gelat91 #cf ,,nan?ic ,,e!r1 #bgj ,oils = fry+1 #ajg volatile & fix$1 #hd ,old h5s1 h[ to roa/1 #abe1 #abf ,oleom>g>9e1 #adf ,ov51 con/ruction (1 #hj ,oy/]s & invalids1 #ahj ,,p>mesan ,,*eese1 #aea1 #bbj ,pa/eur+ ( w9e1 #bfi ,peasants' food 9 ,italy & ,france1 #fa1 #abf ,pease-pudd+1 #bad-bah ,pect91 #bbe ,p5ny d9n]s1 #bdd ,phosphates 9 milk & *eese1 #acc ,phosphorus 9 bones & bra91 #acd ,popp$ corn1 #baj ,porridge v4 fle%1 #bii ,potage & /ew$ meat1 #aaf value (1 #bai ,pota% bit>trate1 solubility (1 #bgb food1 #bba 9 *eese cook]y1 #ada 9 potatoes1 #aij scurvy1 g\t1 c41 #adb ,potatoes 9 bread1 #bjb a curse ( ,irel&1 #aic & *eese porridge1 #aeb & scurvy1 #aij cook]y (1 #ahi nutritive value (1 #aib ,purification ( fat1 #aja ,,radiation ,,& ,,convection ,,9 ,,roa/+1 #di 9 grill+1 #dg ,rahat ,lak\m1 #bbe ,rationale ( roa/+1 #dh ,reaction f tea1 #beg ,r5net1 #abi ,rice & *eese1 #aec #8,risotto la ,milanese1' #aej ,roa/+ an ox1 #ef & grill+1 #dg be=e op5 fire1 evils (1 #fj l>ge jo9ts1 #ee small jo9ts1 #ec ,rum=d1 ,c\nt (1 #e on boil+ meat1 #af on milit>y rations1 #bda on ! pleasure ( eat+1 #bch ,rum=d's cook]y1 #bbg ,rum=d's exp]im5t on l[ temp]ature roa/+1 #bi roa/]1 #fc1 #gj roa/+ ov51 #gf s\p1 #bca s\p comp>$ ) fle% food1 #bih ,,sago1 #ahi ,saliva & dia/ase1 #cjd ,saliv>y dia/ase1 #ahf ,salmon cook+ 9 ,norway1 #bh ,samp1 #bdj ,sau]-kraut1 #baf ,sawdu/ z food1 #age ,sci5ce 9 ! kit*51 #d ,se$s z food1 #aid ,%eep1 a c>nivor\s & cannibal1 #cja ,%]bet1 #bbe ,%rimps1 fri$1 #cd ,simm]+ & boil+1 #ad ,small jo9ts & _! cook]y1 #ec ,smi?1 ,dr41 on tea1 #bed ,snail s\p1 #ce ,soluble & insoluble case91 #acj ,solution ( vegetable case91 #bag ,s\? ,k5s+ton food exhibits1 #baa ,s[ans1 #caj ,specific sapidity ( food1 #bci ,sp9n+ ( sug>1 #hi ,/>*1 #agh1 #aha ,/e>ic acid1 #aeg ,/ew+1 #aaa & album51 #aai ,/irab\t & *eese1 #aec ,sulphate ( copp] 9 bread1 #bje ,sup]-heat]s1 co/ (1 #ge ,synton91 #dc ,,tapioca1 #ahh ,tea & c(fee1 ,rum=d's sub/itute =1 #bde physiological action (1 #bdf ,te*nical & te*nological education1 #c ,temp]ature = /ew+1 #aah ( vegetable cook]y1 #agg ,t5d]ness1 true & false1 #aba ,te/+ ! temp]ature ( fat ba?1 #ajj ,!rmomet]s = ! kit*51 #gi = fat ba?1 #aje ,?omson1 ,sir ,h5ry1 on roa/+ ( fi%1 #eh ,t9n$ meat1 #aba ,toa/ & wat]1 #ib ,tripe & *eese1 #aed ,,unf]m5t$ ,,bread1 #bjj ,,vap\rs ,,( ,,roa/+ ,,meat1 #gh ,vegetable case91 #baa diet1 economy (1 #cja fibr91 case9 & glut51 #aie food & mix$ diet comp>$1 #big juices1 #baa -m>r[ au grat91 #aee tissue1 #agc ,vegetables1 ! cook]y (1 #agc ,veget>ian "q1 !1 #bid ,,w>r5',s ,,cook+-,,pot1 #ha ,wa/e ( fuel 9 boil+1 #ae ,wat]-ba? cook]y1 #aai ,wat] 9 fi%1 #hf ,:ole-meal bread1 #f1 #bjd ,w9e1 artificial b\quet (1 #bia artificial col\r (1 #bhh b\quet (1 #bhh cook]y (1 #bfe co/ (1 #bfe-bib dry+ (1 #bhj natural col\r (1 #bhh ,pa/eur+ (1 #bfi pla/]+ (1 #bgg sickness (1 #bga sulphuric acid 91 #bgf ,,yolk ,,( ,,egg1 ,,its ,,coagulation1 #bc ,spottiswoode ,co4 ,pr9t]s1 ,new-/reet ,squ>e1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors repair$4 ,l>g] vulg> fractions _h be5 pr9t$ ) a hyph5 in/ead ( a sla%4 ,?is 0 *ang$ to a sla% = con=mity4 7#a-cj? is n[ #a_/cj?7 ,page #ed1 8is0 *ang$ to 8x0 7expos$1 x is evid5t7 ,page #ha1 8judgm5t0 *ang$ to 8judgem5t0 7! judgem5t ( :i*7 ,page #ajh1 :ile x seems t ?is s5t5ce is miss+ an object3 ,:5 common s5se & true s5tim5t supplant m]e unreason+ prejudice1 vegetable oils & vegetable fats w l>gely supplant ^? ( animal orig9 9 e elem5t ( our diet>y4 ,x has be5 quot$ 9 j t mann] across num]\s publications4 ,page #aji1 8facts0 *ang$ to 8fats0 7! *emi/ry ( fats7 ,page #cbh1 ! text ref]s to ! n[ m usually spell$ 8sau]kraut0 z 8s\r-kraut0 9 ! text & 8,sau]-kraut0 9 ! index4 ,^! usages 7 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,page #cbh1 8fa?0 *ang$ to 8fat0 7= fat ba?7