,transcrib]'s ,notes ,italic text is m>k$ ?us4 ,bold text is m>k$ ?us ,! spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation is z ! orig9al1 ) ! exception ( app>5t pr9t]'s errors4 ,,hall1 ,,russell ,co4 ,,limit$ ,%ipbuild]s1 ,eng9e]s & ,boil]mak]s ,,ab]de5 ,,speciality ,! design+ & build+ ( ,,/eam ,,trawl]s & ,,fi%+ ,,vessels = ,,nor? ,,sea ,,icel&ic ,,newf\ndl& ,,& ,,tropical ,,fi%+ ,,telegrams3 8,,halrussel1 ,,ab]de50 ,,telegrams4 ,,massey ,,hull ,,telephones3-- ,,hull4 #ebac ,,nat4 7#f ,,l9es7 ,,grimsby4 #bfae ,,nat4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,massey ,,sons ,,limit$4 ,%ip ,salesm51 ,valu]s1 ,,brok]s = ! ,,sale ,,pur*ase ( e description ( ,%ipp+ prop]ty4 ,,/eam ,,trawl]s1 & e k9d ( ,fi%+ ,vessel a speciality4 ,contractors to ! ,briti% ,admiralty ,cr[n ,ag5ts = ! ,colonies1 c41 c4 ,head ,(fice1 ,,alfr$ ,,geld] ,,/reet1 ,,hull4 ,bran* ,(fices at ,,grimsby1 ,,goole & ,,imm+ham4 ,,! ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry ,,pitman',s ,,common ,,commodities ,,& ,,indu/ries ,,s]ies ,ea* book 9 cr[n #hvo1 illu/rat$1 #c_/-net ,,tea4 ,by ,a4 ,,ibbetson ,,c(fee4 ,by ,b4 ,b4 ,,keable ,,sug>4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,m>t9eau1 ,c4,b4 ,,oils4 ,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,:eat4 ,by ,,&rew ,,mill>4 ,,rubb]4 ,by ,c4 ,,beadle & ,h4 ,p4 ,,/ev5s1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,by ,c4 ,,hood ,,copp]4 ,by ,h4 ,k4 ,,pic>d ,,coal4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,wilson1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,,timb]4 ,by ,w4 ,,bullock ,,cotton4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,,peake ,,silk4 ,by ,,lu!r ,,hoop] ,,wool4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,hunt] ,,l954 ,by ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,moore ,,tobacco4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,tann] ,,lea!r4 ,by ,k4 ,j4 ,,adcock ,,knitt$ ,,fabrics4 ,by ,j4 ,,*amb]la9 & ,j4 ,h4 ,,quilt] ,,clays4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,se>le ,,pap]4 ,by ,,h>ry ,a4 ,,maddox ,,soap4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,simmons1 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,motor ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,,horace ,,wyatt1 ,b4,a4 ,,glass ,,& ,,glass ,,mak+4 ,by ,,p]cival ,,m>son ,,gums ,,& ,,res9s4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,p>ry1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,! ,,boot ,,& ,,%oe ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,h>d+ ,,gas ,,& ,,gas ,,mak+4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,y4 ,,webb] ,,furniture4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,b9/ead ,,coal ,,t>4 ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,,w>nes ,,petroleum4 ,by ,a4 ,,lidgett ,,salt4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,calv]t ,,z9c4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,lones1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,,photography4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,gamble ,,asbe/os4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,summ]s ,,silv]4 ,by ,,b5jam9 ,,:ite ,,c>pets4 ,by ,,reg9ald ,s4 ,,br9ton ,,pa9ts ,,& ,,v>ni%es4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,j5n+s ,,cordage ,,& ,,cordage ,,hemp ,,& ,,fibres4 ,by ,t4 ,,woodh\se & ,p4 ,,kilg\r ,,acids ,,& ,,alkalis4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,adlam ,,electricity4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,neale1 ,b4,sc41 ,hons4 ,,alum9ium4 ,by ,g4 ,,mortim] ,,gold4 ,by ,,b5jam9 ,,:ite ,,butt] ,,& ,,*eese4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,walk]-,,tisdale & ,,jean ,,jones ,,! ,,briti% ,,corn ,,trade4 ,by ,a4 ,,b>k] ,,lead4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,smy!1 ,d4,sc4 ,,engrav+4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,lascelles ,,/ones ,,& ,,qu>ries4 ,by ,j4 ,,all5 ,,h[e1 ,o4,b4,e41 ,b4,sc4 ,,explosives4 ,by ,s4 ,i4 ,,levy1 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,clo?+ ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,poole1 ,m4,u4,k4,a4 ,,telegraphy1 ,,telephony1 ,,& ,,wireless4 ,by ,j4 ,,poole ,,p]fum]y4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,p>ry ,,! ,,electric ,,lamp ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,g4 ,,arncliffe ,,p]cival ,,ice ,,& ,,cold ,,/orage4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,spr+ett ,,gloves ,,& ,,! ,,glove ,,trade4 ,by ,b4 ,e4 ,,ellis ,,jute4 ,by ,t4 ,,woodh\se & ,p4 ,,kilg\r ,,drugs ,,9 ,,comm]ce4 ,by ,j4 ,,humphrey ,,! ,,film ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,,davidson ,,b\ghey ,,cycle ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,w4 ,,grew ,,sulphur4 ,by ,,h>old ,a4 ,,aud5 ,,textile ,,blea*+4 ,by ,,alec ,b4 ,,/ev5 ,,play] ,,plano4 ,by ,d4 ,,mill] ,,wilson ,,w9e ,,& ,,! ,,w9e ,,trade4 ,by ,,&re ,l4 ,,simon ,,ironf\nd+4 ,by ,b4 ,,:iteley ,,cotton ,,sp9n+4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,wade ,,alcohol ,,9 ,,comm]ce4 ,by ,c4 ,,simmonds1 ,o4,b4,e41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,concrete ,,& ,,re9=c$ ,,concrete4 ,by ,w4 ,,noble ,,twelvetrees ,,sponges4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,cresswell ,,wall ,,pap]4 ,by ,g4 ,,:iteley ,,w>d ,,clocks ,,& ,,wat*es4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,ov]ton ,,inc&esc5t ,,light+4 ,by ,s4 ,i4 ,,levy1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,! ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,gibbs ,,oil ,,= ,,p[] ,,purposes4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,nor? ,,/>* ,,& ,,/>* ,,products4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,aud51 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,talk+ ,,ma*9es4 ,by ,o4 ,,mit*ell ,,nickel4 ,by ,b4 ,h4 ,,:ite ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,! ,,trawl ,frontispiece4 ,,pitman',s ,,common ,,commodities ,,& ,,indu/ries ,,! ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,gibbs1 ,d4,sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t]'s m>k ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,p>k] ,,/reet1 ,,k+sway1 ,w4,c4#b ,,ba?1 ,,melb\rne1 ,,toronto1 ,,new ,,york #aibb ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,ba?1 ,,engl& ,,preface ,9 ?is little book ,i h tri$ to describe concisely1 yet cle>ly & compreh5sively1 ! great "w ( our sea fi%]ies4 ,x is notori\sly difficult to write a small book on a l>ge subject1 & ,i expect !re are _m :o w detect s9s ( omission4 ,! book is *iefly conc]n$ ) fi%]ies = edible fi%4 ,i h includ$ a *apt] on :ale fi%]ies1 s9ce :ale oil is n[ us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( su* food sub/ances z l>d sub/itute & m>g>9e4 ,no acc\nt ( seal 8fi%+0 is includ$1 z seals are n fi%$ b are g5]ally hunt$ on %ore4 ,i h n includ$ fi%]ies = pe>ls1 sponges or seawe$4 ,to its co/ ! nation kn[s little ( ! me?ods & organization & a*ievem5ts ( ! ,fi%+ ,indu/ry4 ,i s9c]ely hope t ?is little book may d some?+ to /imulate a wid] & deep] int]e/ 9 ?is vitally important ,briti% indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my cordial ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,rob]tson1 ,o4,b4,e41 ( ,fleetwood1 & to ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,s9d]son1 ( ,grimsby1 :o h v k9dly read ?r\gh ! manuscript & giv5 me ! b5efit ( _! valuable exp]i5ce & advice4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,james ,john/one1 ( ,liv]pool ,univ]sity1 = mu* ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii1 & also = p]mission to use ! illu/rations on pages #ag & #bi4 ,= o!r illu/rations ,i make grateful ackn[l$gem5t z foll[s3 = ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #af1 #ag & #ai1 f ,! ,sea ,fi%]ies1 to ! au?or1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,travis ,j5k9s1 & ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,con/able2 = ! frontispiece & ,no #ah1 to ! ,grimsby ,coal1 ,salt & ,tann+ ,co2 = ,nos4 #aa1 #ad & #bj to ,mr4 ,walt] ,wood1 ( ! ,mission to ,deep ,sea ,fi%]m54 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,flem+1 ( ,liv]pool ,univ]sity1 v k9dly copi$ ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d & #e = me f ,day's ,briti% ,fi%es4 ,*apt] ,v is bas$ ^u ,bitt+'s monograph on 8! prep>ation ( ! cod & o!r salt fi% = ! m>ket40 7,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,bur4 ( ,*em4 ,bull4 ,no4 #acc74 ,w4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,runcorn1 #aibb4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,,preface ,v ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,fi%es #af ,,iii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fi%+ #db ,,iv4 ,,! ,,h]r+ ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry #ed ,v4 ,,! ,,newf\ndl& ,,cod ,,fi%]y #fi ,,vi4 ,,trawl ,,fi%]ies #gg ,,vii4 ,,%ellfi% #ij ,,viii4 ,,fi%]ies ,,= ,,:ales #ii ,,ix4 ,,! ,,cur+ ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fi% #ajg ,x4 ,,! ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,fi% #aae ,,xi4 ,,fi% ,,products #abd ,,index #acc ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,,haul+ ,,! ,,trawl ,frontispiece #a4 ,,metamorphosis ,,( ,,plaice #ag #b4 ,,cod #bj #c4 ,,lemon ,,sole #bc #d4 ,,skate #bc #e4 ,,h]r+ #bf #f4 ,,plankton #bi #g4 ,,h]r+ ,,eggs #cc #h4 ,,plankton ,,conta9+ ,,fi% ,,eggs #cc #i4 ,,trawl+ 7circa #agej7 #de #aj4 ,,drift+ 7circa #agej7 #di #aa4 ,,s+le-,,boat] ,,at ,,folke/one #ea #ab4 ,,h]r+ ,,drift] #eg #ac4 ,,cur+ ,,y>d 7,,y>m\?7 #ei #ad4 ,,scotti% ,,fi%] ,,girls #fa #ae4 ,,section ,,( ,,mod]n ,,trawl] #gi #af4 ,,plans ,,( ,,mod]n ,,trawl] #hb #ag4 ,,! ,,ott] ,,trawl #he #ah4 ,,! ,,cat* ,,abo>d #hg #ai4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,trawl+ ,,gr\nds betwe5 pp4 #hh & #hi #bj4 ,a ,,:ale',s ,,m\? #aja ,,! ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,9 its ess5tial features ! /ory ( ! gradual rise & developm5t ( ! fi%+ indu/ry closely resembles t ( its si/] indu/ry1 agriculture4 ,9 bo? cases man became skill$ 9 h>ve/+ long be=e he und]/ood any?+ ( ! art ( cultivation4 ,primitive man roam$ f place to place 9 ! wake ( ! annual wave ( h>ve/1 ga!r+ wild crops ( gra91 b]ries & fruits4 ,ultimately he became alive to ! significance ( se$1 & ! nomad settl$ d[n to raise crops ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same place4 ,gradually he acquir$ a k ( ! conditions ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & quality ( soil t fav\r$ ! gr[? ( 8 plants4 ,f9ally1 he discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( ! rotation ( crops1 &1 by ?is1 n only increas$ ! productivity ( 8 l& b also laid ! f\ndations ( a sy/ematic agriculture4 ,( rec5t ye>s agriculture has be5 rapidly develop+ into a sci5ce4 ,*emi/ry1 physics1 botany1 plant physiology1 & bact]iology1 all contribute increas+ly to a full und]/&+ ( ! inn] processes ( ! gr[+ plant1 & indicate m & m cle>ly ! exact relations t exi/ betwe5 ! conditions ( gr[? & ! "* & am\nt ( ! result+ product4 ,! art ( fi%+ is "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! _w1 yet ev5 to ?is day ! fi%]man is simply a hunt]1 ga!r+ :]e he has n s[n1 & diff]+ little1 save 9 me*anical effici5cy1 f 8 primitive ance/or fi%+ ) spe> & trap4 ,only 9 rec5t ye>s has any sy/ematic attempt be5 made to und]/& some?+ ( ! =ces t produce ! annual h>ve/ ( ! sea4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! habits ( ! v>i\s fi%es t con/itute ?is h>ve/--_! food1 _! migrations1 _! reproductive processes1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! conditions ^u :i* _! heal?y life & developm5t dep5d4 ,we h develop$ highly effici5t fi%+ implem5ts1 b we h yet to le>n to use !m wisely & n too well2 to increase ! f]tility ( ! v>i\s fi%+ gr\nds r ?an depopulate !m by ov]-fi%+ & ! de/ruction ( immature fi%4 ,! fi%]man's h>ve/ diff]s f t ( ! f>m] 9 "o important respect4 ,fi%es gr[ = ?ree or f\r1 or m1 ye>s be=e !y are mature4 ,n[1 only mature fi% z a rule h any consid]able comm]cial value1 & only mature fi% are able to reproduce _! k9d & s ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( ! fi%]y4 ,on ! fi%+ gr\nds1 bo? mature & immature fi% are m+l$ toge!r1 & 9 captur+ ! "o x is practically impossible to avoid nett+ ! o!r4 ,to "s ext5t ! capture ( immature fi% is avoid$ by mak+ ! me% ( ! net ( su* a size t ! small] fi% c escape4 ,) drift nets only mature fi% are caught1 ! small ones escap+2 b ) trawl nets x is o!rwise4 ,! trawl net is ess5tially a l>ge /r+ bag t is drawn op5-m\!d along ! sea bottom1 scoop+ up :olesale all bottom-liv+ fi%1 su* z cod1 haddock1 sole & plaice4 ,all g into ! net1 bo? l>ge & small1 &1 al?\gh ! "y fi% ultimately escape ?r\gh ! me%es1 _m ( !m are damag$ 9 s do+1 :ile _m "y1 flat fi%1 ly+ on ! sea bottom1 are damag$ by ! foot rope ( ! net1 z x passes ov] !m4 ,c]ta9 fi%+ gr\nds1 su* z ! ,dogg] ,bank1 7 almo/ depopulat$ ( flat fi% 9 ! ye>s j previ\s to ! w>4 ,=tunately = ! future ( ! fi%]ies1 ! trawl1 c only be work$ on smoo? gr\nd1 & at dep?s n exce$+ two hundr$ & fifty fa?oms1 s t only a small p]c5tage ( ! actual fi%+ gr\nds is affect$ by x4 ,also1 :5 a fi%+ gr\nd %[s signs ( becom+ exhau/$ by ov]-fi%+1 x is less frequ5t$ by fi%]m51 ow+ to ! r$uc$ cat*es t c be obta9$1 & ?us x t5ds automatically to recov]4 ,nev]!less1 x is desirable t fi%+ %\ld be s organiz$ & re/ra9$1 t ! f]tility ( ! fi%+ gr\nds is n imp]ill$4 ,9 ! di/ant future x may become possible to re-/ock p>tially exhau/$ gr\nds ) "y fi%1 artificially re>$ 9 a hat*]y4 ,oceanography--! /udy ( ! ocean & its inhabitants--is "o ( ! y\nge/ ( sci5ces4 ,yet1 to an isl& p su* z we are1 x %\ld be "o ( ! mo/ important1 = x is only by ! /udy ( oceanography t we c hope to f\nd a sy/ematic1 organiz$ aquiculture4 ,! beg9n+ ( a simple aquiculture is to be se5 9 ! cultivation ( %ellfi%1 su* z oy/]s & mussels1 by ! in%ore fi%]m54 ,( rec5t ye>s1 exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out by ! ,fi%]y ,bo>ds ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ) ! object ( increas+ ! productivity ( c]ta9 fi%+ gr\nds by add+ l>ge numb]s ( artificially hat*$1 "y fi%4 ,= "s ye>s ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d = ,scotl& add$ annually ab\t tw5ty million plaice l>vae to c]ta9 conf9$ sea areas 7,upp] ,lo* ,fyne71 & f\nd1 z a result1 t ! numb] ( "y plaice on ! %all[ bea*es 0 d\bl$4 ,9 "s cases a new species ( fi% has be5 introduc$ into a p>ticul> fi%+ gr\nd1 ) m>k$ success4 ,?us ! ,u4,s4,a4 fi%]ies collect$ & hat*$ ! eggs ( ! %ad on ! ,atlantic coa/ & introduc$ ! l>vae into ! ,pacific1 ) ! result t a pr(itable %ad fi%]y has n[ be5 e/abli%$ on ! ,cali=nian coa/4 ,! application ( sci5ce to ! fi%+ indu/ry is n re/rict$ to biological inve/igations ( ! food1 habits & developm5t ( liv+ fi%es4 ,x is develop+ new processes = ! bett] pres]vation ( edible fi% = food purposes1 s t ! l>ge quantities ( fi% caught p]iodically--= example1 9 ! summ] h]r+ fi%]y--may be /or$ up = gradual consumption dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x has %[n t fi% wa/e c be manufactur$ into glue1 cattle food1 & f]tiliz]s4 ,x has develop$ into a pr(itable indu/ry ! extraction ( oils f bo? edible & in$ible fi%1 & ! conv]sion ( ^! oils into h>d fats1 suitable = ! manufacture ( soap & m>g>9e4 ,x has demon/rat$ t ! sk9s ( c]ta9 fi%1 notably ! %>k1 c be tann$ to make excell5t lea!r4 ,) ! exception ( ^! pione] exp]im5ts & inve/igations1 h[ev]1 ! fi%+ indu/ry ( to-day is simply an organiz$ art--! art ( cat*+ wild fi%4 ,! /ory ( ! indu/ry is ess5tially a description ( ! me?ods t are us$ = captur+ ! v>i\s species ( fi% t are ( comm]cial importance1 & = h&l+1 cur+1 & dispos+ ( ! cat*4 ,great ,brita9 is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ fi%+ gr\nds ( ! _w4 ,! ,briti% fi%+ indu/ry is ! mo/ effici5t & ! mo/ highly develop$ ( any4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce fi%+ me?ods are ess5tially ! same ev]y:]e1 x w be suffici5t = u to consid]1 ) few exceptions1 ! me?ods & equipm5t t are us$ by our own fi%]m5 ar\nd our own %ores4 ,!re is direct evid5ce t1 z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 ,a4,d41 fi% 7 caught 9 consid]able quantities r\nd ! coa/ ( ,brita9 by ! natives & us$ z food4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ! e>ly developm5t ( a fi%+ indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we "k t 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 fi% 0 9 dem& ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 p>tly because ( ! religi\s obs]vance ( fa/ days1 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 because x af=d$ a welcome *ange 9 ! regul> w9t] diet ( salt$ meat4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no w9t] root crop1 s t cattle 7 kill$ 9 autumn & salt$ d[n = consumption dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 dispos+ ( _! cat*1 ! fi%]m5 7 h&icapp$ by ! almo/ complete lack ( transport facilities f ! coa/ inl&4 ,_! produce w\ld be di/ribut$ by pack-horse1 s t fre% fi% w\ld be practically unkn[n beyond a di/ance ( a few miles f ! coa/4 ,consequ5tly1 all fi% = inl& m>kets 7 salt$4 ,! fi% 7 pickl$ 9 br9e1 z ! art ( dry-salt+ 0 !n unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to develop a successful fi%+ indu/ry1 x 0 necess>y1 !n1 z x is to-day1 ei!r to dispose ( ! cat* quickly on ! spot1 or to pres]ve ! fi% s t x c\ld be transport$ to di/ant m>kets4 ,9 #acdg1 a ,dut*man1 ,william ,beukels1 ( ,bi]velt1 inv5t$ an improv$ means ( cur+ & pickl+ h]r+1 :i* 0 ess5tially ! mod]n process ( gutt+ ! fi% & pack+ !m 9 dry salt4 ,at ?is "t ! ,baltic h]r+ fi%]y1 c>ri$ on by ! ,hanseatic ,league1 dom9at$ ! m>kets ( ,europe4 ,b ! new me?od ( cur+1 exploit$ by ! ,dut*1 improv$ ! quality & keep+ p[]s ( ! fi% to su* an ext5t t1 by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,dut* fi%+ indu/ry 0 supreme1 & _h become a p[]ful & valuable national ent]prise4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z _m z two ?\s& ,dut* h]r+ 8busses0 7z ! boats 7 call$7 w\ld ga!r on ,/4 ,john's day at ,brassa ,s\nd1 9 ! ,%etl&s1 to beg9 ! summ] h]r+ fi%]y4 ,! fi% 7 caught ) drift nets1 7 salt$ & pack$ 9 b>rels1 & c>ri$ home by ! fa/-sail+1 att5dant 8yagg]s40 ,a%ore !y 7 repack$ 9 fre% salt 9 new b>rels4 ,ov] a million b>rels 7 pack$ 9 a ye>4 ,:5 caught1 ! fi% w\ld be wor? ab\t a million p\nds1 & :5 retail$ ab\t two million p\nds4 ,contempor>y illu/rations ( ! me?ods ( cur+ & salt+ !n 9 use reveal ! a/oni%+ fact t ev5 to ! smalle/ detail ! me?ods t 7 employ$ 9 ,holl& 9 ,elizabe?'s day are id5tical ) ^? t are employ$ at ,y>m\? to-day4 ,z a direct result ( ! great developm5t ( _! trade 9 salt$ h]r+s1 ! ,dut* gradually ga9$ a naval & m>itime supremacy 9 ,europe :i* !y ma9ta9$ until x 0 wre/$ f !m by ! ,engli%4 ,engli% sea-p[] 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 9 a decad5t condition4 ,! ports & h>b\rs _h be5 neglect$1 & _h become silt$ up1 s t ! condition ( ! %ipp+ indu/ry 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,navy 9 p>ticul>1 _h rea*$ a v l[ ebb4 ,9 #aefa1 ,mr4 ,secret>y ,cecil1 al>m$ by ! gr[+ m5ace ( ! ,dut* naval asc5dancy1 propos$ ?ree rem$ies = re/or+ ! /r5g? & importance ( ! navy4 ,he propos$3 7#a7 ,t ! fi%+ indu/ry be promot$1 z x provid$ a valuable recruit+ gr\nd = ! navy2 7#b7 ,t m]*&ise be ext5d$1 & s provide increas$ employm5t = ! %ipp+ indu/ry2 7#c7 ,t piracy be enc\rag$1 privately-own$ private]s =m+ valuable auxili>ies 9 "t ( w>4 ,he ?\ght t ! fi%+ indu/ry c\ld be /imulat$ imm$iately by r5ew+ ! fa/ days1 :i* _h fall5 into disuse s9ce ! abolition ( ! mona/]ies4 ,he sugge/$ t two days a week--,w$nesday & ,friday--%\ld be meatless days4 ,9 #aefc1 he tri$ a measure ( ,protection1 a ,navigation ,act be+ pass$1 mak+ x illegal to buy or sell =eign-caught fi%1 & attempts 7 made to prev5t ,dut* & o!r =eign]s f fi%+ 9 ,engli% wat]s4 ,^! measures1 al?\gh pass$ by ,p>liam5t1 d n appe> to h be5 en=c$4 ,james ,i issu$ two proclamations1 impos+ lic5ces & dues ^u =eign fi%+ vessels fi%+ 9 ,briti% wat]s4 ,no att5tion 0 paid to ^!1 & x 0 left to ,*>les ,i1 "s ye>s lat]1 to en=ce !m4 ,o!r /eps tak5 by bo? ,*>les ,i & ,*>les ,,ii consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! =mation ( ,royal ,fi%]y ,companies4 ,v>i\s fi%]y companies & societies succe$$ "o ano!r up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y d n appe> to h be5 successful 9 e/abli%+ a fl\ri%+ fi%+ indu/ry1 & 9 #agah 7,george ,i7 an act 0 pass$ by :i* fi%]m5 7 to be rew>d$ = _! cat* by a b\nty4 ,b\nties 7 to be paid = sev]al k9ds ( fi%3 ?us1 = e b>rel ( :ite h]r+s ( #cb gallons1 export$ beyond ! seas1 ! b\nty 0 #bs4 #h;d42 = full r$ h]r+s1 #as4 #i;d4 p] b>rel2 = empty r$ h]r+s1 #as4 p] b>rel4 ,! conditions ^u :i* ! b\nty 0 to be paid 7 fully set =? 9 a lat] act 9 #agej 7,george ,,ii74 ,! con/ruction ( h]r+ vessels 0 enc\rag$ by a b\nty ( #cjs4 p] ton1 paid out ( ! ,cu/oms1 = deck$ fi%+ vessels ( f tw5ty to eighty tons4 ,! "t & place ( fi%+ 7 /ipulat$1 z well z rules = ! prop] managem5t & prosecution ( ! fi%]y4 ,ea* vessel 0 to h on bo>d twelve ,w9*e/] bu%els ( salt = e la/ ( fi% su* vessel 0 capable ( hold+1 ! salt to be conta9$ 9 new b>rels4 ,9 #ageg1 ! b\nty 0 increas$ to #ejs4 p] ton1 b 0 r$uc$ to #cjs4 aga9 9 #agga4 ,x 0 fur!r r$uc$ to #bjs4 9 #aghg1 & an additional b\nty ( #ds4 p] b>rel add$4 ,?is 0 made proportional to ! tonnage1 s t no vessel c\ld claim m ?an #cjs4 p] ton--unless ! vessel caught ov] ?ree b>rels p] ton1 9 :i* case a b\nty ( #as4 p] b>rel 0 grant$ ^u ! surplus quantity4 ,:ile ! b\nty (t5 und\bt$ly enc\rag$ ! developm5t ( ! fi%]y1 ! developm5t 0 n s rapid or s ext5sive z x w\ld o!rwise h be51 ow+ to ! duty on import$ salt4 ,! weight ( ! duty 0 su* t ! fi%]m5 ?rew fi% ov]bo>d r ?an cure x1 only l&+ t :i* c\ld be br\ght 9 fre%4 ,9 #ahjh ! b\nty 0 rais$ to #c p] ton on e ,briti% built & ,briti% own$ fi%+ boat ( n less ?an sixty tons burd51 prop]ly mann$1 regi/]$1 & navigat$ & employ$ 9 h]r+ fi%+4 ,! maximum tonnage on :i* ! b\nty 0 payable 0 "o hundr$ tons4 ,two %ill+s p] b>rel 0 paid on prop]ly cur$ & pack$ h]r+s4 ,aft] ! peace ( #ahae1 ! naval w>s & ! press gangs _h r$uc$ ! sea fi%]ies to negligible proportions1 b ! exi/+ b\nties 7 cont9u$ until #ahbi1 & enc\rag$ ! rapid revival ( ! indu/ry4 ,by #ahbi1 ! fi%+ indu/ry 0 well e/abli%$1 & !reaft] /eadily develop$ 9 value & importance4 ,! mod]n organization & developm5t ( ! fi%+ indu/ry began betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj1 foll[+ ! introduction ( /eam fi%+ vessels4 ,! old sail+ smacks & drift]s 7 necess>ily limit$ 9 _! scope & capacity4 ,!y c\ld only fi% 9 c]ta9 wea!rs2 !y requir$ skill$ h&l+2 _! effective area ( op]ation 0 re/rict$ by ! necessity = br++ ! cat* a%ore z fre% z possible2 _! trawl+ p[] dep5d$ ^u ! w9d4 ,a sail boat 0 g5]ally ! prop]ty ( a small family gr\p ( fi%]m51 :o work$ ! boat & fi%$1 :ile "o ( _! numb]--! %ip's husb&--/ay$ a%ore to pur*ase /ores & tackle1 & dispose ( ! cat*4 ,! proce$s ( ! boat 7 %>$ among ! own]s4 ,^! privately own$ sail boats 7 to be f\nd 9 e little h>b\r on e coa/ ( ,brita94 ,! fi%]m5 !mselves 7 a f9e1 /urdy1 indep5d5t class ( m51 skilful seam51 & all-r\nd fi%]m51 able to turn _! h&s to any =m ( fi%+1 :e!r l9+1 trawl+1 or drift+4 ,! introduction ( /eam trawl]s & drift]s has completely *ang$ ! "* & organization ( ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,in/ead ( be+ individuali/ic1 x has become collective1 & in/ead ( be+ ! common indu/ry ( e seaside village1 x has become controll$ by l>ge limit$ liability companies1 & c5traliz$ 9 a few l>ge ports4 ,/eam]s 7 fir/ us$ 9 #ahgj1 to collect ! cat* f ! sail boats on ! fi%+ gr\nds1 br++ x home ) all spe$ :ile ! fi%+ boats rema9$ at sea4 ,?is naturally enabl$ ! fi%+ boats to cat* m fi%1 & also made possible ! use ( l>g] boats fi%+ fur!r afield4 ,a logical developm5t ( ?is /ep 0 ! con/ruction ( actual /eam-driv5 fi%+ boats--trawl]s & drift]s4 ,^! /eam]s soon prov$ to be sup]ior to ! sail boats4 ,!y 7 able to fi% 9 all wea!rs1 ev5 9 a calm4 ,ow+ to _! great] p[]1 also1 !y 7 able to use mu* l>g] nets & fi% 9 deep] wat]s4 ,/eam trawl]s & drift]s are mu* m exp5sive ?an smacks or sail+ drift]s4 ,!y c only be b]!d & h&l$ satisfactorily 9 h>b\rs t are equipp$ = ! unload+ & dispat*+ ( l>ge quantities ( fi%4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ^! /eam]s 7 own$ by l>ge limit$ companies r ?an by individuals1 & ! indu/ry has t5d$ to become m & m c5traliz$ at c]ta9 l>ge ports1 = example1 ,ab]de51 ,hull1 ,grimsby1 ,y>m\?1 ,l[e/(t1 ,mil=d ,hav51 & ,fleetwood4 ,! rise & developm5t ( _m ( ^! ports1 = example1 ,ab]de5 & ,fleetwood1 has be5 9 direct response to ! dem&s made ^u !m by ! new /eam fi%+ indu/ry4 ,! introduction ( /eam fi%+ made long] voyages possible1 & l$ to ! developm5t ( new fi%+ gr\nds4 ,/eam trawl]s f ,briti% ports n[ fi% z f> nor? z ,icel& & ! ,:ite ,sea1 z f> we/ z ,newf\ndl&1 & z f> s\? z ,morocco1 mak+ voyages ( _m week's duration4 ,! re-organization ( ! fi%+ indu/ry l$ to specialization among/ ! fi%]m5 !mselves4 ,! old sail+ fi%]man 0 ess5tially an all-r\nd man4 ,he 0 equally exp]t at l9+1 drift+ & trawl+4 ,! skipp] ( a /eam]1 h[ev]1 is a speciali/2 he is ei!r a l9]-1 a drift]-1 or a trawl]-man4 ,g5]ally1 also1 he keeps to a giv5 region--,icel&1 ! ,:ite ,sea1 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 ! ,nor? ,sea1 or ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ ! w> 7#aiaa to #aiad7 ! developm5t ( ! /eam fi%+ indu/ry _h become almo/ /ation>y4 ,?is 0 probably due 9 "p to ov]-capitalization1 result+ 9 l[] pr(its4 ,x 0 fe>$ also t ! greatly increas$ effici5cy ( ! /eam trawl]s t5d$ to produce a condition ( ov]-fi%+ 9 c]ta9 areas1 ) ! result t cat*es obta9$ 9 ^? areas progressively dim9i%$2 = example1 ! av]age cat* p] boat p] day 9 ! ,nor? ,sea dur+ ?ree successive p]iods 0 z foll[s-- #aijc to #aijf #agb cwts4 #aijg to #aiaj #afg #aiaa to #aiac #aec ,! fi%]m5 became al>m$ & developm5t 0 arre/$4 ,?is t5d5cy to ov]-fi% c]ta9 gr\nds has be5 effectively *eck$ dur+ ! w> by ! almo/ complete cessation ( (f%ore fi%+4 ,!re is ?us e probability t su* gr\nds h n[ recov]$1 & fur!r t1 9 _m cases1 gr\nds su* z ! ,dogg] ,bank1 t _h become almo/ depopulat$1 w h become re/ock$4 ,! successful developm5t ( /eam fi%+ has necess>ily react$ ^u ! prosp]ity ( ! individual fi%]m5 9 ! v>i\s fi%+ villages1 ) _! small]1 privately-own$ sail boats4 ,!y 7 fac$ ) two alt]natives3 ei!r to comb9e toge!r to acquire /eam]s1 & s ma9ta9 _! position 9 ! (f%ore fi%]ies1 or to devote _! att5tion to ! developm5t ( in%ore fi%+4 ,_m ( ! l>g] sail+ drift]s h n[ be5 fitt$ ) petrol eng9es1 :i* make x possible = !m to compete ) ! /eam drift]s = h]r+ & mack]el4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! outlook = ! small fi%]m5 ( ! ,engli% & ,scotti% coa/ villages--! real fi%] folk--is disc\rag+4 ,! t5d5cy ( legislation1 h[ev]1 j be=e ! w> 0 to enc\rage ?is class ( fi%]m5 by re/rict+ ! op]ations ( ! /eam trawl]s 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,9 #aiaj-aiad1 ) ! object ( protect+ ! in%ore fi%]m51 ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d ( ,scotl& prohibit$ trawl+ 9 ! ,moray ,fir? area1 only drift+ & l9+ be+ p]mitt$4 ,s9ce ?is prohibition only appli$ to ,briti% subjects1 c]ta9 ,ea/ ,coa/ fi%+ companies evad$ x by transf]r+ _! vessels to =eign flags1 regi/]+ !m 9 a =eign port & employ+ a =eign] z a dummy skipp]4 ,! ,bo>d secur$ convictions aga9/ ^! (f5d]s 9 ! ,%]iff's ,c\rt1 b ! convictions 7 upset subsequ5tly by ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,! orig9al prohibition 0 !n /r5g!n$ by a new law :i* made x illegal to l& fi% 9 ,scotl&1 if caught by vessels regi/]$ 9 a =eign port4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ! in%ore fi%]man f\nd himself 9 a comp>atively advantage\s position1 z ! high price ( coal made /eam fi%+ less pr(itable4 ,fur!r1 ! (f%ore trawl+ gr\nds 7 mo/ly clos$1 & ! majority ( ! /eam trawl]s & drift]s 7 on w>-s]vice4 ,= ! "t be+1 !re=e1 in%ore fi%+ ) smacks 0 plac$ at an advantage4 ,a numb] ( fi%]m5's co-op]ative societies 7 =m$ to organize ! sale & di/ribution ( ! produce ( ^! in%ore fi%]ies4 ,?is also t5d$ to make ! position ( ! in%ore fi%]man m secure4 ,! old ord] *ange?1 & al?\gh !re is t connect$ ) ?is trans=mation 9 ! fi%+ indu/ry :i* is to be regrett$1 yet1 on ! :ole1 ! developm5ts ( ! pa/ =ty ye>s h und\bt$ly trans=m$ ! fi%+ indu/ry into a v effici5t & valuable national asset4 ,individually1 ! pres5t-day /eam fi%]man is v mu* inf]ior to 8 sail+ pr$ecessor4 ,! c5tralization ( ! indu/ry 9 a few big ports1 al?\gh und\bt$ly mak+ = mu* great] effici5cy1 be>s h>dly on ! type ( ! old class ( exp]t fi%]m52 b ^! are ! almo/ inevitable consequ5ces ( su* a transition4 ,b :at is ! pres5t condition ( ! indu/ry1 & :at is its future likely to be8 ,! prosp]ity ( ! in%ore fi%]man1 z well z t ( 8 (f%ore rival1 is vitally important to ! welf>e ( ?is c\ntry2 !re %\ld be room & opportunity en\gh = bo?4 ,! in%ore fi%]man1 protect$ by legislation & secur$ by well-organiz$ co-op]ation1 c increase v consid]ably ! am\nt ( our available home-gr[n food supply4 ,! sup]ior p[] & equipm5t ( ! big /eam trawl]s & drift]s1 prop]ly utiliz$ & enc\rag$1 %\ld be "o ( ! mo/ valuable indu/rial assets ( ! ,/ate4 ,we are n a great food-produc+ nation2 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ye>s be=e ! w>1 we actually import$ m ?an #dj p] c5t ( our total food requirem5ts4 ,we are surr\nd$ by seas t teem ) e =m ( edible fi%4 ,briti% ent]prise has built up a fi%+ indu/ry :i* is ! greate/ & mo/ effici5t 9 ! _w4 ,9 #aiad1 our fi%+ boats 7 practically equal 9 numb]s & equipm5t to ^? ( all ! o!r c\ntries 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,europe put toge!r4 ,ne>ly #gj p] c5t ( ! fi%+ boats 9 ! ,nor? ,sea 7 ,briti%4 ,! total produce ( our sea fi%]ies has ne>ly d\bl$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! annual cat* 9 ! la/ few ye>s be=e ! w> av]ag$ ov] a million tons4 ,x 0 wor? ab\t fifte5 million p\nds :5 l&$1 & may be valu$ at ne>ly fifty million p\nds by ! "t x rea*$ ! consum]s4 ,( all ?is spl5did food t is obta9$ at our v doors by our own p1 less ?an half is reta9$ = consumption 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,out ( #fjj1jjj tons ( h]r+s l&$ annually 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! w>1 ov] #ejj1jjj 7 export$1 *iefly to ,european c\ntries4 ,h]r+s h a high food value1 & conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( easily dige/$ fat1 & if all ! h]r+s l&$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 consum$ at home1 x w\ld only all[ two h]r+s a week to ea* adult individual 9 all ! population4 ,an increas$ home consumption ( fi%1 w\ld effect a correspond+ sav+ 9 import$ meat4 ,ow+ to ?is rem>kably small home dem& = fi%1 ! fi%]man has _h to dep5d ^u =eign m>kets1 *iefly ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,russia & ! ,levant4 ,! pres5t adv]se rate ( ex*ange ) ^! c\ntries1 & ! increas$ co/ ( fi%+ op]ations1 make x impossible = ! =eign import] to take our fi%1 except on t]ms :i* our fi%]m5 _c consid]4 ,^! m>kets are !re=e clos$1 & unless o!r outlets are f\nd = its produce1 ! indu/ry w be ?reat5$ ) ru94 ,9 #aibj1 ! ,gov]nm5t gu>ante$ ! cure ( h]r+s up to #hhj1jjj b>rels2 un=tunately1 !y 7 only able to dispose ( !m 9 ,european m>kets at a great loss4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 h decid$ ?is ye> 7#aiba7 to )draw _! gu>antee4 ,x w\ld seem t1 9 view ( ! pres5t failure ( ! =eign m>kets1 vigor\s /eps %\ld be tak5 to enc\rage ! consumption ( fi% 9 ?is c\ntry1 & s pres]ve ?is valuable indu/ry f ru94 ,a national s*eme ( developm5t %\ld be inaugurat$1 hav+ = its objects1 7#a7 ! sy/ematic exploitation ( local & p]iodic coa/al fi%]ies2 7#b7 ! discov]y ( me?ods ( pres]v+ = future consumption fi% t _c be dispos$ ( j :5 x is caught2 7#c7 ! education ( ! public to use m freely ! l>ge supplies ( excell5t fi% food t are available at our v doors4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*>act]i/ics ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,fi%es ,fi%es are ! mo/ primitive v]tebrate1 i4e4 backbon$1 creatures kn[n4 ,all reptiles1 birds1 & animals h gradually evolv$ f fi%-l ance/ors by a s]ies ( age-long processes1 ! /ages ( :i* are record$ 9 fossiliz$ rema9s t are f\nd 9 v>i\s rock /rata ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,a fi% lives exclusively 9 wat]4 ,x has no lungs1 b extracts oxyg5 f ! wat] z x passes ov] ! surface ( its gills4 ,in/ead ( limbs1 x has f9s1 ) :i* x balances itself & propels itself ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,its sk9 is ei!r b>e1 e4g4 ! cat fi%1 or is cov]$ ) scales1 e4g4 ! h]r+1 or ) bony plates1 e4g4 ! /urgeon4 ,! sk9 ( c]ta9 %>ks is /udd$ ) m9ute tee? & produces1 :5 cur$1 ! well-kn[n %agre5 lea!r4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! sk9 ( fi%es is lib]ally suppli$ ) small gl&s :i* con/antly produce a lubricat+ mucus4 ,?is mucus greatly r$uces friction betwe5 ! fi% & ! wat] ?r\gh :i* x moves4 ,! body ( a fi% is adapt$ to move swiftly & smoo?ly ?r\gh ! wat]2 x is %ap$ m or less l a torp$o1 b ?is =m is greatly modifi$ 9 diff]5t species4 ,c]ta9 species ( fi% liv+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 = example skates & rays1 h become flatt5$1 z ?\gh by a pressure appli$ v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,o!rs1 = example plaice1 fl\nd]1 sole1 appe> to h be5 flatt5$ sideways4 ,9 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! eel family1 ! body is greatly elongat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! body ( a fi% is g5]ally col\r$ & m>k$ 9 su* a way t x becomes practically invisible :5 se5 f above or bel[1 ! "u-surface be+ silv]y :ite1 & ! upp] surface g5]ally olive or blacki%-gre54 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! mack]el1 ! upp] surface is mottl$1 resembl+ rippl$ wat]4 ,mo/ small fi% 9 ponds & /reams reflect _! surr\nd+s s well1 & are col\r$ & m>k$ 9 su* a way1 t !y are almo/ invisible to ! l>ge fi%1 = example pike1 t prey ^u !m4 ,g5]ally1 !y reveal _! pres5ce by ! fla% ( light reflect$ f above by _! scales1 z !y turn sudd5ly to snap at a morsel ( food4 ,9 ! same way1 _m pr$atory fi%1 e4g4 ! angl] fi%1 resemble _! surr\nd+s s closely t ! fi% = :i* !y are ly+ 9 wait swim )9 easy rea* ( !m )\t p]ceiv+ _! dang]4 ,_m fi%es1 p>ticul>ly 9 tropical wat]s1 are rem>kable = _! bright & gorge\s col\r+4 ,x is impossible to pres]ve ^! col\rs 9 _! natural brightness aft] ! fi% h be5 tak5 f ! wat]1 b among/ ! brightly col\r$ corals1 & anemones & seawe$s1 9 ! cry/al cle> wat] ( _! natural environm5t1 !y flit l gorge\s tropical birds 9 a tropical =e/4 ,di/ribution4 ,fi%es are f\nd 9 practically e ocean1 lake & riv] 9 ! _w1 ) a few notable exceptions1 su* z ! ,dead ,sea1 9 :i* ! conc5tration ( salt is too high4 ,!y appe> to exi/ at all dep?s ( wat]1 & h be5 f\nd 9 ! sea z deep d[n z #b1gbj fa?oms4 ,fi% liv+ at ?is dep? g5]ally possess enorm\s m\?s1 long1 att5uat$1 s(t bodies1 & are equipp$ ) highly develop$ phosphoresc5t organs4 ,! di/ribution ( a p>ticul> species appe>s to dep5d ^u ! sal9ity ( ! wat]1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 ! k9d & quantity ( food available & ! prevail+ int5sity ( sunlight4 ,x is possible to divide fi% into f\r well-def9$ gr\ps1 accord+ to ! sal9ity ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y are f\nd3 7#a7 ,m>9e fi%3 ^? t live always 9 ! sea1 = example h]r+1 haddock1 %>k4 7#b7 ,fre%-wat] fi%3 ^? t live always 9 fre% wat]1 = example c>p1 tr\t1 pike4 7#c7 ,_m fi% live 9 bracki% wat]1 & appe> to be able to accommodate !mselves easily to consid]able *anges 9 sal9ity1 e4g4 /icklebacks1 gobies1 grey mullets & bl5nies4 ,su* species naturally are widely di/ribut$2 ?us1 a p>ticul> k9d ( grey mullet 7,mugil capito7 is f\nd )\t any appreciable diff]5ce 9 =m on ne>ly e coa/ ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 7#d7 ,! f\r? gr\p ( fi% are migratory4 ,"s species1 = example salmon & %ad1 live & develop 9 salt wat]1 b asc5d riv]s to spawn1 i4e4 to lay _! eggs1 9 fre% wat]4 ,o!rs1 su* z eels & c]ta9 pleuronectids1 = example ! fl\nd]1 live & develop 9 fre% wat]1 & desc5d riv]s to ! sea to spawn4 ,_m fre% wat] fi%1 e4g4 tr\t1 =sake ! l>ge /reams 9 ! spr+ & asc5d small brooks1 :]e ! "y c be re>$ 9 great] safety4 ,( ^! diff]5t gr\ps or species1 ! m>9e fi%es are indu/rially by f> ! mo/ important1 = at lea/ two-?irds ( all ! fi% 9 ! _w live 9 ! sea1 & ! capture ( ^! sea-fi% 9 enorm\s quantities con/itutes ! fi%+ indu/ry1 ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,! diff]5t species ( m>9e fi%es c be divid$ into ?ree well-m>k$ gr\ps1 accord+ to _! habits & habitats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,cod 7,gadus morrhua7 ,l5g? up to #e ft42 usually caught at ab\t #c ft4 ,food4--,small cru/aceans1 molluscs1 & "y fi%4 ,range4--,nor? ( ,norway & ,icel& to ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & f ,gre5l& to ,new ,york4 7#a7 ,!re are ! true deep-sea fi%es t live at ! bottom ( ! sea1 = example cod1 haddock1 plaice1 sole4 ,^! are call$ 8dem]sal0 fi%4 ,fi%1 l birds1 inhabit a m$ium t is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,a glance at ! map ( ! _w w %[ t ! ?ree great oceans--,atlantic1 ,indian & ,pacific--are unit$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 ,t]ti>y times1 x is practically c]ta9 t ! ,pacific & ! ,atlantic oceans 7 also unit$ at ,d>i51 & t ! ,m$it]ranean 0 unit$ ) ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f diff]5ces 9 local conditions1 = example ( temp]ature & food supply1 !re is practically no ob/acle to ! _w-wide di/ribution ( any p>ticul> species ( fi%4 ,at ! bottom ( ! sea1 ! temp]ature1 ! food supply1 & ! g5]al conditions ( life are s+ul>ly uni=m all ov] ! _w1 consequ5tly !re are no b>ri]s at all to ! disp]sion ( dem]sal fi%1 & we f9d v>i\s species widely di/ribut$ 9 all seas4 ,dem]sal fi%1 on ! :ole1 are m primitive 9 type ?an ^? t live ne>] ! surface4 ,!y h well-develop$ s5ses ( t\* & smell by means ( :i* !y hunt = _! food4 ,!y diff] m>k$ly 9 /ructure & %ape f surface or %all[-wat] fi%1 _! bodies be+ design$ to resi/ ! great] pressure ( deep wat]4 ,! body is g5]ally lean & is enclos$ by a wall ( muscul> fibre4 ,%all[-wat] fi%1 if introduc$ into deep wat]1 w\ld be cru%$ inw>d by ! pressure4 ,simil>ly1 ! deep-liv+1 dem]sal fi% are unable to accommodate !mselves to %all[ wat] &1 if plac$ 9 x1 soon become unheal?y4 ,a cod floats helplessly on its side :5 plac$ 9 %all[ wat]1 ow+ to ! dilatation ( its swimm+ bladd]4 ,if ! bladd] is prick$ x collapses1 & ! fi% is able to rega9 an upright position4 ,?is is done :5 cod & o!r simil> dem]sal fi% are kept alive 9 sea-wat] tanks on bo>d %ip1 to be deliv]$ to ! m>kets alive4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 fi% are deliv]$ alive to ! %ops4 ,:5 fi%es f great dep?s are br\ght to ! surface1 _! bodies break into pieces ow+ to ! r$uc$ ext]nal pressure1 ! scales />t f _! sk9 & ! eyes f _! sockets4 ,!re are two di/9ct types ( dem]sal fi%3 ! 8r\nd0 & ! 8flat40 ,! body ( a r\nd fi% is m or less circul> 9 cross-section1 = example cod1 :ile t ( a flat fi% is flatt5$1 = example sole1 ray4 ,! mo/ important edible dem]sal fi% c be classifi$ z foll[s-- 7a7 ,! ,gadidae--relat$ to ! cod4 ,cod--inhabits nor!rn wat]s1 notably ! ,nor? ( ,brita91 ,icel& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,l+--inhabits nor!rn wat]s3 ,we/ ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & ,nor? t[>ds ,icel& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,haddock--inhabits nor!rn wat]s4 ,ne>ly half ! total cat* is obta9$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 f ! ,:ite ,sea to ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,:it+--f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,x is m coa/al ?an ! cod or haddock4 ,hake--f\nd f ,norway to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! great] "p ( ! cat* is obta9$ (f ! s\?-we/ ( ,irel&4 ,hake is also caught (f ,morocco & 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 7b7 ,! ,pleuronectidae--relat$ to ! plaice & sole4 ,sole--a %all[-wat] fi%1 common 9 ! ,iri% ,sea1 & p>ticul>ly abundant 9 s\!rn wat]s d[n to ,morocco4 ,plaice--inhabits nor!rn wat]s--all r\nd ,brita9 & ,icel&4 ,fl\nd]--inhabits e/u>ies1 = example1 ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,baltic4 ,halibut--inhabits nor!rn wat]s4 ,x atta9s a l>ge size1 six feet or m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,lemon ,,sole 7,pleuronectes microcephalus7 ,l5g? up to #af ins4 ,food4--,small cru/aceans & worms4 ,range4--,f ,nor? ( ,europe to ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,skate 7,raia batis7 ,l5g? up to #g ft4 ,food4--,cru/aceans & molluscs1 & fi%4 ,range4--,r\nd ! ,briti% ,isles & along ! coa/ ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,turbot--n v abundant4 ,x inhabits ! deep] p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,brill--inhabits s\!rn wat]s1 & is fairly abundant4 7c7 ,! ,radac4 ,skates & rays--f\nd all r\nd ,brita91 m p>ticul>ly ! ,we/]n area ( ! ,engli% *annel4 7#b7 ,! v>i\s species ( fi% t inhabit ! surface wat]s ( ! sea are call$ 8pelagic40 ,!y include ! h]r+1 mack]el1 tunny1 fly+ fi%1 sword fi%1 & _m %>ks1 also v>i\s m>9e mammals1 su* z :ales1 grampuses1 porpoises1 dolph9s4 ,among/ pelagic fi% are includ$ "s ( ! smalle/ 7plankton7 z well z "s ( ! l>ge/ 7:ales7 ( all liv+ creatures4 ,pelagic fi% pass _! :ole life swimm+ at or ne> ! surface4 ,!y ent] ! %all[ wat] (f%ore only = prey or1 9 "s cases1 p]iodically to spawn4 ,! majority spawn 9 ! op5 sea1 f> f l&4 ,unlike dem]sal fi%es1 ! di/ribution ( ! diff]5t species ( pelagic fi%es dep5ds v mu* ^u local conditions ( light1 wat] temp]ature1 & ! "* & quantity ( food available4 ,!y d n hunt _! food individually to ! same ext5t z dem]sal fi%es1 b g5]ally filt] x f ! wat] z x passes ?r\gh _! gill-op5+s4 ,al?\gh n s widely disp]s$ z dem]sal fi%1 !y are1 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 disp]s$ ov] l>ge areas by swimm+ & by ocean curr5ts4 ,all pelagic fi% are 8r\nd40 ,) ! exception ( ! mack]el1 ! important edible pelagic fi%es belong to ! h]r+ family1 & are kn[n z ! ,clupeidae4 ,!y include-- ,h]r+--f\nd f ! ,:ite ,sea to ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,x is ! mo/ abundant ( all food fi%es4 ,sprat--f\nd f ! ,nor? ( ,europe to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,pil*>d--ranges f ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,madeira & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,skipp] 8s>d9es0 are "y h]r+1 pil*>d1 & brisl+4 ,!re is also-- ,mack]el--f\nd f ! ,nor? ,sea to ,madeira & ! ,m$it]ranean4 7#c7 ,! %all[-wat] ( ! sea%ore is inhabit$ by c]ta9 animals 7%ellfi%7 n f\nd else:]e1 includ+ v>i\s mollusca1 e4g4 mussel1 cockle1 oy/] & p]iw9kle1 & cru/acea1 e4g4 lob/]1 crab1 prawn1 %rimp4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are v>i\s species ( immature (f%ore fi%1 e4g4 plaice & dabs4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is %all[1 coa/al wat] are call$ 8littoral0 fi%4 ,! di/ribution ( su* littoral fi% dep5ds n only ^u ! wat] temp]ature & ! am\nt ( light1 b also ^u ! "* ( ! %ore--:e!r x is rocky1 or s(t & s&y--& m especially ^u ! animal & vegetable products ( ! adjac5t l&1 e4g4 plants1 seawe$1 worms4 ,littoral fi% d n swim v f>1 b become scatt]$ inadv]t5tly ov] consid]able di/ances by curr5ts & o!r me*anical means4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,,h]r+ 7,clupea h>5gus7 ,l5g? slightly above #ab ins4 ,food4--,plankton 7copepoda74 ,range4--,f ! ,:ite ,sea to ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( %ellfi%1 = example oy/]s1 mussels1 cockles1 live 9 ! s& or atta*$ to ! /ones or seawe$ on ! sea%ore1 g5]ally betwe5 high & l[ wat]m>ks4 ,!y obta9 _! food f ! wat] z x /reams ov] _! gills4 ,!y require adequate room = gr[? & developm5t1 & con/ant irrigation by wat] conta9+ suffici5t float+ food4 ,:5 mussel b$s or oy/] b$s become ov]cr[d$1 ! fi% are ill-n\ri%$1 _! heal? is impair$ & _! gr[? is arre/$4 ,x has be5 %[n t1 if !y are transf]r$ to new b$s1 _! condition rapidly improves & ultimately !y increase consid]ably 9 size4 ,all edible %ellfi% ne$ sy/ematic c>e & att5tion4 ,_! cultivation by man af=ds ! simple/ in/ance ( an attempt at a sy/ematic aquiculture4 ,food4 ,! surface wat] ( ! sea ab\nds 9 m9ute =ms ( vegetable & animal life4 ,?is va/ float+ population ( microscopic organisms is call$ ! 8plankton40 ,j z man & all l& animals dep5d ultimately = _! food supply ^u grass & o!r gre5-leav$ plants :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 are able to trans=m ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e & ! soil into organic food/uffs--album51 fat1 c>bohydrates--s ! m9ute unicellul> m>9e plants ( ! plankton are able1 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight1 to conv]t ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( _! environm5t into fat1 album5 & c>bohydrate4 ,^u ^! m9ute organisms1 !re=e1 directly or indirectly1 all m>9e life dep5ds4 ,9 addition to ^! m9ute plants1 ! plankton conta9s ne>ly all =ms ( m>9e life at "s /age or o!r ( _! life hi/ory4 ,fi% are only f\nd 9 x z eggs1 or l>vae4 ,cru/acea ( all k9ds are pres5t1 & =m "o ( its mo/ important con/itu5ts4 ,crabs & lob/]s sp5d _! l>val1 free-swimm+ c>e] among ! plankton1 until !y rea* ! adult /age & settle d[n to ! bottom4 ,v>i\s m9ute cru/acea1 kn[n z 8,copepoda0 7lit41 o>-foot$7 sp5d ! :ole ( _! lives drift+ ab\t 9 ! surface wat]4 ,!y occur 9 incr$ibly l>ge numb]s1 & are ! mo/ abundant ( all =ms ( m>9e life4 ,^! copepoda =m ! ma9 s\rce ( ! food ( pelagic fi%1 su* z ! h]r+1 mack]el & sprat4 ,! l>vae ( ! edible molluscs1 oy/]1 mussel1 cockle1 develop 9 ! w>m surface wat] until !y settle to ! bottom & beg9 _! adult life4 ,!re are also _m l>val =ms ( m>9e worms & jellyfi%1 & _m k9ds ( microscopic1 unicellul> organisms1 "s ( :i* are vegetable & o!rs are cle>ly animal4 ,! *ief animal =ms belong ei!r to ! ,infusoria1 ! ,=am9if]a or ! ,radiol>ia4 ,! %ells ( ! two latt] =ms accumulate at ! bottom ( ! sea1 produc+ ! deposits kn[n z ! ,globig]9a & ,radiol>ian oozes4 ,9 ?is way1 *alk deposits 7 =m$ 9 primitive times4 ,! mo/ important vegetable planktonic organisms are ! ,diatoms4 ,_! accumulat$ %ells =m important deep-sea deposits4 ,! num]\s v>ieties ( planktonic life c ?us be divid$ into two gr\ps3 ^? m9ute animal & vegetable organisms t pass ! :ole ( _! exi/5ce at ! surface ( ! sea--! true con/itu5ts ( plankton all ! ye> r\nd--& ! eggs & l>vae ( _m species ( fi% t are f\nd among ! plankton only at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>--notably 9 spr+ & summ]4 ,! quantity ( organic food sub/ances su* z album51 fat & c>bohydrate1 t is conta9$ 9 ! plankton produc$ annually by a giv5 area ( ! sea1 has be5 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( su* sub/ances produc$ by a simil> area ( l& 9 crops su* z pa/ure1 hay1 lup9e & peas4 ,9 ?is way1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! productivity ( ! sea is ab\t #bj p] c5t less ?an t ( av]age l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plankton3 ,,l>vae #a4 ,crab zoea2 #b4 ,fi% egg2 #c4 ,sea ,ur*9 pluteus2 #d4 ,b>nacle nauplius2 #e4 ,fi% l>va2 #f4 ,mussel l>va2 #g4 ,copepod nauplius2 #h4 ,worm l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plankton3 ,,unicellul> ,,organisms #a1 #b1 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,diatoms2 #d1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,p]id9ians #h4 ,an ,algal spore2 #ad4 ,noctiluca2 #ae4 ,a ,radiol>ian4 ,,fig4 #f ,unlike t ( ! l&1 ! productivity ( ! sea is great] 9 cold] latitudes ?an 9 ! tropics4 ,?is some:at unexpect$ fact is attributable to ! action ( d5itrify+ bact]ia :i*1 fl\ri%+ m readily 9 w>m1 tropical wat]s1 effectively r$uce ! am\nt ( available nitrog5 comp\nds 9 ! wat]4 ,9 cold] wat]s1 d5itrify+ bact]ia are less active1 & nitrates & nitrites are available 9 l>g] quantities = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plankton4 ,all ! great fi%]ies ( ! _w are prosecut$ 9 cold or temp]ate seas2 z examples ( ?is we h ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 ! cod fi%]ies ( ,norway1 & ! great trawl+ gr\nds ( ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,all fi%1 dur+ ! l>val /age ( _! developm5t1 fe$ fir/ ^u ! cont5ts ( ! yolk sac :i*1 :5 !y are hat*$1 is atta*$ to _! v5tral surface4 ,:5 ! yolk is absorb$1 ! l>vae fe$ ^u ! microscopic plankton t ab\nd 9 ! wat] on e side4 ,! surface wat]1 ) its w>m temp]ature1 high plankton cont5t & sunlight1 =ms an ideal nurs]y = ! v "y fi% ( all species4 ,dem]sal fi%1 z !y complete ! l>val /age ( _! developm5t & desc5d into deep] wat]1 h to rely = _! food ei!r ^u ! v>i\s species ( "y %ellfi% & cru/acea t drop f ! surface wat] z !y develop1 or hunt = _! food among/ ! small fi%1 mollusca1 cru/acea1 worms & seawe$s ( ! sea-bottom4 ,plaice fe$ *iefly ^u cockles & o!r mollusca1 :i* 9 _! turn fe$ ^u diatoms4 ,! cod is almo/ omnivor\s1 gre$ily dev\r+ small fi%1 cru/acea1 worms or mollusca2 its fav\rite food1 h[ev]1 is %rimps & prawns4 ,^!1 9 _! turn1 fe$ ^u small] inv]tebrates1 = example small jellyfi% & l>val molluscs1 & ^! ^u microscopic plankton4 ,pelagic fi%1 h]r+s & mack]el1 fe$ almo/ entirely ^u ! l>g] plankton1 ma9ly copepoda 7small1 %rimp-l cru/acea74 ,^! may be pres5t 9 ! surface wat] 9 enorm\s quantities at c]ta9 times4 ,9 _m cases1 %oals ( h]r+ or mack]el probably foll[ special sw>ms ( copepoda4 ,mack]el also fe$ ^u "y fi%1 h]mit crabs1 & prawns4 ,) a few notable exceptions1 ! v>i\s species ( dem]sal fi% fe$ ^u small] fi%4 ,?us-- ,! hake1 normally a deep-wat] fi%1 v5tures in%ore 9 pursuit ( h]r+s1 pil*>ds1 mack]el4 ,! l+1 turbot1 brill1 dog fi% live entirely ^u small fi%4 ,! dog fi% sw>ms on c]ta9 fi%+ gr\nds & is (t5 a s]i\s pe/ to ! drift-net fi%]m51 de/roy+ _! nets z well z ! fi% t are atta*$ to !m4 ,! :it+1 l ! cod1 fe$s ^u small fi%1 & ^u cru/acea & mollusca4 ,! food ( ! haddock consi/s ( mollusca1 cru/acea & m>9e worms1 etc4 ,! sole lives on small cru/acea1 = example %rimps1 & m>9e worms4 ,skates & rays fe$ ^u mollusca & cru/acea4 ,mo/ %ellfi% live 9 %all[ wat] & fe$ ^u ! plankton4 ,! me?ods by :i* fi% obta9 _! food diff] greatly accord+ to ! species ( ! fi%4 ,pelagic fi%1 e4g4 h]r+ & mack]el1 sprat & pil*>d1 obta9 _! food almo/ automatically z !y swim op5-m\!d ?r\gh ! wat] 9 :i* x ab\nds4 ,^! direct plankton-fe$]s possess comb-l /ructures--! gill-rak]s--atta*$ beh9d ! gill op5+s1 & z ! food-be>+ wat] /reams ?r\gh ! m\? & gill op5+s ( ! fi%1 ^! /ructures /ra9 ! food f x4 ,! fi% licks ! plankton f its gill-rak]s ) its tongue & swall[s x4 ,_m pelagic fi%1 e4g4 c>p1 tr\t1 salmon1 look = _! food :ile swimm+ ?r\gh ! well-light$ surface wat]4 ,dem]sal fi%--flat fi%1 cod1 haddock1 etc4--seek _! food by sc5t & t\*4 ,! cod possesses a b>bel atta*$ to its *91 by means ( :i* x feels = its food4 ,! ,angl] or ,devil fi% is a curi\s creature1 f ?ree to f\r feet long1 & appe>+ to consi/ almo/ entirely ( head4 ,x has a l>ge m\?1 & tee? t are h+$ s z to admit food1 b prev5t x f escap+4 ,! devil fi% has a long feel] on ! top ( its head1 t]m9at+ 9 a tassel :i*1 mov$ by ! wat]1 attracts ! att5tion ( small fi% & lures !m to _! fate4 ,?is tassel is a s5sory organ &1 :5 x is t\*$ by ! small fi%1 ! angl] fi% snaps upw>ds ) un]r+ aim at a po9t imm$iately 9 advance ( ! tassel4 ,! dog fi% seeks its food exclusively by sc5t4 ,if its s5se ( smell be de/roy$1 x ceases to fe$ spontane\sly4 ,! sole also seeks its food by smell4 ,x is q unable to recognize a worm by sight or t\*1 ev5 :5 hung j above its head1 b feels aimlessly ov] ! gr\nd seek+ x by smell4 ,reproduction4 ,fi% are male & female &1 ) few exceptions1 reproduce _! k9d by lay+ eggs4 ,! numb] ( eggs laid by an individual female fi% dur+ a s+le spawn+ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! species4 ,! av]age numb] ( eggs spawn$ by a s+le female fi% 9 ! c\rse ( "o season1 is-- ,l+ #ah1ejj1jjj ,turbot #h1fjj1jjj ,cod #d1ejj1jjj ,fl\nd] #a1jjj1jjj ,sole #egj1jjj ,haddock #dej1jjj ,plaice #cjj1jjj ,h]r+ #cb1jjj ,%>k ,a few--n m ,dog fi% ?an a doz54 ,skate ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,,h]r+ ,,eggs--#e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,,plankton ,,conta9+ ,,fi% ,,eggs--#c ,! l>ge egg is t ( a plaice3 ! small] ones are cod & :it+4 ,! copepod is a calanus4 ,! eggs ( ! cod1 :it+1 haddock1 fluke1 plaice1 etc41 are relatively small1 v>y+ f #a_/f ( an in* 9 ! case ( a halibut1 to #a_/be ( an in* 9 a fl\nd]4 ,! eggs are dis*>g$ into ! wat] by ! female4 ,?is process takes place gradually1 & g5]ally occupies _m weeks4 ,a few ( ! eggs come to maturity at a "t1 & are extrud$4 ,!y are f]tiliz$ 9 ! wat] by ! sp]matazoa ( ! male1 :i* are dis*>g$ into ! wat] at ! same "t z ! eggs4 ,! fi%1 bo? male & female1 are closely cr[d$ toge!r on ! spawn+ gr\nds1 s t ! f]tilization ( ! eggs is fairly complete4 ,) few exceptions1 ! eggs ( mo/ species are buoyant & float to ! surface1 :]e !y drift 9 ! w>m surface wat] until1 happily1 !y hat*4 ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 a v l>ge proportion ( !m nev] rea* maturity1 =1 ei!r z eggs1 embryos or l>vae1 or po/ l>val "y fi%es1 !y soon fall a prey to m>aud+ fi%4 ,x is e/imat$ t1 ( ! ?irty-two ?\s& eggs laid annually by ea* female h]r+1 n m ?an two rea* maturity4 ,! spawn+ gr\nds ( ! h]r+ are n def9itely kn[n4 ,rese>* is be+ c>ri$ out at pres5t ) a view to solv+ ?is "q4 ,haddock are to be caught 9 v>i\s likely p>ts ( ! sea1 m>k$ ) ! place ( capture1 & _! int]iors exam9$ = h]r+ spawn4 ,c]ta9 dem]sal fi%1 notably %>k1 dog fi% & skate1 deposit a few l>ge1 dem]sal eggs--ab\t a doz5 9 ! ye>--9 a c>efully select$ spot4 ,! incubation p]iod ( ^! eggs is unusually long1 be+ f six mon?s to ov] a ye>1 accord+ to ! species & ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,p>5tal c>e is exhibit$ by v few fi%es 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 al?\gh _m =eign fi% build ne/s & c>e = _! "y1 (t5 c>ry+ !m 9 _! m\?s4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( dog fi% & angel fi% keep _! "y inside _! oviducts until !y are completely =m$4 ,! only notable example ( a fi% common to ,briti% wat]s t ex]cises p>5tal c>e is ! /ickleback4 ,spawn is deposit$ by a numb] ( diff]5t females 9 a ne/ con/ruct$ ( /ones & we$1 & is gu>d$ by a male until all ! eggs are hat*$4 ,! eggs ( ! cru/acea1 = example ! lob/]1 are f\nd atta*$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ! swimm]ets--fea!ry processes t are situat$ und]nea? ! tail4 ,:5 9 ?is condition1 ! lob/] is kn[n z 8b]ri$10 &1 if captur$1 %\ld be return$ to ! sea4 ,! eggs are /icky & are laid :ile ! lob/] lies on h] back1 & s become atta*$ to ! hairs ( ^! fea!ry processes4 ,b]ri$ crabs1 prawns & %rimps may also be obs]v$ on ! sea%ore 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,! mollusca1 e4g4 mussels1 p]iw9kles1 oy/]s1 deposit _! eggs 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,! eggs float to ! surface1 hat* out1 & drift ab\t ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! plankton4 ,! fully develop$ l>vae fall to ! sea bottom & become atta*$ to seawe$ & /ones4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ( fi% eggs v>ies accord+ to ! species ( fi%1 & = ! same species is prolong$ by a l[ temp]ature4 ,plaice eggs1 f]tiliz$ 9 ,janu>y1 hat*$ 9 eighte5 days2 o!rs1 f]tiliz$ 9 ,april1 7 hat*$ 9 n9e days4 ,all fi%1 on em]g+ f ! egg1 ent] ^u a l>val /age 9 :i* !y resemble ea* o!r v closely 7see ,fig4 #a74 7,?us1 ! l>vae ( plaice are q symmetrical1 l ^? ( ! cod or o!r r\nd fi%47 ,! newly hat*$ l>vae drift helpless 9 ! wat] = two or ?ree weeks1 dur+ :i* "t !y subsi/ ^u ! cont5ts ( ! yolk sac1 :i* !y c>ry atta*$ to _! v5tral surface4 ,:5 ?is is exhau/$1 !y fe$ ^u ! microscopic plankton :i* ab\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ! diff]5t species ( flat fi% are gradually assum$ by ! "y fi% dur+ ! p]iod ( _! l>val developm5t4 ,! appe>ance ( a newly-hat*$ "y plaice exhibits little *ange dur+ ! fir/ week or s1 o!r ?an t due to ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! yolk sac4 ,! "y fi% gr[s v sl[ly1 &1 tw5ty-"o days aft] hat*+1 is only #c_/h ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,= ?irty days ! developm5t ( ! "y fi% is entirely symmetrical4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ fifte5 days1 ! %ape & appe>ance ( ! fi% become pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,! left eye gradually moves upw>ds & =w>ds1 until x atta9s its f9al position above & 9 front ( ! "r eye4 ,at ! same "t1 ! fi% gradually acquires a new swimm+ position1 f9ally swimm+ on :at is really its left side4 ,?is left side becomes col\rless4 ,) ^! *anges 9 =m & habit1 !re proce$s a trans=mation 9 ! diet ( ! fi%4 ,at tw5ty-"o days x fe$s ^u ! "y /ages ( v>i\s cru/acea4 ,gradually x acquires a ta/e = copepoda & ! l>vae ( mollusca & cru/acea4 ,aft] its metamorphosis is complete1 x fe$s ^u v>i\s worms1 small %rimps & small1 bottom-liv+ cru/acea4 ,! adult plaice fe$s ^u mollusca ( ! cockle & mussel families4 ,! ,migration ( ,fi%es4 ,fi%es1 l birds1 migrate ov] great di/ances at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is migration occurs j be=e spawn+1 & is evid5tly connect$ directly ) ! spawn+ in/9ct4 ,true m>9e fi%es1 su* z ! h]r+1 haddock1 plaice1 cod1 associate 9 va/ numb]s at spawn+ "t1 *oos+ a locality 9 :i* ! temp]ature & food supply w be fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! "y l>vae4 ,g5]ally1 ! spawn+ gr\nd is 9 deep wat]4 ,! eggs are buoyant1 & drift up to ! w>m surface wat] & hat* out among/ ! plankton4 ,! h]r+ diff]s f mo/ o!r pelagic fi% 9 lay+ its eggs 9 relatively %all[ wat]1 ov] a rocky bottom cov]$ ) seawe$4 ,! eggs are d5s] ?an sea-wat] & are cov]$ ) an adhesive sub/ance1 s t !y s9k to ! bottom & become atta*$ to ! /ones & seawe$4 ,x is at ! "t ( ?is annual migration to ! spawn+ gr\nds t ! fi% are mo/ pr(itably caught1 = n only are !y ga!r$ toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 b1 j be=e spawn+1 ! fat cont5t & g5]al condition ( ! fi%1 & !re=e its food value1 rea* a maximum4 ,aft] spawn+1 ! food value ( ! fi% is at a m9imum1 & rema9s comp>atively l[ until a few mon?s be=e ! next spawn+4 ,! plaice migrates 9 ! autumn f ! fe$+ gr\nds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,sea to ! spawn+ gr\nds ne> ! ,/raits ( ,dov]4 ,spawn+ takes place betwe5 ,decemb] & ,m>*4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] x returns nor?w>ds to ! fe$+ gr\nds 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 ! ,iri% ,sea1 !re are two di/9ct annual migrations ( plaice4 ,! fir/ occurs 9 summ] 7f ,june to ,septemb]71 ! l>g] plaice mov+ f ! w>m]1 %all[ wat] in%ore to ! deep]1 cool] wat]s (f%ore4 ,9 w9t] & spr+1 7f ,octob] to ,may71 ! mature plaice migrate f ,morecambe & ,liv]pool bays to ! spawn+ gr\nd 9 deep wat] to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,d\glas 7,isle ( ,man74 ,9 w9t]1 also 7f ,novemb] to ,janu>y71 a l>ge numb] ( plaice ga!r 9 ,r$ ,:>f ,bay1 (f ! nor? coa/ ( ,anglesey1 probably because x is %elt]$ f ! prevail+ s\?-ea/ w9ds4 ,9 ,febru>y !y comm5ce _! spawn+ migration r\nd ! coa/ ( ,anglesey to ,c>digan ,bay4 ,c]ta9 species ( fi%1 in/ead ( migrat+ f "o "p ( ! sea to ano!r1 migrate f ! sea to riv]s 7anadrom\s71 or f riv]s to ! sea 7katadrom\s74 ,?us1 9 ! spr+ or autumn1 accord+ to species1 ! anadrom\s salmon & %ad asc5d riv]s to spawn4 ,! eggs are deposit$ on clean gravel 9 clean wat]1 :]e !y are likely to rema9 undi/urb$4 ,! salmon does n fe$ :5 9 ! riv]1 & aft] spawn+1 becomes v ?9 & 9 poor condition4 ,! ,alaskan salmon1 f :i* ! bulk ( ,am]ican cann$ salmon comes1 exi/s 9 five species4 ,x has a simil> spawn+ habit to ! ,briti% salmon1 except t ! same species always t5ds to use ! same riv]s4 ,once hav+ spawn$1 ! fi% dies1 s t ! p>5ts nev] see _! (fspr+4 ,! "y l>vae hat* out 9 ! fre% wat] & make _! way to ! sea1 :]e !y pass ! :ole ( _! lives until !y are mature1 "s ye>s lat]1 & !n1 9 _! turn1 asc5d ! riv]s to spawn4 ,eels are normally fre%-wat] fi%4 ,aft] liv+ = six or sev5 ye>s 9 riv]s & ponds & /reams1 !y become mature & migrate to ! sea to spawn4 ,?is spawn+ always takes place 9 deep wat] 7ov] five hundr$ fa?oms71 ! p>ticul> region *os5 dep5d+ ^u ! species4 ,eels f ! ,briti% ,isles & ,nor?-,we/ ,europe spawn 9 deep ,atlantic1 "s hundr$s ( miles we/ ( ,irel&4 ,9 ! autumn1 ! mature eels move d[n ! riv]s to ! sea4 ,:5 approa*+ maturity1 ! yell[i% coat ( ! eel *anges to silv]4 ,^! 8silv]0 eels pass into ! sea & are nev] se5 aga94 ,x is probable t ! eel only spawns once 9 its life & !n dies4 ,! spawn floats to ! surface & hat*es out into curi\s little transp>5t1 leaf-%ap$ l>vae4 ,^! l>vae develop rapidly into elv]s & comm5ce ! return j\rney to ! %ores & riv]s4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! "y eels asc5d ! riv]s 9 enorm\s sw>ms4 ,_m ( !m leave ! riv]s & travel ov] damp gr\nd & grass to isolat$ pools & lakes4 ,x is probable t ! eels t are f\nd 9 ! ,?ames travell$ ov]l& f ! ,sev]n4 ,! ,baltic fl\nd] migrates 9 w9t] f riv]s & e/u>ies to ! op5 sea1 & spawns 9 spr+ 9 deep wat]4 ,x returns 9 ! summ] :5 ! spawn+ is ov]4 ,by obs]v+ ! movem5ts ( m>k$ fi%1 x has be5 %[n t ! fi% move at an av]age rate ( f ?ree to f\r miles p] day4 ,dur+ its seaw>d migration1 ! fl\nd] takes no food1 b uses ! mat]ial /or$ up 9 its tissues = ! developm5t ( its reproductive organs4 ,9 addition to ^! spawn+ migrations1 !re are migrations t are prompt$ by a se>* = food1 or = w>m] or cold] wat]4 ,9 nor!rn & temp]ate seas1 ! surface wat] gr[s w>m] ) ! spr+4 ,?is w>m+ influ5ce spreads nor?w>ds f ! equator1 produc+ :at is kn[n z ! annual wave ( sea temp]ature4 ,a direct result ( ! rise ( temp]ature & ! increas$ sun%9e is a rapid increase 9 ! am\nt & quality ( ! plankton4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t fi% migrate 9 ! wake ( ?is annual wave ( sea temp]ature1 attract$ by ! increas$ food supply1 & possibly1 also1 by ! w>m] wat]4 ,! mack]el is a s\!rn fi%1 & pref]s ! w>m wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,we/ ,african coa/4 ,9 spr+1 z ! wave ( ris+ sea temp]ature travels nor?w>ds1 x migrates to ! ,engli% ,*annel & ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,?is migration is (t5 directly associat$ ) ! pres5ce1 9 l>ge quantities at t season1 ( a p>ticul> k9d ( copepod 9 ! surface wat] ( ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,_m m>9e creatures1 rang+ f deep-sea fi% liv+ 9 ! d>k abysses ( ! ocean to v>i\s species ( ! m9ute plankton drift+ 9 ! surface wat]1 possess phosphoresc5t organs1 :i* emit light ( l[ int5sity simil> to t ( a gl[-worm & firefly4 ,9 _m cases ! light appe>s to possess "s important function1 & highly specializ$ organs are develop$4 ,9 su* cases ! light is only emitt$ 9 response to "s /imulus--?us1 ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! surface wat] ( ! sea1 :5 di/urb$ by ! blade ( an o>1 is due to ! di/urbance ( myriads ( m9ute planktonic organisms1 equipp$ ) phosphoresc5t organs1 ei!r protozoa or protophyta2 _m pelagic copepods are phosphoresc5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 phosphoresc5ce appe>s to be a m or less accid5tal by-product ( "s o!r process1 & ( little or no significance4 ,! sub/ance :i* produces ! gl[ is conta9$ 9 ! slimy secretion produc$ by ! epid]mal gl&s ( ! fi%1 &1 z phosphoresc5ce c only occur 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 x is evid5t t ! light is produc$ by ! sl[ oxidation ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! col\r ( ! light emitt$ by m>9e organisms is g5]ally blue or light gre51 b r$ & lilac also h be5 obs]v$4 ,! di/ribution & col\r ( ! light or lights produc$ by individual fi% v>y ) ! diff]5t species4 ,9 _m cases x w\ld appe> t ^! po9ts ( light provide ! means by :i* fi% recognize ea* o!r 9 ! d>k dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,"s fi%es possess highly develop$ phosphoresc5t organs kn[n z photophores1 consi/+ ess5tially ( a gr\p ( gl& cells t secrete ! phosphoresc5t fluid4 ,^! organs are g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 r[s along ! sides & v5tral surface ( ! fi%4 ,"s fi%es possess m complex & highly develop$ organs conta9+1 9 addition to ! gl& cells1 a sy/em ( blood vessels & n]ves1 a transp>5t1 protect+ membrane & reflector1 an iris-l diaphragm & a l5s4 ,^! m complex organs are g5]ally l>g] & less num]\s ?an ! simpl] ones4 ,possibly !y are us$ to se>* =1 or to attract1 prey4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( decay+ fi% & meat is due to ! pres5ce on ! fi% or meat ( c]ta9 bact]ia ( putrefaction1 :i* are !mselves phosphoresc5t4 ,:5 se5 "u ! microscope1 ! individual bact]ia appe> z %9+ po9ts ( light4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fi%+ ,fi% may be captur$ ) spe>1 trap1 l9e or net4 ,:i* ( ^! me?ods is employ$ necess>ily dep5ds v mu* ^u ! size & habits ( ! fi%1 & ^u ! skill & available equipm5t ( ! fi%]m54 ,spe>s & traps 7 us$ 9 prehi/oric times & survive to ?is day 9 v>i\s =ms1 e4g4 h>poons1 lob/] pots1 h$ge baulks1 fi%+ weirs & ! v>i\s +5i\s traps & entanglem5ts t are us$ by primitive races 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! logical developm5t ( ! spe> & ! trap into ! l9e & ! net 0 made possible by ! inv5tion ( /r+4 ,to design & con/ruct a trap1 x is g5]ally necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! habits ( ! fi% to be caught4 ,h$ge-baulks & fi%+ weirs are fairly ext5sive enclosures made ( bru%wood1 basket "w1 /akes or /ones1 con/ruct$ on ! =e%ore 9 su* a way t at high tide ! sea c>ries ! fi% into ! enclosure & leaves !m !re :5 x rec$es4 ,^! fi%+ weirs are probably ! primitive orig9 ( mo/ =ms ( fi%+ nets4 ,! crab or lob/] pot or creel is con/ruct$ ( basket-"w1 9 %ape some:at l a safety inkpot1 s t ! lob/] or crab c easily ent] x1 b1 once 91 is unable to escape4 ,lob/] pots1 suitably bait$ ) fi% & weight$1 are di/ribut$ ov] ! fi%+ gr\nd--a rocky bottom full ( crevices--f small1 op5 boats1 & are ga!r$ ! next day4 ,fi%+ ) hook & l9e is also a v anci5t me?od4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( metals1 ! hooks 7 made ( bone4 ,"s p--notably ! ,*9ese--frequ5tly use unbait$ hooks1 & rely ^u ! j]k ( ! hook at ! "r mom5t to secure ! fi%4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! hook is suitably bait$1 ! me?od be+ us$ *iefly = fi% t seek _! food by sc5t or sight1 e4g4 cod & %>k4 ,l9e fi%+ = cod is /ill employ$ on a l>ge scale (f ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& & ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,9 l9+1 ! fi% are caught individually4 ,a 8l9e0 may be z mu* z sev5 miles long4 ,%ort pieces ( l9e f two to ?ree feet long are atta*$ to x at regul> int]vals4 ,^! l9es are call$ ! 8snoods10 & c>ry ! hooks4 ,! l9e is usually %ot at night1 & fi%$ 9 ! morn+4 ,9 mo/ cases l9e fi%+ is rapidly be+ sup]s$$ by trawl+4 ,! inv5tion ( nett+ m>k$ a notable advance 9 ! primitive developm5t ( ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,! net 9 all its v>i\s =ms & applications is ! *>act]i/ic & all-important implem5t ( ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,a net may be us$ ei!r to surr\nd a fi% & drag x out ( ! wat]1 z 9 se9+ or trawl+1 or x may be us$ to enme% ! fi%1 z 9 drift nett+4 ,! rise & developm5t ( ! sea fi%+ indu/ry has be5 due v l>gely to ! gradually improv$ effici5cy ( ! net4 ,nets 7 orig9ally us$ on ! %ore4 ,a long /rip ( nett+ 0 atta*$ to upright /akes1 to =m an enclosure ) an op5+ t[>ds ! sea1 con/ruct$ l a fi%+ weir 9 su* a way t ! fi% ent] ! enclosure at high tide & are unable to escape4 ,su* devices con/ruct$ on %ore are kn[n z 8fix$ eng9es02 !y include /ake nets1 poke nets1 /ream nets & purse nets4 ,! net may simply =m ! wall ( an enclosure 7/ake net74 ,?is enclosure may be furni%$ ) a pocket at "o corn] 7poke net74 ,x may consi/ ess5tially ( "o long1 deep pocket kept op5 by r+s or /akes at int]vals 7purse & hose nets74 ,x may be simply a wall ( nett+ into :i* ! fi% ?ru/ _! heads2 ow+ to _! gill op5+s !y are unable to )draw & s become entangl$ 7/ream net74 ,! fir/ developm5t ( a movable net 0 ! se9e or drag net4 ,! se9e is a semi-circul> drag net1 :i* is %ot 9 %all[ wat] s z to enclose an area ( wat] close to ! %ore4 ,x is !n haul$ a%ore1 & ga!rs up ! fi% t are 9 ! enclos$ area ( wat]4 ,su* a net is limit$ to in%ore use4 ,g5]ally1 a l9e is atta*$ to ea* end ( ! net4 ,! free end ( "o ( ^! l9es is made fa/ to ! %ore by a /ake1 & ! net is paid out f a small boat4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ! net has be5 paid out1 ! boat travels r\nd until ! net =ms a semi-circle ( :i* ! diamet] is p>allel to ! %ore2 ! net is !n haul$ 94 ,! se9e net 0 us$ 9 anci5t times by ,pho5icians1 ,greeks1 & o!r ,m$it]ranean peoples4 ,v>i\s types ( se9es are 9 common use to-day4 ,9 ,d5m>k a se9e net is employ$ to cat* eels & plaice4 ,on ! ,corni% coa/ pil*>ds are caught ) a l>ge se9e up to two hundr$ fa?oms long & eight fa?oms deep4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a se9e is us$ 9 wat] ( any dep? to cat* mack]el4 ,r+s are atta*$ to ! foot-rope ( ! net1 & by pass+ a l9e ?r\gh ^! r+s & draw+ x tight1 ! net is trans=m$ into a b[l ( nett+4 ,?is is call$ ! purse se9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,,trawl+ 7circa #agej7 ,! se9e 0 fir/ improv$ by ! addition ( a pocket at its c5tre4 ,!n ! sides or w+s 7 gradually l5g!n$1 until f9ally x develop$ into a deep1 conical1 bag-%ap$ net1 furni%$ ) long arms or w+s4 ,?is 0 dragg$ along ! bottom1 beh9d a boat 9 full sail4 ,! net 0 weight$ & its m\? kept op5 by atta*+ its upp] edge to a beam ( wood 7beam trawl74 ,:5 ! net 0 full ( fi%1 x 0 run a%ore4 ,ultimately1 in/ead ( draw+ ! net a%ore1 ! fi%]m5 rema9$ at sea & haul$ ! net on bo>d ) a w9*4 ,9 ?is way ! se9e net gradually develop$ into ! trawl net4 ,! trawl net m>k$ a big improvem5t1 = x c\ld be fi%$ 9 deep] wat] fur!r f %ore1 & ?us greatly increas$ ! scope ( fi%+ op]ations1 & l$ to ! rapid gr[? & improvem5t ( dem]sal fi%+4 ,trawl+ is said to h be5 inv5t$ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! ,brixham fi%]m54 ,! fir/ trawl]s 7 q small vessels1 & 7 foll[$ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ! smack4 ,! smack rea*$ its maximum size & effici5cy at ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! smacks t are /ill fi%+ f ,brixham--durable1 seawor?y1 & ) beautiful l9es--are probably a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,9 #ahgj1 !re 7 a ?\s& fir/-class smacks 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ?ree hundr$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & ov] a hundr$ 9 ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,! smacks 7 fitt$ ) a tank 9 ! well ( ! %ip1 9 :i* ! fi% 7 kept 9 sea-wat] & br\ght 9 alive4 ,9 ,d5m>k to-day1 plaice are br\ght a%ore & sold alive4 ,! subsequ5t developm5t ( trawl fi%+ has be5 9 ! con/ruction ( l>g] nets1 work$ by m p[]ful trawl+ vessels driv5 by /eam4 ,! size ( beam trawl t c be work$ by a l>ge sail+ smack is limit$ by ! trawl+ p[] ( ! vessel1 & also by ! difficulty ( con/ruct+ & h&l+ v long beams4 ,! maximum l5g? ( beam 9 g5]al use by sail+ smacks is fifty feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! net1 f its m\? to ! n>r[ ( 8cod0 end1 r>ely exce$s a hundr$ feet4 ,to ea* end ( ! beam is atta*$ a triangul> trawl-head ( iron1 :i* moves along ! gr\nd & s]ves to keep ! beam ab\t ?ree & a half feet above ! gr\nd4 ,^! trawl cros%eads are atta*$ to ! %ip by bridles & w>p4 ,! upp] edge ( ! net is atta*$ to ! beam1 ! l[] edge be+ atta*$ to a /\t rope--! foot-rope--! ends ( :i* are made fa/ to ! cros%eads4 ,?is foot-rope1 be+ consid]ably long] ?an ! beam1 sweeps along ! gr\nd abaft ( ! beam1 to =m a deep curve kn[n z ! 8bosom0 ( ! net4 ,! result is t1 :5 ! foot-rope di/urbs ! fi% s t !y leap to avoid x1 ! beam has pass$ on ov]head & !y leap into ! net4 ,pockets are =m$ 9 ! sides ( ! net by lac+ ! top & bottom toge!r = ab\t two-?irds ( ! di/ance f ! m\? ( ! net t[>ds ! cod end4 ,! m\? ( a pocket is at ! cod end ( ! net1 s t fi% rea*+ ! cod end & attempt+ to return to ! m\? ( ! net1 g5]ally ent] ! pockets4 ,a flap ( nett+ susp5d$ "s di/ance inside ! m\? ( ! net s]ves z a valve4 ,x is easily lift$ by ! incom+ fi%1 b t5ds to prev5t _! escape4 ,! nett+ is ( hemp1 ! me% gradually increas+ f "o in* at ! cod end to ab\t two in*es ne> ! m\?1 & is pres]v$ ) t>4 ,:5 fi%+1 ! vessel moves ahead at a /eady1 sl[ rate ( f two to ?ree miles p] h\r1 dragg+ ! trawl beh9d x4 ,smacks always trawl ) ! tide4 ,if !y trawl aga9/ ! tide1 ! net is lift$ f ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ fi%+ ! cod end is clos$ by ! cod l9e1 b at ! conclusion ( ! trawl ! net is hoi/$ abo>d1 m\? upw>ds1 & ! cont5ts are dis*>g$ ^u ! deck by draw+ ! cod l9e4 ,! ott] trawl t is us$ by mod]n /eam trawl]s is f sev5ty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet wide across ! m\?1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! fi%+1 & a hundr$ & t5 feet long f ! m\? to ! cod end4 ,! ott] trawl is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,x diff]s f ! beam trawl 9 t its m\? is kept op51 n by be+ atta*$ to a beam1 b by ott] bo>ds1 :i* are atta*$ "o to ea* side ( ! m\? ( ! net4 ,^! are atta*$ to ! net & to ! w>ps by :i* ! net is t[$ 9 su* a way t ! pressure ( ! wat] ^u !m causes !m to div]ge1 ?us keep+ ! m\? ( ! net op54 ,! size ( a beam trawl is necess>ily limit$ by ! l5g? ( beam obta9able4 ,! size ( ! ott] trawl1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly only limit$ by ! p[] ( ! /eam trawl]4 ,! ott] bo>ds measure #aa ft4 by #d ft4 #f ins41 are %od ) iron1 & weigh #ae cwts4 ea*4 ,! w>ps1 z ! ropes are call$ :i* atta* ! ott] bo>ds to ! %ip1 are f ?ree hundr$ to a ?\s& fa?oms long--g5]ally a little ov] ?ree times z long z ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! trawl is to be us$4 ,ea* bo>d is atta*$ to ! /eam] by a sep>ate w>p4 ,! upp] edge ( ! m\? ( ! net is atta*$ to a /rong rope1 call$ ! 8head0 rope4 ,! l[] edge ( ! m\? ( ! net is also atta*$ to a /rong rope1 call$ ! 8foot0 rope4 ,z 9 ! beam trawl1 ! foot rope is consid]ably long] ?an ! head l9e1 & =ms a bosom4 ,traps & pockets also are ins]t$ 9 ! sides ( ! net4 ,:5 trawl+ on r\gh gr\nd1 ! foot rope is furni%$ ) l>ge1 heavy1 wood5 roll]s1 call$ ! 8bobb9s40 ,trawl fi%+1 until q rec5tly1 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to dem]sal fi%1 su* z cod1 plaice1 haddock & halibut4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 consid]able quantities ( h]r+ h be5 caught by trawl]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,,drift+ 7circa #agej7 ,drift+4 ,! drift net is ess5tially a completely subm]g$1 v]tical curta9 ( nett+1 "o end ( :i* is atta*$ to a boat call$ a drift]4 ,! net ext5ds 9 a /raight l9e f ! boat1 & may be z mu* z ?ree miles long4 ,unlike ! trawl net1 ! drift net g5]ally cat*es "o k9d ( fi% only--ei!r h]r+ or mack]el--drift net fi%+ be+ c>ri$ on at a "t :5 ^! fi% come toge!r 9 %oals ne> ! surface = ! purpose ( spawn+4 ,! trawl obvi\sly only captures fi% liv+ at ! bottom4 ,at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 x captures all ! fi% at ! bottom1 :e!r immature1 or useless /> fi%1 etc4 ,! drift net1 on ! o!r h&1 is g5]ally us$ = a p>ticul> k9d ( fi%--h]r+1 mack]el1 sprat--& only cat*es fi% above a c]ta9 size4 ,a drift] may be z mu* z #ij ft4 long1 ) #bj ft4 beam & #aj ft4 draught4 ,its =ema/ is s con/ruct$ t x may be l[]$ :5 ! vessel is /eam+ aga9/ a head w9d1 or :5 x is fi%+4 ,! ord9>y sail+ drift] is rapidly be+ sup]s$$ by ! /eam drift]1 p>tly because ! great] p[] ( ! /eam driv5 boat increases its capacity & scope1 &1 fur!r1 ow+ to ! c5tralization ( ! indu/ry at a few big ports at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 ^! h>b\rs are s cr[d$ t x is almo/ impossible to h&le a sail+ drift] 9 !m4 ,_m ( ! l>g] sail+ drift]s h be5 equipp$ ) petrol eng9es :i* l>gely disc\nt ?is disadvantage4 ,a /eam drift] c travel at f #aa to #ab knots1 & bo? /eam]s & sail]s c>ry a fi%+ crew ( sev5 m5 & a boy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,a ,,s+le-,,boat] ,,at ,,folke/one ,in%ore ,fi%]ies4 ,! developm5t ( /eam fi%+--trawl+ & drift+--has result$ 9 ! re-gr\p+ ( ! fi%+ indu/ry into two well-m>k$ divisions4 ,fi%]ies1 :e!r trawl+1 drift+ or l9+1 t are c>ri$ on 9 deep wat] f> f %ore 9 l>ge /eam]s1 = ! mo/ "p own$ by limit$ liability companies1 are kn[n z (f%ore fi%]ies4 ,! fi%]ies ( ! sea%ore1 c>ri$ on by small1 privately-own$1 sail+ smacks & cutt]s )9 t]ritorial wat]s1 are di/+ui%$ by ! t]m 8in%ore fi%]ies40 ,! in%ore fi%]ies are ma9ly = %ellfi%1 crabs1 lob/]s1 %rimps & immature deep sea fi% su* z plaice1 soles1 fl\nd]s1 dabs1 codl+ & sprats4 ,%rimps & :it+ are caught ) trawl nets ( #be ft4 beam or less1 & ( ab\t #a_/d 94 me%4 ,! net is g5]ally drawn beh9d a small cutt]1 b frequ5tly x is us$ 9 %all[ wat] ) a horse & c>t4 ,^! nets are g5]ally made ( flax or cotton1 & are ei!r tann$ or t>r$1 9 ord] to pres]ve !m4 ,small]1 f9e-me%$1 trawl nets are us$ = cat*+ %rimps & also immature plaice1 soles & dabs4 ,^! %rimp nets are ei!r atta*$ to a long h&le & pu%$ ?r\gh ! wat] 9 front ( ! fi%]man 7pu% nets71 or drawn beh9d a small boat or a horse & c>t 7trawl nets74 ,l>g] fi% are sometimes caught 9 %all[ wat] by ca/+ a net ov] ! fi% s z to enclose x 7ca/ nets74 ,! fi%]man ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean uses a ca/ net ) conspicu\s skill4 ,! net is ess5tially a circul> disc ( nett+1 to ! circumf]5ce ( :i* small weights are atta*$ at regul> int]vals4 ,a cord is atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! net1 & ! fi%]man1 /&+ knee-deep 9 ! wat]1 grasps ! net by its c5tre1 sw++ x r\nd 8 head1 & ca/s x s t z x approa*es ! wat] x op5s out1 & ) a s(t spla% s9ks ?r\gh ! wat] until x lies out/ret*$ ov] ! fi%4 ,x is !n drawn up by ! /r+ atta*$ to its c5tre1 & ! weight$ edges fall toge!r enclos+ ! fi%4 ,fi% are (t5 caught on %ores & 9 riv]s by caus+ !m to pass betwe5 conv]g+ walls ( /akes or basket "w1 until !y ent] an enclosure1 ! floor ( :i* is cov]$ by a net4 ,:5 ! fi% h ga!r$ 9 ! enclosure1 ! net is pull$ up4 ,! simple/ =m ( in%ore fi%]y is t = p]iw9kles1 9 :i* !y are simply pick$ (f ! rock4 ,mussels live on ! sea bottom1 on ! l[] half ( ! =e%ore4 ,!y g5]ally atta* !mselves to a /one by a ?read4 ,!y are usually collect$ at l[ tide by h& or1 :5 subm]g$1 are rak$ f ! bottom4 ,! rake is f #b to #c ft4 wide1 & is furni%$ ) tee? #aj ins4 long1 ! back ( ! rake be+ cov]$ ) nett+4 ,sometimes ! mussels are subm]g$ ev5 at l[ wat] & !n a %ort rake is us$4 ,cockles live ab\t an in* or s bel[ ! surface ( ! s&1 & ma9ta9 a connection ) ! wat] above by means ( small tunnels 9 ! s&4 ,!y occur abundantly 9 _m places betwe5 high & l[ wat]m>k4 ,:5 ! cockles are abundant !y are rak$ out ( ! s&1 ! rake be+ f #aj ins4 to #a ft4 wide1 ) tee? #a 94 long4 ,! cockles are riddl$1 ! small ones be+ reject$4 ,:5 ! cockles d n exi/ 9 su* l>ge numb]s1 !y are obta9$ by means ( a 8jumbo40 ,?is is ess5tially a block ( wood1 #c or #d ft4 long1 & #a ft4 wide1 furni%$ ) two upright h&les4 ,! jumbo is rock$ to & fro on ! surface ( ! s&1 ) ! result t ! cockles are gradually work$ up to ! surface4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,h]r+ ,,fi%+ ,,indu/ry ,h]r+s ab\nd 9 ! wat]s r\nd ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita94 ,ord9>ily !y are widely scatt]$ 9 deep wat]1 b at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> !y come toge!r 9 %oals 9 ! w>m] wat] ne> ! surface = ! purpose ( spawn+4 ,x is at ?is "t t !y are ( greate/ value = food purposes &1 be+ ga!r$ toge!r 9 %oals1 are mo/ economically caught4 ,! h]r+ may spawn at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f all o!r ,briti% m>9e food fi%es4 ,mo/ ,briti% caught h]r+s spawn dur+ ,septemb] & ,autumn4 ,v little spawn+ takes place dur+ late w9t] & spr+1 i4e4 j aft] m9imum sea temp]ature4 ,ea* local race 7or species7 appe>s to spawn at a con/ant "t ( ! ye>4 ,! date ( ! annual spawn+1 & h5ce ! h]r+ fi%+ season1 v>ies f po9t to po9t r\nd ! coa/4 ,h]r+s caught at diff]5t places %[ well-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 appe>ance & quality1 :i* are evid5tly due to diff]5ces 9 species & fe$+ gr\nd4 ,! food value ( ! h]r+ w dep5d also ^u ! "t ( ! ye> at :i* spawn+ occurs4 ,?us1 9 ! ,iri% ,sea1 !re are two races ( h]r+s--! ,manx & ! ,wel%4 ,! ,manx h]r+ spawns 9 summ] 7,septemb]71 & is ri* 9 fat2 ! ,wel% h]r+ spawns 9 w9t] 7,novemb] & ,decemb]71 & is poor 9 fat4 ,h]r+s are fir/ caught (f ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,scotl& 9 ! wat]s r\nd ! ,hebrides4 ,?is fi%+ beg9s 9 ! middle ( ,may1 its *ief c5tre be+ ,/orn[ay4 ,9 e>ly ,june h]r+s are caught 9 ! wat]s r\nd ! ,orkneys & ,%etl&s1 & !n 9 succession (f ,wick1 ,fras]burgh & ,pet]head1 & ! ,nor?umb]l& coa/ 7,eyem\?1 ,b]wick & ,sea ,h\ses74 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,july ! h]r+ fi%]y season beg9s at ,bly? & ,%ields1 & at ,sc>bor\gh & ,grimsby t[>ds ! end ( ,july4 ,at ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t x beg9s e>ly 9 ,octob]4 ,! la/ h]r+s to be caught 9 ,briti% wat]s are caught r\nd ,devon & ,cornwall 9 ,decemb]4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( h]r+ obta9$ at diff]5t places1 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ fi% are ^? caught 9 ,d[n+s ,bay (f ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 ,ca/le ,bay (f ! ,isl& ( ,b>ra 9 ! ,s\? ,hebrides1 & (f ! ,%etl&s4 ,h]r+s diff] v mu* 9 _! suitability = h&l+1 keep+ & cur+4 ,mo/ h]r+s h a small gut :i* is easily remov$ )\t s]i\sly damag+ ! body ( ! fi%4 ,bly? & ,%ields h]r+s1 h[ev]1 are v ri* & fat1 & h a specially big1 di/5d$ gut4 ,su* h]r+s are difficult to clean because1 :5 ?is l>ge gut is remov$1 ! belly ( ! fi% is s t5d] t x is (t5 brok54 ,h]r+s caught (f ^! ports are fat & oily1 s t _m are l&$ 9 a brok5 condition4 ,! ,y>m\? h]r+ is firm & h>d1 & is ! be/ adapt$ = h&l+ & cur+4 ,unlike t ( ! cod1 ! fle% ( ! h]r+ is v ri* 9 oil & fat4 ,! body fle% ( ! h]r+ consi/s ess5tially ( two well-develop$ lay]s ( adipose tissue1 alt]nat+ ) two lay]s ( muscul> tissue4 ,! fat 9 ?is adipose tissue is v liquid & oily1 & t5ds to make ! fi% t5d]4 ,! actual am\nt ( body fat v>ies widely ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x gradually rises to a maximum be=e spawn+ takes place1 & dim9i%es slightly be=e spawn+ & aft]w>ds rapidly to a m9imum4 ,?us1 ! fat cont5t ( ,manx summ] h]r+s is ab\t #b p] c5t dur+ ! w9t]1 & rises rapidly 9 ,june & ,july1 until 9 ,augu/1 j be=e spawn+1 x is ov] #cj p] c5t4 ,! h]r+ has a small liv] :i* also conta9s "s oil4 ,fi%+ is c>ri$ out ) drift]s4 ,practically all drift]s to-day are /eam-driv51 al?\gh rec5tly a numb] ( motor-driv5 drift]s h come into use4 ,motor-driv5 drift]s are mo/ly sail+ boats conv]t$4 ,ea* drift] c>ries a crew ( sev5 m51 includ+ ! skipp] & eng9e]4 ,! boats are l>gely privately own$ & ! crew "w on a %>e basis4 ,a numb] ( boats are own$ by companies4 ,! boats f ! v>i\s fi%+ ports "w r\nd ! coa/1 foll[+ ! fi%+ f port to port4 ,at ,y>m\? dur+ ! fi%]y season !re are ab\t #a1bjj drift]s f ne>ly all ! fi%+ ports r\nd ! coa/4 ,/orn[ay1 ,wick1 ,fras]burgh1 ,pet]head1 ,ab]de51 ,b]wick1 ,:itby1 & ,y>m\? are all well repres5t$4 ,ea* boat c>ries f #gj to #hj nets4 ,! nets are approximately #a 94 me%4 ,ea* net is ess5tially a long rectangul> curta91 hang+ v]tically 9 ! wat]4 ,its upp] edge1 :i* is ab\t #ee yds4 long1 is buoy$ up by ab\t #hj to #hd corks di/ribut$ equidi/antly along x f end to end4 ,! net is ab\t #f yds4 wide4 ,ea* net hangs ) its upp] edge ab\t #b fa?oms bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 be+ atta*$ at ea* corn] to two pellets or bladd]s1 resembl+ l>ge footballs1 & s]v+ z floats4 ,fi%+ nets & sails are (t5 coat$ ) w>m gelat9e1 & !n imm]s$ 9 a /rong solution ( tann94 ,?is r5d]s ! gelat9e insoluble & pres]ves ! nets aga9/ ! attacks ( de/ructive organisms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,,h]r+ ,,drift] ,:5 fi%+1 ! boat takes up a position /]n on to ! tide4 ,! nets are paid out ov] ! b[ & connect$ up 9 l9e1 & c>ri$ by ! tide till !y =m "o long l9e1 "o end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! drift]4 ,! position ( ! nets is indicat$ by ! l9e ( bladd] floats4 ,! fi% swim aga9/ ! nets1 pu% _! heads ?r\gh1 & !n1 ow+ to _! gill op5+s1 f9d t !y _c )draw _! heads1 & 9 ?is way are caught 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,g5]ally1 fi%+ goes on all night1 & 9 ! morn+ ! nets are haul$ 91 &1 toge!r ) ! atta*$ fi%1 are ?r[n into ! hold situat$ amid%ips4 ,! drift]s !n return ) all possible spe$ to ! fi% :>f4 ,:ile ! boats are return+ to port1 ! m5 draw ! nets f ! hold & %ake !m free f any entangl$ fi%4 ,:5 ! drift] rea*es port1 %e moors alongside ! fi% :>f1 b[ on1 & unloads h] c>go ( fi%1 us+ h] d]rick ma/4 ,! fi% are unload$ 9 a r\nd basket :i* is /amp$ by ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d's (fic] z hold+ a qu>t] ( a 8cran40 ,! ^w 8cran0 is d]iv$ f ! 8cr[n0 br&$ by ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d's (fic] on ea* ( ! two wood5 %afts 9 ! basket4 ,! cran is ! measure :i* is univ]sally us$ 9 ! trade4 ,at ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t orig9ally h]r+s 7 c\nt$ out & sold by ! 8la/40 ,a cran av]ages f #ijj to #a1jjj h]r+s & weighs approximately #c cwts4 ,a 8la/0 equals t5 crans1 & orig9ally consi/$ ( #ac1bjj h]r+s1 c\nt$ out4 ,?is me?od1 ( c\rse1 0 too sl[ & has n[ be5 ab&on$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,,cur+ ,,y>d ,,at ,,y>m\? ,! h]r+s1 z !y are remov$ f ! %ip1 are put into special baskets call$ 8swills10 ea* swill hold+ half a cran4 ,! swills conta9+ ! day's cat* are arrang$ 9 r[s on ! fi% :>f1 opposite ea* drift]4 ,x is a great sight to see ab\t f\r or five hundr$ drift]s ly+1 b[ on1 alongside ! fi% :>f = ab\t #b-a_/b miles1 all unload+ fi% z fa/ z !y c4 ,a good day's cat* w\ld consi/ ( ab\t #ij crans4 ,a good cat*1 !re=e1 w\ld av]age ab\t #ajj1jjj h]r+s1 & w\ld weigh ab\t #ac tons4 ,"s boats come 9 ) z _m z #afj crans ( fi%1 & ! total 8cranage0 = a day may exce$ #cj1jjj4 ,! total cat* = ,y>m\? on a good day w\ld be ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj h]r+s1 weigh+ ab\t #d1jjj tons4 ,sometimes :5 ! cat* has be5 poor1 ! drift]s rema9 out on ! fi%+ gr\nds = ano!r day1 r ?an come home ) a small cat*4 ,9 ?is case1 ! two cat*es are kept sep>ate1 ! fir/ cat* be+ call$ 8ov]days40 ,ov]days are wor? ab\t half ! price ( fre% fi% & are1 ( c\rse1 less suitable = high grade cur+4 ,aft] x has be5 pur*as$ by ! cur]1 ! fre% h]r+ may develop into a salt$ h]r+1 a r$ h]r+1 a bloat]1 or a kipp]1 dep5d+ ^u ! degree ( salt+ & smok+ to :i* x is subject$4 ,h]r+s are sometimes put into cold /orage1 to be )drawn subsequ5tly z occasion dem&s1 ei!r to be salt$ or1 m frequ5tly1 to be consum$ fre%4 ,cold /orage af=ds a conv5i5t me?od ( pres]v+ h]r+s :5 !re is a glut1 = at su* times x is (t5 impossible to deal ) ! h]r+s adequately 9 ! ord9>y cur+ y>ds4 ,salt$ ,h]r+s4 ,! fre% h]r+s are deliv]$ to ! cur]'s y>ds4 ,"h1 ! fi% are empti$ into broad1 %all[ tr\ghs1 :i* g5]ally run f end to end ( ! y>d4 ,! tr\ghs are ab\t #d ft4 wide1 & are g5]ally made ( wood & arrang$ at a conv5i5t work+ height4 ,usually1 ! tr\gh is situat$ j inside ! b\nd>y wall1 & ! fi% are deliv]$ into x ?r\gh l>ge op5+s 9 ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,scotti% ,,fi%] ,,girls ,! fi% are gutt$ & salt$ by ,scotti% girls--_m ( !m f ! ,hebrides--:o come to ,y>m\? & o!r places 9 ! season = ?is purpose4 ,^! girls are all br\ght up 9 ,scotti% villages1 & are extraord9>ily exp]t 9 all ! op]ations connect$ ) ! clean+ & salt+ ( ! fi%4 ,!y "w 9 crews ( ?ree1 & take v good c>e t ea* memb] ( ! crew is a good work]1 z !y are paid accord+ to ! am\nt ( "w !y d4 ,ea* girl receives #bes4 a week z a k9d ( subsi/5ce all[ance1 & is paid #as4 a b>rel = ! "w %e does4 ,z ! fi% are deliv]$ into ! gutt+ tr\gh1 !y are lib]ally spr9kl$ ) salt1 ?us enabl+ ! wom5 to grasp ! fi% easily1 z o!rwise ! fi% are too slipp]y = quick h&l+4 ,! wom5 "w /&+ 9 a r[ beside ! tr\gh4 ,!y pick up a fi%1 gut x by ins]t+ a %>p knife j bel[ & beh9d ! gills1 & ) a quick1 upw>d cut1 br+ away ! gut4 ,! guts drop into small tubs plac$ 9 front ( ea* work]1 & are collect$ p]iodically & sold to manufactur]s ( manure4 ,beh9d ea* woman are ?ree %all[ tubs or baskets1 & aft] %e has gutt$ a fi%1 %e ?r[s x beh9d h] into "o ( ! ?ree tubs1 accord+ to its quality & size4 ,9 ?is way1 ! two op]ations ( gutt+ & select+ ! fi% are comb9$4 ,z ! tubs ( gutt$ fi% become fill$1 !y are tak5 away by o!r girls to ! b>rel pack]s1 & are pack$ 9 sep>ate b>rels1 accord+ to quality or size4 ,! b>rels are arrang$ 9 long r[s1 g5]ally p>allel to1 & at "s di/ance beh9d1 ! gutt+ tr\gh4 ,a girl w pack ab\t ?ree b>rels 9 an h\r4 ,! gutt$ fi% are fir/ ( all empti$ into l>ge1 %all[ tubs call$ 8r\s+ tubs10 plac$ j beh9d ! r[ ( b>rels1 & are aga9 spr9kl$ ) salt4 ,! pack] takes an armful ( fi% f ! r\s+ tub & drops !m into ! b>rel4 ,ea* "t ! fi% are tak5 f ! r\s+ tub ! cont5ts ( ! tub are well /irr$ up4 ,! fi% are !n pack$ 9 ! b>rel 9 lay]s1 bellies upw>d1 & ea* lay] is lib]ally spr9kl$ ) salt4 ,9 ?is way ea* individual fi% is fir/ ( all ?ickly coat$ ) salt 9 ! r\s+ tub1 & adjac5t lay]s ( fi% 9 ! b>rel are also sep>at$ by a lay] ( salt4 ,9 ?is pack+ process1 x is important t ! fi%]y salt us$ %\ld be co>se1 reasonably h>d1 sl[ 9 dissolv+ & pres5t 9 consid]able excess4 ,x %\ld be co>se en\gh to prev5t ! fi% f t\*+ ea* o!r1 ?us enabl+ ! br9e to p5etrate to e "p4 ,x %\ld be h>d en\gh to )/& ! pressure ( ! fi% 9 ! b>rel4 ,x %\ld dissolve sl[ly1 s t ! salt+ process takes place gradually1 en\gh salt rema9+ undissolv$ ?r\gh\t ! process to keep ! fi% f t\*+4 ,altoge!r1 ab\t #a cwt4 ( salt is us$ = ea* b>rel ( h]r+s cur$4 ,! b>rel1 :5 fully pack$1 is cov]$ ov] & left = ab\t eight days4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! salt extracts wat] f ! fi% & dissolves 9 x to =m a saturat$ br9e4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is salt+ process necess>ily dep5ds ^u ! salt be+ pres5t 9 consid]able excess1 s t ! br9e =m$ is kept saturat$1 & consequ5tly cont9ues to )draw wat] f ! fi%4 ,at ! end ( eight days1 ! b>rels are op5$1 an in* hole is drill$ 9 ! side at ! bilge1 & ! pickle all[$ to run out4 ,x is f\nd t1 ow+ to ! )drawal ( wat] f !m1 ! h]r+s h %runk consid]ably1 & "s m salt$ h]r+s are add$ to ! b>rel1 until x is full aga94 ,x is !n fa/5$ d[n p]man5tly1 turn$ ov] on its side & fill$ ) br9e pickle1 & cork$ up4 ,! br9e pickle :i* is =m$ dur+ ! eight days is n all[$ to run to wa/e1 b is us$ = fill+ up ! b>rels aft] !y h be5 repack$4 ,?is br9e pickle conta9s am9o bases1 toge!r ) small quantities ( coagulable proteids1 & is ( di/9ct nutritive value4 ,! ,poles & ,russians1 :o are great consum]s ( ^! salt$ h]r+s1 actually use ! pickle z a k9d ( sauce or gravy1 dipp+ _! bread 9 x4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! g5]al dem& = salt$ h]r+s 9 ^! two c\ntries1 may v l>gely be due to ! comp>ative sc>city & high price ( salt !re4 ,a cran ( h]r+s 7ab\t #a1jjj fi%1 weigh+ approximately #c cwts47 uses up #a cwt4 ( salt &1 :5 completely salt$1 j fills a b>rel4 ,! cur] e/imates t #e to #f tons ( salt w be suffici5t = #ajj crans ( h]r+s4 ,h]r+s salt$ 9 ?is proportion %\ld be export$ & consum$ be=e ! w>m wea!r comes1 z !y are liable to decay if ! temp]ature rises above #gj ,f4 ,! h]r+s t 7 pack$ = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 7#aibj-aiba7 7 salt$ m heavily ?an usual 7#g to #h tons ( salt p] #ajj crans71 z1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9 condition ( ! ,russian & ,g]man m>kets1 x 0 necess>y to keep "s ( ! fi% 9 /ock = a consid]able "t4 ,su* a heavily-salt$ fi% w\ld be unpalatable to ! home consum]4 ,9 ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t1 & also 9 ,scotl&1 #ajj crans ( h]r+s %\ld fill1 :5 cur$1 f #abe to #acj b>rels4 ,h]r+s are sometimes salt$ at sea1 #a ton ( salt be+ us$ to ea* la/ 7#aj crans7 ( h]r+s4 ,su* h]r+s are mo/ly us$ to make 8r$ h]r+s40 ,r$ ,h]r+s4 ,a consid]able trade 9 r$ h]r+s is done ) ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,levant4 ,= ?is trade1 ! fi% mu/ be ?or\ghly smoke-cur$1 o!rwise !y w n keep 9 ! comp>atively w>m climate4 ,! fi% are fir/ ( all dry-salt$ 9 concrete tanks ab\t #aj ft4 squ>e & #f ft4 deep1 arrang$ "u ! floor ( ! cur+ h\se4 ,fre% fi% & salt are simply ?r[n 9 & mix$ up1 & left to develop _! own pickle4 ,g5]ally speak+1 #a ton ( salt is us$ to #aj crans ( h]r+s1 & ea* tank w hold f #bj to #cj crans ( ! fi%4 ,! fi% %\ld be left 9 ^! salt+ tanks = five days at lea/2 sometimes1 ( c\rse1 !y are left = mon?s1 accord+ to ! trade1 9 :i* case ! tanks practically s]ve z /orage tanks = ! salt$ fi%4 ,! fi% are remov$ f ! tank z requir$1 wa%$1 & put on 8speets0 & smok$4 ,a 8speet0 is a wood5 rod ab\t #c ft4 #f ins4 long & po9t$ at "o end4 ,! fi% are ?read$ on ! speet ?r\gh ! gill op5+s & m\?1 ea* speet hold+ f #bj to #cj fi%4 ,! speets are !n /ack$ horizontally on racks 9 ! smoke h\se 8loves0 7l(ts71 ab\t #f ins4 ap>t & ab\t #ab ins4 above ea* o!r1 until ! smoke h\se is fill$ f ! ro( to )9 a few feet ( ! floor4 ,:5 ! smoke-h\se is fill$1 fires are light$ on ! floor4 ,g5]ally1 ! fuel us$ is oak turn+s1 %av+s1 & sawdu/4 ,?is mat]ial burns quickly1 & gives a v res9\s smoke :i* n only dries ! fi%1 b also p]meates x ?or\ghly4 ,! rate ( cur+ & ! "* ( ! f9i%$ product dep5d ^u ! temp]ature ( ! smoke1 & ! proportion ( antiseptic res9\s mat]ials 9 x4 ,:5 ! oak or o!r suitable h>d wood fuel is 9 ! =m ( turn+s or du/ x burns quickly1 & ?us produces a fairly hot smoke1 conta9+ antiseptic sub/ances--= example1 guaiacol & creosol4 ,su* a smoke w cure ! fi% quickly4 ,if oak billets or logs are us$ !y burn comp>atively sl[ly4 ,! smoke1 !re=e1 is n s hot &1 s9ce sl[ combu/ion 9 ?is case probably means m complete combu/ion1 ! proportion ( res9\s con/itu5ts 9 ! smoke is liable to be consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,:5 oak billets are us$1 !re=e1 cur+ takes place mu* m sl[ly4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! smoke h\se w also dep5d v mu* ^u ! prevail+ wea!r temp]ature outside4 ,9 cold wea!r x is difficult to keep ! temp]ature up suffici5tly4 ,! cur+ takes long]1 & results 9 a h>d cur$ product4 ,9 v w>m wea!r1 on ! o!r h&1 x is difficult to keep ! temp]ature d[n1 & a 8fir$0 fi% is sometimes produc$1 i4e4 "o :i* is half-cook$ & s(t4 ,su* a fi% is cle>ly unsuitable = pack+ = export4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! temp]ature ( ! smoke %\ld be su* t ! cur+ takes ab\t #aj days4 ,aft] smok+1 ! fi% are tak5 (f ! speets & select$ accord+ to quality4 ,^? :i* are l>ge & p]fect fet* a bett] price1 & comm& an entirely diff]5t m>ket f ^? :i* are damag$ or brok54 ,dur+ ! smok+ ( r$ h]r+s1 ! fires are lit ea* night1 & simply all[$ to burn !mselves out4 ,bloat]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( bloat]s3 ^? int5d$ = ! home trade & ^? int5d$ = ! ,m$it]ranean trade4 ,= ! home trade ! h]r+ is lightly salt$ by imm]s+ x 9 br9e = two h\rs or less4 ,x is !n dri$ 9 ! smoke-h\se = "o night1 us+ billets4 ,unlike 8r$s0 or kipp]s1 x is n cur$ by ! smoke1 b simply dri$4 ,! bloat]s = ! ,m$it]ranean trade are salt$ 9 concrete tanks 9 exactly ! same way z r$ h]r+s1 b1 in/ead ( be+ smoke-cur$ = #aj days or s1 !y are simply smoke-dri$ = two days4 ,kipp]s4 ,kipp]+ is ! only process 9 ! h]r+ indu/ry 9 :i* ! fi% are split be=e cur+4 ,fre% h]r+s 7sometimes ov]-day h]r+s7 are b\ght e>ly 9 ! morn+ f ! drift]s & tak5 to ! cur+ y>d4 ,!y are split d[n ! back1 close to ! backbone1 & gutt$ & ?r[n into l>ge1 op5 baskets4 ,! basket & its cont5ts 7ab\t #ej h]r+s7 are !n plung$ into a tank ( runn+ wat]1 & viol5tly agitat$ to wa% blood & slime f ! fi%4 ,! fi% are !n ?r[n into br9e 9 l>ge tanks ab\t #f ft4 by #e ft4 by #d ft41 until ! tank is full4 ,salt is !n spr9kl$ on ! surface1 & ! fi% are left f half to "o h\r1 accord+ to _! size4 ,!y are !n hung on kipp] speets4 ,a kipp] speet diff]s f a bloat] speet4 ,x is a squ>e b> ( wood ab\t #c-a_/b ft4 long1 & ( #a 94 squ>e cross-section4 ,x is support$ horizontally4 ,! split h]r+s are op5$ out & impal$ ^u hooks at int]vals along ea* side ( ! speet4 ,ea* speet 9 ?is way w c>ry ab\t eight or n9e h]r+s a side4 ,! speets are !n /ack$ on racks 9 ! 8loves0 ( ! smoke-h\se1 are smok$ ov]-night1 us+ fires ( oak turn+s & sawdu/1 & are pack$ ! next morn+ 9 boxes4 ,! h]r+ is probably ! mo/ abundant food fi% kn[n4 ,dur+ ! autumn h]r+ fi%]y ( #aibj1 ov] #a1jjj1jjj crans ( h]r+s 7 l&$ at ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t4 ,if we assume t "o cran measure conta9s #a1jjj h]r+s1 we see t ov] #a1jjj1jjj1jjj h]r+s 7 caught 9 less ?an #d mon?s1 & ?is probably repres5ts only a small fraction ( ! numb] pres5t on ! fi%+ gr\nds4 ,9 #aiac1 #aa1gfb1gdh cwts4 ( h]r+s1 ( value #d1dab1hch1 7 l&$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! exports ( h]r+s f ! ,briti% ,isles 7 z foll[s-- ,fre% h]r+s #a1dfd1bif cwts4 wor? #a1bab1dic ,cur$ h]r+s #h1gig1ajf #e1ccc1aac ---------- ---------- ,total #aj1bfa1djb #f1ede1fjf ,! quantity ( h]r+s caught by o!r ,european c\ntries is z foll[s-- cwts4 ,france 7#aiaa7 #g1hdf1ejc #ebi1gci ,g]many 7#aiac7 ,fre% #adh1ced #ge1gch ,salt$ #a1jcj1jci #efc1jcc ,holl& 7#aiaa7 #a1fhe1gea #iai1igc ,norway 7#aiab7 #d1djd1djj #ehj1egj ,d5m>k 7#aiab7 #hde1bie #adj1jea ,sw$5 7#aiab7 #hfa1dbj #bje1eee ,belgium 7#aiaa7 #ac1jjj #e1jjj ---------- --------- #af1hcd1gfb #c1jai1fei ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,newf\ndl& ,,cod ,,fi%]y ,! cod is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! nor!rn & temp]ate seas ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x lives close to ! bottom1 9 f #be to #ej fa?oms ( wat]1 & fe$s ^u fi%1 small cru/acea1 worms & mollusca4 ,! cod spawns 9 ! ,spr+4 ,( ! #d1jjj1jjj or s eggs t are spawn$ by a s+le female cod1 comp>atively few are hat*$1 & few] /ill rea* maturity4 ,! "y are ab\t #a 94 long by ! beg9n+ ( ! summ]1 & become fit = ! m>ket at ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,usually1 ! fi% are mature at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 & !n measure ab\t #c ft4 9 l5g?1 & weigh f #ab to #bj lbs4 ,!y are 9 ! f9e/ condition 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,9 addition to its great value z a food fi%1 ! cod1 l ! /urgeon1 yields is+lass 7a pure fi% gelat9e7 f its swimm+ bladd]1 & oil f its liv]4 ,cod-liv] oil is l>gely us$ z a rem$y = scr(ul\s compla9ts--probably ow+ to its cont5t ( vitam9s4 ,x is also us$ effectively 9 cases ( pulmon>y consumption4 ,cod is fi%$ along ! coa/s ( ,newf\ndl& & ,labrador1 & on ! ,banks4 ,! ,banks /ret* = ab\t #cjj miles 9 a s\?-ea/ direction f ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,!y are swept by ! cold ,labrador curr5t4 ,a bran* ( ! ,gulf ,/ream passes ov] ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,banks4 ,^! curr5ts br+ enorm\s quantities ( plankton & small fi%1 :i* provide excell5t food = ! _m v>ieties ( fi% & small1 inv]tebrate1 m>9e animals t inhabit ! ,banks4 ,^!1 9 _! turn1 provide abundant food = ! cod4 ,! cod1 toge!r ) o!r dem]sal fi%1 includ+ haddock1 hake & pollack1 is caught ) bait$ hooks & l9es4 ,?is fi%]y has cont9u$ ) unbrok5 prosp]ity = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,9 addition to ! ,newf\ndl& boats1 a l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican boats set out = ! ,banks f ,gl\ce/] 7,mass474 ,mo/ ( ! boats are sail+ boats ( ab\t #ce tons capacity1 & ( /urdy con/ruction4 ,ea* boat c>ries eight dories--small r[-boats ab\t #ae ft4 long--amid%ips4 ,! crew consi/s ( a capta9 & cook1 & sixte5 m5--two = ea* dory4 ,! 8,banks0 /ret* = ab\t #cjj miles1 by #bjj miles wide1 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,! dep?s 9 :i* ! fi%+ is c>ri$ on range f #bj to #abj fa?oms (f ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&1 f #ae to #ij fa?oms on ! ,banks1 & f #ajj to #ace fa?oms at ! edge ( ! ,banks4 ,! vessel />ts out = ! fi%+ gr\nds ) ab\t #djj hog%eads ( salt1 & f #ae1jjj to #be1jjj lbs4 ( bait4 ,! bait is g5]ally froz5 squid & h]r+4 ,capelan is also us$ z bait1 b has to be obta9$ at ,miquelon1 ! la/ port ( call be=e putt+ out to ! ,banks4 ,! bait mu/ be well ic$1 z ! cod w n bite well if ! bait be ta9t$4 ,dur+ ! second trip1 squid is us$ z bait & is caught on ! fi%+ gr\nds4 ,z ! boat approa*es ! fi%+ gr\nds1 ! dories are made ready4 ,ea* dory c>ries f\r tubs ( bait$ l9es4 ,a tub conta9s n9e l9es1 ea* #ej fa?oms long4 ,:5 fi%+1 ^! l9es are all /rung toge!r1 s t ea* dory w run a /r+ #a1hjj fa?oms long--ab\t two miles4 ,ea* l9e c>ries ab\t #ij hooks--t is1 #c1bjj hooks to ea* dory4 ,a vessel ) eight dories w ?us set ab\t #af miles ( l9e1 c>ry+ ab\t #be1jjj hooks4 ,! hooks are atta*$ to ! l9es by means ( %ort] l9es call$ 8gang+s0--9 ,scotl& !y are kn[n z 8snoods0--ab\t #b ft4 long4 ,! complete l9e1 z set by a dory1 is call$ a 8trawl40 ,on arriv+ at ! fi%+ gr\nds1 s\nd+s are made to det]m9e ! dep? & "* ( ! bottom4 ,! be/ fi%+ is obta9$ ov] a gravel bottom4 ,! trawls are !n set :ile ! vessel is 9 motion 7a fly+ set71 & if ! fi% are f\nd to be abundant ! vessel drops an*or4 ,! fly+ set is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! dories are t[$ a/]n &1 :5 ! "r spot has be5 select$1 are dropp$ at regul> int]vals until all are away4 ,ea* dory z x is dropp$ r[s (f at "r angles to ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 & 9 ! same g5]al direction1 ?r[+ out its trawl z x proce$s until x is all set4 ,! vessel !n returns diagonally across ! fi%+ gr\nds to ! />t+ po9t1 pick+ up ! dories z _! trawls are set4 ,aft] a "t1 ! dories are dropp$ aga9 9 ! same ord] z be=e1 & ! m5 haul up ! trawls & take ! fi% (f4 ,ea* dory is !n pick$ up 9 succession toge!r ) h] cat*4 ,if ?is fly+ set is successful1 & o!r conditions are fav\rable1 ! vessel drops h] an*or & fi%+ proce$s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! trawls are set dep5ds ^u ! tide4 ,!y are always set z f> z possible ) ! tide4 ,?us1 ! dories on ! side ( ! vessel aga9/ :i* ! tide is fl[+ r[ out aga9/ ! tide1 until !y are ab\t a trawl-l5g? f ! %ip4 ,!y !n set ! end ( ! trawl at ! po9t1 & "w t[>ds ! vessel4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! vessel ! trawl is set f ! vessel ) ! tide t[>ds ! dory4 ,ea* end ( ! trawl is atta*$ to an an*or by a l9e #a fa?om 9 l5g?1 & to a buoy by a l9e #be fa?oms long] ?an ! dep? ( ! wat] at t po9t4 ,?us1 ! trawl is situat$ j above ! gr\nd4 ,! trawls are set once a day & drawn ?ree h\rs aft]w>ds1 or set 9 ! aft]noon & drawn ! foll[+ morn+4 ,! %ort] ! "t betwe5 sett+ & draw+1 ! bett] ! condition ( ! fi%4 ,9 haul+ ! trawl1 "o man /&s 9 ! b[ ( ! boat & hauls 9 ! trawl1 deta*+ ! fi%1 ! o!r man receiv+ ! trawl & coil+ x4 ,a dory c>ries on an av]age #a1jjj lbs4 ( fi%1 & may sometimes make two or ?ree trips be=e ! l9e is cle>$4 ,! fi% are 8gaff$0 f ! dories to ! fi%+ vessel & are kept on deck1 pack$ betwe5 division bo>ds to prev5t slid+ or turn+ ( ! fi% by ! movem5ts ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ! fi% are all abo>d1 !y are split & clean$ & salt$ d[n4 ,! crew is divid$ into splitt+ gangs1 ea* consi/+ ( ?ree m5--! ?roat]1 ! gutt]1 & ! splitt]4 ,! ?roat] grasps ! fi% by ! head ) ! left h&1 &1 hold+ x ) its back on ! edge ( a tub1 cuts its ?roat j beh9d ! gills1 & makes a slit d[n ! belly4 ,! head is !n brok5 (f by d[nw>d pressure aga9/ ! edge ( ! tub1 & ! fi% is pass$ on to ! gutt]4 ,he op5s ! belly ) 8 left h&1 removes ! liv] = oil1 & te>s out ! visc]a4 ,! fi% !n goes to ! splitt]1 :o completes ! v5tral splitt+ ( ! fi% & removes ! backbone4 ,aft] be+ well wa%$1 c>e be+ tak5 to remove all blood1 ! fi% are pass$ d[n a canvas *ute into ! hold1 :]e !y are c>efully salt$ & pil$ 9 8k5*es40 ,! fi% are laid on _! backs alt]nately nape & tail1 salt be+ lib]ally spr9kl$ betwe5 ! adjac5t lay]s4 ,ne>ly #a-a_/b bu%els ( salt are us$ p] #ajj lbs4 ( fi%4 ,! pickle =m$ by ! salt & ! juices ( ! fi% dra9s away to ! bottom ( ! hold1 f :i* x is pump$ ov]bo>d4 ,z ! k5* or pile settles1 m fi% are add$1 s z to keep ! comp>tm5t full4 ,k5*+ beg9s 9 ! =w>d comp>tm5t ( ! hold1 & is c>ri$ on f side to side ( ! vessel4 ,ea* k5* is ab\t #d ft4 by #g ft41 & ! full height ( ! hold4 ,! refuse is ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,9 addition to ! 8trawl0 fi%+1 _m boats use h&-l9es4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! l9es are some:at small]1 & only #ac ft4 long4 ,ab\t #ajj b>rels ( bait are tak5 7slack-salt$ clams obta9$ on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e71 any additional bait t may be requir$ be+ caught on ! fi%+ gr\nds--squids1 hagd5s1 & clams tak5 f ! /oma*s ( fi%4 ,:5 ! vessel rea*es ! fi%+ gr\nds1 ! dories r[ away 9 all directions1 ea* man = himself4 ,! dory is an*or$ 9 wat] f #ah to #dj fa?oms deep4 ,ea* fi%]man uses two l9es c>ry+ two hooks a piece4 ,! boats g5]ally g out at sunrise & return to ! fi%+ boat ab\t six h\rs lat]4 ,two boatloads--t is1 #b1jjj lbs4 ( fi%--make a good day's "w4 ,on return+ to ! vessel ! fi% are pit*$ on deck & c\nt$1 only cod ( ov] #bb ins4 l5g? be+ consid]$4 ,small] fi%1 & ! 8%ack0--pollack1 haddock1 cusk & hake--be+ c\nt$ sep>ately4 ,! fi% are !n dress$ & salt$1 z already describ$4 ,9 "s cases1 h&-l9e fi%+ is c>ri$ on f ! deck ( ! fi%+ boat itself1 :ile ! boat drifts4 ,ea* man uses "o l9e c>ry+ two hooks4 ,! bait consi/s ( ic$ cockles1 brok5 ) a hamm]4 ,! positions on ! deck are foll[$ by ! crew 9 rotation1 to give all an equal *ance4 ,z ! fi% are 8l&$0 !y are ?r[n on to ! deck1 ea* man keep+ 8 c\nt by cutt+ out ! tongues & keep+ !m 9 a sep>ate bucket4 ,on ! ,georges ,bank1 s\?-ea/ ( ,gl\ce/]1 :i* is "o ( ! fav\rite fi%+ gr\nds1 ! fi% are caught by h&-l9e f ! deck ( ! %ip :ile at an*or4 ,froz5 h]r+ are us$ z bait1 :5 possible4 ,all ! fi% caught on ! ,georges ,bank are salt$1 except ! halibut1 :i* is ic$4 ,"s idea ( ! value ( ^! gr\nds is ga9$ f ! fact t a s+le fi%]man may take #ejj fi% 9 a day4 ,! ,georges ,bank area yields ab\t #gj p] c5t ( ! total cat*1 ! ,gr& & ,we/]n ,banks acc\nt+ = ! rema9+ #cj p] c5t4 ,approximately #fj p] c5t ( ! fi% are br\ght 9 ic$1 & #dj p] c5t salt$4 ,on return+ to port ! fi% are pit*=k$ on to ! :>f1 & sort$ into snapp]s 7less ?an #af ins4 f nape to tail71 m$ium1 & l>ge 7ov] #bb ins47 ,g5]ally1 !y are divid$ z foll[s3 #d p] c5t snapp]s1 #da p] c5t m$ium1 & #ee p] c5t l>ge4 ,ea* class is weigh$ sep>ately & c>efully exam9$ = any indication ( spoilage4 ,any suspect$ fi% are ?r[n out4 ,! fi% are !n wa%$ & put ) salt into butts 9 ! /ore4 ,fi% t are br\ght 9 ic$ :ole are sort$ & weigh$1 & !n behead$1 gutt$1 & split & salt$4 ,ab\t eight bu%els ( salt are us$ to ea* hog%ead ( fi%4 ,! fi% are kept1 salt$ d[n 9 hog%eads until requir$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! fi% are kept cov]$ ) /rong br9e4 ,aft] salt+1 ! fi% are dri$4 ,! salt+ process effects p>tial dry+ by extract+ a l>ge proportion ( ! fle% fluids ( ! fi%4 ,! extraction ( wat] by ! salt is assi/$ by k5*+1 ! fi% at ! bottom ( ! k5* be+ press$ d[n by ! weight ( ^? above4 ,! fi% are tak5 f ! butts z requir$1 & are pil$ 9 a k5* ab\t #d ft4 high1 to express & dra9 (f ! pickle4 ,at ! end ( two days ! fi% are re-pil$1 ! top fi% becom+ ! bottom1 & s subject$ to full pressure4 ,if ! wea!r is unfav\rable = dry+1 !y are re-k5*$ e two or ?ree days4 ,! fi% are !n dri$ by expos+ !m to w9d & sun on a b$ ( latticework ab\t #h ft4 wide & #cj ins4 above ! gr\nd1 & z long z necess>y1 call$ a 8flake40 ,! dry+ y>d is kn[n z ! flake y>d4 ,! latticework is con/ruct$ ( triangul>-section1 wood5 la?s1 plac$ ab\t #c ins4 ap>t1 ! fi% re/+ on ! upp] edges ( ! la?s4 ,9 ! hot wea!r1 ! fi% are protect$ f sunburn by canvas awn+s1 & f ra9 at night by coops4 ,) a w>m sun & a good breeze1 dry+ w be complete 9 ab\t #aj h\rs4 ,?or\gh dry+ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! fi% is accompli%$ by dry+ on ! flakes until ! surface is dry & cry/alliz$4 ,! fi% is !n k5*$1 & ! dry surface salt extracts m moi/ure f ! int]ior4 ,! fi% is !n dri$ aga91 ?us ensur+ a mu* m complete result4 ,fi% are also dri$ 9 "s factories 9 l>ge1 /eam-heat$ %elf dri]s4 ,?is me?od is incl9$ to be too rapid1 ) ! result t ! fi% are only surface dri$ in/ead ( be+ uni=mly dri$ "r ?r\gh4 ,aft] dry+1 ! fi% are k5*$ 9 ! /ore until requir$4 ,!y are !n sk9n$1 ! bones are remov$1 & !y are m\ld$ into blocks :i* are cut up into cakes = pack+ & export4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! loss 9 weight dur+ ! diff]5t op]ations is z foll[s-- ,dress+ #dj p] c5t ,salt+ 7full pickle7 #ag ,dry+ #d ,sk9n+ & bon+ #ac ----------- ,total loss #gd ,! fre% wa/e1 sk9s1 bones1 etc41 ( ! fi% are work$ up = glue1 ! residue be+ manufactur$ into f]tiliz]4 ,! be/ glue is obta9$ f ! sk9s4 ,! cod & cusk sk9s are sup]ior 9 ?is to ! sk9s ( hake & haddock4 ,! oil is extract$ f ! liv]s4 ,t f fre% liv]s is ref9$ & us$ = m$ic9al purposes1 :ile t f old liv]s is us$ = tann+ *amois lea!r4 ,! value ( ?is oil is consid]able1 z mu* z #aej be+ receiv$ by a boat 9 "o trip = ! oil alone4 ,9 #aiad1 ,newf\ndl& export$ #fj1jjj tons ( cod meat1 wor? #a1fjj1jjj4 ,! *ief m>ket is ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,trawl ,,fi%]ies ,unlike ! drift net1 :i* only cat*es fi% ( "o species & ( fairly uni=m size :5 !y are swimm+ ne> ! surface1 ! trawl net scoops up practically all ! inhabitants ( ! sea bottom1 includ+ r\nd fi%1 e4g4 cod & haddock2 flat fi%1 e4g4 sole & plaice1 z well z v>i\s inv]tebrates 7jelly fi%71 & m>9e plants & /ones4 ,! trawl is ess5tially a flatt5$1 conical net t is dragg$ op5-m\!d along ! sea bottom4 ,! two k9ds ( trawl 9 common use--! beam trawl & ! ott] trawl--diff] 9 ! me?od t is adopt$ = keep+ op5 ! m\? ( ! net4 ,! beam trawl is us$ by sail+ vessels1 ! ott] trawl by /eam]s4 ,sail+ trawl]s are divid$ into two classes3 fir/ class smacks & second class cutt]s4 ,! smack is a two ma/$ vessel ) =e & aft rig1 g5]ally mak+ a five or six day voyage1 & trawl+ 9 dep?s ( up to #dj fa?oms4 ,! cutt] makes %ort] voyages--#bj h\rs--& g5]ally keeps )9 t]ritorial wat]s4 ,to "w a beam trawl successfully1 x is necess>y to "k ! "* ( ! sea bottom1 :e!r r\gh or smoo?1 & also ! "t & direction ( ! tide4 ,! net is trawl$ ) ! tide a little fa/] ?an x is runn+1 s t suffici5t resi/ance is enc\nt]$ to keep ! net ext5d$4 ,9 %oot+ ! trawl1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to make x alight on its runn]s 9 ! correct position = trawl+4 ,if ! net be twi/$1 or if x alight upside d[n1 x has be5 %ot 8f\l10 & has to be haul$ up & %ot aga94 ,9 prep>+ = a %ot ! net is l[]$ ov] ! side by adju/+ ! bridle ropes1 & ! beam is coax$ into its prop] position :ile ! net is /ill ne> ! surface4 ,! net is !n gradually l[]$1 ! boat mov+ sl[ly =w>d4 ,! trawl is g5]ally haul$ = ! duration ( a tide--t is1 six h\rs--dur+ :i* "t x w travel ab\t #ae miles4 ,! net is g5]ally haul$ 9 by a /eam cap/an1 driv5 by a small donkey eng9e4 ,:5 ! trawl comes alongside1 ! beam is secur$ & ! net is gradually haul$ ov] ! side by h& until ! cod end appe>s2 ?is is !n made fa/ to a rope & tackle1 & haul$ above ! deck4 ,! cod l9e is unti$ & ! fi% are dis*>g$ ^u ! deck4 ,s9ce trawl+ is g5]ally c>ri$ out on smoo? gr\nd1 ! great] proportion ( ! cat* consi/s ( c]ta9 k9ds ( dem]sal fi%es t frequ5t s& & gravel4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important are cod1 haddock1 :it+1 l+1 hake1 catfi%1 sole1 plaice1 turbot1 & brill4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! species also frequ5t rocky gr\nd1 & are tak5 9 su* areas by ! l9e fi%]m54 ,g5]ally speak+1 l9e fi%]m5 "w 9 deep] wat] ?an trawl]s & capture l>g] fi%1 ?\gh ( few] species1 e4g4 cod1 halibut1 l+1 skates & rays4 ,! orig9al sail+ trawl]s are rapidly be+ sup]s$$ by /eam trawl]s4 ,! fir/ /eam trawl+ company 0 =m$ 9 #ahhb4 ,x _h a capital ( #bj1jjj & a fleet ( f\r vessels4 ,x trawl$ on ! ,dogg] ,bank = ?ree ye>s ) m>k$ success4 ,aft] ?is ! future ( /eam trawl+ 0 assur$4 ,! /eam trawl] is _m times m effici5t ?an a smack1 = x c fi% 9 ne>ly all wea!rs1 includ+ calm1 & x c trawl ov] r\gh bottoms1 ow+ to its great] p[]1 & c g mu* fur!r afield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,,mod]n ,,/eam ,,trawl] 7,,section7 ,total l5g?1 #afj ft4 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #adhe ft4 ,greate/ bread? 7frame71 #bc ft4 ,draught1 #ac-c_/d ft4 ,explanation ( ,section4--#a4 ,:eelh\se4 #b4 ,capta9's cab94 #c4 ,collision bulkhead4 #d4 ,crew's qu>t]s4 #e4 ,/ore = ge>1 nets1 etc4 #f4 ,*a9 lock]4 #g4 ,fi%-p\nds 7on deck74 #h4 ,fi%-hold4 #i4 ,cross bunk] 7= coal74 #aj4 ,ma9 bunk]4 #aa4 ,passage to bunk]4 #ab4 ,/eam-w9*4 #ac4 ,/okehold4 #ad4 ,lifeboat4 #ae4 ,triple expansion eng9es 7#fej indicat$ h4p474 #af4 ,ba?room4 #ag4 ,mate's qu>t]s4 #ah4 ,d9+-room & b]?s = eng9e]s4 #ai4 ,/or]oom4 ,mod]n ,briti% /eam trawl]s travel z f> afield z ,icel&1 ,newf\ndl& & ,morocco4 ,/eam trawl+ develop$ rapidly1 & result$ 9 a correspond+ly rapid decrease 9 ! numb] ( sail+ trawl]s4 ,betwe5 #ahic & #aijc1 ! numb] ( fir/ class smacks 9 ,great ,brita9 decreas$ f ov] #b1jjj ) an av]age tonnage 7net7 ( #egd to less ?an #ijj ) an av]age tonnage 7net7 ( #dj4 ,f #aijc until ! pres5t day1 ! numb] _h rema9$ betwe5 #ijj & #hjj2 x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! relative numb]s & importance ( smacks & /eam trawl]s gradually atta9$ to a condition ( equilibrium4 ,betwe5 #aijj & #aijf ! increas+ importance ( /eam trawl+ receiv$ a tempor>y *eck4 ,a /eam trawl] 9 ^? days w\ld co/ ab\t #aj1jjj to con/ruct & ab\t #e1jjj a ye> to op]ate2 _! comm]cial success1 !re=e1 dep5d$ ^u correspond+ly l>ge & valuable cat*es ( fi% be+ obta9$4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ on ! fi%+ gr\nds r\nd ! coa/ _! sup]ior effici5cy & spe$ amply comp5sat$ = _! high co/4 ,ab\t #aijj1 h[ev]1 ! cat* obta9$ by ^! vessels on ! home fi%+ gr\nds began to dim9i%1 & ! fi%]m5 became al>m$ le/ ! greatly increas$ effici5cy ( /eam trawl+ %\ld prove to be its own undo+1 & result 9 ! depopulation ( ! fi%+ gr\nds by ov]-fi%+4 ,betwe5 #aijj & #aijf1 ! numb] ( /eam trawl]s fi%+ f ,briti% ports only increas$ by #bjj1 :]eas1 dur+ ! prec$+ #aj ye>s1 ! numb]s _h increas$ f a few hundr$ to ov] #b1jjj4 ,! anticipat$ exhau/ion ( ! home gr\nds l$ to ! /eam trawl] prospect+ fur!r afield4 ,^! long] voyages1 z f> z ,icel& & ! ,:ite ,sea & ,morocco1 7 v successful4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t l>g] /eam trawl]s 7 built1 capable ( und]tak+ long voyages ( _m weeks' duration4 ,betwe5 #aijj & #aijf ! av]age net tonnage ( ! /eam trawl]s increas$ f #ed to #fb4 ,! /eam trawl]s1 9 op5+ up new & m di/ant fi%+ gr\nds1 left ! home gr\nds to ! smacks4 ,consequ5tly we f9d t ! smacks conf9$ _! op]ation to ! smoo? gr\nd 9 home wat]s1 leav+ ! r\gh & m di/ant gr\nds to ! /eam trawl]s4 ,a direct result ( ?is gradual r$i/ribution ( ! fi%]ies betwe5 sail+ smacks & /eam]s 0 ! developm5t ( specializ$ fi%+ ports4 ,su* ports z ,l[e/(t1 ,brixham & ,ramsgate1 (f :i* good fi% are obta9able & :i* are )9 easy access ( good m>kets1 h reta9$ _! importance z smack ports2 on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( /eam trawl+ has l$ to ! rapid gr[? ( deep wat] ports1 su* z ,fleetwood1 ,grimsby1 ,hull1 ,ab]de51 & ,mil=d ,hav54 ,9 ,grimsby1 orig9ally "o ( ! greate/ /rongholds ( smack fi%+1 smacks h be5 entirely displac$ by /eam trawl]s1 ow+ to ! special facilities :i* ! port (f]s 9 be+ ne> *eap coal1 9 possess+ deep wat]1 & 9 be+ 9 direct rail communication ) l>ge m>kets = trawl fi%4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! rapid developm5t ( /eam trawl+ 0 accel]at$ by ! inv5tion ( ! ott] trawl4 ,?is is n only a l>g] net ?an ! beam trawl1 b is = all b small1 flat fi%1 a mu* m effici5t in/rum5t4 ,f ! /udy ( m>ket /ati/ics betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhi & #ahih ,g>/ang has calculat$ t a /eam] caught on ! av]age betwe5 f\r & sev5 times z mu* fi% 9 ! ye> z a sail+ smack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,i4--,,plan ,,on ,,deck4 ,,ii4--,,plan ,,bel[ ,,deck4 ,plan ( ,arrangem5ts on & bel[ ,deck4--7,i7 ,on deck3 #a4 ,w9*4 #b4 ,hat*es4 #c4 ,gall[s4 #d4 ,boll>ds4 #e4 ,fi%-p\nds4 #f4 ,/eam-w9* 7= trawl74 #g4 ,blocks4 #h4 ,(fic]s' messroom4 #i4 ,galley4 #aj4 ,v5tilators4 #aa4 ,funnel4 #ab4 ,bunk]-hat*es4 #ac4 ,eng9e-room skylight4 #ad4 ,ba?room4 #ae4 ,mate's cab94 #af4 ,lifeboat4 7,,ii7 ,bel[ deck3 #a4 ,collision bulkhead4 #b4 ,crew's qu>t]s4 #c4 ,/or]oom4 #d4 ,ic]oom4 #e4 ,fi%-hold4 #f4 ,res]ve coal bunk]4 #g4 ,ma9 bunk]4 #h4 ,side bunk]s4 #i4 ,/okehold4 #aj4 ,ma9 pump4 #aa4 ,auxili>y pump4 #ab4 ,eng9es4 #ac4 ,dynamo4 #ad4 ,cab94 #ae & #af4 ,*ief & second eng9e]s' qu>t]s4 ,a mod]n /eam trawl] is f #aej to #afj ft4 long by #be ft4 beam & #ab ft4 dep?1 con/ruct$ ) a high b[ & a l[1 flat /]n4 ,h] net tonnage is f #fj to #bjj1 h] bunk] capacity #bej tons1 ) /orage room = up to #abj tons ( fi%4 ,%e is fitt$ ) triple expansion eng9es ( f #dj to #he horse p[]4 ,! =w>d "p ( ! %ip is occupi$ by ! liv+ qu>t]s ( ! crew1 rope & net /ore1 ic]oom1 & fi%-hold4 ,l>g] vessels1 mak+ trips to di/ant gr\nds1 w take z mu* z #cj tons ( brok5 ice2 ?is ice is di/ribut$ ov] ! fi% 9 lay]s1 aft] !y h be5 clean$ & gutt$4 ,9 practically all mod]n fi%+ ports !re is a special ice factory situat$ ne> ! quay1 & ice is manufactur$ by ! ammonia process1 cru%$1 & deliv]$ to ! %ips ?r\gh z9c-l9$ *utes4 ,! fi%-hold 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! %ip ext5ds "r across ! %ip & is f #i to #aj ft4 high1 divid$ by a p>tition into two comp>tm5ts1 ea* comp>tm5t fitt$ ) two %elves #e ft4 long1 on :i* ! fi% are pil$4 ,^! %elves r$uce compression & facilitate ! /orage ( ! fi%1 ! front ( ea* comp>tm5t be+ clos$ ) bo>ds z x becomes full4 ,%e g5]ally c>ries ?ree or f\r trawl nets1 "o on h] />bo>d & ! o!r on h] port1 "o or two be+ d[n bel[ 9 res]ve4 ,! boat is fitt$ ) f\r gall[s1 two =w>d & two aft1 "o on ea* side ( ! boat4 ,^! gall[s are us$ = lift+ ! ott] bo>ds out ( ! wat] :5 ! trawl is haul$ 94 ,! %ip c>ries n9e h&s1 consi/+ ( skipp]1 mate1 boatswa91 two deck h&s1 cook1 two eng9e]s & a fireman4 ,on ! fi%+ gr\nds1 fi%+ is cont9u\s4 ,! net is trawl$ = f two to f\r h\rs1 al?\gh on gr\nds :]e fi% is pl5tiful 7e4g4 ,icel&7 ! trawl is frequ5tly haul$ e half-h\r4 ,x is !n haul$ abo>d1 & ! cod end conta9+ ! fi% is swung ov] ! deck4 ,! cod l9e is unfa/5$ s t ! cod end ( ! net op5s1 & ! fi% are dis*>g$ into a p\nd =m$ on ! deck by horizontal #i #c deal bo>ds4 ,! net is clean$ & %ot aga94 ,on smoo? gr\nd trawl+ is comm]cially possible at all dep?s d[n to #cjj fa?oms4 ,9 few cases1 h[ev]1 is trawl+ c>ri$ on at great] dep?s ?an #bjj fa?oms4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( /ores & repairs1 etc41 connect$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( a fleet ( /eam trawl]s1 mo/ l>ge own]s ma9ta9 fairly elaborate premises 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! fi% dock4 ,^! premises g5]ally consi/ ( a net-mak+ hall 9 :i* nets are made by wom5 work+ ) %uttles1 a l>ge ba? ( t> or tann+ mat]ial bel[ 9 :i* ! net is soak$1 also a wood y>d & blacksmi?'s %op1 conta9+ a /eam hamm]1 a plumb]'s %op1 a boat-build]'s %op1 a l>ge /ore-room fitt$ ) ! necess>y /ores & sp>es4 ,dur+ ! w> ! /eam trawl]s 7 comm&e]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = use z patrol boats & m9e sweep]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t #aj p] c5t ( our /eam trawl]s & drift]s & _! crews 7 lo/ dur+ ! w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,a4--,! ott] trawl4 ,b4--,atta*m5t ( bo>d to net4 ,,ob4 ,ott] bo>d4 ,b4 ,iron brackets4 ,c4 ,*a9 to connect ) w>ps4 ,m4 ,metal /r5g!n+ pieces4 ,m4 ,iron %oe4 ,,hl4 ,head l9e4 ,,uw4 ,upp] w+4 ,,lw4 ,l[] w+4 ,,ll4 ,lac+ connect+ w+s4 ,,gr4 ,gr\nd rope4 ,d4 ,bal* ( l[] w+4 ,,sss4 ,tw9e sett+s connect+ bal* to gr\nd rope4 ,a4 ,headl9e & lac+ connect$ to bo>d by %ackle4 ,b4 ,toe ( gr\nd rope connect$ to bo>d by %ackle4 ,c4--,bosom ( a bobb9 foot-rope = use on r\gh gr\nd4 ,,ab4 ,bal* l9e on head ( belly & connect+ ) bosom ( w+s4 ,,ss4 ,wire seiz+s connect+ bal* to small int]m$iate bobb9s1 #f diamet] 7,,ee74 ,l>ge bobb9s up to #bd diamet] 7,,ff74 ,:5 /eam trawl+ 0 fir/ introduc$ x ar\s$ g5]al opposition1 = !re 0 n only ! fe> t _! effici5cy w\ld lead to ov]-fi%+ 9 c]ta9 gr\nds1 b x 0 said t ! trawl1 :5 dragg$ along ! bottom1 de/roy$ ! eggs & kill$ ! immature fi%4 ,! l9e fi%]man f\nd t /eam trawl+ made x m difficult to cat* dem]sal fi% ) bait$ hooks4 ,he attribut$ ?is to ! effect ( ov]-fi%+1 b x is probable t contact ) ! ott] trawls _h made ! fi% r m %y &1 !re=e1 m difficult to cat* by ?is me?od4 ,x is unlikely t /eam trawl+ w lead to s]i\s ov]-fi%+1 except possibly among/ su* s$5t>y fi% z soles & plaice4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t trawl+ is only comm]cially possible on comp>atively smoo? gr\nd & d[n to dep?s ( ab\t #bjj fa?oms4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ! actual area trawl$ is only a small proportion ( ! total area t is inhabit$ by fi%4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ext5sive & long cont9u$ trawl+ 9 a conf9$ & relatively isolat$ area may sc>e ! fi% away2 x is probable1 h[ev]1 t any area 9 :i* ov]-fi%+ appe>s to h produc$ tempor>y exhau/ion w t5d to recov] automatically1 s9ce x w\ld naturally be ab&on$ tempor>ily by ! trawl]s = m pr(itable fi%+ gr\nds4 ,!re is no d\bt t trawl+1 unless ! size ( ! me% is c>efully controll$1 t5ds to remove l>ge numb]s ( immature fi%4 ,g5]ally 9 ord9>y beam trawl+--cod1 plaice1 haddock1 etc4--! me% v>ies f #c ins4 diamet] ne> ! m\? ( ! net to ab\t #a-a_/d ins4 diamet] at ! cod end4 ,if a mu* small] me% 7 us$ ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by a full-siz$ net w\ld be s great t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to draw ! net ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,small] trawls ( #a_/b 94 me% are us$ 9 %all[ coa/al wat]s = cat*+ %rimps1 small plaice & :it+4 ,! size ( me% l>gely det]m9es ! size ( fi% t w be reta9$ by ! net1 s9ce ! small]1 immature fi% readily escape ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! v>i\s fi%]y bo>ds1 ) a view to prev5t+ ! cat*+ ( su* small1 immature fi%1 h increas$ ! size ( me% t is to be us$--p>ticul>ly :5 trawl+ )9 ! ?ree mile limit1 :]e ! greate/ proportion ( immature fi% is g5]ally enc\nt]$4 ,= /eam trawl]s work+ 9 deep wat] a #b-a_/b 94 me% is g5]ally us$1 b )9 ! ?ree mile limit x is frequ5tly increas$ f #c to #c-a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,,! ,,cat* ,,abo>d ,h]r+ are caught ) drift nets at night ne> ! surface4 ,9 ! daytime !y frequ5t ! sea bottom & c !n be caught ) a trawl net4 ,trawl+ = h]r+s 0 fir/ practis$ by ! fi%]m5 ( ,mil=d ,hav5 & ,fleetwood 9 #aija4 ,!y us$ an ord9>y ott] trawl l9$ ) a piece ( h]r+ net4 ,a specially con/ruct$ h]r+ trawl is n[ us$1 ( :i* ! cod end is made ( #b-a_/b 94 me% in/ead ( ! usual #c-a_/b 94 ,:5 trawl+ = h]r+s ! /eam] goes at full spe$1 g5]ally = two to f\r h\rs1 unless a %oal is enc\nt]$1 :5 half-an-h\r is frequ5tly suffici5t4 ,h]r+s are trawl$ 9 f #gj to #ajj fa?oms ( wat] ov] a s(t bottom4 ,! ma9 c5tre = trawl$ h]r+s is ,nor?-,we/ ( ,irel&1 o!r fi%]ies be+ c>ri$ on (f ! ,s\?-,we/ ( ,irel&1 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 & 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 #aiac ov] #ejj1jjj cwts4 ( h]r+s 7 tak5 ) trawl nets 9 ^! areas4 ,?is me?od ( cat*+ h]r+s ar\s$ s]i\s opposition among ! drift net fi%]m54 ,!y ass]t$ t ! trawl cat*es & de/roys a high proportion ( immature fi%1 & also de/roys ! h]r+ eggs z x passes along ! sea bottom4 ,9 #aiac ! matt] 0 inve/igat$ by a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee1 b any ,gov]nm5t action 0 *eck$ by ! outbreak ( w>4 ,s9ce #aije ! trawl+ gr\nds frequ5t$ by ,briti% /eam trawl]s h be5 divid$ = /ati/ical purposes into eighte5 fi%+ areas4 ,! names & areas ( ^! regions are %[n 9 ! *>t ( ! trawl+ gr\nds 7,fig4 #ai74 ,table ,i %[s 9 hundr$weights ! av]age cat* p] day's abs5ce f port 9 diff]5t areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,trawl+ ,,gr\nds ,frequ5t$ by ,briti% ,trawl]s1 ! 8,regions0 into :i* !y are divid$ = /ati/ical purposes1 & ! approximate area ( ea* 9 squ>e miles 7,nautical7 calculat$ f ! #c mile limit to ! #bjj metre l9e4 ,,no4 ,,( ,,region4 ,,"n4 ,,approx4 ,,area ,,9 ,,sq4 ,,mls4 ,,nautical ,i4 ,:ite ,sea #abh1iag ,,ii4 ,coa/ ( ,norway #bi1fdh ,,iii4 ,baltic ,sea #acd1hia ,,iv4 ,nor? ,sea #abi1hjd99 ,v4 ,nor? ( ,scotl& #ah1jif 7,orkney & ,%etl&7 ,,vi4 ,we/w>d ( ,scotl& #cb1jii ,,vii4 ,icel& #cf1fjh ,,viii4 ,f>e #d1idi ,,ix4 ,rockall #c1dcj ,x4 ,we/ ( ,irel& #i1jff ,,xi4 ,iri% ,sea #ae1gdc ,,xii4 ,s\?w>d ( ,irel& #ej1daf ,,xiii4 ,bri/ol ,*annel #h1fac ,,xiv4 ,engli% ,*annel #be1bch ,,xv4 ,we/ ( ,france #be1dbb ,,xvi4 ,nor? ( ,spa9 #e1dfd ,,xvii4 ,coa/ ( ,portugal #i1iig ,,xviii4 ,coa/ ( ,morocco #aj1dii ------- ,total #fgh1ijj ------- 99,exclud+ ,area ,g1 ov] #bjj metres1 & ! ,moray ,fir? ,,table ,i #aijf #aiac #aibj ,:ite ,sea #djae #ddab #bede ,icel& #ddbb #dfaj #ehed ,f>e #caai #bhai #bgjc ,rockall #chih #cibg #diec ,nor? ( ,scotl& #beja #begf #bgca ,nor? ,sea #agfj #adjh #bdid ,engli% ,*annel #aacf #hie #begj ,iri% ,sea #aeff #aaid #ahgi ,bri/ol ,*annel #acae #acih #bfch ,we/ ( ,scotl& #baah #bhaa #bhag ,we/ ( ,irel& #badh #cjbb #behg ,s\? ( ,irel& #bfig #bcgd #bffc ,biscay #aeih #acbb #ahgc ,portugal & ,morocco #fee #acha #aibi ,9 ,engl& & ,wales m fi% is l&$ by trawl]s ?an by all o!r me?ods ( fi%+ comb9$4 ,trawl-caught fi%--soles1 plaice1 turbot1 halibut1 cod--are mu* m valuable ?an fi% caught by drift nets1 e4g4 h]r+ & mack]el4 ,9 ,engl& & ,wales1 9 #aiac1 ! weight ( pelagic fi% caught am\nt$ to #chi1bfb tons1 & ( dem]sal fi% #dah1jch tons4 ,al?\gh ! quantity ( ! dem]sal fi% 01 !re=e1 only little l>g] ?an ( ! pelagic fi%1 its value 0 #g1dfc1jjc1 comp>$ ) #b1eca1igi1 ! value ( ! pelagic fi%4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,%ellfi% ,%ellfi% are divid$ into two classes3 ,cru/acea1 includ+ ! lob/]1 crab1 %rimp1 prawn1 & mollusca1 includ+ ! oy/]1 mussel1 cockle & p]iw9kle4 ,%ellfi% g5]ally ab\nd 9 comp>atively %all[ wat] ne> ! %ore4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important memb]s ( ! cru/acea are ! v>i\s m9ute1 pelagic copepoda1 ( :i* incalculable myriads =m an important con/itu5t ( ! plankton 9 all seas4 ,^! copepoda live ^u ! diatoms & o!r microscopic1 m>9e vegetable life float+ at ! surface ( ! sea4 ,! mo/ important edible memb]s ( ! cru/acea are ! lob/] & ! %rimp4 ,! lob/] is f\nd along ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean1 p>ticul>ly along ! ,european coa/s f ,norway to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & (f ,nor? ,am]ica f ,labrador to ,cape ,hatt]as1 ,! lob/] lives 9 %all[ wat] at ab\t #ab fa?oms dep?1 & frequ5ts a rocky bottom4 ,! lob/]'s eggs rema9 atta*$ to ! female until ! l>vae hat* out4 ,f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj eggs are c>ri$ 9 ?is way by a female lob/]4 ,%e protects !m f ! ravages ( fi% t w o!rwise consume !m z food1 & by keep+ !m con/antly irrigat$ ) fre% sea-wat] %e promotes _! heal?y life & developm5t4 ,! eggs may take z long z twelve mon?s to hat*1 & al?\gh 8b]ri$0 lob/]s are se5 9 greate/ numb]s 9 ! spr+ !y are also captur$ at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,:5 hat*$ ! "y lob/] l>vae leave _! "m & float up to ! surface wat]1 :]e !y develop = a "t among ! plankton4 ,dur+ ! l>val p]iod ! lob/] is a free & active swimm]4 ,! "y l>vae are consum$ 9 l>ge quantities by fi% su* z h]r+1 mack]el & sprat1 especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s :5 !y are mo/ abundant4 ,:ile develop+ into a complete lob/] x passes ?r\gh at lea/ ?ree di/9ct *anges ( =m4 ,:5 ! l>va has atta9$ ! l5g? ( ab\t #c_/e 94 x already possesses _m ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! adult4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 x s9ks to ! sea bottom & gradually gr[s into a complete adult4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( ! lob/] x frequ5tly ca/s its %ell & gr[s a new "o4 ,gr[? only takes place :5 ! %ell is ca/ & :ile ! new %ell is h>d5+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( its life ! lob/] ca/s its %ell ab\t once a week1 b ?is ca/+ happ5s less & less frequ5tly z ! lob/] gr[s old]4 ,! new %ell is =m$ b5ea? ! old "o1 & al?\gh at fir/ q s(t rapidly h>d5s :5 ! old "o has be5 ca/ (f4 ,mo/ adult lob/]s ca/ _! %ells 9 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,a lob/] gr[s sl[ly1 & :5 f #i to #aj ins4 long is probably f f\r to five ye>s old4 ,x becomes mature :5 ab\t #f ins4 long--t is :5 ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,! lob/] is usually caught 9 creels or 8pots0 bait$ ) portions ( /ale fi%--g5]ally fl\nd]1 skate1 eels1 etc4 ,lob/] fi%]ies t5d to det]iorate 9 value v rapidly4 ,ow+ to ! lob/]s' ke5 s5se ( smell1 ! me?od ( capture by means ( creels or pots is v effici5t1 s t ! lob/]s are caught 9 great numb]s1 ) ! result t ! fi%]y soon %[s signs ( exhau/ion1 ! av]age size ( ! lob/] caught becom+ small]4 ,! lob/] fi%]y is entirely conf9$ to ! %all[ wat] ne> ! %ore1 & c only be repl5i%$ & ma9ta9$ by ! "y lob/]s t hat* out 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,l>ge quantities ( lob/] spawn are de/roy$ e ye> :5 b]ri$ lob/]s are caught4 ,x is e/imat$ t1 on an av]age1 #cj p] c5t ( ! lob/]s caught are b]ri$ females4 ,! fi%]m5 ei!r remove ! spawn & ?r[ x back into ! sea--:]e1 ( c\rse1 x almo/ c]ta9ly becomes fi% food--or sell x to be us$ 9 mak+ c]ta9 special sauces4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made by legislation 9 diff]5t c\ntries to prev5t ! capture ( b]ri$ females1 & s protect ! lob/] spawn1 b1 s9ce b]ri$ females are f\nd all ! ye> r\nd & comprise ab\t #cj p] c5t ( all ! lob/]s captur$1 x is practically impossible to prohibit ! capture ( b]ri$ lob/]s )\t s]i\sly p5aliz+ ! fi%]m54 ,a bett] policy w\ld be to hat* lob/] eggs 9 l>ge numb]s artificially1 & :5 ! "y lob/]s are well e/abli%$ add !m to ! natural /ock4 ,?is is actually done on a l>ge scale & ) excell5t results 9 ,am]ica & ,norway4 ,9 ,europe lob/]s are g5]ally s5t to m>ket 9 a fre% /ate1 b 9 ,am]ica !y =m ! basis ( an ext5sive cann+ indu/ry4 ,9 #aiac ov] #b1ejj1jjj lob/]s 7 captur$ r\nd ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! total value ( ! fi% be+ m ?an #aaj1jjj4 ,%rimp+ is "o ( ! mo/ important me?ods ( in%ore fi%+1 & gives employm5t to a l>ge numb] ( fi%]m5 r\nd our coa/s4 ,! %rimp is f\nd on s&y or muddy gr\nd 9 %all[ wat] ne> ! coa/4 ,a female %rimp1 l ! lob/] & ! crab1 c>ries its eggs "u its tail4 ,%rimps are caught ) a f9e-me%$ trawl net1 drawn by a boat or by horse & c>t1 or ) pu% nets or hose nets4 ,"o great objection to %rimp+ is t ! %all[1 s&y areas on :i* x takes place are mu* frequ5t$ by "y fi%--p>ticul>ly dabs1 plaice1 soles1 :it+ & codl+4 ,ow+ to ! small me% ( ! %rimp trawl1 ^! small fi% are captur$ 9 l>ge numb]s & are g5]ally dead or dy+ :5 dis*>g$ f ! net4 ,g5]ally1 ! %rimps are sep>at$ f ! small fi% by riddl+1 & ! small] %rimps are !n sep>at$ f ! l>g] ones by a second riddl+ process1 & are return$ to ! sea4 ,! %rimps are ?r[n into boil+ salt wat]1 rapidly /irr$ = a few seconds1 & spread out on ! deck to cool4 ,f ?ree to f\r hauls are made p] day1 a good day's fi%+ consi/+ ( f #cj to #dj qu>ts ( %rimps4 ,l>ge numb]s ( %rimps are pott$4 ,! o!r important gr\p ( %ellfi% is ! mollusca4 ,molluscs1 i4e4 8s(t creatures10 are ess5tially s(t1 mobile animals1 protect$ by %ells4 ,!y are class$ z bi-valves1 = example oy/] & mussel1 & uni-valves1 = example limpet & :elk4 ,!re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 a bi-valve & a uni-valve1 = :at appe> to be ! two %ells ( ! bi-valve are really "o %ell divid$ into two p>ts by a l9e ( s(t1 uncalcifi$ mat]ial :i* =ms a h+e betwe5 ! two halves ( ! %ell2 ?is h+e t5ds to keep ! %ell op51 b ! muscul> action ( ! liv+ animal inside keeps x clos$ :5 requir$4 ,) ! exception ( ! mussel1 v few %ellfi% actually live on ! %ore betwe5 ! tide m>ks4 ,mo/ ( ! sea%ore %ells are br\ght by ! sea f animals t liv$ 9 f #aj to #bj fa?oms ( wat]4 ,! cockle lives buri$ 9 ! s&1 ab\t an in* bel[ ! surface4 ,! oy/] lives on /ones & %ells bel[ l[-wat] m>k4 ,all molluscs are atta*$ tightly to ! %ell at "o or two po9ts1 & _c be remov$ f ! %ell alive4 ,9 ! case ( ! bi-valves ! animal is atta*$ to ! two %ells by a muscle :i* draws ! two valves ( ! bi-valve toge!r4 ,:5 ?is muscle is relax$1 = example 9 normal circum/ances1 :5 fe$+ at ! bottom ( ! sea--! %ell rema9s op54 ,"s %ellfi%--notably ! scallop--actually swim by op5+ & %utt+ ! two valves ( _! %ell4 ,! mo/ important uni-valves are ! p]iw9kle1 ! limpet & ! :elk4 ,uni-valves possess a well-m>k$ head & neck1 a pair ( eyes & a m\?4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! possession ( a tongue1 =m$ l a ribbon rasp1 furni%$ on its upp] surface ) a l>ge numb] ( small tee?4 ,! numb] & arrangem5t ( ^! tee? diff] 9 diff]5t species4 ,) ?is ribbon rasp ! uni-valve1 = example a dog-:elk1 c rasp a hole ?r\gh ! %ell ( an oy/] & fe$ ^u ! cont5ts4 ,bi-valves d n possess a ribbon rasp1 nei!r h !y a project+ head1 nor 9 mo/ cases any eye4 ,!y possess a m\?1 furni%$ ) f\r flapp]-l lips or gill plates4 ,!y fe$ on microscopic1 float+ plants t are drawn )9 _! m\? by curr5ts set up 9 ! wat] by ! rhy?mic vibrations--f ?ree to f\r hundr$ /rokes p] m9ute--( millions ( hairs t hang d[n f s(t plates support$ "u ! protect+ ar* ( ! %ell & call$ ! 8be>d40 ,^! curr5ts ( wat] n only br+ food to ! m\? ( ! bi-valve1 b also irrigate ! gill plates & s enable ! animal to brea!4 ,! oy/] lies on ! sea bottom ) its muscle relax$ & its %ell gap+4 ,a ,nor? ,european oy/] acts alt]nately z female & male4 ,x produces eggs--z _m z a million 9 a season--& a =tnight aft] ! eggs h be5 %$1 ! same oy/] produces millions ( sp]matazoa1 :i* =m a cl\d ( f9e du/ 9 ! wat]4 ,^! sp]matazoa rapidly scatt] 9 all directions1 &1 ent]+ ! tubul> reproductive sacs ( oy/]s t are produc+ eggs1 f]tilize !m4 ,am]ican & ,portuguese oy/]s are def9itely male & female1 ! eggs be+ dis*>g$ by ! female & f]tiliz$ subsequ5tly 9 ! sea by ! male4 ,! eggs rema9 atta*$ to ! p>5t's gill plates1 & 9 a day or s develop into m9ute1 %ell-less oy/]s4 ,! p>5t oy/] is !n said to be 8:ite-sick40 ,ab\t two days lat] ! "y oy/]s h become d>k-col\r$ & are f\nd to h =m$ m9ute convex %ells1 r l ^? ( a cockle4 ,! p>5t is !n 8black-sick40 ,a week lat] ! "y oy/]s escape & rise 9 ?\s&s to ! surface wat]1 swimm+ by means ( f9e hairs or cilia t are atta*$ to ! upp] edge ( ! %ells4 ,!y are c>ri$ f> & wide by tides & surface curr5ts4 ,_m are eat5 by "y fi% & %rimps4 ,z !y gr[ ! %ells become heavi]1 & aft] a "t !y s9k to ! sea bottom4 ,?is is kn[n z ! 8fall ( spat40 ,if !y fall on /ony gr\nd1 :]e !y w be well irrigat$ & n\ri%$ ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! wat]1 !y w ?rive4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 fall on s(t1 unsuitable gr\nd & p]i%4 ,! ,european oy/]s spawn 9 ! summ] 7f ,may to ,septemb]74 ,!y become mature 9 ?ree ye>s1 are at _! prime 9 f five to sev5 ye>s1 & r>ely live long] ?an t5 ye>s4 ,oy/]s are ga!r$ f natural b$s or f artificial gr\nds4 ,! oy/] bre$]s place movable tiles or frames = ! spat to fall on4 ,:5 ! "y h become affix$ to ^! 8/ools0 !y are frequ5tly c>ri$ away to develop 9 a diff]5t locality4 ,! oy/]s are f9ally fatt5$ 9 sea ponds or inlets t conta9 a l>ge diatom population4 ,at ,m>5nes1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,france1 ! wat] 9 :i* ! oy/]s are gr[n conta9s a p>ticul> blue diatom4 ,aft] fe$+ ^u ^! diatoms1 ! be>d ( ! oy/] becomes /a9$ a blui%-gre5 col\r--! well-kn[n 8,m>5nes v]tes0 oy/]s4 ,a natural oy/] b$ is =m$ on /ony gr\nd free f mud & s&1 s t ! oy/]1 aft] becom+ atta*$ to a /one1 is completely surr\nd$ by cle> sea-wat]4 ,oy/]s d n fl\ri% 9 wat] conta9+ less salt ?an ord9>y sea-wat]4 ,?us1 !re are no oy/]s 9 ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! *ief enemies ( ! oy/] are ! dog-:elk t bores ?r\gh ! %ell1 & ! />fi% t pulls ! valves ap>t & attacks ! oy/] inside4 ,! oy/] is widely di/ribut$ 9 tropical & temp]ate seas all ov] ! _w4 ,! approximate value ( ! annual oy/] crop ( ! _w is #d1jjj1jjj1 repres5t+ a crop ( #aj billion oy/]s4 ,9 ,europe up to #ge p] c5t ( ! oy/]s are re>$ f spat 9 artificial b$s--n m ?an #g p] c5t be+ 8native40 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 ov] #dj p] c5t are /ill obta9$ f natural b$s4 ,! simple/ =m ( oy/] culture is ! pres]vation ( ! natural b$4 ,^! b$s are easily de/roy$ or made unproductive by ov]-dr$g+4 ,colonies are brok5 up4 ,o!r animals are admitt$4 ,bre$+ oy/]s are cov]$ up by /ones & %ells1 & suffocat$4 ,ridges suitable = ! developm5t ( ! spat are brok5 d[n4 ,aft] ! b$s h be5 prop]ly protect$ & pres]v$ ! next /age is to ext5d ! area ( ! natural b$s4 ,?is involves a k ( ! conditions ( dep?1 temp]ature1 sal9ity & "* ( bottom t are necess>y to ! successful gr[? ( ! oy/]4 ,f9ally ! productivity ( an oy/] 8p>k0 & ! quality ( its produce c be greatly improv$ by provid+ artificial 8/ools0 = ! reception & developm5t ( ! spat4 ,_m sub/ances c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,romans us$ e>!nw>e tiles1 & simil> tiles are us$ to ?is day 9 ,france4 ,bru%wood1 trees1 /ones & /akes1 & old oy/] %ells 7cult*7 are also us$4 ,! e>!nw>e tiles us$ 9 ,france are holl[$ on "o side to receive ! spat1 & are coat$ ) lime to facilitate ! removal ( ! oy/]s :5 !y are a ye> old4 ,!y are !n f #a_/b to #a in* 9 diamet]1 & are pick$ (f ! /ools & plac$ on /&s :]e !y are ?9n$ out f "t to "t z !y gr[4 ,! *ief oy/] fi%]ies 9 ,brita9 are at ,:it/able1 ,col*e/] & ,brightl+sea4 ,ne>ly #dj1jjj1jjj oy/]s 7 ga!r$ on ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,wales 9 #aibj1 & 7 sold = ab\t #bej1jjj4 ,p]haps ! next mo/ important edible bi-valve is ! mussel4 ,frequ5tly1 mussel b$s are situat$ ne> ! m\? ( riv]s1 & consequ5tly t5d to be contam9at$ by sewage4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by v>i\s inve/igators--notably ,dr4 ,kle9 & ,pr(essor ,james ,john/one--t mussels are able to cleanse !mselves ( sewage pollution 9 a comp>atively %ort "t if !y are re-laid 9 /]iliz$ wat]4 ,exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale h be5 c>ri$ out ) ! mussel b$s at ! m\? ( ! ,conway riv] s9ce ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,! mussels are ga!r$ f ! b$s & plac$ ab\t two deep on wood5 grids 9 a l>ge concrete cleans+ tank ( #dj1jjj gallons capacity4 ,! mussels are fir/ ?or\ghly hos$ ) wat] at high pressure to remove all adh]5t mud1 etc4 ,! tank is !n fill$ ) /]iliz$ sea-wat] & ! mussels are all[$ to rema9 9 x = #bd h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! mussels effectually free !mselves f bact]ia4 ,! tank is !n empti$1 ! mussels are hos$ aga91 ! tank is aga9 fill$ ) /]ile wat] & aft] a fur!r #bd h\rs is empti$4 ,! mussels are once m flu%$ ) ! hose4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! mussels rea* a high /&>d ( purity4 ,! s*eme has prov$ to be a complete success1 n only f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 b also z a comm]cial proposition4 ,! sum ( #as4 p] bag ( mussels 7#adj lbs47 is *>g$ to ! fi%]m5 = ?is treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,fi%]ies ,,= ,,:ales ,:ales are ! mo/ important memb]s ( a l>ge family ( l& animals includ+ also ! seals1 walrus1 & porpoise1 t h gradually become adapt$ to live 9 ! sea4 ,!y h acquir$ an ext]nally fi%-l =m1 b 9 e o!r respect !y reta9 ! *>act]i/ic features ( mammalian /ructure4 ,!y are w>m-blood$1 air-brea?+ quadrup$s1 t suckle _! "y4 ,9 ! :ale1 ! =e-limbs h become simple five-f+]$ flipp]s1 :ile only isolat$1 ve/igial bones ( ! h9d-limbs rema9 buri$ uselessly 9 ! body4 ,unlike fi%es1 ! tail is set horizontally1 ?us enabl+ ! creature to rise easily to ! surface to brea!4 ,! w>m-blood$ body is kept w>m by a lay] ( fat plac$ imm$iately b5ea? ! sk91 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #h to #bj ins41 & kn[n z ! blubb]4 ,! no/rils1 in/ead ( be+ situat$ at ! end ( ! sn\t1 are plac$ f> back at ! apex ( ! head to =m ! bl[hole4 ,:ales are divid$ into two well-m>k$ gr\ps1 kn[n z ! :alebon$ & ! too!d :ales respectively1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> =m ( _! d5tition4 ,! mo/ important ( ! :alebon$ :ales is ! ,gre5l&1 or ,arctic ,"r1 :ale4 ,x atta9s a l5g? ( upw>ds ( #de to #ej ft41 & is rem>kable = ! enorm\s ext5t ( its head & m\? cavity4 ,! head ext5ds = a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! body1 s t ! m\? cavity may be z mu* z #ah ft4 long1 #ab ft4 broad & #aa ft4 9 height1 ! dim5sions ( a small *apel6 ,! upp] jaw is n>r[] ?an ! l[] & ar*es backw>ds1 ?us increas+ ! actual height ( ! m\? cavity & provid+ ample room = ! blades ( :alebone ) :i* ! jaws are furni%$ 9 place ( tee?4 ,^! blades ( :alebone numb] ab\t #chj1 & range 9 l5g? f #h ft4 to1 9 exceptional cases1 #ab ft4 ,!y are susp5d$ 9 ! m\? ( ! :ale l /alactites1 set fairly close toge!r1 &1 s9ce ! edges ( ea* blade are fr+$ ) f9e :alebone1 ! :ole arrangem5t =ms a v effici5t /ra9]4 ,?is enables ! :ale to fe$ ^u ! plankton--or 8krill10 z x is call$ by ! :al]s--& small fi%1 e4g4 h]r+ & capelan4 ,! :ale fills 8 enorm\s cav]n ( a m\? ) wat] conta9+ ! float+ food p>ticles1 & !n1 by rais+ 8 tongue1 sl[ly expels ! wat] ?r\gh ! :alebone sieve4 ,! food p>ticles are reta9$ by ! :alebone1 & are !n lick$ (f & swall[$4 ,! ,gre5l& :ale inhabits ! ,arctic seas nor? ( latitude #ed,n4 ,a closely relat$ v>iety1 ! ,b[head :ale1 =ms ! basis ( a fi%]y 9 ! ,behr+ ,sea4 ,! l>ge/ :ales kn[n are ! s-call$ ,rorqual :ales4 ,! "n ( ^! :ales is d]iv$ f ! l>ge numb] ( longitud9al folds or pleat+s t =m a *>act]i/ic feature ( _! ?roat4 ,rorqual :ales atta9 a l5g? ( f #hj to #he ft4 ,! head is relatively small1 & ! long1 sl5d] body c>ries a di/9ct dorsal f94 ,! :alebone is co>se & %ort4 ,! ,rorqual :ales are ! mo/ abundant & widely di/ribut$ ( all :ales4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all op5 seas1 ) ! exception ( ^? 9 ! extreme ,arctic & ,ant>ctic regions4 ,! ,s\!rn ,"r :ale1 or ,black :ale1 is f\nd 9 ! temp]ate seas ( bo? ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn hemisph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,a ,,:ale',s ,,m\? ,! c>cass is ready = cutt+ up at a ,%etl& :al+ /ation4 ,( ! too!d :ales1 ! mo/ important is ! ,ca*alot or ,sp]m :ale4 ,x is *iefly captur$ 9 ,s\!rn seas1 & is kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s = ! sake ( ! sp]maceti & sp]m oil t occur 9 l>ge quantities 9 its head cavity4 ,sp]m & o!r too!d :ales fe$ ^u fi% & cuttlefi%4 ,! bre$+ habits & migrations ( ! diff]5t species ( :ales are at pres5t little und]/ood4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 :5 ! wat] 9 ! ,pol> circles sw>ms ) c]ta9 v>ieties ( pelagic cru/acea1 ! :ales congregate 9 ^! regions & are !n mo/ pr(itably hunt$4 ,at ! end ( ! summ] !y appe> to migrate t[>ds w>m] wat] ne>] ! ,equator4 ,!y br+ =? _! "y 9 w>m1 %all[ wat]1 & return to ! :al+ gr\nds 9 ! spr+4 ,a "y :ale calf may be z mu* z #bj ft4 long at bir?4 ,:ales 7 captur$ by ! ,norwegians ov] #a1jjj ye>s ago4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages--f ! n9? to ! sev5te5? c5turies--! ,basques hunt$ ! ,black :ale 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & suppli$ ,europe ) oil & :alebone4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ! ,biscay :ales became r>e & m difficult to f9d1 ! :al]s v5tur$ fur!r afield1 & 9 #afab discov]$ ! ,gre5l& :ale4 ,! ,black or ,biscay :ale is n[ almo/ ext9ct1 & !re is e likelihood t ! ,gre5l& ,"r :ale w also soon be ext]m9at$4 ,! capture ( ,sp]m & ,rorqual :ales1 al?\gh equally important1 is a comp>atively mod]n developm5t4 ,mod]n :ale fi%+ has become a v effici5t art1 ow+ l>gely to ! inv5tion ( ! %ot-h>poon by a ,norwegian1 ,sv5 ,foyn1 9 #ahgj4 ,?is h>poon is dis*>g$ f a gun f ! deck ( a fa/ /eam%ip4 ,x p5etrates ! body ( ! :ale 9 ! vital region j beh9d ! flipp]4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is weapon has made ! kill+ ( :ales a matt] ( comp>ative ease & c]ta9ty4 ,! inevitable consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! :ales are be+ kill$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s t !y are 9 dang] ( g5]al ext]m9ation4 ,ev5 be=e ! introduction ( ! %ot-h>poon1 :ales 7 be+ de/roy$ at an a/oni%+ rate4 ,?us1 dur+ #dj ye>s 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ov] #cjj1jjj :ales 7 captur$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates :ale fi%]ies alone4 ,! value ( ^! :ales 0 #fe1jjj1jjj1 s t ea* :ale realiz$ on an av]age #baf4 ,( rec5t ye>s--be=e #aiad--;a s+le l>ge ,gre5l& :ale has realiz$ z mu* z #ijj = :alebone & #cjj = oil4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ov] #bj1jjj :ales are kill$ ea* ye>4 ,! old eighte5? c5tury :al] ( ab\t #djj tons burd5 c>ri$ ab\t #cj (fic]s & m51 & 0 equipp$ = a ?ree ye>s' voyage4 ,ea* :al] c>ri$ six :ale boats4 ,^! :aleboats 7 ab\t #bg ft4 long & built %>p at ea* end4 ,ea* boat 0 furni%$ ) ma/ & sails1 & 0 provid$ ) two #bjj-;fa?om :ale l9es4 ,:5 a :ale 0 sight$ f\r ( ^! boats1 ea* mann$ by six m51 />t$ 9 pursuit4 ,! boats rang$ !mselves alongside ! :ale & a h>poon 0 driv5 into x f ea* boat4 ,! :ale imm$iately div$ to ! bottom ( ! sea & rema9$ !re sometimes = z long z =ty m9utes4 ,:5 he return$ to ! surface to brea!1 m h>poons 7 ?r[n & he div$ aga94 ,ultimately1 ow+ to loss ( blood1 ! :ale kept ne> ! surface & 0 !n dispat*$ by a lance ?ru/ beh9d ! flipp] into ! vital p>ts4 ,! mod]n ,gre5l& :al] is an iron vessel ( ab\t #ejj tons4 ,%e is fitt$ ) auxili>y eng9es ( #ge horse-p[]4 ,%e c>ries f fifty to sixty h&s & eight :aleboats4 ,%e is fitt$ ) tanks = #bej tons ( oil4 ,be=e ! w> %e w\ld co/ ab\t #ag1ejj to build & #ejj a mon? to ma9ta94 ,ea* :aleboat c>ries a h>poon gun 9 ord] to make sure ( ! fir/ h>poon gett+ a good hold4 ,9 ,rorqual fi%+1 (f ,newf\ndl&1 ! h>poon is tipp$ ) a bomb & "t fuse4 ,?is explosive h>poon is dis*>g$ into ! :ale f ! deck ( ! :al]--a fa/ /eam]--& explodes ) fatal effect4 ,! *ief :ale fi%]ies are c>ri$ on (f ,gre5l& = ! ,gre5l& :ale1 (f ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& = ,rorquals4 ,!re is ! ,norwegian bottl5os$-:ale fi%]y ar\nd ,icel&1 & ! ,am]ican ,b[head-:ale fi%]y 9 ! ,behr+ ,sea4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,seas ! ,humpback1 ,f9 :ale1 & ,blue :ale 7,sibbald's ,rorqual7 con/itute an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! :ales captur$4 ,! ,"r :ale & ! ,sp]m :ale1 al?\gh captur$ 9 relatively small numb]s1 are individually m valuable4 ,o!r small] species1 e4g4 ! ,sei :ale 7,rudolph's ,rorqual71 ! less] ,rorqual & ! ,kill] or ,grampus1 are also f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! ,ant>ctic4 ,:5 ! :ale has be5 kill$ x is ei!r made fa/ alongside ! :al] & cut up1 or x is t[$ a%ore to a 8factory0 to be cut up & /ripp$4 ,! blubb] is /ripp$ (f1 cut up into small pieces1 & boil$ d[n ) wat] to sep>ate ! oil4 ,! yield ( oil v>ies = diff]5t species1 z %[n 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,! :alebone is remov$ &1 if a ,sp]m :ale1 ! oil is remov$ f ! skull cavity ) buckets4 ,an av]age l>ge ,sp]m :ale w yield f #b-a_/b to #c tons ( ,sp]m oil4 ,,table ,,ii ,av]age ,yield ( ,oil 9 ,b>rels ,species ( ,:ale4 7#f ,b>rels #a ,ton74 ,"r #fj to #gj ,blue #gj #hj ,f9 #ce #ej ,sei #aj #ae ,humpback #be #ce ,sp]m #fj #fe ,:ale oil is m>ket$ 9 five grades3 ,nos4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,nos4 #j & #a are made entirely f blubb]2 ,no4 #b f tongues & kidney fat & f ! residue ( ! blubb] boil+s2 ,no4 #c is made f ! fle% & bones1 & ,no4 #d f refuse4 ,! diff]5t grades conta9 progressively f #a_/b to #a p] c5t wat] & dirt1 & f #b to #cj p] c5t free fatty acid4 ,grades #j1 #a & #b ( :ale oil are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap1 glyc]9e be+ obta9$ f x z a by-product4 ,9 its natural condition ! oil is s(t1 & has to be 8h>d5$0 be=e x c be us$ = soap mak+4 ,! h>d5$ :ale oil is :ite1 od\rless & ta/eless1 & is an excell5t sub/itute = tall[4 ,9 ?is condition x is also us$ z a sub/itute = l>d &1 to a small ext5t1 is us$ 9 mak+ m>g>9e4 ,grades #c & #d are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( lubricat+ greases4 ,:ale oil alone is us$ = %aft+ & ma*9]y be>+s4 ,:5 mix$ ) m9]al oil1 x is us$ = looms1 sp9dles & textile ma*9]y4 ,:ale oil is also us$ z an illum9ant1 = curry+ lea!r1 & 9 mak+ *amois lea!r1 = bat*+ flax & o!r vegetable fibres1 & 9 oil+ wool = comb+4 ,9 #aiac1 ! _w's annual cat* ( :ale oil _h rea*$ #hjj1jjj b>rels4 ,dur+ ! w> ! supply 0 consid]ably less1 = example 9 #aiag x 0 only #ceh1jjj b>rels4 ,:alebone4 ,:alebone f ! m\?s ( ! ,"r or :alebon$ :ales is 9 consid]able dem& among dressmak]s & mill9]s4 ,its pr9cipal use is 9 ! bru% trade1 *iefly 9 mak+ bru%es = me*anical purposes4 ,x is prep>$ = use by be+ boil$ 9 wat] = ab\t #ab h\rs until x is q s(t4 ,x is !n cut into /rips or bri/les or filam5ts1 accord+ to ! use = :i* x is int5d$4 ,x is light1 flexible1 t\gh & fibr\s4 ,sp]m ,oil4 ,sp]m oil is really a liquid wax4 ,x is an excell5t lubricant--p>ticul>ly = rapidly mov+ ma*9]y1 e4g4 sp9n+ sp9dles1 or = delicate ma*9]y su* z wat*es4 ,x does n become gummy or rancid1 & reta9s its viscosity at high temp]atures4 ,x has no corrosive action4 ,:5 cool$ to l[ temp]atures1 x deposits a solid wax--sp]maceti--:i* is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( high grade c&les4 ,sp]m oil is also us$ = dress+ lea!r1 9 oil temp]+ /eel1 & z an illum9ant4 ,amb]gris4 ,amb]gris is a solid1 fatty1 inflammable sub/ance1 dull grey 9 col\r1 :i* occurs z a concretion 9 ! inte/9es ( sp]m :ales4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd float+ 9 ! sea or on ! %ore4 ,x is us$ 9 ! p]fume indu/ry mix$ ) o!r p]fumes4 ,! developm5t ( ! :al+ indu/ry 9 ! s\? seas has l$ to ! indu/rial developm5t ( previ\sly un9habit$ isl&s4 ,on ,s\? ,georgia1 :i* 0 previ\sly un9habit$1 actual indu/rial villages h be5 e/abli%$4 ,a *ur* has be5 erect$1 & !re are ?ree slips = cutt+ up ! :ales1 two guano factories1 res]voirs = ! oil1 & h\ses = ! /aff4 ,?is ,ant>ctic isl& has a float+ population ( _m hundr$s ( sailors & workm54 ,a doctor resides !re dur+ ! :al+ season &1 s9ce #aijh1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ a po/ (fice 9 ?is pol> l&4 ,9 #aibb ! eyes ( all ! _w 7 turn$ to ?is f>-away l&1 ! ,gate ( ! ,ant>ctic1 z ! body ( ,sir ,erne/ ,%ackleton1 ! h]o ( ! ,ant>ctic1 0 laid to re/ !re4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,cur+ ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fi% ,! pres]vation ( fi%es = use z food long aft] !y h be5 caught is a matt] ( con/antly increas+ importance to ! prosp]ity ( ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,9 mo/ o!r food supply+ indu/ries ! produce c be kept fre% = ! m>ket comp>atively easily4 ,dry gra9 w keep indef9itely2 vegetables & fruits ) prop] c>e w g5]ally rema9 8fre%0 long en\gh to rea* di/ant m>kets4 ,ox51 %eep & pigs may be transport$ to ! m>ket alive1 & !n slaught]$ z requir$4 ,b a fi% z soon z x is tak5 f ! wat] dies & spe$ily beg9s to decay4 ,fi%1 l o!r food/uffs1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 decays z a result ( ! gr[? 9 x & on x ( c]ta9 micro-organisms 7bact]ia1 m\lds74 ,^! micro-organisms sw>m 9 ! air & on expos$ surfaces all ! _w ov]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 !y fl\ri% be/ at ord9>y temp]atures & 9 a moi/ environm5t4 ,food/uffs c be pres]v$ f decay only by prev5t+ ! gr[? & developm5t ( ^! decay organisms4 ,!y c be kill$ outright by any ( ! ord9>y /]iliz+ processes su* z exposure to suffici5t extremes ( heat or cold1 or by treatm5t ) dis9fectant sub/ances 7g]micides7 su* z c>bolic acid or hypo*lorites4 ,cle>ly1 h[ev]1 food/uffs _c be pres]v$ indef9itely by ! simple process ( kill+ all ! organisms t are resid5t on ! food/uff at ! "t ( treatm5t1 =1 z soon z ! food/uff is expos$ to ! air1 x w become infect$ afre%4 ,!y c be pres]v$-- 7#a7 ,by boil+1 & pack+ imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 air-free conta9]s4 ,?is process is1 ( c\rse1 ! basis ( ! great meat pack+ indu/ry4 ,! meat is pack$ 9 a t91 ! t9 & its cont5ts are heat$ 9 /eam or boil+ wat] until ! meat is cook$ & all ! decay organisms are de/roy$4 ,! t9 is !n seal$1 air-free & air-tight4 7#b7 ,by freez+4 ,cold /orage is a widely us$ me?od ( pres]v+ food/uffs4 ,! l[ temp]ature prev5ts ! gr[? & developm5t ( decay organisms &1 z long z ! food/uff is kept suffici5tly cold1 arre/s decay4 ,prehi/oric animals long ext9ct are sometimes f\nd firmly emb$d$ 9 ! ,pol> ice1 z fre% z !y 7 on ! day !y 7 dr[n$4 ,x is f\nd t ! /ability & subsequ5t quality ( froz5 meat or fi% dep5d directly ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 froz54 ,x may be froz5 9 air1 or :5 imm]s$ 9 br9e4 ,( ^! two me?ods ! latt] is mu* quick]1 because br9e is ov] tw5ty-five times z good a conductor ( heat z air is4 ,dur+ ! sl[] air-freez+ process ! quality ( ! fle% is impair$ by ! sep>ation ( ! conta9$ wat] into comp>atively l>ge cry/als ( ice4 ,?is leads to ! displacem5t ( ! membrane & tissues ( ! meat1 s t 9 ?aw+ aga9 ! meat drips & becomes t\gh4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 br9e freez+ occurs too rapidly = ?is sep>ation ( wat] to occur to any m>k$ ext5t4 ,! keep+ qualities ( br9e-froz5 fi% also are great] ?an ^? ( air-froz5 fi%1 ow+ to ! protect+ coat+ ( ice :i* effectively prev5ts contact ) bact]ia or m\ld spores4 7#c7 ,by dry+4 ,primitive man pres]v$ 8 meat by dry+ x 9 ! sun1 or 9 ! smoke ( a fire4 ,to-day ! prep>ation ( fi%1 dri$ fruits1 desiccat$ vegetables1 etc41 is a _w-wide indu/ry4 ,g5]ally speak+1 decay organisms c only develop 9 a moi/ environm5t4 ,all fre% food/uffs conta9 a l>ge proportion ( wat]4 ,! removal ( ?is wat] effectively *ecks decay4 ,dry+ alone1 h[ev]1 does n always produce a p]man5t 8cure10 z ! food/uff is always liable to get moi/ aga94 ,= t reason x is cu/om>y to comb9e ! dry+ process ) treatm5t ) an antiseptic sub/ance su* z salt4 ,smoke dry+ is bett] ?an sun dry+1 = al?\gh ! ultra-violet rays ( ! direct sunlight effectively kill bact]ia & m\ld spores wood smoke conta9s antiseptic sub/ances ) :i* ! meat becomes impregnat$1 s t ev5 ! *ance ( any subsequ5t infection is greatly r$uc$4 7#d7 ,by treat+ ) an antiseptic sub/ance su* z salt4 ,antiseptic sub/ances diff] f dis9fectant sub/ances 9 t !y d n kill micro-organisms1 b only arre/ _! developm5t4 ,z a rule1 !y are effective pres]v+ ag5ts1 & d n make ! food poison\s or unpalatable4 ,all ^! me?ods c be1 & are1 us$ = pres]v+ fi%1 ! me?od mo/ commonly us$ be+ treatm5t ) salt4 ,fi%1 h[ev]1 are (t5 kept 9 ice on bo>d dur+ a fi%+ trip & are !n ei!r pack$ 9 ice = transit "u special /orage conditions 7if requir$ fre%7 or !y are salt$ d[n4 ,me?ods ( ,salt+4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( salt+ are us$1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! fi% & ! locality4 ,! fi% are ei!r clean$ 7split & gutt$7 or salt$ 8r\nd0 7:ole74 ,9 g5]al1 ! me?od us$ is "o ( ! foll[+-- 7#a7 ,,dry-,,salt+4 ,! fi% are clean$1 roll$ 9 dry salt1 & pack$ 9 lay]s 9 op5 casks4 ,ea* lay] ( fi% is cov]$ ) a lay] ( salt4 7#b7 ,,br9e ,,pickl+4 ,! fi% are imm]s$ 9 saturat$ br9e1 salt be+ add$ f day to day to re/ore ! /r5g? ( ! br9e z x becomes weak5$ by ! wat] :i* x extracts f ! fi%4 7#c7 ,,k5*+4 ,! fi%1 ei!r split or r\nd1 are pil$ 9 lay]s 9 ! hold ( ! %ip1 or on ! floor ( ! w>eh\se1 ea* lay] be+ cov]$ 9 turn ) a lay] ( salt4 ,! br9e1 z x =ms1 is all[$ to dra9 away4 ,( all ^! ?ree me?ods1 ! fir/ is und\bt$ly m effective1 m economical1 & requires less att5tion ?an ! second4 ,! ?ird me?od is (t5 us$ on bo>d %ip & sometimes on %ore z a tempor>y exp$i5t :5 ! cat* is too l>ge = ! numb] ( conta9]s available4 ,9 ! dry-salt me?od1 ! fi% are pack$ tightly 9 ! casks1 & are n aft]w>ds di/urb$4 ,:5 cur$ !y possess a *>act]i/ic dry1 %runk5 appe>ance4 ,fi% pickl$ 9 br9e ne$ att5tion e day4 ,! br9e has to be closely wat*$ s t x %all n become too weak4 ,fre% salt has to be add$ daily1 & ! fi% /irr$ up ) wood5 paddles to ensure uni=m pickl+4 ,fi% cur$ 9 ?is way are s(t] & m plump ?an ^? cur$ by ! dry-salt+ me?od4 ,:5 a fi% is pack$ 9 salt ! salt rapidly extracts wat] f ! fle% & a /rong br9e results4 ,! salt dissolves 9 ! rema9+ fle% juices ( ! fi%1 & rapidly diffuses ?r\gh\t ! fi%1 ?or\ghly p]meat+ x4 ,by ?is process1 !re=e1 ! fi% is p>tially dri$ & becomes ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) salt4 ,! gradual *ange 9 ! composition ( ! fle% is reflect$ 9 ! foll[+ analysis-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sample4 ,wat]4 ,na,cl4 ,fat4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,fre% h]r+1 ungutt$ #fgcc #jfc #acgh ,h]r+ lightly salt$1 be=e gutt+ #ffcc #abg #abaa ,h]r+ f r\s+ tub1 gutt$ & salt$1 ready to pack into b>rel #faji #ada #afad ,h]r+1 aft] #g days salt$ 9 b>rel #ebfg #gdc #agaj ,h]r+1 aft] #h days salt$ 9 b>rel #dfij #aadi #bbej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! effici5cy ( ! cure & ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ product w be influ5c$ by ! foll[+ factors-- 7a7 ,! temp]ature--:e!r summ] or w9t]2 7b7 ,! fre%ness ( ! fi%2 7c7 ,! quality ( ! salt--its purity & gra92 7d7 ,! quantity ( salt us$2 7e7 ,! duration ( ! process4 7a7 ,! ,temp]ature4 ,z soon z a fi% is dead1 x comm5ces to decay4 ,9 hot wea!r1 decay proce$s m rapidly & ! int]ior portion ( ! meat may become s\r$ be=e ! salt rea*es x4 ,cle>ly1 if ! rate at :i* ! salt p5etrates ! fi% is ret>d$ by ! salt be+ impure1 or ( too f9e a gra91 or by ! br9e be+ too weak1 ! probability ( ! fi% be+ spoilt is v mu* increas$4 ,! dry salt me?od leads to a mu* quick] p5etration ( ! fi% ?an ! br9e me?od1 & %\ld always be us$ 9 w>m wea!r4 7b7 ,! ,fre%ness ( ! ,fi%4 ,! decay processes ga!r impetus day by day4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( 8s\r+10 ! fi% %\ld be salt$ ) ! lea/ possible delay4 7c7 ,! ,quality ( ! ,salt4 7#a7 ,its ,purity4 ,! impurities commonly pres5t 9 ,fi%]y ,salt are ! sulphates & *lorides ( calcium & magnesium4 ,! foll[+ analysis %[ ! composition ( typical samples ( ,fi%]y ,salt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,g]man ,composition4 ,rock ,italian4,spani%4,fr5*4 ,engli%4 ,salt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,salt 7,sodium *loride7 #igbh #ifei #iffc #iehf #ihi ,calcium *loride -- #jcb -- #jaf -- ,magnesium *loride #jbe #aai #jif #jce #jjh ,magnesium sulphate -- #age #jgc -- -- ,sodium sulphate #jdd -- -- -- #jjd ,sodium bic>bonate #jja -- -- -- -- ,insoluble 7,calcium sulphate1 s&1 etc47 #bjb #jae #afh #cfc #jih ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ,moi/ure #jbj #fed #ddg #aci #cbe ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! ,spani% & ,italian salts are sol> salts1 obta9$ by evaporat+ sea-wat] by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,sol> salt ne>ly always conta9s m magnesium salts ?an br9e salt does4 ,?is con/itutes a s]i\s disadvantage to ! fi% cur]4 ,( ! calcium salts :i* occur z impurities 9 ,fi%]y ,salt1 ! sulphate is practically insoluble 9 br9e1 & is probably )\t action ^u ! salt+ process4 ,calcium *loride1 on ! o!r h&1 resembles magnesium *loride & is an undesirable con/itu5t ( ,fi%]y ,salt1 = calcium *loride1 & to a less] ext5t magnesium *loride & magnesium sulphate1 dim9i% ! rate at :i* ! salt p5etrates ! fi%4 ,cur+ w1 !re=e1 be delay$1 & 9 w>m wea!r 7above #gj;,f47 ?is may result 9 ! s\r+ ( ! fi%4 ,to obta9 rapid & ?or\gh cur+1 !re=e1 x is necess>y--especially 9 w>m wea!r--to use salt :i* conta9s z little calcium & magnesium salts z possible4 ,pure salt1 us$ dry1 produces a s(t1 yell[-meat$ fi% :i* is flexible 9 ! h&4 ,salt conta9+ calcium *loride or magnesium *loride produces a h>d] & /iff] fi% ) a m>k$ly :it] col\r4 ,salt$ fi% c only be /or$ satisfactorily 9 a dry place4 ,fi% :i* has be5 cur$ ) impure salt is hygroscopic & w run wet 9 ! /ore4 ,?is hygroscopic moi/ure weak5s ! pres]v+ action ( ! salt4 ,fi% t has be5 cur$ ) a pure salt w keep mu* dri] "u ord9>y /orage conditions4 7#b7 ,its ,gra94 ,! cry/als ( ,fi%]y ,salt %\ld be co>se & h>d4 ,co>se cry/als dissolve sl[ly1 & s produce a m gradual cure ?an f9e-gra9$ salt does4 ,f9e-gra9$ salt extracts ! wat] s rapidly f ! surface tissues t x coagulates !m4 ,?is ret>ds ! fur!r p5etration ( ! salt into ! fi%1 s t ! fi% has ! appe>ance ( be+ slack salt$4 ,r\nd v]sus ,clean$ ,fi%4 ,! ?or\ghness ) :i* a cut fi% is clean$ & wa%$ influ5ces ! temp]ature at :i* ! fi% c be salt$ successfully1 & mat]ially affects ! quality & ta/e ( ! product4 ,tressl]#a has %[n t ! *ief cause ( fi% spoil+ :5 salt$ 9 hot wea!r is ! decomposition ( ! blood :i* rema9s 9 ! fle%4 ,ev5 9 cold wea!r1 x is f\nd t ! extra wa%+ & clean+ greatly improve ! quality ( ! fi%4 ,z ! pres5ce ( blood 9 ! fi% also leads to discol\ration dur+ ! salt+ process1 a ?or\ghly clean$ & wa%$ fi% is1 aft] salt+1 mu* :it] 9 appe>ance & has a f9] ta/e4 ,_m fi% are sk9n$ be=e !y are salt$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t a sk9n$ fi% w cure almo/ twice z quickly z an unsk9n$ fi%4 ,?is is because salt p5etrates ! meat ( ! fi% at approximately twice ! rate at :i* x p5etrates ! sk94 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot climates1 to sk9 ! fi% be=e salt+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is only comm]cially practicable ) c]ta9 l>ge k9ds ( fi% su* z cod4 ,! ,r$d5+ ( ,salt$ ,fi%4 ,salt$ fi% sometimes und]go a *ange1 ei!r dur+ ! salt+ process if improp]ly c>ri$ out1 or m g5]ally 9 ! /ore1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! developm5t on ! surface ( ! fi% ( irregul> r$ & br[n pat*es4 ,?is r$d5+ occurs n only on ! fi%1 b also on ! floors & walls ( ! cur+ factories1 on ! sides & decks ( fi%+ boats1 & ev5 on ! salt itself4 ,x occurs mo/ readily 9 w>m wea!r4 ,! r$d5+ has be5 %[n to be due to ! gr[? ( a micro-organism 7a micro-coccus74 ,) ?is micro-coccus are g5]ally associat$ a bacillus & a micro-fungus :i* produce ! br[n m\ld on ! fi%4 ,fi% become infect$ ) ^! micro-organisms by contact ) boats or docks or w>eh\ses4 ,e precaution %\ld be tak5 to keep su* places clean & prop]ly dis9fect$4 ,! 8ru/+0 ( fatty fi%1 e4g4 h]r+1 is due to ! oxidation ( c]ta9 free1 fatty acids split (f f ! fats by enzyme action4 ,footnote #a3 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies1 ,docum5t ,no4 #hhd 7#aibj74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,fi% ,) few exceptions1 ! diff]5t species ( fi%es t are caught indu/rially are important because ( _! food value4 ,"s fi%es are unsuitable = food because !y h an unattractive ta/e2 o!rs are directly poison\s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,japanese fi% ( ! g5us tetrodon1 ! roe is poison\s1 al?\gh ! rema9d] ( ! fi% is edible4 ,"s fi%es are poison\s dur+ ! spawn+ season4 ,o!rs are provid$ ) a special poison gl& connect$ ) special sp9es or b>bs4 ,9 edible fi%es1 giv5 ! suitable conditions1 poisons may be =m$ by bact]ial activity 9 ! fle% ( ! fi%4 ,poisons s =m$ give rise to ! k9d ( fi% poison+ kn[n z botulism4 ,cases ( botulism h result$ f eat+ cann$ salmon & s>d9es t h become spoil$4 ,9 "s cases1 bact]ia pres5t 9 a diseas$ fi% may produce poison\s sub/ances 9 ! body ( ! fi%4 ,bacillus p>atyphosus has be5 isolat$ f "s poison\s fi%1 & c]ta9 poison-produc+ bact]ia h be5 f\nd 9 o!rs4#b ,c]ta9 %ellfi% are notori\sly liable to be poison\s4 ,! exact nature ( ! microbes conc]n$ 9 ! production ( poison\s sub/ances 9 %ellfi% is at pres5t unkn[n2 x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t su* poison\s sub/ances may be produc$ 9 %ellfi% 9 ?ree ways-- 7#a7 ,microbes ( v>i\s infecti\s diseases1 su* z typhoid fev]1 may be absorb$ by ! %ellfi% f sewage4 7#b7 ,! %ellfi% may be diseas$1 or be s]i\sly contam9at$1 by liv+ 9 dirty wat]4 7#c7 ,decomposition may set 9 aft] ! %ellfi% h be5 remov$ f ! wat]--p>ticul>ly if !y h be5 kept too long 9 a w>m place4 ,x has be5 f\nd rec5tly t %ellfi% t h be5 delib]ately fatt5$ on sewage c be effectively cleans$ 9 su* a way z to get rid ( +e/$ sewage bact]ia4 ,?is process has be5 c>ri$ out successfully on a comm]cial scale at ,conway by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies4 ,dang] f infect$ %ellfi% may also be safely avoid$ by boil+ !m4 ,:5 %ellfi% are ga!r$ at ! "r season ( ! ye> & f suitable localities1 !y are a p]fectly safe & :olesome food4 ,( ! _m species ( edible fi%es t are kn[n & us$1 ! numb] is by no means complete1 & new species are add$ f "t to "t4 ,?us1 9 #aiaf1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies introduc$ a new edible fi% 7,lopholatilus *amaeleonticeps71 :i* !y *ri/5$ ! tile fi%4 ,aft] ?is fi%]y _h be5 9 exi/5ce = twelve mon?s1 ! kn[n cat* ( tile fi% am\nt$ to ov] #aj1jjj1jjj lbs41 valu$ at m ?an #djj1jjj4 ,9 #aiag1 ! same ,bureau introduc$ ! dog-fi% "u a new "n4 ,z p 7 prejudic$ aga9/ ! "n 8dog fi%10 ! ,bureau alt]$ x to 8gray fi%10 8:i* is descriptive1 n preoccupi$1 & altoge!r unobjectionable40 ,! fi% is n[ caught 9 l>ge numb]s1 & =ms ! basis ( a v fl\ri%+ cann+ indu/ry4 ,attempts h be5 made rec5tly to utilize z food ! edible portions ( ! %>k 7:i* is closely relat$ to ! dog fi%7 & ! porpoise4 ,! food value ( mo/ fi%es v>ies v mu* accord+ to ! condition ( ! fi% :5 x is caught--t is :e!r x is spawn+ or n4 ,fur!r1 x may be consid]ably modifi$ by ! *anges t take place subsequ5tly 9 ! composition ( ! fle% dur+ ! processes ( cur+1 cook+ or pres]v+4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all m>9e fi% annually pass ?r\gh a well-m>k$ s]ies ( seasonal *anges1 ! /ages ( :i* appe> to dep5d ^u *anges 9 ! temp]ature1 sal9ity & alkal9ity ( ! sea4 ,^! *anges are directly connect$ ) ! developm5t ( roe & milt1 ) ! fluctuation 9 ! p]c5tage ( oil & fat 9 ! liv] & body tissues1 & also ) ! rate ( gr[?4 ,?us ! *emical composition ( ! fi%1 & h5ce its food value1 v>ies greatly accord+ to ! season at :i* x is caught4 ,norwegian brisl+ 78,skipp] ,s>d9es07 are caught 9 ! summ] j be=e spawn+ "t4 ,at ?is "t ! fat cont5t is high2 9 w9t] ! fat cont5t is l[1 & ! fi% possesses small comm]cial value4 ,! gradual *ange 9 ! composition & food value 79 calories p] p\nd7 ( ! h]r+ z spawn+ "t approa*es is well %[n 9 ,table ,,iii4 7,pr(4 ,j4 ,john/one1 ,trans41 ,liv]pool ,biolog4 ,soc41 ,vol4 xxxiii 7#aiai71 p4 #ajf47 ,,table ,,iii ,,manx ,,summ] ,,h]r+s1 #aiaf ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,fle% ,,( ,,! ,,fi%3 ,,mon?ly ,,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,date4,condition4,wat]4,oil &,proteid4 ,a%4 ,total4 ,food ,fat4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,may ,empty #gej #be #baa #bc #ajji #a1ajj ,june ,fill+ #ffa #aad #ahf #bj #iha #a1hjf ,july ,fill+ #eeh #baf #ahd #bc #iha #b1gfb ,augu/,half full #dhd #cae #afe #bc #ihg #c1fjh ,sept4 ,full #eai #beb #agc #bf #igj #c1jej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! h]r+s are caught 9 ,septemb] :5 !y assemble 9 %oals = ! purpose ( spawn+4 ,!y are ?us mo/ easily caught at ! "t :5 _! food value is at a maximum4 ,! fle% ( clupeoid fi%--h]r+s1 sprats1 pil*>ds1 s>d9es--conta9s a quantity ( oil dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ! fle% 9 ! =m ( f9e globules4 ,f ! above table x w be se5 t ! p]c5tage ( oil 9 ! fle% ( ! h]r+ may be z l[ z #be p] c5t 9 ,may1 & z mu* z #cae p] c5t 9 ,augu/4 ,9 summ] ! adipose tissue =ms two di/9ct lay]s1 "o situat$ j bel[ ! sk91 ! o!r be+ p>allel to ! fir/1 b sep>at$ f x by a lay] ( muscul> tissue4 ,9 w9t] ! oil cont5t becomes s small t ^! lay]s ( adipose tissue disappe>4 ,a comp>atively small am\nt ( oil is conta9$ 9 ! liv] ( ! fi%4 ,9 gadoid fi%es1 e4g4 cod1 z well z 9 skates & rays1 ! oil is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! liv]4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! liv] gr[s l>g] & ri*] 9 oil1 until sometimes ! oil am\nts to m ?an half ! total weight ( ! liv]4 7,:5 cod are caught ! liv]s are remov$ & kept ap>t1 to be treat$ subsequ5tly = _! oil47 ,! p]c5tage ( oil 9 ! fle% ( ! cod v>ies f #ja p] c5t to #aj p] c5t4 ,unlike t ( ! h]r+1 !re=e1 ! food value ( ! fle% ( ! cod does n fluctuate m>k$ly accord+ to ! season4 ,:5 fi% are dry-salt$ a c]ta9 proportion ( ! prote9s & m9]al salts 9 ! fle% is extract$ by ! br9e pickle t is =m$4 ,9 ,russia & ,pol&1 :]e ! great] proportion ( salt$ h]r+s are consum$1 ! peasants eat !m )\t fur!r cook+1 & also consume ! pickle4 ,a great ga9 9 food value p] p\nd results f ! removal ( s mu* wat] f ! fle% ( ! fi%4 ,fre%ly caught cod fle% conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t wat] & #ag p] c5t prote92 aft] be+ dry-salt$ = export x conta9s ab\t #be p] c5t ( wat] & #ee p] c5t prote94 ,?us1 #a lb4 ( dry cod is equal 9 food value to ab\t #c lbs4 ( fre% cod4 ,! increas$ food value ( salt$ fi% w be se5 f ! foll[+ analyses-- ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,cur+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,^u ,,! ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,fi%es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,food4 ,prote94 ,fat4 ,c>bohydrate4 ,a%4,wat]4,food ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cal4 p] lb4 ,haddock 7fre%7 #abj #jb -- #ji #eaf #bcb 7smok$7 #adi #jb -- #cd #egd #bhf ,h]r+ 7fre%7 #adj #ajd -- #ae #deg #fii 7salt$7 #bab #aed -- #gg #cji #idd 7bloat]7 #aeg #if -- #ae #ebj #fig 7kipp]7 #ada #aaa -- #cd #dfi #gcj ,sprats 7fre%7 #abf #ajg -- #ac #did #fhf 7smok$7 #bab #adi -- #cb #cid #a1jbc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?us1 ! food value ( salt$ sprats or h]r+s p] p\nd is #ej p] c5t m ?an t ( ! same fi% :5 fre%4 ,! orig9al food value ( a fi% is g5]ally dim9i%$ by ! cook+ process4 ,! fi% may be boil$ or broil$ = direct consumption1 or x may be /eam cook$ 9 cans & seal$ up = future consumption1 z 9 ! cann+ indu/ry4 ,:5 oily fi%es1 su* z h]r+s1 are cook$1 ! oil globules bur/ & "s ( ! oil is lo/1 & ! food value ( ! fi% becomes correspond+ly less4 ,:5 salt$ fi% is soak$ 9 fre% wat] be=e be+ cook$1 "s ( ! gelat9 & o!r coagulable prote9s are extract$ f ! fle%4 ,?is loss ( prote9 c be *eck$ ei!r by broil+ ! fi%1 :5 ! prote9 ne> ! surface becomes coagulat$ & s prev5ts ! loss ( prote9 f ! int]ior ( ! fi%1 or by plac+ ! fi% t is to be boil$ direct into boil+ wat]1 & n into ! cold wat] be=e ! heat+ has begun4 ,9 addition to ?is dim9ution ( ! food cont5t ( ! fi%1 ! process ( cook+1 contr>y to g5]al expectation1 also dim9i%es slightly its dige/ibility4 ,9 ! cann+ process ! fi% to be cann$ are clean$ 7gutt$7 & bon$1 & pack$ into t9s1 toge!r ) ! necess>y sauce or season+4 ,! t9s are !n clos$1 a small hole be+ left tempor>ily 9 ! lid4 ,! t9s are plac$ on /eam-heat$ racks1 & ! cont5ts ?or\ghly cook$4 ,9 ?is way ! cont5ts are /]iliz$ z well z cook$1 & ! air orig9ally pres5t 9 ! t9 is all driv5 out by ! /eam ?r\gh ! small hole 9 ! lid4 ,?is hole is seal$ ) a spot ( sold] :ile ! cont5ts ( ! t9 are /ill at boil+ po9t4 ,! t9 & its cont5ts are all[$ to cool d[n1 & are dispat*$ to ! /ore-room4 ,dur+ /orage ! cont5ts ( ! seal$ t9 gradually 8mature40 ,?is matur+ process may la/ f six mon?s to t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! bones s(t51 ! fle% becomes s(t & pa/y1 & ! ta/e becomes ri*]4 ,! precise nature ( ! *anges t take place dur+ ?is matur+ process is n fully und]/ood2 probably matur+ is p>tly due to ! action ( c]ta9 enzymes 9 ! fle% ( ! fi%1 & p>tly to ! sl[ b cont9u\s *emical action ( ! v>i\s juices pres5t 9 ! t94 ,attempts to pickle h]r+s f ! ,zuyd] ,zee h be5 unsuccessful ow+ to a lack ( ! enzyme action t makes o!r h]r+s t5d] :5 pickl$4 ,! enzyme1 al?\gh pres5t1 is app>5tly r5d]$ inactive by ! pres5ce ( an anti-enzyme4 ,! la/1 b by no means ! lea/1 important factor to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! food value ( any p>ticul> fi% is its retail price4 ,! price ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( fi%es is by no means proportional to _! individual food values4 ,x is det]m9$ prim>ily by ! abundance or o!rwise ( ! available supply ( ea* individual species4 ,?us1 ! v>i\s pelagic fi%--mack]el1 h]r+1 sprat--t are easily caught 9 enorm\s quantities at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> are by f> ! mo/ valuable4 ,( trawl-caught fi%1 cod & :it+ are m pl5tiful & are1 !re=e1 *eap] ?an hake1 al?\gh1 aga91 ! *eap] fi% has ! great] food value4 ,9 "s cases c]ta9 fi%1 al?\gh fairly abundant1 are 9 poor dem& ow+ to "s prejudice on ! "p ( ! public1 & are g5]ally sold 9 poor] di/ricts1 or to ! fri$ fi% trade1 at a disproportionately l[ price1 = example skate1 dog-fi%1 angl] fi%1 john dory4 ,ta/e & appe>ance also contribute to ! popul>ity &1 !re=e1 indirectly to ! retail price ( fi%1 su* z ! sole & ! salmon4 ,9 ,table ,,iv ! pres5t retail prices 7,sept41 #aiba7 & ! food values ( a numb] ( diff]5t fi%es are comp>$4 ,f ^! figures1 ! actual food value p] %ill+swor? ( ea* fi% has be5 calculat$4 ,! *eape/ fi%1 !re=e1 are also ^? possess+ ! greate/ food value1 e4g4 ! h]r+ 9 all its =ms1 dri$ cod & l+1 & mack]el4 ,^! comp>e fav\rably bo? 9 co/ & food value ) meat1 su* z beef & mutton4 ,,table ,,iv ,,food ,,value ,,p] ,,%ill+swor? ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,fi%es ---------------------------------------- ------- ,retail ,food ,value ,fi%4 ,food ,price p] ,value4 ,sept4 #aiba ,%ill+4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,cals4 p] lb4 p] lb4 s4 d4 ,halibut 7cuts7 #beh #b #c #aae ,sole #cdf #b #f #ach ,turbot #bgj #a #f #ahj ,brill #cbg #a #h #aif ,haddock #bcb #a #b #aih ,hake #bef #a #c #bjd ,smok$ haddock #bhf #a #c #bbh ,plaice #cfg #a #f #bdd ,cod 7section7 #bif #a #a #beb ,:it+ #bae - #aj #beh ,salmon 7section7 #hdg #c - #bhb ,eels #gii #a #aj #dcf ,dri$ l+ #efj #a - #efj ,mack]el #eae - #aj #fah ,dri$ cod #gej #a - #gej ,kipp]$ h]r+ #gcj - #i #igb ,h]r+ #gji - #h #ajfb ,bloat]s #gae - #h #ajgb ,r$ h]r+s #abbj - #h #ahcj ,salt h]r+s #aabi - #e #bgab ---------------------------------------- ------- ,f9ally1 ! popul>ity or o!rwise ( any food/uff necess>ily dep5ds ^u its flav\r4 ,fi%es diff] greatly 9 ?is respect4 ,9 _m cases ! flav\r ( a fi% c be s]i\sly impair$ by an unsuitable me?od ( cook+4 ,a full-flav\r$ fi% l ! mack]el l5ds itself to a v>iety ( me?ods ( cook+1 equally good results be+ obta9$ by bak+1 grill+1 fry+ 9 fillets or boil+4 ,! plaice1 sole1 l+1 hake1 mullet1 & turbot are ess5tially fi% = fry+1 :ile cod1 haddock & :it+ are be/ boil$4 ,to prep>e a fi% = ! table requires consid]able skill1 b x is an art t1 once acquir$1 c be us$ to r5d] ev5 :at are reg>d$ z inf]ior v>ieties bo? :olesome & palatable4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 fi%es h long be5 a neglect$ =m ( food4 ,!y h a high food value1 !y are easily dige/ible1 & are *eap & pl5tiful4 ,x has be5 %[n rec5tly t edible fi% conta9 vitam9s4 ,vitam9s are complex *emical comp\nds ( hi!rto unkn[n composition1 & ( little und]/ood prop]ties1 t occur 9 m9ute quantities 9 a great v>iety ( natural food /uffs4 ,^! vitam9s appe> to be ess5tial to heal?y animal exi/5ce4 ,)\t !m1 ! body rapidly becomes attack$ by c]ta9 diseases1 e4g4 rickets1 b]i-b]i1 scurvy1 & unless ?is defici5cy ( ! diet is correct$1 dea? soon foll[s4 ,?ree diff]5t vitam9s h be5 discov]$1 kn[n z vitam9s ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,vitam9 ,a is conta9$ 9 ! oily "p ( mo/ fi%1 :ile ,vitam9 ,b is pres5t 9 c]ta9 fi% roes4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>%all1 ,microbiology4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fi% ,,products ,! indu/rial value & importance ( fi%es is by no means limit$ to _! use z food4 ,!y yield l>ge quantities ( valuable oil4 ,! fi% wa/e1 or (fal1 *iefly heads1 sk9s1 bones & visc]a--t is disc>d$ by ! fi% cur]1 is work$ up to yield fi% glue1 f]tiliz]s & cattle food4 ,! sk9s ( c]ta9 l>ge fi%es1 = example ! %>k1 are tann$ & manufactur$ into a valuable lea!r4 ,! /ory ( ! fi%+ indu/ry w\ld n be complete )\t a brief description ( ! me?ods by :i* ^! products are manufactur$4 ,fi% ,oils4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( oil t are obta9$ f diff]5t species ( fi% & o!r m>9e animals1 su* z :ales & seals1 may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! "p ( ! fi% f :i* !y are extract$4 7#a7 ,fi% oils prop] are dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ! fle% ( ! fi% 9 ! =m ( f9e globules4 ,!y are extract$ f ! entire fi%1 e4g4 h]r+1 s>d9e1 sprat1 m5had54 7#b7 ,liv] oils are locat$ 9 ! fi% liv]1 e4g4 cod1 %>k4 7#c7 ,blubb] oils con/itute a ?ick lay] ( adipose tissue j "u ! sk9 ( ! m>9e mammalia1 e4g4 :ale1 seal1 dolph91 porpoise4 ,9 oily fi%1 su* z h]r+s & sprats1 ea* m9ute globule ( oil is enclos$ )9 a ?9 sk94 ,x is practically impossible to rupture ?is sk9 & lib]ate ! oil simply by ! application ( pressure4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ^! globules are heat$ ! sk9 %rivels1 ! oil globules exp& & bur/ ! sk91 & ! liquid oil is lib]at$ & c !n be extract$ f ! fle% by pressure4 ,to obta9 ! oil1 !re=e1 ! fi% are boil$ or /eam heat$ 9 l>ge vats until ! oil is set free4 ,! hot mass is !n plac$ 9 a press & ! oil squeez$ out4 ,! residue is made into cattle food & f]tiliz]4 ,9 obta9+ ! be/ sorts ( liv] oils1 e4g4 codliv] oil1 ! liv]s are tak5 f ! fi% z soon z !y are caught1 & are heat$ 9 /eam-jacket$ vessels until ! cell membranes bur/ & ! oil exudes4 ,! oil is !n sep>at$ by pressure4 ,inf]ior qualities ( oil are obta9$ by treat+ putrid liv]s 9 ! same way at ! end ( ! voyage4 ,^! ta9t$ liv] oils are unfit = m$ic9al purposes1 b are us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! lea!r indu/ry4 ,blubb] 7:i* is f #h to #bj ins4 ?ick7 is /ripp$ f ! :ale z soon aft] capture z possible4 ,g5]ally ! dead :ale is made fa/ alongside ! :al]1 a deep1 spiral cut is made r\nd its body1 & ! blubb] is /ripp$ (f & haul$ abo>d4 ,?is is !n cut into pieces1 *opp$ up 9 m9c+ ma*9es & f$ into melt+ pans & heat$ ) /eam1 (t5 "u pressure4 ,! oil gradually exudes & collects ^u ! wat]1 ! cell membranes1 etc4--! greaves--settl+ to ! bottom4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! boil1 ! oil is drawn (f f above ! aque\s 7gluey7 lay]1 & is cl>ifi$ by /ra9+ ?r\gh sieves or filt]s4 ,! 8greaves0 is plac$ 9 hair or wooll5 bags & submitt$ to hydraulic pressure1 by :i* means a fur!r quantity ( oil is obta9$4 ,fi% oils1 unless specially purifi$ = m$ic9al purposes1 are d>k-col\r$ liquids1 ) a *>act]i/ic1 unpleasant1 fi%y smell1 due to ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( fi%y decomposition products1 = example trime?ylam9e4 ,:5 cool$1 _m samples ( fi% oil deposit solid masses ( fi% tall[ 7fi% /e>9e74 ,fi% oils1 &1 to a less ext5t1 ! m>9e animal oils1 e4g4 :ale1 seal1 porpoise1 are dry+ oils l l9se$ oil1 t is !y possess to a v m>k$ degree a capacity = absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air1 & s become ?ick5$ & visc\s4 ,?is ?ick5+ is g5]ally induc$ by bl[+ air ?r\gh ! w>m oil4 ,oils t h be5 ?ick5$ 9 ?is way are kn[n z 8bl[n0 oils4 ,bl[n fi% oils are mix$ ) m9]al oils = use z lubricants = heavy ma*9]y4 ,!y h be5 us$ z vehicles = pa9ts 9 place ( l9se$ oil1 b ) some:at disappo9t+ results4 ,!y are us$ successfully 9 place ( l9se$ oil 9 ! manufacture ( pr9t]s' ink1 & 9 mak+ pa9ts = pa9t+ smoke /acks4 ,su* pa9ts resi/ successfully ! action ( heat & light4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 !y are us$ 9 ! lea!r indu/ry4 ,fi% oils are us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture ( *amois lea!r4 ,ord9>y *amois or wa%-lea!r is made f ! fle%-splits ( %eep sk9s4 ,! sk9 is well wa%$ & s(t5$1 & fre$ f hair by treatm5t ) lime4 ,x is !n split1 & ! loose & fatty middle lay] remov$ by a %>p knife4 ,! lime is remov$ by a %ort bran-dr5* & ! sup]flu\s moi/ure is press$ out4 ,! sk9 is ?us r5d]$ por\s & easily able to absorb ! oil4 ,x is /ret*$ on a table & oil$ ) fi% or :ale oil4 ,! oil$ sk9 is fold$ up & work$ = two or ?ree h\rs 9 ! fall] /ocks & !n %ak5 out & hung up = a %ort "t to cool & p>tially dry4 ,! process is repeat$ a numb] ( times1 until all ! wat] orig9ally pres5t 9 ! sk9 has be5 replac$ by oil4 ,! oil$ sk9s are !n pil$ 9 a w>m place4 ,! oil gradually oxidizes--probably ow+ to "s f]m5tation process--& ! sk9s become yell[ & v hot4 ,f "t to "t ! sk9s are /rewn on ! floor to cool & !n re-pil$1 ! process be+ repeat$ until ! oxidation ( ! oil is complete4 ,9 ,france ! fre%ly-oil$ sk9s are hung 9 hot /oves1 & ! oxidation ( ! oil is complet$ 9 "o op]ation4 ,! sk9s are !n dipp$ 9 wat] & pass$ ?r\gh hydraulic presses1 by :i* ! surplus oil is remov$4 ,?is surplus ?ick1 oxidiz$ oil is kn[n z 8degras0 or 8moellon10 & is us$ = /uff+ lea!rs t h already be5 tann$4 ,/uff$ lea!rs are supple & imp]vi\s to wat]1 & are us$ = h>ness1 belt+1 etc4 ,a fur!r quantity ( oil may be remov$ f ! 8*amois$0 lea!r by treat+ x ) pota% or c>bonate ( soda1 8sod0 oil be+ recov]$ f ! extract by neutralization ) sulphuric acid4 ,! value ( sod oil = oil+ dress$ lea!r is due to a res9\s acid ( unkn[n composition1 t is soluble 9 alkali b insoluble 9 petroleum e!r4 ,enamel or pat5t lea!r is g5]ally coat$1 aft] tann+1 ) a l9se$ oil v>ni%1 boil$ ) prussian blue1 & dri$ 9 a /eam heat$ *e/ at #gj to #hj;,c41 ! process be+ repeat$ until a suffici5tly ?ick coat is produc$4 ,fi% oils are n[ us$ successfully 9 place ( l9se$ oil4 ,! enamel lea!r produc$1 al?\gh n q s glossy z t made ) l9se$ oil1 is said to be m pliable4 ,fi% oils are also employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( su* closely-relat$1 al?\gh happily div]se1 sub/ances z soap & m>g>9e4 ,all animal & vegetable fats & oils are ess5tially comp\nds ( glyc]9e1 ) "o or o!r ( ?ree acids3 palmitic1 /e>ic & oleic4 ,palmitic & /e>ic acids & _! comp\nds are solids at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 :]eas oleic acid & its comp\nds are liquid4 ,?is diff]5ce appe>s to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ! molecul> /ructure ( ^! sub/ances4 ,:5 oleic acid is heat$ ) hydrog5 gas "u pressure1 9 ! pres5ce ( f9ely-divid$ nickel1 x absorbs hydrog5 & is trans=m$ into /e>ic acid4 ,oleic acid1 !re=e1 is said to be unsaturat$ ) respect to hydrog51 :]eas /e>ic acid is call$ a saturat$ acid4 ,?is process1 :]eby a liquid oil is trans=m$ into a solid fat1 is call$ hydrog5ation1 or h>d5+4 ,bo? ! m>g>9e indu/ry & ! soap indu/ry require l>ge quantities ( h>d fats4 ,orig9ally ! soap indu/ry absorb$ ! available supplies ( h>d animal fats su* z beef suet1 hog's l>d1 & mutton suet4 ,! m>g>9e indu/ry dep5d$ ^u ^! same supplies ( animal fats1 & ! rapid gr[? 9 ! production ( m>g>9e dur+ rec5t ye>s has s]i\sly dim9i%$ ! supply ( h>d fats necess>y = ! manufacture ( soap4 ,! hydrog5ation ( :ale oil & v>i\s fi% oils has n[ made x possible to supply ?is dem&1 & has also made possible ! indu/rial utilization ( sub/ances1 su* z fi% oils1 = :i* =m]ly comp>atively little use c\ld be f\nd4 ,h>d5$ :ale oil melts at #dj to #ej;,c41 & is a :ite solid entirely devoid ( ta/e or smell4 ,x is us$ = mak+ soap1 & z a l>d sub/itute = cook+ purposes4 ,fi% ,glue4 ,fi% glue is ! mo/ important liquid glue on ! m>ket4 ,! bulk ( ! fi% glue manufactur$ to-day is made f ! wa/e & (fal t are disc>d$ by ! cur]s4 ,?is wa/e consi/s ( heads1 bones1 visc]a & sk9s4 ,! be/ glue is obta9$ f ! sk9s ( non-oily1 dem]sal fi%1 = example cod1 haddock1 soles1 plaice & hake4 ,! wa/e is wa%$ 9 runn+ wat] to free x f salt4 ,sometimes ! wa/e--p>ticul>ly ! heads--is decompos$ ) hydro*loric acid & aft]w>ds neutraliz$ ) lime4 ,x is !n *>g$ into a cook] provid$ ) a p]=at$1 false bottom4 ,! /ock is cov]$ ) wat] & heat$ ) /eam4 ,! glue is extract$ & gradually conc5trates 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ?is glue liquor is suffici5tly conc5trat$ 7f #e to #f p] c5t71 x is run (f 7! fir/ run7 & m wat] is add$ to ! wa/e & ! cook+ cont9u$4 ,aft] ab\t #aj h\rs cook+1 ne>ly all ! glue has be5 extract$ & ! liquor is aga9 run (f 7! second run74 ,! cook$ wa/e is !n )drawn1 & any rema9+ glue liquor is press$ out ( x & add$ to ! second run4 ,f #b to #d p] c5t ( ph5ol or boric acid are add$ to prev5t decomposition by bact]ia4 ,! glue liquor is evaporat$ d[n to a conc5tration ( #cb p] c5t 9 op5 vats or clos$ evaporators1 & is blea*$ ) sulphur\s acid4 ,a small am\nt ( "s ess5tial oil1 e4g4 cassia1 clove1 w9t]gre51 is add$ to *eck m\ld gr[? & mask ! fi%y od\r4 ,glue is also made 9 a simil> way f ! 8greaves0 obta9$ f :ale blubb]4 ,fi% glue is manufactur$ 9 ?ree grades4 ,,grade ,i is made f sk9s1 only ! fir/ run be+ us$4 ,x is us$ = photo-engrav+ "w1 = ! production ( half-tone plates4 ,,grade ,,ii is made f second run sk9 liquors & fi% wa/e4 ,x is sold 9 small cans & bottles = g5]al repair "w4 ,,grade ,,iii is prep>$ f fi% heads1 & is sold 9 l>ge cans & b>rels = siz+1 box mak+1 cab9et mak+1 & g5]al jo9] "w4 ,! glue is sometimes made m flexible by ! addition ( glyc]9e & glucose4 ,! flexibility ( fi% glue makes x useful = ! manufacture ( c\rt pla/]1 labels1 /amps1 & 9 book-b9d+4 ,! residue f ! press is dri$ & sold z *ick5 fe$ or f]tiliz]4 ,= ! latt] purpose x is frequ5tly mix$ ) ,c>nallite4 ,fi% ,gelat9e4 ,fi% gelat9e or is+lass is obta9$ f ! swimm+ bladd] ( ! /urgeon & also ( ! cod4 ,! bladd]s are export$1 ei!r op5$ 7pipe is+lass7 or wa%$1 split op5 & dri$ 7purse1 lump or leaf is+lass74 ,is+lass is ! purifi$ & dri$ inn] sk9 ( ! bladd]4 ,x has b feeble adhesive p[]4 ,x is us$ = cl>ify+ w9es1 cid]s & be]s1 & = mak+ jellies & pla/]s4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,9 _m places ne> ! sea1 fi% are employ$ :ole z manure4 ,sprats p>ticul>ly are caught 9 l>ge numb]s & di/ribut$ ov] ! fields1 & left to decompose4 ,fre% sprats conta9 #fcg p] c5t ( wat]1 #aid p] c5t nitrog51 #ba p] c5t a% 7#jdc pota% & #jij phosphoric acid74 ,fi% guano or fi% manure is g5]ally prep>$ f ! fi% wa/e disc>d$ by ! cur]4 ,an av]age sample ( ?is manufactur$ fi% manure w conta9 #ab p] c5t wat]1 #fj p] c5t organic matt]1 yield+ #aj p] c5t ammonia1 #af p] c5t ( calcium phosphate1 & a residue ( salt1 s&1 magnesia & pota%1 ! am\nt ( pota% be+ inconsid]able4 ,fi% guano is ma9ly valuable z a s\rce ( ammonia1 ! ammonia cont5t rang+ f #f to #aa p] c5t1 accord+ to ! k9d ( fi% us$ & its previ\s hi/ory1 e4g4 :e!r fre% or salt$4 ,9 _m places1 su* z ,london1 ! fi% (fal f ! %ops & re/aurants is collect$1 dri$ & gr\nd up = use z manure4 ,9 ,g]many 9 #aiah h]r+s' heads 7 remov$ by ! cur]s to be utiliz$ = ! production ( oil1 album51 & phosphate ( lime4 ,! h]r+ meal conta9$ up to #ej p] c5t ( album5 & calcium phosphate1 ! latt] be+ obta9$ f ! bones & heads4 ,! album5 0 extract$ *emically & prep>$ = human consumption4 ,! oil 0 extract$ ) b5zol or o!r solv5ts1 &1 aft] h>d5+1 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( butt] sub/itutes4 ,fi% wa/e or (fal is f$ into a cont9u\s cook]4 ,?is cook] consi/s ess5tially ( a long1 cyl9drical vessel1 ?r\gh :i* runs a holl[ /eel %aft on :i* are m\nt$ p]=at$ radial vanes 9 su* a way t ! :ole arrangem5t =ms a spiral conveyor4 ,by means ( ! holl[ %aft & vanes1 /eam is bl[n into ! mass ( fi% wa/e z x travels sl[ly ?r\gh ! vessel1 s t x is completely cook$ & dis9tegrat$ by ! "t t x em]ges at ! o!r end4 ,! cook$ mass is !n f$ into a press 9 :i* a screw conveyor urges x ?r\gh a gradually tap]+ cyl9d] ) p]=at$ sides4 ,9 ?is way ! oil is extract$ f x1 & x is !n dri$ & dis9tegrat$ by a rot>y dri]4 ,!re is always a little residual oil 9 fi% manure t t5ds to delay its decomposition 9 ! soil4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! oil be remov$ z completely z possible4 ,dry fi% manure requires c>eful /or+1 z ! pres5ce ( ?is small am\nt ( oxidizable oil t5ds to promote spontane\s combu/ion4 ,9 addition to its value z a f]tiliz]1 ! high cont5t ( prote9 7album57--namely1 #ej p] c5t--makes fi% meal a suitable food = live-/ock & p\ltry4 ,! comm]cial importance ( ?is indu/ry w be realiz$ :5 we rememb] t practically half ( ! total cat* ( fi% 9 ! _w is disc>d$ by ! cur]s z wa/e4 ,fi% ,lea!r4 ,! hides ( su* m>9e mammals z ! walrus & ! seal h long =m$ ! basis ( a regul> tann+ indu/ry4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 successful attempts h be5 made to tan ! sk9s ( c]ta9 fi%1 notably ! %>k4 ,! sk9s are treat$ ) alkali to remove fat & oil1 ! alkali is !n neutraliz$ ) acid1 aft] :i* ! sk9s are wa%$ & tann$4 ,! lea!r is said to be s(t & pliable1 & well adapt$ = _m uses4 ,%>k sk9s are also tann$ h>d1 & us$ to pr9t a gra9 on imitation pigsk94 ,%>k fi%+ 0 comm5c$ (f ! ,am]ican coa/ 9 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,! fi% are hunt$ f fa/1 p[]ful motor boats1 ) specially con/ruct$ nets4 ,a small %>k #e ft4 long w yield a hide #aj sq4 ft4 9 area4 ,%>k sk9 is naturally v t\gh & durable1 & 9 its untann$ condition is us$ by jewell]s z a natural em]y pap] = gr9d+ & poli%+ metal surfaces4 ,x is also us$ z an abrasive 9 work+ h>d woods & ivory4 ,a me?od has be5 devis$ by :i* a %>k sk9 c be split into ?ree4 ,! fir/ split1 aft] tann+1 is /rong & ?ick1 & suitable = high grade1 heavy %oes4 ,! second furni%es lea!r suitable = second grade foot we>1 & ! ?ird resembles su$e & is us$ 9 mak+ fancy articles4 ,9 addition to ! %>k's sk91 ! f9s1 blood1 tee?1 fle%1 & oil ( ! fi% are also utiliz$ comm]cially & yield a satisfactory pr(it4 ,,index ,amb]gris1 #ajf ,anadrom\s fi%1 #ch ,angl] 7devil7 fi%1 #ah1 #cb ,beam trawl1 #df1 #gg1 #hf ,b]ri$ lob/]s1 etc41 #ce ,bivalve1 #id ,black 7s\!rn "r7 :ale1 #ajj1 #ajb ,bloat]1 #fj1 #ff ,blue :ale1 #ajd ,brill1 #bd1 #ca1 #gh ,br9e pickl+1 #e1 #aaj ,ca*alot 7sp]m7 :ale1 #ajj1 #ajd ,cann+ ( fi%1 #ib1 #ic1 #ajh1 #abj ,capelan1 #gj1 #ajj ,ca/ net1 #eb ,cat-fi%1 #af ,clams1 #gc ,cockle1 #be1 #bg1 #ec1 #gd1 #ij1 #ic ,cod1 #b1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #dc1 #dh1 #fi1 #gh1 #hf1 #hi ---- fi%+1 #fi-gf ---- liv] oil1 #fi1 #gf ,cold /orage1 #ajh ,cook+ ( fi%1 #abb ,copepoda1 #bg1 #cj1 #cf1 #ij ,crab1 #be1 #ce1 #eb1 #ij ,cran1 #eh1 #fd ,cru/acea1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf1 #ij1 #ajb ,cutt]1 #gg ,dem]sal fi%1 #ai1 #ba1 #ca1 #hi ,diatom1 #bh1 #ij1 #if ,di/ribution ( fi%es1 #ah-bg ,dog-fi%1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #aaf ---- :elk1 #id1 #if ,dolph91 #bd ,dory fi%+1 #gj ,drift]1 #aj1 #ej1 #ef ,drift+1 #ej1 #ef-h1 #hh ,drift net1 #ej1 #ef1 #gg ,dry+ ( fi%1 #ge1 #ajh ,eel1 #af1 #ch1 #dd ,eggs ( fi%es1 #bg1 #bh1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #fi1 #ij ,f9 :ale1 #ajd ,fi% f]tiliz]1 #d1 #fb1 #gf1 #acj ---- glue1 #d1 #gf1 #abh ---- hat*+1 #c1 #d1 #ib ---- lea!r1 #d1 #acb ---- meal1 #d ---- oil1 #d1 #gf1 #abd-h ,fi%]y salt1 #aab-aad ,fi%+ gr\nds1 #aj1 #cj1 #fi1 #hj-ha1 #hc ---- traps1 #db ---- weirs1 #db ,fix$ eng9es1 #dc ,flake dry+1 #ge ,fl\nd]1 #af1 #ai1 #bb1 #cb1 #ci ,food ( fi%es1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #fi1 #id ---- value ( fi%1 #cg1 #ed1 #aae ,gills1 #af1 #bd1 #be1 #ca1 #id1 #ie ,grampus :ale1 #bd1 #ajd ,grayfi%1 #aaf ,gre5l& 7,arctic "r7 :ale1 #ii1 #ajb ,gutt+ fi%1 #gb1 #aac ,haddock1 #b1 #ai1 #bb1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #dh1 #gj1 #gh1 #hf1 #aai ,hake1 #bb1 #ca1 #gj1 #gh ,halibut1 #bb1 #dh1 #hi ,h>poon1 #db1 #ajb1 #ajd ,h]r+1 #ai1 #bd1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #ej1 #ed1 #ee1 #gj1 #gd1 #hi1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #aag1 #aai ---- fi%+1 #e1 #i1 #ad1 #dh1 #ej1 #ed1 #fj1 #fg1 #fh1 #hh ,hose net1 #dd ,humpback :ale1 #ajd ,ice1 #hc ,immature fi%1 #c1 #eb1 #hf1 #hh ,incubation p]iod ( fi% eggs1 #ce ,in%ore fi%]ies1 #aa-ac1 #ae1 #ej ,is+lass1 #fi1 #acj ,jelly fi%1 #bh1 #cj1 #gg ,katadrom\s fi%1 #ch ,k5*+1 #gb1 #aaj ,kipp]1 #fj1 #ff ,l>vae ( fi%es1 #bg1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ia 0,la/0 ( h]r+s1 #eh ,limpet1 #id ,l9e fi%+1 #db1 #dc1 #gj-gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #gh ,l+1 #bb1 #ca1 #cb1 #gh ,littoral fi%es1 #ba ,lob/]1 #be1 #ce1 #eb1 #ij-ib ,lob/] pots 7creels71 #db1 #ia ,mack]el1 #ah1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #ci1 #dd1 #ej1 #hi ,me% ( nets1 #dg1 #eb1 #hf1 #hh ,migration ( fi%es1 #cf-dj ,mollusca1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf1 #ij1 #ic1 #id ,mullet1 #ai ,mussel1 #be1 #bg1 #ce1 #ec1 #ij1 #ic1 #ig-ih ,nets1 #dc ,ott] trawl1 #dh1 #ha ,ov]day h]r+s1 #fj1 #ff ,ov]fi%+1 #c1 #aa1 #hj1 #hd1 #hf1 #ia1 #if ,oy/]1 #be1 #bg1 #ce1 #ij1 #ic1 #id-ig ---- culture1 #ie-ig ,pelagic fi%es1 #bd1 #cj1 #ca1 #hi ,p]iw9kle1 #be1 #ce1 #ec1 #id ,phosphoresc5ce1 #ah1 #dj1 #da ,pil*>d1 #be1 #ca1 #dd ,plaice1 #b1 #af1 #ai1 #bb1 #be1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dd1 #df1 #dh1 #gh1 #hf1 #hi ,plankton1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh-ca1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #fi1 #ij1 #id1 #ajj ,poke net1 #dd ,porpoise1 #bd1 #ii ,prawn1 #be1 #cj1 #ce1 #ij ,pres]vation ( fi%1 #ae1 #ajg 7,see also cann+1 dry+1 salt+47 ,productivity ( ! sea1 #bh ,purse net1 #dd ---- se9e1 #dd ,pu% net1 #eb ,r$ h]r+1 #fj1 #fd ,r$d5+ ( salt$ fi%1 #aad ,reproduction ( fi%es1 #cb1 #ie1 #ajb ,rorqual :ale1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajd ,salmon1 #ai1 #ca1 #ch ,salt h]r+1 #fj ,salt+ ( fi%1 #e1 #f1 #fb-fd1 #gb1 #gd1 #aji ,seal1 #ii ,sei :ale1 #ajd ,se9e1 #dd ,%ad1 #d1 #ai1 #ch ,%>k1 #d1 #af1 #ai1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd1 #dc1 #acb ,%ellfi%1 #ij-ii ,%rimp1 #be1 #cj1 #ce1 #eb1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic ,skate 7ray71 #f1 #bb1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd1 #gh ,sk9 ( fi%es1 #d1 #af1 #acb ,smack1 #i1 #df1 #gg ,smok+ ( fi%1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,sole1 #b1 #af1 #ai1 #bb1 #ca1 #cb1 #gh1 #hf1 #hi ,spawn+ ( fi%es1 #ai1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ej1 #ed-ee1 #ij1 #ie1 #aag ,sp]maceti1 #ajb1 #ajf ,sp]m oil1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf ,sp]m :ale1 #ajj1 #ajd ,sprat1 #be1 #bg1 #ej1 #ia1 #aai ,squid1 #gj ,/ake net1 #dc ,/>fi%1 #ej1 #if ,/eam fi%+1 #i1 #gh1 #hj1 #hd ,/eam trawl]1 #aj1 #gg1 #ha ,/ickleback1 #ai1 #ce ,/urgeon1 #af ,tile fi%1 #aaf ,trawl 7l9e fi%+71 #ga ---- net 7,see beam trawl1 ott] trawl47 ---- ---- 7%rimps71 #b1 #eb1 #ic ,trawl+1 #b1 #c1 #i1 #aj1 #df1 #gg-hi ---- = h]r+s1 #hh-hi ,tunny1 #bd ,turbot1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #gh1 #hi ,univalve1 #id ,vitam9s1 #abc ,walrus1 #ii ,w> s]vice ( fi%]m51 #hd ,:ale1 #bd1 #ii ---- bone1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ---- fi%]ies1 #ii ---- oil 7blubb]71 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,:al]1 #ajc ,:al+1 #ajc ,:elk1 #id ,:it+1 #bb1 #ca1 #cd1 #eb1 #gh1 #hf ,pr9t$ 9 ,ba?1 ,engl&1 by ,sir ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ltd4