,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,speculative4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 7o!rwise fif? ?\s&17 ,conta9+ ,sev5 ,essays n be=e ,republi%$1 & v>i\s o!r additions4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london2 ,,& #bj1 ,,s\? ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahia4 ,,london3 ,g4 ,,norman ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,page ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce #a ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces #gd ,,reasons ,,= ,,diss5t+ ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,comte #aah ,,on ,,laws ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,_! ,,discov]y #ade ,,! ,,valuation ,,( ,,evid5ce #afa ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity8 #afh ,,mill v]sus ,,hamilton--,,! ,,te/ ,,( ,,tru? #ahh ,,replies ,,to ,,criticisms #bah ,,pr(4 ,,gre5',s ,,explanations #cba ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,/yle #ccc ,,use ,,& ,,beauty #cgj ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,types #cge ,,gracefulness #cha ,,p]sonal ,,beauty #chg ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music #djj ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught] #deb 7,= ,index1 see ,volume ,,iii47 #a ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july #ahed4 ,!re /ill prevails among m5 a vague notion t sci5tific k diff]s 9 nature f ord9>y k4 ,by ! ,greeks1 ) :om ,ma!matics--lit]ally ?+s le>nt--0 alone consid]$ z k prop]1 ! di/9ction mu/ h be5 /rongly felt2 & x has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! g5]al m9d4 ,?\gh1 consid]+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce & ^? ( daily unme?odic ?9k+1 x is n surpris+ t su* a di/9ction has be5 assum$2 yet x ne$s b to rise a little above ! common po9t ( view1 to see t x is b a sup]ficial di/9ction4 ,! same faculties are employ$ 9 bo? cases2 & 9 bo? cases _! mode ( op]ation is fundam5tally ! same4 ,if we say t sci5ce is organiz$ k1 we are met by ! tru? t all k is organiz$ 9 a great] or less degree--t ! commone/ actions ( ! h\sehold & ! field presuppose facts colligat$1 inf]5ces drawn1 results expect$2 & t ! g5]al success ( ^! actions proves ! data by :i* !y 7 guid$ to h be5 correctly put toge!r4 ,if1 aga91 we say t sci5ce is prevision--is a see+ be=eh&--is a kn[+ 9 :at #b times1 places1 comb9ations1 or sequ5ces1 specifi$ ph5om5a w be f\nd2 we are oblig$ to confess t ! def9ition includes mu* t is =eign to sci5ce 9 its ord9>y acceptation3 = example1 a *ild's k ( an apple4 ,?is1 z f> z x goes1 consi/s 9 previsions4 ,:5 a *ild sees a c]ta9 =m & col\rs1 x kn[s t if x puts out its h& x w h c]ta9 impressions ( resi/ance1 & r\ndness1 & smoo?ness2 & if x bites1 a c]ta9 ta/e4 ,& manife/ly its g5]al acqua9tance ) surr\nd+ objects is ( l nature--is made up ( facts conc]n+ !m1 gr\p$ s t any "p ( a gr\p be+ p]ceiv$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r facts includ$ 9 x is =ese54 ,if1 once m1 we say t sci5ce is exact prevision1 we /ill fail to e/abli% ! suppos$ diff]5ce4 ,n only d we f9d t mu* ( :at we call sci5ce is n exact1 & t "s ( x1 z physiology1 c nev] become exact2 b we f9d fur!r1 t _m ( ! previsions con/itut+ ! common /ock alike ( wise & fooli%1 are exact4 ,t an unsupport$ body w fall2 t a light$ c&le w g out :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]2 t ice w melt :5 ?r[n on ! fire--^!1 & _m l pr$ictions relat+ to ! famili> prop]ties ( ?+s1 h z high a degree ( accuracy z pr$ictions are capable (4 ,x is true t ! results =ese5 are ( a v g5]al "*2 b x is none ! less true t !y are correct z f> z !y g3 & ?is is all t is requisite to fulfil ! def9ition4 ,!re is p]fect accordance betwe5 ! anticipat$ ph5om5a & ! actual ones2 & no m ?an ?is c be said ( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! sci5ces specially *>act]iz$ z exact4 ,see+ ?us t ! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific k & common k _c be su/a9$2 & yet feel+1 z we mu/1 t h[ev] impossible x may be to draw a l9e betwe5 !m1 ! two are n practically id5tical2 !re arises ! "q--,:at is ! relation%ip #c betwe5 !m8 ,a p>tial answ] to ?is "q may be drawn f ! illu/rations j giv54 ,on reconsid]+ !m1 x w be obs]v$ t ^? portions ( ord9>y k :i* are id5tical 9 "* ) sci5tific k1 compreh5d only su* comb9ations ( ph5om5a z are directly cognizable by ! s5ses1 & are ( simple1 inv>iable nature4 ,t ! smoke f a fire :i* %e is light+ w asc5d1 & t ! fire w pres5tly boil ! wat] plac$ ov] x1 are previsions :i* ! s]vant-girl makes equally well ) ! mo/ le>n$ physici/2 b !y are previsions conc]n+ ph5om5a 9 con/ant & direct relation--ph5om5a t foll[ visibly & imm$iately aft] _! antec$5ts--ph5om5a ( :i* ! causation is nei!r remote nor obscure--ph5om5a :i* may be pr$ict$ by ! simple/ possible act ( reason+4 ,if1 n[1 we pass to ! previsions con/itut+ sci5ce--t an eclipse ( ! moon w happ5 at a specifi$ "t2 t :5 a b>omet] is tak5 to ! top ( a m\nta9 ( kn[n height1 ! m]curial column w desc5d a /at$ numb] ( in*es2 t ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y imm]s$ 9 wat] w give (f1 ! "o an inflammable & ! o!r an inflam+ gas1 9 def9ite ratio--we p]ceive t ! relations involv$ are n ( a k9d habitually pres5t$ to our s5ses4 ,!y dep5d1 "s ( !m1 on special comb9ations ( causes2 & 9 "s ( !m ! connexion betwe5 antec$5ts & consequ5ts is e/abli%$ only by an elaborate s]ies ( inf]5ces4 ,a broad di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 sci5tific k & common k is its remot5ess f p]ception4 ,if we reg>d ! cases 9 _! mo/ g5]al aspect1 we see t ! lab\r] :o1 on he>+ c]ta9 notes 9 ! adjac5t h$ge1 c describe ! p>ticul> =m & col\rs ( ! bird mak+ !m1 & ! a/ronom] :o1 hav+ calculat$ a transit ( ,v5us1 c del9eate ! black spot ent]+ on ! sun's disc1 z x w appe> ?r\gh ! telescope1 at a specifi$ h\r1 d #d ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,ea* kn[s t on fulfill+ ! requisite conditions1 he %all h a preconceiv$ impression--t aft] a def9ite s]ies ( actions w come a gr\p ( s5sations ( a =ekn[n k9d4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 is nei!r 9 ! fundam5tal "* ( ! m5tal acts2 nor 9 ! correctness ( ! previsions accompli%$ by !m2 b 9 ! complexity ( ! processes requir$ to a*ieve ! previsions4 ,mu* ( our common k is1 z f> z x goes1 precise4 ,sci5ce does n increase its precision4 ,:at !n does x d8 ,x r$uces o!r k to ! same degree ( precision4 ,t c]ta9ty :i* direct p]ception gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( ! simple/ & mo/ accessible k9d1 sci5ce gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 complex 9 _! dep5d5cies1 or inaccessible to imm$iate obs]vation4 ,9 brief1 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 sci5ce may be call$ an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by means ( reason+4 ,on fur!r consid]+ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 x w p]haps be felt t ?is def9ition does n express ! :ole fact--t insep>able z sci5ce may be f common k1 & completely z we may fill up ! gap betwe5 ! simple/ previsions ( ! *ild & ! mo/ recondite ones ( ! physici/1 by int]pos+ a s]ies ( previsions 9 :i* ! complexity ( reason+ involv$ is great] & great]1 !re is yet a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two beyond t above describ$4 ,& ?is is true4 ,b ! diff]5ce is /ill n su* z enables u to draw ! assum$ l9e ( dem>cation4 ,x is a diff]5ce n betwe5 common k & sci5tific k2 b betwe5 ! successive phases ( sci5ce itself1 or k itself--:i*ev] we *oose to call x4 ,9 its e>li] phases sci5ce atta9s only to c]ta9ty ( =esight2 9 its lat] phases x fur!r atta9s to complet5ess4 ,we beg9 by discov]+ a relation2 we end by discov]+ ! relation4 ,our fir/ a*ievem5t is to =etell ! k9d #e ( ph5om5on :i* w occur "u specifi$ conditions2 our la/ a*ievem5t is to =etell n only ! k9d b ! am\nt4 ,or1 to r$uce ! proposition to its mo/ def9ite =m--undevelop$ sci5ce is qualitative prevision2 develop$ sci5ce is quantitative prevision4 ,?is w at once be p]ceiv$ to express ! rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] /ages ( positive k4 ,! pr$iction t a piece ( lead w take m =ce to lift x ?an a piece ( wood ( equal size1 exhibits c]ta9ty1 b n complet5ess1 ( =esight4 ,! k9d ( effect 9 :i* ! "o body w exce$ ! o!r is =ese52 b n ! am\nt by :i* x w exce$4 ,!re is qualitative prevision only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr$ictions t at a /at$ "t two p>ticul> planets w be 9 conjunction2 t by means ( a lev] hav+ arms 9 a giv5 ratio1 a kn[n =ce w raise j s _m p\nds2 t to decompose a giv5 quantity ( sulphate ( iron by c>bonate ( soda w require s _m gra9s--^! pr$ictions %[ =ekn[l$ge1 n only ( ! nature ( ! effects to be produc$1 b ( ! magnitude1 ei!r ( ! effects !mselves1 ( ! ag5cies produc+ !m1 or ( ! di/ance 9 "t or space at :i* !y w be produc$4 ,!re is bo? qualitative provision & quantitative prevision4 ,& ?is is ! unexpress$ diff]5ce :i* leads u to consid] c]ta9 ord]s ( k z especially sci5tific :5 contra/$ ) k 9 g5]al4 ,are ! ph5om5a measurable8 is ! te/ :i* we unconsci\sly employ4 ,space is measurable3 h5ce ,geometry4 ,=ce & space are measurable3 h5ce ,/atics4 ,"t1 =ce1 & space are measurable3 h5ce ,dynamics4 ,! inv5tion ( ! b>omet] enabl$ m5 to ext5d ! pr9ciples ( me*anics to ! atmosph]e2 & ,a]o/atics exi/$4 ,:5 a !rmomet] 0 devis$ !re arose a sci5ce ( heat1 :i* 0 be=e impossible4 ,( su* ext]nal ag5ts z we h f\nd no measures b our s5sations #f we h no sci5ces4 ,we h no sci5ce ( smells2 nor h we "o ( ta/es4 ,we h a sci5ce ( ! relations ( s\nds diff]+ 9 pit*1 because we h discov]$ a way to measure ^! relations2 b we h no sci5ce ( s\nds 9 respect to _! l\dness or _! timbre1 because we h got no measures ( l\dness & timbre4 ,obvi\sly x is ?is r$uction ( ! s5sible ph5om5a x pres5ts1 to relations ( magnitude1 :i* gives to any division ( k its specially sci5tific "*4 ,orig9ally m5's k ( weights & =ces 0 l _! pres5t k ( smells & ta/es--a k n ext5d+ beyond t giv5 by ! unaid$ s5sations2 & x rema9$ s until weigh+ in/rum5ts & dynamomet]s 7 inv5t$4 ,be=e !re 7 h\r-glasses & clepsydras1 mo/ ph5om5a c\ld be e/imat$ z to _! durations & int]vals1 ) no great] precision ?an degrees ( h>dness c be e/imat$ by ! f+]s4 ,until a !rmometric scale 0 contriv$1 m5's judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( heat /ood on ! same foot+ ) _! pres5t judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( s\nd4 ,& z 9 ^! initial /ages1 ) no aids to obs]vation1 only ! r\ghe/ comp>isons ( cases c\ld be made1 & only ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces p]ceiv$1 x result$ t only ! mo/ simple laws ( dep5d5ce c\ld be asc]ta9$--only ^? laws :i*1 be+ uncomplicat$ ) o!rs1 & n di/urb$ 9 _! manife/ations1 requir$ no niceties ( obs]vation to dis5tangle !m4 ,:5ce x appe>s n only t 9 proportion z k becomes quantitative d its previsions become complete z well z c]ta91 b t until its assumption ( a quantitative "* x is necess>ily conf9$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y relations4 ,moreov] x is to be rem>k$ t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 we c discov] ! laws ( ! great] "p ( ph5om5a only by inve/igat+ !m quantitatively2 on ! o!r h& we c ext5d ! range ( our quantitative #g previsions only z fa/ z we detect ! laws ( ! results we pr$ict4 ,= cle>ly ! ability to specify ! magnitude ( a result inaccessible to direct measurem5t1 implies k ( its mode ( dep5d5ce on some?+ :i* c be measur$--implies t we "k ! p>ticul> fact dealt ) to be an in/ance ( "s m g5]al fact4 ,?us ! ext5t to :i* our quantitative previsions h be5 c>ri$ 9 any direction1 indicates ! dep? to :i* our k rea*es 9 t direction4 ,& "h1 z ano!r aspect ( ! same fact1 x may be obs]v$ t z we pass f qualitative to quantitative prevision1 we pass f inductive sci5ce to d$uctive sci5ce4 ,sci5ce :ile purely inductive is purely qualitative2 :5 inaccurately quantitative x usually consi/s ( "p induction1 "p d$uction2 & x becomes accurately quantitative only :5 :olly d$uctive4 ,we d n mean t ! d$uctive & ! quantitative are coext5sive2 = !re is manife/ly mu* d$uction t is qualitative only4 ,we mean t all quantitative prevision is rea*$ d$uctively2 & t induction c a*ieve only qualitative prevision4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! di/9ctions enable u to sep>ate ord9>y k f sci5ce2 mu* z !y seem to d s4 ,:ile !y %[ 9 :at consi/s ! broad contra/ betwe5 ! extreme =ms ( ! two1 !y yet lead u to recognize _! ess5tial id5tity1 & once m prove ! diff]5ce to be "o ( degree only4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 mu* ( our common k is to "s ext5t quantitative2 see+ t ! am\nt ( ! =ese5 result is kn[n )9 c]ta9 wide limits4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! highe/ quantitative prevision does n rea* ! exact tru?1 b only a ne> approa* to x4 ,)\t clocks ! savage kn[s t ! day is long] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]2 )\t scales he kn[s t /one is heavi] ?an fle%2 t is1 he c =esee respect+ c]ta9 results t _! am\nts w exce$ ^!1 & be less ?an #h ^?--he kn[s ab\t :at !y w be4 ,&1 ) 8 mo/ delicate in/rum5ts & mo/ elaborate calculations1 all t ! man ( sci5ce c d1 is to r$uce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ese5 & ! actual results to an unimportant quantity4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d n only t all ! sci5ces are qualitative 9 _! fir/ /ages1--n only t "s ( !m1 z ,*emi/ry1 h b lately rea*$ ! quantitative /age--b t ! mo/ advanc$ sci5ces h atta9$ to _! pres5t p[] ( det]m9+ quantities n pres5t to ! s5ses1 or n directly measurable1 by a sl[ process ( improvem5t ext5d+ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,s t sci5ce & ! k ( ! uncultur$ are alike 9 ! nature ( _! previsions1 widely z !y diff] 9 range2 !y possess a common imp]fection1 ?\gh ?is is imm5sely great] 9 ! la/ ?an 9 ! fir/2 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r has be5 ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps by :i* ! imp]fection has be5 r5d]$ cont9ually less1 & ! range cont9ually wid]4 ,^! facts1 t sci5ce & ord9>y k are alli$ 9 nature1 & t ! "o is b a p]fect$ & ext5d$ =m ( ! o!r1 mu/ necess>ily und]lie ! :ole !ory ( sci5ce1 its progress1 & ! relations ( its p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,!re mu/ be incomplet5ess 9 any hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 :i*1 leav+ out ( view ! fir/ /eps ( _! g5esis1 comm5ces ) !m only :5 !y assume def9ite =ms4 ,!re mu/ be grave defects1 if n a g5]al untru?1 9 a philosophy ( ! sci5ces consid]$ 9 _! int]dep5d5ce & developm5t1 :i* neglects ! inquiry h[ !y came to be di/9ct sci5ces1 & h[ !y 7 sev]ally evolv$ out ( ! *aos ( primitive ideas4 ,n only a direct consid]ation ( ! matt]1 b all analogy1 goes to %[ t 9 ! e>li] & simpl] /ages mu/ be s\ght ! key to all subsequ5t intricacies4 ,! "t 0 :5 ! anatomy & physiology ( ! human be+ 7 /udi$ #i by !mselves--:5 ! adult man 0 analyz$ & ! relations ( p>ts & ( functions inve/igat$1 )\t ref]5ce ei!r to ! relations exhibit$ 9 ! embryo or to ! homolog\s relations exi/+ 9 o!r creatures4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x has become manife/ t no true conceptions are possible "u su* conditions4 ,anatomi/s & physiologi/s f9d t ! real natures ( organs & tissues c be asc]ta9$ only by trac+ _! e>ly evolution2 & t ! aff9ities betwe5 exi/+ g5]a c be satisfactorily made out only by exam9+ ! fossil g5]a to :i* !y are ak94 ,well1 is x n cle> t ! l mu/ be true conc]n+ all ?+s t und]go developm5t8 ,is n sci5ce a gr[?8 ,has n sci5ce1 too1 its embryology8 ,& mu/ n ! neglect ( its embryology lead to a misund]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( its evolution & ( its exi/+ organization8 ,!re are priori reasons1 !re=e1 = d\bt+ ! tru? ( all philosophies ( ! sci5ces :i* tacitly proce$ ^u ! common notion t sci5tific k & ord9>y k are sep>ate2 in/ead ( comm5c+1 z !y %\ld1 by affiliat+ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 & %[+ h[ x gradually came to be di/+ui%able f ! o!r4 ,we may expect to f9d _! g5]alizations ess5tially artificial2 & we %all n be deceiv$4 ,"s illu/rations ( ?is may "h be fitly introduc$1 by way ( prelim9>y to a brief sket* ( ! g5esis ( sci5ce f ! po9t ( view indicat$4 ,& we _c m readily f9d su* illu/rations ?an by glanc+ at a few ( ! v>i\s classifications ( ! sci5ces t h f "t to "t be5 propos$4 ,to consid] all ( !m w\ld take too mu* space3 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) "s ( ! late/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,comm5c+ ) ^? :i* may be soone/ dispos$ (1 let u notice1 fir/1 ! arrangem5t prop\nd$ by ,ok54 ,an ab/ract ( x runs ?us3 ,"p ,i4 ,,ma!sis4--,pneumatog5y3 ,prim>y ,act1 ,prim>y ,consci\sness1 #aj ,god1 ,prim>y ,re/1 ,"t1 ,pol>ity1 ,motion1 ,man1 ,space1 ,po9t1 ,l9e1 ,surface1 ,globe1 ,rotation4--,hylog5y3 ,gravity1 ,matt]1 ,e!r1 ,heav5ly ,bodies1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,fire4 7,he expla9s t ,,ma!sis is ! doctr9e ( ! :ole2 ,pneumatog5y be+ ! doctr9e ( immat]ial totalities1 & ,hylog5y t ( mat]ial totalities47 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,ontology4--,cosmog5y3 ,re/1 ,c5tre1 ,motion1 ,l9e1 ,planets1 ,=m1 ,planet>y ,sy/em1 ,comets4--,/*iog5y3 ,cond5sation1 ,simple ,matt]1 ,elem5ts1 ,air1 ,wat]1 ,e>?4--,/*iology3 ,functions ( ! ,elem5ts1 c4 c4--,k+doms ( ,nature3 ,individuals4 7,he says 9 explanation t #8,,ontology tea*es u ! ph5om5a ( matt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! heav5ly bodies compreh5d$ by ,cosmog5y4 ,^! divide into elem5ts4--,/*iog5y4 ,! e>? elem5t divides into m9]als--,m9]alogy4 ,^! unite into "o collective body--,geog5y4 ,! :ole 9 s+ul>s is ! liv+1 or ,organic1 :i* aga9 divides into plants & animals4 ,biology1 !re=e1 divides into ,organog5y1 ,phytosophy1 ,zoosophy4'7 ,,fir/ ,,k+dom4--,,m9]als4 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,biology4--,organosophy1 ,phytog5y1 ,phyto-physiology1 ,phytology1 ,zoog5y1 ,physiology1 ,zoology1 ,psy*ology4 ,a glance ov] ?is confus$ s*eme %[s t x is an attempt to classify k1 n aft] ! ord] 9 :i* x has be51 or may be1 built up 9 ! human consci\sness2 b aft] an assum$ ord] ( creation4 ,x is a pseudo-sci5tific cosmogony1 ak9 to ^? :i* m5 h enunciat$ f ! e>lie/ times d[nw>ds2 & only a little m respectable4 ,z su* x w n be ?\ght wor?y ( mu* consid]ation by ^? :o1 l ourselves1 hold t exp]i5ce is ! sole orig9 ( k4 ,o!rwise1 x might h be5 ne$ful to dwell on ! incongruities ( ! arrangem5t--to ask h[ motion c be treat$ ( be=e space8 h[ !re c be rotation )\t matt] to rotate8 h[ pol>ity c be dealt ) )\t involv+ po9ts & l9es8 ,b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose j to indicate a few ( ! absurdities result+ f ! doctr9e :i* ,ok5 seems to hold 9 common ) ,hegel1 t 8to philosophize on ,nature is to re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( ,creation40 ,"h is a sample3 8,ma!matics is ! univ]sal sci5ce2 s also is #aa ,physio-philosophy1 al?\gh x is only a "p1 or r b a condition ( ! univ]se2 bo? are "o1 or mutually congru5t4 8,ma!matics is1 h[ev]1 a sci5ce ( m]e =ms )\t sub/ance4 ,physio-philosophy is1 !re=e1 ma!matics end[$ ) sub/ance40 ,f ! ,engli% po9t ( view x is suffici5tly amus+ to f9d su* a dogma n only gravely /at$1 b /at$ z an unque/ionable tru?4 ,"h we see ! exp]i5ces ( quantitative relations :i* m5 h ga!r$ f surr\nd+ bodies & g5]aliz$ 7exp]i5ces :i* _h be5 sc>cely at all g5]aliz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod7--we f9d ^! g5]aliz$ exp]i5ces1 ^! intellectual ab/ractions1 elevat$ into concrete actualities1 project$ back into ,nature1 & consid]$ z ! int]nal frame-"w ( ?+s--! skeleton by :i* matt] is su/a9$4 ,b ?is new =m ( ! old realism1 is by no means ! mo/ />tl+ ( ! physio-philosophic pr9ciples4 ,we pres5tly read t1 8,! highe/ ma!matical idea1 or ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ma!matics is ! z]o #j40 99 99 99 8,z]o is 9 itself no?+4 ,ma!matics is bas$ ^u no?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 arises out ( no?+4 8,out ( no?+1 !re=e1 x is possible = some?+ to arise2 = ma!matics1 consi/+ ( propositions1 is a some?+ 9 relation to #j40 ,by su* 8consequ5tlys0 & 8!re=es0 x is1 t m5 philosophize :5 !y 8re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( creation40 ,by dogmas t pret5d to be reasons1 no?+ is made to g5]ate ma!matics2 & by clo?+ ma!matics ) matt]1 we h ! univ]se6 ,if n[ we d5y1 z we d d5y1 t ! highe/ ma!matical idea is ! z]o--if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ass]t1 z we d ass]t1 t ! fundam5tal idea und]ly+ all ma!matics1 is t ( equality2 ! :ole ( ,ok5's cosmogony disappe>s4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see illu/rat$1 ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! ,g]man me?od ( proc$ure 9 ^! #ab matt]s--! ba/>d priori me?od1 z x may be t]m$4 ,! legitimate priori me?od sets out ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable2 ! priori me?od z illegitimately appli$1 sets out ei!r ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is n inconceivable1 or ) propositions l ,ok5's1 ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable4 ,x is ne$less to proce$ fur!r ) ! analysis2 else might we detail ! /eps by :i* ,ok5 arrives at ! conclusions t 8! planets are coagulat$ col\rs1 = !y are coagulat$ light02 t 8! sph]e is ! exp&$ no?+20 t gravity is 8a weighty no?+1 a heavy ess5ce1 /riv+ t[>ds a c5tre20 t 8! e>? is ! id5tical1 wat] ! indiff]5t1 air ! diff]5t2 or ! fir/ ! c5tre1 ! second ! radius1 ! la/ ! p]iph]y ( ! g5]al globe or ( fire40 ,to comm5t on !m w\ld be ne>ly z absurd z are ! propositions !mselves4 ,let u pass on to ano!r ( ! ,g]man sy/ems ( k--t ( ,hegel4 ,! simple fact t ,hegel puts ,jacob ,bhme on a p> ) ,bacon1 suffices alone to %[ t 8 /&-po9t is f> remote f ! "o usually reg>d$ z sci5tific3 s f> remote1 inde$1 t x is n easy to f9d any common basis on :i* to f\nd a criticism4 ,^? :o hold t ! m9d is m\ld$ into con=mity ) surr\nd+ ?+s by ! ag5cy ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 are necess>ily at a loss h[ to deal ) ^? :o1 l ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 ass]t t surr\nd+ ?+s are solidifi$ m9d--t ,nature is 8petrifi$ intellig5ce40 ,h[ev]1 let u briefly glance at ,hegel's classification4 ,he divides philosophy into ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,logic1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 itself1 ! pure idea4 #b4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea consid]$ "u its o!r =m--( ! idea z ,nature4 #c4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 its return to itself4 ,( ^!1 ! second is divid$ into ! natural sci5ces1 #ac commonly s-call$2 s t 9 its m detail$ =m ! s]ies runs ?us3--,logic1 ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,organic ,physics1 ,psy*ology4 ,n[1 if we believe ) ,hegel1 fir/1 t ?\ght is ! true ess5ce ( man2 second1 t ?\ght is ! ess5ce ( ! _w2 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no?+ b ?\ght2 8 classification1 beg9n+ ) ! sci5ce ( pure ?\ght1 may be acceptable4 ,b o!rwise1 x is an obvi\s objection to 8 arrangem5t1 t ?\ght implies ?+s ?\ght (--t !re c be no logical =ms )\t ! sub/ance ( exp]i5ce--t ! sci5ce ( ideas & ! sci5ce ( ?+s mu/ h a simultane\s orig94 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 anticipates ?is objection1 &1 9 8 ob/9ate idealism1 replies1 t ! contr>y is true4 ,he affirms t all conta9$ 9 ! =ms1 to become some?+1 requires to be ?\ght2 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 />t+ f su* premises1 & reason+ aft] ?is fa%ion1 ,hegel f9ds 8 way to /range conclusions4 ,out ( space & "t he proce$s to build up motion1 matt]1 repulsion1 attraction1 weight1 & in]tia4 ,he !n goes on to logically evolve ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 do+ ?is he widely div]ges f ! ,newtonian !ory2 rea*es by syllogism ! conviction t ! planets are ! mo/ p]fect cele/ial bodies2 &1 n be+ able to br+ ! />s )9 8 !ory1 says t !y are m]e =mal exi/5ces & n liv+ matt]1 & t z comp>$ ) ! sol> sy/em !y are z little admirable z a cutane\s eruption or a sw>m ( flies4#a ,results s absurd might be left z self-disprov$1 7 x n t speculators ( ?is class are n al>m$ by any am\nt ( incongruity ) e/abli%$ beliefs4 ,! only effici5t mode ( treat+ sy/ems l ?is ( #ad ,hegel1 is to %[ t !y are self-de/ructive--t by _! fir/ /eps !y ignore t au?ority on :i* all _! subsequ5t /eps dep5d4 ,if ,hegel pr(esses1 z he manife/ly does1 to develop 8 s*eme by reason+--if he pres5ts successive inf]5ces z necess>ily foll[+ f c]ta9 premises2 he implies ! po/ulate t a belief :i* necess>ily foll[s aft] c]ta9 antec$5ts is a true belief2 & did an oppon5t reply to "o ( 8 inf]5ces t1 ?\gh x 0 impossible to ?9k ! opposite1 yet ! opposite 0 true1 he w\ld consid] ! reply irrational4 ,! proc$ure1 h[ev]1 :i* he w\ld ?us condemn z de/ructive ( all ?9k+ :atev]1 is j ! proc$ure exhibit$ 9 ! enunciation ( 8 own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,mank9d f9d !mselves unable to conceive t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,t ultimate te/ ( a true proposition--! inability ( ! human m9d to conceive ! negation ( x--:i* 9 all ! successive /eps ( 8 argum5ts he consid]s valid1 he consid]s invalid :]e x suits 8 conv5i5ce to d s2 & yet at ! same "t d5ies ! "r ( an oppon5t to foll[ 8 example4 ,if x is compet5t = him to posit dogmas :i* are ! direct negations ( :at human consci\sness recognizes2 !n is x also compet5t = 8 antagoni/s to /op him at any mom5t by say+1 t ?\gh ! p>ticul> inf]5ce he is draw+ seems to 8 m9d1 & to all m9ds1 necess>ily to foll[ f ! premises1 yet x is n true1 b ! contr>y inf]5ce is true4 ,or1 to /ate ! dilemma 9 ano!r =m3--,if he sets out ) inconceivable propositions1 !n may he ) equal propriety make all 8 succe$+ propositions inconceivable ones--may at e /ep ?r\gh\t 8 reason+ draw ! opposite conclusion to t :i* seems involv$4 ,hegel's mode ( proc$ure be+ ?us ess5tially suicidal1 ! ,hegelian classification :i* dep5ds ^u #ae x1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,let u consid] next t ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,z all 8 read]s mu/ admit1 ,m4 ,comte pres5ts u ) a s*eme ( ! sci5ces :i*1 unlike ! =ego+ ones1 dem&s respectful consid]ation4 ,widely z we diff] f him1 we *e]fully be> witness to ! l>g5ess ( 8 views1 ! cle>ness ( 8 reason+1 & ! value ( 8 speculations z contribut+ to intellectual progress4 ,did we believe a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces to be possible1 t ( ,m4 ,comte w\ld c]ta9ly be ! "o we %\ld adopt4 ,8 fundam5tal propositions are ?or\ghly intelligible2 &1 if n true1 h a great semblance ( tru?4 ,8 successive /eps are logically co-ord9at$2 & he supports 8 conclusions by a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce--evid5ce :i*1 s long z x is n critically exam9$1 or n met by c\nt] evid5ce1 seems to sub/antiate 8 positions4 ,b x only ne$s to assume t antagoni/ic attitude :i* ought to be assum$ t[>ds new doctr9es1 9 ! belief t1 if true1 !y w prosp] by conqu]+ objectors--x ne$s b to te/ 8 lead+ doctr9es ei!r by o!r facts ?an ^? he cites1 or by 8 own facts diff]5tly appli$1 to %[ t !y w n /&4 ,we w proce$ ?us to deal ) ! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* he bases 8 hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 ! cond5s$ translation ( ! ,positive ,philosophy1 by ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ,m4 ,comte says3--8,our problem is1 !n1 to f9d ! "o rational ord]1 among/ a ho/ ( possible sy/ems40 4 4 8,?is ord] is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a40 ,& ! arrangem5t he d$uces runs ?us3--,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 ,social ,physics4 ,?is he ass]ts to be 8! true filiation ( ! sci5ces40 ,he ass]ts fur!r1 t ! pr9ciple ( progression f a great] to a less degree ( g5]ality1 8:i* gives ?is ord] to ! :ole body ( sci5ce1 arranges ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce40 ,&1 #af f9ally1 he ass]ts t ! gradations ?us e/abli%$ priori among ! sci5ces & ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce1 8is 9 ess5tial con=mity ) ! ord] :i* has spontane\sly tak5 place among ! bran*es ( natural philosophy20 or1 9 o!r words--corresponds ) ! ord] ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,let u comp>e ^! ass]tions ) ! facts4 ,t !re may be p]fect fairness1 let u make no *oice1 b take z ! field = our comp>ison1 ! succe$+ section treat+ ( ! fir/ sci5ce--,ma!matics2 & let u use none b ,m4 ,comte's own facts1 & 8 own admissions4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ?is "o sci5ce1 we are limit$ to comp>isons betwe5 its sev]al p>ts4 ,m4 ,comte says1 t ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality2 & t ?is ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality agrees ) ! ord] ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,our inquiry w be1 !n1 :e!r ! hi/ory ( ma!matics confirms ?is /atem5t4 ,c>ry+ out 8 pr9ciple1 ,m4 ,comte divides ,ma!matics into 8,ab/ract ,ma!matics1 or ! ,calculus 7tak+ ! ^w 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se7 & ,concrete ,ma!matics1 :i* is compos$ ( ,g5]al ,geometry & ( ,rational ,me*anics40 ,! subject-matt] ( ! fir/ ( ^! is numb]2 ! subject-matt] ( ! second includes space1 "t1 motion1 =ce4 ,! "o possesses ! highe/ possible degree ( g5]ality2 = all ?+s :atev] admit ( enum]ation4 ,! o!rs are less g5]al2 see+ t !re are endless ph5om5a t are n cognizable ei!r by g5]al geometry or rational me*anics4 ,9 con=mity ) ! alleg$ law1 !re=e1 ! evolution ( ! calculus mu/ ?r\gh\t h prec$$ ! evolution ( ! concrete sub-sci5ces4 ,n[ some:at awkw>dly = him1 ! fir/ rem>k ,m4 ,comte makes be>+ on ?is po9t is1 t 8f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 ma!matical analysis appe>s to h aris5 out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts40 ,true1 he goes #ag on to say t1 8x is n ! less indep5d5t ( ^! sci5ces logically speak+20 = t 8analytical ideas are1 above all o!rs1 univ]sal1 ab/ract1 & simple2 & geometrical conceptions are necess>ily f\nd$ on !m40 ,we w n take advantage ( ?is la/ passage to *>ge ,m4 ,comte ) tea*+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,hegel1 t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,we are cont5t simply to comp>e ! ass]tion1 t analysis arose out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts1 ) ! ass]tion t geometrical conceptions are f\nd$ ^u analytical ones4 ,lit]ally int]pret$ !y exactly cancel ea* o!r4 ,int]pret$1 h[ev]1 9 a lib]al s5se1 !y imply1 :at we believe to be demon/rable1 t ! two _h a simultane\s orig94 ,! passage is ei!r nons5se1 or x is an admission t ab/ract & concrete ma!matics are coeval4 ,?us1 at ! v fir/ /ep1 ! alleg$ congruity betwe5 ! ord] ( g5]ality & ! ord] ( evolution1 does n hold good4 ,b may x n be t ?\gh ab/ract & concrete ma!matics took _! rise at ! same "t1 ! "o aft]w>ds develop$ m rapidly ?an ! o!r2 & has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 advance ( x8 ,no3 & aga9 we call ,m4 ,comte himself z witness4 ,=tunately = 8 argum5t he has said no?+ respect+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! concrete & ab/ract divisions aft] _! div]g5ce f a common root2 o!rwise ! adv5t ( ,algebra long aft] ! ,greek geometry _h rea*$ a high developm5t1 w\ld h be5 an inconv5i5t fact = him to deal )4 ,b pass+ ov] ?is1 & limit+ ourselves to 8 own /atem5ts1 we f9d1 at ! op5+ ( ! next *apt]1 ! admission1 t 8! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ab/ract portion ( ma!matical sci5ce has1 s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes1 be5 = ! mo/ "p det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete40 ,fur!r on we read respect+ algebraic functions t 8mo/ functions 7 concrete 9 _! orig9--ev5 ^? :i* are at pres5t ! mo/ purely #ah ab/ract2 & ! anci5ts discov]$ only ?r\gh geometrical def9itions elem5t>y algebraic prop]ties ( functions to :i* a num]ical value 0 n atta*$ till long aft]w>ds1 r5d]+ ab/ract to u :at 0 concrete to ! old geomet]s40 ,h[ d ^! /atem5ts tally ) 8 doctr9e8 ,aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus into algebraic & ari?metical1 ,m4 ,comte admits1 z p]=ce he mu/1 t ! algebraic is m g5]al ?an ! ari?metical2 yet he w n say t algebra prec$$ ari?metic 9 po9t ( "t4 ,& aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus ( functions into ! calculus ( direct functions 7common algebra7 & ! calculus ( indirect functions 7transc5d5tal analysis71 he is oblig$ to speak ( ?is la/ z possess+ a high] g5]ality ?an ! fir/2 yet x is f> m mod]n4 ,inde$1 by implication1 ,m4 ,comte himself confesses ?is incongruity2 = he says3--8,x might seem t ! transc5d5tal analysis ought to be /udi$ be=e ! ord9>y1 z x provides ! equations :i* ! o!r has to resolve4 ,b ?\gh ! transc5d5tal is logically indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y1 x is be/ to foll[ ! usual me?od ( /udy1 tak+ ! ord9>y fir/40 ,9 all ^! cases1 !n1 z well z at ! close ( ! section :]e he pr$icts t ma!maticians w 9 "t 8create proc$ures ( a wid] g5]ality10 ,m4 ,comte makes admissions t are diametrically oppos$ to ! alleg$ law4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s treat+ ( ! concrete dep>tm5t ( ma!matics1 we f9d simil> contradictions4 ,m4 ,comte himself names ! geometry ( ! anci5ts special geometry & t ( ! mod]ns g5]al geometry4 ,he admits t :ile 8! anci5ts /udi$ geometry ) ref]5ce to ! bodies "u notice1 or specially2 ! mod]ns /udy x ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a to be consid]$1 or g5]ally40 ,he admits t :ile 8! anci5ts extract$ all !y c\ld out ( "o l9e or surface be=e pass+ to ano!r10 8! mod]ns1 s9ce ,desc>tes1 employ !mselves on que/ions #ai :i* relate to any figure :atev]40 ,^! facts are ! rev]se ( :at1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 !y %\ld be4 ,s1 too1 9 me*anics4 ,be=e divid+ x into /atics & dynamics1 ,m4 ,comte treats ( ! ?ree laws ( motion1 & is oblig$ to d s2 = /atics1 ! m g5]al ( ! two divisions1 ?\gh x does n involve motion1 is impossible z a sci5ce until ! laws ( motion are asc]ta9$4 ,yet ! laws ( motion p]ta9 to dynamics1 ! m special ( ! divisions4 ,fur!r on he po9ts out t aft] ,ar*im$es1 :o discov]$ ! law ( equilibrium ( ! lev]1 /atics made no progress until ! e/abli%m5t ( dynamics enabl$ u to seek 8! conditions ( equilibrium ?r\gh ! laws ( ! composition ( =ces40 ,& he adds--8,at ?is day ?is is ! me?od univ]sally employ$4 ,at ! fir/ glance x does n appe> ! mo/ rational--dynamics be+ m complicat$ ?an /atics1 & prec$5ce be+ natural to ! simpl]4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be m philosophical to ref] dynamics to /atics1 z has s9ce be5 done40 ,sundry discov]ies are aft]w>ds detail$1 %[+ h[ completely ! developm5t ( /atics has be5 a*iev$ by consid]+ its problems dynamically2 & be=e ! close ( ! section ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t 8be=e hydro/atics c\ld be compreh5d$ "u /atics1 x 0 necess>y t ! ab/ract !ory ( equilibrium %\ld be made s g5]al z to apply directly to fluids z well z solids4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ :5 ,lagrange suppli$1 z ! basis ( ! :ole ( rational me*anics1 ! s+le pr9ciple ( virtual velocities40 ,9 :i* /atem5t we h two facts directly at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e2--fir/1 t ! simpl] sci5ce1 /atics1 rea*$ its pres5t developm5t only by ! aid ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 :i* belongs to ! m complex sci5ce1 dynamics2 & t ?is 8s+le pr9ciple0 und]ly+ all rational me*anics--?is mo/ g5]al =m :i* includes alike ! relations ( /atical1 #bj hydro/atical1 & dynamical =ces--0 rea*$ s late z ! "t ( ,lagrange4 ,?us x is n true t ! hi/orical succession ( ! divisions ( ma!matics has correspond$ ) ! ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality4 ,x is n true t ab/ract ma!matics 0 evolv$ antec$5tly to1 & indep5d5tly (1 concrete ma!matics4 ,x is n true t ( ! subdivisions ( ab/ract ma!matics1 ! m g5]al came be=e ! m special4 ,& x is n true t concrete ma!matics1 9 ei!r ( its two sections1 began ) ! mo/ ab/ract & advanc$ to ! less ab/ract tru?s4 ,x may be well to m5tion1 p>5!tically1 t1 9 def5d+ 8 alleg$ law ( progression f ! g5]al to ! special1 ,m4 ,comte some:]e comm5ts ^u ! two mean+s ( ! ^w g5]al1 & ! result+ liability to confusion4 ,)\t n[ discuss+ :e!r ! ass]t$ di/9ction exi/s 9 o!r cases1 x is manife/ t x does n exi/ "h4 ,9 sundry ( ! in/ances above quot$1 ! endeav\rs made by ,m4 ,comte himself to disguise1 or to expla9 away1 ! prec$5ce ( ! special ov] ! g5]al1 cle>ly indicate t ! g5]ality spok5 ( is ( ! k9d meant by 8 =mula4 ,& x ne$s b a brief consid]ation ( ! matt] to %[ t1 ev5 did he attempt x1 he c\ld n di/+ui% ?is g5]ality :i*1 z above prov$1 frequ5tly comes la/1 f ! g5]ality :i* he says always comes fir/4 ,= :at is ! nature ( t m5tal process by :i* objects1 dim5sions1 weights1 times1 & ! re/1 are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ num]ically8 ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( unity1 duality1 & multiplicity1 :i* are applicable to all ?+s alike4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! num]ical relations ( entities1 :atev] be _! special *>act]s4 ,& :at is ! nature ( ! m5tal process by :i* numb]s are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ algebraically8 ,x is ! same4 #ba ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( num]ical functions :i* are con/ant :atev] be ! magnitudes ( ! numb]s4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! relations betwe5 numb]s1 z numb]s express ! relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,j z ari?metic deals ) ! common prop]ties ( l9es1 areas1 bulks1 =ces1 p]iods2 s does algebra deal ) ! common prop]ties ( ! numb]s :i* ari?metic pres5ts4 ,hav+ %[n t ,m4 ,comte's alleg$ law ( progression does n hold among ! sev]al p>ts ( ! same sci5ce1 let u see h[ x agrees ) ! facts :5 appli$ to ! sep>ate sci5ces4 8,a/ronomy10 says ,m4 ,comte 7,positive ,philosophy1 ,book ,,iii471 80 a positive sci5ce1 9 its geometrical aspect1 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria2 b ,physics1 :i* we are n[ to consid]1 _h no positive "* at all till ,galileo made 8 great discov]ies on ! fall ( heavy bodies40 ,on ?is1 our comm5t is simply t x is a misrepres5tation bas$ ^u an arbitr>y misuse ( words--a m]e v]bal artifice4 ,by *oos+ to exclude f t]re/rial physics ^? laws ( magnitude1 motion1 & position1 :i* he includes 9 cele/ial physics1 ,m4 ,comte makes x appe> t ! la/ owes no?+ to ! fir/4 ,n only is ?is unw>rantable1 b x is radically inconsi/5t ) 8 own s*eme ( divisions4 ,at ! outset he says--& z ! po9t is important we quote f ! orig9al--8,p\r la physique inorganique n\s voyons d'abord1 en n\s con=mant t\j\rs l'ordre de gnralit et de dp5dance des phnomnes1 qu'elle doit tre p>tage en deux sections di/9ctes1 suivant qu'elle considre les phnomnes gnraux de l'univ]s1 ou1 en p>ticuli]1 ceux que prs5t5t les corps t]re/res4 ,d'o la physique cle/e1 ou l'a/ronomie1 soit gomtrique1 soit me*anique2 et la physique t]re/re40 ,"h !n we h inorganic physics cle>ly divid$ into cele/ial physics & t]re/rial physics--! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! univ]se1 & ! #bb ph5om5a pres5t$ by e>?ly bodies4 ,if n[ cele/ial bodies & t]re/rial bodies exhibit sundry lead+ ph5om5a 9 common1 z !y d1 h[ c ! g5]alization ( ^! common ph5om5a be consid]$ z p]ta9+ to ! "o class r ?an to ! o!r8 ,if inorganic physics includes geometry 7:i* ,m4 ,comte has made x d by compreh5d+ geometrical a/ronomy 9 its sub-section1 cele/ial physics72 & if its o!r sub-section1 t]re/rial physics1 treats ( ?+s hav+ geometrical prop]ties2 h[ c ! laws ( geometrical relations be exclud$ f t]re/rial physics8 ,cle>ly if cele/ial physics includes ! geometry ( objects 9 ! heav5s1 t]re/rial physics includes ! geometry ( objects on ! e>?4 ,& if t]re/rial physics includes t]re/rial geometry1 :ile cele/ial physics includes cele/ial geometry1 !n ! geometrical "p ( t]re/rial physics prec$es ! geometrical "p ( cele/ial physics2 see+ t geometry ga9$ its fir/ ideas f surr\nd+ objects4 ,until m5 _h le>nt geometrical relations f bodies on ! e>?1 x 0 impossible = !m to und]/& ! geometrical relations ( bodies 9 ! heav5s4 ,s1 too1 ) cele/ial me*anics1 :i* _h t]re/rial me*anics = its p>5t4 ,! v conception ( =ce1 :i* und]lies ! :ole ( me*anical a/ronomy1 is borr[$ f our e>?ly exp]i5ces2 & ! lead+ laws ( me*anical action z exhibit$ 9 scales1 lev]s1 projectiles1 c41 _h to be asc]ta9$ be=e ! dynamics ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em c\ld be ent]$ ^u4 ,:at 7 ! laws made use ( by ,newton 9 work+ out 8 gr& discov]y8 ,! law ( fall+ bodies disclos$ by ,galileo2 t ( ! composition ( =ces also disclos$ by ,galileo2 & t ( c5trifugal =ce f\nd out by ,huygh5s--all ( !m g5]alizations ( t]re/rial physics4 ,yet1 ) facts l ^! be=e him1 ,m4 ,comte places a/ronomy be=e physics 9 ord] ( evolution6 ,he does n comp>e ! geometrical p>ts ( ! two toge!r1 & ! me*anical p>ts ( ! two #bc toge!r2 = ?is w\ld by no means suit 8 hypo!sis4 ,b he comp>es ! geometrical "p ( ! "o ) ! me*anical "p ( ! o!r1 & s gives a semblance ( tru? to 8 position4 ,he is l$ away by a v]bal illusion4 ,_h he conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! ?+s & disreg>d$ ! words1 he w\ld h se5 t be=e mank9d sci5tifically co-ord9at$ any "o class ( ph5om5a display$ 9 ! heav5s1 !y _h previ\sly co-ord9at$ a p>allel class ( ph5om5a display$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,7 x ne$ful we c\ld fill a score pages ) ! incongruities ( ,m4 ,comte's s*eme4 ,b ! =ego+ samples w suffice4 ,s f> is 8 law ( evolution ( ! sci5ces f be+ t5able1 t1 by foll[+ 8 example1 & arbitr>ily ignor+ "o class ( facts1 x w\ld be possible to pres5t1 ) great plausibility1 j ! opposite g5]alization to t :i* he enunciates4 ,:ile he ass]ts t ! rational ord] ( ! sci5ces1 l ! ord] ( _! hi/oric developm5t1 8is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a20 x might contr>iwise be ass]t$ t1 comm5c+ ) ! complex & ! special1 mank9d h progress$ /ep by /ep to a k ( great] simplicity & wid] g5]ality4 ,s mu* evid5ce is !re ( ?is z to h drawn f ,:ewell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ! rem>k t 8! read] has already se5 repeat$ly 9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory1 complex & d]ivative pr9ciples pres5t+ !mselves to m5's m9ds be=e simple & elem5t>y ones40 ,ev5 f ,m4 ,comte's own "w1 num]\s facts1 admissions1 & argum5ts1 might be pick$ out1 t5d+ to %[ ?is4 ,we h already quot$ 8 words 9 pro( t bo? ab/ract & concrete ma!matics h progress$ t[>ds a high] degree ( g5]ality1 & t he looks =w>d to a high] g5]ality /ill4 ,j to /r5g!n ?is adv]se hypo!sis1 let u take a fur!r in/ance4 #bd ,f ! p>ticul> case ( ! scales1 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* 0 famili> to ! e>lie/ nations kn[n1 ,ar*im$es advanc$ to ! m g5]al case ( ! lev] ( :i* ! arms may or may n be equal2 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* includes t ( ! scales4 ,by ! help ( ,galileo's discov]y conc]n+ ! composition ( =ces1 ,d',alemb]t 8e/abli%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! equations ( equilibrium ( any sy/em ( =ces appli$ to ! diff]5t po9ts ( a solid body0--equations :i* include all cases ( lev]s & an inf9ity ( cases besides4 ,cle>ly ?is is progress t[>ds a high] g5]ality--t[>ds a k m indep5d5t ( special circum/ances--t[>ds a /udy ( ph5om5a 8! mo/ dis5gag$ f ! incid5ts ( p>ticul> cases20 :i* is ,m4 ,comte's def9ition ( 8! mo/ simple ph5om5a40 ,does x n inde$ foll[ f ! admitt$ fact1 t m5tal advance is f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 t ! univ]sal & !re=e mo/ simple tru?s are ! la/ to be discov]$8 ,%\ld we ev] succe$ 9 r$uc+ all ord]s ( ph5om5a to "s s+le law--say ( atomic action1 z ,m4 ,comte sugge/s--mu/ n t law answ] to 8 te/ ( be+ indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 & !re=e mo/ simple8 ,& w\ld n su* a law g5]alize ! ph5om5a ( gravity1 cohesion1 atomic aff9ity1 & electric repulsion1 j z ! laws ( numb] g5]alize ! quantitative ph5om5a ( space1 "t & =ce8 ,! possibility ( say+ s mu* 9 support ( an hypo!sis ! v rev]se ( ,m4 ,comte's1 at once proves t 8 g5]alization is only a half-tru?4 ,! fact is t nei!r proposition is correct by itself2 & ! actuality is express$ only by putt+ ! two toge!r4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is duplex4 ,x is at once f ! special to ! g5]al1 & f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,x is analytical & syn!tical at ! same "t4 ,m4 ,comte himself obs]ves t ! evolution ( sci5ce #be has be5 accompli%$ by ! division ( lab\r2 b he q mis/ates ! mode 9 :i* ?is division ( lab\r has op]at$4 ,z he describes x1 x has be5 simply an arrangem5t ( ph5om5a into classes1 & ! /udy ( ea* class by itself4 ,he does n recognize ! effect ( progress 9 ea* class ^u all o!r classes3 he recognizes only ! effect on ! class succe$+ x 9 8 hi]>*ical scale4 ,or if he occasionally admits collat]al influ5ces & int]communications1 he does x s grudg+ly1 & s quickly puts ! admissions out ( sight & =gets !m1 z to leave ! impression t1 ) b trifl+ exceptions1 ! sci5ces aid "o ano!r only 9 ! ord] ( _! alleg$ succession4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! division ( lab\r 9 sci5ce1 l ! division ( lab\r 9 society1 & l ! 8physiological division ( lab\r0 9 individual organisms1 has be5 n only a specialization ( functions1 b a cont9u\s help+ ( ea* division by all ! o!rs1 & ( all by ea*4 ,e p>ticul> class ( inquir]s has1 z x 71 secret$ its own p>ticul> ord] ( tru?s f ! g5]al mass ( mat]ial :i* obs]vation accumulates2 & all o!r classes ( inquir]s h made use ( ^! tru?s z fa/ z !y 7 elaborat$1 ) ! effect ( enabl+ !m ! bett] to elaborate ea* its own ord] ( tru?s4 ,x 0 ?us 9 sundry ( ! cases we h quot$ z at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ,huygh5s's optical discov]y to a/ronomical obs]vation by ,galileo4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum to ! mak+ ( in/rum5ts = measur+ int]vals1 a/ronomical & o!r4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y t ! refraction & disp]sion ( light did n foll[ ! same law ( v>iation1 affect$ bo? a/ronomy & physiology by giv+ u a*romatic telescopes & microscopes4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ,bradley's discov]y ( ! ab]ration ( light enabl$ him to make ! fir/ /ep t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! motions ( ! />s4 #bf ,x 0 ?us :5 ,cav5di%'s torsion-balance exp]im5t det]m9$ ! specific gravity ( ! ,e>?1 & s gave a datum = calculat+ ! specific gravities ( ! ,sun & ,planets4 ,x 0 ?us :5 tables ( atmosph]ic refraction enabl$ obs]v]s to write d[n ! real places ( ! heav5ly bodies in/ead ( _! app>5t places4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t expansibilities ( metals by heat1 gave u ! means ( correct+ our *ronometrical measurem5ts ( a/ronomical p]iods4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! l9es ( ! prismatic spectrum 7 us$ to di/+ui% ! heav5ly bodies t are ( l nature ) ! sun f ^? :i* are n4 ,x 0 ?us :51 z rec5tly1 an electro-telegraphic in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ = ! m accurate regi/ration ( m]idional transits4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! rates ( a clock at ! equator1 & ne>] ! poles1 gave data = calculat+ ! oblat5ess ( ! e>?1 & acc\nt+ = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,x 0 ?us--b x is ne$less to cont9ue4 ,"h1 )9 our own limit$ k ( its hi/ory1 we h nam$ t5 additional cases 9 :i* ! s+le sci5ce ( a/ronomy has ow$ its advance to sci5ces com+ aft] x 9 ,m4 ,comte's s]ies4 ,n only its m9or *anges1 b its greate/ revolutions h be5 ?us det]m9$4 ,kepl] c\ld n h discov]$ 8 celebrat$ laws _h x n be5 = ,ty*o ,brahe's accurate obs]vations2 & x 0 only aft] "s progress 9 physical & *emical sci5ce t ! improv$ in/rum5ts ) :i* ^? obs]vations 7 made1 became possible4 ,! helioc5tric !ory ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em _h to wait until ! inv5tion ( ! telescope be=e x c\ld be f9ally e/abli%$4 ,nay1 ev5 ! gr& discov]y ( all--! law ( gravitation--dep5d$ = its pro( ^u an op]ation ( physical sci5ce1 ! measurem5t ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,s completely1 inde$1 did x ?us dep5d1 t ,newton _h actually ab&on$ 8 hypo!sis because ! #bg l5g? ( a degree1 z !n /at$1 br\ght out wrong results2 & x 0 only aft] ,pic>t's m exact measurem5t 0 publi%$1 t he return$ to 8 calculations & prov$ 8 great g5]alization4 ,n[ ?is con/ant int]communion :i*1 = brevity's sake1 we h illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( "o sci5ce only1 has be5 tak+ place ) all ! sci5ces4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( _! evolution !re has be5 a cont9u\s cons5sus ( ! sci5ces--a cons5sus exhibit+ a g5]al correspond5ce ) ! cons5sus ( ! faculties 9 ea* phase ( m5tal developm5t2 ! "o be+ an objective regi/ry ( ! subjective /ate ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1 !n1 x becomes obvi\s t ! conception ( a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces is a vici\s "o4 ,x is n simply t1 z ,m4 ,comte admits1 su* a classification 8w always involve some?+1 if n arbitr>y1 at lea/ artificial20 x is n1 z he w\ld h u believe1 t1 neglect+ m9or imp]fections su* a classification may be sub/antially true2 b x is t any gr\p+ ( ! sci5ces 9 a succession gives a radically errone\s idea ( _! g5esis & _! dep5d5cies4 ,!re is no 8"o rational ord] among a ho/ ( possible sy/ems40 ,!re is no 8true filiation ( ! sci5ces40 ,! :ole hypo!sis is fundam5tally false4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b a glance at its orig9 to see at once h[ baseless x is4 ,:y a s]ies8 ,:at reason h we to suppose t ! sci5ces admit ( a l9e> arrangem5t8 ,:]e is our w>rant = assum+ t !re is "s succession 9 :i* !y c be plac$8 ,!re is no reason2 no w>rant4 ,:5ce !n has aris5 ! supposition8 ,to use ,m4 ,comte's own phraseology1 we %\ld say1 x is a metaphysical conception4 ,x adds ano!r to ! cases con/antly occurr+1 ( ! human m9d be+ made ! measure ( ,nature4 ,we are oblig$ to ?9k 9 sequ5ce2 x is a law ( our m9ds t we mu/ consid] subjects sep>ately1 "o aft] ano!r3 !re=e #bh ,nature mu/ be s]ial--!re=e ! sci5ces mu/ be classifiable 9 a succession4 ,see "h ! bir? ( ! notion1 & ! sole evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,m5 h be5 oblig$ :5 arrang+ 9 books _! s*emes ( education & sy/ems ( k1 to *oose "s ord] or o!r4 ,& f inquir+ :at is ! be/ ord]1 h fall5 into ! belief t !re is an ord] :i* truly repres5ts ! facts--h p]sev]$ 9 seek+ su* an ord]2 q ov]look+ ! previ\s "q :e!r x is likely t ,nature has consult$ ! conv5i5ce ( book-mak+4 ,= ,g]man philosoph]s1 :o hold t ,nature is 8petrifi$ intellig5ce10 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s1 x is a consi/5t hypo!sis t z ?\ght is s]ial1 ,nature is s]ial2 b t ,m4 ,comte1 :o is s bitt] an oppon5t ( all an?ropomorphism1 ev5 9 its mo/ evanesc5t %apes1 %\ld h committ$ ! mi/ake ( impos+ ^u ! ext]nal _w an arrangem5t :i* s obvi\sly spr+s f a limitation ( ! human consci\sness1 is some:at /range4 ,& x is ! m /range :5 we call to m9d h[1 at ! outset1 ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t 9 ! beg9n+ 8t\tes les sci5ces sont cultives simultanm5t p> les mmes esprits20 t ?is is 8inevitable et mme indisp5sable20 & h[ he fur!r rem>ks t ! diff]5t sci5ces are 8comme les div]ses bran*es d'un tronc unique40 ,7 x n acc\nt$ = by ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( a *]i%$ hypo!sis1 x w\ld be sc>cely possible to und]/& h[1 aft] recogniz+ tru?s l ^!1 ,m4 ,comte %\ld h p]si/$ 9 attempt+ to con/ruct 8une *elle encyclopdique40 ,! metaphor :i* ,m4 ,comte has "h s inconsi/5tly us$ to express ! relations ( ! sci5ces--bran*es ( "o trunk--is an approximation to ! tru?1 ?\gh n ! tru? itself4 ,x sugge/s ! facts t ! sci5ces _h a common orig92 t !y h be5 develop+ simultane\sly2 & t !y h be5 f "t to "t divid+ & sub-divid+4 ,b x fails to sugge/ ! fact1 t ! #bi divisions & sub-divisions ?us aris+ d n rema9 sep>ate1 b n[ & aga9 re-unite 9 direct & indirect ways4 ,!y inosculate2 !y sev]ally s5d (f & receive connect+ gr[?s2 & ! int]communion has be5 ev] becom+ m frequ5t1 m intricate1 m widely ramifi$4 ,!re has all along be5 high] specialization1 t !re might be a l>g] g5]alization2 & a deep] analysis1 t !re might be a bett] syn!sis4 ,ea* l>g] g5]alization has lift$ sundry specializations /ill high]2 & ea* bett] syn!sis has prep>$ ! way = /ill deep] analysis4 ,& "h we may fitly ent] ^u ! task a:ile s9ce indicat$--a sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 reg>d$ z a gradual outgr[? f common k--an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by ! aid ( ! reason4 ,we propose to treat x z a psy*ological process hi/orically display$2 trac+ at ! same "t ! advance f qualitative to quantitative prevision2 ! progress f concrete facts to ab/ract facts1 & ! application ( su* ab/ract facts to ! analysis ( new ord]s ( concrete facts2 ! simultane\s advance 9 g5]alization & specialization2 ! cont9ually increas+ subdivision & reunion ( ! sci5ces2 & _! con/antly improv+ cons5sus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to trace out sci5tific evolution f its deepe/ roots w\ld1 ( c\rse1 involve a complete analysis ( ! m9d4 ,= z sci5ce is a developm5t ( t common k acquir$ by ! unaid$ s5ses & uncultur$ reason1 s is t common k itself gradually built up out ( ! simple/ p]ceptions4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 some:]e abruptly2 & ! mo/ appropriate /age to take = our po9t ( dep>ture w be ! adult m9d ( ! savage4 ,comm5c+ ?us1 )\t a prop] prelim9>y analysis1 we are naturally some:at at a loss h[ to pres5t1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ^? fundam5tal processes ( ?\ght out ( :i* sci5ce orig9ates4 ,p]haps our argum5t may #cj be be/ initiat$ by ! proposition1 t all intellig5t action :atev] dep5ds ^u ! disc]n+ ( di/9ctions among surr\nd+ ?+s4 ,! condition "u :i* only x is possible = any creature to obta9 food & avoid dang]1 is1 t x %all be diff]5tly affect$ by diff]5t objects--t x %all be l$ to act 9 "o way by "o object1 & 9 ano!r way by ano!r4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ( creatures ?is condition is fulfill$ by means ( an app>atus :i* acts automatically4 ,9 ! high] ord]s ! actions are p>tly automatic1 p>tly consci\s4 ,& 9 man !y are almo/ :olly consci\s4 ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ necess>ily exi/ a c]ta9 classification ( ?+s accord+ to _! prop]ties--a classification :i* is ei!r organically regi/]$ 9 ! sy/em1 z 9 ! inf]ior creation1 or is =m$ by consci\s exp]i5ce1 z 9 ourselves4 ,& x may be fur!r rem>k$1 t ! ext5t to :i* ?is classification is c>ri$1 r\ghly indicates ! height ( intellig5ce--t1 :ile ! l[e/ organisms are able to d little m ?an discrim9ate organic f inorganic matt]2 :ile ! g5]ality ( animals c>ry _! classifications no fur!r ?an to a limit$ numb] ( plants or creatures s]v+ = food1 a limit$ numb] ( bea/s ( prey1 & a limit$ numb] ( places & mat]ials2 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! human race possess a k ( ! di/9ctive natures ( a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 plants1 animals1 tools1 p]sons1 c42 n only z classes b z individuals4 ,:at n[ is ! m5tal process by :i* classification is effect$8 ,manife/ly x is a recognition ( ! lik5ess or unlik5ess ( ?+s1 ei!r 9 respect ( _! sizes1 col\rs1 =ms1 weights1 textures1 ta/es1 c41 or 9 respect ( _! modes ( action4 ,by "s special m>k1 s\nd1 or motion1 ! savage id5tifies a c]ta9 f\r-legg$ creature he sees1 z "o t is good = food1 & to be caught 9 a p>ticul> way2 or z "o t is dang]\s2 & acts accord+ly4 ,he has class$ toge!r all ! creatures t are alike 9 #ca ?is p>ticul>4 ,& manife/ly 9 *oos+ ! wood out ( :i* to =m 8 b[1 ! plant ) :i* to poison 8 arr[s1 ! bone f :i* to make 8 fi%-hooks1 he id5tifies !m ?r\gh _! *ief s5sible prop]ties z belong+ to ! g5]al classes1 wood1 plant1 & bone1 b di/+ui%es !m z belong+ to sub-classes by virtue ( c]ta9 prop]ties 9 :i* !y are unlike ! re/ ( ! g5]al classes !y belong to2 & s =ms g5]a & species4 ,& "h x becomes manife/ t n only is classification c>ri$ on by gr\p+ toge!r 9 ! m9d ?+s t are l2 b t classes & sub-classes are =m$ & arrang$ accord+ to ! degrees ( unlik5ess4 ,?+s /rongly contra/$ are alone di/+ui%$ 9 ! l[] /ages ( m5tal evolution2 z may be any day obs]v$ 9 an infant4 ,& gradually z ! p[]s ( discrim9ation increase1 ! /rongly-contra/$ classes at fir/ di/+ui%$1 come to be ea* divid$ into sub-classes1 diff]+ f ea* o!r less ?an ! classes diff]2 & ^! sub-classes are aga9 divid$ aft] ! same mann]4 ,by ! cont9uance ( :i* process1 ?+s are gradually arrang$ into gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( :i* are less & less unlike2 end+1 f9ally1 9 gr\ps ^: memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically4 ,& ?us !re t5ds ultimately to arise ! notion ( complete lik5ess4 ,= manife/ly1 x is impossible t gr\ps %\ld cont9ue to be subdivid$ 9 virtue ( small] & small] diff]5ces1 )\t !re be+ a simultane\s approximation to ! notion ( no diff]5ce4 ,let u next notice t ! recognition ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 :i* und]lies classification1 & out ( :i* cont9u$ classification evolves ! idea ( complete lik5ess--let u next notice t x also und]lies ! process ( nam+1 & by consequ5ce language4 ,= all language consi/s1 at ! outset1 ( symbols :i* are z l to ! ?+s symboliz$ z x is practicable to make !m4 ,! #cb language ( signs is a means ( convey+ ideas by mimick+ ! actions or peculi>ities ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to4 ,v]bal language also1 9 its fir/ /age1 is a mode ( sugge/+ objects or acts by imitat+ ! s\nds :i* ! objects make1 or ) :i* ! acts are accompani$4 ,orig9ally ^! two languages 7 us$ simultane\sly4 ,x ne$s b to wat* ! ge/iculations ) :i* ! savage accompanies 8 spee*--to see a ,bu%man dramatiz+ be=e an audi5ce 8 mode ( cat*+ game--or to note ! extreme paucity ( words 9 primitive vocabul>ies2 to inf] t 9 ! beg9n+1 attitudes1 ge/ures1 & s\nds1 7 all comb9$ to produce z good a lik5ess z possible ( ! ?+s1 animals1 p]sons1 or ev5ts describ$2 & t z ! s\nds came to be und]/ood by !mselves ! ge/ures fell into disuse3 leav+ traces1 h[ev]1 9 ! mann]s ( ! m excitable civiliz$ races4 ,b be ?is z x may1 x suffices simply to obs]ve1 h[ _m ( ! words curr5t among b>b>\s peoples are l ! s\nds app]ta9+ to ! ?+s signifi$2 h[ _m ( our own olde/ & simple/ words h ! same peculi>ity2 h[ *ildr5 habitually inv5t imitative words2 & h[ ! sign-language spontane\sly =m$ by deaf mutes is bas$ on imitative actions--to be conv9c$ t ! notion ( lik5ess is t f :i* ! nom5clature ( objects takes its rise4 ,7 !re space we might g on to po9t out h[ ?is law ( lik5ess is traceable1 n only 9 ! orig9 b 9 ! developm5t ( language2 h[ 9 primitive tongues ! plural is made by a duplication ( ! s+ul>1 :i* is a multiplication ( ! ^w to make x l ! multiplicity ( ! ?+s2 h[ ! use ( metaphor--t prolific s\rce ( new words--is a sugge/+ ( ideas :i* are l ! ideas to be convey$ 9 "s respect or o!r2 & h[1 9 ! copi\s use ( simile1 fable1 & allegory among unciviliz$ races1 we see t complex conceptions :i* !re is no direct language =1 are #cc r5d]$1 by pres5t+ kn[n conceptions m or less l !m4 ,?is view is confirm$1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ?is notion ( lik5ess 9 primitive ?\ght fur!r illu/rat$1 by ! fact t our sy/em ( pres5t+ ideas to ! eye orig9at$ aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,writ+ & pr9t+ h desc5d$ f picture-language4 ,! e>lie/ mode ( p]man5tly regi/]+ a fact 0 by depict+ x on a sk9 & aft]w>ds on a wall2 t is--by exhibit+ some?+ z l to ! ?+ to be rememb]$ z x c\ld be made4 ,gradually z ! practice grew habitual & ext5sive1 ! mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ =ms became fix$1 & pres5tly abbreviat$2 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! hi]oglyphic & ideographic phases1 ! symbols lo/ all app>5t relation to ! ?+s signifi$3 j z ! majority ( our spok5 words h done4 ,obs]ve1 aga91 t ! same ?+ is true respect+ ! g5esis ( reason+4 ,! lik5ess :i* is p]ceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 cases1 is ! ess5ce ( all e>ly reason+ & ( mu* ( our pres5t reason+4 ,! savage1 hav+ by exp]i5ce discov]$ a relation betwe5 a c]ta9 object & a c]ta9 act1 inf]s t ! l relation w be f\nd 9 future4 ,& ! expressions we use 9 our argum5ts--8analogy implies10 8! cases are n p>allel10 8by p>ity ( reason+10 8!re is no simil>ity10--%[ h[ con/antly ! idea ( lik5ess und]lies our ratioc9ative processes4 ,/ill m cle>ly w ?is be se5 on recogniz+ ! fact t !re is a close connexion betwe5 reason+ & classification2 t ! two h a common root2 & t nei!r c g on )\t ! o!r4 ,= on ! "o h&1 x is a famili> tru? t ! attribut+ to a body 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( its prop]ties1 all ^? o!r prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* x is ref]r$ to a p>ticul> class1 is an act ( inf]5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =m+ ( a g5]alization is ! putt+ toge!r 9 "o class1 all ^? #cd cases :i* pres5t l relations2 :ile ! draw+ a d$uction is ess5tially ! p]ception t a p>ticul> case belongs to a c]ta9 class ( cases previ\sly g5]aliz$4 ,s t z classification is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l ?+s2 reason+ is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l relations among ?+s4 ,add to :i*1 t :ile ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 classification consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( objects :i* are completely alike2 ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 reason+ consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( cases :i* are completely alike4 ,once m we may contemplate ?is dom9ant idea ( lik5ess z exhibit$ 9 art4 ,all art1 civiliz$ z well z savage1 consi/s almo/ :olly 9 ! mak+ ( objects l o!r objects2 ei!r z f\nd 9 ,nature1 or z produc$ by previ\s art4 ,if we trace back ! v>i$ art-products n[ exi/+1 we f9d t at ea* /age ! div]g5ce f previ\s patt]ns is b small :5 comp>$ ) ! agreem5t2 & 9 ! e>lie/ art ! p]si/5cy ( imitation is yet m conspicu\s4 ,! old =ms & ornam5ts & symbols 7 held sacr$1 & p]petually copi$4 ,inde$1 ! /rong imitative t5d5cy notori\sly display$ by ! l[e/ human races--(t5 seem+ to be half automatic1 ensures among !m a con/ant reproduc+ ( lik5esses ( ?+s1 =ms1 signs1 s\nds1 actions & :atev] else is imitable2 & we may ev5 suspect t ?is aborig9al peculi>ity is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! culture & developm5t ( ?is g5]al conception1 :i* we h f\nd s deep & wide-spread 9 its applications4 ,& n[ let u g on to consid] h[1 by a fur!r unfold+ ( ?is same fundam5tal notion1 !re is a gradual =mation ( ! fir/ g]ms ( sci5ce4 ,?is idea ( lik5ess :i* und]lies classification1 nom5clature1 language spok5 & writt51 reason+1 & art2 & :i* plays s important a "p because all acts ( intellig5ce are made #ce possible only by di/+ui%+ among surr\nd+ ?+s1 or gr\p+ !m into l & unlike2--?is idea we %all f9d to be ! "o ( :i* sci5ce is ! especial product4 ,already dur+ ! /age we h be5 describ+1 !re has exi/$ qualitative prevision 9 respect to ! common] ph5om5a ) :i* savage life is famili>2 & we h n[ to inquire h[ ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision are evolv$4 ,we %all f9d t !y orig9ate by ! p]fect+ ( ?is same idea ( lik5ess--t !y h _! rise 9 t conception ( complete lik5ess :i*1 z we h se51 necess>ily results f ! cont9u$ process ( classification4 ,= :5 ! process ( classification has be5 c>ri$ z f> z x is possible = ! unciviliz$ to c>ry x--:5 ! animal k+dom has be5 gr\p$ n m]ely into quadrup$s1 birds1 fi%es1 & insects1 b ea* ( ^! divid$ into k9ds--:5 !re come to be classes1 9 ea* ( :i* ! memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically2 x is cle> t !re mu/ frequ5tly occur an obs]vation ( objects :i* diff] s little z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,among sev]al creatures :i* ! savage has kill$ & c>ri$ home1 x mu/ (t5 happ5 t "s "o1 :i* he wi%$ to id5tify1 is s exactly l ano!r t he _c tell :i* is :i*4 ,?us1 !n1 !re orig9ates ! notion ( equality4 ,! ?+s :i* among ourselves are call$ equal--:e!r l9es1 angles1 weights1 temp]atures1 s\nds or col\rs--are ?+s :i* produce 9 u s5sations :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is true t we n[ apply ! ^w equal *iefly to ! sep>ate traits or relations :i* objects exhibit1 & n to ^? comb9ations ( !m con/itut+ our conceptions ( ! objects2 b ?is limitation ( ! idea has evid5tly aris5 by analysis4 ,t ! notion ( equality orig9at$ z alleg$1 w1 we ?9k1 become obvi\s on rememb]+ t z !re 7 no artificial objects f :i* x c\ld h be5 #cf ab/ract$1 x mu/ h be5 ab/ract$ f natural objects2 & t ! v>i\s families ( ! animal k+dom *iefly furni% ^? natural objects :i* display ! requisite exactitude ( lik5ess4 ,! exp]i5ces out ( :i* ?is g5]al idea ( equality is evolv$1 give bir? at ! same "t to a m complex idea ( equality2 or1 r1 ! process j describ$ g5]ates an idea ( equality :i* fur!r exp]i5ce sep>ates into two ideas--equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations4 ,:ile organic =ms occasionally exhibit ?is p]fection ( lik5ess out ( :i* ! notion ( simple equality arises1 !y m frequ5tly exhibit only t k9d ( lik5ess :i* we call simil>ity2 & :i* is really comp\nd equality4 ,= ! simil>ity ( two creatures ( ! same species b ( diff]5t sizes1 is ( ! same nature z ! simil>ity ( two geometrical figures4 ,9 ei!r case1 any two p>ts ( ! "o be> ! same ratio to "o ano!r1 z ! homolog\s p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,giv5 9 a species1 ! proportions f\nd to exi/ among ! bones1 & we may1 & zoologi/s d1 pr$ict f any "o1 ! dim5sions ( ! re/2 j z1 :5 kn[+ ! proportions subsi/+ among ! p>ts ( a geometrical figure1 we may1 f ! l5g? ( "o1 calculate ! o!rs4 ,& if1 9 ! case ( simil> geometrical figures1 ! simil>ity c be e/abli%$ only by prov+ exactness ( proportion among ! homolog\s p>ts--if we express ?is relation betwe5 two p>ts 9 ! "o1 & ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! o!r1 by ! =mula ,a is to ,b z a is to b2 if we o!rwise write ?is1 ,a to ,b a to b2 if1 consequ5tly1 ! fact we prove is t ! relation ( ,a to ,b equals ! relation ( a to b2 !n x is manife/ t ! fundam5tal conception ( simil>ity is equality ( relations4 ,) ?is explanation we %all be und]/ood :5 we say t ! notion ( equality ( relations is ! basis ( all exact reason+4 ,already x has be5 %[n t reason+ 9 g5]al is a recognition #cg ( lik5ess ( relations2 & "h we fur!r f9d t :ile ! notion ( lik5ess ( ?+s ultimately evolves ! idea ( simple equality1 ! notion ( lik5ess ( relations evolves ! idea ( equality ( relations3 ( :i* ! "o is ! concrete g]m ( exact sci5ce1 :ile ! o!r is its ab/ract g]m4 ,^? :o _c und]/& h[ ! recognition ( simil>ity 9 creatures ( ! same k9d1 c h any alliance ) reason+1 w get ov] ! difficulty on rememb]+ t ! ph5om5a among :i* equality ( relations is ?us p]ceiv$1 are ph5om5a ( ! same ord] & are pres5t to ! s5ses at ! same "t2 :ile ^? among :i* develop$ reason p]ceives relations1 are g5]ally nei!r ( ! same ord]1 nor simultane\sly pres5t4 ,& if1 fur!r1 !y w call to m9d h[ ,cuvi] & ,ow51 f a s+le "p ( a creature1 z a too?1 con/ruct ! re/ by a process ( reason+ bas$ on ?is equality ( relations1 !y w see t ! two ?+s are intimately connect$1 remote z !y at fir/ seem4 ,b we anticipate4 ,:at x conc]ns u "h to obs]ve is1 t f famili>ity ) organic =ms !re simultane\sly arose ! ideas ( simple equality1 & equality ( relations4 ,at ! same "t1 too1 & out ( ! same m5tal processes1 came ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb]4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 ! pres5tation ( sev]al l objects produc$ m]ely an indef9ite conception ( multiplicity2 z x /ill does among ,au/ralians1 & ,bu%m51 & ,dam>as1 :5 ! numb] pres5t$ exce$s ?ree or f\r4 ,) su* a fact be=e u we may safely inf] t ! fir/ cle> num]ical conception 0 t ( duality z contra/$ ) unity4 ,& ?is notion ( duality mu/ necess>ily h gr[n up side by side ) ^? ( lik5ess & equality2 see+ t x is impossible to recognize ! lik5ess ( two ?+s )\t also p]ceiv+ t !re are two4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! conception ( numb] mu/ h be51 z x is /ill1 associat$ ) #ch lik5ess or equality ( ! ?+s numb]$2 & = ! purposes ( calculation1 an ideal equality ( ! ?+s is assum$4 ,be=e any absolutely true num]ical results c be rea*$1 x is requisite t ! units be absolutely equal4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c e/abli% a num]ical relation%ip betwe5 ?+s t d n yield u l impressions1 is to divide !m into p>ts t d yield u l impressions4 ,two unlike magnitudes ( ext5sion1 =ce1 "t1 weight1 or :at n1 c h _! relative am\nts e/imat$1 only by means ( "s small unit t is conta9$ _m times 9 bo?2 & ev5 if we f9ally write d[n ! great] "o z a unit & ! o!r z a fraction ( x1 we /ate1 9 ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction1 ! numb] ( p>ts into :i* ! unit mu/ be divid$ to be comp>able ) ! fraction4 ,x is1 inde$1 true1 t by a mod]n process ( ab/raction1 we occasionally apply numb]s to unequal units1 z ! furniture at a sale or ! v>i\s animals on a f>m1 simply z s _m sep>ate entities2 b no exact quantitative result c be br\ght out by calculation ) units ( ?is ord]4 ,&1 inde$1 x is ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! calculus 9 g5]al1 t x proce$s on ! hypo!sis ( t absolute equality ( its ab/ract units1 :i* no real units possess2 & t ! exactness ( its results holds only 9 virtue ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ ideas ( numb] mu/ necess>ily !n h be5 d]iv$ f l or equal magnitudes z se5 *iefly 9 organic objects2 & z ! l magnitudes mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ 7 magnitudes ( ext5sion1 x foll[s t geometry & ari?metic _h a simultane\s orig94 ,n only are ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb] co-ord9ate ) ideas ( lik5ess & equality1 b ! fir/ ef=ts at num]ation display ! same relation%ip4 ,on read+ acc\nts ( savage tribes1 we f9d t ! me?od ( c\nt+ by ! f+]s1 /ill foll[$ by _m *ildr51 is ! aborig9al me?od4 ,neglect+ ! sev]al cases #ci 9 :i* ! ability to enum]ate does n rea* ev5 to ! numb] ( f+]s on "o h&1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* x does n ext5d beyond t5--! limit ( ! simple f+] notation4 ,! fact t 9 s _m in/ances1 remote1 & seem+ly unrelat$ nations1 h adopt$ t5 z _! basic numb]2 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! rema9+ in/ances ! basic numb] is ei!r five 7! f+]s ( "o h&7 or tw5ty 7! f+]s & toes72 ( !mselves %[ t ! f+]s 7 ! orig9al units ( num]ation4 ,! /ill surviv+ use ( ! ^w digit1 z ! g5]al "n = a figure 9 ari?metic1 is significant2 & x is ev5 said t our ^w t5 7,sax4 tyn2 ,dut*1 ti52 ,g]man1 zehn7 means 9 its primitive exp&$ =m two h&s4 ,s t1 orig9ally1 to say !re 7 t5 ?+s1 0 to say !re 7 two h&s ( !m4 ,f all :i* evid5ce x is tol]ably cle> t ! e>lie/ mode ( convey+ ! idea ( a numb] ( ?+s1 0 by hold+ up z _m f+]s z !re 7 ?+s2 t is1 by us+ a symbol :i* 0 equal1 9 respect ( multiplicity1 to ! gr\p symboliz$4 ,= :i* inf]5ce !re is1 inde$1 /rong confirmation 9 ! /atem5t t our own soldi]s spontane\sly adopt$ ?is device 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,turks dur+ ! ,crimean w>4 ,& "h x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 ?is re-comb9ation ( ! notion ( equality ) t ( multiplicity1 by :i* ! fir/ /eps 9 num]ation are effect$1 we may see "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^? inosculations betwe5 ! div]g+ bran*es ( sci5ce1 :i* are aft]w>ds ( p]petual occurr5ce4 ,z ?is obs]vation sugge/s1 x w be well1 be=e trac+ ! mode 9 :i* exact sci5ce em]ges f ! inexact judgm5ts ( ! s5ses1 & %[+ ! non-s]ial evolution ( its divisions1 to note ! non-s]ial "* ( ^? prelim9>y processes ( :i* all aft] developm5t is a cont9uation4 ,on re-consid]+ !m x w be se5 t n only are !y div]g5t bran*es #dj f a common root1--n only are !y simultane\s 9 _! gr[?2 b t !y are mutual aids2 & t none c advance )\t ! re/4 ,t progress ( classification = :i* ! unfold+ ( ! p]ceptions paves ! way1 is impossible )\t a correspond+ progress 9 language1 by :i* great] v>ieties ( objects are ?9kable & expressible4 ,on ! "o h& classification _c be c>ri$ f> )\t names by :i* to designate ! classes2 & on ! o!r h& language _c be made fa/] ?an ?+s are classifi$4 ,aga91 ! multiplication ( classes & ! consequ5t n>r[+ ( ea* class1 itself involves a great] lik5ess among ! ?+s class$ toge!r2 & ! consequ5t approa* t[>ds ! notion ( complete lik5ess itself all[s classification to be c>ri$ high]4 ,moreov]1 classification necess>ily advances p>i passu ) rationality--! classification ( ?+s ) ! classification ( relations4 ,= ?+s t belong to ! same class are1 by implication1 ?+s ( :i* ! prop]ties & modes ( behavi\r--! co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces--are m or less ! same2 & ! recognition ( ?is sam5ess ( co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces is reason+4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! advance ( classification is necess>ily proportionate to ! advance ( g5]alizations4 ,yet fur!r1 ! notion ( lik5ess1 bo? 9 ?+s & relations1 simultane\sly evolves by "o process ( culture ! ideas ( equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations2 :i* are ! respective bases ( exact concrete reason+ & exact ab/ract reason+--,ma!matics & ,logic4 ,& once m1 ?is idea ( equality1 9 ! v process ( be+ =m$1 necess>ily gives orig9 to two s]ies ( relations--^? ( magnitude & ^? ( numb]2 f :i* arise geometry & ! calculus4 ,?us ! process ?r\gh\t is "o ( p]petual subdivision & p]petual int]communication ( ! divisions4 ,f ! v fir/ !re has be5 t cons5sus ( diff]5t k9ds ( k1 #da answ]+ to ! cons5sus ( ! intellectual faculties1 :i*1 z already said1 mu/ exi/ among ! sci5ces4 ,let u n[ g on to obs]ve h[1 out ( ! notions ( equality & numb]1 z arriv$ at 9 ! mann] describ$1 !re gradually arose ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision4 ,equality1 once hav+ come to be def9itely conceiv$1 0 recognizable among o!r ph5om5a ?an ^? ( magnitude4 ,be+ pr$icable ( all ?+s produc+ indi/+ui%able impressions1 !re naturally grew up ideas ( equality 9 weights1 s\nds1 col\rs1 c42 &1 inde$1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! occasional exp]i5ce ( equal weights1 s\nds1 & col\rs1 _h a %>e 9 develop+ ! ab/ract conception ( equality--t ! ideas ( equality 9 sizes1 relations1 =ces1 resi/ances1 & s5sible prop]ties 9 g5]al1 7 evolv$ dur+ ! same /age ( m5tal developm5t4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t z fa/ z ! notion ( equality ga9$ def9it5ess1 s fa/ did t l[e/ k9d ( quantitative prevision :i* is a*iev$ )\t any in/rum5tal aid1 become possible4 ,! ability to e/imate1 h[ev] r\ghly1 ! am\nt ( a =ese5 result1 implies ! conception t x w be equal to a c]ta9 imag9$ quantity2 & ! correctness ( ! e/imate w manife/ly dep5d on ! precision :i* ! p]ceptions ( s5sible equality h rea*$4 ,a savage ) a piece ( /one 9 8 h&1 & ano!r piece ly+ be=e him ( great] bulk b ( ! same k9d 7sam5ess ( k9d be+ inf]r$ f ! equality ( ! two 9 col\r & texture7 kn[s ab\t :at ef=t he mu/ put =? to raise ?is o!r piece2 & he judges accurately 9 proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* he p]ceives t ! "o is twice1 ?ree times1 f\r times1 c4 z l>ge z ! o!r2 t is--9 proportion to ! precision ( 8 ideas ( equality & numb]4 ,& "h let u n omit to notice t ev5 9 ^! vague/ ( quantitative previsions1 ! conception ( equality ( relations is also involv$4 ,= x is only 9 #db virtue ( an undef9$ consci\sness t ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! "o /one is equal to ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! o!r1 t ev5 ! r\ghe/ approximation c be made4 ,b h[ came ! transition f ^? unc]ta9 p]ceptions ( equality :i* ! unaid$ s5ses give1 to ! c]ta9 ones ) :i* sci5ce deals8 ,x came by plac+ ! ?+s comp>$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,equality be+ ass]t$ ( ?+s :i* give u indi/+ui%able impressions1 & no di/9ct comp>ison ( impressions be+ possible unless !y occur 9 imm$iate succession1 x results t exactness ( equality is asc]ta9able 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( ! comp>$ ?+s4 ,h5ce ! fact t :5 we wi% to judge ( two %ades ( col\r :e!r !y are alike or n1 we place !m side by side2 h5ce ! fact t we _c1 ) any precision1 say :i* ( two alli$ s\nds is ! l\d]1 or ! high] 9 pit*1 unless we he> ! "o imm$iately aft] ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact t to e/imate ! ratio ( weights1 we take "o 9 ea* h&1 t we may comp>e _! pressures by rapidly alt]nat+ 9 ?\ght f ! "o to ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact1 t 9 a piece ( music1 we c cont9ue to make equal beats :5 ! fir/ beat has be5 giv51 b _c ensure comm5c+ ) ! same l5g? ( beat on a future occasion2 & h5ce1 la/ly1 ! fact1 t ( all magnitudes1 ^? ( l9e> ext5sion are ^? ( :i* ! equality is mo/ precisely asc]ta9able1 & ^? to :i*1 by consequ5ce1 all o!rs h to be r$uc$4 ,= x is ! peculi>ity ( l9e> ext5sion t x alone all[s its magnitudes to be plac$ 9 absolute juxtaposition1 or1 r1 9 co9cid5t position2 x alone c te/ ! equality ( two magnitudes by obs]v+ :e!r !y w coalesce1 z two equal ma!matical l9es d1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! same po9ts2 x alone c te/ equality by try+ :e!r x w become id5tity4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! fact1 t all exact sci5ce is r$ucible1 #dc by an ultimate analysis1 to results measur$ 9 equal units ( l9e> ext5sion4 ,/ill x rema9s to be notic$ 9 :at mann] ?is det]m9ation ( equality by comp>ison ( l9e> magnitudes orig9at$4 ,once m may we p]ceive t surr\nd+ natural objects suppli$ ! ne$ful lessons4 ,f ! beg9n+ !re mu/ h be5 a con/ant exp]i5ce ( l ?+s plac$ side by side--m5 /&+ & walk+ toge!r2 animals f ! same h]d2 fi% f ! same %oal4 ,& ! ceaseless repetition ( ^! exp]i5ces c\ld n fail to sugge/ ! obs]vation1 t ! ne>] toge!r any objects 71 ! m visible became any inequality betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce ! obvi\s device ( putt+ 9 apposition1 ?+s ( :i* x 0 desir$ to asc]ta9 ! relative magnitudes4 ,h5ce ! idea ( measure4 ,& "h we sudd5ly come ^u a gr\p ( facts :i* af=d a solid basis to ! rema9d] ( our argum5t2 :ile !y also furni% /rong evid5ce 9 support ( ! =ego+ speculations4 ,^? :o look sceptically on ?is attempt$ rehabilitation ( e>ly m5tal developm5t1 & :o ?9k t ! d]ivation ( s _m prim>y notions f organic =ms is some:at /ra9$1 w p]haps see m probability 9 ! hypo!ses :i* h be5 v5tur$1 on discov]+ t all measures ( ext5sion & =ce orig9at$ f ! l5g?s & weights ( organic bodies1 & all measures ( "t f ! p]iodic ph5om5a ( ei!r organic or inorganic bodies4 ,?us1 among l9e> measures1 ! cubit ( ! ,hebrews 0 ! l5g? ( ! =e>m f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! middle f+]2 & ! small] scriptural dim5sions are express$ 9 h&-bread?s & spans4 ,! ,egyptian cubit1 :i* 0 simil>ly d]iv$1 0 divid$ into digits1 :i* 7 f+]-bread?s2 & ea* f+]-bread? 0 m def9itely express$ z be+ equal to f\r gra9s ( b>ley plac$ bread?wise4 ,o!r anci5t measures 7 #dd ! orgyia or /ret* ( ! arms1 ! pace1 & ! palm4 ,s p]si/5t has be5 ! use ( ^! natural units ( l5g? 9 ! ,ea/1 t ev5 n[ "s ,arabs mete out clo? by ! =e>m4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,european measures4 ,! foot prevails z a dim5sion ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & has done s s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 by :om1 also1 x 0 us$3 its l5g?s 9 diff]5t places v>y+ n mu* m ?an m5's feet v>y4 ,! heights ( horses are /ill express$ 9 h&s4 ,! in* is ! l5g? ( ! t]m9al jo9t ( ! ?umb2 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ,france1 :]e p\ce means bo? ?umb & in*4 ,!n we h ! in* divid$ into ?ree b>ley-corns4 ,s completely1 inde$1 h ^! organic dim5sions s]v$ z ! sub/rata ( m5suration1 t x is only by means ( !m t we c =m any e/imate ( "s ( ! anci5t di/ances4 ,= example1 ! l5g? ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface1 z det]m9$ by ! ,arabian a/ronom]s %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 0 fifty-six ( _! miles4 ,we "k no?+ ( _! mile fur!r ?an t x 0 #djjj cubits2 & :e!r ^! 7 sacr$ cubits or common cubits1 w\ld rema9 d\btful1 b t ! l5g? ( ! cubit is giv5 z tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 & ea* in* def9$ z ! ?ickness ( six b>ley-gra9s4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ measurem5ts ( a degree comes d[n to u 9 b>ley-gra9s4 ,n only did organic l5g?s furni% ^? approximate measures :i* satisfi$ m5's ne$s 9 rud] ages1 b !y furni%$ also ! /&>d measures requir$ 9 lat] times4 ,"o in/ance occurs 9 our own hi/ory4 ,to rem$y ! irregul>ities !n prevail+1 ,h5ry ,i4 comm&$ t ! ulna1 or anci5t ell1 :i* answ]s to ! mod]n y>d1 %\ld be made ( ! exact l5g? ( 8 own arm4 ,measures ( weight _h a k9dr$ d]ivation4 ,se$s seem commonly to h suppli$ ! units4 ,! orig9al ( ! c>at us$ = weigh+ 9 ,india is a small bean4 ,our own sy/ems1 bo? troy & avoirdupois1 are d]iv$ #de prim>ily f :eat-corns4 ,our smalle/ weight1 ! gra9 is a gra9 ( :eat4 ,?is is n a speculation2 x is an hi/orically-regi/]$ fact4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 enact$ t an ounce %\ld be ! weight ( #fdj dry gra9s ( :eat f ! middle ( ! e>4 ,& z all ! o!r weights are multiples or sub-multiples ( ?is1 x foll[s t ! gra9 ( :eat is ! basis ( our scale4 ,s natural is x to use organic bodies z weights1 be=e artificial weights h be5 e/abli%$1 or :]e !y are n to be _h1 t 9 "s ( ! remot] p>ts ( ,irel& ! p are said to be 9 ! habit1 ev5 n[1 ( putt+ a man into ! scales to s]ve z a measure = heavy commodities4 ,simil>ly ) "t4 ,a/ronomical p]iodicity1 & ! p]iodicity ( animal & vegetable life1 are simultane\sly us$ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( progress = e/imat+ epo*s4 ,! simple/ unit ( "t1 ! day1 nature supplies ready made4 ,! next simple/ p]iod1 ! mone? or mon?1 is also ?ru/ ^u m5's notice by ! conspicu\s *anges con/itut+ a lunation4 ,= l>g] divisions ?an ^!1 ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons1 & ! *ief ev5ts f "t to "t occurr+1 h be5 us$ by e>ly & unciviliz$ races4 ,among ! ,egyptians ! ris+ ( ! ,nile s]v$ z a m>k4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s 7 f\nd to beg9 _! ye> f ! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades above ! sea4 ,"o ( ! uses ascrib$ to birds1 by ! ,greeks1 0 to indicate ! seasons by _! migrations4 ,b>r[ describes ! aborig9al ,hott5tot z express+ dates by ! numb] ( moons be=e or aft] ! rip5+ ( "o ( 8 *ief articles ( food4 ,he fur!r /ates t ! ,kaffir *ronology is kept by ! moon1 & is regi/]$ by not*es on /icks--! dea? ( a fav\rite *ief1 or ! ga9+ ( a victory1 s]v+ = a new era4 ,by :i* la/ fact1 we are at once rem9d$ t 9 e>ly hi/ory1 ev5ts are commonly record$ z occurr+ 9 c]ta9 reigns1 & 9 c]ta9 ye>s ( c]ta9 reigns3 a proce$+ :i* made a k+'s reign #df a rude measure ( duration4 ,&1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy to divide "t by natural ph5om5a & natural ev5ts1 x may be notic$ t ev5 by our own peasantry ! def9ite divisions ( mon?s & ye>s are b little us$2 & t !y habitually ref] to occurr5ces z 8be=e %eep-%e>+10 or 8aft] h>ve/10 or 8ab\t ! "t :5 ! squire di$40 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ! approximately equal p]iods p]ceiv$ 9 ,nature gave ! fir/ units ( measure = "t2 z did ,nature's approximately equal l5g?s & weights give ! fir/ units ( measure = space & =ce4 ,x rema9s only to obs]ve1 t measures ( value 7 simil>ly d]iv$4 ,b>t]1 9 "o =m or o!r1 is f\nd among all b ! v l[e/ human races4 ,x is obvi\sly bas$ ^u ! notion ( equality ( wor?4 ,& z x gradually m]ges into trade by ! introduction ( "s k9d ( curr5cy1 we f9d t ! measures ( wor?1 con/itut+ ?is curr5cy1 are organic bodies2 9 "s cases c[ries1 9 o!rs cocoa-nuts1 9 o!rs cattle1 9 o!rs pigs2 among ! ,am]ican ,indians peltry or sk9s1 & 9 ,icel& dri$ fi%4 ,notions ( exact equality & ( measure hav+ be5 rea*$1 !re arose def9ite ideas ( magnitudes z be+ multiples "o ( ano!r2 :5ce ! practice ( measurem5t by direct apposition ( a measure4 ,! det]m9ation ( l9e> ext5sions by ?is process c sc>cely be call$ sci5ce1 ?\gh x is a /ep t[>ds x2 b ! det]m9ation ( l5g?s ( "t by an analog\s process may be consid]$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ samples ( quantitative prevision4 ,= :5 x is fir/ asc]ta9$ t ! moon completes ! cycle ( h] *anges 9 ab\t ?irty days--a fact kn[n to mo/ unciviliz$ tribes t c c\nt beyond ! numb] ( _! f+]s--x is manife/ t x becomes possible to say 9 :at numb] ( days any specifi$ phase ( ! moon w recur2 & x is also manife/ t ?is prevision is effect$ by an apposition ( two times1 aft] ! same mann] #dg t l9e> space is measur$ by ! apposition ( two l9es4 ,= to express ! moon's p]iod 9 days1 is to say h[ _m ( ^! units ( measure are conta9$ 9 ! p]iod to be measur$--is to asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 "t by means ( a scale ( days1 j z we asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 space by a scale ( feet or in*es2 & 9 ea* case ! scale co9cides ) ! ?+ measur$--m5tally 9 ! "o1 visibly 9 ! o!r4 ,s t 9 ?is simple/1 & p]haps e>lie/ case ( quantitative prevision1 ! ph5om5a are n only ?ru/ daily ^u m5's notice1 b ,nature is1 z x 71 p]petually repeat+ t process ( measurem5t by obs]v+ :i* ! prevision is effect$4 ,?is fact1 t 9 v e>ly /ages ( social progress x is kn[n t ! moon goes ?r\gh h] *anges 9 ne>ly ?irty days1 & t 9 r m ?an twelve moons ! seasons return--?is fact t *ronological a/ronomy assumes a c]ta9 sci5tific "* ev5 be=e geometry does2 :ile x is p>tly due to ! circum/ance t ! a/ronomical divisions1 day1 mon?1 & ye>1 are ready made = u1 is p>tly due to ! fur!r circum/ances t agricultural & o!r op]ations 7 at fir/ regulat$ a/ronomically1 & t f ! suppos$ div9e nature ( ! heav5ly bodies _! motions det]m9$ ! p]iodical religi\s fe/ivals4 ,z in/ances ( ! "o we h ! obs]vation ( ! ,egyptians1 t ! ris+ ( ! ,nile correspond$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius2 ! directions giv5 by ,hesiod = reap+ & pl\gh+1 accord+ to ! positions ( ! ,pleiades2 & 8 maxim t 8fifty days aft] ! turn+ ( ! sun is a seasonable "t = beg9n+ a voyage40 ,z in/ances ( ! o!r1 we h ! nam+ ( ! days aft] ! sun1 moon1 & planets2 ! e>ly attempts among ,ea/]n nations to regulate ! cal5d> s t ! gods might n be (f5d$ by ! displacem5t ( _! sacrifices2 & ! fix+ ( ! great annual fe/ival ( ! ,p]uvians by ! position ( ! sun4 #dh ,9 all :i* facts we see t1 at fir/1 sci5ce 0 simply an appliance ( religion & indu/ry4 ,aft] ! discov]ies t a lunation occupies ne>ly ?irty days1 & t "s twelve lunations occupy a ye>--discov]ies :i* we may inf] 7 ! e>lie/1 f ! fact t exi/+ unciviliz$ races h made !m--we come to ! fir/ kn[n a/ronomical records1 :i* are ^? ( eclipses4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 able to pr$ict ^!4 8,?is !y did1 probably10 says ,dr4 ,:ewell 9 8 useful hi/ory1 f :i* mo/ ( ! mat]ials we are ab\t to use w be drawn1 8by means ( _! cycle ( #bbc mon?s1 or ab\t eighte5 ye>s2 =1 at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! eclipses ( ! moon beg9 to return1 at ! same int]vals & 9 ! same ord] z at ! beg9n+40 ,n[ ?is me?od ( calculat+ eclipses by means ( a recurr+ cycle1--! ,s>os z !y call$ x--is a m complex case ( prevision by means ( co9cid5ce ( measures4 ,= by :at obs]vations mu/ ! ,*aldeans h discov]$ ?is cycle8 ,obvi\sly1 z ,delambre inf]s1 by inspect+ _! regi/]s2 by comp>+ ! successive int]vals2 by f9d+ t "s ( ! int]vals 7 alike2 by see+ t ^! equal int]vals 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t2 by discov]+ t all ! int]vals t 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t 7 equal2 by asc]ta9+ t ! int]vals =m$ a s]ies :i* repeat$ itself1 s t if "o ( ! cycles ( int]vals 7 sup]pos$ on ano!r ! divisions w\ld fit4 ,& ?is be+ once p]ceiv$1 x became possible to use ! cycle z a scale ( "t by :i* to measure out future p]iods ( recurr5ce4 ,see+ ?us t ! process ( s pr$ict+ eclipses1 is 9 ess5ce ! same z t ( pr$ict+ ! moon's mon?ly *anges by obs]v+ ! numb] ( days aft] :i* !y repeat--see+ t ! two diff] only 9 ! ext5t & irregul>ity ( ! int]vals2 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ su* an am\nt ( k %\ld s e>ly h be5 rea*$4 ,& we %all be ! less surpris$ on rememb]+ t ! only ?+s involv$ 9 ^! #di previsions 7 "t & numb]2 & t ! "t 0 9 a mann] self-numb]$4 ,/ill1 ! ability to pr$ict ev5ts recurr+ only aft] s long a p]iod z eighte5 ye>s1 implies a consid]able advance 9 civilization--a consid]able developm5t ( g5]al k2 & we h n[ to inquire :at progress 9 o!r sci5ces accompani$1 & 0 necess>y to1 ^! a/ronomical previsions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re mu/ h be5 a tol]ably effici5t sy/em ( calculation4 ,m]e f+]-c\nt+1 m]e head-reckon+1 ev5 ) ! aid ( a decimal notation1 c\ld n h suffic$ = numb]+ ! days 9 a ye>2 mu* less ! ye>s1 mon?s1 & days betwe5 eclipses4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ h be5 a mode ( regi/]+ numb]s2 probably ev5 a sy/em ( num]als4 ,! e>lie/ num]ical records1 if we may judge by ! practices ( ! less civiliz$ races n[ exi/+1 7 probably kept by not*es cut on /icks1 or /rokes m>k$ on walls2 mu* z public-h\se scores are kept n[4 ,& !re is reason to ?9k t ! fir/ num]als us$ 7 simply gr\ps ( /raight /rokes1 z "s ( ! /ill-extant ,roman ones are2 lead+ u to suspect t ^! gr\ps ( /rokes 7 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( f+]s1 z ! gr\ps ( f+]s _h be5 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( objects--a supposition h>moniz+ ) ! aborig9al practice ( picture writ+4 ,be ?is s or n1 h[ev]1 x is manife/ t be=e ! ,*aldeans discov]$ _! ,s>os1 !y mu/ h _h bo? a set ( writt5 symbols s]v+ = an ext5sive num]ation1 & a famili>ity ) ! simpl] rules ( ari?metic4 ,n only mu/ ab/ract ma!matics h made "s progress1 b concrete ma!matics also4 ,x is sc>cely possible t ! build+s belong+ to ?is era %\ld h be5 laid out & erect$ )\t any k ( geometry4 ,at any rate1 !re mu/ h exi/$ t elem5t>y geometry :i* deals ) direct #ej measurem5t--) ! apposition ( l9es2 & x seems t only aft] ! discov]y ( ^? simple proce$+s1 by :i* "r angles are drawn1 & relative positions fix$1 c\ld s regul> an ar*itecture be execut$4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r division ( concrete ma!matics--me*anics1 we h def9ite evid5ce ( progress4 ,we "k t ! lev] & ! incl9$ plane 7 employ$ dur+ ?is p]iod3 imply+ t !re 0 a qualitative prevision ( _! effects1 if n a quantitative "o4 ,b we "k m4 ,we read ( weights 9 ! e>lie/ records2 & we f9d weights 9 ru9s ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,weights imply scales1 ( :i* we h also m5tion2 & scales involve ! prim>y !orem ( me*anics 9 its lea/ complicat$ =m--involve n a qualitative b a quantitative prevision ( me*anical effects4 ,& "h we may notice h[ me*anics1 9 common ) ! o!r exact sci5ces1 took its rise f ! simple/ application ( ! idea ( equality4 ,= ! me*anical proposition :i* ! scales involve1 is1 t if a lev] ) equal arms1 h equal weights susp5d$ f !m1 ! weights w rema9 at equal altitudes4 ,& we may fur!r notice h[1 9 ?is fir/ /ep ( rational me*anics1 we see illu/rat$ ! tru? a:ile s9ce nam$1 t z magnitudes ( l9e> ext5sion are ! only ones ( :i* ! equality is exactly asc]ta9able1 ! equalities ( o!r magnitudes h at ! outset to be det]m9$ by means ( !m4 ,= ! equality ( ! weights :i* balance ea* o!r 9 scales1 dep5ds on ! equality ( ! arms3 we c "k t ! weights are equal only by prov+ t ! arms are equal4 ,& :5 by ?is means we h obta9$ a sy/em ( weights1--a set ( equal units ( =ce & def9ite multiples ( !m1 !n does a sci5ce ( me*anics become possible4 ,:5ce1 inde$1 x foll[s1 t rational me*anics c\ld n possibly h any o!r />t+-po9t ?an ! scales4 ,let u fur!r rememb] t dur+ ?is same p]iod #ea !re 0 "s k ( *emi/ry4 ,sundry ( ! arts :i* we "k to h be5 c>ri$ on1 7 made possible only by a g5]aliz$ exp]i5ce ( ! modes 9 :i* c]ta9 bodies affect ea* o!r "u special conditions4 ,9 metallurgy1 :i* 0 ext5sively practis$1 ?is is abundantly illu/rat$4 ,& we ev5 h evid5ce t 9 "s cases ! k possess$ 01 9 a s5se1 quantitative4 ,=1 z we f9d by analysis t ! h>d alloy ( :i* ! ,egyptians made _! cutt+ tools1 0 compos$ ( copp] & t9 9 fix$ proportions1 !re mu/ h be5 an e/abli%$ prevision t su* an alloy 0 to be obta9$ only by mix+ !m 9 ^! proportions4 ,x is true1 ?is 0 b a simple empirical g5]alization2 b s 0 ! g5]alization respect+ ! recurr5ce ( eclipses2 s are ! fir/ g5]alizations ( e sci5ce4 ,respect+ ! simultane\s advance ( ! sci5ces dur+ ?is e>ly epo*1 x rema9s to po9t out t ev5 ! mo/ complex ( !m mu/ h made "s progress4 ,= "u :at conditions only 7 ! =ego+ developm5ts possible8 ,! conditions furni%$ by an e/abli%$ & organiz$ social sy/em4 ,a long cont9u$ regi/ry ( eclipses2 ! build+ ( palaces2 ! use ( scales2 ! practice ( metallurgy--alike imply a settl$ & popul\s nation4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a nation n only presupposes laws & "s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* we "k exi/$1 b x presupposes successful laws--laws con=m+ 9 "s degree to ! conditions ( social /ability--laws enact$ because x 0 f\nd t ! actions =bidd5 by !m 7 dang]\s to ! ,/ate4 ,we d n by any means say t all1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( ! laws 7 ( ?is nature2 b we d say1 t ! fundam5tal ones 74 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! laws affect+ life & prop]ty 7 su*4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 h[ev] little ^! 7 en=c$ betwe5 class & class1 !y 7 to a consid]able ext5t #eb en=c$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$1 t ! adm9i/ration ( !m betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class 0 se5 by rul]s to be necess>y = keep+ society toge!r4 ,b supposition aside1 x is cle> t ! habitual recognition ( ^! claims 9 _! laws1 impli$ "s prevision ( social ph5om5a4 ,t same idea ( equality1 :i*1 z we h se51 und]lies o!r sci5ce1 und]lies also morals & sociology4 ,! conception ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! prim>y "o 9 morals2 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! vital condition to social exi/5ce2 are impossible )\t ! recognition ( a c]ta9 lik5ess 9 m5's claims1 9 virtue ( _! common humanity4 ,equity lit]ally means equalness2 & if x be admitt$ t !re 7 ev5 ! vague/ ideas ( equity 9 ^! primitive eras1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re 0 "s appreciation ( ! equalness ( m5's lib]ties to pursue ! objects ( life--"s appreciation1 !re=e1 ( ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( national equilibrium4 ,?us 9 ?is initial /age ( ! positive sci5ces1 be=e geometry _h yet done m ?an evolve a few empirical rules--be=e me*anics _h pass$ beyond its fir/ !orem--be=e a/ronomy _h advanc$ f its m]ely *ronological phase into ! geometrical2 ! mo/ involv$ ( ! sci5ces _h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t--a developm5t )\t :i* no progress 9 o!r sci5ces 0 possible4 ,only not+ z we pass1 h[1 ?us e>ly1 we may see t ! progress ( exact sci5ce 0 n only t[>ds an increas+ numb] ( previsions1 b t[>ds previsions m accurately quantitative--h[1 9 a/ronomy1 ! recurr+ p]iod ( ! moon's motions 0 by & by m correctly asc]ta9$ to be two hundr$ & ?irty-five lunations2 h[ ,callipus fur!r correct$ ?is ,metonic cycle1 by leav+ out a day at ! end ( e sev5ty-six ye>s2 & h[ ^! successive advances impli$ a #ec long] cont9u$ regi/ry ( obs]vations1 & ! co-ord9ation ( a great] numb] ( facts2 let u g on to inquire h[ geometrical a/ronomy took its rise4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical in/rum5t 0 ! gnomon4 ,?is 0 n only e>ly 9 use 9 ! ,ea/1 b x 0 f\nd among ! ,mexicans2 ! sole a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! ,p]uvians 7 made by x2 & we read t #aajj ,b4,c41 ! ,*9ese obs]v$ t1 at a c]ta9 place1 ! l5g? ( ! sun's %ad[1 at ! summ] sol/ice1 0 to ! height ( ! gnomon1 z "o & a half to eight4 ,"h aga9 x is obs]vable1 bo? t ! in/rum5t is f\nd ready made1 & t ,nature is p]petually p]=m+ ! process ( measurem5t4 ,any fix$1 erect object--a column1 a pole1 ! angle ( a build+--s]ves = a gnomon2 & x ne$s b to notice ! *ang+ position ( ! %ad[ x daily ?r[s1 to make ! fir/ /ep 9 geometrical a/ronomy4 ,h[ small ?is fir/ /ep 01 may be se5 9 ! fact t ! only ?+s asc]ta9$ at ! outset 7 ! p]iods ( ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 :i* correspond$ ) ! lea/ & greate/ l5g?s ( ! mid-day %ad[2 & to fix :i*1 x 0 ne$ful m]ely to m>k ! po9t to :i* ea* day's %ad[ rea*$4 ,& n[ let x n be ov]look$ t 9 ! obs]v+ at :at "t dur+ ! next ye> ?is extreme limit ( ! %ad[ 0 aga9 rea*$1 & 9 ! inf]5ce t ! sun _h !n arriv$ at ! same turn+ po9t 9 8 annual c\rse1 we h "o ( ! simple/ in/ances ( t comb9$ use ( equal magnitudes & equal relations1 by :i* all exact sci5ce1 all quantitative prevision1 is rea*$4 ,= ! relation obs]v$ 0 betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! gnomon's %ad[ & ! sun's position 9 ! heav5s2 & ! inf]5ce drawn 0 t :51 next ye>1 ! extremity ( ! %ad[ came to ! same po9t1 he occupi$ ! same place4 ,t is1 ! ideas involv$ 71 ! equality ( ! %ad[s1 & ! equality ( ! relations betwe5 #ed %ad[ & sun 9 successive ye>s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! scales1 ! equality ( relations "h recogniz$ is ( ! simple/ ord]4 ,x is n z ^? habitually dealt ) 9 ! high] k9ds ( sci5tific reason+1 :i* answ] to ! g5]al type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree equals ! relation betwe5 six & n9e2 b x foll[s ! type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree equals ! relation betwe5 two & ?ree3 x is a case ( n simply equal relations1 b co9cid+ relations4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see beautifully illu/rat$ h[ ! idea ( equal relations takes its rise aft] ! same mann] t t ( equal magnitudes does4 ,z already %[n1 ! idea ( equal magnitudes arose f ! obs]v$ co9cid5ce ( two l5g?s plac$ toge!r2 & 9 ?is case we h n only two co9cid5t l5g?s ( %ad[s1 b two co9cid5t relations betwe5 sun & %ad[s4 ,f ! use ( ! gnomon !re naturally grew up ! conception ( angul> measurem5ts2 & ) ! advance ( geometrical conceptions came ! hemisph]e ( ,b]osus1 ! equ9octial armil1 ! sol/itial armil1 & ! quadrant ( ,ptolemy--all ( !m employ+ %ad[s z indices ( ! sun's position1 b 9 comb9ation ) angul> divisions4 ,x is out ( ! "q = u "h to trace ^! details ( progress4 ,x mu/ suffice to rem>k t 9 all ( !m we may see t notion ( equality ( relations ( a m complex k9d1 :i* is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! a/rolabe1 an in/rum5t :i* consi/$ 8( circul> rims1 moveable "o )9 ! o!r1 or ab\t poles1 & conta9$ circles :i* 7 to be br\ght into ! position ( ! ecliptic1 & ( a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! sun & ! poles ( ! ecliptic0--an in/rum5t1 !re=e1 :i* repres5t$1 z by a model1 ! relative positions ( c]ta9 imag9>y l9es & planes 9 ! heav5s2 :i* 0 adju/$ by putt+ ^! repres5tative l9es & planes into p>allelism ) ! cele/ial ones2 & :i* dep5d$ = its use on ! p]ception t ! relations among ^! #ee repres5tative l9es & planes 7 equal to ! relations among ^? repres5t$4 ,we might g on to po9t out h[ ! conception ( ! heav5s z a revolv+ holl[ sph]e1 ! explanation ( ! moon's phases1 & inde$ all ! successive /eps tak51 involv$ ?is same m5tal process4 ,b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ref]r+ to ! !ory ( ecc5trics & epicycles1 z a fur!r m>k$ illu/ration ( x4 ,z fir/ sugge/$1 & z prov$ by ,hipp>*us to af=d an explanation ( ! lead+ irregul>ities 9 ! cele/ial motions1 ?is !ory involv$ ! p]ception t ! progressions1 retrogressions1 & v>iations ( velocity se5 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 might be reconcil$ ) _! assum$ uni=m movem5ts 9 circles1 by suppos+ t ! e>? 0 n 9 ! c5tre ( _! orbits2 or by suppos+ t !y revolv$ 9 circles ^: c5tres revolv$ r\nd ! e>?2 or by bo?4 ,! discov]y t ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ances1 0 ! discov]y t 9 c]ta9 geometrical diagrams ! relations 7 su*1 t ! uni=m motion ( po9ts along curves condition$ 9 specifi$ ways1 w\ld1 :5 look$ at f a p>ticul> position1 pres5t analog\s irregul>ities2 & ! calculations ( ,hipp>*us involv$ ! belief t ! relations subsi/+ among ^! geometrical curves 7 equal to ! relations subsi/+ among ! cele/ial orbits4 ,leav+ "h ^! details ( a/ronomical progress1 & ! philosophy ( x1 let u obs]ve h[ ! relatively concrete sci5ce ( geometrical a/ronomy1 hav+ be5 ?us f> help$ =w>d by ! developm5t ( geometry 9 g5]al1 react$ ^u geometry1 caus$ x also to advance1 & 0 aga9 assi/$ by x4 ,hipp>*us1 be=e mak+ 8 sol> & lun> tables1 _h to discov] rules = calculat+ ! relations betwe5 ! sides & angles ( triangles--trigonometry1 a subdivision ( pure ma!matics4 ,fur!r1 ! r$uction ( ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e to a quantitative =m ne$$ = a/ronomical purposes1 requir$ ! =mation ( a sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* #ef 0 also a*iev$ by ,hipp>*us4 ,?us bo? plane & sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* are p>ts ( ! highly ab/ract & simple sci5ce ( ext5sion1 rema9$ undevelop$ until ! less ab/ract & m complex sci5ce ( ! cele/ial motions _h ne$ ( !m4 ,! fact admitt$ by ,m4 ,comte1 t s9ce ,desc>tes ! progress ( ! ab/ract division ( ma!matics has be5 det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete division1 is p>allel$ by ! /ill m significant fact t ev5 ?us e>ly ! progress ( ma!matics 0 det]m9$ by t ( a/ronomy4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we see exemplifi$ ! tru?1 :i* ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( sci5ce frequ5tly illu/rates1 t be=e any m ab/ract division makes a fur!r advance1 "s m concrete division sugge/s ! necessity = t advance--pres5ts ! new ord] ( que/ions to be solv$4 ,be=e a/ronomy put be=e ,hipp>*us ! problem ( sol> tables1 !re 0 no?+ to raise ! "q ( ! relations betwe5 l9es & angles3 ! subject-matt] ( trigonometry _h n be5 conceiv$4 ,j incid5tally notic+ ! circum/ance t ! epo* we are describ+ witness$ ! evolution ( algebra1 a comp>atively ab/ract division ( ma!matics1 by ! union ( its less ab/ract divisions1 geometry & ari?metic 7a fact prov$ by ! e>lie/ extant samples ( algebra1 :i* are half algebraic1 half geometric7 we g on to obs]ve t dur+ ! era 9 :i* ma!matics & a/ronomy 7 ?us advanc+1 rational me*anics made its second /ep2 & some?+ 0 done t[>ds giv+ a quantitative =m to hydro/atics1 optics1 & ac\/ics4 ,9 ea* case we %all see h[ ! idea ( equality und]lies all quantitative prevision2 & 9 :at simple =ms ?is idea is fir/ appli$4 ,z already %[n1 ! fir/ !orem e/abli%$ 9 me*anics 01 t equal weights susp5d$ f a lev] ) equal arms w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,ar*im$es discov]$ t a lev] ) unequal arms 0 9 #eg equilibrium :5 "o weight 0 to its arm z ! o!r arm to its weight2 t is--:5 ! num]ical relation betwe5 "o weight & its arm 0 equal to ! num]ical relation betwe5 ! o!r arm & its weight4 ,! fir/ advance made 9 hydro/atics1 :i* we also owe to ,ar*im$es1 0 ! discov]y t fluids press equally 9 all directions2 & f ?is foll[$ ! solution ( ! problem ( float+ bodies2 namely1 t !y are 9 equilibrium :5 ! upw>d & d[nw>d pressures are equal4 ,9 optics1 aga91 ! ,greeks f\nd t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection2 & _! k rea*$ no fur!r ?an to su* simple d$uctions f ?is z _! geometry suffic$ =4 ,9 ac\/ics !y asc]ta9$ ! fact t ?ree /r+s ( equal l5g?s w\ld yield ! octave1 fif? & f\r?1 :5 /ra9$ by weights hav+ c]ta9 def9ite ratios2 & !y did n progress mu* beyond ?is4 ,9 ! "o ( :i* cases we see geometry us$ 9 elucidation ( ! laws ( light2 & 9 ! o!r1 geometry & ari?metic made to measure c]ta9 ph5om5a ( s\nd4 ,:ile sundry sci5ces _h ?us rea*$ ! fir/ /ages ( quantitative prevision1 o!rs 7 progress+ 9 qualitative prevision4 ,x mu/ suffice j to note t "s small g5]alizations 7 made respect+ evaporation1 & heat1 & electricity1 & magnetism1 :i*1 empirical z !y 71 did n 9 t respect diff] f ! fir/ g5]alizations ( e sci5ce2 t ! ,greek physicians _h made advances 9 physiology & pa?ology1 :i*1 consid]+ ! great imp]fection ( our pres5t k1 are by no means to be despis$2 t zoology _h be5 s f> sy/ematiz$ by ,ari/otle1 z1 to "s ext5t1 enabl$ him f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organs to pr$ict ! pres5ce ( o!rs2 t 9 ,ari/otle's ,politics1 is %[n progress t[>ds a sci5tific conception ( social ph5om5a1 & sundry previsions respect+ #eh !m2 & t 9 ! /ate ( ! ,greek societies1 z well z 9 ! writ+s ( ,greek philosoph]s1 we may recognize bo? an increas+ cle>ness 9 ! conception ( equity & "s appreciation ( ! fact t social /ability dep5ds on ! ma9t5ance ( equitable relations4 ,space p]mitt+1 we might dwell on ! causes :i* ret>d$ ! developm5t ( "s ( ! sci5ces1 z = example1 *emi/ry2 %[+ t relative complexity _h no?+ to d ) x--t ! oxidation ( a piece ( iron is a simpl] ph5om5on ?an ! recurr5ce ( eclipses1 & ! discov]y ( c>bonic acid less difficult ?an t ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! relatively sl[ advance ( *emical k might be %[n to be due1 p>tly to ! fact t its ph5om5a 7 n daily ?ru/ on m5's notice z ^? ( a/ronomy 72 p>tly to ! fact t ,nature does n habitually supply ! means1 & sugge/ ! modes ( inve/igation1 z 9 ! sci5ces deal+ ) "t1 ext5sion1 & =ce2 p>tly to ! fact t ! great majority ( ! mat]ials ) :i* *emi/ry deals1 in/ead ( be+ ready to h&1 are made kn[n only by ! arts 9 _! sl[ gr[?2 & p>tly to ! fact t ev5 :5 kn[n1 _! *emical prop]ties are n self-exhibit$1 b h to be s\ght out by exp]im5t4 ,m]ely indicat+ ^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 let u g on to contemplate ! progress & mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces 9 mod]n days2 only p>5!tically notic+ h[1 on ! revival ( ! sci5tific _s1 ! successive /ages a*iev$ exhibit ! dom9ance ( ! law hi!rto trac$--h[ ! prim>y idea 9 dynamics1 a uni=m =ce1 0 def9$ by ,galileo to be a =ce :i* g5]ates equal velocities 9 equal successive times--h[ ! uni=m action ( gravity 0 fir/ exp]im5tally det]m9$ by %[+ t ! "t elaps+ be=e a body ?r[n up1 /opp$1 0 equal to ! "t x took to fall--h[ ! fir/ fact 9 comp\nd motion :i* ,galileo #ei asc]ta9$ 01 t a body project$ horizontally1 w describe equal horizontal spaces 9 equal times1 comp\nd$ v]tical spaces describ$ :i* increase by equal increm5ts 9 equal times--h[ 8 discov]y respect+ ! p5dulum 01 t its oscillations occupy equal int]vals ( "t :atev] _! l5g?s--h[ ! law :i* he e/abli%$ t 9 any ma*9e ! weights t balance ea* o!r1 are reciprocally z _! virtual velocities implies t ! relation ( "o set ( weights to _! velocities equals ! relation ( ! o!r set ( velocities to _! weights2--& h[ ?us 8 a*ievem5ts consi/$ 9 %[+ ! equalities ( c]ta9 magnitudes & relations1 ^: equalities _h n be5 previ\sly recogniz$4 ,& n[1 b only n[1 physical a/ronomy became possible4 ,! simple laws ( =ce _h be5 dis5tangl$ f ^? ( friction & atmosph]ic resi/ance by :i* all _! e>?ly manife/ations are disguis$4 ,progress+ k ( t]re/rial physics _h giv5 a due insight into ^! di/urb+ causes2 &1 by an ef=t ( ab/raction1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t all motion w\ld be uni=m & rectil9e> unless int]f]$ ) by ext]nal =ces4 ,geometry & me*anics hav+ div]g$ f a common root 9 m5's s5sible exp]i5ces1 & hav+1 ) occasional inosculations1 be5 sep>ately develop$1 ! "o p>tly 9 connexion ) a/ronomy1 ! o!r solely by analyz+ t]re/rial movem5ts1 n[ jo9 9 ! inve/igations ( ,newton to create a true !ory ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,& "h1 also1 we h to notice ! important fact t1 9 ! v process ( be+ br\ght jo9tly to be> ^u a/ronomical problems1 !y are !mselves rais$ to a high] phase ( developm5t4 ,= x 0 9 deal+ ) ! que/ions rais$ by cele/ial dynamics t ! !n incipi5t inf9itesimal calculus 0 unfold$ by ,newton & 8 cont95tal successors2 & x 0 f inquiries into ! me*anics ( ! sol> sy/em t ! g5]al !orems ( me*anics conta9$ 9 ! #fj ,pr9cipia--_m ( !m ( purely t]re/rial application--took _! rise4 ,?us1 z 9 ! case ( ,hipp>*us1 ! pres5tation ( a new ord] ( concrete facts to be analyz$1 l$ to ! discov]y ( new ab/ract facts2 & ^! ab/ract facts !n became in/rum5ts ( access to endless gr\ps ( concrete facts previ\sly beyond quantitative treatm5t4 ,mean:ile1 physics _h be5 c>ry+ fur!r t progress )\t :i*1 z j %[n1 rational me*anics c\ld n be dis5tangl$4 ,9 hydro/atics1 ,/ev9us _h ext5d$ & appli$ ! discov]y ( ,ar*im$es4 ,torricelli _h prov$ atmosph]ic pressure1 8by %[+ t ?is pressure su/a9$ diff]5t liquids at heights inv]sely proportional to _! d5sities20 & ,pascal 8e/abli%$ ! necess>y dim9ution ( ?is pressure at increas+ heights 9 ! atmosph]e03 discov]ies :i* 9 "p r$uc$ ?is bran* ( sci5ce to a quantitative =m4 ,some?+ _h be5 done by ,daniel ,b]n\illi t[>ds ! dynamics ( fluids4 ,! !rmomet] _h be5 inv5t$2 & sundry small g5]alizations rea*$ by x4 ,huygh5s & ,newton _h made consid]able progress 9 optics2 ,newton _h approximately calculat$ ! rate ( transmission ( s\nd2 & ! cont95tal ma!maticians _h asc]ta9$ "s ( ! laws ( sonor\s vibrations4 ,magnetism & electricity _h be5 consid]ably advanc$ by ,gilb]t4 ,*emi/ry _h got z f> z ! mutual neutralization ( acids & alkalies4 ,& ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h advanc$ 9 geology to ! conclusion t ! deposition ( animal rema9s 9 m>9e /rata is ! orig9 ( fossils4 ,our pres5t purpose does n require t we %\ld give p>ticul>s4 ,"h x only conc]ns u to illu/rate ! cons5sus subsi/+ 9 ?is /age ( gr[?1 & aft]w>ds4 ,let u look at a few cases4 ,! !oretic law ( ! velocity ( s\nd d$uc$ by ,newton f purely me*anical data1 0 f\nd wrong by "o-six?4 ,! error rema9$ unacc\nt$ = until ! #fa "t ( ,laplace1 :o1 suspect+ t ! heat dis5gag$ by ! compression ( ! undulat+ /rata ( ! air1 gave additional ela/icity1 & s produc$ ! diff]5ce1 made ! ne$ful calculations & f\nd he 0 "r4 ,?us ac\/ics 0 arre/$ until !rmology ov]took & aid$ x4 ,:5 ,boyle & ,m>riot _h discov]$ ! relation betwe5 ! d5sities ( gases & ! pressures !y are subject to2 & :5 x ?us became possible to calculate ! rate ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e2 x also became possible to make approximate tables ( ! atmosph]ic refraction ( light4 ,?us optics1 & ) x a/ronomy1 advanc$ ) b>ology4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic pressure _h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! air-pump by ,otto ,gu]icke2 & aft] x _h become kn[n t evaporation increases 9 rapidity z atmosph]ic pressure decreases2 x became possible = ,leslie1 by evaporation 9 a vacuum1 to produce ! greate/ cold kn[n2 & s to ext5d our k ( !rmology by %[+ t !re is no z]o )9 rea* ( our rese>*es4 ,:5 ,f\ri] _h det]m9$ ! laws ( conduction ( heat1 & :5 ! ,e>?'s temp]ature _h be5 f\nd to increase bel[ ! surface "o degree 9 e =ty y>ds1 !re 7 data = inf]r+ ! pa/ condition ( our globe2 ! va/ p]iod x has tak5 to cool d[n to its pres5t /ate2 & ! imm5se age ( ! sol> sy/em--a purely a/ronomical consid]ation4 ,*emi/ry hav+ advanc$ suffici5tly to supply ! ne$ful mat]ials1 & a physiological exp]im5t hav+ furni%$ ! requisite h9t1 !re came ! discov]y ( galvanic electricity4 ,galvanism react+ on *emi/ry disclos$ ! metallic bases ( ! alkalies & e>?s1 & inaugurat$ ! electro-*emical !ory2 9 ! h&s ( ,o]/$ & ,ampre x l$ to ! laws ( magnetic action2 & by its aid ,f>aday has detect$ significant facts relative to ! con/itution ( light4 ,brew/]'s discov]ies respect+ d\ble refraction & #fb dipol>ization prov$ ! ess5tial tru? ( ! classification ( cry/all9e =ms accord+ to ! numb] ( axes1 by %[+ t ! molecul> con/itution dep5ds on ! axes4 ,n[ 9 ^! & 9 num]\s o!r cases1 ! mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces has be5 q indep5d5t ( any suppos$ hi]>*ical ord]4 ,(t51 too1 _! int]-actions are m complex ?an z ?us in/anc$--involve m sci5ces ?an two4 ,"o illu/ration ( ?is mu/ suffice4 ,we quote x 9 full f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,9 ,book ,,xi41 *ap4 ,,ii41 on 8,! ,progress ( ! ,electrical ,!ory10 ,dr4 ,:ewell writes3 8,?us at t p]iod1 ma!matics 0 beh9d exp]im5t1 & a problem 0 propos$1 9 :i* !oretical num]ical results 7 want$ = comp>ison ) obs]vation1 b c\ld n be accurately obta9$2 z 0 ! case 9 a/ronomy also1 till ! "t ( ! approximate solution ( ! problem ( ?ree bodies1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( ! tables ( ! moon & planets1 on ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,aft] "s "t1 electrical !ory 0 reliev$ f ?is reproa*1 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress :i* a/ronomy _h occasion$ 9 pure ma!matics4 ,ab\t #ahja !re appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 des ,sci5ces1 an exact solution ( ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( electric fluid on a sph]oid1 obta9$ by ,biot1 by ! application ( ! peculi> me?ods :i* ,laplace _h inv5t$ = ! problem ( ! figure ( ! planets4 ,&1 9 #ahaa1 ,m4 ,poisson appli$ ,laplace's artifices to ! case ( two sph]es act+ ^u "o ano!r 9 contact1 a case to :i* _m ( ,c\lomb's exp]im5ts 7 ref]rible2 & ! agreem5t ( ! results ( !ory & obs]vation1 ?us extricat$ f ,c\lomb's numb]s obta9$ above =ty ye>s previ\sly1 0 v /rik+ & conv9c+40 ,n only d ! sci5ces affect ea* o!r aft] ?is direct mann]1 b !y affect ea* o!r indirectly4 ,:]e !re is no dep5d5ce1 !re is yet analogy--lik5ess ( relations2 & ! discov]y ( ! relations subsi/+ among "o set ( ph5om5a1 con/antly sugge/s a se>* = simil> relations among ano!r set4 ,?us ! e/abli%$ fact t ! =ce ( gravitation v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 be+ recogniz$ z a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( all influ5ces proce$+ f a c5tre1 rais$ ! suspicion t heat & light foll[ ! same law2 :i* prov$ to be ! case--a suspicion & a #fc confirmation :i* 7 repeat$ 9 respect to ! electric & magnetic =ces4 ,?us1 aga91 ! discov]y ( ! pol>ization ( light l$ to exp]im5ts :i* end$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! pol>ization ( heat--a discov]y t c\ld nev] h be5 made )\t ! antec$5t "o4 ,?us1 too1 ! kn[n refrangibility ( light & heat lately produc$ ! inquiry :e!r s\nd also is n refrangible2 :i* on trial x turns out to be4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 x is only by ! aid ( conceptions d]iv$ f "o class ( ph5om5a t hypo!ses respect+ o!r classes c be =m$4 ,! !ory1 at "o "t fav\r$1 t evaporation is a solution ( wat] 9 air1 assum$ t ! relation betwe5 wat] & air is l ! relation betwe5 wat] & a dissolv$ solid2 & c\ld nev] h be5 conceiv$ if relations l t betwe5 salt & wat] _h n be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,simil>ly ! receiv$ !ory ( evaporation--t x is a diffusion ( ! p>ticles ( ! evaporat+ fluid 9 virtue ( _! atomic repulsion--c\ld n h be5 ent]ta9$ )\t a =ego+ exp]i5ce ( magnetic & electric repulsions4 ,s complete 9 rec5t days has become ?is cons5sus among ! sci5ces1 caus$ ei!r by ! natural entanglem5t ( _! ph5om5a1 or by analogies betwe5 ! relations ( _! ph5om5a1 t sc>cely any consid]able discov]y conc]n+ "o ord] ( facts n[ takes place1 )\t %ortly lead+ to discov]ies conc]n+ o!r ord]s4 ,to produce a complete conception ( ?is process ( sci5tific evolution x w\ld be ne$ful to g back to ! beg9n+1 & trace 9 detail ! gr[? ( classifications & nom5clatures2 & to %[ h[1 z subsidi>y to sci5ce1 !y h act$ ^u x :ile x has react$ ^u !m4 ,we c only n[ rem>k t1 on ! "o h&1 classifications & nom5clatures h aid$ sci5ce by subdivid+ ! subject-matt] ( rese>*1 & giv+ fixity & diffusion to ! tru?s disclos$2 & t on ! o!r h&1 !y h caught f x t increas+ #fd quantitativ5ess1 & t progress f consid]ations t\*+ s+le ph5om5a to consid]ations t\*+ ! relations among _m ph5om5a1 :i* we h be5 describ+4 ,( ?is la/ influ5ce a few illu/rations mu/ be giv54 ,9 *emi/ry x is se5 9 ! facts t ! divid+ ( matt] into ! f\r elem5ts 0 o/5sibly bas$ on ! s+le prop]ty ( weight1 t ! fir/ truly *emical division into acid & alkal9e bodies1 gr\p$ toge!r bodies :i* _h n simply "o prop]ty 9 common b 9 :i* "o prop]ty 0 con/antly relat$ to _m o!rs1 & t ! classification n[ curr5t1 places toge!r 9 ! gr\ps support]s ( combu/ion1 metallic & non-metallic bases1 acids1 salts1 c41 bodies :i* are (t5 q unlike 9 s5sible qualities1 b :i* are l 9 ! majority ( _! relations to o!r bodies4 ,9 m9]alogy aga91 ! fir/ classifications 7 bas$ on diff]5ces 9 aspect1 texture1 & o!r physical attributes4 ,b]zelius made two attempts at a classification bas$ solely on *emical con/itution4 ,t n[ curr5t recognizes1 z f> z possible1 ! relations betwe5 physical & *emical *>act]s4 ,9 botany ! e>lie/ classes =m$ 7 trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs3 magnitude be+ ! basis ( di/9ction4 ,dioscorides divid$ vegetables into aromatic1 alim5t>y1 m$ic9al1 & v9\s3 a division ( *emical "*4 ,csalp9us classifi$ !m by ! se$s & se$-vessels1 :i* he pref]r$ because ( ! relations f\nd to subsi/ betwe5 ! "* ( ! fructification & ! g5]al "* ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,:ile ! 8natural sy/em0 s9ce develop$1 c>ry+ out ! doctr9e ( ,l9nu1 t 8! natural ord]s mu/ be =m$ by att5tion n to "o or two1 b to all ! p>ts ( plants10 bases its divisions on l peculi>ities :i* are f\nd to be con/antly relat$ to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r l peculi>ities4 ,& simil>ly 9 zoology1 ! successive classifications1 f hav+ be5 orig9ally det]m9$ by ext]nal & (t5 #fe subord9ate *>act]s n indicative ( ! ess5tial nature1 h be5 m & m det]m9$ by ^? int]nal & fundam5tal diff]5ces1 :i* h uni=m relations to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r diff]5ces4 ,nor %all we be surpris$ at ?is analogy betwe5 ! modes ( progress ( positive sci5ce & classification1 :5 we be> 9 m9d t bo? proce$ by mak+ g5]alizations2 t bo? enable u to make previsions1 diff]+ only 9 _! precision2 & t :ile ! "o deals ) equal prop]ties1 magnitudes1 & relations1 ! o!r deals ) prop]ties & relations :i* approximate t[>ds equality 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,)\t fur!r argum5t x w1 we ?9k1 be admitt$ t ! sci5ces are none ( !m sep>ately evolv$--are none ( !m indep5d5t ei!r logically or hi/orically2 b t all ( !m h1 9 a great] or less degree1 requir$ aid & reciprocat$ x4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b to ?r[ aside hypo!ses1 & contemplate ! mix$ "* ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a1 to see at once t ^! notions ( division & succession 9 ! k9ds ( k are simply sci5tific fictions3 good1 if reg>d$ m]ely z aids to /udy2 bad1 if reg>d$ z repres5t+ realities 9 ,nature4 ,no facts :atev] are pres5t$ to our s5ses uncomb9$ ) o!r facts--no facts :atev] b are 9 "s degree disguis$ by accompany+ facts3 disguis$ 9 su* a mann] t all mu/ be p>tially und]/ood be=e any "o c be und]/ood4 ,if x be said1 z by ,m4 ,comte1 t gravitat+ =ce %\ld be treat$ ( be=e o!r =ces1 see+ t all ?+s are subject to x1 x may on l gr\nds be said t heat %\ld be fir/ dealt )2 see+ t !rmal =ces are ev]y:]e 9 action4 ,nay m1 x may be urg$ t ! ability ( any portion ( matt] to manife/ visible gravitative ph5om5a dep5ds on its /ate ( aggregation1 :i* is det]m9$ by heat2 t only by ! aid ( !rmology c we expla9 ^? app>5t exceptions to #ff ! gravitat+ t5d5cy :i* are pres5t$ by /eam & smoke1 & s e/abli% its univ]sality2 & t1 inde$1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em 9 a solid =m is j z mu* a "q ( heat z x is "o ( gravitation4 ,take o!r cases3--,all ph5om5a recogniz$ by ! eyes1 ?r\gh :i* only are ! data ( exact sci5ce asc]ta9able1 are complicat$ ) optical ph5om5a1 & _c be exhau/ively kn[n until optical pr9ciples are kn[n4 ,! burn+ ( a c&le _c be expla9$ )\t involv+ *emi/ry1 me*anics1 !rmology4 ,e w9d t bl[s is det]m9$ by influ5ces p>tly sol>1 p>tly lun>1 p>tly hygrometric2 & implies consid]ations ( fluid equilibrium & physical geography4 ,! direction1 dip1 & v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le1 are facts half t]re/rial1 half cele/ial--are caus$ by e>?ly =ces :i* h cycles ( *ange correspond+ ) a/ronomical p]iods4 ,! fl[+ ( ! gulf-/ream & ! annual migration ( iceb]gs t[>ds ! equator1 involve 9 _! explanation ! ,e>?'s rotation & sph]oidal =m1 ! laws ( hydro/atics1 ! relative d5sities ( cold & w>m wat]1 & ! doctr9es ( evaporation4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z ,m4 ,comte says1 t 8our position 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ! motions1 =m1 size1 & equilibrium ( ! mass ( our _w among ! planets1 mu/ be kn[n be=e we c und]/& ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface40 ,b1 fatally = 8 hypo!sis1 x is also true t we mu/ und]/& a great "p ( ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface be=e we c "k its position1 c41 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,x is n simply t1 z already %[n1 ^? geometrical & me*anical pr9ciples by :i* cele/ial appe>ances are expla9$1 7 fir/ g5]aliz$ f t]re/rial exp]i5ces2 b x is t ev5 ! obta9m5t ( correct data on :i* to base a/ronomical g5]alizations1 implies advanc$ t]re/rial physics4 ,until aft] optics _h made consid]able advance1 ! ,cop]nican #fg sy/em rema9$ b a speculation4 ,a s+le mod]n obs]vation on a /> has to und]go a c>eful analysis by ! comb9$ aid ( v>i\s sci5ces--has to be dige/$ by ! organism ( ! sci5ces2 :i* h sev]ally to assimilate _! respective p>ts ( ! obs]vation1 be=e ! ess5tial fact x conta9s is available = ! fur!r developm5t ( a/ronomy4 ,x has to be correct$ n only = nutation ( ! ,e>?'s axis & = precession ( ! equ9oxes1 b = ab]ration & = refraction2 & ! =mation ( ! tables by :i* refraction is calculat$1 presupposes k ( ! law ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] atmosph]ic /rata1 ( ! law ( decreas+ temp]ature & ! influ5ce ( ?is on ! d5sity1 & ( hygrometric laws z also affect+ d5sity4 ,s t1 to get mat]ials = fur!r advance1 a/ronomy requires n only ! indirect aid ( ! sci5ces :i* h presid$ ov] ! mak+ ( its improv$ in/rum5ts1 b ! direct aid ( an advanc$ optics1 ( b>ology1 ( !rmology1 ( hygrometry2 & if we rememb] t ^! delicate obs]vations are 9 "s cases regi/]$ electrically1 & t !y are fur!r correct$ = ! 8p]sonal equation0--! "t elaps+ betwe5 see+ & regi/]+1 :i* diff]s ) diff]5t obs]v]s--we may ev5 add electricity & psy*ology4 ,& "h1 be=e leav+ ^! illu/rations1 & especially ?is la/ "o1 let u n omit to notice h[ well !y exhibit t increas+ly active cons5sus ( ! sci5ces :i* *>act]izes _! advanc+ developm5t4 ,besides f9d+ t 9 ^! lat] times a discov]y 9 "o sci5ce commonly causes progress 9 o!rs2 besides f9d+ t a great "p ( ! que/ions ) :i* mod]n sci5ce deals are s mix$ z to require ! co-op]ation ( _m sci5ces = _! solution2 we f9d t1 to make a s+le good obs]vation 9 ! pure/ ( ! natural sci5ces1 requires ! comb9$ aid ( half a doz5 o!r sci5ces4 ,p]haps ! cle>e/ compreh5sion ( ! int]connect$ #fh gr[? ( ! sci5ces may be obta9$ by contemplat+ t ( ! arts1 to :i* x is /rictly analog\s1 & ) :i* x is b\nd up4 ,mo/ intellig5t p]sons mu/ h be5 occasionally /ruck ) ! num]\s antec$5ts pre-suppos$ by "o ( our processes ( manufacture4 ,let him trace ! production ( a pr9t$ cotton1 & consid] all t is impli$ by x4 ,!re are ! _m successive improvem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! p[]-looms rea*$ _! pres5t p]fection2 !re is ! /eam-eng9e t drives !m1 hav+ its long hi/ory f ,pap9 d[nw>ds2 !re are ! la!s 9 :i* its cyl9d] 0 bor$1 & ! /r+ ( ance/ral la!s f :i* ^? la!s proce$$2 !re is ! /eam-hamm] "u :i* its crank %aft 0 weld$2 !re are ! puddl+ furnaces1 ! bla/-furnaces1 ! coal-m9es & ! iron-m9es ne$ful = produc+ ! raw mat]ial2 !re are ! sl[ly improv$ appliances by :i* ! factory 0 built1 & light$1 & v5tilat$2 !re are ! pr9t+ eng9e1 & ! dye-h\se1 & ! col\r-laboratory ) its /ock ( mat]ials f all p>ts ( ! _w1 imply+ co*9eal-culture1 logwood-cutt+1 indigo-gr[+2 !re are ! implem5ts us$ by ! produc]s ( cotton1 ! g9s by :i* x is clean$1 ! elaborate ma*9es by :i* x is spun2 !re are ! vessels 9 :i* cotton is import$1 ) ! build+-slips1 ! rope-y>ds1 ! sail-clo? factories1 ! an*or-=ges1 ne$ful = mak+ !m2 & besides all ^! directly necess>y antec$5ts1 ea* ( !m involv+ _m o!rs1 !re are ! in/itutions :i* h develop$ ! requisite intellig5ce1 ! pr9t+ & publi%+ arrangem5ts :i* h spread ! necess>y in=mation1 ! social organization :i* has r5d]$ possible su* a complex co-op]ation ( ag5cies4 ,fur!r analysis w\ld %[ t ! _m arts ?us conc]n$ 9 ! economical production ( a *ild's frock1 h ea* be5 br\ght to its pres5t effici5cy by sl[ /eps :i* ! o!r arts h aid$2 & t f ! beg9n+ ?is reciprocity has be5 on #fi ! increase4 ,x ne$s b on ! "o h& to consid] h[ impossible x is = ! savage1 ev5 ) ore & coal ready1 to produce s simple a ?+ z an iron hat*et2 & !n to consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 t x w\ld h be5 impracticable among ourselves1 ev5 a c5tury ago1 to raise ! tubes ( ! ,britannia bridge f lack ( ! hydraulic press2 to see h[ mutually dep5d5t are ! arts1 & h[ all mu/ advance t ea* may advance4 ,well1 ! sci5ces are involv$ ) ea* o!r 9 j ! same mann]4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 inextricably wov5 into ?is same complex web ( ! arts2 & are only conv5tionally indep5d5t ( x4 ,orig9ally ! two 7 "o4 ,h[ to fix ! religi\s fe/ivals2 :5 to s[2 h[ to weigh commodities2 & 9 :at mann] to measure gr\nd2 7 ! purely practical que/ions out ( :i* arose a/ronomy1 me*anics1 geometry4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a p]petual inosculation ( ! sci5ces & ! arts4 ,sci5ce has be5 supply+ art ) tru] g5]alizations & m completely quantitative previsions4 ,art has be5 supply+ sci5ce ) bett] mat]ials1 & m p]fect in/rum5ts4 ,& all along ! int]dep5d5ce has be5 gr[+ clos]1 n only betwe5 art & sci5ce1 b among ! arts !mselves1 & among ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,h[ completely ! analogy holds ?r\gh\t1 becomes yet cle>] :5 we recognize ! fact t ! sci5ces are arts to "o ano!r4 ,if1 z occurs 9 almo/ e case1 ! fact to be analyz$ by any sci5ce1 has fir/ to be prep>$--to be dis5tangl$ f di/urb+ facts by ! a=e discov]$ me?ods ( o!r sci5ces2 ! o!r sci5ces s us$1 /& 9 ! position ( arts4 ,if1 9 solv+ a dynamical problem1 a p>allelogram is drawn1 ( :i* ! sides & diagonal repres5t =ces1 & by putt+ magnitudes ( ext5sion = magnitudes ( =ce a measurable relation is e/abli%$ betwe5 quantities n else to be dealt )2 x may be fairly said t geometry plays t[>ds me*anics mu* ! same "p t ! fire ( ! f\nd] plays t[>ds ! metal he is go+ to ca/4 #gj ,if1 9 analyz+ ! ph5om5a ( ! col\r$ r+s surr\nd+ ! po9t ( contact betwe5 two l5ses1 a ,newton asc]ta9s by calculation ! am\nt ( c]ta9 int]pos$ spaces1 f> too m9ute = actual measurem5t2 he employs ! sci5ce ( numb] = ess5tially ! same purpose z t = :i* ! wat*mak] employs tools4 ,if1 be=e calculat+ ! orbit ( a comet f its obs]v$ position1 ! a/ronom] has to sep>ate all ! errors ( obs]vation1 x is manife/ t ! refraction-tables1 & log>i?m-books1 & =mul1 :i* he successively uses1 s]ve him mu* z retorts1 & filt]s1 & cupels s]ve ! assay] :o wi%es to sep>ate ! pure gold f all accompany+ +r$i5ts4 ,s close1 inde$1 is ! relation%ip1 t x is impossible to say :]e sci5ce beg9s & art ends4 ,all ! in/rum5ts ( ! natural philosoph] are ! products ( art2 ! adju/+ "o ( !m = use is an art2 !re is art 9 mak+ an obs]vation ) "o ( !m2 x requires art prop]ly to treat ! facts asc]ta9$2 nay1 ev5 ! employ+ e/abli%$ g5]alizations to op5 ! way to new g5]alizations1 may be consid]$ z art4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases previ\sly organiz$ k becomes ! implem5t by :i* new k is got at3 & :e!r t previ\sly organiz$ k is embodi$ 9 a tangible app>atus or 9 a =mula1 matt]s n 9 s f> z its ess5tial relation to ! new k is conc]n$4 ,if art is appli$ k1 !n su* portion ( a sci5tific inve/igation z consi/s ( appli$ k is art4 ,h5ce we may ev5 say t z soon z any prevision 9 sci5ce passes out ( its orig9ally passive /ate1 & is employ$ = rea*+ o!r previsions1 x passes f !ory into practice--becomes sci5ce 9 action--becomes art4 ,& aft] contemplat+ ^! facts1 we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive t z ! connexion ( ! arts ) ea* o!r has be5 becom+ m intimate2 z ! help giv5 by sci5ces to arts & by arts to sci5ces1 has be5 age by age increas+2 s ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces #ga !mselves has be5 ev] gr[+ great]1 _! relations m involv$1 _! cons5sus m active4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "h end+ our sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 we are consci\s ( hav+ done ! subject b scant ju/ice4 ,two difficulties h /ood 9 our way3 "o1 ! hav+ to t\* on s _m po9ts 9 su* small space2 ! o!r1 ! necessity ( treat+ 9 s]ial arrangem5t a process :i* is n s]ial4 ,nev]!less1 we believe ! evid5ce assign$ suffices to sub/antiate ! lead+ propositions ) :i* we set out4 ,inquiry into ! fir/ /ages ( sci5ce confirms ! conclusion drawn f analysis ( sci5ce z n[ exi/+1 t x is n di/9ct f common k1 b an outgr[? f x--an ext5sion ( p]ception by means ( reason4 ,t m specific *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific previsions1 :i* 0 analytically %[n to di/+ui% !m f ! previsions ( uncultur$ intellig5ce--_! quantitativ5ess--we also see to h be5 ! *>act]i/ic alike ( ! initial /eps 9 sci5ce1 & ( all ! /eps succe$+ !m4 ,! facts & admissions cit$ 9 dispro( ( ! ass]tion t ! sci5ces foll[ "o ano!r1 bo? logically & hi/orically1 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality1 h be5 en=c$ by ! in/ances we h met )1 %[+ t a m g5]al sci5ce z mu* owes its progress to ! pres5tation ( new problems by a m special sci5ce1 z ! m special sci5ce owes its progress to ! solutions :i* ! m g5]al sci5ce is ?us l$ to attempt--in/ances1 !re=e1 illu/rat+ ! position t sci5tific advance is z mu* f ! special to ! g5]al z f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,q 9 h>mony ) ?is position we f9d to be ! admissions t ! sci5ces are z bran*es ( "o trunk1 & t !y 7 at fir/ cultivat$ simultane\sly4 ,?is h>mony becomes ! m m>k$ on f9d+1 z we h done1 n only t ! sci5ces h a common root1 b t sci5ce 9 #gb g5]al has a common root ) language1 classification1 reason+1 art2 t ?r\gh\t civilization ^! h advanc$ toge!r1 act+ & react+ ^u ea* o!r j z ! sep>ate sci5ces h done2 & t ?us ! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 all its divisions & sub-divisions has con=m$ to ?is same law :i* we h %[n t ! sci5ces con=m to4 ,f all :i* we may p]ceive t ! sci5ces c ) no great] propriety be arrang$ 9 a succession1 ?an language1 classification1 reason+1 art1 & sci5ce1 c be arrang$ 9 a succession2 t1 h[ev] ne$ful a succession may be = ! conv5i5ce ( books & catalogues1 x mu/ be recogniz$ z m]ely a conv5tion2 & t s f> f its be+ ! function ( a philosophy ( ! sci5ces to e/abli% a hi]>*y1 x is its function to %[ t ! l9e> arrangem5ts requir$ = lit]>y purposes1 h none ( !m any basis ei!r 9 ,nature or ,hi/ory4 ,!re is "o fur!r rem>k we mu/ n omit--a rem>k t\*+ ! importance ( ! "q t has be5 discuss$4 ,topics ( ?is ab/ract nature are commonly slight$ z ( no practical mom5t2 &1 d\btless1 _m w ?9k x ( little consequ5ce :at !ory respect+ ! g5esis ( sci5ce may be ent]ta9$4 ,b ! value ( tru?s is (t5 great1 9 proportion z _! g5]ality is wide4 ,& x mu/ be s "h4 ,a correct !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces mu/ h an important effect on education2 &1 ?r\gh education1 on civilization4 ,mu* z we diff] f him 9 o!r respects1 we agree ) ,m4 ,comte 9 ! belief t1 rightly conduct$1 ! education ( ! individual mu/ h a c]ta9 correspond5ce ) ! evolution ( ! race4 ,no "o c contemplate ! facts we h cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! e>ly /ages ( sci5ce1 )\t recogniz+ ! necessity ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* ^? /ages 7 rea*$--a necessity :i*1 9 respect to ! lead+ tru?s1 may likewise be trac$ 9 all aft] /ages4 ,?is necessity1 #gc orig9at+ 9 ! v nature ( ! ph5om5a to be analyz$ & ! faculties to be employ$1 p>tially applies to ! m9d ( ! *ild z to t ( ! savage4 ,we say p>tially1 because ! correspond5ce is n special b g5]al only4 ,7 ! environm5t ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! correspond5ce w\ld be complete4 ,b ?\gh ! surr\nd+ mat]ial out ( :i* sci5ce is to be organiz$1 is1 9 _m cases1 ! same to ! juv5ile m9d & ! aborig9al m9d1 x is n s ?r\gh\t2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( *emi/ry1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* are accessible to ! "o b 7 inaccessible to ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 9 proportion z ! environm5t diff]s1 ! c\rse ( evolution mu/ diff]4 ,aft] admitt+ exceptions1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s a sub/antial p>allelism2 &1 if s1 x is ( mom5t to asc]ta9 :at really has be5 ! process ( sci5tific evolution4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an errone\s !ory mu/ be disa/r\s 9 its educational results2 :ile ! e/abli%m5t ( a true "o mu/ be f]tile 9 s*ool-re=ms & consequ5t social b5efits4 ,,endnote ,,to ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #a ,x is curi\s t ! au?or ( 8,! ,plurality ( ,worlds10 ) q o!r aims1 %\ld h p]suad$ himself into simil> conclusions4 #gd ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 ,fir/ publi%$ z a bro*ure 9 ,april #ahfd4 ,! preface to ! second edition1 publi%$ 9 ,april #ahfi1 ,i reproduce because ( c]ta9 facts conta9$ 9 x :i* are n )\t int]e/4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is ,essay is n yet out ( pr9t4 ,b a proposal to translate x into ,fr5* hav+ be5 made by ,pr(essor ,r?or1 ,i h decid$ to prep>e a new edition free f ! imp]fections :i* criticism & fur!r ?\ght h disclos$1 r ?an all[ ^! imp]fections to be reproduc$4 ,! occasion has almo/ tempt$ me into "s amplification4 ,fur!r argum5ts aga9/ ! classification ( ,m4 ,comte1 & fur!r argum5ts 9 support ( ! classification "h set =?1 h plead$ = utt]ance4 ,b reconsid]ation has conv9c$ me t x is bo? ne$less & useless to say m--ne$less because ^? :o are n committ$ w ?9k ! case suffici5tly /rong z x /&s2 & useless because to ^? :o are committ$1 additional reasons w seem z inadequate z ! orig9al ones4 ,9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition1 h[ev]1 a reason is giv5 = a *ange ( decision on ?is po9t at t "t made 7,febru>y #ahga73 ! reason be+ 8! publication ( sev]al objections by ,pr(4 ,ba9 9 8 ,logic40 ,?is la/ conclusion is ?ru/ on me by see+ h[ little ,m4 ,littr1 ! lead+ expositor ( ,m4 ,comte1 is influ5c$ by fundam5tal objections ! =ce ( :i* he admits4 ,aft] quot+ "o ( ^!1 he says1 ) a c&\r equally #ge r>e & admirable1 t he has va9ly se>*$ ,m4 ,comte's works & 8 own m9d = an answ]4 ,nev]!less1 he adds--8j'ai russi1 je crois1 c>t] l'attaque de ,m4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 et sauv] le fond p> des sacrifices indisp5sables mais accessoires40 ,! sacrifices are ^!4 ,he ab&ons ,m4 ,comte's division ( ,inorganic ,sci5ce into ,cele/ial ,physics & ,t]re/rial ,physics--a division :i*1 9 ,m4 ,comte's s*eme1 takes prec$5ce ( all ! re/2 & he admits t nei!r logically nor hi/orically does ,a/ronomy come be=e ,physics1 z ,m4 ,comte alleges4 ,aft] mak+ ^! sacrifices1 :i* mo/ w ?9k too lightly describ$ z 8sacrifices indisp5sables mais accessoires10 ,m4 ,littr proce$s to rehabilitate ! ,comtean classification 9 a way :i* he consid]s satisfactory1 b :i* ,i d n und]/&4 ,9 %ort1 ! pro( ( ^! incongruities affects 8 fai? 9 ! ,positivi/ !ory ( ! sci5ces1 no m ?an ! fai? ( a ,*ri/ian is affect$ by pro( t ! ,gospels contradict "o ano!r4 ,"h 9 ,engl& ,i h se5 no attempt to meet ! criticisms ) :i* ,m4 ,littr ?us deals4 ,!re has be5 no reply to ! allegation1 bas$ on examples1 t ! sev]al sci5ces d n develop 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality2 nor to ! allegation1 bas$ on ,m4 ,comte's own admissions1 t )9 ea* sci5ce ! progress is n1 z he says x is1 f ! g5]al to ! special2 nor to ! allegation t ! seem+ hi/orical prec$5ce ( ,a/ronomy ov] ,physics 9 ,m4 ,comte's pages1 is bas$ on a v]bal ambiguity--a m]e sleight ( words2 nor to ! allegation1 abundantly illu/rat$1 t a progression 9 an ord] ! rev]se ( t ass]t$ by ,m4 ,comte may be z well sub/antiat$2 nor to v>i\s m9or allegations equally irreconcileable ) 8 s*eme4 ,i h met ) no?+ m ?an it]ation ( ! /atem5t t ! sci5ces d con=m1 logically & hi/orically1 to ! ord] 9 :i* ,m4 ,comte places !m2 reg>dless ( ! assign$ evid5ce t !y d n4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is unnecess>y = me to #gf say m2 & ,i ?9k ,i am w>rant$ 9 cont9u+ to hold t ! ,comtean classification ( ! sci5ces is demon/rably unt5able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 an essay on 8,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahed1 ,i endeav\r$ to %[ t ! ,sci5ces _c be rationally arrang$ 9 s]ial ord]4 ,pro( 0 giv5 t nei!r ! succession 9 :i* ! ,sci5ces are plac$ by ,m4 ,comte 7to a criticism ( ^: s*eme ! essay 0 9 "p devot$71 nor any o!r succession 9 :i* ! ,sci5ces c be plac$1 repres5ts ei!r _! logical dep5d5ce or _! hi/orical dep5d5ce4 ,to ! "q--,h[ may _! relations be rightly express$8 ,i did n !n attempt any answ]4 ,?is "q ,i propose n[ to consid]4 ,a true classification includes 9 ea* class1 ^? objects :i* h m *>act]i/ics 9 common ) "o ano!r1 ?an any ( !m h 9 common ) any objects exclud$ f ! class4 ,fur!r1 ! *>act]i/ics possess$ 9 common by ! colligat$ objects1 & n possess$ by o!r objects1 involve m num]\s dep5d5t *>act]i/ics4 ,^! are two sides ( ! same def9ition4 ,= ?+s possess+ ! greate/ numb] ( attributes 9 common1 are ?+s t possess 9 common ^? ess5tial attributes on :i* ! re/ dep5d2 &1 conv]sely1 ! possession 9 common ( ! ess5tial attributes1 implies ! possession 9 common ( ! greate/ numb] ( attributes4 ,h5ce1 ei!r te/ may be us$ z conv5i5ce dictates4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,sci5ces admit ( classification at all1 x mu/ be by gr\p+ toge!r ! l & sep>at+ ! unlike1 z ?us def9$4 ,let u proce$ to d ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! broade/ natural division among ! ,sci5ces1 is ! division betwe5 ^? :i* deal ) ! ab/ract relations #gg "u :i* ph5om5a are pres5t$ to u1 & ^? :i* deal ) ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,relations ( :atev] ord]s1 are ne>] ak9 to "o ano!r ?an !y are to any objects4 ,objects ( :atev] ord]s1 are ne>] ak9 to "o ano!r ?an !y are to any relations4 ,:e!r1 z "s hold1 ,space & ,"t are no?+ b =ms ( ,?\ght#b2 or :e!r1 z ,i hold myself1 !y are =ms ( ,?+s1 t h g5]at$ =ms ( ,?\ght ?r\gh organiz$ & inh]it$ exp]i5ce ( ,?+s2 x is equally true t ,space & ,"t are contra/$ absolutely ) ! exi/5ces disclos$ to u 9 ,space & ,"t2 & h5ce ! ,sci5ces :i* deal exclusively ) ,space & ,"t1 are sep>at$ by ! pr(\nde/ ( all di/9ctions f ! ,sci5ces :i* deal ) ! exi/5ces conta9$ 9 ,space & ,"t4 ,space is ! ab/ract ( all relations ( co-exi/5ce4 ,"t is ! ab/ract ( all relations ( sequ5ce4 ,& deal+ z !y d entirely ) relations ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce1 9 _! g5]al or special =ms1 ,logic & ,ma!matics =m a class ( ! ,sci5ces m widely unlike ! re/1 ?an any ( ! re/ are f "o ano!r4 ,! ,sci5ces :i* deal ) exi/5ces !mselves1 in/ead ( ! blank =ms 9 :i* exi/5ces are pres5t$ to u1 admit ( a sub-division less pr(\nd ?an ! division above made1 b m pr(\nd ?an any ( ! divisions among ! ,sci5ces individually consid]$4 ,!y #gh fall into two classes1 hav+ q diff]5t aspects1 aims1 & me?ods4 ,e ph5om5on is m or less composite--is a manife/ation ( =ce "u sev]al di/9ct modes4 ,h5ce result two objects ( inquiry4 ,we may /udy ! compon5t modes ( =ce sep>ately2 or we may /udy !m z co-op]at+ to g5]ate 9 ?is composite ph5om5on4 ,on ! "o h&1 neglect+ all ! incid5ts ( p>ticul> cases1 we may aim to educe ! laws ( ea* mode ( =ce1 :5 x is un9t]f]$ )4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! incid5ts ( ! p>ticul> case be+ giv51 we may seek to int]pret ! entire ph5om5on1 z a product ( ! sev]al =ces simultane\sly 9 action4 ,! tru?s rea*$ ?r\gh ! fir/ k9d ( inquiry1 ?\gh concrete inasmu* z !y h actual exi/5ces = _! subject-matt]s1 are ab/ract inasmu* z !y ref] to ! modes ( exi/5ce ap>t f "o ano!r2 :ile ! tru?s rea*$ by ! second k9d ( inquiry are prop]ly concrete1 inasmu* z !y =mulate ! facts 9 _! comb9$ ord]1 z !y occur 9 ,nature4 ,! ,sci5ces1 !n1 9 _! ma9 divisions1 /& ?us3 ,,sci5ce is t :i* treats ( ! =ms 9 :i* ph5omona are kn[n to u2 ,,ab/ract ,,sci5ce 7,logic & ,ma!matics7 t :i* treats ( ! ph5om5a !mselves 9 _! elem5ts ,,ab/ract-,,concrete ,,sci5ce 7,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 etc47 9 _! totalities ,,concrete ,,sci5ce 7,a/ronomy1 ,geology1 ,biology1 ,psy*ology1 ,sociology1 etc47 ,x is ne$ful to def9e ! words ab/ract & concrete z ?us us$2 s9ce !y are sometimes us$ ) o!r #gi mean+s4 ,m4 ,comte divides ,sci5ce into ab/ract & concrete2 b ! divisions :i* he di/+ui%es by ^! names are q unlike ^? above made4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ "s ,sci5ces z :olly ab/ract1 & o!rs z :olly concrete1 he reg>ds ea* ,sci5ce z hav+ an ab/ract "p1 & a concrete "p4 ,!re is1 accord+ to him1 an ab/ract ma!matics & a concrete ma!matics--an ab/ract biology & concrete biology4 ,he says3--8,il faut di/+u]1 p> rapport t\s les ordres de phnomnes1 deux g5res de sci5ces naturelles3 les unes ab/raites1 gnrales1 ont p\r objet la dc\v]te des lois qui rgiss5t les div]ses classes de phnomnes1 en considrant t\s les cas qu'on peut concevoir2 les autres concrtes1 p>ticulires1 descriptives1 et qu'on dsigne quelquefois s\s le nom de sci5ces naturelles proprem5t dites1 consi/5t dans l'application de ces lois a l'hi/oire effective des diffr5s tres exi/ans40 ,& to illu/rate ! di/9ction1 he names g5]al physiology z ab/ract1 & zoology & botany z concrete4 ,"h x is manife/ t ! words ab/ract & g5]al are us$ z synonym\s4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 diff]5t mean+s2 & confusion results f n di/+ui%+ _! mean+s4 ,ab/ractness means deta*m5t f ! incid5ts ( p>ticul> cases4 ,g5]ality means manife/ation 9 num]\s cases4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ess5tial nature ( "s ph5om5on is consid]$1 ap>t f disguis+ ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! frequ5cy ( ! ph5om5on1 ) or )\t disguis+ ph5om5a1 is ! ?+ consid]$4 ,among ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by numb]s1 :i* are purely ideal1 ! two co9cide2 b exclud+ ^!1 an ab/ract tru? is n realizable to p]ception 9 any case ( :i* x is ass]t$1 :]eas a g5]al tru? is realizable to p]ception 9 e case ( :i* x is ass]t$4 ,"s illu/rations w make ! di/9ction cle>4 ,?us x is an ab/ract tru? t ! angle conta9$ 9 a semi-circle is a "r angle--ab/ract 9 ! s5se t ?\gh x does n hold ( #hj actually-con/ruct$ semi-circles & angles1 :i* are always inexact1 x holds ( ! ideal semi-circles & angles ab/ract$ f real ones2 b ?is is n a g5]al tru?1 ei!r 9 ! s5se t x is commonly manife/$ 9 ,nature1 or 9 ! s5se t x is a space-relation t compreh5ds _m m9or space-relations3 x is a q special space-relation4 ,aga91 t ! mom5tum ( a body causes x to move 9 a /raight l9e at a uni=m velocity1 is an ab/ract-concrete tru?--a tru? ab/ract$ f c]ta9 exp]i5ces ( concrete ph5om5a2 b x is by no means a g5]al tru?3 s little g5]ality has x1 t no "o fact 9 ,nature displays x4 ,conv]sely1 surr\nd+ ?+s supply u ) ho/s ( g5]al tru?s t are n 9 ! lea/ ab/ract4 ,x is a g5]al tru? t ! planets g r\nd ! ,sun f ,we/ to ,ea/--a tru? :i* holds good 9 sev]al hundr$ cases 7includ+ ! cases ( ! planetoids72 b ?is tru? is n at all ab/ract1 s9ce x is p]fectly realiz$ z a concrete fact 9 e "o ( ^! cases4 ,e v]tebrate animal :atev]1 has a d\ble n]v\s sy/em2 all birds & all mammals are w>m-blood$--^! are g5]al tru?s1 b !y are concrete tru?s3 t is to say1 e v]tebrate animal individually pres5ts an entire & unqualifi$ manife/ation ( ?is duality ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 e liv+ bird exemplifies absolutely or completely ! w>m-blood$ness ( birds4 ,:at we "h call1 & rightly call1 a g5]al tru?1 is simply a proposition :i* sums up a numb] ( our actual exp]i5ces2 & n ! expression ( a tru? drawn f our actual exp]i5ces1 b nev] pres5t$ to u 9 any ( !m4 ,9 o!r words1 a g5]al tru? colligates a numb] ( p>ticul> tru?s2 :ile an ab/ract tru? colligates no p>ticul> tru?s1 b =mulates a tru? :i* c]ta9 ph5om5a all involve1 ?\gh x is actually se5 9 none ( !m4 ,limit+ ! words to _! prop] mean+s z ?us def9$1 x becomes manife/ t ! ?ree classes ( #ha ,sci5ces above sep>at$1 are n di/+ui%able at all by diff]5ces 9 _! degrees ( g5]ality4 ,!y are all equally g5]al2 or r !y are all1 consid]$ z gr\ps1 univ]sal4 ,e object :atev] pres5ts at once ! subject-matt] = ea* ( !m4 ,9 e fragm5t ( sub/ance we h simultane\sly illu/rat$ ! ab/ract tru?s ( relation 9 ,"t & ,space2 ! ab/ract-concrete tru?s 9 con=mity ) :i* ! fragm5t manife/s its sev]al modes ( =ce2 & ! concrete tru?s result+ f ! jo9t manife/ation ( ^! modes ( =ce1 & :i* give to ! fragm5t ! *>act]s by :i* x is kn[n z su* or su*4 ,?us ^! ?ree classes ( ,sci5ces sev]ally =mulate diff]5t1 b co-ext5sive1 classes ( facts4 ,)9 ea* gr\p !re are tru?s ( great] & less g5]ality3 !re are g5]al ab/ract tru?s1 & special ab/ract tru?s2 g5]al ab/ract-concrete tru?s1 & special ab/ract-concrete tru?s2 g5]al concrete tru?s1 & special concrete tru?s4 ,b :ile )9 ea* class !re are gr\ps & sub-gr\ps & sub-sub-gr\ps :i* diff] 9 _! degrees ( g5]ality1 ! classes !mselves diff] only 9 _! degrees ( ab/ractness4#c 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u pass to ! sub-divisions ( ^! classes4 ,! fir/ class is sep>able into two p>ts--! "o conta9+ univ]sal tru?s1 ! o!r non-univ]sal tru?s4 ,deal+ #hb :olly ) relations ap>t f relat$ ?+s1 ,ab/ract ,sci5ce consid]s fir/1 t :i* is common to all relations :atev]2 &1 second1 t :i* is common to ea* ord] ( relations4 ,besides ! indef9ite & v>iable connexions :i* exi/ among ph5om5a1 z occurr+ toge!r 9 ,space & ,"t1 we f9d t !re are also def9ite & inv>iable connexions--t betwe5 ea* k9d ( ph5om5on & c]ta9 o!r k9ds ( ph5om5a1 !re exi/ uni=m relations4 ,?is is a univ]sal ab/ract tru?--t !re is an un*ang+ ord]1 or fixity ( law1 9 ,space & ,"t4 ,we come next to ! sev]al k9ds ( un*ang+ ord]1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 =m ! subjects ( ! #hc second division ( ,ab/ract ,sci5ce4 ,( ?is second division1 ! mo/ g5]al sub-division is t :i* deals ) ! natures ( ! connexions 9 ,space & ,"t1 irrespective ( ! t]ms connect$4 ,! conditions "u :i* we may pr$icate a relation ( co9cid5ce or proximity 9 ,space & ,"t 7or ( non-co9cid5ce or non-proximity7 f ! subject-matt] ( ,logic4 ,"h ! natures & am\nts ( ! t]ms betwe5 :i* ! relations are #hd ass]t$ 7or d5i$7 are ( no mom5t3 ! propositions ( ,logic are indep5d5t ( any qualitative or quantitative specification ( ! relat$ ?+s4 ,! o!r sub-division has = its subject-matt]1 ! relations betwe5 t]ms :i* are specifi$ quantitatively b n qualitatively4 ,! am\nts ( ! relat$ t]ms1 irrespective ( _! natures1 are "h dealt )2 & ,ma!matics is a /atem5t ( ! laws ( quantity consid]$ ap>t f reality4 ,quantity consid]$ ap>t f reality1 is occupancy ( ,space or ,"t2 & occupancy ( ,space or ,"t is measur$ by units ( "o or o!r ord]1 b ( :i* ! ultimate ones are simply sep>ate places 9 consci\sness1 ei!r coexi/5t or sequ5t4 ,among units t are unspecifi$ 9 _! natures 7ext5sive1 prot5sive1 or int5sive71 b are ideally end[$ ) exi/5ce consid]$ ap>t f attributes1 ! quantitative relations t arise1 are ^? mo/ g5]al relations express$ by numb]s4 ,su* relations fall into ei!r ( two ord]s1 accord+ z ! units are consid]$ simply z capable ( fill+ sep>ate places 9 consci\sness1 or accord+ z !y are consid]$ z fill+ places t are n only sep>ate1 b equal4 ,9 ! "o case1 we h t indef9ite calculus by :i* numb]s ( ab/ract exi/5ces1 b n sums ( ab/ract exi/5ce1 are pr$icable4 ,9 ! o!r case1 we h t def9ite calculus by :i* bo? numb]s ( ab/ract exi/5ces & sums ( ab/ract exi/5ce are pr$icable4 ,next comes t division ( ,ma!matics :i* deals ) ! quantitative relations ( magnitudes 7or aggregates ( units7 consid]$ z coexi/5t1 or z occupy+ ,space--! division call$ ,geometry4 ,& !n we arrive at relations1 ! t]ms ( :i* include bo? quantities ( ,"t & quantities ( ,space--^? 9 :i* times are e/imat$ by ! units ( space trav]s$ at a uni=m velocity1 & ^? 9 :i* equal units ( "t be+ giv51 ! spaces trav]s$ ) uni=m or v>iable velocities are e/imat$4 #he ,^! ,ab/ract ,sci5ces1 :i* are conc]n$ exclusively ) relations & ) ! relations ( relations1 may be gr\p$ z %[n 9 ,table ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,i4 ,,ab/ract ,,sci5ce4 ,univ]sal law ( relation--an expression ( ! tru? t uni=mities ( connexion obta9 among modes ( ,be+1 irrespective ( any specification ( ! natures ( ! uni=mities ( connexion4 ,laws ( relations t are qualitative2 or t are specifi$ 9 _! natures z relations ( co9cid5ce or proximity 9 ,"t & ,space1 b n necess>ily 9 _! t]ms ! natures & am\nt ( :i* are indiff]5t4 7,,logic47#d t are quantitative 7,,ma!matics7 negatively3 ! t]ms ( ! relations be+ def9itely-relat$ sets ( positions 9 space2 & ! facts pr$icat$ be+ ! abs5ces ( c]ta9 quantities4 7,geometry ( ,position4#e7 positively3 ! t]ms be+ magnitudes compos$ ( units t are equal only z hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ces4 7,indef9ite ,calculus4#f7 equal units ! equality ( :i* is n def9$ z ext5sive1 prot5sive1 or int5sive 7,def9ite ,calculus7 :5 _! numb]s are completely specifi$ 7,ari?metic47 :5 _! numb]s are specifi$ only 9 _! relations 7,algebra47 9 ! relations ( _! relations4 7,calculus ( ,op]ations47 ! equality ( :i* is t ( ext5sion consid]$ 9 _! relations ( coexi/5ce4 7,geometry47 consid]$ z trav]s$ 9 ,"t t is :olly indef9ite4 7,k9ematics47 t is divid$ into equal units 7,geometry ( ,motion4#g7 ,pass+ f ! ,sci5ces conc]n$ ) ! ideal or unoccupi$ =ms ( relations1 & turn+ to ! ,sci5ces conc]n$ ) real relations1 or ! relations among realities1 we come fir/ to ^? ,sci5ces :i* treat ( realities1 n z !y are habitually manife/$1 b ) realities z manife/$ 9 _! diff]5t modes1 :5 ^! are artificially sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,:ile ! ,ab/ract ,sci5ces are :olly ideal1 relatively to ! ,ab/ract-,concrete & ,concrete ,sci5ces2 ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces are p>tially ideal1 relatively to ! ,concrete ,sci5ces4 ,j z ,logic & ,ma!matics g5]alize ! laws ( relation1 qualitative & quantitative1 ap>t f relat$ ?+s2 s1 ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry g5]alize ! laws ( relation :i* diff]5t modes ( ,matt] & ,motion con=m to1 :5 sev]ally dis5tangl$ f ^? actual ph5om5a 9 :i* !y are mutually modifi$4 ,j z ! geometrician =mulates ! prop]ties ( l9es & surfaces1 indep5d5tly ( ! irregul>ities & ?icknesses ( l9es & surfaces z !y really exi/2 s ! physici/ & ! *emi/ =mulate ! manife/ations ( ea* mode ( =ce1 indep5d5tly ( ! di/urbances 9 its manife/ations :i* o!r modes ( =ce cause 9 e actual case4 ,9 works on ,me*anics1 ! laws ( motion are express$ )\t ref]5ce to friction & resi/ance ( ! m$ium4 ,n :at motion ev] really is1 b :at x w\ld be if ret>d+ =ces 7 abs5t1 is ass]t$4 ,if aft]w>ds any ret>d+ =ce is tak5 into acc\nt1 !n ! effect ( ?is ret>d+ =ce is dealt ) by itself3 neglect+ ! o!r ret>d+ =ces4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! g5]alizations ( ! physici/ respect+ molecul> motion4 ,! law t light v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 is absolutely true only :5 ! radiation #hf goes on f a po9t )\t dim5sions1 :i* x nev] does2 & x also assumes t ! rays are p]fectly /raight1 :i* !y _c be unless ! m$ium diff]s f all actual m$ia 9 be+ p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,if ! di/urb+ effects ( *anges ( m$ia are inve/igat$1 ! =mul express+ ! refractions take = grant$ t ! new m$ia ent]$ are homog5e\s2 :i* !y nev] really are4 ,ev5 :5 a comp\nd di/urbance is all[$ =1 z :5 ! refraction und]gone by light 9 trav]s+ a m$ium ( increas+ d5sity1 l ! atmosph]e1 is calculat$1 ! calculation /ill supposes conditions t are unnaturally simple--x supposes t ! atmosph]e is n p]vad$ by het]og5e\s curr5ts1 :i* x always is4 ,simil>ly ) ! inquiries ( ! *emi/4 ,he does n take 8 sub/ances z ,nature supplies !m4 ,be=e he proce$s to specify _! respective prop]ties1 he purifies !m--sep>ates f ea* all trace ( e o!r4 ,be=e asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( a gas1 he has to free ?is gas f ! vap\r ( wat]1 usually mix$ ) x4 ,be=e describ+ ! prop]ties ( a salt1 he gu>ds aga9/ any error t may arise f ! pres5ce ( an uncomb9$ portion ( ! acid or base4 ,& :5 he alleges ( any elem5t t x has a c]ta9 atomic weight1 & unites ) su* & su* equival5ts ( o!r elem5ts1 he does n mean t ! results ?us express$ are exactly ! results ( any "o exp]im5t2 b t !y are ! results :i*1 aft] av]ag+ _m trials1 he concludes w\ld be realiz$ if absolute purity c\ld be obta9$1 & if ! exp]im5ts c\ld be conduct$ )\t loss4 ,8 problem is to asc]ta9 ! laws ( comb9ation ( molecules1 n z !y are actually display$1 b z !y w\ld be display$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? m9ute int]f]5ces :i* _c be altoge!r avoid$4 ,?us all ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces h = _! object1 analytical int]pretation4 ,9 e case x is ! aim to decompose ! ph5om5on1 & =mulate its #hg compon5ts ap>t f "o ano!r2 or "s two or ?ree ap>t f ! re/4 ,:]ev]1 ?r\gh\t ^! ,sci5ces1 syn!sis is employ$1 x is = ! v]ification ( analysis4#h ,! tru?s elaborat$ are sev]ally ass]t$1 n z tru?s exhibit$ by ?is or t p>ticul> object2 b z tru?s univ]sally hold+ ( ,matt] & ,motion 9 _! m g5]al or m special =ms1 consid]$ ap>t f p>ticul> objects1 & p>ticul> places 9 space4 ,! sub-divisions ( ?is gr\p ( ,sci5ces1 may be drawn on ! same pr9ciple z t on :i* ! sub-divisions ( ! prec$+ gr\p 7 drawn4 ,ph5om5a1 consid]$ z m or less involv$ manife/ations ( =ce1 yield on analysis1 c]ta9 laws ( manife/ation :i* are univ]sal1 & o!r laws ( manife/ation1 :i*1 be+ dep5d5t on conditions1 are n univ]sal4 ,h5ce ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces are prim>ily divisible into--! laws ( =ce consid]$ ap>t f its sep>ate modes1 & laws ( =ce consid]$ "u ea* ( its sep>ate modes4 ,& ?is second division ( ! ,ab/ract-,concrete gr\p1 is sub-divisible aft] a mann] ess5tially analog\s4 ,x is ne$less to occupy space by def9+ ^! sev]al #hh ord]s & g5]a ( ,sci5ces4 ,table ,,ii4 w suffici5tly expla9 _! relations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,ab/ract-,,concrete ,,sci5ce4 ,univ]sal laws ( =ces 7t5sions & pressures71 z d$ucible f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce3 ! !orems ( resolution & composition ( =ces4 ,laws ( =ces z manife/$ by matt] 9 masses 7,,me*anics7 t are 9 equilibrium relatively to o!r masses & are solid4 7,/atics47 & are fluid4 7,hydro/atics47 t are n 9 equilibrium relatively to o!r masses & are solid4 7,dynamics47 & are fluid4 7,hydrodynamics47 9 molecules 7,,molecul> ,,me*anics7 :5 9 equilibrium3 7,molecul> ,/atics7 giv+ /atical prop]ties ( matt] g5]al1 z imp5etrability or space-occupancy4 special1 z ! =ms result+ f molecul> equilibrium4 giv+ /atico-dynamical prop]ties ( matt] 7cohesion1 ela/icity1 etc47 :5 solid4 :5 liquid4 :5 gase\s4 :5 n 9 equilibrium3 7,molecul> ,dynamics7 z result+ 9 a *ang$ di/ribution ( molecules :i* alt]s _! relative positions homog5e\sly caus+ increase ( volume 7expansion1 liquefaction1 evaporation74 caus+ decrease ( volume 7cond5sation1 solidification1 contraction74 :i* alt]s _! relative positions het]og5e\sly 7,*emi/ry7 produc+ new relations ( molecules 7new comp\nds74 produc+ new relations ( =ces 7new aff9ities74 z result+ 9 a *ang$ di/ribution ( molecul> motion1 :i*1 by integration1 g5]ates s5sible motion4 :i*1 by dis9tegration1 g5]ates ins5sible motion1 "u ! =ms ( ,heat4 ,light4 ,electricity4 ,magnetism4 ,wecome n[ to ! ?ird great gr\p4 ,we h done ) ! ,sci5ces :i* are conc]n$ only ) ! blank =ms ( relations "u :i* ,be+ is manife/$ to u4 ,we h left beh9d ! ,sci5ces :i*1 deal+ ) ,be+ "u its univ]sal mode1 & its sev]al non-univ]sal modes reg>d$ z indep5d5t1 treat ! t]ms ( its relations z simple & homog5e\s2 :i* !y nev] are 9 ,nature4 ,!re rema9 ! ,sci5ces :i*1 tak+ ^! modes ( ,be+ z !y are habitually connect$ ) "o ano!r1 h = ! t]ms ( _! relations1 ^? het]og5e\s comb9ations ( =ces t con/itute actual ph5om5a4 ,! subject-matt] ( ^! ,concrete-,sci5ces is ! real1 z contra/$ ) ! :olly or p>tially ideal4 ,x is _! aim1 n to sep>ate & g5]alize ap>t ! compon5ts ( all ph5om5a1 b to expla9 ea* ph5om5on z a product ( ^! compon5ts4 ,_! relations are n1 l ^? ( ! simple/ ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces1 relations betwe5 "o antec$5t & "o consequ5t2 nor are !y1 l ^? ( ! m involv$ ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces1 relations betwe5 "s few antec$5ts cut (f 9 imag9ation f all o!rs1 & "s few consequ5ts simil>ly cut (f2 b !y are relations ea* ( :i* has = its t]ms a complete plexus ( antec$5ts & a complete plexus ( consequ5ts4 ,?is is manife/ 9 ! lea/ involv$ ,concrete ,sci5ces4 ,! a/ronom] seeks to expla9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,he does n /op %ort aft] g5]aliz+ ! laws ( planet>y movem5t1 su* z planet>y movem5t w\ld be did only a s+le planet exi/2 b he solves ?is ab/ract-concrete problem1 z a /ep t[>ds solv+ ! concrete problem ( ! planet>y movem5ts z affect+ "o ano!r4 ,9 a/ronomical language1 8! !ory ( ! ,moon0 means an int]pretation ( ! ,moon's motions1 n z det]m9$ simply by c5tripetal #hi & c5trifugal =ces1 b z p]petually modifi$ by gravitation t[>ds ! ,e>?'s equatorial protub]ance1 t[>ds ! ,sun1 & ev5 t[>ds ,v5us3 =ces daily v>y+ 9 _! am\nts & comb9ations4 ,nor does ! a/ronom] leave (f :5 he has calculat$ :at w be ! position ( a giv5 body at a giv5 "t1 all[+ = all p]turbations2 b he goes on to consid] ! effects produc$ by reactions on ! p]turb+ masses4 ,& he fur!r goes on to consid] h[ ! mutual p]turbations ( ! planets cause1 dur+ a long p]iod1 increas+ deviations f a mean /ate2 & !n h[ comp5sat+ p]turbations cause cont9u\s decrease ( ! deviations4 ,t is1 ! goal t[>ds :i* he ev] /rives1 is a complete explanation ( ^! complex planet>y motions 9 _! totality4 ,simil>ly ) ! geologi/4 ,he does n take = 8 problem only ^? irregul>ities ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ t are work$ by d5udation2 or only ^? :i* igne\s action causes4 ,he does n seek simply to und]/& h[ s$im5t>y /rata 7 =m$2 or h[ faults 7 produc$2 or h[ mora9es orig9at$2 or h[ ! b$s ( ,alp9e lakes 7 scoop$ out4 ,b tak+ into acc\nt all ag5cies co-op]at+ 9 endless & ev]-v>y+ comb9ations1 he aims to int]pret ! entire /ructure ( ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,if he /udies sep>ately ! actions ( ra91 riv]s1 glaci]s1 iceb]gs1 tides1 waves1 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 etc42 he does s t he may be bett] able to compreh5d _! jo9t actions z factors 9 geological ph5om5a3 ! object ( 8 sci5ce be+ to g5]alize ^! ph5om5a 9 all _! intricate connexions1 z p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,9 l mann] ,biology is ! elaboration ( a complete !ory ( ,life1 9 ea* & all ( its involv$ manife/ations4 ,if diff]5t aspects ( its ph5om5a are inve/igat$ ap>t--if "o obs]v] busies himself 9 class+ organisms1 ano!r 9 dissect+ !m1 ano!r 9 asc]ta9+ _! *emical compositions1 ano!r 9 /udy+ functions1 ano!r 9 trac+ laws ( modification2 !y are #ij all1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 help+ to "w out a solution ( vital ph5om5a 9 _! entirety1 bo? z display$ by individual organisms & by organisms at l>ge4 ,?us1 9 ^! ,concrete ,sci5ces1 ! object is ! conv]se ( t :i* ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces propose to !mselves4 ,9 ! "o case we h analytical int]pretation2 :ile 9 ! o!r case we h syn!tical int]pretation4 ,in/ead ( syn!sis be+ us$ m]ely to v]ify analysis2 analysis is "h us$ only to aid syn!sis4 ,n to =mulate ! factors ( ph5om5a is n[ ! object2 b to =mulate ! ph5om5a result+ f ^! factors1 "u ! v>i\s conditions :i* ! ,univ]se pres5ts4 ,?is ?ird class ( ,sci5ces1 l ! o!r classes1 is divisible into ! univ]sal & ! non-univ]sal4 ,z !re are tru?s :i* hold ( all ph5om5a 9 _! elem5ts2 s !re are tru?s :i* hold ( all ph5om5a 9 _! totalities4 ,z =ce has c]ta9 ultimate laws common to its sep>ate modes ( manife/ation1 s 9 ^? comb9ations ( its modes :i* con/itute actual ph5om5a1 we f9d c]ta9 ultimate laws t are con=m$ to 9 e case4 ,^! are ! laws ( ! re-di/ribution ( =ce4 ,s9ce we c become consci\s ( a ph5om5on only by "s *ange wr\ght 9 u1 e ph5om5on necess>ily implies re-di/ribution ( =ce--*ange 9 ! arrangem5ts ( matt] & motion4 ,alike 9 molecul> movem5ts & ! movem5ts ( masses1 "o great uni=mity may be trac$4 ,a decreas+ quantity ( motion1 s5sible or ins5sible1 always has = its concomitant an increas+ aggregation ( matt]2 &1 conv]sely1 an increas+ quantity ( motion1 s5sible or ins5sible1 has = its concomitant a decreas+ aggregation ( matt]4 ,give to ! molecules ( any mass1 m ( t ins5sible motion :i* we call heat1 & ! p>ts ( ! mass become some:at less closely aggregat$4 ,add a fur!r quantity ( ins5sible motion1 & ! mass s f> dis9tegrates z to become #ia liquid4 ,add /ill m ins5sible motion1 & ! mass dis9tegrates s completely z to become gas2 :i* occupies a great] space ) e extra quantity ( ins5sible motion giv5 to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e loss ( ins5sible motion by a mass1 gase\s1 liquid1 or solid1 is accompani$ by a progress+ integration ( ! mass4 ,simil>ly ) s5sible motions1 be ! bodies mov$ l>ge or small4 ,augm5t ! velocities ( ! planets1 & _! orbits w enl>ge--! ,sol> ,sy/em w occupy a wid] space4 ,dim9i% _! velocities1 & _! orbits w less5--! ,sol> ,sy/em w contract1 or become m integrat$4 ,& 9 l mann] we see t s5sible motions giv5 to bodies on ! ,e>?'s surface involve p>tial dis9tegrations ( ! bodies f ! ,e>?2 :ile ! loss ( _! motions are accompani$ by _! re-integration ) ! ,e>?4 ,9 all *anges we h ei!r an integration ( matt] & concomitant dissipation ( motion2 or an absorption ( motion & concomitant dis9tegration ( matt]4 ,& :]e1 z 9 liv+ bodies1 ^! processes g on simultane\sly1 !re is an integration ( matt] proportion$ to ! dissipation ( motion1 & an absorption ( motion proportion$ to ! dis9tegration ( matt]4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! univ]sal laws ( t re-di/ribution ( matt] & motion ev]y:]e go+ on--a re-di/ribution :i* results 9 ,evolution s long z ! aggregation ( matt] & disp]sion ( motion pr$om9ate2 b :i* results 9 ,dissolution :]e !re is a pr$om9ant aggregation ( motion & disp]sion ( matt]4 ,h5ce we h a division ( ,concrete ,sci5ce :i* be>s t[>ds ! o!r ,concrete ,sci5ces1 a relation l t :i* ! ,univ]sal ,law ( ,relation be>s to ,ma!matics1 & l t :i* ,univ]sal ,me*anics 7composition & resolution ( =ces7 be>s to ,physics4 ,we h a division ( ,concrete ,sci5ce :i* g5]alizes ^? concomitants ( ?is re-di/ribution t hold good among all ord]s ( concrete objects--a division :i* expla9s :y1 along ) a #ib pr$om9at+ integration ( matt] & dissipation ( motion1 !re goes a *ange f an indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity1 to a def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 & :y a rev]se re-di/ribution ( matt] & motion1 is accompani$ by a rev]se /ructural *ange4 ,pass+ f ?is univ]sal ,concrete ,sci5ce1 to ! non-univ]sal ,concrete ,sci5ces2 we f9d t ^! are prim>ily divisible into ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! re-di/ributions ( matt] & motion among masses 9 space1 consequ5t on _! mutual actions z :oles2 & ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! re-di/ributions ( matt] & motion consequ5t on ! mutual actions ( ! p>ts ( ea* mass4 ,& ( ^! equally g5]al ,sci5ces1 ?is la/ is re-divisible into ! ,sci5ce :i* is limit$ to ! concomitants ( re-di/ribution among ! p>ts ( ea* mass :5 reg>d$ z indep5d5t1 & ! ,sci5ce :i* takes into acc\nt ! molecul> motion receiv$ by radiation f o!r masses4 ,b ^! sub-divisions1 & _! sub-sub-divisions1 w be be/ se5 9 ! annex$ ,table ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,iii4 ,,concrete ,,sci5ce4 ,univ]sal laws ( ! cont9u\s re-di/ribution ( ,matt] & ,motion2 :i* results 9 ,evolution :]e !re is a pr$om9ant integration ( ,matt] & dissipation ( ,motion1 & :i* results 9 ,dissolution :]e !re is a pr$om9ant absorption ( ,motion & dis9tegration ( ,matt]4 ,laws ( ! r$i/ributions ( ,matt] & ,motion actually go+ on among ! cele/ial bodies 9 _! relations to "o ano!r z masses3 compreh5d+ 7,,a/ronomy7 ! dynamics ( our sol> sy/em4 7,planet>y ,a/ronomy47 ! dynamics ( our /ell> univ]se4 7,sid]eal ,a/ronomy47 among ! molecules ( any cele/ial mass2 z caus$ by ! actions ( ^! molecules on "o ano!r 7,,a/rog5y7 result+ 9 ! =mation ( comp\nd molecules4 7,sol> ,m9]alogy47 result+ 9 molecul> motions & g5esis ( radiant =ces4#i result+ 9 movem5ts ( gases & liquids4 7,sol> ,meteorology4#aj7 ! actions ( ^! molecules on "o ano!r1 jo9$ ) ! actions on !m ( =ces radiat$ by ! molecules ( o!r masses3 7,,geog5y7 z exhibit$ 9 ! planets g5]ally4 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,e>? caus+ composition & ( decomposition ( inorganic matt]s4 7,m9]alogy47 caus+ re-di/ributions ( gases & liquids4 7,meteorology47 caus+ re-di/ributions ( solids4 7,geology47 caus+ organic ph5om5a2 :i* are 7,biology7 ^? ( /ructure 7,morphology7 g5]al4 special4 ^? ( function 9 _! int]nal relations 7,physiology7 g5]al4 special4 9 _! ext]nal relations 7,psy*ology7 g5]al special sep>ate4 comb9$4 7,sociology4#aa7 ,t ^! great gr\ps ( ,sci5ces & _! respective sub-gr\ps1 fulfil ! def9ition ( a true classification giv5 at ! outset1 is1 ,i ?9k1 tol]ably manife/4 ,! subjects ( inquiry includ$ 9 ea* prim>y division1 h ess5tial attributes 9 common ) "o ano!r1 :i* !y h n 9 common ) any ( ! subjects conta9$ 9 ! o!r prim>y divisions2 & !y h1 by consequ5ce1 a great] numb] ( attributes 9 :i* !y are sev]ally l ! subjects !y are gr\p$ )1 & unlike ! subjects o!rwise gr\p$4 ,betwe5 ,sci5ces :i* deal ) relations ap>t f realities1 & ,sci5ces :i* deal ) realities1 ! di/9ction is ! wide/ possible2 s9ce ,be+1 9 "s or all ( its attributes1 is common to all ,sci5ces ( ! second class1 & exclud$ f all ,sci5ces ( ! fir/ class4 ,& :5 we divide ! ,sci5ces :i* treat ( realities1 into ^? :i* deal #ic ) _! compon5t ph5om5a consid]$ 9 ideal sep>ation & ^? :i* deal ) _! compon5t ph5om5a z actually unit$1 we make a pr(\nd] di/9ction ?an c exi/ betwe5 ! ,sci5ces :i* deal ) "o or o!r ord] ( ! compon5ts1 or ?an c exi/ betwe5 ! ,sci5ces :i* deal ) "o or o!r ord] ( ! ?+s compos$4 ,! ?ree gr\ps ( ,sci5ces may be briefly def9$ z--laws ( ! =ms2 laws ( ! factors2 laws ( ! products4 ,:5 ?us def9$1 x becomes manife/ t ! gr\ps are s radically unlike 9 _! natures1 t !re c be no transitions betwe5 !m2 & t any ,sci5ce belong+ to "o ( ! gr\ps mu/ be q incongru\s ) ! ,sci5ces belong+ to ei!r ( ! o!r gr\ps1 if transf]r$4 ,h[ fundam5tal are ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 w be fur!r se5 on consid]+ _! functions4 ,! fir/1 or ab/ract gr\p1 is in/rum5tal ) respect to bo? ! o!rs2 & ! second1 or ab/ract-concrete gr\p is in/rum5tal ) respect to ! ?ird or concrete gr\p4 ,an endeav\r to inv]t ^! functions w at once %[ h[ ess5tial is ! diff]5ce ( "*4 ,! second & ?ird gr\ps supply subject-matt] to ! fir/1 & ! ?ird supplies subject-matt] to ! second2 b none ( ! tru?s :i* con/itute ! ?ird gr\p are ( any use z solv5ts ( ! problems pres5t$ by ! second gr\p2 & none ( ! tru?s :i* ! second gr\p =mulates c act z solv5ts ( problems conta9$ 9 ! fir/ gr\p4 ,conc]n+ ! sub-divisions ( ^! great gr\ps1 little rema9s to be add$4 ,t ea* ( ! gr\ps1 be+ co-ext5sive ) all ph5om5a1 conta9s tru?s t are univ]sal & o!rs t are n univ]sal1 & t ^! mu/ be class$ ap>t1 is obvi\s4 ,& t ! sub-divisions ( ! non-univ]sal tru?s1 are to be made accord+ to _! decreas+ g5]ality 9 some?+ l ! mann] %[n 9 ! ,tables1 is prov$ by ! fact t #id :5 ! descriptive words are read f ! root to ! extremity ( any bran*1 !y =m a def9ition ( ! ,sci5ce con/itut+ t bran*4 ,t ! m9or divisions might be o!rwise arrang$1 & t bett] def9itions ( !m might be giv51 is highly probable4 ,!y are "h set d[n m]ely = ! purpose ( %[+ h[ ?is me?od ( classification works out4 ,i w only fur!r rem>k t ! relations ( ! ,sci5ces z ?us repres5t$1 are /ill b imp]fectly repres5t$3 _! relations _c be truly %[n on a plane1 b only 9 space ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,! ?ree gr\ps _c rightly be put 9 l9e> ord] z !y h "h be54 ,s9ce ! fir/ /&s relat$ to ! ?ird1 n only indirectly ?r\gh ! second1 b also directly--x is directly in/rum5tal ) respect to ! ?ird1 & ! ?ird supplies x directly ) subject-matt]4 ,_! relations c ?us only be truly %[n by bran*es div]g+ f a common root on diff]5t sides1 9 su* a way t ea* /&s 9 juxta-position to ! o!r two4 ,& only by a l mode ( arrangem5t1 c ! relations among ! sub-divisions ( ea* gr\p be correctly repres5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ exposition1 highly ab/ract z x is1 w by "s read]s be less readily foll[$ ?an a m concrete "o4 ,) ! view ( c>ry+ conviction to su* ,i w re-/ate ! case 9 two ways3 ! fir/ ( !m adapt$ only to ^? :o accept ! doctr9e ( ,evolution 9 its mo/ g5]al =m4 ,we set out ) conc5trat+ nebul\s matt]4 ,trac+ ! re-di/ributions ( ?is1 z ! rotat+ contract+ sph]oid leaves beh9d successive annuli & z ^! sev]ally =m second>y rotat+ sph]oids1 we come at l5g? to planets 9 _! e>ly /ages4 ,?us f> we consid] ! ph5om5a dealt ) purely a/ronomical2 & s long z our ,e>?1 reg>d$ z "o ( ^! sph]oids1 #ie 0 made up ( gase\s & molt5 matt]s only1 x pres5t$ no data = any m complex ,concrete ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! lapse ( cosmical "t a solid film =ms1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s1 ?ick5s1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r millions ( ye>s1 becomes cool en\gh to p]mit ! precipitation1 fir/ ( v>i\s o!r gase\s comp\nds1 & f9ally ( wat]4 ,pres5tly1 ! v>y+ exposure ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! sph]oid to ! ,sun's rays1 beg9s to produce appreciable effects2 until at l5g? !re h aris5 meteorological actions1 & consequ5t geological actions1 su* z ^? we n[ "k3 det]m9$ p>tly by ! ,sun's heat1 p>tly by ! /ill-reta9$ int]nal heat ( ! ,e>?1 & p>tly by ! action ( ! ,moon on ! ocean8 ,h[ h we rea*$ ^! geological ph5om5a8 ,:5 did ! a/ronomical *anges end & ! geological *anges beg98 ,x ne$s b to ask ?is "q to see t !re is no real division betwe5 ! two4 ,putt+ pre-conceptions aside1 we f9d no?+ m ?an a gr\p ( ph5om5a cont9ually complicat+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! same orig9al factors2 & we see t our conv5tional division is def5sible only on gr\nds ( conv5i5ce4 ,let u advance a /age4 ,z ! ,e>?'s surface cont9ues to cool1 pass+ ?r\gh all degrees ( temp]ature by inf9itesimal gradations1 ! =mation ( m & m complex inorganic comp\nds becomes possible4 ,lat]1 its surface s9ks to t heat at :i* ! less complex comp\nds ( ! k9ds call$ organic c exi/2 &1 f9ally1 ! =mation ( ! m complex organic comp\nds takes place4 ,*emi/s n[ %[ u t ^! comp\nds may be built up syn!tically 9 ! laboratory--ea* /age 9 asc5d+ complexity mak+ possible ! next high] /age4 ,h5ce x is inf]able t1 9 ! myriads ( laboratories1 endlessly div]sifi$ 9 _! mat]ials & conditions1 :i* ! ,e>?'s surface furni%$ dur+ ! myriads ( ye>s occupi$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ^! /ages ( temp]ature1 su* successive #if syn!ses 7 effect$2 & t ! highly complex un/able sub/ance out ( :i* all organisms are compos$1 0 ev5tually =m$ 9 microscopic portions3 f :i*1 by cont9u\s integrations & diff]5tiations1 ! evolution ( all organisms has proce$$4 ,:]e !n %all we draw ! l9e betwe5 ,geology & ,biology8 ,! syn!sis ( ?is mo/ complex comp\nd1 is b a cont9uation ( ! syn!ses by :i* all simpl] comp\nds 7 =m$4 ,! same prim>y factors h be5 co-op]at+ ) ^? second>y factors1 meteorologic & geologic1 previ\sly d]iv$ f !m4 ,n[h]e d we f9d a break 9 ! ev]-complicat+ s]ies2 = !re is a manife/ connexion betwe5 ^? movem5ts :i* v>i\s complex comp\nds und]go dur+ _! isom]ic trans=mations1 & ^? *anges ( =m und]gone by ! protoplasm :i* we di/+ui% z liv+4 ,/rongly contra/$ z !y ev5tually become1 biological ph5om5a are at _! root insep>able f geological ph5om5a--insep>able f ! aggregate ( trans=mations cont9ually wr\ght 9 ! matt]s =m+ ! ,e>?'s surface by ! physical =ces to :i* !y are expos$4 ,fur!r /ages ,i ne$ n p>ticul>ize4 ,! gradual developm5t out ( ! biological gr\p ( ph5om5a1 ( ! m specializ$ gr\p we class z psy*ological1 ne$s no illu/ration4 ,& :5 we come to ! highe/ psy*ological ph5om5a1 x is cle> t s9ce aggregations ( human be+s may be trac$ upw>ds f s+le w&]+ families to tribes & nations ( all sizes & complexities1 we pass ins5sibly f ! ph5om5a ( individual human action to ^? ( corporate human action4 ,to resume1 !n1 is x n manife/ t 9 ! gr\p ( sci5ces--,a/ronomy1 ,geology1 ,biology1 ,psy*ology1 ,sociology1 we h a natural gr\p t admits nei!r ( disruption nor *ange ( ord]8 ,"h !re is bo? a g5etic dep5d5ce1 & a dep5d5ce ( int]pretations4 ,! ph5om5a h aris5 9 ?is succession 9 cosmical #ig "t2 & complete sci5tific int]pretation ( ea* gr\p dep5ds on sci5tific int]pretation ( ! prec$+ gr\ps4 ,no o!r sci5ce c be ?ru/ 9 any:]e )\t de/roy+ ! cont9uity4 ,to ins]t ,physics betwe5 ,a/ronomy & ,geology1 w\ld be to make a break 9 ! hi/ory ( a cont9u\s s]ies ( *anges2 & a l break w\ld be produc$ by ins]t+ ,*emi/ry betwe5 ,geology & ,biology4 ,x is true t ,physics & ,*emi/ry are ne$ful z int]pret]s ( ^! successive assemblages ( facts2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t !y are !mselves to be plac$ among ^! assemblages4 ,concrete ,sci5ce1 made up ( ^! five concrete sub-sci5ces1 be+ ?us coh]5t )9 itself1 & sep>at$ f all o!r sci5ce1 !re comes ! "q--,is all o!r sci5ce simil>ly coh]5t )9 itself8 or is x trav]s$ by "s second division t is equally decid$8 ,x is ?us trav]s$4 ,a /atical or dynamical !orem1 h[ev] simple1 has always = its subject-matt] some?+ t is conceiv$ z ext5d$1 & z display+ =ce or =ces--z be+ a seat ( resi/ance1 or ( t5sion1 or ( bo?1 & z capable ( possess+ m or less ( vis viva4 ,if we exam9e ! simple/ proposition ( ,/atics1 we see t ! conception ( ,=ce mu/ be jo9$ ) ! conception ( ,space1 be=e ! proposition c be fram$ 9 ?\ght2 & if we simil>ly exam9e ! simple/ proposition 9 ,dynamics1 we see t ,=ce1 ,space1 & ,"t1 are its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,! am\nts ( ! t]ms are indiff]5t2 &1 by r$uction ( its t]ms beyond ! limits ( p]ception1 !y are appli$ to molecules3 ,mol> ,me*anics & ,molecul> ,me*anics are cont9u\s4 ,f que/ions conc]n+ ! relative motions ( two or m molecules1 ,molecul> ,me*anics passes to *anges ( aggregation among _m molecules1 to *anges 9 ! am\nts & k9ds ( ! motions possess$ by !m z memb]s ( an aggregate1 & to *anges ( ! motions transf]r$ ?r\gh aggregates ( !m1 z ^? con/itut+ light4 #ih ,daily ext5d+ its range ( int]pretations1 x is com+ to deal ev5 ) ! compon5ts ( ea* comp\nd molecule on ! same pr9ciples4 ,& ! unions & disunions ( su* m or less comp\nd molecules1 :i* con/itute ! ph5om5a ( ,*emi/ry1 are also be+ conceiv$ z resultant ph5om5a ( ess5tially k9dr$ natures--! aff9ities ( molecules = "o ano!r1 & _! reactions 9 relation to light1 heat1 & o!r modes ( =ce1 be+ reg>d$ z consequ5t on ! comb9ations ( ! v>i\s me*anically-det]m9$ motions ( _! v>i\s compon5ts4 ,)\t at all out-runn+1 h[ev]1 ?is progress 9 ! me*anical int]pretation ( molecul> ph5om5a1 x suffices to po9t out t ! indisp5sable elem5ts 9 any *emical conception are units occupy+ places 9 space1 & ex]t+ =ces on "o ano!r4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! common "* ( all ^! sci5ces :i* we at pres5t gr\p "u ! names ( ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry4 ,leav+ undiscuss$ ! "q :e!r x is possible to conceive ( =ce ap>t f ext5d$ some?+s ex]t+ x1 we may ass]t1 z beyond dispute1 t if ! conception ( =ce be expell$1 no sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 ,physics1 or ,*emi/ry rema9s4 ,made coh]5t1 z ^! sci5ces are1 by ?is bond ( union1 x is impossible to ?ru/ among !m any o!r sci5ce )\t break+ _! cont9uity4 ,we _c place ,logic betwe5 ,mol> ,me*anics & ,molecul> ,me*anics4 ,we _c place ,ma!matics betwe5 ! gr\p ( propositions conc]n+ ! behavi\r ( homog5e\s molecules to "o ano!r1 & ! gr\p ( propositions conc]n+ ! behavi\r ( het]og5e\s molecules to "o ano!r 7:i* we call ,*emi/ry74 ,cle>ly ^! two sci5ces lie outside ! coh]5t :ole we h contemplat$2 sep>at$ f x 9 "s radical way4 ,by :at are !y radically sep>at$8 ,by ! abs5ce ( ! conception ( =ce ?r\gh :i* alone we "k objects z exi/+ or act+4 ,h[ev] true x may be #ii t s long z ,logic & ,ma!matics h any t]ms at all1 ^! mu/ be capable ( affect+ consci\sness1 &1 by implication1 ( ex]t+ =ce2 yet x is ! di/9ctive trait ( ^! sci5ces t n only d _! propositions make no ref]5ce to su* =ce1 b1 z f> z possible1 !y delib]ately ignore x4 ,in/ead ( be+1 z 9 all ! o!r sci5ces1 an elem5t t is n only recogniz$ b vital2 9 ,ma!matics & ,logic1 =ce is an elem5t t is n only n vital1 b is /udi\sly n recogniz$4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ,logic expresses its propositions1 are symbols t d n pr(ess to repres5t ?+s1 prop]ties1 or p[]s1 ( "o k9d m ?an ano!r2 & may equally well /& = ! attributes belong+ to memb]s ( "s connect$ s]ies ( ideal curves :i* h nev] be5 drawn1 z = s _m real objects4 ,& ! !orems ( ,geometry1 s f> f contemplat+ p]ceptible l9es & surfaces z elem5ts 9 ! tru?s enunciat$1 consid] ^! tru?s z becom+ absolute only :5 su* l9es & surfaces become ideal--only :5 ! conception ( some?+ ex]cis+ =ce is extrud$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let me n[ make a second re-/atem5t1 n imply+ acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 b exhibit+ ) a cle>ness almo/ if n q z great1 ^! fundam5tal di/9ctions4 ,! concrete sci5ces1 tak5 toge!r or sep>ately1 contemplate z _! subject-matt]s1 aggregates--ei!r ! entire aggregate ( s5sible exi/5ces1 or "s second>y aggregate sep>able f ?is entire aggregate1 or "s t]ti>y aggregate sep>able f ?is1 & s on4 ,sid]eal ,a/ronomy occupies itself ) ! totality ( visible masses di/ribut$ ?r\gh space2 :i* x deals ) z made up ( id5tifiable individuals occupy+ specifi$ places1 & sev]ally /&+ t[>ds "o ano!r1 t[>ds sub-gr\ps1 & t[>ds ! entire gr\p1 9 def9$ ways4 ,planet>y ,a/ronomy1 cutt+ out ( ?is all-includ+ aggregate t #ajj relatively m9ute "p con/itut+ ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 deals ) ?is z a :ole--obs]ves1 measures1 & calculates ! sizes1 %apes1 di/ances1 motions1 ( its prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y memb]s2 &1 tak+ = its l>g] inquiries ! mutual actions ( all ^! memb]s z p>ts ( a coord9at$ assemblage1 takes = its small] inquiries ! actions ( ea* memb] consid]$ z an individual1 hav+ a set ( intr9sic activities t are modifi$ by a set ( extr9sic activities4 ,re/rict+ itself to "o ( ^! aggregates1 :i* admits ( close exam9ation1 ,geology 7us+ ?is ^w 9 its compreh5sive mean+7 gives an acc\nt ( t]re/rial actions & t]re/rial /ructures1 pa/ & pres5t2 &1 tak+ = its n>r[] problems local =mations & ! ag5cies to :i* !y are due1 takes = its l>g] problems ! s]ial trans=mations und]gone by ! entire ,e>?4 ,! geologi/ be+ occupi$ ) ?is cosmically small1 b o!rwise va/1 aggregate1 ! biologi/ occupies himself ) small aggregates =m$ out ( p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s sup]ficial sub/ance1 & treats ea* ( ^! z a coord9at$ :ole 9 its /ructures & functions2 or1 :5 he treats ( any p>ticul> organ1 consid]s ?is z a :ole made up ( p>ts held 9 a sub-coord9ation t ref]s to ! coord9ation ( ! entire organism4 ,to ! psy*ologi/ he leaves ^? specializ$ aggregates ( functions :i* adju/ ! actions ( organisms to ! complex activities surr\nd+ !m3 do+ ?is1 n simply because !y are a /age high] 9 speciality1 b because !y are ! c\nt]p>ts ( ^? aggregat$ /ates ( consci\sness dealt ) by ! sci5ce ( ,subjective ,psy*ology1 :i* /&s entirely ap>t f all o!r sci5ces4 ,f9ally1 ! sociologi/ consid]s ea* tribe & nation z an aggregate pres5t+ multitud9\s ph5om5a1 simultane\s & successive1 t are held toge!r z p>ts ( "o comb9ation4 ,?us1 9 e case1 a concrete sci5ce deals ) a real aggregate 7or a plurality ( real aggregates72 & x includes z its #aja subject-matt] :atev] is to be kn[n ( ?is aggregate 9 respect ( its size1 %ape1 motions1 d5sity1 texture1 g5]al arrangem5t ( p>ts1 m9ute /ructure1 *emical composition1 temp]ature1 etc41 toge!r ) all ! multitud9\s *anges1 mat]ial & dynamical1 gone ?r\gh by x f ! "t x beg9s to exi/ z an aggregate to ! "t x ceases to exi/ z an aggregate4 ,no ab/ract-concrete sci5ce makes ! remote/ attempt to d any?+ ( ?is sort4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ! ab/ract-concrete sci5ces give an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( prop]ties :i* aggregates display2 & ea* ab/ract-concrete sci5ce conc]ns itself ) a c]ta9 ord] ( ^! prop]ties4 ,by ?is1 ! prop]ties common to all aggregates are /udi$ & =mulat$2 by t1 ! prop]ties ( aggregates hav+ special =ms1 special /ates ( aggregation1 etc42 & by o!rs1 ! prop]ties ( p>ticul> compon5ts ( aggregates :5 dissociat$ f o!r compon5ts4 ,b by all ^! sci5ces ! aggregate1 consid]$ z an individual object1 is tacitly ignor$2 & a prop]ty1 or a connect$ set ( prop]ties1 exclusively occupies att5tion4 ,x matt]s n to ,me*anics :e!r ! mov+ mass x consid]s is a planet or a molecule1 a dead /ick ?r[n into ! riv] or ! liv+ dog t leaps aft] x3 9 any case ! curve describ$ by ! mov+ mass con=ms to ! same laws4 ,simil>ly :5 ! physici/ takes = 8 subject ! relation betwe5 ! *ang+ bulk ( matt] & ! *ang+ quantity ( molecul> motion x conta9s4 ,deal+ ) ! subject g5]ally1 he leaves out ( consid]ation ! k9d ( matt]2 & deal+ ) ! subject specially 9 relation to ?is or t k9d ( matt]1 he ignores ! attributes ( size & =m3 save 9 ! /ill m special cases :]e ! effect on =m is consid]$1 & ev5 !n size is ignor$4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ! *emi/4 ,a sub/ance he is inve/igat+1 nev] ?\ght ( by him z di/+ui%$ 9 ext5sion or am\nt1 is n ev5 requir$ to be p]ceptible4 ,a portion ( c>bon on #ajb :i* he is exp]im5t+1 may or may n h be5 visible "u its =ms ( diamond or graphite or *>coal--?is is indiff]5t4 ,he traces x ?r\gh v>i\s disguises & v>i\s comb9ations--n[ z unit$ ) oxyg5 to =m an invisible gas2 n[ z hidd5 ) o!r elem5ts 9 su* m complex comp\nds z e!r1 & sug>1 & oil4 ,by sulphuric acid or o!r ag5t he precipitates x f ^! z a coh]5t c9d]1 or z a diffus$ impalpable p[d]2 & aga91 by apply+ heat1 =ces x to disclose itself z an elem5t ( animal tissue4 ,evid5tly1 :ile ?us asc]ta9+ ! aff9ities & atomic equival5ce ( c>bon1 ! *emi/ has no?+ to d ) any aggregate4 ,he deals ) c>bon 9 ! ab/ract1 z some?+ consid]$ ap>t f quantity1 =m1 appe>ance1 or tempor>y /ate ( comb9ation2 & conceives x z ! possessor ( p[]s or prop]ties1 :5ce ! special ph5om5a he describes result3 ! asc]ta9+ ( all ^! p[]s or prop]ties be+ 8 sole aim4 ,f9ally1 ! ,ab/ract ,sci5ces ignore alike aggregates & ! p[]s :i* aggregates or _! compon5ts possess2 & occupy !mselves ) relations--ei!r ) ! relations among aggregates1 or among _! p>ts1 or ! relations among aggregates & prop]ties1 or ! relations among prop]ties1 or ! relations among relations4 ,! same logical =mula applies equally well1 :e!r its t]ms are m5 & _! dea?s1 cry/als & _! planes ( cleavage1 or plants & _! se$s4 ,& h[ entirely ,ma!matics conc]ns itself ) relations1 we see on rememb]+ t x has j ! same expression = ! *>act]s ( an inf9itesimal triangle1 z = ^? ( ! triangle :i* has ,sirius = its apex & ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit = its base4 ,i _c see h[ ^! def9itions ( ^! gr\ps ( sci5ces c be que/ion$4 ,x is und5iable t e ,concrete ,sci5ce gives an acc\nt ( an aggregate or ( aggregates1 inorganic1 organic1 or sup]-organic 7a society72 #ajc & t1 n conc]n+ itself ) prop]ties ( ?is or t ord]1 x conc]ns itself ) ! co-ord9ation ( ! assembl$ prop]ties ( all ord]s4 ,x seems to me no less c]ta9 t an ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ce gives an acc\nt ( "s ord] ( prop]ties1 g5]al or special2 n c>+ ab\t ! o!r traits ( an aggregate display+ !m1 & n recogniz+ aggregates at all fur!r ?an is impli$ by discussion ( ! p>ticul> ord] ( prop]ties4 ,& ,i ?9k x is equally cle> t an ,ab/ract ,sci5ce1 free+ its propositions1 s f> z ! nature ( ?\ght p]mits1 f aggregates & prop]ties1 occupies itself ) relations ( co-exi/5ce & sequ5ce1 z dis5tangl$ f all p>ticul> =ms ( be+ & action4 ,if !n ^! ?ree gr\ps ( sci5ces are1 respectively1 acc\nts ( aggregates1 acc\nts ( prop]ties1 acc\nts ( relations1 x is manife/ t ! divisions betwe5 !m are n simply p]fectly cle>1 b t ! *asms betwe5 !m are absolute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 p]haps m cle>ly ?an be=e1 w be se5 ! unt5ability ( ! classification made by ,m4 ,comte4 ,already1 aft] sett+ =? 9 a g5]al way ^! fundam5tal di/9ctions1 ,i h po9t$ out ! incongruities t arise :5 ! sci5ces1 conceiv$ z ,ab/ract1 ,ab/ract-,concrete1 & ,concrete1 are arrang$ 9 ! ord] propos$ by him4 ,su* incongruities become /ill m conspicu\s if = ^! g5]al names ( ! gr\ps we sub/itute ! def9itions giv5 above4 ,! s]ies w !n /& ?us3 ,,ma!matics ,an acc\nt ( relations 7includ+1 "u ,me*anics1 an acc\nt ( prop]ties74 ,,a/ronomy ,an acc\nt ( aggregates4 ,,physics ,an acc\nt ( prop]ties4 ,,*emi/ry ,an acc\nt ( prop]ties4 ,,biology ,an acc\nt ( aggregates4 ,,sociology ,an acc\nt ( aggregates4 ,t ^? :o esp\se opposite views see cle>ly ! #ajd defects 9 ! propositions ( _! oppon5ts & n ^? 9 _! own1 is a trite rem>k t holds 9 philosophical discussions z 9 all o!rs3 ! p>able ( ! mote & ! beam applies z well to m5's appreciations ( "o ano!r's op9ions z to _! appreciations ( "o ano!r's natures4 ,possibly to my positivi/ fri5ds ,i exemplify ?is tru?1--j z !y exemplify x to me4 ,^? uncommitt$ to ei!r view mu/ decide :]e ! mote exi/s & :]e ! beam4 ,mean:ile x is cle> t "o or o!r ( ! two views is ess5tially errone\s2 & t no qualifications c br+ !m into h>mony4 ,ei!r ! sci5ces admit ( no su* gr\p+ z t :i* ,i h describ$1 or !y admit ( no su* s]ial ord] z t giv5 by ,m4 ,comte4 ,,po/script ,,reply+ ,,to ,,criticisms4 ,among objections made to any doctr9e1 ^? :i* come f av[$ support]s ( an adv]se doctr9e mu/ be consid]$1 o!r ?+s equal1 z ( less weight ?an ^? :i* come f m5 uncommitt$ to an adv]se doctr9e1 or b p>tially committ$ to x4 ,! elem5t ( prepossession1 di/9ctly pres5t 9 ! "o case & 9 ! o!r case ma9ly or q abs5t1 is a well-recogniz$ cause ( diff]5ce 9 ! values ( ! judgm5ts3 suppos+ ! judgm5ts to be o!rwise fairly comp>able4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is ne$ful to br+ ! replies )9 a re/rict$ space1 a fit c\rse is t ( deal+ r ) indep5d5t criticisms ?an ) criticisms :i* are really indirect argum5ts = an opposite view1 previ\sly esp\s$4 ,= ?is reason ,i propose "h to conf9e myself sub/antially1 ?\gh n absolutely1 to ! demurr]s ent]$ aga9/ ! =ego+ classification by ,pr(4 ,ba91 9 8 rec5t "w on ,logic4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! m #aje important ( ^!1 let me cle> ! gr\nd by dispos+ ( ! less important4 99 99 99 99 99 ,incid5tally1 :ile comm5t+ on ! view ,i take respect+ ! position ( ,logic1 ,pr(4 ,ba9 po9ts out t ?is1 :i* is ! mo/ ab/ract ( ! sci5ces1 owes mu* to ,psy*ology1 :i* ,i place among ! ,concrete ,sci5ces2 & he alleges an incongruity betwe5 ?is fact & my /atem5t t ! ,concrete ,sci5ces are n in/rum5tal 9 disclos+ ! tru?s ( ! ,ab/ract ,sci5ces4 ,subsequ5tly he re-raises ?is app>5t anomaly :5 say+ 8,nor is x possible to ju/ify ! plac+ ( ,psy*ology :olly among ,concrete ,sci5ces4 ,x is a highly analytic sci5ce1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?or\ghly kn[s40 ,= a full reply1 giv5 by implication1 ,i mu/ ref] ,pr(4 ,ba9 to #ef ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 :]e ,i h cont5d$ t 8:ile1 "u its objective aspect1 ,psy*ology is to be class$ z "o ( ! ,concrete ,sci5ces :i* successively decrease 9 scope z !y increase 9 speciality2 "u its subjective aspect1 ,psy*ology is a totally unique sci5ce1 indep5d5t (1 & anti!tically oppos$ to1 all o!r sci5ces :atev]40 ,a pure ideali/ w n1 ,i suppose1 recognize ?is di/9ction2 b to e "o else x mu/1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 be obvi\s t ! sci5ce ( subjective exi/5ces is ! correlative ( all ! sci5ces ( objective exi/5ces2 & is z absolutely m>k$ (f f !m z subject is f object4 ,objective ,psy*ology1 :i* ,i class among ! ,concrete ,sci5ces1 is purely syn!tic1 s long z x is limit$1 l ! o!r sci5ces1 to objective data2 ?\gh great aid 9 ! int]pretation ( ^! data is d]iv$ f ! obs]v$ correspond5ce betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ,objective ,psy*ology z pres5t$ 9 o!r be+s & ! ph5om5a ( ,subjective ,psy*ology z pres5t$ 9 "o's own consci\sness4 ,n[ x is ,subjective ,psy*ology only :i* is analytic1 & :i* af=ds aid 9 ! #ajf developm5t ( ,logic4 ,?is be+ expla9$1 ! app>5t incongruity disappe>s4 ,a difficulty rais$ respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h express$ ! nature ( ,ma!matics1 may next be dealt )4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 writes3 8,9 ! fir/ place1 objection may be tak5 to 8 language1 9 discuss+ ! extreme ,ab/ract ,sci5ces1 :5 he speaks ( ! empty =ms !re9 consid]$4 ,to call ,space & ,"t empty =ms1 mu/ mean t !y c be ?\ght ( )\t any concrete embodim5t :atsoev]2 t "o c ?9k ( ,"t1 z a pure ab/raction1 )\t hav+ 9 "o's m9d any concrete succession4 ,n[1 ?is doctr9e is 9 ! la/ degree que/ionable40 ,i q agree ) ,pr(4 ,ba9 t 8?is doctr9e is 9 ! la/ degree que/ionable20 b ,i d n admit t ?is doctr9e is impli$ by ! def9ition ( ,ab/ract ,sci5ce :i* ,i h giv54 ,i speak ( ,space & ,"t z !y are dealt ) by ma!maticians1 & z x is alone possible = pure ,ma!matics to deal ) !m4 ,:ile ,ma!matics habitually uses 9 its po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces1 c]ta9 exi/5ces1 x habitually deals ) ^! z repres5t+ po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces t are ideal2 & its conclusions are true only on condition t x does ?is4 ,po9ts hav+ dim5sions1 l9es hav+ bread?s1 planes hav+ ?icknesses1 are negativ$ by its def9itions4 ,us+1 ?\gh x does1 mat]ial repres5tatives ( ext5sion1 l9e>1 sup]ficial1 or solid1 ,geometry delib]ately ignores _! mat]iality2 & att5ds only to ! tru?s ( relation !y pres5t4 ,hold+ ) ,pr(4 ,ba91 z ,i d1 t our consci\sness ( ,space is disclos$ by our exp]i5ces ( ,matt]--argu+1 z ,i h done 9 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 t x is a consolidat$ aggregate ( all relations ( co-exi/5ce t h be5 sev]ally pres5t$ by ,matt]2 ,i nev]!less cont5d t x is possible to dissociate ^! relations f ,matt] to ! ext5t requir$ = =mulat+ !m z ab/ract tru?s4 ,i cont5d1 too1 t ?is sep>ation is ( ! k9d habitually made 9 o!r cases2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! g5]al laws ( motion are =mulat$ 7z ,m4 ,comte's sy/em1 among #ajg o!rs1 =mulates !m7 9 su* way z to ignore all prop]ties ( ! bodies dealt ) save _! p[]s ( tak+ up1 & reta9+1 & giv+ out1 quantities ( motion2 ?\gh ^! p[]s are inconceivable ap>t f ! attribute ( ext5sion1 :i* is int5tionally disreg>d$4 ,tak+ o!r ( ,pr(4 ,ba9's objections1 n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y /& b 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y may be mo/ conv5i5tly dealt )1 ,i quote z foll[s3 8,! law ( ! radiation ( light 7! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance7 is said by ,mr4 ,sp5c] to be ,ab/ract-,concrete1 :ile ! di/urb+ *anges 9 ! m$ium are n to be m5tion$ except 9 a ,concrete ,sci5ce ( ,optics4 ,we ne$ n rem>k t su* a sep>ate h&l+ is unkn[n to sci5ce40 ,x is p]fectly true t 8su* a sep>ate h&l+ is unkn[n to sci5ce40 ,b1 un=tunately = ! objection1 x is also p]fectly true t no su* sep>ate h&l+ is propos$ by me1 or is impli$ by my classification4 ,h[ ,pr(4 ,ba9 c h s miss$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8concrete10 z ,i h us$ x1 ,i d n und]/&4 ,aft] po9t+ out t 8no "o ev] drew ! l9e10 betwe5 ! ,ab/ract-,concrete & ! ,concrete ,sci5ces1 8z ,i h done x10 he alleges an anomaly :i* exi/s only suppos+ t ,i h drawn x :]e x is ord9>ily drawn4 ,he appe>s inadv]t5tly to h c>ri$ ) him ,m4 ,comte's conception ( ,optics z a ,concrete ,sci5ce1 &1 import+ x into my classification1 debits me ) ! incongruity4 ,if he w re-read ! def9ition ( ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces1 or /udy _! sub-divisions z %[n 9 ,table ,,ii41 he w1 ,i ?9k1 see t ! mo/ special laws ( ! r$i/ribution ( light1 equally ) its mo/ g5]al laws1 are includ$4 ,& if he w pass to ! def9ition & ! tabulation ( ! ,concrete ,sci5ces1 he w1 ,i ?9k1 see no less cle>ly t ,optics _c be includ$ among !m4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 consid]s t ,i am n ju/ifi$ 9 class+ ,*emi/ry z an ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ce1 & exclud+ f x all consid]ation ( ! crude =ms ( ! v>i\s #ajh sub/ances dealt )2 & he en=ces 8 diss5t by say+ t *emi/s habitually describe ! ores & impure mixtures 9 :i* ! elem5ts1 etc41 are naturally f\nd4 ,und\bt$ly *emi/s d ?is4 ,b d !y !re=e int5d to include an acc\nt ( ! ores ( a sub/ance1 z a "p ( ! sci5ce :i* =mulates its molecul> con/itution & ! con/itutions ( all ! def9ite comp\nds x ent]s into8 ,i %all be v mu* surpris$ if ,i f9d t !y d4 ,*emi/s habitually prefix to _! works a division treat+ ( ,molecul> ,physics2 b !y d n !re=e claim ,molecul> ,physics z a "p ( ,*emi/ry4 ,if !y simil>ly prefix to ! *emi/ry ( ea* sub/ance an outl9e ( its m9]alogy1 ,i d n ?9k !y !re=e mean to ass]t t ! la/ belongs to ! fir/4 ,*emi/ry prop]1 embraces no?+ beyond an acc\nt ( ! con/itutions & modes ( action & comb9+ proportions ( sub/ances t are tak5 z absolutely pure2 & its tru?s no m recognize impure sub/ances ?an ! tru?s ( ,geometry recognize crook$ l9es4 ,imm$iately aft]1 9 criticiz+ ! fundam5tal di/9ction ,i h made betwe5 ,*emi/ry & ,biology1 z ,ab/ract-,concrete & ,concrete respectively1 ,pr(4 ,ba9 says3 8,b ! objects ( ,*emi/ry & ! objects ( ,biology are equally concrete1 s f> z !y g2 ! simple bodies ( *emi/ry1 & _! sev]al comp\nds1 are view$ by ! ,*emi/ z concrete :oles1 & are describ$ by him1 n ) ref]5ce to "o factor1 b to all _! factors40 ,issue is "h rais$ 9 a =m conv5i5t = elucidation ( ! g5]al "q4 ,x is true t1 = purposes ( id5tification1 a *emi/ gives an acc\nt ( all ! s5sible *>act]s ( a sub/ance4 ,he sets d[n its cry/all9e =m1 its specific gravity1 its p[] ( refract+ light1 its behavi\r z magnetic or diamagnetic4 ,b does he !reby include ^! ph5om5a z "p ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry8 ,x seems to me t ! relation betwe5 ! weight #aji ( any portion ( matt] & its bulk1 :i* is asc]ta9$ on measur+ its specific gravity1 is a physical & n a *emical fact4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t ! physici/ w claim1 z "p ( 8 sci5ce1 all inve/igations t\*+ ! refraction ( light3 be ! sub/ance produc+ ?is refraction :at x may4 ,& ! circum/ance t ! *emi/ may te/ ! magnetic or diamagnetic prop]ty ( a body1 z a means ( asc]ta9+ :at x is1 or z a means ( help+ o!r *emi/s to det]m9e :e!r !y h got be=e !m ! same body1 w nei!r be held by ! *emi/1 nor all[$ by ! physici/1 to imply a transf] ( magnetic ph5om5a f ! doma9 ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,9 brief1 ?\gh ! *emi/1 9 8 acc\nt ( an elem5t or a comp\nd1 may ref] to c]ta9 physical traits associat$ ) its molecul> con/itution & aff9ities1 he does n by s do+ *ange ^! into *emical traits4 ,:atev] *emi/s may put into _! books1 ,*emi/ry1 consid]$ z a sci5ce1 includes only ! ph5om5a ( molecul> /ructures & *anges--( compositions & decompositions4#ab ,i cont5d1 !n1 t ,*emi/ry does n give an acc\nt ( any?+ z a concrete :ole1 9 ! same way t ,biology gives an acc\nt ( an organism z a concrete :ole4 ,?is w become ev5 m manife/ on obs]v+ ! "* ( #aaj ! biological acc\nt4 ,all ! attributes ( an organism are compreh5d$1 f ! mo/ g5]al to ! mo/ special--f its conspicu\s /ructural traits to its hidd5 & fa9t ones2 f its out] actions t ?ru/ !mselves on ! att5tion1 to ! m9ute/ sub-divisions ( its multitud9\s int]nal functions2 f its "* z a g]m1 ?r\gh ! _m *anges ( size1 =m1 organization1 & habit1 x goes ?r\gh until dea?2 f ! physical *>act]s ( x z a :ole1 to ! physical *>act]s ( its microscopic cells1 & vessels1 & fibres2 f ! *emical *>act]s ( its sub/ance 9 g5]al to ! *emical *>act]s ( ea* tissue & ea* secretion--all ^!1 ) _m o!rs4 ,& n only s1 b !re is compreh5d$ z ! ideal goal ( ! sci5ce1 ! cons5sus ( all ^! ph5om5a 9 _! co-exi/5ces & successions1 z con/itut+ a coh]5t individualiz$ gr\p def9itely comb9$ 9 space & 9 "t4 ,x is ?is recognition ( individuality 9 its subject-matt]1 t gives its concret5ess to ,biology1 z to e o!r ,concrete ,sci5ce4 ,z ,a/ronomy deals ) bodies t h _! sev]al prop] names1 or 7z ) ! small] />s7 are regi/]$ by _! positions1 & consid]s ea* ( !m z a di/9ct individual--z ,geology1 :ile dimly p]ceiv+ 9 ! ,moon & ne>e/ planets o!r gr\ps ( geological ph5om5a 7:i* x w\ld deal ) z indep5d5t :oles1 did n di/ance =bid71 occupies itself ) t individualiz$ gr\p pres5t$ by ! ,e>?2 s ,biology treats ei!r ( an individual di/+ui%$ f all o!rs1 or ( p>ts or products belong+ to su* an individual1 or ( /ructural or functional traits common to _m su* individuals t h be5 obs]v$1 & suppos$ to be common to o!rs t are l !m 9 mo/ or all ( _! attributes4 ,e biological tru? connotes a specifically individualiz$ object1 or a numb] ( specifically individualiz$ objects ( ! same k9d1 or numb]s ( diff]5t k9ds t are sev]ally specific4 ,see1 !n1 ! contra/4 #aaa ,! tru?s ( ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces d n imply specific individuality4 ,nei!r ,mol> ,physics1 nor ,molecul> ,physics1 nor ,*emi/ry1 conc]ns itself ) ?is4 ,! laws ( motion are express$ )\t any ref]5ce :atev] to ! sizes or %apes ( ! mov+ masses2 :i* may be tak5 indiff]5tly to be suns or atoms4 ,! relations betwe5 contraction & ! escape ( molecul> motion1 & betwe5 expansion & ! absorption ( molecul> motion1 are express$ 9 _! g5]al =ms )\t ref]5ce to ! k9d ( matt]2 &1 if ! degree ( ei!r t occurs 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( matt] is =mulat$1 no note is tak5 ( ! quantity ( t matt]1 mu* less ( its individuality4 ,simil>ly ) ,*emi/ry4 ,:5 x inquires into ! atomic weight1 ! molecul> /ructure1 ! atomicity1 ! comb9+ proportions1 etc41 ( a sub/ance1 x is indiff]5t :e!r a gra9 or a ton be ?\ght (--! conception ( am\nt is absolutely irrelevant4 ,& s ) m special attributes4 ,sulphur1 consid]$ *emically1 is n sulphur "u its cry/all9e =m1 or "u its allotropic viscid =m1 or z a liquid1 or z a gas2 b x is sulphur consid]$ ap>t f ^? attributes ( quantity1 & %ape1 & /ate1 t give individuality4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 objects to ! division ,i h drawn betwe5 ! ,concrete ,sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy & t ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ce :i* deals ) ! mutually-modifi$ motions ( hypo!tical masses 9 space1 z 8n a little arbitr>y40 ,he says3 8,we c suppose a sci5ce to conf9e itself solely to ! #8factors1' or ! sep>at$ elem5ts1 & nev]1 on any occasion1 to comb9e two into a composite ?ird4 ,?is position is intelligible1 & possibly def5sible4 ,= example1 9 ,a/ronomy1 ! ,law ( ,p]si/5ce ( ,motion 9 a /raight l9e might be discuss$ 9 pure ideal sep>ation2 & s1 ! ,law ( ,gravity might be discuss$ 9 equally pure sep>ation--bo? "u ! ,ab/ract-,concrete dep>tm5t ( ,me*anics4 ,x might !n be res]v$ to a concrete dep>tm5t to unite ^! 9 ! explanation ( a projectile or ( a planet4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s b\nd>y l9e4 ,he all[s ,!oretical ,me*anics to make ?is p>ticul> comb9ation1 & to arrive at ! laws ( #aab planet>y movem5t1 9 ! case ( a s+le planet4 ,:at he does n all[ is1 to proce$ to ! case ( two planets1 mutually di/urb+ "o ano!r1 or a planet & a satellite1 commonly call$ ! #8problem ( ! ,?ree ,bodies4'0 ,if ,i held :at ,pr(4 ,ba9 supposes me to hold1 my position w\ld be an absurd "o2 b he misappreh5ds me4 ,! misappreh5sion results 9 "p f 8 hav+ "h1 z be=e1 us$ ! ^w 8concrete0 ) ! ,comtean mean+1 z ?\gh x 7 my mean+2 & 9 "p f ! inadequacy ( my explanation4 ,i did n 9 ! lea/ mean to imply t ! ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 :5 deal+ ) ! motions ( bodies 9 space1 is limit$ to ! int]pretation ( planet>y movem5t su* z x w\ld be did only a s+le planet exi/4 ,x nev] occurr$ to me t my words might be s con/ru$4 ,ab/ract-,concrete problems admit1 9 fact1 ( be+ complicat$ indef9itely1 )\t go+ 9 ! lea/ beyond ! def9ition4 ,i d n draw ! l9e1 z ,pr(4 ,ba9 alleges1 betwe5 ! comb9ation ( two factors & ! comb9ation ( ?ree1 or betwe5 ! comb9ation ( any numb] & any great] numb]4 ,i draw ! l9e betwe5 ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! !ory ( ! factors1 tak5 s+ly & 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m1 & ! sci5ce :i*1 giv+ to ^! factors ! values d]iv$ f obs]vations ( actual objects1 uses ! !ory to expla9 actual ph5om5a4 ,x is true t1 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 no radical di/9ction is consi/5tly recogniz$ betwe5 !ory & ! applications ( !ory4 ,z ,pr(4 ,ba9 says3 8,newton1 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,pr9cipia1 took up ! problem ( ! ,?ree ,bodies1 z appli$ to ! ,moon1 & work$ x to exhau/ion4 ,s writ]s on ,!oretical ,me*anics cont9ue to include ! ,?ree ,bodies1 ,precession1 & ! ,tides40 ,b1 supreme ?\gh ! au?ority ( ,newton may be z a ma!matician & a/ronom]1 & weighty z are ! names ( ,laplace & ,h]s*el1 :o 9 _! works h simil>ly m+l$ !orems & ! explanations yield$ by !m1 x does n seem to me t ^! facts g = mu*2 #aac unless x c be %[n t ^! writ]s int5d$ ?us to enunciate ! views at :i* !y _h arriv$ respect+ ! classification ( ! sci5ces4 ,su* a union z t pres5t$ 9 _! works1 adopt$ m]ely = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 is1 9 fact1 ! indication ( incomplete developm5t2 & has be5 p>allel$ 9 simpl] sci5ces :i* h aft]w>ds outgr[n x4 ,two conclusive illu/rations are at h&4 ,! "n ,geometry1 utt]ly inapplicable by its mean+ to ! sci5ce z x n[ exi/s1 0 applicable 9 t fir/ /age dur+ :i* its few tru?s 7 taught 9 prep>ation = l&-measur+ & ! sett+-out ( build+s2 b1 at a comp>atively e>ly date1 ^! comp>atively simple tru?s became sep>at$ f _! applications1 & 7 embodi$ by ! ,greek geomet]s into sy/ems ( !ory4#ac ,a l purification is n[ tak+ place 9 ano!r division ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 ! ,gomtrie ,descriptive ( ,monge1 !orems 7 mix$ ) _! applications to projection & plan-draw+4 ,b1 s9ce 8 "t1 ! sci5ce & ! art h be5 segregat+2 & ,descriptive ,geometry1 or1 z x may be bett] t]m$1 ! ,geometry ( ,position1 is n[ recogniz$ by ma!maticians z a f>-rea*+ sy/em ( tru?s1 p>ts ( :i* are already embodi$ 9 books t make no ref]5ce to d]iv$ me?ods available by ! ar*itect or ! eng9e]4 ,to meet a c\nt]-illu/ration t w be cit$1 ,i may rem>k t ?\gh1 9 works on ,algebra int5d$ = beg9n]s1 ! !ories ( quantitative relations1 z treat$ algebraically1 are accompani$ by gr\ps ( problems to be solv$1 ! subject-matt]s ( ^! problems are n !reby made p>ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,algebra4 ,to say t !y are1 is to say t ,algebra includes ! conceptions ( di/ances & relative spe$s & times1 or ( weights & bulks & #aad specific gravities1 or ( areas pl\gh$ & days & wages2 s9ce ^!1 & endless o!rs1 may be ! t]ms ( its equations4 ,& j 9 ! same way t ^! concrete problems1 solv$ by its aid1 _c be incorporat$ ) ! ,ab/ract ,sci5ce ( ,algebra2 s ,i cont5d t ! concrete problems ( ,a/ronomy1 _c be incorporat$ ) t division ( ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ce :i* develops ! !ory ( ! int]-actions ( free bodies t attract "o ano!r4 ,on ?is po9t ,i f9d myself at issue1 n only ) ,pr(4 ,ba91 b also ) ,mr4 ,mill1 :o cont5ds t3 8,!re is an ab/ract sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 namely1 ! !ory ( gravitation1 :i* w\ld equally agree ) & expla9 ! facts ( a totally diff]5t sol> sy/em f ! "o ( :i* our e>? =ms a "p4 ,! actual facts ( our own sy/em1 ! dim5sions1 di/ances1 velocities1 temp]atures1 physical con/itution1 etc41 ( ! sun1 e>?1 & planets1 are prop]ly ! subject ( a concrete sci5ce1 simil> to natural hi/ory2 b ! concrete is m insep>ably unit$ to ! ab/ract sci5ce ?an 9 any o!r case1 s9ce ! few cele/ial facts really accessible to u are ne>ly all requir$ = discov]+ & prov+ ! law ( gravitation z an univ]sal prop]ty ( bodies1 & h !re=e an indisp5sable place 9 ! ab/ract sci5ce z its fundam5tal data40--,augu/e ,comte & ,positivism1 p4 #dc4 ,9 ?is explanation1 ,mr4 ,mill recognizes ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! ,concrete ,sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy1 deal+ ) ! bodies actually di/ribut$ 9 space1 & a sci5ce deal+ ) hypo!tical bodies hypo!tically di/ribut$ 9 space4 ,nev]!less1 he reg>ds ^! sci5ces z n sep>able2 because ! second d]ives f ! fir/ ! data :5ce ! law ( int]-action is d]iv$4 ,b ! tru? ( ?is premiss1 & ! legitimacy ( ?is inf]5ce1 may alike be que/ion$4 ,! discov]y ( ! law ( int]-action 0 n due prim>ily1 b only second>ily1 to obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! conception ( an int]-act+ =ce t v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 is an priori conception rationally d$ucible f me*anical & geometrical consid]ations4 ,?\gh unlike 9 d]ivation to ! _m empirical hypo!ses ( ,kepl] respect+ planet>y orbits & planet>y motions1 yet x 0 #aae l ! successful among ^! 9 its relation to a/ronomical ph5om5a3 x 0 "o ( _m possible hypo!ses1 :i* admitt$ ( hav+ _! consequ5ces work$ out & te/$2 & "o :i*1 on hav+ its implications comp>$ ) ! results ( obs]vation1 0 f\nd to expla9 !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! !ory ( gravitation grew out ( exp]i5ces ( t]re/rial ph5om5a2 b ! v]ification ( x 0 rea*$ ?r\gh exp]i5ces ( cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,pass+ n[ f premiss to inf]5ce1 ,i d n see t1 ev5 7 ! alleg$ p>5tage sub/antiat$1 x w\ld necessitate ! suppos$ insep>ability2 any m ?an ! desc5t ( ,geometry f l&-measur+ necessitates a p]si/5t union ( ! two4 ,9 ! case ( ,algebra1 z above indicat$1 ! disclos$ laws ( quantitative relations hold ?r\gh\t multitud9\s ord]s ( ph5om5a t are extremely het]og5e\s2 & ?is makes conspicu\s ! di/9ction betwe5 ! !ory & its applications4 ,"h ! laws ( quantitative relations among masses1 di/ances1 velocities1 & mom5ta1 be+ appli$ ma9ly 7?\gh n exclusively7 to ! concrete cases pres5t$ by ,a/ronomy1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! !ory & its applications is less conspicu\s4 ,b1 intr9sically1 x is z great 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,h[ great x is1 we %all see on tak+ an analogy4 ,?is is a liv+ man1 ( :om we may "k little m ?an t he is a visible1 tangible p]son2 or ( :om we may "k en\gh to =m a volum9\s biography4 ,aga91 ?is book tells ( a fictiti\s h]o1 :o1 l ! h]oes ( old romance1 may be an imp]sonat$ virtue or vice1 or1 l a mod]n h]o1 "o ( mix$ nature1 ^: v>i\s motives & consequ5t actions are elaborat$ into a semblance ( reality4 ,b no accuracy & complet5ess ( ! picture makes ?is fictiti\s p]sonage an actual p]sonage1 or br+s him any ne>] to "o4 ,nor does any meagr5ess 9 our k ( a real man r$uce him any ne>] to ! imag9>y be+ ( a novel4 ,to ! #aaf la/1 ! division betwe5 fiction & biography rema9s an impassable gulf4 ,s1 too1 rema9s ! division betwe5 ! ,sci5ce deal+ ) ! int]-actions ( hypo!tical bodies 9 space1 & ! ,sci5ce deal+ ) ! int]-actions ( exi/+ bodies 9 space4 ,we may elaborate ! fir/ to any degree :atev] by ! introduction ( ?ree1 f\r1 or any great] numb] ( factors "u any numb] ( assum$ conditions1 until we symbolize a sol> sy/em2 b to ! la/ an acc\nt ( our symbolic sol> sy/em is z f> f an acc\nt ( ! actual sol> sy/em z fiction is f biography4 ,ev5 m obvi\s1 if x be possible1 does ! radical "* ( ?is di/9ction become1 on obs]v+ t f ! simple/ proposition ( ,g5]al ,me*anics we may pass to ! mo/ complex proposition ( ,cele/ial ,me*anics1 )\t a break4 ,we take a body mov+ at a uni=m velocity1 & comm5ce ) ! proposition t x w cont9ue s to move = ev]4 ,next1 we /ate ! law ( its accel]at$ motion 9 ! same l9e1 :5 subject to a uni=m =ce4 ,we fur!r complicate ! proposition by suppos+ ! =ce to increase 9 consequ5ce ( approa* t[>ds an attract+ body2 & we may =mulate a s]ies ( laws ( accel]ation1 result+ f s _m assum$ laws ( increas+ attraction 7( :i* ! law ( gravitation is "o74 ,ano!r factor may n[ be add$ by suppos+ ! body to h motion 9 a direction o!r ?an t ( ! attract+ body2 & we may det]m9e1 accord+ to ! ratios ( ! suppos$ =ces1 :e!r its c\rse w be hyp]bolic1 p>abolic1 elliptical1 or circul>--we may beg9 ) ?is hypo!tical additional =ce z inf9itesimal1 & =mulate ! v>y+ results z x is little by little increas$4 ,! problem is complicat$ a degree m by tak+ into acc\nt ! effects ( a ?ird =ce1 act+ 9 "s o!r direction2 & beg9n+ ) an inf9itesimal am\nt ( ?is =ce we may rea* any am\nt4 ,simil>ly1 by introduc+ factor aft] factor1 #aag ea* at fir/ ins5sible 9 proportion to ! re/1 we arrive1 ?r\gh an inf9ity ( gradations1 at a comb9ation ( any complexity4 ,?us1 !n1 ! ,sci5ce :i* deals ) ! int]-action ( hypo!tical bodies 9 space1 is absolutely cont9u\s ) ,g5]al ,me*anics4 ,we h already se5 t x is absolutely discont9u\s ) t acc\nt ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* has be5 call$ ,a/ronomy f ! beg9n+4 ,:5 ^! facts are recogniz$1 x seems to me t !re _c rema9 a d\bt respect+ its true place 9 a classification ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 #b ,i h be5 *>g$ ) misrepres5t+ ,kant & misund]/&+ him1 because ,i h us$ ! expression 8=ms ( ,?\ght0 in/ead ( 8=ms ( ,intuition40 ,else:]e ,i h %[n t my argum5t aga9/ him rema9s equally valid :5 ! phrase 8=ms ( ,intuition0 is us$4 ,"h ,i may 9 ! fir/ place add t ,i did b foll[ "s ,kanti/s 9 say+ 8=ms ( ,?\ght10 & ,i may add 9 ! second place t ! objection is sup]ficial & q irrelevant to ! issue4 ,?\ght :5 broadly us$ z anti!tical to ,?+s includes ,intuition3 x compreh5ds 9 ?is s5se all t is subjective z di/+ui%$ f all t is objective1 & 9 s do+ compreh5ds ,intuition4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re _c be ,intuition )\t ,?\ght3 e act ( intuition implies an act ( class+ )\t :i* ! ?+ intuit$ is n kn[n z su* or su*2 & e act ( class+ is an act ( ?\ght4 #c ,"s propositions laid d[n by ,m4 ,littr1 9 8 book--,augu/e ,comte et la ,philosophie ,positive 7publi%$ 9 #ahfc71 may fitly be dealt ) "h4 ,9 ! c&id & c\rte\s reply he makes to my /rictures on ! ,comtean classification 9 8,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 he endeav\rs to cle> up "s ( ! inconsi/5cies ,i po9t$ out2 & he does ?is by draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 objective g5]ality & subjective g5]ality4 ,he says--8qu'il exi/e deux ordres de gnralit1 l'une objective et dans les *oses1 l'autre subjective1 ab/raite et dans l'esprit40 ,?is s5t5ce1 9 :i* ,m4 ,littr makes subjective g5]ality synonym\s ) ab/ractness1 l$ me at fir/ to conclude t he _h 9 view ! same di/9ction z t :i* ,i h above expla9$ betwe5 g5]ality & ab/ractness4 ,on re-read+ ! p>agraph1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd ?is 0 n ! case4 ,9 a previ\s s5t5ce he says--8,la biologie a pass de la considration des organes celles des tissus1 plus gnraux que les organes1 et de la considration des tissus celle des lm5ts anatomiques1 plus gnraux que les tissus4 ,mais cette gnralit croissante e/ subjective non objective1 ab/raite non concrte40 ,"h x is manife/ t ab/ract & concrete1 are us$ 9 s5ses analog\s to ^? 9 :i* !y are us$ by ,m4 ,comte2 :o1 z we h se51 reg>ds g5]al physiology z ab/ract & zoology & botany z concrete4 ,& x is fur!r manife/ t ! ^w ab/ract1 z ?us us$1 is n us$ 9 its prop] s5se4 ,=1 z above %[n1 no su* facts z ^? ( anatomical /ructure c be ab/ract facts2 b c only be m or less g5]al facts4 ,nor d ,i und]/& ,m4 ,littr's po9t ( view :5 he reg>ds ^! m g5]al facts ( anatomical /ructure1 z subjectively g5]al & n objectively g5]al4 ,! /ructural ph5om5a pres5t$ by any tissue1 su* z muc\s membrane1 are m g5]al ?an ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by any ( ! organs :i* muc\s membrane goes to =m1 simply 9 ! s5se t ! ph5om5a peculi> to ! membrane are repeat$ 9 a great] numb] ( in/ances ?an ! ph5om5a peculi> to any organ into ! composition ( :i* ! membrane ent]s4 ,&1 simil>ly1 su* facts z h be5 e/abli%$ respect+ ! anatomical elem5ts ( tissues1 are m g5]al ?an ! facts e/abli%$ respect+ any p>ticul> tissue1 9 ! s5se t !y are facts :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( organiz$ bodies exhibit 9 a great] numb] ( cases--!y are objectively m g5]al2 & !y c be call$ subjectively m g5]al only 9 ! s5se t ! conception corresponds ) ! ph5om5a4 ,let me endeav\r to cle> up ?is po9t3--,!re is1 z ,m4 ,littr truly says1 a decreas+ g5]ality t is objective4 ,if we omit ! ph5om5a ( ,dissolution1 :i* are *anges f ! special to ! g5]al1 all *anges :i* matt] und]goes are f ! g5]al to ! special--are *anges involv+ a decreas+ g5]ality 9 ! unit$ gr\ps ( attributes4 ,?is is ! progress ( ?+s4 ,! progress ( ?\ght1 is n only 9 ! same direction1 b also 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! inve/igation ( ,nature discloses an increas+ numb] ( specialities2 b x simultane\sly discloses m & m ! g5]alities )9 :i* ^! specialities fall4 ,take a case4 ,zoology1 :ile x goes on multiply+ ! numb] ( its species1 & gett+ a m complete k ( ea* species 7decreas+ g5]ality72 also goes on discov]+ ! common *>act]s by :i* species are unit$ into l>g] gr\ps 7increas+ g5]ality74 ,bo? ^! are subjective processes2 & 9 ?is case1 bo? ord]s ( tru? rea*$ are concrete--=mulate ! ph5om5a z actually manife/$4 ,! tru? t mammals ( all k9ds h sev5 c]vical v]tebr 7,i believe !re is "o exception7 is a g5]alization--a g5]al relation 9 ?\ght answ]+ to a g5]al relation 9 ?+s4 ,z ! exi/5ce ( sev5 c]vical v]tebr 9 ea* mammal is a concrete fact1 ! /atem5t ( x is a concrete tru?1 & ! /atem5t colligat+ su* tru?s is n made o!r ?an concrete by hold+ ( case aft] case4 ,m4 ,littr1 recogniz+ ! necessity = "s modification ( ! hi]>*y ( ! ,sci5ces1 z enunciat$ by ,m4 ,comte1 /ill reg>ds x z sub/antially true2 & = pro( ( its validity1 he appeals ma9ly to ! ess5tial con/itutions ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,x is unnecess>y = me "h to meet1 9 detail1 ! argum5ts by :i* he supports ! proposition1 t ! ess5tial con/itutions ( ! ,sci5ces1 ju/ify ! ord] 9 :i* ,m4 ,comte places !m4 ,x w suffice to ref] to ! =ego+ pages1 & to ! pages :i* are to foll[1 z conta9+ ! def9itions ( ^? fundam5tal *>act]i/ics :i* dem& ! gr\p+ ( ! ,sci5ces 9 ! way ,i h po9t$ out4 ,z already %[n1 & z w be %[n /ill m cle>ly by & bye1 ! radical diff]5ces ( con/itution among ! ,sci5ces1 necessitate ! colligation ( !m into ! ?ree classes--,ab/ract1 ,ab/ract-,concrete1 & ,concrete4 ,h[ irreconcilable is ,m4 ,comte's classification ) ^! gr\ps1 w be at once app>5t on inspection4 ,x /&s ?us3 ,ma!matics 7includ+ rational ,me*anics71 p>tly ,ab/ract1 p>tly ,ab/ract-,concrete4 ,a/ronomy ,concrete4 ,physics ,ab/ract-,concrete4 ,*emi/ry ,ab/ract-,concrete4 ,biology ,concrete4 ,sociology ,concrete4 #d ,?is def9ition includes ! laws ( relations call$ necess>y1 b n ^? ( relations call$ cont+5t4 ,^! la/1 9 :i* ! probability ( an inf]r$ connexion v>ies ) ! numb] ( times su* connexion has occurr$ 9 exp]i5ce1 are rightly dealt ) ma!matically4 #e ,"h1 by way ( explanation ( ! t]m negatively-quantitative1 x w suffice to in/ance ! proposition t c]ta9 ?ree l9es w meet 9 a po9t1 z a negatively-quantitative proposition2 s9ce x ass]ts ! abs5ce ( any quantity ( space betwe5 _! int]sections4 ,simil>ly1 ! ass]tion t c]ta9 ?ree po9ts w always fall 9 a /raight l9e1 is negatively-quantitative2 s9ce ! conception ( a /raight l9e implies ! negation ( any lat]al quantity1 or deviation4 #f ,le/ ! mean+ ( ?is division %\ld n be und]/ood1 x may be well to "n1 9 illu/ration1 ! e/imates ( ! /ati/ician4 ,calculations respect+ population1 crime1 disease1 etc41 h results :i* are correct only num]ically1 & n 9 respect ( ! totalities ( be+ or action repres5t$ by ! numb]s4 #g ,p]haps x w be ask$--h[ c !re be a ,geometry ( ,motion into :i* ! conception ( ,=ce does n ent]8 ,! reply is1 t ! "t-relations & space-relations ( ,motion may be consid]$ ap>t f ^? ( ,=ce1 9 ! same way t ! space-relations ( ,matt] may be consid]$ ap>t f ,matt]4 #h ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,frankl& = rem9d+ me ( an objection t may be made to ?is /atem5t4 ,! production ( new comp\nds by syn!sis1 has ( late become an important bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 kn[n laws ( composition1 complex sub/ances1 :i* nev] be=e exi/$1 are =m$1 & fulfil anticipations bo? z to _! g5]al prop]ties & z to ! proportions ( _! con/itu5ts--z prov$ by analysis4 ,"h x may be said ) tru?1 t analysis is us$ to v]ify syn!sis4 ,nev]!less1 ! exception to ! above /atem5t is app>5t only1--n real4 ,9 s f> z ! production ( new comp\nds is c>ri$ on m]ely = ! obta9m5t ( su* new comp\nds1 x is n ,sci5ce b ,art--! application ( pre-e/abli%$ k to ! a*ievem5t ( ends4 ,! proce$+ is a "p ( ,sci5ce1 only 9 s f> z x is a means to ! bett] int]pretation ( ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,& h[ does x aid ! int]pretation8 ,x does x only by v]ify+ ! pre-e/abli%$ conclusions respect+ ! laws ( molecul> comb9ation2 or by s]v+ fur!r to expla9 !m4 ,t is to say1 ^! syn!ses1 consid]$ on _! sci5tific side1 h simply ! purpose ( =w>d+ ! analysis ( ! laws ( *emical comb9ation4 #i ,?is mu/ n be suppos$ to mean *emically-produc$ =ces4 ,! molecul> motion "h ref]r$ to z dissipat$ 9 radiations1 is ! equival5t ( t s5sible motion lo/ dur+ ! integration ( ! mass ( molecules1 consequ5t on _! mutual gravitation4 #aj ,embrac+ ! int]pretation ( su* ph5om5a z ! sol> spots1 ! facul & ! coronal flames4 #aa ,want ( space prev5ts any?+ beyond ! briefe/ indication ( ^! subdivisions4 #ab ,p]haps "s w say t su* incid5tal ph5om5a z ^? ( ! heat & light evolv$ dur+ *emical *anges1 are to be includ$ among *emical ph5om5a4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ! physici/ w hold t all ph5om5a ( re-di/ribut$ molecul> motion1 no matt] h[ aris+1 come )9 ! range ( ,physics4 ,b :atev] difficulty !re may be 9 draw+ ! l9e betwe5 ,physics & ,*emi/ry 7&1 z ,i h incid5tally po9t$ out 9 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #ee1 ! two are closely l9k$ by ! ph5om5a ( allotropy & isom]ism71 applies equally to ! ,comtean classification1 or to any o!r4 ,& ,i may fur!r po9t out t no ob/acle h5ce arises to ! classification ,i am def5d+4 ,physics & ,*emi/ry be+ bo? gr\p$ by me z ,ab/ract-,concrete ,sci5ces1 no difficulty 9 satisfactorily divid+ !m 9 ! lea/ affects ! satisfactor9ess ( ! division ( ! great gr\p to :i* !y bo? belong1 f ! o!r two great gr\ps4 #ac ,x may be said t ! m+l+ ( problems & !orems 9 ,euclid is n q consi/5t ) ?is /atem5t2 & x is true t we h1 9 ?is m+l+1 a trace ( ! e>li] =m ( ! sci5ce4 ,b x is to be rem>k$ t ^! problems are all purely ab/ract1 &1 fur!r1 t ea* ( !m admits ( be+ express$ z a !orem4 #aah ,,reasons ,,= ,,diss5t+ ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,comte4 ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,april #ahfd z an app5dix to ! =ego+ essay4 ,:ile ! prec$+ pages 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes = ,febru>y #ae?1 #ahfd1 an article on a late "w ( m9e--,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,to ,m4 ,augu/e ,laugel1 ! writ] ( ! article1 ,i am mu* indebt$ = ! c>eful exposition he has made ( "s ( ! lead+ views set =? 9 t "w2 & = ! ca?olic & sympa!tic _s 9 :i* he has dealt ) !m4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,laugel conveys to 8 read]s an errone\s impression--an impression d\btless d]iv$ f :at appe>s to him adequate evid5ce1 & d\btless express$ 9 p]fect s9c]ity4 ,m4 ,laugel describes me z be+1 9 "p1 a foll[] ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,aft] describ+ ! influ5ce ( ,m4 ,comte z traceable 9 ! works ( "s o!r ,engli% writ]s1 nam+ especially ,mr4 ,mill & ,mr4 ,buckle1 he goes on to say t ?is influ5ce1 ?\gh n av[$1 is easily recognizable 9 ! "w he is ab\t to make kn[n2 & 9 sev]al places ?r\gh\t 8 review1 !re are rem>ks hav+ ! same implication4 ,i greatly regret hav+ to take exception to any?+ said by a critic s c&id & s able4 ,b ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes #aai circulates widely 9 ,engl&1 z well z else:]e2 & f9d+ t !re exi/s 9 "s m9ds1 bo? "h & 9 ,am]ica1 an impression simil> to t ent]ta9$ by ,m4 ,laugel--an impression likely to be confirm$ by 8 /atem5t--x appe>s to me ne$ful to meet x4 ,two causes ( q diff]5t k9ds1 h conspir$ to diffuse ! errone\s belief t ,m4 ,comte is an accept$ expon5t ( sci5tific op9ion4 ,8 bitt]e/ foes & 8 close/ fri5ds1 h unconsci\sly jo9$ 9 propagat+ x4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,m4 ,comte hav+ designat$ by ! t]m 8,positive ,philosophy0 all t def9itely-e/abli%$ k :i* m5 ( sci5ce h be5 gradually organiz+ into a coh]5t body ( doctr9e2 & hav+ habitually plac$ ?is 9 opposition to ! incoh]5t body ( doctr9e def5d$ by !ologians2 x has become ! habit ( ! !ological p>ty to ?9k ( ! antagoni/ sci5tific p>ty1 "u ! title ( 8positivi/s40 ,& ?us1 f ! habit ( call+ !m 8positivi/s10 !re has gr[n up ! assumption t !y call !mselves 8positivi/s10 & t !y are disciples ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h accept$ ,m4 ,comte's sy/em1 & believe x to be ! philosophy ( ! future1 h naturally be5 prone to see ev]y:]e ! signs ( its progress2 & :]ev] !y h f\nd op9ions 9 h>mony ) x1 h ascrib$ ^! op9ions to ! influ5ce ( its orig9ator4 ,x is always ! t5d5cy ( disciple%ip to magnify ! effects ( ! ma/]'s tea*+s2 & to cr$it ! ma/] ) all ! doctr9es he tea*es4 ,9 ! m9ds ( 8 foll[]s1 ,m4 ,comte's "n is associat$ ) sci5tific ?9k+1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 !y fir/ und]/ood f 8 exposition ( x4 ,influ5c$ z !y inevitably are by ?is association ( ideas1 !y are rem9d$ ( ,m4 ,comte :]ev] !y meet ) ?9k+ :i* corresponds1 9 "s m>k$ way1 to ,m4 ,comte's description ( sci5tific ?9k+2 & h5ce are apt to imag9e him z introduc+ into o!r m9ds1 ! #abj conceptions :i* he introduc$ into _! m9ds4 ,su* impressions are1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases q unw>rant$4 ,t ,m4 ,comte has giv5 a g5]al exposition ( ! doctr9e & me?od elaborat$ by ,sci5ce1 is true4 ,b x is n true t ! hold]s ( ?is doctr9e & foll[]s ( ?is me?od1 are disciples ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,nei!r _! modes ( inquiry nor _! views conc]n+ human k 9 its nature & limits1 are appreciably diff]5t f :at !y 7 be=e4 ,if !y are 8positivi/s10 x is 9 ! s5se t all m5 ( sci5ce h be5 m or less consi/5tly 8positivi/s20 & ! applicability ( ,m4 ,comte's title to !m1 no m makes !m 8 disciples1 ?an does its applicability to m5 ( sci5ce :o liv$ & di$ be=e ,m4 ,comte wrote1 make ^! 8 disciples4 ,m4 ,comte himself by no means claims t :i* "s ( 8 adh]5ts are apt1 by implication1 to claim = him4 ,he says3--8,il y a1 sans d\te1 beauc\p d'analogie entre ma philosophie positive et ce que les savans anglais ent5d5t1 depuis ,newton surt\t1 p> philosophie naturelle20 7see ,av]tissem5t7 & fur!r on he indicates ! 8gr& m\vem5t imprim l'esprit huma91 il y a deux sicles1 p> l'action comb9e des prceptes de ,bacon1 des conceptions de ,desc>tes1 et des dc\v]tes de ,galile1 comme le mom5t o l'esprit de la philosophie positive a comm5c se prononc] dans le monde40 ,t is to say1 ! g5]al mode ( ?\ght & way ( int]pret+ ph5om5a1 :i* ,m4 ,comte calls 8,positive ,philosophy10 he recognizes z hav+ be5 gr[+ = two c5turies2 z hav+ rea*$1 :5 he wrote1 a m>k$ developm5t2 & z be+ ! h]itage ( all m5 ( sci5ce4 ,t :i* ,m4 ,comte propos$ to d1 0 to give sci5tific ?\ght & me?od a m def9ite embodim5t & organization2 & to apply x to ! int]pretation ( classes ( ph5om5a n previ\sly dealt ) 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,! conception 0 a great "o2 & ! endeav\r to "w x out 0 wor?y ( sympa?y & #aba applause4 ,"s su* conception 0 ent]ta9$ by ,bacon4 ,he1 too1 aim$ at ! organization ( ! sci5ces2 he1 too1 held t 8,physics is ! "m ( all ! sci5ces20 he1 too1 held t ! sci5ces c be advanc$ only by comb9+ !m1 & saw ! nature ( ! requir$ comb9ation2 he1 too1 held t moral & civil philosophy c\ld n fl\ri% :5 sep>at$ f _! roots 9 natural philosophy2 & ?us he1 too1 _h "s idea ( a social sci5ce gr[+ out ( physical sci5ce4 ,b ! /ate ( k 9 8 day prev5t$ any advance beyond ! g5]al conception3 inde$1 x 0 m>vell\s t he %\ld h advanc$ s f>4 ,in/ead ( a vague1 undef9$ conception1 ,m4 ,comte has pres5t$ ! _w ) a def9$ & highly-elaborat$ conception4 ,9 work+ out ?is conception he has %[n rem>kable bread? ( view1 great orig9ality1 imm5se f]tility ( ?\ght1 unusual p[]s ( g5]alization4 ,consid]$ ap>t f ! "q ( its tru?1 8 sy/em ( ,positive ,philosophy is a va/ a*ievem5t4 ,b aft] accord+ to ,m4 ,comte high admiration = 8 conception1 = 8 ef=t to realize x1 & = ! faculty he has %[n 9 ! ef=t to realize x1 !re rema9s ! inquiry--,has he succe$$8 ,a ?9k] :o re-organizes ! sci5tific me?od & k ( 8 age1 & ^: re-organization is accept$ by 8 successors1 may rightly be said to h su* successors = 8 disciples4 ,b successors :o accept ?is me?od & k ( 8 age1 m9us 8 re-organization1 are c]ta9ly n 8 disciples4 ,h[ !n /&s ! case ) ,m4 ,comte8 ,!re are "s few :o receive 8 doctr9es ) b little res]vation2 & ^! are 8 disciples truly s call$4 ,!re are o!rs :o reg>d ) approval c]ta9 ( 8 lead+ doctr9es1 b n ! re/3 ^! we may di/+ui% z p>tial adh]5ts4 ,!re are o!rs :o reject all 8 di/9ctive doctr9es2 & ^! mu/ be class$ z 8 antagoni/s4 ,! memb]s ( ?is class /& sub/antially 9 ! same position z !y w\ld #abb h done _h he n writt54 ,decl9+ 8 re-organization ( sci5tific doctr9e1 !y possess ?is sci5tific doctr9e 9 its pre-exi/+ /ate1 z ! common h]itage bequea!d by ! pa/ to ! pres5t2 & _! adhesion to ?is sci5tific doctr9e 9 no s5se implicates !m ) ,m4 ,comte4 ,9 ?is class /& ! great body ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,& 9 ?is class ,i /& myself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,com+ ?us to ! p]sonal "p ( ! "q1 let me fir/ specify ^? great g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ,m4 ,comte is at "o ) prec$+ ?9k]s2 & on :i* ,i am at "o ) ,m4 ,comte4 ,all k is f exp]i5ce1 holds ,m4 ,comte2 & ?is ,i also hold--hold x1 inde$1 9 a wid] s5se ?an ,m4 ,comte2 s9ce1 n only d ,i believe t all ! ideas acquir$ by individuals1 & consequ5tly all ! ideas transmitt$ by pa/ g5]ations1 are ?us d]iv$2 b ,i also cont5d t ! v faculties by :i* !y are acquir$1 are ! products ( accumulat$ & organiz$ exp]i5ces receiv$ by ance/ral races ( be+s 7see ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology74 ,b ! doctr9e t all k is f exp]i5ce1 is n orig9at$ by ,m4 ,comte2 nor is x claim$ by him4 ,he himself says--8,t\s les bons esprits rpt5t1 depuis ,bacon1 qu'il n'y a de connaissances relles que celles qui repos5t sur des faits obs]vs40 ,& ! elaboration & def9ite e/abli%m5t ( ?is doctr9e1 has be5 ! special *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( ,psy*ology4 ,nor am ,i aw>e t ,m4 ,comte1 accept+ ?is doctr9e1 has done any?+ to make x m c]ta91 or give x great] def9it5ess4 ,inde$ x 0 impossible = him to d s2 s9ce he repudiates t "p ( m5tal sci5ce by :i* alone ?is doctr9e c be prov$4 ,x is a fur!r belief ( ,m4 ,comte1 t all k is ph5om5al or relative2 & 9 ?is belief ,i entirely agree4 ,b no "o alleges t ! relativity ( all k 0 fir/ enunciat$ by ,m4 ,comte4 ,among o!rs :o h #abc m or less consi/5tly held ?is tru?1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton enum]ates1 ,protagoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,/4 ,augu/91 ,boe?ius1 ,av]roes1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,g]son1 ,leo ,hebru1 ,melanc?on1 ,scalig]1 ,francis ,piccolom9i1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,campanella1 ,bacon1 ,sp9oza1 ,newton1 ,kant4 ,& ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 8 8,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$10 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahbi1 has giv5 a sci5tific demon/ration ( ?is belief4 ,receiv+ x 9 common ) o!r ?9k]s1 f prec$+ ?9k]s1 ,m4 ,comte has n1 to my k1 advanc$ ?is belief4 ,nor inde$ c\ld he advance x1 = ! reason already giv5--he d5ies ! possibility ( t analysis ( ?\ght :i* discloses ! relativity ( all cognition4 ,m4 ,comte reprobates ! int]pretation ( diff]5t classes ( ph5om5a by assign+ metaphysical entities z _! causes2 & ,i co9cide 9 ! op9ion t ! assumption ( su* sep>ate entities1 ?\gh conv5i5t1 if n inde$ necess>y1 = purposes ( ?\ght1 is1 sci5tifically consid]$1 illegitimate4 ,?is op9ion is1 9 fact1 a coroll>y f ! la/2 & mu/ /& or fall ) x4 ,b l ! la/ x has be5 held ) m or less consi/5cy = g5]ations4 ,m4 ,comte himself quotes ,newton's favorite say+--8,o6 ,physics1 bew>e ( ,metaphysics60 ,nei!r to ?is doctr9e1 any m ?an to ! prec$+ doctr9es1 has ,m4 ,comte giv5 a firm] basis4 ,he has simply reass]t$ x2 & x 0 out ( ! "q = him to d m4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs1 8 d5ial ( subjective psy*ology deb>r$ him f prov+ t ^! metaphysical entities are m]e symbolic conceptions :i* d n admit ( v]ification4 ,la/ly1 ,m4 ,comte believes 9 inv>iable natural laws--absolute uni=mities ( relation among ph5om5a4 ,b v _m be=e him h believ$ 9 !m too4 ,long famili> ev5 beyond ! b\nds ( ! sci5tific _w1 ! proposition t !re is an un*ang+ ord] 9 ?+s1 has1 )9 ! sci5tific _w1 held1 = g5]ations1 ! #abd position ( an e/abli%$ po/ulate3 by "s m5 ( sci5ce recogniz$ only z hold+ ( inorganic ph5om5a2 b recogniz$ by o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 z univ]sal4 ,& ,m4 ,comte1 accept+ ?is doctr9e f ! pa/1 has left x sub/antially z x 04 ,?\gh he has ass]t$ new uni=mities1 ,i d n ?9k sci5tific m5 w admit t he has s demon/rat$ !m1 z to make ! induction m c]ta92 nor has he d$uctively e/abli%$ ! doctr9e1 by %[+ t uni=mity ( relation is a necess>y coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 z may readily be %[n4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! pre-e/abli%$ g5]al tru?s ) :i* ,m4 ,comte sets out--tru?s :i* _c be reg>d$ z di/9ctive ( 8 philosophy4 8,b :y10 x w p]haps be ask$1 8is x ne$ful to po9t out ?is2 see+ t no in/ruct$ read] supposes ^! tru?s to be peculi> to ,m4 ,comte80 ,i reply t ?\gh no disciple ( ,m4 ,comte w\ld delib]ately claim !m = him2 & ?\gh no !ological antagoni/ at all famili> ) sci5ce & philosophy1 supposes ,m4 ,comte to be ! fir/ prop\nd] ( !m2 yet !re is s /rong a t5d5cy to associate any doctr9es ) ! "n ( a conspicu\s rec5t expon5t ( !m1 t false impressions are produc$1 ev5 9 spite ( bett] k4 ,( ! ne$ = mak+ ?is reclamation1 def9ite pro( is at h&4 ,9 ! ,no4 ( ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes nam$ at ! comm5cem5t1 may be f\nd1 on p4 #icf1 ! words--8,t\te religion1 comme t\te philosophie1 a la prt5tion de donn] une explication de l'univ]s4 ,la philosophie qui s'appelle positive se di/+ue de t\tes les philosophies et de t\tes les religions en ce qu'elle a r5onc cette ambition de l'esprit huma920 & ! rema9d] ( ! p>agraph is devot$ to expla9+ ! doctr9e ( ! relativity ( k4 ,! next p>agraph beg9s--8,t\t imbu de ces ides1 que n\s exposons sans les discut] p\r le mom5t1 ,m4 ,sp5c] divise1 etc40 ,n[ ?is is "o ( ^? collocations ( ideas #abe :i* t5ds to create1 or to /r5g!n1 ! errone\s impression ,i w\ld dissipate4 ,i d n = a mom5t suppose t ,m4 ,laugel int5d$ to say t ^! ideas :i* he describes z ideas ( ! 8,positive ,philosophy10 are peculi>ly ! ideas ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,b little z he probably int5d$ x1 8 expressions sugge/ ?is conception4 ,9 ! m9ds ( bo? disciples & antagoni/s1 8! ,positive ,philosophy0 means ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte2 & to be imbu$ ) ! ideas ( 8! ,positive ,philosophy0 means to be imbu$ ) ! ideas ( ,m4 ,comte--to h receiv$ ^! ideas f ,m4 ,comte4 ,aft] :at has be5 said above1 ,i ne$ sc>cely repeat t ! conception ?us inadv]t5tly sugge/$1 is a wrong "o4 ,m4 ,comte's brief enunciations ( ^! g5]al tru?s1 gave me no cle>] appreh5sions ( !m ?an ,i _h be=e4 ,su* cl>ifications ( ideas on ^! ultimate que/ions1 z ,i c trace to any p>ticul> tea*]1 ,i owe to ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! pr9ciples :i* ,m4 ,comte held 9 common ) _m prec$+ & contempor>y ?9k]s1 let u pass n[ to ! pr9ciples t are di/9ctive ( 8 sy/em4 ,j z entirely z ,i agree ) ,m4 ,comte on ^? c>d9al doctr9es :i* we jo9tly inh]it2 s entirely d ,i disagree ) him on ^? c>d9al doctr9es :i* he prop\nds1 & :i* det]m9e ! organization ( 8 philosophy4 ,! be/ way ( %[+ ?is w be to comp>e1 side by side1 ! ,propositions held by ,m4 ,comte4 ,propositions :i* ,i hold4 84 4 4 *acune de nos conceptions ,! progress ( our conceptions1 pr9cipales1 *aque bran*e & ( ea* bran* ( k1 de nos connaissances1 passe is f beg9n+ to end successivem5t p> trois tats intr9sically alike4 ,!re are n ?oriques diffr5s3 l'tat ?ree me?ods ( philosophiz+ ?ologique1 ou fictif2 l'tat radically oppos$2 b "o me?od mtaphysique1 ou ab/rait2 ( philosophiz+ :i* rema9s1 l'tat sci5tifique1 ou positif4 9 ess5ce1 ! same4 ,at fir/1 ,en d'autres t]mes1 l'esprit & to ! la/1 ! conceiv$ huma91 p> sa nature1 emploie causal ag5cies ( ph5om5a1 successivem5t dans *acune de h a degree ( g5]ality ses re*]*es trois m?odes de correspond+ #abf to ! wid? philosoph]1 dont le c>actre ( ! g5]alizations :i* e/ ess5tiellem5t diffr5t et exp]i5ces h det]m9$2 & mme radicalem5t oppos3 d'abord !y *ange j z gradually la m?ode ?ologique1 ensuite z exp]i5ces accumulate4 ,! la m?ode mtaphysique1 et enf9 integration ( causal ag5cies1 la m?ode positive40 ,c\rs de orig9ally ?\ght ( z ,philosophie ,positive1 #ahcj1 ,vol4 multitud9\s & local1 b i4 p4 #c4 f9ally believ$ to be "o & univ]sal1 is a process :i* involves ! pass+ ?r\gh all int]m$iate /eps betwe5 ^! extremes2 & any appe>ance ( /ages c be b sup]ficial4 ,suppos$ concrete & individual causal ag5cies1 coalesce 9 ! m9d z fa/ z gr\ps ( ph5om5a are assimilat$1 or se5 to be simil>ly caus$4 ,along ) _! coalesc5ce1 comes a great] ext5sion ( _! individualities1 & a concomitant loss ( di/9ctness 9 _! individualities4 ,gradually1 by cont9uance ( su* coalesc5ces1 causal ag5cies become1 9 ?\ght1 diffus$ & indef9ite4 ,& ev5tually1 )\t any *ange 9 ! nature ( ! process1 !re is rea*$ ! consci\sness ( a univ]sal causal ag5cy1 :i* _c be conceiv$4#ad 8,le sy/me ?ologique e/ ,z ! progress ( ?\ght is p>v5u la plus haute p]fection "o1 s is ! end "o4 ,!re dont il soit susceptible1 are n ?ree possible t]m9al qu& il a sub/itu l'action conceptions2 b only a s+le provid5tielle d'un tre unique au t]m9al conception4 ,:5 jeu v>i des nombreuses div9its ! !ological idea ( ! indp5dantes qui avai5t t provid5tial action ( "o be+1 imag9es primitivem5t4 ,de mme1 is develop$ to its ultimate le d]ni] t]me du sy/me =m1 by ! absorption ( all metaphysique consi/e concevoir1 indep5d5t second>y ag5cies1 au lieu des diffr5tes entits x becomes ! conception ( a p>ticulires1 une seule gr&e be+ imman5t 9 all ph5om5a2 entit gnrale1 la nature1 & ! r$uction ( x to envisage comme la s\rce ?is #abg /ate1 implies ! unique de t\s les phnomnes4 fad+-away1 9 ?\ght1 ( all ,p>eillem5t1 la p]fection du ^? an?ropomorphic attributes sy/me positif1 v]s laquelle by :i* ! aborig9al idea il t5d sans cesse1 quoiqu'il 0 di/+ui%$4 ,! alleg$ soit trs-probable qu'il ne doive la/ t]m ( ! metaphysical jamais l'atte9dre1 s]ait de sy/em--! conception ( a p\voir se reprs5t] t\s les s+le great g5]al entity1 div]s phnomnes obs]vables nature1 z ! s\rce ( all comme des cas p>ticuli]s d'un ph5om5a--is a conception seul fait gnral1 tel que celui id5tical ) ! previ\s "o3 de la gravitation1 p> exemple40 ! consci\sness ( a s+le p4 #e4 s\rce :i*1 9 com+ to be reg>d$ z univ]sal1 ceases to be reg>d$ z conceivable1 diff]s 9 no?+ b "n f ! consci\sness ( "o be+1 manife/$ 9 all ph5om5a4 ,& simil>ly1 t :i* is describ$ z ! ideal /ate ( sci5ce--! p[] to repres5t all obs]vable ph5om5a z p>ticul> cases ( a s+le g5]al fact1 implies ! po/ulat+ ( "s ultimate exi/5ce ( :i* ?is s+le fact is alleg$2 & ! po/ulat+ ( ?is ultimate exi/5ce1 involves a /ate ( consci\sness indi/+ui%able f ! o!r two4 84 4 4 la p]fection du sy/me ,?\gh along ) ! ext5sion positif1 v]s laquelle il t5d ( g5]alizations1 & sans cesse1 quoiqu'il soit concomitant integration ( trs-probable1 qu'il ne doive conceiv$ causal ag5cies1 ! jamais l'atte9dre1 s]ait de conceptions ( causal ag5cies p\voir se reprs5t] t\s les gr[ m indef9ite2 & ?\gh div]s phnomnes obs]vables z !y gradually coalesce into comme des cas p>ticuli]s d'un a univ]sal causal ag5cy1 seul fait g5]al1 p4 #e4 4 4 4 4 4 !y cease to be repres5table considrant comme absolum5t 9 ?\ght1 & are no long] inaccessible1 et vide de s5s suppos$ to be compreh5sible2 p\r n\s la re*]*e de ce yet ! consci\sness ( cause qu'on appelle les causes1 soit rema9s z dom9ant to ! la/ premires1 soit f9ales40 p4 #ad4 z x 0 at fir/2 & c nev] be got rid (4 ,! consci\sness ( cause c be aboli%$ only by aboli%+ consci\sness itself4#ae 7,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #bf47 #abh 8,ce n'e/ pas aux lecteurs de cet ,ideas d n gov]n & ouvrage que je croirai jamais ov]?r[ ! _w3 ! _w devoir pr\v] que les ides is gov]n$ or ov]?r[n by g\v]n5t et b\lev]s5t le feel+s1 to :i* ideas s]ve monde1 ou1 en d'autres t]mes1 que only z guides4 ,! social t\t le mcanisme social repose me*anism does n re/ f9ally f9alem5t sur des op9ions4 ,ils on op9ions2 b almo/ :olly sav5t surt\t que la gr&e on "*4 ,n intellectual crise politique et morale des an>*y1 b moral antagonism1 is socits actuelles ti5t1 en ! cause ( political crises4 d]nire analyse1 l'an>*ie ,all social ph5om5a are produc$ intellectuelle40 p4 #dh4af by ! totality ( human emotions & beliefs2 ( :i* ! emotions are ma9ly pre-det]m9$1 :ile ! beliefs are ma9ly po/-det]m9$4 ,m5's desires are *iefly inh]it$2 b _! beliefs are *iefly acquir$1 & dep5d on surr\nd+ conditions2 & ! mo/ important surr\nd+ conditions dep5d on ! social /ate :i* ! preval5t desires h produc$4 ,! social /ate at any "t exi/+1 is ! resultant ( all ! ambitions1 self-int]e/s1 fe>s1 rev]5ces1 indignations1 sympa?ies1 etc41 ( ance/ral citiz5s & exi/+ citiz5s4 ,! ideas curr5t 9 ?is social /ate1 mu/1 on ! av]age1 be congru\s ) ! feel+s ( citiz5s2 & !re=e1 on ! av]age1 ) ! social /ate ^! feel+s h produc$4 ,ideas :olly =eign to ?is social /ate #abi _c be evolv$1 & if introduc$ f )\t1 _c get accept$--or1 if accept$1 die out :5 ! tempor>y phase ( feel+ :i* caus$ _! acceptance1 ends4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh advanc$ ideas :5 once e/abli%$1 act on society & aid its fur!r advance2 yet ! e/abli%m5t ( su* ideas dep5ds on ! fitness ( ! society = receiv+ !m4 ,practically1 ! popul> "* & ! social /ate1 det]m9e :at ideas %all be curr5t2 in/ead ( ! curr5t ideas det]m9+ ! social /ate & ! "*4 ,! modification ( m5's moral natures1 caus$ by ! cont9u\s discipl9e ( social life1 :i* adapts !m m & m to social relations1 is !re=e ! *ief proximate cause ( social progress4 7,social ,/atics1 *ap4 xxx47 84 4 4 je ne dois pas nglig] ,! ord] 9 :i* ! d'indiqu] d'avance1 comme une g5]alizations ( sci5ce are proprit ess5tielle de l'*elle e/abli%$1 is det]m9$ by encyclopdique que je vais ! frequ5cy & impressiv5ess propos]1 sa con=mit gnrale ) :i* diff]5t classes avec l'ensemble de l'hi/oire ( relations are repeat$ 9 sci5tifique2 en ce s5s1 que1 consci\s exp]i5ce2 & ?is malgr la simultanx relle et dep5ds1 p>tly on ! directness cont9ue du dveloppem5t des ) :i* p]sonal welf>e diffr5tes sci5ces1 celles qui is affect$2 p>tly on ! s]ont classes comme antrieures conspicu\sness ( "o or bo? ! s]ont1 en effet1 plus anci5nes ph5om5a betwe5 :i* a relation et con/amm5t plus avances is to be p]ceiv$2 p>tly on que celles prs5tes comme ! absolute frequ5cy ) :i* po/rieures40 p4 #hd4 4 4 ! relations occur2 p>tly on 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,cet ordre e/ _! relative frequ5cy ( dt]m9 p> le degr de occurr5ce2 p>tly on _! simplicit1 ou1 ce qui revi5t au degree ( simplicity2 & p>tly mme1 p> le degr de gnralit on _! degree ( ab/ractness4 des phnomnes40 p4 #hg4 7,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #a/ ed41 #cf2 or o!rwise see 8,essay on ,laws 9 ,g5]al & ! ,ord] ( _! ,discov]y407 8,en rsultat df9itif1 la ,! sci5ces z arrang$ 9 ?is ma?matique1 l'a/ronomie1 succession specifi$ by ,m4 ,comte1 la physique1 la *imie1 la d n logically con=m to ! physiologie1 et la physique natural & inv>iable hi]>*y sociale2 telle e/ la =mule ( ph5om5a2 & #acj !re encyclopdique qui1 p>mi is no s]ial ord] :atev] 9 le trs-gr& nombre de :i* !y c be plac$1 :i* classifications que comport5t les repres5ts ei!r _! logical six sci5ces fondam5tales1 e/ dep5d5ce or ! dep5d5ce seule logiquem5t con=me la ( ph5om5a4 7,see ,g5esis ( hir>*ie naturelle et inv>iable ,sci5ce1 & =ego+ ,essay47 des phnomnes40#ag p4 #aae4 8,on conoit1 en effet1 que l'tude ,! hi/orical developm5t ( rationelle de *aque sci5ce ! sci5ces has n tak5 fondam5tale exigeant la culture place 9 ?is s]ial ord]2 nor pralable de t\tes celles qui la 9 any o!r s]ial ord]4 ,!re prcd5t dans notre hir>*ie is no 8true filiation ( ! encyclopdique1 n'a pu faire de sci5ces40 ,f ! beg9n+1 progrs rels et pr5dre son ! ab/ract sci5ces1 ! vritable c>actre1 qu' aprs un ab/ract-concrete sci5ces1 & gr& dveloppem5t des sci5ces ! concrete sci5ces1 h antrieures relatives des progress$ toge!r3 ! fir/ phnomnes plus gnraux1 plus solv+ problems :i* ! second ab/raits1 mo9s compliqus1 et & ?ird pres5t$1 & gr[+ indp5dans des autres4 ,c'e/ done only by ! solution ( ! dans cet ordre que la progression1 problems2 & ! second simil>ly quoique simultane1 a d avoir gr[+ by jo9+ ! fir/ lieu40 p4 #ajj4 9 solv+ ! problems ( ! ?ird4 ,all along !re has be5 a cont9u\s action & reaction betwe5 ! ?ree great classes ( sci5ces--an advance f concrete facts to ab/ract facts1 & !n an application ( su* ab/ract facts to ! analysis ( new ord]s ( concrete facts4 7,see ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce47 ,su* !n are ! organiz+ pr9ciples ( ,m4 ,comte's philosophy & my reasons = reject+ !m4 ,leav+ out ( 8 8,exposition0 ^? pre-e/abli%$ g5]al #aca doctr9es :i* are ! common prop]ty ( mod]n ?9k]s2 ^! are ! g5]al doctr9es :i* rema9--^! are ! doctr9es :i* fundam5tally di/+ui% 8 sy/em4 ,f e "o ( !m ,i diss5t4 ,to ea* proposition ,i oppose ei!r a widely-diff]5t proposition1 or a direct negation2 & ,i n only d x n[1 b h done x f ! "t :5 ,i became acqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s4 ,! rejection ( 8 c>d9al pr9ciples %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 alone suffice2 b !re are sundry o!r views ( 81 "s ( !m l>gely *>act]iz+ 8 sy/em1 :i* ,i equally reject4 ,let u glance at !m4 ,h[ organic be+s h ,?is inquiry1 ,i believe1 admits orig9at$1 is an inquiry :i* ( answ]1 & w be answ]$4 ,m4 ,comte deprecates z a useless ,t division ( ,biology :i* speculation3 ass]t+1 z he conc]ns itself ) ! orig9 ( does1 t species are immutable4 species1 ,i hold to be ! supreme division1 to :i* all o!rs are subsidi>y4 ,= on ! v]dict ( ,biology on ?is matt]1 mu/ :olly dep5d our conception ( human nature1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future2 our !ory ( ! m9d2 & our !ory ( society4 ,m4 ,comte cont5ds t ( :at is ,i h v emphatically express$ commonly kn[n z m5tal sci5ce1 my belief 9 a subjective sci5ce all t mo/ important "p ( ! m9d1 by writ+ a :i* consi/s ( ! subjective ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 "o analysis ( our ideas1 is an half ( :i* is subjective4 impossibility4 ,m4 ,comte's ideal ( society ,t =m ( society t[>ds :i* is "o 9 :i* gov]nm5t we is are progress+1 ,i hold develop$ to ! greate/ to be "o 9 :i* gov]nm5t ext5t--9 :i* class-functions w be r$uc$ to ! smalle/ are f> m "u consci\s am\nt possible1 & fre$om public regulation ?an n[--9 increas$ to ! greate/ am\nt :i* hi]>*ical organization possible--"o 9 :i* human ) unque/ion$ au?ority nature w h become s m\ld$ %all guide ev]y?+--9 :i* by social discipl9e into fitness ! individual life %all be = ! social /ate1 t x w subord9at$ 9 ! greate/ ne$ little ext]nal re/ra9t1 degree to ! social life4 b w be self-re/ra9$--"o 9 :i* ! citiz5 w tol]ate no int]f]5ce ) 8 fre$om1 save t :i* ma9ta9s ! equal fre$om ( o!rs--"o 9 :i* ! spontane\s #acb co-op]ation :i* has develop$ our indu/rial sy/em1 & is n[ develop+ x ) increas+ rapidity1 w produce ag5cies = ! dis*>ge ( ne>ly all social functions1 & w leave to ! prim>y gov]nm5tal ag5cy no?+ beyond ! function ( ma9ta9+ ^? conditions to free action1 :i* make su* spontane\s co-op]ation possible--"o 9 :i* individual life w ?us be pu%$ to ! greate/ ext5t consi/5t ) social life2 & 9 :i* social life w h no o!r end ?an to ma9ta9 ! complete/ sph]e = individual life4 ,m4 ,comte1 n includ+ 9 8 ,i conceive1 on ! o!r h&1 philosophy ! consci\sness ( t ! object ( religi\s a cause manife/$ to u 9 all s5tim5t w ev] cont9ue ph5om5a1 & yet hold+ t to be1 t :i* x has ev] !re mu/ be a religion1 :i* be5--! unkn[n s\rce ( mu/ h an object1 takes = 8 ?+s4 ,:ile ! =ms "u object--,humanity4 8,?is ,collective :i* m5 are consci\s ( ! ,life 7( ,society7 is 9 ,comte's unkn[n s\rce ( ?+s1 may sy/em ! tre ,suprme2 ! fade away1 ! sub/ance ( only "o we c "k !re=e ! consci\sness is p]man5t4 ! only "o we c wor%ip40 ,beg9n+ ) causal ag5ts conceiv$ z imp]fectly kn[n2 progress+ to causal ag5ts conceiv$ z less kn[n & less kn[able2 & com+ at la/ to a univ]sal causal ag5t posit$ z n to be kn[n at all2 ! religi\s s5tim5t mu/ ev] cont9ue to occupy itself ) ?is univ]sal causal ag5t4 ,hav+ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution come to h = its object ( contemplation ! ,inf9ite ,unkn[able1 ! religi\s s5tim5t c nev] aga9 7unless by retrogression7 take a ,f9ite ,kn[able1 l ,humanity1 = its object ( contemplation4 ,"h1 !n1 are sundry o!r po9ts1 all ( !m important1 & ! la/ two supremely important1 on :i* ,i am diametrically oppos$ to ,m4 ,comte2 & did space p]mit1 ,i c\ld add _m o!rs4 ,radically diff]+ f him z ,i ?us d1 9 ev]y?+ di/9ctive ( 8 philosophy2 & hav+ inv>iably express$ my diss5t1 #acc publicly & privately1 f ! "t ,i became acqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s2 x may be imag9$ t ,i h be5 n a little />tl$ to f9d myself class$ z "o ( ! same s*ool4 ,t any :o are acqua9t$ ) my writ+s1 %\ld suppose ,i h any g5]al sympa?y ) ,m4 ,comte1 save t impli$ by pref]r+ prov$ facts to sup]/itions1 a/oni%es me4 ,x is true t1 disagree+ ) ,m4 ,comte1 ?\gh ,i d1 9 all ^? fundam5tal views t are peculi> to him1 ,i agree ) him 9 sundry m9or views4 ,! doctr9e t ! education ( ! individual %\ld accord 9 mode & arrangem5t ) ! education ( mank9d1 consid]$ hi/orically1 ,i h cit$ f him2 & h endeav\r$ to en=ce x4 ,i entirely concur 9 8 op9ion t !re requires a new ord] ( sci5tific m51 ^: function %all be t ( co-ord9at+ ! results arriv$ at by ! re/4 ,to him1 ,i believe1 ,i am indebt$ = ! conception ( a social cons5sus2 & :5 ! "t comes = deal+ ) ?is conception1 ,i %all /ate my indebt$ness4 ,& ,i also adopt 8 ^w1 ,sociology4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 9 ! "p ( 8 writ+s :i* ,i h read1 v>i\s incid5tal ?\ghts ( great dep? & value2 & ,i d\bt n t 7 ,i to read m ( 8 writ+s1 ,i %\ld f9d o!rs4#ah ,x is v probable1 too1 t ,i h said 7z ,i am told ,i h7 "s ?+s :i* ,m4 ,comte _h already said4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 ,i believe1 to f9d two m5 :o _h no op9ions 9 common4 ,& x w\ld be extremely /range if two m51 />t+ f ! same g5]al doctr9es e/abli%$ by mod]n sci5ce1 %\ld trav]se "s ( ! same fields ( inquiry1 )\t _! l9es ( ?\ght hav+ any po9ts ( int]section4 ,b #acd none ( ^! m9or agreem5ts c be ( mu* weight 9 comp>ison ) ! fundam5tal disagreem5ts above specifi$4 ,leav+ out ( view t g5]al community :i* we bo? h ) ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! age1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 u are ess5tial1 :ile ! correspond5ces are non-ess5tial4 ,& ,i v5ture to ?9k t k9%ip mu/ be det]m9$ by ess5tials1 & n by non-ess5tials4#ai 99 99 99 99 99 ,jo9$ ) ! ambigu\s use ( ! phrase 8,positive ,philosophy10 :i* has l$ to a class+ ) ,m4 ,comte ( _m m5 :o ei!r ignore or reject 8 di/9ctive pr9ciples1 !re has be5 "o special circum/ance t has t5d$ to orig9ate & ma9ta9 ?is class+ 9 my own case4 ,! assumption ( "s relation%ip betwe5 ,m4 ,comte & myself1 0 unavoidably rais$ by ! title ( my fir/ book--,social ,/atics4 ,:5 t book 0 publi%$1 ,i 0 unaw>e t ?is title _h be5 be=e us$3 _h ,i kn[n ! fact1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h adopt$ an alt]native title :i* ,i _h 9 view4#bj ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( #ace ! title1 ! "w itself be consid]$1 its irrelation to ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte becomes abundantly manife/4 ,!re is decisive te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,augu/1 #ahea1 a review] ( ,social ,/atics says 8,! title ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 is a complete misnom]4 ,accord+ to all analogy1 ! phrase 8,social ,/atics0 %\ld be us$ only 9 "s su* s5se z t 9 :i*1 z we h already expla9$1 x is us$ by ,comte1 namely z designat+ a bran* ( inquiry ^: end x is to asc]ta9 ! laws ( social equilibrium or ord]1 z di/9ct ideally f ^? ( social movem5t or progress4 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n seem to h _h ! slighte/ notion1 b to h *os5 ! "n = 8 "w only z a means ( indicat+ vaguely t x propos$ to treat ( social conc]ns 9 a sci5tific mann]40--p4 #cba4 ,respect+ ,m4 ,comte's application ( ! words /atics & dynamics to social ph5om5a1 n[ t ,i "k :at x is1 ,i w only say t :ile ,i p]fectly und]/& h[1 by a def5sible ext5sion ( _! ma!matical mean+s1 ! "o may be us$ to indicate social functions 9 balance1 & ! o!r social functions out ( balance1 ,i am q at a loss to und]/& h[ ! ph5om5a ( /ructure c be includ$ 9 ! "o any m ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b ! two ?+s :i* "h conc]n me1 are1 fir/1 to po9t out t ,i _h n 8! slighte/ notion0 ( giv+ ,social ,/atics ! mean+ :i* ,m4 ,comte gave x2 &1 second1 to expla9 ! mean+ :i* ,i did give x4 ,! units ( any aggregate ( matt]1 are 9 equilibrium :5 !y sev]ally act & re-act on "o ano!r on all sides ) equal =ces4 ,a /ate ( *ange among !m implies t !re are =ces ex]cis$ by "s t are n c\nt]balanc$ by l =ces ex]cis$ by o!rs2 & a /ate ( re/ implies ! abs5ce ( su* unc\nt]balanc$ #acf =ces--implies1 if ! units are homog5e\s1 equal di/ances among !m--implies a ma9t5ance ( _! respective sph]es ( molecul> motion4 ,simil>ly among ! units ( a society1 ! fundam5tal condition to equilibrium1 is1 t ! re/ra9+ =ces :i* ! units ex]cise on ea* o!r1 %all be balanc$4 ,if ! sph]es ( action ( "s units are dim9i%$ by ext5sion ( ! sph]es ( action ( o!rs1 !re necess>ily results an unbalanc$ =ce :i* t5ds to produce political *ange 9 ! relations ( individuals2 & ! t5d5cy to *ange c cease1 only :5 individuals cease to aggress on ea* o!r's sph]es ( action--only :5 !re is ma9ta9$ t law ( equal fre$om1 :i* x 0 ! purpose ( ,social ,/atics to en=ce 9 all its consequ5ces4 ,besides ?is totally-unlike conception ( :at con/itutes ,social ,/atics1 ! "w to :i* ,i appli$ t title1 is fundam5tally at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's tea*+s 9 almo/ ev]y?+4 ,s f> f alleg+1 z ,m4 ,comte does1 t society is to be re-organiz$ by philosophy2 x alleges t society is to be re-organiz$ only by ! accumulat$ effects ( habit on "*4 ,its aim is n ! increase ( au?oritative control ov] citiz5s1 b ! decrease ( x4 ,a m pron\nc$ individualism1 in/ead ( a m pron\nc$ nationalism1 is its ideal4 ,s pr(\ndly is my political cre$ at v>iance ) ! cre$ ( ,m4 ,comte1 t1 unless ,i am mis9=m$1 x has be5 in/anc$ by a lead+ ,engli% disciple ( ,m4 ,comte z ! cre$ to :i* he has ! greate/ av]sion4 ,"o po9t ( co9cid5ce1 h[ev]1 is recognizable4 ,! analogy betwe5 an individual organism & a social organism1 :i* 0 held by ,plato & by ,hobbes1 is ass]t$ 9 ,social ,/atics1 z x is 9 ! ,sociology ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,v rightly1 ,m4 ,comte has made ?is analogy ! c>d9al idea ( ?is division ( 8 philosophy4 ,9 ,social ,/atics1 ! aim ( :i* is ess5tially e?ical1 ?is analogy is po9t$ out incid5tally1 to en=ce c]ta9 e?ical consid]ations2 & is !re obvi\sly sugge/$ p>tly by ! def9ition ( life :i* #acg ,col]idge d]iv$ f ,s*ell+1 & p>tly by ! g5]alizations ( physiologi/s !re ref]r$ to 7*ap4 xxx4 4 #ab1 #ac1 #af74 ,except+ ?is incid5tal agreem5t1 h[ev]1 ! cont5ts ( ,social ,/atics are s entirely antagoni/ic to ! philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte1 t1 b = ! title1 ! "w w\ld nev]1 ,i ?9k1 h rais$ ! remembrance ( him--unless1 inde$1 by ! association ( opposites4#ba ,& n[ let me po9t out t :i* really has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce ov] my c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,! tru? :i* ,h>vey's embryological inquiries fir/ dimly indicat$1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds m cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ,wolff1 & :i* 0 put into a def9ite %ape by ,von ,ba]--! tru? t all organic developm5t is a *ange f a /ate ( homog5eity to a /ate ( het]og5eity--?is x is f :i* v _m ( ! conclusions :i* ,i n[ hold1 h indirectly result$4 ,9 ,social ,/atics1 !re is ev]y:]e manife/$ a dom9ant belief 9 ! evolution ( man & ( society4 ,!re is also manife/$ ! belief t ?is evolution is 9 bo? cases det]m9$ by ! incid5ce ( conditions--! actions ( circum/ances4 ,& !re is fur!r1 9 ! sections already ref]r$ to1 a recognition ( ! fact t organic & social evolutions1 con=m to ! same law4 ,fall+ amid beliefs 9 evolutions ( v>i\s ord]s1 ev]y:]e det]m9$ by natural causes 7beliefs #ach aga9 display$ 9 ! ,!ory ( ,population & 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology72 ! =mula ( ,von ,ba] set up a process ( organization4 ,! ext5sion ( x to o!r k9ds ( ph5om5a ?an ^? ( individual & social bodies1 is traceable ?r\gh successive /ages4 ,x may be se5 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( an essay on 8,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle10 publi%$ 9 ,octob]1 #aheb2 aga9 9 an essay on 8,mann]s & ,fa%ion10 publi%$ 9 ,april1 #ahed2 & !n1 9 a comp>atively advanc$ =m1 9 an essay on 8,progress3 its ,law & ,cause10 publi%$ 9 ,april1 #aheg4 ,aft]w>ds1 !re came ! recognition ( ! ne$ = modify+ ,von ,ba]'s =mula by includ+ ! trait ( increas+ def9it5ess2 next ! inquiry into ^? g5]al laws ( =ce f :i* ?is univ]sal trans=mation necess>ily results2 next ! d$uction ( ^! f ! ultimate law ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce2 next ! p]ception t !re is ev]y:]e a process ( ,dissolution complem5t>y to t ( ,evolution2 &1 f9ally1 ! det]m9ation ( ! conditions 7specifi$ 9 ! =ego+ essay7 "u :i* ,evolution & ,dissolution respectively occur4 ,! filiation ( ^! results is1 ,i ?9k1 tol]ably manife/4 ,! process has be5 "o ( cont9u\s developm5t1 set up by ! addition ( ,von ,ba]'s law to a numb] ( ideas t 7 9 h>mony ) x4 ,& ,i am n consci\s ( any o!r influ5ces by :i* ! process has be5 affect$4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t !re may h be5 influ5ces ( :i* ,i am n consci\s2 & my opposition to ,m4 ,comte's sy/em may h be5 "o ( !m4 ,! pres5tation ( antagoni/ic ?\ghts1 (t5 produces great] def9it5ess & developm5t ( "o's own ?\ghts4 ,x is probable t ! doctr9es set =? 9 ! essay on 8,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 might nev] h be5 rea*$1 _h n my diss5t f ,m4 ,comte's conception1 l$ me to "w !m out2 & b = ?is1 ,i might n h arriv$ at ! classification ( ! sci5ces exhibit$ 9 ! =ego+ essay4 ,possibly !re are o!r cases 9 :i* ! /imulus ( #aci repugnance to ,m4 ,comte's views1 may h aid$ 9 elaborat+ my own views2 ?\gh ,i _c call to m9d any o!r cases4 ,let x by no means be suppos$ f all ,i h said1 t ,i d n reg>d ,m4 ,comte's speculations z ( value4 ,true or untrue1 8 sy/em z a :ole1 has d\btless produc$ important & salut>y revolutions ( ?\ght 9 _m m9ds2 & w d\btless d s 9 _m m4 ,d\btless1 too1 n a few ( ^? :o diss5t f 8 g5]al views1 h be5 heal?fully /imulat$ by consid]ation ( !m4 ,! pres5tation ( sci5tific k & me?od z a :ole1 :e!r rightly or wrongly co-ord9at$1 _c h fail$ greatly to wid5 ! conceptions ( mo/ ( 8 read]s4 ,& he has done especial s]vice by famili>iz+ m5 ) ! idea ( a social sci5ce1 bas$ on ! o!r sci5ces4 ,beyond :i* b5efits result+ f ! g5]al "* & scope ( 8 philosophy1 ,i believe t !re are scatt]$ ?r\gh 8 pages _m l>ge ideas t are valuable n only z /imuli1 b = _! actual tru?4 ,x has be5 by no means an agreeable task to make ^! p]sonal explanations2 b x has seem$ to me a task n to be avoid$4 ,diff]+ s pr(\ndly z ,i d f ,m4 ,comte on all fundam5tal doctr9es1 save ^? :i* we inh]it 9 common f ! pa/2 x has become ne$ful to dissipate ! impression t ,i agree ) him--ne$ful to %[ t a l>ge "p ( :at is curr5tly kn[n z 8positive philosophy10 is n 8positive philosophy0 9 ! s5se ( be+ peculi>ly ,m4 ,comte's philosophy2 & to %[ t beyond t portion ( ! s-call$ 8positive philosophy0 :i* is n peculi> to him1 ,i diss5t f x4 ,& n[ at ! close1 z at ! outset1 let me express my great regret t ^! explanations %\ld h be5 call$ =? by ! /atem5ts ( a critic :o has treat$ me s lib]ally4 ,no?+ w1 ,i fe>1 prev5t ! =ego+ pages f appe>+ l a v ungraci\s response to ,m4 ,laugel's sympa!tically-writt5 review4 ,i c only hope t ! gravity ( ! "q at issue1 9 s f> z x #adj conc]ns myself1 may be tak5 9 mitigation1 if n z a suffici5t apology4 ,,note4 ,! prec$+ pages orig9ally =m$ ! second portion ( a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces3 to :i* are add$ ,reasons = diss5t+ f ! ,philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahfd4 ,= "s "t pa/ ?is pamphlet has be5 includ$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( my ,essays1 c41 & has be5 no long] accessible 9 a sep>ate =m4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 diffus$ afre%1 ! misconception :i* orig9ally l$ me to exhibit my entire rejection ( ^? views ( ,m4 ,comte1 :i* ess5tially di/+ui% 8 sy/em f o!r sy/ems2 & ! motives :i* !n prompt$ me to publi% ! reasons = ?is rejection1 n[ prompt me to put !m )9 ! rea* ( all :o c>e to inquire ab\t ! matt]4 ,! ,app5dix1 pres5t+ an outl9e ( ! lead+ propositions ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 w fur!r aid ! read] 9 =m+ a correct judgm5t4 ,oct4 #g1 #ahhd4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,"s f\rte5 or m ye>s ago1 an ,am]ican fri5d reque/$ me1 ) a view to a c]ta9 use :i* he nam$1 to furni% him ) a succ9ct /atem5t ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples develop$ 9 ! successive works ,i _h publi%$ & 9 ^? ,i 0 int5d+ to publi%4 ,?is /atem5t ,i "h reproduce4 ,hav+ be5 writt5 solely = an expository purpose1 & )\t ?\ght ( ,m4 ,comte & 8 sy/em1 x w s]ve bett] ?an a /atem5t n[ drawn up s9ce x is n op5 to ! suspicion ( be+ adapt$ to ! occasion4#bb 8#a4 ,?r\gh\t ! univ]se 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 !re is an unceas+ r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion4 8#b4 ,?is r$i/ribution con/itutes evolution :]e !re is a #ada pr$om9ant integration ( matt] & dissipation ( motion1 & con/itutes dissolution :]e !re is a pr$om9ant absorption ( motion & dis9tegration ( matt]4 8#c4 ,evolution is simple :5 ! process ( integration1 or ! =mation ( a coh]5t aggregate1 proce$s uncomplicat$ by o!r processes4 8#d4 ,evolution is comp\nd :51 along ) ?is prim>y *ange f an incoh]5t to a coh]5t /ate1 !re g on second>y *anges due to diff]5ces 9 ! circum/ances ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! aggregate4 8#e4 ,^! second>y *anges con/itute a trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s--a trans=mation :i*1 l ! fir/1 is exhibit$ 9 ! univ]se z a :ole & 9 all 7or ne>ly all7 its details3 9 ! aggregate ( />s & nebulae2 9 ! planet>y sy/em2 9 ! e>? z an inorganic mass2 9 ea* organism1 vegetal or animal 7,von ,ba]'s law72 9 ! aggregate ( organisms ?r\gh\t geologic "t2 9 ! m9d2 9 society2 9 all products ( social activity4 8#f4 ,! process ( integration1 act+ locally z well z g5]ally1 comb9es ) ! process ( diff]5tiation to r5d] ?is *ange n simply f homog5eity to het]og5eity1 b f an indef9ite homog5eity to a def9ite het]og5eity2 & ?is trait ( increas+ def9it5ess1 :i* accompanies ! trait ( increas+ het]og5eity1 is1 l x1 exhibit$ 9 ! totality ( ?+s & 9 all its divisions & sub-divisions d[n to ! m9ute/4 8#g4 ,along ) ?is r$i/ribution ( ! matt] compos+ any evolv+ aggregate1 !re goes on a r$i/ribution ( ! reta9$ motion ( its compon5ts 9 relation to "o ano!r3 ?is also becomes1 /ep by /ep1 m def9itely het]og5e\s4 8#h4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a homog5eity t is inf9ite & absolute1 t r$i/ribution ( :i* evolution is "o phase1 is inevitable4 ,! causes :i* necessitate x are ^!3 8#i4 ,! in/ability ( ! homog5e\s1 :i* is consequ5t ^u ! diff]5t exposures ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( any limit$ aggregate to incid5t =ces4 ,! trans=mations h5ce result+ are complicat$ by 8#aj4 ,! multiplication ( effects4 ,e mass & "p ( a mass on :i* a =ce falls1 sub-divides & diff]5tiates t =ce1 :i* !reupon proce$s to "w a v>iety ( *anges2 & ea* ( ^! becomes ! p>5t ( simil>ly-multiply+ *anges3 ! multiplication ( !m becom+ great] 9 proportion z ! aggregate becomes m het]og5e\s4 ,& ^! two causes ( increas+ diff]5tiations are fur!r$ by 8#aa4 ,segregation1 :i* is a process t5d+ ev] to sep>ate unlike units & to br+ toge!r l units--s s]v+ cont9ually to %>p51 or make def9ite1 diff]5tiations o!rwise caus$4 8#ab4 ,equilibration is ! f9al result ( ^! trans=mations :i* an evolv+ aggregate und]goes4 ,! *anges g on until !re is rea*$ an equilibrium betwe5 ! =ces :i* all p>ts ( ! aggregate are expos$ to & ! =ces ^! p>ts oppose to !m4 ,equilibration may pass ?r\gh a transition /age ( balanc$ motions 7z 9 a planet>y sy/em7 or ( #adb balanc$ functions 7z 9 a liv+ body7 on ! way to ultimate equilibrium2 b ! /ate ( re/ 9 inorganic bodies1 or dea? 9 organic bodies1 is ! necess>y limit ( ! *anges con/itut+ evolution4 8#ac4 ,dissolution is ! c\nt]-*ange :i* soon] or lat] e evolv$ aggregate und]goes4 ,rema9+ expos$ to surr\nd+ =ces t are unequilibrat$1 ea* aggregate is ev] liable to be dissipat$ by ! increase1 gradual or sudd51 ( its conta9$ motion2 & its dissipation1 quickly und]gone by bodies lately animate & sl[ly und]gone by inanimate masses1 rema9s to be und]gone at an indef9itely remote p]iod by ea* planet>y & /ell> mass1 :i*1 s9ce an indef9itely di/ant p]iod 9 ! pa/1 has be5 sl[ly evolv+3 ! cycle ( its trans=mations be+ ?us complet$4 8#ad4 ,?is rhy?m ( evolution & dissolution1 complet+ itself dur+ %ort p]iods 9 small aggregates1 & 9 ! va/ aggregates di/ribut$ ?r\gh space complet+ itself 9 p]iods :i* are immeasurable by human ?\ght1 is1 s f> z we c see1 univ]sal & et]nal--ea* alt]nat+ phase ( ! process pr$om9at+ n[ 9 ?is region ( space & n[ 9 t1 z local conditions det]m9e4 8#ae4 ,all ^! ph5om5a1 f _! great features d[n to _! m9ute/ details1 are necess>y results ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 "u its =ms ( matt] & motion4 ,giv5 ^! z di/ribut$ ?r\gh space1 & _! quantities be+ un*angeable1 ei!r by increase or decrease1 !re inevitably result ! cont9u\s r$i/ributions di/+ui%able z evolution & dissolution1 z well z all ^? special traits above enum]at$4 8#af4 ,t :i* p]si/s un*ang+ 9 quantity b ev] *ang+ 9 =m1 "u ^! s5sible appe>ances :i* ! univ]se pres5ts to u1 transc5ds human k & conception--is an unkn[n & unkn[able p[]1 :i* we are oblig$ to recognize z )\t limit 9 space & )\t beg9n+ or end 9 "t40 ,^! successive p>agraphs set =? 9 ! mo/ ab/ract way1 t process ( trans=mation go+ on ?r\gh\t ! ,cosmos z a :ole1 & 9 ea* l>g] or small] portion ( x4 ,9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ^! p>agraphs are elaborat$1 expla9$1 & illu/rat$2 & 9 subsequ5t volumes ( ! s]ies1 ! purpose has be5 to int]pret ! sev]al great gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 ,a/ronomical1 ,geological 7bo? po/pon$71 ,biological1 ,psy*ological1 ,sociological1 & ,e?ical1 9 con=mity ) ^! g5]al laws ( ,evolution :i* ,fir/ ,pr9ciples enunciates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if x c be %[n t any "o ( ! above propositions has be5 adopt$ f1 or has be5 sugge/$ by1 ! #adc ,positive ,philosophy1 !re w be evid5ce t ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy is to t ext5t indebt$ to x4 ,or if !re c be quot$ any express$ conviction ( ,m4 ,comte1 t ! factors produc+ *anges ( all k9ds1 inorganic & organic1 co-op]ate ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,cosmos 9 ! same g5]al way1 & ev]y:]e "w metamorphoses hav+ ! same ess5tial traits1 a mu* m decid$ indebt$ness may reasonably be suppos$4 ,s f> z ,i "k x1 h[ev]1 ! ,positive ,philosophy conta9s none ( ! special ideas above enum]at$1 nor any ( ! m g5]al ideas !y involve4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,on pp4 #aai & #abj1 ,i h po9t$ out t ! foll[]s ( ,m4 ,comte1 sway$ by ! _s ( disciple%ip1 habitually ascribe to him a great deal :i* 0 ! common inh]itance ( ! sci5tific _w be=e he wrote1 & to :i* he himself laid no claim4 ,k9dr$ rem>ks h s9ce be5 made by o!rs1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france--! "o by ,mr4 ,mill1 & ! o!r by ,m4 ,f\ille4 ,mr4 ,mill says3 8,! f\ndation ( ,m4 ,comte's philosophy is ?us 9 no way peculi> to him1 b ! g5]al prop]ty ( ! age1 h[ev] f> z yet f be+ univ]sally accept$ ev5 by ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,! philosophy call$ ,positive is n a rec5t inv5tion ( ,m4 ,comte1 b a simple adh]5ce to ! traditions ( all ! great sci5tific m9ds ^: discov]ies h made ! human race :at x is4 ,m4 ,comte has nev] pres5t$ x 9 any o!r light4 ,b he has made ! doctr9e 8 own by 8 mann] ( treat+ x40--,augu/e ,comte & ,positivism1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,9 8 ,hi/oire de la ,philosophie1 #ahge1 ,m4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille writes3 8,sa9t-,simon v\lut successivem5t organis] la socit l'aide de la sci5ce 7prt5tion d'o sortit le positivisme7 puis l'aide de l'indu/rie1 et enf9 l'aide d'une religion n\velle1 capable de #8=c] *acun de ses membres suivre le prcepte de l'am\r du pro*a94'0--p4 #dbh4 8,les doctr9es sociales de ,sa9t-,simon1 jo9tes au naturalisme de ,cabanis et de ,br\ssais1 donnr5t naissance au #8positivisme' d',augu/e ,comte4 #add ,ce d]ni]1 comme ,sa9t-,simon1 voit dans la sci5ce sociale ou #8sociologie' le t]me et le b de t\tes les re*]*es sci5tifiques40--p4 #dbb4 8,a cette m?ode ,augu/e ,comte aj\ta des vues hi/oriques1 qu'il croyait entirem5t orig9ales1 sur les trois tats p> o passe ncessairem5t selon lui la connaissance huma9e3 tat ?ologique1 tat mtaphysique1 et tat sci5tifique4 ,le g]me de cette ?orie tait dj dans ,turgot40--p4 #dbd4 8,en somme1 ,augu/e ,comte a eu le mrite d'insi/] sur les m?odes qui convi5n5t aux sci5ces de la nature2 mais il faut av\] que ces m?odes tai5t connues bi5 avant lui40--p4 #dbe4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,reasons ,,= ,,diss5t+ ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,comte4 #ad ,a cle> illu/ration ( ?is process1 is furni%$ by ! rec5t m5tal integration ( ,heat1 ,light1 ,electricity1 etc41 z modes ( molecul> motion4 ,if we g a /ep back1 we see t ! mod]n conception ( ,electricity1 result$ f ! integration 9 consci\sness1 ( ! two =ms ( x involv$ 9 ! galvanic batt]y & 9 ! electric-ma*9e4 ,& go+ back to a /ill e>li] /age1 we see h[ ! conception ( /atical electricity1 arose by ! coalesc5ce 9 ?\ght1 ( ! previ\sly-sep>ate =ces manife/$ 9 rubb$ amb]1 9 rubb$ glass1 & 9 lightn+4 ,) su* illu/rations be=e him1 no "o c1 ,i ?9k1 d\bt t ! process has be5 ! same f ! beg9n+4 #ae ,possibly x w be said t ,m4 ,comte himself admits t :at he calls ! p]fection ( ! positive sy/em1 w probably nev] be rea*$2 & t :at he condemns is ! inquiry into ! natures ( causes & n ! g5]al recognition ( cause4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! allegations ,i reply t1 z ,i und]/& ,m4 ,comte1 ! ob/acle to ! p]fect realization ( ! positive philosophy is ! impossibility ( c>ry+ g5]alization s f> z to r$uce all p>ticul> facts to cases ( "o g5]al fact--n ! impossibility ( exclud+ ! consci\sness ( cause4 ,& to ! second allegation ,i reply t ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy is an av[$ ignor+ ( cause altoge!r4 ,= if x is n1 :at becomes ( 8 alleg$ di/9ction betwe5 ! p]fection ( ! positive sy/em & ! p]fection ( ! metaphysical sy/em8 ,& "h let me po9t out t1 by affirm+ exactly ! opposite to t :i* ,m4 ,comte ?us affirms1 ,i am exclud$ f ! positive s*ool4 ,if 8 own def9ition ( positivism is to be tak51 !n1 z ,i hold t :at he def9es z positivism is an absolute impossibility1 x is cle> t ,i _c be :at he calls a positivi/4 #af ,a fri5dly critic alleges t ,m4 ,comte is n fairly repres5t$ by ?is quotation1 & t he is blam$ by 8 biograph]1 ,m4 ,littr1 = 8 too-great insi/ance on feel+ z a motor ( humanity4 ,if 9 8 8,positive ,politics10 :i* ,i presume is "h ref]r$ to1 ,m4 ,comte ab&ons 8 orig9al position1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b ,i am "h deal+ ) :at is kn[n z 8! ,positive ,philosophy20 & t ! passage above quot$ does n misrepres5t x1 is prov$ by ! fact t ?is doctr9e is re-ass]t$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,sociology4 #ag ,9 #ahhe1 dur+ a controv]sy ) "o ( ,m4 ,comte's ,engli% disciples1 ,i 0 blam$ = speak+ 8( ,comte z mak+ six sci5ces10 & 0 told t 89 all ,comte's works1 except ! fir/1 he makes sev5 sci5ces40 ,z ,i 0 deal+ ) ,! ,positive ,philosophy1 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an give ! =ego+ extract f ! ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive2 & x did n occur to me t ,i 0 call$ ^u to see :e!r1 9 any ( 8 lat] volum9\s works1 ,m4 ,comte _h made a diff]5t /atem5t4 ,my oppon5t1 h[ev]1 enl>g$ on ?is 8blund]10 z he politely call$ x3 app>5tly oblivi\s ( ! fact t if x 0 a blund] on my "p to speak ( ,comte z recogniz+ six sci5ces :5 9 8 lat] days he recogniz$ sev51 x 0 a mu* m s]i\s blund] on ! "p ( ,comte himself to h long ov]look$ ! sev5?4 #ah ,m4 ,comte's 8,exposition0 ,i read 9 ! orig9al 9 #aheb2 & 9 two or ?ree o!r places h ref]r$ to ! orig9al to get 8 exact words4 ,! ,inorganic ,physics1 & ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,biology1 ,i read 9 ,miss ,m>t9eau's cond5s$ translation1 :5 x appe>$4 ,! re/ ( ,m4 ,comte's views ,i "k only ?r\gh ,mr4 ,lewes's outl9e1 & ?r\gh incid5tal ref]5ces4 #ai ,9 8 "w1 ,augu/e ,comte et la ,philosophie ,positive 7#ahfc71 ,m4 ,littr def5d+ ! ,comtean classification ( ! sci5ces f ! criticism ,i made ^u x 9 ! 8,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 deals ) me :olly z an antagoni/4 ,! *apt] he devotes to 8 reply1 op5s by plac+ me 9 direct opposition to ! ,engli% adh]5ts ( ,comte1 nam$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #bj ,i believ$ at ! "t1 & h nev] d\bt$ until n[1 t ! *oice ( ?is title 0 absolutely indep5d5t ( its previ\s use by ,m4 ,comte4 ,:ile writ+ ^! pages1 ,i h f\nd reason to ?9k ! contr>y4 ,on ref]r+ to ,social ,/atics1 to see :at 7 my views ( social evolution 9 #ahej1 :5 ,m4 ,comte 0 to me b a "n1 ,i met ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--8,social philosophy may be aptly divid$ 7z political economy has be57 into /atics & dynamics0 7*4 xxx4 #a74 ,?is ,i rememb]$ to be a ref]5ce to a division :i* ,i _h se5 9 ! ,political ,economy ( ,mr4 ,mill4 ,b :y _h ,i n m5tion$ ,mr4 ,mill's "n8 ,on ref]r+ to ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w1 ,i f\nd1 at ! op5+ ( ,book iv41 ?is s5t5ce3--8,! ?ree prec$+ p>ts include z detail$ a view z ! limits ( ?is treatise p]mit1 ( :at1 by a happy g5]alization ( a ma!matical phrase1 has be5 call$ ! ,/atics ( ! subject40 ,"h 0 ! solution ( ! "q4 ,! division _h n be5 made by ,mr4 ,mill1 b by "s writ] 7on ,political ,economy ,i suppos$7 :o 0 n nam$ by him2 & :om ,i did n "k4 ,x is n[ manife/1 h[ev]1 t :ile ,i suppos$ ,i 0 giv+ a m ext5d$ use to ?is division1 ,i 0 b return+ to ! orig9al use :i* ,mr4 ,mill _h limit$ to 8 special topic4 ,ano!r ?+ is1 ,i ?9k1 tol]ably manife/4 ,z ,i evid5tly wi%$ to po9t out my obligation to "s unkn[n political economi/1 ^: division ,i ?\ght ,i 0 ext5d+1 ,i %\ld h nam$ him _h ,i kn[n :o he 04 ,& 9 t case %\ld n h put ?is ext5sion ( ! division z ?\gh x 7 new4 #ba ,let me add t ! conception develop$ 9 ,social ,/atics1 dates back to a s]ies ( lett]s on ! 8,prop] ,sph]e ( ,gov]nm5t10 publi%$ 9 ! ,noncon=mi/ newspap] 9 ! latt] half ( #ahdb1 & republi%$ z a pamphlet 9 #ahdc4 ,9 ^! lett]s w be f\nd1 along ) _m crude ideas1 ! same belief 9 ! con=mity ( social ph5om5a to unv>iable laws2 ! same belief 9 human progression z det]m9$ by su* laws2 ! same belief 9 ! moral modification ( m5 z caus$ by social discipl9e2 ! same belief 9 ! t5d5cy ( social arrangem5ts 8( !mselves to assume a condition ( /able equilibrium20 ! same repudiation ( /ate-control ov] v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( social life2 ! same limitation ( /ate-action to ! ma9t5ance ( equitable relations among citiz5s4 ,! writ+ ( ,social ,/atics arose f a dissatisfaction ) ! basis on :i* ! doctr9es set =? 9 ^? lett]s 7 plac$3 ! second half ( t "w is an elaboration ( ^! doctr9es2 & ! fir/ half a /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples f :i* !y are d$ucible4 #bb ,publi%$ _m ye>s s9ce 9 ,am]ica1 ?is /atem5t 0 republi%$ 9 ,engl& eight ye>s s9ce4 ,see ,a!num = ,july #bbnd1 #ahhb4 #ade ,,on ,,laws ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,_! ,,discov]y4 ,! foll[+ 0 conta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,i omitt$ x f ! re-organiz$ second edition1 because x did n =m an ess5tial "p ( ! new /ructure4 ,z x is ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & z its g5]al argum5t is g]mane to ! cont5ts ( ^? pages1 ,i h ?\ght well to ins]t x "h4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ,i hope ev5tually to incorporate x 9 t division ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology :i* treats ( ,intellectual ,progress1 yet z x mu/ be long be=e x c ?us re-appe> 9 its p]man5t place1 & z1 %\ld ,i n get s f> 9 ! execution ( my und]tak+1 x may nev] ?us re-appe> at all1 x seems prop] to make x m accessible ?an x is at pres5t4 ,! fir/ & la/ sections1 :i* s]v$ to l9k x into ! argum5t ( ! "w to :i* x orig9ally belong$1 are omitt$4 ,! re/ has be5 c>efully revis$1 & 9 "s p>ts consid]ably alt]$4 ,! recognition ( ,law be+ ! recognition ( uni=mity ( relations among ph5om5a1 x foll[s t ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t gr\ps ( ph5om5a are r$uc$ to law1 mu/ dep5d on ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! uni=m relations !y sev]ally display are di/9ctly exp]i5c$4 ,at any giv5 /age ( progress1 ^? #adf uni=mities w be be/ kn[n ) :i* m5's m9ds h be5 (t5e/ & mo/ /rongly impress$4 ,9 proportion p>tly to ! numb] ( times a relation has be5 pres5t$ to consci\sness 7n m]ely to ! s5ses71 & 9 proportion p>tly to ! vividness ) :i* ! t]ms ( ! relation h be5 cogniz$1 w be ! degree 9 :i* ! con/ancy ( connexion is p]ceiv$4 ,! succession 9 :i* relations are g5]aliz$ be+ ?us det]m9$1 !re result c]ta9 d]ivative pr9ciples to :i* ?is succession mu/ m imm$iately & obvi\sly con=m4 ,! fir/ is ! directness ) :i* p]sonal welf>e is affect$4 ,:ile1 among surr\nd+ ?+s1 _m d n appreciably influ5ce u 9 any way1 "s produce pleasures & "s pa9s1 9 v>i\s degrees2 & manife/ly1 ^? ?+s ( :i* ! actions on ! organism = good or evil are mo/ decid$1 w1 ct]is p>ibus1 be ^? ( :i* ! laws ( action are e>lie/ obs]v$4 ,second comes ! conspicu\sness ( "o or bo? ph5om5a betwe5 :i* a relation is to be p]ceiv$4 ,on e side are ph5om5a s conceal$ z to be detect$ only by close obs]vation2 o!rs n obtrusive en\gh to attract notice2 o!rs :i* mod]ately solicit ! att5tion2 o!rs s impos+ or vivid z to =ce !mselves on consci\sness2 &1 suppos+ conditions to be ! same1 ^! la/ w ( c\rse be among ! fir/ to h _! relations g5]aliz$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we h ! absolute frequ5cy ) :i* ! relations occur4 ,!re are coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( all degrees ( commonness1 f ^? :i* are ev] pres5t to ^? :i* are extremely r>e2 & manife/ly1 ! r>e coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 z well z ! sequ5ces :i* are v long 9 tak+ place1 w n be r$uc$ to law s soon z ^? :i* are famili> & rapid4 ,f\r?ly has to be add$ ! relative frequ5cy ( occurr5ce4 ,_m ev5ts & appe>ances are limit$ to c]ta9 times or c]ta9 places1 or bo?2 #adg &1 z a relation :i* does n exi/ )9 ! environm5t ( an obs]v] _c be p]ceiv$ by him1 h[ev] common x may be else:]e or 9 ano!r age1 we h to take acc\nt ( ! surr\nd+ physical circum/ances1 z well z ( ! /ate ( society1 ( ! arts1 & ( ! sci5ces--all ( :i* affect ! frequ5cy ) :i* c]ta9 gr\ps ( facts are obs]vable4 ,! fif? coroll>y to be notic$ is1 t ! succession 9 :i* diff]5t classes ( relations are r$uc$ to law1 dep5ds 9 "p on _! simplicity4 ,ph5om5a pres5t+ great composition ( causes or conditions1 h _! ess5tial relations s mask$1 t x requires accumulat$ exp]i5ces to impress ^u consci\sness ! true connexions ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts !y involve4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! progress ( g5]alization w be f ! simple to ! complex2 & ?is x is :i* ,m4 ,comte has wrongly ass]t$ to be ! sole regulative pr9ciple ( ! progress4 ,six? comes ! degree ( concret5ess1 or abs5ce ( ab/ractness4 ,concrete relations are ! e>lie/ acquisitions4 ,su* analyses ( !m z sep>ate ! ess5tial connexions f _! disguis+ accompanim5ts1 necess>ily come lat]4 ,! analyses ( ! connexions1 always m or less comp\nd1 into _! elem5ts !n becomes possible4 ,& s on cont9ually1 until ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract tru?s h be5 rea*$4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! sev]al d]ivative pr9ciples4 ,! frequ5cy & vividness ) :i* uni=m relations are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce1 det]m9+ ! recognition ( _! uni=mity1 & ?is frequ5cy & vividness dep5d+ on ! above conditions1 x foll[s t ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t classes ( facts are g5]aliz$1 mu/ dep5d on ! ext5t to :i* ! above conditions are fulfill$ 9 ea* class4 ,let u m>k h[ ! facts h>monize ) ?is conclusion3 tak+ fir/ a few t elucidate ! g5]al tru?1 & aft]w>ds "s t #adh exemplify ! special tru?s :i* we "h see foll[ f x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! relations e>lie/ kn[n z uni=mities1 are ^? subsi/+ among ! common prop]ties ( matt]--tangibility1 visibility1 cohesion1 weight1 etc4 ,we h no trace ( a "t :5 ! resi/ance (f]$ by an object 0 reg>d$ z caus$ by ! w ( ! object2 or :5 ! pressure ( a body on ! h& hold+ x1 0 ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( a liv+ be+4 ,& accord+ly1 ^! are ! relations ( :i* we are (t5e/ consci\s3 be+1 z !y are1 objectively frequ5t1 conspicu\s1 simple1 concrete1 & ( imm$iate p]sonal conc]n4 ,simil>ly ) ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( motion4 ,! fall ( a mass on ! )drawal ( its support1 is a sequ5ce :i* directly affects bodily welf>e1 is conspicu\s1 simple1 concrete1 & v (t5 repeat$4 ,h5ce x is "o ( ! uni=mities recogniz$ be=e ! dawn ( tradition4 ,we "k ( no era :5 ord9>y movem5ts due to t]re/rial gravitation 7 attribut$ to volition4 ,only :5 ! relation is obscur$1 z :]e ! )drawal ( a support is n obvi\s1 or1 z 9 ! case ( an arolite1 :]e ! antec$5t ( ! desc5t is unp]ceiv$1 d we f9d ! conception ( p]sonal ag5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 motions ( intr9sically ! same ord] z t ( a fall+ /one--^? ( ! heav5ly bodies--long rema9 ung5]aliz$2 & until _! uni=mity is se51 & inde$ = a long "t aft]1 are con/ru$ z results ( w4 ,?is diff]5ce is cle>ly n dep5d5t on comp>ative complexity or ab/ractness1 s9ce ! motion ( a planet 9 an ellipse ( slight ecc5tricity1 is z simple & concrete a ph5om5on z ! motion ( a project$ arr[ 9 an ellipse ( extreme ecc5tricity indi/+ui%able f a p>abola4 ,b ! antec$5ts are n conspicu\s2 ! sequ5ces are ( long duration2 & !y are n (t5 repeat$4 ,& t ^! are ! causes ( _! sl[ #adi r$uction to law1 we see 9 ! fact t !y are sev]ally g5]aliz$ 9 ! ord] ( _! frequ5cy & conspicu\sness--! moon's mon?ly cycle1 ! sun's annual *ange1 ! p]iods ( ! inf]ior planets1 ! p]iods ( ! sup]ior planets4 ,:ile a/ronomical sequ5ces 7 /ill ascrib$ to volition1 c]ta9 t]re/rial sequ5ces ( a diff]5t k9d1 b "s ( !m equally )\t complication1 7 int]pret$ 9 l mann]4 ,! solidification ( wat] at a l[ temp]ature1 is a ph5om5on t is simple1 concrete1 & ( mu* p]sonal conc]n4 ,b x is nei!r s frequ5t z ^? :i* we see are e>lie/ g5]aliz$1 nor is ! pres5ce ( ! antec$5t s manife/4 ,?\gh 9 all b tropical climates1 mid-w9t] displays ! relation betwe5 cold & freez+ ) tol]able con/ancy2 yet1 dur+ ! spr+ & autumn1 ! occasional appe>ance ( ice 9 ! morn+s has no v obvi\s connexion ) coldness ( ! wea!r4 ,s5sation be+ s inaccurate a measure1 x is n possible = ! savage to exp]i5ce ! def9ite relation betwe5 a temp]ature ( #cb & ! congeal+ ( wat]2 & h5ce ! long cont9u$ belief 9 p]sonal ag5cy4 ,simil>ly1 b /ill m cle>ly1 ) ! w9ds4 ,! abs5ce ( regul>ity & ! inconspicu\sness ( ! antec$5ts1 all[$ ! my?ological explanation to survive = a great p]iod4 ,dur+ ! era 9 :i* ! uni=mity ( _m q simple inorganic relations 0 /ill unrecogniz$1 c]ta9 organic relations1 intr9sically v complex & special1 7 g5]aliz$4 ,! con/ant coexi/5ce ( fea!rs & a beak1 ( f\r legs ) an int]nal bony framework1 are facts :i* 71 & are1 famili> to e savage4 ,did a savage f9d a bird ) tee?1 or a mammal clo!d ) fea!rs1 he w\ld be z mu* surpris$ z an in/ruct$ naturali/4 ,n[ ^! uni=mities ( organic /ructure ?us e>ly p]ceiv$1 are ( exactly ! same k9d z ^? m num]\s ones lat] e/abli%$ by biology4 ,! con/ant #aej coexi/5ce ( mamm>y gl&s ) two occipital condyles to ! skull1 ( v]tebr ) tee? lodg$ 9 sockets1 ( frontal horns ) ! habit ( rum9ation1 are g5]alizations z purely empirical z ^? kn[n to ! aborig9al hunt]4 ,! botani/ _c 9 ! lea/ und]/& ! complex relation betwe5 papilionace\s fl[]s & se$s borne 9 flatt5$ pods3 he kn[s ^! & l connexions simply 9 ! same way t ! b>b>ian kn[s ! connexions betwe5 p>ticul> leaves & p>ticul> k9ds ( wood4 ,b ! fact t sundry ( ! uni=m relations :i* *iefly make up ! organic sci5ces1 7 v e>ly recogniz$1 is due to ! high degrees ( vividness & frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 pres5t$ to consci\sness4 ,?\gh ! connexion betwe5 ! s\nds *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 bird1 & ! possession ( edible fle%1 is extremely involv$1 yet ! two t]ms ( ! relation are conspicu\s1 (t5 recur 9 exp]i5ce1 & a k ( _! connexion has a direct be>+ on p]sonal welf>e4 ,mean:ile innum]able relations ( ! same ord]1 :i* are display$ ) ev5 great] frequ5cy by surr\nd+ plants & animals1 rema9 = ?\s&s ( ye>s unrecogniz$1 if !y are unobtrusive or ( no app>5t mom5t4 ,:51 pass+ f ?is primitive /age to a m advanc$ /age1 we trace ! discov]y ( ^? less famili> uni=mities :i* ma9ly con/itute :at is di/+ui%$ z ,sci5ce1 we f9d ! succession 9 :i* k ( !m is rea*$1 to be /ill det]m9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is w become obvi\s on contemplat+ sep>ately ! influ5ce ( ea* d]ivative condition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ relations t h imm$iate be>+s on ! ma9t5ance ( life1 are1 o!r ?+s equal1 fix$ 9 ! m9d be=e ^? :i* h no imm$iate be>+s1 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce abundantly illu/rates4 ,! habits ( exi/+ unciviliz$ races1 :o fix times by moons & b>t] s _m ( "o article = s _m ( ano!r1 %[ #aea u t conceptions ( equality & numb]1 :i* are ! g]ms ( ma!matical sci5ce1 7 develop$ "u ! imm$iate pressure ( p]sonal wants2 & x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^? laws ( num]ical relations :i* are embodi$ 9 ! rules ( ari?metic1 7 fir/ br\ght to light ?r\gh ! practice ( m]cantile ex*ange4 ,simil>ly ) geometry4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w %[s u t x orig9ally includ$ only c]ta9 me?ods ( p>tition+ gr\nd & lay+ out build+s4 ,! prop]ties ( ! scales & ! lev]1 involv+ ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 me*anics1 7 e>ly g5]aliz$ "u ! /imulus ( comm]cial & ar*itectural ne$s4 ,to fix ! times ( religi\s fe/ivals & agricultural op]ations1 7 ! motives :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! simpl] a/ronomic p]iods4 ,su* small k ( *emical relations z 0 involv$ 9 anci5t metallurgy1 0 manife/ly obta9$ 9 seek+ h[ to improve tools & weapons4 ,9 ! al*emy ( lat] times1 we see h[ greatly an int5se hope ( private b5efit contribut$ to ! disclosure ( a c]ta9 class ( uni=mities4 ,nor is our own age b>r5 ( illu/rations4 8,"h10 says ,humboldt1 :5 9 ,guiana1 8z 9 _m p>ts 9 ,europe1 ! sci5ces are ?\ght wor?y to occupy ! m9d1 only s f> z !y conf] "s imm$iate & practical b5efit on society40 8,h[ is x possible to believe10 said a mission>y to him1 8t y h left y\r c\ntry to come to be dev\r$ by mosquitoes on ?is riv]1 & to measure l&s t are n y\r own80 ,our coa/s furni% l in/ances4 ,e sea-side naturali/ kn[s h[ great is ! contempt ) :i* fi%]m5 reg>d ! collection ( objects = ! microscope or aqu>ium4 ,_! incr$ulity z to ! possible value ( su* ?+s is s great1 t !y c sc>cely be induc$ ev5 by bribes to pres]ve ! refuse ( _! nets4 ,nay1 we ne$ n g = evid5ce beyond daily table-talk4 ,! dem& = 8practical sci5ce0--= a k t c be br\ght to be> on ! bus9ess ( #aeb life--jo9$ to ! ridicule commonly v5t$ on sci5tific pursuits hav+ no obvi\s uses1 suffice to %[ t ! ord] 9 :i* laws are discov]$ greatly dep5ds on ! directness ) :i* k ( !m affects our welf>e4 ,t1 :5 all o!r conditions are ! same1 obtrusive relations w be g5]aliz$ be=e unobtrusive ones1 is s ne>ly a truism t examples appe> almo/ sup]flu\s4 ,if x be admitt$ t by ! aborig9al man1 z by ! *ild1 ! co-exi/5t prop]ties ( l>ge surr\nd+ objects are notic$ be=e ^? ( m9ute objects1 & t ! ext]nal relations :i* bodies pres5t are g5]aliz$ be=e _! int]nal relations1 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 subsequ5t /ages ( progress1 ! comp>ative conspicu\sness ( relations has greatly affect$ ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 recogniz$ z uni=m4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? v manife/ sequ5ces con/itut+ a lunation1 & ^? less manife/ ones m>k+ a ye>1 & ^? /ill less manife/ ones m>k+ ! planet>y p]iods1 a/ronomy occupi$ itself ) su* inconspicu\s sequ5ces z ^? display$ 9 ! repeat+ cycle ( lun> eclipses1 & ^? :i* sugge/$ ! !ory ( epicycles & ecc5trics2 :ile mod]n a/ronomy deals ) /ill m inconspicu\s sequ5ces1 "s ( :i*1 z ! planet>y rotations1 are nev]!less ! simple/ :i* ! heav5s pres5t4 ,9 physics1 ! e>ly use ( canoes impli$ an empirical k ( c]ta9 hydro/atic relations t are intr9sically m complex ?an sundry /atic relations n empirically kn[n2 b ^! hydro/atic relations 7 ?ru/ ^u obs]vation4 ,or1 if we comp>e ! solution ( ! problem ( specific gravity by ,ar*im$es ) ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic pressure by ,torricelli 7! two involv+ me*anical relations ( ! same class71 we p]ceive t ! mu* e>li] occurr5ce ( ! fir/ ?an ! la/ 0 det]m9$1 nei!r by a diff]5ce 9 _! be>+s on p]sonal welf>e1 nor by a diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ) #aec :i* illu/rations ( !m came "u obs]vation1 nor by relative simplicity2 b by ! great] obtrusiv5ess ( ! connexion betwe5 antec$5t & consequ5t 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,among miscellane\s illu/rations1 x may be po9t$ out t ! connexions betwe5 lightn+ & ?und]1 & betwe5 ra9 & cl\ds1 7 recogniz$ long be=e o!rs ( ! same ord]1 simply because !y ?ru/ !mselves on ! att5tion4 ,or ! long-delay$ discov]y ( ! microscopic =ms ( life1 ) all ! ph5om5a !y pres5t1 may be nam$ z v cle>ly %[+ h[ c]ta9 gr\ps ( relations n ord9>ily p]ceptible1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects l long-famili> relations1 h to wait until *ang$ conditions r5d] !m p]ceptible4 ,b1 )\t fur!r details1 x ne$s only to consid] ! inquiries :i* n[ occupy ! electrician1 ! *emi/1 ! physiologi/1 to see t sci5ce has advanc$1 & is advanc+1 f ! m conspicu\s ph5om5a to ! less conspicu\s ones4 ,h[ ! degree ( absolute frequ5cy ( a relation affects ! recognition ( its uni=mity1 we see 9 contra/+ c]ta9 biological facts4 ,! connexion betwe5 dea? & bodily injury1 con/antly display$ n only 9 m5 b 9 all inf]ior creatures1 came to be recogniz$ z an in/ance ( natural causation :ile yet dea?s f diseases or f "s ( !m cont9u$ to be ?\ght sup]natural4 ,among diseases !mselves1 x is obs]vable t unusual ones 7 reg>d$ z ( demoniacal orig9 dur+ ages :5 ! m frequ5t 7 ascrib$ to ord9>y causes3 a tru? p>allel$ among our own peasantry1 :o by ! use ( *>ms %[ a l+]+ sup]/ition ) respect to r>e disord]s1 :i* !y d n %[ ) respect to common ones1 su* z colds4 ,pass+ to physical illu/rations1 we may note t )9 ! hi/oric p]iod :irlpools 7 acc\nt$ = by ! ag5cy ( wat]-spirits2 b we d n f9d t )9 ! same p]iod ! disappe>ance ( wat] on exposure ei!r to ! sun or to artificial heat 0 #aed int]pret$ 9 an analog\s way3 ?\gh a m m>vell\s occurr5ce1 & a m complex "o1 its great frequ5cy l$ to ! e>ly recognition ( x z a natural uni=mity4 ,ra9b[s & comets d n diff] mu* 9 conspicu\sness1 & a ra9b[ is intr9sically ! m involv$ ph5om5on2 b *iefly because ( _! f> great] commonness1 ra9b[s 7 p]ceiv$ to h a direct dep5d5ce on sun & ra9 :ile yet comets 7 reg>d$ z signs ( div9e wra?4 ,t races liv+ inl& mu/ long h rema9$ ignorant ( ! daily & mon?ly sequ5ces ( ! tides1 & t tropical races c\ld n e>ly h compreh5d$ ! ph5om5a ( nor!rn w9t]s1 are extreme illu/rations ( ! influ5ce :i* relative frequ5cy has on ! recognition ( uni=mities4 ,animals :i*1 :]e !y are indig5\s1 call =? no surprise by _! /ructures or habits1 because ^! are s famili>1 :5 tak5 to c\ntries :]e !y h nev] be5 se51 are look$ at ) an a/oni%m5t approa*+ to awe--are ev5 ?\ght sup]natural3 a fact :i* w sugge/ num]\s o!rs t %[ h[ ! localization ( ph5om5a %>es 9 controll+ ! ord] 9 :i* !y are r$uc$ to law4 ,n only h[ev] does _! localization 9 space affect ! progression1 b also _! localization 9 "t4 ,facts :i* are r>ely if ev] manife/$ 9 "o era1 are r5d]$ v frequ5t 9 ano!r1 simply ?r\gh ! *anges wr\ght by civilization4 ,! lev]1 ( :i* ! prop]ties are illu/rat$ 9 ! use ( /icks & weapons1 is vaguely und]/ood by e savage--on apply+ x 9 a c]ta9 way he rightly anticipates c]ta9 effects2 b ! :eel-&-axle1 pulley1 & screw1 _c h _! p[]s ei!r empirically or rationally kn[n till ! advance ( ! arts has m or less famili>iz$ !m4 ,?r\gh ^? v>i\s means ( exploration :i* we h inh]it$ & add$ to1 we h become acqua9t$ ) a va/ range ( *emical relations t 7 relatively #aee non-exi/5t to ! primitive man4 ,to highly-develop$ indu/ries we owe bo? ! sub/ances & ! appliances t h disclos$ to u c\ntless uni=mities :i* our ance/ors _h no opportunity ( see+4 ,^! & l in/ances1 %[ t ! accumulat$ mat]ials1 & processes1 & products1 :i* *>act]ize ! environm5ts ( complex societies1 greatly increase ! accessibility ( v>i\s classes ( relations2 & by ?us multiply+ ! exp]i5ces ( !m1 or mak+ !m relatively frequ5t1 facilitate ! g5]alization ( !m4 ,moreov]1 v>i\s classes ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by society itself1 z = in/ance ^? :i* political economy =mulates1 become relatively frequ5t1 & !re=e recognizable1 9 advanc$ social /ates2 :ile 9 less advanc$ ones !y are ei!r too r>ely display$ to h _! relations p]ceiv$1 or1 z 9 ! lea/ advanc$ ones1 are n display$ at all4 ,t1 :]e no o!r circum/ances int]f]e1 ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t uni=mities are e/abli%$ v>ies z _! complexity1 is manife/4 ,! geometry ( /raight l9es 0 und]/ood be=e ! geometry ( curv$ l9es2 ! prop]ties ( ! circle be=e ! prop]ties ( ! ellipse1 p>abola1 & hyp]bola2 & ! equations ( curves ( s+le curvature 7 asc]ta9$ be=e ^? ( curves ( d\ble curvature4 ,plane trigonometry comes 9 ord] ( "t & simplicity be=e sph]ical trigonometry2 & ! m5suration ( plane surfaces & solids be=e ! m5suration ( curv$ surfaces & solids4 ,simil>ly ) me*anics3 ! laws ( simple motion 7 g5]aliz$ be=e ^? ( comp\nd motion2 & ^? ( rectil9e> motion be=e ^? ( curvil9e> motion4 ,! prop]ties ( equal-arm$ lev]s or scales1 7 und]/ood be=e ^? ( lev]s ) unequal arms2 & ! law ( ! incl9$ plane 0 =mulat$ e>li] ?an t ( ! screw1 :i* involves x4 ,9 *emi/ry ! progress has be5 f ! simple inorganic comp\nds to ! m involv$ or organic comp\nds4 ,& :]e1 z 9 ! high] sci5ces1 ! conditions ( ! exploration are #aef m complicat$1 we /ill may trace relative complexity z det]m9+ ! ord] ( discov]y :]e o!r ?+s are equal4 ,! progression f concrete relations to ab/ract relations1 & f ! less ab/ract to ! m ab/ract1 is equally obvi\s4 ,num]ation1 :i* 9 its prim>y =m conc]n$ itself only ) gr\ps ( actual objects1 came e>li] ?an simple ari?metic2 ! rules ( :i* deal ) numb]s ap>t f objects4 ,ari?metic1 limit$ 9 its sph]e to concrete num]ical relations1 is alike e>li] & less ab/ract ?an ,algebra1 :i* deals ) ! relations ( ^! relations4 ,& 9 l mann]1 ! ,calculus ( ,op]ations comes aft] ,algebra1 bo? 9 ord] ( evolution & 9 ord] ( ab/ractness4 ,9 ,me*anics1 ! m concrete relations ( =ces exhibit$ 9 ! lev]1 incl9$ plane1 etc41 7 und]/ood be=e ! m ab/ract relations express$ 9 ! laws ( resolution & composition ( =ces2 & lat] ?an ! ?ree ab/ract laws ( motion z =mulat$ by ,newton came ! /ill m ab/ract law ( in]tia4 ,simil>ly ) ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 !re has be5 an advance f tru?s entangl$ 9 all ! specialities ( p>ticul> facts & p>ticul> classes ( facts1 to tru?s dis5tangl$ f ! disguis+ incid5ts "u :i* !y are manife/$--to tru?s ( a high] ab/ractness4 ,brief & rude z is ?is sket* ( a m5tal developm5t :i* has be5 long & complicat$1 ,i v5ture to ?9k x %[s inductively :at 0 d$uctively inf]r$1 t ! ord] 9 :i* sep>ate gr\ps ( uni=mities are recogniz$1 dep5ds n on "o circum/ance b on sev]al circum/ances4 ,! v>i\s classes ( relations are g5]aliz$ 9 a c]ta9 succession1 n solely because ( "o p>ticul> k9d ( diff]5ce 9 _! natures2 b also because !y are v>i\sly plac$ 9 "t & 9 space1 v>i\sly op5 to obs]vation1 & v>i\sly relat$ to our own con/itutions3 our p]ception ( !m be+ influ5c$ by all ^! conditions 9 endless comb9ations4 ,! comp>ative degrees #aeg ( importance1 ( obtrusiv5ess1 ( absolute frequ5cy1 ( relative frequ5cy1 ( simplicity1 ( concret5ess1 are e "o ( !m factors2 & f _! unions 9 proportions t are nev] twice alike1 !re results a highly complex process ( m5tal evolution4 ,b :ile x is ?us manife/ t ! proximate causes ( ! succession 9 :i* relations are r$uc$ to law1 are num]\s & involv$2 x is also manife/ t !re is "o ultimate cause to :i* ^! proximate causes are subord9ate4 ,z ! sev]al circum/ances t det]m9e ! e>ly or late recognition ( uni=mities are circum/ances t det]m9e ! numb] & /r5g? ( ! impressions :i* ^! uni=mities make on ! m9d1 x foll[s t ! progression con=ms to a c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( psy*ology4 ,we see a po/]iori1 :at we conclud$ priori1 t ! ord] 9 :i* relations are g5]aliz$1 dep5ds on ! frequ5cy & impressiv5ess ) :i* !y are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ r\ghly analyz$ ! progress ( ! pa/1 let u take advantage ( ! light ?us ?r[n on ! pres5t1 & consid] :at is impli$ respect+ ! future4 ,note1 fir/1 t ! likelihood ( ! univ]sality ( ,law has be5 ev] gr[+ great]4 ,out ( ! c\ntless coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ) :i* mank9d are environ$1 !y h be5 cont9ually transf]r+ "s f ! gr\p ^: ord] 0 suppos$ to be arbitr>y1 to ! gr\p ^: ord] is kn[n to be uni=m4 ,& manife/ly1 z fa/ z ! relations :i* are unr$uc$ to law become few]1 ! probability t among !m !re are "s :i* d n con=m to law1 becomes less4 ,to put ! argum5t num]ically--,x is cle> t :5 out ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a a hundr$ ( sev]al k9ds h be5 f\nd to occur 9 con/ant connexions1 !re arises a slight presumption t all ph5om5a occur 9 con/ant connexions4 ,:5 uni=mity has be5 e/abli%$ 9 a ?\s& cases1 m v>i$ #aeh 9 _! k9ds1 ! presumption ga9s /r5g?4 ,& :5 ! kn[n cases ( uni=mity am\nt to millions1 includ+ _m ( ea* v>iety1 x becomes an ord9>y induction t uni=mity exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,sil5tly & ins5sibly _! exp]i5ces h be5 press+ m5 on t[>ds ! conclusion ?us drawn4 ,n out ( a consci\s reg>d = ^! reasons1 b f a habit ( ?\ght :i* ^! reasons =mulate & ju/ify1 all m9ds h be5 advanc+ t[>ds a belief 9 ! con/ancy ( surr\nd+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces4 ,famili>ity ) concrete uni=mities has g5]at$ ! ab/ract conception ( uni=mity--! idea ( ,law2 & ?is idea has be5 9 successive g5]ations sl[ly ga9+ fixity & cle>ness4 ,especially has x be5 ?us among ^? ^: k ( natural ph5om5a is ! mo/ ext5sive--m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! ma!matician1 ! physici/1 ! a/ronom]1 ! *emi/1 sev]ally acqua9t$ ) ! va/ accumulations ( uni=mities e/abli%$ by _! pr$ecessors1 & !mselves daily add+ new ones z well z v]ify+ ! old1 acquire a f> /rong] fai? 9 law ?an is ord9>ily possess$4 ,) !m ?is fai?1 ceas+ to be m]ely passive1 becomes an active /imulus to inquiry4 ,:]ev] !re exi/ ph5om5a ( :i* ! dep5d5ce is n yet asc]ta9$1 ^! mo/ cultivat$ intellects1 impell$ by ! conviction t "h too !re is "s inv>iable connexion1 proce$ to obs]ve1 comp>e1 & exp]im5t2 & :5 !y discov] ! law to :i* ! ph5om5a con=m1 z !y ev5tually d1 _! g5]al belief 9 ! univ]sality ( law is fur!r /r5g!n$4 ,s ov]:elm+ is ! evid5ce1 & su* ! effect ( ?is discipl9e1 t to ! advanc$ /ud5t ( ,nature1 ! proposition t !re are lawless ph5om5a has become n only incr$ible b almo/ inconceivable4 ,?is habitual recognition ( law :i* already di/+ui%es mod]n ?\ght f anci5t ?\ght1 mu/ spread among m5 at l>ge4 ,! fulfilm5t ( fre% pr$ictions t are made possible by e new /ep1 & ! fur!r #aei comm& ga9$ ov] ,nature's =ces1 prove to ! un9itiat$ ! validity ( sci5tific g5]alizations & ! doctr9e !y illu/rate4 ,wid5+ education is daily diffus+ among ! mass ( m5 t k ( ^! g5]alizations :i* has be5 hi!rto conf9$ to ! few4 ,& z fa/ z ?is diffusion goes on1 ! belief ( ! sci5tific mu/ become ! belief ( ! _w at l>ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t law is univ]sal1 w become an irresi/ible conclusion :5 x is p]ceiv$ t ! progress 9 ! discov]y ( laws itself con=ms to law2 & :5 ?is p]ception makes x cle> :y c]ta9 gr\ps ( ph5om5a h be5 r$uc$ to law1 :ile o!r gr\ps are /ill unr$uc$4 ,:5 x is se5 t ! ord] 9 :i* uni=mities are recogniz$1 mu/ dep5d on ! frequ5cy & vividness ) :i* !y are repeat$ 9 consci\s exp]i5ce2 :5 x is se5 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! mo/ common1 important1 conspicu\s1 concrete1 & simple1 uni=mities 7 ! e>lie/ recogniz$1 because !y 7 exp]i5c$ (t5e/ & mo/ di/9ctly2 x w by implication be se5 t long aft] ! great mass ( ph5om5a h be5 g5]aliz$1 !re mu/ rema9 ph5om5a :i*1 f _! r>5ess1 or unobtrusiv5ess1 or seem+ unimportance1 or complexity1 or ab/ractness1 are /ill ung5]aliz$4 ,?us w be furni%$ a solution to a difficulty sometimes rais$4 ,:5 x is ask$ :y ! univ]sality ( law is n already fully e/abli%$1 !re w be ! answ] t ! directions 9 :i* x is n yet e/abli%$ are ^? 9 :i* its e/abli%m5t mu/ necess>ily be late/4 ,t /ate ( ?+s :i* is inf]able be=eh&1 is j ! /ate :i* we f9d to exi/4 ,if su* coexi/5ces & sequ5ces z ^? ( ,biology & ,sociology are n yet r$uc$ to law1 ! presumption is1 n t !y are irr$ucible to law1 b t _! laws elude our pres5t means ( exploration4 ,hav+ long ago prov$ uni=mity ?r\gh\t all ! l[] classes ( relations1 & hav+ be5 /ep by /ep prov+ #afj uni=mity ?r\gh\t classes ( relations successively high] & high]1 if we h n yet succe$$ ) ! highe/ classes1 x may be fairly conclud$ t our p[]s are at fault1 r ?an t ! uni=mity does n exi/4 ,& unless we make ! absurd assumption t ! process ( g5]alization1 n[ go+ on ) unexampl$ rapidity1 has rea*$ its limit1 & w sudd5ly cease1 we mu/ inf] t ultimately mank9d w discov] a con/ant ord] ev5 among ! mo/ involv$ & obscure ph5om5a4 #afa ,,! ,,valuation ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead] = ,june #be1 #ahec4 ,) ,_s-rapp+s & ,table-mov+s /ill ! rage1 & ) ! belief 9 ,spontane\s ,combu/ion /ill unext+ui%$1 x seems desirable t some?+ %\ld be said 9 ju/ification ( t g5]al scepticism ) :i* ! philosophical meet ! alleg$ wond]s t p]iodically turn ! heads ( ! nation4 ,no?+ less ?an a bulky octavo w\ld be ne$$ to conta9 all t might be writt5 on ! matt]2 & un=tunately su* an octavo1 :5 writt51 w\ld be little read by ^? mo/ requir+ x4 ,a brief h9t or two1 h[ev]1 may f9d li/5]s among !m4 8,i tell y ,i saw x myself10 is ! s-?\ght conclusive ass]tion ) :i* _m a controv]sy is abruptly end$4 ,commonly ^? :o make ?is ass]tion ?9k t aft] x no?+ rema9s to be urg$2 & !y are a/oni%$ at ! unreasonabl5ess ( ^? :o /ill )hold _! belief4 ,?\gh !y reject _m tales ( wit*craft1 _m gho/ /ories ^: m>vels 7 atte/$ by eye-witnesses--?\gh !y h repeat$ly se5 /age-conjurors seem to d ?+s :i* !y d n believe 7 really done--?\gh !y h he>d ( ! ,automaton ,*ess-play] & ! ,invisible ,girl1 & h p]haps se5 explanations ( ! modes 9 :i* ! public 7 delud$ by #afb !m--?\gh 9 all ^! cases !y "k t ! facts 7 o!r ?an ! spectators suppos$ !m to be2 yet !y _c imag9e t _! own p]ceptions h be5 vitiat$ by influ5ces l ^? :i* vitiat$ ! p]ceptions ( o!rs4 ,or1 to put ! ?+ m *>itably & p]haps m truly1 !y =get t su* vitiations are con/antly occurr+4 ,to obs]ve correctly1 ?\gh commonly ?\ght v easy1 e man ( sci5ce kn[s to be difficult4 ,our faculties are liable to report falsely f two opposite causes--! pres5ce ( hypo!sis1 & ! abs5ce ( hypo!sis4 ,to ! dang]s aris+ f "o or o!r ( ^!1 e obs]vation we make is expos$2 & betwe5 ! two x is h>d to see any fact q truly4 ,a few illu/rations ( ! extreme di/ortions aris+ f ! "o cause1 & ! extreme inaccuracy consequ5t on ! o!r1 w ju/ify ?is seem+ p>adox4 ,ne>ly e "o is famili> ) ! my? preval5t on our sea-coa/s1 respect+ ! ,b>nacle ,goose4 ,! popul> belief 01 & inde$ is /ill 9 "s places1 t ! fruits on bran*es :i* hang into ! sea become *ang$ into %ell-cov]$ creatures call$ b>nacles1 f\nd incru/+ ^! subm]g$ bran*es2 & fur!r1 t ^! b>nacles are 9 process ( "t trans=m$ into ! birds kn[n z b>nacle geese4 ,?is belief 0 n conf9$ to ! vulg>2 x 0 receiv$ among naturali/s4 ,nor 0 x ) !m simply an adopt$ rum\r4 ,x 0 bas$ on obs]vations :i* 7 record$ & approv$ by ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities1 & publi%$ ) _! c\nt5ance4 ,9 a pap] conta9$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,sir ,rob]t ,moray says3--8,9 e %ell t ,i op5$ 4 4 4 !re appe>$ no?+ want+1 z to ! ext]nal p>ts1 = mak+ up a p]fect sea-f[l2 ! little bill l t ( a goose1 ! eyes m>k$1 ! head1 neck1 brea/1 w+s1 tail1 & feet =m$1 ! fea!rs ev]y:]e p]fectly %ap$ & blacki% col\r$1 & ! feet l ^? ( o!r #afc wat]f[l1 to my be/ remembrance40 ,n[ ?is my? respect+ ! b>nacle goose has be5 explod$ = "s c5tury & a half4 ,to a mod]n zoologi/ :o exam9es "o ( ^! cirrhip$s1 z ! b>nacles are call$1 x seems sc>cely cr$ible t x c\ld ev] h be5 ?\ght a *ick2 & :at ,sir ,rob]t ,moray c\ld h tak5 = 8head1 neck1 brea/1 w+s1 tail1 feet1 & fea!rs10 he _c imag9e4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a pre-conception1 "h is a man ( education describ+ z 8a p]fect sea-f[l0 :at is n[ kn[n to be a modifi$ cru/acean--a creature belong+ to a remote "p ( ! animal k+dom4 ,a /ill m rem>kable in/ance ( p]v]t$ obs]vation exi/s 9 an old book entitl$ ,metamorphosis ,naturalis1 c41 publi%$ at ,middleburgh 9 #affb4 ,?is "w1 9 :i* is attempt$ = ! fir/ "t a detail$ acc\nt ( insect-trans=mations1 conta9s num]\s illu/rative plates1 9 :i* are repres5t$ ! v>i\s /ages ( evolution--l>va1 pupa1 & imago4 ,^? :o h any k ( ,entomology w recollect t ! *rysalises ( all our common butt]flies exhibit at ! ant]ior end a numb] ( po9t$ projections1 produc+ an irregul> outl9e4 ,h !y ev] obs]v$ 9 ?is outl9e a resemblance to a man's face8 ,= myself1 ,i c say t ?\gh 9 e>ly days ,i kept brood aft] brood ( butt]fly l>v ?r\gh all _! *anges1 ,i nev] p]ceiv$ any su* lik5ess2 nor c ,i see x n[4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! plates ( ?is ,metamorphosis ,naturalis1 ea* *rysalis has its projections s modifi$ z to repres5t a burlesque human head--! respective species hav+ diff]5t pr(iles giv5 !m4 ,:e!r ! au?or 0 a believ] 9 metempsy*osis1 & ?\ght he saw 9 ! *rysalis a disguis$ humanity2 or :e!r1 sway$ by ! false analogy :i* ,butl] makes s mu* (1 betwe5 ! *ange f *rysalis to butt]fly & t f mortality to immortality1 he consid]$ ! *rysalis z typical ( man2 does n appe>4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is ! fact1 t influ5c$ by "s #afd pre-conception or o!r1 he has made 8 draw+s q diff]5t f ! actual =ms4 ,x is n t he simply ?9ks ?is resemblance exi/s--x is n t he m]ely says he c see x2 b 8 preconception s possesses him z to sw]ve 8 p5cil1 & make him produce repres5tations laughably unlike ! realities4 ,^!1 :i* are extreme cases ( di/ort$ p]ceptions1 diff] only 9 degree f ! di/ort$ p]ceptions ( daily life2 & s /rong is ! di/ort+ influ5ce t ev5 ! man ( sci5ce _c escape its effects4 ,e microscopi/ kn[s t if !y h conflict+ !ories respect+ its nature1 two obs]v]s %all look ?r\gh ! same in/rum5t at ! same object1 & give q diff]5t descriptions ( its appe>ance4 ,f ! dang]s ( hypo!sis let u n[ turn to ! dang]s ( no hypo!sis4 ,little recogniz$ z is ! fact1 x is nev]!less true t we _c make ! commone/ obs]vation correctly )\t be=eh& hav+ "s notion ( :at we are to obs]ve4 ,y are ask$ to li/5 to a fa9t s\nd1 & y f9d t )\t a pre-conception ( ! k9d ( s\nd y are to he>1 y _c he> x4 ,provid$ t x is n /rong1 an unusual flav\r 9 y\r food may pass q unp]ceiv$1 unless "s "o draws att5tion to x1 :5 y ta/e x di/9ctly4 ,aft] kn[+ him = ye>s1 y %all sudd5ly discov] t y\r fri5d's nose is slightly awry1 & wond] t y nev] rem>k$ x be=e4 ,/ill m /rik+ becomes ?is inability :5 ! facts to be obs]v$ are complex4 ,( a hundr$ p :o li/5 to ! dy+ vibrations ( a *ur* bell1 almo/ all fail to p]ceive ! h>monics1 & ass]t ! s\nd to be simple4 ,sc>cely any "o :o has n practis$ draw+1 sees1 :5 9 ! /reet1 t all ! horizontal l9es 9 ! walls1 w9d[s1 %utt]s1 ro(s1 seem to conv]ge to "o po9t 9 ! di/ance3 a fact :i*1 aft] a few lessons 9 p]spective1 becomes visible en\gh4 ,p]haps ,i _c m cle>ly illu/rate ?is necessity = #afe hypo!sis z a condition to accurate p]ception1 ?an by n>rat+ a portion ( my own exp]i5ce relative to ! col\rs ( %ad[s4 ,indian ink 0 ! pigm5t :i*1 dur+ boyhood1 ,i inv>iably us$ = %ad+4 ,ask any "o :o has receiv$ no culture 9 art1 or :o has giv5 no ?\ght to x1 ( :at col\r a %ad[ is1 & ! unhesitat+ reply w be--black4 ,?is is uni=mly ! cre$ ( ! un9itiat$2 & 9 ?is cre$ ,i und\bt+ly rema9$ till ab\t eighte54 ,happ5+1 at t age1 to come mu* 9 contact ) an amateur arti/1 ,i 0 told1 to my great surprise1 t %ad[s are n black b ( a neutral t9t4 ,?is1 to me1 novel doctr9e1 ,i /r5u\sly resi/$4 ,i h a pretty di/9ct recollection ( d5y+ x po9t blank1 & quot+ all my exp]i5ce 9 support ( ! d5ial4 ,i rememb]1 too1 t ! controv]sy la/$ ov] a consid]able p]iod2 & t x 0 only aft] my fri5d _h repeat$ly drawn my att5tion to in/ances 9 ,nature1 t ,i f9ally gave 94 ,?\gh ,i mu/ previ\sly h se5 myriads ( %ad[s1 yet 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t v g5]ally ! t9t approa*es to black1 ,i _h be5 unable1 9 ! abs5ce ( hypo!sis1 to p]ceive t 9 _m cases x is di/9ctly n black4 ,i cont9u$ to hold ?is am5d$ doctr9e = "s ye>s4 ,x is true t f "t to "t ,i obs]v$ t ! tone ( ! neutral t9t v>i$ consid]ably 9 diff]5t %ad[s2 b /ill ! div]g5cies 7 n su* z to %ake my fai? 9 ! dogma4 ,by-&-bye1 h[ev]1 9 a popul> "w on ,optics1 ,i met ) ! /atem5t t ! col\r ( a %ad[ is always ! complem5t ( ! col\r ( ! light ca/+ x4 ,n see+ ! :]e=e ( ?is alleg$ law1 :i* seem$ moreov] to conflict ) my e/abli%$ belief1 ,i 0 l$ to /udy ! matt] z a "q ( causation4 ,:y are %ad[s col\r$8 & :at det]m9es ! col\r8 7 ! qu]ies t sugge/$ !mselves4 ,9 seek+ answ]s1 x soon became manife/ #aff t z a space 9 %ad[ is a space f :i* ! direct light alone is exclud$1 & into :i* ! indirect light 7namely1 t reflect$ by surr\nd+ objects1 by ! cl\ds & by ! sky7 cont9ues to fall1 ! col\r ( a %ad[ mu/ p>take ( ! col\r ( ev]y?+ t c ei!r radiate or reflect light into x4 ,h5ce1 ! col\r ( a %ad[ mu/ be ! av]age col\r ( ! diffus$ light2 & mu/ v>y1 z t v>ies1 ) ! col\rs ( all surr\nd+ ?+s4 ,?us 0 at once expla9$ ! incon/ancy ,i _h already notic$2 & ,i pres5tly recogniz$ 9 ,nature t :i* ! !ory implies--namely1 t a %ad[ may h any col\r :atev]1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,"u a cle> sky1 & ) no trees1 h$ges1 h\ses1 or o!r objects at h&1 %ad[s are ( a pure blue4 ,dur+ a r$ sunset1 mixture ( ! yell[ light f ! upp] "p ( ! we/]n sky ) ! blue light f ! ea/]n sky1 produces gre5 %ad[s4 ,g ne> to a gas-lamp on a moonlight night1 & a p5cil-case plac$ at "r angles to a piece ( pap] w be f\nd to ca/ a purple-blue %ad[ & a yell[-grey %ad[1 produc$ by ! gas & ! moon respectively4 ,& !re are conditions x w\ld take too long "h to describe1 "u :i* two p>ts ( ! same %ad[ are diff]5tly col\r$4 ,all :i* facts became obvi\s to me z soon z ,i knew t !y mu/ exi/4 ,"h1 !n1 respect+ c]ta9 simple ph5om5a t are h\rly visible1 are ?ree successive convictions2 ea* ( !m bas$ on ye>s ( obs]vation2 ea* ( !m held ) unhesitat+ confid5ce2 & yet only "o--z ,i n[ believe--true4 ,b = ! help ( an hypo!sis1 ,i %\ld probably h rema9$ 9 ! common belief t %ad[s are black4 ,& b = ! help ( ano!r hypo!sis1 ,i %\ld probably h rema9$ 9 ! half-true belief t !y are neutral t9t4 ,is x n cle>1 !re=e1 t to obs]ve correctly is by no means easy8 ,on ! "o h&1 a pre-conception1 makes #afg u liable to see ?+s n q z !y are1 b z we ?9k !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! abs5ce ( a pre-conception1 we are liable to pass ov] mu* t we ought to see4 ,yet we mu/ h ei!r a pre-conception or no pre-conception4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 all our obs]vations1 save ^? guid$ by true !ories already rea*$1 are 9 dang] ( ei!r di/ortion or incomplet5ess4 ,x rema9s b to rem>k1 t if our obs]vations are imp]fect 9 cases l ! =ego+1 :]e ! ?+s se5 are p]si/5t1 & may be aga9 & aga9 look$ at or cont9u\sly contemplat$2 h[ mu* m imp]fect mu/ !y be :]e ! ?+s se5 are complex processes1 *anges1 or actions1 ea* pres5t+ successive phases1 :i*1 if n truly obs]v$ at ! mom5ts !y sev]ally occur1 c nev] be truly obs]v$ at all6 ,"h ! *ances ( error become imm5sely multipli$4 ,& :51 9 addition1 !re exi/s "s moral excitem5t1--:51 z 9 ^! ,_s-rapp+ & ,table-turn+ exp]im5ts1 ! intellect is p>tially p>alys$ by fe> or wond] correct obs]vation becomes next to an impossibility4 #afh ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity8 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,read] = ,novemb] #ai1 #ahfd4 ,probably few1 if any1 compet5t physici/s h1 ( late ye>s1 us$ ! t]m 8electric fluid0 9 any o!r ?an a conv5tional s5se4 ,:5 di/+ui%+ electricity into ! two k9ds1 8positive0 & 8negative10 or 8vitre\s0 & 8res9\s10 !y h us$ ! ideas sugge/$ by ^! names m]ely z conv5i5t symbols1 & n z repres5tatives ( diff]5t entities4 ,&1 n[ t heat & light are prov$ to be modes ( motion1 x has become obvi\s t all ! alli$ manife/ations ( =ce mu/ be modes ( motion4 ,:at is ! p>ticul> mode ( motion :i* con/itutes electricity1 ?us becomes ! "q4 ,t x is "s k9d ( molecul> vibration1 diff]5t f ! molecul> vibrations :i* lum9\s bodies give (f1 is1 ,i presume1 tak5 = grant$ by all :o br+ to ! consid]ation ( ! matt] a k ( rec5t discov]ies4 ,beyond ^? simple oscillations ( molecules f :i* light & heat result1 may we n suspect t !re w1 9 "s cases1 arise comp\nd oscillations8 ,let u consid] :e!r ! conditions "u :i* electricity arises are n su* z to g5]ate comp\nd oscillations2 & :e!r ! ph5om5a ( electricity are n su* z mu/ result f comp\nd oscillations4 ,! univ]sal antec$5t to ! production ( electricity #afi is ! imm$iate or m$iate contact ( het]og5e\s sub/ances--sub/ances t are het]og5e\s ei!r 9 _! molecul> con/itutions1 or 9 _! molecul> /ates4 ,if1 !n1 electricity is "s mode ( molecul> motion1 & if1 :5ev] x is produc$1 ! contact ( sub/ances hav+ unlike molecules or molecules 9 unlike /ates1 is ! antec$5t1 !re seems ?ru/ ^u u ! conclusion t electricity results f "s mutual action ( molecules ^: motions are unlike4 ,:at mu/ be t mutual action ( molecules hav+ unlike motions1 :i*1 z we see1 is ! univ]sal antec$5t ( electrical di/urbance8 ,! answ] to ?is "q does n seem difficult to rea*1 if we take ! simple/ case--! case ( contact-electricity4 ,:5 two pieces ( metal ( ! same k9d1 & at ! same temp]ature1 are appli$ to "o ano!r1 !re is no electrical excitation2 b1 if ! metals appli$ to "o ano!r be ( diff]5t k9ds1 !re is a g5esis ( electricity4 ,?is1 :i* has be5 reg>d$ z an anomal\s fact--a fact s anomal\s t x has be5 mu* disput$ because app>5tly at v>iance ) e hypo!sis--is a fact to :i* an int]pretation is at once suppli$ by ! hypo!sis t electricity results f ! mutual di/urbances ( unlike molecul> motions4 ,= if1 on ! "o h&1 we h homog5e\s metals 9 contact1 _! respective molecules1 oscillat+ syn*ron\sly1 w give & take any =ces :i* !y impress on "o ano!r )\t produc+ oscillations ( new ord]s4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! molecules ( ! "o mass h p]iods ( oscillation diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r mass1 _! mutual impacts w n agree ) ! p]iod ( oscillation ( ei!r1 b w g5]ate a new rhy?m1 diff]+ f1 & mu* sl[] ?an1 t ( ei!r4 ,! production ( :at are call$ 8beats0 9 ac\/ics1 w be/ illu/rate ?is4 ,x is a famili> fact t two /r+s vibrat+ at diff]5t rates1 f "t to "t concur 9 s5d+ (f arial waves 9 ! #agj same direction at ! same in/ant3 t !n1 _! vibrations gett+ m & m out ( correspond5ce1 !y s5d (f _! arial waves 9 ! same direction at exactly int]m$iate in/ants2 & pres5tly1 com+ once m into correspond5ce1 !y aga9 g5]ate co9cid+ waves4 ,s t :5 _! p]iods ( vibration diff] b little1 & :5 consequ5tly x takes an appreciable "t to complete _! alt]nations ( agreem5t & disagreem5t1 !re results an audible alt]nation 9 ! s\nd--a succession ( pulses ( l\d] & feebl] s\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 besides ! prim>y1 simple1 & rapid s]ies ( waves1 con/itut+ ! two s\nds !mselves1 !re is a s]ies ( sl[ comp\nd waves1 result+ f _! repeat$ conflicts & concurr5ces4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( ! two /r+s communicat+ _! vibrations to ! air1 ea* communicat$ its vibrations to ! o!r1 we %\ld h j ! same alt]nation ( concurr5t & conflict+ pulses4 ,& if ea* ( ! two /r+s 0 comb9$ ) an aggregate ( o!rs l itself1 9 su* way t x communicat$ to its neighb\rs bo? its normal & its abnormal vibrations1 x is cle> t ?r\gh ea* aggregate ( /r+s !re w\ld be propagat$ "o ( ^! comp\nd waves ( oscillation1 9 addition to _! simple rapid oscillations4 ,?is illu/ration w1 ,i ?9k1 make x manife/ t :5 a mass ( molecules :i* h a c]ta9 p]iod ( vibration1 is plac$ 9 contact ) a mass ( molecules :i* h ano!r p]iod ( vibration1 !re mu/ result an alt]nation ( co9cid5ces & antagonisms 9 ! molecul> motions1 su* z w make ! molecules alt]nately increase & decrease "o ano!r's motions4 ,!re w be in/ants at :i* !y are mov+ 9 ! same direction1 & int]v5+ in/ants at :i* !y are mov+ 9 opposite directions2 :5ce w arise p]iods ( greate/ & lea/ deviations f _! ord9>y motions4 ,& ^! greate/ & lea/ deviations1 be+ communicat$ to neighb\r+ molecules1 & pass$ on by !m #aga to ! next1 w result 9 waves ( p]turbation propagat$ ?r\gh\t ea* mass4 ,let u n[ ask :at w be ! mutual relations ( ^! waves4 ,action & reaction be+ equal & opposite1 x mu/ happ5 t :atev] effect a molecule ( ! mass ,a produces ^u an adjac5t molecule ( ! mass ,b1 mu/ be accompani$ by an equival5t rev]se effect ^u itself4 ,if a molecule ( ! mass ,a is at any in/ant mov+ 9 su* way z to impress on a molecule ( ! mass ,b an additional mom5tum 9 any giv5 direction1 !n ! mom5tum ( ! molecule ( ,a1 9 t direction1 w be dim9i%$ to an equal am\nt4 ,t is to say1 to any wave ( increas$ motion propagat$ ?r\gh ! molecules ( ,b1 !re mu/ be a reactive wave ( decreas$ motion propagat$ 9 ! opposite direction ?r\gh ! molecules ( ,a4 ,see1 !n1 ! two significant facts4 ,any addition ( motion1 :i* at "o ( ^! alt]nate p]iods is giv5 by ! molecules ( ,a to ! molecules ( ,b1 mu/ be propagat$ ?r\gh ! molecules ( ,b 9 a direction away f ,a2 & simultane\sly !re mu/ be a subtraction f ! motion ( ! molecules ( ,a1 :i* w be propagat$ ?r\gh !m 9 a direction away f ,b4 ,to e wave ( excess s5t ?r\gh ! "o mass1 !re w be a correspond+ wave ( defect s5t ?r\gh ! o!r2 & ^! positive & negative waves w be exactly co9cid5t 9 _! times1 & exactly equal 9 _! am\nts4 ,:5ce x foll[s t if ^! waves1 proce$+ f ! surface ( contact ?r\gh ! two masses 9 contr>y directions1 are br\ght into relation1 !y w neutralize ea* o!r4 ,action & reaction be+ equal & opposite1 ^! plus & m9us molecul> motions w cancel if !y are add$ toge!r2 & !re w be a re/oration ( equilibrium4 ,^! positive & negative waves ( p]turbation w travel ?r\gh ! two masses ( molecules ) great facility4 ,x is n[ an e/abli%$ tru? t molecules #agb absorb1 9 ! increase ( _! own vibrations1 ^? rhy?mical impulses or waves :i* h p]iodic times ! same z _! own2 b t !y _c ?us absorb successive impulses t h p]iodic times diff]5t f _! own4 ,h5ce ^! diff]5tial undulations1 be+ v long undulations 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! molecules !mselves1 w readily pass ?r\gh ! masses ( molecules1 or be conduct$ by !m4 ,fur!r obs]ve t1 if ! two masses ( molecules cont9ue jo9$1 ^! positive & negative diff]5tial waves travell+ away f ! surface ( contact 9 opposite directions1 & sev]ally arriv+ at ! out] surfaces ( ! two masses1 w be reflect$ f ^!2 &1 travell+ back aga9 t[>d ! surface ( contact1 w !re meet & neutralize "o ano!r4 ,h5ce no curr5t w be produc$ along a wire jo9+ ! out] surfaces ( ! masses2 s9ce neutralization w be m readily effect$ by ?is return ( ! waves ?r\gh ! masses !mselves4 ,b1 ?\gh no ext]nal curr5t arises1 ! masses w cont9ue 9 :at we call opposite electric /ates2 z a delicate electromet] %[s t !y d4 ,& fur!r1 if !y are p>t$1 ! positive & negative waves :i* h ! in/ant be=e be5 propagat$ ?r\gh !m respectively1 rema9+ unneutraliz$1 ! masses w display _! opposite electric /ates 9 a m conspicu\s way4 ,! residual positive & negative waves w !n neutralize ea* o!r along any conductor t is plac$ betwe5 !m1 see+ t ! plus waves communicat$ f ! "o mass to ! conductor1 meet+ ) ! m9us waves communicat$ f ! o!r1 & be+ mutually cancell$ z !y meet1 ! conductor w become a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance to ! waves ( ea* mass4 ,let u pass n[ to ! alli$ ph5om5a ( !rmo-electricity4 ,suppose ^! two masses ( metal to be heat$ at _! surfaces ( contact3 ! =ms ( ! #agc masses be+ su* t _! surfaces ( contact c be consid]ably heat$ )\t _! remot] p>ts be+ mu* heat$4 ,:at w happ58 ,pr(4 ,tyndall has %[n1 9 ! cases ( v>i\s gases & liquids1 t1 o!r ?+s equal1 :5 molecules h giv5 to !m m ( ! ins5sible motion :i* we call heat1 !re is no alt]ation 9 _! p]iods ( oscillation1 b an increase 9 ! amplitudes ( _! oscillations3 ! molecules make wid] excursions 9 ! same times4 ,assum+ t x is ! same 9 solids1 x w foll[ t1 :5 ! two metals are heat$ at _! surfaces ( contact1 ! result w be ! same z be=e 9 respect ( ! natures & int]vals ( ! diff]5tial waves4 ,!re w be a *ange1 h[ev]1 9 ! /r5g?s ( ^! waves4 ,=1 if ! two ord]s ( molecules h sev]ally giv5 to !m increas$ quantities ( motion1 ! p]turbations :i* !y impress on ea* o!r w also be increas$4 ,^! /rong] positive & negative waves ( diff]5tial motion w1 z be=e1 travel ?r\gh ei!r mass away f ! surfaces ( contact--t is1 t[>d ! cold extremities ( ! masses4 ,f ^! cold extremities !y w1 z be=e1 reb\nd t[>d ! surfaces ( contact2 &1 z be=e1 w t5d ?us to equilibriate ea* o!r4 ,b !y w meet ) resi/ance 9 ?us travell+ back4 ,x is a well-asc]ta9$ fact t rais+ ! temp]atures ( metals decreases _! conduct+ p[]s4 ,h5ce1 if ! two cold ends ( ! masses be connect$ by "s o!r mass ^: molecules c take on ) facility ^! diff]5tial undulations--t is1 if ! two ends be jo9$ by a conductor1 ! positive & negative waves w meet & neutralize "o ano!r along ?is conductor1 in/ead ( be+ reflect$ back to ! surfaces ( contact4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w be e/abli%$ a curr5t along ! wire jo9+ ! two cold ends ( ! metallic masses4 ,c>ri$ a /ep fur!r1 ?is reason+ af=ds u an explanation ( ! !rmo-electric pile4 ,if a numb] ( #agd ^! b>s ( diff]5t metals1 z antimony & bismu?1 are sold]$ toge!r1 end to end1 9 alt]nate ord]1 ,,ab1 ,,ab1 ,,ab1 etc41 !n1 s long z !y rema9 cold1 !re is no manife/ation ( an electric curr5t2 or1 if all ! jo9ts are equally heat$1 !re is no manife/ation ( an electric curr5t beyond t :i* w\ld arise f any relative coolness ( ! two ends ( ! comp\nd b>4 ,b if alt]nate jo9ts are heat$1 an electric curr5t is produc$ 9 a wire jo9+ ! two ends ( ! comp\nd b>--a curr5t t is int5se 9 proportion to ! numb] ( pairs4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,cle>ly1 s long z all ! jo9ts are ( ! same temp]ature1 ! diff]5tial waves propagat$ f ea* jo9t t[>d ! two adjac5t jo9ts w be equal & opposite to ^? f ! adjac5t jo9ts1 & no di/urbance w be %[n4 ,b if alt]nate jo9ts are heat$1 ! positive & negative diff]5tial waves propagat$ away f !m w be /rong] ?an ^? propagat$ f ! o!r jo9ts4 ,h5ce1 if ! jo9t ( b> ,a ) b> ,b be heat$1 ! o!r end ( ! b> ,b1 :i* is jo9$ to ,a#b1 n be+ heat$1 w receive a /rong] diff]5tial wave ?an x s5ds back4 ,9 addition to ! wave :i* its molecules w\ld o!rwise induce 9 ! molecules ( ,a#b1 !re is an effect :i* x conducts f ,a#a2 & ?is extra impulse propagat$ to ! o!r end ( ,b#b is add$ to ! impulse :i* its heat$ molecules w\ld o!rwise give to ! molecules ( ,a#c2 & s on ?r\gh\t ! s]ies4 ,! waves be+ add$ toge!r1 become m viol5t1 & ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire jo9+ ! extremities ( ! s]ies1 m int5se4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! facts ( !rmo-electricity w probably be met by ! objection t !re are1 9 "s cases1 !rmo-electric curr5ts develop$ betwe5 masses ( metal ( ! same k9d1 & ev5 betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same mass4 ,x may be urg$ t1 if unlik5ess betwe5 ! rates ( vibration ( molecules 9 contact #age is ! cause ( ^! electric di/urbances2 !n1 heat ought n to produce any electric di/urbances :5 ! molecules are ( ! same k9d2 s9ce heat does n *ange ! p]iodic times ( molecul> vibrations4 ,?is objection1 :i* seems at fir/ sight a s]i\s "o1 introduces u to a confirmation4 ,= :]e ! masses ( molecules are homog5e\s 9 all o!r respects1 diff]5ce ( temp]ature does n g5]ate any !rmo-electric curr5t4 ,! junction ( hot ) cold m]cury sets up no electric excitem5t4 ,9 all cases :]e !rmo-electricity is g5]at$ betwe5 metals ( ! same k9d1 !re is evid5ce ( het]og5eity 9 _! molecul> /ructures--ei!r "o has be5 hamm]$ & ! o!r n1 or "o is anneal$ & ! o!r unanneal$4 ,& :]e ! curr5t is betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same mass1 !re are diff]5ces 9 ! cry/all9e /ates ( ! p>ts1 or diff]5ces betwe5 ! ways 9 :i* ! p>ts h cool$ aft] be+ ca/4 ,t is to say1 !re is pro( t ! molecules 9 ! two masses1 or 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same mass1 are 9 unlike relations to _! neighb\rs--are 9 unlike /ates ( t5sion4 ,n[1 h[ev] true x may be t molecules ( ! same k9d vibrate at ! same rate1 :atev] may be _! temp]ature1 x is obvi\sly true s long only z _! motions are n modifi$ by re/ra9+ =ces4 ,if molecules ( ! same k9d are 9 "o mass arrang$ into t /ate :i* con/itutes cry/allization1 :ile 9 ano!r mass !y are n ?us b\nd toge!r2 or if 9 ! "o _! molecul> relations h be5 modifi$ by hamm]+1 & 9 ! o!r n2 ! diff]5ces 9 ! re/ra9ts "u :i* !y respectively vibrate w affect _! rates ( vibration4 ,& if _! rates ( vibration are r5d]$ unequal1 !n ! alleg$ cause ( electrical di/urbance comes into exi/5ce4 ,to sum up1 may x n be said t by "s su* action alone c ! ph5om5a ( electricity be expla9$2 #agf & t "s su* action mu/ inevitably arise "u ! conditions8 ,on ! "o h& electricity1 be+ a mode ( motion1 implies ! trans=mation ( "s prexi/+ motion--implies1 also1 a trans=mation su* t !re are two new k9ds ( motion simultane\sly g5]at$1 equal & opposite 9 _! directions--implies1 fur!r1 t ^! diff] 9 be+ plus & m9us1 & be+ !re=e capable ( neutraliz+ ea* o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! above cases1 molecul> motion is ! only s\rce ( motion t c be assign$2 & ?is molecul> motion seems calculat$1 "u ! circum/ances1 to produce effects l ^? witness$4 ,molecules vibrat+ at diff]5t rates _c be br\ght 9 juxtaposition )\t affect+ "o ano!r's motions4 ,!y mu/ affect "o ano!r's motions by p]iodically add+ to1 or d$uct+ f "o ano!r's motions2 & any excess ( motion :i* ^? ( ! "o ord] receive1 mu/ be accompani$ by an equival5t defect ( motion 9 ^? ( ! o!r ord]4 ,:5 su* molecules are units ( aggregates plac$ 9 contact1 !y mu/ pass on ^! p]turbations to _! neighb\rs4 ,& s1 f ! surface ( contact1 !re mu/ be waves ( excessive & defective molecul> motion1 equal 9 _! am\nts1 & opposite 9 _! directions--waves :i* mu/ exactly comp5sate "o ano!r :5 br\ght into relation4 ,i h "h dealt only ) electrical ph5om5a ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,h]eaft] ,i may possibly endeav\r to %[ h[ ?is hypo!sis furni%es int]pretations ( o!r =ms ( ,electricity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script 7#ahgc74--;,dur+ ! n9e ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! =ego+ essay 0 publi%$1 ,i h f\nd myself no ne>] to su* alli$ int]pretations ( o!r =ms ( ,electricity4 ,?\gh1 f "t to "t1 ,i h recurr$ to ! subject1 9 ! hope ( fulfill+ ! #agg expectation rais$ by ! clos+ s5t5ce1 yet no clue has enc\rag$ me to pursue ! speculation4 ,only n[1 :5 republication ( ! essay 9 a p]man5t =m once m br+s ! "q be=e me1 does !re occur a ?\ght :i* appe>s wor? sett+ d[n4 ,! union ( two diff]5t ideas1 n be=e plac$ side by side1 has g5]at$ ?is ?\ght4 ,9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 issu$ 9 ,janu>y #ahfc1 & deal+1 among o!r 8,data ( ,biology10 ) organic matt] & ! effects ( =ces ^u x1 ,i v5tur$ to speculate ab\t ! molecul> actions conc]n$ 9 organic *anges1 &1 among o!rs1 ^? by :i* light enables plants to take ! c>bon f c>bonic acid 7 #ac74 ,po9t+ out t ! ability ( heat to decompose comp\nd molecules1 is g5]ally proportionate to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! atomic weights ( _! compon5t elem5ts1 & assum+ t compon5ts hav+ widely-unlike atomic weights1 h widely-unlike motions1 & are !re=e affect$ by widely-unlike undulations2 ! inf]5ce drawn 01 t 9 proportion z ! rhy?ms ( its compon5ts diff]1 a comp\nd molecule w be un/able 9 pres5ce ( /rong e!rial undulations act+ ^u "o compon5t m ?an on ! o!r or o!rs3 _! movem5ts ?us be+ r5d]$ s incongru\s t !y c no long] hold toge!r4 ,x 0 argu$1 fur!r1 t a tol]ably-/able comp\nd molecule may1 if expos$ to /rong e!rial undulations especially di/urb+ "o ( its compon5ts1 be decompos$ :5 9 pres5ce ( "s unlike molecule hav+ compon5ts ^: times ( oscillation diff] less f ^? ( ?is di/urb$ compon5t4 ,& a p>allel 0 drawn betwe5 ! de-oxidation ( metals by c>bon :5 expos$ to ! long] undulations 9 a furnace1 & ! de-c>bonization ( c>bonic acid by hydrog51 c41 :5 expos$ to ! %ort] undulations 9 a plant's leaves4 ,^! ideas ,i recall *iefly = ! purpose ( pres5t+ cle>ly ! conception ( a comp\nd molecule z conta9+ #agh div]sely-mov+ compon5ts--compon5ts hav+ indep5d5t & unlike oscillations1 9 addition to ! oscillation ( ! :ole molecule =m$ by !m4 ,! legitimacy ( ?is conception may1 ,i suppose1 be assum$4 ,! beautiful exp]im5ts by :i* ,pr(4 ,tyndall has prov$ t light decomposes ! vap\rs ( c]ta9 comp\nds1 illu/rates ?is ability :i* ! elem5ts ( a comp\nd molecule h1 sev]ally to take up e!rial undulations correspond+ to _! own2 & ?us to h _! individual movem5ts s increas$ z to cause disruption ( ! comp\nd molecule4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! int]pretation :i* ,pr(4 ,tyndall puts on ! facts2 & ,i presume t he puts a k9dr$ int]pretation ^u ! facts he has disclos$ respect+ ! m>vell\s p[] possess$ by complex-molecul$ vap\rs to absorb heat--! int]pretation1 namely1 t ! !rmal undulations are1 9 su* vap\rs1 tak5 up 9 augm5t+ ! movem5ts )9 ea* molecule1 r ?an 9 augm5t+ ! movem5ts ( ! molecules z :oles4 ,b n[1 assum+ ?is to be a true conception ( comp\nd molecules & ! effects produc$ on !m by e!rial undulations1 !re pres5ts itself ! "q--,:at w be ! effects produc$ by comp\nd molecules on "o ano!r8 ,h[ w ! elem5ts ( "o comp\nd molecule h _! rhy?mical motions affect$ by proximity to ! elem5ts ( an unlike comp\nd molecule8 ,may we n suspect t effects w be produc$ on "o ano!r1 n only by ! unlike molecules z :oles1 b also c]ta9 o!r1 & p>tially-indep5d5t1 effects by _! compon5ts on "o ano!r2 & t !re w s be g5]at$ "s specializ$ =m ( molecul> motion8 ,?r\gh\t ! speculation set =? 9 ! =ego+ essay1 ! supposition is t ! molecules are ^? ( juxtapos$ metals--molecules :i*1 :e!r absolutely simple or n1 are relatively simple2 & ^! are reg>d$ z produc+ on "o ano!r's movem5ts p]turbations ( a relatively-simple k9d1 :i* admit ( be+ transf]r$ f molecule #agi to molecule ?r\gh\t ea* mass4 ,9 try+ to c>ry fur!r ?is int]pretation1 x _h n occurr$ to me until n[1 to consid] ! p]turbations produc$ on "o ano!r by comp\nd molecules3 tak+ into consid]ation1 n m]ely ! capacity ea* has = affect+ ! o!r z a :ole1 b ! capacity :i* ! con/itu5ts ( ea* individually h = affect+ ! individual con/itu5ts ( ! o!r4 ,if an individual con/itu5t ( a comp\nd molecule c1 by ! successive impacts ( e!rial undulations1 h ! amplitudes ( its oscillations s increas$ z to deta* x2 we c sc>cely d\bt t an individual con/itu5t ( a comp\nd molecule may affect an individual con/itu5t ( an unlike comp\nd molecule ne> x3 _! respective oscillations p]turb+ "o ano!r ap>t f ! p]turbation produc$ on "o ano!r by ! comp\nd molecules z :oles4 ,& x seems inf]able t ! second>y p]turbation ?us aris+1 w1 l ! prim>y p]turbation1 be su* t ! action & reaction1 equal & opposite 9 _! am\nts1 w produce equal & opposite deviations 9 ! molecul> movem5ts4 ,f ?is !re appe> to be sev]al coroll>ies4 ,if a comp\nd molecule1 hav+ a sl[ rhy?m z a :ole 9 addition to ! m rapid rhy?ms ( its memb]s1 has ! p[] ( tak+ up mu* ( t motion we call heat 9 ! increase ( its int]nal movem5ts1 & to a correspond+ degree takes up less 9 ! increase ( its movem5ts z a :ole2 !n may we n inf] t ! l w hold :5 o!r k9ds ( =ces are br\ght to be> on x8 ,may we n anticipate t :5 a mass ( comp\nd molecules ( "o k9d is made to act ^u a mass ( comp\nd molecules ( ano!r k9d 7say by friction71 ! molecul> effects mutually produc$1 p>tly 9 agitat+ ! molecules z :oles1 & p>tly 9 agitat+ _! compon5ts relatively to "o ano!r1 w become less ( ! fir/ & m ( ! la/1 9 proportion z ! molecules progress 9 composit5ess8 ,a fur!r implication sugge/s itself4 ,:ile mu* ( ! #ahj =ce mutually ex]cis$ w ?us g to increase ! motion )9 ea* ( ! comp\nd molecules t imm$iately act on "o ano!r1 x appe>s inf]able t relatively little ( ?is inte/9al motion w be communicat$ to o!r molecules4 ,! excesses ( oscillation giv5 to individual memb]s ( a l>ge clu/]1 w n be readily pass$ on to homolog\s memb]s ( adjac5t l>ge clu/]s2 s9ce !y mu/ be relatively f> ap>t4 ,:atev] motion is transf]r$1 mu/ be transf]r$ by waves ( ! int]v5+ e!rial m$ium2 & ! p[] ( ^! mu/ decrease rapidly z ! di/ance increases4 ,obvi\sly su* difficulty ( transf] mu/1 = ?is reason1 become great :5 ! molecules become highly comp\nd$4 ,at ! same "t w x n foll[ t su* augm5tations ( movem5t caus$ 9 individual memb]s ( a clu/]1 n be+ readily transmissible to homolog\s memb]s ( adjac5t clu/]s1 w accumulate8 ,! m composite molecules become1 ! m possible w x be = individual compon5ts ( !m to be viol5tly affect$ by individual compon5ts ( diff]5t composite molecules ne> !m--! m possible w x be = _! mutual p]turbations to progressively increase8 ,& n[ let u consid] h[ ^! inf]5ces be> on ! int]pretation ( ,/atical ,electricity--! =m ( ,electricity mo/ unlike ! =m above dealt )4 ,! sub/ances :i* exhibit mo/ conspicu\sly ! ph5om5a ( /atical electricity are di/+ui%$ ei!r by ! *emical complexity ( _! molecules1 or else by ! composit5ess ( _! molecules produc$ allotropically or isom]ically1 or else by bo?4 ,! simple sub/ances electrically excit$ by friction1 z c>bon & sulphur1 are ^? hav+ sev]al allotropic /ates--^? capable ( =m+ multiple molecules4 ,! con*oidal fracture ( ! diamond & ( roll-sulphur1 sugge/ "s colloidal =m ( aggregation1 reg>d$ by ,pr(4 ,graham z a =m 9 :i* ! molecules are unit$ into #aha relatively-l>ge gr\ps4#bc ,9 su* comp\nd inorganic sub/ances z glass1 we h1 besides ! *emical complexity1 ?is same con*oidal fracture :i*1 along ) o!r evid5ce1 %[s glass to be a colloid2 & ! colloidal =m ( molecule is to be simil>ly inf]r$ z *>act]iz+ res91 amb]1 c4 ,t dry animal sub/ances1 su* z silk & hair1 are =m$ ( extremely-l>ge molecules1 we h cle> pro(2 s9ce ^!1 *emically complex 9 a high degree1 also h _! compon5ts unit$ 9 high multiples4 ,x ne$s b to "n ! fact t non-electric & conduct+ sub/ances1 su* z ! metals1 acids1 wat]1 c41 h relatively-simple molecules1 to make x cle> t ! capacity = develop+ /atical electricity dep5ds 9 "s way ^u ! pres5ce ( molecules ( highly composite k9ds4 ,& !re is ev5 /ill m conclusive pro( ?an t yield$ by ! contra/ betwe5 ^! gr\ps--! pro( furni%$ by ! fact t ! same sub/ance may be a conductor or a non-conductor1 accord+ to its =m ( molecul> aggregation4 ,?us sel5ium :5 cry/all9e is a conductor1 b :5 9 t allotropic /ate call$ amorph\s1 or non-cry/all9e1 x is a good non-conductor4 ,t is1 accept+ ,pr(4 ,graham's int]pretation ( ^! /ates1 :5 its molecules are arrang$ simply1 x is a conductor1 b :5 !y are comp\nd$ into l>ge gr\ps x is a non-conductor1 &1 by implication1 an electric4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! priori inf]5ce t a peculi> =m ( molecul> p]turbation w result :5 two unlike sub/ances1 "o ( :i* or ea* ( :i* consi/s ( #ahb highly-comp\nd$ molecules1 are made to act on "o ano!r1 is ju/ifi$ a po/]iori4 ,& n[1 in/ead ( ask+ g5]ally :at w happ51 let u ask :at may be inf]r$ to happ5 9 a special case4 ,a piece ( glass is rubb$ by silk4 ,! l>ge colloidal molecules =m+ ! surface ( ea*1 are made to di/urb "o ano!r4 ,?is is an inf]5ce ab\t :i* !re w1 ,i suppose1 be no dispute2 s9ce x is t assum$ 9 ! n[-e/abli%$ doctr9e ( ! correlation ( heat & motion4 ,besides ! effect :i*1 z :oles ! molecules mutually produce1 !re is ! effect produc$ on "o ano!r by c]ta9 ( _! compon5ts4 ,su* ( ^! z h times ( oscillation :i* diff]1 b n v widely1 g5]ate mutual p]turbations t are equal & opposite4 ,c\ld ^! p]turbations be readily propagat$ away f ! surface ( contact ?r\gh ei!r mass1 ! effect w\ld quickly dissipate1 z 9 ! case ( metals2 b1 = ! reason giv5 above1 ^! p]turbations _c be transf]r$ ) ease to ! homolog\s memb]s ( ! comp\nd molecules beh9d4 ,h5ce ! me*anical =ce ( ! friction1 trans=m$ into ! molecul> movem5ts ( ^! sup]ficial con/itu5t molecules1 exi/s 9 !m z int5se mutual p]turbations1 :i*1 unable to diffuse1 are limit$ to ! surfaces1 &1 inde$1 to ^? p>ts ( ! surfaces t h act$ on "o ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two surfaces become *>g$ ) two equal & opposite molecul> p]turbations--p]turbations :i*1 cancell+ "o ano!r if ! surfaces are kept 9 contact1 _c d ?is if ! surfaces are p>t$2 b c !n cancel "o ano!r only if a conductor is int]pos$4 ,let me briefly po9t out "s app>5t agreem5ts betwe5 ! coroll>ies f ?is hypo!sis1 & ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,we h1 fir/1 an int]pretation ( ! fact1 o!rwise seem+ s anomal\s1 t ?is =m ( electrical excitem5t is sup]ficial4 ,t !re %\ld be a mode ( #ahc activity limit$ to ! surface ( a sub/ance1 is difficult to und]/& 9 ! abs5ce ( "s conception ( ! k9d sugge/$4 ,we h an explanation ( ! tru?1 insi/$ on by ,f>aday1 t !re c be no *>ge ( "o k9d ( electricity obta9$1 )\t a correspond+ *>ge ( ! opposite k9d4 ,= x is a necess>y implication ( ! hypo!sis above set =?1 t no molecul> p]turbation ( ! nature describ$1 c be produc$1 )\t !re be+ simultane\sly produc$ a c\nt]-p]turbation exactly equal to x4 ,may we n also say t "s insight is af=d$ into ! ph5om5a ( induction8 ,9 ! cases ?us f> consid]$1 ! two surfaces electrifi$ by ! mutual p]turbations ( _! molecules1 are suppos$ to be 9 contact4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 app>5t contact is n actual contact1 we mu/1 ev5 9 ?is case1 assume t ! mutual p]turbation is effect$ ?r\gh an int]v5+ /ratum ( e!r4 ,to int]pret induction1 !n1 we h fir/ to conceive ?is /ratum ( e!r to be greatly increas$ 9 ?ickness2 & !n to ask :at w happ5 if ! molecules ( "o surface1 9 ?is /ate ( extreme int]nal p]turbation1 act on ! molecules ( a surface ne> x4 ,:e!r ! /ratum ( e!r is s ?9 z to be inappreciable to our s5ses1 or :e!r x is wide en\gh to be conspicu\s1 x mu/ /ill happ5 t if ?r\gh x ! mutual p]turbations are convey$ 9 ! "o case1 !y w be convey$ 9 ! o!r2 & h5ce a surface :i* is already ! seat ( ^! molecul> p]turbations ( "o ord]1 w induce p]turbations ( a c\nt] ord] 9 ! molecules ( an adjac5t surface4 ,9 additional ju/ification ( ! hypo!sis1 ,i w only po9t out t voltaic electricity seems to admit ( a k9dr$ int]pretation4 ,= any molecul> re-arrangem5t1 su* z occurs 9 a *emical decomposition & recomb9ation1 implies t ! movem5ts ( ! #ahd molecules conc]n$ are mutually p]turb$2 & _! p]turbations mu/ con=m to ! g5]al law already describ$3 ! molecules mu/ d]ange "o ano!r's motions 9 equal & opposite ways1 & s mu/ g5]ate plus & m9us d]angem5ts t cancel :5 br\ght into relation4 ,( c\rse ,i sugge/ ?is view simply z "o occurr+ to an outsid]4 ,unque/ionably x pres5ts difficulties2 z1 = in/ance1 t no manife/ explanation is yield$ by x ( electric attractions & repulsions4 ,& !re are d\btless objections n obvi\s to me t w at once /rike ^? to :om ! facts are m famili>4 ,! hypo!sis mu/ be reg>d$ z speculative2 & z set d[n on ! *ance t x may be wor? consid]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! =ego+ po/script 0 put 9 type1 ,i h receiv$ criticisms ^u x1 oral & writt51 f sev]al lead+ electricians & physici/s2 & ,i h pr(it$ by !m to am5d p>ts ( ! exposition4 ,:ile ,i h rema9$ )\t endorsem5ts ( ! hypo!sis1 ! objections rais$ h n be5 su* z to make cle> its unt5ability4 ,on "o po9t an addition seems ne$ful to exclude a miscon/ruction apt to arise4 ,! description ( ! mutually-produc$ molecul> p]turbations1 opposite 9 _! k9ds1 z result+ 9 waves t are propagat$ away f ! place ( di/urbance1 & t cancel :5 br\ght into relation1 is met by ! criticism t waves1 proce$+ 9 opposite directions & meet+1 d n mutually cancel1 b1 pass+ "o ano!r1 proce$ onw>ds4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two respects 9 :i* ! p>allelism does n hold1 betwe5 ! waves ref]r$ to & ! waves ,i h describ$1 :i* p]haps _c rightly be call$ waves4 ,! waves ref]r$ to1 z ^? on ! surface ( a liquid1 #ahe are su* t ea* consi/s ( two opposite deviations f a mean /ate4 ,ea* %[s excess & defect4 ,a s]ies ( !m is a s]ies ( plus & m9us div]g5ces2 & if two su* s]ies meet "o ano!r1 !y d n cancel4 ,b !re is no analogy betwe5 ?is case & a case 9 :i* ! :ole effect propagat$ 9 "o direction is a plus motion1 & ! :ole effect propagat$ 9 ! opposite direction is a m9us motion--t is1 plus & m9us *anges 9 o!r motions4 ,^!1 if equal 9 am\nt1 w cancel :5 !y meet4 ,if "o is a cont9ual addition to motion 9 a c]ta9 direction1 & ! o!r a correspond+ subtraction f motion 9 t direction1 ! two1 :5 add$ toge!r1 mu/ produce z]o4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! abs5ce ( p>allelism betwe5 ! two cases may be equally well se54 ,waves ( ! k9ds in/anc$ z n cancell+ "o ano!r1 are waves produc$ by "s =ce =eign to ! m$ium exhibit+ !m--an extr9sic =ce4 ,h5ce1 proce$+ f ! place ( initiation1 !y are necess>ily1 consid]$ 9 _! totalities1 positive 9 :atev] directions !y travel2 & h5ce1 too1 :5 conduct$ r\nd s z to meet1 an exagg]at$ p]turbation w result4 ,b 9 ! simple/ ( ! cases "h dealt ) 7t ( contact-electricity7 ! p]turbation is n ( extr9sic orig91 b ( intr9sic orig94 ,!re is no ext]nal activity at ! exp5se ( :i* ! quantity ( motion 9 ! di/urb$ matt] is positively increas$4 ,! activity1 be+ su* only z is int]nally possess$1 c g5]ate no m motion ?an already exi/s2 & !re=e :atev] ga9 ( motion arises any:]e 9 ! molecules mu/ be at ! co/ ( an equal loss else:]e4 ,"h p]turbation _c be a plus motion 9 all directions f ! place ( initiation2 b any plus motion cont9ually g5]at$ c result only f an equal & opposite m9us motion cont9ually g5]at$2 & ! mutual cancell+ becomes a coroll>y f ! mutual g5esis4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussions :i* ,i h _h1 ! #ahf foll[+ way ( pres5t+ ! argum5t has occurr$ to me4 #a4 ,two homog5e\s bodies are rubb$ toge!r & !re results heat3 ! int]pretation be+ t ! mol> motion is trans=m$ into molecul> motion4 ,"h motion produces motion--! =m only be+ *ang$4 #b4 ,n[ ( ! two bodies "o is replac$ by a body unlike 9 nature to ! o!r1 & !y are aga9 rubb$4 ,aga9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is produc$3 "s ( ! mol> motion is1 z be=e1 trans=m$ into molecul> motion4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ano!r "p ( ! mol> motion is *ang$ into--:at8 ,surely n a fluid1 a sub/ance1 a ?+4 ,x _c be t :at 9 ! fir/ case produces a *ange ( /ate1 9 ! second case produces an entity4 ,& 9 ! second case itself1 x _c be t :ile "p ( ! orig9al motion becomes *ang$ into ano!r species ( motion1 "p ( x becomes *ang$ into a species ( matt]4 #c4 ,mu/ we n say1 !n1 t if1 :5 ! two bodies rubb$ are homog5e\s1 s5sible motion is trans=m$ into ins5sible motion1 :5 !y are het]og5e\s1 s5sible motion mu/ /ill be trans=m$ into ins5sible motion3 su* diff]5ce ( nature z ?is ins5sible motion has1 be+ consequ5t on ! diff]5ce ( nature betwe5 ! two k9ds ( molecules act+ on "o ano!r8 #d4 ,if1 :5 ! two masses are homog5e\s1 ^? molecules :i* compose ! two rubb$ surfaces di/urb "o ano!r1 & increase "o ano!r's oscillations2 !n1 :5 ! two masses are het]og5e\s1 ^? molecules =m+ ! two rubb$ surfaces mu/ also di/urb "o ano!r 9 "s way--increase "o ano!r's agitations4 #e4 ,if1 :5 ! two sets ( molecules are alike 9 k9d1 ! mutual di/urbance is su* t !y simply increase ! amplitudes ( "o ano!r's oscillations1 & d ?is because _! times correspond2 !n1 mu/ x n be #ahg t :5 !y are unlike 9 k9d1 ! mutual di/urbance w involve a diff]5tial action consequ5t on ! unlik5ess ( _! motions8 ,mu/ n ! discord ( ! oscillations produce a result :i* _c be produc$ :5 ! oscillations are concordant--a comp\nd =m ( molecul> motion8 #f4 ,if masses ( relatively-simple molecules1 plac$ 9 apposition & made to act on "o ano!r1 cause su* effects2 !n mu/ we n say t effects ( ! same class1 b ( a diff]5t ord]1 w be caus$ by ! mutual actions1 n ( ! molecules z :oles1 b ( _! con/itu5ts8 ,if ! rubb$ surfaces sev]ally consi/ ( highly-comp\nd$ molecules--ea* conta9+1 x may be1 sev]al hundr$s ( m9or molecules1 unit$ into a def9itely-arrang$ clu/]2 !n1 :ile ! molecules z :oles affect "o ano!r's motions1 mu/ we n inf] t ! con/itu5ts ( ! "o class w affect ! con/itu5ts ( ! o!r class 9 _! motions8 ,:ile ! molecules z :oles increase "o ano!r's oscillations1 or d]ange "o ano!r's oscillations1 or bo?1 ! compon5ts ( !m _c be s /ably arrang$ t memb]s ( ! "o gr\p are :olly inop]ative on memb]s ( ! o!r gr\p4 ,& if !y are op]ative1 !n !re mu/ be a comp\nd =m ( molecul> motion :i* arises :5 masses ( highly-comp\nd$ molecules ( unlike k9ds1 are made to act on "o ano!r4 ,) ?is s]ies ( propositions & que/ions1 ,i leave ! sugge/ion to its fate2 m]ely rem>k+ t1 sett+ out ) ! pr9ciples ( molecul> physics n[ accept$1 x seems difficult to avoid ! implication t "s actions ( ! k9ds describ$ take place1 & t !re result f !m "s classes ( ph5om5a--ph5om5a :i*1 if n ^? we call electrical1 rema9 to be id5tifi$4 ,,endnote ,,to ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity84 #bc ,?\gh con*oidal fracture may n be conclusive pro( ( colloidality1 yet colloidal sub/ances h>d en\gh = fracture always display x4 ,respect+ roll-sulphur ,i may say t ?\gh 9 a few days aft] x is made1 x *anges f its orig9al /ate to a /ate 9 :i* x consi/s ( m9ute cry/als ( ano!r k9d irregul>ly mass$1 yet !re is reason = suspect+ t ^! h a matrix ( amorph\s sulphur4 ,i le>n f ,dr4 ,frankl& t1 :5 sublim$1 sulphur aggregates p>tly into m9ute cry/als & p>tly into an amorph\s p[d] di/+ui%$ by insolubility4 #ahh ,,mill v]sus ,,hamilton--,,! ,,te/ ,,( ,,tru?4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july #ahfe4 ,briti% speculation1 to :i*1 ! *ief initial ideas & e/abli%$ tru?s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy are due1 is no long] dormant4 ,by 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,mr4 ,mill probably did m ?an any o!r writ] to re-awak5 x4 ,& to ! great s]vice he ?us r5d]$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 he n[ adds by 8 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy--a "w :i*1 tak+ ! views ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton z texts1 reconsid]s sundry ultimate que/ions t /ill rema9 unsettl$4 ,among ^! que/ions is "o ( mu* importance :i* has already be5 ! subject ( controv]sy betwe5 ,mr4 ,mill & o!rs2 & ?is "q ,i propose to discuss afre%4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 x w be desirable to glance at two c>d9al doctr9es ( ! ,hamiltonian philosophy f :i* ,mr4 ,mill %[s reasons = diss5t+--desirable1 because comm5t on !m w elucidate :at is to foll[4 ,9 8 fif? *apt]1 ,mr4 ,mill po9ts out t 8:at is reject$ z k by ,sir ,william ,hamilton10 is 8br\ght back by him "u ! "n ( belief40 ,! quotations ju/ify ?is description ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's position1 & w>rant ! ass]tion t ! relativity ( #ahi k 0 held by him b nom9ally4 ,8 inconsi/5cy may1 ,i ?9k1 be trac$ to ! use ( ! ^w 8belief0 9 two q diff]5t s5ses4 ,we commonly say we 8believe0 a ?+ = :i* we c assign prepond]at+ evid5ce1 or conc]n+ :i* we h receiv$ "s indef9able impression4 ,we believe t ! next ,h\se ( ,commons w n aboli% ,*ur*-rates2 or we believe t a p]son on ^: face we look is good-natur$4 ,t is1 :5 we c give confess$ly-inadequate pro(s or no pro(s at all = ! ?+s we ?9k1 we call !m 8beliefs40 ,& x is ! peculi>ity ( ^! beliefs1 z contra/$ ) cognitions1 t _! connexions ) antec$5t /ates ( consci\sness may be easily sev]$1 in/ead ( be+ difficult to sev]4 ,b1 unhappily1 ! ^w 8belief0 is also appli$ to ea* ( ^? tempor>ily or p]man5tly indissoluble connexions 9 consci\sness1 = ! acceptance ( :i* ! only w>rant is t x _c be got rid (4 ,say+ t ,i feel a pa91 or he> a s\nd1 or see "o l9e to be long] ?an ano!r1 is say+ t !re has occurr$ 9 me a c]ta9 *ange ( /ate2 & x is impossible = me to give a /rong] evid5ce ( ?is fact ?an t x is pres5t to my m9d4 ,e argum5t1 too1 is resolvable into successive affections ( consci\sness :i* h no w>rants beyond !mselves4 ,:5 ask$ :y ,i ass]t "s m$iately kn[n tru?1 z t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 ,i f9d t ! pro( may be decompos$ into /eps1 ea* ( :i* is an imm$iate consci\sness t c]ta9 two quantities or two relations are equal or unequal--a consci\sness = :i* no fur!r evid5ce is assignable ?an t x exi/s 9 me4 ,nor1 on f9ally gett+ d[n to "s axiom und]ly+ ! :ole fabric ( demon/ration1 c ,i say m ?an t x is a tru? ( :i* ,i am imm$iately consci\s4 ,b n[ obs]ve ! confusion t has aris54 ,! imm5se majority ( tru?s :i* we accept z beyond d\bt1 & f :i* our notion ( unque/ionable tru? is ab/ract$1 #aij h ?is o!r trait 9 common--!y are sev]ally e/abli%$ by affiliation on deep] tru?s4 ,^! two *>act]s h become s associat$1 t "o seems to imply ! o!r4 ,= ea* tru? ( geometry we are able to assign "s wid] tru? 9 :i* x is involv$2 = t wid] tru? we are able1 if requir$1 to assign "s /ill wid]2 & s on4 ,?is be+ ! g5]al nature ( ! demon/ration by :i* exact k is e/abli%$1 !re has aris5 ! illusion t k s e/abli%$ is k ( high] validity ?an t imm$iate k :i* has no?+ deep] to re/ on4 ,! habit ( ask+ = pro(1 & hav+ pro( giv51 9 all ^! multitud9\s cases1 has produc$ ! implication t pro( may be ask$ = ^? ultimate dicta ( consci\sness into :i* all pro( is resolvable4 ,& !n1 because no pro( ( ^! c be giv51 !re arises ! vague feel+ t !y are ak9 to o!r ?+s ( :i* no pro( c be giv5--t !y are unc]ta9--t !y h unsatisfactory bases4 ,?is feel+ is /r5g!n$ by ! accompany+ misuse ( words4 8,belief0 hav+1 z above po9t$ out1 become ! "n ( an impression = :i* we c give only a confess$ly-inadequate reason1 or no reason at all2 x happ5s t :5 pu%$ h>d respect+ ! w>rant = any ultimate dictum ( consci\sness1 we say1 9 ! abs5ce ( all assignable reason1 t we believe x4 ,?us ! two opposite poles ( k g "u ! same "n2 & by ! rev]se connotations ( ?is "n1 z us$ = ! mo/ coh]5t & lea/ coh]5t relations ( ?\ght1 pr(\nd misconceptions h be5 g5]at$4 ,"h1 x seems to me1 is ! s\rce ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's error4 ,class+ z 8beliefs0 ^? direct1 undecomposable dicta ( consci\sness :i* transc5d pro(1 he ass]ts t ^! are ( high] au?ority ?an k 7mean+ by k t = :i* reasons c be giv572 & 9 ass]t+ ?is he is fully ju/ifi$4 ,b :5 he claims equal au?ority = ^? affections ( consci\sness :i* #aia g "u ! same "n ( 8beliefs10 b diff] 9 be+ extremely-indirect affections ( consci\sness1 or n def9ite affections ( consci\sness at all1 ! claim _c be admitt$4 ,by 8 own %[+1 no positive cognition answ]+ to ! ^w 8inf9ite0 exi/s2 :ile1 contr>iwise1 ^? cognitions :i* he rightly holds to be above "q1 are n only positive1 b h ! peculi>ity t !y _c be suppress$4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! two be gr\p$ toge!r z ( l degrees ( validity8 ,ne>ly alli$ 9 nature to ?is1 is ano!r ,hamiltonian doctr9e1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill effectively combats4 ,i ref] to ! coroll>y respect+ n\m5al exi/5ce :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton draws f ! law ( ! ,exclud$ ,middle1 or1 z x might be m intelligibly call$1 ! law ( ! ,alt]native ,necessity4 ,a ?+ mu/ ei!r exi/ or n exi/--mu/ h a c]ta9 attribute or n h x3 !re is no ?ird possibility4 ,?is is a po/ulate ( all ?\ght2 & 9 s f> z x is alleg$ ( ph5om5al exi/5ce1 no "o calls x 9 "q4 ,b ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 apply+ ! =mula beyond ! limits ( ?\ght1 draws f x c]ta9 conclusions respect+ ?+s z !y are1 ap>t f our consci\sness4 ,he says1 = example1 t ?\gh we _c conceive ,space z inf9ite or z f9ite1 yet1 8on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,exclud$ ,middle1 "o or o!r mu/ be admitt$40 ,?is inf]5ce ,mr4 ,mill %[s good reason = reject+4 ,8 argum5t may be supplem5t$ by ano!r1 :i* at once sugge/s itself if f ! words ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's propositions we pass to ! ?\ghts = :i* !y are suppos$ to /&4 ,:5 rememb]+ a c]ta9 ?+ z 9 a c]ta9 place1 ! place & ! ?+ are m5tally repres5t$ toge!r2 :ile to ?9k ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 t place1 implies a consci\sness 9 :i* ! place is repres5t$ b n ! ?+4 ,simil>ly1 if1 in/ead ( ?9k+ ( an object z col\rless1 we ?9k ( x z hav+ col\r1 ! *ange consi/s 9 ! addition to ! #aib concept ( an elem5t t 0 be=e abs5t f x--! object _c be ?\ght ( fir/ z r$ & !n z n r$1 )\t "o compon5t ( ! ?\ght be+ expell$ f ! m9d by ano!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,exclud$ ,middle1 !n1 is simply a g5]alization ( ! univ]sal exp]i5ce t "s m5tal /ates are directly de/ructive ( o!r /ates4 ,x =mulates a c]ta9 absolutely-con/ant law1 t no positive mode ( consci\sness c occur )\t exclud+ a correlative negative mode2 & t ! negative mode _c occur )\t exclud+ ! correlative positive mode3 ! anti!sis ( positive & negative1 be+1 inde$1 m]ely an expression ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce x foll[s t if consci\sness is n 9 "o ( ! two modes1 x mu/ be 9 ! o!r4 ,b n[1 "u :at conditions only c ?is law ( consci\sness hold8 ,x c hold only s long z !re are positive /ates ( consci\sness :i* c exclude ! negative /ates1 & :i* ! negative /ates c 9 _! turn exclude4 ,if we are n conc]n$ ) positive /ates ( consci\sness at all1 no su* mutual exclusion takes place1 & ! law ( ! ,alt]native ,necessity does n apply4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! flaw 9 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's proposition4 ,t ,space mu/ be inf9ite or f9ite1 are alt]natives ( :i* we are n oblig$ to reg>d "o z necess>y2 see+ t we h no /ate ( consci\sness answ]+ to ei!r ( ^! words z appli$ to ! totality ( ,space1 & !re=e no exclusion ( two antagoni/ /ates ( consci\sness by "o ano!r4 ,bo? alt]natives be+ un?9kable1 ! proposition %\ld be put ?us3 ,space is ei!r or is 2 nei!r ( :i* c be conceiv$1 b "o ( :i* mu/ be true4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton cont9ues to "w out ! =ms ( ?\ght :5 !y no long] conta9 any sub/ance2 &1 ( c\rse1 rea*es no?+ m ?an v]bal conclusions4 ,end+ "h ^! comm5ts on doctr9es ( ,sir ,william #aic ,hamilton1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill rejects on gr\nds t w be g5]ally recogniz$ z valid1 let me n[ pass to a doctr9e1 p>tly held by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & held by o!rs 9 ways v>i\sly qualifi$ & v>i\sly ext5d$--a doctr9e :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be successfully def5d$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,mill's attack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? editions ( 8 ,logic1 ,mr4 ,mill treats1 at consid]able l5g?1 ! "q--,is inconceivability an evid5ce ( untru?8--reply+ to criticisms previ\sly made on 8 reasons = ass]t+ t x is n4 ,! *ief answ]s :i* he !re makes to ^! criticisms1 turn ^u ! int]pretation ( ! ^w inconceivable4 ,?is ^w he consid]s is us$ z ! equival5t ( ! ^w unbelievable2 &1 translat+ x ?us1 readily disposes ( sundry argum5ts br\ght aga9/ him4 ,:e!r any o!rs :o h us$ ^! words 9 philosophical discussion1 h made !m synonym\s1 ,i d n "k2 b t !y are s us$ 9 ^? reason+s ( my own :i* ,mr4 ,mill combats1 ,i 0 n consci\s1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d alleg$4 ,x is n[ manife/ t ,i _h n adequately gu>d$ myself aga9/ ! miscon/ruction :i* is liable to arise f ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w belief--a ^w :i*1 we h se51 is us$ = ! mo/ coh]5t & ! lea/ coh]5t connexions 9 consci\sness1 because !y h ! common "* t no reason is assignable = !m4 ,?r\gh\t ! argum5t to :i* ,mr4 ,mill replies1 ! ^w is us$ by me only 9 ! fir/ ( ^! s5ses4 ,! 8inv>iably exi/5t beliefs10 ! 8inde/ructible beliefs10 are ! indissoluble connexions 9 consci\sness--nev] ! dissoluble ones4 ,b unbelievable implies ! dissoluble ones4 ,by association ) ! o!r & m g5]al mean+ ( ! ^w belief1 ! ^w unbelievable sugge/s cases 9 :i* ! proposition admits ( be+ repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 ?\gh x may be ) difficulty2 & 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ! c\nt]-proposition admits ( be+ #aid decompos$4 ,to be q sure ( our gr\nd1 let u def9e & illu/rate ! mean+s ( inconceivable & unbelievable4 ,an inconceivable proposition is "o ( :i* ! t]ms _c1 by any ef=t1 be br\ght be=e consci\sness 9 t relation :i* ! proposition ass]ts betwe5 !m--a proposition ( :i* ! subject & ! pr$icate (f] an insurm\ntable resi/ance to union 9 ?\ght4 ,an unbelievable proposition is "o :i* admits ( be+ fram$ 9 ?\ght1 b is s mu* at v>iance ) exp]i5ce t its t]ms _c be put 9 ! alleg$ relation )\t ef=t4 ,?us1 x is unbelievable t a cannon-ball fir$ f ,engl& %\ld rea* ,am]ica2 b x is n inconceivable4 ,conv]sely1 x is inconceivable t "o side ( a triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! o!r two sides--n simply unbelievable4 ,! two sides _c be repres5t$ 9 consci\sness z becom+ equal 9 _! jo9t l5g? to ! ?ird side1 )\t ! repres5tation ( a triangle be+ de/roy$2 & ! concept ( a triangle _c be fram$ )\t a simultane\s de/ruction ( a concept 9 :i* ^! magnitudes are repres5t$ z equal4 ,t is to say1 ! subject & pr$icate _c be unit$ 9 ! same intuition--! proposition is un?9kable4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se only t ,i h us$ ! ^w inconceivable2 & only :5 rigor\sly re/rict$ to ?is s5se d ,i reg>d ! te/ ( inconceivabl5ess z hav+ any value4 ,i _h conclud$ t :5 ?is explanation 0 made1 ,mr4 ,mill's reasons = diss5t w\ld be remov$4 ,passages 9 8 rec5tly-publi%$ volume1 h[ev]1 %[ t1 ev5 re/rict+ ! use ( ! ^w inconceivable to ! mean+ "h specifi$1 he /ill d5ies t a proposition is prov$ to be true by ! inconceivabl5ess ( its negation4 ,to meet1 )9 any mod]ate compass1 all ! issues :i* h gr[n out ( ! controv]sy1 is difficult4 ,be=e pass+ to ! ess5tial "q1 h[ev]1 ,i w endeav\r to cle> ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 m9or que/ions4 ,describ+ ,sir ,william ,hamilton's doctr9e respect+ #aie ! ultimate facts ( consci\sness1 or ^? :i* are above pro(1 ,mr4 ,mill writes3 8,! only condition he requires is t we be n able to #8r$uce x a fact ( ?is class to a g5]alization f exp]i5ce4' ,?is condition is realiz$ by its possess+ ! #8"* ( necessity4' #8,x mu/ be impossible n to ?9k x4 ,9 fact1 by its necessity alone c we recognize x z an orig9al datum ( intellig5ce1 & di/+ui% x f any m]e result ( g5]alization & cu/om4' ,9 ?is ,sir ,william ,hamilton is at "o ) ! :ole ( 8 own section ( ! philosophical _w2 ) ,reid1 ) ,/ew>t1 ) ,c\s91 ) ,:ewell1 we may add1 ) ,kant1 & ev5 ) ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! te/ by :i* !y all decide a belief to be a "p ( our primitive consci\sness--an orig9al intuition ( ! m9d--is ! necessity ( ?9k+ x4 ,_! pro( t we mu/ always1 f ! beg9n+1 h _h ! belief1 is ! impossibility ( gett+ rid ( x n[4 ,?is argum5t1 appli$ to any ( ! disput$ que/ions ( philosophy1 is d\bly illegitimate3 nei!r ! major nor ! m9or premise is admissible4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! v fact t ! "q is disput$1 disproves ! alleg$ impossibility4 ,^? aga9/ :om x is ne$ful to def5d ! belief :i* is affirm$ to be necess>y1 are unmi/akable examples t x is n necess>y 4 4 4 4 ,^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 & among !m ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 mi/ake altoge!r ! true conditions ( psy*ological inve/igation1 :51 in/ead ( prov+ a belief to be an orig9al fact ( consci\sness by %[+ t x c\ld n h be5 acquir$1 !y conclude t x 0 n acquir$1 = ! reason1 (t5 false1 & nev] suffici5tly sub/antiat$1 t our consci\sness _c get rid ( x n[40 ,?is repres5tation1 9 s f> z x conc]ns my own views1 has some:at puzzl$ me4 ,consid]+ t ,i h av[$ a g5]al agreem5t ) ,mr4 ,mill 9 ! doctr9e t all k is f exp]i5ce1 & h def5d$ #aif ! te/ ( inconceivabl5ess on ! v gr\nd t x expresses 8! net result ( our exp]i5ces up to ! pres5t "t0 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #dcj7--;consid]+ t1 s f> f ass]t+ ! di/9ction quot$ f ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,i h aim$ to aboli% su* di/9ction--consid]+ t ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ h[ all our conceptions1 ev5 d[n to ^? ( ,space & ,"t1 are 8acquir$0--consid]+ t ,i h s\ght to int]pret =ms ( ?\ght 7& by implication all intuitions7 z products ( organiz$ & inh]it$ exp]i5ces 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #bjh72 ,i am tak5 aback at f9d+ myself class$ z 9 ! above p>agraph4 ,leav+ ! p]sonal "q1 h[ev]1 let me pass to ! ass]tion t ! diff]5ce ( op9ion respect+ ! te/ ( necessity itself disproves ! validity ( ! te/4 ,two issues are "h involv$4 ,fir/1 if a p>ticul> proposition is by "s accept$ z a necess>y belief1 b by "o or m d5i$ to be a necess>y belief1 is ! validity ( ! te/ ( necessity !reby disprov$ 9 respect ( t p>ticul> proposition8 ,second1 if ! validity ( ! te/ is disprov$ 9 respect ( t p>ticul> proposition1 does x !re=e foll[ t ! te/ _c be dep5d$ on 9 o!r cases8--does x foll[ t !re are no beliefs univ]sally accept$ z necess>y1 & 9 respect ( :i* ! te/ ( necessity is valid8 ,ea* ( ^! que/ions may1 ,i ?9k1 be rightly answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,9 alleg+ t if a belief is said by "s to be necess>y1 b by o!rs to be n necess>y1 ! te/ ( necessity is !reby %[n to be no te/1 ,mr4 ,mill tacitly assumes t all m5 h p[]s ( introspection enabl+ !m 9 all cases to say :at consci\sness te/ifies2 :]eas a great proportion ( m5 are incapable ( correctly int]pret+ consci\sness 9 any b its simple/ modes1 & ev5 ! rema9d] are liable to mi/ake = dicta ( consci\sness :at prove on clos] exam9ation n to be its dicta4 ,take ! case ( an ari?metical blund]4 #aig ,a boy adds up a column ( figures1 & br+s out a wrong total4 ,aga9 he does x & aga9 errs4 ,8 ma/] asks him to g ?r\gh ! process al\d1 & !n he>s him say 8#ce & #i are #df0--;an error :i* he _h repeat$ on ea* occasion4 ,n[ )\t discuss+ ! m5tal act ?r\gh :i* we "k t #ce & #i are #dd1 & ?r\gh :i* we recognize ! necessity ( ?is relation1 x is cle> t ! boy's mis9t]pretation ( consci\sness1 lead+ him tacitly to d5y ?is necessity by ass]t+ t 8#ce & #i are #df10 _c be held to prove t ! relation is n necess>y4 ,?is1 & k9dr$ misjudgm5ts daily made by acc\ntants1 m]ely %[ t !re is a liability to ov]look :at are necess>y connexions 9 our ?\ghts1 & to assume z necess>y o!rs :i* are n4 ,9 ^! & ho/s ( cases1 m5 d n di/9ctly translate into _! equival5t /ates ( consci\sness ! words !y use4 ,?is neglig5ce is ) _m s habitual1 t !y are unaw>e t !y h n cle>ly repres5t$ to !mselves ! propositions !y ass]t2 & are !n apt1 q s9c]ely ?\gh errone\sly1 to ass]t t !y c ?9k ?+s :i* x is really impossible to ?9k4 ,b suppos+ x to be true t :5ev] a p>ticul> belief is alleg$ to be necess>y1 ! exi/5ce ( "s :o pr(ess !mselves able to believe o!rwise1 proves t ?is belief is n necess>y2 mu/ x be !re=e admitt$ t ! te/ ( necessity is invalid8 ,i ?9k n4 ,m5 may mi/ake = necess>y1 c]ta9 beliefs :i* are n necess>y2 & yet x may rema9 true t !re are necess>y beliefs1 & t ! necessity ( su* beliefs is our w>rant = !m4 ,7 conclusions ?us te/$ prov$ to be wrong 9 a hundr$ cases1 x w\ld n foll[ t ! te/ is an invalid "o2 any m ?an x w\ld foll[ f a hundr$ errors 9 ! use ( a logical =mula1 t ! logical =mula is invalid4 ,if f ! premise t all horn$ animals rum9ate1 x 7 inf]r$ t ! rh9oc]os1 be+ a horn$ animal1 rum9ates2 ! error w\ld #aih furni% no argum5t aga9/ ! wor? ( syllogisms 9 g5]al--:atev] _! wor? may be4 ,daily !re are ?\s&s ( errone\s d$uctions :i*1 by ^? :o draw !m1 are suppos$ to be w>rant$ by ! data f :i* !y draw !m2 b no multiplication ( su* errone\s d$uctions is reg>d$ z prov+ t !re are no d$uctions truly drawn1 & t ! draw+ ( d$uctions is illegitimate4 ,9 ^! cases1 z 9 ! case to :i* !y are "h p>allel$1 ! only ?+ %[n is ! ne$ = v]ification ( data & criticism ( ! acts ( consci\sness4 8,?is argum5t10 says ,mr4 ,mill1 ref]r+ to ! argum5t ( necessity1 8appli$ to any ( ! disput$ que/ions ( philosophy1 is d\bly illegitimate2 4 4 4 ! v fact t ! "q is disput$1 disproves ! alleg$ impossibility40 ,besides ! =ego+ replies to ?is1 !re is ano!r4 ,grant+ t !re h be5 appeals illegitimately made to ?is te/--grant+ t !re are _m que/ions too complex to be settl$ by x1 :i* m5 h nev]!less propos$ to settle by x1 & h consequ5tly got into controv]sy2 x may yet be truly ass]t$ t 9 respect ( all1 or almo/ all1 que/ions legitimately br\ght to judgm5t by ?is te/1 !re is no dispute ab\t ! answ]4 ,f ! e>lie/ times on record d[n to our own1 m5 h n *ang$ _! beliefs conc]n+ ! tru?s ( numb]4 ,! axiom t if equals be add$ to unequals ! sums are unequal1 0 held by ! ,greeks no less ?an by ourselves1 z a direct v]dict ( consci\sness1 f :i* !re is no escape & no appeal4 ,ea* ( ! propositions ( ,euclid appe>s to u absolutely beyond d\bt z x did to !m4 ,ea* /ep 9 ea* demon/ration we accept1 z !y accept$ x1 because we imm$iately see t ! alleg$ relation is z alleg$1 & t x is impossible to conceive x o!rwise4 ,illu/ration ,b h[ are legitimate appeals to ! te/ to be di/+ui%$8 ,! answ] is n difficult to f9d4 ,mr4 ,mill #aii cites ! belief 9 ! antipodes z hav+ be5 reject$ by ! ,greeks because inconceivable1 b z be+ held by ourselves to be bo? conceivable & true4 ,he has be=e giv5 ?is in/ance1 & ,i h be=e object$ to x 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #dbh71 = ! reason t ! /ates ( consci\sness involv$ 9 ! judgm5t are too complex to admit ( any tru/wor?y v]dict be+ giv54 ,an illu/ration w %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a legitimate appeal to ! te/ & an illegitimate appeal to x4 ,a & ,b are two l9es4 ,h[ is x decid$ t !y are equal or n equal8 ,no way is op5 b t ( comp>+ ! two impressions !y make on consci\sness4 ,i "k !m to be unequal by an imm$iate act1 if ! diff]5ce is great1 or if1 ?\gh only mod]ately diff]5t1 !y are close toge!r2 & suppos+ ! diff]5ce is b slight1 ,i decide ! "q by putt+ ! l9es 9 apposition :5 !y are movable1 or by c>ry+ a movable l9e f "o to ! o!r if !y are fix$4 ,b 9 any case1 ,i obta9 9 consci\sness ! te/imony t ! impression produc$ by ! "o l9e diff]s f t produc$ by ! o!r4 ,( ?is diff]5ce ,i c give no fur!r evid5ce ?an t ,i am consci\s ( x1 & f9d x impossible1 :ile contemplat+ ! l9es1 to get rid ( ! consci\sness4 ,! proposition t ! l9es are unequal is a proposition ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable4 ,b n[ suppose x is ask$ :e!r ,b & ,c are equal2 or :e!r ,c & ,d are equal4 ,no positive answ] is possible4 ,in/ead ( its be+ #bjj inconceivable t ,b is long] ?an ,c1 or equal to x1 or %ort]1 x is conceivable t x is any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,"h an appeal to ! direct v]dict ( consci\sness is illegitimate1 because on transf]r+ ! att5tion f ,b to ,c1 or ,c to ,d1 ! *anges 9 ! o!r elem5ts ( ! impressions s entangle ! elem5ts to be comp>$1 z to prev5t !m f be+ put 9 apposition4 ,if ! "q ( relative l5g? is to be det]m9$1 x mu/ be by rectification ( ! b5t l9e2 & ?is is done ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps1 ea* "o ( :i* involves an imm$iate judgm5t ak9 to t by :i* ,a & ,b are comp>$4 ,n[ z "h1 s 9 o!r cases1 x is only simple p]cepts or concepts respect+ ! relations ( :i* imm$iate consci\sness c satisfactorily te/ify2 & z "h1 s 9 o!r cases1 x is by resolution into su* simple p]cepts & concepts1 t true judgm5ts respect+ complex p]cepts & concepts are rea*$4 ,t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r1 is a fact :i* c be kn[n by direct comp>ison ( actual or ideal relations1 & c be kn[n 9 no o!r way3 ! proposition is "o ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable1 & is rightly ass]t$ on t w>rant4 ,b t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle equals ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides1 _c be kn[n imm$iately by comp>ison ( two /ates ( consci\sness4 ,"h ! tru? c be rea*$ only m$iately1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( simple judgm5ts respect+ ! lik5esses or unlik5esses ( c]ta9 relations3 ea* ( :i* judgm5ts is ess5tially ( ! same k9d z t by :i* ! above axiom is kn[n1 & has ! same w>rant4 ,?us x becomes app>5t t ! fallaci\s result ( ! te/ ( necessity :i* ,mr4 ,mill in/ances1 is due to a misapplication ( ! te/4 ,^! prelim9>y explanations h s]v$ to make cle> ! "q at issue4 ,let u n[ pass to ! ess5ce ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,metaphysical reason+ is usually vitiat$ by "s cov]t #bja petitio pr9cipii4 ,ei!r ! ?+ to be prov$ or ! ?+ to be disprov$1 is tacitly assum$ to be true 9 ! c\rse ( ! pro( or dispro(4 ,x is ?us ) ! argum5t ( ,idealism4 ,?\gh ! conclusion rea*$ is t ,m9d & ,ideas are ! only exi/5ces2 yet ! /eps by :i* ?is conclusion is rea*$1 take = grant$ t ext]nal objects h j ! k9d ( indep5d5t exi/5ce :i* is ev5tually d5i$4 ,if t ext5sion :i* ! ,ideali/ cont5ds is m]ely an affection ( consci\sness1 has no?+ out ( consci\sness answ]+ to x2 !n1 9 ea* ( 8 propositions conc]n+ ext5sion1 ! ^w %\ld always mean an affection ( consci\sness & no?+ m4 ,b if :]ev] he speaks ( di/ances & dim5sions we write ideas ( di/ances & dim5sions1 8 propositions are r$uc$ to nons5se4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,scepticism4 ,! resolution ( all k into 8impressions0 & 8ideas10 is effect$ by an analysis :i* assumes at e /ep an objective reality produc+ ! impressions & ! subjective reality receiv+ !m4 ,! reason+ becomes impossible if ! exi/5ce ( object & subject be n admitt$ at ! outset4 ,agree ) ! ,sceptic's d\bt1 & !n propose to revise 8 argum5t s t x may h>monize ) 8 d\bt4 ,( ! two alt]natives betwe5 :i* he halts1 assume1 fir/1 ! reality ( object & subject4 ,8 argum5t is practicable2 :e!r valid or n4 ,n[ assume t object & subject d n exi/4 ,he _c /ir a /ep t[>d 8 conclusion--nay1 he _c ev5 /ate 8 conclusion2 = ! ^w 8impression0 _c be translat$ into ?\ght )\t assum+ a ?+ impress+ & a ?+ impress$4 ,?\gh ,empiricism1 z at pres5t und]/ood1 is n ?us suicidal1 x is op5 to an analog\s criticism on its me?od1 simil>ly tell+ aga9/ ! validity ( its inf]5ce4 ,x proposes to acc\nt = our s-call$ necess>y beliefs1 z well z all our o!r beliefs2 & to d ?is )\t po/ulat+ any "o belief z necess>y4 ,br++ #bjb =w>d abundant evid5ce t ! connexions among our /ates ( consci\sness are det]m9$ by our exp]i5ces--t two exp]i5ces frequ5tly recurr+ toge!r 9 consci\sness1 become s coh]5t t "o /rongly sugge/s ! o!r1 & t :5 _! jo9t recurr5ce is p]petual & inv>iable1 ! connexion betwe5 !m becomes indissoluble2 x argues t ! indissolubility1 s produc$1 is all t we mean by necessity4 ,& !n x seeks to expla9 ea* ( our s-call$ necess>y beliefs z ?us orig9at$4 ,n[ c\ld pure ,empiricism rea* ?is analysis & its subsequ5t syn!sis )\t tak+ any ?+ = grant$1 its argum5ts w\ld be unobjectionable4 ,b x _c d ?is4 ,exam9e its phraseology1 & !re arises ! "q1 ,exp]i5ces ( :at8 ,translate ! ^w into ?\ght1 & x cle>ly involves some?+ m ?an /ates ( m9d & ! connexions among !m4 ,= if x does n1 !n ! hypo!sis is t /ates ( m9d are g5]at$ by ! exp]i5ces ( /ates ( m9d2 & if ! inquiry be pursu$1 ?is ends ) initial /ates ( m9d :i* are n acc\nt$ =--! hypo!sis fails4 ,evid5tly1 !re is tacitly assum$ some?+ beyond ! m9d by :i* ! 8exp]i5ces0 are produc$--some?+ 9 :i* exi/ ! objective relations to :i* ! subjective relations correspond--an ext]nal _w4 ,refuse ?us to expla9 ! ^w 8exp]i5ces10 & ! hypo!sis becomes mean+less4 ,b n[1 hav+ ?us po/ulat$ an ext]nal reality z ! indisp5sable f\ndation ( its reason+s1 pure ,empiricism c subsequ5tly nei!r prove nor disprove its po/ulate4 ,an attempt to disprove x1 or to give x any o!r mean+ ?an t orig9ally involv$1 is suicidal2 & an attempt to e/abli% x by inf]5ce is reason+ 9 a circle4 ,:at !n are we to say ( ?is proposition on :i* ,empiricism re/s8 ,is x a necess>y belief1 or is x n8 ,if necess>y1 ! hypo!sis 9 its pure =m is ab&on$4 ,if n necess>y--if n posit$ #bjc priori z absolutely c]ta9--!n ! hypo!sis re/s on an unc]ta9ty2 & ! :ole fabric ( its argum5t is un/able4 ,m ?an ?is is true4 ,besides ! insecurity impli$ by build+ on a f\ndation t is confess$ly n beyond "q1 !re is ! mu* great] insecurity impli$ by rais+ proposition ^u proposition ( :i* ea* is confess$ly n beyond "q4 ,= to say t !re are no necess>y tru?s1 is to say t ea* successive inf]5ce is n necess>ily involv$ 9 its premises--is an empirical judgm5t--a judgm5t n c]ta9ly true4 ,h5ce1 apply+ rigor\sly its own doctr9e1 we f9d t pure ,empiricism1 />t+ f an unc]ta9ty & progress+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( unc]ta9ties1 _c claim mu* c]ta9ty = its conclusions4 ,d\btless1 x may be repli$ t any !ory ( human k mu/ set out ) assumptions--ei!r p]man5t or provisional2 & t ! validity ( ^! assumptions is to be det]m9$ by ! results rea*$ ?r\gh !m4 ,b t su* assumptions may be made legitimately1 two ?+s are requir$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y mu/ n be multipli$ /ep aft] /ep z occasion requires2 o!rwise ! conclusion rea*$ might z well be assum$ at once4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! fact t !y are assumptions mu/ n be lo/ sight (3 ! conclusions drawn mu/ n be put =w>d z ?\gh !y h a c]ta9ty :i* ! premises h n4 ,n[ pure ,empiricism1 9 common ) o!r !ories ( k1 is op5 to ! criticism1 t x neglects ?us av[$ly to recognize ! nature ( ^? prim>y assumptions :i* x lays d[n z provisionally valid1 if x d5ies t !y c be necess>ily valid4 ,& x is op5 to ! fur!r criticism1 t x goes on at e /ep 9 its argum5t mak+ assumptions :i* x neglects to specify z provisional2 s9ce !y1 too1 _c be kn[n z necess>y4 ,until x has assign$ "s w>rant = its orig9al datum & = ea* ( its subsequ5t inf]5ces1 or else has #bjd ackn[l$g$ !m all to be b hypo!tical1 x may be /opp$ ei!r at ! outset or at any /age 9 its argum5t4 ,aga9/ e 8because0 & e 8!re=e10 an oppon5t may ent] a caveat1 until he is told :y x is ass]t$3 cont5d+1 z he may1 t if ?is inf]5ce is n necess>y he is n b\nd to accept x2 & t if x is necess>y x mu/ be op5ly decl>$ to be necess>y1 & "s te/ mu/ be assign$ by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f propositions t are n necess>y4 ,^! consid]ations w1 ,i ?9k1 make x obvi\s t ! fir/ /ep 9 a metaphysical argum5t1 rightly c>ri$ on1 mu/ be an exam9ation ( propositions = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :at "* is common to ^? :i* we call unque/ionably true1 & is impli$ by ass]t+ _! unque/ionable tru?4 ,fur!r1 to c>ry on ?is inquiry legitimately1 we mu/ re/rict our analysis rigor\sly to /ates ( consci\sness consid]$ 9 _! relations to "o ano!r3 :olly ignor+ any ?+ beyond consci\sness to :i* ^! /ates & _! relations may be suppos$ to ref]4 ,= if1 be=e we h asc]ta9$ by comp>+ propositions :at is ! trait t leads u to class "s ( !m z c]ta9ly true1 we av[$ly or tacitly take = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ beyond consci\sness2 !n1 a p>ticul> proposition is assum$ to be c]ta9ly true be=e we h asc]ta9$ :at is ! di/9ctive "* ( ! propositions :i* we call c]ta9ly true1 & ! analysis is vitiat$4 ,if we _c transc5d consci\sness--if1 !re=e1 :at we "k z tru? mu/ be "s m5tal /ate1 or "s comb9ation ( m5tal /ates2 x mu/ be possible = u to say 9 :at way we di/+ui% ?is /ate or ^! /ates4 ,! def9ition ( tru? mu/ be expressible 9 t]ms ( consci\sness2 &1 inde$1 _c o!rwise be express$ if consci\sness _c be transc5d$4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! metaphysician's fir/ /ep mu/ be to %ut out f 8 inve/igation e ?+ b :at is subjective2 n tak+ = grant$ ! #bje exi/5ce ( any ?+ objective correspond+ to 8 ideas1 until he has asc]ta9$ :at prop]ty ( 8 ideas x is :i* he pr$icates by call+ !m true4 ,let u note ! result if he does ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! words ( a proposition are ! signs ( c]ta9 /ates ( consci\sness2 & ! ?+ alleg$ by a proposition is ! connexion or disconnexion ( ! /ates ( consci\sness signifi$4 ,:5 ?9k+ is c>ri$ on ) precision--:5 ! m5tal /ates :i* we call words1 are translat$ into ! m5tal /ates !y symbolize 7:i* !y v frequ5tly are n7--?9k+ a proposition consi/s 9 ! occurr5ce toge!r 9 consci\sness ( ! subject & pr$icate4 8,! bird 0 br[n10 is a proposition :i* implies ! union 9 ?\ght ( a p>ticul> attribute ) a gr\p ( o!r attributes4 ,:5 ! inquir] comp>es v>i\s propositions ?us r5d]$ into /ates ( consci\sness1 he f9ds t !y diff] v greatly 9 respect ( ! facility ) :i* ! /ates ( consci\sness are connect$ & disconnect$4 ,! m5tal /ate kn[n z br[n may be unit$ ) ^? m5tal /ates :i* make up ! figure kn[n z bird1 )\t appreciable ef=t1 or may be sep>at$ f !m )\t appreciable ef=t3 ! bird may easily be ?\ght ( z black1 or gre51 or yell[4 ,contr>iwise1 su* an ass]tion z 8,! ice 0 hot10 is "o to :i* he f9ds mu* difficulty 9 mak+ 8 m9d respond4 ,! elem5ts ( ! proposition _c be put toge!r 9 ?\ght )\t great resi/ance4 ,betwe5 ^? o!r /ates ( consci\sness :i* ! ^w ice connotes1 & ! /ate ( consci\sness nam$ cold1 !re is an extremely /rong cohesion--a cohesion measur$ by ! resi/ance to be ov]come 9 ?9k+ ( ! ice z hot4 ,fur!r1 he f9ds t 9 _m cases ! /ates ( consci\sness gr\p$ toge!r _c be sep>at$ at all4 ,! idea ( pressure _c be disconnect$ f ! idea ( some?+ occupy+ space4 ,motion _c be ?\ght #bjf ( )\t an object t moves be+ at ! same "t ?\ght (4 ,& !n1 besides ^! connexions 9 consci\sness :i* rema9 absolute "u all circum/ances1 !re are o!rs :i* rema9 absolute "u special circum/ances4 ,betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ^? m vivid /ates ( consci\sness :i* ! inquir] di/+ui%es z p]ceptions1 he f9ds t !re is a tempor>ily-indissoluble cohesion4 ,?\gh :5 !re arises 9 him t comp>atively fa9t /ate ( consci\sness :i* he calls ! idea ( a book1 he c easily ?9k ( ! book z r$1 or br[n1 or gre52 yet :5 he has t mu* /rong] consci\sness :i* he calls see+ a book1 he f9ds t s long z !re cont9ue c]ta9 accompany+ /ates ( consci\sness :i* he calls ! conditions to p]ception1 ^? sev]al /ates ( consci\sness :i* make up ! p]ception _c be disunit$--he _c ?9k ( ! book z r$1 or gre51 or br[n2 b f9ds t1 along ) a c]ta9 figure1 !re absolutely coh]es a c]ta9 col\r4 ,/ill %utt+ himself up )9 ^! limits1 let u suppose ! inquir] to ask himself :at he ?9ks ab\t ^! v>i\s degrees ( cohesion among 8 /ates ( consci\sness--h[ he names !m1 & h[ he behaves t[>d !m4 ,if !re comes1 no matt] :5ce1 ! proposition--8,! bird 0 br[n10 subject & pr$icate answ]+ to ^! words spr+ up toge!r 9 consci\sness2 & if !re is no oppos+ proposition1 he unites ! specifi$ & impli$ attributes )\t ef=t1 & believes ! proposition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! proposition is--8,! bird 0 necess>ily br[n10 he makes an exp]im5t l ^? above describ$1 & f9d+ t he c sep>ate ! attribute ( br[nness1 & c ?9k ( ! bird z gre5 or yell[1 he does n admit t ! bird 0 necess>ily br[n4 ,:5 su* a proposition z 8,! ice 0 cold0 arises 9 him1 ! elem5ts ( ! ?\ght behave z be=e2 & s long z no te/ is appli$1 ! union ( ! consci\sness ( cold ) ! #bjg accompany+ /ates ( consci\sness1 seems to be ( ! same nature z ! union betwe5 ^? answ]+ to ! words br[n & bird4 ,b %\ld ! proposition be *ang$ into--8,! ice 0 necess>ily cold10 q a diff]5t result happ5s f t :i* happ5$ 9 ! previ\s case4 ,! ideas answ]+ to subject & pr$icate are "h s coh]5t1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( c>eful exam9ation !y might pass z insep>able1 & ! proposition be accept$4 ,b suppose ! proposition is delib]ately te/$ by try+ :e!r ice c be ?\ght ( z n cold4 ,great resi/ance is (f]$ 9 consci\sness to ?is4 ,/ill1 by an ef=t1 he c imag9e wat] to h its temp]ature ( congelation high] ?an blood heat2 & c s ?9k ( congeal$ wat] z hot in/ead ( cold4 ,n[ ! extremely /rong cohesion ( /ates ( consci\sness1 ?us exp]im5tally prov$ by ! difficulty ( sep>at+ !m1 he f9ds to be :at he calls a /rong belief4 ,once m1 9 response to ! words--8,along ) motion !re is some?+ t moves10 he repres5ts to himself a mov+ body2 &1 until he tries an exp]im5t ^u x1 he may suppose ! elem5ts ( ! repres5tation to be unit$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! repres5tations in/anc$ above4 ,b suppos+ ! proposition is modifi$ into--8,along ) motion !re is necess>ily some?+ t moves10 ! response made 9 ?\ght to ^! words1 discloses ! fact t ! /ates ( consci\sness call$ up 9 ?is case are indissolubly connect$ 9 ! way alleg$4 ,he discov]s ?is by try+ to conceive ! negation ( ! proposition--by try+ to ?9k ( motion z n hav+ along ) x some?+ t moves2 & 8 inability to conceive ?is negation is ! obv]se ( 8 inability to te> asund] ! /ates ( consci\sness :i* con/itute ! affirmation4 ,^? propositions :i* survive ?is /ra91 are ! propositions he di/+ui%es z necess>y4 ,:e!r or n he means any ?+ else by ?is ^w1 he evid5tly means t 9 8 consci\sness ! connexions #bjh !y pr$icate are1 s f> z he c asc]ta91 unalt]able4 ,! b>e fact is t he submits to !m because he has no *oice4 ,!y rule 8 ?\ghts :e!r he w or n4 ,leav+ out all que/ions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! connexions--all !ories conc]n+ _! significations1 !re rema9s 9 ! inquir] ! consci\sness t c]ta9 ( 8 /ates ( consci\sness are s weld$ toge!r t all o!r l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( consci\sness yield be=e ^! give way4 ,cont9u+ rigor\sly to exclude ev]y?+ beyond consci\sness1 let him n[ ask himself :at he means by reason+8 :at is ! ess5tial nature ( an argum5t8 :at is ! peculi>ity ( a conclusion8 ,analysis soon %[s him t reason+ is ! =mation ( a coh]5t s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,he has f\nd t ! ?\ghts express$ by propositions1 v>y 9 ! cohesions ( _! subjects & pr$icates2 & he f9ds t at e /ep 9 an argum5t1 c>efully c>ri$ on1 he te/s ! /r5g?s ( all ! connexions ass]t$ & impli$4 ,he consid]s :e!r ! object nam$ really does belong to ! class 9 :i* x is includ$--tries :e!r he c ?9k ( x z n l ! ?+s x is said to be l4 ,he consid]s :e!r ! attribute alleg$ is really possess$ by all memb]s ( ! class--tries to ?9k ( "s memb] ( ! class t has n ! attribute--,& he admits ! proposition only on f9d+1 by ?is criticism1 t !re is a great] degree ( cohesion 9 ?\ght betwe5 its elem5ts1 ?an betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! c\nt]-proposition4 ,?us te/+ ! /r5g? ( ea* l9k 9 ! argum5t1 he at l5g? rea*es ! conclusion1 :i* he te/s 9 ! same way4 ,if he accepts x1 he does s because ! argum5t has e/abli%$ 9 him an indirect cohesion betwe5 /ates ( consci\sness t 7 n directly coh]5t1 or n s coh]5t directly z ! argum5t makes !m indirectly4 ,b he accepts x only suppos+ t ! connexion betwe5 ! two /ates ( consci\sness #bji compos+ x1 is n resi/$ by "s /rong] c\nt]-connexion4 ,if !re happ5s to be an oppos+ argum5t1 ( :i* ! compon5t ?\ghts are felt1 :5 te/$1 to be m coh]5t2 or if1 9 ! abs5ce ( an oppos+ argum5t1 !re exi/s an appos+ conclusion1 ( :i* ! elem5ts h "s direct cohesion great] ?an t :i* ! pr(f]$ argum5t indirectly gives2 !n ! conclusion rea*$ by ?is argum5t is n admitt$4 ,?us1 a discussion 9 consci\sness proves to be simply a trial ( /r5g? betwe5 diff]5t connexions 9 consci\sness--a sy/ematiz$ /ruggle s]v+ to det]m9e :i* are ! lea/ coh]5t /ates ( consci\sness4 ,& ! result ( ! /ruggle is1 t ! lea/ coh]5t /ates ( consci\sness sep>ate1 :ile ! mo/ coh]5t rema9 toge!r--=m a proposition ( :i* ! pr$icate p]si/s 9 ris+ up 9 ! m9d along ) its subject--con/itute "o ( ! connexions 9 ?\ght :i* is di/+ui%$ z some?+ kn[n1 or z some?+ believ$1 accord+ to its /r5g?4 ,:at coroll>y may ! inquir] draw1 or r :at coroll>y mu/ he draw1 on pu%+ ! analysis to its limit8 ,if !re are any indissoluble connexions1 he is compell$ to accept !m4 ,if c]ta9 /ates ( consci\sness absolutely coh]e 9 c]ta9 ways1 he is oblig$ to ?9k !m 9 ^? ways4 ,! proposition is an id5tical "o4 ,to say t !y are necessities ( ?\ght is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t _! elem5ts _c be torn asund]4 ,no reason+ c give to ^! absolute cohesions 9 ?\ght any bett] w>rant2 s9ce all reason+1 be+ a process ( te/+ cohesions1 is itself c>ri$ on by accept+ ! absolute cohesions2 & c1 9 ! la/ resort1 d no?+ m ?an pres5t "s absolute cohesions 9 ju/ification ( o!rs--an act :i* unw>rantably assumes 9 ! absolute cohesions x (f]s1 a great] value ?an is all[$ to ! absolute cohesions x w\ld ju/ify4 ,"h1 !n1 ! inquir] comes d[n to an #baj ultimate m5tal uni=mity--a univ]sal law ( 8 ?9k+4 ,h[ completely 8 ?\ght is subord9at$ to ?is law1 is %[n by ! fact t he _c ev5 repres5t to himself ! possibility ( any o!r law4 ,to suppose ! connexions among 8 /ates ( consci\sness to be o!rwise det]m9$1 is to suppose a small] =ce ov]com+ a great]--a proposition :i* may be express$ 9 words b _c be r5d]$ into ideas4 ,no matt] :at he calls ^! inde/ructible relations1 no matt] :at he supposes to be _! mean+s1 he is completely fett]$ by !m4 ,_! inde/ructibility is ! pro( to him t 8 consci\sness is imprison$ )9 !m2 & suppos+ any ( !m to be 9 "s way de/roy$1 he p]ceives t inde/ructibility w\ld /ill be ! di/9ctive "* ( ! b\nds t rema9$--! te/ ( ^? :i* he mu/ cont9ue to ?9k4 ,^! results ! inquir] arrives at )\t assum+ any o!r exi/5ce ?an t ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,!y po/ulate no?+ ab\t m9d or matt]1 subject or object4 ,!y leave :olly unt\*$ ! que/ions--:at does consci\sness imply8 & h[ is ?\ght g5]at$8 ,!re is n involv$ 9 ! analysis any hypo!sis respect+ ! orig9 ( ^! relations betwe5 ?\ghts--h[ !re come to be feeble cohesions1 /rong cohesions1 & absolute cohesions4 ,:atev] "s ( ! t]ms us$ may h seem$ to connote1 x w be f\nd1 on exam9+ ea* /ep1 t no?+ is ess5tially involv$ beyond /ates ( m9d & ! connexions among !m1 :i* are !mselves o!r /ates ( m9d4 ,?us f>1 ! argum5t is n vitiat$ by any petitio pr9cipii4 ,%\ld ! inquir] ent] ^u ! "q1 ,h[ are ^! facts to be expla9$8 he mu/ consid] h[ any fur!r inve/igation is to be conduct$1 & :at is ! possible degree ( validity ( its conclusions4 ,rememb]+ t he _c transc5d consci\sness1 he sees t any?+ 9 ! %ape ( an int]pretation mu/ be #baa subord9ate to ! laws ( consci\sness4 ,e hypo!sis he ent]ta9s 9 try+ to expla9 himself to himself1 be+ an hypo!sis :i* c be dealt ) by him only 9 t]ms ( 8 m5tal /ates1 x foll[s t any process ( explanation mu/ itself be c>ri$ on by te/+ ! cohesions among m5tal /ates1 & accept+ ! absolute cohesions4 ,8 conclusions1 !re=e1 rea*$ only by repeat$ recognitions ( ?is te/ ( absolute cohesion1 c nev] h any high] validity ?an ?is te/4 ,x matt]s n :at "n he gives to a conclusion--:e!r he calls x a belief1 a !ory1 a fact1 or a tru?4 ,^! words c be !mselves only names = c]ta9 relations among 8 /ates ( consci\sness4 ,any second>y mean+s :i* he ascribes to !m mu/ also be mean+s express$ 9 t]ms ( consci\sness1 & !re=e subord9ate to ! laws ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce he has no appeal f ?is ultimate dictum2 & see+ ?is1 he sees t ! only possible fur!r a*ievem5t is ! reconciliation ( ! dicta ( consci\sness ) "o ano!r--! br++ all o!r dicta ( consci\sness into h>mony ) ?is ultimate dictum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 !n1 ! inquir] discov]s a w>rant high] ?an t :i* any argum5t c give1 = ass]t+ an objective exi/5ce4 ,my/]i\s z seems ! consci\sness ( some?+ :i* is yet out ( consci\sness1 he f9ds t he alleges ! reality ( ?is some?+ 9 virtue ( ! ultimate law--he is oblig$ to ?9k x4 ,!re is an indissoluble cohesion betwe5 ea* ( ^? vivid & def9ite /ates ( consci\sness :i* he calls a s5sation1 & an indef9able consci\sness :i* /&s = a mode ( be+ beyond s5sation1 & sep>ate f himself4 ,:5 grasp+ 8 =k & putt+ food into 8 m\?1 he is :olly unable to expel f 8 m9d ! notion ( some?+ :i* resi/s ! =ce he is consci\s ( us+2 & he _c suppress ! nasc5t ?\ght ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce keep+ ap>t 8 tongue & palate1 & giv+ #bab him t s5sation ( ta/e :i* he is unable to g5]ate 9 consci\sness by 8 own activity4 ,?\gh self-criticism %[s him t he _c "k :at ?is is :i* lies outside ( him2 & ?\gh he may inf] t n be+ able to say :at x is1 x is a fiction2 he discov]s t su* self-criticism utt]ly fails to ext+ui% ! consci\sness ( x z a reality4 ,any conclusion into :i* he argues himself1 t !re is no objective exi/5ce connect$ ) ^! subjective /ates1 proves to be a m]e v]bal conclusion to :i* 8 ?\ghts w n respond4 ,! relation survives e ef=t to de/roy x--is prov$ by exp]im5t1 repeat$ no matt] h[ (t51 to be "o ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable2 & !re=e "o hav+ supreme au?ority4 ,9 va9 he endeav\rs to give x any great] au?ority by reason+2 = :i*ev] ( ! two alt]natives he sets out )1 leaves him at ! end j :]e he />t$4 ,if1 kn[+ no?+ m ?an 8 own /ates ( consci\sness1 he decl9es to ackn[l$ge any ?+ beyond consci\sness until x is prov$1 he may g on reason+ = ev] )\t gett+ any fur!r2 s9ce ! p]petual elaboration ( /ates ( consci\sness out ( /ates ( consci\sness1 c nev] produce any?+ m ?an /ates ( consci\sness4 ,if1 contr>iwise1 he po/ulates ext]nal exi/5ce1 & consid]s x z m]ely po/ulat$1 !n ! :ole fabric ( 8 argum5t1 /&+ ^u ?is po/ulate1 has no great] validity ?an ! po/ulate gives x1 m9us ! possible invalidity ( ! argum5t itself4 ,! case mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? cases 9 :i* an hypo!sis1 or provisional assumption1 is ev5tually prov$ true by its agreem5t ) facts2 = 9 ^! cases ! facts ) :i* x is f\nd to agree1 are facts kn[n 9 "s o!r way ?an ?r\gh ! hypo!sis3 a calculat$ eclipse ( ! moon s]ves z a v]ification ( ! hypo!sis ( gravitation1 because its occurr5ce is obs]vable )\t tak+ = grant$ ! hypo!sis ( gravitation4 ,b :5 ! ext]nal _w #bac is po/ulat$1 & x is suppos$ t ! validity ( ! po/ulate may be %[n by ! explanation ( m5tal ph5om5a :i* x furni%es1 ! vice is1 t ! process ( v]ification is itself possible only by assum+ ! ?+ to be prov$4 ,b n[1 recogniz+ ! indissoluble cohesion betwe5 ! consci\sness ( self & an unkn[n n-self1 z con/itut+ a dictum ( consci\sness :i* he is bo? compell$ to accept & is ju/ifi$ by analysis 9 accept+1 x is compet5t = ! inquir] to consid] :e!r1 sett+ out ) ?is dictum1 he c base on x a satisfactory explanation ( :at he calls k4 ,he f9ds su* an explanation possible4 ,! hypo!sis t ! m or less coh]5t relations among 8 /ates ( consci\sness1 are g5]at$ by exp]i5ce ( ! m or less con/ant relations 9 some?+ beyond 8 consci\sness1 furni%es him ) solutions ( num]\s facts ( consci\sness3 n1 h[ev]1 ( all1 if he assumes t ?is adju/m5t ( inn] to out] relations has result$ f 8 own exp]i5ces alone4 ,nev]!less1 if he all[s himself to suppose t ?is m\ld+ ( ?\ghts into correspond5ce ) ?+s1 has be5 go+ on ?r\gh c\ntless prec$+ g5]ations2 & t ! effects ( exp]i5ces h be5 inh]it$ 9 ! %ape ( modifi$ organic /ructures2 !n he is able to int]pret all ! ph5om5a4 ,x becomes possible to und]/& h[ ^! p]si/5t cohesions among /ates ( consci\sness1 are !mselves ! products ( (t5-repeat$ exp]i5ces2 & t ev5 :at are kn[n z 8=ms ( ?\ght10 are b ! absolute int]nal uni=mities g5]at$ by inf9ite repetitions ( absolute ext]nal uni=mities4 ,x becomes possible also to und]/& h[1 9 ! c\rse ( organiz+ ( ^! multiply+ & wid5+ exp]i5ces1 !re may arise p>tially-wrong connexions 9 ?\ght1 answ]+ to limit$ conv]se ) ?+s2 & t ^! connexions 9 ?\ght1 tempor>ily tak5 = indissoluble ones1 may aft]w>ds be made dissoluble by pres5tation #bad ( ext]nal relations at v>iance ) !m4 ,b ev5 :5 ?is occurs1 x c af=d no gr\nd = que/ion+ ! te/ ( indissolubility2 s9ce ! process by :i* "s connexion previ\sly accept$ z indissoluble1 is brok51 is simply ! e/abli%m5t ( "s antagoni/ic connexion1 :i* proves1 on a trial ( /r5g?1 to be ! /rong]--:i* rema9s indissoluble :5 pitt$ aga9/ ! o!r1 :ile ! o!r gives way4 ,& ?is leaves ! te/ j :]e x 02 %[+ only t !re is a liability to error z to :at are indissoluble connexions4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 !re=e1 to ! v end ( ! explanation1 ev5 d[n to ! criticism ( its conclusions & ! discov]y ( its errors1 ! validity ( ?is te/ mu/ be po/ulat$4 ,:5ce x is manife/1 z be=e said1 t ! :ole bus9ess ( explanation c be no?+ m ?an t ( br++ all o!r dicta ( consci\sness into h>mony ) ?is ultimate dictum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! positive ju/ification ( a proposition1 may be add$ t negative ju/ification :i* is d]iv$ f ! unt5ability ( ! c\nt]-proposition4 ,:5 describ+ ! attitude ( pure ,empiricism1 "s indications t its c\nt]-proposition is unt5able 7 giv52 b x w be well "h to /ate1 m specifically1 ! fundam5tal objections to :i* x is op54 ,if ! ultimate te/ ( tru? is n t "h alleg$1 !n :at is ! ultimate te/ ( tru?8 ,& if !re is no ultimate te/ ( tru?1 !n :at is ! w>rant = accept+ c]ta9 propositions & reject+ o!rs8 ,an oppon5t :o d5ies ! validity ( ?is te/1 may legitimately decl9e to furni% any te/ himself1 s long z he does n affirm any ?+ to be true2 b if he affirms "s ?+s to be true & o!rs to be n true1 8 w>rant = do+ s may fairly be dem&$4 ,let u glance at ! possible response to ! dem&4 ,if ask$ :y he holds x to be unque/ionably true t two quantities :i* diff] #bae 9 unequal degrees f a ?ird quantity are !mselves unequal1 two replies seem op5 to him3 he may say t ?is is an ultimate fact ( consci\sness1 or t x is an induction f p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,! reply t x is an ultimate fact ( consci\sness1 raises ! "q1 ,h[ is an ultimate fact ( consci\sness di/+ui%$8 ,all beliefs1 all conclusions1 all imag9ations ev51 are facts ( consci\sness2 & if "s are to be accept$ z beyond "q because ultimate1 :ile o!rs are n to be accept$ z beyond "q because n ultimate1 !re comes ! inevitable inquiry respect+ ! te/ ( ultimacy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! reply t ?is tru? is kn[n only by induction f p]sonal exp]i5ces1 sugge/s ! qu]y--,on :at w>rant are p]sonal exp]i5ces ass]t$8 ,! te/imony ( exp]i5ce is giv5 only ?r\gh memory2 & its wor? dep5ds :olly on ! tru/wor?9ess ( memory4 ,is x1 !n1 t ! tru/wor?9ess ( memory is less op5 to d\bt ?an ! imm$iate consci\sness t two quantities mu/ be unequal if !y diff] f a ?ird quantity 9 unequal degrees8 ,?is c sc>cely be alleg$4 ,memory is notori\sly unc]ta94 ,we sometimes suppose ourselves to h said ?+s :i* x turns out we did n say2 & we (t5 =get see+ ?+s :i* x is prov$ we did see4 ,we speak ( _m passages ( our lives z seem+ l dreams2 & c vaguely imag9e ! :ole pa/ to be an illusion4 ,we c g mu* fur!r t[>d conceiv+ t our recollections d n answ] to any actualities1 ?an we c g t[>d conceiv+ ! non-exi/5ce ( ,space4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ! deliv]ances ( memory to be above criticism1 ! mo/ t c be said = ! exp]i5ces to :i* memory te/ifies1 is t we are oblig$ to ?9k we h _h !m--_c conceive ! negation ( ! proposition t we h _h !m2 & to say ?is is to assign ! w>rant :i* is repudiat$4 ,a fur!r c\nt]-criticism may be made4 ,?r\gh\t ! argum5t ( pure ,empiricism1 x is tacitly assum$ t #baf !re may be a ,philosophy 9 :i* no?+ is ass]t$ b :at is prov$4 ,x proposes to admit into ! coh]5t fabric ( its conclusions1 no conclusion t is incapable ( be+ e/abli%$ by evid5ce2 & x ?us takes = grant$ t n only may all d]ivative tru?s be prov$1 b also t pro( may be giv5 ( ! tru?s f :i* !y are d]iv$1 d[n to ! v deepe/4 ,! result ( ?us refus+ to recognize "s fundam5tal unprov$ tru?1 is simply to leave its fabric ( conclusions )\t a base4 ,! giv+ pro( ( any special proposition1 is ! assimilation ( x to "s class ( propositions kn[n to be true4 ,if any d\bt arises respect+ ! g5]al proposition :i* is cit$ 9 ju/ification ( ?is special proposition1 ! c\rse is to %[ t ?is g5]al proposition is d$ucible f a proposition or propositions ( /ill great] g5]ality2 & if press$ = pro( ( ea* su* /ill m g5]al proposition1 ! only res\rce is to repeat ! process4 ,is ?is process endless8 ,if s1 no?+ c be prov$--! :ole s]ies ( propositions dep5ds on "s unassignable proposition4 ,has ! process an end8 ,if s1 !re mu/ ev5tually be rea*$ a wide/ proposition--"o :i* _c be ju/ifi$ by %[+ t x is includ$ by any wid]--"o :i* _c be prov$4 ,or to put ! argum5t o!rwise3 ,e inf]5ce dep5ds on premises2 e premise1 if x admits ( pro(1 dep5ds on o!r premises2 & if ! pro( ( ! pro( be cont9ually dem&$1 x mu/ ei!r end 9 an unprov$ premise1 or 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t t !re _c be rea*$ any premise on :i* ! entire s]ies ( pro(s dep5ds4 ,h5ce ,philosophy1 if x does n av[$ly /& on "s datum und]ly+ reason1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t x has no?+ on :i* to /&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! expression ( div]g5ce f ,mr4 ,mill on ?is fundam5tal "q1 ,i h und]tak5 ) reluctance1 only on f9d+ x ne$ful1 bo? on p]sonal & on g5]al #bag gr\nds1 t 8 /atem5ts & argum5ts %\ld be met4 ,= two reasons1 especially1 ,i regret hav+ ?us to cont5d aga9/ ! doctr9e ( "o ^: agreem5t ,i %\ld value m ?an t ( any o!r ?9k]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! diff]5ce is1 ,i believe1 sup]ficial r ?an sub/antial2 = x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,exp]i5ce-,hypo!sis t ,mr4 ,mill opposes ! alleg$ crit]ion ( tru?2 :ile x is z h>moniz+ ) ! ,exp]i5ce-,hypo!sis1 & reconcil+ x ) all ! facts1 t ,i def5d ?is crit]ion4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is l5g!n$ exposition ( a s+le po9t ( diff]5ce1 unaccompani$ by an exposition ( ! num]\s po9ts ( concurr5ce1 unavoidably produces an appe>ance ( diss5t v f> great] ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,mr4 ,mill1 h[ev]1 ^: unsw]v+ allegiance to tru? is on all occasions s conspicu\sly display$1 w fully recognize ! ju/ification = ?is utt]ance ( disagreem5t on a matt] ( su* pr(\nd importance1 philosophically consid]$2 & w n require any apology = ! entire fre$om ) :i* ,i h criticis$ 8 views :ile seek+ to sub/antiate my own4 #bah ,,replies ,,to ,,criticisms4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review = ,novemb] & ,decemb] #ahgc4 ,:5 made by a compet5t read]1 an objection usually implies "o ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r ! /atem5t to :i* he demurs is :olly or p>tially untrue2 or1 if true1 x is pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to p]mit misappreh5sion4 ,a ne$ = "s *ange or addition is 9 any case %[n4 ,n recogniz+ ! errors alleg$1 b ?9k+ r t misappreh5sions cause ! diss5t ( ^? :o h attack$ ! metaphysico-!ological doctr9es held by me1 ,i propose "h to meet1 by explanations & argum5ts1 ! *ief objections urg$3 p>tly ) ! view ( ju/ify+ ^! doctr9es1 & p>tly ) ! view ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! wrong int]pretations :i* x appe>s are apt to be made4 ,! pages ( a p]iodical int5d$ = g5]al read+ may be ?\ght sc>cely fitt$ = ! treatm5t ( ^! highly ab/ract que/ions4 ,!re is n[1 h[ev]1 s consid]able a class int]e/$ 9 !m1 & !y are s deeply involv$ ) ! great *anges ( op9ion 9 progress1 t ,i h v5tur$ to hope = read]s outside ! circle ( ^? :o occupy !mselves ) philosophy4 ,( c\rse ! criticisms to be notic$ ,i h select$1 #bai ei!r because ( _! intr9sic =ce1 or because !y come f m5 ^: positions or reputations give !m weight4 ,to meet m ?an a few ( my oppon5ts is out ( ! "q4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let me beg9 ) a criticism conta9$ 9 ! s]mon prea*$ by ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,caird be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 on ! occasion ( its meet+ 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 ,augu/1 #ahga4 ,express$ ) a c\rtesy :i*1 happily1 is n[ less r>e ?an ( yore 9 !ological controv]sy1 ,dr4 ,caird's objection might1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ )\t involv+ ess5tial *ange 9 ! conclusion demurr$ to2 :ile x might be %[n to tell ) great] =ce aga9/ ! conclusions ( ?9k]s class$ z or?odox1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton & ,dean ,mansel1 ?an aga9/ my own4 ,describ+ ?is z set =? by me1 ,dr4 ,caird says3 8,8 !sis is t ! prov9ces ( sci5ce & religion are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r z ! kn[n f ! unkn[n & unkn[able4 ,?is !sis is ma9ta9$ ma9ly on a critical exam9ation ( ! nature ( human intellig5ce1 9 :i* ! writ] adopts & c>ries to its extreme logical results ! doctr9e ( ! relativity ( human k :i*1 prop\nd$ by ,kant1 has be5 reproduc$ ) special application to !ology by a fam\s s*ool ( philosoph]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f ! v nature ( human intellig5ce1 x is attempt$ to be %[n t x c only "k :at is f9ite & relative1 & t !re=e ! absolute & inf9ite ! human m9d is1 by an inh]5t & insup]able disability1 deb>r$ f kn[+4 4 4 4 4 ,may x n be ask$1 = "o ?+1 :e!r 9 ! ass]tion1 z ! result ( an exam9ation ( ! human intellect1 t x is incapable ( kn[+ :at lies beyond ! f9ite1 !re is n involv$ an obvi\s self-contradiction8 ,! exam9ation ( ! m9d c be conduct$ only by ! m9d1 & if ! in/rum5t be1 z is alleg$1 limit$ & defective1 ! result ( ! inquiry mu/ p>take ( t defectiv5ess4 ,aga91 does n ! k ( a limit imply already ! p[] to transc5d x8 ,9 affirm+ t human sci5ce is incapable ( cross+ ! b\nds ( ! f9ite _w1 is x n a necess>y presupposition t y :o s affirm h cross$ ^! b\nds80 ,t ?is objection is "o ,i am n dis9cl9$ to recognize1 w be inf]r$ :5 ,i /ate t x is "o ,i h myself rais$4 ,:ile prep>+ ! second edition ( ! #bbj ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i f\nd1 among my memor&a1 a note :i* /ill bore ! waf]s by :i* x _h be5 atta*$ to ! orig9al manuscript 7unless1 inde$1 x _h be5 transf]r$ f ! ,,ms4 ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 :i* its allusion seems to imply74 ,x 0 ?is3 8,i may "h rem>k 9 pass+ t ! sev]al reason+s1 includ+ ! "o above quot$1 by :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton w\ld demon/rate ! pure relativity ( our k--reason+s :i* cle>ly e/abli% _m important tru?s1 & ) :i* 9 ! ma9 ,i agree--are yet capable ( be+ turn$ aga9/ himself1 :5 he def9itely concludes t x is impossible = u to "k ! absolute4 ,= to positively ass]t t ! absolute _c be kn[n1 is 9 a c]ta9 s5se to ass]t a k ( x--is to "k x z unkn[able4 ,to affirm t human intellig5ce is conf9$ to ! condition$1 is to put an absolute limit to human intellig5ce1 & implies absolute k4 ,x seems to me t ! #8le>n$ ignorance' ) :i* philosophy ends1 mu/ be c>ri$ a /ep fur!r2 & in/ead ( positively say+ t ! absolute is unkn[able1 we mu/ say t we _c tell :e!r x is kn[able or n40 ,:y ,i omitt$ ?is note ,i _c n[ rememb]4 ,possibly x 0 because re-consid]ation disclos$ a reply to ! conta9$ objection4 ,= :ile x is true t ! intellect _c prove its own compet5ce1 s9ce x mu/ po/ulate its own compet5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! pro(1 & s beg ! "q2 yet x does n foll[ t x _c prove its own incompet5ce respect+ que/ions ( c]ta9 k9ds4 ,its inability 9 respect ( su* que/ions has two conceivable causes4 ,x may be t ! deliv]ances ( ,reason 9 g5]al are invalid1 9 :i* case ! incompet5ce ( ,reason to solve que/ions ( a c]ta9 class is impli$ by its g5]al incompet5ce2 or x may be t ! deliv]ances ( ,reason1 valid )9 a c]ta9 range1 !mselves end 9 ! conclusion t ,reason is incapable beyond t range4 ,s t :ile !re c be no pro( ( compet5ce1 because compet5ce is po/ulat$ 9 ea* /ep ( ! demon/ration1 !re may be pro( ( incompet5ce ei!r 7#a7 if ! successive deliv]ances =m+ ! /eps ( ! demon/ration1 by sev]ally evolv+ contradictions1 %[ _! untru/wor?9ess1 or 7#b7 if1 be+ tru/wor?y1 #bba !y lead to ! result t on c]ta9 que/ions ,reason _c give any deliv]ance4 ,reason leads bo? inductively & d$uctively to ! conclusion t ! sph]e ( ,reason is limit$4 ,inductively1 ?is conclusion expresses ! result ( c\ntless futile attempts to transc5d ?is sph]e--attempts to und]/& ,matt]1 ,motion1 ,space1 ,"t1 ,=ce1 9 _! ultimate natures--attempts :i*1 br++ u always to alt]native impossibilities ( ?\ght1 w>rant ! inf]5ce t su* attempts w cont9ue to fail1 z !y h hi!rto fail$4 ,d$uctively1 ?is conclusion expresses ! result ( m5tal analysis1 :i* %[s u t ! product ( ?\ght is 9 all cases a relation1 id5tifi$ z su* or su*2 t ! process ( ?\ght is ! id5tification & class+ ( relations2 t !re=e ,be+ 9 itself1 out ( relation1 is un?9kable1 z n admitt+ ( be+ br\ght )9 ! =m ( ?\ght4 ,t is to say1 d$uction expla9s t failure ( ,reason e/abli%$ z an induction f _m exp]im5ts4 ,& to call 9 "q ! ability ( ,reason to give ?is v]dict aga9/ itself 9 respect ( ^! transc5d5t problems1 is to call 9 "q its ability to draw valid conclusions f premises2 :i* is to ass]t a g5]al incompet5ce necess>ily inclusive ( ! special incompet5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,closely connect$ ) ! =ego+1 is a criticism f ,dr4 ,mansel1 on :i* ,i may "h make "s comm5ts4 ,9 a note to 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,condition$ p4 #ci1 he says3 8,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 "w on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 endeav\rs to press ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton into ! s]vice ( ,pan!ism & ,positivism toge!r0 a some:at /range ass]tion1 by ! way1 consid]+ t ,i reject !m bo?1 8by adopt+ ! negative portion only ( 8 philosophy--9 :i*1 9 common ) _m o!r writ]s1 he decl>es ! absolute to be inconceivable by ! m]e intellect1--& reject+ ! positive portions1 9 :i* he mo/ emphatically ma9ta9s t ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god is imp]atively dem&$ by ! facts ( our moral & emotional consci\sness4 4 4 4 4 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's fundam5tal pr9ciple is1 t consci\sness #bbb mu/ be accept$ entire1 & t ! moral & religi\s feel+s1 :i* are ! prim>y s\rce ( our belief 9 a p]sonal ,god1 are 9 no way invalidat$ by ! m]ely negative inf]5ces :i* h delud$ m5 into ! assumption ( an imp]sonal absolute4 4 4 4 4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 on ! o!r h&1 takes ^! negative inf]5ces z ! only basis ( religion1 & ab&ons ,hamilton's great pr9ciple ( ! di/9ction betwe5 k & belief40 ,putt+ ^! /atem5ts 9 ! ord] mo/ conv5i5t = discussion1 ,i w deal fir/ ) ! la/ ( !m4 ,in/ead ( say+ :at he does1 ,dr4 ,mansel %\ld h said t ,i decl9e to foll[ ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 9 conf\nd+ two di/9ct1 & inde$ radically-oppos$1 mean+s ( ! ^w belief4 ,?is ^w 8is habitually appli$ to dicta ( consci\sness = :i* no pro( c be assign$3 bo? ^? :i* are unprovable because !y und]lie all pro(1 & ^? :i* are unprovable because ( ! abs5ce ( evid5ce40#bd ,9 ! pages ( ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july1 #ahfe1 ,i exhibit$ ?is di/9ction z foll[s3 8,we commonly say we #8believe' a ?+ = :i* we c assign "s prepond]at+ evid5ce1 or conc]n+ :i* we h receiv$ "s indef9able impression4 ,we believe t ! next ,h\se ( ,commons w n aboli% ,*ur*-rates2 or we believe t a p]son on ^: face we look is good-natur$4 ,t is1 :5 we c give confess$ly-inadequate pro(s1 or no pro(s at all1 = ! ?+s we ?9k1 we call !m #8beliefs4' ,& x is ! peculi>ity ( ^! beliefs1 z contra/$ ) cognitions1 t _! connexions ) antec$5t /ates ( consci\sness may be easily sev]$1 in/ead ( be+ difficult to sev]4 ,b unhappily1 ! ^w #8belief' is also appli$ to ea* ( ^? tempor>ily or p]man5tly indissoluble connexions 9 consci\sness1 = ! acceptance ( :i* ! only w>rant is t x _c be got rid (4 ,say+ t ,i feel a pa91 or he> a s\nd1 or see "o l9e to be long] ?an ano!r1 is say+ t !re has occurr$ 9 me a c]ta9 *ange ( /ate2 & x is impossible = me to give a /rong] evid5ce ( ?is fact ?an t x is pres5t to my m9d4 4 4 4 4 #8,belief' hav+1 z above po9t$ out1 become ! "n ( an impression = :i* we c give only a confess$ly-inadequate reason1 or no reason at all2 x happ5s t :5 pu%$ h>d respect+ ! w>rant = any ultimate dictum ( consci\sness1 we say1 9 ! abs5ce ( all assignable reason1 t we believe x4 ,?us ! two opposite poles ( k g "u ! same "n2 & by ! rev]se connotations ( ?is "n1 z us$ = ! mo/ coh]5t & lea/ coh]5t relations ( ?\ght1 pr(\nd misconceptions h be5 g5]at$40 ,n[ t ! belief :i* ! moral & religi\s #bbc feel+s are said to yield ( a p]sonal ,god1 is n "o ( ! beliefs :i* are unprovable because !y und]lie all pro(1 is obvi\s4 ,x ne$s b to rememb] t 9 works on ,natural ,!ology1 ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god is inf]r$ f ^! moral & religi\s feel+s1 to %[ t x is n conta9$ 9 ^! feel+s !mselves1 or jo9$ ) !m z an insep>able intuition4 ,x is n a belief l ! beliefs :i* ,i n[ h t ?is is daylight1 & t !re is op5 space be=e me--beliefs :i* _c be prov$ because !y are ( equal simplicity )1 & ( no less c]ta9ty ?an1 ea* /ep 9 a demon/ration4 ,7 x a belief ( ?is mo/ c]ta9 k9d1 argum5t w\ld be sup]flu\s3 all races ( m5 & e individual w\ld h ! belief 9 an inexpugnable =m4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t1 confus+ ! two v diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness call$ beliefs1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton ascribes to ! second a c]ta9ty t belongs only to ! fir/4 ,aga91 nei!r ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton nor ,dr4 ,mansel has enabl$ u to di/+ui% ^? 8facts ( our moral & emotional consci\sness0 :i* imp]atively dem& ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god1 f ^? facts ( our 7or ( m5's7 8moral & emotional consci\sness0 :i*1 9 ^? hav+ !m1 imp]atively dem& beliefs t ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton w\ld reg>d z untrue4 ,a ,new ,zeal& *ief1 discov]+ 8 wife 9 an infidelity1 kill$ ! man2 ! wife !n kill$ h]self t %e might jo9 h] lov] 9 ! o!r _w2 & ! *ief !reupon kill$ himself t he might g aft] !m to defeat ?is int5tion4 ,^! two acts ( suicide furni% tol]ably /rong evid5ce t ^! ,new ,zeal&]s believ$ 9 ano!r _w to :i*1 !y c\ld g at w1 & fulfil _! desires z !y did "h4 ,if !y 7 ask$ ! ju/ification = ?is belief1 & if ! argum5ts by :i* !y s\ght to e/abli% x 7 n admitt$1 !y might /ill fall back on emotional #bbd consci\sness z yield+ !m an un%akeable f\ndation = x4 ,i d n see :y a ,fiji ,isl&]1 adopt+ ! ,hamiltonian argum5t1 %\ld n ju/ify by x 8 conviction t aft] be+ buri$ alive1 8 life 9 ! o!r _w1 =?) comm5c+ at ! age he has rea*$ 9 ?is1 w simil>ly supply him ) ! joys ( conque/ & ! gratifications ( cannibalism4 ,t he has a conviction to ?is effect /rong] ?an ! religi\s convictions curr5t among civiliz$ p1 is prov$ by ! fact t he goes to be buri$ alive q will+ly4 ,& z we may presume t 8 conviction is n ! outcome ( a demon/ration1 x mu/ be ! outcome ( "s /ate ( feel+--"s 8emotional consci\sness40 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he n assign ! 8facts0 ( 8 8emotional consci\sness0 z 8imp]atively dem&+0 ?is belief8 ,manife/ly1 ?is pr9ciple t 8consci\sness mu/ be accept$ entire10 ei!r obliges u to accept z true ! sup]/itions ( all mank9d1 or else obliges u to say t ! consci\sness ( a c]ta9 limit$ class ( cultivat$ p is alone meant4 ,if ?+s are to be believ$ simply because ! facts ( emotional consci\sness imp]atively dem& ! beliefs1 ,i d n see :y ! actual exi/5ce ( a gho/ 9 a h\se1 is n inevitably impli$ by ! int5se fe> ( x t is ar\s$ 9 ! *ild or ! s]vant4 ,la/ly1 & *iefly1 ,i h to deal ) ,dr4 ,mansel's /atem5t t 8,mr4 ,sp5c]1 on ! o!r h&1 takes ^! negative inf]5ces z ! only basis ( religion40 ,?is /atem5t is exactly ! rev]se ( ! tru?2 s9ce ,i h cont5d$1 aga9/ ,hamilton & aga9/ him1 t ! consci\sness ( t :i* is manife/$ to u ?r\gh ph5om5a is positive1 & n negative1 z !y allege1 & t ?is positive consci\sness supplies an inde/ructible basis = ! religi\s s5tim5t 7,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #bf74 ,in/ead ( giv+ "h passages to %[ ?is1 ,i may fitly quote ! /atem5t & op9ion ( a #bbe =eign !ologian4 ,m4 le pa/eur ,grotz1 ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* at ,nismes1 writes ?us3 8,la sci5ce s]ait-elle done p> nature ennemie de la religion8 p\r tre religieux1 faut-il proscrire la sci5ce8--,c'e/ la sci5ce1 la sci5ce exprim5tale qui va ma9t5ant p>l] en faveur de la religion2 c'e/ elle qui1 p> la b\*e de l'un des p5seurs 4 4 4 de notre poque1 ,m4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 va rpondre la fois ,m4 ,va*]ot et ,m4 ,comte40 99 99 99 99 99 8,ici1 ,m4 ,sp5c] discute la ?orie de l'inconditionn2 ent5dez p> ce mot3 ,dieu4 ,le philosophie cossais1 ,hamilton1 et son disciple1 ,m4 ,mansel1 dis5t comme nos positivi/es franais3 #8,n\s ne p\vons affirm] l'exi/5ce positive de quoi que ce soit au del des phnomnes4' ,seulem5t1 ,hamilton et son disciple se sp>5t de nos compatriotes en faisant int]v5ir une #8rvlation m]veilleuse' qui n\s fait croire l'exi/5ce de l'inconditionn1 et grce cette rvlation vraim5t m]veilleuse1 t\te l'or?odoxie revi5t4 ,e/-il vrai que n\s ne puissions ri5 affirm] au del des phnomnes8 ,m4 ,sp5c] dcl>e qu'il y a dans cette ass]tion une grave erreur4 ,le ct logique1 dit-il =t ju/em5t1 n'e/ pas le seul2 il y a aussi le ct psy*ologique1 et1 selon n\s1 il pr\ve que l'exi/5ce positive de l'absolu e/ une donne ncessaire de la consci5ce40 8,l e/ la base de l'accord entre la religion et la sci5ce4 ,dans un *apitre 4 4 4 4 intitul ,rconciliation1 ,m4 ,sp5c] etablit et dveloppe cet accord sur son vritable t]ra940 99 99 99 99 99 8,m4 ,sp5c]1 en re/ant sur le t]ra9 de la logique et de la psy*ologie1 et sans rec\rir une int]v5tion surnaturelle1 a tabli la legitimit1 la ncessit et l'et]nelle dure du s5tim5t religieux et de la religion40#be ,i turn next to :at has be5 said by ,dr4 ,%adwor? ,h4 ,hodgson1 9 8 essay on 8,! ,future ( ,metaphysic10 publi%$ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,novemb]1 #ahgb4 ,rem>k+ only1 ) respect to ! agreem5ts he expresses 9 c]ta9 views ( m9e1 t ,i value !m z com+ f a ?9k] ( subtlety & indep5d5ce1 ,i w conf9e myself "h to 8 disagreem5ts4 ,dr4 ,hodgson1 be=e giv+ 8 own view1 briefly describes & criticizes ! views ( ,hegel & ,comte1 ) bo? ( :om he p>tly agrees & p>tly disagrees1 & !n #bbf proce$s to criticize ! view set =? by me4 ,aft] a prelim9>y brief /atem5t ( my position1 to ! word+ ( :i* ,i demur1 he goes on to say3 8,9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,"p ,i1 second ed41 !re is a *apt] head$ #8,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas1' 9 :i* he enum]ates six su* ideas or gr\ps ( ideas1 & attempts to %[ t !y are entirely incompreh5sible4 ,! six are3--#a4 ,space & ,"t4 #b4 ,matt]4 #c4 ,re/ & ,motion4 #d4 ,=ce4 #e4 ,consci\sness4 #f4 ,! ,s\l1 or ! ,ego4 ,n[ to ent] at l5g? into all ( ^! w\ld be an und]tak+ too l>ge = ! pres5t occasion2 b ,i w take ! fir/ ( ! six1 & endeav\r to %[ 9 its case ! entire unt5ability ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s view2 & s9ce ! same argum5ts may be employ$ aga9/ ! re/1 ,i %all be cont5t t my case aga9/ !m %\ld be held to fail if my case %\ld fail 9 respect to ,space & ,"t40 ,i will+ly jo9 issue ) ,dr4 ,hodgson on ^! t]ms2 & proce$ to exam9e1 "o by "o1 ! sev]al argum5ts he uses to %[ ! invalidity ( my conclusions4 ,foll[+ 8 criticisms 9 ! ord] he has *os51 ,i beg9 ) ! s5t5ce foll[+ t :i* ,i h j quot$4 ,! fir/ "p ( x runs ?us3--8,! metaphysical view ( ,space & ,"t is1 t !y are elem5ts 9 all ph5om5a1 :e!r ! ph5om5a are pres5tations or repres5tations40 ,:e!r1 by 8! metaphysical view10 is "h meant ! view ( ,kant1 :e!r x means ,dr4 ,hodgson's own view1 or :e!r ! expression has a m g5]al mean+1 ,i h simply to reply t ! metaphysical view is incorrect4 ,deal+ ) ! ,kantian v]sion ( ?is doctr9e1 t ,space is a =m ( intuition1 ,i h po9t$ out t only ) c]ta9 classes ( ph5om5a is ,space unit$ indissolubly2 t ,kant habitually consid]s ph5om5a belong+ to ! visual & tactual gr\ps1 ) :i* ! consci\sness ( space is insep>ably jo9$1 & ov]looks gr\ps ) :i* x is n insep>ably jo9$4 ,?\gh 9 ! adult1 p]ception ( s\nd has c]ta9 space-implications1 mo/ly1 if n :olly1 acquir$ by individual exp]i5ce2 & ?\gh x w\ld seem f ! in/ructive exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,spald+1 t 9 creatures born ) n]v\s sy/ems mu* m organiz$ ?an our own are at bir?1 #bbg !re is "s innate p]ception ( ! side f :i* a s\nd comes2 yet x is demon/rable t ! space-implications ( s\nd are n orig9ally giv5 ) ! s5sation z its =m ( intuition4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! ,kantian doctr9e1 t ,space is ! =m ( s5su\s intuitions n only z pres5t$ b also z repres5t$1 let u exam9e critically our musical ideas4 ,z ,i h else:]e sugge/$ to ! read] 8,let him obs]ve :at happ5s :5 "s melody takes possession ( 8 imag9ation4 ,its tones & cad5ces g on repeat+ !mselves ap>t f any space-consci\sness--!y are n localiz$4 ,he may or may n be rem9d$ ( ! place :]e he he>d !m--?is association is incid5tal only4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ?is1 he w see t su* space-implications z s\nds h1 are le>nt 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce1 & are n giv5 ) ! s\nds !mselves4 ,inde$1 if we ref] to ! ,kantian def9ition ( =m1 we get a simple & conclusive pro( ( ?is4 ,kant says =m is #8t :i* effects t ! cont5t ( ! phnom5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations4' ,h[ !n c ! cont5t ( ! ph5om5on we call s\nd be arrang$8 ,its p>ts c be arrang$ 9 ord] ( sequ5ce--t is1 9 ,"t4 ,b !re is no possibility ( arrang+ its p>ts 9 ord] ( coexi/5ce--t is1 9 ,space4 ,& x is j ! same ) od\r4 ,:oev] ?9ks t s\nd & od\r h ,space = _! =m ( intuition1 may conv9ce himself to ! contr>y by try+ to f9d ! "r & left sides ( a s\nd1 or to imag9e an od\r turn$ ! o!r way upw>ds40--,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #cii4--,note4 ,z ,i ?us diss5t1 n ,i ?9k )\t good reason1 f 8! metaphysical view ( ,space & ,"t0 z 8elem5ts 9 all ph5om5a10 x w naturally be expect$ t ,i diss5t f ! fir/ criticism :i* ,dr4 ,hodgson proce$s to d$uce f x4 ,deal+ fir/ ) ! argum5ts ,i h us$ to %[ ! incompreh5sibility ( ,space & ,"t1 if we consid] !m z objective1 & /at+ 9 o!r words ! conclusion ,i draw1 t 8z ,space & ,"t _c be ei!r non5tities nor ! attributes ( entities1 we h no *oice b to consid] !m z entities40 ,dr4 ,hodgson cont9ues3 8,s f> good4 ,secondly1 he argues t !y _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght z su* real exi/5ces1 because #8to be conceiv$ at all1 a ?+ mu/ be conceiv$ z hav+ attributes4' ,n[ "h ! metaphysical doctr9e enables u to conceive !m z real exi/5ces1 & rebuts ! argum5t = #bbh _! inconceivability2 = ! o!r elem5t1 ! mat]ial elem5t1 ! feel+ or quality occupy+ ,space & ,"t /&s 9 ! place & p]=ms ! function ( ! requir$ attributes1 compos+ toge!r ) ! space & "t :i* is occupi$ ! empirical ph5om5a ( p]ception4 ,s f> z ?is argum5t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] goes1 !n1 we are entitl$ to say t 8 case = ! inconceivability ( ,space & ,"t z real exi/5ces is n made out40 ,:e!r ! fault is 9 me or n ,i _c say1 b ,i fail to see t my argum5t is ?us rebutt$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s to me sub/antially conc$$4 ,:at k9d ( entity is t :i* c exi/ only :5 occupi$ by some?+ else8 ,dr4 ,hodgson's own argum5t is a tacit ass]tion t ,space by itself _c be conceiv$ z an exi/5ce2 & ?is is all t ,i h alleg$4 ,dr4 ,hodgson deals next ) ! fur!r argum5t1 famili> to all read]s1 :i* ,i h add$ z %[+ ! insurm\ntable difficulty 9 ! way ( conceiv+ ,space & ,"t z objective entities2 namely1 t 8all entities :i* we actually "k z su* are limit$4 4 4 4 ,b ( ,space & ,"t we _c ass]t ei!r limitation1 or ! abs5ce ( limitation40 ,)\t quot+ at l5g? ! reasons ,dr4 ,hodgson gives = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,space z p]ceiv$ & ,space z conceiv$1 x w suffice if ,i quote 8 own /atem5t ( ! result to :i* !y br+ him3 8,s t ,space & ,"t z p]ceiv$ are n f9ite1 b inf9ite1 z conceiv$ are n inf9ite1 b f9ite40 ,mo/ read]s w1 ,i ?9k1 be />tl$ by ! ass]tion t conception is less ext5sive 9 range ?an p]ception2 b1 )\t dwell+ on ?is1 ,i w cont5t myself by ask+ 9 :at case ,space is p]ceiv$ z inf9ite8 ,surely ,dr4 ,hodgson does n mean to say t he c p]ceive ! :ole surr\nd+ ,space at once--t ! ,space beh9d is unit$ 9 p]ception ) ! ,space 9 front4 ,yet ?is is ! necess>y implication ( 8 words4 ,tak+ 8 /atem5t less lit]ally1 h[ev]1 & n dwell+ on ! fact t 9 p]ception ,space is habitually b\nd$ by objects m or less di/ant1 let u te/ 8 #bbi ass]tion "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,suppos+ ! eye direct$ upw>ds t[>ds a cle> sky2 is n ! space !n p]ceiv$1 lat]ally limit$8 ,! visual area1 re/rict$ by ! visual ap]tures1 _c include 9 p]ception ev5 #ahj f side to side1 & is /ill m conf9$ 9 a direction at "r angles to ?is4 ,ev5 9 ! ?ird direction1 to :i* alone ,dr4 ,hodgson evid5tly ref]s1 x _c prop]ly be said t x is inf9ite 9 p]ception4 ,look at a position 9 ! sky a ?\s& miles (f4 ,n[ look at a position a million miles (f4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 p]ception8 ,no?+4 ,h[ !n c an inf9ite di/ance be p]ceiv$ :5 ^! imm5sely-unlike f9ite di/ances _c be p]ceiv$ z diff]+ f "o ano!r1 or f an inf9ite di/ance8 ,dr4 ,hodgson has us$ ! wrong ^w4 ,in/ead ( say+ t ,space z p]ceiv$ is inf9ite1 he %\ld h said t1 9 p]ception1 ,space is f9ite 9 two dim5sions1 & becomes indef9ite 9 ! ?ird :5 ?is becomes great4 ,i n[ come to ! p>agraph beg9n+ 8,mr4 ,sp5c] !n turns to ! second or subjective hypo!sis1 t ( ,kant40 ,?is p>agraph is some:at difficult to deal )1 because 9 x my reason+ is criticiz$ bo? f ! ,kantian po9t ( view & f ,dr4 ,hodgson's own po9t ( view4 ,diss5t+ f ,kant's view1 ,dr4 ,hodgson says1 8,i hold t bo? ,space & ,"t & ,feel+1 or ! mat]ial elem5t1 are equally & alike subjective1 equally & alike objective40 ,z ,i _c und]/& ?is1 ,i am unable to deal ) ^? argum5ts aga9/ me :i* ,dr4 ,hodgson bases ^u x1 & mu/ limit myself to t :i* he urges on behalf ( ,kant4 ,he says3 8,b ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s repres5tation ( ,kant's view is v incorrect2 he seems to be misl$ by ! l>ge t]m non-ego4 ,kant held t ,space & ,"t 7 9 _! orig9 subjective1 b :5 appli$ to ! non-ego result$ 9 ph5om5a1 & 7 ! =mal elem5t 9 ^? ph5om5a1 among :i* "s 7 ph5om5a ( ! int]nal s5se or ego1 o!rs ( ! ext]nal s5se or non-ego4 ,! non-ego to :i* ! =ms ( ,space & ,"t did n apply & did n belong1 0 ! ,d+-an-si*1 n ! #bcj ph5om5al non-ego4 ,h5ce ! objective exi/5ce ( ,space & ,"t 9 ph5om5a1 b n 9 ! ,d+-an-si*1 is a consi/5t & necess>y consequ5ce ( ,kant's view ( _! subjective orig940 ,if ,i h misund]/ood ,kant1 z ?us alleg$1 !n my comm5t mu/ be t ,i cr$it$ him ) an hypo!sis less objectionable ?an t :i* he held4 ,i suppos$ 8 view to be t ,space1 z a =m ( intuition belong+ to ! ego1 is impos$ by x on ! non-ego 7by :i* ,i und]/ood ! ?+ 9 itself7 9 ! act ( intuition4 ,b n[ ! ,kantian doctr9e is said to be t ,space1 orig9at+ 9 ! ego1 :5 appli$ to ! non-ego1 results 9 ph5om5a 7! non-ego meant be+1 9 t case1 necess>ily ! ,d+-an-si*1 or ?+ 9 itself72 & t ! ph5om5a s result+ become objective exi/5ces along ) ! ,space giv5 to !m by ! subject4 ,! subject hav+ impos$ ,space z a =m on ! primordial object1 or ?+ 9 itself1 & s creat$ ph5om5a1 ?is ,space !reupon becomes an objective exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( bo? ! subject & ! orig9al ?+ 9 itself6 ,to ,dr4 ,hodgson ?is may seem a m t5able position ?an t :i* ,i ascrib$ to ,kant2 b to me x seems only a multiplication ( inconceivabilities4 ,i am cont5t to leave x z x /&s3 n feel+ my reasons = reject+ ! ,kantian hypo!sis mu* weak5$4#bf ,! rema9+ reply :i* ,dr4 ,hodgson makes runs ?us3 8,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] has a second argum5t to prove ?is inconceivability4 ,x is ?is3--#8,if ,space & ,"t are =ms ( ?\ght1 !y c nev] be #bca ?\ght (2 s9ce x is impossible = any?+ to be at once ! =m ( ?\ght & ! matt] ( ?\ght4' 4 4 4 4 ,an in/ance w %[ ! fallacy be/4 ,syllogism is usually held to be a =m ( ?\ght4 ,w\ld x be any argum5t = ! inconceivability ( syllogisms to say1 !y _c be at once ! =m & ! matt] ( ?\ght8 ,c we n syllogize ab\t syllogism8 ,or1 m pla9ly /ill1--no dog c bite himself1 = x is impossible to be at once ! ?+ t bites & ! ?+ t is bitt540 ,_h ,dr4 ,hodgson quot$ ! :ole ( ! passage f :i* he takes ! above s5t5ce2 or _h he consid]$ x 9 conjunction ) ! ,kantian doctr9e to :i* x ref]s 7namely1 t ,space survives 9 consci\sness :5 all cont5ts are expell$1 :i* implies t !n ,space is ! ?+ ) :i* consci\sness is occupi$1 or ! object ( consci\sness71 he w\ld h se5 t 8 reply has none ( ! cog5cy he supposes4 ,if1 tak+ 8 fir/ illu/ration1 he w ask himself :e!r x is possible to 8syllogize ab\t syllogism10 :5 syllogism has no cont5t :atev]1 symbolic or o!r--has non5tity to s]ve = major1 non5tity = m9or1 & non5tity = conclusion2 he w1 ,i ?9k1 see t syllogism1 consid]$ z surviv+ t]ms ( e k9d1 _c be syllogiz$ ab\t3 ! 8pure =m0 ( reason 7suppos+ x to be syllogism1 :i* x is n7 if absolutely dis*>g$ ( all x conta9s1 _c be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 & !re=e _c be reason$ ab\t4 ,foll[+ ,dr4 ,hodgson to 8 second illu/ration1 ,i mu/ express my surprise t a metaphysician ( 8 acut5ess %\ld h us$ x4 ,= an illu/ration to h any value1 ! relation betwe5 ! t]ms ( ! analog\s case #bcb mu/ h "s p>allelism to ! relation betwe5 ! t]ms ( ! case ) :i* x is comp>$4 ,does ,dr4 ,hodgson really ?9k t ! relation betwe5 a dog & ! "p ( himself :i* he bites1 is l ! relation betwe5 matt] & =m8 ,suppose ! dog bites 8 tail4 ,n[ ! dog1 z bit+1 /&s1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hodgson1 = ! =m z ! conta9+ m5tal faculty2 & ! tail1 z bitt51 /&s = ?is m5tal faculty z conta9$4 ,n[ suppose ! dog loses 8 tail4 ,c ! faculty z conta9+ & ! faculty z conta9$ be sep>at$ 9 ! same way8 ,does ! m5tal =m :5 depriv$ ( all cont5t1 ev5 itself 7grant+ t x c be its own cont5t71 cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! same way t a dog cont9ues to exi/ :5 he has lo/ 8 tail8 ,ev5 _h ?is illu/ration be5 applicable1 ,i %\ld sc>cely h expect$ ,dr4 ,hodgson to rema9 satisfi$ ) x4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght he w\ld pref] to meet my argum5t directly1 r ?an indirectly4 ,:y has he n %[n ! invalidity ( ! reason+ us$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7 #cii1 #bnd ed478 ,hav+ !re quot$ ! /atem5t ( ,kant1 t 8,space & ,"t are n m]ely =ms ( s5su\s intuition1 b intuitions !mselves20 ,i h writt5 8,if we inquire m closely1 ?is irreconcilability becomes /ill cle>]4 ,kant says3--#8,t :i* 9 ! phnom5on corresponds to ! s5sation1 ,i t]m its matt]2 b t :i* effects t ! cont5t ( ! ph5om5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1 ,i call its =m4' ,c>ry+ ) u ?is def9ition ( =m1 z #8t :i* effects t ! cont5t 4 4 4 4 c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1' let u return to ! case 9 :i* ! intuition ( ,space is ! intuition :i* occupies consci\sness4 ,c ! cont5t ( ?is intuition #8be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations' or n8 ,x c be s arrang$1 or r1 x is s arrang$4 ,space _c be ?\ght ( save z hav+ p>ts1 ne> & remote1 9 ?is direction or ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 if t is ! =m ( a ?+ #8:i* effects t ! cont5t 4 4 4 4 c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1' x foll[s t :5 ! cont5t ( consci\sness is ! intuition ( ,space1 :i* has #8p>ts t c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1' !re mu/ be a =m ( t intuition4 ,:at is x8 ,kant does n tell u--does n appe> to p]ceive t !re mu/ be su* a =m2 & c\ld n h p]ceiv$ ?is )\t ab&on+ 8 hypo!sis t ! space-intuition is primordial40 ,n[ :5 ,dr4 ,hodgson has %[n me h[ t 8:i* #bcc effects t ! cont5t 4 4 4 4 c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations10 may also be t :i* effects its own arrangem5t "u ! same relations1 ,i %all be ready to surr5d] my position2 b until !n1 no analogy drawn f ! ability ( a dog to bite himself w weigh mu* ) me4 ,hav+1 z he consid]s1 dispos$ ( ! reasons giv5 by me = conclud+ t1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 8,space & ,"t are :olly incompreh5sible0 7he cont9ually uses on my behalf ! ^w 8inconceivable10 :i*1 by its unfit connotations1 gives a wrong aspect to my position71 ,dr4 ,hodgson goes on to say3- 8,yet ,mr4 ,sp5c] proce$s to use ^! inconceivable ideas z ! basis ( 8 philosophy4 ,= m>k1 x is ,space & ,"t z we "k !m1 ! actual & ph5om5al ,space & ,"t1 to :i* all ^! inconceivabilities atta*4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s result1 ought1 !re=e1 logically to be--,scepticism4 ,:at is 8 actual result8 ,ontology4 ,& h[ s8 ,:y1 in/ead ( reject+ ,space & ,"t z ! inconceivable ?+s he has tri$ to demon/rate !m to be1 he sub/itutes = !m an ,unkn[able1 a some?+ :i* !y really are1 ?\gh we _c "k x1 & rejects t1 in/ead ( !m1 f k40 ,?is /atem5t has caus$ me no little a/oni%m5t4 ,t hav+ be=e him ! volume f :i* he quotes1 s compet5t a read] %\ld h s completely miss$ ! mean+ ( ! passages 7 #bf7 already ref]r$ to1 9 :i* ,i h cont5d$ aga9/ ,hamilton & ,mansel1 makes me almo/ despair ( be+ und]/ood by any ord9>y read]4 ,9 t section ,i h1 9 ! fir/ place1 cont5d$ t ! consci\sness ( an ,ultimate ,reality1 ?\gh n capable ( be+ made a ?\ght1 prop]ly s call$1 because n capable ( be+ br\ght )9 limits1 nev]!less rema9s z a consci\sness t is positive3 is n r5d]$ negative by ! negations ( limits4 ,i h po9t$ out t 8,! error1 7v naturally fall5 into by philosoph]s int5t on demon/rat+ ! limits & conditions ( consci\sness71 consi/s 9 assum+ t consci\sness conta9s no?+ b limits & conditions2 to ! entire neglect ( t :i* is limit$ & condition$4 ,x is =gott5 t !re is some?+ :i* alike =ms ! raw mat]ial ( def9ite ?\ght & rema9s aft] ! def9it5ess :i* ?9k+ gave to x has be5 #bcd de/roy$0--some?+ :i* 8ev] p]si/s 9 u z ! body ( a ?\ght to :i* we c give no %ape40 ,?is positive elem5t ( consci\sness x is :i*1 8at once necess>ily indef9ite & necess>ily inde/ructible10 ,i reg>d z ! consci\sness ( ! ,unkn[able ,reality4 ,yet ,dr4 ,hodgson says 8,mr4 ,sp5c] proce$s to use ^! inconceivable ideas z ! basis ( 8 philosophy30 imply+ t su* basis consi/s ( negations1 in/ead ( consi/+ ( t :i* p]si/s not)/&+ ! negation ( limits4 ,& !n1 beyond ?is p]v]sion1 or almo/ inv]sion1 ( mean+1 he conveys ! notion t ,i take z ! basis ( philosophy1 ! 8inconceivable ideas0 8or self-contradictory notions0 :i* result :5 we endeav\r to compreh5d ,space & ,"t4 ,he speaks ( me z propos+ to evolve sub/ance out ( =m1 or r1 out ( ! negations ( =ms--gives 8 read]s no conception t ! ,p[] manife/$ to u is t :i* ,i reg>d z ! ,unkn[able1 :ile :at we call ,space & ,"t answ] to ! unkn[able nexus ( its manife/ations4 ,& yet ! *apt] f :i* ,i quote1 & /ill m ! *apt] :i* foll[s x1 makes ?is cle>--z cle>1 at lea/1 z ,i c make x by c>efully-word$ /atem5ts & re-/atem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,philosophical sy/ems1 l !ological ones1 foll[+ ! law ( evolution 9 g5]al1 sev]ally become 9 c\rse ( "t m rigid1 :ile becom+ m complex & m def9ite2 & !y simil>ly become less alt]able--resi/ all compromise1 & h to be replac$ by ! m pla/ic sy/ems t desc5d f !m4 ,x is ?us ) pure ,empiricism & pure ,transc5d5talism4 ,d[n to ! pres5t "t disciples ( ,locke h cont9u$ to hold t all m5tal ph5om5a are int]pretable z results ( accumulat$ individual exp]i5ces2 &1 by criticism1 h be5 l$ simply to elaborate _! int]pretations--ignor+ ! pro(s ( inadequacy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 disciples ( ,kant1 #bce ass]t+ ?is inadequacy1 & l$ by p]ception ( x to adopt an antagoni/ !ory1 h p]si/$ 9 def5d+ t !ory "u a =m pres5t+ fatal inconsi/5cies4 ,& !n1 :5 !re is (f]$ a mode ( reconciliation1 ! _s ( no-compromise is display$3 ea* side cont9u+ to claim ! :ole tru?4 ,aft] x has be5 po9t$ out t all ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! exp]i5tial doctr9e disappe> if ! effects ( ance/ral exp]i5ces are jo9$ ) ! effects ( individual exp]i5ces1 ! old =m ( ! doctr9e is /ill adh]$ to4 ,& mean:ile ,kanti/s p]si/ 9 ass]t+ t ! ego is born ) intuitional =ms :i* are :olly indep5d5t ( any?+ 9 ! non-ego1 aft] x has be5 %[n t ! innat5ess ( ^! intuitional =ms may be s und]/ood z to escape ! insurm\ntable difficulties ( ! hypo!sis z orig9ally express$4 ,i am l$ to say ?is by read+ ! rem>ks conc]n+ my own views1 made ) an urbanity ,i hope to imitate1 by ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,m>*1 #ahgc4bg ,be=e deal+ ) ! criticisms conta9$ 9 ?is lecture1 ,i mu/ ent] a demurr] aga9/ t int]pretation ( my views by :i* ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] makes x appe> t !y are m alli$ to ^? ( ,kant ?an to ^? ( ,locke4 ,he says3 8,:e!r ! pre-hi/oric g5esis ( ^! cong5ital dispositions or inh]it$ necessities ( ?\ght1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 be "r or wrong1 does n signify = ! purpose :i* ,kant _h 9 view4 ,9 admitt+ t !re is some?+ 9 our m9d1 :i* is n ! result ( our own po/]iori exp]i5ce1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is a ?or\gh ,kantian1 & we %all see t he is a ,kantian 9 o!r respects too4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t n]v\s modifications1 accumulat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 c\ld result 9 n]v\s /ructures t are fix$ 9 proportion z ! out] relations to :i* !y answ] are fix$1 we1 z foll[]s ( ,kant1 %\ld only h to put 9 ! place ( ,kant's intuitions ( ,space & ,"t #8! con/ant space-relations express$ 9 def9ite n]v\s /ructures1 cong5itally fram$ to act 9 def9ite ways1 & incapable ( act+ 9 any o!r #bcf way4' ,if ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] _h n misund]/ood ! exact mean+ ( :at ,kant calls ! intuitions ( ,space & ,"t1 he w\ld h p]ceiv$ t1 b>r+ 8 !ory ( ! pre-hi/oric orig9 ( ^! intuitions1 he 0 q at "o ) ,kant40 ,on ?is passage let me rem>k1 fir/1 t ! ^w 8pre-hi/oric10 ord9>ily employ$ only 9 respect to human hi/ory1 is mislead+ :5 appli$ to ! hi/ory ( ,life 9 g5]al2 & 8 use ( x leaves me 9 "s d\bt :e!r ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] has rightly conceiv$ ! hypo!sis he ref]s to4 ,my second comm5t is1 t ! description ( me z 8q at "o ) ,kant10 8b>r+0 ! 8!ory ( ! prehi/oric orig9 ( ^! intuitions10 curi\sly implies t x is a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce :e!r ! =ms ( ?\ght are held to be naturally g5]at$ by int]c\rse betwe5 ! organism & its environ+ relations1 dur+ ! evolution ( ! l[e/ into ! highe/ types1 or :e!r su* =ms are held to be sup]naturally giv5 to ! human m9d1 & are indep5d5t bo? ( environ+ relations & ( ance/ral m9ds4 ,b n[1 address+ myself to ! ess5tial po9t1 ,i mu/ meet ! /atem5t t ,i h 8misund]/ood ! exact mean+ ( :at ,kant calls ! intuitions ( ,space & ,"t10 by say+ t ,i ?9k ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] has ov]look$ c]ta9 passages :i* ju/ify my int]pretation1 & r5d] 8 int]pretation unt5able4 ,= ,kant says 8,space is no?+ else ?an ! =m ( all ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal s5se20 fur!r1 he says t 8,"t is no?+ b ! =m ( our int]nal intuition20 &1 to repeat words ,i h us$ else:]e1 8,he di/9ctly %uts out ! supposition t !re are =ms ( ! non-ego to :i* ^! =ms ( ! ego correspond1 by say+ t #8,space is n a conception :i* has be5 d]iv$ f outw>d exp]i5ces4'0 ,n[ s f> f be+ 9 h>mony )1 ^! /atem5ts are 9 direct contradiction to1 ! view :i* ,i hold2 & seem to me absolutely irreconcilable ) x4 ,h[ c x be said t1 8b>r+0 a diff]5ce repres5t$ z trivial1 ,i am #bcg 8q at "o ) ,kant10 :5 ,i cont5d t ^! subjective =ms ( intuition are m\ld$ into correspond5ce )1 & !re=e d]iv$ f1 "s objective =m or nexus1 & !re=e dep5d5t ^u x2 :ile ! ,kantian hypo!sis is t ^! subjective =ms are n d]iv$ f ! object1 b pre-exi/ 9 ! subject--are impos$ by ! ego on ! non-ego4 ,x seems to me t n only d ,kant's words1 z above giv51 exclude ! view :i* ,i hold1 b also t ,kant c\ld n consi/5tly h held any su* view4 ,rightly recogniz+1 z he did1 ^! =ms ( intuition z innate1 he 01 f 8 /&-po9t1 oblig$ to reg>d !m z impos$ on ! matt] ( intuition 9 ! act ( intuition4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! hypo!sis t intellig5ce has be5 evolv$1 x 0 n possible = him to reg>d ^! subjective =ms z hav+ be5 d]iv$ f objective =ms4 ,a disciple ( ,locke might1 ,i ?9k1 say t ! ,evolution-view ( our consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t is ess5tially ,lockian1 ) m tru? ?an ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] c repres5t x z ess5tially ,kantian4 ,! ,evolution-view is completely exp]i5tial4 ,x diff]s f ! orig9al view ( ! exp]i5tiali/s by conta9+ a great ext5sion ( t view4 ,) ! relatively-small effects ( individual exp]i5ces1 x jo9s ! relatively-va/ effects ( ! exp]i5ces ( antec$5t individuals4 ,b ! view ( ,kant is av[$ly & absolutely unexp]i5tial4 ,surely ?is makes ! pr$om9ance ( k9%ip manife/4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s replies to my criticisms on ,kant1 ,i _c see great] validity ?an 9 ?is affiliation to :i* ,i h demurr$4 ,"o ( 8 argum5ts is t :i* ,dr4 ,hodgson has us$1 & :i* ,i h already answ]$2 & ,i ?9k t ! o!rs1 :5 comp>$ ) ! passages ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology :i* !y conc]n1 w n be f\nd adequate4 ,i ref] to !m "h #bch *iefly = ! purpose ( po9t+ out t :5 he speaks ( me z br++ 8?ree argum5ts aga9/ ,kant's view10 he und]/ates ! numb]4 ,let me close :at ,i h to say on ?is disput$ "q1 by quot+ ! summ>y ( reasons ,i h giv5 = reject+ ! ,kantian hypo!sis3 8,kant tells u t ,space is ! =m ( all ext]nal intuition2 :i* is n true4 ,he tells u t ! consci\sness ( ,space cont9ues :5 ! consci\sness ( all ?+s conta9$ 9 x is suppress$2 :i* is also n true4 ,f ^! alleg$ facts he inf]s t ,space is an priori =m ( intuition4 ,i say inf]s1 because ?is conclusion is n pres5t$ 9 necess>y union ) ! premises1 9 ! same way t ! consci\sness ( duality is necess>ily pres5t$ along ) ! consci\sness ( inequality2 b x is a conclusion volunt>ily drawn = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! alleg$ facts4 ,& !n t we may accept ?is conclusion1 :i* is n necess>ily pres5t$ along ) ^! alleg$ facts :i* are n true1 we are oblig$ to affirm sev]al propositions :i* _c be r5d]$ into ?\ght4 ,:5 ,space is itself contemplat$1 we h to conceive x z at once ! =m ( intuition & ! matt] ( intuition2 :i* is impossible4 ,we h to unite t :i* we are consci\s ( z ,space ) t :i* we are consci\s ( z ! ego1 & contemplate ! "o z a prop]ty ( ! o!r2 :i* is impossible4 ,we h at ! same "t to disunite t :i* we are consci\s ( z ,space1 f t :i* we are consci\s ( z ! non-ego1 & contemplate ! "o z sep>ate f ! o!r2 :i* is also impossible4 ,fur!r1 ?is hypo!sis t ,space is 8no?+ else0 ?an a =m ( intuition belong+ :olly to ! ego1 commits u to "o ( ! two alt]natives1 t ! non-ego is =mless or t its =m produces absolutely no effect ^u ! ego2 bo? ( :i* alt]natives involve u 9 impossibilities ( ?\ght40--,pr94 ( ,psy41 #cii4 ,objections ( ano!r1 ?\gh alli$1 class h be5 made 9 a review ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology by ,mr4 ,h4 ,sidgwick--a critic ^: rem>ks on que/ions ( m5tal philosophy always des]ve respectful consid]ation4 ,mr4 ,sidgwick's *ief aim is to %[ :at he calls 8! mazy inconsi/5cy ( 8 my metaphysical results40 ,m specifically1 he expresses ?us ! proposition he seeks to ju/ify--8,8 view ( ! subject appe>s to h a fundam5tal incoh]5ce1 :i* %[s itself 9 v>i\s ways on ! surface ( 8 exposition1 b ( :i* ! root lies #bci mu* deep]1 9 8 inability to h>monise diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght40 ,be=e deal+ ) ! reasons giv5 = ?is judgm5t1 let me say t1 9 addition to ! value :i* c&id criticisms h z %[+ :]e m explanation is ne$$1 !y are almo/ indisp5sable z reveal+ to a writ] incongruities he _h n p]ceiv$4 ,especially :]e1 z 9 ?is case1 ! subject-matt] has _m aspects1 & :]e ! words suppli$ by our language are s inadequate 9 numb] t1 to avoid cumbr\s circumlocution1 !y h to be us$ 9 s5ses t v>y accord+ to ! context1 x is extremely difficult to avoid imp]fections ( /atem5t4 ,b :ile ,i ackn[l$ge sundry su* imp]fections & ! result+ incongruities1 ,i _c see t ^! are1 z ,mr4 ,sidgwick says1 fundam5tal4 ,contr>iwise1 _! sup]ficiality seems to me prov$ by ! fact t !y may be rectifi$ )\t o!rwise alt]+ ! expositions 9 :i* !y occur4 ,"h is an in/ance4 ,mr4 ,sidgwick po9ts out t1 :5 treat+ ( ! 8,data ( ,psy*ology10 ,i h said 79 #ef7 t1 ?\gh we rea* inf]5tially 8! belief t m9d & n]v\s action are ! subjective & objective faces ( ! same ?+1 we rema9 utt]ly incapable ( see+1 & ev5 ( imag9+1 h[ ! two are relat$0 7,i quote ! passage m fully ?an he does74 ,he !n goes on to %[ t 9 ! 8,special ,syn!sis10 :]e ,i h sket*$ ! evolution ( ,intellig5ce "u its objective aspect1 z display$ 9 ! processes by :i* be+s ( v>i\s grades adju/ !mselves to surr\nd+ actions1 ,i 8speak z if0 we c\ld see h[ consci\sness 8naturally arises at a p>ticul> /age0 ( n]v\s action4 ,! *apt] he "h ref]s to is "o describ+ t 8diff]5tiation ( ! psy*ical f ! physical life0 :i* accompanies advanc+ organization1 & m especially advanc+ developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 x ,i h %[n #bdj t1 :ile ! *anges con/itut+ physical life cont9ue to be *>act]iz$ by ! simultaneity ) :i* all k9ds ( !m g on ?r\gh\t ! organism1 ! *anges con/itut+ psy*ical life1 aris+ z ! n]v\s sy/em develops1 become gradually m di/+ui%$ by _! s]iality4 ,& ,i h said t z n]v\s integration advances1 8!re mu/ result an unbrok5 s]ies ( ^! *anges--!re mu/ arise a consci\sness40 ,n[ ,i admit t "h is an app>5t inconsi/5cy4 ,i ought to h said t 8!re mu/ result an unbrok5 s]ies ( ^! *anges10 :i*1 tak+ place 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( a highly-organiz$ creature1 gives coh]5ce to its conduct2 & along ) :i* we assume a consci\sness1 because consci\sness goes along ) coh]5t conduct 9 ourselves4 ,if ,mr4 ,sidgwick w sub/itute ?is /atem5t = ! /atem5t z x /&s1 he w see t ! argum5ts & conclusions rema9 intact4 ,a survey ( ! *apt] z a :ole1 proves t its aim is n 9 ! lea/ to expla9 h[ n]v\s *anges1 consid]$ z waves ( molecul> motion1 become ! feel+s con/itut+ consci\sness2 b t1 contemplat+ ! facts objectively 9 liv+ creatures at l>ge1 x po9ts out ! c>d9al di/9ction betwe5 vital actions 9 g5]al1 & ^? p>ticul> vital actions :i*1 9 a creature display+ !m1 lead u to speak ( x z intellig5t4 ,x is %[n t ! rise ( su* actions becomes m>k$ 9 proportion z ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! "p call$ ! n]v\s sy/em1 are made m & m di/9ctly s]ial1 by union 9 a supreme c5tre ( co-ord9ation4 ,! introduction ( ! ^w consci\sness1 arises 9 ! ef=t to %[ :at fundam5tal "* !re is 9 ^! p>ticul> physiological *anges :i* is p>allel to a fundam5tal "* 9 ! psy*ological *anges4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,sidgwick evolves an incongruity :i* he consid]s fundam5tal1 out ( :at ,i %\ld h ?\ght he w\ld see is a #bda defective expression1 ,i w give 9 8 own words4 ,speak+ ( a c]ta9 view ( m9e1 he says3 8,he tells u t #8logic 4 4 4 contemplates 9 its propositions c]ta9 connexions pr$icat$1 :i* are necess>ily involv$ ) c]ta9 o!r connexions giv53 reg>d+ all ^! connexions z exi/+ 9 ! non-ego--n1 x may be1 "u ! =m 9 :i* we "k !m1 b 9 "s =m4' ,b 9 #dgc1 :]e ,mr4 ,sp5c] illu/rates by a diagram 8 #8,transfigur$ ,realism1' ! view seems to be ?is3 al?\gh we _c say t ! real non-ego resembles our notion ( x 9 #8its elem5ts1 relations1 or laws1' we c say t #8a *ange 9 ! objective reality causes 9 ! subjective /ate a *ange exactly answ]+ to x--s answ]+ z to con/itute a cognition ( x4' ,"h ! #8some?+ beyond consci\sness' is no long] said to be unkn[n1 z its effect 9 consci\sness #8con/itutes a cognition ( x4'0 ,?is app>5t inconsi/5cy1 m>k$ by ! italics1 w\ld n h exi/$ if1 in/ead ( 8a cognition ( x10 ,i _h said1 z ,i ought to h said1 8:at we call a cognition ( x0--t is1 a relative cognition z di/+ui%$ f an absolute cognition4 ,9 ord9>y language we speak ( z cognitions1 ^? connexions 9 ?\ght :i* s guide u 9 our deal+s ) ?+s1 t actual exp]i5ce v]ifies ideal anticipation3 m>k+ (f1 by oppos$ words1 ^? connexions 9 ?\ght :i* mis-guide u4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 accept+ a cognition z relatively true & accept+ x z absolutely true1 w be cle>ly %[n by an illu/ration4 ,!re is no direct resemblance :atev] betwe5 ! sizes1 =ms1 col\rs1 & arrangem5ts1 ( ! figures 9 an acc\nt-book1 & ! moneys or goods1 debts or cr$its1 repres5t$ by !m2 & yet ! =ms & arrangem5ts ( ! writt5 symbols1 are su* z answ] 9 a p]fectly-exact way to /ocks ( v>i\s commodities & to v>i\s k9ds ( transactions4 ,h5ce we say1 figuratively1 t ! acc\nt-book w 8tell u0 all ab\t ^! /ocks & transactions4 ,simil>ly1 ! diagram ,mr4 ,sidgwick ref]s to1 sugge/s a way 9 :i* symbols1 regi/]$ 9 u by objects1 may h =ms & arrangem5ts :olly unlike _! objective causes & ! nexus among ^? causes1 :ile yet !y are s relat$ z to guide u correctly 9 our transactions #bdb ) ^? objective causes1 &1 9 t s5se1 con/itute cognitions ( !m2 ?\gh !y no m con/itute cognitions 9 ! absolute s5se1 ?an d ! guid+ symbols 9 ! acc\nt-book con/itute cognitions ( ! ?+s to :i* !y ref]4 ,s repeat$ly is ?is view impli$ ?r\gh\t ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 t ,i am surpris$ to f9d a laxity ( expression rais+ ! suspicion t ,i ent]ta9 any o!r4 ,to foll[ ,mr4 ,sidgwick ?r\gh sundry criticisms ( l k9d1 :i* may be simil>ly met1 w\ld take m space ?an ,i c "h af=d4 ,i mu/ re/rict myself n[ to ! alleg$ 8fundam5tal incoh]5ce0 ( :i* he ?9ks ^! inconsi/5cies are signs4 ,i ref] to t reconciliation ( ,realism & ,idealism consid]$ by him z an impossible compromise4 ,a difficulty is habitually felt 9 accept+ a coalition aft] long conflict4 ,:oev] has esp\s$ "o ( two antagoni/ views1 &1 9 def5d+ x1 has ga9$ a c]ta9 compreh5sion ( ! opposite view1 becomes accu/om$ to reg>d ^! z ! only alt]natives1 & is puzzl$ by an hypo!sis :i* is at once bo? & nei!r4 ,yet1 s9ce x turns out 9 ne>ly all cases t1 ( conflict+ doctr9es1 ea* conta9s an elem5t ( tru?1 & t controv]sy ends by comb9ation ( _! respective half-tru?s1 !re is a priori probability on ! side ( an hypo!sis :i* qualifies ,realism by ,idealism4 ,mr4 ,sidgwick expresses 8 a/oni%m5t1 or r bespeaks t ( 8 read]s1 because1 :ile ,i accept ,ideali/ic criticisms1 ,i nev]!less def5d ! fundam5tal intuition ( ,common ,s5se2 &1 z he puts x1 8fires 8 my argum5t full 9 ! face ( ,kant1 ,mill1 & #8metaphysicians' g5]ally40 8,he tells u t #8metaphysicians' illegitimately assume t #8beliefs rea*$ ?r\gh complex intellectual processes1' are m valid ?an #8beliefs rea*$ ?r\gh simple intellectual processes2' t ! common language !y use refuses to express _! hypo!ses1 & ?us _! reason+ inevitably implies ! common notions :i* !y repudiate2 t ! belief ( ,realism has ! advantage ( #8priority1' #8simplicity1' #8di/9ctness4' #bdc ,b surely ?is prior1 simple1 di/9ctly affirm$ belief is t ( :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] t]ms #8crude ,realism'1 ! belief t ! non-ego is p] se ext5d$1 solid1 ev5 col\r$ 7if n resonant & odor\s74 ,?is is :at common language implies2 & ! argum5t by :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] proves ! relativity ( feel+s & relations1 /ill m ! subtle & complicat$ analysis by :i* he resolves our notion ( ext5sion into an aggregate ( feel+s & transitions ( feel+1 lead u away f our orig9al simple belief--t 7e4g47 ! gre5 grass we see exi/s out ( consci\sness z we see x--j z mu* z ! reason+s ( ,idealism1 ,scepticism1 or ,kantism40 ,on ! face ( x ! anomaly seems great2 b ,i %\ld h ?\ght t aft] read+ ! *apt] on 8,transfigur$ ,realism10 a critic ( ,mr4 ,sidgwick's acut5ess w\ld h se5 ! solution ( x4 ,he has ov]look$ an ess5tial di/9ction4 ,all :i* my argum5t implies is t ! direct intuition ( ,realism mu/ be held ( sup]ior au?ority to ! argum5ts ( ,anti-,realism1 :]e _! deliv]ances _c be reconcil$4 ,! "o po9t on :i* _! deliv]ances _c be reconcil$1 is ! exi/5ce ( an objective reality4 ,b :ile1 aga9/ ?is intuition ( ,realism1 ,i hold ! argum5ts ( ,anti-,realism to be p[]less1 because !y _c be c>ri$ on )\t po/ulat+ t :i* !y end by d5y+2 yet1 hav+ admitt$ objective exi/5ce z a necess>y po/ulate1 x is possible to make valid criticisms ^u all ^? judgm5ts :i* ,crude ,realism jo9s ) ?is primordial judgm5t3 x is possible to %[ t a transfigur$ int]pretation ( prop]ties & relations1 is m t5able ?an ! orig9al int]pretation4 ,to elucidate ! matt]1 let u take ! mo/ famili> case 9 :i* ! indirect judgm5ts ( ,reason correct ! direct judgm5ts ( ,common ,s5se4 ,! direct judgm5t ( ,common ,s5se is t ! ,sun moves r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ,reason1 f9d+ "s facts at v>iance ) ?is1 beg9s to d\bt2 &1 ev5tually1 hits ^u an hypo!sis :i* expla9s ! anomalies1 b :i* d5ies ?is app>5tly-c]ta9 dictum ( ,common ,s5se4 ,:at is ! reconciliation8 ,x consi/s 9 %[+ #bdd to ,common ,s5se t ! new int]pretation equally well corresponds ) direct intuition1 :ile x avoids all ! difficulties4 ,common ,s5se is rem9d$ t ! app>5t motion ( an object may be due ei!r to its actual motion or to ! motion ( ! obs]v]2 & t !re are t]re/rial exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! obs]v] ?9ks an object he looks at is mov+1 :5 ! motion is 9 himself4 ,ext5d+ ! conception ?us giv51 ,reason %[s t if ! ,e>? revolves on its axis1 !re w result t app>5t motion ( ! ,sun :i* ,common ,s5se int]pret$ into an actual motion ( ! ,sun2 & ! common-s5se obs]v] !reupon becomes able to ?9k ( sunrise & sunset z due to 8 position z spectator on a va/ revolv+ globe4 ,n[ if ! a/ronom]1 sett+ out by recogniz+ ^! cele/ial appe>ances1 & proce$+ to evolve ! v>i\s anomalies foll[+ f ! common-s5se int]pretation ( !m1 _h drawn ! conclusion t !re ext]nally exi/ no ,sun & no motion at all1 he w\ld h done :at ,ideali/s d2 & 8 argum5ts w\ld h be5 equally p[]less aga9/ ! intuition ( ,common ,s5se4 ,b he does no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he accepts ! intuition ( ,common ,s5se respect+ ! reality ( ! ,sun & ( ! motion2 b replaces ! old int]pretation ( ! motion by a new int]pretation reconcilable ) all ! facts4 ,ev]yone mu/ see t "h1 acceptance ( ! inexpugnable elem5t 9 ! common-s5se judgm5t1 by no means involves acceptance ( ! accompany+ judgm5ts2 & ,i cont5d t ! l discrim9ation mu/ be made 9 ! case we are consid]+4 ,x does n foll[ t :ile1 aga9/ ! consci\sness :i* ,crude ,realism has ( an objective reality1 ! argum5ts ( ,anti-,realism are futile1 !y are !re=e futile aga9/ ! conceptions :i* ,crude ,realism =ms ( ! objective reality4 ,if ,anti-,realism c %[ t1 grant+ an objective reality1 ! int]pretation ( ,crude ,realism conta9s insup]able #bde difficulties1 ! process is q legitimate4 ,&1 its primordial intuition rema9+ un%ak51 ,realism may1 on reconsid]ation1 be enabl$ to frame a new conception :i* h>monizes all ! facts4 ,to %[ t !re is n "h ! 8mazy inconsi/5cy0 alleg$1 let u take ! case ( s\nd z int]pret$ by ,crude ,realism1 & z re-int]pret$ by ,transfigur$ ,realism4 ,crude ,realism assumes ! s\nd pres5t 9 consci\sness to exi/ z su* beyond consci\sness4 ,anti-,realism proves ! inadmissibility ( ?is assumption 9 sundry ways 7all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 set out by talk+ ( s\nd+ bodies beyond consci\sness1 j z ,realism talks ( !m72 & !n ,anti-,realism concludes t we "k ( no exi/5ce save ! s\nd z a mode ( consci\sness3 :i* conclusion1 & all k9dr$ conclusions1 ,i cont5d are vici\s--fir/1 because all ! words us$ connote an objective activity2 second1 because ! argum5ts are impossible )\t po/ulat+ at ! outset an objective activity2 & ?ird1 because no "o ( ! intuitions out ( :i* ! argum5ts are built1 is ( equal validity ) ! s+le intuition ( ,realism t an objective activity exi/s4 ,b n[ ! ,transfigur$ ,realism :i* ,mr4 ,sidgwick ?9ks 8has all ! s]i\s incongruity ( an int5se metaphysical dream10 nei!r affirms ! unt5able conception ( ,crude ,realism1 nor1 l ,anti-,realism1 draws un?9kable conclusions by suicidal argum5ts2 b1 accept+ t :i* is ess5tial 9 ,crude ,realism1 & admitt+ ! difficulties :i* ,anti-,realism insi/s ^u1 reconciles matt]s by a re-int]pretation analog\s to t :i* an a/ronom] makes ( ! sol> motion4 ,cont9u+ all along to recognize an objective activity :i* ,crude ,realism calls s\nd1 x %[s t ! answ]+ s5sation is produc$ by a succession ( sep>ate impacts :i*1 if made sl[ly1 may be sep>ately id5tifi$1 & :i* w1 if progressively increas$ 9 rapidity1 produce tones high] & high] 9 pit*4 ,x #bdf %[s by o!r exp]im5ts t s\nd+ bodies are 9 /ates ( vibration1 & t ! vibrations may be made visible4 ,& x concludes t ! objective activity is n :at x subjectively seems1 b is proximately int]pretable z a succession ( arial waves4 ,?us ,crude ,realism is %[n t :ile !re unque/ionably exi/s an objective activity correspond+ to ! s5sation kn[n z s\nd1 yet ! facts are n explicable on ! orig9al supposition t ?is is l ! s5sation2 :ile !y are explicable by conceiv+ x z a rhy?mical me*anical action4 ,ev5tually ?is re-int]pretation1 jo9$ ) k9dr$ re9t]pretations ( o!r s5sations1 comes to be itself fur!r transfigur$ by analysis ( its t]ms1 & re-expression ( !m 9 t]ms ( molecul> motion2 b1 h[ev] ab/ract ! int]pretation ultimately rea*$1 ! objective activity cont9ues to be po/ulat$3 ! primordial judgm5t ( ,crude ,realism rema9s un*ang$1 ?\gh x has to *ange ! re/ ( its judgm5ts4 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,sidgwick implies t ,i h no "r to use ^? conceptions ( objective exi/5ce by :i* ?is compromise is effect$4 ,quot+ sundry passages to %[ t :ile ,i hold ! criticisms ( ! ,ideali/ to be impossible )\t 8tacitly or av[$ly po/ulat+ an unkn[n some?+ beyond consci\sness10 ,i yet admit t 8our /ates ( consci\sness are ! only ?+s we c "k20 he goes on to argue t ,i am radically inconsi/5t1 because1 9 int]pret+ ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 ,i cont9ually po/ulate1 n an unkn[n some?+1 b a some?+ ( :i* ,i speak 9 ord9>y t]ms1 z ?\gh its ascrib$ physical *>act]s really exi/ z su*1 in/ead ( be+1 z ,i admit !y are1 syn!tic /ates ( my consci\sness4 ,8 objection1 if ,i und]/& x1 is t = ! purposes ( ,objective ,psy*ology ,i app>5tly pr(ess to "k ,matt] & ,motion 9 ! ord9>y reali/ic way2 :ile1 z a result ( subjective analysis1 ,i rea* ! conclusion t #bdg x is impossible to h t k ( objective exi/5ce :i* ,realism supposes we h4 ,d\btless !re seems "h to be :at he calls 8a fundam5tal incoh]5ce40 ,b ,i ?9k x exi/s1 n betwe5 my two expositions1 b betwe5 ! two consci\snesses ( subjective & objective exi/5ce1 :i* we _c suppress & yet _c put into def9ite =ms4 ,! alleg$ incoh]5ce ,i take to be b ano!r "n = ! inscrutability ( ! relation betwe5 subjective feel+ & its objective correlate :i* is n feel+--an inscrutability :i* meets u at ! bottom ( all our analyses4 ,an exposition ( ?is inscrutability ,i h else:]e summ$ up ?us3 8,see1 !n1 our pr$icam5t4 ,we c ?9k ( ,matt] only 9 t]ms ( ,m9d4 ,we c ?9k ( ,m9d only 9 t]ms ( ,matt]4 ,:5 we h pu%$ our explorations ( ! fir/ to ! utt]mo/ limit1 we are ref]r$ to ! second = a f9al answ]2 & :5 we h got ! f9al answ] ( ! second1 we are ref]r$ back to ! fir/ = an int]pretation ( x4 ,we f9d ! value ( x 9 t]ms ( y2 !n we f9d ! value ( y 9 t]ms ( x2 & s on we may cont9ue = ev] )\t com+ ne>] to a solution40--,pr94 ( ,psy4 #bgb4 ,c>ry+ a little fur!r ?is simile1 w1 ,i ?9k1 %[ :]e lies ! insup]able difficulty felt by ,mr4 ,sidgwick4 ,tak+ x & y z ! subjective & objective activities1 unkn[n 9 _! natures & kn[n only z ph5om5ally manife/$2 & recogniz+ ! fact t e /ate ( consci\sness implies1 imm$iately or remotely1 ! action ( object on subject or subject on object1 or bo?2 we may say t e /ate ( consci\sness w be symboliz$ by "s modification ( xy--! ph5om5ally-kn[n product ( ! two unkn[n factors4 ,9 o!r words1 xy1 xy1 xy1 xy1 xy1 c41 c41 w repres5t all p]ceptions & ?\ghts4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ^! are ?\ghts ab\t ! object2 compos+ "s hypo!sis respect+ its *>act]s z analyz$ by physici/s4 ,cle>ly1 all su* ?\ghts1 be !y ab\t %apes1 resi/ances1 mom5ta1 molecules1 molecul> motions1 or :at n1 w conta9 =ms ( ! subjective activity x4 ,n[ let ! ?\ghts #bdh be conc]n+ m5tal processes4 ,x mu/ simil>ly happ5 t "s mode ( ! unkn[n objective activity y1 w be 9 e case a compon5t4 ,n[ suppose t ! problem is ! g5esis ( m5tal ph5om5a2 & t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry1 bodily organization & ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em are br\ght into ! explanation4 ,x w happ51 z be=e1 t ^!1 consid]$ z objective1 h to be describ$ & ?\ght ab\t 9 modes ( xy4 ,& :5 by ! actions ( su* a n]v\s sy/em1 conceiv$ objectively 9 modes ( xy1 & act$ ^u by physical =ces :i* are conceiv$ 9 o!r modes ( xy1 we endeav\r to expla9 ! g5esis ( s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & ideas1 :i* we c ?9k ( only 9 o!r modes ( xy1 we f9d t all our factors1 & !re=e all our int]pretations1 conta9 ! two unkn[n t]ms1 & t no int]pretation is imag9able t w n conta9 ! two unkn[n t]ms4 ,:at is ! def5ce = ?is app>5tly-circul> process8 ,simply t x is a process ( e/abli%+ congruity among our symbols4 ,x is f9d+ a mode ( s symboliz+ ! unkn[n activities1 subjective & objective1 & s op]at+ ) our symbols1 t all our acts may be rightly guid$--guid$1 t is1 9 su* ways t we c anticipate1 :51 :]e1 & 9 :at quantity "s "o ( our symbols1 or "s comb9ation ( our symbols1 w be f\nd4 ,mr4 ,sidgwick's difficulty arises1 ,i ?9k1 f hav+ insuffici5tly borne 9 m9d ! /atem5ts made at ! outset1 9 8,! ,data ( ,philosophy10 t su* conceptions z 8are vital1 or _c be sep>at$ f ! re/ )\t m5tal dissolution1 mu/ be assum$ z true provisionally20 t 8!re is no mode ( e/abli%+ ! validity ( any belief except t ( %[+ its entire congruity ) all o!r beliefs20 & t 8,philosophy1 compell$ to make ^? fundam5tal assumptions )\t :i* ?\ght is impossible1 has to ju/ify !m by %[+ _! congruity ) all o!r dicta ( consci\sness40 ,9 #bdi pursuance ( ?is di/9ctly-av[$ mode ( proc$ure1 ,i assume provisionally1 an objective activity & a subjective activity1 & c]ta9 g5]al =ms & modes 7,space1 ,"t1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 ,=ce71 :i* ! subjective activity1 op]at$ on by ! objective activity1 ascribes to x1 & :i* ,i suppose to correspond 9 "s way to unkn[n =ms & modes ( ! objective activity4 ,^! provisional assumptions1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ out to all _! consequ5ces1 & ^! consequ5ces prov$ to be congru\s ) "o ano!r & ) ! orig9al assumptions1 ^! orig9al assumptions are ju/ifi$4 ,& if1 f9ally1 ,i ass]t1 z ,i h repeat$ly ass]t$1 t ! t]ms 9 :i* ,i express my assumptions & c>ry on my op]ations are b symbolic1 & t all ,i h done is to %[ t by c]ta9 ways ( symboliz+1 p]fect h>mony results--inv>iable agreem5t betwe5 ! symbols 9 :i* ,i frame my expectations1 & ! symbols :i* occur 9 exp]i5ce--,i _c be blam$ = incoh]5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to me t my me?od is ! mo/ coh]5t t c be devis$4 ,la/ly1 %\ld x be said t ?is reg>d+ ( ev]y?+ con/itut+ exp]i5ce & ?\ght z symbolic1 has a v %ad[y aspect2 ,i reply t ^! :i* ,i speak ( z symbols1 are real relatively to our consci\sness2 & are symbolic only 9 _! relation to ! ,ultimate ,reality4 ,t ^! explanations w make cle> ! coh]5ce ( views :i* be=e seem$ 8fundam5tally incoh]5t10 ,i feel by no means c]ta92 s9ce1 z ,i did n p]ceive ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! exposition z at fir/ made1 ,i may simil>ly fail to p]ceive ! difficulties 9 ?is explanation4 ,orig9ally1 ,i _h int5d$ to complete ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology by a division %[+ h[ ! results rea*$ 9 ! prec$+ divisions1 physiological & psy*ological1 analytic & syn!tic1 subjective & objective1 h>monize ) "o ano!r1 & are b diff]5t aspects ( ! same aggregate ( ph5om5a4 ,b ! "w 0 already #bej bulky2 & ,i conclud$ t ?is division might be disp5s$ )1 because ! congruities to be po9t$ out 7 suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,s little 0 ,i consci\s ( ! alleg$ 8inability to h>monize diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght40 ,mr4 ,sidgwick's p]plexities1 h[ev]1 %[ me t su* an exposition ( concords is ne$ful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h res]v$ to ! la/1 "o ( ! fir/ objections made to ! metaphysico-!ological doctr9e set =? 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 & impli$ 9 ! sev]al volumes t h succe$$ x4 ,x 0 urg$ by an able metaphysician1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,m>t9eau1 9 an essay entitl$ 8,sci5ce1 ,nesci5ce1 & ,fai?20 &1 effective aga9/ my argum5t z x /&s1 %[s ! ne$ = "s developm5t ( my argum5t4 ,t ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's criticism may be und]/ood1 ,i mu/ quote ! passages x conc]ns4 ,cont9u+ ! reason+ employ$ aga9/ ,hamilton & ,mansel1 to %[ t our consci\sness ( t :i* transc5ds k is positive1 & n1 z !y allege1 negative1 ,i h said3 8,/ill m manife/ w ?is tru? become :5 x is obs]v$ t our conception ( ! ,relative itself disappe>s1 if our conception ( ! ,absolute is a pure negation4 ,x is admitt$1 or r x is cont5d$1 by ! writ]s ,i h quot$ above1 t contradictories c be kn[n only 9 relation to ea* o!r--t ,equality1 = in/ance1 is un?9kable ap>t f its correlative ,inequality2 & t ?us ! ,relative c itself be conceiv$ only by opposition to ! ,non-relative4 ,x is also admitt$1 or r cont5d$1 t ! consci\sness ( a relation implies a consci\sness ( bo? ! relat$ memb]s4 ,if we are requir$ to conceive ! relation betwe5 ! ,relative & ,non-relative )\t be+ consci\s ( bo?1 #8we are 9 fact' 7to quote ! words ( ,mr4 ,mansel diff]5tly appli$7 #8requir$ to comp>e t ( :i* we are consci\s ) t ( :i* we are n consci\s2 ! comp>ison itself be+ an act ( consci\sness1 & only possible ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( bo? its objects4' ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ! ass]tion t1 #8! ,absolute is conceiv$ m]ely by a negation ( conceivability1' or z #8! m]e abs5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* consci\sness is possible8' ,if ! ,non-relative or ,absolute1 is pres5t 9 ?\ght only z a m]e negation1 !n ! relation betwe5 x & ! ,relative becomes un?9kable1 because "o ( ! t]ms ( ! relation is abs5t f consci\sness4 #bea ,& if ?is relation is un?9kable1 !n is ! ,relative itself un?9kable1 = want ( its anti!sis3 :5ce results ! disappe>ance ( all ?\ght :atev]40--,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #bf4 ,on ?is argum5t ,mr4 ,m>t9eau comm5ts z foll[s2 fir/ re-/at+ x 9 o!r words3 8,take away its anti!tic t]m1 & ! relative1 ?r[n into isolation1 is set up z absolute1 & disappe>s f ?\ght4 ,x is indisp5sable !re=e to uphold ! ,absolute 9 exi/5ce1 z condition ( ! relative sph]e :i* con/itutes our :ole intellectual doma94 ,be x s3 b :5 sav$ on ?is plea1--to pres]ve ! balance & int]dep5d5ce ( two co-relatives1--! #8,absolute' is absolute no m2 x is r$uc$ to a t]m ( relation3 x loses !re=e its exile f ?\ght3 its disqualification is cancell$3 & ! alleg$ nesci5ce is dis*>g$4 8,s1 ! same law ( ?\ght :i* w>rants ! exi/5ce1 dissolves ! inscrutabl5ess1 ( ! ,absolute40--,essays1 ,philosophical & ,!ological pp4 #ahf-g4 ,i admit ?is to be a tell+ rejo9d]2 & "o :i* c be met only :5 ! mean+s ( ! words1 z ,i h us$ !m1 are c>efully discrim9at$1 & ! implications ( ! doctr9e fully trac$ out4 ,we w beg9 by cle>+ ! gr\nd ( m9or misconceptions4 ,fir/1 let x be obs]v$ t ?\gh ,i h us$ ! ^w ,absolute z ! equival5t ( ,non-relative1 because x is us$ 9 ! passages quot$ f ! writ]s ,i am cont5d+ aga9/2 yet ,i h myself *os5 = ! purposes ( my argum5t1 ! "n ,non-relative1 & ,i d n necess>ily commit myself to any propositions respect+ ! ,absolute1 consid]$ z t :i* includes bo? ,subject & ,object4 ,! ,non-relative z spok5 ( by me1 is to be und]/ood r z ! totality ( ,be+ m9us t :i* con/itutes ! individual consci\sness1 pres5t to u "u =ms ( ,relation4 ,did ,i use ! ^w 9 "s ,hegelian s5se1 z compreh5sive ( t :i* ?9ks & t :i* is ?\ght ab\t1 & did ,i propose to treat ( ! ord] ( ?+s1 n z ph5om5ally manife/$ b z n\m5ally proce$+1 ! objection w\ld be fatal4 ,b ! aim be+ simply to =mulate ! ord] ( ?+s z pres5t "u relative =ms1 ! anti!tical ,non-relative "h nam$ z #beb impli$ by ! conception ( ! ,relative1 is t :i*1 9 any act ( ?\ght1 is outside ( & beyond x1 r ?an t :i* is inclusive ( x4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is ,non-relative1 spok5 ( z a necess>y complem5t to ! ,relative1 is n spok5 ( z a conception b z a consci\sness2 & ,i h 9 sundry passages di/+ui%$ betwe5 ^? modes ( consci\sness :i*1 hav+ limits1 & con/itut+ ?\ght prop]1 are subject to ! laws ( ?\ght1 & ! mode ( consci\sness :i* p]si/s :5 ! removal ( limits is c>ri$ to ! utt]mo/1 & :5 di/9ct ?\ght consequ5tly ceases4 ,?is op5s ! way to ! reply "h to be made to ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's criticism--namely1 t :ile by ! necessities ( ?\ght ! ,relative implies a ,non-relative2 & :ile1 to ?9k ( ?is anti!sis completely1 requires t ! ,non-relative %all be made a conception prop]2 yet1 = ! vague ?\ght :i* is alone 9 ?is case possible1 x suffices t ! ,non-relative %all be pres5t z a consci\sness :i* ?\gh undef9$ is positive4 ,let u obs]ve :at necess>ily happ5s :5 ?\ght is employ$ on ?is ultimate "q4 ,9 a prec$+ "p ( ! argum5t criticiz$1 ,i h1 9 v>i\s ways1 aim$ to %[ t1 alike :5 we analyze ! product ( ?\ght & :5 we analyze ! process ( ?\ght1 we are br\ght to ! conclusion t inv>iably 8a ?\ght involves relation1 diff]5ce1 lik5ess20 & t ev5 f ! v nature ( ,life itself1 we may evolve ! conclusion t 8?9k+ be+ relation+1 no ?\ght c ev] express m ?an relations40 ,:at1 n[1 mu/ happ5 if ?\ght1 hav+ ?is law1 occupies itself ) ! f9al my/]y8 ,always imply+ t]ms 9 relation1 ?\ght implies t bo? t]ms %all be m or less def9$2 & z fa/ z "o ( !m becomes indef9ite1 ! relation also becomes indef9ite1 & ?\ght becomes indi/9ct4 ,take ! #bec case ( magnitudes4 ,i ?9k ( an in*2 ,i ?9k ( a foot2 & hav+ tol]ably-def9ite ideas ( ! two1 ,i h a tol]ably-def9ite idea ( ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,i sub/itute = ! foot a mile2 & be+ able to repres5t a mile mu* less def9itely1 ,i _c s def9itely ?9k ( ! relation betwe5 an in* & a mile--_c di/+ui% x 9 ?\ght f ! relation betwe5 an in* & two miles1 z cle>ly z ,i c di/+ui% 9 ?\ght ! relation betwe5 an in* & "o foot f ! relation betwe5 an in* & two feet4 ,& n[ if ,i endeav\r to ?9k ( ! relation betwe5 an in* & ! #bdj1jjj miles f "h to ! ,moon1 or ! relation betwe5 an in* & ! #ic1jjj1jjj miles f "h to ! ,sun1 ,i f9d t :ile ^! di/ances1 practically inconceivable1 h become little m ?an numb]s to :i* ,i frame no answ]+ ideas1 s1 too1 has ! relation betwe5 an in* & ei!r ( !m become practically inconceivable4 ,evid5tly !n ?is p>tial failure 9 ! process ( =m+ ?\ght-relations1 :i* happ5s ev5 ) f9ite magnitudes :5 "o ( !m is imm5se1 passes into complete failure :5 "o ( !m _c be br\ght )9 any limits4 ,! relation itself becomes unrepres5table at ! same "t t "o ( its t]ms becomes unrepres5table4 ,nev]!less1 9 ?is case x is to be obs]v$ t ! almo/-blank =m ( relation pres]ves a c]ta9 qualitative "*4 ,x is /ill di/+ui%able z belong+ to ! consci\sness ( ext5sions1 n to ! consci\snesses ( =ces or durations2 & 9 s f> rema9s a vaguely-id5tifiable relation4 ,b n[ suppose we ask :at happ5s :5 "o t]m ( ! relation has n simply magnitude hav+ no kn[n limits1 & duration ( :i* nei!r beg9n+ nor end is cognizable1 b is also an exi/5ce n to be def9$8 ,9 o!r words1 :at mu/ happ5 if "o t]m ( ! relation is n only quantitatively b also qualitatively unrepres5table8 ,cle>ly 9 ?is case ! #bed relation does n simply cease to be ?9kable except z a relation ( a c]ta9 class1 b x lapses completely4 ,:5 "o ( ! t]ms becomes :olly unkn[able1 ! law ( ?\ght c no long] be con=m$ to2 bo? because "o t]m _c be pres5t1 & because relation itself _c be fram$4 ,t is to say1 ! law ( ?\ght t contradictories c be kn[n only 9 relation to ea* o!r1 no long] holds :5 ?\ght attempts to transc5d ! ,relative2 & yet1 :5 x attempts to transc5d ! ,relative1 x mu/ make ! attempt 9 con=mity ) its law--mu/ 9 "s dim mode ( consci\sness posit a ,non-relative1 &1 9 "s simil>ly dim mode ( consci\sness1 a relation betwe5 x & ! ,relative4 ,9 brief !n1 to ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's objection ,i reply1 t ! insoluble difficulties he indicates arise "h1 z else:]e1 :5 ?\ght is appli$ to t :i* transc5ds ! sph]e ( ?\ght2 & t j z :5 we try to pass beyond ph5om5al manife/ations to ! ,ultimate ,reality manife/$1 we h to symbolize x out ( su* mat]ials z ! ph5om5al manife/ations give u2 s we h simultane\sly to symbolize ! connexion betwe5 ?is ,ultimate ,reality & its manife/ations1 z someh[ alli$ to ! connexions among ! ph5om5al manife/ations !mselves4 ,! tru? ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's criticism adumbrates1 is t ! law ( ?\ght fails :]e ! elem5ts ( ?\ght fail2 & ?is is a conclusion q con=mable to ! g5]al view ,i def5d4 ,/ill hold+ ! validity ( my argum5t aga9/ ,hamilton & ,mansel1 t 9 pursuance ( _! own pr9ciple ! ,relative is n at all ?9kable z su*1 unless 9 contradi/9ction to "s exi/5ce posit$1 h[ev] vaguely1 z ! o!r t]m ( a relation1 conceiv$ h[ev] indef9itely2 x is consi/5t on my "p to hold t 9 ?is ef=t :i* ?\ght inevitably makes to pass beyond its sph]e1 n only does ! product ( ?\ght become a dim symbol ( a product1 b ! process ( ?\ght becomes a dim #bee symbol ( a process2 & h5ce any pr$icam5t inf]able f ! law ( ?\ght _c be ass]t$4 ,i may fitly close ?is reply by a c\nt]-criticism4 ,to ! direct def5ce ( a proposition1 may be add$ ! indirect def5ce :i* results f %[+ ! unt5ability ( an alt]native proposition4 ,?is criticism on ! doctr9e ( an ,unkn[able ,exi/5ce manife/$ to u 9 ph5om5a1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau makes 9 ! int]e/s ( ! doctr9e held by him1 t ?is exi/5ce is1 to a consid]able degree1 kn[able4 ,we are q at "o 9 hold+ t !re is an inde/ructible consci\sness ( ,p[] beh9d ,appe>ance2 b :]eas ,i cont5d t ?is ,p[] _c be br\ght )9 ! =ms ( ?\ght1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau cont5ds t !re c be consi/5tly ascrib$ c]ta9 attributes ( p]sonality--n1 inde$1 human *>act]i/ics s concrete z 7 ascrib$ 9 pa/ times2 b /ill1 human *>act]i/ics ( ! m ab/ract & high] class4 ,8 g5]al doctr9e is ?is3--,reg>d+ ,matt] z indep5d5tly exi/+2 reg>d+ z also indep5d5tly exi/+1 ^? prim>y qualities ( ,body 8:i* are insep>able f ! v idea ( ,body1 & may be evolv$ a priori f ! consid]ation ( x z solid ext5sion or ext5d$ solidity20 & say+ t to ?is class 8belong ,triple ,dim5sion1 ,divisibility1 ,incompressibility20 he goes on to ass]t t z ^! 8_c abs5t !mselves f ,body1 !y h a reality coeval ) x1 & belong et]nally to ! mat]ial datum objective to ,god3 & 8 mode ( activity ) reg>d to !m mu/ be simil> to t :i* alone we c ?9k ( 8 direct+ ^u ! relations ( ,space1 viz4 n ,volitional1 to cause !m1 b ,intellectual1 to ?9k !m out4 ,! ,second>y ,qualities1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ no logical tie to ! ,prim>y1 b be+ app5d$ to !m z cont+5t facts1 _c be ref]r$ to any d$uctive ?\ght1 b rema9 ov] z products ( pure ,inv5tive ,reason & ,det]m9+ ,w4 ,?is sph]e ( cognition1 a po/]iori to u1--:]e we _c move a /ep alone b h submissively to wait ^u exp]i5ce1 is precisely ! realm ( ,div9e orig9ality3 & we are mo/ sequaci\s :]e ,he is mo/ free4 ,:ile on ?is ,second>y field ,8 ,m9d & ours are ?us contra/$1 !y meet 9 resemblance aga9 ^u ! ,prim>y3 = ! evolutions ( d$uctive ,reason !re is b "o track possible to all intellig5ces2 no #bef m]um arbitrium c int]*ange ! false & true1 or make m ?an "o geometry1 "o s*eme ( pure ,physics1 = all worlds3 & ! ,omnipot5t ,ar*itect ,himself1 9 realiz+ ! ,kosmical conception1 9 %ap+ ! orbits out ( imm5sity & det]m9+ seasons out ( et]nity1 c\ld b foll[ ! laws ( curvature1 measure1 & proportion40--,essays1 ,philosophical & ,!ological1 pp4 #afc-d4 ,be=e ! major criticism :i* ,i propose to make on ?is hypo!sis1 let me make a m9or "o4 ,n only ( space-relations1 b also ( prim>y physical prop]ties1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau ass]ts ! necessity3 n a necessity to our m9ds simply1 b an ontological necessity4 ,:at is true = human ?\ght1 is1 9 respect ( ^!1 true absolutely3 8! laws ( curvature1 measure1 & proportion10 z we "k !m1 are un*angeable ev5 by ,div9e p[]2 z are also ! ,divisibility & ,incompressibility ( ,matt]4 ,b if1 9 ^! cases1 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau holds t a necessity 9 ?\ght implies an answ]+ necessity 9 ?+s1 :y does he refra9 f say+ ! l 9 o!r cases8 ,:y1 if he tacitly ass]ts x 9 respect ( space-relations & ! /atical attributes ( ,body1 does he n also ass]t x 9 respect ( ! dynamical attributes ( ,body8 ,! laws con=m$ to by t mode ( =ce n[ di/+ui%$ z 8en]gy10 are z mu* necess>y to our ?\ght z are ! laws ( space-relations4 ,! axioms ( ,me*anics lie on ! same plane ) ! axioms ( pure ,ma!matics4 ,n[ if ,mr4 ,m>t9eau admits ?is--if he admits1 z he mu/1 ! coroll>y t !re c be no su* manife/ation ( en]gy z t display$ 9 ! motion ( a planet1 save at ! exp5se ( equival5t en]gy :i* pre-exi/$--if he draws ! fur!r necess>y coroll>y t ! direction ( a motion _c be *ang$ by any action1 )\t an equal reaction 9 an opposite direction on some?+ act+--if he be>s 9 m9d t ?is holds n only ( all visible motions1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 b t ^? activities ( ,body :i* affect u z second>y prop]ties1 are also kn[n only ?r\gh o!r =ms ( #beg en]gy1 :i* are equival5ts ( me*anical en]gy & con=m to ^! same laws--& if1 la/ly1 he inf]s t none ( ^! d]ivative en]gies c h giv5 to !m _! *>act]s & directions1 save by pre-exi/+ =ces1 /atical & dynamical1 condition$ 9 special ways2 :at becomes ( t 8realm ( ,div9e orig9ality0 :i* ,mr4 ,m>t9eau describes z rema9+ )9 ! realm ( necessity8 ,consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 8 argum5t implies a univ]sally-inevitable ord]1 9 :i* volition c h no su* place z t he alleges4 ,n pu%+ ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's reason+ to ?is conclusion1 s entirely at v>iance ) ! "o he draws1 b accept+ 8 /atem5t j z x /&s1 let u consid] ! solution x (f]s u4 ,we are left by x )\t any explanation ( ,space & ,"t2 we are n help$ 9 conceiv+ ! orig9 ( ,matt]2 & !re is af=d$ u no idea h[ ,matt] came to h its prim>y attributes4 ,all ^! are tacitly assum$ to exi/ uncreat$4 ,creative activity is repres5t$ z "u ! re/rictions impos$ by ma!matical necessities1 & z hav+ = datum 7m>k ! ^w7 a sub/ance :i*1 9 respect ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 defies modification4 ,b surely ?is is n an int]pretation ( ! my/]y ( ?+s4 ,! my/]y is simply relegat$ to a remot] region1 respect+ :i* no inquiry is to be made4 ,b ! inquiry mu/ be made4 ,aft] e su* solution !re arises afre% ! "q--:at is ! orig9 & nature ( t :i* imposes ^! limits on creative p[]8 :at is ! prim>y ,god :i* dom9ates ov] ?is second>y ,god8 ,=1 cle>ly1 if ! 8,omnipot5t ,ar*itect himself0 7to use ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's some:at inconsi/5t "n7 is p[]less to *ange ! 8mat]ial datum objective0 to him1 & p[]less to *ange ! conditions "u :i* x exi/s1 & "u :i* he works1 !re is obvi\sly impli$ a p[] to :i* he is subject4 ,s t 9 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau's doctr9e also1 !re is an ,ultimate #beh ,unkn[able2 & x diff]s f ! doctr9e he opposes1 only by int]calat+ a p>tially ,kn[able betwe5 ?is & ! :olly ,kn[able4 ,f9d+1 z expla9$ above1 t ?is int]pretation is n consi/5t ) itself2 & f9d+1 z j %[n1 t x leaves ! ess5tial my/]y unsolv$2 ,i d n see t x has an advantage ov] ! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able 9 its unqualifi$ %ape4 ,!re _c1 ,i ?9k1 be m ?an tempor>y re/ 9 a proximate solution :i* takes = its basis ! ultimately insoluble4 ,j z ?\ght _c be prev5t$ f pass+ beyond ,appe>ance1 & try+ to conceive ! ,cause beh9d2 s1 foll[+ out ! int]pretation ,mr4 ,m>t9eau (f]s1 ?\ght _c be prev5t$ f ask+ :at ,cause x is :i* re/ricts ! ,cause he assigns4 ,& if we mu/ admit t ! "q "u ?is ev5tual =m _c be answ]$1 may we n z well confess t ! "q "u its imm$iate =m _c be answ]$8 ,is x n bett] c&idly to ackn[l$ge ! incompet5ce ( our intellig5ce1 r ?an to p]si/ 9 call+ t an explanation :i* does b disguise ! inexplicable8 ,:atev] answ] ea* may give to ?is "q1 he _c rightly blame ^? :o1 f9d+ 9 !mselves an inde/ructible consci\sness ( an ultimate ,cause1 :5ce proce$ alike :at we call ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se & :at we call ,m9d1 refra9 f affirm+ any?+ respect+ x2 because !y f9d x z inscrutable 9 nature z x is inconceivable 9 ext5t & duration4 ,,po/script4--,) ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! =ego+ article1 ,i _h hop$ to end1 = a long "t1 all controv]sial writ+2 &1 if ! article _h be5 publi%$ entire 9 ! ,novemb] numb] ( ! ,=tnightly1 z orig9ally int5d$1 ! ne$ = any addition w\ld n h be5 press+4 ,b :ile x 0 9 ! pr9t]'s #bei h&s1 two criticisms1 m elaborate ?an ^? dealt ) above1 made _! appe>ance2 & n[ t ! po/pon$ publication ( ?is latt] half ( ! article af=ds ! opportunity1 ,i _c1 )\t risk+ mis9t]pretations1 leave ^! criticisms unnotic$4 ,especially d ,i feel call$ ^u by c\rtesy to make "s response to "o :o1 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,octob]1 #ahgc1 has dealt ) me 9 a _s :i*1 ?\gh l>gely antagoni/ic1 is n :olly unsympa!tic2 & :o manife/ly aims to e/imate ju/ly ! views he opposes4 ,9 ! space at my disposal1 ,i _c ( c\rse foll[ him ?r\gh all ! objections he has urg$4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) brief comm5ts on ! two propositions he und]takes to e/abli%4 ,8 enunciation ( ^! runs ?us3 8,we w\ld especially direct att5tion to two po9ts1 to bo? ( :i* we are confid5t objections may be made2 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c] has himself d\btless consid]$ su* objections 7& !y may well h /ruck _m ( 8 read]s also71 we nev]!less d n obs]ve t he has any:]e notic$ or provid$ = !m4 8,! two po9ts we s select are3 87#a7 ,t 8 sy/em involves ! d5ial ( all tru?4 87#b7 ,t x is radically & necess>ily oppos$ to all s\nd pr9ciples ( morals40 ,on ?is passage1 end+ 9 ^! two />tl+ ass]tions1 let me fir/ rem>k t ,i am :olly )\t ?is consci\sness ! review] ascribes to me4 ,rememb]+ t ,i h exp5d$ "s little lab\r 9 develop+ :at ,i conceive to be a sy/em ( tru?s1 ,i am surpris$ by ! supposition t 8! d5ial ( all tru?0 is an implication :i* ,i am 8d\btless0 aw>e may be alleg$ aga9/ ?is sy/em4 ,rememb]+1 too1 t by its programme ?is sy/em is %[n to close ) two volumes on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 ! /atem5t t x is 8necess>ily oppos$ to all s\nd pr9ciples ( morals10 naturally a/oni%es me2 & /ill m ! /atem5t t ,i am d\btless consci\s x may be s reg>d$4 ,say+ ?us mu* by way ( repudiat+ t lat5t scepticism #bfj attribut$ to me by ! review]1 ,i proce$ to consid] :at he says 9 pro( ( ^! propositions4 ,on ^? seem+ incongruities ( ,transfigur$ ,realism comm5t$ on by him1 ,i ne$ say no m ?an ,i h already said 9 reply to ,mr4 ,sidgwick2 by :om also !y h be5 alleg$4 ,i w limit myself to ! coroll>y he draws f ! doctr9e ( ! ,relativity ( ,k1 z held by me4 ,rightly po9t+ out t ,i hold ?is 9 common ) 8,messrs4 ,mill1 ,lewes1 ,ba91 & ,huxley20 b n add+1 z he %\ld h done1 t ,i hold x 9 common ) ,hamilton1 ,mansel1 & ! long li/ ( pr$ecessors ?r\gh :om ,hamilton trac$ x2 ! review] proce$s to inf] f ?is doctr9e ( relativity t no absolute tru? ( any k9d c be ass]t$--n ev5 ! absolute tru? ( ! doctr9e ( relativity itself4 ,& !n he leaves x to be suppos$ by 8 read]s1 t ?is inf]5ce tells especially aga9/ ! sy/em he is criticiz+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! review]'s inf]5ce is valid1 ?is 8d5ial ( all tru?0 mu/ be *>g$ aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ?9k]s call$ or?odox1 z well z aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ^? _m philosoph]s1 f ,ari/otle d[n to ,kant1 :o h said ! same ?+4 ,b n[ ,i g fur!r1 & reply t aga9/ t =m ( ! doctr9e ( relativity held by me1 ?is allegation _c be made ) ! same effect z x c aga9/ prec$+ =ms ( ! doctr9e4 ,= ,i div]ge f o!r relativi/s 9 ass]t+ t ! exi/5ce ( a non-relative is n only a positive deliv]ance ( consci\sness1 b a deliv]ance transc5d+ 9 c]ta9ty all o!rs :atev]2 & is "o )\t :i* ! doctr9e ( relativity _c be fram$ 9 ?\ght4 ,i h urg$ t 8unless a real ,non-relative or ,absolute be po/ulat$1 ! ,relative itself becomes absolute2 & s br+s ! argum5t to a contradiction20#bh & else:]e ,i h describ$ ?is consci\sness ( a ,non-relative manife/$ to u ?r\gh ! ,relative z #bfa 8deep] ?an demon/ration--deep] ev5 ?an def9ite cognition--deep z ! v nature ( m9d20#bi :i* seems to me to be say+ z emphatically z possible t1 :ile all o!r tru?s may be held z relative1 ?is tru? mu/ be held z absolute4 ,yet1 /rangely en\gh1 ?\gh cont5d+ ?us aga9/ ! pure relativi/s1 & hold+ ) ! review]1 t 8e ass]t] ( su* a purely-relative philosophy mu/ be 9 ! position ( a man :o saws across ! bran* ( a tree on :i* he actually sits1 at a po9t betwe5 himself & ! trunk10#cj ,i am s+l$ out by him z ?\gh ?is 7 my own pr$icam5t6 ,s f>1 !n1 f admitt+ t ! view ,i hold 8involves ! d5ial ( all tru?10 ,i ass]t t1 hav+ at ! outset posit$ ! co-exi/5ce ( subject & object z a deliv]ance ( consci\sness :i* prec$es all reason+2#ca hav+ subsequ5tly %[n1 analytically1 t ?is po/ulate is 9 e way v]ifi$1#cb & t 9 its abs5ce ! pro( ( relativity is impossible2 my view is di/+ui%$ by an exactly-opposite trait4 ,! ju/ification ( 8 second proposition ! review] comm5ces by say+ t--8,9 ! fir/ place ! process ( ,evolution1 z und]/ood by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 compels him to be at "o ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 8 d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any fundam5tal & ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,duty & ,pleasure40 ,foll[+ ?is by a /atem5t respect+ ! g5esis ( moral s5tim5ts z und]/ood by me 7:i* is extremely unlike ! "o ,i h giv5 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #bae1 #ejc-eab1 & #ebd-ecb71 ! review] goes on to say t 8,we yield ) mu* reluctance to ! necessity ( affirm+ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] gives no evid5ce ( ev] hav+ acquir$ a k ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m #8morality1' accord+ to ! true s5se ( ! ^w40 ,j not+ t1 z %[n by ! context1 ! ass]tion #bfb ?us made is made aga9/ all ^? :o hold ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution 9 its unqualifi$ =m1 ,i reply t 9 s f> z x conc]ns me1 x is "o ! review] w\ld sc>cely h made _h he m c>efully exam9$ ! evid5ce3 n limit+ himself to ^? works ( m9e nam$ at ! head ( 8 article4 ,& ,i _c b ?9k t _h ! _s ( fairness :i* he evid5tly /rives to ma9ta91 be5 fully awake :5 ^! passages 7 writt51 he w\ld h se5 t1 be=e mak+ s s]i\s an allegation1 wid] inquiry 0 ne$ful4 ,if he _h simply said t1 giv5 ! doctr9e ( m5tal evolution z held by me1 he fail$ to see h[ moral pr9ciples are to be e/abli%$1 ,i %\ld n h object$2 provid$ he _h also said t ,i believe !y c be e/abli%$1 & _h po9t$ out :at ,i hold to be _! bases4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 he has s pres5t$ 8 own inf]5ce f my premises1 z to make x seem an inf]5ce :i* ,i also mu/ draw f my premises4 ,q a diff]5t & mu* m secure f\ndation = moral pr9ciples is alleg$ by me1 ?an t af=d$ by moral s5tim5ts & conceptions2 :i* he ref]s to z ?\gh !y =m$ ! sole basis ( ! e?ical conclusions ,i hold4 ,:ile ! review] cont5ds t 8,mr4 ,sp5c]'s moral sy/em is ev5 yet m pr(\ndly defective1 z x d5ies any objective di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong 9 any be+1 :e!r m5 are or are n responsible = _! actions20 ,i cont5d1 contr>iwise1 t x is di/+ui%$ f o!r moral sy/ems by ass]t+ ! objectivity ( ! di/9ction1 & by endeav\r+ to %[ t ! subjective di/9ction is d]iv$ f ! objective di/9ction4 ,9 my fir/ "w1 ,social ,/atics1 publi%$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago1 ! ess5tial !sis is t1 ap>t f _! w>rant z alleg$ ,div9e injunctions1 & ap>t f _! au?ority z moral intuitions1 ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice are prim>ily d$ucible f ! laws ( life z c>ri$ on "u social conditions4 ,i argu$ ?r\gh\t t ^! pr9ciples s d]iv$ h #bfc a supreme au?ority1 to :i* consid]ations ( imm$iate exp$i5cy mu/ yield2 & ,i 0 = ?is reason class$ by ,mr4 ,mill z an anti-utilit>ian4 ,m rec5tly1 9 a lett] drawn f me by ?is misappreh5sion ( ,mr4 ,mill1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,ba9 9 8 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,i h re-/at$ ?is position4 ,already1 9 an explanatory article entitl$ ,morals & ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 publi%$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,april1 #ahga1 ,i h quot$ passages f t lett]2 & "h1 consid]+ ! gravity ( ! ass]tions made by ! ,qu>t]ly review]1 ,i hope to be excus$ = re-quot+ !m3 8,morality1 prop]ly s call$--! sci5ce ( "r conduct--has = its object to det]m9e h[ & :y c]ta9 modes ( conduct are detrim5tal1 & c]ta9 o!r modes b5eficial4 ,^! good & bad results _c be accid5tal1 b mu/ be necess>y consequ5ces ( ! con/itution ( ?+s2 & ,i conceive x to be ! bus9ess ( ,moral ,sci5ce to d$uce f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess4 ,hav+ done ?is1 its d$uctions are to be recogniz$ z laws ( conduct2 & are to be con=m$ to irrespective ( a direct e/imation ( happ9ess or mis]y40 99 99 99 99 99 8,if x is true t pure rectitude prescribes a sy/em ( ?+s f> too good = m5 z !y are1 x is n less true t m]e exp$i5cy does n ( itself t5d to e/abli% a sy/em ( ?+s any bett] ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,:ile absolute morality owes to exp$i5cy ! *ecks :i* prev5t x f ru%+ into ,utopian absurdities1 exp$i5cy is indebt$ to absolute morality = all /imulus to improvem5t4 ,grant$ t we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ :at is relatively "r1 x /ill foll[s t we mu/ fir/ consid] :at is absolutely "r2 s9ce ! "o conception presupposes ! o!r40 ,& ! comm5t ,i !n made on ^! passages ,i may make n[1 t 8,i d n see h[ !re c\ld well be a m emphatic ass]tion t !re exi/s a prim>y basis ( morals indep5d5t (1 & 9 a s5se antec$5t to1 t :i* is furni%$ by exp]i5ces ( utility2 & consequ5tly indep5d5t (1 & 9 a s5se antec$5t to1 ^? moral s5tim5ts :i* ,i conceive to be g5]at$ by su* exp]i5ces40 ,i w only add t1 _h my beliefs be5 directly opposite to ^? ,i h enunciat$1 #bfd ! review] might1 ,i ?9k1 h f\nd good reasons = 8 ass]tion4 ,if1 in/ead ( demurr+ to ! doctr9e 8t greate/ happ9ess %\ld be ! imm$iate aim ( man10#cc ,i _h endors$ t doctr9e--if1 in/ead ( expla9+ & ju/ify+ 8a belief 9 ! special sacr$ness ( ^! highe/ pr9ciples1 & a s5se ( ! supreme au?ority ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts answ]+ to !m10#cd ,i _h d5i$ ! sacr$ness & ! supreme au?ority--if1 in/ead ( say+ ( ! wise man t 8! highe/ tru? he sees he w fe>lessly utt]2 kn[+ t1 let :at may come ( x1 he is ?us play+ 8 "r "p 9 ! _w10#ce ,i _h said t ! wise man w n d ?is2 ! review] might ) tru? h describ$ me z n und]/&+ 8! t]m #8morality' accord+ to ! true s5se ( ! ^w40 ,& he might !n h inf]r$ t ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution z ,i hold x1 implies d5ial ( ! 8di/9ction betwe5 ,duty & ,pleasure40 ,b z x is1 ,i ?9k ! evid5ce w n g5]ally be held to w>rant 8 ass]tion4 ,i q agree ) ! review] t ! preval5ce ( a philosophy 8is no m]e "q ( speculative int]e/1 b is "o ( ! highe/ practical importance40 ,i jo9 him1 too1 9 ! belief t 8calamit\s social & political *anges0 may be ! outcome ( a mi/ak5 philosophy4 ,moreov]1 writ+ z he does "u ! conviction t !re c be no /&>d ( "r & wrong save "o d]iv$ f a ,revelation int]pret$ by an ,infallible ,au?ority1 ,i c conceive ! al>m ) :i* he reg>ds s radically oppos$ a sy/em4 ,?\gh ,i c\ld h wi%$ t ! s5se ( ju/ice he g5]ally displays _h prev5t$ him f ignor+ ! evid5ce ,i h above giv51 ,i c und]/& h[1 f 8 po9t ( view1 ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution1 z ,i und]/& x1 8seems absolutely fatal #bfe to e g]m ( morality10 & 8entirely negatives e =m ( religion40 ,b ,i am unable to und]/& t modifi$ ,doctr9e ( ,evolution :i* ! review] h9ts at z an alt]native4 ,=1 little z ! read] w\ld anticipate x aft] ^! expressions ( pr(\nd diss5t1 ! review] displays su* an am\nt ( agreem5t z to sugge/ t ! sy/em he is criticiz+ might be conv]t$1 8rapidly & )\t viol5ce1 into an #8allotropic /ate1' 9 :i* its conspicu\s *>act]s w\ld be />tl+ly div]se f ^? t x exhibits at pres5t40 ,may ,i1 us+ a diff]5t figure1 sugge/ a diff]5t trans=mation1 hav+ a subjective in/ead ( an objective "*8 ,z 9 a /]eoscope1 ! two views repres5t+ div]se aspects1 (t5 yield at fir/ a jumble ( conflict+ impressions1 b1 aft] a "t1 sudd5ly comb9e into a s+le :ole :i* /&s out q cle>ly2 s1 may x n be t ! seem+ly-inconsi/5t ,idealism & ,realism dwelt on by ! review]1 z well z ! o!r seem+ly-fundam5tal incongruities he is /ruck by1 w1 "u m p]si/5t contemplation1 unite z complem5t>y sides ( ! same ?+8 99 99 99 99 99 ,my excuse = devot+ "s space to a criticism ( s entirely diff]5t a k9d z t conta9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,octob]1 #ahgc1 mu/ be t1 "u ! circum/ances1 ,i _c let x pass unnotic$ )\t seem+ to admit its validity4 ,say+ t my books %\ld be dealt ) by speciali/s1 & tacitly ann\nc+ himself z an exp]t 9 ,physics1 ! review] takes me to task bo? = errors 9 ! /atem5t ( physical pr9ciples & = errone\s reason+ 9 physics4 ,t he discov]s no mi/akes ,i d n say4 ,x w\ld be m>vell\s if 9 su* a multitude ( propositions1 av]ag+ a doz5 p] page1 ,i _h made all criticism-pro(4 ,"s are inadv]t5cies :i* ,i %\ld h be5 oblig$ to ! review] = po9t+ out z su*1 b :i* he pref]s to #bff in/ance z prov+ my ignorance4 ,9 o!r cases1 tak+ advantage ( an imp]fection ( /atem5t1 he proce$s to in/ruct me ab\t matt]s :i* ei!r ! context1 or passages 9 ! same volume1 %[ to be q famili> to me4 ,"h is a sample ( 8 criticisms belong+ to ?is class3 8,nor %\ld we c\nsel a man to v5ture ^u physical speculations :o conv]ts ! proposition #8heat is ins5sible motion' into #8ins5sible motion is heat1' & h5ce concludes t :5 a =ce is appli$ to a mass s l>ge t no motion is se5 to result f x1 or :51 z 9 ! case ( s\nd1 motion gets s disp]s$ t x becomes ins5sible1 x turns to heat40 ,respect+ ! fir/ ( ! two /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,i w obs]ve t ! read]1 if n misl$ by ! quotation-m>ks into ! supposition t ,i h made1 9 s _m words1 ! ass]tion t 8ins5sible motion is heat10 w at any rate inf] t ?is ass]tion is di/9ctly involv$ 9 ! passage nam$4 ,& he w inf] t ! review] w\ld nev] h *>g$ me ) su* an absurd belief1 if !re 0 be=e him evid5ce prov+ t ,i h no su* belief4 ,:at w ! read] say1 !n1 :5 he le>ns1 n simply t !re is no su* /atem5t1 & n simply t on ! page ref]r$ to1 :i* ,i h asc]ta9$ to be ! "o int5d$1 !re is no su* implication visible1 ev5 to an exp]t 7& ,i h put ! "q to "o72 b :5 he fur!r le>ns t 9 o!r passages1 ! fact t heat is "o only ( ! modes ( ins5sible motion is di/9ctly /at$ 7see ,fir/ ,pr94 #ff1 #fh1 #aga72 & :5 he le>ns t else:]e ,i h specifi$ ! sev]al =ms ( ins5sible motion8 ,if ! review]1 :o looks s dilig5tly = flaws z to se>* an essay 9 a volume he is n review+ to f9d "o t]m ( an incongruity1 _h s\ght ) equal dilig5ce to le>n :at ,i ?\ght ab\t ins5sible motion1 he w\ld h f\nd 9 ! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces1 ,table ,,ii41 t ins5sible motion is describ$ by me z hav+ ! =ms ( ,heat1 ,light1 ,electricity1 ,magnetism4 ,ev5 _h !re be5 9 #bfg ! place he names1 an unque/ionable implication ( ! belief :i* he ascribes to me1 fairness might h l$ him to reg>d x z an ov]sight :5 he f\nd x at v>iance ) /atem5ts ,i h else:]e made4 ,:at !n is to be ?\ght ( him :51 9 ! place nam$1 no su* belief is manife/2 ei!r to an ord9>y read] or to a specially-in/ruct$ read]8 ,no less significant is ! /ate ( m9d betray$ 9 ! second clause ( ! review]'s s5t5ce4 ,by repres5t+ me z say+ t :5 ! motion con/itut+ s\nd 8gets s disp]s$ t x becomes ins5sible1 x turns to heat10 does he int5d to repres5t me z ?9k+ t :5 s\nd-undulations become too weak to be audible1 !y become heat-undulations8 ,if s1 ,i reply t ! passage he ref]s to has no su* mean+4 ,does he !n allege t "s "p ( ! =ce diffus$ 9 s\nd-waves is exp5d$ 9 g5]at+ electricity1 by ! friction ( het]og5e\s sub/ances 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ev5tually lapses f ?is special =m ( molecul> motion 9 t g5]al =m con/itut+ heat72 & t ,i ought to h ?us qualifi$ my /atem5t8 ,if s1 he w\ld h _h me commit a piece ( sci5tific p$antry h9d]+ ! argum5t4 ,if he does n mean ei!r ( ^! ?+s1 :at does he mean8 ,does he conte/ ! tru? ( ! hypo!sis :i* enabl$ ,laplace to correct ,newton's e/imate ( ! velocity ( s\nd--! hypo!sis t heat is evolv$ by ! compression ea* s\nd-wave produces 9 ! air8 ,does he d5y t ! heat s g5]at$ is at ! exp5se ( s mu* wave-motion lo/8 ,does he "q ! inf]5ce t "s ( ! motion embodi$ 9 ea* wave is f in/ant to in/ant dissipat$1 p>tly 9 ?is way & p>tly 9 ! heat evolv$ by fluid friction8 ,c he %[ any reason = d\bt+ t :5 ! s\nd-waves h become too feeble to affect our s5ses1 _! motion /ill cont9ues to und]go ?is trans=mation & dim9ution until x is all lo/8 ,if n1 :y does he implicitly d5y t #bfh ! mol> motion con/itut+ s\nd1 ev5tually disappe>s 9 produc+ ! molecul> motion con/itut+ heat8#cf ,i w dwell no long] on ! exclusively-p]sonal que/ions rais$ by ! review]'s /atem5ts2 b1 leav+ ! read] to judge ( ! re/ ( my 8/up5d\s mi/akes0 by ! "o ,i h dealt )1 ,i w turn to a "q wor?y to occupy "s space1 z hav+ an imp]sonal int]e/--! "q1 namely1 respect+ ! nature ( ! w>rant we h = ass]t+ ultimate physical tru?s4 ,! contempt :i*1 z a physici/1 ! review] expresses = ! metaphysical exploration ( physical ideas1 ,i w pass ov] ) ! rem>k t e physical "q1 prob$ to ! bottom1 op5s into a metaphysical "o2 & t ,i %\ld h ?\ght ! controv]sy n[ go+ on among *emi/s1 respect+ ! legitimacy ( ! atomic hypo!sis1 might h %[n him z mu*4 ,on 8 errone\s /atem5t t ,i use ! phrase 8,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce0 z an equival5t = ! n[-g5]ally-accept$ phrase 8,cons]vation ( ,en]gy10 ,i w obs]ve only t1 _h he n be5 9 s great a hurry to f9d inconsi/5cies1 he w\ld h se5 :y1 = ! purposes ( my argum5t1 #bfi ,i int5tionally use ! ^w ,=ce3 ,=ce be+ ! g5]ic ^w1 includ+ bo? t species kn[n z ,en]gy1 & t species by :i* ,matt] occupies space & ma9ta9s its integrity--a species :i*1 :atev] may be its relation to ,en]gy1 & h[ev] cle>ly recogniz$ z a necess>y datum by ! !ory ( ,en]gy1 is n o!rwise consid]$ 9 t !ory4 ,i w conf9e myself to ! proposition1 disput$ at great l5g? by ! review]1 t our cognition ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce is a priori4 ,he relies mu* on ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,tait1 :om he twice quotes to ! effect t 8,natural philosophy is an exp]im5tal1 & n an intuitive sci5ce4 ,no priori reason+ c conduct u demon/ratively to a s+le physical tru?40 ,7 ,i to take a hyp]critical attitude1 ,i might dwell on ! fact t ,pr(essor ,tait leaves ! ext5t ( 8 proposition some:at d\btful1 by speak+ ( 8,natural philosophy0 z "o sci5ce4 ,7 ,i to foll[ fur!r ! review]'s example1 ,i might po9t out t 8,natural philosophy10 9 t ,newtonian acceptation adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,tait1 includes ,a/ronomy2 &1 go+ on to ask :at a/ronomical 8exp]im5ts0 ^? are :i* conduct u to a/ronomical tru?s1 ,i might !n 8c\nsel0 ! review] n to dep5d on ! au?ority ( "o :o 7to use ! review]'s polite language7 8blund]s0 by conf\nd+ exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 ?us inf] f ,pr(essor ,tait's imp]fection ( /atem5t t he is unaw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two2 & %all rate 8 au?ority z ( no less value ?an ,i %\ld1 _h he be5 m accurate 9 8 expression4 ,respect+ t au?ority ,i %all simply rem>k t1 if ! "q _h to be settl$ by ! au?ority ( any physici/1 ! au?ority ( ,may]1 :o is diametrically oppos$ to ,pr(4 ,tait on ?is po9t1 & :o has be5 specially hon\r$1 bo? by ! ,royal ,society & by ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 might well c\nt]-weigh 81 if n out-weigh x4 ,i am n aw>e1 #bgj h[ev]1 t ! "q is "o 9 ,physics4 ,x seems to me a "q respect+ ! nature ( pro(4 ,&1 )\t d\bt+ ,pr(essor ,tait's compet5ce 9 ,logic & ,psy*ology1 ,i %\ld decl9e to abide by 8 judgm5t on su* a "q1 ev5 7 !re no opposite judgm5t giv5 by a physici/1 c]ta9ly ( n less em95ce4 ,au?ority aside1 h[ev]1 let u discuss ! matt] on its m]its4 ,9 ! ,treatise on ,natural ,philosophy1 by ,pr(s4 ,?omson & ,tait1 #bdc 7#a/ ed471 ,i read t 8z we %all %[ 9 our *apt] on #8,exp]i5ce1' physical axioms are axiomatic to ^? only :o h suffici5t k ( ! action ( physical causes to enable !m to see at once _! necess>y tru?40 ,9 ?is ,i agree entirely4 ,x is 9 ,physics1 z x is 9 ,ma!matics1 t be=e necess>y tru?s c be grasp$1 !re mu/ be ga9$ by individual exp]i5ce1 su* famili>ity ) ! elem5ts ( ! ?\ghts to be fram$1 t propositions ab\t ^? elem5ts may be m5tally repres5t$ ) di/9ctness4 ,tell a *ild t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r1 & ! *ild1 lack+ a suffici5tly-ab/ract notion ( equality1 & lack+1 too1 ! ne$ful practice 9 comp>+ relations1 w fail to grasp ! axiom4 ,simil>ly1 a ru/ic1 nev] hav+ ?\ght mu* ab\t =ces & _! results1 _c =m a def9ite conception answ]+ to ! axiom t action & reaction are equal & opposite4 ,9 ! la/ case z 9 ! fir/1 ideas ( ! t]ms & _! relations require to be made1 by practice 9 ?9k+1 s vivid t ! involv$ tru?s may be m5tally se54 ,b :5 ! individual exp]i5ces h be5 multipli$ en\gh to produce di/9ctness 9 ! repres5tations ( ! elem5ts dealt )2 !n1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ^? m5tal =ms g5]at$ by ance/ral exp]i5ces1 _c be occupi$ by ! elem5ts ( "o ( ^! ultimate tru?s )\t p]ception ( its necessity4 ,if ,pr(essor ,tait does n admit ?is1 :at #bga does he mean by speak+ ( 8physical axioms10 & by say+ t ! cultur$ are enabl$ 8to see at once _! necess>y tru?80 ,aga91 if !re are no physical tru?s :i* mu/ be class$ z a priori1 ,i ask :y ,pr(essor ,tait jo9s ,sir ,w4 ,?omson 9 accept+ z bases = ,physics1 ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion8 ,?\gh ,newton gives illu/rations ( prolong$ motion 9 bodies t are little resi/$1 he gives no pro( t a body 9 motion w cont9ue mov+1 if un9t]f]$ )1 9 ! same direction at ! same velocity2 nor1 on turn+ to ! enunciation ( ?is law quot$ 9 ! above-nam$ "w1 d ,i f9d t ,pr(essor ,tait does m ?an exemplify x by facts :i* c !mselves be ass]t$ only by tak+ ! law = grant$4 ,does ,pr(essor ,tait d5y t ! fir/ law ( motion is a physical tru?8 ,if s1 :at does he call x8 ,does he admit x to be a physical tru?1 &1 d5y+ t x is a priori1 ass]t t x is e/abli%$ a po/]iori--t is1 by consci\s induction f obs]vation & exp]im5t8 ,if s1 :at is ! inductive reason+ :i* c e/abli% x8 ,let u glance at ! sev]al conceivable argum5ts :i* we mu/ suppose him to rely on4 ,a body set 9 motion soon ceases to move if x enc\nt]s mu* friction1 or mu* resi/ance f ! bodies /ruck4 ,if less ( its en]gy is exp5d$ 9 mov+1 or o!rwise affect+1 o!r bodies1 or 9 ov]com+ friction1 its motion cont9ues long]4 ,& x cont9ues longe/ :51 z ov] smoo? ice1 x meets ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( ob/ruction4 ,may we !n1 proce$+ by ! me?od ( concomitant v>iations1 inf] t 7 x :olly unob/ruct$ its motion w\ld cont9ue undim9i%$8 ,if s1 we assume t ! dim9ution ( its motion obs]v$ 9 exp]i5ce1 is proportionate to ! am\nt ( en]gy ab/ract$ f x 9 produc+ o!r motion1 ei!r mol> or molecul>4 ,we assume t no v>iation has tak5 place 9 its rate1 save t caus$ by d$uctions 9 mov+ o!r matt]2 = if #bgb its motion be suppos$ to h o!rwise v>i$1 ! conclusion t ! diff]5ces 9 ! di/ances travell$ result f diff]5ces 9 ! ob/ructions met )1 is vitiat$4 ,?us ! tru? to be e/abli%$ is already tak5 = grant$ 9 ! premises4 ,nor is ! "q begg$ 9 ?is way only4 ,9 e case :]e x is rem>k$ t a body /ops ! soon]1 ! m x is ob/ruct$ by o!r bodies or m$ia1 ! law ( in]tia is assum$ to hold 9 ! ob/ruct+ bodies or m$ia4 ,! v conception ( great] or less ret>dation s caus$1 implies ! belief t !re c be no ret>dations )\t proportionate ret>d+ causes2 :i* is itself ! assumption o!rwise express$ 9 ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,aga91 let u suppose t in/ead ( inexact obs]vations made on ! movem5ts occurr+ 9 daily exp]i5ce1 we make exact exp]im5ts on movem5ts specially arrang$ to yield measur$ results2 :at is ! po/ulate und]ly+ e exp]im5t8 ,uni=m velocity is def9$ z motion ?r\gh equal spaces 9 equal times4 ,h[ d we measure equal times8 ,by an in/rum5t :i* c be inf]r$ to m>k equal times only if ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum are iso*ron\s2 :i* !y c be prov$ to be only if ! fir/ & second laws ( motion are grant$4 ,t is to say1 ! propos$ exp]im5tal pro( ( ! fir/ law1 assumes n only ! tru? ( ! fir/ law1 b ( t :i* ,pr(essor ,tait agrees ) ,newton 9 reg>d+ z a second law4 ,is x said t ! ultimate "t-measure ref]r$ to is ! motion ( ! ,e>? r\nd its axis1 ?r\gh equal angles 9 equal times8 ,!n ! obvi\s rejo9d] is t ! ass]tion ( ?is1 simil>ly involves an ass]tion ( ! tru? to be prov$2 s9ce ! undim9i%$ rotatory movem5t ( ! ,e>? is itself a coroll>y f ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,is x alleg$ t ?is axial movem5t ( ! ,e>? ?r\gh equal angles 9 equal times1 is asc]ta9able by ref]5ce to ! />s8 ,i answ] t a develop$ sy/em ( ,a/ronomy1 lead+ ?r\gh complex #bgc reason+s to ! conclusion t ! ,e>? rotates1 is1 9 t case1 suppos$ to be ne$ful be=e !re c be e/abli%$ a law ( motion :i* ?is sy/em ( ,a/ronomy itself po/ulates4 ,= ev5 %\ld x be said t ! ,newtonian !ory ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em is n necess>ily pre-suppos$1 b only ! ,cop]nican2 /ill1 ! pro( ( ?is assumes t a body at re/ 7a /> be+ tak5 z su*7 w cont9ue at re/2 :i* is a "p ( ! fir/ law ( motion1 reg>d$ by ,newton z n m self-evid5t ?an ! rema9+ "p4 ,n a little rem>kable1 inde$1 is ! ov]sight made by ,pr(essor ,tait1 9 ass]t+ t 8no a priori reason+ c conduct u demon/ratively to a s+le physical tru?10 :5 he has be=e him ! fact t ! sy/em ( physical tru?s con/itut+ ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 :i* he has jo9$ ,sir ,william ,?omson 9 edit+1 is e/abli%$ by a priori reason+4 ,t !re c be no *ange )\t a cause1 or1 9 ! words ( ,may]1 t 8a =ce _c become no?+1 & j z little c a =ce be produc$ f no?+10 is t ultimate dictum ( consci\sness on :i* all physical sci5ce re/s4 ,x is involv$ alike 9 ! ass]tion t a body at re/ w cont9ue at re/1 9 ! ass]tion t a body 9 motion mu/ cont9ue to move at ! same velocity 9 ! same l9e if no =ce acts on x1 & 9 ! ass]tion t any div]g5t motion giv5 to x mu/ be proportionate to ! deflect+ =ce2 & x is also involv$ 9 ! axiom t action & reaction are equal & opposite4 ,! review]'s doctr9e1 9 support ( :i* he cites aga9/ me ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,tait1 illu/rates 9 ,physics t same error ( ! inductive philosophy :i*1 9 ,metaphysics1 ,i h po9t$ out else:]e 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,vii474 ,x is a doctr9e imply+ t we c g on = ev] ask+ ! pro( ( ! pro(1 )\t f9ally com+ to any deepe/ cognition :i* is unprov$ & unprovable4 ,t ?is is an unt5able doctr9e1 ,i ne$ #bgd n say m to %[4 ,nor1 inde$1 w\ld say+ m to %[ x be likely to h any effect1 9 s f> at lea/ z ! review] is conc]n$2 see+ t he ?9ks ,i am 8ignorant ( ! v nature ( ! pr9ciples0 ( :i* ,i am speak+1 & see+ t my notions ( sci5tific reason+ 8rem9d0 him 8( ! ,ptolemi/s10 :o argu$ t ! heav5ly bodies mu/ move 9 circles because ! circle is ! mo/ p]fect figure4#cg ,n to try ! read]'s pati5ce fur!r1 ,i w end by po9t+ out t1 ev5 7 ! review]'s criticisms all valid1 !y w\ld leave un%ak5 ! !ory he cont5ds aga9/4 ,?\gh "o ( 8 s5t5ces 7p4 #dhj7 raises ! expectation t he is ab\t to assault1 & greatly to damage1 ! bases ( ! sy/em conta9$ 9 ! second "p ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 yet all ^? propositions :i* con/itute ! bases1 he leaves1 n only un9jur$1 b ev5 unt\*$1--cont5t+ himself ) try+ to %[ 7) :at success we h se57 t ! fundam5tal "o is an a po/]iori tru? & n an a priori tru?4 ,aga9/ ! g5]al ,doctr9e ( ,evolution1 consid]$ z an induction f all classes ( concrete ph5om5a1 he utt]s n a ^w2 nor does he utt] a ^w to disprove any "o ( ^? laws ( ! r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion1 by #bge :i* ! process ( ,evolution is d$uctively int]pret$4 ,respect+ ! law ( ! ,in/ability ( ! ,homog5e\s1 he says no m ?an to qu>rel ) "o ( ! illu/rations4 ,he makes no criticism on ! law ( ! ,multiplication ( ,effects4 ,! law ( ,segregation he does n ev5 m5tion4 ,nor does he m5tion ! law ( ,equilibration4 ,fur!r1 he urges no?+ aga9/ ! /atem5t t ^! g5]al laws are sev]ally d$ucible f ! ultimate law ( ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 ,la/ly1 he does n d5y ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce2 b only diff]s respect+ ! nature ( our w>rant = ass]t+ x4 ,beyond po9t+ out1 "h a crack$ brick & !re a quo9 set askew1 he m]ely makes a futile attempt to %[ t ! f\ndation is n natural rock1 b concrete4 ,f 8 objections ,i may1 inde$1 d]ive mu* satisfaction4 ,t a compet5t critic1 obvi\sly anxi\s to d all ! mis*ief he c1 & n ov]-scrupul\s ab\t ! means he uses1 has done s little1 may be tak5 z evid5ce t ! fabric ( conclusions attack$ w n be readily ov]?r[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahgd1 ! writ] ( ! article ,i h dealt ) above1 makes a rejo9d]4 ,x is ( ! k9d :i* might h be5 anticipat$4 ,!re are m5 to :om ! discov]y t !y h done inju/ice is pa9ful4 ,aft] pro( ( hav+ wrongly ascrib$ to ano!r su* a nons5sical belief z t ins5sible motion is heat because heat is ins5sible motion1 "s w\ld express regret4 ,n s my review]4 ,hav+ by =c$ int]pretations debit$ me ) an absurdity1 he makes no apology2 b1 ) an air imply+ t he _h all along done ?is1 he attacks ! allegation ,i _h really made--an allegation :i* is at lea/ s f> f an absurdity1 t he describes x only z n ju/ifi$ by 8! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce40 ,& "h1 hav+ incid5tally ref]r$ to ?is po9t1 ,i may z well1 be=e #bgf proce$+1 deal ) 8 sub/itut$ *>ge at ! same "t t ,i fur!r exemplify 8 me?od4 ,probably mo/ ( ^? :o see ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 w be fav\rably impress$ by ! confid5ce ( 8 ass]tion2 b ^? :o comp>e my /atem5t ) 8 trave/y ( x1 & :o comp>e bo? ) "s au?oritative exposition1 w be o!rwise impress$4 ,to 8 /atem5t t ,i conclude 8t friction mu/ ultimately trans=m all ! italics are 8 ! en]gy ( a s\nd into heat10 ,i reply t x is gl>+ly untrue3 ,i h nam$ friction z a second cause only4 ,& :5 he pooh-poohs ! effect ( compression because x is 8m]ely mom5t>y10 is he aw>e ( ! mean+ ( 8 words8 ,w he d5y t1 f fir/ to la/1 dur+ ! int]val ( cond5sation1 heat is be+ g5]at$8 ,w he d5y to ! air ! p[] ( radiat+ su* heat8 ,he w n v5ture to d s4 ,take !n ! int]val ( cond5sation z "o-?\s&? ( a second4 ,i ask him to in=m ^? :om he pr(esses to in/ruct1 :at is ! probable numb] ( heat-waves :i* h escap$ 9 ?is int]val4 ,mu/ !y n be numb]$ by ?\s&s ( millions8 ,9 fact1 by 8 8m]ely mom5t>y10 he actually assumes t :at is mom5t>y 9 relation to our "t-measures1 is mom5t>y 9 relation to ! escape ( e!real undulations6 ,let me n[ proce$ m sy/ematically1 & exam9e 8 rejo9d] po9t by po9t4 ,x sets out ?us3 8,9 ! notice ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s works t appe>$ 9 ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review1 we _h occasion to po9t out t he held mi/ak5 notions ( ! mo/ fundam5tal g5]alizations ( dynamics2 t he _h %[n an ignorance ( ! nature ( pro( 9 8 treatm5t ( ! ,newtonian ,law2 t he _h us$ phrases su* z ! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce 9 v>i\s & inconsi/5t significations2 & m especially t he _h put =? pro(s logically faulty 9 8 endeav\r to demon/rate c]ta9 physical propositions by priori me?ods1 & to %[ t su* pro(s mu/ exi/4 ,to ?is article ,mr4 ,sp5c] has repli$ 9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,8 reply leaves e "o ( ! above positions unassail$40 ,9 my 8,replies to ,criticisms10 :i*1 z x 01 trespass$ unduly on ! pages ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,i s+l$ #bgg out f ^? ( 8 allegations :i* t\*$ me p]sonally1 "o t might be briefly dealt ) z an example2 & ,i /at$ t1 pass+ ov] o!r p]sonal que/ions1 z n int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]1 ,i %\ld devote ! small space available to an imp]sonal "o4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! review]1 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph1 enum]ates 8 *ief positions2 ass]ts t ,i h n assail$ any ( !m 7:i* is untrue72 & !n leads 8 read]s to ! belief t ,i h n assail$ !m because !y are unassailable4 ,leav+ ?is misbelief to be dealt ) pres5tly1 ,i cont9ue my comm5ts on 8 rejo9d]4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! passage ,i h quot$ f ,pr(4 ,tait's /atem5t ab\t physical axioms1 & aft] indicat+ ! nature ( my criticism1 ! review] says3 8,_h ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 h[ev]1 read ! s5t5ce t foll[s x1 we d\bt :e!r we %\ld h he>d aught ( ?is quotation4 ,x is #8,)\t fur!r rem>k we %all give ,newton's ,?ree ,laws2 x be+ rememb]$ t z ! prop]ties ( matt] might h be5 su* z to r5d] a totally diff]5t set ( laws axiomatic1 ^! laws mu/ be consid]$ z re/+ on convictions drawn f obs]vation & exp]im5t & n on intuitive p]ception4' ,?is n only %[s t ! t]m #8axiomatic' is us$ 9 ! previ\s s5t5ce 9 a s5se t does n exclude an inductive orig91 b x leaves u indebt$ to ,mr4 ,sp5c] = ! discov]y ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ au?oritative expression ( disapproval ( 8 views respect+ ! nature ( ! ,laws ( ,motion40 ,let u analyze ?is 8au?oritative expression40 ,x conta9s sev]al />tl+ implications1 ! disclosure ( :i* ! read] w f9d n un9t]e/+4 ,consid]1 fir/1 :at is impli$ by fram+ ! ?\ght t 8! prop]ties ( matt] might h be5 su* z to r5d] a totally diff]5t set ( laws axiomatic40 ,i w n /op to make ! inquiry :e!r matt] hav+ prop]ties fundam5tally unlike its pres5t ones1 c be conceiv$2 ?\gh su* an inquiry1 lead+ to ! conclusion t no conception ( ! k9d is possible1 w\ld %[ t ! proposition is m]ely a v]bal "o4 ,x w suffice if ,i exam9e ! nature ( ?is proposition t 8! prop]ties ( matt] might h be50 #bgh o!r ?an !y are4 ,does x express an exp]im5tally-asc]ta9$ tru?8 ,if s1 ,i invite ,pr(4 ,tait to describe ! exp]im5ts4 ,is x an intuition8 ,if s1 !n along ) d\bt ( an intuitive belief conc]n+ ?+s z !y are1 !re goes confid5ce 9 an intuitive belief conc]n+ ?+s z !y are n4 ,is x an hypo!sis8 ,if s1 ! implication is t a cognition ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable 7= an axiom is su*7 may be discr$it$ by inf]5ce f t :i* is n a cognition at all1 b simply a supposition4 ,does ! review] admit t no conclusion c h a validity great] ?an is possess$ by its premises8 or w he say t ! tru/wor?9ess ( cognitions increases 9 proportion z !y are ! m inf]5tial8 ,be 8 answ] :at x may1 ,i %all take x z unque/ionable t no?+ conclud$ c h a w>rant high] ?an t f :i* x is conclud$1 ?\gh x may h a l[]4 ,n[ ! elem5ts ( ! proposition be=e u are ^!3--,z 8! prop]ties ( matt] might h be5 su* z to r5d] a totally diff]5t set ( laws axiomatic0 !re=e 8^! laws n[ 9 =ce mu/ be consid]$ z re/+ 4 4 4 n on intuitive p]ception30 t is1 ! intuitions 9 :i* ^! laws are recogniz$1 mu/ n be held au?oritative4 ,"h ! cognition posit$ z premiss1 is t ! prop]ties ( matt] might h be5 o!r ?an !y are2 & ! conclusion is t our intuitions relative to exi/+ prop]ties are unc]ta94 ,h5ce1 if ?is conclusion is valid1 x is valid because ! cognition or intuition respect+ :at might h be51 is m tru/wor?y ?an ! cognition or intuition respect+ :at is6 ,scepticism respect+ ! deliv]ances ( consci\sness ab\t ?+s z !y are1 is bas$ ^u fai? 9 a deliv]ance ( consci\sness ab\t ?+s z !y are n6 ,i g on to rem>k t ?is 8au?oritative expression ( disapproval0 by :i* ,i am suppos$ to be sil5c$1 ev5 7 its allegation z valid z x is fallaci\s1 w\ld leave #bgi :olly unt\*$ ! real issue4 ,i po9t$ out h[ ,pr(4 ,tait's d5ial t any physical tru?s c\ld be rea*$ a priori1 0 contradict$ by 8 own /atem5t respect+ physical axioms4 ,! "q ?us rais$ ! review] evades1 & sub/itutes ano!r ) :i* ,i h j dealt4 ,n[ ,i br+ =w>d aga9 ! evad$ "q4 ,9 ! passage ,i quot$1 ,pr(4 ,tait1 besides speak+ ( physical 8axioms10 says ( !m t due famili>ity ) physical ph5om5a gives ! p[] ( see+ 8at once0 8_! necess>y tru?40 ,^! la/ words1 :i* express 8 conception ( an axiom1 express also ! usual conception4 ,an axiom is def9$ z a 8self-evid5t tru?10 or a tru? t is se5 at once2 & ! def9ition o!rwise word$ is--a 8tru? s evid5t at fir/ sight1 t no process ( reason+ or demon/ration c make x pla9]40 ,n[ ,i cont5d t ,pr(4 ,tait1 by ?us committ+ himself to a def9ition ( physical axioms id5tical ) t :i* is giv5 ( ma!matical axioms1 tacitly admits t !y h ! same a priori "*2 & ,i fur!r cont5d t no su* nature z t :i* he describes physical axioms to h1 c be acquir$ by exp]im5t or obs]vation dur+ ! life ( an individual4 ,axioms1 if def9$ z tru?s ( :i* ! necessity is at once se51 are !reby def9$ z tru?s ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable2 & ! famili> contra/ betwe5 !m & ! tru?s e/abli%$ by individual exp]i5ces1 is t ^! la/ nev] become su* t _! negations are inconceivable1 h[ev] multitud9\s ! exp]i5ces may be4 ,?\s&s ( times has ! sportsman he>d ! report t foll[s ! fla% f 8 gun1 b /ill he c imag9e ! fla% z occurr+ sil5tly2 & c\ntless daily exp]im5ts on ! burn+ ( coal1 leave him able to conceive coal z rema9+ 9 ! fire )\t ignition4 ,s t ! 8convictions drawn f obs]vation & exp]im5t0 dur+ a s+le life1 c nev] acquire t "* :i* ,pr(4 ,tait admits physical axioms to h3 9 o!r words1 physical axioms _c be #bhj d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,?us1 o!rwise apply+ ! review]'s words1 ,i 8d\bt :e!r we %\ld h he>d aught ( ?is quotation0 to :i* he calls my att5tion1 _h he /udi$ ! matt] m closely2 & he 8leaves u indebt$ to0 him 8= ! discov]y (0 a passage :i* s]ves to make cle>] ! unt5ability ( ! doctr9e he s dogmatically affirms4 ,i turn n[ to :at ! review] says conc]n+ ! special argum5ts ,i us$ to %[ t ! fir/ law ( motion _c be prov$ exp]im5tally4 ,aft] a b>e enunciation ( my positions1 he says3 8,on ! utt]ly errone\s "* ( ^! /atem5ts we d n c>e to dwell1 we wi% simply to call our read]'s att5tion to ! conclusion arriv$ at4 ,is t a dispro( ( ! possibility ( an inductive pro(8 ,we ?\ght t e tol]ably educat$ man 0 aw>e t ! pro( ( a sci5tific law consi/$ 9 %[+ t by assum+ its tru?1 we c\ld expla9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a40 ,probably ! review] expects 8 read]s to conclude t he c\ld easily dispose ( ! /atem5ts ref]r$ to if he tri$4 ,among sci5tific m51 h[ev]1 ?is cavali] pass+ ov] ( my argum5ts w p]haps be ascrib$ to ano!r cause4 ,i w give him my reason = say+ ?is4 ,^? argum5ts1 read 9 pro( by "o ( ! mo/ em95t physici/s1 & by a specially-hon\r$ ma!matician1 _h _! entire concurr5ce2 & ,i h s9ce _h f ano!r ma!matician1 /&+ among ! v fir/1 su* qualifi$ agreem5t z is impli$ 9 say+ t ! fir/ law ( motion _c be prov$ by t]re/rial obs]vations 7:i* is 9 l>ge measure :at ,i und]took to %[ 9 ! p>agraphs :i* ! review] passes ov] s contemptu\sly74 ,b 8 la/ s5t5ce1 tell+ u :at he ?\ght 8e tol]ably educat$ man 0 aw>e0 (1 is ! "o :i* *iefly dem&s att5tion4 ,9 x he uses ! ^w law--a ^w :i*1 conv5i5tly wide 9 mean+1 suits 8 purpose rem>kably well4 ,b we are "h speak+ ( physical axioms4 ,! "q is :e!r ! ju/ification ( a physical #bha axiom consi/s 9 %[+ t by assum+ its tru?1 we c expla9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,if x does1 !n all di/9ction betwe5 hypo!sis & axiom disappe>s4 ,ma!matical axioms1 = :i* !re is no o!r def9ition ?an t :i* ,pr(4 ,tait gives ( physical axioms1 mu/ /& on ! same foot+4 ,h5ce=? we mu/ hold t our w>rant = ass]t+ t 8?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r10 consi/s 9 ! obs]v$ tru? ( ! geometrical & o!r propositions d$ucible f x & ! associat$ axioms--! obs]v$ tru?1 m9d2 = ! fabric ( d$uctions yields none ( ! requir$ w>rant until ^! d$uctions h be5 te/$ by measurem5t4 ,:5 we h describ$ squ>es on ! ?ree sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 cut !m out 9 pap]1 &1 by weigh+ !m1 h f\nd t ! "o on ! hypo!nuse balances ! o!r two2 !n we h got a fact :i*1 jo9$ ) o!r facts simil>ly asc]ta9$1 ju/ifies u 9 ass]t+ t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r6 ,ev5 z x /&s1 ?is implication w n1 ,i ?9k1 be readily accept$2 b we %all f9d t its unacceptability becomes /ill m conspicu\s :5 ! analysis is pursu$ to ! end4 ,cont9u+ 8 argum5t to %[ t ! laws ( motion h no a priori w>rant1 ! review] says3 8,mr4 ,sp5c] ass]ts t ,newton gave no pro( ( ! ,laws ( ,motion4 ,! :ole ( ! ,pr9cipia 0 ! pro(1 & ! fact t1 tak5 z a sy/em1 ^! laws acc\nt = ! lun> & planet>y motions1 is ! w>rant on :i* !y *iefly re/ to ?is day40 ,i h fir/ to po9t out t "h1 z be=e1 ! review] escapes by rais+ a new issue4 ,i did n ask :at he ?9ks ab\t ! ,pr9cipia1 & ! pro( ( ! laws ( motion by x2 nor did ,i ask :e!r o!rs at ?is day1 hold ! ass]tion ( ^! laws to be ju/ifi$ ma9ly by ! evid5ce ! ,sol> ,sy/em af=ds4 ,i ask$ :at ,newton ?\ght4 ,! review] _h repres5t$ ! belief t ! second law ( motion is kn[able a priori1 z too #bhb absurd ev5 = me op5ly to enunciate4 ,i po9t$ out t s9ce ,newton enunciates x op5ly "u ! title ( an axiom1 & (f]s no pro( :atev] ( x1 he did explicitly :at ,i am blam$ = do+ implicitly4 ,& !reupon ,i invit$ ! review] to say :at he ?\ght ( ,newton4 ,in/ead ( answ]+1 he gives me 8 op9ion to ! effect t ! laws ( motion are prov$ true by ! tru? ( ! ,pr9cipia d$uc$ f !m4 ,( ?is h]eaft]4 ,my pres5t purpose is to %[ t ,newton did n say ?is1 & gave e indication ( ?9k+ ! contr>y4 ,he does n call ! laws ( motion 8hypo!ses20 he calls !m 8axioms40 ,he does n say t he assumes !m to be true provisionally2 & t ! w>rant = accept+ !m z actually true1 w be f\nd 9 ! a/ronomically-prov$ tru? ( ! d$uctions4 ,he lays !m d[n j z ma!matical axioms are laid d[n--posits !m z tru?s to be accept$ a priori1 f :i* foll[ consequ5ces t mu/ !re=e be accept$4 ,& ?\gh ! review] ?9ks ?is an unt5able position1 ,i am q cont5t to range myself ) ,newton 9 ?9k+ x a t5able "o--if1 inde$1 ,i may say s )\t und]valu+ ! review]'s judgm5t4 ,b n[1 hav+ %[n t ! review] evad$ ! issue ,i rais$1 :i* x 0 inconv5i5t = him to meet1 ,i pass to ! issue he sub/itutes = x4 ,i w fir/ deal ) x aft] ! me?ods ( ord9>y logic1 be=e deal+ ) x aft] ! me?ods ( :at may be call$ transc5d5tal logic4 ,to e/abli% ! tru? ( a proposition po/ulat$1 by %[+ t ! d$uctions f x are true1 requires t ! tru? ( ! d$uctions %all be %[n 9 "s way t does n directly or indirectly assume ! tru? ( ! proposition po/ulat$4 ,if1 sett+ out ) ! axioms ( ,euclid1 we d$uce ! tru?s t 8! angle 9 a semi-circle is a "r angle10 & t 8! opposite angles ( any quadrilat]al figure describ$ 9 a circle1 are toge!r equal to two "r angles10 & s =?2 & if1 because #bhc ^! propositions are true1 we say t ! axioms are true1 we are guilty ( a petitio pr9cipii4 ,i d n mean simply t if ^! v>i\s propositions are tak5 z true on ! /r5g? ( ! demon/rations giv51 ! reason+ is circul>1 because ! demon/rations assume ! axioms2 b ,i mean m--,i mean t any suppos$ exp]im5tal pro( ( ^! propositions by measurem5t1 itself assumes ! axioms to be ju/ifi$4 ,= ev5 :5 ! suppos$ exp]im5tal pro( consi/s 9 %[+ t "s two l9es demon/rat$ by reason to be equal1 are equal :5 te/$ 9 p]ception1 ! axiom t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r1 is tak5 = grant$4 ,! equality ( ! two l9es c be asc]ta9$ only by c>ry+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 "s measure 7ei!r a moveable m>k$ l9e or ! space betwe5 ! po9ts ( compasses71 & by assum+ t ! two l9es are equal to "o ano!r1 because !y are sev]ally equal to ?is measure4 ,! ultimate tru?s ( ma!matics1 !n1 _c be e/abli%$ by any exp]im5tal pro( t ! d$uctions f !m are true2 s9ce ! suppos$ exp]im5tal pro( takes !m = grant$4 ,! same ?+ holds ( ultimate physical tru?s4 ,= ! alleg$ a po/]iori pro( ( ^! tru?s1 has a vice exactly analog\s to ! vice ,i h j indicat$4 ,e evid5ce yield$ by a/ronomy t ! axioms call$ 8! laws ( motion0 are true1 resolves itself into a fulfill$ prevision t "s cele/ial body or bodies1 w be se5 9 a specifi$ place1 or 9 specifi$ places1 9 ! heav5s1 at "s assign$ "t4 ,n[ ! day1 h\r1 & m9ute ( ?is v]ify+ obs]vation1 c be fix$ only on ! assumption t ! ,e>?'s motion 9 its orbit & its motion r\nd its axis1 cont9ue undim9i%$4 ,m>k1 !n1 ! p>allelism4 ,"o :o *ose to d5y t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r1 c\ld nev] h x prov$ to him by %[+ ! tru? ( d$uc$ propositions2 s9ce ! te/+ process w\ld 9 #bhd e case assume t :i* he d5i$4 ,simil>ly1 "o :o refus$ to admit t motion1 un9t]f]$ )1 cont9ues 9 ! same /raight l9e at ! same velocity1 c\ld n h x prov$ to him by ! fulfilm5t ( an a/ronomical pr$iction2 because he w\ld say t bo? ! spectator's position 9 space1 & ! position ( ! ev5t 9 "t1 7 ^? alleg$1 only if ! ,e>?'s motions ( translation & rotation 7 undim9i%$1 :i* 0 ! v ?+ he call$ 9 "q4 ,evid5tly su* a sceptic might object t ! seem+ fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction1 say a transit ( ,v5us1 may be effect$ by v>i\s comb9ations ( ! *ang+ positions ( ,v5us1 ( ! ,e>?1 & ( ! spectator on ! ,e>?4 ,! appe>ances may occur z anticipat$1 ?\gh ,v5us is at "s o!r place ?an ! calculat$ "o2 provid$ ! ,e>? also is at "s o!r place1 & ! spectator's position on ! ,e>? is diff]5t4 ,& if ! fir/ law ( motion is n assum$1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,e>? & ! spectator may occupy ^! o!r places at ! pr$ict$ "t3 suppos+ t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! fir/ law1 ?is pr$ict$ "t c be asc]ta9$1 :i* x _c4 ,?us ! te/+ process inevitably begs ! "q4 ,t ! p]fect congruity ( all a/ronomical obs]vations ) all d$uctions f 8! laws ( motion10 gives coh]5ce to ?is gr\p ( intuitions & p]ceptions1 & s furni%es a w>rant = ! entire aggregate ( !m :i* x w\ld n h 7 any ( !m at v>iance1 is unque/ionable4 ,b x does n !re=e foll[ t a/ronomical obs]vations c furni% a te/ = ea* individual assumption1 out ( ! _m :i* are simultane\sly made4 ,i w n dwell on ! fact t ! process ( v]ification assumes ! validity ( ! assumptions on :i* acts ( reason+ proce$2 = ! reply may be t ^! are %[n to be valid ap>t f a/ronomy4 ,nor w ,i insi/ t ! assumptions und]ly+ ma!matical inf]5ces1 geometrical & #bhe num]ical1 are involv$2 s9ce x may be said t ^! are ju/ifiable sep>ately by our t]re/rial exp]i5ces4 ,b1 pass+ ov] all else t is tak5 = grant$1 x suffices to po9t out t1 9 mak+ e a/ronomical pr$iction1 ! ?ree laws ( motion & ! law ( gravitation are all assum$2 t if ! fir/ law ( motion is to be held prov$ by ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction1 x c be s only by tak+ = grant$ t ! two o!r laws ( motion & ! law ( gravitation are true2 & t non-fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction w\ld n disprove ! fir/ law ( motion1 s9ce ! error might be 9 "o or o!r ( ! ?ree rema9+ assumptions4 ,simil>ly ) ! second law3 ! a/ronomical pro( ( x dep5ds on ! tru? ( ! accompany+ assumptions4 ,s t ! w>rants = ! assumptions ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 are respectively su* t ,a1 ,b1 & ,c be+ tak5 z tru/wor?y1 prove ! validity ( ,d2 ,d be+ ?us prov$ valid1 jo9s ,c1 & ,b1 9 giv+ a "* to ,a2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,! result is t ev]y?+ comes out "r if !y happ5 to be all true2 b if "o ( !m is false1 x may de/roy ! *>act]s ( ! o!r ?ree1 ?\gh ^! are 9 reality exact4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 a/ronomical pr$iction & obs]vation c nev] te/ any "o ( ! premises by itself4 ,!y c only ju/ify ! entire aggregate ( premises1 ma!matical & physical1 jo9$ ) ! entire aggregate ( reason+ processes lead+ f premises to conclusions4 ,i n[ recall ! review]'s 8?\ght10 utt]$ 9 8 habitual mann]1 8t e tol]ably educat$ man 0 aw>e t ! pro( ( a sci5tific law consi/$ 9 %[+ t by assum+ its tru?1 we c\ld expla9 ! obs]v$ ph5om5a40 ,hav+ f ! po9t ( view ( ord9>y logic dealt ) ?is !ory ( pro( z appli$ by ! review]1 ,i proce$ to deal ) x f ! po9t ( view ( transc5d5tal logic1 z ,i h myself appli$ x4 ,& "h ,i h to *>ge ! review] ) ei!r be+ ignorant (1 or else delib]ately ignor+1 a c>d9al #bhf doctr9e ( ! ,sy/em ( ,philosophy he pr(esses to review--a doctr9e set =? n 9 ^? f\r volumes ( x :i* he seems nev] to h look$ into2 b 9 ! "o volume ( x he has p>tially dealt )4 ,= ?is pr9ciple :i*1 9 respect to sci5tific belief1 he enunciates = my in/ruction1 is "o :i*1 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,i h enunciat$ 9 respect to all beliefs :atev]4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! 8,data ( ,philosophy10 :]e ,i h inquir$ into ! legitimacy ( our modes ( proc$ure1 & :]e ,i h po9t$ out t !re are c]ta9 ultimate conceptions )\t :i* ! intellect c no m /ir 8?an ! body c /ir )\t help ( its limbs10 ,i h inquir$ h[ _! validity or invalidity is to be %[n2 & ,i h gone on to reply t 8,^? ( !m :i* are vital1 or _c be sev]$ f ! re/ )\t m5tal dissolution1 mu/ be assum$ z true provisionally 4 4 4 4 leav+ ! assumption ( _! unque/ionabl5ess to be ju/ifi$ by ! results4 8 #dj4 ,h[ is x to be ju/ifi$ by ! results8 ,z any o!r assumption is ju/ifi$--by asc]ta9+ t all ! conclusions d$ucible f x1 correspond ) ! facts z directly obs]v$--by %[+ ! agreem5t betwe5 ! exp]i5ces x leads u to anticipate1 & ! actual exp]i5ces4 ,!re is no mode ( e/abli%+ ! validity ( any belief1 except t ( %[+ its entire congruity ) all o!r beliefs40 ,proce$+ av[$ly & rigor\sly on ?is pr9ciple1 ,i h next inquir$ :at is ! fundam5tal process ( ?\ght by :i* ?is congruity is to be det]m9$1 & :at is ! fundam5tal product ( ?\ght yield$ by ?is process4 ,?is fundam5tal product ,i h %[n to be ! coexi/5ce ( subject & object2 & !n1 describ+ ?is z a po/ulate to be ju/ifi$ by 8its subsequ5tly-prov$ congruity ) e result ( exp]i5ce1 direct & indirect10 ,i h gone on to say t 8! two divisions ( self & n-self1 are re-divisible into c]ta9 mo/ g5]al =ms1 ! reality ( :i* ,sci5ce1 z well z ,common ,s5se1 f mom5t to mom5t assumes40 ,nor is ?is all4 ,hav+ ?us assum$1 only provisionally1 ?is deepe/ ( all intuitions1 f> transc5d+ an axiom 9 self-evid5ce1 ,i #bhg h1 aft] draw+ d$uctions occupy+ f\r volumes1 delib]ately gone back to ! assumption 7,pr94 ( ,psy41 #chf74 ,aft] quot+ ! passage 9 :i* ! pr9ciple 0 laid d[n1 & aft] rem9d+ ! read] t ! d$uctions drawn _h be5 f\nd congru\s ) "o ano!r2 ,i h po9t$ out t x /ill rema9$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is primordial assumption 0 congru\s ) all ! d$uctions2 & h !reupon proce$$1 ?r\gh\t eighte5 *apt]s1 to %[ ! congruity4 ,& yet hav+ be=e him ! volumes 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple is set =? ) a di/9ctness1 & act$ ^u ) a delib]ation1 :i* ,i believe are n[h]e p>allel$1 ! review] enunciates = my b5efit ?is pr9ciple ( :i* he 8?\ght t e tol]ably educat$ man 0 aw>e06 ,he enunciates x z apply+ to limit$ gr\ps ( beliefs1 to :i* x does n apply2 & %uts 8 eyes to ! fact t ,i h av[$ly & sy/ematically act$ ^u x 9 respect to ! entire aggregate ( our beliefs 7axioms includ$7 = :i* x furni%es ! ultimate ju/ification6 ,"h ,i mu/ add ano!r elucidatory /atem5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 ne$less _h ! review] read t :i* he criticizes4 ,8 argum5t proce$s ?r\gh\t on ! assumption t ,i und]/& a priori tru?s aft] ! anci5t mann]1 z tru?s indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce2 & he %[s ?is m tacitly1 :]e he 8tru/s0 t he is 8attack+ "o ( ! la/ attempts to d$uce ! laws ( nature f our inn] consci\sness40 ,manife/ly1 a lead+ !sis ( "o ( ! works he pr(esses to review1 is entirely unkn[n to him--! !sis t =ms ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly ! intuitions :i* ^? =ms ( ?\ght involve1 result entirely f ! effects ( exp]i5ces1 organiz$ & inh]it$4 ,) ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology be=e him1 n only does he seem unaw>e t x conta9s ?is doctr9e1 b ?\gh ?is doctr9e1 set =? 9 its fir/ edition publi%$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago1 has ga9$ #bhh consid]able curr5cy1 he seems nev] to h he>d ( x4 ,! implication ( ?is doctr9e is1 n t ! 8laws ( nature0 are d$ucible f 8our inn] consci\sness10 b t our consci\sness has a pre-e/abli%$ correspond5ce ) su* ( ^? laws 7simple1 p]petually pres5t$1 & nev] negativ$7 z h1 9 ! c\rse ( practically-inf9ite ance/ral exp]i5ces1 regi/]$ !mselves 9 our n]v\s /ructure4 ,_h he tak5 ! tr\ble to acqua9t himself ) ?is doctr9e1 he w\ld h le>n$ t ! intuitions ( axiomatic tru?s are reg>d$ by me z lat5t 9 ! inh]it$ bra91 j z bodily reflex actions are lat5t 9 ! inh]it$ n]v\s c5tres ( a l[] ord]2 t su* lat5t intuitions are made pot5tially m di/9ct by ! great] def9it5ess ( /ructure due to individual action & culture2 & t ?us1 axiomatic tru?s1 hav+ a w>rant entirely a po/]iori = ! race1 h = ! individual a w>rant :i*1 sub/antially a priori1 is made complete a po/]iori4 ,& he w\ld !n h le>n$ t z1 dur+ evolution1 ,?\ght has be5 m\ld$ into increas+ correspond5ce ) ,?+s2 & z su* correspond5ce1 tol]ably complete 9 respect ( ! simple1 ev]-pres5t1 & inv>iable relations1 z ^? ( space1 has made consid]able advance 9 respect ( ! prim>y dynamical relations2 ! ass]tion t ! result+ intuitions are au?oritative1 is ! ass]tion t ! simple/ uni=mities ( nature1 z exp]i5c$ ?r\gh\t an immeasurable pa/1 are bett] kn[n ?an !y are z exp]i5c$ dur+ an individual life4 ,all :i* conceptions1 h[ev]1 be+1 z x seems1 unhe>d ( by ! review]1 he reg>ds my tru/ 9 ^! primordial intuitions z l t ( ! ,ptolemi/s 9 _! fancies ab\t p]fection6 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> my *ief antagoni/s1 passive if n active1 h be5 ,pr(4 ,tait &1 by implication1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 #bhi 8 coadjutor 9 ! "w quot$ aga9/ me--m5 ( /&+1 & ! la/ ( !m ( _w-wide reputation z a ma!matician & physici/4 ,p>tly because ! op9ions ( su* m5 dem& att5tion1 ,i h dealt ) ! que/ions rais$ at "s l5g?2 & p>tly1 also1 because ! orig9 & consequ5t w>rant ( physical axioms are que/ions ( g5]al & p]man5t int]e/4 ,! review]1 :o by cit+ aga9/ me ^! au?orities has ga9$ = "s ( 8 criticisms consid]ation !y w\ld o!rwise n des]ve1 ,i mu/1 9 respect ( 8 o!r criticisms1 deal ) v briefly4 ,because1 = reasons suffici5tly indicat$1 ,i did n assail sundry ( 8 /atem5ts1 he has reit]at$ !m z unassailable4 ,i w "h add no m ?an is ne$ful to %[ h[ gr\ndless is 8 assumption4 ,:at ! review] says on ! metaphysical aspects ( ! propositions we di/+ui% z physical1 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,8 acc\nt ( my exposition ( 8,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas10 he closes by say+ ( me t 8he is n cont5t ) less ?an %[+ t all our fundam5tal conceptions are inconceivable40 ,:e!r ! review] kn[s :at he means by an inconceivable conception1 ,i _c tell4 ,x w suffice to say t ,i h attempt$ no su* rem>kable feat z t describ$4 ,my attempt has be5 to %[ t objective activities1 toge!r ) _! objective =ms1 are inconceivable by u--t su* symbolic conceptions ( !m z we frame1 & are oblig$ to use1 are prov$1 by ! alt]native contradictions :i* a f9al analysis ( !m discloses1 to h no lik5ess to ! realities4 ,b ! proposition t objective exi/5ce _c be r5d]$ 9 t]ms ( subjective exi/5ce1 ! review] ?9ks adequately express$ by say+ t 8our fundam5tal conceptions0 7subjective products7 8are inconceivable0 7_c be fram$ by subjective processes76 ,giv+ ?is z a sample f :i* may be judg$ 8 fitness = discuss+ ^! ultimate que/ions1 ,i pass ov] 8 physico-metaphysical criticisms1 & proce$ at once to #bij ^? :i* 8 special discipl9e may be assum$ to r5d] m wor?y ( att5tion4 ,quot+ a passage relative to ! law t 8all c5tral =ces v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances10 he d]ides ! ass]tion t 8?is law is n simply an empirical "o1 b "o d$ucible ma!matically f ! relations ( space--"o ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable40 ,n[ :e!r ?is /atem5t c or _c be fully ju/ifi$1 x has at any rate none ( t absurdity alleg$ by ! review]4 ,:5 he puts ! "q--8,:5ce does he d ,i get ?is80 he invites ! suspicion t 8 m9d is n *>act]iz$ by mu* excursiv5ess4 ,x seems nev] to h occurr$ to him t1 if rays l ^? ( light radiate 9 /raight l9es f a c5tre1 ! numb] ( !m fall+ on any giv5 area ( a sph]e describ$ f t c5tre1 w dim9i% z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases1 because ! surfaces ( sph]es v>y z ! squ>es ( _! radii4 ,=1 if ?is has occurr$ to him1 :y does he ask :5ce ,i get ! inf]5ce8 ,! inf]5ce is s simple a "o z naturally to be recogniz$ by ^? ^: ?\ghts g a little beyond _! lessons 9 geometry4#ch ,if ! review] means to ask1 :5ce ,i get ! impli$ assumption t c5tral =ces act only 9 /raight l9es1 ,i reply t ?is assumption has a w>rant ak9 to t ( ,newton's fir/ axiom1 t a mov+ body w cont9ue mov+ 9 a /raight l9e unless int]f]$ )4 ,= t ! =ce ex]t$ by "o c5tre on ano!r %\ld act 9 a curv$ l9e1 implies ! conception ( "s second =ce1 complicat+ ! direct effect ( ! fir/4 ,&1 ev5 c\ld a c5tral =ce be truly conceiv$ z act+ 9 l9es n /raight1 ! av]age #bia di/ribution ( its effects ^u ! inn] surface ( ! surr\nd+ sph]e1 w\ld /ill foll[ ! same law4 ,?us1 :e!r or n ! law be accept$ on a priori gr\nds1 ! assum$ absurdity ( repres5t+ x to h a priori gr\nds1 is n v obvi\s4 ,respect+ ?is /atem5t ( m9e ! review] goes on to say 8,?is is a wisdom f> high] ?an t possess$ by ! discov]] ( ! great law ( attraction1 :o 0 l$ to consid] x f no cogitations on ! relations ( space1 b f obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets2 & :o 0 s f> f ris+ to t cle>ness ( view ( ! tru? ( 8 great discov]y1 :i* is express$ by ! phrase1 #8its negation is inconceivable1' t he actually ab&on$ x = a "t1 because 7?r\gh an error 9 8 e/imate ( ! e>?'s diamet]7 x did n seem fully to acc\nt = ! motion ( ! moon40 ,to ! fir/ clause 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,i h simply to give a direct d5ial2 & to ass]t t nei!r ,newton's 8obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets0 nor o!r su* obs]vations cont9u$ by all a/ronom]s = all "t1 w\ld yield 8! great law ( attraction40 ,contr>iwise1 ,i cont5d t :5 ! review] says1 by implication1 t ,newton _h no antec$5t hypo!sis respect+ ! cause ( ! planet>y motions1 he 7! review]7 is n only go+ beyond 8 possible k1 b he is ass]t+ t :i* ev5 a rudim5t>y acqua9tance ) ! process ( discov]y1 might h %[n him 0 impossible4 ,)\t fram+1 be=eh&1 ! supposition t !re 0 at "w an attractive =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 no su* comp>ison ( obs]vations z t :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( gravitation c\ld h be5 made4 ,on ! second clause ( ! s5t5ce1 9 :i* ! review] volunte]s = my b5efit ! in=mation t ,newton 8actually ab&on$0 8 hypo!sis = a :ile because x did n br+ out "r results1 ,i h fir/ to tell him t1 9 an e>ly numb] ( ! v p]iodical conta9+ 8 article1#ci ,i cit$ ?is fact #bib 7us+ ^! same words7 at a "t :5 he 0 at s*ool1 or be=e he w5t !re4#dj ,i h next to ass]t t ?is fact is irrelevant2 & t ,newton1 :ile probably see+ x to be a necess>y implication ( geometrical laws t c5tral =ces v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 did n see x to be a necess>y implication ( any laws1 geometrical or dynamical1 t !re exi/s a =ce by :i* ! cele/ial bodies affect "o ano!r2 & !re=e d\btless saw t !re 0 no a priori w>rant = ! doctr9e ( gravitation4 ,! review]1 h[ev]1 aim+ to sub/itute = my 8confus$ notions0 8 own cle> ones1 wi%es me to id5tify ! proposition--,c5tral =ces v>y inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances--) ! proposition--,!re exi/s a cosmical attractive =ce :i* v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,b ,i decl9e to id5tify !m2 & ,i suspect t a consid]able di/9ction betwe5 !m 0 recogniz$ by ,newton4 ,la/ly1 ap>t f all ?is1 ,i h to po9t out t ev5 _h ,newton ?\ght ! exi/5ce ( an attractive =ce ?r\gh\t space 0 an a priori tru?1 z well z ! law ( v>iation ( su* a =ce if x exi/$2 he w\ld /ill1 naturally en\gh1 pause be=e ass]t+ gravitation & its law1 :5 he f\nd 8 d$uctions did n correspond ) ! facts4 ,to suppose o!rwise1 is to ascribe to him a ra%ness :i* no discipl9$ man ( sci5ce c\ld be guilty (4 ,see1 !n1 ! critical capacity v>i\sly exhibit$ 9 ! space ( a s+le s5t5ce4 ,! review]1 q errone\sly1 ?9ks t obs]vations unguid$ by hypo!ses suffice = physical discov]ies4 ,he seems unaw>e t1 on a priori gr\nds1 ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e _h be5 suspect$ z ! law ( "s cosmical =ce1 be=e ,newton4 ,he ass]ts1 )\t w>rant1 t no su* a priori conception prec$$1 9 ,newton's m9d1 8 obs]vations & #bic calculations4 ,he conf\nds ! law ( v>iation ( a =ce1 ) ! exi/5ce ( a =ce v>y+ accord+ to t law4 ,& he concludes t ,newton c\ld h _h no a priori conception ( ! law ( v>iation1 because he did n ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a =ce v>y+ accord+ to ?is law 9 defiance ( ! evid5ce z !n pres5t$ to him6 ,n[ t ,i h analyz$1 ) ^! results1 ! fir/ ( 8 criticisms1 ! read] w nei!r expect me to wa/e "t 9 simil>ly deal+ ) ! re/ s]iatim1 nor w he wi% to h 8 own "t occupi$ 9 foll[+ ! analysis4 ,to ! evid5ce ?us furni%$ ( ! review]'s fitness = ! task he und]takes1 x w suffice if ,i add an illu/ration or two ( ! animus :i* leads him to make grave imputations on trivial gr\nds1 & to ignore ! evid5ce :i* contradicts 8 int]pretations4 ,because ,i h spok5 ( a balanc$ sy/em1 l t =m$ by ! sun & planets1 z hav+ ! 8peculi>ity1 t ?\gh ! con/itu5ts ( ! sy/em h relative movem5ts1 ! sy/em1 z a :ole1 has no movem5t10 he unhesitat+ly assumes me to be unaw>e t 9 a sy/em ( bodies ^: movem5ts are n balanc$1 x is equally true t ! c5tre ( gravity rema9s con/ant4 ,ignorance ( a g5]al pr9ciple 9 dynamics is alleg$ aga9/ me solely because ( ?is colloquial use ( ! ^w 8peculi>ity10 :]e ,i %\ld h us$ a ^w 7& !re is no ^w p]fectly fit7 free f ! implication ( exclusiv5ess4 ,if ! review] 7 to ass]t t arrogance is a 8peculi>ity0 ( critics2 & if ,i 7 !reupon to *>ge him ) entire ignorance ( mank9d1 _m ( :om besides critics are arrogant1 he w\ld rightly say t my conclusion 0 a v l>ge "o to draw f s small a premise4 ,to ?is example ( /ra9$ inf]5ce ,i w jo9 an example ( :at seems l delib]ate miscon/ruction4 ,f "o ( my essays 7n among ! works he pr(esses to deal )7 ! review]1 to /r5g!n 8 attack1 br+s #bid a /range mi/ake2 :i*1 ev5 )\t inquiry1 any fair-m9d$ read] w\ld see mu/ be an ov]sight4 ,a /atem5t true ( a s+le body act$ on by a tractive =ce1 ,i h inadv]t5tly pluraliz$3 be+ s possess$ by ano!r aspect ( ! "q1 z to ov]look ! obvi\s fact t ) a plurality ( bodies ! /atem5t became untrue4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! review] ignore v>i\s evid5ces furni%$ by ! works be=e him1 t ,i c\ld n really ?9k :at ,i _h !re said1 b he ignores a direct contradiction conta9$ 9 ! p>agraph succe$+ t f :i* he quotes4 ,s t ! case /&s ?us3--,on two adjac5t pages ,i h made two opposite /atem5ts1 bo? ( :i* ,i _c be suppos$ to believe4 ,"o ( !m is "r2 & ?is ! review] assumes ,i d n believe4 ,"o ( !m is gl>+ly wrong2 & ?is ! review] assumes ,i d believe4 ,:y he made ?is *oice no "o :o reads 8 criticism w fail to see4 ,ev5 _h 8 judgm5ts m au?ority ?an is giv5 to !m by 8 ma!matical hon\rs1 ?is brief *>act]ization w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 suffice4 ,p]haps already1 9 rebutt+ ! assumption t ,i did n answ] 8 allegations because !y 7 unansw]able1 ,i h ascrib$ to !m an unm]it$ importance4 ,= ! re/1 sugge/+ t _! value may be measur$ by ! value ( t above dealt ) z a sample1 ,i leave !m to be answ]$ by ! works !y are direct$ aga9/4 ,"h ,i end4 ,! =ego+ pages1 :ile s]v+1 ,i ?9k1 ! m important purpose ( mak+ cle>] ! relations ( physical axioms to physical k1 incid5tally ju/ify ! ass]tion t ! review]'s *>ges ( fallaci\s reason+ & ignorance ( ! nature ( pro(1 recoil on himself4 ,:51 9 8 confid5t way1 he und]takes to tea* me ! nature ( our w>rant = sci5tific beliefs1 ignor+ absolutely ! inquiry conta9$ 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 conc]n+ ! relative values ( direct intuitions & reason$ conclusions1 he lays himself op5 to #bie a s>casm :i* is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,& :5 a c]ta9 ultimate pr9ciple ( ju/ification = our beliefs1 set =? & act$ ^u 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,syn!tic ,philosophy m di/9ctly ?an 9 any o!r "w1 is enunciat$ by him = my in/ruction1 z "o :i* he 8?\ght t e tol]ably educat$ man 0 aw>e0 (1 8 c\rse is "o = :i* ,i f9d no fit epi!t 9 ! vocabul>y ,i p]mit myself to use4 ,t 9 "s cases he has %[n eag]ness to f\nd *>ges on mis9t]pretations little less ?an delib]ate1 has be5 suffici5tly %[n2 z also t1 9 o!r cases1 8 own failure to discrim9ate is made ! gr\nd = ascrib+ to me beliefs t are manife/ly unt5able4 ,save 9 ! s+le case ( a /atem5t respect+ collisions ( bodies1 made by me )\t ! ne$ful qualification1 ,i am n aw>e ( any errors he detects1 except errors ( ov]sight or ^? aris+ f imp]fect expression & inadequate exposition4 ,:5 he unhesitat+ly puts ! wor/ con/ructions on ^!1 x _c be because 8 own exactness is su* t no o!r con/ructions occur to him2 = he displays an unusual capacity = inadv]t5cies1 & mu/ h _h _m exp]i5ces %[+ him h[ mu* he might be wrong$ by illib]al int]pretations ( !m4 ,"o :o 9 tw5ty-?ree pr(ess$ extracts makes fifte5 mi/akes--words omitt$1 or add$1 or sub/itut$--%\ld n ne$ rem9d+ h[ l>gely m]e ov]sight may raise suspicion ( some?+ worse4 ,"o :o %[s 8 notions ( accurate /atem5t by ass]t+ t z ,i sub/itute 8p]si/5ce0 = 8cons]vation10 ,i !re=e id5tify ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce ) ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & debits me ) ! result+ incongruities--"o :o1 9 pursuance ( ?is error1 conf\nds a special pr9ciple ) ! g5]al pr9ciple x is said to imply1 & !reupon describes a wid] pr9ciple z be+ includ$ 9 a n>r[] 7p4 #dha7--"o :o speaks ( our 8inn] consci\sness0 7p4 #dhh71 s ass]t+1 by implication1 t we h an out] consci\sness--"o :o #bif talks ( an inconceivable conception2 ought surely to be aw>e h[ readily lax expressions may be turn$ into pro(s ( absurd op9ions4 ,& "o :o1 9 ! space ( a few pages1 falls into s _m solecisms1 ought to be vividly consci\s t a :ole volume ?us writt5 w\ld furni% multitud9\s /atem5ts f :i* a critic1 mov$ by a _s l 8 own1 might evolve abundant absurdities2 supply+ ample occasion = blazon+ ! tops ( pages ) insult+ words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a lett]1 drawn f ,pr(4 ,tait by ! =ego+ criticisms1 & publi%$ by him 9 ,nature1 initiat$ a controv]sy c>ri$ on 9 t p]iodical betwe5 ,m>* #bf? & ,june #ah?1 #ahgd4 ,p>tly 9 ju/ification ( my position1 & p>tly z t5d+ to make cle>] ! nature & orig9 ( physical axioms1 ,i app5d c]ta9 portions ( ! correspond5ce1 ) "s additional explanations & comm5ts4 ,= ! purpose ( elucidation ,i prefix ! !ses ,i h ma9ta9$4 #big ,,!ses4 #a4 ,if ,a produces ,b1 !n #b ,a w produce #b ,b4 ,?is is ! blank =m ( causal relation quantitatively consid]$1 :5 ! causes & effects are simple--t is1 are unimp$$ by o!r causes & uncomplicat$ by o!r effects2 & :5ev] two or m causes co-op]ate1 !re is no possibility ( det]m9+ ! relation betwe5 ! comp\nd cause & ! comp\nd effect except by assum+ t betwe5 ea* co-op]at+ cause & its sep>ate effect !re exi/s ?is same quantitative relation4 #b4 ,?is tru? holds :atev] ! natures ( ! simple causes & simple effects2 & is an a priori assumption made 9 conduct+ e exp]im5t & 9 reason+ f x4 ,e process ( weigh+1 e *emical analysis1 e physical inve/igation1 proce$s on ?is tru? )\t assign+ w>rant = x2 & 9 all[+ = ! effect ( any m9or cause t int]f]es ) ! major cause1 ?is same tru? is assum$4 #c4 ,:5 ,a is an impress$ =ce & ,b ! produc$ motion1 !n ! g5]al tru? t if ,a produces ,b1 #b ,a w produce #b ,b1 becomes ! m special tru? call$ ! ,second ,law ( ,motion4 ,newton's amplifi$ /atem5t ( ?is ,law is3--8,if any =ce g5]ates a motion1 a d\ble =ce w g5]ate d\ble ! motion1 a triple =ce triple ! motion1 :e!r t =ce be impress$ altoge!r & at once1 or gradually & successively40 ,& 8 fur!r clause1 ass]t+ t ?is law holds :e!r ! directions ( ! =ces are or are n ! same1 ass]ts a proportionality betwe5 ea* =ce & its produc$ motion1 su* z we h se5 to be inv>iably assum$ betwe5 ea* cause & its sep>ate effect1 :5 !re are co-op]at+ causes4 #d4 ,?is ,law may be affirm$1 )\t specification ( ! modes 9 :i* ! impress$ =ce & ! result+ motion are to be e/imat$4 ,newton's /atem5t is ab/ract4 ,tak+ = grant$ "r modes ( measurem5t1 x ass]ts t ! alt]ation ( motion 7rightly measur$7 is proportional to ! impress$ =ce 7rightly measur$74 #e4 ,no a po/]iori pro( ( ! g5]al ultimate physical tru? 7or ( ?is m special tru? x includes7 is possible2 because e suppos$ process ( v]ification assumes x4 ,^!1 cle>$ f entanglem5ts1 are ! !ses held by me1 & def5d$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 #bih ,,app5dix ,a4 7,f ,nature1 ,april #af1 #ahgd47 ,abs5ce f t[n has delay$ :at fur!r rem>ks ,i h to make respect+ ! disput$ orig9 ( physical axioms4 ,! p>ticul> physical axiom 9 connection ) :i* ! g5]al "q 0 rais$1 0 ! ,second ,law ( ,motion4 ,x /&s 9 ! ,pr9cipia z foll[s3 8,! alt]ation ( motion is ev] proportional to ! motive =ce impress$2 & is made 9 ! direction ( ! "r l9e 9 :i* t =ce is impress$4 8,if any =ce g5]ates a motion1 a d\ble =ce w g5]ate d\ble ! motion1 a triple =ce triple ! motion1 :e!r t =ce be impress$ altoge!r & at once1 or gradually & successively4 ,& ?is motion 7be+ always direct$ ! same way ) ! g5]at+ =ce71 if ! body mov$ be=e1 is add$ to or subduct$ f ! =m] motion1 accord+ z !y directly conspire ) or are directly contr>y to ea* o!r2 or obliquely jo9$1 :5 !y are oblique1 s z to produce a new motion comp\nd$ f ! det]m9ation ( bo?40 ,z ?is1 l ea* ( ! o!r ,laws ( ,motion1 is call$ an axiom2#da z ! p>agraph app5d$ to x is simply an amplification1 or re-/atem5t 9 a m concrete =m2 z !re are no facts nam$ z bases ( induction1 nor any ju/ify+ exp]im5t2 & z ,newton proce$s =?) to draw d$uctions2 x 0 a legitimate inf]5ce t he reg>d$ ?is tru? z a priori4 ,my /atem5t to ?is effect 0 bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ! ,pr9cipia itself2 & ,i ?9k ,i 0 w>rant$ 9 assum+ t ! nature ( ! ,laws ( ,motion1 z conceiv$ by ,newton1 0 to be !nce inf]r$4 ,! passages quot$ by ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review] f ,newton's correspond5ce1 :i* 7 unkn[n to me1 %[ t ?is 0 n ,newton's conception ( !m4 ,?us f>1 !n1 my oppon5t has ! be/ ( ! #bii argum5t4 ,sev]al qualify+ consid]ations h to be set d[n1 h[ev]4 7#a7 ,cle>ly1 ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia d n convey ,newton's conception2 o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ = 8 explanations4 ,! passages quot$ prove t he wi%$ to exclude ^! c>d9al tru?s f ! class ( hypo!ses1 :i* he said he did n make2 & to d ?is he _h to def9e !m4 7#b7 ,by call+ !m 8axioms10 & by yet describ+ !m z pr9ciples 8d$uc$ f ph5om5a10 he makes x manife/ t he gives ! ^w 8axiom0 a s5se widely unlike ! s5se 9 :i* x is usually accept$4 7#c7 ,fur!r1 ! quotations fail to w>rant ! /atem5t t ! ,laws ( ,motion are prov$ true by ! tru? ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,= if ! fulfilm5t ( a/ronomical pr$ictions made 9 pursuance ( ! ,pr9cipia1 is held to be ! evid5ce 8on :i* !y *iefly re/ to ?is day10 !n1 until ?us ju/ifi$1 !y are unque/ionably hypo!ses4 ,yet ,newton says !y are n hypo!ses4 ,newton's view may be f\nd )\t seek+ = x 9 8 lett]s3 x is conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia itself4 ,! s*olium to ,coroll>y ,,vi4 beg9s ?us3 8,hi!rto ,i h laid d[n su* pr9ciples z h be5 receiv$ by ma!maticians1 & are confirm$ by abundance ( exp]im5ts4 ,by ! two fir/ ,laws & ! two fir/ ,coroll>ies1 ,galileo discov]$ t ! desc5t ( bodies obs]v$ ! duplicate ratio ( ! "t1 & t ! motion ( projectiles 0 9 ! curve ( a p>abola2 exp]i5ce agree+ ) bo?10 c4 ,n[ z ?is passage prec$es ! d$uctions con/itut+ ! ,pr9cipia1 x %[s conclusively1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,newton did n ?9k 8! :ole ( ! ,pr9cipia 0 ! pro(0 ( ! ,laws ( ,motion1 ?\gh ! ,review] ass]ts t x is4 ,fur!r1 by ! words ,i h italicis$1 ,newton implicitly describes ,galileo z hav+ ass]t$ ^! ,laws ( ,motion1 if n z gratuit\s hypo!ses 7:i* he says !y are n71 !n z a priori intuitions4 ,= a proposition :i* is confirm$ by #cjj exp]im5t1 & :i* is said to agree ) exp]i5ce1 mu/ h be5 ent]ta9$ be=e ! alleg$ v]ifications c\ld be rea*$4 ,& z be=e he made 8 exp]im5ts on fall+ bodies & projectiles1 ,galileo _h no facts s]v+ z an inductive basis = ! ,second ,law ( ,motion1 ! law c\ld n h be5 arriv$ at by induction4 ,let me end :at ,i h to say on ?is vex$ "q by add+ a fur!r reason to ^? ,i h already giv51 = say+ t physical axioms _c be e/abli%$ exp]im5tally4 ,! belief 9 _! exp]im5tal e/abli%m5t re/s on ! tacit assumption t exp]im5ts c be made1 & conclusions drawn f !m1 )\t any tru?s be+ po/ulat$4 ,x is =gott5 t !re is a f\ndation ( pre-conceptions )\t :i* ! p]ceptions & inf]5ces ( ! physici/ _c /&--pre-conceptions :i* are ! products ( simpl] exp]i5ces ?an ^? yield$ by consci\sly-made exp]im5ts4 ,pass+ ov] ! _m :i* d n imm$iately conc]n u1 ,i w "n only t :i* does1--! exact quantitative relation ( proportionality betwe5 cause & effect4 ,x is tak5 by ! *emi/ z a tru? ne$+ no pro(1 t if two volumes ( hydrog5 unite ) "o volume ( oxyg5 to =m a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 f\r volumes ( hydrog5 unit+ ) two volumes ( oxyg5 w =m d\ble ! quantity ( wat]4 ,if a cubic foot ( ice at #cb is liquefi$ by a specifi$ quantity ( heat1 x is tak5 to be unque/ionable t ?ree times ! quantity ( heat w liquefy ?ree cubic feet4 ,& simil>ly ) me*anical =ces1 ! unhesitat+ assumption is t if "o unit ( =ce act+ 9 a giv5 direction produces a c]ta9 result1 two units w produce twice ! result4 ,e process ( measurem5t 9 a physical exp]im5t takes ?is = grant$2 z we see 9 "o ( ! simple/ ( !m--! process ( weigh+4 ,if a measur$ quantity ( metal1 gravitat+ t[>ds ! ,e>?1 c\nt]balances a quantity ( "s o!r sub/ance1 ! tru? po/ulat$ 9 e act #cja ( weigh+ is1 t any multiple ( su* weight w c\nt]balance an equi-multiple ( su* sub/ance4 ,t is to say1 ea* unit ( =ce is assum$ to "w its equival5t ( effect 9 ! direction 9 :i* x acts4 ,n[ ?is is no?+ else ?an ! assumption :i* ! ,second ,law ( ,motion expresses 9 respect to effects ( ano!r k9d4 8,if any =ce g5]ates a motion1 a d\ble =ce w g5]ate a d\ble motion10 c41 c42 & :5 c>ri$ on to ! composition ( motions1 ! law is1 simil>ly1 ! ass]tion t any o!r =ce1 act+ 9 any o!r direction1 w simil>ly produce 9 t direction a proportionate motion4 ,s t ! law simply ass]ts ! exact equival5ce or proportionality ( causes & effects ( ?is p>ticul> class1 :ile all physical exp]im5ts assume ?is exact equival5ce or proportionality among causes & effects ( all classes4 ,h5ce1 ! proposal to prove ! ,laws ( ,motion exp]im5tally1 is ! proposal to make a wid] assumption = ! purpose ( ju/ify+ "o ( ! n>r[] assumptions includ$ 9 x4 ,r$uc$ to its briefe/ =m1 ! argum5t is ?is3--,if def9ite quantitative relations ( proportionality betwe5 causes & effects be assum$ a priori1 !n1 ! ,second ,law ( ,motion is an imm$iate coroll>y4 ,if !re are n def9ite quantitative relations ( proportionality betwe5 causes & effects1 all ! conclusions drawn f physical exp]im5ts are invalid4 ,& fur!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is a priori assumption ( equival5ce1 ! quantifi$ conclusion f any exp]im5t may be d5i$1 & any o!r quantification ( ! conclusion ass]t$4#db ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,entire miscon/ruction ( ! view express$ above1 #cjb hav+ be5 %[n by a new assailant1 :o ann\nc$ himself z also 8,a ,s5ior ,wrangl]10 ,mr4 ,james ,colli] my secret>y at t "t wrote on my behalf an explanatory lett]1 publi%$ 9 ,nature = ,may #ba1 #ahgd1 f :i* ! foll[+ passages are extracts3 8,! cue may be tak5 f an exp]i5ce describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7 #dfh1 note71 :]e x is %[n t :5 ) "o h& we pull ! o!r1 we h 9 ! feel+ ( t5sion produc$ 9 ! limb pull$1 a measure ( ! reaction t is equival5t to ! action ( ! o!r limb4 ,bo? t]ms ( ! relation ( cause & effect are 9 ?is case pres5t to consci\sness z muscul> t5sions1 :i* are our symbols ( =ces 9 g5]al4 ,:ile no motion is produc$ !y are felt to be equal1 s f> z ! s5sations c s]ve to measure equality2 & :5 excess ( t5sion is felt 9 ! "o arm1 motion is exp]i5c$ 9 ! o!r4 ,"h1 z 9 ! examples ab\t to be giv51 ! relation betwe5 cause & effect1 ?\gh num]ically indef9ite1 is def9ite 9 ! respect t e additional increm5t ( cause produces an additional increm5t ( effect2 & x is out ( ?is & simil> exp]i5ces t ! idea ( ! relation ( proportionality gr[s & becomes organic4 8,a *ild1 :5 bit+ 8 food1 discov]s t ! h>d] he bites ! deep] is ! ind5tation2 9 o!r words1 t ! m =ce appli$1 ! great] ! effect4 ,if he te>s an object ) 8 tee?1 he f9ds t ! m he pulls ! m ! ?+ yields4 ,let him press aga9/ some?+ s(t1 z 8 own p]son1 or 8 clo!s1 or a lump ( clay1 & he sees t ! "p or object press$ yields little or mu*1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! muscul> /ra94 ,he c b5d a /ick ! m completely ! m =ce he applies4 ,any ela/ic object1 z a piece ( india-rubb] or a catapult1 c be /ret*$ ! f>!r ! h>d] he pulls4 ,if he tries to pu% a small body1 !re is little resi/ance & x is easy to move2 b he f9ds t a #cjc big body pres5ts great] resi/ance & is h>d] to move4 ,! exp]i5ce is precisely simil> if he attempts to lift a big body & a little "o2 or if he raises a limb1 ) or )\t any object atta*$ to x4 ,he ?r[s a /one3 if x is light1 little ex]tion propels x a consid]able di/ance2 if v heavy1 great ex]tion only a %ort di/ance4 ,s1 also1 if he jumps1 a slight ef=t raises him to a %ort height1 a great] ef=t to a great] height4 ,by bl[+ ) 8 m\? he sees t he c move small objects1 or ! surface ( 8 morn+'s milk1 g5tly or viol5tly accord+ z ! bla/ is weak or /rong4 ,& x is ! same ) s\nds3 ) a slight /ra9 on ! vocal organs he produces a murmur2 ) great /ra9 he c raise a %\t4 8,! exp]i5ces ^! propositions record all implicate ! same consci\sness--! notion ( proportionality betwe5 =ce appli$ & result produc$2 & x is out ( ?is lat5t consci\sness t ! axiom ( ! p]fect quantitative equival5ce ( ! relations betwe5 cause & effect is evolv$4 ,to %[ h[ rigor\s1 h[ irrev]sible1 ?is consci\sness becomes1 take a boy & sugge/ to him ! foll[+ /atem5ts3--,c he n break a /r+ he has1 by pull+8 tell him to d\ble x1 & !n he w break x4 ,he _c b5d or break a p>ticul> /ick3 let him make less ef=t & he w succe$4 ,he is unable to raise a heavy weight3 tell him he errs by us+ too mu* =ce4 ,he c't pu% ov] a small *e/3 he w f9d x easi] to upset a l>g] "o4 ,by bl[+ h>d he _c move a giv5 object3 if he bl[s lightly1 he w move x4 ,by great ex]tion he _c make himself audible at a di/ance3 b he w make himself he>d ) less ex]tion at a great] di/ance4 ,tell him to d all or any ( ^!1 & ( c\rse he fails4 ,! propositions are un?9kable1 & _! un?9kabl5ess %[s t ! consci\sness :i* yields !m is irrev]sible4 ,^!1 !n1 are preconceptions1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* h #cjd gr[n unconsci\sly out ( ! e>lie/ exp]i5ces1 beg9n+ ) ^? ( ! suck+ infant1 :i* are p]petually confirm$ by fre% exp]i5ces1 & :i* h at la/ become organiz$ 9 ! m5tal /ructure4 99 99 99 99 99 8,mr4 ,sp5c]'s argum5t appe>s to be briefly ?is3--#a4 ,!re are numb]less exp]i5ces unconsci\sly acquir$ & unconsci\sly accumulat$ dur+ ! e>ly life ( ! individual 79 h>mony ) ! acquisitions ( all ance/ral individuals7 :i* yield ! preconception1 long antec$+ any?+ l consci\s physical exp]im5ts1 t physical causes & effects v>y toge!r quantitatively4 ,?is is ga9$ f all ord]s ( physical exp]i5ces1 & =ms a univ]sal preconception respect+ !m1 :i* ! physici/ or o!r man ( ,sci5ce br+s ) him to 8 exp]im5ts4 8#b4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] %[$ 9 ?ree cases--*emical1 physical1 & me*anical--t ?is preconception1 s br\ght1 0 tacitly involv$ 9 ! conception :i* ! exp]im5t] drew f ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts4 8#c4 ,hav+ indicat$ ?is univ]sal preconception1 & illu/rat$ its pres5ce 9 ^! special conceptions1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] goes on to say t x is involv$ also 9 ! special conception ( ! relation betwe5 =ce & motion1 z =mulat$ 9 ! #8,second ,law ( ,motion4' ,he ass]ts t ?is is simply "o case out ( ! numb]less cases 9 :i* all ^! consci\sly-reason$ conclusions re/ ^u ! unconsci\sly-=m$ conclusions t prec$e reason+4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] alleges t z x has become impossible = a boy to ?9k t by a small] ef=t he c jump high]1 & = a %opman to ?9k t small] weights w outbalance great] quantities1 & = ! physici/ to ?9k t he w get increas$ effects f dim9i%$ causes1 s x is impossible to ?9k t #8alt]ation ( motion' is n #8proportional to ! motive =ce impress$4' ,& he ma9ta9s t ?is is1 9 fact1 a #cje lat5t implication ( unconsci\sly-organiz$ exp]i5ces1 j z mu* z ^? :i* ! exp]im5t] necess>ily po/ulates40 99 99 99 99 99 ,to meet fur!r mis9t]pretations1 a second lett] 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,colli] & publi%$ 9 ,nature = ,june #d1 #ahgd4 ,! foll[+ are passages f x3 8,hav+ b limit$ space1 & assum+ t ! requisite qualifications w\ld be made by unbias$ read]s1 ,i pass$ ov] all ^? details ( ! *ild's exp]i5ces :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ 9 a full exposition4 ,( c\rse ,i 0 aw>e t 9 ! b5d+ ( a /ick ! visible effect does n increase 9 ! same ratio z ! =ce appli$2 & h>dly ne$$ ! #8,s5ior ,wrangl]' to tell me t ! resi/ance to a body mov+ ?r\gh a fluid increases 9 a high] ratio ?an ! velocity4 ,x 0 tak5 = grant$ t he1 & ^? :o ?9k ) him1 w\ld see t out ( all ^! exp]i5ces1 9 "s ( :i* ! causes & effects are simple1 & 9 o!rs ( :i* !y are complex1 !re gr[s ! consci\sness t ! proportionality is ! m di/9ct ! simpl] ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts4 ,?is is "p ( ! preconception :i* ! physici/ br+s ) him & acts ^u4 ,p]haps x is )9 ! #8,s5ior ,wrangl]'s' k ( physical exploration1 t :5 ! physici/ f9ds a result n be>+ t ratio to its assign$ cause :i* ! two 7 asc]ta9$ 9 o!r cases to h1 he imm$iately assumes ! pres5ce ( "s p]turb+ cause or causes1 :i* modify ! ratio4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no physical det]m9ation made by any exp]im5t] :i* does n assume1 z an a priori necessity1 t !re _c be a deviation f proportion )\t ! pres5ce ( su* additional cause4 8,return+ to ! g5]al issue1 p]haps ! #8,s5ior ,wrangl]' w pay "s respect to ! judgm5t ( "o #cjf :o 0 a ,s5ior ,wrangl] too1 & a great deal m--:o 0 di/+ui%$ n only z a ma!matician b z an a/ronom]1 a physici/1 & also z an inquir] into ! me?ods ( sci5ce3 ,i mean ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 he says3 8#8,:5 we w\ld lay d[n g5]al rules = guid+ & facilitat+ our se>*1 among a great mass ( assembl$ facts1 = _! common cause1 we mu/ h reg>d to ! *>act]s ( t relation :i* we int5d by cause & effect4' 8,( ^! #8*>act]s' he sets d[n ! ?ird & f\r? 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8#8,increase or dim9ution ( ! effect1 ) ! increas$ or dim9i%$ int5sity ( ! cause1 9 cases :i* admit ( increase & dim9ution4' 8#8,proportionality ( ! effect to its cause 9 all cases ( direct unimp$$ action4' 8,obs]ve t1 9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's view1 ^! are #8*>act]s' ( ! relation ( cause & effect to be accept$ z #8g5]al rules = guid+ & facilitat+ our se>*' among physical ph5om5a--tru?s t mu/ be tak5 = grant$ be=e ! se>*1 n tru?s d]iv$ f ! se>*4 ,cle>ly1 ! #8proportionality ( ! effect to its cause 9 all cases ( direct & unimp$$ action' is "h tak5 z a priori4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el w\ld1 !re=e1 h ass]t$1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t ! ,second ,law ( ,motion is a priori2 s9ce ?is is "o ( ! cases ( ! #8proportionality ( ! effect to its cause4' 8,& n[ let ! #8,s5ior ,wrangl]' d :at ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el has n done or ?\ght ( do+--prove ! proportionality ( cause & effect4 ,nei!r he1 nor any o!r ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s oppon5ts1 has made ! smalle/ attempt to deal ) ?is ma9 issue4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] alleges t ?is cognition ( proportionality is a priori3 n 9 ! old s5se1 b 9 ! s5se t x gr[s out ( exp]i5ces t prec$e reason+4 ,8 oppon5ts1 foll[+ ,pr(4 ,tait 9 ! ass]tion t ,physics is a purely exp]im5tal sci5ce1 conta9+1 !re=e1 no a priori tru?s1 affirm t ?is #cjg cognition is a po/]iori--a product ( consci\s induction4 ,let u he> :at are ! exp]im5ts4 ,x is requir$ to e/abli% ! tru? t !re is proportionality betwe5 causes & effects1 by a process :i* n[h]e assumes t if "o unit ( =ce produces a c]ta9 unit ( effect1 two units ( su* =ce w produce two units ( su* effect4 ,until ! #8,s5ior ,wrangl]' has done ?is he has left ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s position unt\*$40 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,aft] publication ( ! lett]s f :i* ! =ego+ are reproduc$1 !re appe>$ 9 ,nature c]ta9 rejo9d]s conta9+ misrepres5tations ev5 m extreme ?an ^? prec$+ !m4 ,!re result$ a direct correspond5ce ) two ( ! writ]s--,mr4 ,rob]t ,b4 ,hayw>d1 ( ,h>r[1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,m\lton1 my orig9al assailant1 ! au?or ( ! article 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,?is correspond5ce1 9 :i* ,i dem&$ f ^! g5tlem5 ! ju/ifications = _! /atem5ts1 =m$ "p ( ?is ,app5dix 9 its pamphlet =m1 z di/ribut$ among ^? :o are compet5t to judge ( ! que/ions at issue4 ,x is ne$less to give p]man5ce to ! replies & rejo9d]s4 ,! "* ( ,mr4 ,m\lton's allegations1 q congru\s ) ^? ,i h expos$ 9 ! 8,replies to ,criticisms10 may be inf]r$ f "o ( ! s5t5ces clos+ my reply--8,wond]ful to relate1 my inductive pro( t proportionality ( cause & effect is tak5 = grant$1 he cites z my inductive pro( ( proportionality itself60 ,! result ( ! int]*ange ( lett]s ) ,mr4 ,hayw>d1 0 to make x cle> t 8! ?+ ,i ass]t is n really disput$2 & ! ?+ disput$1 ,i h n[h]e ass]t$40 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! controv]sial "p ( ! correspond5ce may fitly disappe>1 #cjh ,i reta9 an expository "p embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] to ,mr4 ,hayw>d4 #ch1 ,que5's ,g>d5s1 ,bayswat]1 ,june #ba/1 #ahgd4 ,,sir1--,h]e) ,i s5d y a copy ( y\r lett] ) my int]pos$ comm5ts4 ,i ?9k ^? comm5ts w make x cle> to y t ,i h n committ$ myself to ?ree diff]5t def9itions ( our consci\sness ( ! ,second ,law ( ,motion4 ,z o!rs may /ill feel a difficulty su* z y seem to h felt1 9 und]/&+ t :i* famili>ity has made me reg>d z simple1 ,i w endeav\r1 by a syn!tic exposition1 to make cle> ! way 9 :i* ^! lat] & m complex products ( organiz$ exp]i5ces /& relat$ to e>li] & simpl] products4 ,to make ?is exposition easi] to foll[1 ,i w take fir/ our ,space-consci\sness & ! d]iv$ conceptions4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 ! ,space-consci\sness results f organiz$ motor1 tactual1 & visual exp]i5ces4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #cbf-cdf1 ,i h describ$ 9 detail :at ,i conceive to h be5 its g5esis4 ,su* ,space-consci\sness s g5]at$1 is "o possess$ 9 great] or less degree by all creatures ( any intellig5ce2 becom+ wid]1 & m def9ite1 accord+ to ! degree ( m5tal evolution :i* conv]se ) ! environm5t has produc$4 ,h[ deeply regi/]$ ! ext]nal relations h become 9 ! int]nal /ructure1 is %[n by ! facts t ! decapitat$ frog pu%es away ) "o or bo? legs ! scalpel appli$ to ! h9d "p ( its body1 & t ! *ick1 z soon z x has recov]$ f ! exhau/ion ( escap+ f ! egg1 p]=ms correctly-guid$ actions 7accompani$ by consci\sness ( di/ance & direction7 9 pick+ up gra9s4 ,asc5d+ at once to su* organiz$ & inh]it$ ,space-consci\sness z exi/s 9 ! *ild1 & :i* f mom5t to mom5t #cji x is mak+ m complete by its own exp]i5ces 7aid+ ! developm5t ( its n]v\s sy/em into ! f9i%$ type ( ! adult1 by ! same ex]cises :i* simil>ly aid ! developm5t ( its muscul> sy/em71 we h to obs]ve t1 along ) increas+ly-def9ite ideas ( di/ance & direction1 x ga9s unaw>es c]ta9 m special ideas ( geometrical relations4 ,take "o gr\p ( ^!4 ,e "t x spreads op5 its f+]s x sees increase ( ! angles betwe5 !m1 go+ along ) increase ( ! di/ances betwe5 ! f+]-tips4 ,9 op5+ wide ap>t its own legs1 & 9 see+ o!rs walk1 x has cont9ually be=e x ! relation betwe5 increase or decrease ( base 9 a triangle hav+ equal sides1 & increase or decrease ( ! angle includ$ by ^? sides4 ,! relation impress$ on x be+ simply t ( concomitant v>iation3 ,i d n speak ( any m def9ite relation1 :i*1 inde$1 is un?9kable by ! "y4 ,x does n obs]ve ^! facts 9 su* way z to be consci\s t x has obs]v$ !m2 b !y are s impress$ ^u x z to e/abli% a rigid association betwe5 c]ta9 m5tal /ates4 ,v>i\s ( its activities disclose space-relations ( ?is class m def9itely4 ,! draw+ ( a b[ exhibits !m 9 ano!r way & ) some:at great] precision2 & :51 in/ead ( ! ends ( a b[1 capable ( approa*+ "o ano!r1 ! po9ts ( atta*m5t are fix$ & ! /r+ ela/ic1 ! connexion betwe5 increas+ l5g? 9 ! sides ( an isosceles triangle & increas+ acut5ess ( ! includ$ angle1 is /ill m =c$ ^u ! att5tion2 ?\gh x /ill does n rise into a consci\s cognition4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by an 8unconsci\sly-=m$ preconception40 ,:51 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! *ild1 gr[+ into ! boy1 draws diagrams on pap]1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 draws isosceles triangles1 ! tru? t1 ! base be+ ! same1 ! angle at ! apex becomes m acute z ! sides l5g!n1 is /ill m def9itely display$ to him2 & :5 8 att5tion is drawn to ?is relation he f9ds t he #caj _c ?9k ( x z be+ o!rwise4 ,if he imag9es ! l5g?s ( ! sides to *ange1 he _c exclude ! consci\sness ( ! correlative *ange 9 ! angle2 & pres5tly1 :5 8 m5tal p[] is suffici5tly develop$1 he p]ceives t if he cont9ues to l5g!n ! sides 9 imag9ation1 ! l9es approa* p>allelism z ! angle approa*es z]o3 yield+ a conception ( ! relations ( p>allel l9es4 ,"h ! consci\sness has ris5 into ! /age ( def9ite conception4 ,b1 manife/ly1 ! def9ite conception s rea*$ is b a f9i%+ ( ! preconceptions previ\sly rea*$1 & w\ld h be5 impossible 9 _! abs5ce2 & ^! unconsci\sly-=m$ preconceptions w\ld simil>ly h be5 impossible 9 ! abs5ce ( ! /ill e>li] consci\snesses ( di/ance1 direction1 relative position1 embodi$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ,space4 ,! :ole evolution is "o2 ! arrival at ! di/9ct conception is ! gr[+ up to an ultimate def9it5ess & complexity2 & x c no m be rea*$ )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! e>li] /ages ( indef9ite consci\sness1 ?an ! adult bodily /ructure c be rea*$ )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! /ructures ( ! embryo1 ! infant1 & ! *ild4#dc ,?r\gh a p>allel evolution arises1 fir/ ! vague #caa consci\sness ( =ces z ex]t$ by self & surr\nd+ ?+s2 pres5tly1 "s discrim9ation 9 respect ( _! am\nts z relat$ to _! effects2 lat]1 an association =m$ unaw>es betwe5 greatness ( quantity 9 ! two1 & betwe5 smallness ( quantity 9 ! two2 lat] /ill1 a tacit assumption ( proportionality1 ?\gh )\t a di/9ct consci\sness t ! assumption has be5 made2 &1 f9ally1 a ris+ ( ?is assumption into def9ite recognition1 z a tru? necess>ily hold+ :]e ! =ces are simple4 ,?r\gh\t its life e creature has1 )9 ! actions ( its mov+ p>ts1 =ces & motions con=m+ to ! ,laws ( ,motion4 #cab ,if x has a n]v\s sy/em1 ! diff]5ces among ! muscul> t5sions & ! movem5ts initiat$1 regi/] !mselves 9 a vague way 9 t n]v\s sy/em4 ,z ! n]v\s sy/em develops1 along ) m develop$ limbs1 !re are at once m num]\s diff]5t exp]i5ces 4 4 4 ( mom5tum g5]at$1 ( connect$ actions & reactions 7z :5 an animal te>s ! food :i* x holds ) its paws72 &1 at ! same "t1 !re are1 9 its m develop$ n]v\s sy/em1 increas$ p[]s ( appreciat+ & regi/]+ ^! diff]5ces4 ,all ! result+ connexions 9 consci\sness1 ?\gh unkn[+ly =m$ & unkn[+ly ent]ta9$1 are ev] pres5t z guides to action3 witness ! proportion betwe5 ! ef=t an animal makes & ! di/ance x means to spr+2 or witness ! delicate adju/m5ts ( muscul> /ra9s to *anges ( motion1 made by a swall[ cat*+ flies or a hawk swoop+ on its qu>ry4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ^! exp]i5ces1 organiz$ dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( m5tal evolution1 =m a body ( consci\snesses1 n =mulat$ into cognitions1 nor pres5t ev5 z preconceptions1 b nev]!less pres5t z a mass ( associations 9 :i* ! tru?s ( relation betwe5 =ce & motion are pot5tially pres5t4 ,on asc5d+ to human be+s ( ! uncultur$ sort1 we rea* a /age at :i* "s nasc5t g5]alization ( ^! exp]i5ces occur4 ,! savage has n express$ to himself ! tru? t if he wants to propel 8 spe> fur!r he mu/ use m =ce2 nor does ! ru/ic put into a di/9ct ?\ght ! tru? t to raise d\ble ! weight he mu/ put =? twice ! ef=t2 b 9 ea* !re is a tacit assumption to ?is effect1 z becomes manife/ on call+ x 9 "q4 ,s t1 9 respect ( ^! & o!r simple me*anical actions1 !re exi/ unconsci\sly-=m$ preconceptions4 ,& j z ! geometrical tru?s pres5t$ 9 a rude way by ! relations among surr\nd+ objects1 are n ov]tly recogniz$ until !re is "s famili>ity ) /raight l9es1 & diagrams made ( !m2 #cac s1 until l9e> measures1 long us$1 h l$ to ! equal-arm$ lev]1 or scales1 & ?us to ! notion ( equal units ( =ce1 ?is me*anical preconception _c rise into def9it5ess4 ,nor aft] x has ris5 into def9it5ess does x = a long "t rea* ! =m ( a consci\sly-held cognition2 = nei!r ! village huxt] nor ! m cultivat$ druggi/ 9 ! t[n1 recognizes ! g5]al ab/ract tru? t1 :5 un9t]f]$ )1 equi-multiples ( causes & _! effects are necess>ily connect$4 ,b n[ obs]ve t ?is tru?1 act$ ^u ) m or less di/9ct consci\sness ( x by ! man ( sci5ce1 & p]fect$ by him ?r\gh analysis & ab/raction1 is ?us p]fect$ only z ! la/ /ep 9 its evolution4 ,?is def9ite cognition is b ! f9i%$ =m ( a consci\sness long 9 prep>ation--a consci\sness ! body ( :i* is pres5t 9 ! brute1 takes "s %ape 9 ! primitive man1 rea*es great] def9it5ess 9 ! semi-civiliz$1 becomes aft]w>ds an assumption di/9ct ?\gh n =mulat$1 & takes its f9al developm5t only z x rises into a consci\sly-accept$ axiom4 ,j z !re is a cont9u\s evolution ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 s is !re a cont9u\s evolution ( ! consci\sness accompany+ its action4 ,j z ! "o gr[s 9 volume1 complexity1 & def9it5ess1 s does ! o!r4 ,& j z necess>y z ! e>li] /ages are to ! lat] 9 ! "o case1 are !y 9 ! o!r4 ,to suppose t ! f9i%$ conceptions ( sci5ce c exi/ )\t ! unf9i%$ common k :i* prec$es !m1 or ?is )\t /ill e>li] m5tal acquisitions1 is ! same ?+ z to suppose t we c h ! correct judgm5ts ( ! adult )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! crude judgm5ts ( ! y\?1 ! n>r[1 incoh]5t ones ( ! *ild1 & ! vague1 feeble ones ( ! infant4 ,s f> is x f be+ true t ! view ( physical axioms held by me1 is "o :i* bases cognitions on "s o!r s\rce ?an exp]i5ce1 x ass]ts exp]i5ce to be ! only possible s\rce ( ^!1 z ( o!r cognitions2 b x ass]ts1 fur!r1 t #cad n simply is ! consci\sly-acquir$ exp]i5ce ( pres5t actions ne$ful1 b t = ! v possibility ( ga9+ ?is we are indebt$ to ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( all pa/ actions4 ,n ,i1 b my antagoni/s1 are really *>geable ) accept+ ! anci5t a priori view2 s9ce1 )\t any explanation ( !m or ju/ification ( !m1 !y posit z unque/ionable ! assumptions und]ly+ e exp]im5t & ! conclusion drawn f x4 ,! belief 9 physical causation1 assum$ f mom5t to mom5t z necess>y 9 e exp]im5t & 9 all reason+ f x1 is a belief :i*1 if n ju/ifi$ by ! hypo!sis above set =?1 is tacitly ass]t$ z an a priori belief4 ,contr>iwise1 my own position is "o :i* affiliates all su* beliefs ^u exp]i5ces acquir$ dur+ ! :ole pa/2 :i* alleges ^? exp]i5ces z ! only w>rant = !m2 :i* ass]ts t dur+ ! conv]se betwe5 ! m9d & its environm5t1 necess>y connexions 9 ,?\ght1 su* z ^? conc]n+ ,space1 h result$ f inf9ite exp]i5ces ( correspond+ necess>y connexions 9 ,?+s2 & t1 simil>ly1 out ( p]petual conv]se ) ! ,=ces manife/$ to u 9 ,space1 !re has be5 a progressive e/abli%m5t ( int]nal relations answ]+ to ext]nal relations1 9 su* wise t !re f9ally em]ge z physical axioms1 c]ta9 necessities ( ,?\ght :i* answ] to necessities 9 ,?+s4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble ( mak+ my comm5ts on y\r lett]1 & ( writ+ ?is fur!r exposition1 ) a view to _! ult]ior use4 ,i am1 c41 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,results4 ,^? :o d5y a g5]al doctr9e enunciat$ by ,may] z ! basis ( 8 reason+s1 habitually assum$ by ,f>aday #cae z a guid+ pr9ciple 9 draw+ 8 conclusions1 di/9ctly held by ,helmholtz1 & tacitly impli$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--^?1 ,i say1 :o d5y ?is g5]al doctr9e & ev5 d]ide x1 %\ld be prep>$ ) cle> & /rong reasons = do+ ?is4 ,hav+ be5 attack$1 n 9 ! mo/ temp]ate mann]1 = enunciat+ ?is doctr9e & its necess>y implications 9 a specific =m1 ,i h dem&$ su* reasons4 ,obs]ve ! responses to ! dem&4 #a4 ,! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review] quot$ = my in/ruction ! dictum ( ,pr(essor ,tait1 t 8,natural ,philosophy is an exp]im5tal1 & n an intuitive sci5ce4 ,no priori reason+ c conduct u demon/ratively to a s+le physical tru?40 ,!reupon ,i inquir$ :at ,pr(essor ,tait meant 8by speak+ ( #8physical axioms1' & by say+ t ! cultur$ are enabl$ #8to see at once _! necess>y tru?8'0 4 4 4 ,no reply4 #b4 ,in/ead ( an answ] to ! "q1 h[ ?is intuition ( necessity c be alleg$ by ,pr(essor ,tait consi/5tly ) 8 o!r doctr9e1 ! ,review] quotes1 z ?\gh x dispos$ ( my "q1 ,pr(essor ,tait's /atem5t t 8z ! prop]ties ( matt] might h be5 su* z to r5d] a totally diff]5t set ( laws axiomatic1 ^! laws ( motion mu/ be consid]$ z re/+ on convictions drawn f obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & n on intuitive p]ception40 ,:]eupon ,i inquir$ h[ ,pr(essor ,tait kn[s t 8! prop]ties ( matt] might h be50 o!r #caf ?an !y are4 ,i ask$ h[ x happ5$ t 8 intuition conc]n+ ?+s z !y are n1 is s c]ta9 t1 by inf]5ce f x1 he discr$its our intuitions conc]n+ ?+s z !y are 4 4 4 ,no reply3 ,pr(essor ,tait told1 propos ( my "q1 a /ory ( :i* no "o c\ld discov] ! application2 b1 o!rwise1 decl9$ to answ]4 ,nor 0 any answ] giv5 by 8 disciple4 #c4 ,fur!r1 ,i ask$ h[ x happ5$ t ,pr(essor ,tait accept$ z bases = ,physics1 ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion2 :i* 7 illu/rat$ b n prov$ by ,newton1 & ( :i* no pro(s are suppli$ by ,pr(essor ,tait1 9 ! ,treatise on ,natural ,philosophy4 ,i w5t on to exam9e :at conceivable a po/]iori w>rant !re c be if !re is no w>rant a priori2 & ,i po9t$ out t nei!r f t]re/rial nor f cele/ial ph5om5a c ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion be d$uc$ )\t a petitio pr9cipii 4 4 4 ,no reply3 ! ,review] *>act]iz$ my reason+ z 8utt]ly errone\s0 7!re9 diff]+ entirely f two #cag em95t au?orities :o read x 9 pro(72 b beyond s *>act]iz+ x he said no?+4 #d4 ,to my ass]tion t ,newton gave no pro( ( ! ,laws ( ,motion1 ! ,review] rejo9$ t 8! :ole ( ! ,pr9cipia 0 ! pro(40 ,on :i* my comm5t 0 t ,newton call$ !m 8axioms10 & t axioms are n commonly suppos$ to be prov$ by d$uctions f !m 4 4 4 ,! ,review] quotes f "o ( ,newton's lett]s a passage %[+ t ?\gh he call$ ! ,laws ( ,motion 8axioms10 he reg>d$ !m z pr9ciples 8made g5]al by induction20 & t !re=e he c\ld n h reg>d$ !m z a priori4 #e4 ,9 rejo9d]1 ,i po9t$ out t :atev] conception ,newton may h _h ( ^! 8axioms10 he explicitly & di/9ctly exclud$ !m f ! class ( 8hypo!ses40 ,h5ce ,i inf]r$ t he did n reg>d ! :ole ( ! #cah ,pr9cipia z ! pro(1 :i* ! ,review] says x is2 s9ce an assumption made at ! outset1 to be aft]w>ds ju/ifi$ by ! results ( assum+ x1 is an 8hypo!sis0 4 4 4 ,no reply4 #f4 ,au?ority aside1 ,i exam9$ on its m]its ! ass]tion t ! ,laws ( ,motion are1 or c be1 prov$ true by ! asc]ta9$ tru? ( a/ronomical pr$ictions2 & %[$ t ! process ( v]ification itself assum$ ^? ,laws4 ,no reply4 #g4 ,to make /ill cle>] ! fact t ultimate physical tru?s are1 & mu/ be1 accept$ z a priori1 ,i po9t$ out t 9 e exp]im5t ! physici/ tacitly assumes a relation betwe5 cause & effect1 su* t1 if "o unit ( cause produces its unit ( effect1 two units ( ! cause w produce two units ( ! effect2 & ,i argu$ t ?is g5]al assumption includ$ ! special assumption ass]t$ 9 ! ,second ,law ( ,motion4 4 4 4 ,no reply3 t is to say1 no endeav\r to %[ ! untru? ( ?is /atem5t1 b a quibble bas$ on my omission ( ! ^w 8proportionality0 9 places :]e x 0 impli$1 ?\gh n /at$4 #h4 ,att5tion 0 drawn to a passage #cai f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 9 :i* ! 8proportionality ( ! effect to its cause 9 all cases ( direct unimp$$ action0 is includ$ by him among 8! *>act]s ( t relation :i* we int5d by cause & effect20 & 9 :i* ?is assumption ( proportionality is set d[n z "o prec$+ physical exploration1 & n z "o to be e/abli%$ by x 4 4 4 ,no reply4 #i4 ,la/ly1 a *all5ge to prove ?is proportionality4 8,x is requir$ to e/abli% ! tru? t !re is proportionality betwe5 causes & effects1 by a process :i* n[h]e assumes t if "o unit ( =ce produces a c]ta9 unit ( effect1 two units ( su* =ce w produce two units ( su* effect40 4 4 4 ,no reply4 ,?us on all ^! ess5tial po9ts my ?ree ma!matical oppon5ts all[ judgm5t to g aga9/ !m by default4 ,! att5tion ( read]s has be5 drawn (f f ! ma9 issues by ! discussion ( side issues4 ,fundam5tal que/ions h be5 evad$1 & new que/ions ( subord9ate k9ds rais$4 ,:at is ! implication8 ,"o :o is able to rea* & to c>ry ! c5tral position ( 8 antagoni/1 does n sp5d 8 /r5g? on small outpo/s4 ,if he decl9es to assault ! /ronghold1 x mu/ be because he sees x to be impregnable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! tr\ble ,i h ?us tak5 to meet criticisms & dissipate misappreh5sions1 ,i h tak5 because ! attack #cbj made on ! special doctr9e def5d$1 is "p ( an attack on ! ultimate doctr9e und]ly+ ! d$uctive "p ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples--! doctr9e t ! quantity ( exi/5ce is un*angeable4 ,i agree ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton t our consci\sness ( ! necessity ( causation1 results f ! impossibility ( conceiv+ ! totality ( ,be+ to increase or decrease4 ,! proportionality ( cause & effect is an implication3 d5ial ( x involves ! ass]tion t "s quantity ( cause has disappe>$ )\t effect1 or "s quantity ( effect has aris5 )\t cause4 ,i h ass]t$ ! a priori "* ( ! ,second ,law ( ,motion1 "u ! ab/ract =m 9 :i* x is express$1 simply because ?is1 too1 is an implication1 some:at m remote1 ( ! same ultimate tru?4 ,& my sole reason = insi/+ on ! validity ( ^! intuitions1 is t1 on ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution1 absolute uni=mities 9 ?+s h produc$ absolute uni=mities 9 ?\ghts2 & t necess>y ?\ghts repres5t inf9itely-l>g] accumulations ( exp]i5ces ?an are =m$ by ! obs]vations1 exp]im5ts1 & reason+s ( any s+le life4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,replies ,,to ,,criticisms4 #bd ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,second ,edition1 #dbe1 note4 #be ,le ,s5tim5t ,religieux1 p> ,a4 ,grotz4 ,p>is1 ,j4 ,*]buliez1 #ahgj4 #bf ,in/ead ( describ+ me z misund]/&+ ,kant on ?is po9t1 ,dr4 ,hodgson %\ld h describ$ ,kant z hav+1 9 successive s5t5ces1 s *ang$ ! mean+s ( ! words he uses1 z to make ei!r int]pretation possible4 ,at ! outset ( 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 he says3--8,! effect ( an object ^u ! faculty ( repres5tation1 s f> z we are affect$ by ! said object1 is s5sation4 ,t sort ( intuition :i* relates to an object by means ( s5sation1 is call$ an empirical intuition4 ,! undet]m9$ object ( an empirical intuition1 is call$ phnom5on4 ,t :i* 9 ! phnom5on corresponds to ! s5sation1 ,i t]m its matt]20 "h1 rememb]+ ! def9ition j giv5 ( ph5om5on1 objective exi/5ce is manife/ly ref]r$ to 8b t :i* effects t ! cont5t ( ! phnom5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1 ,i call its =m0 s t =m1 z "h appli$1 ref]s to objective exi/5ce4 8,b t 9 :i* our s5sations are m]ely arrang$1 & by :i* !y are susceptible ( assum+ a c]ta9 =m1 _c be itself s5sation40 ,9 :i* s5t5ce ! ^w =m obvi\sly ref]s to subjective exi/5ce4 ,at ! outset1 ! #8ph5om5on' & ! #8s5sation' are di/+ui%$ z objective & subjective respectively2 & !n1 9 ! clos+ s5t5ces1 ! =m is spok5 ( 9 connexion fir/ ) ! "o & !n ) ! o!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! same4 #bg ,see ,fras]'s ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahgc4 #bh ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #bf4 #bi ,ibid4 #gf 7#a/ ed47 #cj ,comp>e ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #hh1 #ie1 #cia1 #dja1 #djf4 #ca ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #ci-de4 #cb ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 "p vii4 #cc ,social ,/atics1 *ap4 iii4 #cd ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #eca4 #ce ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #cd4 #cf ,only aft] ! =ego+ p>agraphs 7 writt51 did ! rem>k ( a di/+ui%$ fri5d %[ me h[ c]ta9 words 7 miscon/ru$ by ! review] 9 a way t _h nev] occurr$ to me z possible4 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ,i h said t s\nd-waves 8f9ally die away 9 g5]at+ !rmal undulations t radiate into space20 mean+1 ( c\rse1 t ! =ce embodi$ 9 ! s\nd-waves is f9ally exhau/$ 9 g5]at+ !rmal undulations4 ,9 common spee*1 ! dy+-away ( a prolong$ s\nd1 z t ( a *ur*-bell1 includes its gradual dim9ution z well z its f9al cessation4 ,b r ?an suppose ,i gave to ! words ?is ord9>y mean+1 ! review] supposes me to believe1 n simply t ! longitud9al waves ( air c pass1 )\t discont9uity1 into ! transv]se waves ( e!r1 b he also debits me ) ! belief t ! "o ord] ( waves1 hav+ l5g?s measurable 9 feet1 & rates express$ 9 hundr$s p] second1 c1 by m]e enfeeblem5t1 pass into ! o!r ord] ( waves1 hav+ l5g?s ( "s fifty ?\s& to ! in*1 & rates express$ 9 _m billions p] second6 ,:y he pref]r$ s to int]pret my words1 & t1 too1 9 ! face ( contr>y implications else:]e 7in/ance #ajj71 w1 h[ev]1 be manife/ to e "o :o reads 8 criticisms4 #cg ,o!r examples ( ^! am5ities ( controv]sy1 9 :i* ,i decl9e to imitate my review]1 h already be5 giv54 ,:at occasions he supplies me = imitation1 7 ,i m9d$ to take advantage ( !m1 an in/ance w %[4 ,po9t+ out an implication ( c]ta9 reason+s ( m9e1 he sugge/s t x is too absurd ev5 = me to av[ explicitly2 say+3--8,we sc>cely ?9k t ev5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] w v5ture to claim z a datum ( consci\sness ! ,second ,law ( ,motion1 ) its att5dant complexities ( compon5t velocities1 c40 ,n[ any "o :o turns to ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 w f9d t to ! enunciation ( ! ,second ,law ( ,motion1 no?+ :atev] is app5d$ b an amplifi$ re-/atem5t--!re is n ev5 an illu/ration1 mu* less a pro(4 ,& f ?is law1 ?is axiom1 ?is imm$iate intuition or 8datum ( consci\sness10 ,newton proce$s =?) to draw ^? coroll>ies respect+ ! composition ( =ces :i* und]lie all dynamics4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ?\ght ( ,newton1 :o explicitly assumes t :i* ! review] ?9ks x absurd to assume implicitly8 #ch ,t ,i am c]ta9ly n s+ul> 9 ?is view1 is %[n to me1 ev5 :ile ,i write1 by ! j-issu$ "w ( ,pr(4 ,jevons on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce3 a ,treatise on ,logic & ,sci5tific ,me?od4 ,9 vol4 ii41 p4 #ada1 ,pr(4 ,jevons rem>ks respect+ ! law ( v>iation ( ! attractive =ce1 t x 8is d\btless connect$ at ?is po9t ) ! prim>y prop]ties ( space itself1 & is s f> con=mable to our necess>y ideas40 #ci ,see ,essay on 8,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july1 #ahed1 p4 #abg4 #dj ,i d n say ?is at r&om4 ,! review]1 :o has s\ght r to make kn[n ?an to conceal 8 id5tity1 took 8 degree 9 #ahfh4 #da ,x is true t 9 ,newton's "t1 8axiom0 _h n ! same rigor\sly def9$ mean+ z n[2 b x suffices = my argum5t t1 /&+ unprov$ z a basis = physical d$uctions1 x be>s j ! same relation to !m t a ma!matical axiom does to ma!matical d$uctions4 #db ,! above lett]1 writt5 aft] abs5ce at ,ea/] _h involv$ a week's delay1 & writt5 some:at hurri$ly to prev5t ! delay ( a second week1 0 less c>efully revis$ ?an x %\ld h be54 ,! words 9 squ>e brackets1 obvi\sly impli$ by ! reason+1 & specifically impli$ by ! illu/rations1 7 n 9 ! lett] z orig9ally publi%$4 #dc ,"h1 9 expla9+ ! g5esis ( special space-intuitions1 ,i h s+l$ out a gr\p ( exp]i5ces :i*1 9 ,nature1 ,may #bh1 ,mr4 ,hayw>d _h *os5 z illu/rat+ ! absurdity ( suppos+ t ! sci5tific conception ( proportionality c\ld be rea*$ z alleg$4 ,he said3 8,x is h>dly a p>ody ( ,mr4 ,colli]'s rem>ks to say3--#8,a *ild discov]s t ! great] ! angle betwe5 8 legs ! great] ! di/ance betwe5 8 feet1 an exp]i5ce :i* implicates ! notion ( proportionality betwe5 ! angle ( a triangle & its opposite side2' a preconception1 z x appe>s to me1 ) j z good a basis z t ^: =mation ,mr4 ,colli] illu/rates1 b "o :i*1 z ,i ne$ h>dly add1 is soon correct$ by a consci\s /udy ( geometry or by actual measurem5t40 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,hayw>d = giv+ ?is in/ance4 ,x conv5i5tly s]ves two purposes4 ,x s]ves to exemplify ! connexion betwe5 ! crude preconceptions unconsci\sly =m$ by e>li] exp]i5ces1 & ! conceptions consci\sly evolv$ out ( !m by ! help ( lat] exp]i5ces1 :5 ! requisite p[]s ( analysis & ab/raction h be5 rea*$4 ,& at ! same "t x s]ves to %[ ! failure ( my oppon5ts to und]/& h[1 9 ! g5esis ( intellig5ce1 ! sci5tific conception ( exact proportionality develops f ! crude1 vague1 & inaccurate preconception4 ,= :ile ! notion ( proportionality acquir$ by ! *ild 9 ,mr4 ,hayw>d's example1 is n true1 x is an approximation t[>ds "o :i* is true1 & "o :i* is rea*$ :5 its m develop$ intellig5ce is br\ght critically to be> on ! facts4 ,ev5tually x is discov]$ t ! angle is n proportional to ! subt5d+ side1 b to ! subt5d+ arc2 & ?is is discov]$ 9 ! process ( dis5tangl+ a simple relation f o!r relations :i* complicate & disguise x4 ,betwe5 ! angle & ! arc !re is exact proportionality1 = ! reason t only "o set ( directly-connect$ space-relations are conc]n$3 ! di/ance ( ! subt5d+ arc f ! subt5d$ angle1 rema9s con/ant--!re is no *ange 9 ! relation betwe5 ! increas+ angle & ! increas+ arc2 & !re=e ! two v>y toge!r 9 direct proportion4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! subt5d+ side4 ,! p>ts ( ?is /& 9 diff]5t relations ( di/ance f ! subt5d$ angle2 & z ! l9e is l5g!n$1 ea* add$ "p diff]s f ! prec$+ p>ts 9 its di/ance f ! angle4 ,t is to say1 "o set ( simple directly-connect$ geometrical relations1 is "h involv$ ) ano!r set2 & ! relation betwe5 ! side & ! angle is su* t ! law ( relative increase involves ! co-op]ation ( two sets ( factors4 ,n[ ! di/+ui%+ ! true proportionality 7betwe5 ! angle & ! arc7 f ! relation :i* simulates proportionality 7betwe5 ! angle & ! side7 is j t process ( f9al developm5t ( exact conceptions1 :i* ,i ass]t to be ! f9i%+ /ep ( all ! prec$+ developm5t2 & to be impossible 9 its abs5ce4 ,& ! tru? to :i* my assailants %ut _! eyes1 is t1 j z among ^! conceptions ( space-relations1 ! conception ( exact proportionality c be rea*$ only by evolution f ! crude notion ( proportionality1 =m$ be=e reason+ beg9s2 s1 among ! =ce-relations1 ! conception ( proportionality f9ally rea*$1 :5 simple causes & _! effects are dis5tangl$ by analytical intellig5ce1 c be rea*$ only by evolution ( ! crude notion ( proportionality1 e/abli%$ z a preconception by e>ly exp]i5ces :i* re9=ce ance/ral exp]i5ces4 #cba ,,pr(4 ,,gre5',s ,,explanations4 ,f ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,feb4 #ahha4 ,x w\ld n h occurr$ to me to reproduce ?is essay1 _h x n be5 t !re has lately be5 a reproduction ( ! essay to :i* x replies4 ,b z ,mr4 ,nettle%ip1 9 8 editorial capacity1 has giv5 a p]man5t %ape to ,pr(essor ,gre5's unscrupul\s criticism1 ,i am oblig$ to give a p]man5t %ape to ! pages :i* %[ its unscrupul\sness4 ,dre>y at be/1 metaphysical controv]sy becomes especially dre>y :5 x runs into rejo9d]s & re-rejo9d]s2 & h5ce ,i feel "s hesitation 9 inflict+1 ev5 ^u ^? read]s ( ! ,contempor>y :o are int]e/$ 9 metaphysical que/ions1 any?+ fur!r conc]n+ ,pr(4 ,gre5's criticism1 ,mr4 ,hodgson's reply to x1 & ,pr(4 ,gre5's explanations4 ,/ill1 x appe>s to me t ,i c n[ h>dly let ! matt] pass )\t say+ some?+ 9 ju/ification ( ! views attack$ by ,pr(4 ,gre52 or1 r1 9 dispro( ( ! allegations he makes aga9/ !m4 ,i did n1 :5 ,pr(4 ,gre5's two articles appe>$1 ?9k x ne$ful to notice !m3 my wi% to avoid h9drance to my "w1 be+ support$ p>tly by ! ?\ght t v few w\ld read a discussion s difficult to foll[1 & p>tly by ! ?\ght t1 ( ! few :o did read x1 mo/ w\ld be ^? ^: k ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology enabl$ !m to see h[ unlike ! argum5t #cbb ,i h us$ is ! repres5tation ( x giv5 by ,pr(4 ,gre51 & h[ inapplicable 8 animadv]sions !re=e are4 ,?is la/ belief 01 ,i f9d1 q errone\s2 & ,i ought to h kn[n bett] ?an to =m x4 ,exp]i5ce might h %[n me t read]s habitually assume a critic's v]sion ( an au?or's /atem5t to be ! true v]sion1 & t !y r>ely take ! tr\ble to see :e!r ! mean+ ascrib$ to a deta*$ passage is ! mean+ :i* x be>s :5 tak5 ) ! context4 ,moreov]1 ,i %\ld h rememb]$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( dispro(s x is habitually assum$ t criticisms are valid2 & t inability r ?an pre-occupation prev5ts ! au?or f reply+4 ,i ought n1 !re=e1 to h be5 surpris$ to le>n1 z ,i did f ! fir/ p>agraph ( ,mr4 ,hodgson's article1 t ,pr(4 ,gre5's criticisms _h met ) consid]able acceptance4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,hodgson = und]tak+ ! def5ce ( my views2 & aft] read+ ,pr(4 ,gre5's rejo9d]1 x seems to me t ,mr4 ,hodgson's *ief allegations rema9 out/&+4 ,i _c "h1 ( c\rse1 foll[ ! controv]sy po9t by po9t4 ,i propose to deal simply ) ! ma9 issues4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! close ( 8 answ]1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 ref]s to 8two o!r misappreh5sions ( a m g5]al nature1 :i* he ,mr4 ,hodgson alleges aga9/ me at ! outset ( 8 article40 ,n admitt+ ^!1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 po/pones replies = ! pres5t2 ?\gh by :at replies he c %[ 8 appreh5sions to be true ones1 ,i d n see4 ,fur!r misappreh5sions ( a g5]al nature1 :i* /& z prelim9>ies to 8 criticisms1 may "h be in/anc$1 z s]v+1 ,i ?9k1 to %[ t ^? criticisms are misdirect$4 ,f ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology ,pr(4 ,gre5 quotes ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 8,! relation betwe5 ^!1 z anti!tically oppos$ divisions ( ! #cbc entire assemblage ( manife/ations ( ! ,unkn[able1 0 our datum4 ,! fabric ( conclusions built ^u x mu/ be un/able if ?is datum c be prov$ ei!r untrue or d\btful4 ,%\ld ! ideali/ be "r1 ! doctr9e ( evolution is a dream40 ,& on ^! s5t5ces he comm5ts ?us3 8,to ^? :o h humbly accept$ ! doctr9e ( evolution z a valuable =mulation ( our k ( animal life1 b at ! same "t ?9k ( !mselves z #8ideali/s1' ?is /atem5t may at fir/ cause "s uneas9ess4 ,on exam9ation1 h[ev]1 !y w f9d 9 ! fir/ place t :5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 su* a connection speaks ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 he is ?9k+ *iefly ( its application to ! explanation ( k--an application at lea/ n necess>ily admitt$ 9 ! acceptance ( x z a !ory ( animal life40#dd ,f :i* x appe>s t ,pr(4 ,gre5's conception ( ,evolution is t popul> conception 9 :i* x is id5tifi$ ) t set =? 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,t my conception ( ,evolution1 ref]r$ to 9 ! passage he quotes1 is a widely diff]5t "o1 w\ld h be5 p]ceiv$ by him _h he ref]r$ to ! exposition ( x conta9$ 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,my mean+ 9 ! passage he quotes is1 t s9ce ,evolution1 z ,i conceive x1 is1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! result ( t univ]sal r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion :i* is1 & ev] has be51 go+ on2 & s9ce1 dur+ ^? phases ( x :i* are di/+ui%able z a/ronomic & geologic1 ! implication is t no life1 /ill less consci\sness 7"u any su* =m z is kn[n to u71 exi/$2 !re is necess>ily impli$ by ! !ory ( ,evolution1 a mode ( ,be+ indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to1 ! mode ( ,be+ we n[ call consci\sness4 ,& ,i impli$ t1 consequ5tly1 ?is !ory mu/ be a dream1 if ei!r ideas are ! only exi/5ces1 or if1 z ,pr(4 ,gre5 appe>s to ?9k1 ! object exi/s only by correlation ) ! subject4 ,h[ necess>y is ?is m g5]al view z a basis = my psy*ological view1 & h[ errone\s is a criticism :i* ignores x1 w be se5 on obs]v+ t by ignor+ x1 ,i am made to appe> pr(\ndly inconsi/5t :]e #cbd o!rwise !re is no inconsi/5cy4 ,pr(4 ,gre5 says t my doctr9e 8ascribes to ! object1 :i* 9 tru? is no?+ )\t ! subject1 an indep5d5t reality1 & !n supposes x gradually to produce c]ta9 qualities 9 ! subject1 ( :i* ! exi/5ce is 9 tru? necess>y to ! possibility ( ^? qualities 9 ! object :i* are suppos$ to produce !m40#de ,on :i* my comm5t is t1 ascrib+1 z ,i d1 8an indep5d5t reality0 to ! object1 & d5y+ t ! object is 8no?+ )\t ! subject10 my doctr9e1 ?\gh :olly inconsi/5t ) t ( ,pr(essor ,gre51 is :olly consi/5t ) itself4 ,_h he rightly conceiv$ ! doctr9e ( ,transfigur$ ,realism 7,pr94 ( ,psy4 #dgc71 ,pr(4 ,gre5 w\ld h se5 t :ile ,i hold t ! qualities ( object & subject1 z pres5t to consci\sness1 be+ resultants ( ! co-op]ation ( object & subject1 exi/ only ?r\gh _! co-op]ation1 &1 9 common ) all resultants1 mu/ be unlike _! factors2 yet t !re pre-exi/ ^? factors1 & t )\t !m no resultants c exi/4 ,equally fundam5tal is ano!r prelim9>y misconception :i* ,pr(4 ,gre5 exhibits4 ,he says 8,we %\ld be sorry to believe t ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,lewes reg>d ! relation betwe5 consci\sness & ! _w z correspond+ to t betwe5 two bodies1 ( :i* "o is inside ! o!r2 b ap>t f "s su* crude imag9ation x does n appe>1 c40 ,n[ s9ce ,i delib]ately accept1 & h exp\nd$ at great l5g?1 ?is view :i* ,pr(essor ,gre5 does n ascribe to me1 because he w\ld be 8sorry to believe0 ,i ent]ta9 su* a 8crude imag9ation0--s9ce ?is view is ev]y:]e posit$ by ! doctr9e ( ,psy*ological ,evolution z ,i h set x =?2 ,i am a/oni%$ at f9d+ x suppos$ t ,i hold "s o!r view4 ,consid]+ t ,p>ts ,,ii4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology are occupi$ ) trac+ out m5tal ,evolution z a result ( conv]se betwe5 organism & environm5t2 & #cbe consid]+ t ?r\gh\t ,"p ,v4 ! int]pretations1 analytical in/ead ( syn!tical1 pre-suppose f mom5t to mom5t a surr\nd+ _w & an includ$ organism2 ,i _c imag9e a /rang] assumption ?an t ,i d n believe ! relation%ip betwe5 consci\sness & ! _w to be t ( inclusion ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,i am aw>e t ,pr(4 ,gre5 does n reg>d me z a coh]5t ?9k]2 b ,i sc>cely expect$ he w\ld ascribe to me an incoh]5ce s extreme t 9 ,"p ,,vi4 ,i ab&on ! fundam5tal assumption on :i* all ! prec$+ p>ts /&1 & adopt "s o!r4 ,& ,i %\ld ! less h expect$ s extreme an incoh]5ce to be ascrib$ to me1 consid]+ t ?r\gh\t ,"p ,,vi4 ?is same belief is tacitly impli$ z "p ( t reali/ic belief :i* x is ! aim ( its argum5t to expla9 & ju/ify4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! fact ( *ief significance is1 t z ,pr(essor ,gre5 w\ld be 8sorry to believe0 ,i hold ! view nam$1 & refra9s f ascrib+ to me s 8crude an imag9ation10 x is to be conclud$ t 8 argum5ts are direct$ aga9/ "s o!r view :i* he supposes me to hold4 ,if s1 "o ( two conclusions is inevitable4 ,ei!r 8 criticisms are valid aga9/ ?is o!r view :i* he tacitly ascribes to me1 or !y are n4 ,if he admits !m to be invalid on ! assumption t ,i hold ?is o!r view1 ! matt] ends4 ,if he holds !m to be valid on ! assumption t ,i hold ?is o!r view1 !n !y mu/ be invalid aga9/ ! absolutely-diff]5t view :i* ,i actually hold2 & aga9 ! matt] ends4 ,ev5 7 ,i to leave (f "h1 ,i might1 ,i ?9k1 say t ! inapplicability ( ,pr(4 ,gre5's argum5ts is suffici5tly %[n2 b x may be desirable to po9t out t beyond ^! g5]al misappreh5sions1 by :i* !y are vitiat$1 !re are special misappreh5sions4 ,mu* to my surprise1 consid]+ ! c>eful prelim9>y explanation ,i h giv51 he has fail$ to und]/& ! m5tal attitude assum$ by me :5 describ+ ! syn!sis ( exp]i5ces #cbf aga9/ :i* he m especially urges 8 objections4 ,9 *apt]s entitl$ 8,p>tial ,diff]5tiation ( ,subject & ,object10 8,complet$ ,diff]5tiation ( ,subject & ,object10 & 8,develop$ ,conception ( ! ,object10 ,i h endeav\r$1 z ^! titles imply1 to trace up ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( ?is fundam5tal anti!sis 9 a develop+ intellig5ce4 ,x appe>$ to me1 & /ill appe>s1 t = coh]5t ?9k+ !re mu/ be exclud$ at ! outset1 n only :atev] implies acquir$ k ( objective exi/5ce1 b also :atev] implies acquir$ k ( subjective exi/5ce4 ,at ! close ( ! *apt] prec$+ ^? j nam$1 z well z 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 :]e ?is process ( diff]5tiation 0 m briefly indicat$1 ,i recogniz$1 & emphatically enl>g$ ^u1 ! difficulty ( c>ry+ out su* an inquiry3 po9t+ out t 9 any attempts we make to obs]ve ! way 9 :i* subject & object become di/+ui%$1 we inevitably use ^? faculties & conceptions :i* h gr[n up :ile ! diff]5tiation ( ! two has be5 go+ on4 ,9 try+ to disc]n ! initial /ages ( ! process1 we c>ry ) u all ! products :i* belong to ! f9al /age1 & _c free ourselves f !m4 ,9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 7 #dc7 ,i h po9t$ out t ! words impressions & ideas1 ! t]m s5sation1 ! phrase /ate ( consci\sness1 sev]ally involve l>ge sy/ems ( beliefs2 & t if we all[ ourselves to recognize _! connotations we inevitably reason circul>ly4 ,& 9 ! clos+ s5t5ce ( ! *apt] prec$+ ^? above nam$1 ,i h said 8,?\gh 9 e illu/ration tak5 we %all h tacitly to posit an ext]nal exi/5ce1 & 9 e ref]5ce to /ates ( consci\sness we %all h to posit an int]nal exi/5ce :i* has ^! /ates2 yet1 z be=e1 we mu/ ignore ^! implications40 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t1 ) all ^! cautions be=e him1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 w\ld n h fall5 into ! error ( suppos+ t 9 ! argum5t !reupon comm5c$1 ! phrase 8/ates ( consci\sness0 is us$ ) all its ord9>y implications4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t1 z 9 #cbg a note app5d$ to ! outset ( ! argum5t ,i h ref]r$ to ! p>allel argum5t 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 :]e ,i h us$ ! phrase 8manife/ations ( exi/5ce0 in/ead ( 8/ates ( consci\sness10 z ! lea/ objectionable2 & z ! argum5t 9 ! ,psy*ology is def9itely describ$ 9 ?is note z a re-/atem5t 9 a diff]5t =m ( ! argum5t 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples2 he w\ld h se5 t 9 ! phrase 8/ates ( consci\sness10 z us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]1 0 to be includ$ no m mean+ ?an 0 includ$ 9 ! phrase 8manife/ations ( exi/5ce40#df ,i %\ld h ?\ght he w\ld h se5 t ! purpose ( ! *apt] 0 passively to wat*1 ) no great] intellig5ce ?an is impli$ 9 wat*+1 h[ ! manife/ations or /ates1 vivid & fa9t1 comport !mselves3 exclud+ all ?\ght ( _! mean+s--all int]pretations ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 *>ges me ) hav+1 at ! outset ( ! exam9ation1 invalidat$ my argum5t by imply+1 9 ! t]ms ,i use1 c]ta9 products ( develop$ consci\sness4#dg ,he cont5ds t my division ( ! 8/ates ( consci\sness10 or1 z ,i else:]e t]m !m1 8manife/ations ( exi/5ce10 into vivid & fa9t1 is vitiat$ f ! fir/ by includ+ along ) ! vivid ones ^? fa9t ones ne$ful to con/itute !m p]ceptions1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,because1 describ+ all ,i passively wat*1 ,i speak ( a di/ant #cbh head-l&1 ( waves1 ( boats1 c1 he actually supposes me to be speak+ ( ^? develop$ cognitions "u :i* ^! are class$ z su* & su* objects4 ,:at w\ld he h me d8 ,x is impossible to give any su* acc\nt ( ! process z ,i h attempt$1 )\t us+ names = ?+s & actions4 ,! v>i\s manife/ations1 vivid & fa9t1 :i* 9 ! case describ$ impose !mselves on my receptivity1 mu/ be indicat$ 9 "s way2 & ! words indicat+ !m inevitably c>ry ) !m _! respective connotations4 ,:at m c ,i d ?an w>n ! read] t all ^! connotations mu/ be ignor$1 & t att5tion mu/ be paid exclusively to ! manife/ations !mselves1 & ! modes 9 :i* !y comport !mselves4 ,at ! /age describ$ 9 ?is 8p>tial diff]5tiation10 :ile ,i suppose myself z yet unconsci\s ( my own individuality & ( a _w z sep>ate f x1 ! obvi\s implication is1 t :at ,i "n 8/ates ( consci\sness10 because ?is is ! curr5t t]m = !m1 are to h no int]pretations :atev] put ^u !m2 b t _! *>act]s & modes ( behavi\r are to be obs]v$1 z !y might be :ile yet !re _h be5 none ( t organization ( exp]i5ces :i* makes ?+s kn[n 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,x is true t1 ?us mis9t]pret+ me 9 ,decemb]1 ,pr(4 ,gre51 writ+ aga9 9 ,m>*1 puts into ! m\? ( an imag9$ advocate ! true /atem5t ( my view2#dh ?\gh he 7,pr(4 ,gre57 !n proce$s to d5y t ,i c mean :at ?is imag9$ advocate rightly says ,i mean3 tak+ occasion to allege t ,i use ! phrase 8/ates ( consci\sness0 8to give a philosophical "*0 to :at w\ld else seem 8writt5 too mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a newspap] correspond5t40#di ,ev51 h[ev]1 _h he admitt$ t int5d$ mean+ :i* he sees1 b d5ies1 ! rectification w\ld h be5 some:at unsatisfactory1 com+ ?ree mon?s aft] v>i\s #cbi absurdities1 bas$ on 8 mis9t]pretation1 _h be5 ascrib$ to me4 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s allegation made by ,mr4 ,hodgson aga9/ ,pr(4 ,gre51 & :i* ,i "h repeat1 is t he habitually says ,i reg>d ! object z con/itut$ by 8! aggregate ( vivid /ates ( consci\sness10 9 face ( ! conspicu\s fact t ,i id5tify ! object ) ! nexus ( ?is aggregate4 ,9 8 def5ce ,pr(4 ,gre5 says 8,if ,i _h made any attempt to %[ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes ! object to be no m ?an an aggregate ( vivid /ates ( consci\sness1 ,mr4 ,hodgson's compla9t1 t ,i ignore c]ta9 passages 9 :i* a contr>y p]suasion is /at$1 w\ld h be5 to ! purpose40 ,let u look at ! facts4 ,treat+ ( ! relation betwe5 my view & ! ideali/ic & sceptical views1 he imag9es addresses made to me by ,b]keley & ,hume4 8#8,y agree ) me1' ,b]keley might say1 #8t :5 we speak ( ! ext]nal _w we are speak+ ( c]ta9 lively ideas connect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]2'0#ej & ?is id5tification ( ! _w ) ideas1 ,i am tacitly repres5t$ z accept+4 ,aga91 ,hume is suppos$ to say to me--8,y agree ) me t :at we call ! _w is a s]ies ( impressions20#ea & "h1 z be=e1 ,i am suppos$ sil5tly to acquiesce 9 ?is z a true /atem5t ( my view4 ,simil>ly ?r\gh\t 8 argum5t1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 cont9ually /ates or implies t ! object is1 9 my belief1 con/itut$ by ! vivid aggregate ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,at ! outset ( 8 second article1#eb he says ( me3--8,he !re0 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 8id5tifies ! object ) a c]ta9 aggregate ( vivid /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* he makes out to be indep5d5t ( ano!r aggregate1 consi/+ ( fa9t /ates1 & id5tifi$ ) ! subject40 ,& admitt+ t he ?us describes my view1 he nev]!less alleges t he does n misrepres5t me1 because1 z he says1#ec 8!re is sc>cely a page ( my article 9 #ccj :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conviction ( ! ext]nality & indep5d5ce ( ! object1 9 ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* x is /at$ by him1 is n ref]r$ to40 ,b :at if x is ref]r$ to 9 ! process ( %[+ t ! ext]nality & indep5d5ce ( ! object is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! conception ( x z an aggregate ( vivid /ates ( consci\sness8 ,:at if ,i am cont9ually made to seem ?us absolutely inconsi/5t1 by omitt+ ! fact t n ! aggregate ( vivid /ates itself is conceiv$ by me z ! object1 b ! nexus b9d+ x toge!r8 ,a s+le brief example w typify ,pr(4 ,gre5's g5]al me?od ( proc$ure4 ,on page #dj ( 8 fir/ article he says--8,& 9 ! sequel ! #8sep>ation ( !mselves' on ! "p ( /ates ( consci\sness #8into two great aggregates1 vivid & fa9t1' is spok5 ( z a #8diff]5tiation betwe5 ! anti!tical exi/5ces we call object & subject4' ,if words mean any?+1 !n1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] pla9ly makes ! #8object' an aggregate ( consci\s /ates40 ,b 9 ! entire passage f :i* ^! words ( m9e are quot$1 :i* he gives at ! bottom ( ! page1 a c>eful read] w obs]ve a ^w 7omitt$ f ,pr(4 ,gre5's quotation 9 ! text71 :i* q *anges ! mean+4 ,i h describ$ ! result1 n z 8a diff]5tiation10 b z 8a p>tial diff]5tiation40 ,n[1 to use ,pr(4 ,gre5's expression1 8if words mean any?+10 a p>tial diff]5tiation _c h ! same s5se z a complete diff]5tiation4 ,if ! #8'object' has be5 already con/itut$ by ?is p>tial diff]5tiation1 :at does ! #8object' become :5 ! diff]5tiation is complet$8 ,cle>ly1 8if words mean any?+10 !n1 _h ,pr(4 ,gre5 n omitt$ ! ^w 8p>tial10 x w\ld h be5 manife/ t ! aggregate ( vivid /ates 0 n alleg$ to be ! object4 ,! mode ( treatm5t :i* we "h see 9 little1 exemplifies ,pr(4 ,gre5's mode ( treatm5t at l>ge4 ,?r\gh\t 8 two articles he criticizes deta*$ portions1 & ascribes to !m mean+s #cca q diff]5t f ^? :i* !y h :5 jo9$ ) ! re/4 ,) ! simplicity ( 8a raw und]graduate0 7to "s ( ^: views ,pr(4 ,gre5 comp>es "s ( m9e7 ,i _h assum$ t an argum5t runn+ ?r\gh ?ree *apt]s w\ld n be suppos$ to h its conclusion express$ 9 ! fir/2 b n[1 aft] ! pr(essorial lesson ,i h receiv$1 my simplicity w be decreas$1 & ,i %all be aw>e t a critic may deal ) t :i* is av[$ly p>tial1 z ?\gh x 7 entire1 & may treat z ?\gh x 7 already develop$1 a conception :i* ! titles ( ! *apt]s be=e him %[ is yet b incipi5t4 ,"h ,i leave ! matt]1 & if any?+ m is said1 %all let x pass4 ,controv]sy mu/ be cut %ort1 or "w mu/ be left undone4 ,i c b sugge/ t metaphysical read]s w d well to make _! own int]pretations ( my views1 r ?an to accept )\t inquiry all ! int]pretations (f]$ !m4 ,,po/script4--,f a note app5d$ by ,mr4 ,nettle%ip to 8 republi%$ v]sions ( ,pr(4 ,gre5's articles1 x appe>s t1 aft] ! =ego+ pages 7 publi%$ by me1 ,pr(4 ,gre5 wrote to ! editor ( ! ,contempor>y ,review1 say+3 8,:ile ,i _c hone/ly retract any?+ 9 ! sub/ance ( :at ,i !n wrote1 !re are expressions 9 ! article :i* ,i v mu* regret1 s f> z !y might be tak5 to imply want ( p]sonal respect = ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,= reasons suffici5tly giv5 9 my reply to ,mr4 ,hodgson1 ,i _c plead guilty to ! *>ge ( misrepres5tation :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] repeats2 b on read+ my fir/ article aga9 9 cold blood ,i f\nd t ,i _h all[$ controv]sial heat to betray me into ! use ( language :i* 0 unbecom+--especially on ! "p ( an unkn[n writ] 7n ev5 !n a #8pr(essor'7 assail+ a vet]an philosoph]4 ,i make ?is ackn[l$gm5t m]ely = my own satisfaction1 n "u ! impression t x c at all conc]n ,mr4 ,sp5c]0 7vol4 i41 p4 #eda74 ,possibly "s ( ,pr(4 ,gre5's adh]5ts w ask h[1 aft] he has /at$ t he _c hone/ly retract1 & t #ccb he is n guilty ( misrepres5tation1 ,i c describe 8 criticism z unscrupul\s4 ,my reply is t a critic :o p]si/s 9 say+ t :i*1 on ! face ( x1 is di%one/1 & !n av]s t he _c hone/ly d o!rwise1 does n !reby prove 8 hone/y1 b contr>iwise4 ,"o :o delib]ately omits f 8 quotation ! ^w 8p>tial10 & !n treats1 z ?\gh x 7 complete1 t :i* is av[$ly incomplete--"o :o1 9 deal+ ) an argum5t :i* runs ?r\gh ?ree *apt]s1 recognizes only ! fir/ ( !m--"o :o p]si/s 9 ?9k+ x prop] to d ?is aft] ! consequ5t di/ortions ( /atem5t h be5 po9t$ out to him2 is "o :o1 if n kn[+ly di%one/1 is lack+ 9 due p]ception ( "r & wrong 9 controv]sy4 ,! only o!r possible supposition :i* occurs to me1 is t su* a proce$+ is a natural sequ5ce ( ! philosophy to :i* he adh]es4 ,( c\rse1 if ,be+ & non-,be+ are ! same1 !n repres5tation & misrepres5tation are ! same4 ,i may add t !re is a curi\s k9%ip betwe5 ! ideas impli$ by ! lett] above quot$ & its impli$ s5tim5ts4 ,pr(4 ,gre5 says t 8 apology = unbecom+ language he makes m]ely = 8 8own satisfaction40 ,he does n calm 8 qualms ( consci5ce by indicat+ 8 regret to ^? :o read ?is unbecom+ language2 nor does he express 8 regret to me1 aga9/ :om x 0 v5t$2 b he expresses 8 regret to ! editor ( ! ,contempor>y ,review6 ,s t a public insult to ,a is suppos$ to be cancell$ by a private apology to ,b6 ,"h is m ,hegelian ?9k+2 or r1 "h is ,hegelian feel+ congru\s ) ,hegelian ?9k+4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,pr(4 ,,gre5',s ,,explanations4 #dd ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 p4 #ce4 #de ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 p4 #cg #df ,if ,i am ask$ :y "h ,i us$ ! phrase 8/ates ( consci\sness0 r ?an 8manife/ations ( exi/5ce10 ?\gh ,i _h previ\sly pref]r$ ! la/ to ! fir/1 ,i give z my reason ! desire to ma9ta9 cont9uity ( language ) ! prec$+ *apt]1 8,! ,dynamics ( ,consci\sness40 ,9 t *apt] an exam9ation ( consci\sness _h be5 made ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :at pr9ciple ( cohesion det]m9es our beliefs1 z prelim9>y to obs]v+ h[ ?is pr9ciple op]ates 9 e/abli%+ ! beliefs 9 subject & object4 ,b on proce$+ to d ?is1 ! phrase 8/ate ( consci\sness0 0 suppos$1 l ! phrase 8manife/ation ( exi/5ce10 n to be us$ z any?+ m ?an a "n by :i* to di/+ui% ?is or t =m ( be+1 z an undevelop$ receptivity w\ld become aw>e ( x1 :ile yet self & n-self 7 undi/+ui%$4 #dg ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #dh ,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>*1 #ahgh1 p4 #gec4 #di ,ibid41 ,m>*1 #ahgh1 p4 #gee4 #ej ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 p4 #dd4 #ea ,ibid41 ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 p4 #dd4 #eb ,ibid41 ,m>*1 #ahgh1 p4 #gde4 #ec ,ibid41 ,janu>y1 #ahha1 p4 #aae4 #ccc ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,/yle4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,octob] #aheb4 ,comm5t+ on ! seem+ incongruity betwe5 8 fa!r's argum5tative p[]s & 8 ignorance ( =mal logic1 ,tri/ram ,%&y says3--8,x 0 a matt] ( j wond] ) my wor?y tutor1 & two or ?ree fell[s ( t le>n$ society1 t a man :o knew n s mu* z ! names ( 8 tools1 %\ld be able to "w aft] t fa%ion ) !m40 ,/]ne's impli$ conclusion t a k ( ! pr9ciples ( reason+ nei!r makes1 nor is ess5tial to1 a good reason]1 is d\btless true4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) gramm>4 ,z ,dr4 ,la?am1 condemn+ ! usual s*ool-drill 9 ,l9dley ,murray1 rightly rem>ks3--8,gross vulg>ity is a fault to be prev5t$2 b ! prop] prev5tion is to be got f habit--n rules40 ,simil>ly1 good composition is f> less dep5d5t on acqua9tance ) its laws1 ?an on practice & natural aptitude4 ,a cle> head1 a quick imag9ation1 & a s5sitive e>1 w g f> t[>ds mak+ all rhetorical precepts ne$less4 ,& :]e !re exi/s any m5tal flaw--:]e !re is a defici5t v]bal memory1 or an inadequate s5se ( logical dep5d5ce1 or b little p]ception ( ord]1 or a lack ( con/ructive +5uity2 no am\nt ( in/ruction w insure good writ+4 ,nev]!less1 "s result may be expect$ f a famili>ity #ccd ) ! pr9ciples ( /yle4 ,! endeav\r to con=m to laws may tell1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,& if 9 no o!r way1 yet1 z facilitat+ revision1 a k ( ! ?+ to be a*iev$--a cle> idea ( :at con/itutes a beauty1 & :at a blemi%--_c fail to be ( s]vice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no g5]al !ory ( expression seems yet to h be5 enunciat$4 ,! maxims conta9$ 9 works on composition & rhetoric1 are pres5t$ 9 an unorganiz$ =m4 ,/&+ z isolat$ dogmas--z empirical g5]alizations1 !y are nei!r s cle>ly appreh5d$1 nor s mu* respect$1 z !y w\ld be 7 !y d$uc$ f "s simple fir/ pr9ciple4 ,we are told t 8brevity is ! s\l ( wit40 ,we he> /yles condemn$ z v]bose or involv$4 ,blair says t e ne$less "p ( a s5t5ce 8int]rupts ! description & clogs ! image20 & aga91 t 8long s5t5ces fatigue ! read]'s att5tion40 ,x is rem>k$ by ,"l ,kaimes t1 8to give ! utmo/ =ce to a p]iod1 x ought1 if possible1 to be clos$ ) ! ^w t makes ! greate/ figure40 ,avoidance ( p>5!ses1 & ! use ( ,saxon words 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( ,lat9 orig91 are (t5 insi/$ ^u4 ,b1 h[ev] influ5tial ! precepts ?us dogmatically express$1 !y w\ld be mu* m influ5tial if r$uc$ to some?+ l sci5tific ord9ation4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r cases1 conviction is /r5g!n$ :5 we und]/& ! :y4 ,& we may be sure t recognition ( ! g5]al pr9ciple f :i* ! rules ( composition result1 w n only br+ !m home to u ) great] =ce1 b w disclose o!r rules ( l orig94 ,on seek+ = "s clue to ! law und]ly+ ^! curr5t maxims1 we may see impli$ 9 _m ( !m1 ! importance ( economiz+ ! read]'s or he>]'s att5tion4 ,to s pres5t ideas t !y may be appreh5d$ ) ! lea/ possible m5tal ef=t1 is ! desid]atum t[>ds :i* mo/ ( ! rules above quot$ po9t4 ,:5 we #cce condemn writ+ t is wordy1 or confus$1 or intricate--:5 we praise ?is /yle z easy1 & blame t z fatigu+1 we consci\sly or unconsci\sly assume ?is desid]atum z our /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,reg>d+ language z an app>atus ( symbols = convey+ ?\ght1 we may say t1 z 9 a me*anical app>atus1 ! m simple & ! bett] arrang$ its p>ts1 ! great] w be ! effect produc$4 ,9 ei!r case1 :atev] =ce is absorb$ by ! ma*9e is d$uct$ f ! result4 ,a read] or li/5] has at ea* mom5t b a limit$ am\nt ( m5tal p[] available4 ,to recognize & int]pret ! symbols pres5t$ to him1 requires "p ( ?is p[]2 to arrange & comb9e ! images sugge/$ by !m requires a fur!r "p2 & only t "p :i* rema9s c be us$ = fram+ ! ?\ght express$4 ,h5ce1 ! m "t & att5tion x takes to receive & und]/& ea* s5t5ce1 ! less "t & att5tion c be giv5 to ! conta9$ idea2 & ! less vividly w t idea be conceiv$4 ,h[ truly language mu/ be reg>d$ z a h9drance to ?\ght1 ?\gh ! necess>y in/rum5t ( x1 we %all cle>ly p]ceive on rememb]+ ! comp>ative =ce ) :i* simple ideas are communicat$ by signs4 ,to say1 8,leave ! room10 is less expressive ?an to po9t to ! door4 ,plac+ a f+] on ! lips is m =cible ?an :isp]+1 8,d n speak40 ,a beck ( ! h& is bett] ?an1 8,come "h40 ,no phrase c convey ! idea ( surprise s vividly z op5+ ! eyes & rais+ ! eyebr[s4 ,a %rug ( ! %\ld]s w\ld lose mu* by translation into words4 ,aga91 x may be rem>k$ t :5 oral language is employ$1 ! /ronge/ effects are produc$ by int]jections1 :i* cond5se entire s5t5ces into syllables4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 :]e cu/om all[s u to express ?\ghts by s+le words1 z 9 ,bew>e1 ,heigho1 ,fudge1 mu* =ce w\ld be lo/ by exp&+ !m into specific propositions4 ,h5ce1 c>ry+ out ! metaphor t #ccf language is ! vehicle ( ?\ght1 we may say t 9 all cases ! friction & in]tia ( ! vehicle d$uct f its effici5cy2 & t 9 composition1 ! *ief ?+ to be done1 is1 to r$uce ! friction & in]tia to ! smalle/ am\nts4 ,let u !n inquire :e!r economy ( ! recipi5t's att5tion is n ! secret ( effect1 alike 9 ! "r *oice & collocation ( words1 9 ! be/ arrangem5t ( clauses 9 a s5t5ce1 9 ! prop] ord] ( its pr9cipal & subord9ate propositions1 9 ! judici\s use ( simile1 metaphor1 & o!r figures ( spee*1 & ev5 9 ! rhy?mical sequ5ce ( syllables4 ,! great] =cibl5ess ( ,saxon ,engli%1 or r non-,lat9 ,engli%1 fir/ claims our att5tion4 ,! sev]al special reasons assignable = ?is may all be r$uc$ to ! g5]al reason--economy4 ,! mo/ important ( !m is e>ly association4 ,a *ild's vocabul>y is almo/ :olly ,saxon4 ,he says1 ,i h1 n ,i possess--,i wi%1 n ,i desire2 he does n reflect1 he ?9ks2 he does n beg = amusem5t1 b = play2 he calls ?+s nice or na/y1 n pleasant or disagreeable4 ,! synonyms le>n$ 9 aft] ye>s1 nev] become s closely1 s organically1 connect$ ) ! ideas signifi$1 z d ^! orig9al words us$ 9 *ildhood2 ! association rema9s less /rong4 ,b 9 :at does a /rong association betwe5 a ^w & an idea diff] f a weak "o8 ,ess5tially 9 ! great] ease & rapidity ( ! sugge/ive action4 ,bo? ( two words1 if !y be /rictly synonym\s1 ev5tually call up ! same image4 ,! expression--,x is acid1 mu/ 9 ! end give rise to ! same ?\ght z--,x is s\r2 b because ! t]m acid 0 le>nt lat] 9 life1 & has n be5 s (t5 foll[$ by ! ideal s5sation symboliz$1 x does n s readily ar\se t ideal s5sation z ! t]m s\r4 ,if we rememb] h[ sl[ly ! mean+s foll[ unfamili> words 9 ano!r language1 & h[ increas+ famili>ity ) !m br+s great] rapidity & ease ( compreh5sion2 & if we consid] t ! #ccg l effect mu/ h result$ f us+ ! words ( our "m tongue f *ildhood upw>ds2 we %all cle>ly see t ! e>lie/ le>nt & (t5e/ us$ words1 w1 o!r ?+s equal1 call up images ) less loss ( "t & en]gy ?an _! lat] le>nt equival5ts4 ,! fur!r sup]iority possess$ by ,saxon ,engli% 9 its comp>ative brevity1 obvi\sly comes "u ! same g5]alization4 ,if x be an advantage to express an idea 9 ! smalle/ numb] ( words1 !n x mu/ be an advantage to express x 9 ! smalle/ numb] ( syllables4 ,if circuit\s phrases & ne$less expletives di/ract ! att5tion & dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! impression produc$1 !n s1 too1 mu/ surplus articulations4 ,a c]ta9 ef=t1 ?\gh commonly an inappreciable "o1 is requir$ to recognize e v[el & consonant4 ,if1 z all "k1 x is tiresome to li/5 to an indi/9ct speak]1 or to read an ill-writt5 manuscript2 & if1 z we _c d\bt1 ! fatigue is a cumulative result ( ! att5tion ne$$ to cat* successive syllables2 x foll[s t att5tion is 9 su* cases absorb$ by ea* syllable4 ,& ?is be+ s :5 ! syllables are difficult ( recognition1 x w be s too1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 :5 ! recognition ( !m is easy4 ,h5ce1 ! %ortness ( ,saxon words becomes a reason = _! great] =ce4 ,"o qualification1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,a ^w :i* embodies ! mo/ important "p ( ! idea to be convey$1 especially :5 emotion is to be produc$1 may (t5 ) advantage be a polysyllabic ^w4 ,?us x seems m =cible to say--8,x is magnific5t10 ?an--8,x is gr&40 ,! ^w va/ is n s p[]ful a "o z /up5d\s4 ,call+ a ?+ na/y is n s effective z call+ x disgu/+4 ,!re seem to be sev]al causes = ?is exceptional sup]iority ( c]ta9 long words4 ,we may ascribe x p>tly to ! fact t a volum9\s1 m\?-fill+ epi!t is1 by its v size1 sugge/ive ( l>g5ess or /r5g?1 z is %[n by ! pomposity ( sesquip$alian v]biage2 & :5 great p[] or #cch int5sity has to be sugge/$1 ?is association ( ideas aids ! effect4 ,a fur!r cause may be t a ^w ( sev]al syllables admits ( m emphatic articulation2 & z emphatic articulation is a sign ( emotion1 ! unusual impressiv5ess ( ! ?+ nam$ is impli$ by x4 ,yet ano!r cause is t a long ^w 7( :i* ! latt] syllables are g5]ally inf]r$ z soon z ! fir/ are spok57 all[s ! he>]'s consci\sness m "t to dwell on ! quality pr$icat$2 & :]e1 z 9 ! above cases1 x is to ?is pr$icat$ quality t ! entire att5tion is call$1 an advantage results f keep+ x be=e ! m9d = an appreciable int]val4 ,to make our g5]alization q correct we mu/ !re=e say1 t :ile 9 c]ta9 s5t5ces express+ feel+1 ! ^w :i* m especially implies t feel+ may (t5 ) advantage be a _m-syllabl$ "o2 9 ! imm5se majority ( cases1 ea* ^w1 s]v+ b z a /ep to ! idea embodi$ by ! :ole s5t5ce1 %\ld1 if possible1 be a s+le syllable4 ,once m1 t frequ5t cause ( /r5g? 9 ,saxon & o!r primitive words--_! onomatopia1 may be simil>ly resolv$ into ! m g5]al cause4 ,bo? ^? directly imitative1 z spla%1bang1 :iz1 ro>1 c41 & ^? analogically imitative1 z r\gh1 smoo?1 ke51 blunt1 ?91 h>d1 crag1 c41 h a great] or less lik5ess to ! ?+s symboliz$2 & by mak+ on ! e>s impressions alli$ to ! ideas to be call$ up1 !y save "p ( ! ef=t ne$$ to call up su* ideas1 & leave m att5tion = ! ideas !mselves4 ,economy ( ! recipi5t's m5tal en]gy may be assign$1 too1 z a manife/ cause = ! sup]iority ( specific ov] g5]ic words4 ,t concrete t]ms produce m vivid impressions ?an ab/ract ones1 & %\ld1 :5 possible1 be us$ in/ead1 is a curr5t maxim ( composition4 ,z ,dr4 ,campbell says1 8,! m g5]al ! t]ms are1 ! picture is ! fa9t]2 ! m special #cci !y are1 ! bright]40 ,:5 aim+ at effect we %\ld avoid su* a s5t5ce z3 ,:5 ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & amusem5ts ( a nation are cruel & b>b>\s1 ! regulations ( _! p5al code w be sev]e4 ,& 9 place ( x we %\ld write3 ,:5 m5 delight 9 battles1 bull-fights1 & combats ( gladiators1 w !y puni% by hang+1 burn+1 & ! rack4 ,?is sup]iority ( specific expressions is cle>ly due to a sav+ ( ! ef=t requir$ to translate words into ?\ghts4 ,z we d n ?9k 9 g5]als b 9 p>ticul>s--z1 :5ev] any class ( ?+s is nam$1 we repres5t x to ourselves by call+ to m9d individual memb]s ( ! class2 x foll[s t :5 a g5]al ^w is us$1 ! he>] or read] has to *oose f 8 /ock ( images1 "o or m1 by :i* he may figure to himself ! :ole gr\p4 ,9 do+ ?is1 "s delay mu/ arise--"s =ce be exp5d$2 & if1 by employ+ a specific t]m1 an appropriate image c be at once sugge/$1 an economy is a*iev$1 & a m vivid impression produc$4 ,turn+ n[ f ! *oice ( words to _! sequ5ce1 we f9d ! same pr9ciple hold good4 ,we h a priori reasons = believ+ t !re is "s "o ord] ( words by :i* e proposition may be m effectively express$ ?an by any o!r2 & t ?is ord] is ! "o :i* pres5ts ! elem5ts ( ! proposition 9 ! succession 9 :i* !y may be mo/ readily put toge!r4 ,z 9 a n>rative1 ! ev5ts %\ld be /at$ 9 su* sequ5ce t ! m9d may n h to g backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ord] to rightly connect !m2 z 9 a gr\p ( s5t5ces1 ! arrangem5t %\ld be su* t ea* ( !m may be und]/ood z x comes1 )\t wait+ = subsequ5t ones2 s 9 e s5t5ce1 ! sequ5ce ( words %\ld be t :i* sugge/s ! con/itu5ts ( ! ?\ght 9 ! ord] mo/ conv5i5t = build+ x #cdj up4 ,duly to en=ce ?is tru?1 & to prep>e ! way = applications ( x1 we mu/ analyze ! m5tal act by :i* ! mean+ ( a s]ies ( words is appreh5d$4 ,we _c m simply d ?is ?an by consid]+ ! prop] collocation ( sub/antive & adjective4 ,is x bett] to place ! adjective be=e ! sub/antive1 or ! sub/antive be=e ! adjective8 ,ought we to say ) ! ,fr5*--un *eval noir2 or to say z we d--a black horse8 ,probably1 mo/ p]sons ( culture w say t "o ord] is z good z ! o!r4 ,alive to ! bias produc$ by habit1 !y w ascribe to t ! pref]5ce !y feel = our own =m ( expression4 ,!y w expect ^? educat$ 9 ! use ( ! opposite =m to h an equal pref]5ce = t4 ,& ?us !y w conclude t nei!r ( ^! in/9ctive judgm5ts is ( any wor?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a psy*ological gr\nd = decid+ 9 fav\r ( ! ,engli% cu/om4 ,if 8a horse black0 be ! arrangem5t1 !n imm$iately on ! utt]ance ( ! ^w 8horse10 !re arises1 or t5ds to arise1 9 ! m9d1 an idea answ]+ to t ^w2 & z !re has be5 no?+ to indicate :at k9d ( horse1 any image ( a horse sugge/s itself4 ,v likely1 h[ev]1 ! image w be t ( a br[n horse3 br[n horses be+ ! mo/ famili>4 ,! result is t :5 ! ^w 8black0 is add$1 a *eck is giv5 to ! process ( ?\ght4 ,ei!r ! picture ( a br[n horse already pres5t to ! imag9ation has to be suppress$1 & ! picture ( a black "o summon$ 9 its place2 or else1 if ! picture ( a br[n horse be yet un=m$1 ! t5d5cy to =m x has to be /opp$4 ,:i*ev] is ! case1 "s h9drance results4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 8a black horse0 be ! expression us$1 no mi/ake c be made4 ,! ^w 8black10 indicat+ an ab/ract quality1 ar\ses no def9ite idea4 ,x simply prep>es ! m9d = conceiv+ "s object ( t col\r2 & ! att5tion is kept susp5d$ until t object is kn[n4 ,if1 !n1 by #cda prec$5ce ( ! adjective1 ! idea is always convey$ rightly1 :]eas prec$5ce ( ! sub/antive is apt to produce a misconception2 x foll[s t ! "o gives ! m9d less tr\ble ?an ! o!r1 & is !re=e m =cible4 ,possibly x w be object$ t ! adjective & sub/antive come s close toge!r1 t practically !y may be consid]$ z utt]$ at ! same mom5t2 & t on he>+ ! phrase1 8a horse black10 !re is n "t to imag9e a wrongly col\r$ horse be=e ! ^w 8black0 foll[s to prev5t x4 ,x mu/ be own$ t x is n easy to decide by introspection :e!r ?is is s or n4 ,b !re are facts collat]ally imply+ t x is n4 ,our ability to anticipate ! words yet unspok5 is "o ( !m4 ,if ! ideas ( ! he>] l+]$ beh9d ! expressions ( ! speak]1 z ! objection assumes1 he c\ld h>dly =esee ! end ( a s5t5ce by ! "t x 0 half deliv]$2 yet ?is con/antly happ5s4 ,7 ! supposition true1 ! m9d1 in/ead ( anticipat+1 w\ld fall m & m 9 arre>4 ,if ! mean+s ( words are n realiz$ z fa/ z ! words are utt]$1 !n ! loss ( "t ov] ea* ^w mu/ entail an accumulation ( delays & leave a he>] entirely beh9d4 ,b :e!r ! =ce ( ^! replies be or be n admitt$1 x w sc>cely be d5i$ t ! "r =mation ( a picture mu/ be facilitat$ by pres5t+ its elem5ts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are want$2 ev5 ?\gh ! m9d %\ld d no?+ until x has receiv$ !m all4 ,:at is "h said respect+ ! succession ( ! adjective & sub/antive is applicable1 by *ange ( t]ms1 to ! adv]b & v]b4 ,& )\t fur!r explanation1 x w be manife/1 t 9 ! use ( prepositions & o!r p>ticles1 mo/ languages spontane\sly con=m ) m or less complet5ess to ?is law4 ,on simil>ly analyz+ s5t5ce consid]$ z vehicles = entire propositions1 we f9d n only t ! same pr9ciple holds good1 b t ! advantage ( respect+ #cdb x becomes m>k$4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( pr$icate & subject1 = example1 we are at once %[n t z ! pr$icate det]m9es ! aspect "u :i* ! subject is to be conceiv$1 x %\ld be plac$ fir/2 & ! /rik+ effect produc$ by s plac+ x becomes compreh5sible4 ,take ! (t5-quot$ contra/ betwe5--8,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians10 &--8,diana ( ! ,ephesians is great40 ,:5 ! fir/ arrangem5t is us$1 ! utt]ance ( ! ^w 8great10 ar\s+ vague associations ( an impos+ nature prep>es ! imag9ation to clo! ) high attributes :atev] foll[s2 & :5 ! words1 8,diana ( ! ,ephesians0 are he>d1 appropriate imag]y already nasc5t 9 ?\ght1 is us$ 9 ! =mation ( ! picture3 ! m9d be+ ?us l$ directly1 & )\t error1 to ! int5d$ impression4 ,b :5 ! rev]se ord] is foll[$1 ! idea1 8,diana ( ! ,ephesians10 is =m$ ) no special ref]5ce to greatness2 & :5 ! words1 8is great10 are add$1 x has to be =m$ afre%2 :5ce arises a loss ( m5tal en]gy1 & a correspond+ dim9ution ( effect4 ,! foll[+ v]se f ,col]idge's 8,anci5t ,m>9]10 ?\gh incomplete z a s5t5ce1 well illu/rates ! same tru?4 8,alone1 alone1 all1 all alone1 ,alone on a wide wide sea6 ,& nev] a sa9t took pity on ,my s\l 9 agony40 ,( c\rse ! pr9ciple equally applies :5 ! pr$icate is a v]b or a p>ticiple4 ,& z effect is ga9$ by plac+ fir/ all words indicat+ ! quality1 conduct1 or condition ( ! subject1 x foll[s t ! copula also %\ld h prec$5ce4 ,x is true1 t ! g5]al habit ( our language resi/s ?is arrangem5t ( pr$icate1 copula1 & subject2 b we may readily f9d in/ances ( ! additional =ce ga9$ by con=m+ to x4 ,?us 9 ! l9e f 8,julius ,cs>0 8,!n bur/ 8 mighty he>t10 priority is giv5 to a ^w embody+ bo? pr$icate & #cdc copula4 ,9 a passage conta9$ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,scott's 8,m>mion10 ! l ord] is sy/ematically employ$ ) great effect3 8,! ,bord] slogan r5t ! sky6 ,a ,home6 a ,gordon6 0 ! cry2 ,l\d 7 ! clang+ bl[s2 ,advanc$1--=c$ back1--n[ l[1 n[ high1 ,! p5non sunk & rose2 ,z b5ds ! b>k's ma/ 9 ! gale ,:5 r5t are rigg+1 %r\ds1 & sail1 ,x wav]'d 'mid ! foes40 ,pursu+ ! pr9ciple fur!r1 x is obvi\s t = produc+ ! greate/ effect1 n only %\ld ! ma9 divisions ( a s5t5ce obs]ve ?is sequ5ce1 b ! sub-divisions ( ^! %\ld h _! p>ts simil>ly arrang$4 ,9 ne>ly all cases1 ! pr$icate is accompani$ by "s limit or qualification call$ its complem5t4 ,commonly1 also1 ! circum/ances ( ! subject1 :i* =m its complem5t1 h to be specifi$4 ,& z ^! qualifications & circum/ances mu/ det]m9e ! mode 9 :i* ! acts & ?+s !y belong to are conceiv$1 prec$5ce %\ld be giv5 to !m4 ,"l ,kaimes notices ! fact t ?is ord] is pref]able2 ?\gh )\t giv+ ! reason4 ,he says3--8,:5 a circum/ance is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 or ne> ! beg9n+1 ! transition f x to ! pr9cipal subject is agreeable3 is l asc5d+ or go+ upw>d40 ,a s5t5ce arrang$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is w be desirable4 ,"h is "o3 ,:atev] x may be 9 !ory1 x is cle> t 9 practice ! ,fr5* idea ( lib]ty is--! "r ( e man to be ma/] ( ! re/4 ,9 ?is case1 7 ! fir/ two clauses1 up to ! ^w 8practice0 inclusive1 :i* qualify ! subject1 to be plac$ at ! end in/ead ( ! beg9n+1 mu* ( ! =ce w\ld be lo/2 z ?us3 ,! ,fr5* idea ( lib]ty is--! "r ( e man to be ma/] ( ! re/2 9 practice at lea/1 if n 9 !ory4 ,simil>ly ) respect to ! conditions "u :i* any #cdd fact is pr$icat$4 ,obs]ve 9 ! foll[+ example ! effect ( putt+ !m la/3 ,h[ imm5se w\ld be ! /imulus to progress1 7 ! hon\r n[ giv5 to weal? & title giv5 exclusively to high a*ievem5ts & intr9sic wor?6 ,& !n obs]ve ! sup]ior effect ( putt+ !m fir/3 ,7 ! hon\r n[ giv5 to weal? & title giv5 exclusively to high a*ievem5ts & intr9sic wor?1 h[ imm5se w\ld be ! /imulus to progress6 ,! effect ( giv+ priority to ! complem5t ( ! pr$icate1 z well z ! pr$icate itself1 is f9ely display$ 9 ! op5+ ( 8,hyp]ion30 8,deep 9 ! %ady sadness ( a vale ,f> sunk5 f ! heal?y brea? ( morn1 ,f> f ! fi]y noon1 & eve's "o />1 ,sat grey-hair$ ,saturn1 quiet z a /one40 ,"h we see1 n only t ! pr$icate 8sat0 prec$es ! subject 8,saturn10 & t ! ?ree l9es 9 italics1 con/itut+ ! complem5t ( ! pr$icate1 come be=e x2 b t 9 ! /ructure ( ?is complem5t also1 ! same ord] is foll[$3 ea* l9e be+ s compos$ t ! qualify+ words are plac$ be=e ! words sugge/+ concrete images4 ,! "r succession ( ! pr9cipal & subord9ate propositions 9 a s5t5ce dep5ds on ! same law4 ,reg>d = economy ( ! recipi5t's att5tion1 :i*1 z we f9d1 det]m9es ! be/ ord] = ! subject1 copula1 pr$icate1 & _! complem5ts1 dictates t ! subord9ate proposition %all prec$e ! pr9cipal "o1 :5 ! s5t5ce includes two4 ,conta9+1 z ! subord9ate proposition does1 "s qualify+ or explanatory idea1 its priority prev5ts misconception ( ! pr9cipal "o2 & !re=e saves ! m5tal ef=t ne$$ to correct su* misconception4 ,?is w be se5 9 ! annex$ example4 ,! secrecy once ma9ta9$ 9 respect to ! p>liam5t>y debates1 is /ill ?\ght ne$ful 9 diplomacy2 & diplomacy be+ secret1 ,engl& may any day be #cde unaw>es betray$ by its m9i/]s into a w> co/+ a hundr$ ?\s& lives1 & hundr$s ( millions ( treasure3 yet ! ,engli% pique !mselves on be+ a self-gov]n$ p4 ,! two subord9ate propositions1 end+ ) ! semicolon & colon respectively1 almo/ :olly det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! pr9cipal proposition ) :i* ! s5t5ce concludes2 & ! effect w\ld be lo/ 7 !y plac$ la/ in/ead ( fir/4 ,f ?is g5]al pr9ciple ( "r arrangem5t may also be inf]r$ ! prop] ord] ( ^? m9or divisions into :i* ! major divisions ( s5t5ces may be decompos$4 ,9 e s5t5ce ( any complexity ! complem5t to ! subject conta9s sev]al clauses1 & t to ! pr$icate sev]al o!rs2 & ^! may be arrang$ 9 great] or less con=mity to ! law ( easy appreh5sion4 ,( c\rse ) ^!1 z ) ! l>g] memb]s1 ! succession %\ld be f ! less specific to ! m specific--f ! ab/ract to ! concrete4 ,n[ h[ev] we mu/ notice a fur!r condition to be fulfill$ 9 ! prop] con/ruction ( a s5t5ce2 b /ill a condition dictat$ by ! same g5]al pr9ciple ) ! o!r3 ! condition1 namely1 t ! words or ! expressions :i* ref] to ! mo/ ne>ly connect$ ?\ghts %all be br\ght ! close/ toge!r4 ,evid5tly ! s+le words1 ! m9or clauses1 & ! lead+ divisions ( e proposition1 sev]ally qualify ea* o!r4 ,! long] ! "t t elapses betwe5 ! m5tion ( any qualify+ memb] & ! memb] qualifi$1 ! long] mu/ ! m9d be ex]t$ 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! qualify+ memb] ready = use4 ,& ! m num]\s ! qualifications to be simultane\sly rememb]$ & rightly appli$1 ! great] w be ! m5tal p[] exp5d$1 & ! small] ! effect produc$4 ,h5ce1 o!r ?+s equal1 =ce w be ga9$ by s arrang+ ! memb]s ( a s5t5ce t ^! susp5sions %all at any mom5t be ! fewe/ 9 #cdf numb]2 & %all also be ( ! %orte/ duration4 ,! foll[+ is an in/ance ( defective comb9ation4 ,a mod]n newspap]-/atem5t1 ?\gh probably true1 w\ld be laugh$ at1 if quot$ 9 a book z te/imony2 b ! lett] ( a c\rt gossip is ?\ght good hi/orical evid5ce1 if writt5 "s c5turies ago4 ,a re-arrangem5t ( ?is1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple indicat$ above1 w be f\nd to increase ! effect4 ,?us3 ,?\gh probably true1 a mod]n newspap]-/atem5t quot$ 9 a book z te/imony1 w\ld be laugh$ at2 b ! lett] ( a c\rt gossip1 if writt5 "s c5turies ago1 is ?\ght good hi/orical evid5ce4 ,by mak+ ?is *ange1 "s ( ! susp5sions are avoid$ & o!rs %ort5$2 :ile !re is less liability to produce premature conceptions4 ,! passage quot$ bel[ f 8,p>adise ,lo/0 af=ds a f9e in/ance ( a s5t5ce well arrang$2 alike 9 ! priority ( ! subord9ate memb]s1 9 ! avoidance ( long & num]\s susp5sions1 & 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! sequ5ce ( ! clauses & ! sequ5ce ( ! ph5om5a describ$1 :i*1 by ! way1 is a fur!r pr]equisite to easy appreh5sion1 & !re=e to effect4 8,z :5 a pr[l+ wolf1 ,:om hung] drives to seek new haunt = prey1 ,wat*+ :]e %eph]ds p5 _! flocks at eve1 ,9 hurdl$ cotes amid ! field secure1 ,leaps o'er ! f5ce ) ease into ! fold3 ,or z a ?ief1 b5t to unho>d ! ca% ,( "s ri* burgh]1 ^: sub/antial doors1 ,cross-b>r'd & bolt$ fa/1 fe> no assault1 ,9 at ! w9d[ climbs1 or o'er ! tiles3 ,s clomb ! fir/ gr& ,?ief into ,god's fold2 ,s s9ce into 8 ,*ur* lewd hirel+s climb40 ,! habitual use ( s5t5ces 9 :i* all or mo/ ( ! descriptive & limit+ elem5ts prec$e ^? describ$ & limit$1 gives rise to :at is call$ ! inv]t$ /yle3 a title :i* is1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ?is #cdg /ructure1 b is (t5 us$ :]e ! ord] ( ! words is simply unusual4 ,a m appropriate title w\ld be ! direct /yle1 z contra/$ ) ! o!r1 or indirect /yle3 ! peculi>ity ( ! "o be+1 t x conveys ea* ?\ght /ep by /ep ) little liability to error2 & ( ! o!r1 t x conveys ea* ?\ght by a s]ies ( approximations1 :i* successively correct ! errone\s preconceptions t h be5 rais$4 ,! sup]iority ( ! direct ov] ! indirect =m ( s5t5ce1 impli$ by ! sev]al conclusions above drawn1 mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be affirm$ )\t res]vation4 ,?\gh1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x is well = ! qualify+ clauses ( a proposition to prec$e ^? qualifi$2 yet1 z c>ry+ =w>d ea* qualify+ clause co/s "s m5tal ef=t1 x foll[s t :5 ! numb] ( !m & ! "t !y are c>ri$ become great1 we rea* a limit beyond :i* m is lo/ ?an is ga9$4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! arrangem5t %\ld be su* t no concrete image %all be sugge/$ until ! mat]ials out ( :i* x is to be fram$ h be5 pres5t$4 ,& yet1 z lately po9t$ out1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! few] ! mat]ials to be held at once1 & ! %ort] ! di/ance !y h to be borne1 ! bett]4 ,h5ce 9 "s cases x becomes a "q :e!r mo/ m5tal ef=t w be entail$ by ! _m & long susp5sions1 or by ! correction ( successive misconceptions4 ,?is "q may sometimes be decid$ by consid]+ ! capacity ( ! p]sons address$4 ,a great] grasp ( m9d is requir$ = ! ready appreh5sion ( ?\ghts express$ 9 ! direct mann]1 :]e ! s5t5ces are anywise intricate4 ,to recollect a numb] ( prelim9>ies /at$ 9 elucidation ( a com+ idea1 & to apply !m all to ! =mation ( x :5 sugge/$1 dem&s a good memory & consid]able p[] ( conc5tration4 ,to "o possess+ ^!1 ! direct me?od w mo/ly seem ! be/2 :ile to "o defici5t 9 !m x w seem ! wor/4 #cdh ,j z x may co/ a /rong man less ef=t to c>ry a hundr$-weight f place to place at once1 ?an by a /one at a "t2 s1 to an active m9d x may be easi] to be> along all ! qualifications ( an idea & at once rightly =m x :5 nam$1 ?an to fir/ imp]fectly conceive su* idea1 & !n c>ry back to x1 "o by "o1 ! details & limitations aft]w>ds m5tion$4 ,:ile conv]sely1 z = a boy ! only possible mode ( transf]r+ a hundr$-weight1 is t ( tak+ x 9 portions2 s1 = a weak m9d1 ! only possible mode ( =m+ a comp\nd conception may be t ( build+ x up by c>ry+ sep>ately its sev]al p>ts4 ,t ! indirect me?od--! me?od ( convey+ ! mean+ by a s]ies ( approximations--is be/ fitt$ = ! uncultivat$1 may inde$ be inf]r$ f _! habitual use ( x4 ,! =m ( expression adopt$ by ! savage1 z 9--8,wat]1 give me10 is ! simple/ type ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 pleonasms1 :i* are comp>atively preval5t among ! un$ucat$1 ! same ess5tial /ructure is se52 z1 = in/ance 9--8,! m51 !y 7 !re40 ,aga91 ! old possessive case--8,! k+1 8 cr[n10 con=ms to ! l ord] ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t ! indirect mode is call$ ! natural "o1 implies t x is ! "o spontane\sly employ$ by ! common p2 t is--! "o easie/ = undiscipl9$ m9ds4 ,!re are _m cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* nei!r ! direct nor ! indirect mode is ! be/2 b 9 :i* an int]m$iate mode is pref]able to bo?4 ,:5 ! numb] ( circum/ances & qualifications to be includ$ 9 ! s5t5ce is great1 ! judici\s c\rse is nei!r to enum]ate !m all be=e introduc+ ! idea to :i* !y belong1 nor to put ?is idea fir/ & let x be remodell$ to agree ) ! p>ticul>s aft]w>ds m5tion$2 b to d a little ( ea*4 ,x is desirable to avoid s extremely indirect an arrangem5t z ! foll[+3 8,we came to our j\rney's end1 at la/1 ) no #cdi small difficulty1 aft] mu* fatigue1 ?r\gh deep roads1 & bad wea!r40 ,yet to trans=m ?is into an entirely direct s5t5ce w\ld be unadvisable2 z witness3 ,at la/1 ) no small difficulty1 aft] mu* fatigue1 ?r\gh deep roads1 & bad wea!r1 we came to our j\rney's end4 ,dr4 ,:ately1 f :om we quote ! fir/ ( ^! two arrangem5ts1 proposes ?is con/ruction3 8,at la/1 aft] mu* fatigue1 ?r\gh deep roads & bad wea!r1 we came1 ) no small difficulty1 to our j\rney's end40 ,"h by introduc+ ! words 8we came0 a little e>li] 9 ! s5t5ce1 ! lab\r ( c>ry+ =w>d s _m p>ticul>s is dim9i%$1 & ! subsequ5t qualification 8) no small difficulty0 entails an addition to ! ?\ght t is easily made4 ,b a fur!r improvem5t may be effect$ by putt+ ! words 8we came0 /ill e>li]2 especially if at ! same "t ! qualifications be re>rang$ 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciple already expla9$1 t ! m ab/ract elem5ts ( ! ?\ght %\ld come be=e ! m concrete4 ,obs]ve ! result ( mak+ ^! two *anges3 ,at la/1 ) no small difficulty1 & aft] mu* fatigue1 we came1 ?r\gh deep roads & bad wea!r1 to our j\rney's end4 ,?is reads ) comp>ative smoo?ness2 t is--) less h9drance f susp5sions & recon/ructions ( ?\ght4 ,x %\ld be fur!r rem>k$1 t ev5 :5 address+ vigor\s intellects1 ! direct mode is unfit = communicat+ ideas ( a complex or ab/ract "*4 ,s long z ! m9d has n mu* to d1 x may be well able to grasp all ! prep>atory clauses ( a s5t5ce1 & to use !m effectively2 b if "s subtlety 9 ! argum5t absorb ! att5tion x may happ5 t ! m9d1 d\bly #cej /ra9$1 w break d[n1 & all[ ! elem5ts ( ! ?\ght to lapse into confusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u pass n[ to figures ( spee*4 ,9 !m we may equally disc]n ! same g5]al law ( effect4 ,impli$ 9 rules giv5 = ! *oice & "r use ( !m1 we %all f9d ! same fundam5tal requirem5t--economy ( att5tion4 ,x is inde$ *iefly because !y s well subs]ve ?is requirem5t1 t figures ( spee* are employ$4 ,let u beg9 ) ! figure call$ ,synecdo*e4 ,! advantage sometimes ga9$ by putt+ a "p = ! :ole1 is due to ! m conv5i5t1 or m vivid1 pres5tation ( ! idea4 ,if1 in/ead ( writ+ 8a fleet ( t5 %ips10 we write 8a fleet ( t5 sail10 ! picture ( a gr\p ( vessels at sea is m readily sugge/$2 & is s because ! sails con/itute ! mo/ conspicu\s p>ts ( vessels s circum/anc$4 ,to say1 8,all h&s to ! pumps10 is bett] ?an to say1 8,all m5 to ! pumps20 z x calls up a picture ( ! m5 9 ! special attitude int5d$1 & s saves ef=t4 ,br++ 8grey hairs ) sorr[ to ! grave10 is ano!r expression1 ! effect ( :i* has ! same cause4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ,metonymy may be simil>ly acc\nt$ =4 8,! l[ morality ( ! b>10 is a phrase bo? m brief & significant ?an ! lit]al "o x /&s =4 ,a belief 9 ! ultimate supremacy ( intellig5ce ov] brute =ce1 is convey$ 9 a m concrete =m1 & !re=e m repres5table =m1 if we sub/itute ! p5 & ! sword = ! two ab/ract t]ms4 ,to say1 8,bew>e ( dr9k+60 is less effective ?an to say1 8,bew>e ( ! bottle60 & is s1 cle>ly because x calls up a less specific image4 ,! ,simile is 9 _m cases us$ *iefly ) a view to ornam5t2 b :5ev] x increases ! =ce ( a passage1 x does s by be+ an economy4 ,"h is an in/ance4 ,! illusion t great m5 & great ev5ts came #cea (t5] 9 e>ly times ?an !y come n[1 is due p>tly to hi/orical p]spective4 ,z 9 a range ( equidi/ant columns1 ! fur!/ (f seem ! close/2 s1 ! conspicu\s objects ( ! pa/ seem m ?ickly clu/]$ ! m remote !y are4 ,to express lit]ally ! ?\ght ?us convey$1 w\ld take _m s5t5ces2 & ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! picture w\ld become fa9t :ile ! imag9ation 0 busy 9 add+ ! o!rs4 ,b by ! help ( a comp>ison mu* ( ! ef=t o!rwise requir$ is sav$4 ,conc]n+ ! position ( ! ,simile1#ed x ne$s only to rem>k1 t :at has be5 said ab\t ! ord] ( ! adjective & sub/antive1 pr$icate & subject1 pr9cipal & subord9ate propositions1 c41 is applicable "h4 ,z :atev] qualifies %\ld prec$e :atev] is qualifi$1 =ce w g5]ally be ga9$ by plac+ ! simile be=e ! object or act to :i* x is appli$4 ,t ?is arrangem5t is ! be/1 may be se5 9 ! foll[+ passage f ! 8,lady ( ! ,lake30 8,z wrea? ( sn[1 on m\nta9 brea/1 ,slides f ! rock t gave x re/1 ,poor ,ell5 glid$ f h] /ay1 ,& at ! mon>*'s feet %e lay40 ,inv]t+ ^! c\plets w be f\nd to dim9i% ! effect consid]ably4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 ev5 :]e ! simile is a simple "o1 9 :i* x may ) advantage be plac$ la/2 z 9 ^! l9es f ,alex&] ,smi?'s 8,life ,drama30 8,i see ! future /ret* ,all d>k & b>r5 z a ra9y sea40 ,! reason = ?is seems to be1 t s ab/ract an idea z t atta*+ to ! ^w 8future10 does n pres5t #ceb itself to ! m9d 9 any def9ite =m2 & h5ce ! subsequ5t arrival at ! simile entails no recon/ruction ( ! ?\ght4 ,su* h[ev] are n ! only cases 9 :i* ?is ord] is ! m =cible4 ,z putt+ ! simile fir/ is advantage\s only :5 x is c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! m9d to assi/ 9 =m+ an image ( ! object or act2 x mu/ happ5 t if1 f l5g? or complexity1 x _c be s c>ri$ =w>d1 ! advantage is n ga9$4 ,! annex$ sonnet1 by ,col]idge1 is defective f ?is cause4 8,z :5 a *ild1 on "s long w9t]'s night1 ,affright$1 cl++ to its gr&am's knees1 ,) eag] wond'r+ & p]turb'd delight ,li/5s /range tales ( fe>ful d>k decrees1 ,mutt]'d to wret* by necromantic spell2 ,or ( ^? hags :o at ! wit*+ "t ,( murky midnight1 ride ! air sublime1 ,& m+le f\l embrace ) fi5ds ( hell2 ,cold horror dr9ks its blood6 ,anon ! te> ,m g5tle />ts1 to he> ! beldame tell ,( pretty babes1 t lov'd ea* o!r de>1 ,murd]'d by cruel uncle's m&ate fell3 ,ev'n su* ! %iv'r+ joys ?y tones imp>t1 ,ev'n s1 ?\1 ,siddons1 melte/ my sad he>t40 ,"h1 f ! lapse ( "t & accumulation ( circum/ances1 ! fir/ memb] ( ! comp>ison is =gott5 be=e ! second is rea*$2 & requires re-read+4 ,_h ! ma9 idea be5 fir/ m5tion$1 less ef=t w\ld h be5 requir$ to reta9 x1 & to modify ! conception ( x into h>mony ) ! illu/rative ideas1 ?an to rememb] ! illu/rative ideas1 & ref] back to !m = help 9 =m+ ! f9al image4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,metaphor to ! ,simile is ascrib$ by ,dr4 ,:ately to ! fact t 8all m5 are m gratifi$ at cat*+ ! resemblance = !mselves1 ?an 9 hav+ x po9t$ out to !m40 ,b aft] :at has be5 said1 ! great economy x a*ieves w seem ! m probable cause4 ,le>'s exclamation 8,+ratitude6 ?\ m>ble-he>t$ fi5d10 #cec w\ld lose "p ( its effect 7 x *ang$ into 8,+ratitude6 ?\ fi5d ) he>t l m>ble20 & ! loss w\ld result p>tly f ! position ( ! simile & p>tly f ! extra numb] ( words requir$4 ,:5 ! comp>ison is an involv$ "o1 ! great] =ce ( ! metaphor1 due to its relative brevity1 becomes mu* m conspicu\s4 ,if1 draw+ an analogy betwe5 m5tal & physical ph5om5a1 we say1 ,z1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a cry/al1 beams ( :ite light are decompos$ into ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[2 s1 9 trav]s+ ! s\l ( ! poet1 ! col\rless rays ( tru? are trans=m$ into brightly-t9t$ poetry2 x is cle> t 9 receiv+ ! two sets ( words express+ ! two halves ( ! comp>ison1 & 9 c>ry+ ! mean+ ( ! "o to help 9 int]pret+ ! o!r1 consid]able att5tion is absorb$4 ,mo/ ( ?is is sav$ by putt+ ! comp>ison 9 a metaphorical =m1 ?us3 ,! :ite light ( tru?1 9 trav]s+ ! _m-sid$ transp>5t s\l ( ! poet1 is refract$ into iris-hu$ poetry4 ,h[ mu* is convey$ 9 a few words by us+ ,metaphor1 & h[ vivid ! effect consequ5tly produc$1 is ev]y:]e %[n4 ,f 8,a ,life ,drama0 may be quot$ ! phrase1 8,i spe>'d him ) a je/10 z a f9e in/ance among ! _m :i* t poem conta9s4 ,a passage 9 ! 8,prome!us ,unb\nd10 ( ,%elley1 displays ! p[] ( ! metaphor to great advantage4 8,me?\ght among ! lawns toge!r ,we w&]$1 und]nea? ! "y gray dawn1 ,& multitudes ( d5se :ite fleecy cl\ds ,7 w&]+ 9 ?ick flocks along ! m\nta9s ,%eph]d$ by ! sl[ unwill+ w9d40 ,?is la/ expression is rem>kable = ! di/9ctness ) :i* x calls up ! features ( ! sc5e2 br++ ! m9d by a b\nd to ! desir$ conception4 ,b a limit is put to ! advantage\s use ( ,metaphor1 #ced by ! condition t x mu/ be simple en\gh to be und]/ood f a h9t4 ,evid5tly1 if !re be any obscurity 9 ! mean+ or application ( x1 no economy ( att5tion w be a*iev$2 b r ! rev]se4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! comp>ison is complex1 x is bett] to put x 9 ! =m ( a ,simile4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a species ( figure1 sometimes class$ "u ,allegory1 b :i* might well be call$ ,comp\nd ,metaphor1 t enables u to reta9 ! brevity ( ! metaphorical =m ev5 :]e ! analogy is intricate4 ,?is is done by indicat+ ! application ( ! figure at ! outset1 & !n leav+ ! read] or he>] to cont9ue ! p>allel4 ,em]son has employ$ x ) great effect 9 ! fir/ ( 8 ,lectures on ! ,times4 8,! ma9 int]e/ :i* any aspects ( ! ,times c h = u1 is ! great _s :i* gazes ?r\gh !m1 ! light :i* !y c %$ on ! wond]ful que/ions1 ,:at are we8 & ,:i!r d we t5d8 ,we d n wi% to be deceiv$4 ,"h we drift1 l :ite sail across ! wild ocean1 n[ bright on ! wave1 n[ d>kl+ 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea2 b f :at port did we sail8 ,:o kn[s8 ,or to :at port are we b\nd8 ,:o kn[s8 ,!re is no "o to tell u b su* poor wea!r-toss$ m>9]s z ourselves1 :om we speak z we pass1 or :o h hoi/$ "s signal1 or float$ to u "s lett] 9 a bottle f af>4 ,b :at "k !y m ?an we8 ,!y also f\nd !mselves on ?is wondr\s sea4 ,no2 f ! old] sailors no?+4 ,ov] all _! speak+-trumpets ! gray sea & ! l\d w9ds answ]--,n 9 u2 n 9 ,"t40 ,! division ( ,simile f ,metaphor is by no means def9ite4 ,betwe5 ! "o extreme 9 :i* ! two elem5ts ( ! comp>ison are detail$ at full l5g? & ! analogy po9t$ out1 & ! o!r extreme 9 :i* ! comp>ison is impli$ in/ead ( /at$1 come int]m$iate =ms1 9 :i* ! comp>ison is p>tly /at$ & p>tly impli$4 ,= in/ance3 ,a/oni%$ at ! p]=mances ( ! ,engli% pl\gh1 ! ,h9doos pa9t x1 set x up1 & wor%ip x2 ?us turn+ a tool into an idol4 ,l+ui/s d ! same ) language4--,"h !re is an evid5t advantage 9 leav+ ! read] or he>] to complete ! figure4 ,& g5]ally ^! #cee int]m$iate =ms are good 9 proportion z !y d ?is2 provid$ ! mode ( completion be obvi\s4 ,pass+ ov] mu* t may be said ( l purport on ,hyp]bole1 ,p]sonification1 ,apo/rophe1 c41 let u close our rem>ks on con/ruction by a typical example ( effective expression4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i* has be5 enunciat$ is t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! =ce ( a v]bal =m or arrangem5t is great1 9 proportion z ! m5tal ef=t dem&$ f ! recipi5t is small4 ,! coroll>ies f ?is g5]al pr9ciple h be5 sev]ally illu/rat$4 ,b ?\gh con=mity n[ to ?is & n[ to t requirem5t has be5 exemplifi$1 no case ( entire con=mity has yet be5 quot$4 ,x is inde$ difficult to f9d "o2 = ! ,engli% idiom does n commonly p]mit ! ord] :i* !ory dictates4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 occur 9 ,ossian4 ,"h is "o3 8,l autumn's d>k /orms p\r+ f two e*o+ hills1 t[>ds ea* o!r approa*$ ! h]oes4 ,l two deep /reams f high rocks meet+1 mix+1 ro>+ on ! pla93 l\d1 r\gh1 & d>k 9 battle meet ,lo*l9 & ,inisfail4 99 99 99 ,z ! noise ( ! tr\bl$ ocean :5 roll ! waves on high2 z ! la/ peal ( ! ?und] ( heav52 su* is ! d9 ( w>40 ,except 9 ! position ( ! v]b 9 ! fir/ two similes1 ! !oretically be/ arrangem5t is fully c>ri$ out 9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces4 ,! simile comes be=e ! qualifi$ image1 ! adjectives be=e ! sub/antives1 ! pr$icate & copula be=e ! subject1 & _! respective complem5ts be=e !m4 ,t ! passage is bomba/ic proves no?+2 or r1 proves our case4 ,= :at is bomba/ b a =ce ( expression too great = ! magnitude ( ! ideas embodi$8 ,all t may rightly be inf]r$ is1 t only 9 r>e cases %\ld all ! conditions to effective expression be fulfill$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a m complex application ( ! !ory may n[ be #cef made4 ,n only 9 ! /ructures ( s5t5ces1 & ! uses ( figures ( spee*1 may we trace economy ( ! recipi5t's m5tal en]gy z ! cause ( =ce2 b we may trace ?is same cause 9 ! successful *oice & arrangem5t ( ! m9or images out ( :i* "s l>ge ?\ght is to be built4 ,to select f a sc5e or ev5t describ$1 ^? elem5ts :i* c>ry _m o!rs ) !m2 & s1 by say+ a few ?+s b sugge/+ _m1 to abridge ! description2 is ! secret ( produc+ a vivid impression4 ,an extract f ,t5nyson's 8,m>iana0 w well illu/rate ?is4 8,all day )9 ! dreamy h\se1 ,! doors ^u _! h+es creak$1 ,! blue fly sung 9 ! pane2 ! m\se ,beh9d ! m\ld]+ wa9scot %riek'd1 ,or f ! crevice pe]'d ab\t40 ,! sev]al circum/ances "h specifi$ br+ ) !m _m appropriate associations4 ,:5 alone ! creak+ ( a di/ant door is mu* m obtrusive ?an :5 talk+ to fri5ds4 ,our att5tion is r>ely drawn by ! buzz+ ( a fly 9 ! w9d[1 save :5 ev]y?+ is /ill4 ,:ile ! inmates are mov+ ab\t ! h\se1 mice usually keep sil5ce2 & x is only :5 extreme quietness reigns t !y peep f _! retreats4 ,h5ce ea* ( ! facts m5tion$1 presuppos+ v>i\s o!rs1 calls up ^! ) m or less di/9ctness2 & revives ! feel+ ( dull solitude ) :i* !y are connect$ 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,7 all ( !m detail$ in/ead ( sugge/$1 ! m5tal en]gies w\ld be s fritt]$ away 9 att5d+ t little impression ( dre>9ess w\ld be produc$4 ,simil>ly 9 o!r cases4 ,9 ! *oice ( compon5t ideas1 z 9 ! *oice ( expressions1 ! aim mu/ be to convey ! greate/ quantity ( ?\ghts ) ! smalle/ quantity ( words4 ,! same pr9ciple may sometimes be advantage\sly c>ri$ yet fur!r1 by indirectly sugge/+ "s entirely #ceg di/9ct ?\ght 9 addition to ! "o express$4 ,?us if we say1 ,! head ( a good classic is z full ( anci5t my?s1 z t ( a s]vant-girl ( gho/ /ories2 x is manife/ t besides ! fact ass]t$1 !re is an impli$ op9ion respect+ ! small value ( mu* t passes z classical le>n+2 & z ?is impli$ op9ion is recogniz$ mu* soon] ?an x c be put into words1 !re is ga9 9 omitt+ x4 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 great effect is produc$ by an ov]t omission2 provid$ ! nature ( ! idea left out is obvi\s4 ,a good in/ance occurs 9 ,h]oes & ,h]o-wor%ip4 ,aft] describ+ ! way 9 :i* ,burns 0 sacrific$ to ! idle curiosity ( lion-hunt]s--p :o s\ght to amuse !mselves1 & :o got _! amusem5t :ile 8! ,h]o's life w5t = x60 ,c>lyle sugge/s a p>allel ?us3 8,ri*t] says1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,sumatra !re is a k9d ( #8,light-*af]s1' l>ge ,fire-flies1 :i* p /ick ^u spits1 & illum9ate ! ways ) at night4 ,p]sons ( condition c ?us travel ) a pleasant radiance1 :i* !y mu* admire4 ,great hon\r to ! ,fire-flies6 ,b--6--0 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e inquir+ :e!r ! law ( effect ?us f> trac$1 expla9s ! impressiv5ess ( poetry z comp>$ ) prose1 x w be ne$ful to notice "s causes ( =ce 9 expression :i* _h n yet be5 m5tion$4 ,^! are n1 prop]ly speak+1 additional causes2 b r second>y ones1 orig9at+ f ^? already specifi$4 ,"o is t m5tal excitem5t spontane\sly prompts ^? =ms ( spee* :i* h be5 po9t$ out z ! mo/ effective4 8,out ) him60 8,away ) him60 are ! cries ( angry citiz5s at a di/urb$ meet+4 ,a voyag]1 describ+ a t]rible /orm he _h witness$1 w\ld rise to "s su* climax z--8,crack w5t ! ropes1 & d[n came ! ma/40 ,a/oni%m5t #ceh may be he>d express$ 9 ! phrase--8,nev] 0 !re su* a sight60 ,all ( :i* s5t5ces are con/ruct$ aft] ! direct type4 ,aga91 !re is ! fact t excit$ p]sons are giv5 to figures ( spee*4 ,! vitup]ation ( ! vulg> ab\nds ) !m4 8,bea/10 8brute10 8gall[s rogue10 8cut-?roat villa910 ^!1 & l metaphors or metaphorical epi!ts1 call to m9d a /reet qu>rel4 ,fur!r1 x may be notic$ t extreme brevity is a trait ( passionate language4 ,! s5t5ces are g5]ally incomplete2 & frequ5tly important words are left to be ga!r$ f ! context4 ,great admiration does n v5t itself 9 a precise proposition1 z--8,x is beautiful20 b 9 ! simple exclamation1--8,beautiful60 ,he :o1 :5 read+ a lawy]'s lett]1 %\ld say1 8,vile rascal60 w\ld be ?\ght angry2 :ile1 8,he is a vile rascal10 w\ld imply comp>ative coolness4 ,?us alike 9 ! ord] ( ! words1 9 ! frequ5t use ( figures1 & 9 extreme concis5ess1 ! natural utt]ances ( excitem5t con=m to ! !oretical conditions to =cible expression4 ,h5ce su* =ms ( spee* acquire a second>y /r5g? f association4 ,hav+1 9 daily int]c\rse1 he>d !m 9 connection ) vivid m5tal impressions2 & hav+ be5 accu/om$ to meet ) !m 9 writ+ ( unusual p[]2 !y come to h 9 !mselves a species ( =ce4 ,! emotions t h f "t to "t be5 produc$ by ! /rong ?\ghts wrapp$ up 9 ^! =ms1 are p>tially ar\s$ by ! =ms !mselves4 ,^! create a prep>atory sympa?y2 & :5 ! /rik+ ideas look$ = are rea*$1 !y are ! m vividly pictur$4 ,! cont9u\s use ( words & =ms t are alike =cible 9 !mselves & =cible f _! associations1 produces ! impressive species ( composition :i* we call poetry4 ,! poet habitually adopts ^? symbols ( ?\ght1 & ^? me?ods ( us+ !m1 :i* in/9ct #cei & analysis agree 9 *oos+ z mo/ effective4 ,on turn+ back to ! v>i\s specim5s :i* h be5 quot$1 x w be se5 t ! direct or inv]t$ =m ( s5t5ce pr$om9ates 9 !m2 & t to a degree inadmissible 9 prose4 ,n only 9 ! frequ5cy1 b 9 :at is t]m$ ! viol5ce ( ! inv]sions1 may ?is di/9ction be rem>k$4 ,! abundant use ( figures1 aga91 exhibits ! same tru?4 ,metaphors1 similes1 hyp]boles1 & p]sonifications1 are ! poet's col\rs1 :i* he has lib]ty to employ almo/ )\t limit4 ,we *>act]ize z 8poetical0 ! prose :i* uses ^! appliances ( language ) frequ5cy2 & condemn x z 8ov] florid0 or 8affect$0 long be=e !y occur ) ! pr(usion all[$ 9 v]se4 ,once m1 9 brevity--! o!r requisite ( =cible expression :i* !ory po9ts out & emotion spontane\sly fulfils--poetical phraseology diff]s f ord9>y phraseology4 ,imp]fect p]iods are frequ5t2 elisions are p]petual2 & _m m9or words :i* w\ld be deem$ ess5tial 9 prose1 are disp5s$ )4 ,?us poetry is especially impressive p>tly because x con=ms to all ! laws ( effective spee*1 & p>tly because 9 s do+ x imitates ! natural utt]ances ( excitem5t4 ,:ile ! matt] embodi$ is idealiz$ emotion1 ! vehicle is ! idealiz$ language ( emotion4 ,z ! musical compos] cat*es ! cad5ces 9 :i* our feel+s ( joy & sympa?y1 grief & despair1 v5t !mselves1 & out ( ^! g]ms evolves melodies sugge/+ high] phases ( ^! feel+s2 s1 ! poet develops f ! typical expressions 9 :i* m5 utt] passion & s5tim5t1 ^? *oice =ms ( v]bal comb9ation 9 :i* conc5trat$ passion & s5tim5t may be fitly pres5t$4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ( poetry conduc+ mu* to its effect--! peculi>ity :i* is inde$ usually ?\ght its *>act]i/ic "o--/ill rema9+ to be consid]$3 we #cfj mean its rhy?mical /ructure4 ,?is1 improbable ?\gh x seems1 w be f\nd to come "u ! same g5]alization ) ! o!rs4 ,l ea* ( !m1 x is an idealization ( ! natural language ( emotion1 :i* is n uncommonly m or less metrical if ! emotion be n too viol5t2 & l ea* ( !m x economizes ! read]'s or he>]'s att5tion4 ,9 ! peculi> tone & mann] we adopt 9 utt]+ v]sifi$ language1 may be disc]n$ its relation%ip to ! feel+s2 & ! pleasure :i* its measur$ movem5t gives1 is ascribable to ! comp>ative ease ) :i* words metrically arrang$ c be recogniz$4 ,?is la/ position w n be at once admitt$2 b explanation w ju/ify x4 ,if1 z we h se51 !re is an exp5diture ( m5tal en]gy 9 s li/5+ to v]bal articulations z to id5tify ! words1 or 9 t sil5t repetition ( !m :i* goes on 9 read+1 !n1 any mode ( s comb9+ words z to pres5t a regul> recurr5ce ( c]ta9 traits :i* c be anticipat$1 w dim9i% t /ra9 on ! att5tion entail$ by ! total irregul>ity ( prose4 ,j z ! body1 :5 receiv+ a s]ies ( v>y+ concussions1 mu/ keep its muscles ready to meet ! mo/ viol5t ( !m1 z n kn[+ :5 su* may come2 s1 ! m9d :5 receiv+ un>rang$ articulations1 mu/ keep its p]ceptive faculties active en\gh to recognize ! lea/ easily caught s\nds4 ,& z1 if ! concussions recur 9 a def9ite ord]1 ! body may husb& its =ces by adju/+ ! resi/ance ne$ful = ea* concussion2 s1 if ! syllables be rhy?mically arrang$1 ! m9d may economize its en]gies by anticipat+ ! att5tion requir$ = ea* syllable4 ,f>-fet*$ ?\gh ?is idea w be ?\ght1 introspection c\nt5ances x4 ,t we d take advantage ( metrical language to adju/ our p]ceptive faculties to ! expect$ articulations1 is cle> f ! fact t we are balk$ by halt+ v]sification4 ,mu* z at ! bottom ( a flight ( /airs1 a /ep m or less ?an we c\nt$ ^u gives u a #cfa %ock2 s1 too1 does a misplac$ acc5t or a sup]num]>y syllable4 ,9 ! "o case1 we "k t !re is an errone\s pre-adju/m5t2 & we c sc>cely d\bt t !re is "o 9 ! o!r4 ,b if we habitually pre-adju/ our p]ceptions to ! measur$ movem5t ( v]se1 ! physical analogy above giv5 r5d]s x probable t by s do+ we economize att5tion2 & h5ce t metrical language is m effective ?an prose1 because x enables u to d ?is4 ,7 !re space1 x might be wor? :ile to inquire :e!r ! pleasure we take 9 rhyme1 & also t :i* we take 9 euphony1 are n p>tly ascribable to ! same g5]al cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few p>agraphs only1 c be devot$ to a second division ( our subject4 ,to pursue 9 detail ! laws ( effect1 z apply+ to ! l>g] features ( composition1 w\ld c>ry u beyond our limits4 ,b we may briefly indicate a fur!r aspect ( ! g5]al pr9ciple hi!rto trac$1 & h9t a few ( its wid] applications4 ,?us f>1 we h consid]$ only ^? causes ( =ce 9 language :i* dep5d on economy ( ! m5tal en]gies4 ,we h n[ to glance at ^? :i* dep5d on economy ( ! m5tal s5sibilities4 ,que/ionable ?\gh ?is division may be z a psy*ological "o1 x w s]ve r\ghly to indicate ! rema9+ field ( inve/igation4 ,x w sugge/ t besides consid]+ ! ext5t to :i* any faculty or gr\p ( faculties is task$ 9 receiv+ a =m ( words & con/ruct+ its conta9$ idea1 we h to consid] ! /ate 9 :i* ?is faculty or gr\p ( faculties is left2 & h[ ! reception ( subsequ5t s5t5ces & images w be influ5c$ by t /ate4 ,)\t go+ fully into s wide a topic z ! action ( faculties & its reactive effects1 x w suffice to recall ! fact t e faculty is exhau/$ by ex]cise4 #cfb ,?is g5]alization1 :i* our bodily exp]i5ces =ce ^u u1 & :i* 9 daily spee* is recogniz$ z true ( ! m9d z a :ole1 is true ( ea* m5tal p[]1 f ! simple/ ( ! s5ses to ! mo/ complex ( ! s5tim5ts4 ,if we hold a fl[] to ! nose = long1 we become ins5sible to its sc5t4 ,we say ( a brilliant fla% ( lightn+ t x bl9ds u2 :i* means t our eyes h = a "t lo/ _! ability to appreciate light4 ,aft] eat+ honey1 we are apt to ?9k our tea is )\t sug>4 ,! phrase 8a deaf5+ ro>10 implies t m5 f9d a v l\d s\nd tempor>ily incapacitates !m = he>+ fa9t s\nds4 ,to a h& :i* has = "s "t c>ri$ a heavy body1 small bodies aft]w>ds lift$ seem to h lo/ _! weight4 ,n[1 ! tru? ?us exemplifi$1 may be trac$ ?r\gh\t4 ,alike ( ! reflective faculties1 ! imag9ation1 ! p]ceptions ( ! beautiful1 ! ludicr\s1 ! sublime1 x may be %[n t action exhau/s2 & t 9 proportion z ! action is viol5t ! subsequ5t pro/ration is great4 ,equally ?r\gh\t ! :ole nature1 may be trac$ ! law t ex]cis$ faculties are ev] t5d+ to resume _! orig9al /ates4 ,n only aft] cont9u$ re/1 d !y rega9 _! full p[]s--n only are brief cessations 9 ! dem&s on !m foll[$ by p>tial re-invigoration2 b ev5 :ile !y are 9 action1 ! result+ exhau/ion is ev] be+ neutraliz$4 ,! processes ( wa/e & repair g on toge!r4 ,h5ce ) faculties habitually ex]cis$--z ! s5ses ( all p]sons1 or ! muscles ( any "o :o is /rong--x happ5s t1 dur+ mod]ate activity1 ! repair is s ne>ly equal to ! wa/e1 t ! dim9ution ( p[] is sc>cely appreciable4 ,x is only :5 ef=t has be5 long cont9u$1 or has be5 viol5t1 t repair becomes s f> 9 arre> ( wa/e z to cause a p]ceptible enfeeblem5t4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 :51 by ! action ( a faculty1 wa/e has be5 incurr$1 "s lapse #cfc ( "t mu/ take place be=e full effici5cy c be reacquir$2 & ?is "t mu/ be long 9 proportion z ! wa/e has be5 great4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ^! g5]al tru?s1 we %all be 9 a condition to und]/& c]ta9 causes ( effect 9 composition n[ to be consid]$4 ,e p]ception receiv$1 & e conception fram$1 entail+ "s am\nt ( wa/e 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! effici5cy ( ! faculties employ$ be+ = a "t1 ?\gh (t5 b mom5t>ily1 dim9i%$2 ! result+ p>tial inability affects ! acts ( p]ception & conception t imm$iately succe$4 ,h5ce ! vividness ) :i* images are pictur$ mu/1 9 _m cases1 dep5d on ! ord] ( _! pres5tation2 ev5 :5 "o ord] is z conv5i5t to ! und]/&+ z ! o!r4 ,sundry facts illu/rate ?is tru?1 & are expla9$ by x3 in/ance climax & anti-climax4 ,! m>k$ effect obta9$ by plac+ la/ ! mo/ /rik+ ( any s]ies ( ideas1 & ! weakness--(t5 ! ludicr\s weakness--produc$ by rev]s+ ?is arrangem5t1 dep5ds on ! g5]al law indicat$4 ,z imm$iately aft] look+ at ! sun we _c p]ceive ! light ( a fire1 :ile by look+ at ! fire fir/ & ! sun aft]w>ds we c p]ceive bo?2 s1 aft] receiv+ a brilliant1 or weighty1 or t]rible ?\ght1 we _c prop]ly appreciate a less brilliant1 less weighty1 or less t]rible "o1 ?\gh by rev]s+ ! ord]1 we c appreciate ea*4 ,9 ,anti!sis1 aga91 ! l tru? is exemplifi$4 ,! opposition ( two ?\ghts :i* are ! rev]se ( ea* o!r 9 "s prom95t trait1 insures an impressive effect2 & does ?is by giv+ a mom5t>y relaxation to ! faculties address$4 ,if1 aft] a s]ies ( ord9>y images excit+ 9 a mod]ate degree to ! emotion ( rev]5ce1 or approbation1 or beauty1 ! m9d has pres5t$ to x an insignificant1 or unwor?y1 or ugly image2 ! /ructure :i* yields ! emotion ( rev]5ce1 or approbation1 or beauty1 hav+ = ! "t no?+ to d1 t5ds to resume #cfd its full p[]2 & w imm$iately aft]w>ds appreciate any?+ va/1 admirable1 or beautiful bett] ?an x w\ld o!rwise d4 ,conv]sely1 :]e ! idea ( absurdity due to extreme insignificance is to be produc$1 x may be int5sifi$ by plac+ x aft] some?+ impressive2 especially if ! =m ( phrase implies t some?+ /ill m impressive is com+4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! effect ga9$ by ?us pres5t+ a petty idea to a consci\sness :i* has n yet recov]$ f ! %ock ( an excit+ "o1 occurs 9 a sket* by ,balzac4 ,8 h]o writes to a mi/ress :o has cool$ t[>ds him1 ! foll[+ lett]3 8,madame1--,votre conduite m'tonne autant qu'elle m'afflige4 ,non cont5te de me d*ir] le cur p> vos dda9s1 v\s avez l'indlicatesse de me ret5ir une brosse d5ts1 que mes moy5s ne me p]mett5t pas de remplac]1 mes proprits tant greves d'hypo?ques au del de leur valeur4 8,adieu1 trop belle et trop +rate amie6 ,puissions-n\s n\s revoir dans un monde meilleur6 8,,*>les-,,ed\>d40 ,?us ! ph5om5a ( ,climax1 ,anti!sis1 & ,anticlimax1 alike result f ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,improbable z ^! mom5t>y v>iations 9 susceptibility may seem1 we _c d\bt _! occurr5ce :5 we contemplate ! analog\s v>iations 9 ! susceptibility ( ! s5ses4 ,e "o kn[s t a pat* ( black on a :ite gr\nd looks black]1 & a pat* ( :ite on a black gr\nd looks :it]1 ?an else:]e4 ,z ! blackness & ! :it5ess are really ! same1 ! only assignable cause1 is a diff]5ce 9 _! actions ^u u1 dep5d5t on ! diff]5t /ates ( our faculties4 ,! effect is due to a visual anti!sis4 ,b ?is ext5sion ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( economy--?is fur!r condition to effective composition1 t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! faculties mu/ be husb&$--includes mu* m ?an has be5 yet h9t$4 ,n only does x foll[ t c]ta9 arrangem5ts & c]ta9 juxtapositions ( connect$ ideas are be/2 b also t "s modes ( divid+ & pres5t+ a subject w be m /rik+ #cfe ?an o!rs1 irrespective ( logical cohesion4 ,we are %[n :y we mu/ progress f ! less int]e/+ to ! m int]e/+2 alike 9 ! composition z a :ole1 & 9 ea* successive portion4 ,at ! same "t1 ! indicat$ requirem5t negatives long cont9uity ( ! same k9d ( ?\ght1 or repeat$ production ( l effects4 ,x w>ns u aga9/ ! error committ$ by ,pope 9 8 poems & by ,bacon 9 8 essays--! error ( con/antly employ+ =cible =ms ( expression4 ,z ! easie/ po/ure by & by becomes fatigu+1 & is ) pleasure ex*ang$ = "o less easy2 s1 ! mo/ p]fectly-con/ruct$ s5t5ces unceas+ly us$ mu/ cause we>9ess1 & relief w be giv5 by us+ ^? ( inf]ior k9ds4 ,fur!r1 we may inf] n only t we ought to avoid g5]ally comb9+ our words 9 "o mann]1 h[ev] good1 or work+ out our figures & illu/rations 9 "o way1 h[ev] tell+2 b t we ought to avoid any?+ l uni=m adh]5ce to ! wid] conditions ( effect4 ,we %\ld n make e division ( our subject progress 9 int]e/2 we %\ld n always rise to a climax4 ,z we saw t 9 s+le s5t5ces x is b r>ely all[able to fulfil all ! conditions to /r5g?2 s1 9 ! l>g] sections ( a composition we mu/ n (t5 con=m entirely to ! pr9ciples indicat$4 ,we mu/ subord9ate ! compon5t effects to ! total effect4 ,! species ( composition :i* ! law we h trac$ out indicates z ! p]fect "o1 is ! "o :i* g5ius t5ds naturally to produce4 ,z we f\nd t ! k9ds ( s5t5ce :i* are !oretically be/1 are ^? commonly employ$ by sup]ior m9ds1 & by inf]ior m9ds :5 tempor>ily exalt$2 s1 we %all f9d t ! ideal =m = a poem1 essay1 or fiction1 is t :i* ! ideal writ] w\ld evolve spontane\sly4 ,"o 9 :om ! p[]s ( expression fully respond$ to ! /ate ( feel+1 w\ld unconsci\sly use t v>iety 9 ! mode #cff ( pres5t+ 8 ?\ghts1 :i* ,art dem&s4 ,con/ant employm5t ( "o species ( phraseology implies an undevelop$ l+ui/ic faculty4 ,to h a specific /yle is to be poor 9 spee*4 ,if we rememb] t 9 ! f> pa/1 m5 _h only n\ns & v]bs to convey _! ideas )1 & t f !n to n[ ! progress has be5 t[>ds m num]\s implem5ts ( ?\ght1 & t[>ds great] complexity & v>iety 9 _! comb9ations2 we may inf] t1 9 ! use ( s5t5ces1 we are at pres5t mu* :at ! primitive man 0 9 ! use ( words2 & t a cont9uance ( ! process :i* has hi!rto gone on1 mu/ produce increas+ het]og5eity 9 our modes ( expression4 ,z n[1 9 a f9e nature1 ! play ( ! features1 ! tones ( ! voice & its cad5ces1 v>y 9 h>mony ) e ?\ght utt]$2 s1 9 "o possess$ ( fully-develop$ p[]s ( language1 ! m\ld 9 :i* ea* comb9ation ( words is ca/ w v>y )1 & be appropriate to1 ! m5tal /ate4 ,t a p]fectly-end[$ man mu/ unconsci\sly write 9 all /yles1 we may inf] f consid]+ h[ /yles orig9ate4 ,:y is ,johnson pomp\s1 ,goldsmi? simple8 ,:y is "o au?or abrupt1 ano!r involv$1 ano!r concise8 ,evid5tly 9 ea* case ! habitual mode ( utt]ance dep5ds on ! habitual balance ( ! nature4 ,! dom9ant feel+s h by use tra9$ ! intellect to repres5t !m4 ,b :ile long habit has made x d ?is effici5tly1 x rema9s1 f lack ( practice1 unable to d ! l = ! less active feel+s2 & :5 ^! are excit$1 ! usual v]bal =ms und]go b slight modifications4 ,b let ! ability ( ! intellect to repres5t ! m5tal /ate be complete1 & ?is fixity ( /yle w disappe>4 ,! p]fect writ] w be n[ rhy?mical & n[ irregul>2 "h 8 language w be pla9 & !re ornate2 sometimes 8 s5t5ces w be balanc$ & at o!r times unsymmetrical2 = a :ile !re w be consid]able sam5ess1 & !n aga9 great v>iety4 ,8 mode ( #cfg expression naturally respond+ to 8 ?\ght & emotion1 !re w fl[ f 8 p5 a composition *ang+ z ! aspects ( 8 subject *ange4 ,he w ?us )\t ef=t con=m to :at we h se5 to be ! laws ( effect4 ,& :ile 8 "w pres5ts to ! read] t v>iety ne$ful to prev5t cont9u\s ex]tion ( ! same faculties1 x w also answ] to ! description ( all highly-organiz$ products bo? ( man & nature4 ,x w be1 n a s]ies ( l p>ts simply plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 b "o :ole made up ( unlike p>ts t are mutually dep5d5t4 ,,po/script4--,! conclusion t because ( _! comp>ative brevity & because ( ^? /rong] associations =m$ by m frequ5t use1 words ( ,old-,engli% orig9 are pref]able to words d]iv$ f ,lat9 or ,greek1 %\ld be tak5 ) two qualifications1 :i* x seems ne$ful to add "h4 ,9 "s cases ! ^w furni%$ by our orig9al tongue1 & ! correspond+ ^w directly or indirectly d]iv$ f ,lat91 ?\gh nom9ally equival5ts1 are n actually su*2 & ! ^w ( ,lat9 orig91 by c]ta9 extra connotations x has acquir$1 may be ! m expressive4 ,= in/ance1 we h no ^w ( native orig9 :i* c be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = ! ^w 8gr&40 ,no su* words z 8big0 or 8great10 :i* connote little m ?an sup]iority 9 size or quantity1 c be us$ in/ead3 !y d n imply t qualitative sup]iority :i* is associat$ ) ! idea ( gr&eur4 ,z adopt$ into our own language1 ! ^w 8gr&0 has be5 diff]5tiat$ f 8great0 by habitual use 9 ^? cases :]e ! greatness has an /hetic sup]iority4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 a ^w ( ,lat9 orig9 is bett] ?an its ne>e/ equival5t ( native orig91 because by use x has acquir$ an additional mean+4 ,& "h1 too1 we may conv5i5tly #cfh note ! fact t ! great] brevity ( a ^w does n inv>iably conduce to great] =ce4 ,:]e ! ^w1 in/ead ( be+ "o convey+ a subord9ate compon5t ( ! idea ! s5t5ce expresses1 is "o convey+ ! c5tral elem5t ( ! idea1 on :i* ! att5tion may ) advantage re/ a mom5t1 a long] ^w is sometimes bett] ?an a %ort] ^w4 ,?us x may be held t ! s5t5ce--8,x is gr&0 is n s effective z ! s5t5ce--8,x is magnific5t40 ,besides ! fact t "h great] l5g? ( ! ^w fav\rs a long] dwell+ on ! ess5tial "p ( ! ?\ght1 !re is ! fact t its great] l5g?1 aid$ by its division into syllables1 gives opportunity = a cad5ce appropriate to ! feel+ produc$ by ! ?+ *>act]iz$4 ,by an asc5t ( ! voice on ! syllable 8nif10 & an utt]ance ( ?is syllable1 n only 9 a high] note1 b ) great] emphasis ?an ! prec$+ or succe$+ syllables1 !re is impli$ t emotion :i* contemplation ( ! object produces2 & ! emotion ?us impli$ is1 by sympa?y1 communicat$4 ,"o may say t 9 ! case ( ^! two words1 if ! impos+ness is alone to be consid]$1 ! ^w 8magnific5t0 may ) advantage be employ$2 b if ! s5t5ce expresses a proposition 9 :i*1 n ! impos+ness itself1 b some?+ ab\t ! impos+ness1 is to be express$1 !n ! ^w 8gr&0 is pref]able4 ,! second qualification above ref]r$ to1 conc]ns ! sup]iority ( words d]iv$ f ,lat9 or ,greek1 9 cases :]e m or less ab/ract ideas h to be express$4 ,9 su* cases x is undesirable to use words hav+ concrete associations2 = su* words1 by ! v vividness ) :i* !y call up ?\ghts ( p>ticul> objects or p>ticul> actions1 imp$e ! =mation ( conceptions :i* ref]1 n to p>ticul> objects & actions1 b to g5]al tru?s conc]n+ objects or actions ( k9ds t are m or less v>i\s4 ,?us1 su* an expression z 8! colligation ( facts0 is bett] = philosophical purposes ?an su* #cfi an expression z 8! ty+ toge!r ( facts40 ,?is la/ expression _c be us$ )\t sugge/+ ! ?\ght ( a bundle ( mat]ial ?+s b\nd up by a /r+ or cord--a ?\ght :i*1 9 s f> z ! mat]iality ( its compon5ts is conc]n$1 conflicts ) ! conception to be sugge/$4 ,?\gh x is true t :5 its d]ivation is rememb]$1 8colligation0 raises ! same ?\ght1 yet1 z ! ?\ght is n s promptly or irresi/ibly rais$1 x /&s less 9 ! way ( ! ab/ract conception ) :i* att5tion %\ld be exclusively occupi$4 ,,endnote ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,/yle4 #ed ,prop]ly ! t]m 8simile0 is applicable only to ! entire figure1 includ+ ! two ?+s comp>$ & ! comp>ison drawn betwe5 !m4 ,b z !re exi/s no "n = ! illu/rative memb] ( ! figure1 !re seems no alt]native b to employ 8simile0 to express ?is also4 ,! context w 9 ea* case %[ 9 :i* s5se ! ^w is us$4 #cgj ,,use ,,& ,,beauty4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead] = ,janu>y #c1 #aheb4 ,9 "o ( 8 essays1 ,em]son rem>ks1 t :at ,nature at "o "t provides = use1 %e aft]w>ds turns to ornam5t2 & he cites 9 illu/ration ! /ructure ( a sea-%ell1 9 :i* ! p>ts t h = a :ile =m$ ! m\? are at ! next season ( gr[? left beh9d1 & become decorative nodes & sp9es4 ,ignor+ ! impli$ teleology1 :i* does n "h conc]n u1 x has (t5 occurr$ to me t ?is same rem>k might be ext5d$ to ! progress ( ,humanity4 ,"h1 too1 ! appliances ( "o era s]ve z embelli%m5ts to ! next4 ,equally 9 in/itutions1 cre$s1 cu/oms1 & sup]/itions1 we may trace ?is evolution ( beauty out ( :at 0 once purely utilit>ian4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! feel+ ) :i* we reg>d portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface /ill left 9 _! orig9al /ate1 & ! feel+ ) :i* ! savage reg>d$ !m1 is an in/ance t comes fir/ 9 ord] ( "t4 ,if any "o walk+ ov] ,hamp/ead ,hea?1 w note h[ /rongly its picturesqu5ess is br\ght out by contra/ ) ! surr\nd+ cultivat$ fields & ! masses ( h\ses ly+ 9 ! di/ance2 & w fur!r reflect t1 _h ?is irregul> gorse-cov]$ surface ext5d$ on all sides to ! horizon1 x #cga w\ld h look$ dre>y & prosaic r ?an pleas+2 he w see t to ! primitive man a c\ntry s clo!d pres5t$ no beauty at all4 ,to him x 0 m]ely a haunt ( wild animals1 & a gr\nd out ( :i* roots might be dug4 ,:at h become = u places ( relaxation & enjoym5t--places = aft]noon /rolls & = ga!r+ fl[]s--7 8 places = lab\r & food1 probably ar\s+ 9 8 m9d none b utilit>ian associations4 ,ru9$ ca/les af=d obvi\s in/ances ( ?is metamorphosis ( ! useful into ! beautiful4 ,to feudal b>ons & _! reta9]s1 security 0 ! *ief1 if n ! only end1 s\ght 9 *oos+ ! sites & /yles ( _! /rongholds4 ,probably !y aim$ z little at ! picturesque z d ! build]s ( *eap brick h\ses 9 our mod]n t[ns4 ,yet :at 7 erect$ = %elt] & safety1 & :at 9 ^? e>ly days fulfill$ an important function 9 ! social economy1 h n[ assum$ a purely ornam5tal "*4 ,!y s]ve z sc5es = picnics2 pictures ( !m decorate our draw+-rooms2 & ea* supplies its surr\nd+ di/ricts ) leg5ds = ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,on foll[+ out ! tra9 ( ?\ght sugge/$ by ?is la/ illu/ration1 we may see t n only d ! mat]ial exuvi ( pa/ social /ates become ! ornam5ts ( our l&scapes2 b t pa/ habits1 mann]s1 & arrangem5ts1 s]ve z ornam5tal elem5ts 9 our lit]ature4 ,! tyrannies :i*1 to ! s]fs :o bore !m1 7 h>% & dre>y facts2 ! feuds :i*1 to ^? :o took "p 9 !m1 7 v practical life-&-dea? affairs2 ! mail$1 moat$1 s5t9ell$ security :i* 0 irksome to ! nobles :o ne$$ x2 ! imprisonm5ts1 & tortures1 & escapes1 :i* 7 /]n & q prosaic realities to all conc]n$ 9 !m2 h become to u mat]ial = romantic tales--mat]ial :i*1 :5 wov5 into ,ivanhoes & ,m>mions1 s]ves = amusem5t 9 leisure h\rs1 & becomes poetical by contra/ ) our daily lives4 ,?us1 also1 is x ) ext9ct cre$s4 ,/oneh5ge1 :i* #cgb 9 ! h&s ( ! ,druids _h a gov]nm5tal influ5ce ov] m51 is 9 our day a place = antiqu>ian excursions2 & its att5dant prie/s are work$ up into an op]a4 ,greek sculptures1 pres]v$ = _! beauty 9 our gall]ies ( art1 & copi$ = ! decoration ( pleasure gr\nds & entrance halls1 once liv$ 9 m5's m9ds z gods dem&+ ob$i5ce2 z did also ! grotesque idols t n[ amuse ! visitors to our museums4 ,equally m>k$ is ?is *ange ( function 9 ! case ( m9or sup]/itions4 ,! fairy lore1 :i* 9 pa/ times 0 matt] ( grave belief1 & held sway ov] p's conduct1 h s9ce be5 trans=m$ into ornam5t = ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,! ,fairy ,que51 & endless small tales & poems2 & /ill af=ds subjects = *ildr5's /ory-books1 !mes = ballets1 & plots = ,plan*'s burlesques4 ,gnomes1 & g5ii1 & afrits1 los+ _! t]rors1 give piquancy to ! woodcuts 9 our illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,:ile gho/-/ories1 & tales ( magic & wit*craft1 aft] s]v+ to amuse boys & girls 9 _! leisure h\rs1 become matt] = jocose allusions t enliv5 tea-table conv]sation4 ,ev5 our s]i\s lit]ature & our spee*es are reliev$ by ornam5ts drawn f su* s\rces4 ,a ,greek my? is (t5 us$ z a p>allel by :i* to v>y ! monotony ( "s grave argum5t4 ,! lectur] breaks ! dead level ( 8 practical disc\rse by illu/rations drawn f bygone cu/oms1 ev5ts1 or beliefs4 ,& metaphors1 simil>ly d]iv$1 give brilliancy to political orations1 & to ,times lead+ articles4 ,inde$1 on c>eful inquiry1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t we turn to purposes ( beauty mo/ byegone ph5om5a :i* are at all conspicu\s4 ,! bu/s ( great m5 9 our libr>ies1 & _! tombs 9 our *ur*es2 ! once useful b n[ purely ornam5tal h]aldic symbols2 ! monks1 nuns1 & conv5ts1 :i* give int]e/ to a c]ta9 class ( novels2 ! bronze m$ival soldi]s us$ = #cgc embelli%+ draw+-rooms2 ! gilt ,apollos :i* recl9e on "t-pieces2 ! n>ratives t s]ve z plots = our great dramas2 & ! ev5ts t af=d subjects = hi/orical pictures2--^! & su* l illu/rations ( ! metamorphosis ( ! useful into ! beautiful1 are s num]\s z to sugge/ t1 did we se>* dilig5tly en\gh1 we %\ld f9d t 9 "s place1 or "u "s circum/ance1 ne>ly e notable product ( ! pa/ has assum$ a decorative "*4 ,& "h ! m5tion ( hi/orical pictures rem9ds me t an inf]5ce may be drawn f all ?is1 be>+ directly on ! practice ( art4 ,x has ( late ye>s be5 a frequ5t criticism ^u our hi/orical pa9t]s1 t !y err 9 *oos+ _! subjects f ! pa/2 & t1 w\ld !y f\nd a g5u9e & vital s*ool1 !y mu/ r5d] on canvas ! life & de$s & aims ( our own "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be any significance 9 ! =ego+ facts1 x seems d\btful :e!r ?is criticism is a j "o4 ,= if x be ! c\rse ( ?+s t :at has p]=m$ "s active function 9 society dur+ "o era1 becomes available = ornam5t 9 a subsequ5t "o2 x almo/ foll[s t1 conv]sely1 :atev] is p]=m+ "s active function n[1 or has v rec5tly p]=m$ "o1 does n possess ! ornam5tal "*2 & is1 consequ5tly1 inapplicable to any purpose ( :i* beauty is ! aim1 or ( :i* x is a ne$ful +r$i5t4 ,/ill m reasonable w ?is conclusion appe>1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( ?is process by :i* ! useful is *ang$ into ! ornam5tal4 ,an ess5tial pre-requisite to all beauty is contra/4 ,to obta9 arti/ic effect1 light mu/ be put 9 juxtaposition ) %ade1 bright col\rs ) dull col\rs1 a frett$ surface ) a pla9 "o4 ,=te passages 9 music mu/ h piano passages to relieve !m2 conc]t$ pieces ne$ int]sp]s+ ) solos2 & ri* *ords mu/ n be cont9u\sly repeat$4 ,9 ! drama we dem& contra/ ( *>act]s1 ( sc5es1 ( s5tim5t1 ( #cgd /yle4 ,9 prose composition an eloqu5t passage %\ld h a comp>atively pla9 sett+2 & 9 poems great effect is obta9$ by occasional *ange ( v]sification4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple w1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 ! trans=mation ( ! bygone useful into ! pres5t beautiful4 ,x is by virtue ( _! contra/ ) our pres5t modes ( life1 t pa/ modes ( life look int]e/+ & romantic4 ,j z a picnic1 :i* is a tempor>y return to an aborig9al condition1 d]ives1 f its unfamili>ity1 a c]ta9 poetry :i* x w\ld n h 7 x habitual2 s1 ev]y?+ anci5t ga9s1 f its relative novelty to u1 an elem5t ( int]e/4 ,gradually z1 by ! gr[? ( society1 we leave beh9d ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 arrangem5ts1 & all ! products1 mat]ial & m5tal1 ( a bygone age--gradually z we rec$e f ^! s f> t !re arises a conspicu\s diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ^? we are famili> )2 s gradually d !y beg9 to assume to u a poetical aspect1 & become applicable = ornam5t4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t ?+s & ev5ts :i* are close to u1 & :i* are accompani$ by associations ( ideas n m>k$ly contra/$ ) our ord9>y associations1 are relatively inappropriate = purposes ( art4 ,i say relatively because an incid5t ( mod]n life or ev5 ( daily life may acquire adequate fitness = art purposes by an unusualness ( "s o!r k9d ?an t due to unlik5ess betwe5 pa/ & pres5t4 #cge ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,types4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead] = ,octob] #bc1 #aheb4 ,:5 lately look+ ?r\gh ! gall]y ( ! ,old ,wat]-,col\r ,society1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! incongruity produc$ by putt+ regul> ar*itecture into irregul> sc5]y4 ,9 "o case1 :]e ! arti/ _h introduc$ a symmetrical ,grecian edifice into a m\nta9\s & wild l&scape1 ! discordant effect 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$4 8,h[ v unpicturesque10 said a lady to h] fri5d1 z !y pass$2 %[+ t ,i 0 n alone 9 my op9ion4 ,h] phrase1 h[ev]1 set me speculat+4 ,:y unpicturesque8 ,picturesque means1 l a picture--l :at m5 *oose = pictures4 ,:y !n %\ld ?is be n fit = a picture8 ,?9k+ ! matt] ov]1 x seem$ to me t ! arti/ _h s9n$ aga9/ t h>mony ( s5tim5t :i* is ess5tial to a good picture4 ,:5 ! o!r con/itu5ts ( a l&scape h irregul> =ms1 any artificial /ructure introduc$ %\ld h an irregul> =m1 t x may seem "p ( ! l&scape4 ,! same g5]al "* mu/ p]vade x & ! surr\nd+ objects2 o!rwise x1 & ! sc5e amid :i* x /&s1 become n "o ?+ b two ?+s2 & we say t x looks out ( place4 ,or1 speak+ psy*ologically1 ! associat$ ideas call$ #cgf up by a build+ ) its w+s1 w9d[s1 columns1 & all its p>ts symmetrically dispos$1 diff] widely f ! ideas associat$ ) an unsymmetrical l&scape2 & ! "o set ( ideas t5ds to bani% ! o!r4 ,pursu+ ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 sundry illu/rative facts came to m9d4 ,i rememb]$ t a ca/le1 :i* is usually m irregul> 9 outl9e ?an any o!r k9d ( build+1 pleases u mo/ :5 seat$ amid crags & precipices2 :ile a ca/le on a pla9 seems incongru\s4 ,! p>tly-regul> & p>tly-irregul> =ms ( our old f>m-h\ses1 & our gabl$ go?ic manors & abbeys1 appe> q 9 h>mony ) an undulat+1 wood$ c\ntry4 ,9 t[ns we pref] symmetrical ar*itecture2 & 9 t[ns x produces 9 u no feel+ ( incongruity1 because all surr\nd+ ?+s--m51 horses1 vehicles--are symmetrical also4 ,& "h ,i 0 rem9d$ ( a notion t has frequ5tly recurr$ to me2 namely1 t !re is "s relation%ip betwe5 ! sev]al k9ds ( ar*itecture & ! sev]al classes ( natural objects4 ,build+s 9 ! ,greek & ,roman /yles seem1 9 virtue ( _! symmetry1 to take _! type f animal life4 ,9 ! p>tially-irregul> ,go?ic1 ideas d]iv$ f ! vegetable _w appe> to pr$om9ate4 ,& :olly irregul> build+s1 su* z ca/les1 may be consid]$ z hav+ inorganic =ms = _! basis4 ,:imsical z ?is speculation looks at fir/ sight1 x is c\nt5anc$ by num]\s facts4 ,! connexion betwe5 symmetrical ar*itecture & animal =ms1 may be inf]r$ f ! k9d ( symmetry we expect1 & are satisfi$ )1 9 regul> build+s4 ,9 a ,greek temple we require t ! front %all be symmetrical 9 itself1 & t ! two flanks %all be alike2 b we d n look = uni=mity betwe5 ! flanks & ! front1 nor betwe5 ! front & ! back4 ,! id5tity ( ?is symmetry ) t f\nd 9 animals is obvi\s4 ,aga91 :y is x t a #cgg build+ mak+ any pret5sions to symmetry displeases u if n q symmetrical8 ,probably ! reply w be--,because we see t ! design]'s idea is n fully c>ri$ out2 & t h5ce our love ( complet5ess is (f5d$4 ,b !n !re come ! fur!r que/ions--,h[ d we "k t ! ar*itect's conception 0 symmetrical8 ,:5ce comes ?is notion ( symmetry :i* we h1 & :i* we attribute to him8 ,unless we fall back ^u ! old doctr9e ( innate ideas1 we mu/ admit t ! idea ( bi-lat]al symmetry is d]iv$ f )\t2 & to admit ?is is to admit t x is d]iv$ f ! high] animals4 ,t !re is "s relation%ip betwe5 ,go?ic ar*itecture & vegetal =ms is g5]ally admitt$4 ,! (t5-rem>k$ simil>ity betwe5 a gro9$ nave & an av5ue ( trees ) int]lac+ bran*es1 %[s t ! fact has =c$ itself on obs]vation4 ,x is n only 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 t ! k9%ip is se54 ,x is se5 /ill bett] 9 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic2 namely1 :at is t]m$ its aspir+ t5d5cy4 ,t pr$om9ance ( v]tical l9es :i* s /rongly di/+ui%es ,go?ic f o!r /yles1 is ! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ity ( trees1 :5 comp>$ ) animals or rocks4 ,a tall ,go?ic t[]1 ) its elongat$ ap]tures & clu/]s ( ?9 projections runn+ f bottom to top1 sugge/s a vague idea ( gr[?4 ,( ! alleg$ connexion betwe5 inorganic =ms & ! :olly irregul> & ! ca/ellat$ /yles ( build+1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 "s pro( 9 ! fact t :5 an edifice is irregul>1 ! m irregul> x is ! m x pleases u4 ,i see no way ( acc\nt+ = ?is fact1 save by suppos+ t ! great] ! irregul>ity ! m /rongly are we rem9d$ ( ! inorganic =ms typifi$1 & ! m vividly are ar\s$ ! agreeable ideas ( rugg$ & romantic sc5]y associat$ ) ^? =ms4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ^! relation%ips ( /yles ( #cgh ar*itecture to classes ( natural objects1 is suppli$ by ! k9ds ( decoration !y respectively pres5t4 ,! public build+s ( ,greece1 :ile *>act]iz$ 9 _! outl9es by ! bi-lat]al symmetry se5 9 ! high] animals1 h _! p$im5ts & entablatures cov]$ ) sculptur$ m5 & bea/s4 ,egyptian temples & ,assyrian palaces1 simil>ly symmetrical 9 _! g5]al plan1 are simil>ly ornam5t$ on _! walls & at _! doors4 ,9 ,go?ic1 aga91 ) its grove-l ranges ( clu/]$ columns1 we f9d ri* foliat$ ornam5ts abundantly employ$4 ,& accompany+ ! totally irregul>1 inorganic outl9es ( old ca/les1 we see nei!r vegetal nor animal decorations4 ,! b>e1 rock-l walls are surm\nt$ by battlem5ts1 consi/+ ( almo/ pla9 blocks1 :i* rem9d u ( ! projections on ! edge ( a rugg$ cliff4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ significant fact is ! h>mony obs]vable betwe5 ea* type ( ar*itecture & ! sc5es 9 :i* x is indig5\s4 ,= :at is ! explanation ( ?is h>mony1 unless x be t ! pr$om9ant "* ( surr\nd+ ?+s has1 9 "s way1 det]m9$ ! mode ( build+ adopt$8 ,t ! h>mony exi/s is cle>4 ,equally 9 ! cases ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 t[n life prec$$ ! con/ruction ( ! symmetrical build+s t h come d[n to u4 ,& t[n life is "o 9 :i*1 z already obs]v$1 ! majority ( famili> objects are symmetrical4 ,we habitually feel ! naturalness ( ?is association4 ,amid ! fields1 a =mal h\se1 ) a c5tral door flank$ by equal numb]s ( w9d[s to "r & left1 /rikes u z unrural--looks z ?\gh transplant$ f a /reet2 & we _c look at "o ( ^? /ucco$ villas1 ) mock-w9d[s arrang$ to balance ! real ones1 )\t be+ rem9d$ ( ! suburban resid5ce ( a retir$ tradesman4 ,9 /yles indig5\s 9 ! c\ntry1 we n only f9d #cgi ! g5]al irregul>ity *>act]i/ic ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 b we may trace "s k9%ip betwe5 ea* k9d ( irregul>ity & ! local circum/ances4 ,we see ! brok5 rocky masses amid :i* ca/les are (t5 plac$1 mirror$ 9 _! /]n1 inorganic =ms4 ,9 abbeys1 & su*-l build+s1 :i* are commonly f\nd 9 %elt]$ di/ricts1 we f9d no su* viol5t dislocations ( masses & outl9es2 & ! nak$ness appropriate to ! =tress is replac$ by decorations reflect+ ! neighb\r+ woods4 ,betwe5 a ,swiss cottage & a ,swiss view !re is an evid5t relation%ip4 ,! angul> ro(1 s bold & s disproportionately l>ge :5 comp>$ to o!r ro(s1 rem9ds "o ( ! adjac5t m\nta9 peaks2 & ! broad ov]hang+ eaves h a sweep & incl9ation l ^? ( ! l[] bran*es ( a p9e tree4 ,consid]1 too1 ! app>5t k9%ip betwe5 ! flat ro(s t prevail 9 ,ea/]n cities1 int]sp]s$ ) occasional m9>ets1 & ! pla9s t commonly surr\nd !m1 dott$ "h & !re by palm trees4 ,contemplate a picture ( "o ( ^! places1 & y are /ruck by ! pr$om9ance ( horizontal l9es1 & _! h>mony ) ! wide /ret* ( ! l&scape4 ,t ! congruity "h po9t$ out %\ld hold 9 e case mu/ n be expect$4 ,! ,pyramids1 = example1 d n seem to come "u ?is g5]alization4 ,_! repeat$ horizontal l9es d inde$ con=m to ! flatness ( ! neighb\r+ des]t2 b _! g5]al cont\r seems to h no adjac5t analogue4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 t migrat+ races1 c>ry+ _! ar*itectural sy/ems ) !m1 w\ld naturally produce build+s hav+ no relation%ip to _! new localities2 & t x is n always possible to di/+ui% /yles :i* are indig5\s1 f ^? :i* are naturaliz$2 num]\s anomalies mu/ be look$ =4 ,! g5]al idea above illu/rat$ w p]haps be some:at mis9t]pret$4 ,possibly "s w take ! #chj proposition to be t m5 int5tionally gave to _! build+s ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( neighb\r+ objects4 ,b ?is is n :at is meant4 ,i d n suppose t !y did s 9 times pa/1 any m ?an !y d s n[4 ,! hypo!sis is1 t 9 _! *oice ( =ms m5 are unconsci\sly influ5c$ by ! =ms encircl+ !m4 ,t flat-ro($1 symmetrical ar*itecture %\ld h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/1 among pa/oral tribes surr\nd$ by _! h]ds & by wide pla9s1 seems to imply t ! build]s 7 sway$ by ! horizontality & symmetry to :i* !y 7 habituat$4 ,& ! h>mony :i* we h f\nd to exi/ 9 o!r cases betwe5 indig5\s /yles & _! localities1 implies ! g5]al action ( l influ5ces4 ,inde$1 on consid]+ ! matt] psy*ologically1 ,i d n see h[ x c\ld well be o!rwise4 ,= z all conceptions mu/ be made up ( images1 & p>ts ( images1 receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses2 & z imag9ation w mo/ readily run 9 ! direction ( habitual p]ceptions2 x foll[s t ! *>act]i/ic :i* pr$om9ates 9 habitual p]ceptions mu/ impress itself on designs4 #cha ,,gracefulness4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead] = ,decemb] #be1 #aheb4 ,we d n ascribe gracefulness to c>t-horses1 tortoises1 & hippopotami1 9 all ( :i* ! p[]s ( movem5t are relatively inf]ior2 b we ascribe x to greyh\nds1 antelopes1 race-horses1 all ( :i* h highly effici5t locomotive organs4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is di/9ctive peculi>ity ( /ructure & action :i* we call ,grace8 ,"o night :ile wat*+ a danc]1 & inw>dly condemn+ h] t\rs de =ce z b>b>isms :i* w\ld be hiss$1 7 n p su* c[>ds z always to applaud :at !y ?9k x ! fa%ion to applaud1 ,i rem>k$ t ! truly graceful motions occasionally introduc$1 7 ^? p]=m$ ) comp>atively little ef=t4 ,aft] call+ to m9d sundry confirmatory facts1 ,i pres5tly conclud$ t grace1 z appli$ to motion1 describes motion t is effect$ ) economy ( =ce2 grace1 z appli$ to animal =ms1 describes =ms capable ( ?is economy2 grace1 z appli$ to po/ures1 describes po/ures :i* may be ma9ta9$ ) ?is economy2 & grace1 z appli$ to inanimate objects1 describes su* z exhibit c]ta9 analogies to ^! attitudes & =ms4 ,t ?is g5]alization1 if n ! :ole tru?1 conta9s at lea/ a l>ge "p ( x1 w1 ,i ?9k1 become obvi\s1 on #chb consid]+ h[ habitually we c\ple ! words easy & graceful2 & /ill m1 on call+ to m9d "s ( ! facts on :i* ?is association is bas$4 ,! attitude ( a soldi]1 draw+ himself bolt upright :5 8 s]jeant %\ts 8att5tion10 is m remote f gracefulness ?an :5 he relaxes at ! words 8/& at ease40 ,! gau*e visitor sitt+ /iffly on ! edge ( 8 *air1 & 8 self-possess$ ho/1 ^: limbs & body dispose !mselves z conv5i5ce dictates1 are contra/s z mu* 9 ef=t z 9 elegance4 ,:5 /&+1 we commonly economise p[] by ?r[+ ! weight *iefly on "o leg1 :i* we /raight5 to make x s]ve z a column1 :ile we relax ! o!r2 & to ! same end1 we all[ ! head to lean some:at on "o side4 ,bo? ^! attitudes are imitat$ 9 sculpture z elem5ts ( grace4 ,turn+ f attitudes to movem5ts1 curr5t rem>ks w be f\nd to imply ! same relation%ip4 ,no "o praises z graceful1 a walk t is irregul> or j]k+1 & s displays wa/e ( p[]2 no "o sees any beauty 9 ! waddle ( a fat man1 or ! trembl+ /eps ( an invalid1 9 bo? ( :i* ef=t is visible4 ,b ! /yle ( walk+ we admire is mod]ate 9 velocity1 p]fectly rhy?mical1 unaccompani$ by viol5t sw++ ( ! arms1 & giv+ u ! impression t !re is no consci\s ex]tion1 :ile !re is no =ce ?r[n away4 ,9 danc+1 aga91 ! prevail+ difficulty--! prop] disposal ( ! arms--well illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,^? :o fail 9 ov]com+ ?is difficulty give ! spectator ! impression t _! arms are a tr\ble to !m2 !y are held /iffly 9 "s mean+less attitude1 at an obvi\s exp5se ( p[]2 !y are *eck$ f sw++ 9 ! directions 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally sw+2 or !y are s mov$ t1 in/ead ( help+ to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium1 !y endang] x4 ,a good danc]1 on ! contr>y1 makes u feel t1 s f> f ! arms be+ 9 ! way1 !y are ( great use4 ,ea* #chc motion ( !m1 :ile x seems naturally to result f a previ\s motion ( ! body1 is turn$ to "s advantage4 ,we p]ceive t x has facilitat$ in/ead ( h9d]$ ! g5]al action2 or1 9 o!r words--t an economy ( ef=t has be5 a*iev$4 ,any "o wi%+ to di/9ctly realize ?is fact1 may readily d s by /udy+ ! action ( ! arms 9 walk+4 ,let him place 8 arms close to 8 sides1 & !re keep !m1 :ile walk+ ) "s rapidity4 ,he w unavoidably fall into a backw>d & =w>d motion ( ! %\ld]s1 ( a wriggl+1 ungraceful "*4 ,aft] p]sev]+ 9 ?is = a space1 until he f9ds t ! action is n only ungraceful b fatigu+1 let him all[ 8 arms to sw+ z usual4 ,! wriggl+ ( ! %\ld]s w cease2 ! body w move equably =w>d2 & comp>ative ease w be felt4 ,on analyz+ ?is fact1 he may p]ceive t ! backw>d motion ( ea* arm is simultane\s ) ! =w>d motion ( ! correspond+ leg4 ,if he w att5d to 8 muscul> s5sations1 he w f9d t ?is backw>d sw+ ( ! arm is a c\nt]balance to ! =w>d sw+ ( ! leg2 & t x is easi] to produce ?is c\nt]balance by mov+ ! arm ?an by contort+ ! body1 z he o!rwise mu/ d4#ee ,! action ( ! arms 9 walk+ be+ ?us und]/ood1 x w be manife/ t ! graceful employm5t ( !m 9 danc+ is simply a complication ( ! same ?+2 & t a good danc] is "o hav+ s acute a muscul> p]ception z at once to feel 9 :at direction ! arms #chd %\ld be mov$ to c\nt]balance any motion ( ! body or legs4 ,?is connexion betwe5 gracefulness & economy ( =ce1 w be mo/ cle>ly recogniz$ by ^? :o skate4 ,!y w rememb] t all e>ly attempts1 & especially ! fir/ timid exp]im5ts 9 figure-skat+1 are alike awkw>d & fatigu+2 & t ! acquirem5t ( skill is also ! acquirem5t ( ease4 ,! requisite confid5ce1 & a due comm& ( ! feet hav+ be5 obta9$1 ^? twi/+s ( ! trunk & gyrations ( ! arms1 previ\sly us$ to ma9ta9 ! balance1 are f\nd ne$less4 ,! body is all[$ to foll[ )\t control ! impulse giv5 to x2 ! arms to sw+ :]e !y w2 & x is cle>ly felt t ! graceful way ( p]=m+ any evolution is ! way t co/s lea/ ef=t4 ,spectators c sc>cely fail to see ! same fact1 if !y look = x4 ,! ref]5ce to skat+ sugge/s t graceful motion might be def9$ z motion 9 curv$ l9es4 ,c]ta9ly1 /raight & zig-zag movem5ts are exclud$ f ! conception4 ,! sudd5 /oppages :i* angul> movem5ts imply1 are its anti!sis2 = a lead+ trait ( grace is cont9uity1 fl[+ness4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is is m]ely ano!r aspect ( ! same tru?2 & t motion 9 curv$ l9es is economical motion4 ,giv5 c]ta9 successive positions to be assum$ by a limb1 !n if x be mov$ 9 a /raight l9e to ! fir/ ( ^! positions1 sudd5ly arre/$1 & !n mov$ 9 ano!r direction /raight to ! second position1 & s on1 x is cle> t at ea* arre/1 ! mom5tum previ\sly giv5 to ! limb mu/ be de/roy$ at a c]ta9 co/ ( =ce1 #che & a new mom5tum giv5 to x at a fur!r co/ ( =ce2 :]eas1 if1 in/ead ( arre/+ ! limb at its fir/ position1 its motion be all[$ to cont9ue1 & a lat]al =ce be impress$ to make x div]ge t[>ds ! second position1 a curvil9e> motion is ! necess>y result2 & by mak+ use ( ! orig9al mom5tum1 =ce is economiz$4 ,if ! tru? ( ^! conclusions respect+ graceful movem5ts be admitt$1 x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be d\bt$1 t graceful =m is t k9d ( =m :i* implies relatively small ef=t requir$ = self-support1 & relatively small ef=t requir$ = movem5t4 ,7 x o!rwise1 !re w\ld arise ! incongruity t graceful =m w\ld ei!r n be associat$ at all ) graceful movem5t1 or t ! "o w\ld habitually occur 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r2 bo? :i* alt]natives be+ at v>iance ) our exp]i5ce1 we mu/ conclude t !re exi/s ! relation%ip indicat$4 ,any "o hesitat+ to admit ?is1 w1 ,i ?9k1 d s no long] on rememb]+ t ! animals :i* we consid] graceful1 are ^? s slight 9 build z n to be burd5$ by _! own weight1 & ^? not$ = fleetness & agility2 :ile ^? we class z ungraceful1 are ^? :i* are alike cumbr\s & h ! faculty ( locomotion b little develop$4 ,9 ! case ( ! greyh\nd1 especially1 we see t ! p>ticul> modification ( ! can9e type 9 :i* economy ( weight is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 & 9 :i* ! facility ( muscul> motion has be5 br\ght to ! greate/ p]fection1 is ! "o :i* we call mo/ graceful4 ,h[ trees & inanimate objects %\ld come to h ?is epi!t appli$ to !m1 seems less obvi\s4 ,b remembrance ( ! fact t we commonly1 & p]haps unavoidably1 reg>d all objects "u a c]ta9 an?ropomorphic aspect1 w help u to und]/& x4 ,! /iff bran* ( an oak tree /&+ out at "r angles to ! trunk1 gives u a vague notion ( great =ce exp5d$ to #chf keep x 9 t position2 & we call x ungraceful1 "u ! same feel+ t we call ! hold+ out an arm at "r angles to ! body ungraceful4 ,conv]sely1 ! lax droop+ b\ghs ( a weep+-will[ are vaguely associat$ ) limbs 9 attitudes requir+ little ef=t to ma9ta9 !m2 & ! t]m graceful1 by :i* we describe ^!1 we apply by metaphor to ! b\ghs ( ! will[4 ,i may z well "h v5ture ! hypo!sis1 t ! idea ( ,grace z display$ by o!r be+s1 has its subjective basis 9 ,sympa?y4 ,! same faculty :i* makes u %udd] on see+ ano!r 9 dang]--:i* sometimes causes motions ( our own limbs on see+ ano!r /ruggle or fall1 gives u a vague p>ticipation 9 all ! muscul> s5sations :i* ^? ar\nd u are exp]i5c+4 ,:5 _! motions are viol5t or awkw>d1 we feel 9 a slight degree ! disagreeable s5sations :i* we %\ld h 7 !y our own4 ,:5 !y are easy1 we sympa?ize ) ! pleasant s5sations !y imply 9 ^? exhibit+ !m4 ,,endnote ,,to ,,gracefulness4 #ee ,a p>allel fact1 fur!r elucidat+ ?is1 is suppli$ by a locomotive eng9e4 ,on look+ at ! driv+ :eel1 !re w be f\nd1 besides ! boss to :i* ! connect+ rod is atta*$1 a correspond+ mass ( metal on ! opposite side ( ! :eel1 & equidi/ant f ! c5tre2 or1 if ! eng9e be "o hav+ inside cyl9d]s1 !n1 on look+ betwe5 ! spokes ( ! driv+-:eel1 x w be se5 t aga9/ ea* crank is a block ( iron1 simil> to x 9 size1 b project+ f ! axle 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,evid5tly1 be+ plac$ on opposite sides ( ! c5tre ( motion1 ea* crank & its c\nt]balance move 9 opposite directions relatively to ! axle2 & by s do+1 neutralize ea* o!r's p]turb+ effects1 & p]mit a smoo? rotation4 ,?is relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 ! motions ( ! c\nt]balance & ! crank1 is analog\s to t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! motions ( ! arms & legs 9 walk+2 & 9 ! e>ly days ( railway-locomotion1 be=e ^! c\nt]balance weights 7 us$1 locomotive driv+-:eels 7 subject to viol5t oscillations1 analog\s to ^? j]k+s ( ! %\ld]s :i* arise :5 we walk fa/ )\t mov+ our arms4 #chg ,,p]sonal ,,beauty4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,lead] = ,april #ae1 & ,may #ac1 #ahed4 ,x is a common op9ion t beauty ( "* & beauty ( aspect are unrelat$4 ,i h nev] be5 able to reconcile myself to ?is op9ion4 ,inde$1 ev5 ^? :o hold x d s 9 an incomplete s5se2 = not)/&+ _! !ory !y cont9ue to manife/ surprise :5 !y f9d a mean de$ committ$ by "o ( noble c\nt5ance--a fact imply+ t und]nea? _! pr(ess$ induction lies a /ill liv+ conviction at v>iance ) x4 ,:5ce ?is conviction8 ,h[ is x t a belief 9 ! connexion betwe5 wor? & beauty prim>ily exi/s 9 all8 ,x _c be innate4 ,mu/ x n1 !n1 be f e>ly exp]i5ces8 ,& mu/ x n be t 9 ^? :o cont9ue to believe 9 ?is connexion1 spite ( _! reason+s1 ! e>ly & wide exp]i5ces outweigh ! lat] & exceptional ones8 ,^? :o d n admit ! relation%ip betwe5 m5tal & facial beauty1 usually rem>k t ! true connexion is betwe5 "* & expression4 ,:ile !y d\bt1 or r d5y1 t ! p]man5t =ms ( ! features are #chh 9 any way indices ( ! =ms ( ! m9d1 !y ass]t t ! transitory =ms ( ! features are su* indices4 ,^! positions seem sc>cely consi/5t4 ,= may we n say t ! transitory =ms1 by p]petual repetition1 regi/] !mselves on ! face1 & produce p]man5t =ms8 ,does n an habitual fr[n by-&-by leave ineffaceable m>ks on ! br[8 ,is n a *ronic scornfulness pres5tly foll[$ by a modifi$ set 9 ! angles ( ! m\?8 ,does n t compression ( ! lips significant ( great det]m9ation1 (t5 /]eotype itself2 & s give a *ang$ =m to ! l[] "p ( ! face8 ,& if !re be any tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( h]$it>y transmission1 mu/ !re n be a t5d5cy to ! re-appe>ance ( ^! modifications z new types ( feature 9 ! (fspr+8 ,9 brief1 may we n say t expression is feature 9 ! mak+2 & t if expression means some?+1 ! =m ( feature produc$ by x means some?+8 ,possibly x w be urg$1 9 reply1 t *anges ( expression affect only ! muscles & sk9 ( ! face2 t ! p]man5t m>ks !y produce c ext5d b to ^!2 t1 nev]!less1 ! beauty ( a face is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! =m ( its bony framework2 t h5ce1 9 ?is *ief respect1 !re _c take place su* modifications z ^? describ$2 & t1 !re=e1 ! relation%ip ( aspect to "*1 :ile x may hold 9 ! details1 does n hold 9 ! g5]als4 ,! rejo9d] is1 t ! framework ( ! face is modifi$ by modifications 9 ! tissues :i* cov] x4 ,x is an e/abli%$ doctr9e 9 physiology1 t ?r\gh\t ! skeleton ! great] or less developm5t ( bones is dep5d5t on ! great] or less developm5t ( ! atta*$ muscles2 t is1 on ! ex]cise ( !m4 ,h5ce1 p]man5t *anges 9 ! muscul> adju/m5ts ( ! face w be foll[$ by p]man5t *anges 9 its osse\s /ructure4 ,n to dwell 9 g5]al /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 let me cite cases 9 :i* ! connexion betwe5 organic ugl9ess & #chi m5tal inf]iority1 & ! conv]se connexion betwe5 organic beauty & comp>ative p]fection ( m9d1 are di/9ctly traceable4 ,x w be admitt$ t ! project+ jaw1 *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] human races1 is a facial defect--is a trait :i* no sculptor w\ld give to an ideal bu/4 ,at ! same "t1 x is a fact t prom95ce ( jaw is associat$ 9 ! mammalia g5]ally ) comp>ative lack ( intellig5ce4 ,?is relation%ip1 x is true1 does n hold uni=mly4 ,x is n a direct b an indirect "o2 & is ?us liable to be di/urb$4 ,nev]!less1 x holds among ! high] tribes2 & on inquiry we %all see :y x holds4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law t organs develop 9 proportion z !y are ex]cis$1 ! jaws are relatively l>ge :]e ! dem&s made on !m are great2 & dim9i% 9 size z _! functions become less num]\s & less on]\s4 ,n[1 9 ! l[] mammals ! jaws are ! sole organs ( manipulation--are us$ n only = ma/ication1 b = seiz+1 c>ry+1 gnaw+1 &1 inde$1 = ev]y?+ save locomotion1 :i* is ! solit>y (fice p]=m$ by ! limbs4 ,advanc+ upw>ds1 we f9d t ! =e-limbs beg9 to aid ! jaws1 & gradually to relieve !m ( "p ( _! duties4 ,"s creatures use !m = burr[+2 "s1 z ! fel9es1 = /rik+2 _m1 to keep /eady ! prey !y are te>+2 & :5 we arrive at ! monkeys1 ^: =e-limbs possess su* p[] ( preh5sion t objects c n only be seiz$1 b c>ri$ & pull$ to pieces by !m1 we see t ! jaws h few] functions4 ,accompany+ ?is s]ies ( *anges1 we see a d\ble *ange 9 ! =m ( ! head4 ,! increas$ complexity ( ! limbs1 ! great] v>iety ( actions !y p]=m1 & ! m num]\s p]ceptions !y give1 imply a great] developm5t ( ! bra9 & ( its bony envelope4 ,at ! same "t1 ! size ( ! jaws has dim9i%$ 9 correspond5ce ) ! dim9ution ( _! functions4 ,& by ?is simultane\s protrusion ( ! upp] "p ( ! cranium #cij & recession ( its l[] "p1 :at is call$ ! facial angle has increas$4 ,well1 ^! co-ord9ate *anges 9 functions & =ms h cont9u$ dur+ ! civilization ( ! human race4 ,on contra/+ ! ,european & ! ,papuan1 we see t :at ! "o cuts 9 two ) knife & =k1 ! o!r te>s ) 8 jaws2 :at ! "o s(t5s by cook+1 ! o!r eats 9 its h>d1 raw /ate2 ! bones :i* ! "o utilises by /ew+1 ! o!r gnaws2 & = sundry ( ! me*anical manipulations :i* ! "o has tools =1 ! o!r uses 8 tee?4 ,f ! ,bu%man /ate upw>ds1 !re has be5 a gradual increase 9 ! complexity ( our appliances4 ,we n only use our h&s to save our jaws1 b we make implem5ts to save our h&s2 & 9 our eng9e-factories may be f\nd implem5ts = ! mak+ ( implem5ts4 ,?is progression 9 ! arts ( life has _h intellectual progression = its necess>y correlative4 ,ea* new complication requires a new increm5t ( intellig5ce = its production2 & ! daily use ( x develops ! intellig5ce /ill fur!r4 ,?us t simultane\s protrusion ( ! bra9 & recession ( ! jaws1 :i* among l[] animals has accompani$ increase ( skill & sagacity1 has cont9u$ dur+ ! advance ( ,humanity f b>b>ism to civilization2 & has be51 ?r\gh\t1 ! result ( a discipl9e involv+ increase ( m5tal p[]4 ,& s x becomes manife/ t !re exi/s an organic relation%ip betwe5 t protub]ance ( ! jaws :i* we consid] ugly1 & a c]ta9 inf]iority ( nature4 ,aga91 t lat]al jutt+-out ( ! *eek-bones1 :i* simil>ly *>act]izes ! l[] races ( m51 & :i* is simil>ly ?\ght by u a detraction f beauty1 is simil>ly relat$ to l[] habits & l[] intellig5ce4 ,! *ief ag5ts 9 clos+ ! jaws are ! temporal muscles2 & ^! are consequ5tly ! *ief active ag5ts 9 bit+ & ma/ication4 ,9 proportion z ! jaws h mu* "w1 & correspond+ly l>ge size1 mu/ ! temporal muscles #cia be massive4 ,b ! temporal muscles pass betwe5 ! skull & ! zygomatic ar*es1 or lat]al p>ts ( ! *eek-bones4 ,consequ5tly1 :]e ! temporal muscles are massive1 ! spaces betwe5 ! zygomatic ar*es & ! skull mu/ be great2 & ! lat]al projection ( ! zygomatic ar*es great also1 z we see x 9 ! unciviliz$ & p>tially civiliz$ races4 ,l l>ge jaws1 !re=e1 ( :i* x is an accompanim5t1 excessive size ( ! *eek-bones is bo? an ugl9ess & an index ( imp]fection4 ,c]ta9 o!r defects ( feature1 betwe5 :i* & m5tal defects x is n ?us easy to trace ! connexion1 may yet be fairly presum$ to h su* connexion 9 virtue ( _! con/ant co-exi/5ce ) ! =ego+ ones3 alike 9 ! unciviliz$ races & 9 ! "y ( ! civiliz$ races4 ,peculi>ities ( face :i* we f9d regul>ly associat$ ) ^? j %[n to be significant ( intellectual inf]iority1 & :i* l !m disappe> z b>b>ism gr[s into civilization1 may reasonably be conclud$ to h l !m a psy*ological mean+4 ,?us is x ) depression ( ! bridge ( ! nose2 :i* is a *>act]i/ic bo? ( b>b>ians & ( our babes1 possess$ by !m 9 common ) ! high] quadrumana4 ,?us1 also1 is x ) t =w>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 :i* r5d]s !m conspicu\s 9 a front view ( ! face--a trait alike ( infants1 savages1 & apes4 ,& ! same may be said ( wide-spread al to ! nose1 ( great wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 ( long m\?1 ( l>ge m\?1--inde$ ( all ^? lead+ peculi>ities ( feature :i* are by g5]al cons5t call$ ugly4 ,& !n m>k h[1 conv]sely1 ! type ( face usually admitt$ to be ! mo/ beautiful1 is "o t possesses opposite peculi>ities4 ,9 ! ideal ,greek head1 ! =ehead projects s mu*1 & ! jaws rec$e s mu*1 z to r5d] ! facial angle l>g] ?an we ev] f9d x 9 fact4 ,! *eek-bones are s small z sc>cely to be traceable4 ,! bridge ( ! nose is s high z to be almo/ or q 9 #cib a l9e ) ! =ehead4 ,! al ( ! nose jo9 ! face ) b little obliquity4 ,9 ! front view ! no/rils are almo/ invisible4 ,! m\? is small1 & ! upp] lip %ort & deeply concave4 ,! out] angles ( ! eyes1 in/ead ( keep+ ! horizontal l9e1 z is usual1 or be+ direct$ upw>ds1 z 9 ! ,mongolian type1 are direct$ slightly d[nw>ds4 ,& ! =m ( ! br[ indicates an unusually l>ge frontal s9us--a *>act]i/ic entirely abs5t 9 *ildr51 9 ! l[e/ ( ! human races1 & 9 ! alli$ g5]a ( ! primates4 ,if1 !n1 recession ( ! =ehead1 protub]ance ( ! jaws1 & l>g5ess ( ! *eek-bones1 ?ree lead+ elem5ts ( ugl9ess1 are demon/rably indicative ( m5tal inf]iority--if su* o!r facial defects z great wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 flatness ( ! nose1 spread+ ( its al1 frontw>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 l5g? ( ! m\?1 & l>g5ess ( ! lips1 are habitually associat$ ) ^!1 & disappe> along ) !m z intellig5ce increases1 bo? 9 ! race & 9 ! individual2 is x n a fair inf]5ce t all su* faulty traits ( feature signify defici5cies ( m9d8 ,if1 fur!r1 our ideal ( human beauty is *>act]iz$ n simply by ! abs5ce ( ^! traits1 b by ! pres5ce ( opposite ones--if ?is ideal1 z f\nd 9 sculptures ( ! ,greek gods1 has be5 us$ to repres5t sup]human p[] & intellig5ce--& if ! race s us+ x 7 !mselves di/+ui%$ by a m5tal sup]iority1 :i*1 if we consid] _! disadvantages1 produc$ results unp>allel$2 h we n yet /rong] reasons = conclud+ t ! *ief compon5ts ( beauty & ugl9ess are sev]ally connect$ ) p]fection & imp]fection ( m5tal nature8 ,& :51 la/ly1 we rememb] t ! v>iations ( feature con/itut+ expression are confess$ly significant ( "*--:5 we rememb] t ^! t5d by repetition to organize !mselves1 to affect n only ! sk9 & muscles b ! bones ( ! face1 & to be transmitt$ to (fspr+--:5 we ?us f9d t !re is a #cic psy*ological mean+ alike 9 ea* pass+ adju/m5t ( ! features1 9 ! m>ks t habitual adju/m5ts leave1 9 ! m>ks inh]it$ f ance/ors1 & 9 ^? ma9 outl9es ( ! facial bones & integum5ts indicat+ ! type or race2 are we n almo/ =c$ to ! conclusion t all =ms ( feature are relat$ to =ms ( m9d1 & t we consid] !m admirable or o!rwise accord+ z ! traits ( nature !y imply are admirable or o!rwise8 ,9 ! extremes ! relation%ip is demon/rable4 ,t transitory aspects ( face accompany transitory m5tal /ates1 & t we consid] ^! aspects ugly or beautiful accord+ z ! m5tal /ates !y accompany are ugly or beautiful1 no "o d\bts4 ,t ^? p]man5t & mo/ m>k$ aspects ( face dep5d5t on ! bony framework1 accompany ^? p]man5t & mo/ m>k$ m5tal /ates :i* express !mselves 9 b>b>ism & civilization2 & t we consid] z beautiful ^? :i* accompany m5tal sup]iority1 & z ugly ^? :i* accompany m5tal inf]iority1 is equally c]ta94 ,& if ?is connexion unque/ionably holds 9 ! extremes--if1 z judg$ by av]age facts1 & by our half-in/9ctive convictions1 x also holds m or less visibly 9 int]m$iate cases1 x becomes an almo/ irresi/ible induction1 t ! aspects :i* please u are ! outw>d correlatives ( inw>d p]fections1 :ile ! aspects :i* displease u are ! outw>d correlatives ( inw>d imp]fections4 ,i am q aw>e t :5 te/$ 9 detail ?is induction seems n to be borne out4 ,i "k t !re are (t5 gr& natures beh9d pla9 faces2 & t f9e c\nt5ances frequ5tly hide small s\ls4 ,b ^! anomalies d n de/roy ! g5]al tru? ( ! law1 any m ?an ! p]turbations ( planets de/roy ! g5]al ellipticity ( _! orbits4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 may be readily acc\nt$ =4 ,!re are _m faces spoil$ by ! misproportion ( features t are 9 !mselves good2 o!rs1 by defects ( sk91 :i*1 ?\gh !y indicate defects ( #cid visc]al con/itution1 h no relation%ip to ! high] p>ts ( ! nature4 ,moreov] ! facts t h be5 assign$ af=d reason = ?9k+ t ! lead+ elem5ts ( facial beauty are n directly associat$ ) moral *>act]i/ics1 b ) intellectual ones--are ! results ( long-cont9u$ civiliz$ habits1 long cessation ( dome/ic b>b>ism1 long culture ( ! manipulative p[]s2 & s may co-exi/ ) emotional traits n at all admirable4 ,x is true t ! highe/ intellectual manife/ations imply a good balance ( ! high] feel+s2 b x is also true t great quickness1 great sagacity 9 ord9>y affairs1 great practical skill1 c be possess$ )\t ^!1 & v frequ5tly are s4 ,! preval5t beauty ( ! ,italians1 co-exi/+ ?\gh x does ) a l[ moral /ate1 becomes1 on ?is hypo!sis1 reconcileable ) ! g5]al induction2 z d also _m ( ! anomalies we see ar\nd u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m satisfactory explanation to be (f]$ ?an any ( ^!--an explanation :i* ,i ?9k r5d]s x possible to admit ! seem+ contradictions :i* ! detail$ facts pres5t1 & yet to hold by ! !ory4 ,b z m space w be requir$ = %[+ ?is ?an c "h be sp>$1 ,i mu/ def] go+ fur!r until next week4 ,9 ! meantime1 my own conviction may be express$ 9 a =mula 9 :i* ,i h (t5 be=e utt]$ x3--,! say+ t beauty is b sk9-deep1 is b a sk9-deep say+4 ,,ii4 ,all ! civiliz$ races1 & probably also ! unciviliz$ ones1 are ( mix$ orig92 &1 z a consequ5ce1 h physical & m5tal con/itutions 9 :i* are m+l$ sev]al aborig9al con/itutions m or less diff]+ f ea* o!r4 ,?is het]og5eity ( con/itution seems to me ! *ief cause ( ! incongruities betwe5 aspect & nature :i* we daily meet )4 ,giv5 a pure race1 subject to con/ant conditions ( climate1 food1 & habits #cie ( life1 & !re is reason to believe t betwe5 ext]nal appe>ance & int]nal /ructure !re w be a con/ant connexion4 ,unite ?is race ) ano!r equally pure1 b adapt$ to diff]5t conditions & hav+ a correspond+ly diff]5t physique1 face1 & m9d1 & !re w occur 9 ! desc5dants1 n a homog5e\s mean betwe5 ! two con/itutions1 b a seem+ly irregul> comb9ation ( *>act]i/ics ( ! "o ) *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r--"o feature traceable to ?is race1 a second to t1 & a ?ird unit+ ! attributes ( bo?2 :ile 9 disposition & intellect !re w be f\nd a l m$ley ( ! two orig9als4 ,! fact t ! =ms & qualities ( any (fspr+ are n a mean betwe5 ! =ms & qualities ( its p>5ts1 b a mixture ( !m1 is illu/rat$ 9 e family4 ,! features & peculi>ities ( a *ild are sep>ately ref]r$ by obs]v]s to fa!r & "m respectively--nose & m\? to ?is side2 col\r ( ! hair & eyes to t--?is moral peculi>ity to ! fir/2 ?is intellectual "o to ! second--& s ) cont\r & idiosyncrasies ( body4 ,manife/ly if ea* organ or faculty 9 a *ild 0 an av]age ( ! two developm5ts ( su* organ or faculty 9 ! p>5ts1 x w\ld foll[ t all bro!rs & si/]s %\ld be alike2 or %\ld1 at any rate1 diff] no m ?an _! p>5ts diff]$ f ye> to ye>4 ,s f> h[ev]1 f f9d+ ?is to be ! case1 we f9d n only t great irregul>ities are produc$ by mixture ( traits1 b t !re is no con/ancy 9 ! mode ( mixture1 or ! ext5t ( v>iation produc$ by x4 ,?is imp]fect union ( p>5tal con/itutions 9 ! con/itutions ( (fspr+1 is /ill m cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! re-appe>ance ( peculi>ities traceable to bygone g5]ations4 ,=ms1 dispositions1 & diseases1 possess$ by di/ant prog5itors1 habitually come out f "t to "t 9 desc5dants4 ,"s s+le feature1 or "s solit>y t5d5cy1 w aga9 & aga9 %[ itself1 aft] be+ app>5tly lo/4 ,x is notori\sly ?us ) g\t1 scr(ula1 #cif & insanity4 ,on "s ( ! monum5tal brasses 9 our old *ur*es are engrav$ heads hav+ traits /ill p]si/5t 9 ! same families4 ,:]ev]1 z 9 portrait gall]ies1 a regi/] ( ance/ral faces has be5 kept1 ! same fact is m or less app>5t4 ,! p]t9acity ) :i* p>ticul> *>act]i/ics re-produce !mselves is well exemplifi$ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e traces ( negro blood c be detect$ 9 ! f+] nails1 :5 no long] visible 9 ! complexion4 ,among bre$]s ( animals x is well kn[n t1 aft] sev]al g5]ations 9 :i* no visible modifications 7 traceable1 ! effects ( a cross w sudd5ly make _! appe>ance4 ,9 all :i* facts we see ! g5]al tru? t an organism produc$ f two organisms con/itutionally diff]5t1 is n a homog5e\s mean2 b is made up ( compon5ts1 tak5 9 v>iable ways & proportions f ! orig9als4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,agricultural ,society 7 publi%$ "s facts respect+ ! mixture ( ,fr5* & ,engli% races ( %eep1 be>+ collat]ally on ?is po9t4 ,sundry attempts _h be5 made to improve ! poor ,fr5* bre$s by our f9e ,engli% ones4 ,= a long "t ^! attempts fail$4 ,! hybrids bore no trace ( _! ,engli% male ance/ry2 b 7 z dw>f$ & pov]ty-/rick5 z _! ,fr5* dams4 ,ev5tually ! cause ( failure 0 f\nd to lie 9 ! relative het]og5eity & homog5eity ( ! two con/itutions4 ,! sup]ior ,engli% %eep 7 ( mix$ race2 ! ,fr5* %eep1 ?\gh inf]ior1 7 ( pure race2 & ! comp\nd1 imp]fectly co-ord9at$ con/itution ( ! "o c\ld n ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! simple & completely balanc$ con/itution ( ! o!r4 ,?is1 at fir/ an hypo!sis1 0 pres5tly demon/rat$4 ,fr5* %eep ( mix$ con/itution hav+ be5 obta9$ by unit+ two ( ! pure ,fr5* bre$s1 x 0 f\nd t ^! hybrid ,fr5* %eep1 :5 unit$ ) ! ,engli% ones1 produc$ a cross 9 :i* ! ,engli% *>act]i/ics 7 duly #cig display$4 ,n[1 ?is inability ( a mix$ con/itution to /& its gr\nd aga9/ an unmix$ "o1 q accords ) ! above induction4 ,an unmix$ con/itution is "o 9 :i* all ! organs are exactly fitt$ to ea* o!r--are p]fectly balanc$3 ! sy/em z a :ole1 is 9 /able equilibrium4 ,a mix$ con/itution1 on ! contr>y1 be+ made up ( organs belong+ to two sep>ate sets1 _c h !m 9 exact fitness--_c h !m p]fectly balanc$2 & a sy/em 9 comp>atively un/able equilibrium results4 ,b 9 proportion to ! /ability ( ! equilibrium w be ! p[] to resi/ di/urb+ =ces4 ,h5ce1 :5 two con/itutions1 9 /able & un/able equilibrium respectively1 become di/urb+ =ces to ea* o!r1 ! un/able "o w be ov]?r[n1 & ! /able "o w ass]t itself un*ang$4 ,! imp]fect co-ord9ation ( p>ts 9 a mix$ con/itution1 & ?is consequ5t in/ability ( its equilibrium1 are intimately connect$ ) ! vex$ "q ( g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties2 &1 ) a view p>tly to ! intr9sic int]e/ ( ?is "q1 & p>tly to ! fur!r elucidation ( ! topic 9 h&1 ,i mu/ aga9 digress4 ,! curr5t physiological te/ ( di/9ct species is ! production ( a non-prolific hybrid4 ,! ability ( ! (fspr+ to reproduce itself is held to indicate t its p>5ts are ( ! same species1 h[ev] widely !y may diff] 9 appe>ance2 & its inability to d ?is is tak5 z pro( t1 ne>ly alli$ z its p>5ts may seem1 !y are di/9ct 9 k9d4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 facts h be5 accumulat+ t t5d m & m to ?r[ d\bt on ?is g5]alization4 ,cattle-bre$]s h e/abli%$ x z a g5]al fact1 t ! (fspr+ ( two diff]5t bre$s ( %eep or ox5 dw9dle away 9 a few g5]ations if alli$ ) !mselves2 & t a good result c be obta9$ only by mix+ !m ) "o or o!r ( ! orig9al bre$s--a fact imply+ t :at is true ( s-call$ species1 is1 "u a modifi$ =m1 true ( v>ieties also4 #cih ,! same ph5om5a are obs]vable 9 ! mixtures ( diff]5t races ( m54 ,!y1 too1 x is alleg$1 _c ma9ta9 !mselves z sep>ate v>ieties2 b die out unless !re is int]m>riage ) ! orig9als4 ,9 brief1 x seems t ! hybrids produc$ f two di/9ct races ( organisms may die out 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 c41 g5]ation1 accord+ z ! con/itutional diff]5ce ( ! races is great] or less4 ,n[1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,fr5* %eep-bre$]s1 above-quot$1 sugge/s a rationale ( ^! v>i\s results4 ,= if x be true t an organism produc$ by two unlike organisms is n a mean betwe5 !m1 b a mixture ( p>ts ( ! "o ) p>ts ( ! o!r--if x be true t ^! p>ts belong+ to two diff]5t sets are ( necessity imp]fectly co-ord9at$2 !n x becomes manife/ t 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>5t organisms is great] or less1 ! defects ( co-ord9ation 9 ! (fspr+ w be great] or less4 ,:5ce x foll[s t1 accord+ to ! degree ( organic incongruity betwe5 ! p>5ts1 we may h e gradation 9 ! (fspr+1 f a comb9ation ( p>ts s incongru\s t x w n "w at all1 up to a comb9ation complete en\gh to subsi/ p]man5tly z a race4 ,& ?is is j :at we f9d 9 fact4 ,betwe5 organisms widely diff]+ 9 "*1 no int]m$iate organism is possible4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce is less1 a non-prolific hybrid is produc$--an organism s ill co-ord9at$ z to be capable only ( incomplete life4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce is /ill less1 !re results an organism capable ( reproduc+ itself2 b n ( bequea?+ to its (fspr+ complete con/itutions4 ,& z ! degrees ( diff]5ce are fur!r dim9i%$1 ! incomplet5ess ( con/itution is long] & long] 9 mak+ its appe>ance2 until we come to ^? v>ieties ( ! same species :i* diff] s slightly t _! (fspr+ are z p]man5t z !mselves4 ,ev5 9 ^!1 h[ev]1 ! organic equilibrium seems less p]fect2 z is illu/rat$ #cii 9 ! case ,i h quot$4 ,& 9 connexion ) ?is inf]5ce1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to inquire :e!r pure con/itutions are n sup]ior to mix$ ones1 9 _! p[] ( ma9ta9+ ! balance ( vital functions "u di/urb+ conditions4 ,is x n a fact1 t ! pure bre$s are h>di] ?an ! mix$ ones8 ,are n ! mix$ ones1 ?\gh sup]ior 9 size1 less capable ( resi/+ unfav\rable influ5ces--extremes ( temp]ature1 bad food1 c48 ,& is n ! l true ( mank9d8 ,return+ to ! topic 9 h&1 x is manife/ t ^! facts & reason+s s]ve fur!r to en=ce ! g5]al tru?1 t ! (fspr+ ( two organisms n id5tical 9 con/itution is a het]og5e\s mixture ( ! two1 & n a homog5e\s mean betwe5 !m4 ,if1 !n1 be>+ 9 m9d ?is tru?1 we rememb] ! composite "* ( ! civiliz$ races--! m+l+ 9 ourselves1 = example1 ( ,celt1 ,saxon1 ,norman1 ,dane1 ) spr9kl+s ( o!r tribes2 if we consid] ! complications ( con/itution t h aris5 f ! unions ( ^!1 n 9 any uni=m mann]1 b ) utt] irregul>ity2 & if we recollect t ! incongruities ?us produc$ p]vade ! :ole nature1 m5tal & bodily--n]v\s tissue & o!r tissues2 we %all see t !re mu/ exi/ 9 all ( u an imp]fect correspond5ce betwe5 p>ts ( ! organism t are really relat$2 & t z "o manife/ation ( ?is1 !re mu/ be m or less ( discrepancy betwe5 ! features & ^? p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em ) :i* !y h a physiological connexion4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( ! belief t beauty ( "* is relat$ to beauty ( face are consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,x becomes possible to admit t pla9ness may co-exi/ ) nobility ( nature1 & f9e features ) bas5ess2 & yet to hold t m5tal & facial p]fection are fundam5tally connect$1 & w1 :5 ! pres5t causes ( incongruity h work$ !mselves out1 be ev] f\nd unit$4 #djj ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e = ,octob] #aheg4 ,:5 ,c>lo1 /&+1 *a9$ to 8 k5nel1 sees 8 ma/] 9 ! di/ance1 a slight motion ( ! tail indicates 8 b fa9t hope t he is ab\t to be let out4 ,a mu* m decid$ wagg+ ( ! tail1 pass+ by-&-by into lat]al undulations ( ! body1 foll[s 8 ma/]'s ne>] approa*4 ,:5 h&s are laid on 8 coll>1 & he kn[s t he is really to h an out+1 8 jump+ & wriggl+ are su* t x is by no means easy to loose 8 fa/5+s4 ,& :5 he f9ds himself actually free1 8 joy exp5ds itself 9 b\nds1 9 pir\ettes1 & 9 sc\r+s hi!r & ?i!r at ! top ( 8 spe$4 ,puss1 too1 by erect+ h] tail1 & by e "t rais+ h] back to meet ! c>ess+ h& ( h] mi/ress1 simil>ly expresses h] gratification by c]ta9 muscul> actions2 z likewise d ! p>rot by awkw>d danc+s on 8 p]*1 & ! can>y by hopp+ & flutt]+ ab\t 8 cage ) unwont$ rapidity4 ,"u emotions ( an opposite k9d1 animals equally display muscul> excitem5t4 ,! enrag$ lion la%es 8 sides ) 8 tail1 knits 8 br[s1 protrudes 8 claws4 ,! cat sets up h] back2 ! dog retracts 8 upp] lip2 ! horse ?r[s back 8 e>s4 ,& 9 ! /ruggles ( creatures 9 pa91 we see t a l relation #dja holds betwe5 excitem5t ( ! muscles & excitem5t ( ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,9 ourselves1 di/+ui%$ f l[] creatures by feel+s alike m p[]ful & m v>i$1 p>allel facts are at once m conspicu\s & m num]\s4 ,let u look at !m 9 gr\ps4 ,we %all f9d t pleasurable s5sations & pa9ful s5sations1 pleasurable emotions & pa9ful emotions1 all t5d to produce active demon/rations 9 proportion to _! int5sity4 ,9 *ildr51 & ev5 9 adults :o are n re/ra9$ by reg>d = appe>ances1 a highly agreeable ta/e is foll[$ by a smack+ ( ! lips4 ,an infant w laugh & b\nd 9 its nurse's arms at ! sight ( a brilliant col\r or ! he>+ ( a new s\nd4 ,p are apt to beat "t ) head or feet to music :i* p>ticul>ly pleases !m4 ,9 a s5sitive p]son an agreeable p]fume w produce a smile2 & smiles w be se5 on ! faces ( a cr[d gaz+ at "s spl5did bur/ ( fireworks4 ,ev5 ! pleasant s5sation ( w>m? felt on gett+ to ! fireside out ( a w9t]'s /orm1 w simil>ly express itself 9 ! face4 ,pa9ful s5sations1 be+ mo/ly f> m int5se ?an pleasurable ones1 cause muscul> actions ( mu* m decid$ k9ds4 ,a sudd5 tw+e produces a convulsive />t ( ! :ole body4 ,a pa9 less viol5t1 b cont9u\s1 is accompani$ by a knitt+ ( ! br[s1 a sett+ ( ! tee? or bit+ ( ! lip1 & a contraction ( ! features g5]ally4 ,"u a p]si/5t pa9 ( a sev]] k9d1 o!r muscul> actions are add$3 ! body is sway$ to & fro2 ! h&s cl5* any?+ !y c lay hold (2 & %\ld ! agony rise /ill high]1 ! suff]] rolls ab\t on ! floor almo/ convuls$4 ,?\gh m v>i$1 ! natural language ( ! pleasurable emotions comes )9 ! same g5]alization4 ,a smile1 :i* is ! commone/ expression ( gratifi$ feel+1 is a contraction ( c]ta9 facial muscles2 & :5 ! smile broad5s into a laugh1 we see a m viol5t & #djb m g5]al muscul> excitem5t produc$ by an int5s] gratification4 ,rubb+ toge!r ( ! h&s1 & t o!r motion :i* ,hood describes z ! wa%+ ( 8h&s ) invisible soap 9 imp]ceptible wat]10 h l implications4 ,*ildr5 may (t5 be se5 to 8jump = joy10 ,ev5 9 adults ( excitable temp]am5t1 an action approa*+ to x is sometimes witness$4 ,& danc+ has all ! _w ?r\gh be5 reg>d$ z natural to an elevat$ /ate ( m9ds4 ,_m ( ! special emotions %[ !mselves 9 special muscul> actions4 ,! gratification result+ f success1 raises ! head & gives firmness to ! gait4 ,a he>ty grasp ( ! h& is curr5tly tak5 z indicative ( fri5d%ip4 ,"u a gu% ( affection ! "m clasps h] *ild to h] brea/1 feel+ z ?\gh %e c\ld squeeze x to dea?4 ,& s 9 sundry o!r cases4 ,ev5 9 t bright5+ ( ! eye ) :i* good news is receiv$ we may trace ! same tru?2 = ?is sp>kl+ appe>ance is due to an extra contraction ( ! muscle :i* raises ! eyelid1 & s all[s m light to fall ^u1 & be reflect$ f1 ! wet surface ( ! eyeball4 ,! bodily indications ( pa9ful emotion are equally num]\s1 & /ill m vehem5t4 ,discont5t is %[n by rais$ eyebr[s & wr9kl$ =ehead2 disgu/ by a curl ( ! lip1 (f5ce by a p\t4 ,! impati5t man beats a tattoo ) 8 f+]s on ! table1 sw+s 8 p5dant leg ) increas+ rapidity1 gives ne$less pok+s to ! fire1 & pres5tly paces ) ha/y /rides ab\t ! room4 ,9 great grief !re is wr++ ( ! h&s1 & ev5 te>+ ( ! hair4 ,an angry *ild /amps1 or rolls on its back & kicks its heels 9 ! air2 & 9 manhood1 ang]1 fir/ %[+ itself 9 fr[ns1 9 di/5d$ no/rils1 9 compress$ lips1 goes on to produce gr9d+ ( ! tee?1 cl5*+ ( ! f+]s1 bl[s ( ! fi/ on ! table1 & p]haps ends 9 a viol5t attack on ! (f5d+ p]son1 or 9 ?r[+ ab\t & break+ ! furniture4 ,f #djc t purs+ ( ! m\? indicative ( slight displeasure1 up to ! frantic /ruggles ( ! maniac1 we f9d t m5tal irritation t5ds to v5t itself 9 bodily activity4 ,all feel+s1 !n--s5sations or emotions1 pleasurable or pa9ful--h ?is common *>act]i/ic1 t !y are muscul> /imuli4 ,n =gett+ ! few app>5tly exceptional cases 9 :i* emotions exce$+ a c]ta9 int5sity produce pro/ration1 we may set x d[n z a g5]al law1 t alike 9 man & animals1 !re is a direct connexion betwe5 feel+ & movem5t2 ! la/ gr[+ m vehem5t z ! fir/ gr[s m int5se4 ,7 x all[able "h to treat ! matt] sci5tifically1 we might trace ?is g5]al law d[n to ! pr9ciple kn[n among physiologi/s z t ( reflex action4#ef ,)\t do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! above num]\s in/ances ju/ify ! g5]alization t e k9d ( m5tal excitem5t ends 9 excitem5t ( ! muscles2 & t ! two pres]ve a m or less con/ant ratio to ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 8,b :at has all ?is to d ) ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music80 asks ! read]4 ,v mu*1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,all music is orig9ally vocal4 ,all vocal s\nds are produc$ by ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 muscles4 ,^! muscles1 9 common ) ^? ( ! body at l>ge1 are excit$ to contraction by pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s4 ,& !re=e x is t feel+s demon/rate !mselves 9 s\nds z well z 9 movem5ts4 ,!re=e x is t ,c>lo b>ks z well z leaps :5 he is let out--t puss purrs z well z erects h] tail--t ! can>y *irps z well z flutt]s4 ,!re=e x is t ! angry lion ro>s :ile he la%es 8 sides1 & ! dog gr[ls :ile he retracts 8 lip4 ,!re=e x is t ! maim$ animal n only /ruggles1 b h[ls4 ,& x is f ?is cause t 9 human be+s bodily suff]+ expresses itself n only 9 #djd contortions1 b 9 %rieks & groans--t 9 ang]1 & fe>1 & grief1 ! ge/iculations are accompani$ by %\ts & screams--t delightful s5sations are foll[$ by exclamations--& t we he> screams ( joy & %\ts ( exultation4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a pr9ciple und]ly+ all vocal ph5om5a2 includ+ ^? ( vocal music1 & by consequ5ce ^? ( music 9 g5]al4 ,! muscles t move ! *e/1 l>ynx1 & vocal *ords1 contract+ l o!r muscles 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! feel+s2 e diff]5t contraction ( ^! muscles involv+1 z x does1 a diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 e diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs caus+ a *ange 9 ! s\nd emitt$2--x foll[s t v>iations ( voice are ! physiological results ( v>iations ( feel+4 ,x foll[s t ea* inflection or modulation is ! natural outcome ( "s pass+ emotion or s5sation2 & x foll[s t ! explanation ( all k9ds ( vocal expression1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,let u1 !n1 see :e!r we _c ?us acc\nt = ! *ief peculi>ities 9 ! utt]ance ( ! feel+s3 gr\p+ ^! peculi>ities "u ! heads ( l\dness1 quality or timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ! lungs & ! organs ( voice1 !re is mu* ! same relation z betwe5 ! bell[s ( an organ & its pipes4 ,& z ! l\dness ( ! s\nd giv5 out by an organ-pipe increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! bell[s2 s1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! l\dness ( a vocal s\nd increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! lungs4 ,b ! expulsion ( air f ! lungs is effect$ by c]ta9 muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,! =ce ) :i* ^! muscles contract1 is proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ exp]i5c$4 ,h5ce1 a priori1 l\d s\nds w be ! habitual results ( /rong feel+s4 ,t !y are s we h daily pro(4 ,! pa9 :i* #dje if mod]ate1 c be borne sil5tly1 causes outcries if x becomes extreme4 ,:ile a slight vexation makes a *ild :imp]1 a fit ( passion calls =? a h[l t di/urbs ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ! voices 9 an adjac5t room become unusually audible1 we inf] ang]1 or surprise1 or joy4 ,l\dness ( applause is significant ( great approbation2 & ) upro>i\s mir? we associate ! idea ( high enjoym5t4 ,comm5c+ ) ! sil5ce ( apa?y1 we f9d t ! utt]ances gr[ l\d] z ! s5sations or emotions1 :e!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 gr[ /rong]4 ,t diff]5t qualities ( voice accompany diff]5t m5tal /ates1 & t "u /ates ( excitem5t ! tones are m sonor\s ?an usual1 is ano!r g5]al fact admitt+ ( a p>allel explanation4 ,! s\nds ( common conv]sation h b little resonance2 ^? ( /rong feel+ h mu* m4 ,"u ris+ ill temp] ! voice acquires a metallic r+4 ,9 accordance ) h] con/ant mood1 ! ord9>y spee* ( a virago has a pi]c+ quality q opposite to t s(tness indicative ( placidity4 ,a r++ laugh m>ks joy\s temp]am5t4 ,grief1 unburd5+ itself1 uses tones approa*+ 9 timbre to ^? ( *ant+2 & 9 8 mo/ pa!tic passages an eloqu5t speak] simil>ly falls into tones m vibratory ?an ^? common to him4 ,n[ any "o may readily conv9ce himself t resonant vocal s\nds c be produc$ only by a c]ta9 muscul> ef=t additional to t ord9>ily ne$$4 ,if aft] utt]+ a ^w 9 8 speak+ voice1 ! read]1 )\t *ang+ ! pit* or ! l\dness1 w s+ ?is ^w1 he w p]ceive t be=e he c s+ x1 he has to alt] ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 to d :i* a c]ta9 =ce mu/ be us$2 & by putt+ 8 f+]s on t ext]nal prom95ce m>k+ ! top ( ! l>ynx1 he w h fur!r evid5ce t to produce a sonor\s tone ! organs mu/ be drawn out ( _! usual position4 ,?us1 !n1 ! fact t ! tones ( excit$ feel+ are m vibratory ?an ^? ( common #djf conv]sation1 is ano!r in/ance ( ! connexion betwe5 m5tal excitem5t & muscul> excitem5t4 ,! speak+ voice1 ! recitative voice1 & ! s++ voice1 sev]ally exemplify "o g5]al pr9ciple4 ,t ! pit* ( ! voice v>ies accord+ to ! action ( ! vocal muscles1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,all "k t ! middle notes1 9 :i* !y conv]se1 are made )\t appreciable ef=t2 & all "k t to make ei!r v high notes or v l[ notes requires consid]able ef=t4 ,9 ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+ f ! pit* ( ord9>y spee*1 we are consci\s ( increas+ muscul> /ra91 :i*1 at ea* extreme ( ! regi/]1 becomes pa9ful4 ,h5ce x foll[s f our g5]al pr9ciple1 t :ile indiff]5ce or calmness w use ! m$ium tones1 ! tones us$ dur+ excitem5t w be ei!r above or bel[ !m2 & w rise high] & high]1 or fall l[] & l[]1 z ! feel+s gr[ /rong]4 ,?is physiological d$uction we also f9d to be 9 h>mony ) famili> facts4 ,! habitual suff]] utt]s 8 compla9ts 9 a voice rais$ consid]ably above ! natural key2 & agoniz+ pa9 v5ts itself 9 ei!r %rieks or groans--9 v high or v l[ notes4 ,beg9n+ at 8 talk+ pit*1 ! cry ( ! disappo9t$ ur*9 gr[s m %rill z x gr[s l\d]4 ,! 8,oh60 ( a/oni%m5t or delight1 beg9s sev]al notes bel[ ! middle voice1 & desc5ds /ill l[]4 ,ang] expresses itself 9 high tones1 or else 9 8curses n l\d b deep40 ,deep tones1 too1 are always us$ 9 utt]+ /rong reproa*es4 ,su* an exclamation z 8,bew>e60 if made dramatically--t is1 if made ) a %[ ( feel+--mu/ be _m notes l[] ?an ord9>y4 ,fur!r1 we h groans ( disapprobation1 groans ( horror1 groans ( remorse4 ,& extreme joy & fe> are alike accompani$ by %rill outcries4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ! subject ( pit*1 is t ( int]vals2 & ! explanation ( !m c>ries our argum5t a /ep #djg fur!r4 ,:ile calm spee* is comp>atively monoton\s1 emotion makes use ( fif?s1 octaves1 & ev5 wid] int]vals4 ,li/5 to any "o n>rat+ or repeat+ some?+ 9 :i* he has no int]e/1 & 8 voice w n w&] m ?an two or ?ree notes above or bel[ 8 m$ium note1 & t by small /eps2 b :5 he comes to "s excit+ ev5t he w be he>d n only to use ! high] & l[] notes ( 8 regi/]1 b to g f "o to ! o!r by l>g] leaps4 ,be+ unable 9 pr9t to imitate ^! traits ( feel+1 we feel "s difficulty 9 fully convey+ !m to ! read]4 ,b we may sugge/ a few remembrances :i* w p]haps call to m9d a suffici5cy ( o!rs4 ,if two m5 liv+ 9 ! same place1 & frequ5tly see+ "o ano!r1 meet1 say at a public assembly1 any phrase ) :i* "o acco/s ! o!r--z 8,hallo1 are y "h80--w h an ord9>y intonation4 ,b if "o ( !m1 aft] a long abs5ce1 has unexpect$ly return$1 ! expression ( surprise ) :i* 8 fri5d greets him--8,hallo6 h[ came y "h80--w be utt]$ 9 mu* m /rongly contra/$ tones4 ,! two syllables ( ! ^w 8,hallo0 w be1 ! "o mu* high] & ! o!r mu* l[] ?an be=e2 & ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce w simil>ly asc5d & desc5d by long] /eps4 ,aga91 if1 suppos+ h] maid to be 9 an adjo9+ room1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se calls 8,m>y10 ! two syllables ( ! "n w be spok5 9 an asc5d+ int]val ( a ?ird4 ,if ,m>y does n reply1 ! call w be repeat$ probably 9 a desc5d+ fif?2 imply+ ! slighte/ %ade ( annoyance at ,m>y's inatt5tion4 ,%\ld ,m>y /ill make no answ]1 ! increas+ annoyance w %[ itself by ! use ( a desc5d+ octave on ! next repetition ( ! call4 ,& suppos+ ! sil5ce to cont9ue1 ! lady1 if n ( a v ev5 temp]1 w %[ h] irritation at ,m>y's seem+ly int5tional neglig5ce by f9ally call+ h] 9 tones /ill m widely contra/$--! fir/ syllable #djh be+ high] & ! la/ l[] ?an be=e4 ,n[1 ^! & analog\s facts1 :i* ! read] w readily accumulate1 cle>ly con=m to ! law laid d[n4 ,= to make l>ge int]vals requires m muscul> action ?an to make small ones4 ,b n only is ! ext5t ( vocal int]vals ?us explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5t1 b also1 9 "s degree1 _! direction1 z asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,! middle notes be+ ^? :i* dem& no appreciable ef=t ( muscul> adju/m5t2 & ! ef=t becom+ great] z we ei!r asc5d or desc5d2 x foll[s t a dep>ture f ! middle notes 9 ei!r direction w m>k increas+ emotion2 :ile a return t[>ds ! middle notes w m>k decreas+ emotion4 ,h5ce x happ5s t an en?usia/ic p]son1 utt]+ su* a s5t5ce z--8,x 0 ! mo/ spl5did sight ,i ev] saw60 w asc5d to ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w 8spl5did10 & !nce w desc5d3 ! ^w 8spl5did0 m>k+ ! climax ( ! feel+ produc$ by ! recollection4 ,h5ce1 aga91 x happ5s t1 "u "s extreme vexation produc$ by ano!r's /upidity1 an irascible man1 exclaim+--8,:at a conf\nd$ fool ! fell[ is60 w beg9 some:at bel[ 8 middle voice1 & desc5d+ to ! ^w 8fool10 :i* he w utt] 9 "o ( 8 deepe/ notes1 w !n asc5d4 ,& x may be rem>k$1 t ! ^w 8fool0 w n only be deep] & l\d] ?an ! re/1 b w also h m emphasis ( articulation--ano!r mode 9 :i* muscul> excitem5t is %[n4 ,!re is "s dang]1 h[ev]1 9 giv+ in/ances l ?is2 see+ t z ! mode ( r5d]+ w v>y accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ :i* ! read] feigns to himself1 ! "r cad5ce may n be hit ^u4 ,) s+le words !re is less difficulty4 ,?us ! 8,inde$60 ) :i* a surpris+ fact is receiv$1 mo/ly beg9s on ! middle note ( ! voice1 & rises ) ! second syllable2 or1 if disapprobation z well z a/oni%m5t is felt1 ! #dji fir/ syllable w be bel[ ! middle note1 & ! second l[] /ill4 ,conv]sely1 ! ^w 8,alas60 :i* m>ks n ! rise ( a p>oxysm ( grief1 b its decl9e1 is utt]$ 9 a cad5ce desc5d+ t[>ds ! middle note2 or1 if ! fir/ syllable is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! regi/]1 ! second asc5ds t[>ds ! middle note4 ,9 ! 8,heigh-ho60 expressive ( m5tal or muscul> pro/ration1 we may see ! same tru?2 & if ! cad5ce appropriate to x be inv]t$1 ! absurdity ( ! effect cle>ly %[s h[ ! mean+ ( int]vals is dep5d5t on ! pr9ciple we h be5 illu/rat+4 ,! rema9+ *>act]i/ic ( emotional spee* :i* we h to notice1 is t ( v>iability ( pit*4 ,x is sc>cely possible "h to convey adequate ideas ( ?is m complex manife/ation4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) simply indicat+ "s occasions on :i* x may be obs]v$4 ,on a meet+ ( fri5ds1 = in/ance--z :5 !re arrives a p>ty ( mu*-wi%$-= visitors--! voices ( all w be he>d to und]go *anges ( pit* n only great] b mu* m num]\s ?an usual4 ,if a speak] at a public meet+ is int]rupt$ by "s squabble among ^? he is address+1 8 comp>atively level tones w be 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! rapidly *ang+ ones ( ! disputants4 ,& among *ildr51 ^: feel+s are less "u control ?an ^? ( adults1 ?is peculi>ity is /ill m decid$4 ,dur+ a sc5e ( compla9t & recrim9ation betwe5 two excitable little girls1 ! voices may be he>d to run up & d[n ! gamut sev]al times 9 ea* s5t5ce4 ,9 su* cases we once m recognize ! same law3 = muscul> excitem5t is %[n n only 9 /r5g? ( contraction1 b also 9 ! rapidity ) :i* diff]5t muscul> adju/m5ts succe$ "o ano!r4 ,?us we f9d all ! lead+ vocal ph5om5a to h a physiological basis4 ,!y are s _m manife/ations ( ! g5]al law t feel+ is a /imulus to muscul> #daj action--a law con=m$ to ?r\gh\t ! :ole economy1 n ( man only1 b ( e s5sitive creature--a law1 !re=e1 :i* lies deep 9 ! nature ( animal organization4 ,! expressiv5ess ( ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice is !re=e innate4 ,ea* ( u1 f babyhood upw>ds1 has be5 spontane\sly mak+ !m1 :5 "u ! v>i\s s5sations & emotions by :i* !y are produc$4 ,hav+ be5 consci\s ( ea* feel+ at ! same "t t we he>d ourselves make ! consequ5t s\nd1 we h acquir$ an e/abli%$ association ( ideas betwe5 su* s\nd & ! feel+ :i* caus$ x4 ,:5 ! l s\nd is made by ano!r1 we ascribe ! l feel+ to him2 & by a fur!r consequ5ce we n only ascribe to him t feel+1 b h a c]ta9 degree ( x ar\s$ 9 ourselves3 = to become consci\s ( ! feel+ :i* ano!r is exp]i5c+1 is to h t feel+ awak5$ 9 our own consci\sness1 :i* is ! same ?+ z exp]i5c+ ! feel+4 ,?us ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice become n only a language ?r\gh :i* we und]/& ! emotions ( o!rs1 b also ! means ( excit+ our sympa?y ) su* emotions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h we n "h1 !n1 adequate data = a !ory ( music8 ,^! vocal peculi>ities :i* indicate excit$ feel+1 are ^? :i* especially di/+ui% song f ord9>y spee*4 ,e "o ( ! alt]ations ( voice :i* we h f\nd to be a physiological result ( pa9 or pleasure1 is c>ri$ to an extreme 9 vocal music4 ,= in/ance1 we saw t1 9 virtue ( ! g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t1 "o *>act]i/ic ( passionate utt]ance is l\dness4 ,well1 its comp>ative l\dness is "o ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( song z contra/$ ) ! spee* ( daily life4 ,?\gh !re are piano passages 9 contra/ ) ! =te passages1 yet ! av]age l\dness ( ! s++ voice is mu* great] ?an #daa t ( ! speak+ voice2 & fur!r1 ! =te passages ( an air are ^? int5d$ to repres5t ! climax ( its emotion4 ,we next saw t ! tones 9 :i* emotion expresses itself1 are1 9 con=mity ) ?is same law1 ( a m sonor\s timbre ?an ^? ( calm conv]sation4 ,"h1 too1 song displays a /ill high] degree ( ! peculi>ity2 = ! s++ tone is ! mo/ resonant we c make4 ,aga91 x 0 %[n t1 f a l cause1 m5tal excitem5t v5ts itself 9 ! high] & l[] notes ( ! regi/]2 us+ ! middle notes b seldom4 ,& x sc>cely ne$s say+ t vocal music is /ill m di/+ui%$ by its comp>ative neglect ( ! notes 9 :i* we talk1 & its habitual use ( ^? above or bel[ !m2 &1 moreov]1 t its mo/ passionate effects are commonly produc$ at ! two extremities ( its scale1 b especially at ! upp] "o4 ,a yet fur!r trait ( /rong feel+1 simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 0 ! habitual employm5t ( l>g] int]vals ?an are employ$ 9 common conv]se4 ,?is trait1 also1 e ballad & aria sy/ematically elaborates3 add to :i*1 t ! direction ( ^! int]vals1 :i*1 z div]g+ f or conv]g+ t[>ds ! m$ium tones1 we f\nd to be physiologically expressive ( increas+ or decreas+ emotion1 may be obs]v$ to h 9 music l mean+s4 ,once m1 x 0 po9t$ out t n only extreme b also rapid v>iations ( pit*1 are *>act]i/ic ( m5tal excitem5t2 & once m we see 9 ! quick *anges ( e melody1 t song c>ries ! *>act]i/ic z f>1 if n f>!r4 ,?us1 9 respect alike ( l\dness1 timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation1 song employs & exagg]ates ! natural language ( ! emotions2--x arises f a sy/ematic comb9ation ( ^? vocal peculi>ities :i* are ! physiological effects ( acute pleasure & pa94 ,besides ^! *ief *>act]i/ics ( song z di/+ui%$ f common spee*1 !re are sundry m9or ones #dab simil>ly explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t2 & be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ^! %\ld be briefly notic$4 ,?us1 c]ta9 passions1 & p]haps all passions :5 pu%$ to an extreme1 produce 7probably ?r\gh _! influ5ce ov] ! action ( ! he>t7 an effect ! rev]se ( t :i* has be5 describ$3 !y cause a physical pro/ration1 "o symptom ( :i* is a g5]al relaxation ( ! muscles1 & a consequ5t trembl+4 ,we h ! trembl+ ( ang]1 ( fe>1 ( hope1 ( joy2 & ! vocal muscles be+ implicat$ ) ! re/1 ! voice too becomes tremul\s4 ,n[1 9 s++1 ?is tremul\sness ( voice is effectively us$ by "s vocali/s 9 pa!tic passages2 sometimes1 inde$1 because ( its effectiv5ess1 too mu* us$ by !m--z by ,tamb]lik1 = in/ance4 ,aga91 !re is a mode ( musical execution kn[n z ! /accato1 appropriate to en]getic passages--to passages expressive ( exhil>ation1 ( resolution1 ( confid5ce4 ,! action ( ! vocal muscles :i* produces ?is /accato /yle1 is analog\s to ! muscul> action :i* produces ! %>p1 decisive1 en]getic movem5ts ( body indicat+ ^! /ates ( m9d2 & !re=e x is t ! /accato /yle has ! mean+ we ascribe to x4 ,conv]sely1 slurr$ int]vals are expressive ( g5tl] & less active feel+s2 & are s because !y imply ! small] muscul> vivacity due to a l[] m5tal en]gy4 ,! diff]5ce ( effect result+ f diff]5ce ( "t 9 music1 is also attributable to ?is same law4 ,already x has be5 po9t$ out t ! m frequ5t *anges ( pit* :i* ord9>ily result f passion1 are imitat$ & develop$ 9 song2 & "h we h to add1 t ! v>i\s rates ( su* *anges1 appropriate to ! diff]5t /yles ( music1 are fur!r traits hav+ ! same d]ivation4 ,! sl[e/ movem5ts1 l>go & adagio1 are us$ :]e su* depress+ emotions z grief1 or su* unexcit+ emotions z rev]5ce1 are to be portray$2 :ile ! m rapid movem5ts1 &ante1 #dac allegro1 pre/o1 repres5t successively increas+ degrees ( m5tal vivacity2 & d ?is because !y imply t muscul> activity :i* fl[s f ?is m5tal vivacity4 ,ev5 ! rhy?m1 :i* =ms a rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 song & spee*1 may n improbably h a k9dr$ cause4 ,:y ! actions excit$ by /rong feel+ %\ld t5d to become rhy?mical1 is n obvi\s2 b t !y d s !re are div]s evid5ces4 ,!re is ! sway+ ( ! body to & fro "u pa9 or grief1 ( ! leg "u impati5ce or agitation4 ,danc+1 too1 is a rhy?mical action natural to elevat$ emotion4 ,t "u excitem5t spee* acquires a c]ta9 rhy?m1 we may occasionally p]ceive 9 ! highe/ ef=ts ( an orator4 ,9 poetry1 :i* is a =m ( spee* us$ = ! bett] expression ( emotional ideas1 we h ?is rhy?mical t5d5cy develop$4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t danc+1 poetry1 & music are connate--are orig9ally con/itu5t p>ts ( ! same ?+1 x becomes cle> t ! measur$ movem5t common to !m all implies a rhy?mical action ( ! :ole sy/em1 ! vocal app>atus includ$2 & t s ! rhy?m ( music is a m subtle & complex result ( ?is relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t4 ,b x is "t to end ?is analysis1 :i* possibly we h already c>ri$ too f>4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! m special peculi>ities ( musical expression are to be def9itely expla9$4 ,?\gh probably !y may all 9 "s way con=m to ! pr9ciple t has be5 work$ out1 x is impracticable to trace t pr9ciple 9 its m ramifi$ applications4 ,nor is x ne$ful to our argum5t t x %\ld be s trac$4 ,! =ego+ facts suffici5tly prove t :at we reg>d z ! di/9ctive traits ( song1 are simply ! traits ( emotional spee* int5sifi$ & sy/ematiz$4 ,9 respect ( its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 we ?9k x has be5 made cle> t vocal music1 & by #dad consequ5ce all music1 is an idealization ( ! natural language ( passion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z f> z x goes1 ! scanty evid5ce furni%$ by hi/ory confirms ?is conclusion4 ,note fir/ ! fact 7n prop]ly an hi/orical "o1 b fitly gr\p$ ) su*7 t ! dance-*ants ( savage tribes are v monoton\s2 & 9 virtue ( _! monotony are m ne>ly alli$ to ord9>y spee* ?an are ! songs ( civiliz$ races4 ,jo9+ ) ?is ! fact t !re are /ill extant among boatm5 & o!rs 9 ! ,ea/1 anci5t *ants ( a l monoton\s "*1 we may inf] t vocal music orig9ally div]g$ f emotional spee* 9 a gradual1 unobtrusive mann]2 & ?is is ! inf]5ce to :i* our argum5t po9ts4 ,f ! *>act]s ( ! int]vals ! same conclusion may be drawn4 8,! songs ( savages 9 ! l[e/ scale ( civilization are g5]ally conf9$ to ! compass ( few notes1 seldom ext5d+ beyond ! int]val ( ! fif?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a sudd5 transition into ! octave occurs1 especially 9 sudd5 exclamations1 or :]e a ^w naturally dictates an emphatic rais+ ( ! voice4 ,! fif? especially plays a prom95t "p 9 primitive vocal music4 4 4 4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ea* int]val is di/9ctly inton$3 on ! contr>y1 9 ! transition f "o int]val to ano!r1 all ! int]m$iate int]vals are slightly t\*$ 9 a way some:at simil> to a viol9i/ draw+ 8 f+] rapidly ov] ! /r+ f "o note to ano!r to connect !m2 & z ! int]vals !mselves are seldom cle>ly def9$1 x w easily be und]/ood h[ ne>ly impossible x is to write d[n su* songs 9 our notation s z to convey a correct idea ( _! natural effect40#eg ,fur!r evid5ce to ! same effect is suppli$ by ,greek hi/ory4 ,! e>ly poems ( ! ,greeks--:i*1 be x rememb]$1 7 sacr$ leg5ds embodi$ 9 t rhy?mical1 metaphorical language :i* /rong feel+ excites--7 n recit$1 b *ant$3 ! tones & cad5ces #dae 7 made musical by ! same influ5ces :i* made ! spee* poetical4 ,by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! matt]1 ?is *ant+ is believ$ to h be5 n :at we call s++1 b ne>ly alli$ to our recitative--ne>ly alli$ b simpl]4 ,sev]al facts conspire to %[ ?is4 ,! e>lie/ /r+$ in/rum5ts _h sometimes f\r1 sometimes five /r+s3 ,egyptian frescoes del9eate "s ( ! simpl] h>ps z ?us con/itut$1 & !re are k9dr$ repres5tations ( ! lyres & alli$ in/rum5ts ( ! ,assyrians1 ,hebrews1 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,t ! e>lie/ ,greek lyre _h b f\r /r+s1 & t ! recitative ( ! poet 0 utt]$ 9 unison ) its s\nds1 ,neumann f9ds def9ite pro( 9 a v]se ascrib$ to ,t]p&]1 celebrat+ 8 introduction ( ! sev5-/r+$ lyre3 8,! f\r-tond hymns n[ reject+1 ,& ye>n+ = songs new & sweet1 ,) sev5 /r+s s(tly vibrat+1 ,! lyre anon %all we greet40 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! primitive recitative 0 simpl] ?an our mod]n recitative1 &1 z su*1 mu* less remote f common spee* ?an our own s++ is4 ,= recitative1 or musical recitation1 is 9 all respects int]m$iate betwe5 spee* & song4 ,its av]age effects are n s l\d z ^? ( song4 ,its tones are less sonor\s 9 timbre ?an ^? ( song4 ,commonly x div]ges to a small] ext5t f ! middle notes--uses notes nei!r s high nor s l[ 9 pit*4 ,! int]vals habitual to x are nei!r s wide nor s v>i$4 ,its rate ( v>iation is n s rapid4 ,& at ! same "t t its prim>y rhy?m is less decid$1 x has none ( t second>y rhy?m produc$ by recurr5ce ( ! same or p>allel musical phrases1 :i* is "o ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( song4 ,?us1 !n1 we may n only inf]1 f ! evid5ce furni%$ by exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 t ! vocal music ( pre-hi/oric times 0 emotional spee* v slightly exalt$2 b we see t ! e>lie/ vocal music ( :i* we h #daf any acc\nt1 diff]$ mu* less f emotional spee* ?an does ! vocal music ( our days4 ,t recitative--beyond :i*1 by ! way1 ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos seem nev] to h advanc$--grew naturally out ( ! modulations & cad5ces ( /rong feel+1 we h inde$ curr5t evid5ce4 ,!re are ev5 n[ to be met ) occasions on :i* /rong feel+ v5ts itself 9 ?is =m4 ,:oev] has be5 pres5t :5 a meet+ ( ,quak]s 0 address$ by "o ( _! numb] 7^: practice x is to speak only "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s emotion71 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! q unusual tones1 l ^? ( a subdu$ *ant1 9 :i* ! address 0 made4 ,on pass+ a *apel 9 ,wales dur+ s]vice1 ! rais$ & s+-song voice ( ! prea*] draws ! att5tion4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ! inton+ us$ 9 *ur*es is repres5tative ( ?is m5tal /ate2 & has be5 adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! congruity betwe5 x & ! contrition1 supplication1 or rev]5ce1 v]bally express$4 ,& if1 z we h good reason to believe1 recitative arose by degrees out ( emotional spee*1 x becomes manife/ t by a cont9uance ( ! same process song has aris5 out ( recitative4 ,j z1 f ! orations & leg5ds ( savages1 express$ 9 ! metaphorical1 allegorical /yle natural to !m1 !re sprung epic poetry1 out ( :i* lyric poetry 0 aft]w>ds develop$2 s1 f ! exalt$ tones & cad5ces 9 :i* su* orations & leg5ds 7 deliv]$1 came ! *ant or recitative music1 f :i* lyrical music has s9ce gr[n up4 ,& !re has n only ?us be5 a simultane\s & p>allel g5esis1 b !re has be5 rea*$ a p>allelism ( results4 ,= lyrical poetry diff]s f epic poetry1 j z lyrical music diff]s f recitative3 ea* /ill fur!r int5sifies ! natural language ( ! emotions4 ,lyrical poetry is m metaphorical1 m hyp]bolic1 m elliptical1 & adds ! rhy?m ( l9es to ! rhy?m ( feet2 j z lyrical music is l\d]1 m sonor\s1 m extreme 9 its #dag int]vals1 & adds ! rhy?m ( phrases to ! rhy?m ( b>s4 ,& ! kn[n fact t out ( epic poetry ! /rong] passions develop$ lyrical poetry z _! appropriate vehicle1 /r5g!ns ! inf]5ce t !y simil>ly develop$ lyrical music out ( recitative4 ,nor inde$ are we )\t evid5ces ( ! transition4 ,x ne$s b to li/5 to an op]a to he> ! lead+ gradations4 ,betwe5 ! comp>atively level recitative ( ord9>y dialogue1 ! m v>i$ recitative ) wid] int]vals & high] tones us$ 9 excit+ sc5es1 ! /ill m musical recitative :i* preludes an air1 & ! air itself1 ! successive /eps are b small2 & ! fact t among airs !mselves gradations ( l nature may be trac$1 fur!r confirms ! conclusion t ! highe/ =m ( vocal music 0 arriv$ at by degrees4 ,we h "s clue to ! influ5ces :i* h induc$ ?is developm5t2 & may r\ghly conceive ! process ( x4 ,z ! tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( /rong emotion 7 ! elem5ts out ( :i* song 0 elaborat$2 s1 we may expect to f9d t /ill /rong] emotion produc$ ! elaboration2 & we h evid5ce imply+ ?is4 ,musical compos]s are m5 ( acute s5sibilities4 ,! ,life ( ,moz>t depicts him z "o ( int5sely active affections & highly impressionable temp]am5t4 ,v>i\s anecdotes repres5t ,bee?ov5 z v susceptible & v passionate4 ,m5delssohn is describ$ by ^? :o knew him z hav+ be5 full ( f9e feel+4 ,& ! almo/ incr$ible s5sitiv5ess ( ,*op9 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! memoirs ( ,george ,s&4 ,an unusually emotional nature be+ ?us ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( musical compos]s1 we h 9 x j ! ag5cy requir$ = ! developm5t ( recitative & song4 ,any cause ( excitem5t w g5]ate j ^? exagg]ations :i* we h f\nd to di/+ui% ! l[] vocal music f emotional spee*1 & ! high] vocal music f ! l[]4 ,?us x becomes cr$ible t ! f\r-ton$ recitative ( ! #dah e>ly ,greek poets 7l all poets1 ne>ly alli$ to compos]s 9 ! comp>ative int5sity ( _! feel+s71 0 really no?+ m ?an ! slightly exagg]at$ emotional spee* natural to !m1 :i* grew by frequ5t use into an organiz$ =m4 ,& we may inf] t ! accumulat$ ag5cy ( subsequ5t poet-musicians1 inh]it+ & add+ to ! products ( ^? :o w5t be=e !m1 suffic$1 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies1 to develope ?is simple f\r-ton$ recitative into a vocal music hav+ great complexity & range4 ,n only may we s und]/& h[ m sonor\s tones1 great] extremes ( pit*1 & wid] int]vals1 7 gradually introduc$2 b also h[ !re arose a great] v>iety & complexity ( musical expression4 ,= ?is same passionate1 en?usia/ic temp]am5t1 :i* leads ! musical compos] to express ! feel+s possess$ by o!rs z well z himself1 9 m m>k$ cad5ces ?an !y w\ld use1 also leads him to give musical utt]ance to feel+s :i* !y ei!r d n exp]i5ce1 or exp]i5ce 9 b slight degrees4 ,& ?us we may 9 "s measure und]/& h[ x happ5s t music n only s /rongly excites our m famili> feel+s1 b also produces feel+s we nev] _h be=e--ar\ses dormant s5tim5ts ( :i* we d n "k ! mean+2 or1 z ,ri*t] says--tells u ( ?+s we h n se5 & %all n see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indirect evid5ces ( sev]al k9ds rema9 to be briefly po9t$ out4 ,"o ( !m is ! difficulty1 n to say impossibility1 ( o!rwise acc\nt+ = ! expressiv5ess ( music4 ,:5ce comes x t special comb9ations ( notes %\ld h special effects ^u our emotions8--t "o %\ld give u a feel+ ( exhil>ation1 ano!r ( melan*oly1 ano!r ( affection1 ano!r ( rev]5ce8 ,is x t ^! special comb9ations h intr9sic mean+s ap>t f ! human con/itution8--t a c]ta9 numb] ( arial waves p] second1 foll[$ by a c]ta9 o!r #dai numb]1 9 ! nature ( ?+s signify grief1 :ile 9 ! rev]se ord] !y signify joy2 & simil>ly ) all o!r int]vals1 phrases1 & cad5ces8 ,few w be s irrational z to ?9k ?is4 ,is x1 !n1 t ! mean+s ( ^! special comb9ations are conv5tional only8--t we le>n _! implications1 z we d ^? ( words1 by obs]v+ h[ o!rs und]/& !m8 ,?is is an hypo!sis n only devoid ( evid5ce1 b directly oppos$ to ! exp]i5ce ( e "o2 & x is exclud$ by ! fact t *ildr51 unconv5tionalis$ ?\gh !y are1 %[ great susceptibility to music4 ,h[1 !n1 are musical effects to be expla9$8 ,if ! !ory above set =? be accept$1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,if music1 tak+ = its raw mat]ial ! v>i\s modifications ( voice :i* are ! physiological results ( excit$ feel+1 int5sifies1 comb9es1 & complicates !m--if x exagg]ates ! l\dness1 ! resonance1 ! pit*1 ! int]vals1 & ! v>iability1 :i*1 9 virtue ( an organic law1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( passionate spee*--if1 by c>ry+ out ^! fur!r1 m consi/5tly1 m unit$ly1 & m su/a9$ly1x produces an idealiz$ language ( emotion2 !n its p[] ov] u becomes compreh5sible4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is !ory ! expressiv5ess ( music appe>s inexplicable4 ,aga91 ! pref]5ce we feel = c]ta9 qualities ( s\nd pres5ts a l difficulty1 admitt+ only ( a l solution4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! tones ( ! human voice are m pleas+ ?an any o!rs4 ,if music takes its rise f ! modulations ( ! human voice "u emotion1 x is a natural consequ5ce t ! tones ( t voice appeal to our feel+s m ?an any o!rs1 & are consid]$ m beautiful ?an any o!rs4 ,b d5y t music has ?is orig91 & ! only alt]native is ! unt5able "o t ! vibrations proce$+ f a vocali/'s ?roat are1 objectively consid]$1 ( a high] ord] ?an ^? f a horn or a viol94 ,once m1 ! "q--,h[ is ! expressiv5ess ( #dbj music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 may be supplem5t$ by ! "q--,h[ is ! g5esis ( music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 ,t music is a product ( civilization1 is manife/2 = ?\gh "s ( ! l[e/ savages h _! dance-*ants1 ^! are ( a k9d sc>cely to be dignifi$ by ! title musical3 at mo/1 !y supply b ! vague/ rudim5t ( music1 prop]ly s call$4 ,& if music has be5 by sl[ /eps develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( civilization1 x mu/ h be5 develop$ out ( some?+4 ,if1 !n1 its orig9 is n t above alleg$1 :at is its orig98 ,?us we f9d t ! negative evid5ce confirms ! positive1 & t1 tak5 toge!r1 !y furni% /rong pro(4 ,we h se5 t !re is a physiological relation1 common to man & all animals1 betwe5 feel+ & muscul> action2 t z vocal s\nds are produc$ by muscul> action1 !re is a consequ5t physiological relation betwe5 feel+ & vocal s\nds2 t all ! modifications ( voice expressive ( feel+ are ! direct results ( ?is physiological relation2 t music1 adopt+ all ^! modifications1 int5sifies !m m & m z x asc5ds to its high] & high] =ms2 t1 f ! anci5t epic poet *ant+ 8 v]ses1 d[n to ! mod]n musical compos]1 m5 ( unusually /rong feel+s prone to express !m 9 extreme =ms1 h be5 naturally ! ag5ts ( ^! successive int5sifications2 & t s !re has little by little aris5 a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ?is idealiz$ language ( emotion & its natural language3 to :i* direct evid5ce we h j add$ ! indirect--t on no o!r t5able hypo!sis c ei!r ! expressiv5ess ( music or ! g5esis ( music be expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 :at is ! function ( music8 ,has music any effect beyond ! imm$iate pleasure x produces8 ,analogy sugge/s t x has4 ,! enjoym5ts ( a good d9n] d n end ) !mselves1 b m9i/] to bodily well-be+4 ,?\gh p d n m>ry ) a view to ma9ta9 ! race1 yet ! passions :i* impel !m to m>ry secure its #dba ma9t5ance4 ,p>5tal affection is a feel+ :i*1 :ile x conduces to p>5tal happ9ess1 ensures ! nurture ( (fspr+4 ,m5 love to accumulate prop]ty1 (t5 )\t ?\ght ( ! b5efits x produces2 b 9 pursu+ ! pleasure ( acquisition !y indirectly op5 ! way to o!r pleasures4 ,! wi% = public approval impels all ( u to d _m ?+s :i* we %\ld o!rwise n d1--to und]take great lab\rs1 face great dang]s1 & habitually rule ourselves 9 ways t smoo? social int]c\rse2 s t1 9 gratify+ our love ( approbation we subs]ve div]s ult]ior purposes4 ,&1 g5]ally1 our nature is su* t 9 fulfill+ ea* desire1 we 9 "s way facilitate fulfilm5t ( ! re/4 ,b ! love ( music seems to exi/ = its own sake4 ,! delights ( melody & h>mony d n obvi\sly m9i/] to ! welf>e ei!r ( ! individual or ( society4 ,may we n suspect1 h[ev]1 t ?is exception is app>5t only8 ,is x n a rational inquiry--,:at are ! indirect b5efits :i* accrue f music1 9 addition to ! direct pleasure x gives8 ,b t x w\ld take u too f> out ( our track1 we %\ld prelude ?is inquiry by illu/rat+ at "s l5g? a c]ta9 g5]al law ( progress2--! law t alike 9 occupations1 sci5ces1 arts1 ! divisions :i* _h a common root1 b by gradual div]g5ce h become di/9ct1 & are n[ be+ sep>ately develop$1 are n truly indep5d5t1 b sev]ally act & react on "o ano!r to _! mutual advancem5t4 ,m]ely h9t+ ?us mu*1 h[ev]1 by way ( %[+ t !re are _m analogies to ju/ify u1 we g on to express ! op9ion t !re exi/s a relation%ip ( ?is k9d betwe5 music & spee*4 ,all spee* is comp\nd$ ( two elem5ts1 ! words & ! tones 9 :i* !y are utt]$--! signs ( ideas & ! signs ( feel+s4 ,:ile c]ta9 articulations express ! ?\ght1 c]ta9 modulations express ! m or less ( pa9 or pleasure :i* ! ?\ght gives4 ,us+ ! ^w cad5ce 9 an unusually ext5d$ s5se1 z #dbb compreh5d+ all v>iations ( voice1 we may say t cad5ce is ! comm5t>y ( ! emotions ^u ! propositions ( ! intellect4 ,?is duality ( spok5 language1 ?\gh n =mally recogniz$1 is recogniz$ 9 practice by e "o2 & e "o kn[s t v (t5 m weight atta*es to ! tones ?an to ! words4 ,daily exp]i5ce supplies cases 9 :i* ! same s5t5ce ( disapproval w be und]/ood z mean+ little or mean+ mu*1 accord+ to ! vocal inflections :i* accompany x2 & daily exp]i5ce supplies /ill m /rik+ cases 9 :i* words & tones are 9 direct contradiction--! fir/ express+ cons5t1 :ile ! la/ express reluctance2 & ! la/ be+ believ$ r ?an ! fir/4 ,^! two di/9ct b int]wov5 elem5ts ( spee* h be5 und]go+ a simultane\s developm5t4 ,we "k t 9 ! c\rse ( civilization words h be5 multipli$1 new p>ts ( spee* h be5 introduc$1 s5t5ces h gr[n m v>i$ & complex2 & we may fairly inf] t dur+ ! same "t new modifications ( voice h come into use1 fre% int]vals h be5 adopt$1 & cad5ces h become m elaborate4 ,= :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x is absurd to suppose t1 along ) ! undevelop$ v]bal =ms ( b>b>ism1 !re exi/$ develop$ vocal inflections2 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 necess>y to suppose t1 along ) ! high] & m num]\s v]bal =ms ne$$ to convey ! multipli$ & complicat$ ideas ( civiliz$ life1 !re h gr[n up ^? m involv$ *anges ( voice :i* express ! feel+s prop] to su* ideas4 ,if intellectual language is a gr[?1 s also1 )\t d\bt1 is emotional language a gr[?4 ,n[1 ! hypo!sis :i* we h h9t$ above1 is t1 beyond ! direct pleasure :i* x gives1 music has ! indirect effect ( develop+ ?is language ( ! emotions4 ,hav+ its root1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 ^? tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( spee* :i* express #dbc feel+--aris+ by ! comb9ation & int5sify+ ( ^!1 & com+ f9ally to h an embodim5t ( its own2 music has all along be5 react+ ^u spee*1 & increas+ its p[] ( r5d]+ emotion4 ,! use 9 recitative & song ( inflections m expressive ?an ord9>y ones1 mu/ f ! beg9n+ h t5d$ to develope ! ord9>y ones4 ,! complex musical phrases by :i* compos]s h convey$ complex emotions1 may rationally be suppos$ to influ5ce u 9 mak+ ^? involv$ cad5ces ( conv]sation by :i* we convey our subtl] ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,if ! cultivation ( music has any effect on ! m9d1 :at m natural effect is !re ?an ?is ( develop+ our p]ception ( ! mean+s ( qualities1 & modulations ( voice2 & giv+ u a correspond+ly increas$ p[] ( us+ !m8 ,j z *emi/ry1 aris+ out ( ! processes ( metallurgy & ! indu/rial arts1 & gradually gr[+ into an indep5d5t /udy1 has n[ become an aid to all k9ds ( production--j z physiology1 orig9at+ f m$ic9e & once subord9ate to x1 b latt]ly pursu$ = its own sake1 is 9 our day com+ to be ! sci5ce on :i* ! progress ( m$ic9e dep5ds2--s1 music1 hav+ its root 9 emotional language1 & gradually evolv$ f x1 has ev] be5 react+ ^u & fur!r advanc+ x4 ,x w sc>cely be expect$ t mu* direct evid5ce 9 support ( ?is conclusion c be giv54 ,! facts are ( a k9d :i* x is difficult to measure1 & ( :i* we h no records4 ,"s sugge/ive traits1 h[ev]1 are to be not$4 ,may we n say1 = in/ance1 t ! ,italians1 among :om mod]n music 0 e>lie/ cultivat$1 & :o h m especially excell$ 9 melody 7! division ( music ) :i* our argum5t is *iefly conc]n$7--may we n say t ^! ,italians speak 9 m v>i$ & expressive inflections & cad5ces ?an any o!r p8 ,on ! o!r h&1 may we n say t1 conf9$ almo/ exclusively z !y h hi!rto be5 to _! national #dbd airs1 & !re=e accu/om$ to b a limit$ range ( musical expression1 ! ,scot* are unusually monoton\s 9 ! int]vals & modulations ( _! spee*8 ,& aga91 d we n f9d among diff]5t classes ( ! same nation1 diff]5ces t h l implications8 ,! g5tleman & ! cl[n /& 9 decid$ contra/ ) respect to v>iety ( intonation4 ,li/5 to ! conv]sation ( a s]vant-girl1 & !n to t ( a ref9$ lady1 & ! m delicate & complex *anges ( voice us$ by ! latt] w be conspicu\s4 ,n[1 )\t go+ s f> z to say t out ( all ! diff]5ces ( culture to :i* ! upp] & l[] classes are subject$1 diff]5ce ( musical culture is t to :i* alone ?is diff]5ce ( spee* is ascribable2 yet we may fairly say t !re seems a mu* m obvi\s connexion ( cause & effect betwe5 ^! ?an betwe5 any o!rs4 ,?us1 :ile ! inductive evid5ce to :i* we c appeal is b scanty & vague1 yet :at !re is fav\rs our position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably mo/ w ?9k t ! function "h assign$ to music is "o ( v little mom5t4 ,b reflection may lead !m to a contr>y conviction4 ,9 its be>+s ^u human happ9ess1 ?is emotional language :i* musical culture develops & ref9es1 is only second 9 importance to ! language ( ! intellect2 p]haps n ev5 second to x4 ,= ^! modifications ( voice produc$ by feel+s1 are ! means ( excit+ l feel+s 9 o!rs4 ,jo9$ ) ge/ures & expressions ( face1 !y give life to ! o!rwise dead words 9 :i* ! intellect utt]s its ideas2 & s enable ! he>] n only to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d !y accompany1 b to p>take ( t /ate4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ! *ief m$ia ( sympa?y4 ,& if we consid] h[ mu* bo? our g5]al welf>e & our imm$iate pleasures dep5d on sympa?y1 we %all recognize ! importance ( :atev] makes ?is sympa?y great]4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t by _! fell[-feel+ m5 are l$ #dbe to behave ju/ly & k9dly to "o ano!r--t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cruelty ( ! b>b>\s & ! humanity ( ! civiliz$1 results f ! increase ( fell[-feel+2 if we be> 9 m9d t ?is faculty :i* makes u %>]s 9 ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs1 is ! basis ( all ! high] affections2 if we be> 9 m9d h[ mu* our direct gratifications are int5sifi$ by sympa?y1--h[1 at ! !atre1 ! conc]t1 ! picture gall]y1 we lose half our enjoym5t if we h no "o to enjoy ) u2--we %all see t ! ag5cies :i* communicate x c sc>cely be ov]rat$ 9 value4 ,! t5d5cy ( civilization is to repress ! antagoni/ic elem5ts ( our *>act]s & to develope ! social ones--to curb our purely selfi% desires & ex]cise our unselfi% ones--to replace private gratifications by gratifications result+ f1 or involv+1 ! pleasures ( o!rs4 ,& :ile1 by ?is adaptation to ! social /ate1 ! sympa!tic side ( our nature is be+ unfold$1 !re is simultane\sly gr[+ up a language ( sympa!tic int]c\rse--a language ?r\gh :i* we communicate to o!rs ! happ9ess we feel1 & are made %>]s 9 _! happ9ess4 ,?is d\ble process1 ( :i* ! effects are already appreciable1 mu/ g on to an ext5t ( :i* we c z yet h no adequate conception4 ,! habitual concealm5t ( our feel+s dim9i%+1 z x mu/1 9 proportion z our feel+s become su* z d n dem& concealm5t1 ! exhibition ( !m w become m vivid ?an we n[ d>e all[ x to be2 & ?is implies a m expressive emotional language4 ,at ! same "t1 feel+s ( high] & m complex k9ds1 z yet exp]i5c$ only by ! cultivat$ few1 w become g5]al2 & !re w be a correspond+ developm5t ( ! emotional language into m involv$ =ms4 ,j z !re has sil5tly gr[n up a language ( ideas1 :i*1 rude z x at fir/ 01 n[ enables u to convey ) precision ! mo/ subtle & complicat$ ?\ghts2 s1 !re is /ill sil5tly gr[+ up a language ( feel+s1 :i*1 not)/&+ its pres5t #dbf imp]fection1 we may expect w ultimately enable m5 vividly & completely to impress on ea* o!r ! emotions :i* !y exp]i5ce f mom5t to mom5t4 ,?us if1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 x is ! function ( music to facilitate ! developm5t ( ?is emotional language1 we may reg>d music z an aid to ! a*ievem5t ( t high] happ9ess :i* x indi/9ctly %ad[s =?4 ,^? vague feel+s ( unexp]i5c$ felicity :i* music ar\ses--^? indef9ite impressions ( an unkn[n ideal life :i* x calls up1 may be consid]$ z a prophecy1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* music itself aids4 ,! /range capacity :i* we h = be+ affect$ by melody & h>mony1 may be tak5 to imply bo? t x is )9 ! possibilities ( our nature to realize ^? int5s] delights !y dimly sugge/1 & t !y are 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 ! realization ( !m4 ,if s ! p[] & ! mean+ ( music become compreh5sible2 b o!rwise !y are a my/]y4 ,we w only add t1 if ! probability ( ^! coroll>ies be admitt$1 !n music mu/ take rank z ! highe/ ( ! f9e arts--z ! "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 m9i/]s to human welf>e4 ,& ?us1 ev5 leav+ out ( view ! imm$iate gratifications x is h\rly giv+1 we _c too mu* applaud t musical culture :i* is becom+ "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( our age4 ,,po/script4 ,an oppon5t1 or p>tial oppon5t1 ( high au?ority1 ^: views 7 publi%$ "s f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! above essay1 mu/ "h be answ]$3 ,i mean ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,dilig5t & c>eful z an obs]v] beyond naturali/s 9 g5]al1 & /ill m beyond ^? :o are untra9$ 9 rese>*1 8 judgm5t on a "q :i* mu/ be #dbg decid$ by induction is "o to be receiv$ ) great respect4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 exam9ation w %[ t 9 ?is in/ance ,mr4 ,d>w9's obs]vations are inadequate1 & 8 reason+s ^u !m inconclusive4 ,sway$ by 8 doctr9e ( sexual selection1 he has lean$ t[>ds ! view t music _h its orig9 9 ! expression ( amatory feel+1 & has be5 l$ to ov]-e/imate su* evid5ce z he ?9ks fav\rs t view1 :ile ignor+ ! difficulties 9 its way1 & ! l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce support+ ano!r view4 ,be=e consid]+ ! special reasons = diss5t+ f 8 hypo!sis1 let u look at ! mo/ g5]al reasons4 ,! int]pretation ( music :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 gives1 agrees ) my own 9 suppos+ music to be develop$ f vocal noises2 b diff]s 9 suppos+ a p>ticul> class ( vocal noises to h orig9at$ x--! amatory class4 ,i h aim$ to %[ t music has its g]ms 9 ! s\nds :i* ! voice emits "u excitem5t1 & ev5tually ga9s ?is or t "* accord+ to ! k9d ( excitem5t2 :]eas ,mr4 ,d>w9 argues t music arises f ^? s\nds :i* ! male makes dur+ ! excitem5ts ( c\rt%ip1 t !y are consci\sly made to *>m ! female1 & t f ! result+ comb9ations ( s\nds arise n love-music only b music 9 g5]al4 ,t c]ta9 tones ( voice & cad5ces hav+ "s lik5ess ( nature are spontane\sly us$ to express grief1 o!rs to express joy1 o!rs to express affection1 & o!rs to express triumph or m>tial ard\r1 is und5iable4 ,accord+ to ! view ,i h set =?1 ! :ole body ( ^! vocal manife/ations ( emotion =m ! root ( music4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's view1 ! s\nds :i* are prompt$ by ! amatory feel+ only1 hav+ orig9at$ musical utt]ance1 !re are d]iv$ f ^! all ! o!r v>ieties ( musical utt]ance :i* aim to express o!r k9ds ( feel+4 ,?is r\ndab\t d]ivation has1 ,i ?9k1 less probability ?an ! direct d]ivation4 #dbh ,?is anti!sis & its implications w p]haps be m cle>ly und]/ood on look+ at ! facts "u _! n]vo-muscul> aspect4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 recognizes ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ) :i* ! =ego+ essay sets out1 t feel+ dis*>ges itself 9 action3 say+ ( ! air-brea?+ v]tebrata t 8,:5 ! primeval memb]s ( ?is class 7 /rongly excit$ & _! muscles viol5tly contract$1 purposeless s\nds w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 produc$2 & ^!1 if !y prov$ 9 any way s]viceable1 might readily h be5 modifi$ or int5sifi$ by ! pres]vation ( prop]ly adapt$ v>iations40 7,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cca47 ,b ?\gh ?is passage recognizes ! g5]al relation betwe5 feel+s & ^? muscul> contractions :i* cause s\nds1 x does s inadequately2 s9ce x ignores1 on ! "o h&1 ^? l\de/ s\nds :i* accompany int5se s5sations--! %rieks & groans ( bodily agony2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x ignores ^? multitud9\s s\nds n produc$ 8"u ! excitem5t ( love1 rage1 & jeal\sy10 b :i* accompany ord9>y am\nts ( feel+s1 v>i\s 9 _! k9ds4 ,& x is because he does n be> 9 m9d h[ l>ge a proportion ( vocal noises are caus$ by o!r excitem5ts1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks 8a /rong case c be made out1 t ! vocal organs 7 prim>ily us$ & p]fect$ 9 relation to ! propagation ( ! species0 7p4 #ccj74 ,c]ta9ly ! animals ar\nd u yield b few facts c\nt5anc+ 8 view4 ,! coo+ ( pigeons may1 inde$1 be nam$ 9 its support2 & x may be cont5d$ t cat]waul+ furni%es evid5ce2 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r ! s\nds are made by ! male to *>m ! female4 ,b ! h[l+ ( dogs has no relation to sexual excitem5ts2 nor has _! b>k+1 :i* is us$ to express emotion ( almo/ any k9d4 ,pigs grunt sometimes ?r\gh pleasurable expectation1 sometimes dur+ ! gratifications ( eat+1 sometimes f a g5]al cont5t :ile seek+ ab\t = food4 ,! bleat+s ( %eep1 aga91 occur "u ! prompt+s ( v>i\s feel+s1 usually ( no great #dbi int5sity3 social & mat]nal r ?an sexual4 ,! l holds ) ! l[+ ( cattle4 ,nor is x o!rwise ) p\ltry4 ,! quack+ ( ducks indicates g5]al satisfaction1 & ! screams occasionally v5t$ by a flock ( geese seem r to express a wave ( social excitem5t ?an any?+ else4 ,save aft] lay+ an egg1 :5 ! s\nds h ! "* ( triumph1 ! cluck+s ( a h5 %[ cont5t2 & on v>i\s occasions cock-cr[+ app>5tly implies good spirits only4 ,9 all cases an ov]fl[ ( n]v\s en]gy has to f9d v5t2 & :ile 9 "s cases x leads to wagg+ ( ! tail1 9 o!rs x leads to contraction ( ! vocal muscles4 ,t ?is relation holds1 n ( "o k9d ( feel+1 b ( _m k9ds1 is a tru? :i* seems to me at v>iance ) ! view 8t ! vocal organs 7 prim>ily us$ & p]fect$ 9 relation to ! propagation ( ! species40 ,! hypo!sis t music _h its orig9 9 ! amatory s\nds made by ! male to *>m ! female1 has ! support ( ! popul> idea t ! s++ ( birds con/itutes a k9d ( c\rt%ip--an idea adopt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 :5 he says t 8! male p\rs =? 8 full volume ( song1 9 rivalry ) o!r males1 = ! sake ( captivat+ ! female40 ,usually1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n accept )\t criticism & v]ification1 ! beliefs he f9ds curr5t2 b 9 ?is case he seems to h done s4 ,ev5 cursory obs]vation suffices to dissipate ?is belief1 initiat$1 ,i suppose1 by poets4 ,9 prep>ation = deal+ ) ! matt] ,i h made memor&a conc]n+ v>i\s songbirds1 dat+ back to #ahhc4 ,on ! #g? ( ,febru>y ( t ye> ,i he>d a l>k s++ sev]al times2 &1 /ill m rem>kably1 dur+ ! mild w9t] ( #ahhd ,i saw "o so>1 & he>d x s+1 on ! #aj? ,janu>y4 ,yet ! l>k does n pair till ,m>*4 ,hav+ he>d ! r$brea/ ne> ! close ( ,augu/1 #ahhh1 ,i not$ ! cont9uance ( its song all ?r\gh ! autumn & w9t]1 up to ,*ri/mas #dcj eve1 ,*ri/mas day1 ! #bi? ( ,decemb]1 & aga9 on ! #ah? ,janu>y1 #ahhi4 ,h[ common is ! s++ ( ! ?ru% dur+ mild wea!r 9 w9t]1 ev]yone mu/ h obs]v$4 ,! pres5ce ( ?ru%es beh9d my h\se has l$ to ! mak+ ( notes on ?is po9t4 ,! male sang 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhi2 ,i not$ ! song aga9 on ,*ri/mas eve1 aga9 on ! #ac? ,janu>y1 #ahij1 & f "t to "t all ?r\gh ! re/ ( t mon?4 ,i he>d little ( 8 song 9 ,febru>y1 :i* is ! pair+ season2 & none at all1 save a few notes e>ly 9 ! morn+1 dur+ ! p]iod ( re>+ ! "y4 ,b n[ t1 9 ! middle ( ,may1 ! "y1 re>$ 9 a ne/ 9 my g>d51 h sometime s9ce fl[n1 he has recomm5c$ s++ vocif]\sly at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! day2 & d\btless1 9 con=mity ) :at ,i h obs]v$ else:]e1 w g on s++ till ,july4 ,h[ m>k$ is ! direct relation betwe5 s++ & ! conditions :i* cause high spirits1 is p]haps be/ %[n by a fact ,i not$ on ! #d? ,decemb]1 #ahhh1 :51 ! day be+ n only mild b bright1 ! copses on ,holmwood ,common1 ,dork+1 7 vocal j z on a spr+ day1 ) a *orus ( birds ( v>i\s k9ds--rob9s1 ?ru%es1 *aff9*es1 l9nets1 & sundry o!rs ( :i* ,i did n "k ! names4 ,orni?ological works furni% v]ify+ /atem5ts4 ,wood /ates t ! h$ge-sp>r[ cont9ues 8to s+ ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( ! ye>1 & only ceas+ dur+ ! "t ( ! ord9>y m\lt40 ,! song ( ! blackcap1 he says1 8is h>dly susp5d$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>20 & ( cag$ birds :i* s+ cont9u\sly1 save :5 m\lt+1 he names ! grosbeak1 ! l9net1 ! goldf9*1 & ! sisk94 ,i ?9k ^! facts %[ t ! popul> idea adopt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 is unt5able4 ,:at !n is ! true int]pretation8 ,simply t l ! :i/l+ & humm+ ( tunes by boys & m51 ! s++ ( birds results f ov]fl[ ( en]gy--an ov]fl[ :i* 9 bo? cases #dca ceases "u depress+ conditions4 ,! relation betwe5 c\rt%ip & s++1 s f> z x c be %[n to hold1 is n a relation ( cause & effect1 b a relation ( concomitance3 ! two are simultane\s results ( ! same cause4 ,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom at l>ge1 ! comm5cem5t ( reproduction is associat$ ) an excess ( ^? absorb$ mat]ials ne$ful = self-ma9t5ance2 & ) a consequ5t ability to devote a "p to ! ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,?is con/itutional /ate is "o ) :i* !re goes a t5d5cy to sup]flu\s exp5diture 9 v>i\s =ms ( action--unusual vivacity ( e k9d1 includ+ vocal vivacity4 ,:ile we ?us see :y pair+ & s++ come to be associat$1 we also see :y !re is s++ at o!r times :5 ! fe$+ & wea!r are fav\rable2 & :y1 9 "s cases1 z 9 ^? ( ! ?ru% & ! rob91 !re is m s++ aft] ! bre$+ season ?an be=e or dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,we are %[n1 too1 :y ^! birds1 & especially ! ?ru%1 s (t5 s+ 9 ! w9t]3 ! supply ( worms on lawns & 9 g>d5s be+ habitually utiliz$ by bo?1 & ?ru%es hav+ ! fur!r advantage t !y are /rong en\gh to break ! %ells ( ! hyb]nat+ snails3 ?is la/ ability be+ connect$ ) ! fact t ?ru%es & blackbirds are ! fir/ among ! s++ birds to build4 ,x rema9s only to add t ! alleg$ s++ ( males aga9/ "o ano!r ) ! view ( *>m+ ! females is op5 to p>allel criticisms4 ,h[ f> ?is competition happ5s dur+ ! pair+ season ,i h n obs]v$1 b x c]ta9ly happ5s out ( ! pair+ season4 ,i h sev]al times he>d blackbirds s++ alt]nately 9 ,june4 ,b ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance is suppli$ by ! r$brea/s4 ,^! habitually s+ aga9/ "o ano!r dur+ ! autumn mon?s3 reply & rejo9d] be+ commonly cont9u$ = five m9utes at a "t4 ,ev5 did ! evid5ce support ! popul> view1 adopt$ #dcb by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ! s++ ( birds is a k9d ( c\rt%ip--ev5 7 !re good pro(1 in/ead ( mu* dispro(1 t a bird's song is a develop$ =m ( ! sexual s\nds made by ! male to *>m ! female2 ! conclusion w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 d little t[>ds ju/ify+ ! belief t human music has _h a k9dr$ orig94 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! bird-type 9 g5]al1 develop$ z x is out ( ! reptilian type1 is v remotely relat$ to t type ( ! ,v]tebrata :i* asc5ds to ,man z its highe/ exempl>2 &1 9 ! second place1 song-birds belong1 ) b few exceptions1 to ! s+le ord] ( ,insessores--"o ord] only1 ( ! _m ord]s con/itut+ ! class4 ,s t1 if ! ,v]tebrata at l>ge be repres5t$ by a tree1 ( :i* ,man is ! topmo/ twig1 !n x is at a consid]able di/ance d[n ! trunk t !re div]ges ! bran* f :i* ! bird-type is d]iv$2 & ! gr\p ( s++-birds =ms b a t]m9al sub-division ( ?is bran*--lies f> out ( ! asc5d+ l9e :i* ends 9 ,man4 ,to give appreciable support to ,mr4 ,d>w9's view1 we ought to f9d vocal manife/ations ( ! amatory feel+ becom+ m pron\nc$ z we asc5d along t p>ticul> l9e ( inf]ior ,v]tebrata out ( :i* ,man has aris54 ,j z we f9d o!r traits :i* pre-figure human traits 7in/ance arms & h&s adapt$ = grasp+7 becom+ m m>k$ z we approa* ,man2 s %\ld we f9d1 becom+ m m>k$1 ?is sexual use ( ! voice1 :i* is suppos$ to end 9 human song4 ,b we d n f9d ?is4 ,! ,s\?-,am]ican monkeys 78! ,h[l]s10 z !y are sometimes call$71 :i*1 9 *orus1 make ! woods res\nd = h\rs toge!r ) _! 8dreadful conc]t10 appe>1 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 to be prompt$ by no o!r desire ?an t ( mak+ a noise4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits1 too1 t ?is is g5]ally ! case ) ! gibbons3 ! only exception he is incl9$ to make be+ 9 ! case ( ,hylobates agilis1 :i*1 on ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1 he says asc5ds & desc5ds ! scale by #dcc half-tones4#eh ,?is comp>atively musical set ( s\nds1 he ?9ks1 may be us$ to *>m ! female2 ?\gh !re is no evid5ce =?com+ t ?is is ! case4 ,:5 we rememb] t 9 ! =ms ne>e/ to ! human--! *impanzees & ! gorilla--!re is no?+ :i* approa*es ev5 ?us f> t[>ds musical utt]ance1 we see t ! hypo!sis has next to none ( t support :i* ought to be =?com+4 ,inde$ 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ccb1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself says3--8,x is a surpris+ fact t we h n z yet any good evid5ce t ^! organs are us$ by male mammals to *>m ! females30 an admission :i* am\nts to some?+ l a surr5d]4 ,ev5 m m>k$ is ! abs5ce ( pro( :5 we come to ! human race itself--or r1 n abs5ce ( pro( b pres5ce ( dispro(4 ,"h1 f ! ,descriptive ,sociology1 :]e ! au?orities w be f\nd "u ! respective heads1 ,i quote a numb] ( te/imonies ( travell]s conc]n+ primitive music3 comm5c+ ) ^? ref]r+ to ! l[e/ races4 8,! songs ( ! natives ( ,au/ralia 4 4 4 are *iefly made on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 & ref] to some?+ t has /ruck ! att5tion at ! "t40 8,! ,wat*&ies see+ me mu* int]e/$ 9 ! g5us ,eucalyptus soon compos$ a song on ?is subject40 ,! ,fuegians are fond ( music & g5]ally s+ 9 _! boats1 d\btless keep+ "t1 z _m primitive peoples d4 8,! pr9cipal subject ( ! songs ( ! ,araucanians is ! exploits ( _! h]oes30 :5 at "w _! 8song 0 simple1 ref]r+ mo/ly to _! lab\r10 & 0 ! same 8= e #dcd occasion1 :e!r ! burd5 ( ! song be joy or sorr[40 ,! ,gre5l&]s s+ ( 8_! exploits 9 ! *ase0 & 8*ant ! de$s ( _! ance/ors40 8,! ,indians ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi vocalize an incid5t1 z--#8,!y h br\ght u a fat dog1'30 !n ! *orus goes on = a m9ute4 ,( o!r ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians we read--8! air :i* ! wom5 sang 0 pleas+ 4 4 4 ! m5 fir/ gave out ! words1 :i* =m$ a consummate glorification ( !mselves40 ,among ! ,c>ri]s 7( ,nor? ,am]ica7 !re are pr(ess$ compos]s1 :o 8turn _! tal5t to good acc\nt on ! occasion ( a fea/1 :5 new airs are 9 great reque/40 ,( ! ,new ,zeal&]s we read3--8,! s++ ( su* compositions lam5ts resembles ca!dral *ant+40 8,pass+ ev5ts are describ$ by extemporane\s songs1 :i* are pres]v$ :5 good40 8,:5 m5 work$ toge!r appropriate airs 7 sung40 ,:5 pres5t+ a meal to travell]s1 wom5 w\ld *ant--8,:at %all be our food8 %ell fi% & f]n-root1 t is ! root ( ! e>?40 ,among ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s 8mo/ ( ! traditions ( rem>kable ev5ts 9 _! hi/ory are pres]v$ 9 songs40 ,:5 taught read+ !y c\ld n 8recite a lesson )\t *ant+ or s++ x40 ,cook f\nd ! ,tahitians _h it9]ant musicians :o gave n>rative *ants q unprem$itat$4 8,a ,samoan c h>dly put 8 paddle 9 ! wat] )\t /rik+ up "s *ant40 ,a *ief ( ! ,kyans1 8,tamawan1 jump$ up & :ile /&+ bur/ out into an extempore song1 9 :i* ,sir ,james ,brooke & myself1 & la/ n lea/ ! wond]ful /eam]1 0 m5tion$ ) w>m eulogies40 ,9 ,ea/ ,africa 8! fi%]man w accompany 8 paddle1 ! port] 8 trudge1 & ! h\sewife h] task ( rubb+ d[n gra91 ) song40 ,9 s++1 ! ,ea/ ,african 8cont5ts himself ) improvis+ a few words )\t s5se or rhyme & repeats !m till !y nauseate10 ,among ! ,dahomans any incid5t 8f ! arrival ( a /rang] to an #dce e>?quake0 is turn$ into a song4 ,:5 r[+1 ! ,coa/-negroes s+ 8ei!r a description ( "s love intrigue or ! praise ( "s woman celebrat$ = h] beauty40 ,9 ,loango 8! wom5 z !y till ! field make x e*o ) _! ru/ic songs40 ,p>k says ( ! ,bamb>ran--8!y light5$ _! lab\rs by songs1 "o ( :i* 0 compos$ extempore2 = ,i 0 myself ! subject ( x40 8,9 "s p>ts ( ,africa no?+ is done except to ! s\nd ( music40 8,!y are v exp]t 9 adapt+ ! subjects ( ^! songs to curr5t ev5ts40 ,! ,malays 8amuse all _! leisure h\rs 4 4 4 ) ! repetition ( songs1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p prov]bs illu/rat$4 4 4 4 ,"s t !y rehe>se 9 a k9d ( recitative at _! bimbangs or fea/s are hi/orical love-tales40 ,a ,sumatran maid5 w sometimes beg9 a t5d] song & be answ]$ by "o ( ! "y m54 ,! ballads ( ! ,kamts*adales are 8inspir$ app>5tly by grief1 love1 or dome/ic feel+20 & _! music conveys 8a s5sation ( sorr[ & vague1 unavail+ regret40 ,( _! love-songs x is said 8! wom5 g5]ally compose !m40 ,a ,kirghiz 8s+] sits on "o knee & s+s 9 an unnatural tone ( voice1 8 lay be+ usually ( an amor\s "*40 ,( ! ,yakuts we are told 8_! /yle ( s++ is monoton\s 4 4 4 _! songs describ$ ! beauty ( ! l&scape 9 t]ms :i* appe>$ to me exagg]at$40 ,9 ^! /atem5ts1 :i*1 omitt+ repetitions1 are all :i* ! ,descriptive ,sociology conta9s relevant to ! issue1 sev]al /rik+ facts are manife/4 ,among ! l[e/ races ! only musical utt]ances nam$ are ^? :i* ref] to ! incid5ts ( ! mom5t1 & seem prompt$ by feel+s :i* ^? incid5ts produce4 ,! d]ivation ( song or *ant f emotional spee* 9 g5]al1 ?us sugge/$1 is simil>ly sugge/$ by ! habits ( _m high] races2 = !y1 too1 %[ u t ! musically-express$ feel+s relevant to ! imm$iate occasion1 or to pa/ occasions1 are feel+s ( v>i\s k9ds3 n[ ( simple good #dcf spirits & n[ ( joy or triumph--n[ ( surprise1 praise1 admiration1 & n[ ( sorr[1 melan*oly1 regret4 ,only among c]ta9 ( ! m advanc$ races1 z ! semi-civiliz$ ,malays & peoples ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 d we read ( love-songs2 & !n1 /range to say1 ^! are m5tion$ z mo/ly com+1 n f m51 b f wom54 ,out ( all ! te/imonies !re is n "o :i* tells ( a love-song spontane\sly comm5c$ by a man to *>m a woman4 ,entirely abs5t among ! rude/ types & _m ( ! m develop$ types1 amatory musical utt]ance1 :]e fir/ f\nd1 is f\nd "u a =m opposite to t :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis implies2 & we h to seek among civiliz$ peoples be=e we meet1 9 s]5ades & ! l1 music ( ! k9d :i*1 accord+ to 8 view1 %\ld be ! e>lie/4#ei ,ev5 7 8 view c\nt5anc$ by ! facts1 !re w\ld rema9 unexpla9$ ! process by :i* sexually-excit$ s\nds h be5 evolv$ into music4 ,9 ! =ego+ essay ,i h indicat$ ! v>i\s qualities1 relations1 & comb9ations ( tones1 spontane\sly prompt$ by emotions ( all k9ds1 :i* exhibit1 9 undevelop$ =ms1 ! traits ( recitative & melody4 ,to h r$uc$ 8 hypo!sis to a %ape admitt+ ( comp>ison1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h %[n t ! s\nds excit$ by sexual emotions possess ^! same traits2 &1 to h prov$ t 8 hypo!sis is ! m t5able1 %\ld h %[n t !y possess ^! same traits 9 a great] degree4 ,b he has n attempt$ to d ?is4 ,he has simply sugge/$ t in/ead ( hav+ its roots 9 ! vocal s\nds caus$ by feel+s ( all k9ds1 music has its roots 9 ! vocal #dcg s\nds caus$ by ! amatory feel+ only3 giv+ no reason :y ! effects ( ! feel+s at l>ge %\ld be ignor$1 & ! effects ( "o p>ticul> feel+ alone recogniz$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n9ete5 ye>s aft] my essay on 8,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music0 0 publi%$1 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gurney criticiz$ x 9 an article :i* made its appe>ance 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july #ahgf4 ,absorption 9 m important "w prev5t$ me f reply+4 ,?\gh1 "s t5 ye>s ago1 ,i ?\ght ( def5d+ my views aga9/ ^? ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,gurney1 ! occurr5ce ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's dea? oblig$ me to po/pone = a "t any discussion ( 8 views2 & !n1 ! m rec5t un=tunate dea? ( ,mr4 ,gurney caus$ a fur!r po/ponem5t4 ,i mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 say t :i* seems ne$ful1 ?\gh !re is no long] any possibility ( a rejo9d] f him4 ,"s p>ts ( ,mr4 ,gurney's criticism ,i h already answ]$ by implication2 = he adopts ! hypo!sis t music orig9at$ 9 ! vocal utt]ances prompt$ by sexual feel+4 ,to ! reasons above giv5 = reject+ ?is hypo!sis1 ,i w add "h1 :at ,i might h add$ above1 t x is at v>iance ) "o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( evolution4 ,all developm5t proce$s f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,fir/ !re appe> ^? traits :i* a ?+ has 9 common ) _m o!r ?+s2 !n ^? traits :i* x has 9 common ) a small] class ( ?+s2 & s on until !re ev5tually arise ^? traits :i* di/+ui% x f ev]y?+ else4 ,! g5esis :i* ,i h describ$ con=ms to ?is fundam5tal law4 ,x posits ! antec$5t fact t feel+ 9 g5]al produces muscul> contraction 9 g5]al2 & ! less g5]al fact t feel+ 9 g5]al produces1 among o!r muscul> contractions1 ^? :i* move ! respiratory & vocal app>atus4 ,) ^! x jo9s ! /ill less g5]al fact t s\nds indicative ( feel+s v>y 9 sundry #dch respects accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! feel+s2 & !n enum]ates ! /ill less g5]al facts :i* %[ u ! k9%ip betwe5 ! vocal manife/ations ( feel+ & ! *>act]s ( vocal music3 ! implication be+ t !re has gone on a progressive specialization4 ,b ! view :i* ,mr4 ,gurney adopts f ,mr4 ,d>w9 is t f ! special actions produc+ ! special s\nds accompany+ sexual excitem5t1 7 evolv$ ^? v>i\s actions produc+ ! v>i\s s\nds :i* accompany all o!r feel+s4 ,vocal expression ( a p>ticul> emotion came fir/1 & f ?is proce$$ vocal expressions ( emotions 9 g5]al3 ! ord] ( evolution 0 rev]s$4 ,to defici5t k ( ! laws ( evolution are due sundry ( ,mr4 ,gurney's objections4 ,he makes a c>d9al error 9 assum+ t a m evolv$ ?+ is di/+ui%$ f less evolv$ ?+s 9 respect ( all ! v>i\s traits ( evolution2 :]eas1 v g5]ally1 a high] degree ( evolution 9 "s or mo/ respects1 is accompani$ by an equal or l[] degree ( evolution 9 o!r respects4 ,on ! av]age1 increase ( locomotive p[] goes along ) advance ( evolution2 & yet num]\s mammals are m fleet ?an man4 ,! /age ( developm5t is l>gely indicat$ by degree ( intellig5ce2 & yet ! m intellig5t p>rot is inf]ior 9 vision1 9 spe$1 & 9 de/ructive appliances1 to ! less-intellig5t hawk4 ,! contra/ betwe5 birds & mammals well illu/rates ! g5]al tru?4 ,a bird's skeleton div]ges m widely f ! skeleton ( ! l[] v]tebrates 9 respect ( het]og5eity ?an does ! skeleton ( a mammal2 & ! bird has a m develop$ respiratory sy/em1 z well z a high] temp]ature ( blood1 & a sup]ior p[] ( locomotion4 ,nev]!less1 _m mammals 9 respect ( bulk1 9 respect ( v>i\s appliances 7especially = preh5sion71 & 9 respect ( intellig5ce1 are m evolv$ ?an birds4 ,?us x is obvi\sly a mi/ake to assume t :atev] is m #dci highly evolv$ 9 g5]al "* is m highly evolv$ 9 e trait4 ,( ,mr4 ,gurney's sev]al objections :i* are bas$ on ?is mi/ake "h is an example4 ,he says--8,l\dness ?\gh a frequ5t is by no means a univ]sal or ess5tial elem5t1 ei!r ( song or ( emotional spee*0 7p4 #ajg74 ,"u "o ( its aspects ?is criticism is self-de/ructive2 = if1 ?\gh bo? relatively l\d 9 mo/ cases1 song & emotional spee* are bo? *>act]iz$ by ! occasional use ( subdu$ tones1 !n ?is is a fur!r po9t ( k9%ip betwe5 !m--a k9%ip :i* ,mr4 ,gurney seeks to disprove4 ,"u its o!r aspect ?is criticism implies ! above-describ$ misconception4 ,if 9 a song1 or r 9 "s "p or p>ts ( a song1 ! trait ( l\dness is abs5t1 :ile ! o!r traits ( develop$ emotional utt]ance are pres5t1 x simply illu/rates ! tru? t ! traits ( a highly-evolv$ product are frequ5tly n all pres5t toge!r4 ,a l answ] is at h& to ! next objection he makes4 ,x runs ?us3 8,9 ! recitative :i* he ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself consid]s naturally & hi/orically a /ep betwe5 spee* & song1 ! rapid v>iation ( pit* is impossible1 & su* recitative is di/+ui%$ f ! tones ev5 ( common spee* precisely by be+ m monoton\s0 7p4 #ajh74 ,b ,mr4 ,gurney ov]looks ! fact t :ile1 9 recitative1 "s traits ( develop$ emotional utt]ance are n pres5t1 two ( its traits are pres5t4 ,"o is t great] resonance ( tone1 caus$ by great] contraction ( ! vocal *ords1 :i* di/+ui%es x f ord9>y spee*4 ,! o!r is ! relative elevation ( pit*1 or div]g5ce f ! m$ium tones ( voice3 a trait simil>ly imply+ great] /ra9 ( c]ta9 vocal muscles1 result+ f /rong] feel+4 ,ano!r difficulty rais$ by ,mr4 ,gurney he w\ld probably n h set d[n _h he be5 aw>e t "o "* ( musical utt]ance :i* he ?9ks #ddj di/9ctive1 is a "* ( all ph5om5a into :i* motion ent]s z a factor4 ,he says3--8,n[ no "o c suppose t ! s5se ( rhy?m c be d]iv$ f emotional spee*0 7p4 #aaj74 ,_h he ref]r$ to ! *apt] on 8,! ,rhy?m ( ,motion0 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 he w\ld h se5 t1 9 common ) inorganic actions1 all organic actions are completely or p>tially rhy?mical--f appetite & sleep to inspirations & he>t-beats2 f ! w9k+ ( ! eyes to ! contractions ( ! inte/9es2 f ! motions ( ! legs to dis*>ges ?r\gh ! n]ves4 ,hav+ contemplat$ su* facts he w\ld h se5 t ! rhy?mical t5d5cy :i* is p]fectly display$ 9 musical utt]ance1 is imp]fectly display$ 9 emotional spee*4 ,j z "u emotion we see sway+s ( ! body & wr++s ( ! h&s1 s d we see contractions ( ! vocal organs :i* are n[ /rong] & n[ weak]4 ,surely x is manife/ t ! utt]ances ( passion1 f> f be+ monoton\s1 are *>act]iz$ by rapidly-recurr+ asc5ts & desc5ts ( tone & by rapidly-recurr+ emphases3 !re is rhy?m1 ?\gh x is an irregul> rhy?m4 ,want ( k ( ! pr9ciples ( evolution has1 9 ano!r place1 l$ ,mr4 ,gurney to repres5t z an objection :at is 9 reality a v]ification4 ,he says3 8,music is di/+ui%$ f emotional spee* 9 t x proce$s n only by fix$ degrees 9 "t1 b by fix$ degrees 9 ! scale4 ,?is is a con/ant quality ?r\gh all ! imm5se quantity ( embryo & develop$ scale-sy/ems t h be5 us$2 :]eas ! transitions ( pit* :i* m>k emotional affections ( voice are1 z ,helmholtz has po9t$ out1 ( a glid+ "*0 7p4 #aac74 ,_h ,mr4 ,gurney kn[n t evolution 9 all cases is f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 he w\ld h se5 t z a matt] ( c\rse ! gradations ( emotional spee* mu/ be indef9ite 9 comp>ison ) ! gradations ( develop$ music4 ,progress f ! "o to ! o!r is 9 "p con/itut$ by increas+ def9it5ess 9 ! "t-int]vals & increas+ def9it5ess 9 ! tone-int]vals4 ,7 x #dda o!rwise1 ! hypo!sis ,i h set =? w\ld lack "o ( its evid5ces4 ,to 8 allegation t n only ! 8develop$ scale-sy/ems0 b also ! 8embryo0 scale-sy/ems are def9ite1 x may obvi\sly be repli$ t ! m]e exi/5ce ( any scale-sy/em capable ( be+ writt5 d[n1 implies t ! e>li] /age ( ! progress has already be5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,to h ris5 to a scale-sy/em is to h become def9ite2 & until a scale-sy/em has be5 rea*$ vocal phrases _c h be5 record$4 ,moreov] _h ,mr4 ,gurney rememb]$ t !re are _m p ) musical p]ceptions s imp]fect t :5 mak+ _! m]ely recognizable1 & sometimes h>dly recognizable1 attempts to :i/le or hum melodies1 !y %[ h[ vague are _! appreciations ( musical int]vals1 he w\ld h se5 reason = d\bt+ 8 assumption t def9ite scales 7 rea*$ all at once4 ,! fact t 9 :at we call bad e>s !re are all degrees ( imp]fection1 jo9$ ) ! fact t :]e ! imp]fection is n great practice may rem$y x1 suffice ( !mselves to %[ t def9ite p]ceptions ( musical int]vals 7 rea*$ by degrees4 ,"s ( ,mr4 ,gurney's objections are /rangely insub/antial4 ,"h is an example3 8,! fact is t song1 :i* moreov] 9 our "t is b a limit$ bran* ( music1 is p]petually mak+ consci\s ef=ts2 = in/ance1 ! mo/ peaceful melody may be a consid]able /ra9 to a soprano voice1 if sung 9 a v high regi/]3 :ile spee* cont9ues to obey 9 a natural way ! physiological laws ( emotion0 7p4 #aag74 ,t 9 exagg]at+ & emphasiz+ ! traits ( emotional spee*1 ! s+] %\ld be l$ to make 8consci\s ef=ts0 is surely natural en\gh4 ,:at w\ld ,mr4 ,gurney h said ( danc+8 ,he w\ld sc>cely h d5i$ t saltatory movem5ts (t5 result spontane\sly f excit$ feel+2 & he c\ld h>dly h d\bt$ t primitive danc+ arose z a sy/ematiz$ =m ( su* movem5ts4 ,w\ld he h consid]$ ! belief t /age-danc+ is evolv$ f ^! spontane\s movem5ts #ddb to be negativ$ by ! fact t a /age-danc]'s b\nds & gyrations are made ) 8consci\s ef=ts08 ,9 8 elaborate "w on ,! ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 ,mr4 ,gurney1 repeat+ 9 o!r =ms ! objections ,i h above dealt )1 adds to !m "s o!rs4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* appe>s at fir/ sight to h mu* weight1 ,i mu/ n pass by4 ,he ?us expresses x4 8,any "o may conv9ce himself t n only are ! int]vals us$ 9 emotional spee* v l>ge1 twelve diatonic notes be+ q an ord9>y skip1 b t he uses extremes ( bo? high & l[ pit* ) 8 speak+ voice1 :i*1 if he tries to dwell on !m & make !m resonant1 w be f\nd to lie beyond ! compass ( 8 s++ voice0 7p4 #dgi74 ,n[ ! "p ( my hypo!sis :i* ,mr4 ,gurney "h combats is t1 z 9 emotional spee* s 9 song1 feel+1 by caus+ muscul> contractions1 causes div]g5cies f ! middle tones ( ! voice1 :i* become wid] z x increases2 & t ?is fact supports ! belief t song is develop$ f emotional spee*4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,gurney ?9ks x a conclusive answ] t high] notes are us$ by ! speak+ voice ?an by ! s++ voice4 ,b if1 z 8 words imply1 !re is a physical imp$im5t to ! production ( notes 9 ! "o voice z high z ^? 9 ! o!r1 !n my argum5t is ju/ifi$ if1 9 ei!r voice1 extremes ( feel+ are %[n by extremes ( pit*4 ,if1 = example1 ! celebrat$ ut de poitr9e ) :i* ,tamb]lik br\ght d[n ! h\se 9 "o ( ! sc5es ( ,william ,tell1 0 recogniz$ z express+ ! greate/ int5sity ( m>tial patriotism1 my position is w>rant$1 ev5 ?\gh 9 8 speak+ voice he c\ld h produc$ a /ill high] note4 ,( answ]s to ,mr4 ,gurney's objections ! two mo/ effective are sugge/$ by ! passage 9 :i* he sums up 8 conclusions4 ,"h are 8 words4 8,x is en\gh to recall h[ e consid]ation t5d$ to ! same result2 t ! oak grew f ! acorn2 t ! musical faculty & pleasure1 :i* h to d ) music & no?+ else1 are ! repres5tatives & #ddc l9e> desc5dants ( a faculty & pleasure :i* 7 musical & no?+ else2 & t1 h[ev] rudely & t5tatively appli$ to spee*1 ,music 0 a sep>ate ord]0 7p4 #dib74 ,?us1 !n1 x is impli$ t ! true g]ms ( music /& t[>ds develop$ music z ! acorn to ! oak4 ,n[ suppose we ask--,h[ _m traits ( ! oak are to be f\nd 9 ! acorn8 ,next to none4 ,& !n suppose we ask--,h[ _m traits ( music are to be f\nd 9 ! tones ( emotional spee*8 ,v _m4 ,yet :ile ,mr4 ,gurney ?9ks t music _h its orig9 9 some?+ :i* might h be5 z unlike x z ! acorn is unlike ! oak1 he rejects ! !ory t x _h its orig9 9 some?+ z mu* l x z ! cad5ces ( emotional spee*2 & he does ?is because !re are sundry diff]5ces betwe5 ! *>act]s ( spee*-cad5ces & ! *>act]s ( music4 ,9 ! "o case he tacitly assumes a great unlik5ess betwe5 g]m & product2 :ile 9 ! o!r case he objects because g]m & product are n 9 all respects simil>6 ,i may end by po9t+ out h[ extremely improbable1 a priori1 is ,mr4 ,gurney's conception4 ,he admits1 z p]=ce he mu/1 t emotional spee* has v>i\s traits 9 common ) recitative & song--relatively great] resonance1 relatively great] l\dness1 m m>k$ div]g5ces f m$ium tones1 ! use ( ! extremes ( pit* 9 signify+ ! extremes ( feel+1 & s on4 ,b1 d5y+ t ! "o is d]iv$ f ! o!rs1 he implies t ^! k9dr$ gr\ps ( traits h _h indep5d5t orig9s4 ,two sets ( peculi>ities 9 ! use ( ! voice :i* %[ v>i\s k9%ips1 h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r6 ,i ?9k x m]ely requires to put ! proposition 9 ?is %ape to see h[ incr$ible x is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sundry objections to ! views conta9$ 9 ! essay on 8,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music10 h aris5 f misconception ( its scope4 ,an endeav\r to expla9 ! orig9 ( music1 has be5 dealt ) z ?\gh x 7 a !ory ( music 9 its entirety4 ,an hypo!sis #ddd conc]n+ ! rudim5ts has be5 reject$ because x did n acc\nt = ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 ! develop$ product4 ,to preclude ?is misappreh5sion = ! future1 & to %[ h[ mu* m is compreh5d$ 9 a !ory ( music ?an ,i pr(ess$ to deal )1 let me enum]ate ! sev]al compon5ts ( musical effect4 ,!y may prop]ly be divid$ into s5sational1 p]ceptional1 & emotional4 ,t ! s5sational pleasure is di/+ui%able f ! o!r pleasures :i* music yields1 w n be que/ion$4 ,a sweet s\nd is agreeable 9 itself1 :5 he>d out ( relation to o!r s\nds4 ,tones ( v>i\s timbres1 too1 are sev]ally appreciat$ z hav+ _! special beauties4 ,( fur!r elem5ts 9 ! s5sational pleasure h to be nam$ ^? :i* result f c]ta9 congruities betwe5 notes & imm$iately succe$+ notes4 ,?is pleasure1 l ! prim>y pleasure :i* f9e quality yields1 appe>s to h a purely physical basis4 ,we "k t ! agreeabl5ess ( simultane\s tones dep5ds p>tly on ! relative frequ5cy ( recurr+ correspond5ces ( ! vibrations produc+ !m1 & p>tly on ! relative infrequ5cy ( beats1 & we may suspect t !re is a k9dr$ cause = ! agreeabl5ess ( successive tones2 s9ce ! auditory app>atus :i* has be5 at "o in/ant vibrat+ 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 w take up c]ta9 succe$+ vibrations m readily ?an o!rs4 ,evid5tly x is a "q ( ! degree ( congruity2 = ! mo/ congru\s vibrations1 ^? ( ! octaves1 yield less pleasure :5 he>d 9 succession ?an ^? ( :i* ! congruity is n s great4 ,to obta9 ! greate/ pleasure 9 ?is & o!r ?+s1 !re requires bo? lik5ess & diff]5ce4 ,recognition ( ?is fact introduces u to ! next elem5t ( s5sational pleasure--t due to contra/2 includ+ contra/ ( pit*1 ( l\dness1 & ( timbre4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! disagreeabl5ess caus$ by frequ5t repetition ( ! same s5sation 7"h lit]ally call$ 8monotony07 results f ! exhau/ion :i* any s+le #dde n]v\s ag5t und]goes f p]petual /imulation2 & contra/ gives pleasure because x implies action ( an ag5t :i* has _h re/4 ,x foll[s t mu* ( ! s5sational pleasure to be obta9$ f music dep5ds on su* adju/m5ts ( s\nds z br+ into play1 )\t conflict1 _m n]v\s elem5ts3 ex]cis+ all & n ov]ex]t+ any4 ,we mu/ n ov]look a concomitant effect4 ,) ! agreeable s5sation is jo9$ a fa9t emotion ( an agreeable k9d4 ,beyond ! simple def9ite pleasure yield$ by a sweet tone1 !re is a vague1 diffus$ pleasure4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7 #ecg71 ea* n]v\s excitation produces rev]b]ation ?r\gh\t ! n]v\s sy/em at l>ge2 & probably ?is indef9ite emotional pleasure is a consequ5ce4 ,d\btless "s %ape is giv5 to x by association4 ,b aft] obs]v+ h[ mu* !re is 9 common betwe5 ! diffus$ feel+ ar\s$ by smell+ at a delici\sly sc5t$ fl[] & t ar\s$ by li/5+ to a sweet tone1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be p]ceiv$ t ! m g5]al cause pr$om9ates4 ,! division betwe5 ! s5sational effects & ! p]ceptional effects is ( c\rse indef9ite4 ,z above impli$1 "p ( ! s5sational pleasure dep5ds on ! relation betwe5 ea* tone & ! succe$+ tone2 & h5ce ?is pleasure gradually m]ges into t :i* arises f p]ceiv+ ! /ructural connexions betwe5 ! phrases & betwe5 ! l>g] p>ts ( musical compositions4 ,mu* ( ! gratification giv5 by a melody consi/s 9 ! consci\sness ( ! relations betwe5 ea* gr\p ( s\nds he>d & ! gr\ps ( s\nds held 9 memory z hav+ j pass$1 z well z ^? repres5t$ z ab\t to come4 ,9 _m cases ! passage li/5$ to w\ld n be reg>d$ z hav+ any beauty 7 x n = its rememb]$ connexions ) passages 9 ! imm$iate pa/ & ! imm$iate future4 ,if1 = example1 f ! fir/ movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,fun]al-,m>* sonata ! fir/ five notes are deta*$1 !y appe> to be mean+less2 #ddf b if1 ! movem5t be+ kn[n1 !y are jo9$ ) imag9ations ( ! anticipat$ phrases1 !y imm$iately acquire mean+ & beauty4 ,indef9able z are ! causes ( ?is p]ceptional pleasure 9 _m cases1 "s causes ( x are def9able4 ,symmetry is "o4 ,a *ief elem5t 9 melodic effect results f repetitions ( phrases :i* are ei!r id5tical1 or diff] only 9 pit*1 or diff] only 9 m9or v>iations3 !re be+ 9 ! fir/ case ! pleasure d]iv$ f p]ception ( complete lik5ess1 & 9 ! o!r cases ! great] pleasure d]iv$ f p]ception ( lik5ess ) diff]5ce--a p]ception :i* is m involv$1 & !re=e ex]cises a great] numb] ( n]v\s ag5ts4 ,next comes1 z a s\rce ( gratification1 ! consci\sness ( pron\nc$ unlik5ess or contra/2 su* z t betwe5 passages above ! middle tones & passages bel[1 or z t betwe5 asc5d+ phrases & desc5d+ phrases4 ,& !n we rise to l>g] contra/s2 z :51 ! fir/ !me 9 a melody hav+ be5 elaborat$1 !re is introduc$ ano!r hav+ a c]ta9 k9%ip ?\gh 9 _m respects diff]5t1 aft] :i* !re is a return to ! fir/ !me3 a /ructure :i* yields m ext5sive & m complex p]ceptions ( bo? diff]5ces & lik5esses4 ,b :ile p]ceptional pleasures include mu* t is ( ! highe/1 !y also include mu* t is ( ! l[e/4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( int]e/1 if n ( beauty1 is producible by ! lik5esses & contra/s ( musical phrases :i* are intr9sically mean+less or ev5 ugly4 ,a famili> exp]i5ce exemplifies ?is4 ,if a piece ( pap] is fold$ & on "o side ( ! crease !re is drawn an irregul> l9e 9 ink1 :i*1 by clos+ ! pap]1 is blott$ on ! opposite side ( ! crease1 !re results a figure :i*1 9 virtue ( its symmetry1 has "s beauty2 no matt] h[ entirely )\t beauty ! two l9es !mselves may be4 ,simil>ly1 "s int]e/ results f ! p>allelism ( musical phrases1 not)/&+ utt] lack ( int]e/ 9 ! phrases !mselves4 ,! k9d ( int]e/ #ddg result+ f su* p>allelisms1 & f _m contra/s1 irrespective ( any intr9sic wor? 9 _! compon5ts1 is t :i* is mo/ appreciat$ by ! musically-uncultur$1 & gives popul>ity to mis]able draw+-room ballads & vulg> music-hall songs4 ,! rema9+ elem5t ( musical effect consi/s 9 ! idealiz$ r5d]+ ( emotion4 ,?is1 z ,i h s\ght to %[1 is ! primitive elem5t1 & w ev] cont9ue to be ! vital elem5t2 = if 8melody is ! s\l ( music10 !n expression is ! s\l ( melody--! s\l )\t :i* x is me*anical & mean+less1 :atev] may be ! m]it ( its =m4 ,?is primitive elem5t may ) tol]able cle>ness be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r elem5ts1 & may coexi/ ) !m 9 v>i\s degrees3 9 "s cases be+ ! pr$om9ant elem5t4 ,anyone :o1 9 analytical mood1 li/5s to su* a song z ,rob]t1 toi que j'aime1 _c1 ,i ?9k1 fail to p]ceive t its effectiv5ess dep5ds on ! way 9 :i* x exalts & int5sifies ! traits ( passionate utt]ance4 ,no d\bt z music develops1 ! emotional elem5t 7:i* affects /ructure *iefly ?r\gh ! =ms ( phrases7 is increas+ly complicat$ )1 & obscur$ by1 ! p]ceptional elem5t2 :i* bo? modifies ^! phrases & unites !m into symmetrical & contra/$ comb9ations4 ,b ?\gh ! gr\ps ( notes :i* emotion prompts admit ( elaboration into /ructures t h additional *>ms due to artfully-arrang$ contra/s & repetitions1 ! ess5tial elem5t is liable to be ?us subm]g$ 9 ! non-ess5tial4 ,only 9 melodies ( high types1 su* z ! ,addio ( ,moz>t & ,adelaide ( ,bee?ov51 d we see ! two requirem5ts simultane\sly fulfill$4 ,musical g5ius is %[n 9 a*iev+ ! decorative beauty )\t los+ ! beauty ( emotional mean+4 ,x goes )\t say+ t !re mu/ be o!rwise acc\nt$ = t relatively mod]n elem5t 9 musical effect :i* has n[ almo/ outgr[n 9 importance ! #ddh o!r elem5ts--,i mean h>mony4 ,?is _c be affiliat$ on ! natural language ( emotion2 s9ce1 9 su* language1 limit$ to successive tones1 !re _c orig9ate ! effects wr\ght by simultane\s tones4 ,dep5d5t z h>mony is on relations among rates ( a]ial pulses1 its prim>y basis is purely me*anical2 & its second>y basis lies 9 ! comp\nd vibrations :i* c]ta9 comb9ations ( me*anical rhy?ms cause 9 ! auditory app>atus4 ,! result+ pleasure mu/1 !re=e1 be due to n]v\s excitations ( k9ds :i*1 by _! congruity1 exalt "o ano!r2 & ?us g5]ate a l>g] volume ( agreeable s5sation4 ,a fur!r pleasure ( s5sational orig9 :i* h>mony yields is due to contrapuntal effects4 ,skilful c\nt]po9t has ! g5]al "* t x does n repeat 9 imm$iate succession simil> comb9ations ( tones & simil> directions ( *ange2 & by ?us avoid+ tempor>y ov]-tax ( ! n]v\s /ructures br\ght into action1 keeps !m 9 bett] condition = subsequ5t action4 ,abs5ce ( reg>d = ?is requirem5t *>act]izes ! music ( ,gluck1 ( :om ,h&el said--8,he kn[s no m c\nt]po9t ?an my cook20 & x is ?is disreg>d :i* produces its cloy+ "*4 ,respect+ ! effects ( h>mony ,i w add only t ! vague emotional accompanim5t to ! s5sation produc$ by a s+le sweet tone1 is p>allel$ by ! /rong] emotional accompanim5t to ! m volum9\s & complex s5sation produc$ by a f9e *ord4 ,cle>ly ?is vague emotion =ms a l>ge compon5t 9 ! pleasure :i* h>mony gives4 ,:ile ?us recogniz+1 & inde$ emphasiz+1 ! fact t ( _m traits ( develop$ music my hypo!sis respect+ ! orig9 ( music yields no explanation1 let me po9t out t ?is hypo!sis ga9s a fur!r g5]al support f its con=mity to ! law ( evolution4 ,progressive integration is se5 9 ! imm5se contra/ betwe5 ! small comb9ations ( tones con/itut+ a cad5ce ( grief1 or ang]1 or triumph1 & ! va/ comb9ations ( #ddi tones1 simultane\s & successive1 con/itut+ an oratorio4 ,great advance 9 coh]5ce becomes manife/ :51 f ! lax unions among ! s\nds 9 :i* feel+ spontane\sly expresses itself1 or ev5 f ^? few musical phrases :i* con/itute a simple air1 we pass to ^? elaborate compositions 9 :i* portions small & l>ge are ti$ toge!r into ext5d$ organic :oles4 ,on comp>+ ! unprem$itat$ inflexions ( ! voice 9 emotional spee*1 vague 9 tones & times1 ) ^? prem$itat$ ones :i* ! musician arranges = /age or conc]t room1 9 :i* ! divisions ( "t are exactly measur$1 ! successive int]vals precise1 & ! h>monies adju/$ to a nicety1 we obs]ve 9 ! la/ a f> high] def9it5ess4 ,& imm5se progress 9 het]og5eity is se5 on putt+ side by side ! monoton\s *ants ( savages ) ! musical compositions famili> to u2 ea* ( :i* is relatively het]og5e\s )9 itself1 & ! assemblage ( :i* =ms an immeasurably het]og5e\s aggregate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/rong support = ! !ory enunciat$ 9 ?is essay1 & def5d$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 is furni%$ by ! te/imonies ( two travell]s 9 ,hung>y1 giv5 9 works publi%$ 9 #ahgh & #ahhh respectively4 ,"h is an extract f ! fir/ ( ! two4 8,music is an in/9ct ) ^! ,hung>ian gipsies4 ,!y play by e>1 & ) a m>vell\s precision1 n surpass$ by musicians :o h be5 subject to ! mo/ c>eful tra9+4 4 4 4 ,! airs !y play are mo/ frequ5tly compositions ( _! own1 & are 9 "* q peculi>4 4 4 ,i he>d on ?is occasion "o ( ! gipsy airs :i* made an indelible impression on my m9d2 x seem$ to me ! ?rill+ utt]ance ( a p's hi/ory4 ,!re 0 ! l[ wail ( sorr[1 ( tr\bl$ passionate grief1 /irr+ ! he>t to re/lessness1 !n ! s5se ( turmoil & defeat2 b ^u ?is breaks sudd5ly a wild bur/ ( exultation1 ( raptur\s joy--a triumph a*iev$1 :i* hurries y along ) x 9 resi/less sympa?y4 ,! excitable ,hung>ians c lit]ally become intoxicat$ ) ?is music--& no wond]4 ,y _c reason ^u x1 or expla9 x1 b its /ra9s compel y to s5sations ( despair & joy1 ( exultation & excitem5t1 z ?\gh "u ! influ5ce ( "s pot5t *>m40--,r\nd ab\t ! ,c>pa?ians1 by ,&rew ,f4 ,crosse1 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #dej ,/ill m graphic & />tl+ is ! description giv5 by a m rec5t travell]1 ,e4 ,g]>d4 8,devoid ( pr9t$ notes1 ! ,tzigane is n =c$ to divide 8 att5tion betwe5 a %eet ( pap] & 8 in/rum5t1 & !re is consequ5tly no?+ to detract f ! utt] ab&onm5t ) :i* he absorbs himself 9 8 play+4 ,he seems to be sunk 9 an inn] _w ( 8 own2 ! in/rum5t sobs & moans 9 8 h&s1 & is press$ tight aga9/ 8 he>t z ?\gh x _h gr[n & tak5 root !re4 ,?is is ! true mom5t ( inspiration1 to :i* he r>ely gives way1 & !n only 9 ! privacy ( an intimate circle1 nev] be=e a num]\s & unsympa!tic audi5ce4 ,himself spell-b\nd by ! p[] ( ! tones he evokes1 8 head gradually s9k+ l[] & l[] ov] ! in/rum5t1 ! body b5t =w>d 9 an attitude ( rapt att5tion1 & 8 e> seem+ to he>k5 to f>-(f gho/ly /ra9s audible to himself alone1 ! untaught ,tzigane a*ieves a p]fection ( expression unatta9able by m]e pr(essional tra9+4 ,?is p[] ( id5tification ) 8 music is ! real secret ( ! ,tzigane's influ5ce ov] 8 audi5ce4 ,inspir$ & c>ri$ away by 8 own /ra9s1 he mu/ p]=ce c>ry 8 he>]s ) him z well2 & ! ,hung>ian li/5] ?r[s himself he>t & s\l into ?is species ( musical intoxication1 :i* to him is ! greate/ delight on e>?4 ,!re is a prov]b :i* says1 #8,! ,hung>ian only requires a gipsy fiddl] & a glass ( wat] 9 ord] to make him q drunk2' &1 inde$1 intoxication is ! only ^w fitt+ly to describe ! /ate ( exaltation into :i* ,i h se5 a ,hung>ian audi5ce ?r[n by a gipsy b&4 ,sometimes1 "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( music & w9e1 ! ,tziganes become l creatures possess$2 ! wild cries & /amps ( an equally excit$ audi5ce only /imulate !m to great] ex]tions4 ,! :ole atmosph]e seems toss$ by bill[s ( passionate h>mony2 we seem to cat* sight ( ! electric sp>ks ( inspiration fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,x is !n t ! ,tzigane play] gives =? ev]y?+ t is secretly lurk+ )9 him--fi]ce ang]1 *ildi% wail+s1 presumptu\s exaltation1 brood+ melan*oly1 & passionate despair2 & at su* mom5ts1 z a ,hung>ian writ] has said1 "o c\ld readily believe 9 8 p[] ( draw+ d[n ! angels f heav5 into hell6 ,li/5 h[ ano!r ,hung>ian has "h describ$ ! effect ( _! music3--#8,h[ x ru%es ?r\gh ! ve9s l electric fire6 ,h[ x p5etrates /raight to ! s\l6 ,9 s(t pla9tive m9or tones ! adagio op5s ) a sl[ rhy?mical movem5t3 x is a sigh+ & long+ ( unsatisfi$ aspirations2 a crav+ = undiscov]$ happ9ess2 ! lov]'s ye>n+ = ! object ( 8 affection2 ! expression ( m\rn+ = lo/ joys1 = happy days gone = ev]2 !n abruptly *ang+ to a major key1 ! tones get fa/] & m agitat$2 & f ! :irlpool ( h>mony ! melody gradually deta*es itself1 alt]nately dr[n$ 9 ! foam ( ov]break+ waves1 to reappe> float+ on ! surface ) undulat+ motion--collect+ z x 7 fre% p[] = a r5ew$ bur/ ( fury4 ,b #dea quickly z ! /orm came x is gone aga91 & ! music relapses into ! melan*oly ye>n+s ( h]et(ore4'0 ,! ,l& beyond ! ,=e/1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abb-d4 ,lond4 #ahhh4 ,aft] ! evid5ce ?us furni%$1 argum5t is almo/ sup]flu\s4 ,! orig9 ( music z ! develop$ language ( emotion seems to be no long] an inf]5ce b simply a description ( ! fact4 ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music4 #ef ,^? :o seek in=mation on ?is po9t may f9d x 9 an int]e/+ tract by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 on ,animal ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4 #eg ,! ,music ( ! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,nations1 c41 by ,c>l ,engel4 ,?is quotation is n conta9$ 9 my essay z orig9ally publi%$1 nor 9 ! v]sion ( x fir/ reproduc$ 9 #aheh4 ,h]r ,engel's "w 0 issu$ 9 #ahfd1 sev5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ! essay4 #eh ,x is f> m probable t ! asc5ts & desc5ts made by ?is gibbon consi/$ ( indef9itely-slurr$ tones4 ,to suppose t ea* 0 a s]ies ( def9ite semi-tones /ra9s belief to break+ po9t2 consid]+ t among human be+s ! great majority1 ev5 ( ^? :o h good e>s1 are unable to g up or d[n ! *romatic scale )\t be+ taught to d s4 ,! a*ievem5t is "o requir+ consid]able practice2 & t su* an a*ievem5t %\ld be spontane\s on ! "p ( a monkey is incr$ible4 #ei ,aft] ! above p>agraphs _h be5 s5t to ! pr9t]s ,i receiv$ f an ,am]ican an?ropologi/1 ! ,rev4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 "s essays conta9+ k9dr$ evid5ce4 ,( ov] ?ree doz5 songs & *ants ( ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 & o!r ,indians1 9 "s cases giv5 ) music & 9 o!r cases )\t1 !re are b five :i* h any ref]5ce to amatory feel+2 & :ile 9 ^! ! expression ( amatory feel+ comes f wom51 no?+ m ?an d]ision ( !m comes f m54 #deb ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught]4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e = ,m>* #ahfj4 ,:y d we smile :5 a *ild puts on a man's hat8 or :at induces u to laugh on read+ t ! corpul5t ,gibbon 0 unable to rise f 8 knees aft] mak+ a t5d] decl>ation8 ,! usual reply to su* que/ions is1 t laught] results f a p]ception ( incongruity4 ,ev5 7 !re n1 on ?is reply1 ! obvi\s criticism t laught] (t5 occurs f extreme pleasure or f m]e vivacity1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! real problem--,h[ comes a s5se ( ! incongru\s to be foll[$ by ^! peculi> bodily actions8 ,"s h alleg$ t laught] is due to ! pleasure ( a relative self-elevation1 :i* we feel on see+ ! humiliation ( o!rs4 ,b ?is !ory1 :atev] portion ( tru? x may conta91 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 op5 to ! fatal objection t !re are v>i\s humiliations to o!rs :i* produce 9 u any?+ b laught]2 &1 9 ! second place1 x does n apply to ! _m in/ances 9 :i* no "o's dignity is implicat$3 z :5 we laugh at a good pun4 ,moreov]1 l ! o!r1 x is m]ely a g5]alization ( c]ta9 conditions to laught]2 & n an explanation ( ! odd movem5ts :i* occur "u ^! conditions4 ,:y1 :5 greatly delight$1 or impress$ ) c]ta9 unexpect$ contra/s #dec ( ideas1 %\ld !re be a contraction ( p>ticul> facial muscles & p>ticul> muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom58 ,su* answ] to ?is "q z may be possible1 c be r5d]$ only by physiology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e *ild has made ! attempt to hold ! foot /ill :ile x is tickl$1 & has fail$2 & !re is sc>cely any "o :o has n va9ly tri$ to avoid w9k+ :5 a h& has be5 sudd5ly pass$ be=e ! eyes4 ,^! examples ( muscul> movem5ts :i* occur indep5d5tly ( ! w1 or 9 spite ( x1 illu/rate :at physiologi/s call reflex-action2 z likewise d sneez+ & c\gh+4 ,to ?is class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are accompani$ by s5sations1 has to be add$ ano!r class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are unaccompani$ by s5sations3--in/ance ! pulsations ( ! he>t2 ! contractions ( ! /oma* dur+ dige/ion4 ,fur!r1 ! majority ( seem+ly-volunt>y acts 9 su* creatures z insects1 worms1 molluscs1 are consid]$ by physiologi/s to be z purely automatic z is ! dilatation or closure ( ! iris "u v>iations 9 ! quantity ( light2 & simil>ly exemplify ! law1 t an impression on ! end ( an aff]5t n]ve is convey$ to "s ganglionic c5tre1 & is !nce usually reflect$ along an eff]5t n]ve to "o or m muscles :i* x causes to contract4 ,9 a modifi$ =m ?is pr9ciple holds ) volunt>y acts4 ,n]v\s excitation always t5ds to beget muscul> motion2 & :5 x rises to a c]ta9 int5sity always does beget x4 ,n only 9 reflex actions1 :e!r ) or )\t s5sation1 d we see t special n]ves1 :5 rais$ to /ates ( t5sion1 dis*>ge !mselves on special muscles ) :i* !y are indirectly connect$2 b ^? ext]nal actions ?r\gh :i* we read ! feel+s ( o!rs1 %[ u t1 "u any consid]able t5sion1 ! n]v\s sy/em 9 g5]al dis*>ges itself on ! muscul> sy/em 9 g5]al3 ei!r ) or )\t ! #ded guidance ( ! w4 ,! %iv]+ produc$ by cold implies irregul> muscul> contractions1 :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ only p>tly involunt>y1 become1 :5 ! cold is extreme1 almo/ :olly involunt>y4 ,:5 y h sev]ely burnt y\r f+] x is v difficult to pres]ve a dignifi$ composure3 contortion ( face1 or movem5t ( limb1 is pretty sure to foll[4 ,if a man receives good news ) nei!r facial *ange nor bodily motion1 x is inf]r$ t he is n mu* pleas$1 or t he has extraord9>y self-control3 ei!r inf]5ce imply+ t joy almo/ univ]sally produces contraction ( ! muscles1 & s1 alt]s ! expression1 or attitude1 or bo?4 ,& :5 we he> ( ! feats ( /r5g? :i* m5 h p]=m$ :5 _! lives 7 at /ake--:5 we read h[1 9 ! en]gy ( despair1 ev5 p>alyz$ pati5ts h rega9$ = a "t ! use ( _! limbs2 we see /ill m cle>ly ! relation betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,x becomes manife/ bo? t emotions & s5sations t5d to g5]ate bodily movem5ts1 & t ! movem5ts are viol5t 9 proportion z ! emotions or s5sations are int5se4#fj ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! sole direction 9 :i* n]v\s excitem5t exp5ds itself4 ,visc]a z well z muscles may receive ! dis*>ge4 ,t ! he>t & blood-vessels 7:i*1 inde$1 be+ all contractile1 may 9 a re/rict$ s5se be class$ ) ! muscul> sy/em7 are quickly affect$ by pleasures & pa9s1 we h daily prov$ to u4 ,e s5sation ( any acut5ess accel]ates ! pulse2 & h[ s5sitive ! he>t is to emotions1 is te/ifi$ by ! famili> expressions :i* use he>t & feel+ z conv]tible t]ms4 ,simil>ly ) ! dige/ive organs4 ,)\t detail+ ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ^! may be influ5c$ by our m5tal /ates1 x suffices to m5tion ! m>k$ b5efits d]iv$ by dyspeptics1 z well z o!r invalids1 f *e]ful society1 welcome news1 #dee *ange ( sc5e1 to %[ h[ pleasurable feel+ /imulates ! visc]a 9 g5]al into great] activity4 ,!re is /ill ano!r direction 9 :i* any excit$ portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em may dis*>ge itself2 & a direction 9 :i* x usually does dis*>ge itself :5 ! excitem5t is n /rong4 ,x may pass on ! /imulus to "s o!r portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is is :at occurs 9 quiet ?9k+ & feel+4 ,! successive /ates :i* con/itute consci\sness1 result f ?is4 ,s5sations excite ideas & emotions2 ^! 9 _! turns ar\se o!r ideas & emotions2 & s on cont9u\sly4 ,t is to say1 ! t5sion exi/+ 9 p>ticul> n]ve-c5tres1 or gr\ps ( n]ve-c5tres1 :5 !y yield u c]ta9 s5sations1 ideas1 or emotions1 g5]ates an equival5t t5sion 9 "s o!r n]v\s /ructures1 ) :i* !re is a connexion3 ! fl[ ( en]gy pass+ on1 ! "o idea or feel+ dies 9 produc+ ! next4 ,?us1 !n1 :ile we are totally unable to compreh5d h[ ! excitem5t ( c]ta9 n]ve-c5tres %\ld g5]ate feel+--:ile1 9 ! production ( consci\sness by physical ag5ts act+ on physical /ructures1 we come to a my/]y nev] to be solv$2 x is yet q possible = u to "k by obs]vation :at are ! successive =ms :i* ?is my/]y may take4 ,we see t !re are ?ree *annels along :i* n]ve-c5tres 9 a /ate ( t5sion may dis*>ge !mselves2 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 ?ree classes ( *annels4 ,!y may pass on ! excitem5t to o!r n]ve-c5tres t h no direct connexions ) ! bodily memb]s1 & may s cause o!r feel+s & ideas2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to "o or m motor n]ves1 & s cause muscul> contractions2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to n]ves :i* supply ! visc]a1 & may s /imulate "o or m ( ^!4 ,= simplicity's sake ,i h describ$ ^! z alt]native r\tes1 "o or o!r ( :i* any curr5t ( n]ve-=ce mu/ take2 !reby1 z x may be ?\ght1 imply+ t #def su* curr5t w be exclusively conf9$ to "s "o ( !m4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 does x happ5 t a /ate ( n]v\s t5sion1 pres5t to consci\sness z a feel+1 exp5ds itself 9 "o direction only4 ,v g5]ally x may be obs]v$ to exp5d itself 9 two2 & x is probable t ! dis*>ge is nev] absolutely abs5t f any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v>iety 9 ! proportions 9 :i* ! dis*>ge is divid$ among ^! diff]5t *annels "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 a man ^: fe> impels him to run1 ! m5tal t5sion g5]at$ is only 9 "p trans=m$ into a muscul> /imulus3 !re is a surplus :i* causes a rapid curr5t ( ideas4 ,an agreeable /ate ( feel+ produc$1 say by praise1 is n :olly us$ up 9 ar\s+ ! succe$+ phase ( ! feel+ & ! new ideas appropriate to x2 b a c]ta9 portion ov]fl[s into ! visc]al n]v\s sy/em1 increas+ ! action ( ! he>t & facilitat+ dige/ion4 ,& "h we come ^u a class ( consid]ations & facts :i* op5 ! way to a solution ( our special problem4 ,=1 />t+ ) ! tru? t at any mom5t ! exi/+ quantity ( lib]at$ n]ve-=ce :i* 9 an inscrutable way produces 9 u ! /ate we call feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s direction1 x foll[s t1 if ( ! sev]al *annels x may take1 "o is :olly or p>tially clos$1 m mu/ be tak5 by ! o!rs2 or t if two are clos$1 ! dis*>ge along ! rema9+ "o mu/ be m int5se2 & t1 conv]sely1 %\ld any?+ det]m9e an unusual efflux 9 "o direction1 !re w be a dim9i%$ efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,daily exp]i5ce illu/rates ^! conclusions4 ,x is commonly rem>k$ t ! suppression ( ext]nal signs ( feel+1 makes feel+ m int5se4 ,! deepe/ grief is sil5t grief4 ,:y8 ,because ! n]v\s excitem5t n dis*>g$ 9 muscul> action1 dis*>ges itself 9 o!r n]v\s excitem5ts--ar\ses m num]\s & m #deg remote associations ( melan*oly ideas1 & s increases ! mass ( feel+s4 ,p :o conceal _! ang] are habitually f\nd to be m rev5geful ?an ^? :o explode 9 l\d spee* & vehem5t action4 ,:y8 ,because1 z be=e1 ! emotion is reflect$ back1 accumulates1 & int5sifies4 ,simil>ly1 m5 :o1 z prov$ by _! p[]s ( repres5tation1 h ! ke5e/ appreciation ( ! comic1 are usually able to d & say ! mo/ ludicr\s ?+s ) p]fect gravity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all are famili> ) ! tru? t bodily activity dead5s emotion4 ,"u great irritation we get relief by walk+ ab\t rapidly4 ,extreme ef=t 9 ! bootless attempt to a*ieve a desir$ end1 greatly dim9i%es ! int5sity ( ! desire4 ,^? :o are =c$ to ex]t !mselves aft] mis=tunes1 d n suff] ne>ly s mu* z ^? :o rema9 quiesc5t4 ,if any "o wi%es to *eck intellectual excitem5t1 he _c *oose a m effici5t me?od ?an runn+ till he is exhau/$4 ,moreov]1 ^! cases1 9 :i* ! production ( feel+ & ?\ght is h9d]$ by det]m9+ ! n]v\s en]gy t[>ds bodily movem5ts1 h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! cases 9 :i* bodily movem5ts are h9d]$ by extra absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 sudd5 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,if1 :5 walk+1 !re fla%es on y an idea t creates great surprise1 hope1 or al>m1 y /op2 or if sitt+ cross-legg$1 sw++ y\r p5d5t foot1 ! movem5t is at once arre/$4 ,f ! visc]a1 too1 int5se m5tal action ab/racts en]gy4 ,joy1 disappo9tm5t1 anxiety1 or any moral p]turbation ris+ to a great height1 de/roys appetite2 or1 if food has be5 tak51 arre/s dige/ion2 & ev5 a purely intellectual activity1 :5 extreme1 does ! l4 ,facts1 !n1 be> out ^! a priori inf]5ces1 t ! n]v\s excitem5t at any mom5t pres5t to consci\sness z feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s way or o!r2 t ( ! ?ree classes ( *annels op5 to x1 x mu/ #deh take "o1 two1 or m1 accord+ to circum/ances2 t ! closure or ob/ruction ( "o1 mu/ increase ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! o!rs2 &1 conv]sely1 t if1 to answ] "s dem&1 ! efflux ( n]v\s en]gy 9 "o direction is unusually great1 !re mu/ be a correspond+ decrease ( ! efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,sett+ out f ^! premises1 let u n[ see :at int]pretation is to be put on ! ph5om5a ( laught]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t laught] is a =m ( muscul> excitem5t1 & s illu/rates ! g5]al law t feel+ pass+ a c]ta9 pit* habitually v5ts itself 9 bodily action1 sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,x p]haps ne$s po9t+ out1 h[ev]1 t /rong feel+ ( almo/ any k9d produces ?is result4 ,x is n a s5se ( ! ludicr\s1 only1 :i* does x2 nor are ! v>i\s =ms ( joy\s emotion ! sole additional causes4 ,we h1 besides1 ! s>donic laught] & ! hy/]ical laught] :i* result f m5tal di/ress2 to :i* mu/ be add$ c]ta9 s5sations1 z tickl+1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ba91 cold1 & "s k9ds ( acute pa94 ,/rong feel+1 m5tal or physical1 be+1 !n1 ! g5]al cause ( laught]1 we h to note t ! muscul> actions con/itut+ x are di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!rs by ?is1 t !y are purposeless4 ,9 g5]al1 bodily motions t are prompt$ by feel+s are direct$ to special ends2 z :5 we try to escape a dang]1 or /ruggle to secure a gratification4 ,b ! movem5ts ( *e/ & limbs :i* we make :5 laugh+ h no object4 ,& n[ rem>k t ^! quasi-convulsive contractions ( ! muscles1 hav+ no object1 b be+ results ( an uncontroll$ dis*>ge ( en]gy1 we may see :5ce arise _! special *>act]s--h[ x happ5s t c]ta9 classes ( muscles are affect$ fir/1 & !n c]ta9 o!r classes4 ,= an ov]fl[ ( n]ve-=ce undirect$ by any motive1 w manife/ly take fir/ ! #dei mo/ habitual r\tes2 & if ^! d n suffice1 w next ov]fl[ into ! less habitual ones4 ,well1 x is ?r\gh ! organs ( spee* t feel+ passes into movem5t ) ! greate/ frequ5cy4 ,! jaws1 tongue1 & lips are us$ n only to express /rong irritation or gratification1 b t v mod]ate fl[ ( m5tal en]gy :i* accompanies ord9>y conv]sation1 f9ds its *ief v5t ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,h5ce x happ5s t c]ta9 muscles r\nd ! m\?1 small & easy to move1 are ! fir/ to contract "u pleasurable emotion4 ,! class ( muscles :i*1 next aft] ^? ( articulation1 are mo/ con/antly set 9 action 7or extra action1 let u say7 by feel+s ( all k9ds1 are ^? ( respiration4 ,"u pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations we brea! m rapidly3 possibly z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = oxyg5at$ blood4 ,! s5sations t accompany ex]tion also br+ on h>d brea?+2 :i* "h m evid5tly responds to ! physiological ne$s4 ,& emotions1 too1 agreeable & disagreeable1 bo?1 at fir/1 excite respiration2 ?\gh ! la/ subsequ5tly depress x4 ,t is to say1 ( ! bodily muscles1 ! respiratory are m con/antly implicat$ ?an any o!rs 9 ^? v>i\s acts :i* our feel+s impel u to2 &1 h5ce1 :5 !re occurs an undirect$ dis*>ge ( n]v\s en]gy into ! muscul> sy/em1 x happ5s t1 if ! quantity be consid]able1 x convulses n only c]ta9 ( ! articulatory & vocal muscles1 b also ^? :i* expel air f ! lungs4 ,%\ld ! feel+ to be exp5d$ be /ill great] 9 am\nt--too great to f9d v5t 9 ^! classes ( muscles--ano!r class comes into play4 ,! upp] limbs are set 9 motion4 ,*ildr5 frequ5tly clap _! h&s 9 glee2 by "s adults ! h&s are rubb$ toge!r2 & o!rs1 "u /ill great] int5sity ( delight1 slap _! knees & sway _! bodies backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,la/ ( all1 :5 ! o!r *annels = ! escape ( ! surplus n]ve-=ce h be5 fill$ to #dfj ov]fl[+1 a yet fur!r & less-us$ gr\p ( muscles is spasmodically affect$3 ! head is ?r[n back & ! sp9e b5t inw>ds--!re is a slight degree ( :at m$ical m5 call opi/hotonos4 ,?us1 !n1 )\t cont5d+ t ! ph5om5a ( laught] 9 all _! details are to be s acc\nt$ =1 we see t 9 _! ensemble !y con=m to ^! g5]al pr9ciples3--t feel+ excites to muscul> action2 t :5 ! muscul> action is unguid$ by a purpose ! muscles fir/ affect$ are ^? :i* feel+ mo/ habitually /imulates2 & t z ! feel+ to be exp5d$ increases 9 quantity x excites an increas+ numb] ( muscles1 9 a succession det]m9$ by ! relative frequ5cy ) :i* !y respond to ! regulat$ dictates ( feel+4 ,to :i* z a qualify+ & complicat+ factor mu/ be add$ ! relative sizes ( ! muscles2 s9ce1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! small] muscles w be mov$ m readily ?an ! l>g]4 ,!re /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! "q ) :i* we set out4 ,! explanation "h giv5 applies only to ! laught] produc$ by acute pleasure or pa93 x does n apply to ! laught] :i* foll[s c]ta9 p]ceptions ( incongruity4 ,x is an insuffici5t explanation t 9 ^! cases1 laught] is a result ( ! pleasure we take 9 escap+ f ! re/ra9t ( grave feel+s4 ,t ?is is a "p-cause is true4 ,d\btless v (t51 z ,mr4 ,ba9 says1 8x is ! co]c$ =m ( s]i\sness & solemnity )\t ! reality t gives u t /iff position f :i* a contact ) triviality or vulg>ity relieves u1 to our upro>i\s delight10 ,& 9 s f> z mir? is caus$ by ! gu% ( agreeable feel+ :i* foll[s ! cessation ( unpleasant m5tal /ra91 x fur!r illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciple above set =?4 ,b no explanation is ?us af=d$ ( ! mir? :i* ensues :5 ! %ort sil5ce betwe5 ! &ante & allegro 9 "o ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies1 is brok5 by a l\d sneeze4 ,9 ?is1 & ho/s ( l cases1 ! m5tal t5sion is n co]c$ b #dfa spontane\s--n disagreeable b agreeable2 & ! com+ impressions to :i* att5tion is direct$1 promise a gratification :i* few1 if any1 desire to escape4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! unlucky sneeze occurs1 x _c be t ! laught] ( ! audi5ce is due simply to ! release f an irksome attitude ( m9d3 "s o!r cause mu/ be s\ght4 ,?is cause we %all arrive at by c>ry+ our analysis a /ep fur!r4 ,we h b to consid] ! quantity ( feel+ :i* exi/s "u su* circum/ances1 & !n to ask :at are ! conditions det]m9+ ! direction ( its dis*>ge1 to rea* a solution4 ,take a case4 ,y are sitt+ 9 a !atre1 absorb$ 9 ! progress ( an int]e/+ drama4 ,"s climax has be5 rea*$ :i* has ar\s$ y\r sympa?ies--say1 a reconciliation betwe5 ! h]o & h]o9e1 aft] long & pa9ful misund]/&+4 ,! feel+s excit$ by ?is sc5e are n ( a k9d f :i* y seek relief2 b are1 on ! contr>y1 a grateful relief f ! pa9ful feel+s ) :i* y h witness$ ! previ\s e/rangem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! s5tim5ts ^! fictiti\s p]sonages h = ! mom5t inspir$ y )1 are n su* z w\ld lead y to rejoice 9 any indignity (f]$ to !m2 b r1 su* z w\ld make y res5t ! indignity4 ,& n[1 :ile y are contemplat+ ! reconciliation ) a pleasurable sympa?y1 !re appe>s f beh9d ! sc5es a tame kid1 :i*1 hav+ />$ r\nd at ! audi5ce1 walks up to ! lov]s & sniffs at !m4 ,y _c help jo9+ 9 ! ro> :i* greets ?is contretemps4 ,inexplicable z is ?is irresi/ible bur/ on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure 9 escap+ f m5tal re/ra9t2 or on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure f relative increase ( self-importance1 :5 witness+ ! humiliation ( o!rs2 x is readily explicable if we consid] :at1 9 su* a case1 mu/ become ( ! feel+ t exi/$ at ! mom5t ! incongruity arose4 ,a l>ge mass ( emotion _h be5 produc$2 or1 to speak 9 physiological language1 a l>ge portion ( ! n]v\s #dfb sy/em 0 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,!re 0 also great expectation ) respect to ! fur!r evolution ( ! sc5e--a quantity ( vague1 nasc5t ?\ght & emotion1 into :i* ! exi/+ quantity ( ?\ght & emotion 0 ab\t to pass4 ,_h !re be5 no int]ruption1 ! body ( new ideas & feel+s next excit$1 w\ld h suffic$ to absorb ! :ole ( ! lib]at$ n]v\s en]gy4 ,b n[1 ?is l>ge am\nt ( n]v\s en]gy1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to exp5d itself 9 produc+ an equival5t am\nt ( ! new ?\ghts & emotions :i* 7 nasc5t1 is sudd5ly *eck$ 9 its fl[4 ,! *annels along :i* ! dis*>ge 0 ab\t to take place1 are clos$4 ,! new *annel op5$--t af=d$ by ! appe>ance & proce$+s ( ! kid--is a small "o2 ! ideas & feel+s sugge/$ are n num]\s & massive en\gh to c>ry (f ! n]v\s en]gy to be exp5d$4 ,! excess mu/ !re=e dis*>ge itself 9 "s o!r direction2 & 9 ! way already expla9$1 !re results an efflux ?r\gh ! motor n]ves to v>i\s classes ( ! muscles1 produc+ ! half-convulsive actions we t]m laught]4 ,?is explanation is 9 h>mony ) ! fact t :51 among sev]al p]sons :o witness ! same ludicr\s occurr5ce1 !re are "s :o d n laugh1 x is because !re has aris5 9 !m an emotion n p>ticipat$ 9 by ! re/1 & :i* is suffici5tly massive to absorb all ! nasc5t excitem5t4 ,among ! spectators ( an awkw>d tumble1 ^? :o pres]ve _! gravity are ^? 9 :om !re is excit$ a degree ( sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 suffici5tly great to s]ve z an outlet = ! feel+ :i* ! occurr5ce _h turn$ out ( its previ\s c\rse4 ,sometimes ang] c>ries (f ! arre/$ curr5t2 & s prev5ts laught]4 ,an in/ance ( ?is 0 lately furni%$ me by a fri5d :o _h be5 witness+ ! feats at ,franconi's4 ,a trem5d\s leap _h j be5 made by an acrobat ov] a numb] ( horses4 ,! cl[n1 seem+ly envi\s ( ?is success1 made o/5tati\s prep>ation = do+ ! l2 #dfc & !n1 tak+ ! prelim9>y run ) imm5se en]gy1 /opp$ %ort on rea*+ ! fir/ horse1 & pret5d$ to wipe "s du/ f its haun*es4 ,9 mo/ ( ! spectators1 m]rim5t 0 excit$2 b 9 my fri5d1 w\nd up by ! expectation ( ! com+ leap to a /ate ( great n]v\s t5sion1 ! effect ( ! baulk 0 to produce indignation4 ,exp]i5ce ?us proves :at ! !ory implies2 namely1 t ! dis*>ge ( arre/$ feel+s into ! muscul> sy/em1 takes place only 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r adequate *annels--does n take place if !re arise o!r feel+s equal 9 am\nt to ^? arre/$4 ,evid5ce /ill m conclusive is at h&4 ,if we contra/ ! incongruities :i* produce laught] ) ^? :i* d n1 we see t 9 ! non-ludicr\s ones ! unexpect$ feel+ ar\s$1 ?\gh :olly diff]5t 9 k9d1 is n less 9 quantity or int5sity4 ,among incongruities :i* may excite any?+ b a laugh1 ,mr4 ,ba9 in/ances--8,a decrepit man "u a heavy burd51 five loaves & two fi%es among a multitude1 & all unfitness & gross disproportion2 an in/rum5t out ( tune1 a fly 9 o9tm5t1 sn[ 9 ,may1 ,ar*im$es /udy+ geometry 9 a siege1 & all discordant ?+s2 a wolf 9 %eep's clo?+1 a brea* ( b>ga91 & falsehood 9 g5]al2 ! multitude tak+ ! law 9 _! own h&s1 & ev]y?+ ( ! nature ( disord]2 a corpse at a fea/1 p>5tal cruelty1 filial +ratitude1 & :atev] is unnatural2 ! entire catalogue ( ! vanities giv5 by ,solomon1 are all incongru\s1 b !y cause feel+s ( pa91 ang]1 sadness1 loa?+1 r ?an mir?40 ,n[ 9 ^! cases1 :]e ! totally unlike /ate ( consci\sness sudd5ly produc$1 is n inf]ior 9 mass to ! prec$+ "o1 ! conditions to laught] are n fulfill$4 ,z above %[n1 laught] naturally results only :5 consci\sness is unaw>es transf]r$ f great ?+s to small--only :5 !re is :at we may call a desc5d+ incongruity4 ,& n[ obs]ve1 f9ally1 ! fact1 alike inf]able a priori #dfd & illu/rat$ 9 exp]i5ce1 t an asc5d+ incongruity n only fails to cause laught]1 b works on ! muscul> sy/em an effect ( ! rev]se k9d4 ,:5 aft] some?+ v insignificant !re arises )\t anticipation some?+ v great1 ! emotion we call wond] results2 & ?is emotion is accompani$ n by contraction ( ! muscles1 b by relaxation ( !m4 ,9 *ildr5 & c\ntry p1 t fall+ ( ! jaw :i* occurs on witness+ an impos+ & unexpect$ *ange1 exemplifies ?is effect4 ,p]sons wond]-/ruck at ! production ( a /rik+ result by a seem+ly-inadequate cause1 are frequ5tly describ$ z unconsci\sly dropp+ ! ?+s !y held 9 _! h&s4 ,su* are j ! effects to be anticipat$4 ,aft] an av]age /ate ( consci\sness1 absorb+ b a small quantity ( n]v\s en]gy1 is ar\s$ )\t notice1 a /rong emotion ( awe1 t]ror1 or admiration2 jo9$ ) ! a/oni%m5t due to an app>5t want ( adequate causation4 ,?is new /ate ( consci\sness dem&s f> m n]v\s en]gy ?an t :i* x has sudd5ly replac$2 & ?is increas$ absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 m5tal *anges1 involves a tempor>y dim9ution ( ! outfl[ 9 o!r directions3 :5ce ! p5d5t jaw & ! relax+ grasp4 ,"o fur!r obs]vation is wor? mak+4 ,among ! sev]al sets ( *annels into :i* surplus feel+ might be dis*>g$1 0 nam$ ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! visc]a4 ,! sudd5 ov]fl[ ( an arre/$ m5tal excitem5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 results f a desc5d+ incongruity1 mu/ d\btless /imulate n only ! muscul> sy/em1 z we see x does1 b also ! int]nal organs3 ! he>t & /oma* mu/ come 9 = a %>e ( ! dis*>ge4 ,& ?us !re seems to be a good physiological basis = ! popul> notion t mir?-creat+ excitem5t facilitates dige/ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh1 9 do+ s1 ,i g beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! #dfe imm$iate topic1 ,i may fitly po9t out t ! me?od ( inquiry "h foll[$1 op5s ! way to int]pretation ( v>i\s ph5om5a besides ^? ( laught]4 ,to %[ ! importance ( pursu+ x1 ,i w indicate ! explanation x furni%es ( ano!r famili> class ( facts4 ,all "k h[ g5]ally a l>ge am\nt ( emotion di/urbs ! action ( ! intellect1 & int]f]es ) ! p[] ( expression4 ,a spee* deliv]$ ) great facility to tables & *airs1 is by no means s easily deliv]$ to an audi5ce4 ,e s*oolboy c te/ify t 8 trepidation1 :5 /&+ be=e a ma/]1 has (t5 disabl$ him f repeat+ a lesson :i* he _h duly le>nt4 ,9 explanation ( ?is we commonly say t ! att5tion is di/ract$--t ! prop] tra9 ( ideas is brok5 by ! intrusion ( ideas t are irrelevant4 ,b ! "q is1 9 :at mann] does unusual emotion produce ?is effect2 & we are "h suppli$ ) a tol]ably obvi\s answ]4 ,! repetition ( a lesson1 or set spee* previ\sly ?\ght out1 implies ! fl[ ( a v mod]ate am\nt ( n]v\s excitem5t ?r\gh a comp>atively n>r[ *annel4 ,! ?+ to be done is simply to call up 9 succession c]ta9 previ\sly-arrang$ ideas--a process 9 :i* no great am\nt ( m5tal en]gy is exp5d$4 ,h5ce1 :5 !re is a l>ge quantity ( emotion1 :i* mu/ be dis*>g$ 9 "s direction or o!r2 & :51 z usually happ5s1 ! re/rict$ s]ies ( intellectual actions to be gone ?r\gh1 does n suffice to c>ry x (f2 !re result dis*>ges along o!r *annels besides ! "o prescrib$3 !re are ar\s$ v>i\s ideas =eign to ! tra9 ( ?\ght to be pursu$2 & ^! t5d to exclude f consci\sness ^? :i* %\ld occupy x4 ,& n[ obs]ve ! mean+ ( ^? bodily actions spontane\sly set up "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! s*oolboy say+ 8 lesson1 commonly has 8 f+]s actively engag$--p]haps 9 twi/+ ab\t a brok5 p51 or p]haps 9 squeez+ ! angle ( 8 jacket2 & if told to keep 8 #dff h&s /ill1 he soon aga9 falls into ! same or a simil> trick4 ,_m anecdotes are curr5t ( public speak]s hav+ incurable automatic actions ( ?is class3 b>ri/]s :o p]petually w\nd & unw\nd pieces ( tape2 memb]s ( p>liam5t ev] putt+ on & tak+ (f _! spectacles4 ,s long z su* movem5ts are unconsci\s1 !y facilitate ! m5tal actions4 ,at lea/ ?is seems a fair inf]5ce f ! fact t confusion frequ5tly results f putt+ a /op to !m3 witness ! case n>rat$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott ( 8 s*ool-fell[1 :o became unable to say 8 lesson aft] ! removal ( ! wai/coat button :i* he habitually f+]$ :ile 9 class4 ,b :y d !y facilitate ! m5tal actions8 ,cle>ly because !y draw (f a portion ( ! surplus n]v\s excitem5t4 ,if1 z above expla9$1 ! quantity ( m5tal en]gy g5]at$ is great] ?an c f9d v5t along ! n>r[ *annel ( ?\ght t is op5 to x2 & if1 9 consequ5ce1 x is apt to produce confusion by ru%+ into o!r *annels ( ?\ght2 !n1 by all[+ x an exit ?r\gh ! motor n]ves into ! muscul> sy/em1 ! pressure is dim9i%$1 & irrelevant ideas are less likely to intrude on consci\sness4 ,?is fur!r illu/ration w1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ify ! position t some?+ may be a*iev$ by pursu+ 9 o!r cases ?is k9d ( psy*ological inquiry4 ,a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 requires u to trace out all ! consequ5ces ( any giv5 /ate ( consci\sness2 & we _c d ?is )\t /udy+ ! effects1 bodily & m5tal1 z v>y+ 9 quantity at "o ano!r's exp5se4 ,we %\ld probably le>n mu* if 9 e case we ask$--,:]e is all ! n]v\s en]gy gone8 ,,endnote ,,to ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught]4 #fj ,= num]\s illu/rations see essay on 8,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music40 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,works4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,philosophy4 #h? ,?\s&4 7,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,deal+ ,,) ,,criticisms47 ,9 "o vol4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #afs41 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,unkn[able4 #a4 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 #b4 ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas4 #c4 ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas4 #d4 ,! ,relativity ( ,all ,k4 #e4 ,! ,reconciliation4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,kn[able4 #a4 ,philosophy ,def9$ #b4 ,! ,data ( ,philosophy4 #c4 ,space1 ,"t1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce4 #d4 ,! ,inde/ructibility ( ,matt]4 #e4 ,! ,cont9uity ( ,motion4 #f4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 #g4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,relations among ,=ces4 #h4 ,! ,trans=mation & ,equival5ce ( ,=ces4 #i4 ,! ,direction ( ,motion4 #aj4 ,! ,rhy?m ( ,motion4 #aa4 ,recapitulation1 ,criticism1 & ,recomm5cem5t4 #ab4 ,evolution & ,dissolution4 #ac4 ,simple & ,comp\nd ,evolution4 #ad4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution4 #ae4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 cont9u$4 #af4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 cont9u$4 #ag4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 conclud$4 #ah4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,evolution4 #ai4 ,! ,in/ability ( ! ,homog5e\s4 #bj4 ,! ,multiplication ( ,effects4 #ba4 ,segregation4 #bb4 ,equilibration4 #bc4 ,dissolution4 #bd4 ,summ>y & ,conclusion4 #d? ,?\s&4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #cds4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,data ,,( ,,biology4 #a4 ,organic ,matt]4 #b4 ,! ,actions ( ,=ces on ,organic ,matt]4 #c4 ,! ,re-actions ( ,organic ,matt] on ,=ces4 #d4 ,proximate ,def9ition ( ,life4 #e4 ,! ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,life & its ,circum/ances4 #f4 ,! ,degree ( ,life v>ies z ! ,degree ( ,correspond5ce4 #g4 ,! ,scope ( ,biology4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,biology4 #a4 ,gr[?4 #b4 ,developm5t4 #c4 ,function4 #d4 ,wa/e & ,repair4 #e4 ,adaptation4 #f4 ,individuality4 #g4 ,g5esis4 #h4 ,h]$ity4 #i4 ,v>iation4 #aj4 ,g5esis1 ,h]$ity1 & ,v>iation4 #aa4 ,classification4 #ab4 ,di/ribution4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,life4 #a4 ,prelim9>y4 #b4 ,g5]al ,aspects ( ! ,special-,creation-,hypo!sis4 #c4 ,g5]al ,aspects ( ! ,evolution-,hypo!sis4 #d4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,classification4 #e4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,embryology4 #f4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,morphology4 #g4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,di/ribution4 #h4 ,h[ is ,organic ,evolution caus$8 #i4 ,ext]nal ,factors4 #aj4 ,int]nal ,factors4 #aa4 ,direct ,equilibration4 #ab4 ,indirect ,equilibration4 #ac4 ,! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,factors4 #ad4 ,! ,conv]g5ce ( ! ,evid5ces4 ,,app5dix4 ,! ,spontane\s-,g5]ation ,"q4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,morphological ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! ,problems ( ,morphology4 #b4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,plants4 #c4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,plants1 cont9u$4 #d4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,animals4 #e4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,animals1 cont9u$4 #f4 ,morphological ,diff]5tiation 9 ,plants4 #g4 ,! ,g5]al ,%apes ( ,plants4 #h4 ,! ,%apes ( ,bran*es4 #i4 ,! ,%apes ( ,leaves4 #aj4 ,! ,%apes ( ,fl[]s4 #aa4 ,! ,%apes ( ,vegetal ,cells4 #ab4 ,*anges ( ,%ape o!rwise caus$4 #ac4 ,morphological ,diff]5tiation 9 ,animals4 #ad4 ,! ,g5]al ,%apes ( ,animals4 #ae4 ,! ,%apes ( ,v]tebrate ,skeletons4 #af4 ,! ,%apes ( ,animal ,cells4 #ag4 ,summ>y ( ,morphological ,developm5t4 ,,"p ,v4--,,physiological ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! ,problems ( ,physiology4 #b4 ,diff]5tiations betwe5 ! ,out] & ,inn] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #c4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,out] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #d4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,inn] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #e4 ,physiological ,integration 9 ,plants4 #f4 ,diff]5tiations betwe5 ! ,out] & ,inn] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #g4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,out] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #h4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,inn] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #i4 ,physiological ,integration 9 ,animals4 #aj4 ,summ>y ( ,physiological ,developm5t4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,laws ,,( ,,multiplication4 #a4 ,! ,factors4 #b4 ,priori ,pr9ciple4 #c4 ,obv]se priori ,pr9ciple4 #d4 ,difficulties ( ,inductive ,v]ification4 #e4 ,antagonism betwe5 ,gr[? & ,asexual ,g5esis4 #f4 ,antagonism betwe5 ,gr[? & ,sexual ,g5esis4 #g4 ,antagonism betwe5 ,developm5t & ,g5esis1 ,asexual & ,sexual4 #h4 ,antagonism betwe5 ,exp5diture & ,g5esis4 #i4 ,co9cid5ce betwe5 high ,nutrition & ,g5esis4 #aj4 ,specialities ( ^! ,relations4 #aa4 ,int]pretation & ,qualification4 #ab4 ,multiplication ( ! ,human ,race4 #ac4 ,human ,evolution 9 ! ,future4 ,,app5dix4 ,a ,criticism on ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,!ory ( ! ,v]tebrate ,skeleton4 ,on ,circulation & ! ,=mation ( ,wood 9 ,plants4 #e? ,?\s&4 7,,) ,,an ,,additional ,,"p47 ,9 two vols4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #cfs41 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,data ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #a4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 #b4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 #c4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 #d4 ,! ,conditions ess5tial to ,n]v\s ,action4 #e4 ,n]v\s ,/imulation & ,n]v\s ,dis*>ge4 #f4 /ho-,physiology4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #a4 ,! ,sub/ance ( ,m9d4 #b4 ,! ,composition ( ,m9d4 #c4 ,! ,relativity ( ,feel+s4 #d4 ,! ,relativity ( ,relations betwe5 ,feel+s4 #e4 ,! ,revivability ( ,feel+s4 #f4 ,! ,revivability ( ,relations betwe5 ,feel+s4 #g4 ,! ,associability ( ,feel+s4 #h4 ,! ,associability ( ,relations betwe5 ,feel+s4 #i4 ,pleasures & ,pa9s4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,g5]al ,,syn!sis4 #a4 ,life & ,m9d z ,correspond5ce4 #b4 ,! ,correspond5ce z ,direct & ,homog5e\s4 #c4 ,! ,correspond5ce z ,direct b ,het]og5e\s4 #d4 ,! ,correspond5ce z ext5d+ 9 ,space4 #e4 ,! ,correspond5ce z ext5d+ 9 ,"t4 #f4 ,! ,correspond5ce z increas+ 9 ,speciality4 #g4 ,! ,correspond5ce z increas+ 9 ,g5]ality4 #h4 ,! ,correspond5ce z increas+ 9 ,complexity4 #i4 ,! ,co-ord9ation ( ,correspond5ces4 #aj4 ,! ,integration ( ,correspond5ces4 #aa4 ,! ,correspond5ces 9 _! ,totality4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,special ,,syn!sis4 #a4 ,! ,nature ( ,intellig5ce4 #b4 ,! ,law ( ,intellig5ce4 #c4 ,! ,gr[? 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,?\s&4 ,9 wrapp]1 #as41 9 clo?1 bett] pap]1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,man ,,v]sus ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,cont5ts4 #a4 ,! ,new ,toryism4 #b4 ,! ,com+ ,slav]y4 #c4 ,! ,s9s ( ,legislators4 #d4 ,! ,great ,political ,sup]/ition4 ,po/script4 #d? ,?\s&4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #afs41 ,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,speculative4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 #a4 ,progress3 its ,law & ,cause4 #b4 ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 #c4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,! ,physiology ( ,laught]4 #e4 ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music4 #f4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 #g4 ,ba9 on ! ,emotions & ! ,w4 #h4 ,illogical ,geology4 #i4 ,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 #aj4 ,! ,social ,organism4 #aa4 ,use & ,beauty4 #ab4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,ar*itectural ,types4 #ac4 ,! ,use ( ,an?ropomorphism4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle4 #b4 ,ov]-,legislation4 #c4 ,! ,morals ( ,trade4 #d4 ,p]sonal ,beauty4 #e4 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 #f4 ,prison ,e?ics4 #g4 ,railway ,morals & ,railway ,policy4 #h4 ,gracefulness4 #i4 ,/ate-,tamp]+s ) ,money & ,banks4 #aj4 ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m3 ! ,dang]s & ! ,safegu>ds4 #aa4 ,mill v]sus ,hamilton--! ,te/ ( ,tru?4 #crd ,edition4 ,9 "o vol4 #hvo41 price #hs41 ,,?ird ,,s]ies ,,( ,,essays3 ,,cont5ts4 #a4 ,! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces 7) a ,po/script1 reply+ to ,criticisms74 #b4 ,reasons = ,diss5t+ f ! ,philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte4 #c4 ,laws 9 ,g5]al4 #d4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,animal-,wor%ip4 #e4 ,specializ$ ,adm9i/ration4 #f4 8,! ,collective ,wisdom40 #g4 ,political ,feti*ism4 #h4 ,:at is ,electricity8 #i4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,sun4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau on ,evolution4 #aa4 ,replies to ,criticisms4 #ab4 ,transc5d5tal ,physiology4 #ac4 ,! ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ( ,man4 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,,descriptive ,,sociology2 ,,or ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,sociological ,,facts1 ,,classifi$ ,,& ,,arrang$ ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,david ,,duncan1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic1 c41 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,madras2 ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,ph4,d42 & ,,james ,,colli]4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,provisional ,,preface4 ,some?+ to introduce ! "w ( :i* an in/alm5t is annex$1 seems ne$ful1 9 anticipation ( ! "t :5 completion ( a volume w give occasion = a ,p]man5t ,preface4 ,9 prep>ation = ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 requir+ z bases ( induction l>ge accumulations ( data1 fitly arrang$ = comp>ison1 ,i1 "s twelve ye>s ago1 comm5c$1 by proxy1 ! collection & organization ( facts pres5t$ by societies ( diff]5t types1 pa/ & pres5t2 be+ =tunate en\gh to secure ! s]vices ( g5tlem5 compet5t to c>ry on ! process 9 ! way ,i wi%$4 ,?\gh ?is classifi$ compilation ( mat]ials 0 ent]$ ^u solely to facilitate my own "w2 yet1 aft] hav+ br\ght ! mode ( classification to a satisfactory =m1 & aft] hav+ _h "s ( ! ,tables fill$ up1 ,i decid$ to h ! und]tak+ execut$ ) a view to publication2 ! facts collect$ & arrang$ = easy ref]5ce & conv5i5t /udy ( _! relations1 be+ s pres5t$1 ap>t f hypo!sis1 z to aid all /ud5ts ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 te/+ su* conclusions z !y h drawn & 9 draw+ o!rs4 ,! ,"w consi/s ( ?ree l>ge ,divisions4 ,ea* comprises a set ( ,tables exhibit+ ! facts z ab/ract$ & classifi$1 & a mass ( quotations & abridg$ ab/racts o!rwise classifi$1 on :i* ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,tables are bas$4 ,! cond5s$ /atem5ts1 arrang$ aft] a uni=m mann]1 give1 9 ea* ,table or succession ( ,tables1 ! ph5om5a ( all ord]s :i* ea* society pres5ts--con/itute an acc\nt ( its morphology1 its physiology1 & 7if a society hav+ a kn[n hi/ory7 its developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! collect$ ,extracts1 s]v+ z au?orities = ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,tables1 are 7or1 r w be1 :5 ! ,"w is complete7 classifi$ prim>ily accord+ to ! k9ds ( ph5om5a to :i* !y ref]1 & second>ily accord+ to ! societies exhibit+ ^! ph5om5a2 s t ea* k9d ( ph5om5on z x is display$ 9 all societies1 may be sep>ately /udi$ ) conv5i5ce4 ,9 fur!r explanation ,i may say t ! classifi$ compilations & dige/s ( mat]ials to be ?us br\ght toge!r "u ! title ( ,descriptive ,sociology1 are int5d$ to supply ! /ud5t ( ,social ,sci5ce ) data1 /&+ t[>ds 8 conclusions 9 a relation l t 9 :i* acc\nts ( ! /ructures & functions ( diff]5t types ( animals /& to ! conclusions ( ! biologi/4 ,until !re _h be5 su* sy/ematic descriptions ( diff]5t k9ds ( organisms1 z made x possible to comp>e ! connexions1 & =ms1 & actions1 & modes ( orig91 ( _! p>ts1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,life c\ld make no progress4 ,& 9 l mann]1 be=e !re c be rea*$ 9 ,sociology1 g5]alizations hav+ a c]ta9ty mak+ !m wor?y to be call$ sci5tific1 !re mu/ be def9ite acc\nts ( ! in/itutions & actions ( societies ( v>i\s types1 & 9 v>i\s /ages ( evolution1 s arrang$ z to furni% ! means ( readily asc]ta9+ :at social ph5om5a are habitually associat$4 ,respect+ ! tabulation1 devis$ = ! purpose ( exhibit+ social ph5om5a 9 a conv5i5t way1 ,i may expla9 t ! prim>y aim has be5 s to pres5t !m t _! relations ( simultaneity & succession may be se5 at "o view4 ,z us$ = del9eat+ unciviliz$ societies1 conc]n+ :i* we h no records1 ! tabul> =m s]ves only to display ! v>i\s social traits z !y are f\nd to co-exi/4 ,b z us$ = del9eat+ societies hav+ kn[n hi/ories1 ! tabul> =m is s employ$ z to exhibit n only ! connexions ( ph5om5a exi/+ at ! same "t1 b also ! connexions ( ph5om5a t succe$ "o ano!r4 ,by read+ horizontally across a ,table at any p]iod1 !re may be ga9$ a k ( ! traits ( all ord]s display$ by ! society at t p]iod2 :ile by read+ d[n ea* column1 !re may be ga9$ a k ( ! modifications :i* ea* trait1 /ructural or functional1 und]w5t dur+ successive p]iods4 ,( c\rse1 ! tabul> =m fulfils ^! purposes b approximately4 ,to pres]ve complete simultaneity 9 ! /atem5ts ( facts1 z read f side to side ( ! ,tables1 has prov$ impracticable2 "h mu* _h to be ins]t$1 & !re little2 s t complete correspond5ce 9 "t c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 x has n be5 possible to c>ry out ! mode ( classification 9 a !oretically-complete mann]1 by increas+ ! numb] ( columns z ! classes ( facts multiply 9 ! c\rse ( ,civilization4 ,to repres5t truly ! progress ( ?+s1 ea* column %\ld divide & sub-divide 9 successive ages1 s z to indicate ! successive diff]5tiations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,b typographical difficulties h negativ$ ?is3 a great deal has _h to be left 9 a =m :i* mu/ be accept$ simply z ! lea/ unsatisfactory4 ,! ?ree ,divisions con/itut+ ! entire "w1 compreh5d ?ree gr\ps ( societies3--7#a7 ,unciviliz$ ,societies2 7#b7 ,civiliz$ ,societies--,ext9ct or ,decay$2 7#c7 ,civiliz$ ,societies--,rec5t or ,/ill ,fl\ri%+4 ,^! divisions h at pres5t rea*$ ! foll[+ /ages3 ,,division ,i4--,unciviliz$ ,societies4 ,comm5c$ 9 #ahfg by ! g5tleman ,i fir/ engag$1 ,mr4 ,,david ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 7n[ ,pr(essor ( ,logic1 c41 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,madras71 & cont9u$ by him s9ce he left ,engl&1 ?is "p ( ! "w is complete4 ,x conta9s f\r p>ts1 includ+ 8,types ( ,l[e/ ,races10 ! 8,negrito ,races10 ! 8,malayo-,polynesian ,races10 ! 8,african ,races10 ! 8,asiatic ,races10 & ! 8,am]ican ,races40 ,,division ,,ii4--,civiliz$ ,societies--,ext9ct or ,decay$4 ,on ?is "p ( ! "w ,dr4 ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig has be5 engag$ s9ce ,janu>y1 #ahgb4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t1 includ+ ! f\r ,anci5t ,am]ican ,civilizations1 0 issu$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahgd4 ,a second in/alm5t1 conta9+ 8,hebrews & ,phnicians10 w %ortly be issu$4 ,,division ,,iii4--,civiliz$ ,societies--,rec5t or ,/ill ,fl\ri%+4 ,( ?is ,division ! fir/ in/alm5t1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,,james ,,colli]1 ( ,/4 ,&rew's & ,ed9burgh ,univ]sities1 0 issu$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahgc4 ,?is pres5ts ! ,engli% ,civilization4 ,x cov]s sev5 consecutive ,tables2 & ! ,extracts occupy sev5ty pages folio4 ,! next "p1 pres5t+ 9 a /ill m ext5sive =m ! ,fr5* ,civilization1 is n[ 9 ! press4 ,! successive p>ts belong+ to ^! sev]al ,divisions1 issu$ at int]vals1 are compos$ ( diff]5t numb]s ( ,tables & diff]5t numb]s ( ,pages4 ,! ,unciviliz$ ,societies occupy f\r p>ts1 ea* conta9+ a doz5 or m ,tables1 ) _! accompany+ ,extracts4 ,( ! ,division compris+ ,ext9ct ,civiliz$ ,societies1 ! fir/ "p conta9s f\r1 & ! second conta9s two4 ,:ile ( ,exi/+ ,civiliz$ ,societies1 ! records ( :i* are s mu* m ext5sive1 ea* occupies a s+le "p4 ,h4 ,s4 ,m>*1 #ahhj4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,i4 ,engli%4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #afs41 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,mexicans1 ,c5tral ,am]icans1 ,*ib*as1 & ,p]uvians4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,,ph4,d4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,l[e/ ,races1 ,negrito ,races1 & ,malayo-,polynesian ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,,types ,,( ,,l[e/ ,,races4 ,fuegians4 ,&amanese4 ,v$dahs4 ,au/ralians4 ,,negrito ,,races4 ,tasmanians4 ,new ,cal$onians1 etc4 ,new ,gu9ea ,p4 ,fijians4 ,,malayo-,,polynesian ,,races4 ,s&wi* ,isl&]s4 ,tahitians4 ,tongans4 ,samoans4 ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,dyaks4 ,javans4 ,sumatrans4 ,malagasy4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #afs41 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,african ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,bu%m54 ,hott5tots4 ,dam>as4 ,be*uanas4 ,kaffirs4 ,ea/ ,africans4 ,congo ,p4 ,coa/ ,negroes4 ,inl& ,negroes4 ,dahomans4 ,a%antis4 ,fulahs4 ,abyss9ians4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,v4 ,asiatic ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,arabs4 ,todas4 ,khonds4 ,gonds4 ,bhils4 ,santals4 ,k>5s4 ,kukis4 ,nagas4 ,bodo & ,dhimals4 ,mi%mis4 ,kirghiz4 ,kalmucks4 ,o/yaks4 ,kamts*adales4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,am]ican ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,esquimaux4 ,*9ooks4 ,snakes4 ,coman*es4 ,iroquois4 ,*ippewayans4 ,*ippewas4 ,dakotas4 ,m&ans4 ,creeks4 ,guiana ,tribes4 ,c>ibs4 ,brazilians4 ,uaups4 ,abipones4 ,patagonians4 ,araucanians4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #bas41 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,hebrews & ,phnicians4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,,ph4,d4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #cjs41 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,fr5*4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,works4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,philosophy4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples #afs4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 #b vols4 #cds4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #b vols4 #cfs4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i4 #bas4 ,,ditto ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahs4 7,?is ,volume includes ! two foll[+ ,works1 :i* are at pres5t publi%$ sep>ately47 ,,c]emonial ,,in/itutions #gs4 ,,political ,,in/itutions #abs4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,in/itutions #es4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics #hs4 ,,o!r ,,works4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,education #fs4 ,,ditto ,*eap ,edition #bs4 #f;d4 ,,essays4 #b vols4 #afs4 ,,essays 7,?ird ,s]ies7 #hs4 ,,! ,,man v]sus ,,! ,,/ate #bs4 #f;d4 ,,ditto ,*eap ,edition #as4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,diss5t+ ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,comte #f;d4 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution #bs4 #f;d4 ,= p>ticul>s see end ( ! volume4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london4 ,,also ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,descriptive ,,sociology1 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,,dr4 ,,s*eppig1 ,,mr4 ,,colli]4 ,,folio1 ,,bo>ds4 #a4 ,,engli% #ahs4 #b4 ,,anci5t ,,am]ican ,,races #afs4 #c4 ,,l[e/ ,,races1 ,,negritos1 ,,polynesians #ahs4 #d4 ,,african ,,races #afs4 #e4 ,,asiatic ,,races #ahs4 #f4 ,,am]ican ,,races #ahs4 #g4 ,,hebrews ,,& ,,ph,,nicians #bas4 #h4 ,,fr5* #cjs4 ,= p>ticul>s see end ( ! volume4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london4 ,h>rison ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,?is is ,volume ,,ii 7#ahia7 ( ,sp5c]'s ?ree volume s]ies ( ,essays4 ,volume ,i 7#ahia7 has be5 publi%$ by ,project ,gut5b]g z ebook #bihfi4 ,volume ,,iii 7#aijd7 is 7ca #bjaf ,octob]7 9 prep>ation at ,project ,gut5b]g ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s4 ,volume ,,iii conta9s an index = all ?ree volumes4 ,orig9al page scans are available f ar*ive4org4 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> are g5]ally reta9$1 ) a few exceptions not$ bel[4 ,orig9al italics look l ?is4 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ #a-fj1 *ang$ to endnotes1 & mov$ to ! ends ( ! appropriate essays4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s look l ?is3 #ce4 ,page #hd4 ,table ,i1 orig9ally pr9t$ on an unnumb]$ page betwe5 pages #hd & #he1 has be5 mov$ to page #he1 & reca/ z a ne/$ li/ s z to function well 9 ebook =mat4 ,9 p>ticul>1 l>ge curly brackets 80 int5d$ to comb9e in=mation on m ?an "o l9e h be5 elim9at$4 ,table ,,ii1 pr9t$ betwe5 pages #hh & #hi has be5 treat$ simil>ly1 & mov$ to page #hh4 ,table ,,iii1 pr9t$ betwe5 pages #ib & #ic has be5 mov$ to page #ib & treat$ simil>ly4 ,page #abe-acj4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( ,compte's & ,sp5c]'s propositions1 ! two columns ( ! table 7 rewrapp$ into equal wid?s1 to fit a #gb "* limit p] l9e4 ,?is removes ! orig9al pr9t$ l9e p] l9e correspond5ce1 if any su* 0 impli$1 b ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! p>agraphs is reta9$4 ,! table ( p>agraphs on pp4 #aca-acb 0 treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,on page #abf1 ! phrase 8e/ ess5tiellem5t diffr5t mme radicalem5t oppos01 cle>ly miss+ some?+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t$ book1 0 *ang$ to 8e/ ess5tiellem5t diffr5t et mme radicalem5t oppos04 ,page #aib4 ,! l>ge :ite spaces 9 ! clause 8,space is ei!r or is 20 are reta9$ f ! pr9t$ book4