,hi/oric ,ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,page ,,f ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,h>leian ,,manuscripts4 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,,fr5*1 ,,e>ly #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,a ,manual ( ,,hi/oric ,,ornam5t ,,treat+ ,,^u ,,! ,,evolution1 ,,tradition ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,o!r ,,appli$ ,,arts4 ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,craftsm54 ,illu/ration ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,glazi]1 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects2 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art1 ,man*e/]4 ,illu/ration ,) #dgj illu/rations by ! ,au?or4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,b4 ,t4 ,,bats=d1 #id1 ,,high ,,holborn4 #ahii4 ,,man*e/]3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,*orlton ,,kn[les1 ,,mayfield ,,press4 ,preface4 ,?is manual has be5 prep>$ ) ! ?ree-fold object ( giv+ an elem5t>y k ( ,ar*itecture & ,hi/oric ,ornam5t1 ( awak5+ a responsive & sympa!tic feel+ = ! _m beautiful & int]e/+ rema9s ( anci5t & m$ival civilization1 & la/ly ( direct+ ! att5tion ( /ud5ts & craftsm5 to ! beauty1 sugge/iv5ess & vitality ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ! pa/1 & _! intimate relation to ! social & religi\s life ( ! p4 ,! advantages to be d]iv$ by /ud5ts & craftsm5 f su* a /udy are manifold1 =1 by a c>eful /udy ( ^! arts1 we may see ! capabilities & limitations ( mat]ial1 ! appropriat5ess & application ( ornam5t1 ! cont9uity ( l9e & =m--yet ) a m>k$ div]sity ( enri*m5t & treatm5t--! int]e/ & significance ( detail1 & ! cu/oms1 my?s & traditions ( ! pa/ ) _! cont9uity ( ?\ght & expression4 ,! illu/rations1 :i* h be5 *os5 expressly = ?is "w1 are typical examples ( ea* p]iod or /yle & are produc$ 9 l9e z be+ ! me?od be/ suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( /ud5ts1 giv+ def9ition1 emphasis & ! con/ructive qualities ( design r ?an pictorial effect4 ,9 ! app5dix w be f\nd a li/ ( text books & works ( ref]5ce1 :i* may be /udi$ ) consid]able advantage by /ud5ts desir+ fur!r in=mation ^u ?is important subject4 ,,ri*>d ,,glazi]4 ,,man*e/]1 #ahii4 ,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,ornam5t ( ,oceania #c ,egyptian ,ornam5t #e ,assyrian ,ornam5t #g ,greek ,ar*itecture #i ,greek ,ornam5t #ac ,roman ,ar*itecture #ba ,roman ,ornam5t #be ,pompeian ,ornam5t #bi ,byzant9e ,ornam5t #ca ,sc&9avian ,ornam5t #cc ,celtic ,ornam5t #ce ,norman & ,go?ic ,ar*itecture #cf ,norman ,details #dc ,e>ly ,go?ic ,details #de ,r5asc5ce ,ornam5t #di ,fr5* ,r5asc5ce #eh ,engli% ,r5asc5ce #fj ,mahometan & ,moresque #fc ,p]sian ,ornam5t #fe ,indian ,ornam5t #fi ,*9ese & ,japanese ,ornam5t #ga ,ivories #gc ,mosaics #ge ,greek ,c]amics #gg ,c]amic ,art #gi ,maiolica #hg ,t]ra ,cotta #hh ,enamels #ia ,glass #ie ,/a9$ ,glass #ig ,gold & ,silv] #aja ,bronzes #ajc ,wr\ght ,iron #aje ,furniture #ajf ,textile ,fabrics #aji ,frets #abc ,cont9uity ( ,/yle #abe ,t]ms us$ 9 ,ornam5tal ,art #aca ,li/ ( ,plates ,,plate4 ,,page4 #a ,ornam5t ( ,oceania #b #b ,egyptian ,ornam5t #d #c ,assyrian ,ornam5t #f #d ,greek ,ar*itecture #h #e ,greek ,ornam5t #ab #f ,greek ,ornam5t #ah #g ,roman ,ar*itecture #bj #h ,roman ,ornam5t #bd #i ,roman ,ornam5t #bf #aj ,pompeian ,ornam5t #bh #aa ,byzant9e ,ornam5t #cj #ab ,sc&9avian ,ornam5t #cb #ac ,celtic ,ornam5t #cd #ad ,! ,tri=ium & ,cle>/ory #da #ae ,norman ,details #db #af ,e>ly ,go?ic ,details #dd #ag ,decorat$ ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ,details #df #ah ,r5asc5ce ,ornam5t #dh #ai ,r5asc5ce ,ornam5t #ee #bj ,arabian ,ornam5t #fb #ba ,p]sian ,ornam5t #fd #bb ,p]sian ,ornam5t #fg #bc ,indian ,ornam5t #fh #bd ,*9ese & ,japanese ,ornam5t #gj #be ,ivories #gb #bf ,mosaics #gd #bg ,greek ,c]amics #gf #bh ,c]amics #gh #bi ,maiolica #hf #cj ,glass #id #ca ,/a9$ ,glass #if #cb ,gold & ,silv] #ajj #cc ,bronzes #ajb #cd ,wr\ght ,iron #ajd #ce ,textile ,fabrics #ajh #cf ,sicilian ,fabric #aaa #cg ,indian ,palampore #aab #ch ,p]sian ,c>pet #aad #ci ,textile ,fabrics #aag #dj ,p]uvian ,textiles #aai #da ,p]uvian ,textiles #abj #db ,frets #abb #dc ,polynesian ,paddle #abd ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,,page4 ,ornam5t ( ,oceania #c ,plan ( ! ,p>!non #i ,plan ( ! ,erec!um #aj ,! two ,fates1 f ! ,ea/]n ,p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non #ad ,doric ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non #ad ,nor? ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non #ae ,frieze f ,phigaleia #ae ,relief f ,nike ,apt]os #af ,frieze f ,p]gamos #af ,frieze f ,susa #ag ,greek ,scroll #ag ,greek ,co9s #ai ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us #ba ,!atre ( ,m>cellus #bb ,plan ( ! ,pan!on #bb ,plan ( ! ,h\se ( ,pansa #bc ,roman ,scroll #be ,c(f]$ ,ceil+ #be ,frieze f ,tivoli #bg ,plan ( ,/4 ,m>k's #ca ,plan ( ,/4 ,sophia #ca ,lismore ,crosi] #ce ,go?ic ,pi]s #cg ,plan ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral #cg ,e>ly ,go?ic ,w9d[ #ch ,grisaille ,glass1 ,salisbury #ci ,go?ic ,crockets #de ,go?ic ,bord]s #de ,tomb ( ,il>ia del ,c>retto #ej ,bas-relief1 by ,donatello #ea ,monum5t to ,conte ,ug9o #ea ,italian ,velvet #eb ,fresco1 by ,mi*el-,angelo #eb ,a ,sibyl1 by ,mi*el-,angelo #ec ,arabesque ,decorations #ec ,r5asc5ce ,scroll #ed ,r5asc5ce ,m>ble ,inlay #ed ,frieze1 by ,mantegna #ef ,an ,italian ,et*+ #ef ,v5etian ,well-head #eg ,wood ,c>v+1 p]iod ( ,francis ,i4 #eh ,decoration1 p]iod ( ,francis ,,ii4 #eh ,relief1 by ,jean ,g\jon #ei ,wood ,c>v+1 by ,jean ,g\jon #ei ,frieze1 by ,le ,pautre #ei ,wood ,c>v+1 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xv4 #ei ,elizabe?an ,frieze #fj ,elizabe?an ,/rap-"w #fj ,ceil+1 ,audley ,end #fj ,p]sian ,plate #fe ,p]uvian ,pott]y #he ,greek ,t]ra ,cotta #hi ,! ,annunciation1 by ,&rea della ,robbia #hi ,relief1 by ,&rea della ,robbia #ij ,pa9t$ ,enamel by ,pi]re ,raymond #ic ,batt]sea ,enamel #ic ,e>ly ,go?ic ,glass #ig ,e>ly ,fr5* ,glass #ih ,late ,go?ic ,glass #ih ,*airs #ajf ,italian ,c>v$ ,*e/ #ajg ,c>v$ ,wood ,scre5 #ajg ,italian ,fabrics #aae ,fl[] ,vase ,patt]n #aaf ,spitalsfield ,silk #aaf ,flemi% ,fabrics #aaf ,frets #abc ,egyptian ,capital #abf ,cor9?ian ,capital #abg ,e>ly ,fr5* ,capital #abg ,composite ,capital #abg ,byzant9e ,capital #abh ,fr5* ,romanesque ,capital #abh ,siculo-,norman ,capital #abi ,e>ly ,engli% ,capital #abi ,arabian ,capital #abi ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,capital #acj ,r5asc5ce ,capital #acj ,roman ,scroll #acj ,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,oceania4 ,plate #a4 ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,oceania4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! p ( ! ,pacific ,isles is full ( int]e/ & is rem>kable = ! evolution & p]fect+ ( an ornam5tal /yle by a primitive p1 ) my?s & traditions purely local & 9 no way influ5c$ by o!r nations4 ,x is a /yle ( ornam5t full ( mean+ & symbolism1 yet simple 9 detail & arrangem5t1 n f\nd$ ^u ! beautiful vegetation & flora ( _! isl&s b ^u ab/ract =ms d]iv$ f ! human figure1 & arrang$ ) a pleas+ geometrical precision rem>kable = a primitive p4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ornam5tal art ( ^! p may be broadly divid$ into prov9ces1 ea* ) its di/9ct ornam5tal *>act]i/ics & traditions1 ,new ,zeal& %[+ ! highe/ developm5t & ,au/ralia ! l[e/ 9 ! ornam5t ( ,polynesia & ,melanesia4 ,mu* ( ! ornam5t is purely l9e>1 consi/+ ( p>allel & zig-zag l9es2 t ( ,au/ralia consi/s almo/ entirely ( ^! l9es incis$ 9 ! gr\nd & occasionally fill$ 9 ) col\r4 ,9 ,new ,gu9ea a high] developm5t is rea*$1 ! ornam5t1 ( /raight & curv$ l9es1 be+ c>v$ 9 flat relief4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,tonga-,samoa1 ! surface is divid$ into small fields1 & ! l9e> ornam5t runs 9 a diff]5t direction on ea* ( ! fields4 ,! ,h]vey & ,au/ral ,isl&s are di/+ui%$ by _! rem>kable adaptations ( ! human female figure1 ! illu/rations giv5 "h %[+ ! orig9al type & its ornam5tal developm5t4 ,^! examples1 toge!r ) ! circul> eye patt]n =m ! elem5ts ( ! ,h]vey prov9ce1 ( :i* ! ,heape collection conta9s _m f9e examples4 ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl& ! l9e> ornam5t is occasionally int]sp]s$ ) an inlay ( angul> pieces ( "m ( pe>l4 ,! ,new ,zeal& prov9ce is di/+ui%$ by its skilful pi]c$ c>v+1 ! beauty ( its spiral =ms adapt$ f ! human figure1 fig4 #a4 #ab41 & ! con/ant use ( ! bord] "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #b4 ,,egyptian ,,ornam5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ext5d+ f #ddjj ,b4,c4 to #cdj ,b4,c41 dur+ :i* #cj dyna/ies exi/$1 is usually divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,! ,anci5t ,empire1 ,i4-,,xi4 dyna/ies1 #ddjj-bdff ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,middle ,empire1 ,,xii4-,,xix41 #bdff-abjj2 & 7#c7 ! ,new ,empire1 ,,xx4-,,xxx4 dyna/ies1 #abjj-cdj ,b4,c4 ,! capitals ( ! ,anci5t ,empire compris$ ,memphis & ,abydos2 ( ! ,middle ,empire1 ,!bes1 ,luxor & ,tanis3 & ( ! ,new ,empire1 ,sais & ,buba/es4 ,! rem>kable civilization ( ^! e>ly dyna/ies are atte/$ by ! _m f9e rema9s ( ar*itecture1 sculpture & decorative arts t enri* our national museums4 ,! ,great ,pyramids 7 built dur+ ! f\r? dyna/y1 ! l>ge/ by ,kheops1 #cgcc-cgjj ,b4,c41 is #gef ft4 #gef ft41 & #dhj ft4 high2 ! second1 by ,kephr51 #cfff-cfcc ,b4,c41 is #gjg ft4 #gjg ft4 & #ded ft4 high3 & ! ?ird1 #ccc ft4 #ccj ft41 & #bah ft4 high1 0 erect$ by ,myk]9os1 #cfcc-cfjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,sph9x1 half animal & half human1 is ! olde/ sculpture kn[n1 & is probably ( ! #a/ & #bnd dyna/ies1 yet x is s+ul> t all ! e>lie/ sculptures ( ! #crd & #d? dyna/ies ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 7 reali/ic portraiture1 rem>kable = its fidelity to nature4 ,k+s1 que5s1 & individuals ( note1 7 f9ely sculptur$1 frequ5tly ( a colossal size4 ,b ! ,deities1 ,am5 ,sckhet1 ,horus1 ,ha?or1 ,iris1 & ,osiris1 7 repres5t$ 9 ! lat] dyna/ies by small votive /atuettes1 noticeable = _! numb] r ?an = _! arti/ic qualities1 nev] rea*+ ! excell5ce or vitality ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,mu* ( ! ar*itectural enri*m5t 0 9 ,cavo ,relievo1 a peculi>ly ,egyptian mode ( ornam5tation1 ! outl9e ( ! figures1 birds1 or fl[]s1 be+ sunk into ! surface ( ! granite or basalt1 & !n c>v$ )9 ?is sunk outl9e1 leav+ ! gr\nd or b$ rais$1 ^! reliefs be+ inv>iably pa9t$ r$1 blue1 gre51 & yell[4 ,! frieze1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,greeks at a lat] p]iod1 became _! pr9cipal ornam5tal field1 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians 9 sup]pos$ b&s1 %[+1 9 cavo relievo1 ! indu/rial arts & pursuits1 weav+1 glass bl[+1 & ! mak+ ( pott]y2 pl\gh+1 s[+1 & reap+1 also hunt+ & fi%+4 ,! composition & sculpture ( ^! incid5ts 0 simple1 ref9$ & purely decorative1 ) a navet & unaffection s appropriate to ! ar*itectonic conditions4 ,m+l$ ) ^! incid5ts 7 ! beautiful hi]oglyphs1 or picture writ+ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,figs4 #g-ac are examples ( pa9t$ decorations %[+ ! spiral con/ruction ( l9es1 toge!r ) ! symbolic treatm5t ( ! ,lotus1 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ by ! ,egyptians z a symbol ( f]tility & ( a new life1 h5ce ! pr(usion ) :i* x 0 us$ 9 _! decorative "w4 ,great f]tility ( inv5tion 0 display$ 9 enri*+ _! ar*itectural capitals ) ! ,lotus1 ! ,papyrus1 & ! ,palm4 ,a s+ul> feature introduc$ dur+ ! #ah? dyna/y 0 ! ,ha?or ,capital surm\nt$ by a small ,naos4 ,dur+ ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 ,b4,c4 #cjj1 ! ,ha?or ,capital 0 plac$ ^u ! v]tical bell-%ap$ capital 7fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #c4 ,,assyrian ,,ornam5t4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria is "o long s]ies ( w>s & conque/s4 ,orig9ally "o nation1 !y became divid$1 & ! y\ng] ,assyria 9 ! nor? became ! mo/ p[]ful empire ( t p]iod "u ,tigla? ,piles] ,i41 ,b4,c4 #aajj1 ,a%ur-nasir-pal1 ,b4,c4 #hhe-fj1 ,%almanes] ,,ii41 ,b4,c4 #hfj-be1 ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii41 ,b4,c4 #gde-bg1 ! ,great ,s>gon1 ,b4,c41 #gbb-gje1 ,s5na*]ib1 ,b4,c4 #gje-fha1 ,es>haddon1 ,b4,c4 #fha-ffh1 & ,a%ur-ban-pal1 ,b4,c4 #ffh-fbf4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #fji ! capital1 ,n9eveh1 0 de/roy$ by ,cyax>es ! ,m$e1 & ,babylon arose aga9 to p[] "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,b4,c4 #fjd-efb2 ?is city 0 de/roy$ by ,cyrus ! ,p]sian1 ,b4,c4 #eci4 ,assyrian art ) its racial influ5ces1 religi\s beliefs & climatic conditions1 diff]s 9 a rem>kable degree f ,egyptian art4 ,?\gh /one is f\nd 9 ,assyria1 ! great cities 7 built ( brick1 no d\bt ow+ to ! fact ( ! arts & civilization com+ f ,*aldea1 :]e /one 0 sc>ce & clay pl5tiful4 ,bo? at ,babylon 9 ,*aldea1 & ,n9eveh 9 ,assyria1 ! traditional type ( build+ 0 rectangul>1 ) ar*$ op5+s & vaults1 built ( sun-dri$ bricks2 ! l[] "p ( ! wall 0 cov]$ ) l>ge alaba/] slabs1 c>v$ 9 l[ relief ) sc5es repres5t+ ! ,k+ & 8 w>riors engag$ 9 hunt+ or fight+ 7fig4 #a74 ,! upp] "p ( ! wall 0 9 enamell$ brick or 9 col\r$ /ucco1 ) details ( ! ,lotus & ,bud1 toge!r ) ! rosette1 :i* 0 (t5 c>ri$ r\nd ! ar*ivolt4 ,! repres5tation ( ! indu/rial arts & ! pursuits ( agriculture1 :i* is s admirably illu/rat$ ^u ! ,egyptian reliefs1 is entirely abs5t 9 ,assyria4 ,! enamell$ bricks ( ,*aldea1 7 modell$ 9 l[ relief ) enamels ( turquoise blue1 yell[1 :ite & black1 ( f9e quality & col\r1 "o spl5did example is ! ,frieze ( ,ar*]s f ! ,palace ( ,susa4 ,! enamell$ bricks ( ,assyria 7 usually flat1 or modell$ b slightly1 & ! enamels 7 less pure4 ,! ext]nal walls 7 simil> to ! int]nal ones1 b ) l>g] friezes & bold] reliefs1 & usually ) religi\s subjects 7fig4 #i74 ,! portals ( ! doors 7 enri*$ ) colossal w+$ & human head$ bulls1 ( alaba/]1 f9ely c>v$ 9 relief4 ,typical examples ( ,assyrian ornam5t are ! ,lotus & ,bud 7figs4 #b & #c71 ! ,pat]a or ,rosette 7figs4 #f & #g71 & ! ,horn or ,tree ( ,life 7fig #h74 ,! ,lotus enri*m5t %[s ,egyptian influ5ce1 & only came into use dur+ ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 int]c\rse betwe5 ! two nations 0 e/abli%$4 ,x is diff]5tiat$ f ! ,egyptian lotus by its vigor\s gr[? & curv$ pr(ile1 & ! geometrical =m ( ! calyx ( ! fl[] & bud 7fig4 #b74 ,! ,an!mion or ,hom1 ) its alt]nate bud & fir-cone1 & ) /rong lat]al m>k+s is beautiful 9 l9e & proportion ( mass 7fig4 #c74 ,! ,hom is frequ5tly us$ z a fl[] on ! sacr$ tree1 a =m ( enri*m5t t influ5c$ mu* ( ! lat] ,p]sian & ,sicilian textile fabrics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,ar*itecture4 ,plate #d4 ,,greek ,,ar*itecture4 ,classic or column> ar*itecture is divid$ into ! ,greek & ,roman /yles1 & ea* /yle comprises sev]al ord]s ( ar*itecture2 ! ,grecian ord]s are ! ,doric1 ! ,ionic1 & ! ,cor9?ian1 & _m examples ( ea* ( ^! ord]s are /ill extant 9 ,greece & h] colonies3--,asia ,m9or1 ,s\!rn ,italy1 & ,sicily4 ,f a comp>ison ( ^! build+s c]ta9 con/ructive & decorative features are obs]v$ to be pres5t1 & !nce !y are consid]$ z ! *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle or ord]1 :i* comprises ! base1 7except 9 ! ,grecian ,doric1 :i* has no base7 column & capital1 & ! ,entablature1 :i* consi/s ( ! ,ar*itrave1 ,frieze1 & ,cornice4 ,! proportions ( ^! ord]s are g5]ally det]m9$ by ! l[] diamet] ( ! column :i* is divid$ into #b modules or #fj p>ts2 ! height ( ! column always includ+ ! base & capital4 ,! ,,doric ord] 0 us$ = ! e>ly ,greek temples f ,b4,c4 #fjj & culm9at$ 9 ! ,p>!non ,b4,c4 #dch4 ,! ,,columns 9 ?is ord] are #d-a_/b to #f diamet]s 9 height ) #bj %all[ flut+s ) int]m$iate %>p arrises2 ! ,,capital is half a diamet] 9 height & is compos$ ( an e*9us or ovolo m\ld+ ) annulets or deep *annell+s bel[1 & a l>ge squ>e abacus above4 ,! ,,ar*itrave is pla92 ! ,,frieze is enri*$ by rectangul> blocks1 ) #c v]tical *annell+s 9 ! face1 t]m$ triglyphs1 alt]nately ) squ>e metopes :i* 7 frequ5tly sculptur$4 ,! ,,cornice1 compos$ ( simple m\ld+s1 & enri*$ ) mutules ov] ! c5tre ( ! triglyphs & metopes1 projects consid]ably beyond ! face ( ! frieze4 ,illu/ration ,! ,,ionic ord] has columns ( f #i to #i-a_/b diamet]s 9 height1 ) #bd flut+s divid$ by n>r[ fillets2 ! base is half a diamet] 9 height & compos$ ( a pl9?1 torus1 fillet1 cavetto1 fillet1 torus1 & fillet4 ,! ,,capital is #g_/aj ( a diamet] high & consi/s ( a pair ( d\ble scrolls or volutes1 support$ by an e*9us m\ld+ enri*$ ) ! egg & tongue1 ) an a/ragal bel[4 ,! ,,entablature is #a_/d ! height ( ! columns1 ! ,,ar*itrave ( "o or m fascias1 ! ,,frieze cont9u\s & frequ5tly enri*$ ) sculpture 9 l[ relief2 ! ,,cornice has simple & comp\nd m\ld+s support$ by a d5til b&4 ,c>yatides 7 occasionally introduc$ into ?is ord]2 !y 7 female figures clad 9 drap]y hav+ v]tical folds :i* re-e*o$ ! flut+s ( ! ,ionic column4 ,^! c>yatides support$ ! entablature 9 place ( ! columns2 a beautiful example ( ?is feature is ! s\? portico ( ! ,ere*!um at ,a!ns4 ,! ,,cor9?ian ord] 0 n mu* us$ by ! ,greeks2 ! examples h[ev] %[ consid]able ref9em5t & delicacy ( details4 ,! ,,columns are #aj diamet]s 9 height ) #bd flut+s2 ! ,,base is #a_/b diamet] high2 ! ,,capital is a little great] ?an a diamet] 9 height & is enri*$ ) acan?us foliations & spiral volutes4 ,! ,,entablature is ri*]2 & ! ,,cornice deep] & m elaborate ?an ^? ( ! o!r ord]s4 ,a table is "h giv5 %[+ ! relative height 9 p>ts 7a "p is #a_/fj ( ! diamet]7 ( ! entablature 9 "s typical ,grecian examples4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total ,ar*itrave ,frieze ,cornice ,entablature ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,doric ,p>!non #dc #dc #cb #aah ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,!seus #ej #dh #ai #ajg ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ionic ,ere*!um #dc #dh #dg #adj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pri5e #cg #di #dg #acc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cor9?ian ,lysicrates #ec #da #di #adc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,jupit] ,olympius #dj #bf #df #aab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! pr9cipal ,doric build+s 9 ,greece are3--,! ,temples at ,cor9? ,b4,c4 #fej1 g9a ,b4,c4 #eej1 ! ,p>!non & ! ,!seum ,b4,c4 #dch1 ! ,temples ( ,jupit] at ,olympia1 ,apollo ,epicurius at ,bass ,b4,c4 #dcf1 ,m9]va at ,sunium1 & ! ,propyla at ,a!ns ,b4,c4 #dca4 ,! ,p>!non is ! only octa/yle temple 9 ,greece4 ,ionic build+s 9 ,greece are3--,temples at ,ilyssus1 ,nike ,apt]os1 & ! ,erec!um4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,temples at ,samos1 ,pri5e1 ,teos1 & ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 & ( ,apollo at ,miletos4 ,illu/ration ,cor9?ian build+s 9 ,greece are3--,monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 ! ,t[] ( ,w9ds1 & ,jupit] ,olympius1 all 9 ,a!ns4 ,dur+ ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,doric ord] 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,greek colonies ( ,sicily4 ,at ,acragas or ,agrig5tum ! rema9s ( #f f9e hexa/yle & p]ipt]al ,doric ,temples are f\nd1 ( :i* ! ,temple ( ,zeus ,b4,c4 #dej is ! l>ge/1 be+ #ced by #agc feet4 ,9 ?is temple 7 f\nd ! ,telemones or ,atlantes1 male figures #be feet 9 height1 ) _! arms rais$1 probably support+ ! ro( ( ! temple4 ,at ,sel9us !re are six l>ge ,doric temples1 five be+ hexa/yle & p]ipt]al1 ! o!r octa/yle & pseudo-dipt]al1 #cgb by #age feet4 ,?is temple has columns #eg feet 9 height ) an entablature ( #ai feet4 ,at ,ege/a1 !re is a hexa/yle1 p]ipt]al1 ,doric temple ) ! columns n flut$1 & at ,p/um 9 ,s\!rn ,italy !re are two ,doric temples1 ! temple ( ,neptune1 & ! temple ( ,ve/a1 ( ! usual hexa/yle & p]ipt]al =m1 b ! ,basilica is pseudo-dipt]al & is rem>kable = its two porticos ( n9e columns ea*4 ,all ^! build+s 9 ,sicily & ,p/um date betwe5 ,b4,c4 #ejj & #dcj4 ,classification ( ,classic ,temples3-- #a/4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! columns & walls 7a7 ,:5 ! side walls h no colonnade ,apt]al 7b7 ,:5 !re is a colonnade /&+ ap>t f ! side walls ,p]ipt]al 7c7 ,:5 ! colonnade is atta*$ to ! side ( ! side walls ,pseudo-p]ipt]al 7d7 ,:5 !re is a d\ble colonnade /&+ f ! wall ,dipt]al #bnd4 ,! relation ( ! ends ( ! temple 7a7 ,:5 ! columns d n project beyond ! walls ,9 ,antis 7b7 ,:5 a portico /ood 9 front ( ! temple ,pro/yle 7c7 ,:5 !re 0 a portico at ea* end ,amphi-pro/yle 7d7 ,if ! portico 0 "o column 9 dep?,mono-pro/yle 7e7 ,if ! portico 0 two columns 9 dep? ,di-pro/yle #crd4 ,! numb] ( columns 9 ! portico 7a7 ,if ( #b columns ,di/yle 7b7 ,if ( #d columns ,tetra/yle 7c7 ,if ( #f columns exa/yle 7d7 ,if ( #h columns ,octa/yle #d?4 ,! ,int]columniation 7a7 ,if #a-a_/b diamet]s ap>t ,pycno/yle 7b7 ,if #b diamet]s ap>t ,sy/yle 7c7 ,if #b-a_/d diamet]s ap>t ,eu/yle 7d7 ,if #c diamet]s ap>t ,dia/yle 7e7 ,if #d diamet]s ap>t ro/yle ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #e4 ,,greek ,,ornam5t4 ,greece1 or ,hellas1 consi/$ ( a numb] ( small /ates1 speak+ ! same language1 & wor%ipp+ ! same gods4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! gean coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or 0 occupi$ 9 e>ly times by ,greek ,colonies1 :i* supplant$ ^? ( ! ,phnicians ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ?is seabo>d 0 occupi$ by ! ,dorians1 & ! nor!rn by ,ionians4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t o!r ,greek settlem5ts 7 made on ! ,black ,sea & ,m$it]ranean ,coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or2 z well z at ,syracuse1 ,gela & ,agrig5tum1 9 ,sicily1 & 9 ,etruria & ,magna ,grecia 9 ,italy4 ,^! colonies appe> to h rea*$ a high] /ate ( art at an e>ly p]iod ?an ,greece itself4 ,! asc5d5cy 9 art 9 ,greece 0 enjoy$ by ! ,dorians circa1 #hjj ,b4,c42 aft] :i* ,sp>ta took ! lead1 b 0 9 turn excell$ by ! ,ionians1 :5 ,a!ns became ! focus ( ,greek art1 & atta9$ a degree ( p]fection 9 t respect t has rema9$ unequall$ to ?is day4 ,a!ns 0 de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians "u ,x]xes1 #dhj ,b4,c42 b "u ,p]icles 7#dgj-bi ,b4,c47 ,greek art rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,! abundant1 al?\gh fragm5t>y1 rema9s ( ,grecian ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & ! indu/rial arts1 %[ mo/ vividly ! arti/ic feel+ & culture ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 ) _! great p]sonality & religi\s s5tim5t1 9 :i* ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ! gods & goddesses 0 br\ght into relation ) ! life & cu/oms ( ! p4 ,_! my?s & traditions1 _! wor%ip ( leg5d>y h]oes1 ! p]fection ( _! physical nature1 & _! int5se love ( ! beautiful1 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek p1 f ! siege ( ,troy to _! subjection by ,rome1 ,b4,c4 #adj4 ,! almo/ inexhau/ible /ore ( ,greek art1 n[ ga!r$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 o!r ,european museums1 furni%es "o ( ! mo/ valuable illu/rations ( ! _m glori\s traditions ( ! pa/4 ,! vitality ( conception1 ! dignity & noble grace ( ! gods1 ! consummate k ( ! human figure1 & ! exquisite skill ( craftsman%ip1 are "h se5 9 ! greate/ div]sity ( treatm5t & incid5t4 ,! "w ( ,phidias1 ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ,greek sculptors1 is l>gely repres5t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum by noble examples1 %[+ 8 great p]sonality1 wond]ful p[]1 & 8 rem>kable influ5ce1 ^u contempor>y & lat] pla/ic art4 ,! ,p>!non1 or temple ( ! goddess ,a!ne1 :i* 0 built ^u ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns by ,ict9us & ,callicrates1 ,b4,c4 #ded-dch1 0 enri*$ ) spl5did works ( sculpture by ,phidias4 ,_m ( ! orig9als are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 =m+ "p ( ! ,elg9 ,m>bles1 :i* 7 pur*as$ f ! ,e>l ( ,elg91 9 #ahae4 ,! two p$im5ts ( ! temple conta9$ figure sculpture 9 ! r\nd1 l>g] ?an life size4 ,! ,ea/]n gr\p repres5ts ! bir? ( ,a!ne1 & ! we/]n gr\p ! conte/ ( ,a!ne & ,poseidon = ! soil ( ,attica4 ,! fragm5ts ( ^! p$im5tal gr\ps are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 ?\gh sadly mutilat$1 %[ ! p]fection ( sculpture dur+ ! ,phidian age4 ,an illu/ration ( ! 8,fates0 f ! ,we/]n p$im5t is giv5 "h1 %[+ a p]fect ma/]y ( ! human figure1 ) r>e selective p[] ( composition4 ,! appropriat5ess ( l9e & mass = its position r5d]s x s+ul>ly beautiful & ar*itectonic 9 "*4 ,( ! #ib squ>e metopes sculptur$ 9 high relief1 t enri*$ ! ,doric frieze1 #ae are includ$ 9 ! ,elg9 ,m>bles4 ,! subject repres5t$ on ^! metopes 0 ! battle betwe5 ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?1 or ,greeks1 & are f9e examples ( composition ( l9e & mass1 & dramatic p[] ( expression4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! cont9u\s frieze ^u ! upp] "p ( ! cella wall1 "u ! colonnade or ,p]i/yle1 0 #dj feet f ! gr\nd1 #dj in*es 9 height1 & #ebc feet 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 c>v$ 9 l[ relief1 ! subject be+ ! ,pana!nic procession1 ! mo/ sacr$ & spl5did ( ! religi\s fe/ivals ( ! ,anci5t ,greeks4 ,?is frieze1 ) its rhy?m ( movem5t & unity ( composition1 its gr\ps ( beautiful y\?s & maid5s1 sons & daught]s ( noble citiz5s1 its h]oes & deities1 h]alds & magi/rates2 its sacrificial ox51 & its horses & rid]s are d\btless ! mo/ p]fect production ( ! sculptor's art4 ,ea* figure is full ( life & motion1 admirable 9 detail1 hav+ an individuality ( action & expression1 yet ) a unity ( composition1 appropriate to its ar*itectural purpose z a frieze or b&4 ,! ,p>!non1 h[ev]1 0 b ! %r9e ( ! /&+ figure or /atue ( ! goddess ,a!ne1 :i* 0 #cg feet high1 & =m$ ( plates ( gold & ivory1 t]m$ ,*ryselephant9e sculpture4 ,probably ow+ to ! intr9sic value ( ! mat]ial1 ?is "w ( ,phidias disappe>$ at an e>ly date4 ,illu/ration ,among ! examples ( sculptur$ m>bles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ! beautiful frieze f ! int]ior ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,phigaleia1 erect$ by ,ict9us1 ,b4,c4 #dej-dcj4 ,?is frieze1 :i* %[s an extraord9>y vitality & movem5t1 is #aja feet long1 & consi/s ( #bc slabs #be-a_/b in*es 9 wid?1 ! incid5ts depict$ be+ ! battle ( ! ,greeks & ! ,amazons1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ! ,c5taurs & ! ,lapi?4 ,! dignity & res]ve ( ! ,p>!non frieze is "h replac$ by activity & en]gy ( l9e & an exub]ance ( modell+4 ,illu/ration ,"s ( ! m>bles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are f ! ,n]eid ,monum5t ( ,xan?os1 ,b4,c4 #cgb1 s call$ because ! female figures display moi/ cl++ g>m5ts1 & h fi%es & seabirds betwe5 _! feet4 ,^! sculptures %[ a high degree ( p]fection1 & 7 probably ! "w ( ! ,a!nian sculptor1 ,bryaxis4 ,among o!r examples ( ! ,greek treatm5t ( ! frieze1 is t ( ! ,erec!um1 ,b4,c4 #dji1 ) its black ,eleus9ian /one backgr\nd1 & :ite m>ble reliefs4 ,! ,temple ( ,nike ,apt]os1 ( ab\t ! same date is not$ = ! beautiful reliefs f ! balu/rade :i* cr[n$ ! l(ty ba/ion on :i* ! temple /&s4 ,an example ( ,nike or victory1 adju/+ h] s&al is "h giv54 ,^! reliefs are rem>kable = _! delicacy & ref9em5t ( treatm5t1 & ! exquisite r5d]+ ( ! drap$ female figure4 ,o!r friezes n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are f ! ,mausoleum erect$ by ,artemisia to h] husb& ,mausolus ,b4,c4 #ceg-cdh4 ,?is tomb consi/$ ( a solid basem5t ( masonry1 support+ a cella surr\nd$ by a colonnade ( #cf columns4 ,! upp] "p ( ! basem5t 0 enri*$ ) a frieze1 illu/rat+ ! battle ( ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?2 ! frieze ( ! cella 0 illu/rat$ ) fun]al games 9 hon\r ( ,mausolus4 ,sev5te5 slabs ( ! frieze ( ! ord] f ! colonnade are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 !y repres5t ! battle ( ! ,greeks & ,amazons4 ,9 _! composition ^! slabs %[ extraord9>y en]gy ( movem5t & ri*ness ( inv5tion4 ,?is frieze diff]s absolutely f ! ,p>!non frieze 9 its f]tility ( incid5t & int5sity ( action4 ,bryaxis1 ! sculptor ( ! ,n]eid monum5t execut$ ! nor? frieze1 :ile ! s\? 0 by ,timo!us1 ! ea/ by ,scopas1 & ! we/ by ,leo*>es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,a rem>kable build+1 :]e aga9 ! frieze 0 an important feature1 0 ! great alt> at ,p]gamos1 erect$ by ,eum5es ,,ii41 ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,?is _h a basem5t ( masonry #afj ft4 by #afj ft41 & #af ft4 high1 enri*$ ) a sculptur$ frieze #g-a_/b ft4 high4 ,! subject is ! ,gigantoma*ia1 or battle ( ! gods & giants2 ! treatm5t be+ *>act]is$ by passionate en]gy & expression1 & d>+ skill 9 gr\p+ & te*nique4 ,n9ety-f\r ( ! orig9al slabs ( ?is frieze are n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,! frieze 0 an important decorative feature ) ! ,assyrians & ,greeks4 ,! cont9uity ( incid5t & rhy?m ( movem5t t 0 possible ) ! cont9u\s frieze1 toge!r ) its functional use ( b&+1 no d\bt t5d$ to pres]ve its traditional =m1 h5ce we h _m rema9s f antiquity ( ?is beautiful decorative treatm5t4 ,an e>ly & f9e example is ! frieze ( ,ar*]s f ! palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis1 ,b4,c4 #ecb1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,?is frieze1 ( :i* an illu/ration is "h giv51 0 execut$ 9 glaz$ & enamell$ bricks4 ,a dignity ( conception & unity ( composition 7 "h comb9$ ) skilful modell+ ( relief "w1 & f9e col\r+ ( blue1 turquoise & yell[4 ,?is treatm5t ( ! frieze no d\bt influ5c$ ! lat] "w ( ! ,greeks1 :o s nobly c>ri$ on ?is tradition ( ! frieze4 ,illu/ration ,greek ornam5t is di/+ui%$ by simplicity ( l9e1 ref9em5t ( detail1 radiation ( p>ts1 unity ( composition & p]fect symmetry4 ,! an!mion1 :i* is ! typical =m1 is d]iv$ f ! traditional lotus & bud ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,india4 ,x diff]s h[ev] 9 its m ab/ract r5d]+ & its abs5ce ( symbolism1 hav+ a *>m ( composition & a unity & balance ( p>ts1 yet lack+ t int]e/ & deep] significance associat$ ) _m p]iods ( art4 ,illu/ration ,! an!mion 0 sculptur$ ^u ! top ( ! fun]al /ele1 7figs4 #a1 #b1 & #e1 plate #d71 ^u ! ar*itrave ( doorways 7fig4 #f71 & above ! neck+ ( ! ,ionic columns 7plate #f72 or pa9t$ ^u ! panels ( ! deep c(f]$ ceil+s4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 a ?\s& ways ^u ! _m f9e vases & o!r c]amic w>es ( t p]iod4 ,! simplicity & ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #f4 beauty ( ! an!mion & its ready adaptability1 has d\btless r5d]$ x "o ( ! be/ kn[n types ( ornam5t4 ,l ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian prototype ! ,greek an!mion is usually arrang$ ) alt]nate fl[] & bud1 connect$ by a curv$ l9e or m frequ5tly by a d\ble spiral4 ,illu/rations are giv5 on ! opposite plate ( a few typical examples1 :]e ! rhy?m & beauty ( composition are indicative ( ! culture & p]fection ( ,greek craftsman%ip4 ,ano!r feature1 :i* at a lat] p]iod receiv$ consid]able developm5t1 0 ! scroll giv5 on ! prec$+ page1 :i* is a f9e example f ! ro( ( ! monum5t to ,lysicrates4 ,! scroll cut ) ,v %ap$ sections1 spr+s f a ne/ ( %>p acan?us foliage1 ! same features be+ obs]v$ 9 ! ne/ ( foliage :i* supports ! tripod ^u ! apex ( ! ro( 7plate #f74 ,?is scroll is =m$ ( a s]ies ( spirals spr++ f ea* o!r1 ! junction ( ! spiral be+ cov]$ by a %ea? or fl[]2 ! spiral itself be+ (t5 brok5 by a simil> %ea?4 ,?is spiral =m1 ) its %ea?+1 is ! basis ( ! ,roman & ,italian ,r5asc5ce /yles1 & %>ply diff]5tiates !m f ! ,go?ic ornam5t1 9 :i* ! con/ruction l9e is cont9u\s & unbrok54 ,! rosette1 a survival ( ! traditional ,assyrian =m 0 frequ5tly us$ ^u ! ar*itrave 7fig4 #f71 & ! fun]al /ele 7fig4 #e plate #e7 :]e its circul> & radiat+ =m contra/s s beautifully ) ! functional /raight l9es ( ar*itectural design4 ,! extraord9>y vitality & v]satility ( ! ,greek craftsm5 may be trac$ ?r\gh a magnific5t s]ies ( co9s dat+ f ,b4,c4 #gjj to ,b4,c4 #bhj4 ,! int]e/ ( subject1 beauty ( composition & l>g5ess ( /yle1 comb9$ ) ! utmo/ delicacy ( te*nique1 ( ^! gold1 silv] & electrum co9s are a reflex on ! arti/ic feel+ = beauty ( ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,ar*itecture4 ,plate #g4 ,,roman ,,ar*itecture4 ,roman ,ar*itecture is diff]5tiat$ f t ( ,greece by ! ext5sive use ( ! ar* & ( sup]pos$ ord]s4 ,! _m f9e rema9s ( ,roman temples & public build+s %[ ! extraord9>y v]satility & conception ( ! ,roman ar*itects1 _! con/ructive skill1 & _! rem>kable p[] ( assimilat+ ! arts ( o!r nations4 ,! ,roman temples 7 some:at simil> 9 plan to ! ,greek prototypes1 b usually )\t ! side colonnade1 l>g] 9 scale1 & ) an o/5tati\s display ( m\ld+s & ornam5t1 less ref9$ 9 cont\r & detail4 ,illu/ration ,a typical example is giv5 "h ( a triumphal ar*1 namely1 t ( ,septimus ,sev]us1 ,a4,d4 #baa4 ,o!r examples are ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gi1 & ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 ,a4,d4 #cbf4 ,trajan's ,ar*1 ,a4,d4 #aad1 0 de/roy$ by ,con/ant9e1 :o us$ _m ( ! reliefs = ! build+ ( 8 own ar*4 ,! sup]position ( columns & ar*es is %[n 9 ! annex$ illu/ration f ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 :]e ! l[] ord] is ( ! ,doric & ! upp] ( ! ,ionic4 ,! ,colosseum has a ?ird /ory1 hav+ ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 & an attic /ory1 ) ,cor9?ian pila/]s2 ! :ole rea*+ to a height ( #aef feet4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! be/ pres]v$ build+s ( ! ,roman p]iod is ! ,pan!on1 ) its f9e dom$ ceil+ ( c(f]$ panels1 enri*$ ) bronze ornam5ts4 ,! portico1 octa/yle & di-pro/yle1 is ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 beautifully proportion$ & enri*$4 ,! f9e/ example ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] 0 us$ 9 ! temple ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 frequ5tly call$ ,jupit] ,/ator2 "s #ej examples ( ?is ,cor9?ian ord] date f ! ,roman p]iod4 ,! ,tuscan & ,composite ord]s 7 add$ by ! ,romans to ! ,doric1 ,ionic & ! ,cor9?ian1 =m+ ! five ord]s ( ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ table gives ! relative proportions ( ! typical ,roman ord]s1 ! columns 9 modules1 & ! capital1 entablature1 c41 9 p>ts3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,columns,capital,ar*itrave,frieze,cornic e,entablature ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,doric4 ,!atre ( #ae-a_/b #bd #ca #df #cg #aac ,m>cellus ,ba?s ( #a #bb #cb #de #df #abc ,diocletia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ionic4 ,!atre ( #ah #ca #dc #cf #ff #ade ,m>cellus ,temple ( #ag-a_/b #cc-c_/d #ch #bh #gj #acg ,virilis ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,cor9?ian4,jupit] #bj #ff #dc #dc #fi #aef ,/ator ,pan!on #ai-a_/b #fg #db #ci #ed #acf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! ,romans r>ely us$ ! p]i/yle temple1 consequ5tly ! cella 0 ( ! same wid? z ! portico4 ,9 ! civic build+s & palaces ! ,romans %[ ! greate/ con/ructive skill & spl5d\r ( embelli%m5t4 ,! skilful plann+ & appropriat5ess ( decorative treatm5t 9 _! basilicas & amphi!atres are evid5ces ( ! practical nature ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,basilica or ,hall ( ,ju/ice 0 an important ar*itectural feature1 rectangul> 9 plan1 ) a semi-circul> apse at "o end1 :]e ! ,tribunal 0 plac$2 ro($ ) timb] fram+1 or vault$ ) concrete1 & support$ ) r[s ( columns or bi]s4 ,! rema9s ( two typical ,roman basilicas are /ill 9 exi/5ce3 ! ,basilica ( ,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #aad1 rectangul>1 #ahj #afj feet1 five aisles1 ! c5tre aisle ) a semi-circul> wood5 ro(1 & enri*$ ) bronze plates1 is typical ( "o class2 & ! basilica ( ,max5t9us1 ,a4,d4 #caj1 ) a wid? ( #aie feet & a l5g? ( #bfj feet1 is typical ( a vault$ ,basilica1 ! two side aisles ) an ar*$ ro(1 & ! c5tre aisle ) an int]sect+ vault$ ro(4 ,^! ,roman basilicas 7 adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to _! s]vice1 & ! basilica *ur* 0 ! typical =m us$ up to ! #ab? c5tury 9 ! ,romanesque prov9ces4 ,illu/ration ,! ,roman h\ses 7 ( two types3 ! ,domus1 or h\ses clu/]$ toge!r1 & ! ,insul>1 h\ses :i* 7 surr\nd$ by /reets4 ,mo/ ( ! f9e/ ,pompeian h\ses 7 ( ! ,insul> type4 ,! usual plan ( a ,roman h\se consi/$ ( ! ,o/ium or entrance1 sometimes call$ ! ,ve/ibule1 :i* op5$ into ! ,atrium1 :i* 0 a l>ge room or c\rt p>tly ro($ ov]1 ) an op5+ 9 ! c5tre call$ ! ,conpluvium1 "u :i* 0 ! ,impluvium1 or ci/]n ( wat]1 plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,small *amb]s surr\nd$ ! ,atrium1 & at ! fur!r end 0 ! ,tabl9um or private room1 frequ5tly lead+ to ! ,p]i/ylium or private "p ( ! h\se1 an op5 c\rt1 ) a colonnade surr\nd+ a m>ble f\nta91 ) fl[]s1 %rubs & trees1 =m+ a ,virid>ium4 ,surr\nd+ ! ,p]i/ylium 7 private rooms1 "o ( :i* 0 ! ,tricl9ium or d9+ room4 ,f ! ,p]i/ylium1 fauces or passages l$ to ! ,porticus1 a colonnade :i* ov]look$ ! g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #h ,,roman ,,ornam5t4 ,rome1 f\nd$ by ,romulus1 ,b4,c4 #ghc1 became by successive w>s & conque/s ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 absorb+ ! arts & ! ar*itecture ( ! ,etruscans ,b4,c4 #efg1 ! ,samnites ,b4,c4 #cdj1 & ( ,cor9? & ,c>?age ,b4,c4 #adf4 ,f ^! v>i$ s\rces arose ! /yle t]m$ ,roman1 assimilat+ & adopt+ ! column & ! horizontal entablature ( ! ,greeks2 ! ar*1 ! vault1 ! mural pa9t+s & ! decorative use ( bronze & ! t]ra-cotta ( ! ,etruscans1 ) ! sculpture1 ornam5t1 mosaics & co9age ( ! ,greeks & ,c>?ag9ians4 ,^! v>i$ arts 7 assimilat$ & p]fect$ by ! ,romans dur+ ! p]iod ,b4,c4 #ajj to #ccg ,a4,d4 ,roman ornam5t is ! cont9uity ( ! ,greek & ,etruscan /yles1 consi/+ ( ! an!mion1 ! acan?us & ! scroll2 ! ,romans us+ ^! =ms ) great] exub]ance & elaboration1 toge!r ) bold & vigor\s c>v+1 yet lack+ ! simplicity1 ref9em5t & graceful cont\r ( ! ,greek & ,etruscan =ms4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,roman ornam5t consi/s l>gely ( cont9u\s spiral l9es clo!d ) cups & %ea?s ( acan?us foliage1 ! v>i\s spirals t]m9at+ 9 a rosette4 ,^! ma9 spirals are frequ5tly int]wov5 ) f9e curv$ or spiral l9es1 clo!d ) acan?us or o!r foliation1 su* z ! v9e1 olive & ivy4 ,birds & reptiles & cupids1 & ! *im]a or griff9 7fig4 #a7 are (t5 int]sp]s$ ) ! ornam5t1 ?us giv+ t l>g5ess ( mass & contra/ ( =m :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,roman art4 ,! ,!rm1 or ba?s & public build+s1 display$ f9e decorative ceil+s1 hav+ deep sunk panels call$ ,lacun>ia2 or c(f]s1 squ>e1 hexagonal or octagonal 9 =m1 ) a c5tre rosette 9 high relief & ! bord] m\ld+s ( ! c(f]s be+ enri*$ ) ! egg & d>t or ! wat] leaf4 ,^! exhibit an effective treatm5t ( m\ld$ surfaces4 ,! ceil+s ( ! tombs & palaces 7 9 _m cases ornam5t$ ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #i4 ) circul> & squ>e panels1 ri*ly decorat$ ) arabesques or my?ical figures1 & cupids 9 l[ relief ( f9e /ucco2 ! m\ld+s or divisions 9 high] relief1 & hav+ ! wat] leaf or ! egg & d>t enri*m5t 7plate #i47 ,illu/ration ,! ar*itectural frieze & ! sepul*ral urn & s>cophagi ( ?is p]iod 7 (t5 decorat$ ) fe/oons 7figs4 #d & #e1 plate #i71 & 7 support$ by cupids or by c&elabra 7plate #i71 or by ! skulls ( ox51 z on ! frieze f ! ,temple ( ,ve/a at ,tivoli1 "h giv51 :i* is no d\bt a survival ( ! sacrificial cu/om ( wor%ip4 ,! ar*itectural basilica & =um ( ,trajan1 erect$ ,a4,d4 #aad1 by ,apollodorus1 a ,greek ( ,damascus1 0 ( ! utmo/ magnific5ce1 ! rema9s atte/+ to ! skill & arti/ic craftsman%ip ( ! ,romans4 ,apollodorus also erect$ ! m>ble column ( ,trajan1 hav+ a rectangul> p$e/al #ah feet high1 & ri*ly sculptur$ ) ! dresses1 arm\r & /&>ds ( ! ,roman army4 ,?is p$e/al supports a column ( ! ,tuscan ord] ( ar*itecture #ig-a_/d feet high & #ab feet 9 diamet]1 enri*$ ) a s]ies ( spiral b&s1 hav+ bas-reliefs repres5t+ ! successive ev5ts ( ! ,dacian ,w> by ! ,emp]or ,trajan4 ,?is magnific5t & well pres]v$ relic ( antiquity furni%es a complete epitome ( ! co/umes & ! arms & arm\r ( t p]iod4 ,ano!r well-pres]v$ column1 simil> to t ( ,trajan1 0 erect$ 9 ,rome by ,m>cus ,aurelius ,a4,d4 #agd1 ! subjects ( its reliefs be+ ! w> ) ! ,m>comans4 ,l>ge m>ble urns1 or ,tazzas1 enri*$ ) ,bac*analian figures1 surr\nd$ ) foliage & birds & animals2 magnific5t tables1 *airs1 c\*es1 & c&elabra1 ( bronze1 enri*$ ) silv] damasc5+1 toge!r ) ! *oice rema9s ( sculpture & mosaics1 all indicate ! luxuri\sness & love ( magnific5ce ( ! weal?y ,roman citiz5s4 ,9 ,roman ar*itectural ornam5t we see ! mo/ p[]ful modell+ comb9$ ) ! use ( ! cont9u\s scroll gr[+ f a ne/ ( foliage1 repeat$ 9 _! pa9t$ decorations 7see ,pompeian74 ,?is elaboration ( ! typical ,greek ornam5tation & ! r\nd$ s]rations ( ! ,acan?us1 =ms ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,roman ornam5t1 :i* is wond]fully bold1 & vigor\s 9 conception & execution1 b defici5t 9 ! ref9em5t & delicacy ( ,greek art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pompeian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #aj4 ,,pompeian ,,ornam5t4 ,pompeii1 ,h]culaneum & ,/abia1 ,roman cities1 7 buri$ by an eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,^! cities _h already suff]$ f an e>?quake 9 ,a4,d4 #fc1 & 7 be+ rapidly rebuilt :5 !y 7 f9ally de/roy$ by ! eruption4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y1 ! hi/orian1 0 a spectator ( ! ev5t at ,pompeii1 & wrote two lett]s to 8 fri5d ,tacitus1 describ+ ! ev5t & 8 flight f ! doom$ city1 :i* rema9$ buri$ = sev5te5 c5turies1 ) ! treasures ( gold & silv]1 bronzes ( r>e workman%ip1 mural pa9t+s on a mo/ magnific5t scale1 & floors ( mosaics ( m>vell\s execution & design2 ev]y?+ af=d+ a vivid glimpse ( ! dome/ic & public life ( ! ,romans ( ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,h]culaneum 0 discov]$ 9 #agji1 & ,pompeii 9 #agdh ,a4,d41 & f ^! cities _m valuable rema9s ( art h be5 tak54 ,9 ! museum at ,naples !re are ov] #a1jjj mural pa9t+s1 "s #ac1jjj small bronzes1 ov] #aej l>ge bronzes ( figures & bu/s1 #gj f9e l>ge mosaics1 toge!r ) a spl5did collection ( m>ble /atu>y4 ,a plan ( a ,roman h\se is giv5 on page #bc %[+ ! arrangem5t ( & use ( ! rooms4 ,! floors cov]$ ) mosaics1 ^? ( ! ve/ibule1 corridors1 & small rooms hav+ simple patt]ns enclos$ ) bord]s ( ! key patt]n1 or ! ,guillo*e 9 black1 r$1 grey1 & :ite tess]ie4 ,! tricl9ium1 or d9+ room floor 0 (t5 a magnific5t mosaic repres5t+ "s my?ological or classic subject4 ,! walls 7 pa9t$ 9 col\r1 usually ) a dado #a_/f? ! height ( ! wall1 ) pila/]s divid+ ! wall into rectangul> panels & a frieze above 7plate #aj74 ,! g5]al s*eme ( col\r 01 ! dado & pila/]s black1 ! panels r$1 & ! frieze :ite2 or black dado1 r$ pila/]s & frieze1 ) :ite or yell[ panels4 ,! decorations ^u ^! v>i\s col\r$ gr\nds 0 light & fanciful1 & pa9t$ ) great delicacy4 ,repres5tations ( ar*itectural =ms1 su* z columns & entablatures1 are (t5 r5d]$ 9 p]spective ^u ! pa9t$ walls4 ,a small panel pa9t$ ) a classical subject usually occupies ! c5tre ( ea* wall panel4 ,! pa9t$ ornam5t has some:at ! same *>act]i/ics z ! ,roman relief "w1 b is usually mu* m delicate 9 treatm5t4 ,! spiral =m & ! %ea? are always preval5t & f ^! %ea?s & cups gr[ ! f9] t5drils or delicately pa9t$ spray ( foliage1 ^u :i* birds are plac$4 ,/ucco enri*m5ts1 su* z ornam5tal /r+ c\rses & m\ld+s1 7 frequ5tly comb9$ ) ! pa9t$ ornam5t2 !y consi/ ( small details1 su* z ! wat]-leaf1 ! egg & d>t1 & ! an!mion1 & are repeat$ 9 a regul> s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,byzant9e ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #aa4 ,,byzant9e4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 remov$ ! seat ( ,gov]nm5t f ,rome to ,byzantium1 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ccj1 he inaugurat$ a new era 9 art1 viz43 ! ,byzant9e4 ,! traditional ,greek & ,roman arts 7 n[ assimilat$ ) ! arts ( ,p]sia & ,syria1 b m\ld$ & influ5c$ by ! new religion1 giv+ ! /rong p]sonal vitality1 deep significance & symbolism :i* 0 s rem>kable ?r\gh\t ! ,byzant9e p]iod4 ,illu/ration ,! *ange ( /yle did n take place imm$iately1 = mo/ ( ! build+s erect$ by ,con/ant9e 7 9 ! traditional ,roman /yle1 b ! arts 7 gradually p]fect$ until !y culm9at$ 9 ! build+ ( ,s4 ,sophia by ,an!mius ( ,tralles1 & ,isidorus ( ,miletus1 dur+ ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 ,a4,d4 #ech4 ,?is build+ is rem>kable = its spl5did dome1 support$ by semi-domes & p5d5tives on a squ>e plan1 its embelli%m5t ) mosaics ( glori\s col\rs1 & ! great inv5tiv5ess & symbolism ( ! detail4 ,! traditional %>p acan?us foliage ( ! ,greeks 0 unit$ ) ! emblems ( ,*ri/ianity su* z ! circle1 ! cross1 ! v9e1 & ! dove2 ! peacock also is frequ5tly se54 ,figure sculpture 0 r>ely us$1 b gr\ps ( figures 7 us$ 9 great pr(usion 9 ! gold gr\nd mosaics t cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! walls & ! vaults & domes ( ! magnific5t ,byzant9e build+s4 ,! *ur*es ( ,rav5na 9 ,italy1 h some:at simil> *>act]i/ics2 ,s4 ,vitale1 ! basilica *ur*es ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e ,nuovo1 ,a4,d4 #dic-ebe1 ,s4 ,apoll9>e 9 ,classe1 ,a4,d4 #ech-dd1 toge!r ) ! ,bapti/]ies are ri* 9 mosaics & sculptur$ capitals ( ! #f? & #g? c5turies4 ,9 ! ca!drals ( ,torcello1 ,a4,d4 #fgj1 & ,murano & ! beautiful ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 m>bles & mosaics 7 us$ 9 great pr(usion4 ,! two sket* plans "h giv5 are typical ( ,byzant9e plann+ 9 :i* ! symbolism ( ! circle & cross are us$ z con/ructive features4 ,?is symbolism is a m>k$ feature 9 ,byzant9e ornam5t2 int]lac+ circles & crosses m+le ) ! acan?us or ! v9e1 & are cut ) a peculi> ,v-%ap$ section4 ,! circul> drill is l>gely us$ at ! s9k+ ( ! leaves1 & b little ( ! backgr\nd is visible 9 ! sculptur$ ornam5t ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc&9avian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #ab4 ,,sc&9avian ,,ornam5t4 ,! beautiful bronze & silv] jewell]y1 & implem5ts ( w> ( ! e>ly ,vik+ p]iod1 f\nd 9 ,norway1 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k1 display no trace ( plant =ms 9 _! ornam5tation1 ! latt] consi/+ :olly ( int]lac+ animal =ms1 *iefly ! dragon4 ,! vik+ %ip f\nd at ,s&ifiord 9 #ahhj1 al?\gh de/itute ( ornam5t1 %[s traces ( ! 8,bronze ,dragon ,pr[10 ref]r$ to 9 ! e>ly ,sc&9avian ,sagas4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ab? c5tury1 plant =ms are f\nd m+l$ ) ! dragons1 & figure sculpture became important 9 treat+ ( ! my?s ( ! gods2 ,frey1 ,wod51 ,?or & ,fyr1 ( ! pagan p]iod1 be+ influ5c$ by ! new] cult 9 religion4 ,?is is %[n by ! ,sigurd ,ov]lap4 ,hreim> _h ?ree sons1 ,ott]1 ,fafni & ,regan4 ,ott] 0 kill$ "o day by ,loki1 "o ( ! ?ree ,sc&9avian gods--,loki1 ,hni & ,wod5--^! be+ seiz$ by ,hreim>1 :o w\ld only release !m :5 ! sk9 ( ,ott] %\ld be cov]$ ) gold4 ,!reupon ,loki seiz$ ! dw>f ,&wan1 :o 0 made to give up 8 treasure ( gold1 & a r+ ( magical prop]ties1 c>ry+ ) x a curse1 t ! treasure %\ld be ! dea? ( ^? :o held x4 ,loki !n return$ & cov]$ ! sk9 ( ,ott] ) ! gold 7fig4 #c71 aft] :i* ! gods 7 set at lib]ty4 ,!n ,hreim> 0 sla9 by 8 sons = ! treasure4 ,fafni1 aft] seiz+ ! latt]1 took ! =m ( a dragon1 & lay gu>d+ ! plund] at ,gnita ,hea?4 ,regan1 8 bro!r1 9 ord] to obta9 ! treasure1 prompt$ ,sigurd1 8 fo/] son1 to slay ! dragon4 ,sigurd1 9 te/+ 8 sword1 broke x 9 twa91 !reupon ,regan made him a magic sword1 ) :i* he lay 9 ! trail ( ! dragon1 & pi]c$ x ?r\gh 7figs4 #a-d74 ,!n ,regan took out ! he>t ( ! dragon1 :i* ,sigurd cut into slices & toa/$ :ile ,regan slept4 ,sigurd1 burn+ 8 f+]s1 places !m 9 8 m\?1 & ta/$ ! blood ( ,fafni1 ! dragon 7fig4 #a71 &1 lo6 he he>d ! voice ( birds say+ t ,regan 0 plott+ to kill him4 ,!n ,sigurd kill$ ,regan1 eat ! he>t ( ,fafni1 plac$ ! treasure on ! back ( ! noble horse ,grani1 & dep>t$1 only to be sla9 = ! gold by ,gunn>1 :o = ?is crime 0 ca/ into ! pit ( s]p5ts 7fig4 #a74;,a ,?is my? expla9s mu* ( ! ,sc&9avian ornam5t1 = 9 figs4 #a & #b ! /ory is told 9 a s]ies ( incid5ts rem>kable = ! f]tility ( inv5tion & dracont9e ornam5tation4 ,halton ,cross1 9 ,lanca%ire1 & a slab at ,kirk ,&reas1 ,isle ( ,man1 illu/rate ! same subjects1 dat+ f ! #aa? c5tury4 ,9 lat] times ! dragon becomes m pron\nc$ 9 "*1 until 9 ! #ad? c5tury x fills ! :ole portal ) ! beautiful int]lac+ ornam5t 7fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,,celtic ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #ac4 ,,celtic ,,ornam5t4 ,no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art is m rem>kable ?an ! ,celtic4 ,! c>v$ /one ar*itecture & crosses1 ! bronzes1 enamels & silv]smi?'s "w1 ! spl5did illum9at$ books & manuscripts ) capitals & bord]s1 full ( imag]y & intricacy ( detail1 & ! cle> & accurate writ+ ( ! text1 are all indications ( ! culture & love ( ornam5t ( ! e>ly ,iri% p4 ,! incis$ ornam5t ^u ! /one tumuli ( ! #crd & #d? c5turies ,b4,c4 %[ simple =ms su* z *equ]s1 *evrons1 circles & spirals :i* are us$ by almo/ all primitive p1 yet ev5 at ?is e>ly /age ! ,celts %[ a rem>kable pref]5ce = ! spiral & int]lac+ =ms4 ,! bronze %ield 7fig4 #f71 ) its spirals & bosses ( enamel enri*$ ) ! nor!rn 8,fylfot0 is a typical example ( ! #bnd or #crd c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,!n comes ! trumpet patt]n or div]g5t spiral1 :i*1 se5 9 its infancy on ! bronze %ield1 rea*$ a great degree ( elaboration 9 ! #h? & #i? c5turies 7figs4 #b to #g71 be+ typical ( ,celtic "w up to ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury :5 all trace ( ?is spiral is lo/4 ,! int]lac+ bird & animal =ms us$ f ! #h? to ! #ad? c5turies are d\btless d]iv$ f ,byzant9e & ,lomb>dic s\rces4 ,! s]p5t or dragon1 :i* is su* a m>k$ feature f ! #g? to ! #ae? c5tury mu/ h be5 borr[$ f ! nor?1 z ,irel& _h no traditions ( dragons1 & x is to ,sc&9avia1 ) its leg5d ( ,fafni1 t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ! dracont9e treatm5t4 ,x is ?is ,zormorpic "* t di/+ui%es ! ,celtic f all o!r /yles ( ornam5t except ,sc&9avian4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! illu/rations giv5 "h f ! ,lismore crosi] are typical examples ( ?is ,celtic dracont9e treatm5t4 ,! e>ly or ,pagan p]iod is not$ = its bronze "w1 ca/ & wr\ght1 & enri*$ ) ,*amplev enamels4 ,! f9e *alice ( ,ardagh 7plate #cd7 & ! ,t>a ,broo* 7#g? c5tury7 are spl5did examples ( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod dat+ f ,/4 ,patrick1 ,a4,d4 #ddj-dfj4 ,! beautiful ,book ( ,kells1 ,a4,d4 #fej-fij1 ! ,book ( ,armagh1 ,a4,d4 #hjg1 ! ,book ( ,durr[1 ,a4,d4 #gej 7,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl971 & ! ,book ( ,durham1 ,a4,d4 #fhi-gba1 writt5 by ,eadfri? & illum9at$ by ,e!lwald1 are a tribute to ! vitality1 assimilation ( ideas1 & ! culture & wond]ful craftsman%ip ( ! e>ly ,iri% p4 ,,norman ,,& ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4 ,engli% ,go?ic ,ar*itecture has be5 broadly divid$ into p]iods = ! purpose ( classify+ ! /yles1 ! foll[+ be+ ! mo/ g5]ally accept$4 ,by ,,%>pe4,b ,a4,d4 ,romanesque ,saxon #ajff4 ,norman #ajff-aade4 ,transitional #aade-aaij4 ,go?ic ,lancet #aaij-abde4 ,curvil9e> #abde-acfj4 ,rectil9e> #acfj-aeej4 ,by ,,rickman4,c ,a4,d4 ,norman #ajff-aahi4 ,e>ly ,engli% #aahi-acjg4 ,decorat$ #acjg-acgi4 ,p]p5dicul> #acgi-adhc4 ,tudor #adhc-aedf4 ,fr5* ,classification by ,,de ,,caumont4 ,primordiale #e? to #aj? c5tury4 ,romanesque ,secondaire #aj? to #ab? 8 ,t]tiaire #ab? 8 ,primitive #ac? c5tury4 ,po9t$ ,secondaire or ,rayonnant #ad? 8 ,t]tiaire or ,flamboyant #ae? 8 ,mo/ ( our magnific5t ca!drals 7 f\nd$ ,a4,d4 #ajff-aagj by ,norman bi%ops1 "s ^u ! old ,saxon f\ndations1 su* z ,cant]bury & ,york1 or ne> ! orig9al ,saxon build+s z at ,w9*e/]1 or ^u new sites su* z ,norwi* & ,pet]bor\gh1 & 7 )\t exception m magnific5t erections ?an ^? ( ! ant]ior p]iod1 portions ( ! old] /yle /ill exi/+ 9 _m ca!drals1 %[+ ! fusion ( ,roman & ,byzant9e ar*itecture ) ! m p]sonal & vigor\s art ( ! ,celtic1 ,saxon1 & ,sc&9avian peoples4 ,! plan1 giv5 on next page1 ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral %[s no trace ( ! apsidial arrangem5t s univ]sal 9 ,norman & ,fr5* ca!drals1 & is !re=e consid]$ a typical ,engli% ca!dral4 ,ea* v]tical division 9 ! nave1 ! *oir1 & transept is t]m$ a bay4 ,on plate #ad is an illu/ration ( f\r typical bays ( ,engli% ca!drals1 %[+ ! developm5t ( /yle f ! #ab? to ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ea* bay is giv5 sep>ately1 b obvi\sly x c only be approximate1 z ! build+ ( ea* ca!dral 0 influ5c$ by local consid]ations1 ea* p]iod necess>ily ov]lapp+ its pr$ecessor1 ?us =m+ a transitional /yle4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! *oir ( ,ripon ,ca!dral1 ! aisle & cl]e/ory h semi-circul> ,norman w9d[s & ! nave arcad+ has po9t$ ar*es4 ,9 ! ,tri=ium & ,cl]e/ory arcad+1 r\nd ar*es are se5 side by side ) ! po9t$ ar*4 ,! ,,pi]s 7sometimes t]m$ columns7 ( ^! bays h di/9ctive features :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ea* p]iod ( ! ,go?ic developm5t4 ,sket* plans are "h giv5 %[+ ! *anges t took place 9 ! %ape ( ! pi] f #ajff to #aejj4 ,! same g5]al *>act]i/ics are obs]v$ 9 ! ar* m\ld+s & /r+ c\rses4 ,illu/ration ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,norman ,,p]iod4 ,,nave ,,arcad+4 ,! univ]sal use ( ! r\nd ar*1 cyl9drical or rectangul> pi]s ) semi-circul> %afts atta*$ to ea* face4 ,capitals cubical & cu%ion %ap$4 ,ar* m\ld+s enri*$ ) conc5tric r[s ( ,*evron & ,billet ornam5t4 ,illu/ration ,,tri=ium4 ,9 e>ly "w1 ( "o ar*4 ,9 lat] "w1 two or f\r small ar*es c>ri$ on s+le %afts "u "o l>ge semi-circul> ar*4 ,,cle>/ory4 ,"o w9d[ ) an op5 arcad+ 9 front1 ( ?ree ar*es1 ! c5tre "o l>g] & (t5 /ilt$4 ,?is arcade =ms a n>r[ gall]y 9 ! ?ickness ( ! ,cle>/ory wall4 ,! ro( ( ! nave1 ( wood1 flat & panell$1 ro( ( ! aisles1 semi-circul> quadra p>tite vault+4 ,an arcad+ ( semi-circul> ar*es 0 usually plac$ ^u ! wall1 "u ! aisle w9d[s4 ,e>ly w9d[s are n>r[1 flu% ) ! ext]nal wall1 & deeply splay$ on ! inside4 ,lat] w9d[s are recess$ ext]nally1 ) jamb %afts & capitals support+ an enri*$ m\ld$ ar*4 ,a few semi-circul> rose w9d[s /ill rema91 ( :i* a f9e example is to be f\nd 9 ,b>fre/one ,*ur*1 ,k5t4 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,or ,,lancet ,,p]iod4 ,! ,lancet or po9t$ ar* univ]sal4 ,,capitals1 ( ?ree lob$ foliage & circul> abacus4 ,! pi] ar* m\ld+s1 alt]nate r\nds & holl[s deeply cut & enri*$ ) ! *>act]i/ic dog's too? ornam5t4 ,a hood m\ld+ :i* t]m9ates 9 bosses ( foliage or sculptur$ heads inv>iably surr\nds ! ar* m\ld+s4 ,?is m\ld$ hood :5 us$ ext]nally is t]m$ a 8,drip/one10 & :5 us$ horizonally ov] a squ>e head$ w9d[ a 8,label40 ,! ,,tri=ium has a s+le or d\ble ar*1 :i* cov]s ! small] or subord9ate ar*es1 ! sp&rels be+ enri*$ ) a sunk or pi]c$ trefoil or quatrefoil4 ,! ,tri=ium pi]s are solid1 hav+ delicate %afts atta*$ to !m1 c>ry+ ar* m\ld+s ( ?ree ord]s1 & enri*$ ) ! ,dog's too? ornam5t or trefoil foliage4 ,! ,,cle>/ory lancet w9d[s are 9 triplets1 ) an arcad+ on ! inn] face ( ! wall4 ,! vault+ %aft occasionally spr+s f ! floor1 b m usually f a corbel above ! nave capitals1 & f9i%es "u ! cle>/ory /r+ ) an enri*$ capital1 f :i* spr+s ! simple vault+ usually quadrap>tite or hexap>tite 9 =m4 ,e>ly w9d[s 9 small *ur*es 7 arrang$ 9 c\plets & at ! ea/ end1 usually 9 triplets1 ) grisaille /a9$ glass simil> to ! example giv5 on ! next page f ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 ,! annex$ example f ! ea/ end ( ,rievaulx ,abbey %[s a f9ely proportion$ w9d[ & its arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration ,figure sculpture1 beautiful & ref9$ 9 treatm5t1 0 frequ5tly us$ ^u ext]nal walls4 ,! figures ( ,sa9ts & ,bi%ops 7 plac$ s+ly "u triangul> p$im5ts & cusp$ ar*es1 ( :i* !re are f9e examples at ,wells1 ,li*field1 ,exet]1 & ,salisbury 7fig4 #e1 plate #ad74 ,spl5did examples ( circul> rose w9d[s are to be se5 9 ! nor? & s\? transepts ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 also at ,york1 b !y are comp>atively r>e 9 ,engl&1 :ile ,france possesses ov] #ajj ( ! f9e/ & mo/ important examples ( ?is type ( ecclesia/ical adornm5t4 ,!y are to be se5 9 ! ,ca!drals ( ,notre ,dame1 ,r\51 ,*>tres1 & ,rheims4 ,illu/ration ,,decorat$ ,,or ,,geometric ,,p]iod4 ,9 ?is1 ! pi]s h engag$ %afts ) capitals hav+ pla9 m\ld+s or enri*$ ) f9ely c>v$ foliage ( ! oak1 maple1 or mall[4 ,! pi] ar*es h m\ld+s ( ?ree ord]s1 also enri*$1 usually ) ! *>act]i/ic ball fl[]1 or foliage simil> to t ^u ! capitals4 ,! ,,tri=ium consi/s ( d\ble ar*es1 ) subord9ate cusp$ ar*es1 adorn$ ) ,geometric trac]y4 ,! inn] arcad+ ( ! ,cle>/ory is abs5t1 ! "o l>ge w9d[ be+ divid$ by mullions & geometrical trac]y1 or by equilat]al triangles enri*$ ) circul> & b> trac]y 7fig4 #c1 plate #ad74 ,above ! pi] capitals an enri*$ corbel is usually plac$ f :i* spr+s ! vault+ %afts1 t]m9at+ ) a ri*ly c>v$ capital "u ! ,cle>/ory /r+4 ,! aisle arcad+1 z a rule1 is v beautiful1 hav+ geometric trac]y & f9ely proportion$ m\ld+s1 ! aisle w9d[s ) mullions & bold geometric trac]y4 ,! circul> rose w9d[s ( ! transepts are typical ( ?is p]iod4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,& ,,tudor4 ,! ,,pi]s ( ?is /yle are l(ty & enri*$ ) %all[ m\ld+s c>ri$ r\nd ! pi] ar*1 :]e capitals are introduc$1 !y frequ5tly resemble a b& r\nd ! pi] at ! spr++ ( ! ar*1 or occasionally !y are octagonal 9 =m1 & decorat$ ) an angul> treatm5t ( ! v9e4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! upp] "p ( ! pla9 octagonal capital is reliev$ ) an embattlem5t4 ,! latt] is also frequ5tly us$ z a cre/+ = ! elaborate p]p5dicul> scre5s1 or = reliev+ ! cle>/ory /r+s4 ,! ,,tri=ium is abs5t 9 ?is p]iod1 ! bay consi/+ ( two horizontal divisions only4 ,! ,,cle>/ory1 ow+ to ! suppression ( ! ,tri=ium becomes ( m importance4 ,! w9d[s are l>ge & (t5 9 pairs1 ) v]tical mullions ext5d+ to ! ar* m\ld+s ( ! w9d[ head4 ,! aisle w9d[s are simil>1 & :5 l(ty h horizontal transoms1 on :i* ! battlem5t ornam5t is display$4 ,! aisle arcad+ be+ also suppress$1 all pla9 wall space 0 cov]$ ) p]p5dicul> surface trac]y4 ,enri*m5t ( ?is type 0 us$ 9 ! greate/ pr(usion ^u walls1 p>apets1 buttresses1 & ar*es1 also ^u ! jambs & s(fits ( doorways4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! use ( ! f\r-c5tr$ ar*1 =ms ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,p]p5dicul> or ,tudor p]iod4 ,engli% ca!drals %[ a m>k$ contra/ 9 scale to contempor>y ,fr5* build+s4 ,! ,engli% nave & *oir is less 9 height & wid? b great] 9 l5g? ?an ,fr5* ca!drals4 ,= in/ance1 ,we/m9/] is ! highe/ ( our ,engli% ca!drals1 ) its nave & *oir #ajc ft4 f floor to ro(1 #cj ft4 wide1 & #eje feet 9 l5g?4 ,york is next ) #aja ft4 f floor to ro(1 #de ft4 wide1 & #dhf ft4 9 l5g?4 ,salisbury is #hd ft4 f floor to ro(1 #cb ft4 wide1 & #dej ft4 9 l5g?1 & ,cant]bury #hj ft4 f floor to ro(1 #ci ft4 wide1 & #ead ft4 9 l5g?4 ,l9coln ) #hb ft4 & ,pet]bor\gh ) #ha ft4 are ! only o!r examples rea*+ #hj ft4 9 height2 ,york ) #de ft4 be+ ! only "o rea*+ above #dj ft4 9 wid? ( nave4 ,! measurem5ts ( contempor>y ,fr5* ca!drals on ! o!r h&1 be+ z foll[s3--,*>tres1 #ajf ft4 f floor to ro(1 #df ft4 wide1 & #dae ft4 9 l5g?2 ,notre ,dame1 #aab ft4 f floor to ro(1 #df ft4 wide1 & #daj ft4 9 l5g?2 ,rheims1 #abc ft4 f floor to ro(1 #da ft4 wide1 & #dhe ft4 9 l5g?1 :ile t at ,beauvais rea*es ! great height ( #aec ft4 9 ! nave1 #de ft4 9 wid?1 & only #bfc ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! rem>kable gr[? ( ! ,go?ic /yle dur+ ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies 0 contempor>y 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 ,g]many1 & 9 a less degree 9 ,italy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful *ur*es 9 ,italy1 is1 ,s4 ,m>ia della ,sp9a1 at ,pisa1 ) its ri* crocket$ spires & canopies1 features :i* 7 repeat$ a little lat] at ! tomb ( ! fam\s ,scalig]s at ,v]ona4 ,at ,v5ice1 ! ,go?ic is diff]5tiat$ by ! use ( ! ogee ar* ) cusps & pi]c$ quatrefoils4 ,x 0 9 ,france & ,engl& :]e ,go?ic ar*itecture rea*$ its culm9ation2 ! abbeys & ca!drals1 ) p9nacles1 spires1 & t[]s1 enri*$ ) ! mo/ vigor\s & beautiful sculpture2 ! arcad+s & canopies ) crockets1 f9ials1 & cusps1 vibrat+ ) int]e/ & details1 & ! spl5did w9d[s fill$ ) glori\s col\r$ glass1 are all tributes to ! religi\s zeal & spl5did craftsman%ip ( ! middle ages4 ,on ! opposite page are illu/rations %[+ ! modifications t took place 9 ! evolution ( *ur* ar*itecture f ! #ab? to ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! tri=ium 9 ! ,norman p]iod 0 fundam5tal1 b 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod ?is feature 0 abs5t4 ,! *ange ( /yle may also be obs]v$ 9 ! w9d[s ( ea* bay1 f ! simple ,norman "o 7fig4 #a7 to ! v]tical mullion$ #ae? c5tury w9d[1 figs4 #d & #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tri=ium ,,cle>/ory4 ,plate #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,norman ,,details4 ,plate #ae4 ,,norman ,,details4 ,norman ar*itecture 0 di/+ui%$ by ! use ( ! traditional semi-circul> ar*1 sup]s$$ by ! po9t$ ar* ( ! e>ly ,go?ic p]iod4 ,^! semi-circul> ar*es 9 ! e>li] dates 7 decorat$ ) rudely execut$ c>v+s1 cut or work$ ) ! axe4 ,lat] ,norman "w is v ri*1 ! m\ld+s be+ well c>v$ ) enri*m5ts ( ! ,*evron1 ! ,cable ,pallet1 ,/>1 ,fret or ,key ,patt]ns2 ! loz5ge & ! bead+ or pe>l+4 ,*>act]i/ic features ( ?is p]iod also are ! beak-head 7fig4 #e7 & ! corbel-table1 :i* 0 a s]ies ( heads ( m5 or animals1 f :i* spr+ small ar*es support+ ! p>apet4 ,_m ri* examples ( ,norman surface ornam5t are /ill extant2 at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hants1 a beautiful int]sect+ arcad+ ( semi-circul> ar*es occurs1 ! enri*m5t above be+ a scale or imbricat$ patt]n2 at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,nor?ampton1 a v ri* example ( surface ornam5tation may be se5 7fig #f74 ,floral =ms are b r>ely us$ 9 ,norman ornam5t2 in/ances are kn[n ( ! use ( ! rose & ! fir-apple1 b !y are ! exception & n ! rule4 ,e>ly doorways usually h a squ>e head recess$ "u semi-circul> ar* m\ld+s1 decorat$ ) ! ,*evron1 ,key1 or ,beak-head4 ,! semi-circul> ,tympanum ov] ! door 0 pla9 or enri*$ ) rude sculpture 9 l[ relief4 ,lat] doors %[ a great pr(usion ( ornam5t 9 ! ar*ivolt & ar* m\ld+s1 :i* are (t5 c>ri$ d[n ! jamb m\ld+s4 ,! recess$ columns are also enri*$ ) ! ,*evron1 or diagonal l9es ( pe>l+ 7fig4 #a71 & h sculptur$ capitals %[+ a classical t5d5cy 9 ! arrangem5t ( acan?us foliage & ! volute4 ,f9e examples ( ?is p]iod may be se5 9 ! we/ front ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral 7fig4 #a71 ! ,galilee por* at ,durham1 & ! we/ door ( ,iffley ,*ur*1 ,ox=d%ire4 ,! ,norman capitals are usually cu%ion-%ap$1 ) a squ>e abacus1 enri*$ ) ! ,*evron1 /> patt]n1 or ! an!mion 7fig4 #i74 ,! capital itself 0 decorat$ ) ! an!mion1 or ) rude volutes or segm5ts ( circles4 ,! ar*itecture ( ?is p]iod 9 ,france1 diff]+ f contempor>y "w 9 ,engl&1 %[s a /rong ,roman influ5ce1 h5ce its "n--,romanesque4 ,/4 ,troph9e at ,arles is a f9e example ( ?is /yle1 beautiful 9 its proportions & vigor\s 9 detail4 ,! we/ front ( ,ang\leme ,ca!dral1 ) its pr(usion ( semi-circul> arcad+1 displays m aff9ity to contempor>y "w 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! two ,fr5* capitals 7figs4 #i & #aj7 a *>act]i/ic treatm5t ( animals & birds may be se51 %[+ a /rong vitality 9 ! ornam5tal art ( t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,details4 ,plate #af4 ,,e>ly ,,go?ic ,,details4 ,! ,,norman /yle 0 succe$$ by ! po9t$1 or ,,go?ic /yle1 rem>kable = its v>iety1 its beauty ( proportion1 & ! s+ul> grace & vig\r ( its ornam5t4 ,%[+ no traditions1 beyond ,sicilian & ,arabian influ5ce1 x grew rapidly1 & rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! massive & b>b>ic "* ( ! ,norman /yle gave place to ! light clu/]$ %afts & well-proportion$ m\ld+s ( ! e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic1 ) its capitals *>act]is$ by a circul> abacus1 & ! typical ?ree-lob$ foliage gr[+ upw>ds f ! neck+ ( ! %afts1 !nce spread+ out 9 beautiful curves & spirals "u ! abacus4 ,?is t5d5cy to ! spiral l9e is peculi> to ! e>ly ,go?ic1 & diff]5tiates x f ! ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul> ,p]iod4 ,! diagrams ( ! ?ree crockets "h giv5 %[ ! di/9ctive "* ( ,engli% ,go?ic ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,b ,illu/ration3 ,c ,a4 ,e>ly ,go?ic1 ?ree lob$ leaves arrang$ 9 spiral l9es4 ,b4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic1 ) natural types ( foliage1 su* z ! oak & maple1 ) a fl[+ indulat+ l9e4 ,c4 ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic1 %[+ ! v9e & leaves z elem5ts1 & arrang$ 9 a squ>e & angul> mann]4 ,! same features & *>act]i/ics are obs]v$ 9 ! bord]s "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! beautiful c>v$ sp&ril f ! /one *ur*1 ,k5t 7fig4 #a71 is rem>kable = ! vig\r & flexibility ( curve1 its recurr+ =ms ( ornam5tation1 & admirable spac+1 typical ( mu* ( our e>ly ,engli% foliage4 ,! type ( foliage 9 e>ly ,engli% /a9$ glass is some:at simil> to contempor>y c>v$ "w1 b %[+ m ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,decorat$ ,,& ,,p]p5dicul> ,,go?ic ,,details4 ,plate #ag4 pr(ile ( ! leaf1 & x has a geometric or radiat+ arrangem5t 9 addition to ! spiral =ms ( foliage4 ,e>ly ,fr5* "w 7figs4 #g & #h71 ) its squ>e abacus1 diff]s f ! e>ly ,engli%1 9 hav+ less ( ! spiral arrangem5t1 & a r\nd] type ( leaf1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( ! mid rib1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( contempor>y e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic4 ,! pla9 m\ld$ capitals s preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry are r>ely f\nd 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration ,,decorat$ ,,p]p5dicul> ,,go?ic ,,details4 ,decorat$ ,go?ic is rem>kable = its geometric trac]y1 its natural types ( foliage1 & ! undulat+ "* ( l9e & =m 9 its ornam5tal details4 ,! foliage ( ! oak1 ! v9e1 ! maple1 ! rose1 & ! ivy 7 introduc$ 9 mu* luxuriance & pr(usion1 be+ c>v$ ) great delicacy & accuracy4 ,lack+ ! dignity & ar*itectonic qualities ( ! e>ly ,go?ic foliage1 x surpass$ x 9 brilliancy & inv5tiv5ess ( detail4 ,! ,capitals1 enri*$ ) adaptations f nature1 c>v$ ) admirable precision1 7 simply atta*$ r\nd ! bell1 giv+ v>iety & *>m ( modell+1 b lack+ t ar*itectonic unity :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( e>ly "w4 ,diap] "w1 crockets & f9ials1 introduc$ 9 ! e>ly ,engli%1 7 n[ treat$ ) exce$+ ri*ness1 & us$ 9 great pr(usion4 ,! ball fl[] s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod replac$ ! equally *>act]i/ic too? enri*m5t ( ! prece$+ /yle4 ,fr5* ,contempor>y ,"w has simil> *>act]i/ics1 b displays m res]ve & aff9ity = ar*itectural =ms4 ,?is brilliant ,decorat$ p]iod rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t )9 half a c5tury & !n rapidly gave place to ! ,p]p5dicul> ,/yle1 ) its di/9ctive v]tical b> trac]y ( w9d[s & surface panell+1 & ! preval5t use ( ! f\r c5tr$ ar*--( octagonal capitals enri*$ ) ! angul> treatm5t ( ! v9e1--( h]aldic %ields & arms1 & ( ! f\r-leav$ fl[]2 all typical ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5asc5ce ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #ah4 ,,r5asc5ce ,,ornam5t4 ,! arts ( ,rome & ,byzantium l+]$ 9 ,italy until ! #ab? c5tury1 los+ _! vitality & vig\r1 except at ,v5ice1 :]e ! ,byzant9e /yle rea*$ a culm9at+ po9t 9 ! glori\s build+s at ,murano & ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,lomb>dy1 9 ! nor?1 _h witness$ a s+ul> bl5d+ ( ! old classic art ) ! vigor\s traditions & my?s ( ! ,longob>ds & ! symbolisms ( ! old ,byzant9e1 ?us produc+ ! ar*itecture kn[n z ,lomb>dic1 ) its multiplicity ( small columns & ar*es1 qua9t imag]y ( sculpture1 & ! frequ5t use ( a lion or dragon z a support = ! columns4 ,^! are features ( ! e>ly art at ,lucca1 & at ,b]gamo1 ,padua1 ,v]ona1 & o!r t[ns 9 ,lomb>dy2 a beautiful illu/ration f ,lucca is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ,rusk9's 8,/ones ( ,v5ice10 ,vol4 #a4 ,contempor>y ) ?is p]iod came ! ,go?ic influ5ce ) its clu/]$ columns1 po9t$ ar*es1 its cusps & crockets1 & its /rong vitality1 impress+ ! arts & ar*itecture ) ?is ,go?ic p]sonality2 h5ce1 dur+ ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies 9 ,italy1 ?is int]m+l+ ( /yles1 traditions1 religi\s beliefs & my?s1 produc$ an art b>b>ic & vigor\s 9 "*1 ! imag]y full ( sugge/iv5ess1 & ! detail ri* & v>i$ 9 conception4 ,yet x 0 b ! h]ald ( a /yle :i* culm9at$ 9 ! glori\s epo* ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 a /yle :]e symmetry 0 to play an important "p1 z 9 classic art1 :]e ref9em5t ( l9e & detail1 ( culture & craftsman%ip1 are f\nd2 & :i*1 ?\gh beautiful 9 proportion1 unity ( p>ts1 & p]fect adaptability1 yet lack$ t symbolism1 sugge/iv5ess1 inv5tiv5ess1 & rugg$ p]sonality ( ! e>ly ,byzant9e1 ,lomb>dic & ,go?ic /yles4 ,,italian ,r5asc5ce is broadly divid$ into ?ree p]iods4 ,tre-c5to1 ,a4,d4 #acjj to #adjj2 ,quattro-c5to1 ,a4,d4 #adjj to #aejj2 & ,c9que-c5to1 ,a4,d4 #aejj to #afjj4 ,9 ! ,tre-c5to /yle ?is int]m+l+ ( ! classic details ) ! ,lomb>dic & ,go?ic con/ructions produc$ su* rem>kable build+s z ,s4 ,m>ia della ,sp9a1 & ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa1 by ,giovanni ,pisano #abdj-acbj2 ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 & ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 by ,arnolfo di ,cambio 7#abcb-acaj71 ) its alt]nate c\rses ( black & :ite m>ble1 & its ,go?ic ar*es & trac]y2 ! beautiful ,campanile by ,giotto 7#abgf-accf7 is a noble accessory to ,arnolfo's ,ca!dral4 ,a *>m+ illu/ration ( ?is ,tre-c5to p]iod1 f ,giotto's ,campanile1 is ! frontispiece to ,rusk9's 8,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture40 ,! sculpture & decorative arts ( ?is p]iod are m>k$ by dignity ( conception1 & a m+l+ ( ,go?ic & classical traditions4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ examples kn[n are ! hexagonal pulpit 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,pisa1 a simil> "o 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,si5a1 & ! f\nta9 at ,p]ugia1 all by ,nicolo ,pisano 7#abjf-gf74 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 mu* ( 8 "w by 8 son ,giovanni1 :o also execut$ ! pulpit 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa4 ,&rea ,pisano 7#abgc-acdd71 a pupil ( ,giovanni execut$ a beautiful bronze gate or door1 ca/ 9 #accb1 = ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,a f9e monum5tal "w ( ?is p]iod is ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pet] ! ,m>tyr1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,eu/orgio at ,milan1 by ,balducco di ,pisa1 #acjh-dg4 ,! ,,quattro-,,c5to p]iod1 ( :i* ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti 7#acha-adfe71 0 ! great ma/]1 is rem>kable = its vitality & naturalism4 ,ghib]ti's *ief works are ! two bronze gates = ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y2 ! fir/ gate is dat$ #adjc-bd1 & ! second #adbe-ej4 ,bo? h panels modell$ 9 l[ relief1 ! fir/ ) incid5ts f ! ,new1 & ! second f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! frame-"w ( ^! gates has a s]ies ( s+le figures 9 ni*es1 ) circul> m$allions betwe5 !m4 ,! bronze ar*itrave r\nd ea* ( ! ,ghib]ti gates1 9 addition to ! "o he plac$ r\nd ! e>li] gate1 by ,&rea ,pisano1 are ri* examples ( ,quattro-c5to design4 ,! details are natural fruits1 fl[]s1 & foliage1 b&$-toge!r ) ribbons1 ) ! introduction ( birds1 squirrels1 c4 ,! egg-plant & pomegranate portion 7fig4 #a7 is a famili> example4 ,illu/ration ,o!r ma/]s ( ?is p]iod 7 ,jacopo della ,qu]cia 7#acga-adch7 :o execut$ ! beautiful monum5t "h %[n1 to ,il>ia di ,c>retto1 9 ! ca!dral at ,lucca4 ,! recumb5t figure ( ,il>ia is sculptur$ 9 :ite m>ble ) p]fect simplicity & beauty2 ano!r fam\s "w ( ,jacopo 0 ! f\nta9 at ,si5a4 ,luca della ,robbia 7#adjj-hb7 execut$ a beautiful organ gall]y 9 m>ble = ! ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce1 ) admirable s++ & danc+ figures 9 relief4 ,b beautiful z ?is "w is1 ,luca's reputation re/s ^u 8 ,enamell$ ,t]ra ,cotta1 :i* he p]fect$ to a rem>kable degree4 ,modell$ fir/ 9 clay & coat$ ) t9 enamel 7see ,maiolica71 he produc$ a m>vell\s s]ies ( ^! reliefs1 :i* 7 inv>iably surr\nd$ ) ! typical quattro-c5to bord] ( modell$ fruit & fl[]s1 enamell$ 9 bright col\rs4 ,8 nephew1 ,&rea della ,robbia 7#adde-aebe7 cont9u$ ! traditions1 me?ods1 & skill1 ) m>k$ success2 & also ,&rea's son ,giovanni 7#aebd7 :o execut$ a beautiful frieze ^u ! faade ( ! hospital at ,pi/oja4 ,&rea's o!r sons1 ,girolamo & ,luca c>ri$ ! art into ,france "u ,francis ,i4 7#aeca47 ,donatello 7#achf-adff7 0 rem>kable = ! s+ul> grace & s9c]ity ( 8 portraiture1 especially ( *ildr52 ! danc+ figures 9 relief on ! panels ( ! s++ gall]y ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 are p]fect examples ( 8 art4 ,donatello also c>ri$ ! art ( l[ flat relief call$ 8,/iacciato0 to ! greate/ p]fection4 ,an illu/ration ( ,donatello's "w1 f ! high alt> ( ,/4 ,antonio at ,padua1 is "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! art ( ! m$alli/1 :i* _h decl9$ s9ce ! ,roman p]iod1 n[ took its position among ! arts ( ! quattro-c5to p]iod1 "u ,vittore ,pisano1 call$ ,pisanello 7#achj-adea74 ,! vig\r ( 8 modell+1 & ! individuality ( 8 m$als ( ! contempor>y ,pr9ces ( ,italy1 are exce$+ly f9e4 ,among o!r rem>kable m$alli/s 7 ,sp]&io ( ,v]ona 7#adbc-ij72 ,c>adosso1 ( ,milan 7#adhj-aede72 ,v9c5t9e1 ( ,vic5za 7#adfh-aedf72 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ( ,flor5ce 7#aejj-ga72 ,lione ,leoni 7#adih-aefj72 ,pompeoni ,leoni 7#aecj-afaj72 & ,pa/or9o1 ( ,si5a 7#aeaj-ia74 ,! great dome ( ,arnolfo's ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce 0 design$ by ,brunelles*i 7#acgg-addf71 :o 0 a competitor ) ,ghib]ti = ! bronze gates ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,o!r names ( ?is p]iod 7 ,desid]io da ,settignano 7#adbh-fd17 8 ma/]piece be+ ! tomb ( ,c>lo ,m>zupp9i1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce2 ,m9o da ,fiesole 7#adcj-hd72 ,&rea ,v]roc*io 7#adce-hh72 ! au?or ( ! f9e eque/rian /atue ( ,b>tolommeo ,colleone at ,v5ice 7see ,bronzes72 ,matteo ,civitali 7#adce-aeja72 & ! ,rossell9i1 a rem>kable family ( five bro!rs1 ( :i* ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,antonio ,rossell9i 7#adbg-gi71 :o execut$ a *>m+ tomb to ,c>d9al ,jacopo di ,portogallo 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,nunziata1 ,flor5ce4 ,! ,,c9que-,,c5to p]iod 0 ! culm9ation ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :5 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & ! decorative arts1 7 "u ! magnific5t patronage ( ! ,popes & ,pr9ces ( ,italy4 ,palaces1 *ur*es1 & public build+s 7 complet$ & embelli%$ ) beautiful sculptures & decorations2 hung ) ! mo/ sumptu\s fabrics ( ! ,v5etian1 ,flor5t9e1 & ,g5oese looms2 decorat$ ) alt> pa9t+s & mural decorations1 by ! mo/ r5[n$ ( pa9t]s2 & enri*$ ) ! magnific5t productions ( ! gold & silv]smi?s' art1 & ! lovelie/ ( int>sia or inlaid woodwork4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mi*el ,angelo ,buon>roti 7#adgd-afec71 by 8 great intellect & p[]1 /&s above 8 _m contempor>ies4 ,! colossal figure ( ,david1 & ! ,madonna & ,*ild at ,bruges1 are famili> examples ( ?is great arti/'s "w4 ,! magnific5t tombs ( ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de ,m$ici at ,flor5ce1 %[ 8 noble p[] & conceptions ( art4 ,! spl5did decorative "w on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9 ! ,vatican is ano!r example :]e unity ( conception & m>vell\s execution are %[n 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,two illu/rations ( ?is ceil+ are giv5--"o ( ! panels1 ) ! expulsion f ,ed51 & "o ( ! ,sibyls or ,prophets1 bo? %[+ beautiful h>mony ( incid5t & composition4 ,illu/ration ,contempor>y ) ,mi*el ,angelo 0 ,raphael 7#adhc-aebj71 :o display$ ! highe/ capacity = grace & ref9em5t 9 pa9t+4 ,8 pr9cipal mural pa9t+s are 9 ! /anze ( ! ,vatican1 :]e f\r rooms are pa9t$ 9 fresco1 almo/ entirely by ,raphael4 ,! ,loggia ( ! ,vatican1 by ,bramante1 0 also decorat$ by ,raphael & 8 pupils4 ,! !n-rec5t discov]ies ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus & ,h\se ( ,livia1 ) _! ,roman mural pa9t+1 influ5c$ 9 a rem>kable degree ! decorative pa9t+ ( ! ,c9que-,c5to p]iod4 ,^! arabesques 7or1 z !y 7 t]m$1 ,grottes*i1 be+ f\nd 9 ! suppos$ caves or grottos ( ,roman g>d5s71 7 utilis$ by ,raphael 9 ! decoration ( ! pila/]s1 pi]s1 & walls ( ?is ,loggia4 ,! designs 7 pa9t$ ) a f9e range ( col\r ^u :ite gr\nd1 & enclos$ )9 bord]s ( modell$ /ucco ornam5ts4 ,9 ! panels ^u ! ceil+1 ,raphael pa9t$ a s]ies ( #eb incid5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,^! are spok5 ( z 8,raphael's ,bible40 ,illu/ration ,raphael 0 assi/$ 9 ?is "w ( ! ,loggia by _m contempor>y arti/s3 ,giovanni da ,ud9e 7#adid-aefd71 ,giulio ,romano 7#adib-aedf71 ,francesco ,p5ni 7#adhh-aebh71 ,p]9o del ,vaga 7#aejj-dg71 & ,primaticcio 7#adij-aehj71 :o complet$ mu* ( ! "w aft] ,raphael's dea?4 ,^! arti/s c>ri$ 8 traditions & me?ods to o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,giulio ,romano execut$ "s f9e mural decorations at ! ,villa ,madama 9 ,rome2 & = ,f$]igo ,gonzaga1 ,duke ( ,mantua1 he enri*$ ) beautiful decorative pa9t+s & arabesques1 ! ,palazzo ,ducale & ! ,palazzo del ,te4 ,^! arabesques 7 ^u ri*ly col\r$ or p>ti-col\r$ gr\nds 7see plates #hf-i 8,gramm> ( ,ornam5t10 by ,ow5 ,jones74 ,illu/ration ,^! arabesques ( ,raphael's1 :i* 7 excell$ by lat] ones ( ,giulio ,romano1 %[ a great inv5tiv5ess & skilful comb9ation ( p>ts1 b !y are n to be comp>$ ) ! ref9$ & beautiful modell+ & h>moni\s composition ( ! contempor>y c>v$ "w ( ,&rea ,sansov9o 7#adfj-aebh71 ,jacopo ,sansov9o 7#adhf-aegj71 ,ago/9o ,bu/i1 ,pietro ,lomb>do 7#aejj71 & 8 sons ,tullio & ,antonio4 ,^! delicate reliefs h ! traditional ,roman acan?us1 b treat$ ) a f9e feel+ = relief modell+1 & beauty ( l9e2 vases1 masks1 %ields1 & simil> accessories are f\nd 9 pr(usion 9 "s examples 7fig4 #c1 plate #ai74 ,! composition ( ! ,c9que-c5to ornam5t is symmetrical1 ! details be+ v>i$ & mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! be/ "w1 & :il/ lack+ ! vig\r & symbolism ( ! ,lomb>dic & ,byzant9e /yles1 x excell$ !m 9 its absolute adaptation to ar*itectural conditions1 ) p]fection ( design & craftsman%ip4 ,illu/ration ,&rea ,mantegna 7#adca-aeag7 execut$ n9e pa9t+s or c>toons 9 temp]a ^u l951 repres5t+ ! triumphs ( ,julius ,cs>1 :i* are a portion ( ! c>toons = a frieze #i feet high & #hj feet long1 pa9t$ = ,lodovico ,gonzaga's ,palace ( ,/4 ,seba/ian at ,mantua1 !y 7 pur*as$ by ,*>les ,i41 & are n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is frieze1 f an engrav+ ^u copp] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is giv5 on page #ee2 !y 7 also engrav$ on wood by ,&rea ,&reani 9 #aeii4 ,_m beautiful examples ( ! ,c9que-,c5to ornam5t may be f\nd 9 contempor>y pr9t$ & illum9at$ books4 ,! adv5t ( pr9t+ 9 ,italy 7#adfe7 by ! ,g]mans1 ,conrad ,sweynheym & ,arnold ,pannitz at ! ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]y ( ,subiaco1 ne> ,rome1 gave a great impetus to ,lit]ature1 & pr9t+ rapidly progress$ 9 ,italy1 m especially at ,v5ice1 :]e 9 #adii ,aldus ,manutius produc$ ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 or dream ( ,poliphilus ,illu/ration3 ,,r5asc5ce ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #ai4 ) illu/rations ascrib$ to ,mantegna4 ,good reproductions ( _m ( ^! e>ly illu/rat$ books are giv5 9 ! 8,italian ,book ,illu/rations10 by ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,no4 #ab ( ! ,portfolio1 ,decemb]1 #ahid2 & 9 8,! ,decorative ,illu/ration ( ,books10 by ,walt] ,crane4 ,illu/ration ,! /udy ( classical ar*itecture 0 /imulat$ by ! publication at ,rome 9 #adhf1 ( ! treatise by ,vitruvius1 an ar*itect ( ! "t ( ,augu/us2 an edition 0 also publi%$ at ,flor5ce 9 #adif1 & at ,v5ice 9 #aeaa4 ,9 #aegj1 ,fra ,giocondo1 at ,v5ice1 publi%$ 8,! ,five ,books ( ,ar*itecture10 by ,&rea ,palladio 7#aeah-hj74 ,ano!r treatise ^u ar*itecture1 by ,s]lio 7#aejj-eb71 0 also publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aecg & #aedj4 ,illu/ration ,beautiful types ( ! ,r5asc5ce decorative art 7 ! ,v5etian well-heads1 situat$ z !y 7 9 mo/ ( ! public squ>es ( ,v5ice1 & 9 _m ( ! c\rt-y>ds ( h] pr9cely palaces4 ,design$ ) details ( ! mo/ v>i$ & beautiful "* by su* arti/s z ,&rea ,sansov9o1 ,pietro ,lomb>do1 & 8 sons ,tullio & ,antonio1 ! ,v5etian well-head became a type ( beauty1 div]sifi$ 9 its treatm5t1 b nev] los+ its *>act]i/ics or its usefulness4 ,v5etian well-heads display a great v>iety ( =m & decoration4 ,! e>li] examples are squ>e or circul>1 ) enri*m5ts ( ,byzant9e "*1 consi/+ l>gely ( int]lac+1 circul>1 & angul> l9es1 enclos+ qua9t bird & animal =ms4 ,9 ! lat] examples ! ,r5asc5ce treatm5t is us$ ) s+ul> ri*ness & appropriat5ess1 ! grace1 delicacy & div]sity ( detail be+ a tribute to ! vivacity & arti/ic feel+ ( ! ,v5etian ,republic4 ,^! well-heads1 work$ mo/ly 9 :ite m>ble & ev9c+ good judgm5t 9 ! quality ( relief1 n[ %[ comp>atively little injury aft] c5turies ( usefulness4 ,occasionally !y 7 ( bronze1 ( :i* two f9e examples are /ill 9 position 9 ! c\rt-y>d ( ! ,doge's ,palace4 ,_m ( ^! well-heads are c>efully treasur$ 9 our ,european ,museums1 tea*+ u t beauty ( =m1 & p]fection & delicacy ( ornam5t are q compatible ) usefulness1 :5 us$ by an arti/ic p4 ,illu/ration ,! ,r5asc5ce 9 ,italy 0 rem>kable = ! _m magnific5t secul> build+s erect$ dur+ ! #ae? & #af? c5turies 9 ! *ief cities 9 ,italy4 ,9 ,,flor5ce ! palaces h a sev]e dignity ( treatm5t1 ) bold ru/icat$ c\rses ( /one-"w1 circul>-head$ w9d[s1 & f9ely-proportion$ cornices4 ,! fir/ ,r5asc5ce palace 0 ! ,ricc>di 7#adcj7 by ,mi*elozzi 7#acgj-addj72 & x 0 foll[$ by ! ,pitti 7#adce71 by ,brunelles*i 7#acgg-addd71 ! ,rucellai 7#adfj71 by ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti 7#achi-adgb71 ! ,/rozzi 7#adhi71 by ,cronaca 7#aded-aeji71 ! ,gondi 7#adij71 by ,giuliano ,sangallo 7#addc-aejg71 ! ,guadagni & ! ,nicol9i1 by ,bramante 7#addd-aead71 ! ,p&olf9i 7#aebj71 by ,raphael 7#adhc-aebj71 & ! ,b>tol9i 7#aebj71 by ,baccio d',agnolo 7#adfj-aedc74 ,9 ,,rome ! palaces 7 *>act]is$ by l>g5ess ( scale & ! frequ5t use ( ,ionic & ,cor9?ian pila/]s or columns1 & squ>e-head$ w9d[s ) triangul> or curv$ p$im5ts4 ,! *ief palaces 9 ,rome are ! ,cancell]ia 7#adie7 & ! ,giraud 7#aejf7 by ,bramante 7#addd-aead71 ! ,f>nes9a 7#aejf71 ! ,massimi 7#aeaj71 & ! ,villa ,ossoli 7#aebe71 by ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi 7#adha-aecf71 ! ,palma & ! ,f>nese1 by ,antonio ,sangallo 7#adgf-aedf71 ! ,borghese 7#aeij71 by ,m>t9o ,lunghi1 ! ,lat]ano1 by ,fontana 7#aedc-afaj71 & ! ,b>b]9i1 by ,c>lo ,mad]no 7#aeef-afbi71 ,borrom9i 7#aeii-affg71 & ,b]n9i 7#aeih-afhj74 ,9 ,,v5ice ! palaces 7 ri* & v>i$2 ) ! frequ5t use ( pila/]s1 semi-columns & circul>-head$ mullion$ w9d[s sugge/$ by ! e>li] ,go?ic palaces4 ,! ,r5asc5ce p]iod comm5c$ "h ) ! re-build+ ( ! c\rt-y>d ( ! ,doge's ,palace 7#adhf7 by ,antonio ,bregno1 & complet$ 9 #aeej by ,sc>pagn9o4 ,!n came a beautiful s]ies ( build+s1 ! *ief be+3--! ,v5dram9i1 ! ,trevisani1 & ! ,grad5igo ,palaces1 by ,sante ,lomb>do 7#aejd-aefj72 ! ,corn>o ,palace & ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 by ,sansov9o 7#adgi-aegj71 & ! ,grimani ,palace by ,san ,mi*ele 7#adhd-aeei74 ,,fr5* ,,r5asc5ce4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! #ae? c5tury1 ! vigor\s & beautiful ,go?ic ar*itecture ( ,france1 ) its ri* trac]i$ & mullion$ w9d[s1 its ni*es & canopies1 its crocket$ spires & v>i$ treatm5t ( floral enri*m5t1 lo/ its vitality2 & 0 succe$$ by ! ,r5asc5ce /yle1 :i* at fir/ 0 purely ,italian1 b aft]w>ds1 ) ! int]m+l+ ( ,go?ic traditions & craftsman%ip1 became a di/9ct phase ( ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,fr5* ,r5asc5ce may be broadly divid$ into di/9ctive p]iods3 #a/4 ,! e>li] or transitional1 #adec-aeae1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5asc5ce began to be felt4 #bnd4 #aeae-dg1 ,,fran,,ois ,,premi]4 ,?is p]iod is rem>kable = ! numb] ( ,italians engag$ by ,francis ,i4 = ! embelli%m5t ( ! ,*teau ,fonta9bleau1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,rosso1 pa9t]2 ,s]lio & ,vignola1 ar*itects2 ,primaticcio & ,p5ni1 ornam5ti/s1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ) 8 beautiful goldsmi?s' art2 & ,girolamo della ,robbia1 :o produc$ enamell$ ,t]ra ,cotta4 ,! "w ( ^! r5[n$ craftsm5 necess>ily _h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! traditional ,fr5* art4 ,( ! ar*itecture ( ?is p]iod1 !re is ! s\?-we/ angle ( ! ,l\vre1 comm5c$ 9 #aedh by ,pi]re ,lescot 7#aeaj-gh71 & enri*$ ) sculpture by ,jean ,g\jon 7#aeae-gb71 :o also execut$ ! sculptures t embelli%$ ! beautiful ,*teau ,ec\51 by ,jean ,bullant 7#aeae-fj71 & ! beautiful f\nta9 ( ! ,innoc5ts at ,p>is1 ( :i* an illu/ration ( "o ( ! panels is "h giv54 ,! tomb ( ,l\is ,,xii41 at ,/4 ,d5is1 by ,jean ,ju/e 7#aeah71 is rem>kable = ! purity ( its enri*m5ts4 #crd4 ,,h5ri ,,deux & ,,h5ri ,,quatre p]iod1 #aedg-afaj1 :5 ! build+ ( ! ,tuil]ies 0 comm5c$ 9 #aefd by ,philib]t de ,lorme 7#aejj-gh71 ! build+ ( ! ,l\vre be+ cont9u$ by ,de ,c>reau & ,dup]ac2 ! ,luxemb\rg be+ subsequ5tly built by ,de ,brosse1 #afaj4 ,?is p]iod 0 also repres5t$ by ! exquisite ,c]amics ( ,oiron or ,h5ri ,deux ,w>e1 & ! f9e geometrical int]lac+s & arabesques ( ! bookb9d+s ( ,groli]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration #d? p]iod1 #afaj-dc1 "u ,,l\is ,,treize1 :5 consid]able skill 0 %[n 9 ! c>v$ & pa9t$ %ell & scroll ornam5t1 & 9 ! bookb9d+s ( ,le ,gascon4 ,illu/ration #e?4 ,,l\is ,,quatorze p]iod1 #afdc-agae1 ( :i* ! palace ( ,v]sailles & ! ,*teau ,maison1 by ,franois ,mans>d 7#aeih-afff71 are typical examples ( ar*itecture4 ,! decorative compositions ( le ,pautre 7see annex$ illu/rations71 & ! ri*ly-decorat$ furniture1 ) m>quetry 9 tortoise-%ell & brass1 by ,&r ,b\le 7#afdb-agcb72 ! magnific5t ,gobel9s tape/ry1 s lib]ally enc\rag$ by ! ,m9i/] ,colb]t 7#affg72 & ! beautiful ,r\5 pott]y2 are *>act]i/ic ( ! indu/rial & decorative arts4 ,illu/ration #f?4 ,,l\is ,,qu9ze p]iod1 #agae-gd1 :5 ! ,rococo /yle 0 p>am\nt1 ! vitality ( ! prec$+ p]iods be+ lo/4 ,! pa/oral sc5es by ! pa9t] ,watteau 7#afhd-agba71 & ! inlaid furniture ( ,jean ,franois ,o*5 7#aged-fe71 = ,madame de ,pompad\r1 are typical ( ?is p]iod4 #g?4 ,,l\is ,,seize1 #aggd-hi4 ,! arts ( ?is p]iod are m ref9$ & res]v$ 9 l9e1 z ev9c$ 9 ! f9e m>quetry furniture ( ,ries5] & ,david ,ro5tg5 ) ! ormolu m\nt+s by ,g\?ire 7#agdj-ahaj71 = ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,! la/ p]iod1 ,,empire ,,/yle1 #ahjd-gj1 :5 purely classical =ms & ,greek enri*m5ts prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! decorative arts4 ,,engli% ,,r5asc5ce4 ,! ,engli% ,r5asc5ce p]iod began dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & 0 contempor>y ) t ( ,france "u ,francis ,i4 ,x 0 ,torrigiano1 a contempor>y ( ,mi*el ,angelo1 :o ab\t #aeai br\ght ?is new ,r5asc5ce /yle into repute by erect+ ! tomb ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 & t ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,engli% ,r5asc5ce 0 fur!r develop$ by ,hans ,holbe9 7#adih-aeed71 :o came into ?is c\ntry 9 #aebf1 foll[$ by craftsm5 f ,fl&]s1 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,?is int]m+l+ ( ,flemi%1 ,g]man & ,italian /yles ) ! traditional ,go?ic ( our own c\ntry1 di/+ui%es ,engli% ,r5asc5ce f t ( ,france & ,italy4 ,! m>k$ preval5ce ( int]lac+ /rap-"w1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,elizabe?an & ,jacobean ornam5t1 _h its orig9 9 ,flemi% s\rces4 ,illu/ration ,( ,engli% ,r5asc5ce ar*itecture1 ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 7#aefe-gd71 by ,!odore ,h>e1 ( ,cleves1 & ,longleat ,h\se 7#aefg-gi71 by ,john ,?orp1 are ! e>lie/ examples extant4 ,! ,wond]ful ,palace ( ,nonsu* 7( :i* no trace rema9s7 0 erect$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ab\t #aecj-dj1 d\btless 9 ! ,r5asc5ce /yle1 z we "k t x 0 embelli%$ ) beautifully enri*$ /ucco ornam5ts & figures by ,tolo del ,nunziato4 ,rob]t ,smi?son built ,wollaton ,h\se 9 #aehj4 ,h>dwicke ,hall & ,haddon ,hall are ( ! lat] ,elizabe?an age 7#aeib-ig74 ,typical build+s ( ! ,jacobean p]iod are ,holl& ,h\se 7#afjg71 ,hatfield 7#afaa71 ,bolsov] 7#afac71 ,audley ,end 7#afaf71 ,crewe ,hall & ,a/on ,hall 7#afbj74 ,^! are all enri*$ ) _m beautiful examples ( modell$ pla/] "w4 ,t at ,longleat & ,h>dwicke be+ execut$ by ,*>les ,williams1 & at ,audley ,end1 by ,b]n>d ,jans5 7#afae74 ,engli% /ucco-"w ( ?is p]iod (t5 consi/$ ( geometrical panell+ simil> 9 /yle to ! ,tudor fan-trac]y & ! p5d5tives ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,^! ri*ly-m\ld$ p5d5tives 7 connect$ toge!r by b&s ( pi]c$ /rap-"w decorat$ ) arabesques 9 l[ relief4 ,f #afae to #afej ! panels 7 compos$ ( purely geometrical =ms1 su* z circles1 squ>es1 loz5ges & int]lac+ quatre-foils1 enri*$ ) delicate arabesques1 ! ribs or m\ld+s frequ5tly hav+ a repeat+ patt]n impress$ 9 ! s(t pla/]4 ,! _m f9e friezes ( ?is p]iod 7 rem>kable = _! boldness ( conception & _! skilful craftsman%ip2 frequ5tly a d\ble frieze 0 us$1 ! l[] "p consi/+ ( delicate arabesques & int]lac+ /rap-"w1 :ile ! upp] "p 0 ( boldly modell$ c>t\*e & delicate arabesques4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ow+ to ,fr5* influ5ce1 ! /ucco enri*m5t usually consi/$ ( acan?us foliage & fe/oons4 ,f ,*>les ,i41 7#afbe71 to ,que5 ,anne1 7#agjb71 ! purely ,italian ,r5asc5ce prevail$2 ! ,banquet+ ,h\se at ,:itehall1 by ,inigo ,jones1 7#aegb-afeb71 be+ a f9e example ( ?is p]iod4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral 7#afge-agaj7 by ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 7#afcb-agbc7 & 8 _m beautiful *ur*es 9 ,london1 m>k a di/9ct epo* ( ,engli% ,r5asc5ce2 ! tradition be+ c>ri$-on by ,vanbrugh 7#afff-agcf7 :o built ,bl5heim ,palace & ,ca/le ,h[>d4 ,o!r ar*itects ( ?is p]iod 7 ,hawksmoor 7#afff-agbf71 ,k5t 7#afhd-aged71 ,gibbs 7#afgd-aged71 ,*amb]s 7#agbf-if71 :o built ,som]set ,h\se1 & ,rob]t ,adam 7#agbe-ib71 :o c>ri$ on ! traditional me?od ( /ucco enri*m5t1 b 9 a m rigid & =mal classic mann]4 ,8 geometrical panell+ ( hexagons1 octagons1 & ovals1 0 enri*$ ) conv5tional r5d]+s ( ! acan?us & olive leaf arrang$ 9 small units & repeat$ )\t v>iation ov] ! :ole ( ! surface4 ,^! enri*m5ts 7 ca/ 9 pla/] or compo & 7 me*anical 9 treatm5t1 lack+ ! beautiful decorative quality ( ! modell$ /ucco ( ! e>ly #ag? c5tury4 ,! ,well+ton ,monum5t 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 is di/+ui%$ f mu* ( ! mod]n "w by its /rong vitality & ar*itectonic treatm5t ( ! composition1 & ! beauty & s+ul> grace ( its detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mahometan ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #bj4 ,,mahometan ,,moresque4 ,( m$ival hi/ory z associat$ ) ! decorative arts1 ! rise & developm5t ( ! ,arabs is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,! wide appreciation & lib]al patronage ( ! arts by ! ,khalifs2 ! influ5ce ( its religion & precepts ^u contempor>y & lat] p]iods ( art2 ! di/9ct individuality & geometrical arrangem5t ( its ornam5tation2 all _h a mo/ m>k$ effect ^u tradition & craftsman%ip4 ,! hi/ory comm5ces ) ,mohamm$1 ,a4,d4 #egj-fcb1 :o f\nd$ & consolidat$ ! empire1 ( :i*1 "u ,om>1 ,a4,d4 #fce1 ,damascus became ! capital2 9 ,a4,d4 #fch ,kufa & ,bassora 7 f\nd$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fda ,egypt 0 conqu]$ & ! ,mahometan capital1 ,fu/t1 f\nd$4 ,p]sia 0 conqu]$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdb1 ,spa9 invad$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 ,bagdad 9 ,p]sia became ! capital ( ! ,arabian ,khalifs 9 ,a4,d4 #gfb1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #hbg ,sicily 0 conqu]$2 b x 0 n until ! dyna/y ( ,ibu-,tln1 ,a4,d4 #hfh-iad1 t ! hi/ory ( ,cair5e art beg9s1 ( :i* ! mosque ( ,ibu-,tln 9 ,fu/t1 or old ,cairo1 is ! e>lie/ example4 ,"u ! ,fatimy dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #hfg-aaga1 ,cairo 0 f\nd$1 & ! arts1 receiv+ fur!r enc\ragem5t1 7 n[ introduc$ into ,sicily & ,europe4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #iig ! ,mahometan invasion ( ,india took place4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gif-ife ! mosque ( ,cordova 0 built1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #abcf ! k+dom ( ,granada 0 f\nd$ & ! ,alhambra 0 built by ,mohamm$ b5 ,alham>1 ,a4,d4 #abdh1 & ,mahometan art1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ar*itectural decorations1 arms & arm\r1 woodwork1 ivory1 textile fabrics1 & illum9at$ books1 rea*$ its culm9ation "u ! ,mamlk dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #abej-aeaf4 ,?us ! ,arabs1 f a rov+ tribe1 became1 by religi\s zeal & conque/s1 ! mo/ p[]ful & weal?ie/ nation ( m$ival times1 assimilat+ & influ5c+ ! cu/oms & ! arts ( ! diff]5t nations & prov9ces4 ,! t]m ,,mahometan ,,art includes ,,arabian1 ,,moresque1 ,,p]sian1 ,,indian1 & ,,sicilian1 all hav+ ! same *>act]i/ics yet di/+ui%$ by ! racial influ5ce & cu/om4 ,! ,arabian is m>k$ by its fl[+1 int]lac+1 & symmetrical l9es1 geometrical arrangem5t 7d\btless d]iv$ f ,byzant9e s\rces71 & its preval5ce ( inscriptions or texts f ! ,koran4 ,9 ,spa9 a m complex geometrical arrangem5t is f\nd1 int]m+l$ ) a fl[+ foliage or arabesque ( a purely conv5tional type4 ,?is /yle is noticeable = its entire abs5ce ( any natural =ms & its abundant use ( inscriptions1 & glaz$ & enamell$ tiles1 di/9ctly influ5c$ ( ,p]sian tradition ?\gh purely geometric & =mal4 ,^! tiles cov] ! l[] "p ( ! wall1 ! upp] portion1 z also ! ceil+ be+ decorat$ ) arabesques ( modell$ pla/] 9 flat relief1 ( two or m planes1 enri*$ ) r$1 blue1 :ite & gold2 ?is is typical ( ! ,moresque /yle4 ,! ,sicilian "w is rem>kable = its beautiful fabrics ( silk & ! preval5ce 9 its ornam5t ( birds1 animals1 & h]aldic =ms1 %[+ ! cont9uity ( ! traditions ( ,p]sia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #ba4 ,,p]sian ,,ornam5t4 ,! e>ly art ( ,p]sia 0 simil> to t ( ,assyria & ,babylon1 hav+ ! same =ms1 mat]ials1 & traditions4 ,) ! accession ( ! ,sassanides 7,a4,d4 #bbc7 came ! introduction ( ! elliptical dome1 s typical ( ea/]n ar*itecture4 ,?is dome re/$ on p5d5tives :i* occupi$ ! angles ( ! squ>e base4 ,^! p5d5tives & ! elliptical dome are di/9ctive features 9 ,mahometan ar*itecture4 ,! indu/rial arts ( ,p]sia 7 l>gely influ5c$ by ! traditional arts ( ,assyria & ,*aldea2 ?is tradition 0 c>ri$ on ) r>e skill & selective p[] by ! ,p]sians1 culm9at+ 9 ! spl5did p]iod ( ,%ah ,abbas ,a4,d4 #aehf to #afbe4 ,! vitality1 beauty1 & int]e/ ( detail1 comb9$ ) p]fect decorative adaptation to mat]ial1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! textiles1 pott]y1 metal "w1 & illum9at$ manuscripts ( ! #ae?1 #af?1 & #ag? c5turies4 ,! ,mahometan conque/ ( ,p]sia1 ,a4,d4 #fcb to #fcg1 by ,abu ,bekr1 ! successor ( ,mohamm$1 l>gely influ5c$ ! developm5t ( ! arts ( ! ,p]sians1 :o adopt$ ! cu/oms & habits ( contempor>y races1 yet pres]v$ all ! *>act]i/ics ( _! art2 & !re is no d\bt t ! art ( ! ,arabs 0 f\nd$ ^u ! traditional arts ( ,p]sia4 ,illu/ration ,p]sian decoration is *>act]is$ by a f9e feel+ = =m & col\r1 & = ! s+ul>ly frank r5d]+s ( natural plants1 su* z ! p9k1 hyac9?1 tulip1 rose1 iris1 & ! p9e & date4 ,^! are us$ ) p]fect s9c]ity & frankness1 & are ess5tially decorative 9 treatm5t1 comb9+ h>mony ( composition ( mass1 beauty ( =m1 & purity ( col\r4 ,x 0 d\btless ow+ to ^! qualities1 toge!r ) ! p]fect adaptation ( ornam5t to mat]ial1 t ! ,p]sian /yle s l>gely influ5c$ contempor>y "w1 & especially ! ,european textile fabrics ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,! illu/rations giv5 are ( "s famili> types ( ,p]sian adaptations ( natural fl[]s1 d\btless *os5 = _! significance1 beauty ( gr[? & =m1 & appropriat5ess ( decorative treatm5t4 ,purely ,arabian =ms1 z giv5 9 plate #ba1 are frequ5tly associat$ ) ! ,p]sian floral treatm5t1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,arti/s ( ,damascus4 ,_m f9e examples ( lu/r$ wall tiles1 dat+ f ! #aj? & #aa? c5turies1 are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ( :i* ! blue1 br[n1 & turquoise col\r+ is ( a spl5did quality4 ,!y (t5 h ,arabic inscriptions int]sp]s$ ) ! floral enri*m5ts4 ,examples ( wall tiles ( ! #h? c5tury h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,rhages4 ,^! lu/r$ tiles are a rem>kable in/ance ( tradition or h]$it>y proclivity4 ,?is art1 beg9n+ ) ! enamell$ bricks ( ,babylon1 & ! lat] frieze ( ,susa1 page #af1 ) its brilliant enamel & f9e col\r1 0 cont9u$ by ! ,p]sians1 &1 pass+ to ! ,arabs1 ! tradition 0 c>ri$ to ,cairo1 ,spa9 & ,majorca2 !nce into ,italy1 :]e enamell$ lu/r$ w>e 0 made1 diff]+ f ! orig9al ,p]sian by its frequ5t abs5ce ( utility1 :i* 0 fundam5tal to ! art ( ! ,p]sians4 ,mahometan ornam5t has f\r broad divisions1 viz43 ,arabian1 ,moresque1 ,indian1 & ,p]sian2 & !y are *>act]is$ by /rongly-m>k$ comp>tm5ts or fields :i* are fill$ ) f9] & m delicate enri*m5ts4 ,^! comp>tm5ts are mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! ,moresque ) its complex geometric int]lac+ & entire abs5ce ( natural =ms 7figs4 #d1 #f1 #g1 & #h1 page #fb74 ,! ,arabian /yle is some:at simil>1 b less =mal4 ,! ,indian has a conv5tional r5d]+ ( plants1 & ! introduction ( ! lion1 tig]1 & ! elephant 7fig4 #b1 plate #bc72 :ile 9 ! ,p]sian "w !re is a /ill less =mal con/ructive arrangem5t1 ) floral =ms cle>ly def9$ 9 l9e & mass1 & ! introduction ( ! human figure ) ! horse1 ! lion1 ! tig] & birds4 ,note ! illu/ration 9 ,textiles :i* is tak5 f a f9e c>pet 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,9 ?is c>pet1 animal =ms1 *os5 ) r>e selective p[] & judgm5t1 are comb9$ ) ! typical floral enri*m5t ( ,p]sia1 ) ! weal? ( col\r1 admirable spac+ ( detail & mass1 beauty ( incid5t & vig\r1 & appropriat5ess ( treatm5t4 ,^! are features t di/+ui% ! indu/rial designs ( ,p]sia1 & x is d\btless due to ! int]e/ & vitality ( _! ornam5t t we owe ! rem>kable influ5ce ( ,p]sian art ^u ! contempor>y & latt] craftsman%ip ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #bc4 ,,indian ,,ornam5t4 ,! civilization ( ,india dates f ! remote pa/1 b ! olde/ rema9s ( its art & ar*itecture are connect$ ) ! ,buddhi/ religion1 introduc$ by ! prophet ,sakya ,muni1 ,b4,c4 #fch4 ,?is influ5c$ ! arts ( ,india till ,a4,d4 #bej1 :5 ! ,ja9a /yle 0 adopt$4 ,! examples ( ,buddhi/ ar*itecture consi/ ( ,topes 7:i* 7 sacr$ or monum5tal temples1 ei!r deta*$ or rock-cut71 & mona/]ies4 ,! rock-cut temples usually consi/ ( a nave & aisles1 & a semi-circul> recess conta9+ a /atue ( ! seat$ ,buddha4 ,! hall has squ>e or octagonal columns1 ) bracket capitals 7fig4 #a74 ,! f9e/ examples ( ^! temples are ^? at ,ajanta1 :i* are ri*ly-decorat$ 9 col\r ) incid5ts ( ,h9doo my?ology4 ,! f9e temples at ,ellora1 :i* are cut entirely out f ! rock1 are ( ! ,ja9a p]iod1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,! pagodas at ,*$omb>am are ( ! ,brahm9 p]iod1 z is also ! great hall ( #a1jjj pill>s1 :i* is #aijcdj feet1 conta9+ ! sacr$ image ( ! god ,siva4 ,alex&] ! ,great conqu]$ ,india ,b4,c4 #cbg1 & d\btless left ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sian tradition 9 ,india4 ,?is influ5ce 0 /ill fur!r develop$ by ! comm]cial int]c\rse ( ,p]sia & ,india1 & by ! ,arabian invasion ( ,india 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 :5 a ,mahometan dyna/y 0 e/abli%$1 #gaa to #aaeb4 ,?is l>gely controll$ & influ5c$ ! arts "u ! ,mogul dyna/y1 #aebe-ahcg1 :5 ! decorative arts & ! manufacture ( ! beautiful wov5 brocades & silks 7 fully develop$4 ,! spl5did c>pets & rugs1 pr9t$ cottons1 metal "w1 & f9e enamels ( ?is dyna/y be> a rem>kable tribute to ! vitality1 orig9ality ( ideas1 & ! practical utility ( ! indu/rial arts ( ,india4 ,indian ornam5t has ! typical ,mahometan division ( spaces1 b is m fl[+ & graceful ?an ! pure ,arabian /yle4 ,^! divisions are fill$ ) f9e conv5tional floral =ms1 z ! lotus1 ! date or hom1 ! iris1 ! rosette & ! p9e4 ,?is p9e is treat$ occasionally z a s+le fl[]1 b m frequ5tly z a clu/] ( fl[]s1 :i* /ill reta9s ! di/9ctive =m ( ! p9e 7figs4 #b1 #d & #f74 ,typical also ( ?is p]iod is ! judici\s treatm5t ( ! elephant1 lion1 tig]1 peacock1 & ! human figure1 z accessories 9 ! decorative arts ( ,india4 ,!y 7 appli$ ) r>e k & skill1 comb9$ ) an arti/ic p]ception ( appli$ art1 %[+ a v /rong aff9ity ) contempor>y ,p]sian ornam5t4 ,indian ornam5t has a m conv5tional r5d]+ ( natural =ms1 ?an ! frank treatm5t ( ,p]sian ornam5t4 ,block pr9t+ ^u silk & cotton fabrics rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! inv5tiv5ess & significance ( detail2 ! *>m ( composition ( l9e & mass1 & ! beautiful col\r ( ^! pr9t$ fabrics are a reflex ( ! decorative feel+ = beauty by ! p ( ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,japanese ,,ornam5t4 ,plate #bd4 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,japanese ,,ornam5t4 ,! e>ly bronzes1 enamels1 porcela9 & textile fabrics ( ,*9a are indicative ( ! p]fection & luxuriance ( ! decorative arts ( t anci5t ,empire4 ,?is p]fection is %[n by a ,spl5did te*nic & a f9e appreciation ( col\r & ornam5tation1 diff]5tiat$ f ! we/]n nations by my?s1 traditions1 & ! rem>kable p]si/5cy ( a few typical =ms ?r\gh _m c5turies1 d\btless ow+ to ! pr(\nd ance/ral wor%ip & v5]ation = ! pa/4 ,! ,dragon 0 repres5t$ "u _m aspects1 frequ5tly =m+ vigor\s l9es ( composition 7fig4 #c1 #d74 ,! beautiful flora ( ! c\ntry l>gely influ5c$ ,*9ese art4 ,! peony & *rysan!mum 7frequ5tly highly conv5tionaliz$71 are typical examples1 =m+ ! elem5ts ( decorative design4 ,geometric =ms1 su* z ! hexagon1 octagon1 & ! circle1 enri*$ ) fl[]s or ! fret1 are l>gely us$4 ,! _m spl5did examples ( bells1 gongs1 & inc5se-burn]s 9 bronze & iron3--! c>v+s 9 wood1 ivory1 & jade3--! beautiful wov5 silks & embroid]$ fabrics1 & ! ri*ness & purity ( _! porcela91 all te/ify to ! v]satility & vitality ( ! ,*9ese decorative arts 9 ! pa/4 ,_! ar*itecture 0 usually ( wood1 di/+ui%$ by complexity & qua9tness ( =m r ?an beauty ( proportion & detail1 b _! pagodas or temples 7 ( brick encas$ ) glaz$ tiles1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! erections be+ ! ,nank9 ,pagoda ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #adab-ca71 ) its imp]ial yell[ tiles4 ,! arts ( ,japan1 ?\gh d\btless ow+ _! orig9 to ,*9a1 are diff]5tiat$ by a ke5] obs]vation ( nature & a m lit]al treatm5t ( l&scape1 bird & animal life1 & ! beautiful flora ( ! c\ntry--! 8kiki0 or *rysan!mum1 ! 8botan0 or peony1 ! 8kosai0 or iris1 ! 8yuri0 or lily1 ! 8kiri0 or paulaw9a imp]ialis 7some:at resembl+ our horse *e/nut71 ! 8ume0 or plum1 ! 8matsi0 or fir1 & ! 8taki0 or bamboo1--likewise ! peacock1 ! crane1 ! duck1 ! pheasant & _m small] beautiful birds1 toge!r ) reptiles1 insects1 & fi%es2 all are elem5ts 9 ! decorative arts1 be+ r5d]$ ) rem>kable fidelity & delicacy ( t\*1 unit$ ) a f9e feel+ = composition ( l9e4 ,x is ?is lit]al treatm5t ( natural types1 ! m>vell\s te*nic & especially ! significance ( ! =ms *os5 t con/itutes ! *>m ( ! e>li] ,japanese art4 ,x is s+ul> t ! mat]ials us$ by ! ,japanese %\ld be ( little intr9sic value4 ,hav+ no jewell]y1 !y use little ( ! preci\s metals2 iron1 bronze1 enamels1 wood & lac1 be+ ! *ief mat]ials utilis$ 9 ! decorative arts ( ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ivories4 ,plate #be4 ,,ivory1 d\btless ow+ to its beautiful texture1 col\r & adaptability = delicate c>v+1 has be5 9 use f a remote p]iod4 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,india h ea* contribut$ _m beautiful examples ( f9e craftsman%ip1 indicative ( ! arti/ic culture ( ! c5turies prec$+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,( ,solomon we read 9 ,i ,k+s1 #ah1 x3 8,moreov] ! k+ made a great ?rone ( ivory & ov]laid x ) ! be/ gold40 ,?is traditional use ( ivory 0 mo/ probably d]iv$ f ,egypt1 ! s\rce ( s _m ( ! decorative arts4 ,9 ! ,p]iclean age ( ,greece1 ivory 0 us$ = ! figure ( ,a!ne ,p>!nos by ,pheidias1 plac$ inside ! ,p>!non4 ,?is /atue ( ! /&+ goddess1 #dj feet high1 0 ( gold & ivory 7call$ *ryselephant9e sculpture71 ! drap]y be+ ( beat5 gold & ! expos$ p>ts ( ! figure ( c>efully-fitt$ pieces ( ivory4 ,a seat$ *ryselephant9e figure ( ,jupit]1 ab\t #eh feet high1 9 ! temple ( ,olympia1 0 also by ,pheidias4 ,pausanias ! ,roman travell] enum]ates "s t5 *ryselephant9e /atues :i* he saw 9 8 travels1 ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,! ,roman p]iod is not$ = ! _m beautiful ,consul> dipty*s1 :i* may n[ be se5 9 our national museums4 ,!y consi/ ( two ivory leaves usually #ab by #e in*es1 ! inside hav+ a slightly sunk plane cov]$ ) wax = writ+ ^u1 ! outside be+ enri*$ ) delicate c>v$ reliefs 7figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i74 ,^! dipty*s 7 giv5 by new consuls on _! appo9tm5t1 to _! fri5ds & (fic]s ( ! /ate4 ,! consul is usually repres5t$ seat$ on ! cu%ion$ curule *air1 or *air ( /ate1 & 8 "n is g5]ally writt5 across ! top ( "o leaf4 ,! ,byzant9es enri*$ ! cov]s ( _! manuscripts ) ivory1 ( :i* an illu/ration is giv5 9 fig4 #f2 ! ivory ?rone ( ,maximian1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na1 ,a4,d4 #edf-eef1 is also ( ?is p]iod4 ,a beautiful treatm5t ( ivory 0 us$ 9 ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies by ! ,s>ac5s ( ,egypt2 !y frequ5tly work$ a f9e geometric inlay ( ivory ^u ebony2 9 o!r examples ivory panels 7 p5tagonal1 hexagonal1 or />-%ap$1 & c>v$ ) delicate arabesques1 ! fram+ ( ! panels be+ ( c$> or ebony4 ,9 ,india ivory c>v+ rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection1 especially 9 ! _m ivory combs1 ) pi]c$ & relief "w repres5t+ ! figure ( ,buddha surr\nd$ ) foliage & ri*ly cap>ison$ elephants4 ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod1 #h? to #aj? c5turies1 ivory 0 l>gely us$ = c(f]s or small *e/s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,go?ic p]iod 9 ,italy & ,france1 ivory crucifixes1 pa/oral /affs1 crozi]s1 /atuettes & tripty*s 7 made 9 l>ge numb]s2 & ! ivory combs & mirror cases ( ! ,r5asc5ce p]iod h f9e reliefs ( leg5d>y or allegorical subjects4 ,( pictorial ivories ! mod]n ,japanese craftsm5 %[ ! highe/ te*nical skill1 comb9$ ) a ke5 p]ception ( nature & movem5t1 yet _! ivories lack ! beauty & dignity ( composition & ! decorative treatm5t ( ! e>ly & ,m$ival ivories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mosaics4 ,plate #bf4 ,,mosaics4 ,! durability1 range ( col\r1 & appropriat5ess ( mat]ial & treatm5t to ar*itectural conditions1 has plac$ ! art ( ,mosaic z ! *ief decorative enri*m5t ( ar*itecture4 ,its antiquity is unque/ionable1 = 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 i1 #f1 we read 8( a pavem5t ( r$1 & blue1 & :ite1 & black m>ble40 ,mosaic is ! art ( =m+ patt]ns by means ( pieces ( v>i\sly-col\r$ mat]ials1 fitt$ toge!r1 & is broadly divid$ into ?ree classes3 7#a7 ,,opus ,,tesselatum1 or clay mosaic2 7#b7 ,,opus ,,li?o/ratum1 or /one mosaic2 7#c7 ,,opus ,,mis]um1 or glass mosaic4 ,^! divisions are aga9 sub-divid$ into3 7#a7 ,opus ,figl9um1 or c]amic mosaic1 =m$ ( a vitre\s composition & col\r$ ) metallic oxides2 7#b7 ,opus ,sign9um1 small pieces ( tile2 7#c7 ,opus ,v]miculatum1 sub-divid$ into 7a7 ,majus1 black & :ite m>ble1 7b7 ,m$ium1 9 :i* all mat]ials & col\rs 7 us$1 & 7c7 ,m9us1 ( m9ute tess]1 pr9cipally us$ = furniture inlay2 7#d7 ,opus ,sculpturatum1 slabs ( m>ble holl[$ out & fill$ 9 ) grey or black m>ble2 7#e7 ,opus ,alex&r9um1 inlay ( porphyry & s]p5t9e2 & 7#f7 ,opus ,sectile1 =m$ ( diff]5t lam9 or slices ( m>ble ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,x 0 9 ,rome t ! art ( ,mosaic 0 br\ght to its greate/ p]fection1 dur+ ! #a/ & #bnd c5turies1 ,a4,d41 & _m spl5did examples ( ?is p]iod are n[ 9 ! museums ( ! ,vatican & at ,naples4 ,! f9e/ example came f ! ,h\se ( ! ,faun1 ,pompeii1 & repres5ts ! battle ( ,issus1 betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius4 ,?is mosaic1 ( ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c41 is probably a copy ( a ,greek pa9t+4 ,_m f9e ,roman mosaics h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& at ,cir5ce/]1 ,london1 ,l9coln 7fig4 #f71 ,leice/]1 & at ,brad+ 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,! tradition 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,italy at ,rav5na & ,v5ice1 :]e ! ,opus ,mis]um rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,( ! ,rav5na mosaics1 ^? ( ! ,bapti/]y1 ,a4,d4 #dej1 & ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e are typical examples ( ! e>li] ,byzant9e mosaics1 hav+ d>k gre5 & gold back-gr\nds ) tess] ab\t #c_/h in* squ>e4 ,! beautiful frieze ( male & female sa9ts 9 ,s4 ,apoll9>e ext5ds along bo? sides ( ! nave1 & is #aj feet high4 ,! vault+ & domes ( ,/4 ,m>k are entirely cov]$ ) ! *>act]i/ic #aa? c5tury ,byzant9e gold gr\nd mosaic1 =m$ by fus+ two pieces ( glass toge!r ) gold leaf betwe54 ,at ,santa ,sophia1 ,con/ant9ople1 o!r f9e mosaics exi/ ( ! #f? & #g? c5turies4 ,9 ,italy "u ! ,cosmati 7a family ( mosaici/s ( ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies71 f9e geometrical inlaid mosaics 7 us$ = ! enri*m5t ( m>ble tombs & alt>s2 "s good examples ( ?is /yle are 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey on ! tomb ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7f9i%$ "u ,h5ry ,,iii1 ,a4,d4 #abgj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,c]amics4 ,plate #bg4 ,,greek ,,c]amics4 ,x is difficult 9 ! #ai? c5tury to realise ! importance ( vases 9 anci5t life4 ,to ! ,greeks a vase 0 a receptacle = food1 liquid1 or /orage1 & = ! adornm5t ( ! home4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! daily life ( ! liv+ & buri$ ) ! dead4 ,mo/ ( ! f9] ,greek vases h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruscan tombs1 b ( ,greek workman%ip1 import$ f ,greece or ,grecian ,colonies4 ,"s black unglaz$ ,etruscan vases h be5 f\nd1 b pa9t$ vases ( ,etruscan orig9 are r>e4 ,e>ly ,greek pott]y1 dat+ probably f ! #aj? c5tury ,b4,c41 has be5 f\nd 9 ,greece1 ! ,colonies ( ,rhodes1 ,cyr5e 9 ,africa1 & ,naucratis 9 ! delta ( ,egypt--^!1 %[+ an hi/oric developm5t1 are arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ea* ) its di/9ctive *>act]i/ic3--7#a/7 ,primitive vases1 simple 9 %ape1 h&les small or abs5t1 decorations 9 simple l9e1 punctur$ or incis$1 or 9 rais$ slip4 7#bnd7 ,,myc5 or ,,colonial 7,b4,c4 #ijj-gjj7 vases1 (t5 cov]$ ) a creamy slip2 ! designs pa9t$ 9 br[n & black1 be+ d]iv$ f geometric patt]ns ) m>9e & animal =ms4 7#crd7 ,,dipylon or ,,geometric 7,b4,c4 #gjj71 ) fret patt]n enri*m5t1 & panels ) rude figures ( m5 & animals 9 black & br[n4 7#d?7 ,,phal]on ,,w>e 7,b4,c4 #gjj-eej71 ) cont9u\s b&s ( animals1 probably d]iv$ f ,phnicia or ,assyria 7fig4 #d74 ,among ! animals depict$1 are plac$ portions ( ! fret patt]n1 a survival ( ! previ\s /yle4 ,! details are incis$ ?r\gh ! black or br[n figure1 %[+ ! col\r ( ! clay body4 ,a developm5t ( ?is ,phal]on ,w>e 0 ! introduction ( ! rosette1 tak+ ! place ( ! fret patt]n1 betwe5 ! figures or ! animals4 7#e?7 ,,black ,,figure ,,p]iod 7,b4,c4 #fjj-dhj71 vases1 f9e 9 pr(ile1 & ) good h&les1 ! body ( ! vase1 9 r$ w>e1 be+ pa9t$ ) subjects ( ,grecian my?ology 9 black1 & ! details incis$2 ! faces1 arms1 & legs ( ! female figures aft]w>ds pa9t$ 9 :ite or r$ slip1 & fir$ at a l[] heat4 ,! ,,amphora 7fig4 #e7 0 ! *ief =m ( ?is black figure p]iod1 "s f9e examples are sign$ by ,exekias & ,amasis4 7#f?7 ! ,transitional p]iod 7,b4,c4 #ejj-dgj71 :5 ! black silh\ette figures on a r$ gr\nd gave way to ! ,,r$ ,,figure ,,p]iod on a black gr\nd4 ,arti/s ( ?is /yle 7 ,epiktetos1 ,pamphios1 ,nico/h5es1 & ,py?os4 ,_m ( ! vases by ,nico/h5es resemble contempor>y metal "w 9 _! %ape & h&les4 ,! #g? gr\p 7,b4,c4 #dgj-ccf71 also r$ figures on ! black gr\nd1 0 ! p]iod :5 ,greek fictiles rea*$ _! highe/ p]fection1 ! *ief =m employ$ be+ ! ,,kylix4 ,a f9e s]ies ( ^! ,kylikes1 sign$ by ,ca*rylion1 ,euphronios1 ,duris1 ,pe!nos1 & ,hi]on1 are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a vase produc$ specially = fun]al purposes 0 ! ,,a!nian ,,leky?os1 ! body ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) :ite slip1 !n pa9t$ 9 poly*rome ) subjects ( s+ul> appropriat5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c]amics4 ,plate #bh4 ,,c]amic ,,art4 ,! antiquity ( ,c]amic ,art & its sci5tific & arti/ic qualities1 r5d] ?is subject "o ( consid]able int]e/ to art /ud5ts4 ,! pla/icity ( clay & its h>d5+ qualities "u ! influ5ce ( int5se heat1 its adaptability to ! mo/ ref9$ & appropriate =ms1 its aff9ity = ! beautiful glazes & enamels s (t5 associat$ ) pott]y1 & its spl5did traditions ( craftsman%ip1 ( col\r1 =m & decorations1 s beautiful & v>i$ 9 "*1--all comb9e to inve/ ! subject ) a *>m or fasc9ation ( its own4 ,intr9sically valueless 9 its natural /ate1 x is capable ( be+ r5d]$ almo/ priceless by sci5tific workman%ip & arti/ic skill4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is mat]ial1 & ( its easy adaptation to ! mo/ ref9$ & intricate1 z well z ! simple/ ( =ms1 af=ds invaluable lessons = pres5t day arti/ic /ud5ts4 ,pott]y clay may be classifi$ "u ?ree divisions or head+s3 7#a7 ,,e>!nw>e4 7#b7 ,,/onew>e4 7#c7 ,,porcela94 ,"u ! fir/ are gr\p$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( ,c]amic ,w>es4 ,! pott]y ( ,egypt1 ! fai5ce ( ,assyria & ,p]sia1 ! ,greek & ,etruscan vases1 ! fam\s r$ w>e f ! ,isle ( ,samoa1 & its c\nt]p>t ! ,roman ,samian w>e1 ! beautiful maiolica ( ,spa9 & ,italy1 ! pott]y ( ,r\51 ,/4 ,por*aire1 ,delft1 & mo/ ( our ,engli% pott]y are e>!nw>es2 ! pa/e or body consi/s ( natural clays select$ = _! pla/icity1 _! h>d5+ qualities1 _! fusibility or _! col\r1 & :5 burnt h a por\s opaque body1 usually dull 9 col\r4 ,?is dulness 0 usually ov]come by coat+ ! w>e ) a slip ( f9e :ite clay1 :i*1 :il/ n possess+ inh]5t qualities to =m pott]y by itself1 w\ld adh]e to ! co>s] col\r$ body ( ! e>!nw>e1 !reby =m+ a smoo? :ite gr\nd4 ,! e>ly ,greek vases ( ,nancrates1 ! lat] ,leky?os ( ! ,greeks1 ! fai5ce ( ,p]sia1 ! ,mezza ,maiolica & ! ,sgraffito ( ! e>ly ,italian ,r5asc5ce1 & our ,engli% slip w>e are examples ( ?is me?od ( giv+ a smoo? :ite surface to co>se col\r$ e>!nw>e4 ,a simil> result to ! slip cov]+ 0 also produc$ by ! use ( a silici\s glaze1 r5d]$ :ite & opaque by ! addition ( oxide ( t94 ,e>ly ,assyrian fai5ce1 ,della ,robbia w>e1 ! ,maiolica ( ,spa9 & ,italy1 & ! w>es ( ,delft & ,r\5 are e>!nw>es coat$ ) a t9 enamel4 ,! silici\s glaze "h ref]r$ to is prep>$ by fus+ silici\s mat]ials ) soda or pota%1 & is kn[n z ,vitre\s1 or glass glaze4 ,plumbe\s1 or lead glaze1 is produc$ by ! addition ( oxide ( lead to ! silici\s glaze1 r5d]+ x m fusible1 & /ill transp>5t4 ,a :ite opaque enamel =m$ by us+ oxide ( t9 ) ! vitre\s glaze1 is t]m$ ,/annif]\s1 or t9 enamel4 ,^! diff]5t processes ( cov]+ ! por\s body ( ! e>!nw>e l>gely influ5c$ ! decorations & s*eme ( col\r+4 ,! beautiful fai5ce ( ,damascus & ,rhodes is cov]$ ) ! silici\s slip or glaze1 ! col\rs be+ ri* blues1 produc$ by cobalt1 turquoise & gre51 by cobalt & copp]1 & purple by ! use ( manganese2 & !n cov]$ ) an ,alkal9e glaze4 ,9 ! ,rhodian ,w>e ! same s*eme ( col\r prevails1 except t ! purple is replac$ by a f9e opaque r$ ( great body1 call$ ,rhodian r$1 produc$ f ,arm5ian bole4 ,on ! ,italian ,maiolica1 ) its t9 enamel & plumbe\s glaze1 !re are f9e blue1 turquoise & gre51 b r$ is v poor 9 col\r1 & is g5]ally replac$ by ri* yell[ f antimony1 & orange f iron4 ,?is :ite t9 enamel 0 und\bt$ly introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,moors1 z "s tiles 9 ! ,alhambra date f #abgc-acjb4 ,a l>ge numb] ( b[ls & di%es1 call$ ,samian ,w>e1 ( ,roman importation1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,! pa/e is usually ( a f9e seal+ wax r$1 ) a good glaze4 ,^! b[ls are enri*$ ) a s]ies ( horizontal b&s1 conta9+ ! fe/oon1 ! scroll1 birds1 animals1 & figures4 ,! b&s or friezes are (t5 divid$ by ! traditional egg & tongue m\ld+ 7fig4 #a74 ,clay m\lds1 impress$ ) /amps1 7 made & !n fir$4 ,! r$ pa/e hav+ be5 press$ into ! m\ld1 ! int]ior 0 smoo?ly turn$ 9 ! la!4 ,a m\ld ( ?is "* 0 f\nd at ,york 9 #ahgd1 s x is possible t "s ( ?is w>e 0 made 9 ,engl&1 by ,roman pott]s4 ,roman pott]y has also be5 f\nd at ,ca/or1 ne> ,pet]bor\gh1 d\btless made at ! =m] place1 kilns = fir+ hav+ be5 f\nd on ! same site4 ,?is ,ca/or w>e is usually br[n1 ) a black glaze1 be+ ornam5t$ ) ind5t$ tool m>ks1 & rais$ slip patt]ns ( pipe clay 7fig4 #c74 ,_m ,roman di%es & vases ( a d>k grey col\r1 ornam5t$ ) incis$ l9es & rais$ bosses ( clay1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,up*ur* ,m>%es 9 ,k5t4 ,little arti/ic pott]y ( ! m$ival p]iod h[ev] is kn[n to exi/4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ac? c5tury beautiful encau/ic tiles 7 made = ! great mona/]ies1 abbeys & ca!drals4 ,ab\t #aejj1 ! production ( tiles 0 introduc$ into ,holl&1 quantities ( small blue & :ite ones decorat$ ) scriptural subjects1 be+ made at ,delft1 & !nce export$ to ,engl& = ! l9+ ( fire places1 c4 ,"s f9e pa9t$ tiles or 8,azulejos0 7 made at ,val5cia ab\t ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury1 ! porcela9 ( ,*9a 0 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,dut* & ,portuguese trad]s1 & mu* ( ! ,delft & ,r\5 w>e subsequ5tly produc$1 0 9 imitation ( ?is ori5tal porcela94 8,delft0 w>e :i* takes its "n f ! small t[n ( t "n 9 ,holl&1 dat+ f #aejj ,a4,d41 is a c]amic coat$ ) /annif]\s enamel1 decorat$ ) a full & liquid bru% ^u ! absorb5t enamel gr\nd1 & !n glaz$ ) a plumbe\s glaze4 ,"s ( ?is ,delft w>e is v f9e 9 quality1 ! cobalt blues "u ! glaze be+ rem>kably s(t & ri* 9 col\r4 ,e>ly examples 7 decorat$ ) hi/orical subjects1 (t5 conta9+ num]\s figures1 ! middle p]iod be+ notable = its imitation ( ,*9ese porcela91 & ! application ( col\r$ enamels on col\r$ gr\nds4 ,va/ quantities ( ?is k9d ( w>e 7 manufactur$ up to #agfj & export$ to all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! production ( ,delft w>e 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& at ,lambe? by "s ,dut* pott]s 9 #afgf1 be+ subsequ5tly ext5d$ to ,fulham1 ,bri/ol & ,liv]pool4 ,! use ( /annif]\s enamel 0 introduc$ into ,france by ,girolamo della ,robbia1 son ( ,&rea della ,robbia1 dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i41 #aeaf1 & enamell$ w>e simil> to ! lat] productions ( ,urb9o 0 made at ,nev]s1 :]e also 0 produc$ a f9e w>e decorat$ ) ,p]sian ,motifs 9 yell[ & blue4 ,at ,r\51 also1 a f9e e>!nw>e cov]$ ) t9 enamel 0 manufactur$1 ! decorations consi/+ ( ! lambrequ9s or scallop patt]n1 symmetrical 9 arrangem5t1 & conv]g+ to ! c5tre ( ! plate or di%4 ,! ornam5t 0 bas$ ^u ,*9ese examples1 influ5c$ by ! contempor>y wov5 fabrics ( ,france4 ,! decorations 7 usually 9 blue & ) ov]glaze pa9t+1 i4e41 aft] ! :ite enamel 0 fir$1 f9] & m delicate detail be+ obta9$ by ?is process1 b at ! co/ ( ! purity & liquid s(tness ( col\r :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,delft & ,ori5tal und]glaze pa9t+4 ,9 ,r\5 w>e1 ! gr\nd is g5]ally :ite1 b "s f9e examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton h a s(t yell[ gr\nd1 a ri* ,indian yell[ be+ sometimes introduc$ ) ! blue decoration4 ,x 0 "u ! directions ( ,l\is ,pot]at1 #afgc1 t ?is mo/ beautiful fai5ce 0 p]fect$4 ,b]n>d ,palissy1 #aeaj-ij1 by repeat$ exp]im5ts discov]$ ! /annif]\s or t9 enamel4 ,8 fir/ productions 7 ,jasp] w>e1 w>m & brilliant 9 col\r & ri*ly enamell$4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 ru/ic di%es elaborately decorat$ ) c>efully modell$ fi%es1 reptiles1 & plants or natural foliage1 cov]$ ) an enamel ( great brilliancy & purity1 7 ! *ief productions4 ,! lat] pott]y ( ,palissy consi/$ ( salt cell>s1 ink/&s1 ew]s1 c41 ! elaborate figure decorations ( :i* 7 probably execut$ by "s contempor>y arti/4 ,h5ri-,deux or ,/4 ,por*>ds w>e1 n[ m prop]ly describ$ z ,oiron w>e1 orig9at$ at ,/4 ,por*>d 9 #aebd1 p]haps by ! h&1 c]ta9ly "u ! patronage ( ,hlne de ,hange/1 wid[ ( ,a4 ,g\ffi]1 a =m] ,gov]nor "u ,francis ,i4 ,?is ,oiron w>e1 ( a pale /raw col\r1 is enri*$ ) inlays ( yell[1 blue1 gre51 & br[n col\r$ pa/es1 ! int]lac+ & arabesque ornam5tation c>ri$ out "u ! direction ( ,jehan ,b]n>t & ,franois ,*>p5ti]1 be+ simil> 9 type to ! contempor>y bookb9d+ ( ,groli] & 0 probably execut$ ) simil> tools4 ,_m e>ly examples ( ,/af=d%ire slip w>e are to be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 consi/+ *iefly ( c&le/icks1 cups1 tygs1 posset pots1 pigg9s & plates1 ! slip decorations be+ 9 yell[1 :ite & br[n4 ,?is w>e 0 made at ,wro?am z e>ly z #afdi1 & by ,?omas ,t(t1 at ,%ilton1 #affj 7fig4 #i74 ,m>bl$1 comb$ & tortoise-%ell w>e 7 =m$ by us+ col\r slips or clays4 ,agate & onyx w>e 7 =m$ by lay]s ( diff]5t col\r$ clays1 cross$1 cut1 & press$ into m\lds4 ,^! me?ods 7 p]fect$ by ,?omas ,:eildon1 #agdj-ih1 & ,josiah ,w$gwood1 #agcj-ie1 :o p]fect$ bo? ! ,que5's & ! v>iegat$ w>e4 ,que5's w>e ( a creamy col\r 0 made *iefly = d9n] & dess]t s]vices1 be+ decorat$ ) pa9t$ fl[]s 9 enamel4 ,9 #agha1 ,w$gwood introduc$ 8 fam\s ,jasp] w>e1 & ,jasp] dip or wa%$ ,jasp]4 ,?is latt] w>e 0 dipp$ into admixtures ( metallic oxides1 produc+ blue1 lilac1 p9k1 sage gre51 olive1 yell[1 & black col\rs z desir$4 ,! decorations 9 l[ relief1 are ( ! pure/ :ite 7fig4 #aj7 & 9 ! traditional classic /yle1 ! figures be+ arrang$ z cameo m$allions1 or 9 b&s ) ! scroll1 ! fe/oon1 & ! v9e 9 delicate relief4 ,_m ( ^! beautiful cameos 7 design$ or modell$ by ,flaxman1 #agee-ahbf2 ,pacetti & ,angel9i1 #aghg2 ,bacon1 #agdj-ii2 ,hackwood1 #aggj2 ,r\biliac1 #afie-agfb2 ,/o?>d1 #agee-ahcd2 ,tassie1 #agce-ii2 & ,webb]1 #aghb4 ,/one-w>es diff] f e>!nw>es1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a l>g] p]c5tage ( silicia 9 ! pla/ic mat]ial1 :i*1 be+ fir$ at a great] degree ( heat1 vitrifies ! body or pa/e into a k9d ( glass1 ?us ensur+ a clos5ess & h>dness ( mat]ial n possess$ by ord9>y e>!nw>e4 ,/onew>e is usually glaz$ dur+ ! fir+ by ?r[+ common salt into ! kiln1 :i* be+ volatiliz$1 re-acts ^u ! silicia 9 ! body1 =m+ ) x a silicate ( soda or glass1 hav+ a m9ute granul> texture4 ,! usefulness & ! arti/ic "* ( /onew>e 0 p]fect$ by ! ,flemi% & ,g]man pott]s ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ?is w>e are ! grey & :ite 8,canette0 ( ,siegburg1 ne> ,bonn1 & ! pale br[n or grey w>e ( ,ra]51 ne> ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ) its incis$ & /amp$ enri*m5ts1 sometimes ) blue decoration4 ,fre*51 ne> ,cologne1 probably suppli$ ! 8,bell>m9es0 or 8,grey be>ds10 l>gely import$ into ,engl& "u ! "n ( 8,cologne ,pots40 ,examples ( ?is ,fre*5 w>e 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) a rais$ scroll ( oak leaves4 ,gr5zhaus51 9 ,nassau1 produc$ a beautiful grey w>e1 hav+ delicately m\ld$ reliefs fill$ 9 ) blue & purple4 ,_m grey jugs ornam5t$ ) ! initials ( ,william ,,iii41 ,que5 ,anne1 & ,george ,i41 7 import$ into ,engl& f ! ,nassau kilns4 ,a peculi> k9d ( /onew>e1 also t]m$ 8,cologne w>e0 0 produc$ at ,fulham by ,john ,dwight1 ab\t #afgj4 ,"s f9e jugs & a few clev]ly modell$ unglaz$ /atuettes1 believ$ to h be5 made at ?is place1 are to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7fig4 #aa74 ,ano!r peculi> r$ /onew>e1 porcela91 or ,r$ ,*9a z x 0 call$1 0 made ne> ,burslem by ! ,bro!rs ,el]s1 #afhh-agaj1 ! ornam5tation be+ obta9$ by press+ %>p intaglio copp] m\lds ^u pieces ( clay atta*$ to ! %ap$ w>e4 ,f9e examples1 *>act]is$ by beauty ( outl9e & delicacy ( enri*m5ts are exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,geology1 ,j]myn ,/reet4 ,a/bury1 #agaj-ci1 cont9u$ ! traditions ( ,el]s1 produc+ a f9e :ite /onew>e1 :i* l>gely influ5c$ ! ,/af=d%ire pott]y ( t p]iod4 ,a /onew>e 0 also made at ,nott+ham f #agjj to #agej4 ,porcela9 is te*nically kn[n "u ! t]ms 8h>d pa/e0 78pte dure07 & 8s(t0 78pte t5dre074 ,h>d porcela9 is made f clays conta9+ mu* alum9ia & felsp> or decompos$ granite1 hav+ b little pla/icity1 :i* necess>ily influ5c$ ! %ape or pr(ile ( ! vessel4 ,! beauty ( =m1 :i* is s typical ( ! ,greek e>!nw>e vase1 is abs5t 9 porcela91 :]e ! cyl9drical or octagonal =m is pr9cipally us$4 8,pte t5dre0 is a s(t & vitre\s porcela91 hav+ a great aff9ity = ! beautiful col\r$ glazes & enamels us$ 9 ! e>ly examples ( ,svres4 ,porcela9 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 & x 0 9 common use dur+ ! #af? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! ,m+ dyna/y1 #aefh-afdj1 porcela9 rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! p]fection ( its body1 ornam5tation1 col\r & glazes1 blue & turquoise be+ ! *ief col\rs ( ?is p]iod2 ?is limit$ range ( col\r 0 ow+ to ! int5se heat requir$ to fuse ! felsp> glaze ^u ! h>d porcela94 ,x is unc]ta9 at :at date ,*9ese porcela9 0 fir/ br\ght to ,europe4 ,among/ ! e>lie/ kn[n pieces 9 ,engl& are "s b[ls giv5 by ,philip ( ,au/ria to ,sir ,?omas ,tr5*>d 9 #aejf4 ,b :atev] ! date1 x 0 inevitable t attempts %\ld be made to imitate ?is beautiful c]amic4 ,flor5t9e or ,m$ician porcela9 0 made #aege-hj4 ,x 0 n h[ev] until #afij or #agjj1 t a simil> manufacture 0 e/abli%$ at ,r\5 & ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,9 #agji1 ,bott*] comm5c$ mak+ h>d porcela9 at ,meiss51 9 ,saxony1 subsequ5tly produc+ "s excell5t examples ab\t #agae4 ,?is 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! well-kn[n ,dresd5 *9a4 ,9 #agfh1 ! manufacture ( h>d porcela9 0 adopt$ at ,svres1 replac+ t ( 8pte t5dre0 :i* _h be5 9 use f #afgj4 ,bo? 8pte dure0 & 8pte t5dre0 7 made at ,bu5 ,retiro 9 ,madrid1 ,a4,d4 #agei1 all ! porcela9 manufactur$ = ! fir/ #bj ye>s be+ kept = ! exclusive use ( ! ,royal family4 ,!re are "s f9ely modell$ ,bu5 ,retiro tiles 9 ! ,royal ,palace at ,madrid4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agdj ! manufacture ( porcela9 0 e/abli%$ at ,b[1 ,*elsea1 ,d]by1 ,plym\?1 ,bri/ol1 & ,worce/]4 ,! %apes & ornam5tation ( ^! ,engli% porcela9s1 hav+ no traditions beyond ! ori5tal influ5ce1 7 ( a l[ arti/ic ord]1 be+ simply copies ( natural =ms1 )\t any controll+ influ5ce z reg>ds design or h>moni\s arrangem5ts4 ,a lavi% use ( gild+ 0 also *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod1 ! ornam5t be+ v l>gely misappli$4 ,?is cont9u$ to gr[ worse until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 x rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t ( absurdity & extravagance ( =m & decorations4 ,! be/ examples ( ,engli% porcela9 ( ?is p]iod are obvi\sly copies ( ori5tal porcela91 *iefly ,p]sian & ,*9ese4 ,a great advance 9 ! te*nic ( ! porcela9 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry took place aft] ! discov]y ( ,kaol91 9 ,cornwall1 by ,william ,cookwor?y1 #agee4 ,transf] pr9t+ ov] ! glaze 0 adopt$ at ,worce/] ab\t #ageg1 ! transf]s be+ tak5 f copp] plates engrav$ by ,rob]t ,hancock1 a pupil ( ,rav5et1 :o 0 employ$ at ! ,batt]sea enamel works1 ab\t #agej4 ,sadl] & ,gre5 9 #agef also adopt$ ov] glaze pr9t+ on ! ,liv]pool delft4 ,ab\t #aggj1 "u glaze pr9t+ on ! biscuit w>e sup]s$$ ! ov] glaze process4 ,( e>ly ,engli% porcela9s1 ^? ( ,d]by are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ ref9$ 9 =m & 9 treatm5t ( decoration1 ! plates1 cups1 & sauc]s hav+ bord]s ( blue or turquoise1 ) enri*m5ts ( fe/oons1 leaves1 & fl[]s2 _m ( ! cups 7 press$ ) flut$1 ribb$1 or imbricat$ patt]ns4 ,! ,d]by works 7 f\nd$ 9 #ageg by ,william ,duesbury1 :o 9 #agfi pur*as$ ! ,*elsea works & c>ri$ on ! two simultane\sly until #aghd1 :5 ! ,*elsea plant 0 transf]r$ to ,d]by4 ,f #agfi-gc ! w>e call$ 8,*elsea-,d]by0 0 produc$1 & betwe5 #aggc-hb 8,cr[n-,d]by0 0 introduc$4 ,porcela9 ( an excell5t quality 0 made at ,nantg>io ab\t #ahac1 & at ,swansea #ahad-ag1 ! decorations 9 enamel col\rs consi/+ ( a natural r5d]+ ( fl[]s1 birds1 butt]flies1 & %ells4 ,porcela9 0 also made ab\t #ahjj at ! ,h]culaneum pott]ies at ,liv]pool4 ,rock+ham1 9 ,york%ire1 produc$ dur+ ! ye>s #agei-hh a br[n *9a1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 b a f9e e>!nw>e1 ( a h>d & compact body1 cov]$ ) a ri* br[n or *ocolate glaze4 ,9 #ahbj1 porcela9 0 made at ,rock+ham1 compris+ d9n] & dess]t s]vices1 ri*ly enamell$ & gilt1 toge!r ) vases1 fl[] baskets1 & bu/s 9 :ite biscuit w>e4 ,9 #ahcb1 a dess]t s]vice ( #bjj pieces 0 made = ,william ,,iv4 at a co/ ( #e1jjj1 ! decorations consi/+ ( natural fruit & fl[]s1 ) l&scapes & ! royal arms 9 enamel col\rs4 ,9 "s ( ! e>li] ,rock+ham w>e ! outl9es ( ! fl[]s & butt]flies 7 9 transf] pr9t+1 & ! col\r+ 0 add$ by h&4 ,! illu/rations giv5 on plates #ba1 #bg1 #bh & #bi1 %[ ! univ]sality ( ! pott]'s art1 :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh _m beautiful examples diff]5tiat$ by racial cu/oms & mat]ial4 ,! beauty ( =m 9 ! ,greek vase 7plate #bg7 0 b ! natural outcome ( a f9e e>!nw>e 9 ! h&s ( an arti/ic p1 ) traditions & ar*itecture ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,9 ,p]sian pott]y1 =m is subs]vi5t to col\r1 blue1 turquoise & :ite be+ us$ 9 *>m+ comb9ation1 toge!r ) a frank yet decorative treatm5t ( natural =ms4 ,illu/ration ,! ,hispano-,moresque & ,italian ,maiolica 7plate #bi7 are rem>kable = ! te*nical excell5ce ( _! :ite enamel1 ri* blue1 yell[ & orange1 ! iridesc5ce ( _! gold & ruby lu/re1 & _! high te*nical skill 9 pa9t+4 ,engli% e>!nw>e ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 ?\gh traditional1 %[$ a rem>kable div]sity 9 treatm5t & conception4 ,! picturesque platt] ( ! ,t(t s*ool1 ) its qua9t enri*m5t ( trail+ l9es & h]aldic =ms 9 col\r$ slip1 ! f9e r$ /onew>e ( ,el]s1 ) its graceful enri*m5ts 9 delicate relief1 & ! v>i$ & beautiful jasp] w>e ( ,w$gwood m>k a di/9ct phase ( ! pott]'s art1 & be> a tribute to ! vitality & p]sonality ( ! f\nd]s ( ! 8,pott]ies40 ,illu/ration3 ,,maiolica4 ,plate #bi4 ,,maiolica4 ,maiolica or ,italian fai5ce is an e>!nw>e1 coat$ ) a /annif]\s or t9 glaze1 t]m$ enamel4 ,?is is =m$ by ! addition ( oxide ( t9 to a silici\s glaze or slip1 ?us r5d]+ x :ite & opaque1 h5ce its "n1 enamel4 ,! orig9 ( ?is beautiful c]amic art may be trac$ to ,p]sia4 ,f ,p]sia ! art 0 c>ri$ by ! ,arabians to ,fu/at1 or old ,cairo1 :i* 0 de/roy$ #aafh ,a4,d41 & among/ ! ru9s _m fragm5ts ( gold & copp] lu/]$ w>e h be5 f\nd4 ,?is enamell$ w>e 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 & p]fect$ !re by ! ,moors1 giv+ rise to ! ,,hispano-,,moresque w>e4 ,?is w>e 0 enri*$ ) c5tral h]aldic arms1 surr\nd$ by conc5tric b&s ( foliage1 arabesques1 or inscriptions 9 blue1 ) a copp] lu/re4 ,?is ,hispano-,moresque w>e 0 manufactur$ *iefly at ,malaga1 ,talav]a1 ,triana & ,val5cia1 & dates f ! ,moori% occupation ( ,granada ,a4,d4 #abce-adib4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,majorca1 f :i* ?is beautiful w>e d]ives its "n1 f9e examples 7 manufactur$ at an e>ly date by ,p]sian & ,arabian pott]s4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,majorca by ! ,pisans1 ,a4,d4 #aaae1 _m ( ^! examples 7 introduc$ into ,italy1 ! art be+ subsequ5tly cultivat$ 9 "s ( ! small] c5tral /ates4 ,! e>ly ,,italian ,,maiolica 0 usually cov]$ ) a ?9 :ite 8slip0 or engobe ( clay :i* s]v$ z a gr\nd = ! col\r$ patt]ns4 ,x 0 !n coat$ ) a lead glaze & 0 kn[n z mezza or mix$ maiolica4 ,9 "s examples ! design 0 scrat*$ or engrav$ ?r\gh ! upp] lay] or :ite engobe1 %[+ ! d>k] body und]nea?4 ,?is type ( w>e1 kn[n z 8sgraffito0 0 also glaz$ ) ! lead glaze1 =m+1 :5 fir$1 ! beautiful iridesc5t lu/re4 ,no rema9s ( a t9 enamel ( ,italian workman%ip h be5 f\nd 9 ,italy prior to ! "t ( ,luca della ,robbia1 #adjj-adha1 :o discov]$ an enamel ( peculi> :it5ess & excell5ce4 ,! secret ( its composition 0 kept by him1 8 nephew ,&rea1 & 8 great-nephews ,giovanni1 ,luca & ,girolamo1 until #aejg4 ,! ,mezza ,maiolica 0 !n sup]s$$ by ! true ,maiolica or ! t9 enamell$ w>es ( ,caffaggiolo1 ,ca/el ,uurante1 ,urb9o1 ,pes>o1 ,fa5za1 ,=li1 ,diruta1 ,si5a & ,gubbio1 ) _! rem>kable brilliance ( blues1 gre5s1 yell[s & orange4 ,! ,gubbio w>e is not$ = its metallic ruby & gold5 lu/re & 0 sign$ by ,mae/ro ,georgio 7,georgio ,&reoli1 #adib-aecg74 ,! same arti/ also lu/r$ _m w>es made by ! pott]s ( ,urb9o & ,ca/el ,durante4 ,o!r examples ( ,urb9o w>e are sign$ by ,niccola da ,urb9o1 #adij-aecj1 ,orazio ,fontano1 #aedj-gj1 ,francesco ,xanto ,avelli1 #aecj-dj4 ,fa5za w>e 0 produc$ at ! ,casa ,pirota ,botega1 & ,si5a w>e 0 sign$ by ,mae/ro ,b5$etto4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,caffaggiolo w>e are arabesques & figures 9 :ite1 grey or yell[ on a ri* d>k blue gr\nd4 ,urb9o has small m$allions ) figures & blue & yell[ arabesques on a :ite gr\nd1 call$ ,raffaelesque1 be+ f designs by ,raffaelle del ,colle4 ,fa5za has a yell[ gr\nd ) blue arabesques4 ,9 brief1 ! numb] ( col\rs t c\ld be us$ on ! absorb5t t9 enamell$ gr\nd ) its lead glaze 0 some:at limit$1 consi/+ ( blue1 turquoise1 yell[ & orange4 ,^! col\rs are ( great dep? & transluc5cy1 & are only equall$ by ! blues & turquoise ( ,*9a1 ,p]sia & ,india4 ,gubbio w>e is frequ5tly enri*$ ) a rais$ curv$ flut+ call$ 8,gadroons10 a mo/ effective me?od ( enhanc+ ! beautiful ruby lu/re ( ,mae/ro ,giorgio4 ,?is ,gubbio tradition 0 cont9u$ by ,giorgio's son1 ,v9c5tio1 call$ ,mae/ro ,c5cio1 & _m beautiful lu/re works are sign$ by him4 ,?is lu/re 0 produc$ by expos+ ! w>e to ! action ( smoke dur+ ! fir+ 9 ! kiln2 ! smoke1 be+ c>bon 9 a highly divid$ /ate1 r$uces ! metallic salts ( ! pigm5t or glaze1 =m+ a ?9 film ( metal ^u ! surface1 ! beautiful iridesc5t lu/re result+ f ! relative ?ickness ( ! film4 ,ca/el ,durante 0 frequ5tly enri*$1 on :ite or grey bord]s1 ) delicate rais$ scroll-"w 9 :ite slip or enamel1 a process call$ 8,lavoro di sopra bianco0 or 8bianco sopra bianco40 ,fa5za ,maiolica has1 frequ5tly1 ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd cov]$ ) a d>k blue enamel1 enri*$ ) danc+ amor9i & arabesques 9 blue1 height5$ ) :ite 8,sopra ,azzurro40 ,a frequ5t =m ( enri*m5t ^u plates 0 to h small m$allions pa9t$ ) portraits & appropriate inscriptions1 & d\btless int5d$ z lov]'s pres5ts4 ,!y are kn[n z 8,amatorii ,maiolica40 ,,t]ra ,,cotta4 ,t]ra ,cotta is usually made f pure clay1 :i* w burn to a :ite or yell[ col\r1 or f impure1 :i* w burn to a r$ col\r1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( oxide ( iron4 ,pure clay is a hydr\s silicate ( alum9a1 conta9+ #dg p>ts p] c5t4 ( silica1 #dj ( alum9a1 & #ac ( wat]4 ,clay1 9 ?is proportion1 is ! ,kaol9e or *9a clay4 ,fire clay1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! coal measures1 has a l>g] proportion ( silica ?an ,kaol9e1 & f x mu* ( ! t]ra cotta is made4 ,:5 fir/ dug out1 x is h>d & compact1 & ( a gre5i% grey col\r1 deep5+ to black4 ,x is (t5 wea!r$ be=e us+4 ,?is causes x to 8fall0 & facilitates gr9d+4 ,old fire clay1 previ\sly burnt 78grog0 z x is call$7 is add$ to ! new clay to c\nt]act ! excessive %r9kage to :i* all close-gra9$ clays are liable4 ,! co>s] ! clay1 ! less ! %r9kage4 ,! col\r ( ! clay v>ies accord+ to ! quantity ( lime1 iron1 or bitum5 x conta9s4 ,pure clay contracts z mu* z "o-eigh? f ! size ( ! m\ld2 "o half ( ?is contraction takes place 9 dry+1 ! o!r half 9 burn+4 ,clay mix$ ) 8grog0 w contract ab\t "o-twelf?4 ,illu/ration ,! m\lds = t]ra cotta are usually piece m\lds1 made ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* absorbs mu* ( ! moi/ure ( ! clay4 ,%eet clay ab\t two in*es ?ick is us$4 ,?is is c>efully press$ into ! m\ld & support$ by webs ( clay ( ! same ?ickness4 ,x is ess5tial to ! clay to be uni=m ?r\gh\t1 or ! %r9kage w\ld be unequal4 ,x is !n plac$ ^u a flue to dry f two to six h\rs1 :5 ! clay w h contract$ suffici5tly to all[ ! m\ld to be tak5 (f4 ,x is !n dri$ = a fur!r p]iod & burnt 9 a kiln4 ,= f9e "w1 ! kiln is 8muffl$0--! 8muffle0 be+ a l9+ ( bricks to keep ! clay f actual contact ) fire & smoke4 ,! dry1 or semi-dry process1 is ! press+ ( clay-p[d] into metal m\lds1 :i* obviates ! excessive %r9kage ( ! wet process4 ,encau/ic tiles are made 9 ?is way1 ! ornam5t be+ run into ! incis$ patt]n ) 8slip40 ,_m tiles are decorat$ 9 ! same way z ord9>y e>!nw>e1 t is1 pa9t$ & glaz$4 ,t]ra cotta 0 l>gely us$ by ! nations ( antiquity1 especially by ! ,assyrians1 ^: clay tablets or books ?r[ s mu* light ^u ,assyrian hi/ory4 ,) ! ,greek1 t]ra cotta 0 ext5sively us$ = 8antefixa10 & ! _m beautiful ,tanagra figures n[ treasur$ 9 our museums %[ ! exquisite modell+ by ! ,greeks1 9 su* a mat]ial z t]ra cotta4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,by ,,&rea ,,della ,,robbia4 ,?is mat]ial 0 us$ by ! ,etruscans = _! s>cophagi & recumb5t figures4 ,! ,pompeians til$ _! ro(s ) t]ra cotta4 ,x 0 us$ = votive /atues & (f]+s1 & = lamps1 "s ( :i* 7 dipp$ 9 molt5 glass4 ,dur+ ! revival ( art 9 ,italy 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 t]ra cotta 0 ext5sively us$ by ! ,della ,robbia family4 ,,luca ,,della ,,robbia1 #adjj-hb1 produc$ _m beautiful t]ra cotta reliefs coat$ ) ! :ite t9 enamel & enri*$ ) col\r$ enamels4 ,among 8 num]\s works 7 ! foll[+3--,! m>ble ,cantoria 9 ! ca!dral2 five bas-reliefs 9 m>ble on ! ,campanile at ,flor5ce2 8 two fir/ t]ra cotta reliefs 9 ! tympanans ( ! doorway1 & ! doors ( ! sacri/ry ( ! ca!dral at ,flor5ce 7#addc-df72 ) ! two kneel+ angels hold+ c&elabra2 ! spl5did monum5t to ,l',evque ,f$]ighi 7#adee7 ) its beautiful recumb5t figure1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,tr9it1 ,flor5ce2 & ! _m f9e m$allions enri*$ ) h]aldic =ms execut$ = ! *ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele & ! palace ,qu>at]i 9 ,flor5ce4 ,f9e examples are ! m$allions ) ! arms ( ,k+ ,r5 ,d',anj\1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,9 ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce1 !re are a s]ies ( m$allions ( ! f\r evangeli/s & ! twelve apo/les1 & 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum !re are twelve m$allions repres5t+ ! mon?s4 ,_m spl5did examples ( ,luca della ,robbia's "w are n[ treasur$ 9 ! national museums4 ,&rea della ,robbia 7#adce-aebe7 ! nephew ( ,luca c>ri$ on ! traditions ) r>e selective p[] & arti/ic skill2 among 8 e>ly works are ! m$allions = ,l',hospital des ,innoc5t1 or ! ,*ildr5's ,hospital4 ,! ,adoration & ! ,annunciation 7 famili> subjects ) ,&rea1 ! illu/rations giv5 ( ! ,annunciation 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,hospital1 & ! ,virg9 & *ild 9 ! national museum at ,flor5ce be+ typical examples ( 8 "w4 ,!re is a spl5did 8,adoration0 by ,&rea 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,enamell$ ,,t]ra ,,cotta ,,&rea ,,della ,,robbia4 ,giovanni della ,robbia 7#adfi-aebg7 son ( ,&rea cont9u$ ?is spl5did tradition3 8 pr9cipal works be+ ! ,lavabo 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 ! tab]nacle 9 ,s4 ,apo/les1 & ! virg9 & sa9ts 9 ,santa ,croce1 all 9 ,flor5ce4 ,_m o!r beautiful works /ill rema9 :i* atte/ to ! rem>kable traditions ( craftsman%ip ( ! ,della ,robbia family4 ,girolamo1 bro!r ( ,giovanni1 c>ri$ ?is tradition into ,france "u ,francis ,i4 ,,enamels4 ,( ! _m decorative arts1 enamell+ is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 hav+ a s+ul> *>m ( limpid or opalesc5t col\r ( great purity1 ri*ness & durability1 & be+ capable ( a mo/ ref9$ & v>i$ treatm5t = ! enri*m5t ( metals4 ,enamel is a vitre\s or glass comp\nd1 transluc5t1 semi-transluc5t or opaque1 ow+ its col\r+ prop]ties to m9]al oxides1 or sulphides1 a f9e opaque :ite be+ produc$ by oxide ( t94 ,^! enamels require diff]5t degrees ( heat 9 ord] to fuse !m & to cause _! adhesion to ! metal4 ,enamels are divid$ into ?ree classes1 ,,cloisonn1 ,,*amplev & ,,pa9t$ ,,enamels4 ,,cloisonn enamel is t 9 :i* ! cloisons or cells are =m$ by sold]+ ?91 flat wire ( metal ^u a plate ( copp]1 ! cloisons1 be+ fill$ ) ! v>i\s enamels1 9 p[d] or 9 pa/e1 !n1 9 ord] to vitrify ! enamel1 expos$ to heat 9 a kiln1 if ^u a flat surface1 or by ! aid ( a bl[-pipe if ^u a curv$ surface4 ,cloisonn 0 9 use f ! e>ly dyna/ies 9 ,egypt1 _m f9e l>ge pectorals hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,^! usually h ! =m ( a hawk & are ( gold or bronze ) well-def9$ cloisons1 :i* 7 fill$ ) c>efully fitt$ col\r$ pa/e or glass1 & ?is und\bt$ly 0 ! orig9 ( ! true or vitre\s cloisonn enamel4 ,byzant9e enamel is inv>iably cloisonn & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( ?is p]iod is ! ,pala d',oro ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 ,a4,d4 #igf4 ,p]haps ! ,*9ese & ,japanese h c>ri$ ?is cloisonn to its greate/ p]fection 9 s(tness ( col\r & beauty ( te*nic4 ,! e>lie/ ,*9ese cloisonn is ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 #acfh-afdc2 ?is has heavy ca/ metal gr\nds ) l[ ton$ col\rs & deep r$s & blues4 ,"u ! ,?s+ dyna/y1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #afdc1 ! col\rs became bright] & ! designs m ref9$4 ,e>ly ,japanese cloisonn or 8,%ippo0 0 d\btless d]iv$ f ,*9ese or ,p]sian s\rces1 & x is *>act]is$ by extremely ?9 beat5 copp] gr\nds & ! frequ5t use ( a d>k gre5 gr\nd 9 place ( ! d>k blue ( ! ,*9ese cloisonn4 ,! ,japanese cloisonn rea*$ its culm9ation dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 :5 _m spl5did examples ( ref9$ & delicate enamels 7 produc$1 rem>kable = _! beautiful opalesc5t & transluc5t col\r4 ,gold cloisons ) opaque & transluc5t enamels 7 frequ5tly ins]t$ 9 iron or silv] objects by ! ,japanese ( ?is p]iod4 ,an e>ly example ( ,engli% cloisonn is ! jewel ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 n[ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d3 ?is has a ri* sett+ ( opaque & transluc5t enamels4 ,a f9e ,celtic cloisonn treatm5t may be se5 9 ! ,ardage *alice1 :]e ! cloisons 7 cut out ( a plate ( silv] & emb$d$ 9 ! enamel :ile s(t4 ,^! ,celtic craftsm5 also _h a beautiful treatm5t ( enamell+ by engrav+ or press+ a patt]n 9 intaglio1 or sunk relief1 on an enamell$ gr\nd1 & !n fill+ ^! intaglios ) o!r enamels4 ,a mo/ exquisite k9d ( enamel call$ 8,plique ,j\r10 0 us$ by ! ,byzant9es2 ?is 0 compos$ ( op5 filigree cloisons1 fill$ ) transluc5t enamels4 ,,*amplev enamel is =m$ by engrav+1 ca/+ or scoop+ out ! cloisons f a metal plate1 leav+ a ?9 wall or b\nd>y betwe5 ea* cloison1 :i* is !n fill$ ) ! v>i\s enamels z 9 ! cloisonn me?od4 ,?is ,*amplev me?od 0 practis$ 9 ,brita9 be=e ! ,roman conque/1 & 0 probably d]iv$ f ! ,phnicians1 :o1 c5turies be=e ! ,romans came to ,engl&1 _h trad$ ) ,cornwall = t94 ,! beauty ( col\r & p]fect adaptability ( ^! e>ly enamell$ broo*es1 fibul & trapp+s ( horses ( ! e>ly ,britons & ,celts1 are rem>kable1 %[+ a f9e s5se ( col\r & a h>mony ( l9e & mass4 ,a spl5did bronze ,celtic %ield 7fig4 #d1 plate #ac71 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is enri*$ ) f9e r$ bosses ( enamel4 ,^! ,*amplev enamels ^u bronze h usually an opalesc5t or cl\dy appe>ance caus$ by ! fusion ( ! t9 9 ! bronze alloy dur+ fir+4 ,*amplev enamels 7 us$ ) r>e skill & ref9em5t to enhance ! beautiful art ( ! goldsmi? dur+ ! ,middle ,ages2 ! ,*alice1 ! ,pat51 ! ,reliqu>y1 ! ,?urible1 ! ,crozi]1 & ! bookcov]s ( ! ,*ur*es1 especially1 7 enri*$ ) beautiful enamels4 ,class$ among ! ,*amplev enamels is t me?od call$ ,,jewell]',s ,,enamel or 8,baisse ,taille10 9 :i* ! plate is engrav$ 9 l[ relief or beat5 up 9 rep\ss & !n flood$ ) transluc5t enamel4 ,! ,lynn cup ( ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 is "o ( ! olde/ pieces ( corporation plate & is cov]$ ) f9e transluc5t blue & gre5 enamels4 ,9 ,india1 :]e f9e col\r is a spl5did tradition1 ,*amplev enamel soon atta9$ a rem>kable p]fection ( te*nic & purity & brilliance ( col\r almo/ unkn[n to ! ,we/]n nations4 ,! ,*amplev enamels ( ,,jaipur h mo/ beautiful lu/r\s & transp>5t blues1 gre5s & r$s laid on a pure gold gr\nd4 ,,p]tubghur is r5[n$ = ! f9e gre5 or turquoise enamel fir$ ^u a plate ( gold2 :ile ! enamel 0 /ill s(t a plate ( pi]c$ gold 0 press$ into ! enamel4 ,?is pi]c$ plate 0 aft]w>ds engrav$ ) incid5ts ( hi/ory or hunt+4 ,9 ,,rata91 9 ,c5tral ,india1 a simil> enamel is made hav+ a f9e blue 9 place ( ! ,p]tubghur gre54 ,! f9e monum5tal brasses1 ( :i* _m /ill rema9 9 our ,engli% ca!drals & *ur*es1 are a survival ( ! ,*amplev process1 ! cloisons1 be+ usually fill$ ) a black ,,niello1 b occasionally ! h]aldic %ields are enri*$ ) col\r$ enamels4 ,dur+ ! #aa? & #ab? c5turies1 ,,limoges 0 r5[n$ = its f9e ,*amplev enamels1 b e>ly 9 ! #ae? c5tury ,,pa9t$ ,,enamels 7 introduc$ & ,limoges became ! c5tre ( ?is art1 call$ late ,limoges or ,,grisaille ,,enamel4 ,! enamel col\rs 7 n[ us$ z a pigm5t1 & 7 pa9t$ & fir$ ^u a copp] plate4 ,! enri*m5ts 9 grisaille1 or grey & :ite1 7 us$ ^u a black1 violet or d>k blue gr\nd1 ! grisaille aft]w>ds be+ enri*$ ) details ( f9e gold l9es4 ,^! ,limoges enamels h a spl5did te*nic1 b !y lack ! *>ms ( ! lum9\s col\r & judici\s use ( enamels ( ! e>ly ,*amplev p]iod4 ,! mo/ r5[n$ ma/]s ( ! pa9t$ enamels ( ,limoges 7 ,p5ic&1 #aejc1 ,c\rtois1 #aeaj1 ,pi]re ,raymond1 #aecj-aegj1 & ,leon>d ,lim\s91 #aecb-aegd4 ,ab\t #afjj-afej1 ,jean ,t\t9 & 8 pupil ,petitot produc$ "s f9e pa9t$ m9iatures 9 opaque enamels ^u gold1 rem>kable = delicacy & p]fection ( enamell+4 ,9 #agej1 pa9t$ enamel 0 introduc$ into ,engl& & produc$ = ab\t #cj ye>s at ,batt]sea by ,janss54 ,! enri*m5t consi/$ ( fl[]s pa9t$ 9 natural col\rs on a :ite gr\nd4 ,a simil> enamel 0 also produc$ at ,bil/on 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,illu/ration ,! f9e/ enamels und\bt$ly are ^? 9 :i* ! enamel is us$ 9 small quantities1 su* z 9 ! ,celtic jewell]y1 ! bookcov]s1 & ! ,*ur* & ,corporation plate ( ! ,go?ic & e>ly ,r5asc5ce p]iod1 & ! e>ly ,byzant9e cloisonn1 su* z ! ,hamilton broo* 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,pala d',oro ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 :i* 0 made at ,con/ant9ople = ! ,doge ,orseolo 9 #igf ,a4,d41 & has #hc panels ( f9e cloisonn enamel set 9 a framework ( gold4 ,illu/ration ,! 8,plique j\r10 ! 8,baisse taille0 & ! ,p]tubghur enamels are f9e examples ( appropriat5ess ( treatm5t ) transluc5cy or opalesc5ce & ri*ness ( col\r4 ,! ,japanese cloisonn ) its lit]al treatm5t ( natural =ms1 & ! pa9t$ enamel portraits ( ,francis ,i4 & contempor>y pr9ces by ,leon>d ,lim\s91 clev] z !y und\bt$ly are1 lack ! dep? & purity ( col\r obta9$ by ! e>ly me?ods4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! ,p5icauds1 ,n>d\1 & ,jean ,i4 & ,,ii4 obta9$ "s ri*ness 9 ! pa9t$ enamels by ! use ( 8,paillons0 or pieces ( metallic foil :i* 7 aft]w>ds flood$ ) transluc5t enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass4 ,plate #cj4 ,,glass4 ,! purity ( glass1 its adaptability to col\r1 & its rem>kable ductility :ile hot = bl[+1 twi/+ or draw+ into ?reads1 diff]5tiates x f all o!r mat]ials & me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,its tradition dates f ! remote pa/1 = glass-bl[+ is repres5t$ on ! tombs at ,!bes1 ,b4,c4 #bejj4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 ,egypt = vitre\s pa/es = bronze & gold cloisonn jewell]y1 & = ! small bottles or ,/ibium1 ) *evron patt]ns1 9 yell[1 turquoise & :ite on a col\r$ gr\nd4 ,simil> patt]ns1 col\rs & =ms 7 us$ by ,phnicia & h] colonies1 ! usual =ms be+ ! ,alaba/ra & ,amphorae4 ,_m rema9s ( b[ls 7 f\nd 9 ,assyria1 "o 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum7 ( transp>5t gre5 glass1 hav+ ! "n ( ,s>gon1 ,b4,c4 #gbb4 ,greece seems to h import$ mo/ ( h] glass f ,phnicia1 b ! ,romans c>ri$ on ! tradition1 produc+ f9e ,,mosaic or ,,millefiori4 ,?is 0 made by fus+ rods ( :ite & col\r$ glass toge!r1 !n draw+ x out to f9e ?reads & slic+ x transv]sely2 ! section is !n plac$ 9 a m\ld & a bubble bl[n1 unit+ ! mosaic1 :i* is !n bl[n into v>i\s %apes4 ,! ,romans also us$ ! int]lac+ ( :ite & col\r$ rods call$ ,,latic9io1 b !y excell$ 9 ! ,,cameo ,,glass1 ( :i* ! ,portl& vase is ! f9e/ kn[n example4 ,?is vase is ( d>k blue glass1 cov]$ ) :ite opaque glass1 :i* 0 gr\nd away ) ! :eel1 leav+ ! figures 9 delicate relief4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #afdd 9 ! s>cophagus ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 ! subject ( its relief be+ ! my? ( ,peleus & ,!tis4 ,ano!r ,roman example ( cameo glass 9 ! ,briti% museum is ! ,auldjo vase or ,o9o*o ) beautiful reliefs ( v9e leaves4 ,frequ5tly ^! reliefs 7 bl[n or press$ into m\lds1 & a good example ( ?is treatm5t is 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum 7fig4 #f74 ,! tradition !n decl9$ until ! #ad? c5tury1 :5 ! ,v5etians 9 ! isl& ( ,murano1 p]fect$ ! art ( glass mak+4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( ,,v5etian ,,glass 7 massive1 ri*ly gilt & enamell$ 9 col\rs2 "o f9e example 9 ! ,briti% museum is sign$ by its mak]1 8,magi/] ,aldrev&9i40 ,9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies ! mo/ delicate & beautiful bl[n glass 0 made1 (t5 uncol\r$ & ) enri*m5ts ( knots & w+s 9 bl[n & %ap$ blue glass4 ,! ,v5etians us$ ) equal skill all ! old me?ods ( glassmak+2 ! ,,millefiori2 ! ,,latic9io or ?reads ( opaque :ite enclos+ patt]n2 ,,reticelli1 a network ( :ite l9es enclos+ at ! int]sections a bubble ( air2 & ! beautiful ,,vitro ,,di ,,tr9a1 filigree or lace glass1 =m$ by canes or ?reads ( :ite or col\r$ glass be+ plac$ 9 a m\ld1 a bubble be+ !n bl[n 91 & ! glass aft]w>ds tak5 f ! m\ld & bl[n or twi/$ to ! %ape requir$4 ,! arti/ic bronze mirrors ( anci5t & m$ival times n[ give way to ! glass mirrors ( ! ,v5etians1 ,a4,d4 #aejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/a9$ ,,glass4 ,plate #ca4 ,,/a9$ ,,glass ) its dep? & transluc5cy1 owes its intr9sic qualities to metallic oxides1 su* z cobalt1 giv+ f9e blues1 silv]1 pale & deep yell[s1 p9k f iron & antimony1 & ruby f gold & copp]1 :i* also yields f9e gre5s4 ,:5 ^! oxides are mix$ ) ! glass1 9 its fus$ /ate1 x is t]m$ pot metal1 b if ! col\r$ oxides are appli$ to ! surface ( ! glass only1 x is t]m$ fla%$ or cas$ glass4 ,ruby1 ow+ to its dep? ( col\r1 is usually cas$ glass4 ,f9e blues are (t5 fla%$1 & spl5did effects are produc$ by fla%+ ruby ov] yell[1 or blue pot metal glass4 ,cas$ glass is ( ! greate/ value ow+ to ! v>iety ( t9t t c be produc$ on a s+le %eet ( glass1 & also t ! col\r may be remov$ by gr9d+ or by ! use ( fluoric acid4 ,! rationale ( ! glass pa9t] is--#a/1 ,! s*eme ( composition & col\r %[n on a small scale4 #bnd1 ,a full siz$ c>toon 9 *>coal or mono*rome1 ) all ! details c>efully drawn1 & %[+ ! lead l9es & positions ( ! iron /an*ions = /r5g!n+ ! w9d[4 #crd1 ,a trac+ on clo? %[+ ! lead l9es only1 call$ ! cut l9e1 on :i* is cut ! select$ pieces ( glass4 #d?1 ,trac+ all details f ! c>toon1 ) br[n enamel on ea* piece ( glass1 ! pieces aft] fir+ be+ !n fix$ 9 ! lead+1 & kept toge!r ) ,h %ap$ leads4 ,a diagram is giv5 "h %[+ ! lead+ ( an example ( #ac? c5tury glass4 ,illu/ration ,! br[n enamel1 :i* is us$ entirely = outl9e1 detail or %ad+1 is a fusible glass 9 comb9ation ) opaque manganic or f]ric oxide1 & t> oil4 ,) ?is enamel1 sme> %ad+ or /ipple %ad+ is work$4 ,?is may be remov$ z requir$1 be=e fir+1 by means ( a po9t$ /ick or quill1 s z to give ! details ( embroid]y1 or ( h]aldic =ms4 ,silv] /a9 7oxide ( silv]7 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury is l>gely us$ 9 /a9$ glass1 & usually on ! back !re(4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( heat 9 ! fir+1 a pale yell[ or deep orange ( great transp>5cy is produc$4 ,col\r$ glass 0 made by ! ,egyptians #djjj ye>s ago1 b ! e>lie/ /a9$ glass w9d[s record$1 7 ^? ( ,brionde ,a4,d4 #ebe4 ,none h[ev] are kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce prior to ^? ( ,/4 ,d5is ,a4,d4 #aajh4 ,o!r examples are f\nd 9 ,norman w9d[s1 ) small m$allions ( figures & ornam5t ( a decid$ ,byzant9e type1 extremely deep 9 col\r1 be+1 by its /yle ( treatm5t1 t]m$ mosaic glass4 ,! #ac? c5tury1 or e>ly ,go?ic p]iod1 has s+le lancet lights1 ) m$allions conta9+ small figures surr\nd$ by ! typical #ac? c5tury foliage2 or ! w9d[s 7 entirely ( ornam5t 9 grisaille1 arrang$ symmetrically1 hav+ n>r[ b&s ( ruby or blue1 ) wide bord]s4 ,^! grisaille w9d[s are ( a gre5i% :ite glass1 ) ! ornam5t 9 outl9e1 & ! gr\nd hat*$ ) br[n enamel 9 f9e cross l9es 7fig4 #a-b74 ,! nor? transept w9d[ at ,york ca!dral1 call$ ! five si/]s1 is typical ( ?is grisaille glass4 ,! f9e/ examples h[ev]1 are at ,salisbury & ,*>tres ca!drals4 ,lat] 9 ! p]iod1 s+le figures 7 introduc$ "u a simple canopy or gabl+1 pla9 or crocket$1 ) an ord9>y trefoil ar*4 ,illu/ration3 #ac,,? ,,c5tury ,,glass4 ,,*>tres ,,ca!dral4 8,qu>ry glass10 squ>e or diamond 9 %ape1 ) br[n enamel details1 0 frequ5tly us$1 :]e simple masses 7 desir$4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ! figures 7 l>g] & plac$ "u canopies 9 ea* light ( ! mullion$ w9d[s1 su* figures 9 ri* col\rs =m+ a bright belt across ! w9d[1 surm\nt$ by ! canopies1 cusp$ & crocket$1 & 9 /rong yell[ pot metal1 or yell[-cas$ glass4 ,! bord]s 7 n>r[1 ) a some:at natural r5d]+ ( ! rose1 ! maple & ! oak4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury1 a fur!r *ange took place1 figures became m num]\s & ! canopy or %r9e l>g]1 & *iefly 9 :ite glass1 ) ! crockets & f9ials tipp$ ) yell[ /a94 ,! col\r$ bord] ( ! e>li] glass is entirely abs5t1 its place be+ tak5 by ! %aft ( ! canopy1 & ! crockets1 f9ials & ornam5ts are squ>e 9 treatm5t & bas$ *iefly on ! v9e leaf4 ,illu/ration ,fair=d *ur*1 p]haps1 conta9s ! f9e/ s]ies ( late ,go?ic glass ,a4,d4 #aejj-cj4 ,l ! contempor>y ar*itecture ( ! #af? c5tury1 ! ,r5asc5ce n[ influ5c$ /a9$ glass4 ,! canopy /ill surviv$1 b 0 horizontal or p$im5tal 9 =m1 ) purely classical columns & details4 ,good examples ( ?is p]iod are ! w9d[s ( ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 ,cambridge 7#aebj71 :]e ri* ,r5asc5ce "w is introduc$ into late ,go?ic mullion$ w9d[s4 ,ab\t #aedj1 transp>5t enamels 7 introduc$ ) skill & retic5ce1 b gradually glass pa9t]s began to vie ) pictorial oil pa9t+ 9 effects ( light & %ade1 ! gr\nd "w or mat]ial los+ t beautiful transluc5t or transmitt$ col\r1 :i* is ! *ief glory ( /a9$ glass4 ,an example %[+ ! degradation ( ?is art is ! we/ w9d[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 pa9t$ by ,j]vas1 #aggg1 f designs by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,! ornam5tation ( /a9$ glass naturally foll[$ contempor>y ar*itecture 9 ! treatm5t ( /yle1 diff]5tiat$ only by ! te*nical necessities ( mat]ial4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! e>ly ,engli% glass 7plate #ca71 ! details ( ! ornam5t h ! *>act]i/ic spiral arrangem5t & ! trefoil foliage ( contempor>y ar*itectural ornam5t1 only ! foliage is treat$ m 9 pr(ile1 z be+ m suit$ to ! te*nical necessities ( lead+ & bru% "w4 ,mo/ ( ! detail1 h[ev]1 %[s a /rong aff9ity to ,fr5* contempor>y ornam5t1 ?is d\btless 0 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* craftsman%ip & tradition 9 ! /a9$ glass ( t p]iod4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ! ,engli% craftsman atta9$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ov] 8 mat]ials1 & consequ5tly ! type ( ornam5t foll[$ ,engli% contempor>y ar*itecture m closely4 ,to sum up1 /a9$ glass *ang$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t p]iods f ! ri* col\r$ mosaic ( ! ,normans--! equally ri* col\r$ m$allions & grisaille glass ( ! e>ly ,go?ic--! decorat$ ,go?ic1 ) glass 9 light] col\rs1 & a preval5ce ( yell[ /a91 culm9at+ 9 ! lat] ,go?ic p]iod1 :5 l>g5ess ( mass1 lightness1 & silv]y col\r1 7 ! *>act]i/ics4 ,a beautiful treatm5t ( /a9$ glass1 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury 0 us$ by ! ,arabians2 ?is glass1 :i* has a s+ul> gem-l quality1 & )\t enamel or /a91 0 let into a framework ( pla/]1 :i* _h be5 cut & pi]c$ ) geometrical or floral patt]ns4 ,mod]n /a9$ glass has atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection 9 design & mat]ial "u ,burne ,jones1 ,walt] ,crane1 ,fr$]ic ,%ields & ,h5ry ,holiday1 ) glass su* z t produc$ by ,morris1 ,p[ell & ,sp>r[1 & ! ,am]ican opalesc5t glass ( ,la ,f>ge & ,tiffany4 ,! individuality ( _! "w1 appropriat5ess ( treatm5t1 bas$ ^u ! spl5did tradition ( ! pa/1 m>k a di/9ct epo* 9 hi/ory ( /a9$ glass4 ,spl5did h]aldic glass by ,a4 ,w4 ,pug9 may be se5 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ,we/m9/]2 & 9 ! hall & /aircase ( ! ,ro*dale ,t[n ,hall1 !re is a f9e s]ies ( w9d[s by ,heaton1 ,butl]1 & ,ba9e1 rem>kable = dignity ( /yle & unity ( conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]4 ,plate #cb4 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]4 ,( all treasure trove1 ^? ( gold & silv] are ! mo/ valuable1 %[+ u ! ri*es1 culture & ! decorative arts ( ! p :o c5turies ago us$ ^! beautiful objects ( jewell]y or ( utility4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ valuable ( ^! treasures 0 f\nd 9 #ahei ) ! mummy ( ,que5 ,aah-,hotep1 #ahjj ,b4,c4 7,cairo ,museum71 & consi/$ (3 bracelets1 armlets1 r+s1 *a9s1 a diadem 7fig4 #a71 a small model ( a twelve-o>$ w> galley1 & a poni>d1 all ( exquisite workman%ip1 & ( pure gold1 enri*$ ) jasp] & turquoise vitre\s pa/es4 ,at ,petrossa 9 #ahcg 7,buk>e/ ,museum71 tw5ty-two beautiful gold objects 7 f\nd1 b only twelve 7 recov]$1 consi/+ ( two neck-r+s or ,torques2 a l>ge salv]1 hamm]$ & *as$2 a ew]2 a b[l ) figures 9 rep\ss2 f\r fibula enri*$ ) preci\s /ones2 a gorget2 & two d\ble-h&l$ cups 7fig4 #d7 all ( :i* are ,byzant9e "w ( ! #e? c5tury4 ,at ,gu>raz> 9 ,spa91 t5 gold votive cr[ns ( ,go?ic workman%ip 7 f\nd2 "o inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,k+ ,su9tila1 #fcj ,a4,d41 is n[ 9 ! museum at ,madrid1 ! o!rs 9 ! ,htel ,cluny1 ,p>is1 ! l>ge/ hav+ ! "n ( ,k+ ,rescesv9?us1 #fgj ,a4,d4 9 p5dive lett]s 7fig4 #c74 ,( silv]smi?'s "w1 ! mo/ important is ! 8,treasure ( ,hilde%eim10 f\nd 9 #ahfh 7n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum7 consi/+ ( ?irty objects1 cups1 vases1 & di%es1 beautiful 9 cont\r & admirably enri*$ ) delicate rep\ss "w ( ! ,greco-,roman p]iod 7fig4 #e74 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s _m f9e examples ( ,greek & ,etruscan goldsmi?'s art2 "s e>ly ,greek "w has ! typical ,myc5 spiral enri*m5t4 ,beautiful ,greek plaques ( ! #d? & #e? c5turies ,b4,c4 7 obta9$ by press+ ! gold into /one m\lds1 & 7 aft]w>ds enri*$ ) ?reads ( gold or 8filigree10 :i* develop$ lat] into ! ,byzant9e filigree "w4 ,! beautiful ,etruscan ,fibul are enri*$ ) m9ute globules ( gold sold]$ on1 a process br\ght to a rem>kable degree ( p]fection by ! ,etruscans 9 ! #g?1 #f? & #e? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,( ! gold & silv] vessels us$ by ,solomon 9 ! temple1 we h ! description 9 ! ,books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles1 b no trace ( ! orig9als1 except t on ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 #gi ,a4,d41 we f9d a repres5tation ( ! sev5-bran*$ gold5 c&le/ick 7fig4 #i74 ,( ! ,m$ival p]iod1 _m f9e examples ( *ur* & corporation plate are /ill treasur$ 9 our museums4 ,!y are ( great intr9sic value1 ( beautiful workman%ip1 *as$ & engrav$1 & enri*$ ) ca/ & rep\ss "w & ! *oice/ enamels4 ,( ! craftsman or goldsmi? we "k b little1 b 8 delicacy ( t\*1 8 j appreciation ( appropriat5ess ( treatm5t to 8 mat]ial1 & ! s+ul> grace & *>m ( 8 design are a tribute to 8 culture & p]sonality4 ,cell9i produc$ _m beautiful works1 yet p]haps n m beautiful ?an 8 _m contempor>y goldsmi?s4 ,9 our museums !re are "s *>m+ specim5s ( engrav+ ^u silv]1 fill$ 9 ) black enamel call$ ,niello1 by ,maso ,f9igu]re1 ab\t #adej1 :o produc$ "s e>ly pr9ts f an engrav$ plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronzes4 ,plate #cc4 ,,bronze4 ,bronze1 an alloy ( copp] & t91 has be5 9 use f a remote p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,its adaptability = ca/+1 its durability1 utility & col\r h r5d]$ ?is mat]ial "o ( ! mo/ useful & valuable4 ,( ! _m f9e examples ( ! e>ly ,egyptian & ,assyrian bronze n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! mo/ beautiful are ! bronzes ( ,siris1 two fragm5ts ( arm\r1 ) reliefs 9 rep\ss 7fig4 #d74 ,! _m ,greek /atues 9 ! r\nd1 ( _! ,gods & h]oes1 %[ ! mo/ skilful te*nique & beauty ( =m4 ,! ,etruscans 7 clev] work]s 9 ?is mat]ial1 & !y us$ a mo/ expressive treatm5t ( incis$ l9es1 :i* diff]5tiates _! decorative bronzes f ^? ( ,greece1 ) _! delicate l[ reliefs4 ,! bronze mirrors 7fig4 #b7 & ! ,ci/a are typical examples ( ! ,etruscan treatm5t4 ,! f9e/ kn[n ci/a is t call$ ! 8,ficoroni ,ci/a10 by ,morios ,plantios 7#crd c5tury ,b4,c47 & is n[ 9 ! ,collegio ,romano2 a description1 ) illu/rations ( ?is example is 9 ! 8,magaz9e ( ,art10 ,april1 #ahhd4 ,descriptions ( ?is ci/a & ( ! _m f9e examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are giv5 9 8,murray's ,h&book ( ,greek ,ar*ology40 ,( small decorative bronzes1 ,naples ,museum alone has ov] #ac1jjj examples1 consi/+ ( c&elabra1 tripods1 tables1 *airs & c\*es1 :i*1 eighte5 c5turies ago1 7 us$ by ! weal?y ,roman citiz5s4 ,( bronze eque/rian /atues1 ! mo/ r5[n$ are ^? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #age2 ,b>tolomeo ,coleone1 at ,v5ice1 ,a4,d4 #adhh1 by ,&rea ,v]roc*io2 & ,aless&ro ,leop>do2 & t ( ,gattamelata1 at ,padua1 #adec ,a4,d41 by ,donatello4 ,a rem>kable bronze figure ( ! ,r5asc5ce p]iod is t ( ,p]seus1 by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 #aejj-aegj1 at ,flor5ce1 & ! figure ( ,neptune on ! f\nta9 at ,bologna by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #aebd-ij4 ,! bronze doors ( ,san ,z5one1 at ,v]ona1 7see plates #a & #c 9 8,aratra ,p5telici0 by ,john ,rusk971 & ^? ( ! ,bapti/]y1 at ,flor5ce1 by ,&rea ,pisano & ,ghib]ti 7see ,r5asc5ce7 are typical examples ( e>ly ,r5asc5ce bronzes4 ,! ca/+ ( ^! ,bronzes 0 by ! 8,cire ,p]du0 me?od1 t is1 by =m+ a core ( firm mat]ial ne>ly ! size & %ape requir$1 !n cov]+ ) %eet wax & f9i%+ ) ! detail requir$1 ) /icks ( wax project+ to =m v5ts = ! escape ( /eam 9 ca/+4 ,! wax is !n bru%$ ov] ) a composition ( f9e clay & gr\nd crucibles to "s ?ickness & ! m\ld ?us =m$ is connect$ ) ! inn] "o by bronze rods4 ,! wax is !n melt$ out1 leav+ a cavity ,into :i* ! liquid bronze is p\r$1 ! core & m\ld be+ aft]w>ds remov$4 ,bronze is also ca/ 9 piece m\lds tak5 f ! model2 ! piece m\ld is !n l9$ ) %eet clay & put toge!r & ! core run 94 ,! clay is !n remov$ & ! bronze run 9 z 9 ! =m] process4 ,! s& process = ca/+ has n[ rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection 9 :i* ! core & m\ld are =m$ by pressure 9 a f9e t5aci\s s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wr\ght ,,iron4 ,plate #cd4 ,,wr\ght ,,iron4 ,! decorative qualities ( iron1 ) its /r5g?1 durability & comp>ative *eapness1 h r5d]$ x "o ( ! mo/ useful metals 9 ! appli$ arts4 ,us$ f an e>ly p]iod = implem5ts ( w> & ! *ase1 x gradually became associat$ ) ar*itecture & furniture1 rea*+ 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies a rem>kable degree ( beauty & skilful craftsman%ip t has nev] be5 excell$4 ,_m f9e ,norman h+es ( wr\ght iron are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 hav+ a /raight c5tral b> or /rap1 ) small scroll t]m9ations2 ^! c5tral /raps 7 /r5g!n$ ) cresc5t-%ap$ pieces1 t]m9at+ 9 small s]p5t =ms1 probably a survival ( ! ,vik+ traditions4 ,?is =m ( h+e 0 succe$$ by ! ,e>ly ,go?ic h+e1 :i* 0 a s]ies ( spirals spr++ f ! /raight b> or /rap1 ! spiral be+ weld$ or fa/5$ ) coll>s2 ^! spirals 7 enri*$ ) ! ?ree-lob$ foliage or trefoil1 typical ( ! ,e>ly ,go?ic p]iod2 f9e examples ( ?is h+e occur on ! we/ door ( ,notre ,dame1 ,p>is1 :]e ?is typical spiral has ! trefoil leaf1 ) birds1 dragons & small rosettes 9 /amp$ iron4 ,?is /amp$ *>act]i/ic may be se51 b 9 a less degree1 9 ! f9e h+es ( ,leighton ,buzz>d ,*ur*1 ,eaton ,bray ,*ur*1 ,b$=d%ire1 & ! ,eleanor grill 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 by ,?omas de ,leghton1 9 #abid4 ,9 ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies1 :5 panell$ doors took ! place ( ! e>li] doors1 ?is ,e>ly ,go?ic /yle ( h+e 0 n ne$$ 7fig4 #e7 s t we f9d no trace ( x 9 t p]iod1 b ! art ( wr\ght iron 0 cont9u$ ) ! hamm]$ & *isell$ h+es & lock plates ( ! mo/ v>i$ & delicate workman%ip1 :i* enri*$ ! beautiful ,go?ic *e/s ( ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies4 ,! simple wr\ght scre51 :i* 0 s l>gely us$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury 0 n[ elaborat$1 especially 9 ,italy1 & f9e examples ( quatre-foil grilles ) massive wr\ght fram+ & a ri* frieze ( foliage1 cupids & animals 9 pi]c$ & hamm]$ iron are to be se5 at ! ca!drals ( ,orvieto1 ,prato & ,si5a1 dat+ f ab\t #accg to #acej1 & at ,santa ,croce1 ,flor5ce1 #acga2 b x 0 9 ,spa9 & ,france t ! scre5 rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,! ,spani% scre5s or 8,rjas0 9 ! ca!drals ( ,seville1 ,tol$o & ,granada h a f9e range ( turn$ & *isell$ v]tical b>s "s #cj to #ej feet high1 ) an elaborate frieze & cre/+4 ,beautiful wr\ght & *isell$ gates 7 erect$ 9 ,france ab\t #afeh1 = ! ,l\vre & ! ,royal ,*ateaux ( ,anet & ,econeu4 ,!re are "s f9e wr\ght gates at ,hampton ,c\rt by ,jean ,tijon1 :o publi%$ "s draw+s ( !m 9 #afic1 & _m good simple gates ( ! la/ c5tury are /ill 9 position 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! wr\ght iron gate pi]s 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 ) _! ar*itectural treatm5t ( op5 panell+1 cre/+1 & massive buttresses1 9 fil$1 bolt$ & rivet$1 are spl5did examples ( ,flemi% workman%ip1 & are probably by ,qu9t9 ,matsys 7#adej-aebi74 ,,furniture4 ,! adaptability & univ]sality ( wood = dome/ic & public purposes1 its susceptibility to c>v+ & enri*m5t1 its beautiful texture1 gra9 & col\r1 h made x "o ( ! mo/ useful ( mat]ials 9 ! con/ructive & decorative arts4 ,! _m *airs1 tables & *e/s ( anci5t times1 & ! beautiful *oir /alls1 cab9ets & scre5s ( ! middle ages are a tribute to ! vitality1 inv5tiv5ess & arti/ic p]ception ( ! old craftsman4 ,illu/ration ,! univ]sality ( ! *air has t5d$ to pres]ve ! =m ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,! *air has und]gone v>i\s modifications1 f ! ornate ,egyptian "o to ! ,assyrian example ) ! supports ( fir-cones4 ,9 ! ,greek example1 ! beauty & simplicity ( pr(ile is rem>kable1 :ile ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #a/ c5tury ,a4,d41 is purely ar*itectonic ) enri*m5ts ( gold & ivory4 ,illu/ration ,! ,coronation ,*air 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i41 is "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ,engl&1 (f]+ a /rong contra/ to ! *airs ( ! #ah? c5tury by ,*ipp5dale & ,%]aton4 ,illu/ration ,a ,v5etian *air ( ! #af? c5tury %[s a skilful b inappropriate treatm5t4 ,! ,arabians at ,cairo1 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 produc$ "s beautiful geometrical wood panell+1 frequ5tly inlaid ) ebony & ivory1 & hav+ a m>vell\s intricacy ( l9e & detail4 ,9 ,italy1 dur+ ! #af? c5tury1 _m beautifully c>v$ cassone or *e/s1 9 walnut1 enri*$ ) gild+1 7 produc$1 simil> to ! "o "h figur$ f ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,9 ,italy ! beautiful c>v$ *oir /alls ( ! #af? c5tury 7 frequ5tly enri*$ ) ,,int>sia1 a light wood inlay ^u a d>k gr\nd1 ?is int>sia be+ aft]w>ds slightly et*$ & black rubb$ 91 or scor*$ ) hot s& or irons4 ,! *oir /alls at ,/4 ,organo1 ,v]ona1 & ! ,c]tosa1 at ,pavia1 are f9e examples ( ,int>sia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cassone ,,or ,,*e/ ,s ,k ,m ,,italian #af,,? ,,c5tury ,9 ! ,r5asc5ce ( ,france we meet ) _m examples ( beautiful furniture1 great skill1 ta/e & +5uity be+ br\ght to be> ^u ?is "w4 ,jean ,g\jon1 ,ba*eli] & ,philib]t de l',orme 7 fam$ = _! wood c>v+s 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,9 #afdb1 ,&r ,*>les ,b\le introduc$ a v5e]$ "w compos$ ( ?9 tortoise-%ell & brass1 frequ5tly *as$ or engrav$2 ?is is n[ t]m$ ,,b\le "w4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] "w ! %ell is laid on a v]milion or gold gr\nd1 :i* greatly enhances its effect4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury1 ,b\le "w 0 /ill made 9 ,france1 b new me?ods & new m5 came to ! front1 among/ o!rs 7 ,ries5] & ,david ,ro5tg51 :o produc$ spl5did ,,m>quetry ( fl[]s1 fe/oons & diap] patt]ns inlaid 9 v>i\s col\r$ woods4 ,bo? ^! m5 work$ 9 mahogany & ebony1 & _! light] m>quetry 0 frequ5tly %ad$ by scor*+ ) hot s&4 ,^! pieces ( furniture 7 usually enri*$ ) gilt1 bronze or metal m\nt+s by ,g\?ire1 a contempor>y craftsman4 ,a beautiful mode ( enri*+ woodwork 0 introduc$ by ,v]nis ,m>t91 #agjf-gj2 ?is 0 ! use ( a gold & gre5 lac1 :i* 0 transp>5t & brilliant1 & simil> to ! beautiful lac "w ( ,japan4 ,illu/ration ,( ,engli% m5 ( ?is p]iod1 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale produc$ "s good furniture & publi%$ a book ( designs 9 #agfd1 :i* und\bt$ly influ5c$ mu* ( ! furniture ( t p]iod2 ,ma?ias ,lock 0 ano!r not$ cab9et mak]4 ,9 #aghi1 ,a4 ,hepple:ite publi%$ a book on furniture1 &1 9 #agie1 ,?omas ,%]aton publi%$ a "w on ! same subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,scre54 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,fr5* ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,! beautiful panell+ & c>v$ mantels ( ! _m f9e halls ( ! "t ( ,elizabe? & ,james are *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% "w4 ,contempor>y ) ?is are ! beautiful ,engli% panell$ *e/s ) qua9t imag]y & enri*m5ts1 & ! curi\s ,jacobean b$-foot ) its pi]c$ p$e/al & balu/] pill>4 ,) ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 :o di$ 9 #agba1 wood c>v+ rea*$ its culm9ation = delicacy & skilful craftsman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,plate #ce4 ,,textiles4 ,! utility1 univ]sality1 con/ruction1 texture1 ornam5tation & col\r ( textile fabrics are full ( int]e/ & sugge/iv5ess1 = 9 ! rem>kable developm5t ( textile fabrics we may trace ! cont9uity ( /yle & tradition1 ! int]m+l+ ( races & cu/oms1 & ! graft+ ( religi\s ideas ) ! weal? & luxuriance ( ! pa/4 ,all fabrics wr\ght 9 ! loom are call$ textiles4 ,!y are broadly divid$ into ?ree classes3 #a/1 pla9 fabrics 9 :i* ! w>p & weft alt]nate equally2 #bnd1 ^? fabrics 9 :i* a patt]n is produc$ by ! w>p & weft int]m+l+ 9 diff]5t proportions or col\rs1 figur$ clo?s & tape/ries be+ includ$ 9 ?is class2 #crd1 ^? fabrics 9 :i* ! pla9 textile ,,no4 #a is enri*$ ) ! ne$le or by pr9t+1 t]m$ embroid]ies or pr9t$ fabrics4 ,ow+ to _! p]i%able nature few rema9s ( anci5t textile fabrics are 9 exi/5ce4 ,! olde/ examples are f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,egypt1 :]e1 ow+ to ! dryness ( ! climate1 "s fabrics ( ! e>ly dyna/ies /ill rema94 ,!y are usually ( f9e l95 & )\t enri*m5t1 yet ^u ! same tombs are _m pa9t$ patt]ns t und\bt$ly %[ a wov5 orig94 ,! olde/ figur$ fabrics f\nd 9 ,egypt are ( ! #f? c5tury ,a4,d41 & !y %[ a rem>kable simil>ity to ! e>ly patt]ns ( ,p]sia & ,byzantium1 = x 0 9 ,india1 ,p]sia & ,arabia t textiles rea*$ _! p]fection ( workman%ip & _! weal? ( mat]ial4 ,?is spl5did tradition 0 c>ri$ f ,p]sia & ,india to ,byzantium 9 ! #e? c5tury1 & 9 ! #h? c5tury ! ,arabians absorb$ & assimilat$ ! arts ( ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,egypt & ,spa9 & br\ght ! art ( weav+ to its culm9ation dur+ ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies4 ,! ornam5tal designs ( textile fabrics ( diff]5t nations & p]iods are *>act]is$ by well-def9$ =ms1 diff]5tiat$ by racial influ5ce1 climatic conditions & ! my?s & traditions ( ! p4 ,yet ! traditional ,ea/]n orig9 may be trac$ ?r\gh _m textile designs1 = !re is no d\bt t ,india1 ,p]sia & ,arabia influ5c$ ! designs ( textile fabrics m ?an any o!r nations4 ,?is 0 due no d\bt p>tly to ! ,ea/]n weav]s c>ry+ _! art & traditions ) !m to v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 & also to ! exportation ( _! spl5did fabrics1 b pr9cipally to ! beautiful & int]e/+ designs :i* 7 p]fectly adapt$ to ! process ( weav+4 ,x is due no d\bt to ?is frank adaptation ( natural =ms & _! appropriat5ess to ! te*nical necessities ( wov5 fabrics1 t has r5d]$ ?is ,ea/]n influ5ce s p]si/5t ?r\gh _m c5turies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is rem>kable t ev5 9 ,italy dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,r5asc5ce p]iod1 ) ! *>act]i/ic scroll =ms & acan?us foliation ( its ar*itecture & decorative arts1 ! textiles are q di/9ct 9 /yle1 hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,sicilian1 ,p]sian & ,indian ornam5t4 ,among ! e>lie/ figur$ fabrics mu/ be plac$ ^? ( ,assyria1 ( :i* repres5tations may be se5 9 ,lay>d's ,book on ,n9eveh4 ,! patt]ns consi/$ ( symmetrically plac$ w+$ figures ) ! ,hom or ,tree ( ,life & ! rosette1 :i* 0 us$ z a symbol by ,zora/]4 ,x is probable t _m ( ^! patt]ns 7 embroid]$1 z ! ,babylonians 7 report$ to be skilful 9 ! art ( embroid]y1 b x is also c]ta9 t "s ( ! patt]ns 7 wov54 ,! figur$ fabrics f\nd 9 ,egypt only date f ! #e? & #f? c5turies ,a4,d41 & %[ a m>k$ ,byzant9e & ,p]sian influ5ce 7figs4 #a-g1 plate #ce74 ,*>act]i/ic ,byzant9e examples h m$allions & symmetrically plac$ figures & ornam5t ( ! 8,hom40 ,at ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 _m f9e gre5 & gold silk fabrics ) ornam5t 9 br[n outl9e 7 produc$ f ! #f? to ! #aj? c5turies4 ,"u ! ,s>ac5s1 textile fabrics rea*$ _! highe/ developm5t2 spl5d\r ( col\r1 beauty & p]fection ( mat]ial & ! s+ul>ly int]e/+ beauty ( ! designs be+ ! *ief *>act]i/ics4 ,! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 9 #fcb ,a4,d41 by ,abu ,bekr1 ! successor ( ,mahomet1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,bagdad 9 #gfb z ! capital ( ! ,arabian ,khalifs1 & ! invasion ( ,india1 9 #gaa1 gave a rem>kable impetus to ! decorative arts1 m especially ! arts ( dye+1 weav+ & embroid]y4 ,^! arts culm9at$ 9 ! spl5did p]iod ( ! ,fatimy ,khalifs1 #iji-aaga ,a4,d4 ,?\gh ,mahomet =bade 8 foll[]s to we> silk1 x 0 l>gely us$ by ! ,s>ac5s &1 to evade ! injunction1 cotton 0 frequ5tly int]wov5 ) x1 &1 9 ,india especially1 ! fabrics (t5 h a cotton w>p z a f\ndation = ! weft patt]ns ( col\r$ silks & gold ?read4 ,_m f9e examples ( ,s>ac5ic fabrics ( ! #aa? to ! #ae? c5turies are n[ 9 our national museums4 ,! l>g] portion are f ,sicily1 & are t]m$ ,sicilian or ,siculo-,s>ac5ic4 ,!y h b&s ( birds1 animals1 foliage & inscriptions 9 blue1 gre5 & gold on a r$ gr\nd4 ,if :olly ( silk ! fabric 0 t]m$ ,holos]icum1 & if ( silk & gold1 ,*rysoclavum fundatum4 ,drawn gold ?read 0 n us$ 9 e>ly fabrics1 b gold leaf laid on pap] or sk9 & !n roll$ r\nd a f9e ?read ( silk 0 l>gely us$ by ! ,s>ac5ic weav]s4 ,! patt]ns 9 "s ( ! lat] ,sicilian fabrics ( ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies h a purple gr\nd 9 twill$ silk1 ) birds & foliage =m$ by a weft ( gold ?read4 ,^! patt]ns 7 usually symmetrical 9 arrangem5t1 no d\bt p>tly due to ! traditional art ( ,assyria1 b also to ! simple necessities ( weav+1 = 9 ! e>ly looms ! turnov] ( ! patt]n 0 frequ5tly us$4 ,! ,s>ac5ic fabrics produc$ 9 ,spa9 are call$ ,hispano-,moresque & are di/+ui%$ by spl5did crimson or d>k blue conv5tional patt]ns ( silk ^u a yell[ gr\nd ( a f9e quality1 & a frequ5t use ( /rips ( gild$ p>*m5t 9 place ( ! roll$ gilt ?read4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 _m f9e velvets rais$ on a sat9 gr\nd ) gold ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cf4 ,,sicilian ,,fabric ,,9 ,,gold ,,?read ,,on ,,purple ,,gr\nd4 #ac,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,bock ,,collection4 ,,man*e/] ,illu/ration3 ,plate #cg4 ,,pr9t$ ,,cotton4 ,,indian #ah,,? ,,c5t4 ,s4,k4,m4 & silv] ?reads1 7 made4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury1 ,rog] ,,ii41 ! ,norman ,k+ ( ,nor!rn ,sicily1 took ,cor9? & ,argos1 & c>ri$ _m weav]s & embroid]]s f ,greece to ,sicily1 & e/abli%$ !m at ,pal]mo1 :]e !y quickly assimilat$ ! ,sicilian /yle & produc$ _m f9e fabrics dur+ ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies4 ,! crusades n[ began to influ5ce ! arts2 9 #ajih1 ,antio* 0 tak5 & ! spoil di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,europe2 9 #abjd1 ,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by ,baldw91 ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 & ! ,v5etian ,doge1 ,d&olo1 & ! va/ spoil ( textiles di/ribut$4 ,x 0 d\btless "u ! influ5ce ( ! crusades t ! ,sicilian weav]s ( ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies produc$ ! _m beautiful fabrics enri*$ ) w+$ lions1 foliat$ crosses & cr[ns1 ray$ />s1 h>ts & birds l9k$ toge!r1 & ) ! introduction ( armorial be>+s4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ?is spl5did tradition 0 introduc$ into ,italy1 & at ,lucca _m beautiful fabrics 7 produc$1 hav+ ! same *>act]i/ics & te*nique z ! ,sicilian fabrics4 ,! cloak ^u ! recumb5t bronze figure ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey has a patt]n ( foliage ) c\*ant h>ts & ray$ />s1 & 0 mo/ probably copi$ f ! orig9al silk made = ,ri*>d at ,lucca or ,pal]mo4 ,! beautiful mat]ials & designs ( ,indian textile fabrics are indicative ( ! love ( nature & ! spl5d\r ( col\r ( a remote antiquity4 ,?\gh influ5c$ at v>i\s times by ,greek1 ,p]sian & ,arabian traditions1 ,india /ill pres]v$ an indig5\s ornam5tal art ( rem>kable fre%ness & vitality1 ! design]s *oos+ _! own flora & fauna ) r>e selective p[] & adaptive qualities4 ,) an in/9ctive feel+ = ornam5tal art1 aid$ by ! spl5did col\r+s ( ! native dyes1 !y produc$ textile fabrics ( silks1 brocades1 & gold & silv] lace rem>kable = ri*ness & p]fection ( mat]ial1 beauty ( design & h>mony ( col\r4 ,! ,indian p9e is a famili> =m ( enri*m5t diff]5tiat$ f ! cypress ( ,p]sia 7fig4 #a1 plate #bb71 by ! spiral at ! apex4 ,?is typical p9e is treat$ ) a wond]ful div]sity ( detail 7figs4 #d1 #e & #f1 plate #bc74 ,! spl5did c>pets ( ,india 7 d\btless influ5c$ by ! ,p]sian tradition & !y foll[ ! same me?ods & ornam5tal arrangem5ts1 adapt+1 conv5tionaliz+ & emphasis+ plants1 fl[]s & se$s1 & r5d]+ !m ) a f9e feel+ = =m & col\r4 ,block pr9t+ 0 l>gely us$ = silks & cottons1 & _m spl5did examples are n[ treasur$ 9 our museums2 an illu/ration ( a pr9t$ cotton ,palampore f ,s\? ,k5s+ton is giv5 "h1 %[+ ! beautiful floral treatm5t1 div]sity ( detail1 & contra/ ( l9e & mass4 ,! gold & silv] ,brocades or 8,k9cobs0 ( ,ahm$abad & ,b5>es1 ) patt]ns ( animals1 fl[]s & foliage ri*ly spangl$2 ! delicate musl9s ( ,dacca1 ! gold & silv] prim$ musl9s ( ,jaipur1 & ! wooll5 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ch4 ,,p]sian ,,c>pet4 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,s4,k4,m %awls ( ,ka%mir1 ) ! well-kn[n p9e patt]n1 are spl5did examples ( ri*ness ( mat]ial1 delicacy & skilfulness ( te*nic1 & beauty & appropriat5ess ( ornam5tation4 ,! ,pile c>pets ( ,p]sia1 especially ^? ( ,kurdi/an1 ,khorassan1 ,kirman1 & ,f]ahan1 are ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 be+ magnific5t 9 col\r & hav+ bold conv5tional patt]ns ( _! beautiful flora1 ) birds & animals int]sp]s$ ) ! ornam5t1 giv+ a l>g5ess ( mass & int]e/ & vitality ( detail4 ,! illu/ration on ! opposite page is f a f9e #af? c5tury ,p]sian c>pet1 & is a good example ( _! me?ods & traditions4 ,! hyac9?1 tulip1 iris & ! p9k1 are frequ5tly introduc$1 toge!r ) ! hom or tree ( life4 ,an illu/ration is giv5 7fig4 #b1 plate #bb7 ( a ,g5oa fabric b ( ,p]sian design1 %[+ ! typical 8p9k0 ) its simplicity & beauty ( l9e4 ,?is traditional art ( ,p]sia _h a mo/ m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! textile fabrics ( ,europe f ! #ab? to ! #ag? c5turies4 ,?is 0 no d\bt due to _m causes1 b ! p]fect adaptability to ! process ( weav+1 ! int]e/1 inv5tiv5ess & beauty ( ! ornam5t1 & ! s+ul> frank treatm5t ( =m & col\r1 d\btless appeal$ to ! craftsm5 ( ,europe1 & h5ce we f9d _m ,p]sian designs produc$ 9 ,sicily1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,france & ,fl&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,mullion ,,patt]n1 ,,italian4 ,! f9e/ silk velvets & damasks produc$ f ! looms ( ,flor5ce %[ a di/9ct ,p]sian influ5ce 9 _! bold arti*oke & pomegranate patt]ns ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,9 ,g5oa1 simil> patt]ns 9 _m col\r$ velvets 7 produc$1 & x is s+ul> h[ l>gely ?is p]si/5cy ( type prevails 9 all c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk ,,italian #af? ,,c5tury ,9 #adhj1 ,l\is ,,xi4 introduc$ ! art into ,france1 :5 looms 7 e/abli%$ at ,t\rs1 & 9 #aebj !y 7 e/abli%$ at ,lyons by ,francis ,i41 & ! art ( weav+ rapidly spread4 ,! e>lie/ fabrics ( ^! looms h patt]ns simil> to ! ,p]sian & ,italian fabrics2 b soon ! vase patt]n1 :i* no d\bt _h its orig9 9 ,byzant9e textiles & :i* _h be5 us$ by ! ,p]sians & ,italians1 began to influ5ce ,fr5* designs4 ,h[ev]1 ?is rapidly gave place t[>ds ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury to ! imitations ( ribbons & laces 9 textile fabrics1 toge!r ) a m naturali/ic treatm5t ( floral =ms1 & ! beauty1 sugge/iv5ess & int]e/ ( ! e>ly patt]ns n[ gave way to prett9ess1 affectation & a naturali/ic treatm5t :i* culm9at$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,madame ,pompad\r4 ,! rem>kable inv5tion ( p]=at$ c>ds = facilitat+ ! weav+ ( figur$ fabrics 0 introduc$ by ,bon*on1 #agbe1 & cont9u$ by ,falcon 9 #agbh1 by ,vancanson 9 #agde1 & p]fect$ by ,joseph ,m>ie ,jacqu>d1 #ageb-ahcd4 ,! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe by ,l\is ! ,,xiv41 caus$ l>ge numb]s ( weav]s to come to ,engl&1 br++ _! art & tradition ) !m1 & _m e/abli%$ !mselves at ,spitalfields :i* soon rose to "s importance4 ,! patt]ns1 necess>ily1 7 purely ,fr5* 9 treatm5t1 consi/+ ( natural arrangem5ts ( fl[]s2 a sket* is "h giv5 ( a ,spitalfields design = silk damask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,vase ,,patt]n ,! textile fabrics ( ,fl&]s rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 ,bruges be+ fam\s = its silk damasks & velvets1 ! patt]ns %[+ ! traditional ,p]sian or ! pomegranate & arti*oke type ( ! ,flor5t9e textiles4 ,block pr9t+ _h be5 introduc$ into ,fl&]s 9 ! #ae? c5tury & _m f9e patt]ns ) ,indian motives 7 produc$ up to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,design ,,= ,a ,,spitalsfield ,,silk ,,fabric ,,dat$ #agci ,,skm ,at ,ypres1 f9e diap]$ l95 0 manufactur$1 & ,gh5t 0 fam\s = its wooll5s1 b ! rem>kable prosp]ity ( ,fl&]s 0 de/roy$ by ! ,spani% occupation 7#aeef-afdh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,mullion ,,patt]n ,!n l>ge numb]s ( ,flemi% weav]s came to ,engl& & settl$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 br++ _! traditions & craftsman%ip1 :i* h und\bt$ly _h a mo/ m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! production ( cotton & wooll5 textile fabrics 9 ,engl&4 ,tape/ry1 ( :i* _m f9e examples ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies are treasur$ 9 our museums & palaces1 diff]s f mo/ wov5 fabrics 9 its me?od ( production1 :i* consi/s ( int]weav+ & knott+ %ort pieces ( col\r$ wefts1 :i* =m ! patt]n1 to a /rong w>p1 a gr\nd weft be+ ?r[n across ea* pick to b9d ! mat]ial well toge!r2 ,illu/ration3 ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,plate #ci4 ?is is almo/ ! same me?od z t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,indian & ,p]sian c>pets4 ,x 0 dur+ ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies1 at ,arras 9 ,fl&]s1 t /ori$ tape/ries 7 br\ght to _! culm9ation & ! tape/ry work]s became a mo/ p[]ful guild4 ,f ab\t #adhj1 ,brussels produc$ _m magnific5t hang+s f designs by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce4 ,raphael's fam\s c>toons :i* are n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum are ! orig9al designs = ! t5 tape/ries manufactur$ at ,brussels = ,pope ,leo ,x4 = ! enri*m5t ( ! ,si/9e *apel 9 ! ,vatican2 ! sev5 c>toons1 ?ree be+ lo/1 7 pur*as$ by ,*>les ,i4 ,_m ( ! great ,flemi% pa9t]s also design$ = ! ,brussels tape/ries1 su* z ,van ,orley1 ,van ,leyd5 & ,jan ,mabuse4 ,francis ,i4 caus$ tape/ry looms to be set up at ,fonta9bleau 9 #acci1 "u ! direction ( ! ,italian1 ,s]lio1 b x 0 n until ! ,gobel9 tape/ry manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afjc 9 ! ,faub\rg ,sa9t ,m>cel by ! ,flem+1 ,m>c de ,comans1 & ,franois de la ,plan*e1 t ,fr5* tape/ry rea*$ any importance4 ,"u ! ,m9i/] ,colb]t 9 #affg1 ! ,royal ,gobel9 manufactory produc$ _m f9e tape/ries design$ by ! head ( ! e/abli%m5t1 ,*>les le ,brun4 ,ab\t #aeij1 "s c>pets call$ ,savonn]ie 7 made 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! te*nique be+ some:at simil> to ! ,p]sian c>pets b ! patt]ns 7 m pictorial & naturali/ic 9 treatm5t2 f9e tape/ries 7 also produc$ at ,beauvais & ,aubusson4 ,tape/ry _h be5 manufactur$ 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 b x 0 n until ! "t ( ,james ,i4 t x assum$ any importance1 :5 a tape/ry manufactory 0 e/abli%$ at ,mortlake by ,francis ,crane4 ,"s f9e ,flemi% tape/ries are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum & eight l>ge pieces by ,b]n>d ,van ,orley are 9 ! ,great ,hall ( ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,! col\r$ c>toons by ,mantegna 9 ,hampton ,c\rt1 repres5t+ ! ,triumph ( ,cs>1 7 to be reproduc$ 9 tape/ry = ! ,duke ( ,mantua4 ,!re are "s f9e ,gobel9 & ,beauvais tape/ries 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le :i* 7 gifts f ! ,c\rt ( ,france1 & !y all %[ ! mo/ consummate te*nique1 beauty ( mat]ial & h>mony ( col\r4 ,! well-kn[n ,bayeux tape/ry is embroid]$ 9 col\r$ wools ^u a :ite l95 gr\nd4 ,x is #bad feet 9 l5g? & #bb in*es 9 wid? & divid$ 9 #gb comp>tm5ts ) incid5ts repres5t+ ! ,norman invasion ( ,engl& by ,william ,i4 ,?\gh reput$ to be ! "w ( ,que5 ,matilda1 ! probability is t x is ! "w ( ,engli% h&s "s few ye>s aft] ! invasion4 ,?is embroid]y or tape/ry is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,bayeux4 ,! rem>kable civilization ( ! ,incas or ,p]uvians1 is %[n 9 ! _m spl5did objects ( ! indu/rial arts n[ treasur$ 9 our museums4 ,( ^! relics ( a vani%$ civilization1 ! textile ,illu/ration3 ,,p]uvian ,,textiles4 ,plate #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]uvian ,,textiles4 ,plate #da4 fabrics are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ in/ructive & int]e/+4 ,! high te*nical skill ( ! craftsman%ip1 ! f9e sp9n+ ( ! wool & cotton1 & ! p]fection ( ! dye+ ( ! y>n1 toge!r ) ! skilful weav+ ( ! figur$ clo?s & tape/ries are a tribute to ! vitality & civilization ( a p remote f all ,asiatic or ,european influ5ces4 ,_m ( ! fabrics are ( d\ble clo?1 ( deep br[n & pale /raw col\r1 & %[ ! same col\r & patt]n on bo? sides ( ! clo?4 ,"s ( ! fabrics are tape/ry wov51 hav+ %ort /r&s ( col\r$ wool ins]t$ into ! fabric by ! aid ( ! ne$le1 & !y some:at resemble ! ,gobel9 tape/ry 9 _! me?od ( production4 ,a few ( ^! ,p]uvian cotton fabrics are ornam5t$ by means ( ti$ or knott$ "w1 id5tical ) ! ,b&hana or knott$ "w t]m$ ,*unti ,clo?1 ( ! ,nor?-we/ prov9ce ( ,india4 ,^! knott$ patt]ns consi/ ( simple spots arrang$ 9 squ>e1 zig-zag or curv$ l9es4 ,! patt]n is fir/ m>k$ ) a r$ e>? on ! pla9 fabric2 !n ! patt]n or spots are ti$ up tightly ) cotton ?read & ! :ole dipp$ 9 ! dye :i* only acts on ! unti$ portions ( ! clo?2 a :ite patt]n on a col\r$ gr\nd is ?us produc$1 bo? sides be+ alike4 ,^! ,p]uvian textiles are rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( ! beautiful flora ( ,p]u z elem5ts = decoration4 ,! fylfot or fret is a frequ5t =m ( enri*m5t 7plates #dj-da47 ,! wave scroll s typical ( ,greek "w is also a rem>kable elem5t 9 ,p]uvian ornam5t1 & illu/rates ! s+ul> developm5t ( ! same ideas & aspect ( =m among p s remote f ea* o!r z ! ,greeks & ,p]uvians4 ,b ! patt]ns t %>ply diff]5tiate ,p]uvian examples f all o!r /yles are ! conv5tional treatm5ts ( figures1 birds1 fi%es & animals4 ,! llama is conspicu\s 9 _m patt]ns1 b ! bird =ms are ! mo/ rem>kable1 hav+ _m v>iations ( type & treatm5t4 ,illu/rations are giv5 9 plates #dj & #da1 all tak5 f ! ,smi?ies ,loan ,collection at ,man*e/]4 ,o!r examples ( ^! int]e/+ fabrics may be se5 9 ! ,smi?ies collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 %[+ ! wond]ful div]sity ( ! treatm5t ( patt]n design+ by a p s remote z ! ,p]uvians4 ,x is difficult to fix any date = ^! ,p]uvian examples1 b z x is kn[n t dur+ ! reign ( ,inca ,pa*acutic 7circa #acij71 ! c]amic art 0 at its be/1 we may assume t ! si/] art ( weav+ rea*$ its p]fection ab\t ! same p]iod1 & cont9u$ until ! ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frets4 ,plate #db4 ,,frets4 ,! rem>kable univ]sality ( ! fret1 ! simplicity & rhy?m ( detail1 its adaptability & usefulness = surface enri*m5t1 h made ! fret "o ( ! be/ kn[n =ms ( ornam5tation4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! surface decorations ( ! tombs ( ,egypt1 ! temples ( ,greece1 & ! civic & dome/ic build+s ( ,rome4 ,! ,greek =m ) its "r-angul> & equally-spac$ keys 0 us$ on ! simple abacus & pla9 fascias ( ! ,dorian ar*itecture1 9 b&s ^u ! pa9t$ vases1 & 9 a conc5tric =m :5 us$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! r$-figur$ circul> cylix4 ,! ,romans1 )\t imp>t+ fre%ness1 us$ ! same "r-angl$ key patt]n1 *iefly z bord]s = mosaic pavem5ts & ^u ! horizontal s(fits ( _! ar*itecture4 ,! ,byzant9e us+ ! same type 9 conjunction ) ! cross & circle gave m significance to ! fret4 ,! ,arabian fret diff]s 9 ! use ( ! oblique l9e toge!r ) ! "r-angl$ key1 obta9+ a wond]ful degree ( complexity & ri*ness4 ,! ,celtic fret is *iefly a diagonal "o1 b ! recurr5t angle is r\nd$ to a curve4 ,*9ese & ,japanese frets are usually "r-angl$1 & are us$ 9 great pr(usion1 (t5 9 a second>y field or backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wall ,,mosaic ,,( ,,col\r$ ,,m>bles ,! ,japanese key or 8,fret diap]0 is us$ 9 ! greate/ pr(usion2 x is us$ alike on silks & brocades1 damasc5$ 9 metal1 9 cloisonn enamel & 9 lacqu]$ "w1 & is frequ5tly arrang$ 9 irregul> %ap$ comp>tm5ts or m$allions4 ,! ,greek cont9u\s fret bord] is r>ely us$ by ! ,japanese1 :o g5]ally use ! disconnect$ or irregul> fret4 ,a simil> irregul> fret bord] 0 us$ by ! ,p]uvians 7plate #da71 by ! ,mexicans1 & by ! natives ( ,polynesia4 ,! ,assyrian & ,byzant9e guillo*e is b a curv$ fret1 b additional int]e/ is giv5 by ! introduction ( radiat+ =ms 9 ! pr9cipal int]/ices ( ! fret 7fig4 #e1 plate #aa47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #dc4 ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,/yle 9 ar*itecture & ornam5t has always be5 influ5c$ by tradition1 racial influ5ce1 & ! my?s & religi\s beliefs ( ! p1 & x develop$ ) ! progress ( ! nation1 (t5 culm9at+ 9 "s great epo*4 ,frequ5tly ! cont9uity 0 c>ri$ on by "s contempor>y or succe$+ race1 modifi$ by diff]5t conditions & environm5ts1 yet /ill reta9+ ! /yle 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 or1 ?is ?read ( cont9uity 0 occasionally lo/ = a "t1 only to spr+ into new life1 end[$ ) fre% vitality & beauty1 culm9at+ aga9 9 spl5d\r4 ,!n fre% religi\s ideas & conditions engraft$ _! symbolism & traditions ^u ! /yle1 ?us =m+ a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,ornam5t is ! expression ( ! p or ( ! prie/craft1 & 9 its primitive /ate 0 us$ symbolically4 ,! ornam5t ( ,polynesia & ,melanesia probably %[s ?is primitive /ate ( ornam5tation4 ,isolat$ z ^! isl&]s 7 f ! influ5ce ( ,ea/]n or ,we/]n art1 & ) b little communication among ! v>i\s isl&s1 ! ornam5tal art ( ^! p has its own traditions & *>act]i/ics1 ea* prov9ce or gr\p ( isl&s %[+ diff]5t ideas & details 9 proportion to its culture or /ate ( civilization1 ,new ,zeal& %[+ ! highe/ developm5t & ,au/ralia ! l[e/1 :ile ) ! ,m>quesans ! ornam5t is almo/ pure picture writ+s4 ,! illu/ration ( ! beautiful paddle 9 ! ,heape collection1 ) its geometric ornam5tation1 %[s ! cont9uity & ornam5tal developm5t ( ! repres5tation ( ! human figure1 :i* 0 orig9ally *os5 by ! prie/hood = its significance or div9ity4 ,9 ,europe & ,asia all trace ( ?is primitive /age has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! developm5t & cont9uity ( ideas & cu/oms1 ! traditions ( /yle & craftsman%ip c>ri$ on ?r\gh _m c5turies ( ! _w's hi/ory h oblit]at$ ! e>ly or primitive /yle ( ornam5t1 *os5 fir/ = its significance or emblematic "*4 ,"s rem>kable examples ( pott]y & wov5 textile fabrics h be5 rec5tly f\nd 9 ! anci5t cemet]ies ( ,p]u--relics ( ! ,incas--long ant]ior to ! ,spani% conque/4 ,_m f9e examples ( ^! wov5 textiles ( cotton & wool are n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 =m+ ! ,smi?ies collection1 &1 z 9 ! ornam5t ( ,polynesia1 floral =ms are entirely abs5t1 ! ornam5t consi/+ ( conv5tional repres5tations ( ! human figure1 ) ! owl1 condor & ! t\can1 m+l$ ) ! wave scroll & ! fret1 elem5ts d\btless *os5 = _! significance4 ,_m beautiful illu/rations c\ld be *os5 f ! hi/ory ( ornam5t1 %[+ ?is cont9uity & p]si/5cy ( l9e & =m & its rem>kable influ5ce ^u contempor>y & succe$+ races4 ,p]haps ! =m & enri*m5t ( ! ,ar*itectural ,capital (f] "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive fields ( /udy 9 ! hi/ory & evolution ( ar*itecture4 ,! rem>kable p]si/5cy ( ! capital z a di/9ctive feature 9 ar*itecture may be trac$ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 ?\gh diff]5tiat$ by climatic conditions & racial influ5ces1 yet /ill pres]v+ a rem>kable simil>ity ( =m & enri*m5t among ! v>i\s nations ( ! e>?4 ,! function ( ! capital is to su/a9 & transmit to ! columns ! weight ( ! entablature or ar*ivolt1 & ! beauty & appropriat5ess ( ! capital dep5ds3-- ,fir/1 ^u ?is functional treatm5t ( /r5g?2 ,second1 ^u ! beauty ( pr(ile or mass2 ,?ird1 ^u ! enri*m5t & proportion ( ! capital4 ,! dignifi$ ,doric capital ( ! ,greeks illu/rates ^! functions & conditions by its p]fect adaptability1 simple functional /r5g?1 beauty ( pr(ile1 appropriat5ess ( enri*m5t & proportion & h>mony ( p>ts1 qualities :i* are ess5tial to beauty ( ar*itecture4 ,9 ! ,p>!non1 ,b4,c4 #dch1 we h ! f9e/ treatm5t ( ?is capital--a treatm5t full ( dignity1 res]ve1 & unison ( pr(ile 7plate #f74 ,! _m examples ( ! ,doric ,ord] 9 ,greece & h] colonies atte/ to ! e/eem 9 :i* ?is ord] 0 held by ! ,greeks4 ,! ,indian capital 7plate #bd7 exhibits ! same functional treatm5t by ! use ( brackets or modillions1 :i* und\bt$ly are a survival ( a wood5 con/ruction1 & :i* are typical ( ,ea/]n ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,capital ,,f ,,phil4 ,! rem>kable p]si/5cy ( ! pr(ile1 & enri*m5t ( ! capital ext5d+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( #d1jjj ye>s1 may be illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( diagrams ( typical examples4 ,! pr(ile ( ! capital has n v>i$ to any appreciable ext5t 9 ! examples "h giv51 & ! enri*m5t ( ! bell is rem>kable = its p]si/5cy1 ?\gh diff]5tiat$ by racial influ5ces4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital1 ) its volutes & acan?us foliage1 is b ! ar*itectural cont9uity ( ! ,egyptian capital4 ,! only pure ,greek example ( ?is ord] is f ! monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 b ! ,romans cont9u$ ! tradition1 assimilat+ & elaborat+ until !y produc$ ! magnific5t capitals ( ! portico ( ! ,pan!on & ! temple ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,9 ^! examples ! leaves are arrang$ 9 s]ies ( two r[s ( eight leaves ea*1 ! volutes spr++ f %ea?s & /ems betwe5 ! leaves1 :i* support ! angle ( ! volutes4 ,! example ( e>ly ,fr5* ,go?ic has simil> *>act]i/ics & illu/rates ! cont9uity ( /yle4 ,! ,ionic capital1 ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture1 nev] rea*$ ! ar*itectonic p]fection ( o!r capitals4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ow+ to ! wood5 orig9 be+ incompatible ) ! necessities ( /one & m>ble4 ,!re is a want ( unity betwe5 ! volutes & ovolo ( ! capital2 9 brief1 x has nei!r coh]5ce nor h>mony ( p>ts4 ,! exquisite craftsman%ip ( ! capitals ( ! ,erec!um1 ) _! an!mion enri*m5t ( ! greate/ purity1 ! beauty ( ! ovolo & ! subtility ( ! volutes comp5sates to "s ext5t = ! lack ( unison 7plate #f74 ,! enri*m5t ( ! ar*itectural capital is no d\bt a survival ( ! primitive cu/om ( b9d+ floral =ms r\nd ! simple functional capital1 ^! =ms be+ aft]w>ds p]petuat$ 9 /one or m>ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cor9?ian ,,capital ,,f ,,! ,,pan!on ,,rome4 ,9 e>ly ,cor9?ian examples ^! floral =ms 7 frequ5tly ( beat5 metal1 :i*1 9 turn1 gave place to ! beautiful m>ble foliage ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5*4 ,,e>ly ,,go?ic4 ,t ! anci5ts us$ metal "w 9 _! capitals we h abundant pro(4 ,9 ! descriptions ( ! build+ ( ,solomon's ,temple we read ( 8,two *apit]s ( molt5 brass to set ^u ! pill>s1 & nets ( *equ] "w & wrea? ( *a9 "w to set ^u ! top ( ! pill>s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,composite ,,capital ,,f ,,pompeii4 ,! ,composite capital is defici5t 9 coh]5ce & unity ( p>ts1 hav+ ! same defects z its prototype ! ,ionic4 ,! annex$ illu/ration f ,anci5t ,rome gives an unusual treatm5t by ! introduction ( ! human figure 9 ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! capital4 ,! ,byzant9e capital diff]s f ^? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 its m>k$ symbolism ( detail & ! preval5ce ( ! cu%ion =m4 ,functionally1 ?is type ( capital is admirable1 yet x lacks ! vigor\s upw>d gr[? ( ! ,egyptian & e>ly ,go?ic capitals4 ,! ,byzant9e capitals h a wond]ful complexity & v>iety ( detail1 su* z int]lac+ circles & crosses ) _! my/ic symbolism1 basket "w1 *equ]$ details1 & ! traditional %>p acan?us foliage ( ! ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,byzant9e4 ,s,t ,,m>ks ,,v5ice4 ,^! features are se5 9 ! greate/ pr(usion at ,s4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople2 ,s4 ,apoll9>e & ,s4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 & ,s4 ,m>co at ,v5ice4 ,^! spl5did capitals ( a spl5did p]iod are exce$+ly beautiful 9 f]tile inv5tiv5ess ( enri*m5t1 & %[ ! assimilative p[] ( ! ,byzant9e craftsm54 ,! abundant use ( *equ] "w1 wrea?s ( *a9 "w1 & ( lily "w 9 ,byzant9e capitals1 _m ( :i* are figur$ 9 ,rusk9's 8,/ones ( ,v5ice10 %[ ! cont9uity ( /yle & tradition 9 ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,byzant9e ,s,t ,,m>ks ,,v5ice4 ,! ,byzant9e capitals h ! squ>e abacus1 usually consi/+ ( a simple fillet & *amf] enri*$ ) ! billet1 d5til or /> patt]n4 ,! ,doss]et1 a s+ul> adjunct to ! capital 0 introduc$ dur+ ?is p]iod2 x 0 a cu%ion-%ap$ or cubicle /one plac$ ^u ! abacus ( ! capital to give additional height 7plate #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,byzant9e ,,capital ,s,t ,,m>k',s ,,v5ice4 ,! ,byzant9e influ5ce is se5 ^u ! ,norman capitals ) _! squ>e abacus ( fillet & *amf]1 & ! cu%ion pr(ile ( capital4 ,"s rem>kable ,siculo-,norman capitals are 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]y ( ,monreale 9 ,sicily1 ,a4,d4 #aagd-aahd4 ,! great f]tility ( inv5tiv5ess 9 ! #bjj capitals1 _! /oriation1 ! int]m+l+ ( figures1 birds & animals ) ! classic & ,byzant9e foliage makes ?is cloi/] "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! ,arabian capital1 :i* frequ5tly %[s ! traditional volute1 diff]s f ! typical bell-%ap$ =m 9 its m>k$ squ>5ess ( pr(ile ) flat or l[ reliefs enri*$ ) col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,romanesque ,,capital4 ,! ,e>ly ,go?ic capital is "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & beautiful4 ,! p]fect adaptability ( its foliage to /one c>v+1 ! significance ( its detail z emblematic ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! spiral gr[? ( its foliage & ! vigor\s contra/ ( light & %ade are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ?is p]iod4 ,lack+1 p]haps1 ! delicacy or v>iety ( detail ( ! ,byzant9e p]iod or ! lat] ,go?ic "w1 x excell$ !m 9 ! appropriat5ess ( its enri*m5t1 :i* is m beautiful 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% examples ) _! circul> abacus ?an 9 contempor>y ,fr5* capitals :]e ! squ>e abacus 0 preval5t4 ,! transition f ! circul> column to ! squ>e abacus 0 always felt to be a difficulty1 & 0 r>ely ov]come1 b 9 ! circul> abacus ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% capitals we h a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! /yle ( ! capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capitals ,,f ,,! ,,cloi/]s ,,montreale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capitals ,,f ,,! ,,cloi/]s ,,( ,,montreale4 ,! ,engli% foliage ( ?is p]iod diff]s f ! ,fr5* 9 ! use ( a deep mid-rib & simple trefoil leaf4 ,! ,fr5* examples h a less pron\nc$ mid-rib1 & ! leaf is convex 9 =m & divid$ into ?ree lobes1 & ! foliage adh]es m closely to ! bell1 consequ5tly ! brilliant play ( light & %ade :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w1 is g5]ally abs5t f ,fr5* examples 7fig4 #ab1 plate #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capital ,,ely ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arabian ,,capital ,,f ,,! ,,alhamora ,illu/ration3 ,,s\?-,,we/m9/] ,,decorat$ ,,capitals ,! ,decorat$ ,go?ic capitals diff] ess5tially f ^? ( ! ,e>ly ,go?ic p]iod1 a m natural type ( foliage be+ us$1 consi/+ ( ! briony1 maple1 mall[ & oak4 ,?is foliage 0 c>v$ ) s+ul> delicacy ( t\* & grace ( pr(ile1 & is beautiful 9 its modell+ & play ( light & %ade1 yet frequ5tly ! capitals are trivial 9 conception & arrangem5t1 lack+ t ar*itectonic "* :i* is s ess5tial to all ar*itectural con/ructive features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5asc5ce ,,capital ,,v5ice4 ,! p]p5dicul> or late ,go?ic capital 0 usually octagonal 9 =m ) squ>e conv5tional foliage ( ! v9e1 %[+ a m>k$ decad5ce 9 tradition & craftsman%ip 7fig4 #i1 plate #ag74 ,! ,r5asc5ce capital 0 frequ5tly m>k$ by a f9e feel+ = pr(ile1 spl5did craftsman%ip1 div]sity ( enri*m5t1 & vitality ( conception1 m especially 9 ,italy1 :]e ! tradition ( ar*itecture culm9at$ 9 ! works ( su* rem>kable m5 z ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,bramante1 ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi1 ,san ,mi*eli1 ,s]lio1 ,palladio1 & ,sansov5io4 ,! tradition 0 wor?ily c>ri$ on 9 ,france by ,pi]re ,lescot1 ,jean ,bullant1 ,philip]t de ,lorme1 & ,de ,brosse1 & 9 ,engl& by ,inigo ,jones1 ,wr51 & ,*amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,scroll4 ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ornam5tal ,,art4 ,ornam5t is ! means by :i* ,beauty or ,significance is imp>t$ to ,utility4 ,x is ei!r ,symbolical or ,ae/hetic4 ,symbolic ornam5t consi/s ( elem5ts or =ms *os5 = ! sake ( _! significance--,ae/hetic ornam5t consi/s ( =ms or elem5ts *os5 = _! ,beauty alone1 or _! p[] ( appeal+ to ! s5ses4 ,( ! hi/oric /yles ( ornam5t1 ! ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,byzant9e1 ,sc&9avian1 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 ,go?ic1 ,polynesian1 & mu* ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese are symbolical1 hav+ elem5ts & ornam5tal details *os5 = _! significance2 :ile 9 ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,r5asc5ce ornam5t1 ! purely ae/hetic motive is *>act]i/ic4 ,ornam5t1 aga91 may be natural or conv5tional--,imitative or ,inv5tive4 ,! t]ms 8natural0 & 8imitative0 h ! same significance--viz41 ! exact copy+ ( natural =ms1 s t !y become pr9cipal--n second>y z p]fect ornam5t %\ld be4 ,conv5tional ornam5t is ! adaptation ( natural =ms to ornam5tal & te*nical requirem5ts1 & is se5 9 its greate/ beauty 9 ! frank treatm5t by ! ,indians & ,p]sians ( _! flora & fauna = ! decorative enri*m5t ( _! textile fabrics1 pott]y1 & jewell]y4 ,inv5tive ornam5t is t :i* consi/s ( elem5ts n d]iv$ f any natural s\rce2 ! ,moresque /yle is a good example ( ?is type4 ,! elem5ts ( ornam5t are ! details or =ms *os5 = ornam5tal motives1 & ! pr9cipals ( ornam5t are ! arrangem5t ( ^! =ms & details2 !y comprise repetition1 alt]nation1 symmetry1 radiation1 balance1 proportion1 v>iety1 eury?my1 contra/1 int]section1 complication1 fitness1 & utility4 ,repetition is ! use ( elem5ts 9 a cont9u\s s]ies2 ,alt]nation is ! repetition ( an elem5t at int]vals1 ) o!rs int]v5+2 ,symmetry3 :5 ! lead+ l9es are equal or simil> 7or reciprocal7 on bo? sides2 ,radiation3 :5 ! l9es spr+ f a c5tre1 = example1 a bird's w+ & ! fl[] ( ! daisy2 ,balance & ,proportion3 :5 ! relation & h>mony ( p>ts is bas$ ^u natural laws2 ,v>iety implies diff]5ce 9 ! details1 ) respect to =m or type2 ,eury?my signifies rhy?ms or h>mony 9 ornam5t2 ,contra/ is ! arrangem5t 9 close proximity ( col\rs or =ms ( opposite *>act]s1 z ! /raight l9e ) ! curve1 or light ) d>k2 ,int]section is ! cross+ ( ! lead+ l9es1 ! ,arabian1 ,moresque & ,celtic /yles are examples ( ?is pr9ciple2 ,complication is ! effect produc$ by elem5ts s arrang$ z to be m or less difficult to trace ) ! eye alone3 z 9 ! ,japanese key & ! ,moresque /> patt]n4 ,fitness & utility z _! names imply are ess5tials 9 all good p]iods ( ornam5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,scroll4 99 99 99 99 99 ,text ,books ^u ,ar*itecture & ,ornam5t4 ,classic & ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,ar*itecture ,rog] ,smi?1 #e_/- ,go?ic & ,r5asc5ce ,rog] ,smi?1 #e_/- ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,p>k]1 #g_/f ,h&book ( ,ar*itectural ,/yles ,ros5g>t51 #g_/f ,introduction to ,go?ic ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,p>k]1 #e_/- ,?ree ,manuals ( ,go?ic ,ornam5t ,j4 ,p>k]1 ea* #a_/- ,classic & ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,sculpture ,g4 ,r$=d1 #e_/- ,go?ic & ,r5asc5ce ,sculpture ,lead] ,scott1 #e_/- ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1 #b vols4 ,ed4 ,g>dn]1 #aj_/- ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art ,t>bell1 #e_/- ,analysis ( ,ornam5t ,j4 ,wornum1 #h_/- ,h&book ( ,ornam5t ,mey]1 #aj_/f ,an excell5t s]ies ( illu/rat$ ,h&books ^u ! ,indu/rial ,arts by writ]s ( repute1 is publi%$ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 & may be obta9$ at ! ,book/all ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 at a co/ ( #a_/-;ea* "p 7pap] cov]s71 or !y may be pur*as$ ?r\gh ,messrs4 ,*apman & ,hall1 at #b_/f ea* "p1 b\nd 9 clo?1 !y include3 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood 8 8 ,spa9 ,juan ,f4 ,riano 8 8 ,d5m>k ,j4 ,j4 ,worsaae 8 8 ,sc&9avia ,hans ,hildebr& ,! ,s>ac5s ( ,egypt ,/anley ,lane ,poole ea* 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ,irel& ,m>g>et ,/okes two p>ts4 ,engli% ,e>!nw>e ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur* 8 ,porcela9 ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur* ,fr5* ,pott]y ,p4 ,gasnault ,e4 ,g>ni] ,wr\ght ,iron ,"w ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] ,bronzes ,drury ,e4 ,=tnum ,college & ,corporation ,plate ,wilfr$ ,cripps ,furniture ,j4 ,h4 ,poll5 ,gold & ,silv]smi?'s ,"w ,j4 ,h4 ,poll5 ,glass ,a4 ,nesbitt ,ivories ,w4 ,maskell complete ,japanese ,pott]y ,a4 ,w4 ,franks 9 ,maiolica ,drury ,e4 ,=tnum "o "p4 ,p]sian ,art ,r4 ,murdo* ,smi? ,textile ,fabrics ,rev4 ,daniel ,rock ,tape/ry ,alfr$ de ,*ampeaux ,! ,indu/rial ,arts 99 99 99 99 99 ,works ( ,ref]5ce4 ,ar*itecture3-- ,antiquities ( ,rome ,taylor ,cresy4 ,antiquities ( ,a!ns ,/u>t ,revett4 ,analysis ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture ,br&on4 ,ar*itecture = ,g5]al ,read]s ,h4 ,h4 ,/a?am4 ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture ,texies ,pullan4 ,con/ant9ople ,salz5b]g4 ,civil ,ar*itecture ,*amb]s4 ,decorat$ ,w9d[ ,trac]y ,e4 ,%>pe4 ,encyclopdia ( ,ar*itecture ,gwilt4 ,engli% ,r5asc5ce ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,a4 ,got*4 ,go?ic ,m\ld+s ,f4 ,a4 ,paley4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture ,t4 ,rickman4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,france ,e4 ,corroy]4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,spa9 ,g4 ,e4 ,/reet4 ,go?ic ,foliage ,j4 ,k4 ,coll+s4 ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,f]gusson4 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,f]gusson4 ,indian & ,ea/]n ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,f]gusson4 ,mansions ( ,engl& ,j4 ,na%4 ,old ,engli% ,mansions ,c4 ,ri*>dson4 ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture ,r4 ,phne ,spi]s4 ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture ,c4 ,norman4 ,ord]s ( ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,m4 ,man*4 ,spani% ,r5asc5ce ,d4 ,n4 ,pr5tice4 ,/ones ( ,v5ice ,j4 ,rusk94 ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture ,j4 ,rusk94 ,! ,sev5 ,p]iods ( ,*ur* ,ar*itecture ,e4 ,%>pe4 ,ornam5t & ,sculpture3-- ,art ( ! ,old ,engli% ,pott] ,l4 ,m4 ,solon4 ,anci5t ,pott]y ,s4 ,bir*4 ,alphabets ,e4 ,/range4 ,alphabets ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 ,basis ( ,design ,walt] ,crane4 ,fresco ,decoration 9 ,italy ,l4 ,grun]4 ,gramm> ( ,ornam5t ,ow5 ,jones4 ,greek & ,roman ,sculpture ,w4 ,g4 ,p]ry4 ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+ ,jane ,h>rison4 ,glass ,pa9t+ ,c4 ,w9/on4 ,/a9$ ,glass ,w9d[s ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 ,h&book ( ,greek ,ar*ology ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 ,primitive ,greece ,p]sia ,phrygia ,george ,p]rot & ,s>d9ia & ,asia ,m9or ,c4 ,*ipiez4 ,*aldea & ,assyria ,egypt ,k]amic ,art ( ,japan ,audsley ,b[les4 ,n9eveh ,lay>d4 ,ornam5tal ,metal ,"w ,digby ,wyatt4 ,ornam5tal ,art ,grun]4 ,ornam5tal ,textiles ,fis*ba*4 ,ornam5t ( ,textile ,fabrics ,dupont ,aub]ville4 ,pompeii ,zahn4 ,poly*romatic ,ornam5t ,rac9et4 ,! ,alhambra ,ow5 ,jones4 ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 8 life & "w ,hugh ,/annus4 ,_m excell5t 8,,cantor ,,lectures10 by exp]ts1 ^u ! practical application ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,society ( ,arts ,j\rnal4 ,! foll[+ ,lectures may be /udi$ ) advantage3 ,april1 #ahia ,cloisonn ,clem5t ,heaton4 ,feb41 #ahid ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,artificial ,foliage ,hugh ,/annus4 ,april1 #ahia ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,natural ,foliage ,hugh ,/annus4 ,june1 #ahig ,delft ,w>e ,j4 ,w4 ,l4 ,glai%]4 ,m>*1 #ahia ,enamels ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 ,jan41 #ahib ,indian ,art ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood4 ,feb41 #ahib ,japanese ,pott]y ,e4 ,h>t4 ,feb41 #ahia ,li?ography ,w4 ,simpson4 ,jan41 #ahig ,mat]ial & ,design 9 ,pott]y ,william ,burton4 ,april1 #ahia ,pla/] ,"w ,a4 ,rob9son4 ,feb41 #ahia ,/oriation ,hugh ,/annus4 ,feb41 #ahia ,s'graffito ,heywood ,sumn]4 ,m>*1 #ahii ,vitre\s ,enamels ,c4 ,dav5port4 ,feb41 #ahih ,"s ,laws ( ,=m 9 ,appli$ ,art ,hugh ,/annus4 ,9 ! transactions ( ! ,ro*dale ,lit]>y ,society = #ahia 7,ald9e ,press7 is a mo/ in/ructive & well-illu/rat$ article on 8,! ,ornam5tal ,art ( ,savage ,p10 by ,dr4 ,hjalm> ,/olpe1 translat$ by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m>*4 ,! transactions ( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,society 7#ahia7 conta9s an excell5t article ^u 8,! ,pagan ,*ri/ian ,ov]lap 9 ! ,nor?10 by ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 ,m4,d4 ,! illu/rat$ articles 9 ! transactions ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 may also be /udi$ ) advantage1 !y include3 #ahib ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture ,george ,ait*ison4 #ahib ,ca/+ 9 ,metals ,d4 ,graham1 ,h4 ,longd5 ,h4 ,s+]4 #ahia ,decorative ,pla/] ,"w ,g4 ,rob9son1 ,heywood ,sumn] & ,/eph5 ,webb4 #ahig ,h]aldry 9 ,engli% ,m$ival ,ar*itecture ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope4 #ahig ,h]aldry ( ! ,r5asc5ce 9 ,engl& ,alfr$ ,got*4 #ahih ,h]aldic ,draw+ ,j4 ,d4 ,crace4 #ahid ,mosaics ,c4 ,h4 ,h>rison ,j4 ,c4 ,p[ell4 #ahih ,sculptur$ ,columns ( ! ,temple at ,ephesus ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 #ahia ,sculpture 9 relation to ,ar*itecture ,g4 ,simonds4 #ahib ,/a9$ ,glass ,h4 ,*>p5t]1 ,j4 ,p[ell1 ,h4 ,we/lake & ,c4 ,heaton4 #ahia ,wr\ght ,iron ,"w1 ,m$ival ,p]iod ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 #ahia ,wr\ght ,iron ,"w1 ,r5asc5ce ,p]iod ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 ,good articles are f\nd 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,art1 !y include3 #ahig ,*ipp5dale ,furniture ,c4 ,dempsey4 #ahic ,design ,walt] ,crane4 #ahij ,embroid]$ ,bookcov]s ,s4 ,e4 ,prideaux4 #ahif ,ironwork ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 #ahhh ,language ( ,l9e ,walt] ,crane4 #ahhb-c ,/a9$ ,glass ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 #ahhc ,%]aton ,furniture ,e4 ,balf\r4 #ahia ,! ,use ( ,metals 9 ,bookb9d+ ,s4 ,e4 ,prideaux4 #ahhd ,! ,ficoroni ,dress+ ,case #ahif ,! ,influ5ce ( ,ar*itecture ,/yle ^u ,design ,walt] ,crane4 ,9 ! ,art ,j\rnal1 !re is3 #ahhh ,anci5t ,glass 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,h5ry ,wallis4 #ahhi ,antique ,glass 9 ! ,naples ,museum ,h5ry ,wallis4 #ahhh ,textile ,fabrics 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,gilb]t ,r4 ,r$grave4 #ahhg ,mean+ 9 ,ornam5t ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 #ahhh ,! ,b\laq ,museum ,h5ry ,wallis4 ,9 ! ,portfolio1 !re is3 #ahic ,old ,engli% ,pott]y ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur*4 #ahic ,engli% ,enamels ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 #ahic ,engli% ,bookb9d+ ,w4 ,y4 ,flet*]4 #ahid ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france ,w4 ,y4 ,flet*]4 #ahid ,italian ,book ,illu/rations ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d4 #ahid ,josiah ,w$gwood ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur*4 #ahih ,greek ,bronzes ,a4 ,s4 ,murray4 #ahig ,arm\r 9 ,engl& ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 #ahih ,=eign ,arm\r 9 ,engl& ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]4 ,9 ! ,build]1 !re are ! ,royal ,academy ,lectures ^u ,ar*itecture giv5 by ,george ,ait*ison1 ,r4,a4 ,!y include3 #ahia ,roman ,ar*itecture4 #ahib ,s>ac5ic ,ar*itecture4 #ahic ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture4 #ahid ,r5asc5ce ,ar*itecture4 #ahif ,romanesque ,ar*itecture4 ,index4 ,,page4 ,alb]ti1 ,leon1 ,batti/a1 #eg ,aldus ,manutius1 #ed ,alhambra1 #fc ,amasis1 #gg ,an!mion1 #g-ag ,&reani1 ,&rea1 #ed ,apollodorus1 #bg ,arabesque1 #ec-ed ,ar* ( ,septimus ,sev]us1 #ba ,ar*itecture ,capitals1 #abf ,composite1 #bb ,cor9?ian1 #aj ,decorat$ ,go?ic1 #ci-df-acj ,doric1 #i ,e>ly ,go?ic1 #ch-de-abi ,engli% ,r5asc5ce1 #fj ,fr5* ,r5asc5ce1 #eh ,ionic1 #i ,italian ,r5asc5ce1 #ef ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic1 #df ,tuscan1 #bb ,atrium1 #bc ,baccio d',agnolo1 #eg ,balducco di ,pisa1 #ej ,bapti/]y at ,pisa1 #di ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce1 #ej-ajc ,basilica ( ,trajan1 #bg ,black ,figure ,vases1 #gg ,b\le1 ,&r1 #ei-ajg ,bramante1 #eg ,bronzes1 #ajc ,brunelles*i1 #ea-eg ,bu5 ,retiro1 #hc ,bullant1 ,jean1 #eh ,bu/i1 ,ago/9o1 #ed ,ca*rylion1 #gg ,cambio1 ,arnolfo di1 #di ,c>adosso1 #ea ,c>yatides1 #i ,ca/or ,w>e1 #hj ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #ea ,celtic ,ornam5t1 #ce ,c]amic ,art1 #gh ,*airs1 #ajf ,*aldea1 #g ,*amplev ,enamels1 #ce ,*9ese ,ornam5t1 #ga ,*ipp5dale1 #ajf ,*ryselephant9e ,sculpture1 #gc ,c9que-,c5to ,ornam5t1 #di-eb ,classification ( ,temples1 #aa ,classification ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #cf ,cloisonn ,enamels1 #ia ,coleone1 ,b>tolomeo1 #ajc ,cologne ,pots1 #hb ,column ( ,trajan1 #bg ,column ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bg ,compluvium1 #bc ,cont9uity ( ,/yle1 #abe ,crockets1 #de ,cronaca1 #eg ,decorat$ ,go?ic ,details1 #df ,delft ,w>e1 #hj ,dipylon ,w>e1 #gg ,domus1 #bc ,donatello1 #ea ,duris1 #gg ,e>ly ,go?ic ,details1 #de ,e>!nw>e1 #gi ,egyptian ,ornam5t1 #e ,elg9 ,m>bles1 #ac ,elizabe?an ,ornam5t1 #fj ,elizabe?an ,mansions1 #fj ,enamels1 #ia ,engli% ,ca!drals1 #dj ,engli% ,r5asc5ce1 #fj ,epiktetos1 #gg ,euphronios1 #gg ,exekias1 #gg ,fauces1 #bc ,flaxman1 #hb ,fontana1 #eg ,fontano1 ,orazio1 #hg ,fr5* ,ca!drals1 #dj ,frets1 #abc ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 #ae ,frieze at ,phigaleia1 #ae ,frieze at ,p]gamos1 #af ,frieze f ,susa1 #ag ,georgio1 ,mae/ro1 #hg-hh ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 #ej-ajc ,giotto1 #di ,glass1 #ie-ig ,gobel9 ,tape/ry1 #ei ,goldsmi?'s ,"w1 #aja ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #cf ,g\jon1 ,jean1 #ei-ajg ,g\?ire1 #ei-ajg ,greek ,ar*itecture1 #i ,greek ,c]amics1 #gg ,grisaille ,enamel1 #ic ,grisaille ,glass1 #ih ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 #ajg ,groli]1 #ei ,h5ri ,deux ,p]iod1 #eh ,h5ri ,deux ,pott]y1 #ha ,h5ri ,quatre1 #eh ,hepple:ite1 #ajg ,hi]on1 #gg ,hispano-,moresque ,pott]y1 #hg ,impluvium1 #bc ,indian ,ornam5t1 #fi ,insul>1 #bc ,ivories1 #gc ,jacobean1 #fj ,japanese ,ornam5t1 #ga ,jean1 ,ju/e1 #eh ,jewell]'s ,enamel1 #ib ,lacun>ia1 #be ,lancet ,p]iod1 #ch ,leoni1 ,lione1 #ea ,leoni1 ,pompeoni1 #ea ,lescot1 ,pi]re1 #eh ,lomb>do1 ,pietro1 ,tullio & ,antonio1 #ed-ef ,lotus1 #g ,l\is ,quatorze1 #ei ,l\is ,qu9ze1 #ei ,l\is ,seize1 #ei ,maiolica1 #hg ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #ed ,m>quetry1 #ajg ,matteo ,civitali1 #ea ,mausoleum1 #af ,melanesia1 #c ,mi*el ,angelo1 #eb ,mi*elozzi1 #eg ,m9o da ,fiesole1 #ea ,mosaics1 #ge ,myc5 or ,colonial ,w>e1 #gg ,nico/h5es1 #gg ,n9eveh1 #g ,norman ,ar*itecture1 #cg ,oiron ,pott]y1 #ha ,opus ,tesselatum1 #ge ,opus ,li?o/ratum1 #ge ,opus ,mis]um1 #ge ,pa9t$ ,enamels1 #ia ,palaces 9 ,italy1 #eg ,palissy1 ,b]n>d1 #ha ,palladio1 ,&rea1 #ef ,pamphios1 #gg ,pan!on1 #bb ,pannitz1 ,arnold1 #ed ,p>!non1 #ac ,pa/or9o1 #ea ,pat]a1 #g ,p5ni1 ,francesco1 #ec ,p]9o del ,vaga1 #ec ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic1 #df ,p]sian ,ornam5t1 #fe ,p]i/ylium1 #bc ,pe!nos1 #gg ,p]uvian ,textiles1 #aah ,p]uzzi1 ,baldass>e1 #eg ,phal]on ,w>e1 #gg ,phidias1 #ac ,pisanello1 #ea ,pisano1 ,nicolo1 #di 8 ,giovanni1 #di 8 ,&rea1 #ej 8 ,vittore1 #ea ,pla/] ,"w1 #fa ,plique ,j\r1 #ib ,polynesian ,ornam5t1 #b ,pompeian ,ornam5t1 #bi ,porcela91 #gi-hc ,portl& ,vase1 #ie ,primaticcio1 #ed ,pr9t+ 9 ,italy1 #ed ,py?os1 #gg ,qu]cia1 ,jacopo della1 #ej ,raphael1 #ec ,r$ ,figur$ ,w>e1 #gg ,r5asc5ce ,ornam5t1 #di ,r5asc5ce ,palaces1 #eg ,rhodian ,pott]y1 #hj ,ries5]1 #ajg ,robbia1 ,luca della1 #ea-hg-ij 8 ,&rea 81 #ea-ij 8 ,giovanni 81 #ea-ij ,ro5tg51 ,david1 #ajg ,romano1 ,giulio1 #ec-ed ,roman ,ornam5t1 #be ,rosette1 #g ,rossell9i1 #ea ,r\5 ,pott]y1 #ha ,samian ,w>e1 #hj ,sangallo1 ,antonio1 #eg 8 ,giuliano1 #eg ,sansov9o1 ,&rea1 #ed 8 ,jacopo1 #ed ,sc&9avian ,ornam5t1 #cc ,s]lio1 #ef ,settignano1 ,desid]io da1 #ea ,sgraffito1 #hg ,%]aton1 ,?omas1 #ajg ,sicilian ,fabrics1 #aaa ,silv]smi?'s ,"w1 #aja ,sp]&io1 #ea ,/a9$ ,glass1 #ig ,/iacciato1 #ea ,/onew>e1 #hb ,/4 ,m>k's1 #ca 8 ,apoll9>e ,nuovo1 #ca 8 8 9 ,classe1 #ca ,/4 ,sophia1 #ca 8 ,vitale1 #ca 8 ,paul's1 #fa ,sweynheym1 ,conrad1 #ed ,tabl9um1 #bc ,tape/ry1 #aah ,t]ra ,cotta1 #hi ,t]ms us$ 9 ,ornam5tal ,art1 #aca ,textile ,fabrics1 #aji ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 #ba ,!rm1 #be ,tijon1 ,jean1 #aje ,t(t1 ,?omas1 #hb ,torrigiano1 #fj ,trajan1 #bg ,trec5to1 #di ,tri=ium1 #da ,tricl9ium1 #bc ,ud9e1 ,giovanni da1 #ec ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea del1 #ea ,ve/ibule1 #bc ,vignola1 #eh ,v9c5t9e1 #ea ,virid>ium1 #bc ,vitruvius1 #ef ,watteau1 #ei ,w$gwood1 #hb ,well-heads1 #eg ,:eildon1 ,?omas1 #hb ,wr\ght ,iron1 #aje ,zormorpic ,ornam5t1 #ce 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,/&>d ,,books ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,! ,,decorative ,,arts ,,publi%$ ,,by ,b4 ,t4 ,,bats=d1 #id1 ,,high ,,holborn1 ,,london4 ,=w>d$ ,c>riage ,paid at ! ,disc\nt ,prices affix$4 ,,nature ,,9 ,,ornam5t4 ,by ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day4 ,) #abc full-page ,plates & #aib ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ 7,fif? ,?\s&74 ,?ick cr[n #hvo1 9 h&some clo? b9d+1 ri*ly gilt1 f a special design by ! ,au?or4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 ,net #ajs4 ,,cont5ts3--,i4 ,introductory4 ,,ii4 ,ornam5t 9 ,nature4 ,,iii4 ,nature 9 ,ornam5t4 ,,iv4 ,! ,simplification ( ,natural ,=ms4 ,v4 ,! ,elaboration ( ,natural ,=ms4 ,,vi4 ,consi/5cy 9 ! ,modification ( ,nature4 ,,vii4 ,p>allel ,r5d]+s4 ,,viii4 ,m ,p>allels4 ,,ix4 ,tradition 9 ,design4 ,x4 ,treatm5t4 ,,xi4 ,animals 9 ,ornam5t4 ,,xii4 ,! ,elem5t ( ! ,grotesque4 ,,xiii4 ,/ill ,life 9 ,ornam5t4 ,,xiv4 ,symbolic ,ornam5t4 8,among/ ! be/ ( our few good ornam5tal design]s is ,mr4 ,lewis ,f4 ,day1 :o is ! au?or ( sev]al books on ornam5tal art4 #8,nature 9 ,ornam5t' is ! late/ ( ^!1 & is probably ! be/4 ,! treatise %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( ornam5tal design4 ,x is pr(usely & admirably illu/rat$1 & well pr9t$40--,magaz9e ( ,art4 8,a book m beautiful = its illu/rations1 or "o m helpful to /ud5ts ( art1 c h>dly be imag9$40--,que54 ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,e ,,day ,,art4--,,introductory ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,! ,,arts ,,n ,,f9e4 ,=m+ a ,prefatory ,volume to ! ,s]ies ( ,text ,books4 ,second ,edition 7,f\r? ,?\s&71 revis$1 conta9+ #gj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 art l954 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,net #cs4 8,au?oritative z com+ f a writ] ^: ma/]y ( ! subjects is n to be disput$1 & :o is g5]\s 9 imp>t+ ! k he acquir$ ) difficulty4 ,mr4 ,day has tak5 mu* tr\ble ) ! new edition40--,ar*itect4 8,a good arti/1 & a s\nd ?9k]1 ,mr4 ,day has produc$ a book ( /]l+ value40--,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,patt]n4--,f\r? ,edition 7,n9? ,?\s&71 revis$1 ) #da full-page ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 art l954 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,net #cs4 ,,cont5ts3--,i4 ,introductory4 ,,ii4 ,patt]n ,dissections4 ,,iii4 ,practical ,patt]n ,plann+4 ,,iv4 ,! 8,drop0 ,patt]n4 ,v4 ,skeleton ,plans4 ,,vi4 ,appropriate ,patt]n4 8 444 ,!re are few m5 :o "k ! sci5ce ( _! pr(ession bett] or c tea* x z well z ,mr4 ,lewis ,day2 few also :o are m gift$ z practical decorators2 & 9 anatomis+ patt]n 9 ! way he has done 9 ?is manual--a way beautiful z well z useful--he has p]=m$ a s]vice n only to ! /ud5ts ( 8 pr(ession1 b also to ! public40--,academy4 ,,! ,,plann+ ,,( ,,ornam5t4--,?ird ,edition 7,fif? ,?\s&71 fur!r revis$1 ) #da full-page ,illu/rations1 _m ( :i* h be5 re-drawn4 ,cr[n #hvo1 art l954 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,net #cs4 ,,cont5ts3--,i4 ,introductory4 ,,ii4 ,! use ( ! ,bord]4 ,,iii4 ,)9 ! ,bord]4 ,,iv4 ,"s ,alt]natives 9 ,design4 ,v4 ,on ! ,fill+ ( ! ,circle & o!r ,%apes4 ,,vi4 ,ord] & ,accid5t4 8,conta9s _m apt & well-drawn illu/rations2 x is a highly compreh5sive1 compact1 & intellig5t treatise on a subject :i* is m difficult to treat ?an outsid]s are likely to ?9k4 ,x is a capital little book1 f :i* no tyro 7x is address$ to improvable m9ds7 c avoid ga9+ a good deal40--,a!num4 ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,ornam5t4--,?ird ,edition 7,six? ,?\s&71 fur!r revis$1 ) #dh full-page ,illu/rations & #g ,woodcuts 9 ! ,text4 ,cr[n #hvo1 art l954 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,net #cs4 ,,cont5ts3--,i4 ,! ,rationale ( ! ,conv5tional4 ,,ii4 ,:at is impli$ by ,repetition4 ,,iii4 ,:]e to /op 9 ,ornam5t4 ,,iv4 ,/yle & ,h&icraft4 ,v4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ! ,tool4 ,,vi4 ,"s ,sup]/itions4 8,a mo/ wor?y supplem5t to ! =m] "w1 & a di/9ct ga9 to ! art /ud5t :o has already appli$ 8 art k 9 a practical mann]1 or :o hopes yet to d s40--,sci5ce & ,art4 ,,ornam5tal ,,design4--,compris+ ! ,?ree ,books1 8,,anatomy ,,( ,,patt]n10 8,,plann+ ,,( ,,ornam5t10 & 8,,application ,,( ,,ornam5t10 h&somely b\nd 9 "o volume1 clo? gilt4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,net #hs4 #f;d4 ,,w9d[s4--,a ,,book ,,ab\t ,,/a9$ ,,& ,,pa9t$ ,,glass4 ,by ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day4 ,,book ,i41 8,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,craftsman%ip02 ,,book ,,ii41 8,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,design02 ,,book ,,iii41 8,,by ,,! ,,way40 ,conta9+ #daj pages1 includ+ #ej full-page ,plates1 & upw>ds ( #bjj ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text1 all ( ,old ,examples4 ,l>ge #hvo1 clo? gilt4 ,price #bas4 net4 8,conta9s a m complete popul> acc\nt--te*nical & hi/orical--( /a9$ & pa9t$ glass ?an has previ\sly appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry40--,! ,times4 8,! book is a ma/]piece 9 its way 444 amply illu/rat$ & c>efully pr9t$2 x w long rema9 an au?ority on its subject40--,! ,art ,j\rnal4 8,all = :om ! subject ( /a9$ glass possesses an int]e/ & a *>m1 w p]use ^! pages ) pleasure & pr(it40--,! ,morn+ ,po/4 8,mr4 ,day has done a wor?y piece ( "w 9 m ?an 8 usual admirable mann] 444 ! illu/rations are all good & "s ! be/ black-&-:ite draw+s ( /a9$ glass yet produc$40--,! ,/udio4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,to be publi%$ %ortly4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,embroid]y4--,by ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day & ,,miss ,,m>y ,,buckle4 ,be+ a h&book on ! ,art = ,design]s1 ,ne$lework]s1 ,/ud5ts1 ,tea*]s1 c4 ,bo? arti/ic & practical sides ( ! subject are ?or\ghly treat$1 & ! "w is illu/rat$ ) ,photographs ( ,/it*es1 & ,hi/oric ,examples1 c4 ,n[ publi%$1 ! mo/ h&y1 useful1 & compreh5sive "w on ! subject4 ,,alphabets1 ,,old ,,& ,,new4--,conta9+ #aej complete ,alphabets1 #cj ,s]ies ( ,num]als1 ,num]\s ,facsimiles ( ,anci5t ,dates4 ,select$ & arrang$ by ,,lewis ,f4 ,,day4 ,prec$$ by a %ort acc\nt ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,alphabet4 ,) ,mod]n ,examples specially design$ by ,,walt] ,,crane1 ,,patt5 ,,wilson1 ,a4 ,,b]es=d ,,pite1 ! ,au?or1 & o!rs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 art l954 ,second ,impression1 complet+ ,fif? ,?\s&4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 8,mr4 ,day's explanation ( ! gr[? ( =m 9 lett]s is p>ticul>ly valuable4444 ,_m excell5t alphabets are giv5 9 illu/ration ( 8 rem>ks40--,! ,/udio4 8,e "o :o employs practical lett]+ w be grateful = #8,alphabets1 ,old & ,new4' ,mr4 ,day has writt5 a s*ol>ly & pi?y introduction1 & contributes "s beautiful alphabets ( 8 own design40--,! ,art ,j\rnal4 8,a practical resum ( all t is to be kn[n on ! subject1 concisely & cle>ly /at$40--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 8,x goes )\t say+ t :atev] ,mr4 ,bats=d publi%es & ,mr4 ,day has to d ) is pres5t$ 9 a good arti/ic =m1 complete1 & :]ev] t is possible1 graceful40--,! ,a!num4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,ornam5t4--,) #cjj ,plates1 conta9+ ab\t #c1jjj ,illu/rations ( ! ,elem5ts & ,application ( ,decoration to ,objects4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,mey]1 ,pr(essor at ! ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,art1 ,k>lsruhe4 ,second ,engli% ,edition1 revis$ by ,,hugh ,,/annus1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,lectur] on ,appli$ ,art at ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,?ick #hvo1 clo? gilt1 gilt top4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 ,net #ajs4 8,a libr>y1 a museum1 an encyclopdia1 & an art s*ool 9 "o4 ,to rival x z a book ( ref]5ce1 "o mu/ fill a book case4 ,! quality ( ! draw+s is unusually high1 ! *oice ( examples is s+ul>ly good4444 ,! "w is practically an epitome ( a hundr$ works on ,design40--,/udio4 8,! au?or's acqua9tance ) ornam5t amazes1 & 8 ?ree ?\s& subjects are glean$ f ! f9e/ :i* ! _w af=ds4 ,z a treasury ( ornam5t drawn to scale 9 all /yles1 & d]iv$ f g5u9e concrete objects1 we h no?+ 9 ,engl& :i* w n appe> z pov]ty-/rick5 z comp>$ ) ,pr(essor ,mey]'s book40--,ar*itect4 8,! book is a m9e ( weal? ev5 to an ord9>y read]1 :ile to ! /ud5t ( art & ar*ology x is simply indisp5sable z a ref]5ce book4 ,we "k ( no "o "w ( its k9d t approa*es x = compreh5siv5ess & hi/orical accuracy40--,sci5ce & ,art4 ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,/yles ,,( ,,ornam5t4--,conta9+ #a1ejj examples f all c\ntries & all p]iods1 exhibit$ on #ajj ,plates1 mo/ly pr9t$ 9 gold & col\rs4 ,) hi/orical & descriptive text translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,h4 ,,dolmets*4 ,folio1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt4 ,price #a #es4 net4 ,?is "w has be5 design$ to s]ve z a practical guide = ! purpose ( %[+ ! developm5t ( ,ornam5t1 & ! application ( col\r to x 9 v>i\s c\ntries ?r\gh ! epo*s ( hi/ory4 ,! "w illu/rates n only ,flat ,ornam5t1 b also _m ,,decorative ,,objects1 su* z ,,metal-,,"w1 ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela91 ,,lace1 ,,enamel1 ,,mosaic1 ,,illum9ation1 ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 ,,jewell]y1 ,,bookb9d+1 c4 %[+ ! application ( ,ornam5t to ,indu/rial ,art4 ,a small rema9d]1 j r$uc$ 9 price4 ,,animals ,,9 ,,ornam5t4--,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,,/urm4 ,conta9+ #cj l>ge ,collotype ,plates1 pr9t$ 9 t9t1 ( ,designs suitable = ,friezes1 ,panels1 ,bord]s1 ,wall-pap]s1 ,c>v+1 & all k9ds ( ,surface ,decoration1 c4 ,l>ge folio 9 portfolio4 ,price #ahs4 net 7publi%$ #a #ajs474 ,a new & useful s]ies ( clev] designs1 %[+ h[ animal =m may be adapt$ to decorative purposes ) good effect4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,art ,,smi?+4--,= ! use ( ,practical ,smi?s1 ,design]s & o!rs1 & 9 ,art & ,te*nical ,s*ools4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,mey]1 ,au?or ( 8,a ,h&book ( ,ornam5t40 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition4 ,) an ,introduction by ,j4 ,,/>kie ,,g>dn]4 ,conta9+ #bad ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #fs4 ,net #es4 ,bo? ! ,arti/ic & ! ,practical ,bran*es ( ! subject are dealt )1 & ! ,illu/rations give select$ ,examples ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,ironwork4 ,! ,volume ?us fills ! long-exi/+ want ( a ,manual on ,ornam5tal ,ironwork1 & x is hop$ w prove ( value to all int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 8,*>m+ly produc$4444 ,x is really a mo/ excell5t manual1 cr[d$ ) examples ( anci5t "w1 = ! mo/ "p extremely well select$40--,! ,/udio4 8,pr(essor ,mey]'s "w is a useful hi/orical manual on ,art ,smi?+1 bas$ on a sci5tific classification ( ! subject1 t w be ( s]vice to all smi?s1 design]s1 & /ud5ts ( te*nical & art s*ools4 ,! illu/rations are well drawn & num]\s40--,build+ ,news4 ,a ,facsimile reproduction ( "o ( ! r>e/ & mo/ rem>kable ,books ( ,designs ev] publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,a ,,new ,,booke ,,( ,,draw+s ,,( ,,iron ,,worke4--,inv5t$ & ,design$ by ,,john ,,tij\4 ,conta9+ sev]all sortes ( ,iron ,worke1 z ,gates1 ,frontispieces1 ,balconies1 ,/aircases1 ,pannells1 c41 ( :i* ! mo/ "p ha? be5 wr\ght at ! ,royal ,build+ ( ,hampton ,c\rt1 c4 ,,all ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,!m ,,t ,,worke ,,iron ,,9 ,,p]fection ,,& ,,) ,,art4 7,sold by ! ,au?or 9 ,london1 #afic47 ,conta9+ #bj folio ,plates4 ,) an ,introductory ,note & ,descriptions ( ! ,plates by ,j4 ,,/>kie ,,g>dn]4 ,folio1 b\nd 9 bo>ds1 old /yle4 ,price #bes4 net4 ,only #aej copies 7 pr9t$ = ,engl&1 & b #bj n[ rema94 ,e>ly application is !re=e necess>y to secure copies4 ,an orig9al copy is pric$ at #dh 9 a rec5t catalogue ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,qu>it*1 ! r5[n$ booksell]4 ,,decorative ,,wr\ght ,,ironwork ,,( ,,! #ag,,? ,,& #ah,,? ,,c5turies4--,by ,d4 ,j4 ,,ebbetts4 ,conta9+ #af l>ge ,li?ographic ,plates1 illu/rat+ #gj ,engli% ,examples ( ,scre5s1 ,grilles1 ,panels1 ,balu/rades1 c4 ,folio1 bo>ds1 clo? back4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 ,net #ajs4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,practical ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,brass ,,rep\ss ,,= ,,amateurs4--,by ,,gaw?orp 7,art ,metal ,work] to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales74 ,second & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,) #cb ,illu/rations1 _m f photographs ( execut$ designs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 9 wrapp]4 ,price #as4 net4 ,,examples ,,( ,,engli% ,,m$i,,val ,,foliage ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,decoration4--,by ,,jas4 ,k4 ,,coll+1 ,ar*itect1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,tak5 f ,build+s ( ! ,x,i,ith to ! ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,conta9+ #gf ,li?ographic ,plates & #gi ,woodcut ,illu/rations1 ) ,text4 ,royal #dto1 clo?1 gilt top4 ,price #ahs41 net #aes4 7publi%$ at #b #bs474 ,publi%$ ) ! ,sanction ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,,fr5* ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,f ,,! ,,national ,,museums4--,a ,s]ies ( ,examples pr9t$ 9 ,collotype f ,photographs specially tak5 f ! ,c>v+s direct4 ,edit$ by ,,eleanor ,,r[e4 ,"p ,i4 ,late #ae? & ,e>ly #af? ,c5tury ,examples2 ,"p ,,ii4 #af? ,c5tury2 ,"p ,,iii4 #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies4 ,! ,?ree ,s]ies complete1 ea* conta9+ #ah l>ge folio ,plates1 ) ,descriptive ,lett]press4 ,folio1 9 portfolios1 price #abs4 ea* net1 or h&somely half b\nd1 9 "o volume1 price #b #es4 net4 8,/ud5ts ( ! art ( ,wood ,c>v+ w f9d a m9e ( inexhau/ible treasures 9 ?is s]ies ( illu/rations ( ,fr5* ,wood ,c>v+s4444 ,ea* plate is a "w ( art 9 itself2 ! di/ribution ( light & %ade is admirably manag$1 & ! diff]5ces 9 relief are fai?fully indicat$1 :ile e detail is reproduc$ ) a cle>ness t w prove invaluable to ! /ud5t4444 ,sections are giv5 ) sev]al ( ! plates40--,! ,que54 8,ne$s only to be se5 to be pur*as$ by all int]e/$ 9 ! craft1 :e!r ar*ologically or practically40--,! ,/udio4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,wood ,,c>v+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s4--,by ,,eleanor ,,r[e1 ) a ,preface by ,j4 ,h4 ,,poll54 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 sew$4 ,price #as4 9 pap] cov]s1 or b\nd 9 clo?1 price #as4 #f;d4 8,! mo/ useful & practical small book on ,wood ,c>v+ we "k (40--,build]4 8 444 ,is a useful little book1 full ( s\nd directions & good sugge/ions40--,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,*ip ,,c>v+4--7,class ,tea*+ & o!r ,nor!rn ,/yles47 ,by ,,eleanor ,,r[e1 ) a ,preface by ,t4 ,r4 ,,ablett4 #dj ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 sew$4 ,price #as4 9 pap] cov]s1 or 9 clo?1 price #as4 #f;d4 8,a capital manual ( in/ruction 9 a craft t ought to be mo/ popul>40--,saturday ,review4 ,,details ,,( ,,go?ic ,,wood ,,c>v+4--,be+ a ,s]ies ( ,draw+s f ,orig9al ,"w ( ! #ad? & #ae? ,c5turies4 ,by ,,franklyn ,a4 ,,crallan4 ,conta9+ #cd l>ge ,photo-li?ographic ,plates1 illu/rat+ "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ,go?ic ,wood ,c>v+ extant1 ) ,introductory & ,descriptive ,text4 ,l>ge #dto1 9 h&some clo? portfolio1 or b\nd 9 clo? gilt4 ,price #bhs4 ,net #bds4 8,! examples are c>efully drawn to a l>ge size 444 well select$ & v well execut$40--,! ,build]4 8,?is admirable "w is "o ( great int]e/ & value4444 ,e v>iety ( ,go?ic detail is "h illu/rat$4 ,hi!rto no full-siz$ details h be5 publi%$1 s t ! pres5t "w w be invaluable to ! wood c>v]1 z ! draw+s possess all ! /r5g? & vig\r ( ! orig9al "w40--,education4 ,,progressive ,,/udies ,,& ,,designs ,,= ,,wood ,,c>v]s4--,by ,,miss ,e4 ,r4 ,,pl[d54 ,) a ,preface by ,,miss ,,r[e4 ,consi/+ ( sev5 l>ge fold+ %eets ( ,illu/rations 7drawn full size71 ( a v>iety ( objects suitable = ,wood ,c>v+4 ,) ,descriptive ,text4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$4 #dto1 9 portfolio4 ,price #es4 net4 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,wood-,,"w4--,a ,s]ies ( ,examples ( ,/alls1 ,scre5s1 ,book-,bo>ds1 ,ro(s1 ,pulpits1 c41 conta9+ #ba ,plates beautifully engrav$ on ,copp]1 f draw+s by ,t4 ,,talbot ,,bury1 ,ar*t4 #dto1 half-b\nd4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d41 net #hs4 #f;d4 ,,hepple:ite',s ,,cab9et-,,mak] ,,& ,,uphol/]]',s ,,guide2 or ,repository ( ,designs = e article ( ,h\sehold ,furniture 9 ! newe/ & mo/ approv$ ta/e4--,a complete facsimile reproduction ( ?is r>e "w1 conta9+ ne>ly #cjj *>m+ ,designs on #abh ,plates4 ,small folio1 b\nd 9 speckl$ clo?1 gilt1 old /yle4 ,price #b #ajs4 net4 7#agid47 ,orig9al ,copies :5 met ) fet* f #ae to #ah4 8,a beautiful replica1 :i* e admir] ( ! au?or & ! p]iod %\ld possess40--,! ,build+ ,news4 ,,*ipp5dale',s ,,! ,,g5tleman ,,& ,,cab9et-,,mak]',s ,,director4--,a complete ,facsimile ( ! ,?ird & r>e/ ,edition1 conta9+ #bjj ,plates ( ,designs ( ,*airs1 ,s(as1 ,b$s & ,c\*es1 ,tables1 ,libr>y ,book ,cases1 ,clock ,cases1 ,/ove ,grates1 c41 c4 ,folio1 /rongly b\nd 9 half-clo?4 ,price #c #aes4 net4 7#agfb47 ,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,h\ses4--,by ,,edi? ,,:>ton1 & ,,ogd5 ,,codman1 ,ar*itect4 #bjd pages ( text1 ) #ef full-page ,photographic ,plates ( ,views ( ,rooms1 ,doors1 ,ceil+s1 ,fireplaces1 v>i\s pieces ( ,furniture1 c41 f ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,l>ge squ>e #hvo1 clo? gilt4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 8 444 has illu/rations :i* are beautiful 444 because !y illu/rate ! s\nd & simple pr9ciple ( decoration :i* ! au?ors put =w>d4444 ,! book is "o :i* %\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e man & woman ( means1 = its advice is *>act]is$ by s mu* common s5se z well z by ! be/ ( ta/e40--,! ,que54 ,,old ,,clocks ,,& ,,wat*es ,,& ,,_! ,,mak]s4--,by ,f4 ,j4 ,,britt51 ,secret>y ( ! ,horological ,in/itute4 ,be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,clocks & ,wat*es1 ) a ,li/ ( #h1jjj ,old ,mak]s1 ) descriptive ,notes4 ,conta9+ ov] #djj ,illu/rations1 _m f photographs1 ( *oice & curi\s examples1 ( ,clocks & ,wat*es ( ! pa/1 includ+ ! f9ely-ornam5t$ ,bracket ,clocks ( ! ,x,v,i,ith ,c5tury1 & ! tall cases ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith ,c5tury4 #eab pages4 ,demy #hvo1 clo? gilt4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,,flat ,,ornam5t2 ,a ,,patt]n ,,book ,,= ,,design]s ,,( ,,textiles1 ,,embroid]ies1 ,,wall ,,pap]s1 ,,inlays1 ,c41 ,c4--#aej ,plates1 "s pr9t$ 9 col\rs1 exhibit+ upw>ds ( #ejj ,examples ( ,textiles1 ,embroid]ies1 ,pap] ,hang+s1 ,tile ,pavem5ts1 ,int>sia ,"w1 c4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,fis*ba*4 ,imp]ial #dto bo>ds1 clo? back4 ,price #bes4 ,net #bjs4 ,,examples ,,( ,,old ,,furniture1 ,,engli% ,,& ,,=eign4--,drawn & describ$ by ,,alfr$ ,,erne/ ,,*ancellor4 ,conta9+ #dj ,photo-li?ographic ,plates exhibit+ "s #ajj examples ( ,elizabe?an1 ,/u>t1 ,que5 ,anne1 ,georgian & ,*ipp5dale furniture2 & an int]e/+ v>iety ( ,cont95tal "w4 ,) hi/orical & descriptive notes4 ,l>ge #dto1 gilt4 ,price #a #es4 ,net #a #as4 8,9 publi%+ 8 admirable collection ( draw+s ( old furniture1 ,mr4 ,*ancellor secures ! gratitude ( all admir]s ( ! consummate craftsman%ip ( ! pa/4 ,8 examples are select$ f a v>iety ( s\rces ) f9e discrim9ation1 all hav+ an expression & individuality ( _! own--qualities t are s conspicu\sly lack+ 9 ! furniture ( our own day4 ,x =ms a v acceptable "w40--,! ,morn+ ,po/4 ,,pla/]+3 ,,pla9 ,,& ,,decorative4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,art & ,craft ( ,pla/]+ & ,modell+4 ,includ+ full description ( ! v>i\s ,tools1 ,mat]ials1 ,processes & ,appliances employ$4 ,) ov] #ej full-page ,plates1 & ab\t #ejj small] ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,by ,,william ,,mill>4 ,) an ,introduction ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,art1 by ,g4 ,t4 ,,rob9son1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,second ,edition4 ,?ick #dto1 clo?1 conta9+ #fjj pages ( ,text4 ,price #ahs4 net4 8,?is new & 9 _m s5ses rem>kable treatise 444 unque/ionably conta9s an imm5se am\nt ( valuable fir/-h& in=mation4444 #8,mill> on ,pla/]+' may be expect$ to be ! /&>d au?ority on ! subject = _m ye>s to come4444 ,a truly monum5tal "w40--,! ,build]4 ,a ,,gramm> ,,( ,,japanese ,,ornam5t ,,& ,,design4--,illu/rat$ by #fe ,plates1 _m 9 gold & col\rs1 repres5t+ all classes ( ,natural & ,conv5tional ,=ms1 drawn f ! orig9als1 ) ,introductory1 ,descriptive1 & ,analytical ,text4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,cutl]1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,imp]ial #dto1 9 elegant clo? b9d+4 ,price #b #fs4 ,net #a #ahs4 ,,native ,,pr9t$ ,,japanese ,,art ,,books4 ,,japanese ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,design4 ,,book ,i4--,conta9+ ov] #a1ejj engrav$ ,curi\s & mo/ +5i\s ,geometric ,patt]ns ( ,circles1 ,m$allions1 c41 compris+ ,conv5tional ,details ( ,plants1 ,fl[]s1 ,leaves1 ,petals1 also ,birds1 ,fans1 ,animals1 ,key ,patt]ns1 c41 c4 ,oblong #abmo1 fancy cov]s4 ,price #bs4 net4 ,,book ,,ii4--,conta9+ ov] #fjj mo/ orig9al & effective ,designs = ,diap] ,ornam5t1 giv+ ! base l9es to ! design1 also ,arti/ic ,m9iature ,picturesque ,sket*es4 ,oblong #abmo1 fancy cov]s4 ,price #bs4 net4 ,^! books exhibit ! v>i$ *>m & orig9ality ( conception ( ,japanese ,ornam5t1 & =m an inexhau/ible field ( ,design4 ,a ,,delightful ,,s]ies ,,( ,,/udies ,,( ,,birds ,,9 ,,mo/ ,,*>act]i/ic ,,& ,,life-,,l ,,attitudes1 ,,surr\nd$ ,,) ,,appropriate ,,foliage ,,& ,,fl[]s4--,by ! celebrat$ ,japanese ,arti/1 ,,bairei ,,kono4 ,9 ?ree ,books1 #hvo1 ea* conta9+ #cf pages ( highly arti/ic & decorative ,illu/rations pr9t$ 9 t9ts4 ,b\nd 9 fancy pap] cov]s4 ,price #ajs4 net4 ,^! books are ( ! greate/ value to ,arti/s1 ,scre5 & ,*9a ,pa9t]s1 ,decorators1 & ,design]s 9 all bran*es ( ,art ,manufacture1 & ( mu* int]e/ to ! admir]s ( ,japanese ,art4 8,9 attitude & ge/ure & expression1 ^! birds1 :e!r p]*+ or so>+1 swoop+ or brood+1 are admirable40--,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,,japanese ,,/udies ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,fl[]s1 ,a ,,new ,,s]ies ,,(4--,by ,,watanabe ,,sietei1 ! ackn[l$g$ lead+ liv+ ,arti/ 9 ,japan4 #c volumes1 conta9+ num]\s exce$+ly ,arti/ic ,sket*es 9 v>i\s t9ts1 #hvo1 fancy cov]s4 ,price #ajs4 net4 8,conta9 a weal? ( exquisite xylographic impressions1 :i* _c be beat5 by any ,european attempts40--,! ,/udio4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy4--,a ,g5]al ,view = ! use ( ,/ud5ts & o!rs4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,&]son1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,director ( ,ar*itecture1 ,glasg[ ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,conta9+ #gd full-page ,plates1 mo/ly reproduc$ f ,photographs1 & #ih ,illu/rations 9 ,text4 ,l>ge #hvo1 clo? gilt4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 8,a delightful & s*ol>ly "w 444 v fully illu/rat$40--,j\rnal ,r4,i4,b4,a4 8,x is ! "w ( a s*ol> tak+ a l>ge view ( 8 subject4444 ,! book af=ds easy & intelligible read+1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! subject is excell5t1 ?\gh ?is 0 a matt] ( no small difficulty40--,! ,times4 8,%\ld rank among/ ! be/ ar*itectural writ+s ( ! day40--,! ,ed9burgh ,review4 8,we "k ( no book :i* furni%es su* in=mation & su* illu/rations 9 s compact & attractive a =m4 ,= great] excell5ce ) ! object 9 h& !re is n "o m p]spicu\s40--,! ,build+ ,news4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t1 ,,craftsman ,,& ,,amateur4--,be+ a ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,hi/orical ,/yles f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod4 ,by ,,bani/] ,,flet*]1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,ar*itecture 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & ,b4 ,f4 ,,flet*]1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,conta9+ upw>ds ( #cjj pages1 ) #aae ,collotype ,plates1 mo/ly reproduc$ f l>ge ,photographs1 & o!r ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 gilt4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 ,net #ajs4 8,we %all be amaz$ if x is n imm$iately recognis$ & adopt$ z p> excell5ce ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture40--,! ,ar*itect4 ,,! ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture3 ,,greek1 ,,roman ,,& ,,italian4--,select$ f ,norm&'s ,p>allels1 c4 ,) #d new ,plates specially prep>$4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,r4 ,,ph5 ,,spi]s1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) #b new ,plates4 ,conta9+ 9 all #bf ,plates4 #dto1 clo?4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,net #hs4 #f;d4 8,a mo/ useful "w = ar*itectural /ud5ts4444 ,mr4 ,spi]s has done excell5t s]vice 9 edit+ ?is "w1 & 8 notes on ! plates are v appropriate & useful40--,briti% ,ar*itect4 ,,ar*itecture ,,among ,,! ,,poets4--,by ,h4 ,,hea?cote ,,/a?am4 ,) #ac ,illu/rations4 ,squ>e #hvo1 arti/ically b\nd4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 8,?is little "w does = ar*itecture 9 relation to ,engli% poetry :at ,mr4 ,phil ,rob9son has done = ! birds & bea/s4 ,! poet's appreciation ( ar*itecture is a delightful subject ) :i* ,mr4 ,/a?am has become infect$1 n only illu/rat+ 8 po9ts ) quotations & 8 judgm5ts ) 8 reasons1 b ! :ole ) a s]ies ( fanciful or sugge/ive sket*es :i* add consid]ably to ! attractiv5ess ( ! book40--,! ,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,,r5aissance ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,ornam5t ,,9 ,,spa94--,a ,s]ies ( ,examples select$ f ! pure/ execut$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aejj-aefj4 ,by ,,&rew ,n4 ,,pr5tice1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,conta9+ #fj beautiful ,plates1 reproduc$ by ,photo-li?ography & ,photo ,process1 f ! ,au?or's ,draw+s1 ( ,p]spective ,views & ,geometrical ,draw+s1 & ,details1 9 ,/one1 ,wood1 & ,metal4 ,) %ort ,descriptive ,text4 ,folio1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt4 ,price #b #ajs4 ,net #b #bs4 8,= ! draw+ & production ( ?is book "o c h no words b praise4444 ,x is a pleasure to h s good a record ( su* admirable ar*itectural draw+1 free1 firm & delicate40--,briti% ,ar*itect4 ,b4 ,t4 ,,bats=d1 #id1 ,,high ,,holborn1 ,,london4 ,,footnotes3 ,a 8,! ,pagan-,*ri/ian ,ov]lap 9 ! ,nor?10 by ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 ,m4,d4 7,lond47 ,b 8,! sev5 p]iods ( ,*ur* ,ar*itecture10 by ,edmund ,%>pe4 ,c 8,go?ic ,ar*itecture10 by ,?omas ,rickman4 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us #ba ,ar* ( ,septimus ,sev]us #ba 0 ! typical =ms us$ 0 ! typical =m us$ pg #bc f ,rome to ,byzant9e f ,rome to ,byzantium pg #ca ,girolama della ,robbia ,girolamo della ,robbia pg #ha