,illu/ration3 ,! ,hi/orical ,dep>tm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,museum ,,gazette4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,june1 #aijf4 ,,vol4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,hi/ory ,,room4 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,a dep>tm5t ( our ,museum to :i*1 z reg>ds its educational usefulness1 we atta* v great importance1 is t :i* attempts ! illu/ration ( ,human ,hi/ory4 ,x is display$ 9 a sep>ate division ( ! ma9 build+1 & is arrang$1 z f> z possible1 on 8! space-=-"t me?od40 ,?is me?od1 :i*1 foll[+ ! patt]n ( an ord9>y di>y1 allots to e p]iod ( "t ! same am\nt ( space1 is1 ( c\rse1 possible only :]e ! "t-p]iods & dates are fairly well e/abli%$4 ,x is n well adapt$1 except+ z a sort ( op5 &1 to "s ext5t speculative1 framework = ! illu/ration ( prehi/oric times4 ,a c\rage\s example ( su* use ( x we v5tur$ to (f] 9 our la/ numb] 9 ref]5ce to prehi/oric man 9 ,brita94 ,x 0 n hi/ory 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ! p]iods ( "t 7 real2 ! ev5ts assign$ to !m 7 l>gely conjectural4 ,9 ! ,museum itself we d n attempt to deal ) v remote p]iods 9 ?is mann]4 ,our space-=-"t arrangem5t beg9s only ) #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,x might n[1 p]haps1 fairly beg9 ) #djjj ,b4,c41 b1 un=tunately1 we h n space en\gh4 ,9 ?is ,s*$ule1 :i* occupies ! :ole ( "o side ( a long room 7#gj feet71 a measur$ space on ! wall1 ( ne>ly two feet1 is allott$ to ea* c5tury4 ,! c5turies are m>k$ out by /rong black l9es1 drawn v]tically f ro( to ! table-%elf bel[4 ,?is table-%elf is #ah in*es wide1 & runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! room4 ,x is ^u x t ! bu/s %[n 9 our frontispiece are /&+4 ,ea* bu/ is suppos$ to be 9 its appropriate c5tury1 & ) x are plac$ any o!r illu/rative objects belong+ to ! p]iod--m$als1 co9s1 small ar*itectural models 7:5 we h !m71 & ! l4 ,= in/ance1 a model ( ,/oneh5ge /&s 9 ! c5tury 9 :i* x seems probable t t mo/ rem>kable /ructure 0 built1 & portions ( ,roman pavem5t & o!r relics m>k ! p]iod ( ! ,italian occupation ( ,brita94 ,^u ! wall itself are plac$ engrav+s1 photographs1 & ! l1 illu/rative ( ! c5tury1 & repres5t+ ei!r human p]sonality or "s results ( human ef=t4 ,9 ord] to aid ! memory ea* c5tury is designat$ by ! "n ( "s prom95t p]son ( ! "t1 to :om o!r associations may conv5i5tly cl+4 ,^! names1 pa9t$ 9 bold *>act]s1 head ! columns :i* repres5t ! c5turies4 ,b5ea? ^! prom95t names we h 79 ! case ( a consid]able numb] ( ! mo/ rec5t c5turies7 put up s*$ules ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts1 & li/s ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p]sons4 ,! app5d$ s*$ule is "o ( !m & w illu/rate :at is meant3-- ,,f\rte5? ,a4,d4 ,,*auc]4 ,! ,?ree ,edw>ds4 ,bannockburn4 ,fam9e 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> beg9s4 ,battle ( ,crecy4 ,! ,black ,dea? 7,plague74 ,battle ( ,poicti]s4 ,bol+broke de?rones ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,froiss>t's ,*ronicle4 ,wallace & ,bruce4 ,dante4 ,john ( ,gaunt4 ,ri5zi4 ,van ,artevelde4 ,wickliffe4 ,huss4 ,boccaccio4 ,petr>*4 ,william ,tell4 ,x w1 if :at we h tri$ to describe has convey$ its int5d$ mean+1 be se5 t an obs]v] pass+ sl[ly d[n ! l5g? ( ! room1 may appreciate at a glance ! relative position ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,he c h>dly avoid notic+1 ) fair accuracy1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,hom] & ,socrates1 betwe5 ,socrates & ,paul1 & betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian epo* & ! times ( ,milton & ,%akespe>e4 ,he w be impress$ at once1 z1 possibly1 he nev] 0 be=e1 ) a p]ception ( ! brief & v rec5t portion ( "t :i* conta9s ! :ole ( ! annals ( our own nation4 ,if1 9 addition to ?us obta9+ a sort ( bird's-eye view ( ! progress ( ! _w1 x is desir$ to g into detail & devote "t to ! enquiry1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( help w be f\nd to h be5 provid$ on ! table-%elf4 ,detail$ s*$ules tak5 f ! 8,! ,c5turies0 7see adv]tisem5t7 h be5 m\nt$ on bo>d conv5i5tly = h& use1 & are plac$ on ! table-%elf at ! foot ( ea* c5tury4 ,a few books ( ref]5ce 9 biography & hi/ory1 & num]\s maps1 h also be5 suitably plac$1 & !re are *airs4 ,! 8,hi/orical ,s*$ule0 describ$ takes up1 z we h said1 ! :ole ( "o side ( ! long room4 ,! o!r side ( x1 z well z mu* ( ! floor-space1 is occupi$ by some:at miscellane\s illu/rations ( prehi/oric times1 & ( nations & races :i* h n z yet atta9$ to hi/ory4 ,! an?ropoids1 an?ropology & e?nology 9 g5]al "h f9d illu/ration1 9 l>ge "p1 b n :olly1 by pictorial aid4 ,we h also a few int]e/+ objects suitable1 z illu/rat+ social progress1 = :at is n[ kn[n z a ,folk-,museum4 ,x is believ$ t ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,museum (f]s special facilities to tea*]s1 :o br+ _! classes into x & give explanations on ! spot1 & t by enabl+ ! pupil to obta9 a wide purview ( hi/orical times1 x may d some:at to obviate ! inevitably cramp+ influ5ce ( ! too detail$ /udy ( s+le epo*s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fam\s ,,wom5 ,,at ,,! ,,national ,,portrait ,,gall]y4 ,we h climb$ to ! ?ird l&+4 ,let u turn into ! left-h& gall]y & we %all come to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ gr\ps 9 ! :ole ,museum4 ,x is t :i* conta9s portraits ( ,engli% wom5 ^: names h become fam\s 9 lit]ature4 ,"h we h ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 ,s>ah ,au/91 ,mrs4 ,c>t]1 ,miss ,/rickl&1 ,george ,eliot1 ,m>y ,som]ville1 & _m o!rs4 ,! collection is n ne>ly s complete z c\ld be wi%$--= ,jane ,au/51 ,anne & ,jane ,taylor1 ,hannah ,m1 ! ,bronts1 & _m o!rs are want+--/ill1 x is v good4 ,b few males are admitt$4 ,rob]t ,br[n+ is v prop]ly all[$ to accompany 8 wife1 & ! fact1 we presume1 t 8 wife 0 ) him1 has also ga9$ access = ,?omas ,hood4 ,a portrait ( ,lady ,hamilton /rikes u z a little out ( place1 b ! ,museum has z yet no dep>tm5t = female *>m1 & z ?is is by ,romney x may h be5 difficult to refuse x4 ,) ! exception ( x & "o ( ,elizabe? ,fry1 all ! o!rs h m or less direct claim to be associat$ ) lit]ature or sci5ce4 ,to ,mrs4 ,opie1 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ & ,miss ,/rickl& no "o w hesitate to accord ! praise ( good looks1 & _m o!rs exhibit 9 a rem>kable degree ! bright-ey$ intellig5ce :i* we expect f au?oresses4 ,sev]al %[ a spl5did bread? ( =ehead1 ! accompanim5t1 no d\bt1 ( a bra*ycephalic or broad head4 ,mrs4 ,c>t]1 ,miss ,mit=d 7( 8,our village071 ,mrs4 ,trimm]1 ,miss ,/rickl& & ,george ,eliot are ! be/1 b n ! only in/ances ( ?is4 ,x might be h>dly good mann]s to describe too exactly ! v>i\s features ( fem99e faces1 & ! fact t b few %[ ! pr(ile makes x difficult to judge accurately z to size & %ape ( nose & *94 ,few are1 9 any s5se1 disappo9t+4 ,t ( ,mrs4 ,c>lisle might h be5 kept back )\t loss1 s9ce1 if x is 9 ! lea/ true to life1 x gives a too pa9ful s5se ( ju/ification to ! rum\rs ( m>ri$ unhapp9ess1 :i* 7 probably to a l>ge ext5t unf\nd$4 ,! portrait ( ,s>ah ,au/91 :5 old & ill1 might also p]haps be sp>$1 s9ce !re is a v pleas+ "o ( h] 9 e>li] life4 ,at any rate1 ! two ought to be plac$ toge!r4 ,decl9+1 z we d1 9 ref]5ce to almo/ ! :ole1 ! task ( detail$ analysis ( features1 we _c1 9 ! int]e/s ( physiognomical rese>*1 exempt ^? beh9d :i* lay ! mo/ pr(\nd intellect ev] possess$ by a woman4 ,mrs4 ,c>t] 9 classical & lit]>y atta9m5ts1 & ,m>y ,som]ville 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 mu/ be accord$ =emo/ places4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ is second1 p]haps1 to none 9 dep? ( human sympa?y & beauty ( poetic expression2 b if we e/imate "* by pr(undity ( insight1 we %all probably accord to ,george ,eliot among/ wom5 mu* ! same position z t :i* ,%akespe>e holds among/ m54 ,we d n = a mom5t comp>e h] ) ,%akespe>e4 ,( ,george ,eliot ! ,museum possesses ?ree portraits4 ,mo/ =tunately1 x has also "o ( h] fa!r4 ,x w\ld add enorm\sly to ! value ( portraits z a means to ! illu/ration ( "*1 if we might always h associat$ ) t ( a di/+ui%$ individual ^? ( 8 p>5ts1 & ev5 ( 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! portrait ( ,rob]t ,evans 7,george ,eliot's fa!r7 is a v pleas+ "o--a grave1 s]i\s face1 ) a l>ge ,roman nose1 well-=m$ lips & *91 & a really magnific5t =ehead4 ,! nose probably gives a clue to 8 family desc5t4 ,( ^? ( ! au?oress h]self1 ! fir/1 tak5 :5 %e 0 #bc1 by a lady fri5d 7,mrs4 ,bray71 is a poor "w ( art1 & exhibits a commonplace face1 surm\nt$ by a v l>ge r\nd$ =ehead4 ,x is impossible to judge ( ! nose4 ,a second is ( "s ye>s old]1 & is mu* bett] execut$4 ,! =ehead is /ill !re1 & ! nose is %[n ( good size & %apely1 & ! lips & *9 are well =m$4 ,! face is a %ort] "o ?an 9 ! next1 & ! hair is ( a mu* light] t9t4 ,! face is pleas+ & attractive1 n mu* unlike1 if we rememb] rightly1 "o :i* repres5t$ ,j5ny ,l9d4 ,la/ly1 we come to ! (t5 copi$ & well-kn[n portrait at age #df1 by ,sir ,f4 ,burton4 ,9 ?is ! nose & face are long1 almo/ sugge/+ an approa* to :at is call$ a horse face4 ,! *9 is good1 b z ! f9e =ehead is mu* conceal$ by folds ( hair1 ! balance ( features is n p]fect1 & ! :ole result n pleas+4 ,all ! ?ree %[ ! eyes light grey or blue4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,george ,eliot _h a l>ge =ehead & a fairly l>ge nose & *91 b fur!r ?an ?is ^! some:at disaccord+ portraits d n take u4 ,we mu/ fall back on h] fa!r's ,roman nose & really beautifully balanc$ features4 ,m>y ,som]ville's face is a v intellectual "o1 b a trifle cold z reg>ds m\? & *94 ,look+ at ,mrs4 ,c>t]'s wid? ( =ehead1 no "o c d\bt t %e _h 8skull-room0 = _m languages & :at _h be5 writt5 9 !m4 ,!re is a mo/ pleasant expression on h] face1 sugge/+ a g5ial companion & ready conv]sation1 b h] *9 is weak & small4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s face is alive ) graceful vig\r1 & h] =ehead1 z we h already said1 is full & r\nd4 ,x is held t ! heads ( wom5 are doli*ocephalic 7long 9 proportion to bread?7 9 l>g] av]age ?an ^? ( m54 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ?is collection ( portraits :i* w\ld oppose ! supposition t ! high] developm5ts ( intellect 9 wom51 z 9 m51 are usually met ) 9 heads unusually broad4 ,su* an inf]5ce mu/1 h[ev]1 be accept$ ) "s caution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,intellect4 ,:5 we speak ( size ( bra9 9 ref]5ce to intellectual end[m5ts we mu/ draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! em95ce ( a speciali/ & t ( "o ( wide atta9m5ts4 ,a man may become fam\s z a speciali/ by ! s$ul\s cultivation ( "o bran* ( k1 :il/ f> f be+ di/+ui%$ by wide grasp ( ?\ght4 ,inde$1 ! abs5ce ( int]e/ 9 "s bran*es ( k may greatly fav\r ! exclusive devotion to a s+le "o4 ,pes*ell quotes ! weights ( ! bra9s ( "s ,gtt+5 pr(essors :i* 7 consid]ably bel[ ! av]age3 ,gauss1 ,fu*s 7pa?ologi/71 ,h]mann 7philologi/71 ,haussmann 7m9]alogi/74 ,cuvi] & ,"l ,byron are usually cit$ z hav+ _h bra9s mu* heavi] ?an ! av]age1 b !re is "s unc]ta9ty1 especially z to ! latt]4 ,none ( 8 lord%ip's portraits sugge/ a l>ge head4 ,al?\gh !re are consid]able discrepancies 9 ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o h exam9$ ! matt]1 !re c be little or no d\bt t ! bra9 increases some:at ) ! advance ( civilisation1 & t x 0 small] 9 ! prehi/oric races ( man ?an 9 ! m advanc$ ones ( ! pres5t age4 ,! diff]5ces are probably n s great z _m may expect1 b !y are real4 ,! ,au/ralian natives /& ! l[e/1 & ! ,europeans ! highe/4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian _h a l>g] bra9 ?an ! ,asiatic1 & ! ,asiatic ?an ! ,african4 ,! ,*9ese /& betwe5 ! ,european & ! ,negro4 ,two ,iri% skulls are p]haps ! l>ge/ on record4 ,! size ( ! skull may possibly n be always a safe indication ( ! am\nt ( useful bra9 matt] conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is said t ! l>ge-skull$ ,g]mans h bra9s :i* are ( l[] specific gravity ?an ^? ( o!rs4 ,!re are _m s\rces ( fallacy z reg>ds ! weight ( ! bra9 9 diff]5t p]sons1 diff]5t races1 & 9 ! two sexes4 ,we mu/ n tru/ too implicitly to /ati/ics or to tabulat$ records4 ,x is bett] to be cont5t ) g5]al results1 & to /ate ev5 ^! ) great caution4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be b little d\bt t ! bra9 ( woman weighs less ?an t ( man1 & t ?is diff]5ce is greate/ 9 highly civilis$ races4 ,! bra9s ( ! broad-head$ are1 z a rule1 some:at heavi] ?an ^? ( ! long-head$4 ,?is conclusion has be5 arriv$ at by comp>+ ! bra9s ( diff]5t individuals ( ! same race1 n ^? ( diff]5t races 7,pes*ell1 p4 #gj74 ,!re are "s obs]vations :i* support ! conclusion t ! bra9 atta9s its greate/ weight be=e #cj ye>s ( age1 & !n und]goes dim9ution4 ,at ! age ( #hj ?is dim9ution is suppos$ to rea* #aj p] c5t4 ,! dim9ution conc]ns ! bra9 prop] & ! c]ebellum1 b n _! connect+ "p1 ! pons1 :i* increases up to ! fiftie? ye>4 ,:il/ x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to imag9e me?ods by :i*1 )\t risk ( great fallacy1 su* conclusions c\ld be arriv$ at1 we may safely believe t ! advance ( age is att5d$ by "s r$uction 9 ! size ( ! skull cavity & ! weight ( its cont5ts4 ,x appe>s to be a con/ant law t ) advance ( civilisation ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 9 g5]al become increas$4 ,?is is se5 9 measurem5ts ( ! skull & 9 ! weight ( ! bra94 ,9 ! bra9s ( negroes ! woman is b little bel[ t ( ! man1 #ihd to #a1jjj1 b 9 ! ,engli% x is only #hfj1 & ,g]mans #hch4 ,^! figures indicate1 ( c\rse1 proportions only1 & l all o!r calculations 9 ?is difficult subject1 mu/ be receiv$ ) caution2 b !y probably indicate1 if !y d n precisely express1 ! fact4 ,! height ( ! skull is usually 9 inv]se ratio to its bread?4 ,! v>iation 9 height is f> less ?an is common 9 bread?4 ,! bra*ycephalic h heavi] bra9s ?an ! doli*ocephalic4 ,9 ,hott5tots bo? indices1 bread? & height1 are l[4 ,! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z examples ( rem>kably broad heads 7wide =eheads71 9 association ) g5ius3 ,%akespe>e1 ,b]ang]1 ,mirabeau1 ,peacock 7! noveli/71 ,miss ,au/51 ,blackmore 78,lorna ,doone071 ,t5nyson1 ,ersk9e4 ,! foll[+ _h heads bo? tall & broad3 ,scott1 ,goe!1 ,c]vantes1 ,ambrose ,p>1 ,john ,fo/]1 ,fa!r ,paul1 ,galileo1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,ma*iavelli1 ,b5jam9 ,we/4 ,we %all be indebt$ to any ( our read]s :o may direct our att5tion to o!r well-m>k$ examples4 ,! foll[+ af=d in/ances ( rem>kably tall heads3 ,motley 7! hi/orian ( ! ,ne!rl&s71 ,rem9 7eng9e]71 ,ri*>d ,rob]ts 7eng9e]74 ,! foll[+ _h rem>kably long faces3 ,francis ,i41 ,inigo ,jones1 ,george ,eliot 7,miss ,evans71 ,savonorola4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,egg ,,m>ket ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,a :olesale deal] gives u ! foll[+ items z to ! consumption ( eggs 9 ,london3 ,:5 eggs are #af = a %ill+ ! sale among/ ! work+ classes is enorm\s4 ,:5 !y are #ab a %ill+ x falls at once #dj p] c5t41 & :5 only #h x drops v l[4 ,! bulk ( ,london eggs are import$2 ,italy supplies _m1 ,france _m1 & "s ev5 come f ,turkey4 ,!y w travel f ,trebizond & be p]fectly fre% :5 !y arrive 9 ,london4 ,we are assur$ t mo/ ( ! new-laid eggs consum$ 9 ,haslem]e come f ,italy1 & ?is at all p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,our ,engli% h\sewives are n clev] at pres]v+ eggs1 & ! witty classification ( eggs into new-laid eggs1 fre% eggs1 & eggs1 is b too (t5 illu/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,outgr[?s ,,& ,,app5dages4 7,"p ( a ,museum ,lecture47 ,let u draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 8,app5dages0 & 8,outgr[?s40 ,! prickles :i* are =m$ on ! bran* ( a rose are app5dages2 !y may be deta*$ )\t really break+ any "p ( ! bu%4 ,! sp9es :i* gr[ on ! black?orn are outgr[?s1 & _c be s deta*$4 ,i wi% t "s bett] ^w ?an 8app5dages0 c\ld be f\nd1 = x seems almo/ to imply insignificance1 & _m ( ! app5dages to plants are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,/ill1 x is true ( !m all t !y may be remov$ & yet leave ! plant1 z a plant1 complete1 & _m or mo/ ( !m h only a transitory life1 :i* does n by any means equal t ( ! plant itself4 ,!y are l ! lun*eon basket at ! summ] day's ramble1 n absolutely ess5tial1 b v conducive to p]fection4 ,n[ mo/ =ms ( leaf1 fl[]1 fruit & prickle are 9 ?is s5se m]ely app5dages4 ,f ! v e>lie/ /ages ( _! =mation arrangem5ts exi/ = _! sep>ation1 9 :ole or "p1 f ! plants on :i* !y are produc$4 ,y w see t ,i am cauti\s 9 my t]ms1 & say 9 "p or 9 :ole1 = 9 tru? "s app5dages nev] are deta*$ z :oles1 & v great v>iety exi/s 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y are dealt )4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are susceptible ( dea?1 & h _! fix$ duration ( life q indep5d5tly ( ! plant :i* be>s !m4 ,9 _m ?is indep5d5t dea? is ! cause ( _! be+ ca/ (f4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is n dea?1 nor ev5 sickness1 b ! fulness ( life & ! atta9m5t ( adult age :i* causes !m to leave ! p>5tal home4 ,i hold 9 my h& an oak twig ) two empty acorn cups4 ,! acorns hav+ atta9$ maturity1 h fall5 out4 ,%all we say !y h deta*$ !mselves1 or t ! tree has deta*$ !m8 ,!y h n fall5 by m]e weight1 = !y 7 d\btless ne>ly1 if n q1 z heavy :il/ /ill gre51 & !y 7 !n firmly fix$4 ,y see at ! bottom ( ! empty cup ! l>ge r\nd sc> :i* m>ks ! site ( =m] atta*m5t4 ,x is br[n & dry4 ,x 0 by *anges :i* took place "h t ! acorn 0 loos5$4 ,! acorn _h rip5$ & ceas$ its gr[?4 ,x no long] attract$ sap ?r\gh its base ( atta*m5t1 & ! latt] consequ5tly became dry & brittle4 ,possibly its fe$+ tubes 7 *ok$2 at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t x und]w5t a sort ( dea? & 0 no long] able to keep ! acorn 9 place4 ,! process 0 mu* l t :i* occurs 9 ! %$d+ ( leaves1 )1 h[ev]1 ! v notewor?y diff]5ce t ! acorn itself 0 /ill alive4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 done ) our oak twig4 ,! acorns :i* x bore 7 only app5dages to an app5dage1 & x n[ becomes ! turn ( ! cups !mselves & ! :ole ( ! long foot-/alk on :i* !y are m\nt$ to become deta*$4 ,^! are no "p ( ! tree1 & are ( no use to x4 ,!y 7 develop$ 9 ord] to be> fl[]s & fruit2 t function !y h n[ dis*>g$1 & !y mu/ die4 ,life is pres]v$ only by ! dis*>ge ( function1 or at any rate ! ef=t to dis*>ge x4 ,utt] inactivity leads to dea?1 & dea? leads to sep>ation f ! liv+ & to decay4 ,y see t ! :ole foot-/alk is br[n & %runk5 & evid5tly dead4 ,?is condition ends abruptly :]e ! foot-/alk jo9s ! /em4 ,at ?is spot1 if y look c>efully1 y w see t !re is a r+ ( con/riction1 m>k+ def9itely :]e deta*m5t is 9 progress4 ,?is 0 ! spot at :i* ! production ( ! :ole app5dage began1 & "h a sort ( jo9t 0 left at :i* ! f9al deta*m5t 0 de/9$ to occur4 ,j "o ^w ( caution1 t we mu/ n c>ry our di/9ctions too f>4 ,aft] all1 !y are to "s ext5t matt]s ( degree4 ,! jo9t :i* sep>ates ! app5dage f ! twig on :i* x is produc$ c h>dly be t]m$ a true jo9t1 = c]ta9 /ructures run 9 unbrok5 cont9uity f ! /em to ! app5dage4 ,^! are ! fibro-vascul> bundles by :i* ! app5dage is f$ & also fix$ 9 place4 ,^! bundles are usually q visible 9 ! sc>-surface left :5 a leaf or fruit is brok5 (f4 ,!y are 8! nails 9 ! horse-%oe0 ( ! leaf-sc> ( ! horse *e/nut4 ,/ill1 x is c]ta9 t a sort ( jo9t is pres5t1 & t ! /ructures are cont9u\s 9 a v diff]5t s5se f t ( a /em or true bran*4 ,y may obs]ve ?is diff]5ce 9 my acorn-be>+ twig1 = !re are two acorn cups1 & "o has be5 produc$ by a bran*+ out f ! /em ( ! o!r4 ,?is little bran* is smoo?ly cont9u\s ) ! p>5t bran*1 & %[s no prep>ation = deta*m5t :atev]4 ,?us we h se5 t ! arrangem5ts "u :i* leaves are %$ are exactly repeat$ 9 ! case ( fruits1 & t x is by no means ne$ful t ! object to be deta*$ %\ld be dead or dy+4 ,x may p]haps surprise y to be told t sometimes app5dages are %$ :i* h by no means accompli%$ _! prospective "w4 ,"s plants %$ _! fl[]s & d ?is delib]ately1 hav+ made _! arrangem5ts = a /ep :i* is app>5tly suicidal4 ,9 reality x is n suicidal1 nor is x "o ( limitation ( population1 b simply ( pref]5tial employm5t ( capital4 ,! potato gives a good example ( ?is4 ,e spr+ y may see on ! heads ( ?is plant beautiful fl[]s produc$1 :i* are de/9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ano!r week to be only fl[]less foot-/alks4 ,! fl[]s break (f at a pre-exi/+ jo9t1 j z leaves are %$4 ,! influ5ce :i* causes !m to fall is inability to attract sap1 9 consequ5ce ( inability to proce$ to ! fur!r /age ( produc+ fruit4 ,! "y tub]s und]gr\nd make su* ov]p[]+ dem&s ^u ! sap-furni%+ capabilities ( ! roots t ! fl[]s _c obta9 suffici5t = _! se$ =m+4 ,?us !y at once die3 if n obvi\sly1 at any rate practically1 & deta*m5t foll[s z a natural result4 ,x is a case ( competitive gr[? & ! tub]s w94 ,aft] a "t ! plant w 9 ! c\rse ( inh]itance le>n t x is useless to produce fl[]s1 w give up ! attempt2 inde$1 _m v>ieties h already done s to a consid]able ext5t4 ,no bett] in/ance c\ld p]haps be giv5 ( ! law :i* goes ?r\gh all animat$ ,nature t activity is almo/ ess5tial to cont9uance ( life1 :e!r 9 individuals or _! p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,fossils 7,l+ula74--,x is a notewor?y fact t ^!1 ! olde/ fossil animals kn[n1 belong to species by no means l[ 9 ! scale4 ,yet e trace ( ! _m millions :i* mu/ h prec$$ !m1 & h gradually l$ up to _! developm5t1 h p]i%$4 ,! p]iod ( "t :i* mu/ h elaps$ subsequ5t to ! adv5t ( life ^u ! planet & ! developm5t ( ! l+ula mollusc 0 probably q z long z t :i* has pass$ s9ce ! l+ula left its %ell 9 ! mud ( ! ,portmadoc slate4 ,! olde/ fossils :i* are kn[n are f\nd 9 ! l[] ,cambrian rocks4 ,!y are small oval %ells1 :i* 71 dur+ life1 ! protection ( small s(t-bodi$ sea animals ( highly complex /ructure3 !y _h r$ blood4 ,_! desc5dants are /ill f\nd 9 great numb]s burr[+ 9 s& on ! %ores ( tropical oceans4 ,!y h receiv$ ! "n ( ,l+ula1 & h 9 turn conf]r$ t "n on c]ta9 h>d rocks 9 :i* _! %ells occur 9 abundance1 ! 8,l+ula flags0 ( ,wales 7,,ray ,,lanke/]74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,huge ,,%>k',s ,,tee?4--,ray ,lanke/] figures1 9 8 int]e/+ lectures on ext9ct animals f :i* we h quot$ ! above a gigantic %>k's too?4 ,x is t ( ! ,c>h>odon megalodon1 & is ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! too? ( any liv+ %>k4 ,specim5s ( ?is fossil too? ( small] dim5sions are common1 & "o %\ld be f\nd 9 e museum4 ,!y are obta9$ f ! bone b$ ( ! ,r$ ,crag at ,felix/[e1 b 7 n orig9ally deposit$ 9 x4 ,_m ( !m h fragm5ts ( a yet old] s&/one adh]+ to !m4 ,lanke/] calculates t 8 %>k 0 #ajj feet long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,great ,,family ,,( ,,! ,,camels ,,& ,,de]4 ,! ,camel1 ! ,camelop>d1 ! ,musk-de] & ! ,de] are all m or less ne>ly relat$4 ,!y con/itute a bran* ( ! great family ( ,rum9ants1 & all *ew ! cud4 ,) ! ,camel are associat$ ! ,bactrian or two-hump$ ,camel1 ! ,alpaca1 ! ,llama & ! ,vicuna4 ,) ! ,giraffe we h ! ,okapi1 & sev]al ext9ct animals4 ,! ,musk-de] /&s almo/ alone4 ,( ,de] !re are a great _m species4 ,x is easy en\gh to di/+ui% ^! v>i\s animals ! "o f ! o!r :5 se5 liv+ 9 a ,zoological ,g>d5 or /uff$ 9 a museum4 ,inde$1 at fir/ sight1 !re might seem to be no great simil>ity betwe5 a ,camel1 a ,giraffe1 & a ,fall[-de]4 ,to ! /ud5t ( natural hi/ory1 h[ev]1 x becomes ( great int]e/ to obs]ve ! ess5tial peculi>ities ( ea*4 ,^! may be gr\p$ z ^? :i* prove relation%ip & ^? :i* %[ diff]5ces4 ,we w leave aside ! v important peculi>ities 9 ! /oma*1 because b few ( our read]s w h opportunities = exam9+ !m1 & w conf9e our att5tion to ! feet1 horns1 skull & tee?4 ,all h two ho(s or m1 & ! ,camel gr\p h beh9d _! ho(s a pad :i* cov]s ! sole4 ,none ( !m h holl[ horns1 & 9 none are _! weapons ( (f5ce--horns1 tee?1 tusks1 c4--v effective4 ,9 all :5 adult ! cutt+ tee? 7incisors7 9 ! upp] jaw are abs5t1 & 9 mo/ ! can9es are ei!r abs5t or mu* modifi$4 ,! ,camel tribe diff] f ,giraffes 9 possess+ a pad1 & 9 hav+1 :5 "y1 incisor tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 & few] l[] incisors by two4 ,!y h also /rong can9es 9 bo? jaws1 no trace ( horns1 & no?+ to be call$ tusks4 ,! ,giraffes h two1 ?ree1 or ev5 five abortive horns ( v peculi> developm5t4 ,!y h v long necks1 no pads1 no tusks4 ,! can9e tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 :i* look l incisors1 are mu* specialis$ 9 be+ cleft or not*$4 ,! little ,musk-de] has no sort ( horn2 b 8 upp] can9e tee? are l>ge & =m tusks4 ,! true ,de] h antl]s 79 ! male71 :i* !y %$ e ye>4 ,! males1 & sometimes ! females1 h can9e tee? 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,! antl]s are d]mal bones1 t is1 are =m$ 9 ! sk91 & d n gr[ f ! skull4 ,!y h two rudim5t>y digits above ! ho(s4 ,! :ole ( ?is gr\p1 :i* we may call ! ,camel & ,de] family1 are almo/ :olly def5celess1 ! ,giraffe ! mo/ s ( all1 &1 except+ ^? :i* are useful 9 dome/ication1 are ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,! ,camels & ! ,llamas1 al?\gh sep>at$ z di/antly z ,p]u & ,arabia1 h 9 common ! v peculi> habit ( snort+ mo/ (f5sively at ^? :o oppress or annoy !m4 ,?is l>ge family ( ,camels & ,de] /&s betwe5 a small "o :i* comprises ,pigs1 & a v l>ge "o1 to :i* ,cattle1 ,%eep1 ,goats & ,antelopes are assign$4 ,pigs are n rum9ants1 & h incisor tee? 9 ! upp] jaws4 ,cattle1 %eep1 c41 l camels & de]1 rum9ate1 & h no cutt+ tee? 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,_! di/9ctive features are holl[ horns 7:i* are pres5t 9 bo? sexes71 & ! inv>iable abs5ce ( tusks4 ,! can9e tee? 9 all memb]s ( ! ,giraffe gr\p are peculi>1 9 t !y %[ a cleft 9 ! free edge :i* divides !m into two lobes4 ,^! tee? look z if !y belong$ to ! incisors1 b v>i\s facts prove !m to be really ! can9es4 ,^? ( ! ext9ct ,siva!rium1 & ^? ( ! rec5tly discov]$ ,okapi1 h simil> peculi>ities1 & ?us prove _! relation%ip4 ,x is curi\s t our natural hi/ory au?orities are n yet agre$ z to :e!r ! ,giraffe has 8 =e limbs long] ?an ! h9d ones or n4 ,claus & ,s$gwick say1 8h9d legs mu* %ort]1 & !re=e ! back slopes backw>ds40 ,^? :o h measur$ ! bones1 h[ev]1 say t !re is no diff]5ce1 & t ! slope dep5ds entirely ^u ! sett+ ( ! %\ld] blade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engli% ,,edible ,,snails4 8,,wall-,,fi%40 ,! t]m 8wall-fi%0 w be unkn[n to _m ( our read]s4 ,x is appli$ by deal]s 9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 & o!r m>kets to ! common g>d5 snail 7,helix asp]sa74 ,?is mollusc is held 9 especial e/eem by ! poor 9 ,bri/ol1 & 9 consequ5ce is n[ v sc>ce 9 ! environs ( t city4 ,!re are m5 :o make a livelihood dur+ ! w9t] by collect+ ^! snails f _! hyb]nat+ places4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahif1 ! writ] met a 8wall-fi%0 collector 9 a remote village 9 ,som]set1 & _h an int]e/+ conv]sation ) him4 ,he 0 collect+ = a ,bri/ol deal]1 8 home be+ 9 ,k5t1 :]e he work$ z a c>p5t] 9 summ] & autumn4 ,= _m w9t]s pa/ he _h regul>ly visit$ ,som]set to collect snails4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce ^! snails seldom hyb]nate 9 banks fac+ ea/ or nor?1 b usually seek w9t] qu>t]s 9 ^? fac+ s\?-we/4 ,!y g5]ally congregate 9 "s numb]s1 & appe> to h a pr$ilection = c]ta9 spots4 ,f an hyb]naculum ne> ! village he _h t morn+ tak5 a gallon & a half ( !m1 b ?is 0 v unusual2 8 8tak+s0 z a rule did n exce$ a gallon p] day4 ,a% /umps1 or crannies at ! base ( a%-trees1 are v fav\rite haunts4 ,!y seldom hyb]nate "u oaks1 & al?\gh old walls are fav\rite places 9 summ]1 :5ce !y probably owe _! "n ( 8wall-fi%10 !y seldom hyb]nate 9 !m4 ,our 8wall fi%]man0 c>ri$ an iron rod ab\t #b feet long1 slightly crook$ at "o end = prob+ likely nooks & corn]s4 ,h4 asp]sa is q ! mo/ ne>ly dome/icat$ ( ! snail tribe4 ,x loves ! haunts ( man1 & is seldom f\nd 9 any numb]s 9 places remote f villages & roadsides4 ,a con*ologi/ %\ld nev] miss an opportunity ( exam9+ ! bag ( a wall-fi% collector4 ,occasionally r>e v>ieties--scal>i=me = in/ance--may be secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,i ask$ my fri5d to all[ me to inspect 8 8cat*10 & he v oblig+ly turn$ out ! cont5ts ( 8 creel4 ,i f\nd no?+ bett] ?an ?ree or f\r examples ( ! v>iety exalbida1 :i* is gre5i%-:ite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 widely di/ribut$ 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,x is /at$ by ,=bes & ,hanley 78,hi/4 ,brit4 ,moll410 vol4 iv41 p4 #df71 t 8ow+ to its be+ an article ( food 9 "s c\ntries1 or else a suppos$ rem$y = pulmon>y affections1 ,h4 asp]sa has be5 transport$ & di/ribut$ by ! ag5cy ( man to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is especially abundant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( g>d5s40 ,9 #ahdj1 accord+ to ,turton1 ,h4 asp]sa 0 sold 9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 & else:]e z a cure = diseases ( ! *e/1 & 0 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a delicacy4 8,! glassm5 at ,newca/le once a ye> h a snail fea/2 !y g5]ally collect ! snails !mselves 9 ! fields & h$ges ! ,sunday be=e ! fea/ day40 ,?is fea/ is1 we believe1 n[ giv5 up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dormant ,,life4--,! conditions "u :i* vital activity may become dormant obta9$ a curi\s illu/ration 9 ! in/ance ( a beetle :i* 0 tak5 alive out ( ! wood ( a desk :i* _h be5 9 ! (fice ( ! ,london ,guildhall = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! wood 0 deal f ! ,baltic1 ! beetle 0 ! ,bupre/is spl5d5s4 ,x 0 alive & 9 beautiful col\r4 ,! obs]vation 0 confirm$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,! description is giv5 by ,mr4 ,?os4 ,wr5ham 9 ! t5? volume ( ,transactions ( ,l9nan ,society1 #ahaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dodd] ,,& ,,ivy4--,ivy is a climb] only1 ,dodd] is a true p>asite4 ,ivy does n 9 any degree d]ive n\ri%m5t f ! trees on :i* x gr[s4 ,x is obvi\s t x _c get any f walls4 ,x may be plausibly disput$ :e!r x does any injury to ! trees to :i* x cl+s1 = x is (t5 se5 on v l>ge ones4 ,x is reput$ to be :olesome = %eep & de] 9 spite ( its rank od\r1 & pheasants are fond ( its se$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,tempor>y ,,museum4 ,a tempor>y museum w1 9 all probability1 be a ,vacation- or ,summ]-museum2 !re w1 !re=e1 be no ne$ = /oves or fires1 & sc>cely any = artificial light4 ,! sun rises 9 summ] z e>ly z any memb]s ( ! museum committee are likely to be /irr+1 & by sunset x w be "t to close4 ,we w suppose1 !n1 t ! season is summ] & ! place a small t[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ place a small local committee ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! s*eme %\ld be =m$1 & a small sum ( money gu>ante$4 ,! next /ep %\ld be to borr[ a set ( s*ool premises1 or hire = a c\ple ( mon?s an empty h\se4 ,if only a small cottage 7 obta9able x %\ld h a back g>d5 9 :i* a l>ge wood5 %$ c\ld be put up4 ,! ess5tials are pl5ty ( room1 pl5ty ( light1 & good protection f wea!r4 ,if ! premises secur$ be ^? ( a s*ool1 ! next ?+ w be to arrange ) "s c>p5t] = ! hire ( a quantity ( bo>ds :i*1 laid across ! desks1 w make tables4 ,x may be possible1 on simil> t]ms1 to obta9 f a drap] a quantity ( baize1 or its v *eape/ equival5t1 b ?is w\ld n be absolutely necess>y4 ,hav+ secur$ pl5ty ( table-space1 ! next po9t is to prep>e ! walls4 ,x w be requir$ to display on ^!1 ,portraits1 ,maps1 ,illu/rations1 c41 c41 & = p9n+ ^! up "s sort ( framework is desirable4 ,! c>p5t] w soon put ?is toge!r & cov] x ) baize or flannel4 ,! rooms be+ made ready1 ! next /ep is to fill !m1 & ab\t ?is !re w be no difficulty4 ,z a prelim9>y measure a circul> w h be5 s5t out1 invit+ all resid5ts to contribute _! curiosities on loan4 ,x w be /range if ?is be n b\ntifully respond$ to by cases ( /uff$ animals & birds1 collections ( eggs & ( %ells1 & boxes ( m9]als4 ,ammonites1 elephants' tee?1 mammalian skulls1 butt]flies1 wasps' ne/s1 fl9t implem5ts1 & ,mission>ies' curios w be br\ght 9 great abundance4 ,all ^!1 prop]ly arrang$1 ) descriptive labels1 may be made mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( glass-cov]$ display-cases1 ) locks1 w n[ be requir$ 9 ord] t fragile or valuable specim5s1 & especially ^? on loan1 may be prop]ly tak5 c>e (4 ,su* cases may be made inexp5sively1 & our ,haslem]e ,museum w be glad to supply patt]ns1 or ev51 if wi%$1 to loan ! cases !mselves4 ,at ?is /age ! ,committee %\ld rememb] t a museum has be5 well def9$ z 8a collection ( labels illu/rat$ by specim5s10 & %\ld obta91 if x has n already done s1 a set ( our pr9t$ labels1 & asc]ta9 = h[ _m ( !m illu/rative specim5s c be produc$4 ,/eps %\ld next be tak5 to obta9 else:]e any specially desirable exhibits :i* may n be =?com+4 ,"s ,horns1 ,antl]s1 ,skulls1 c41 are sure to be want$1 & no d\bt ! ,geological s]ies & ! ,fl9t implem5ts w ne$ to be supplem5t$4 ,^! defici5cies may be suppli$ 9 "s in/ances by borr[+ f o!r adjac5t museums1 or !y may be pur*as$ at v>i\s deal]s4 ,a v important & attractive dep>tm5t ( ! tempor>y museum w be ! display ( ,pictures1 ,maps & ,portraits4 ,^!1 l ^? j m5tion$1 may be hir$1 if !y _c be begg$ or borr[$4 ,a dilig5t ladies' sub-committee1 well suppli$ ) bundles ( old unb\nd copies ( ,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,graphic1 ,vanity ,fair & ,pun* w\ld soon con/ruct an attractive portrait gall]y1 z well z sundry mo/ int]e/+ s]ies 9 illu/ration ( social hi/ory1 sc5]y1 geography & natural sci5ce4 ,!re is n any:]e a small t[n 9 :i* mat]ial ( ?is k9d may n be br\ght to light f ! cupbo>ds 9 :i* x is uselessly /[$ away4 ,! be/ way ( deal+ ) x w\ld be to procure "s false-back$ frames1 su* z we h 9 use at ,haslem]e4 ,9 _m in/ances portraits1 maps1 c41 w n ne$ to be put into frames1 b may be at once p9n$ up 9 well-classifi$ s]ies on ! walls4 ,we h said no?+ z yet z to a dep>tm5t :i* ought to be made "o ( ! mo/ important1 especially at a sea-side resort4 ,a ,viv>ium = ! display ( local specim5s 9 _! fre% & liv+ /ates %\ld be arrang$ ei!r 9 an ante-room or hall1 or 9 a %$1 or "u a v]&ah outside ! build+4 ,9 ?is %\ld be a /& = fl[]s 7all nam$71 & bell glasses & l>ge sauc]s = ! reception ( %ell-fi%1 sea anemones1 sponges au naturel1 sea-we$s & corall9es4 ,illu/rations & explanatory labels = mo/ ( ^! our ,haslem]e press c supply4 ,! *>ges = admission to ! %[ %\ld be3 be=e its completion1 sixp5ce ea* p]son2 :5 complete & 9 good ord]1 ?reep5ce = adults1 half-price = *ildr52 & on ,saturdays a p5ny all r\nd4 ,books ( tickets1 mak+ a v lib]al r$uction1 %\ld be available4 ,! result w\ld be1 if circum/ances 7 fav\rable & zeal ab\nd$1 t ! gu>antors w\ld lose no?+ & might possibly c>ry =w>d a mode/ balance to beg9 next ye> )4 ,mean:ile ! prosp]ity & reputation ( ! sea-side resort w\ld h be5 help$ & a l>ge numb] ( p]sons w\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ & in/ruct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ p>agraph appe>$ a %ort "t ago 9 "o ( ! daily pap]s3-- ,! compla9t is (t5 made t !re is little opportunity to le>n any?+ ab\t ! specim5s exhibit$ 9 museums4 ,at ,brooklyn ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ( plac+ = ! use ( visitors books be>+ ^u ! subjects exhibit$ alongside ! cases4 ,?is exp]im5t seems to h be5 mo/ successful4 ,! ,brooklyn exp]im5t is n a new "o4 ,x has be5 practis$ = _m ye>s pa/ 9 our museum 7vide ,museums' ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii41 #aijb74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,briti% ,,snakes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,vip]4 ,! ,common ,snake4 ,we h 9 ,great ,brita9 only ?ree repres5tatives ( ! class ,reptilia :i* come "u ! "n ( ,snake4 ,!y are ! ,common ,snake1 ! ,smoo? ,snake & ! ,vip]4 ,9 ,irel& !re are--z ! result ( ev5ts to :i* we ref]r$ 9 our previ\s numb]--none at all4 ,( ! ?ree ,briti% ,snakes1 "o1 ! ,smoo? ,snake1#a is s r>e t x is ( int]e/ only to ! naturali/4 ,x is met ) 9 ,hamp%ire & ,dorset1 & p]haps 9 ,scotl&1 b x is n[h]e frequ5t4 ,x is m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,common ,snake ?an to ! ,vip]1 & is q h>mless4 ,x is mu* small] ?an ! o!rs4 ,we w conc]n ourselves = ! pres5t only ) ! o!r two4 ,! ,common ,snake#b is q h>mless & %\ld nev] be injur$ by any humane p]son4 ,! ,vip]#c is v5om\s1 & %\ld be de/roy$ )\t m]cy4 ,x is easy en\gh to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two ev5 :5 9 movem5t4 ,! ,common ,snake is always1 :5 full gr[n1 mu* long] ?an ! ,vip]4 ,x may measure #d feet & is usually #c1 :il/ ! ,vip] is nev] m ?an #b4 ,! ,common ,snake tap]s (f v gradually at its tail1 :il/ ! ,vip] has a %ort tail1 :i* is abruptly con/rict$ at its base4 ,! ,vip] is usually br[n1 (t5 deeply col\r$1 :il/ ! ,snake is mu* light] col\r$1 ( a light grey-br[n t+$ ) gre54 ,! ,common ,snake has only spots ( black1 :il/ ! ,vip] is m>k$ d[n ! :ole ( its back ) l>ge zig-zag black loz5ges4 ,?is is a mo/ important feature1 is *>act]i/ic at all ages ( ! animal1 & is easily se5 "u all conditions4 ,we h nam$ ! *>act]s :i* are mo/ easily se5 :5 ! animal is glid+ ab\t on ! sw>d or pa?1 !re are o!rs :i* are available :5 ! animal is dead or 9 captivity4 ,"u su* conditions x w be se5 t ! scales :i* clo! ! ,vip] are mu* small] 9 size ?an ^? ( ! ,snake1 m especially on ! head1 & fur!r1 t ! head ( ! ,vip] is m>k$ ) black1 some:at 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,v4 ,snakes1 z well z ,vip]s1 h %>p tee?1 b !y use !m only = seiz+ _! prey1 & !y h no poison fangs4 ,! v5om app>atus ( ! ,vip] consi/s ( a gl& :i* secretes ! poison1 a receptacle :i* /ores x1 & a long1 %>p fang1 :i* c be extrud$ & ?r\gh a groove 9 :i* ! poison is convey$4 ,! animal d>ts op5-m\!d at its enemy r ?an bites4 ,its fang be+ 9 its upp] jaw x becomes well expos$ :5 ! m\? is agape4 ,z !re is a fang on ea* side !re w usually be two punctures 9 ! sk9 ab\t a ?ird ( an in* ap>t4 ,no d\bt !re occur e ye> 9 ,engl& a good _m in/ances ( vip]-bites 9 m5 & boys4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly few dea?s1 & _m p]sons ( consid]able exp]i5ce h d\bt$ :e!r ! bite is ev] actually fatal4 ,a v urg5t & sev]e illness is almo/ inv>iably ! result2 b ! pati5t j pulls ?r\gh4 ,9 a case 9 :i* ! writ] 01 9 boyhood1 a p>ticeps1 two f9e vip]s 7 captur$ 9 mi/ake4 ,!y 7 put into a botanical box & 7 repeat$ly inspect$1 & _! tongues freely t\*$4 ,x 0 only :5 on arrival at home t "o ( !m1 dur+ an attempt to transf] x to a cage1 made a d>t & /ruck ! f+] ( a boy ( f\rte54 ,! accid5t 0 conceal$ until1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r lat] 9 attempt+ to cross ! floor1 ! victim fell d[n 9 a deadly fa9t4 ,he became v sick & hav+ be5 got to b$ rema9$ 9 collapse1 app>5tly ne> dea? = sev]al h\rs4 ,br&y 0 ( c\rse freely giv54 ,! m$ical advis] :o _h be5 summon$1 arriv$ 9 hot ha/e ) a big volume "u 8 arm1 9 ord] to make ref]5ce to 8snake-bite0 & its treatm5t4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 too late to d any?+ m ?an give /imulants1 & happily ^! 7 successful4 ,a =tnight's illness ensu$1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( :i* ! :ole arm 0 enorm\sly swoll51 & lat] p>tly cov]$ ) boils4 ,?is case af=ds1 we believe1 a v fair example ( :at usually foll[s ! incauti\s capture ( ! ,engli% add]4 ,! reptile does n attack will+ly1 b only aft] mu* provocation1 & he _c1 z a rule1 de/roy ! life ( 8 human enemy4 ,8 poison fangs are design$ = o!r purposes1 & = mu* small] animals4 ,)9 ! la/ few weeks a case at ,folke/one has attract$ mu* att5tion1 9 :i* two s*ool-boys 9 pursuit ( :at is call$ 8,nature ,/udy10 7 bitt5 by a vip]1 ) ! result t "o ( !m di$4 ,sev]al o!r well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( dea? h be5 record$4 ,we repeat1 h[ev]1 t !y are v r>e4 ,! e>ly summ] is ! be/ "t = kill+ vip]s1 s9ce ! males1 :i* at o!r seasons hide !mselves1 may n[ (t5 be f\nd4 ,w>m hea?s & banks expos$ to ! sun are ! places :i* !y frequ5t4 ,! common snake1 on ! o!r h&1 loves wat]1 or may be f\nd 9 a hay-field or ne> an old b>n or on a dung-heap4 ,! snake lays eggs & leaves !m to be hat*$ by ! heat ( ! dung or ! rays ( ! sun1 tak+ no c>e :atev] = h] prog5y4 ,! vip]1 on ! contr>y1 br+s =? h] "y alive & t5ds !m c>efully1 ev5 all[+ !m1 accord+ to fairly well-accr$it$ n>ratives1 to retreat 9 case ( dang] into h] m\? & gullet4 ,! fir/ aid 9 case ( vip]-bite %\ld consi/ 9 plac+ a tight ligature 7/r+ or a boot-lace7 ar\nd ! limb above ! punctures4 ,?is %\ld be z tight z possible s z to prev5t ! circulation ( ! blood & passage ( ! v5om t[>ds ! he>t4 ,next1 incisions %\ld be made across ! punctures1 or if circum/ances are fav\rable1 ! bit ( sk9 compris+ ! two punctures may be cut out4 ,! w\nd ?us made %\ld be suck$ or well ba!d s z to fav\r ble$+1 & to remove z mu* ( ! poison z c be got away4 ,if ammonia or pota%1 or ,jeye's fluid or ,condy's fluid be at h& ! w\nd %\ld be cont9u\sly ba!d ) a weak solution ( x4 ,! ligature1 if tight1 %\ld n be kept on = m ?an an h\r1 b by ?is "t m$ical advice w probably h be5 obta9$4 ,to combat ! fa9tness1 c41 br&y1 or /ill bett] ammonia 7t is1 sal volatile or h>t%orn well dilut$71 %\ld be giv54 #a ,coronella lvis1 or au/riaca4 #b ,tropidonotus natrix1 or ,natrix vulg>is4 #c ,pelias b]us1 or ,colub] v]us4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,viv>ium4 7,,haslem]e ,,museum47 ,dur+ ,june & ,july ! botany ( a di/rict may be v fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,museum-viv>ium4 ,mr4 ,d\glas ,taylor1 :o has *>ge ( t dep>tm5t 9 our ,museum1 exp]i5ces no difficulty 9 exhibit+ "o hundr$ species simultane\sly4 ,no v r>e species are exhibit$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! only plants 9 our collection to :i* ! t]m 8uncommon0 may be appli$ are h]b ,p>is1 bird's ne/ or*is1 ,solomon's seal1 & climb+ corydalis4 ,! fl[]s are arrang$1 9 z9c cyl9d]s1 on an ord9>y flori/'s /&4 ,= ! pr9t$ labels n[ 9 use we are indebt$ to ! g5]osity ( ,e4 ,e4 ,l[e1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 ( ! ,plym\? ,museum4 ,vip]s & grass snakes are n difficult to obta9 7see page #ec74 ,! =m]1 :5 discov]$1 %\ld be c>efully p9n$ ) a /ick1 :il/ a vasculum 7or l>ge bottle7 conta9+ leaves & hea!r is plac$ be=e x4 ,^u release ! vip]1 judici\sly guid$ by ! /ick1 w take refuge 9 ! receptacle prep>$ = x4 ,grass-snakes ?rive well 9 captivity1 _! *ief food be+ frogs & mice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,engli% vip] ne>ly always refuses food "u su* conditions4 ,our viv>ium conta9s1 9 addition to ! above1 two ( ! ?ree ,briti% newts1 viz41 ,loph9us punctatus & ,l4 palmatus4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh usually spok5 ( z ! 8common newt0 is 9 _m di/ricts 7z at ,haslem]e7 n s common z ! palmate newt4 ,! latt] is small]1 & ! tail t]m9ates abruptly 9 a ?readlike filam5t1 in/ead ( gradually tap]+ to a po9t4 ,an ants' ne/ conta9$ betwe5 %eets ( glass1 on ! plan devis$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury7 & describ$ 9 8 8,ants1 ,bees1 & ,wasps0 7p4 #b71 always proves a s\rce ( attraction to visitors 9 ! w9t]1 z well z summ] mon?s4 ,we h _h = two seasons pa/ a ne/ ( ! amb]-col\r$ mead[ ant 7,=mica flava7 display$ "u ^! conditions4 ,x is probably ! mo/ intellig5t ( ,european species1 =m+ ! grassy hillocks f #i to #ah in*es high1 s commonly se5 9 "s di/ricts4 ,! que51 :i* is mu* l>g] ?an ei!r work]s or males1 requires v c>eful se>*+ = ^u op5+ a ne/2 b ! peculi> little :ite woodlice 7:i* delights 9 ! long "n ( ,platy>?\s h(fmanseggii1 !y are a sort ( gue/ ( ! ants7 may be always easily disc]n$4 ,e spr+ we take out ( ! ,museum & arrange 9 ?is dep>tm5t a s]ies ( our summ] migrants1 accompani$ ) g5]al notes on bird migration4 ,! foll[+ may be se5 n[3 ,swall[1 m>t91 swift1 s& m>t91 cuckoo1 corncrake1 night+ale1 wryneck1 nightj>1 r$/>t1 yell[ wagtail1 g>d5 w>bl]1 :eate>1 *iff*aff & :9*at4 ,kept "u a bell glass & f$ ) lettuce & cabbage leaves are "s half a doz5 examples ( ! l>ge edible or v9e snail 7,helix pomatia71 ! l>ge/ ( our native l& molluscs4 ,?is species occurs *iefly on ! *alk 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,at "o "t x 0 suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ by ! ,romans1 b ( late ye>s ! op9ion has ga9$ gr\nd t x 0 indig5\s4 ,9 ! same qu>t]s is an example ( a %ell-slug1 ! ,te/acella haliotidea1 s5t f ,torquay4 ,! %ell-slugs diff] f ord9>y slugs 9 hav+ a %ell on ! tail4 ,!y are c>nivor\s & fe$ ^u e>?-worms1 :i* !y pursue 9 _! burr[s2 h5ce may be consid]$ z g>d5]s' fri5ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gilb]t ,,:ite ,,page4 7,cont9u$ f p4 #bg47 ,! curi\s effect ( insect attacks 9 /imulat+ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plant :i* !y h damag$ may be f\nd illu/rat$ 9 hundr$s ( in/ances4 ,we h j m5tion$ ! p9e-apples on ! spruce fir1 b ! currant gall on ! male catk9 ( ! oak is yet m /rik+4 ,9 ?is case a /ructure :i* is naturally v %ortliv$ has its vig\r enhanc$ & its life prolong$ by ! pres5ce ( ! p>asite4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! fly attacks ! poll5-be>+ fl[]s & deposits its eggs4 ,^! fl[]s w\ld1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 )] & fall z soon z ! poll5 has rip5$ & be5 bl[n away4 ,"u ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( ! l>v1 h[ev]1 sap is attract$1 _! /ems ?ick5 & become fle%y1 & in/ead ( )]+1 !y produce :at looks l a h&some bun* ( currants4 ,ano!r in/ructive in/ance ( p>asitism /imulat+ gr[? may be obs]v$ at ?is season 9 any pat* ( ! common field ?i/le4 ,"s ( ! plants are almo/ sure to be affect$ by a p>asitic fungus4 ,x is pres5t 9 ! /ole ( ! plant1 & its influ5ce w cause ! affect$ plants to put =? leaves e>li] ?an ! heal?y ones4 ,!y w also gr[ fa/]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a mon? be twice ! height ( _! fell[s4 ,! fungus gr[s 9 ! /em1 & f9ally x w fl[] out on ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! plant w die1 b up to t p]iod its gr[? has be5 notably vigor\s4 ,! fungus is ! ,pucc9ia suaveoleus 7see ,pl[right1 p4 #ahc47 ,9 "s plants x is visible ev5 9 e>ly spr+1 & if abundant w dw>f ! plant s affect$ in/ead ( /imulat+ its gr[?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seasonal ,,notes4 ,,june4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say t 8leafy ,june0 is ! mon? 9 ! ye> lea/ fav\rable to natural hi/ory obs]vation4 ,its glori\s beauty is di/ract+ & ! pr(usion ( objects ( int]e/ h9d]s att5tion to any4 ,we hope1 h[ev]1 t our la/ mon?'s ,notes may h direct$ ! att5tion ( "s ( our read]s to c]ta9 special topics & p>ticul>ly to ! wond]s ( ,gall-=mation n[ 9 progress4 ,! p9e-apple galls on ! spruce firs are n[ 9 full gr[?4 ,two v>ieties w be abundantly f\nd4 ,"s are small1 n bigg] ?an l>ge peas1 & rema9 gre54 ,^! are cov]$ ) sp9es r ?an scales4 ,o!rs mu* l>g] h scales1 :i* at _! m>g9s are beautifully t+$ ) v>i\s %ades ( r$ & crimson4 ,^! are ! 8p9e-apples0 & ^! alone simulate true cones4 ,_! *anges w advance rapidly & already _! valves may h op5$ & all[$ ! aphis l>va1 :i* has escap$ f its egg at _! base1 to crawl up & ent]4 ,?is mo/ rem>kable process may be v]ifi$ by any "o :o w wat* c>efully4 ,^? objects ( univ]sal disgu/1 ! ,cuckoo-spits1 may be %[n to h features ( int]e/ :i* w to "s ext5t c\nt]act ! repugnance ( all juv5ile naturali/s4 ,hidd5 9 a mass ( iridesc5t spume !re w be f\nd a little gre5i% insect revell+ 9 ! d\ble luxury ( w>m? & moi/ure1 to :i* p]haps is add$ a p>adise ( _m-col\r$ light4 ,! obs]v]'s att5tion may be attract$ to ! fact t ! insect has *os5 *iefly ?i/les & nettles z its ho/s1 ^! n be+ likely to be eat5 by cattle4 ,lat] 9 ! season x w be less c>eful4 ,! insect "h conc]n$1 al?\gh a relative ( ! 8plant lice10 is n a true aphis4 ,june is ! mon? = ! ,or*is tribe4 ,! ,bee mu/ be look$ = 9 its e>lie/ weeks or nev]4 ,s also ( ! ,spid] & ! ,frog4 ,o!rs cont9ue 9 fl[] mu* long]1 b almo/ all are 9 _! p]fection 9 ,june4 ,rhodod5drons are n[ pl5tiful1 & ! v int]e/+ arrangem5t by :i* _! an!rs op5 at _! po9ts to dis*>ge _! poll5 may easily be obs]v$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole family ( hea?s1 b z ! an!rs ( rhodod5drons are f> l>g] ?an ^? ( our ,engli% hea?s1 x is be/ se5 9 !m4 ,^? :o h nev] obs]v$ x be=e w be amus$ to be %[n ! jack-9-!-box mann] 9 :i* ! curl$ up /am5s ( ! ,broom spr+ out :5 ! bee t\*es ! %\ld]s ( ! petals4 ,june is ! mon? = ,broom & bo? w soon be pa/4 ,among/ our summ] visitants ! pretty little ,turtle-dove is "o ( ! la/ to arrive4 ,x waits until ! season is well settl$ & r>ely comes to u be=e ! middle ( ,may4 ,z p]haps a result ( ?is caution its numb]s rema9 ea* ye> mu* ! same4 ,we h n[ pl5ty ( turtle-doves at ,haslem]e1 :il/ all repres5tatives ( ! ,swall[ tribe are sc>ce4 ,"s obs]v]s ?9k t ,night+ales also h be5 less frequ5tly he>d ?is spr+ ?an usual4 ,_! song1 :i* ceases :5 ! "y are hat*$ & ! bus9ess ( fe$+ beg9s1 w soon be ov] = #aijf4 ,speak+ ( ,birds ( ,passage1 we may say t we %all be glad to receive f any read]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 e/imates ( ! ye>'s abundance ( ! v>i\s species4 ,! spr+ 0 rem>kably v>iable1 & mu* ( x cold1 & ?is may h _h ! result ( mu* dim9i%+ ! supply ( food :i* w\ld await our gue/s4 ,s f> z our enquiries h gone we believe t !re is a g5]al impression t ! e>ly spr+ migrants are ?is ye> some:at defective 9 numb]4 ,pea* & ,almond trees1 ) _! leaves curl$1 di/ort$ & ?ick5$1 "s yell[i%-gre51 o!rs rosy or purpli%1 are infe/$ ) a fungus1 sci5tifically kn[n z ,exoascus de=mans4 ,x is "o ( ! ascomycetes2 9 ! same g5us is includ$ ! fungus responsible = ! 8wit*es' besoms0 ( our bir*-trees4 ,at maturity ! fungus bur/s ?r\gh ! cuticle ( ! leaf1 com+ to ! surface to disp]se its spores or se$s4 ,! "p ( ! leaf ) ! ripe spores ^u x1 is m9utely velvety2 ! :iti% bloom may be easily se5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 b ( c\rse individual spores c\ld n be se5 )\t ! aid ( a p[]ful microscope4 ,x is said t ?is disease is v r>ely se5 9 seasons foll[+ an uni=mly mild spr+4 ,at ! mom5t ( writ+ we h n obs]v$ _m oaks defoliat$ by cat]pill>s4 ,! foll[+ note is tak5 f ! ,museum ,record ,book1 ,june #a1 #ahii3 8,oak-trees badly attack$ by ! l>v ( ! gre5 leaf-roll] 7,tortrix viridana71 :i* cause mu* damage to ! foliage4 ,! cont9u\s fall+ ( ! excreta ( ^! small cat]pill>s s\nds l pap] be+ prick$ by a f9e p91 & is v noticeable 9 a quiet wood40 ,9 #aijb ^! l>v 7 aga9 equally tr\blesome 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! +5i\s "w ( ! leaf-roll+ ,beetles 7,g5]a apod]us1 ,attelabus & ,rhyn*ites7 may be obs]v$ at ?is "t ( ! ye>4 ,! female1 9 "s species1 rolls a leaf into a tube1 9 o!rs %e makes a compact little ?imble ( ! upp] half ( ! leaf1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* %e puts an egg4 ,hazel1 oak & *e/nut leaves s fold$ are n uncommonly se5 9 ?is di/rict4 ,specim5s may be usually se5 9 ! viv>ium t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?4 ,june is a good mon? = ! obs]vation ( :at are t]m$ ,social ,fl[]s4 ,! v]onica1 9 _m mead[s1 especially ^? 9 :i* ! grass is kept %ort by graz+1 n[ exhibits r\nd pat*es ( sev]al y>ds 9 diamet]1 :i* are beautifully blue4 ,! little m\se e> 7,myosotis7 makes simil> pat*es1 b 9 mu* less conspicu\s t9ts4 ,^! plants appe> to h ! p[] n only ( spread+ !mselves1 b ( exclud+ intrud]s1 & _! t]ritories sometimes %[ no o!r =m ( vegetation4 ,! common daisy is also a social fl[]1 b mu* less able to keep o!rs at a di/ance4 ,s also ! wild /rawb]ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,= ,,answ]s4 7,cont9u$ f p4 #ca1 :i* see47 7#ad7 ,give ! mean+s ( ! foll[+ prefixes3 7#a7 sub1 7#b7 pseudo1 7#c7 ob1 7#d7 hypo1 7#e7 hyp]1 7#f7 p>a1 7#g7 ab1 7#h7 a]o1 7#i7 con1 7#aj7 amphi1 7#aa7 ana1 7#ab7 pro4 7#ae7 ,! late ,mr4 ,holyoake tells u t z ! result ( a /reet accid5t 9 :i* he 0 mu* bruis$ he rememb]s 8squall+ = a =tnight on be+ tak5 out ( b$40 ,9 ano!r place we read respect+ an accid5t t 8a huge dog _h loit]$ beh9d1 & sudd5ly discov]$ 8 ma/] _h driv5 ahead1 & he1 l a ,lem+ rat1 made /raight = 8 ma/]1 q reg>dless ( our be+ 9 8 way40 ,expla9 ! ref]5ce to ! ,lem+ rat1 & rewrite bo? quotations s z to make !m express :at y ?9k t ! au?or int5d$ t !y %\ld4 7#af7 ,:at is meant by 8a rootless too?08 7#ag7 ,:5 ! numb] ( digits diff]s on ! front & h9d] feet ( a quadrup$1 :i* has usually ! mo/8 7#ah7 ,among/ ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! mammalian k+dom are ,rod5tia1 ,c>nivora1 ,insectivora1 ,*eiropt]a1 ,primates & ,ungulata4 ,"n an ,engli% repres5tative ( ea*4 7#ai7 ,:y are ,bees nam$ ,an?ophila8 7#bj7 ,0 ,capta9 ,cook kill$ at ,o:yhee or 9 ,hawaii8 7#ba7 ,:at d ! figures #babc mean :5 appli$ to ! tee?1 & h[ _m tee? w\ld ! animal possess to :i* t =mula w\ld be suitable8 7#bb7 ,at :at "t 9 ! morn+ d ,daisies op5 _! fl[]s8 7#bc7 ,9 ! ,times ( ,septemb] #ac1 we read1 respect+ ! ,sakhal9 coa/1 8,! numb] ( walruses & sea-beav]s h be5 greatly r$uc$ by ! de/ructive me?ods ( ! ,am]ican fi%]s40 ,:at animals are meant by ! t]m 8sea-beav]s10 & is ! "n a suitable "o8 7#bd7 ,if y h wat*$ a /ableman wa%+ ! :eels ( a c>riage1 y w h se5 him use an implem5t = lift+ ! vehicle f ! gr\nd4 ,:y does he use x8 ,:at is its "n8 ,expla9 its me*anism4 7#be7 ,if y p\r hot wat] ^u a dry sponge x w s9k d[n to half its size1 :]eas if ! wat] 7 cold x w\ld swell up4 ,try ! exp]im5t & expla9 ! diff]5t results4 7#bf7 ,:5 a man's h&s are cold he w sw+ 8 arms s z to /rike ! h&s viol5tly aga9/ ! sides ( 8 %\ld]s4 ,:at is ?is action call$1 & :y is x practis$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notices ,,( ,,books ,,receiv$4 ,,orni?ology4--,messrs4 ,we/1 ,newman & ,co41 h rec5tly publi%$ a v h&y & useful 8,pocket ,book ( ,briti% ,birds10 :i* we h mu* pleasure 9 recomm5d+ to field orni?ologi/s4 ,! arrangem5t foll[$ is t giv5 9 ,h[>d ,saund]s' well-kn[n 8,manual ( ,briti% ,birds40 ,species 8( :i* only a few specim5s h be5 obs]v$ or obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry0 are omitt$4 ,! notes are arrang$ "u ! heads ( localities1 haunts1 obs]vation1 plumage1 language1 habits1 food1 ne/1 site1 mat]ial1 eggs4 ,! size is v conv5i5t = ! pocket4 ,price1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,mycological ,,society = ! season #aije 7publi%$1 ,may #ai1 #aijf7 conta9 a full acc\nt ( ! ,fungus ,=ay held at ,haslem]e dur+ ! week end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #aije4 ,! specim5s collect$ 7 exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum4 ,! exhibition 0 a record "o z reg>ds ! numb] ( species1 z no less ?an f\r hundr$ & eighty-five 7 id5tifi$ dur+ ! =ay1 includ+ tw5ty-five mycetozoa4 ,f\r plates1 ?ree col\r$1 accompany ! ,transactions4 ,among/ ! species depict$ we may m5tion ,poly/ictus montagnei1 a new ,briti% species f\nd ne> ,haslem]e 9 #ahih1 & ,sp>assis lam9osa 7also a new ,briti% record7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,d\glas ,taylor on ! occasion ( ! ,society's visit to ,woolm] ,=e/ on ,septemb] #bf1 la/4 ,full p>ticul>s respect+ ! ,society may be obta9$ ( ! ,hon4 ,secret>y1 ,c>elton ,rea1 ,esq41 ,b4,c4,l41 ,m4,a41 at #cd1 ,=egate ,/reet1 ,worce/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,museum ,,specim5s4 ,^! descriptions are adapt$ = ,museum ,labels1 & !y may be _h sep>ately4 ,,skull ,,( ,,montjac1 ,,or ,,b>k+ ,,de]4 ,! skull ( ! little ,montjac1 or ,b>k+ de]1 is ( int]e/ z %[+ bett] ?an any o!r ! relation ( ! antl] to its p$e/al4 ,! p$e/al is v long & ! antl] v small4 ,! latt] usually possesses only two t9es1 ! ma9 "o & a %ort /\t "o :i* gr[s ne> its base4 ,f ! front ( ! p$e/al !re runs a /rong bony ridge d[n ! out] bord] ( ! frontal bone z f> z ! junction ) ! nasal4 ,?is evid5tly gives /r5g? to ! prolong$ & r sl5d] p$e/al4 ,,skull ,,( ,a ,,llama 7,camel ( ,am]ica74 ,! skull ( ! ,llama resembles t ( ! ,camel1 & bo? diff] f ^? ( ! o!r rum9ants 9 hav+ incisor tee? 9 ! upp] jaw4 8,^! tee? are plac$ at ! side ( ! int]maxill>y bone close to ! can9es1 & agree ) !m 9 =m0 7,van d] ,hov51 vol4 ii41 #fdd74 8,!re are six incisors only 9 ! l[] jaw1 & ?is jaw is undivid$40 ,! camels & llamas =m transition species betwe5 horses & ox5 7rum9ants & solid-ungulates74 ,,! ,,horns ,,( ,a ,,gnu4 ,! ,gnu's horns are alike 9 bo? species & may be kn[n at a glance by _! hook-l curves4 ,!y pass outw>ds & d[nw>ds & !n sudd5ly curve upw>ds & =w>ds4 ,!y resemble ^? ( buffaloes & p]haps mo/ closely ^? ( ! ,am]ican bison4 ,!y are nev] v l>ge1 & always black4 ,!y are ( fibr\s /ructure & ( l>ge gir? at _! bases1 emulat+ ^? ( ! buffaloes4 ,! ,gnu 9 "s ( its features resembles a little horse1 possess+ a mane & hav+ its face1 tail1 & h9dqu>t]s mu* l ^? ( a pony4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a cleft ho( & a be>d :i*1 z well z its horns1 di/+ui% x f ! horse family4 ,"o ( ! gnus has a br9dl$ neck & =equ>t]s1 pale /reaks on a d>k gr\nd1 & a black & tuft$ tail2 ano!r has a :ite tail cov]$ ) long hair f its base1 & %[s no br9dl+4 ,! latt] has an almo/ /raight back1 :il/ ! =m] /&s high] 9 its =equ>t]s l ! bison4 ,! horns ( ! br9dl$ black-tail$ gnu d n pass =w>ds ne>ly s mu* z ^? ( ! o!r4 ,all ! ,gnus are ,s\? ,african & w\ld appe> to be> ! same relation to ! buffaloes ( t cont95t t ! ,nor? ,am]ican bison does to ! ,am]ican buffalo4 ,!y are active b r awkw>d animals1 & _! self-important airs are sometimes amus+4 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,dugong1 ,,or ,,halicore4 ,?is animal is alli$ to ! ,manati1 bo? belong+ to ! ord] ,sir5ia4 ,!y are wat]-liv+ mammals4 ,! dugong occurs only 9 ,ea/]n & ,au/ralian seas1 ! manati on ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,! grotesquely mis%ap5 aspect ( ! skull ( ! dugong is due to ! enorm\s developm5t ( ! bones 9 its upp] jaw :i* c>ry ! cutt+ tee? 7premaxill>y bones & incisor tee?71 & its clumsy l[] jaw4 ,! =m] be> a tusk 9 ! male1 :i* 9 ! female is pres5t b is nev] cut4 ,!re are no can9e tee?1 & 9 ! massive l[] jaw no incisor tee? are ev] cut4 ,! rudim5t ( "o is1 h[ev]1 pres5t 9 ! jaw4 ,x may be not$ t ! bones c>ry+ ! upp] incisors d n become unit$ to ^? ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! back tee? 7*ew+ tee?71 are only f\r1 five1 or six 9 numb] 9 ! dugong1 :]eas 9 ! manati !re may be tw5ty4 ,a rem>kable t5d5cy to v>y 9 _! d5tition is *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p ( animals1 & is no d\bt 9 relation ) diff]5ces 9 food4 ,a rec5tly ext9ct memb] ( ! family 7,/ell]'s sea-c[7 _h no tee? at all1 b ma/icat$ ! s(t sea-we$s on :i* x f$ by ! aid ( a horny palate 7,rhyt9a ,/ell]i74 ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,w>t ,,hog 7,phaco*rus ?iopicus74 ,! ,w>t ,hog is a native ( ,africa4 ,8 "n makes ref]5ce to a pair ( w>t-l excresc5ces1 :i* are =m$1 "o "u ea* eye4 ,^! may be an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,!re is an enorm\s developm5t ( ! base ( ! zygoma4 ,! incisor tee? 9 ! upp] jaw are (t5 want+1 & sometimes ^? 9 ! l[] also4 ,! sn\t is %ort & squ>e4 ,! s-call$ w>ts are fle%y sk9-gr[?s & may be l>ge en\gh to look l e>s4 ,!re is ano!r ,w>t ,hog 7liani71 met ) 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,x diff]s f ! ,cape ,w>t ,hog 9 t its incisor tee? 9 bo? jaws are m p]si/5t4 ,x has two 8w>ts40 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,a ,,pig 7,sus scr(a74 ,! skulls ( mo/ ( ! sw9e family may be recognis$ by ! long face1 & ! l>ge size1 9 bo? jaws1 ( _! dog-tee? or tusks4 ,^! are especially l>ge 9 ! male sex1 & are (t5 curi\sly curv$1 ^? ( ! upp] jaw upw>ds1 & ^? ( ! l[] outw>ds & upw>ds4 ,! incisor1 or bit+1 tee? v>y v mu* 9 diff]5t species & at diff]5t ages4 ,!y are (t5 %$ e>ly1 especially ^? ( ! upp] jaw4 ,9 "s pigs ! l[] incisors are /rong & slope directly =w>ds1 z if = digg+4 ,! incisor tee? are ( less s]vice 9 ! pig ?an 9 mo/ animals1 & are only exceptionally us$ = bit+ or graz+4 ,! pig makes great use ( ! sn\t1 & ! nasal bones are /rong & prom95t4 ,! mol> tee? are well adapt$ = *ew+1 & are usually worn flat on _! surfaces4 ,pigs *amp b d n rum9ate4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 root-eat]s4 ,! rim ( ! orbit is always imp]fect4 ,! normal d5tition is ?ree incisors1 "o can9e1 & sev5 mol>s 9 ea* jaw4 ,if ! upp] can9e is extract$ ! l[] "o w gr[ into a complete circle & rea* ! gum close to ! root ( ! too?4 ,:5 ?us curv$ x =ms an ornam5t mu* valu$ 9 ,fiji4 ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,babirussa4 ,note especially t ! tusk ( ! upp] jaw gr[s upw>d f ! fir/4 ,no "p ( x is direct$ into ! m\?4 ,?is tusk is ( extraord9>y size1 & x curves upw>ds s z to t\*1 & sometimes ev5 to pi]ce1 ! skull4 ,!y are1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r sw9e1 sl5d] tusks1 m especially ! "u ones4 ,! upp] tusk gr[s ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! upp] lip4 ,9 old animals1 :5 x is well curv$1 x mu/ be useless z a weapon4 ,x may s]ve to protect ! eyes :5 ! animal ru%es ?r\gh bru%wood4 ,9 ! female ! tusks are small4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,answ]s ,,to ,,correspond5ts1 c4 ,,con*ologi/4--,y\r %ells are ,helix nemoralis 7immature71 ,hyal9ia 7,vitrea7 pura1 & ,bulim9us obscurus4 ,vitrea pura is a mu* small] %ell ?an ,v4 nitidula1 ! latt] may be di/+ui%$ f ,v4 radiatula by ! /ri n be+ cont9u$ f :orl to :orl4 ,b4 obscurus is mu* small] ?an any memb] ( ! g5us ,clausilia4 ,if y exam9e 9 ,may ! trunks ( bee* trees gr[+ on calc>e\s soils y w f9d ,b4 obscurus & ,clausilia lam9ata asc5d+ !m 9 l>ge numb]s to sp5d ! summ] al(t1 com+ d[n aga9 9 ,octob] to g into hyb]nation at ! base ( ! trees dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,y w f9d ,c4 rugosa 79 mod]n t]m9ology1 ,c4 bid5tata7 equally common on ! trees1 x is small] & ?9n] ?an ,c4 lam9ata4 ,b4 obscurus is a %ort1 /\t little %ell1 seldom exce$+ #i millimetres 9 height4 ,,g>d5]4 ,diseases ( ! ,cultivat$ ,*rysan!mum4--,at ! pres5t "t ?ree diseases are record$ = ?is c\ntry1 viz41 scl]otium disease 7,scl]ot9ia scl]otiorum1 ,massee72 corticium disease 7,p5iophora *rysan!mi1 ,c4 ,b4 ,pl[right71 & ! only too famili> ,ru/ 7,pucc9ia hi]acii1 ,m>t74 ,! scl]otium1 :i* fir/ appe>s z a :ite m\ld on ! /em j above ! gr\nd1 =ms black lumps )9 ! /em4 ,! /em becomes v brittle & falls4 ,f ! black nodules 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 small funnel-%ap$ br[ni% fungi ) long1 weak1 d>k /ems appe>4 ,! spores f ^! settle ^u dead organic matt]1 =m+ an abundant mycelium :i* ultimately attacks ! base ( ! /ems ( *rysan!mums4 ,x is said t fre% /able manure fav\rs ! spread ( ! disease4 ,diseas$ /ems %\ld be c>efully collect$ & burnt4 ,! corticium disease also appe>s on ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 =m+ a :ite gr[? 9 autumn2 ,dr4 ,pl[right1 :o fir/ discov]$ x1 says x resembles a spla% ( :itewa%4 ,x is n conf9$ to ! /ems b ext5ds into ! adjac5t soil4 ,diseas$ plants are %ort] 9 height & ?9n] 9 ! /em ?an heal?y2 !y always die )9 ! ye>4 ,?is disease has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only at ,k+'s ,lynn 9 ,norfolk1 b x is v possible x occurs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,pl[right rem>ks t ! only treatm5t is burn+ ! diseas$ plant4 ,x is useless to sep>ate ! app>5tly heal?y %oots4 ,! well-kn[n *rysan!mum ru/ fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahig1 & spread ) great rapidity 9 ! v dry summ] ( #ahih4 ,! snuff-col\r$ ur$o spores 7summ] =m7 are famili> to all cultivators ( *rysan!mums4 ,?is fungus occurs on _m wild plants ( ! ord] ,composit1 notably ! hawk-we$s 7,hi]acium74 ,all diseas$ plants %\ld be burnt4 ,! disease may be prev5t$ by spray+ ! new leaves ) potassium sulphide solution4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! *rysan!mum leaf blight 7,cyl9drosporium *rysan!mi71 :i* has caus$ s mu* damage to cultivat$ plants 9 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 w n f9d its way into ?is c\ntry4 ,x =ms l>ge d>k pat*es on ! leaves1 :i* turn yell[ & hang d[n2 ! fl[] buds d n exp&4 ,x is /at$ t fungicides are useless4