,,nietzs*e ,,& ,,art by ,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovici ,au?or ( ',:o is to be ,ma/] ( ! ,_w8' ,ri5 n'e/ beau que le vrai1 dit un v]s respect2 et moi1 je lui rponds1 sans cra9te d'un blasphme3 ,ri5 n'e/ vrai sans beaut4 --,alfr$ de ,musset4 ,,con/able ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,london #aiaa ,illu/ration3 ,sekhet 7,l\vre7 ,preface ,we philosoph]s are nev] m delight$ ?an :5 we are tak5 = arti/s4#a ,9 ?is book1 :i* embodies a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ 9 a some:at cond5s$ & summ>iz$ =m at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 dur+ ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 ,i h done two ?+s4 ,i h prop\nd$ ,nietzs*e's g5]al ,art doctr9e1 &1 ) ! view ( illu/rat+ x & ( def9+ x fur!r1 ,i h also appli$ its lead+ pr9ciples to "o ( ! ma9 bran*es ( ,art4 ,z ?is has n be5 done be=e1 ei!r 9 ,engli% or 9 any ,cont95tal language1 my book is c]ta9ly n free f ! crud5ess & inadv]t5ces :i* are insep>able f pione] ef=ts ( ?is nature4 ,nev]!less x is ) complete confid5ce1 & a deep conviction ( its necessity1 t ,i n[ see x g to pr9t2 =1 ev5 if "h & !re its adv5tur\s _s may ultimately require modification1 ,i feel c]ta9 t1 9 ! ma91 "t itself1 toge!r ) ! help ( o!r writ]s1 w fully confirm its g5]al !sis1 if ,i %\ld be unable to d s4 ,soon] or lat] x w be br\ght home to u 9 ,europe t we _c ) impunity fo/] & cultivate vulg>ity & mob qualities 9 our ar*itecture1 our sculpture1 our pa9t+1 our music & lit]ature1 )\t pay+ v de>ly = ^! luxuries 9 our respective national politics1 9 our family in/itutions1 & ev5 9 our physique4 ,to connect all ^! ?+s toge!r1 & to %[ _! inevitable int]dep5d5ce1 w\ld be a p]fectly possible ?\gh ardu\s und]tak+4 ,9 any case1 ?is is n q ! task ,i h set myself 9 ?is "w4 ,i h inde$ %[n t to be/[ admiration on a "w ( extreme democratic pa9t+ & at ! same "t to be conv9c$ ( ! value ( an ari/ocratic ord] ( society1 is to be guilty ( a confusion ( ideas :i* ultimately c lead only to disa/r\s results 9 practical life2 b fur!r ?an ?is ,i h n gone1 simply because ! compass ( ^! lectures did n p]mit ( my s do+4 ,conf9+ myself /rictly to ,nietzs*e's /hetic1 ,i h be5 cont5t m]ely to %[ t ! highe/ ,art1 or ,rul] ,art1 & !re=e ! highe/ beauty1--9 :i* culture is oppos$ to natural rud5ess1 selection to natural *aos1 & simplicity to natural complexity1--c be ! fl[] & product only ( an ari/ocratic society :i*1 9 its traditions & its active life1 has obs]v$1 & cont9ues to obs]ve1 ! ?ree ari/ocratic pr9ciples1--culture1 selection & simplicity4 ,foll[+ ,nietzs*e closely1 ,i h s\ght to demon/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! art :i* comes ( inn] pov]ty 7realism1 or democratic art71 & t :i* is ! result ( inn] ri*es 7,rul] ,art74 ,id5tify+ ! fir/ ) ! reflex actions :i* respond to ext]nal /imuli1 ,i h %[n x to be slavi%ly dep5d5t ^u environm5t = its exi/5ce1 &1 on t acc\nt1 ei!r b5ea? reality 7,incompet5ce71 on a level ) reality 7,realism71 or fanta/ically diff]5t f reality 7,romanticism74 ,i h1 moreov]1 associat$ ^! ?ree =ms ( inf]ior art ) democracy1 because 9 democracy ,i f9d ?ree conditions :i* are conducive to _! cultivation1 viz4--7#a7 ,! "r ( self-ass]tion grant$ to ev]ybody1 & ! consequ5t necess>y det]ioration ( _w-int]pretations ow+ to ! fact t ! function ( int]pretation is claim$ by m$iocrity2 7#b7 ! belief 9 a g5]al tru? t c be made common to all1 :i* seems to become preval5t 9 democratic times1 & :i* p]=ce r$uces u to ! only tru? t c be made common to all1 namely ,reality2 & 7#c7 a democratic dislike ( recogniz+ ! m>k or /amp ( any p>ticul> human p[] 9 ! ?+s int]pret$1 & man's consequ5t return to ,nature unt\*$ by man1 :i*1 once aga91 is ,reality4 ,id5tify+ ,rul] ,art1 or ! ,art ( inn] ri*es1 ) ! function ( giv+1 ,i h %[n x to be dep5d5t ^u f\r conditions :i* are q insep>able f an ari/ocratic society1 & :i* ,i !re=e associate1 )\t any hesitation1 z ,nietzs*e does1 ) ,high] ,man1 ) ,nature's r>e & lucky /rokes among m54 ,^! conditions are --7#a7 ,long tradition "u ! sway ( noble & inviolable values1 result+ 9 an accumulation ( w p[] & a sup]abundance ( good spirits2 7#b7 leisure :i* all[s ( m$itation1 & !re=e ( t process ( l[]+ pit*]s into ! wells ( inn] ri*es2 7#c7 ! disbelief 9 fre$om = fre$om's sake )\t a purpose or )\t an aim2 & 7#d7 an ord] ( rank accord+ to :i* ea* is giv5 a place 9 keep+ ) 8 value1 & au?ority & rev]5ce are upheld4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is exposition1 x w be se5 t ,i h to lay realism also at ! door ( ,rul] ,art2 b ,i am c>eful to po9t out t1 al?\gh su* realism 7,i call x militant realism 9 respect to ! art bo? ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ! lat] ,r5aissance1 z well z ( ,greece7 is a fault1 ( ,rul] ,art :i* v mu* r$uces ! latt]'s rank among ! arts2 x is nev]!less above t o!r realism ( m$iocrity :i*1 = ! want ( a bett] t]m1 ,i call pov]ty realism4 7,see ,lecture ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 end47 ,9 ord] firmly to e/abli% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,rul] & ,democratic /yles ,i ought1 p]haps1 to h ent]$ ) m ?or\ghness ?an ,i h done into ! m$itative nature ( ! "o1 & ! empirical nature ( ! o!r4 ,?is1 ap>t f a few v unmi/akable h9ts1 ,i h un=tunately be5 unable to d4 ,i f\nd x q impossible to include all ! detail be>+ ^u ! ma9 !sis1 9 ?is fir/ treatise2 &1 ?\gh ,i h resolv$ to discuss ^! important matt]s v soon1 9 ! =m ( supplem5t>y essays1 ,i c b ackn[l$ge "h t ,i recognize _! omission z a blemi%4 ,! wide field cov]$ by ?is book1 & ! small =m 9 :i* ,i 0 compell$ to ca/ x1 h ?us l$ to _m que/ions rema9+ inadequately answ]$ & to _m /atem5ts be+ left insuffici5tly sub/antiat$4 ,9 ! end ,i f\nd x q impossible to avail myself ev5 ( a ?ird ( ! mat]ial ,i _h collect$ = its production1 & ,i %\ld !re=e be grateful if x c\ld be reg>d$ m 9 ! light ( a prelim9>y survey ( ! gr\nd to be built ^u1 r ?an z a f9i%$ build+ tak+ its f\ndation 9 ,nietzs*e's philosophy ( ,art4 ,) reg>d to all my utt]ances on ,egypt1 ,i %\ld l ! read] k9dly to be> only ?is 9 m9d3 t my *oice ( ,egyptian art1 z ! be/ example ( ,rul] ,art we possess1 is nei!r arbitr>y nor caprici\s2 b1 because x is nei!r arbitr>y nor caprici\s1 x does n foll[ t ,i reg>d a return to ! types ( ,egypt z ! only possible salvation ( ! graphic arts4 ,?is w\ld be %e] ,romanticism & s5tim5tality4 ,a ?\s& pa?s are !re :i* h nev] yet be5 trodd52 a ?\s& salubrities & hidd5 isl&s ( life4 ,unexhau/$ & undiscov]$ is /ill man & man's _w 7,z41 ,i1 ,,xxii474 ,x is r ! _s :i* l$ to ?is ,egyptian ,art1 :i* ,i reg>d z s necess>y to all great a*ievem5ts1 ei!r 9 legislation1 art1 or religion2 & :e!r ?is _s happ5s to be f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 9 ! ,vatican1 or 9 ,mexico4 ,i po9t to x m]ely z some?+ :i* we ought to prize & *]i%1 & :i* we n[ possess only 9 an extremely dilut$ & decad5t =m4 ,x is ! _s :i* w e/abli% ord] at all co/s1 ^: mann] ( exploit+ high] m5 is to look ^u ! _w ?r\gh _! transfigur+ vision1 & :i* believes t x is bett] = mank9d to atta9 to a high level1 ev5 9 ones1 twos1 or ?rees1 ?an t ! bulk ( humanity %\ld beg9 to d\bt t man c atta9 to a high level at all4 ,?is _s might produce any numb] ( types2 x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! ,egyptian type %\ld be reg>d$ z precisely ! "o to be desir$4 ,i d b call y\r att5tion to ^! granite & diorite sculptures1 because beh9d !m ,i feel ! pres5ce & ! p[] ( t attitude t[>ds life :i* ! anci5t ,ph>aohs held & rev]5c$1 & :i* ,i f9d reflect$ 9 ,nietzs*e's ,art values4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 quot+ f ,g]man au?orities1 :]e ,i h n be5 able to give ref]5ce to /&>d ,engli% translations1 ,i h translat$ ! extracts f ! orig9al myself1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ,engli% read]s2 :ile1 9 ! case ( ,fr5* works1 ,i h delib]ately giv5 ! orig9al text1 only :5 ,i felt t ! s5se might suff] by translation4 ,i %\ld n[ l to express my deep gratitude to ,dr4 ,osc> ,levy1 :o has always be5 ready to place 8 valuable "t & wide k at my disposal :5ev] ,i h express$ ! smalle/ desire ( consult+ him on any difficult po9t t may h aris5 dur+ ! prep>ation ( ^! lectures4 ,& ,i %\ld also l to ackn[l$ge ! help af=d$ me by bo? ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,k5n$y & ,dr4 ,mgge1--! "o ?r\gh 8 ext5sive acqua9tance ) ,ea/]n lit]ature1 & ! o!r ?r\gh 8 valuable bibliography ( works relat+ to ,nietzs*e's life & philosophy4 ,x only rema9s = me to ?ank ! ,committee & ! ,provo/ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,g[] ,/reet1 = _! k9dness1 & = ! g5]\s hospitality :i* !y h n[ ext5d$ to me on two sep>ate occasions2 &1 f9ally1 to avail myself ( ?is opportunity 9 ord] to express my grateful recognition ( ! tr\ble tak5 on my behalf by ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,priebs* & ,mr4 ,walt] ,w4 ,seton ( ,london ,univ]sity1 on bo? occasions :5 ,i _h ! hon\r ( deliv]+ a c\rse ( lectures at _! ,college4 ,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovici4 ,febru>y #aiaa4 #a ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e's ,gesmmelte ,briefe1 vol4 #aaa1 p4 #cje4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,i ,,"p ,i ,an>*y 9 ,mod]n ,art ,! ,/ate ( ,mod]n ,art ,! ,f9e ,arts3 #a4 ,! ,arti/s #b4 ,! ,public #c4 ,! ,critics #d4 ,"s ,art-,criticisms ,,"p ,,ii ,sugge/$ ,causes ( ! ,an>*y 9 ,mod]n ,art #a4 ,morbid ,irritability #b4 ,mislead+ ,sy/ems ( /hetic #c4 ,our ,h]itage3-- 7a7 ,*ri/ianity 7b7 ,prote/antism 7c7 ,philosophical ,influ5ces 7d7 ,! ,evolution>y ,hypo!sis ,,lecture ,,ii ,gov]nm5t 9 ,art--,nietzs*e's ,def9ition ( ,art ,,"p ,i ,div9e ,art & ! ,man--,god #a4 ,! ,_w ,)\t ,=m & ,void #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,arti/s #c4 ,! ,p & _! ,man-,god #d4 ,! ,dang] #e4 ,! ,two ,k9ds ( ,arti/s ,,"p ,,ii ,d$uctions f ,"p ,i--,nietzs*e's ,art ,pr9ciples #a4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,age incompatible ) ,rul] ,art #b4 ,a ,?ru/ p>ri$4 ,police or ,detective ,art def9$ #c4 ,! ,purpose ( ,art ,/ill ! ,same z ,ev] #d4 ,! ,arti/'s & ! ,layman's ,view ( ,life #e4 ,! ,confusion ( ! ,two ,po9ts ( ,view #f4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,beauty ( ,=m & ( ,beauty ( ,cont5t 9 ,art #g4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,ugl9ess ( ,=m & ( ,ugl9ess ( ,cont5t 9 ,art #h4 ,! ,rul]-,arti/'s ,/yle & ,subject ,,"p ,,iii ,l&scape & ,portrait ,pa9t+ #a4 ,! ,value ,ugly 9 ! ,m\? ( ! ,dionysian ,arti/ #b4 ,l&scape ,pa9t+ #c4 ,portrait ,pa9t+ ,,lecture ,,iii ,nietzs*e's art pr9ciples 9 ! hi/ory ( art ,,"p ,i ,*ri/ianity & ! ,r5aissance #a4 ,rome & ! ,*ri/ian ,ideal #b4 ,! ,pagan ,type appropriat$ & trans=m$ by ,*ri/ian ,art #c4 ,! ,go?ic ,build+ & ,s5tim5t #d4 ,! ,r5aissance ,,"p ,,ii ,greece & ,egypt #a4 ,greek ,art 7a7 ,! ,p>!non 7b7 ,! ,apollo ( ,t5ea 7c7 ,! ,two ,art-,wills ( ,anci5t ,greece 7d7 ,greek ,pa9t+ #b4 ,egyptian ,art 7a7 ,k+ ,khephrn 7b7 ,! ,lady ,nophret 7c7 ,! ,pyramid ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,sekhet 7,l\vre7 ,frontispiece ,! ,m>riage ( ,m>y1 by ,raphael 7,br]a1 ,milan7 ,saskia1 by ,rembr&t 7,dresd5 ,royal ,picture ,gall]y7 ,! ,canon ( ,polycleitus 7,rome7 ,! ,apollo ( ,t5ea 7,glypto!k1 ,muni*7 ,! ,m$usa ,metope ( ,sel9us 7,pal]mo7 ,k+ ,khephrn 7,cairo ,museum7 ,! ,lady ,nophret 7,cairo ,museum7 ,abbreviations ,us$ 9 ,ref]r+ to ,nietzs*e's ,works ,e4 ,i4 ,! ,future ( our ,educational ,in/itutions4 ,b4 ,t4 ,! ,bir? ( ,trag$y4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h4 ,human ,all-too-,human4 ,d4 ,d4 ,dawn ( ,day4 ,j4 ,w4 ,joyful ,wisdom4 ,z4 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra4 ,g4 ,e4 ,beyond ,good & ,evil4 ,g4 ,m4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,morals4 ,c4 ,w4 ,! ,case ( ,wagn] & ,nietzs*e contra ,wagn]4 ,t4 ,i4 ,! ,twilight ( ! ,idols4 ,a4 ,anti*ri/4 ,w4 ,p4 ,! ,w to ,p[]4 ,! ,engli% r5d]+s giv5 9 ?is book are tak5 f ! ,complete & ,au?oriz$ ,translation ( ,nietzs*e's ,works edit$ by ,osc> ,levy4 7,?is edition 9 #ah volumes is entirely be+ made available at ,project ,gut5b]g too1 also ) a l9k$ index to all works z la/ volume1 & w be complet$ soon4--,transcrib]'s ,note47 ,nietzs*e & ,art ,lecture ,i#a ,"p ,i ,an>*y 9 ,mod]n ,art ,!re=e is ! "n ( x call$ ,babel2 because ! ,"l did !re conf\nd ! language ( all ! e>?3 & f !nce did ! ,"l scatt] !m abroad ^u ! face ( all ! e>?4--,g5esis xi4 #i4 ,conc]n+ great ?+s1 said ,nietzs*e1 "o %\ld ei!r be sil5t1 or "o %\ld speak l(tily3--l(tily1 t is to say1 cynically & innoc5tly4#b ,art is a great ?+4 ,maybe x is ! greate/ ?+ on e>?4 ,:]ev] & :5ev] ,nietzs*e speaks ab\t x he always does s l(tily1 & ) rev]5ce2 :ile 8 position z an an*orite1 & z an arti/ :o kept alo( f ! traffic = fame1 all[$ him to reta9 t innoc5ce 9 8 po9t ( view1 :i* he ma9ta9s is s necess>y 9 ! treatm5t ( su* a subject4 ,z ! *ildr5 ( an age 9 :i* ,art is rapidly los+ its pre/ige1 we mod]n ,europeans may p]haps feel a little incl9$ to purse our lips at ! religi\s solemnity ) :i* ,nietzs*e approa*es ?is matt]4 ,s l>ge a numb] ( vital =ces h be5 appli$ to ! object ( giv+ u ent]ta9m5t 9 our l>ge cities1 t x is n[ no long] a simple matt] to divorce ,art altoge!r 9 our m9ds f ! category ( ?+s ^: sole purpose is to amuse or please u4 ,"s !re are1 ( c\rse1 :o w\ld repudiate ?is sugge/ion indignantly1 & :o w\ld claim = ,art a v high moral purpose4 ,^! morali/s ap>t1 h[ev]1 x seems safe to say1 t 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p to-day1 ,art is a ?+ :i* ei!r leaves !m utt]ly unmov$1 or to :i* !y turn only :5 !y are 9 ne$ ( di/raction1 ( decoration = _! homes1 or ( /imulation 9 _! ?\ght4 ,leav+ ! discussion ( ,nietzs*e's p]sonal view ( ,art to ! next lecture1 ,i %all n[ fir/ attempt1 f 8 /&po9t1 a g5]al exam9ation ( ! condition ( ,art at ! pres5t day1 :i*1 ?\gh x w be necess>ily rapid & sket*y1 w1 ,i hope1 n prove inadequate = my purpose4 ,be=e ,i proce$1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld l to be all[$ to call y\r att5tion to ! difficulties ( my task4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 m9e is ! fir/ attempt t has be5 made1 ei!r "h or abroad1 to place an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ,nietzs*e's ,art doctr9e be=e any audi5ce4 ,b = "o or two ,g]man writ]s1 :o h discuss$ ,nietzs*e --! arti/--t5tatively & hesitat+ly1 ,i "k ( no "o :o has endeav\r$ to d s aft] hav+ _h rec\rse to all 8 utt]ances on ! subject1 nor d ,i "k ( anybody :o has appli$ 8 /hetic pr9ciples to any p>ticul> bran* or bran*es ( ,art4 ,x is !re=e ) "s reason t ,i n[ crave y\r indulg5ce = my und]tak+ & beg y to rememb] t x is entirely ( a pione] nature4 ,_m ( y "h1 p]haps1 are already acqua9t$ ) ,nietzs*e's philosophy1 & are also intimately associat$ ) "o ( ! bran*es ( ,art4 ,nev]!less1 let me w>n y be=e ,i beg91 t y may h to li/5 to h]esies t w try y\r pati5ce to ! utmo/4 ,i also am intimately associat$ ) "o ( ! bran*es ( ,art1 & my traditions are ,art traditions4 ,i c well imag9e1 !re=e1 h[ "s ( y w receive _m ( ! /atem5ts ,i am ab\t to make2 & ,i c only entreat y to be> ) me pati5tly until ! end1 if only ) ! hope t1 aft] all1 !re may be some?+ wor? ?9k+ ab\t1 if n wor? embrac+1 9 :at y are go+ to he>4 ,two ye>s ago1 9 ?is same hall1 ,i _h ! hon\r ( address+ an audi5ce on ! subject ( ,nietzs*e's moral & evolution>y views1 &1 s9ce !n1 ,i h wond]$ :e!r ,i really select$ ! m important side ( 8 philosophy = my fir/ lectures4 ,if x 7 n = ! fact t ! :ole ( 8 ?\ght is1 z x 71 ( "o s+le piece1 h>moni\sly & consi/5tly wov51 ,i %\ld d\bt t ,i _h select$ ! m vital portion ( x2 = x is impossible to ov]rate ! value ( 8 ,art doctr9e--especially to u1 ! *ildr5 ( an age s full ( p]plexity1 d\bt & confusion z ?is "o is4 ,9 tak+ ,nietzs*e's ,art pr9ciples & ,art criticism z a basis = a new valuation ( ,art1 ,i am do+ no?+ t is likely to a/oni% ! c>eful /ud5t ( ,nietzs*e's works4 ,fri5ds & foes alike h f\nd !mselves compell$ to agree ^u ?is po9t1 t ,nietzs*e1 :atev] he may h be5 besides1 0 at lea/ a great arti/ & a great ?9k] on ,art4 ,on ! gr\nd t he 0 solely & purely an arti/ "s h ev5 d5i$ 8 claim to ! title ,philosoph]4 ,among ! m celebrat$ ( mod]n writ]s :o h done ?is1 is ! ,italian critic ,b5$etto ,croce2#c :ile ,julius ,zeitl] decl>es t ,nietzs*e's arti/ic /&po9t %\ld be reg>d$ z ! v basis ( all 8 ?\ght1 & t no bett] access c\ld be discov]$ to 8 _s ?an by way ( 8 /hetic4#d ,c]ta9ly1 f ! dawn ( 8 lit]>y c>e]1 ,art seems to h be5 "o ( ,nietzs*e's mo/ con/ant preoccupations4 ,ev5 ! g5]al argum5t ( 8 la/ "w1 ,! ,w to ,p[]1 is an entirely arti/ic "o2 :ile 8 hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! hatr$ ( an arti/ long be=e x became ! hatr$ ( an ari/ocratic morali/1 or ( a prophet ( ,sup]man4 ,9 ,! ,bir? ( ,trag$y1 a book 9 :i*1 by ! bye1 he decl>es t !re c be b "o ju/ification ( ! _w1 & t is z an /hetic ph5om5on1#d we f9d ! foll[+ words-- ,to ! purely /hetic _w int]pretation 444 taught 9 ?is book1 !re is no great] anti!sis ?an ! ,*ri/ian dogma1 :i* is only & w be only moral1 & :i*1 ) its absolute /&>ds1 = in/ance1 its tru?fulness ( ,god1 relegates--t is1 dis[ns1 convicts1 condemns--,art1 all ,art1 to ! realm ( falsehood4 ,beh9d su* a mode ( ?\ght & valuation1 :i*1 if at all g5u9e1 mu/ be ho/ile to ,art1 ,i always exp]i5c$ :at 0 ho/ile to life1 ! wra?ful v9dictive c\nt] w to life itself3 = all life re/s on appe>ance1 ,art1 illusion1 optics1 & necessity ( p]spective & error4#e ,nietzs*e's works are1 h[ev]1 full ( ! evid5ces ( an arti/ic temp]am5t4 ,:o b an arti/1 kn[+ ! joy ( creat+1 = in/ance1 c\ld h laid su* /ress ^u ! creative act z ! great salvation f suff]+ & an alleviation ( life8#f ,:o b an arti/ c\ld h be5 an a!i/ out ( 8 lu/ to create8 ,= :at c\ld be creat$1 if !re 7 ,gods6 cries ,z>a?u/ra4#g ,b1 above all1 :o save an arti/ c\ld h elevat$ ta/e to su* a high place z a crit]ion ( value1 & h made 8 own p]sonal ta/e ! /&>d = s _m grave valuations8 ,& ye tell me1 my fri5ds1 says ,z>a?u/ra1 t !re is to be no dispute ab\t ta/e & ta/+8 ,b all life is a dispute ab\t ta/e & ta/+6 ,ta/e3 t is weight at ! same "t1 & scales & weigh]2 & alas = e liv+ ?+ t w\ld live )\t dispute ab\t weight & scales & weigh+6#h ,b x is m p>ticul>ly 9 ,nietzs*e's und]/&+ ( ! in/9ct :i* drove him to expression1 & 9 8 attitude t[>ds ^? :om he w\ld tea*1 t we recognize ! typical arti/1 9 ! highe/ acceptation ( ! ^w--t is to say1 z a creature ( abundance1 :o mu/ give !re( or p]i%4 ,out ( pl5itude & ri*es only1 d 8 words come to u4 ,) him !re c be no "q ( eloqu5ce z ! result ( pov]ty1 v9dictiv5ess1 spite1 res5tm5t1 or envy2 = su* eloqu5ce is ( ! swamp4#i ,:]e he is wra?1 he speaks f above1 :]e he despises 8 contempt is prompt$ by love alone1 & :]e he annihilates he does s z a creator4#aj ,m9e impati5t love1 he says1 fl[e? ov] 9 /reams1 d[n t[>ds ! sunrise & ! sunset4 ,f out sil5t m\nta9s & tempe/s ( affliction1 ru%e? my s\l into ! valleys4 ,too long h ,i ye>n$ & scann$ ! f> horizon4 ,too long ha? ! %r\d ( solitude be5 ^u me3 ?us h ,i lo/ ! habit ( sil5ce4 ,a tongue h ,i become & little else besides1 & ! brawl+ ( a brook1 fall+ f l(ty rocks3 d[nw>d into ! dale w ,i p\r my words4 ,& let ! torr5t ( my love da% into all block$ highways4 ,h[ c\ld a torr5t help b f9d its way to ! sea6 ,v]ily1 a lake lies )9 me1 complac5t & alone2 b ! torr5t ( my love draws ?is along ) x1 d[n--into ! ocean6 ,new highways ,i tread1 new worlds come unto me2 l all creators ,i h gr[n we>y ( old tongues4 ,no long] w my _s walk on worn-out soles4 ,too sl[ foot$ is all spee* = me3--,into ?y *>iot1 ,o /orm1 d ,i leap6 ,& ev5 !e w ,i sc\rge ) my devilry4 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra4#aa #a ,deliv]$ at ,univ]sity ,college on ,dec4 #a/1 #aiaj4 #b ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #a4 #b /hetic 7translation by ,d\glas ,a9slie71 p4 #cej4 #c ,nietzs*es /hetik1 p4 #e4 #d ,b4 ,t41 p4 #ahc4 #e ,b4 ,t41 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #f ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxiv4 #g ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxiv4 #h ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxxv4 ,see also ,la ,bruyre's reply to 8 c\ntrym5's popul> belief1 des gts et des c\leurs on ne peut discut]1 9 ,les ,c>actres3 ,des ouvrages de l'esprit1 ,aph4 #aj4 #i ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,lvi4 #aj ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxxiv4 #aa ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxiii4 ,! ,/ate ( ,mod]n ,art4 ,! ,art ( to-day1 unholy & undiv9e z ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 seems to h incurr$ ! wra? ( a mighty godhead1 & ^? :o 7 at "w ^u x h ab&on$ x to its fate1 & h scatt]$ ap>t--all speak+ diff]5t tongues1 & all fill$ ) confusion4 ,precisely on acc\nt ( ! disord] :i* n[ prevails 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( life1 s9c]e & hone/ p f9d x difficult to %[ ! int]e/ 9 x1 :i* w\ld be only compatible ) its importance4 ,probably b few m51 to-day1 c\ld fall on _! knees & sob at ! dea?b$ ( a great arti/1 z ,pope ,leo ,x once did4 ,maybe !re are b "o or two :o1 l ! ,taiko's g5]als1 :5 ,teaism 0 9 ! asc5dancy 9 ,japan1 w\ld pref] ! pres5t ( a r>e "w ( art to a l>ge grant ( t]ritory z a rew>d ( victory2#ab & !re is c]ta9ly n "o individual 9 our mid/ b w\ld curl 8 lips at ! ?\ght ( a m]e s]vant sacrific+ 8 life = a preci\s picture4 ,& yet1 says ! ,japanese writ]1 ,okakura-,kakuzo1 _m ( our fav\rite dramas 9 ,japan are bas$ on ! loss & subsequ5t recov]y ( a not$ ma/]piece4#ac ,9 ?is "p ( ! _w to-day1 n only ! au?or1 b also ! audi5ce = su* dramas is entirely lack+4 ,! layman1 z well z ! arti/1 kn[s p]fectly well t ?is is s4 ,appall$ by ! disord]1 contradictor9ess1 & diff]5ce ( op9ion among arti/s1 ! layman has ceas$ to ?9k s]i\sly ab\t ,art2 :ile arti/s !mselves are s p]plex$ by ! want ( solid>ity 9 _! ranks1 t !y too are beg9n+ to "q ! :]e=e ( _! exi/5ce4 ,n only does e "o arrogate to himself ! "r to utt] 8 ^w ^u ,art2 b ,art's ?rone itself is n[ claim$ by ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( usurp]s--ea* ( :om has a free p]sonality :i* he insi/s ^u express+1#ad & to :om sev]e law & ord] w\ld be an insup]able b>ri]4 ,exagg]at$ individualism & an>*y are ! result4 ,b su* results are ev]y:]e inevitable1 :5 all /hetic canons h be5 aboli%$1 & :5 !re is no long] anybody /rong en\gh to comm& or to lead4 ,kn[e/ ?\ n :o is mo/ ne$$ ( all8 says ,z>a?u/ra4 ,he :o comm&e? great ?+s4 ,to execute great ?+s is difficult2 b ! m difficult task is to comm& great ?+s4#ae ,direct comm&+ ( any sort1 h[ev]1 z ,nietzs*e decl>es1 has ceas$ long s9ce4 ,9 cases1 he obs]ves1 :]e x is believ$ t ! lead] & bell-we!r _c be disp5s$ )1 attempt aft] attempt is made n[adays to replace comm&]s by ! summ+ toge!r ( clev] greg>i\s m53 all repres5tative con/itutions1 = example1 are ( ?is orig94#af ,al?\gh1 9 ?is inquiry1 ! ,f9e ,arts w be ! subject ( my p>ticul> att5tion1 x %\ld n be suppos$ t ?is is necess>ily ! dep>tm5t 9 mod]n life 9 :i* ,nietzs*e believ$ mo/ disord]1 mo/ incompet5ce1 & mo/ scepticism prevails4 ,i select$ ! ,f9e ,arts1 9 ! fir/ place1 m]ely because !y are ! arts conc]n+ :i* ,i am be/ in=m$1 & to :i* ! ,nietzs*ean doctr9e c be admirably appli$2 & secondly1 because sculpture & pa9t+ (f] a weal? ( examples kn[n to all1 :i* facilitates any?+ 9 ! way ( an exposition4 ,= ev5 outsid]s & pla9 m5 9 ! /reet mu/ be beg9n+ to h m ?an an inkl+ ( ! *aos & confusion :i* n[ reigns 9 o!r sph]es besides ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,x mu/ be app>5t to mo/ p t1 9 e dep>tm5t ( mod]n life :]e culture & n calculation1 :]e ta/e & n figures1 :]e ability & n qualifications1 are alone able to a*ieve any?+ great--t is to say1 9 religion1 9 morality1 9 law1 9 politics1 9 music1 9 ar*itecture1 & f9ally 9 ! pla/ic arts1 precision & gov]nm5t are n[ practically at an end4 ,dis9tegration1 says ,nietzs*e1--t is to say1 unc]ta9ty--is peculi> to ?is age3 no?+ /&s on solid gr\nd or on a s\nd fai?4444 ,all our road is slipp]y & dang]\s1 :ile ! ice :i* /ill be>s u has gr[n unconscionably ?93 we all feel ! mild & gruesome brea? ( ! ?aw-w9d--soon1 :]e we are walk+1 no "o w any long] be able to /&6#ag ,we d n require to be told t 9 religion & moral matt]s1 sc>cely any two speciali/s are agre$--! extraord9>ily l>ge numb] ( religi\s sects 9 ,engl& alone ne$s b to be m5tion$ "h2 9 law we div9e t ?+s are 9 a bad /ate2 9 politics ev5 our eyes are beg9n+ to give u evid5ce ( ! s]i\s unc]ta9ty prevail+2 :ile 9 ar*itecture & music ! case is pitiable4 ,if we really wi%$1 if we actually d>$ to devise a /yle ( ar*itecture :i* correspond$ to ! /ate ( our s\ls1 says ,nietzs*e1 a labyr9? w\ld be ! build+ we %\ld erect4 ,b1 he adds1 we are too c[>dly to con/ruct any?+ :i* w\ld be su* a complete revelation ( our he>ts4#ah ,h[ev] elem5t>y our te*nical k ( ! matt] may be1 we1 z simple inquir]s1 h b to look ab\t our /reets to-day1 9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves ( ! ignom9i\s muddle ( mod]n ar*itecture4 ,"h we f9d /ructural exp$i5ts us$ z ornam5ts1#ai ! mo/ rigid p>ts ( build+s1 9 =m 7! rectangul> p>ts1 etc471 plac$ ne> ! ro( in/ead ( 9 ! basem5t1#bj & pill>s /&+ support+1 & support$ by1 no?+4#ba ,else:]e we see solids ov] voids1#bb mullions support+ ar*es1#bc key-/ones introduc$ into l9tels1#bd real w9d[s appe>+ z m]e holes 9 ! wall1 :ile ! ornam5tal w9d[s are %ams1#be & pila/]s re/+ on key-/ones4#bf ,&1 ev]y:]e1 we see rec5t requirem5ts mask$ & conceal$ beh9d ,greek1 ,roman1 ,go?ic1 ,r5aissance1 ,rococo1 & ,b>oque embelli%m5ts1 ?r[n toge!r helt]-skelt]1 & ) a disreg>d ( /ructural dem&s :i* mu/ />tle ev5 ! un9itiat$4#bg ,our /reets are ugly 9 ! extreme4#bh ,only at night1 z ,camille ,mauclair says1 does ! artificial light conv]t _! hide\sness into a sort ( lugubri\s gr&eur1#bi & t is p]haps :y1 to ! s5sitive arti/ic ,london]1 ! d>kness ( night or ! pale gl[ ( ! moon is su* a solace & relief4 ,z to ! /ate ( mod]n music1 ?is is be/ describ$ p]haps1 ?\gh ) p]fectly unconsci\s irony1 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,davey1 9 ! op5+ words ( 8 ,/ud5t's ,musical ,hi/ory4 ,music has inde$ be5 def9$1 he says1 z 's\nd ) regul> vibrations1' o!r s\nds be+ call$ noise4 ,?is def9ition1 ! au?or adds1 is only suit$ to undevelop$ music2 mod]n music may include noise & ev5 sil5ce4#cj ,p are mi/ak5 if !y suppose t ,nietzs*e1 9 attack+ ,wagn] z he did1 0 prompt$ by any p]sonal animosity or o!r consid]ations =eign to ! "q ( music4 ,9 ,wagn]1 ,nietzs*e saw a ,romantici/ ( ! /ronge/ possible type1 & he 0 oppos$ to ! ,romantic ,s*ool ( ,music1 because ( its indiff]5ce to =m4 ,always an oppon5t ( an>*y1 despite all t 8 critics may say to ! contr>y1 ,nietzs*e saw ) great misgiv+ ! decl9e & decay ( melody & rhy?m 9 mod]n music1 & 9 attack+ ,wagn] z ! embodim5t ( ! ,romantic ,s*ool1 he m]ely p]sonifi$ ! movem5t to :i* he felt himself s fundam5tally oppos$4 ,& 9 ?is opposition he 0 n alone4 ,! ,romantic movem5t1 assail$ by _m1 w cont9ue to be assail$1 until all its evil influ5ces are expos$4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,bee?ov51 says ,emil ,naumann1 in/rum5tal music1 g5]ally speak+1 has retrograd$ z reg>ds spontaneity ( inv5tion1 !matic work+1 & ma/]y ( art =m1#ca & ! same au?or decl>es t he reg>ds all mod]n ma/]s z ! natural outcome ( ! ,romantic era4#cb ,nietzs*e has told u 9 8 ,wagn] pamphlets :at he dem&s f music1#cc & ?is he c]ta9ly c\ld n get f ! k9d ( music :i* is all ! rage j n[4 ,:at x lacks 9 inv5tion x tries to make up 9 idiosyncrasy1 intricacy1 & complexity1 & t :i* x _c assume 9 ! matt] ( =m1 x attempts to conv]t into a virtue & a pr9ciple4#cd ,bomba/ & complexity 9 music1 says ,p4 von ,l9d1 z 9 any o!r art1 are always a sign ( inf]iority2 = !y betray an arti/'s incapacity to express himself simply1 cle>ly1 & exhau/ively--?ree lead+ qualities 9 our great h]oes ( music 7,tonh]o574 ,9 ?is respect ! :ole ( mod]n music1 includ+ ,wagn]'s1 is inf]ior to ! music ( ! pa/4#ce ,b ( all mod]n musical critics1 p]haps ,ri*>d ,hamann is ! mo/ desp]ate conc]n+ ! "w ( rec5t compos]s4 ,8 book on ,impressionism & ,art entirely supports ,nietzs*e's condemnation ( ! drift ( mod]n music1 & 9 8 ref]5ces to ,wagn]1 ev5 ! words lie uses seem to h be5 drawn f ! ,nietzs*ean vocabul>y4#cf ,briefly :at he compla9s ( 9 ! music ( ! day is its want ( =m1#cg its abuse ( discord1#ch its hundr$ & "o diff]5t artifices = produc+ n]ve-excit+ & n]ve-/imulat+ effects1#ci its pr$ilection 9 fav\r ( cacophon\s in/rum5ts1#dj its unw>rantable sudd5 *anges 9 rhy?m or tempo )9 ! same movem5t1#da its habit ( delay+ ! solv+ *ord1 z 9 ! love-dea? passage ( ,tri/an & ,isolde1#db &1 f9ally1 its realism1 ( :i* a typical example is ,/rauss's ,by a ,lonely ,brook--all purely ,nietzs*ean objections6 ,well might ,mr4 ,all5 cry out3 ,oh = ! classic simplicity ( a bygone age1 ! gold5 age ( music t ha? pass$ away6#dc ,b ! tr\ble does n end "h2 =1 if we are to believe a c]ta9 organ-build]1 bell-f\nd] & pian(orte-mak] ( ripe exp]i5ce1 x has actually desc5d$ into ! sph]e ( in/rum5t-mak+ z well4#dd #ab ,okakura-,kakuzo1 ,! ,book ( ,tea1 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #ac ,! ,book ( ,tea1 p4 #aab4 #ad ,see 9 ?is reg>d ,b4 ,t41 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #ae ,z41 ,,ii4 ,,xlvi4 #af ,g4 ,e41 p4#aba4 #ag ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ee4 #ah ,d4 ,d41 ,aph4 #afi4 #ai ,?is is su* a common fault t x is sup]flu\s to give p>ticul> examples ( x1 b ! ,new ,w> ,(fice 9 ,:itehall is a good case 9 po9t4 #bj ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d build+2 ,piccadilly ,hotel 7,reg5t ,/4 side74 #ba ,piccadilly ,hotel 7,piccadilly side71 & ! ,sicilian ,av5ue1 ,bloomsbury4 #bb ,new ,scotl& ,y>d4 #bc ,gaiety ,!atre2 ! new ,y4,m4,c4,a4 build+1 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 #bd ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4 #be ,gaiety ,!atre4 #bf ,m>ylebone ,workh\se4 #bg ,see ,f]gusson's ,introduction to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture4 #bh ,see ,w4 ,morris's ,address on ! ,decorative ,arts1 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 #bi ,trois crises de l'art actuel1 p4 #bdc4 #cj ,! ,/ud5t's ,musical ,hi/ory1 p4 #a4 #ca ,hi/ory ( ,music1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ibg4 ,see also ,! ,/ud5t's ,musical ,hi/ory1 by ,h5ry ,davey1 p4 #ig4 ,weakness ( rhy?m is ! ma9 reason ( ! inf]iority ( ! romantic compos]s to _! pr$ecessors4 #cb ,hi/ory ( ,music1 p4 #aaie4 ,see also ,p4 v4 ,l9d1 ,mod]n] ,ges*mack und mod]ne ,musik1 9 :i* ! au?or compla9s ( ! excessive virtuosity1 want ( fai? & sci5ce ( mod]n music1 :ile on p4 #cd he1 too1 calls all mod]n musicians romantici/s4 #cc ,see especially ,c4 ,w41 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #cd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgf4 #ce ,mod]n] ,ges*mack und mod]ne ,musik1 p4 #ed4 #cf ,d] ,impressionismus 9 ,leb5 und ,kun/4 #cg ,ibid41 pp4 #ec1 #eg4 #ch ,ibid41 p4 #fd4 #ci ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #dj ,ibid41 p4 #fi4 #da ,ibid41 p4 #gd4 #db ,ibid41 p4 #fa4 #dc ,! ,fallacy ( ,mod]n ,music1 p4 #aj4 #dd ,a ,prote/ aga9/ ! ,mod]n ,developm5t ( ,unmusical ,tone1 by ,?omas ,c4 ,lewis4 ,! ,f9e ,arts4--#a4 ,! ,arti/s4 ,turn+1 n[1 to ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 :at is x precisely t we see8 ,9 ?is bran* ( ,art1 *aos & an>*y are sc>cely ! words to use4 ,! condition is r "o ( complete & hopeless dissolution4 ,!re is nei!r a direction1 a goal1 nor a purpose4 ,slavi% realism side by side ) crude conv5tions1 incompet5ce side by side ) wa/$ tal5t1 col\r$ photography side by side ) delib]ate ecc5tricity1 & sci5tific pr9ciples appli$ to ?+s t d n matt] 9 ! lea/3 ^! are a few ( ! features :i* are noticeable at a fir/ glance4 ,go+ a little deep]1 we f9d t ! :ole concept ( :at ,art really is seems to be totally lack+ 9 ! "w ( mod]n pa9t]s & sculptors1 &1 if we 7 =c$ to =mulate a ,broad def9ition = ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( our "t1 we %\ld f9d ourselves compell$ to say t !y are no m ?an a field 9 :i* m or less int]e/+ p manife/ _! m or less int]e/+ p]sonalities4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is def9ition :i* is likely to (f5d ! mod]n arti/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he w\ld probably approve ( x all too ha/ily4 ,b1 9 approv+ ( x1 he w\ld confess himself utt]ly ignorant ( :at ,art actually is1 & means1 & purposes 9 our mid/4 ,or to /ate ! case diff]5tly3 x is n t ! mod]n arti/ has no notion at all ( :at ,art is2 b1 t 8 notion is "o :i* belittles1 humiliates & debases ,art1 root & bran*4 ,to h gaz$ ) und]/&+ at ! div9e ,art ( ,egypt1 to h /udi$ ,egyptian realism & ,egyptian conv5tionalism2 to h /ood d\btfully be=e ,greek sculpture1 ev5 ( ! be/ p]iod1 & to h kn[n h[ to place x 9 ! ord] ( rank among ! art-products ( ! _w2 f9ally1 to h le>nt to value ! ,art ( ! ,middle ,ages1 n s mu* because ( its =m1 b because ( its cont5t3 ^! are exp]i5ces :i* ultimately make "o /& agha/ be=e ! "w ( our mod]n m51 & ev5 be=e ! "w ( "s ( _! pr$ecessors1 & to ask oneself into ^: h&s c\ld ,art h pass$ t %e %\ld h fall5 s l[8 ,:e!r "o look on a ,s>g5t or on a ,poynt]1 on a ,rod9 or on a ,brock1 on a ,vuill>d or on a ,maurice ,d5is1 on an ,alfr$ ,ea/ or on a ,monet1 ! "q 9 "o's he>t w be2 n1 :y are ^! m5 s poor8 b1 :y are !y s mode/8--:y are !y s humble8--:y1 9 fact1 are _! voices s obsequi\sly s]vile & fa9t8 ,"o w ask3 n1 :y d ^! m5 pa9t or m\ld z !y d8 b1 :y d !y pa9t or m\ld at all8 ,ugl9ess1 9 ! s5se ( amorph\sness1 "o w be able to expla94 ,ugl9ess1 9 ?is s5se1 al?\gh its position 9 ,art has n yet be5 prop]ly acc\nt$ =1 "o w be able to classify p]fectly well4 ,b ?is tremul\sness1 ?is plebeian emb>rassm5t1 ?is democratic desire to please1 above all1 ?is democratic dis9cl9ation to assume a position ( au?ority1--^! are ?+s :i* contradict ! v ess5ce ( ,art1 & ^! are ! ?+s :i* are f\nd 9 ! productions ( almo/ e ,european s*ool to-day4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 to d arti/s ju/ice1 b5ea? all ! trem5d\s activity ( mod]n times 9 bo? bran*es ( ! art we are discuss+1 !re is1 among ! ?9k+ memb]s ( ! pr(ession1 a feel+ ( purposelessness1 ( d\bt & pessimism1 :i* is ill conceal$1 ev5 9 _! "w4 ,! be/ ( ^! arti/s "k1 & w ev5 tell y1 t !re are no canons1 t individuality is absolute1 & t ! aim ( all _! "w is extremely d\btful1 if n impossible to det]m9e4 ,!re is n mu* qu>rell+ done1 or h&-to-h& scuffl+ engag$ 92 because no "o feels suffici5tly firm on 8 own legs to /& up & oppose ! doctr9e t !re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es4 ,a clammy1 dea?like /illness reigns ov] ! :ole ( ?is see?+ disagreem5t & antagonism 9 pr9ciples4 ,n s9ce ,:i/l] fir$ 8 bright missiles into ! press has ! report ( a dec5t-siz$ gun be5 he>d2 & ?is peace 9 *aos1 ?is sil5ce 9 confusion1 is full ( ! sugge/ion ( decomposition & decay4 ,art appe>s to be surr\nd$ by ! magic influ5ce ( dea?1 says ,nietzs*e1 & 9 a %ort "t mank9d w be celebrat+ fe/ivals ( memory 9 hon\r ( x4#de ,) b "o or two brilliant exceptions1 t :i* *>act]izes mod]n pa9t+ & mod]n sculpture is1 g5]ally speak+1 its complete lack ( ,art 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i %all use ?is ^w 9 my next lecture4 ,?is inde$1 z y w see1 cov]s ev]y?+4 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 let x be said t1 f ! ,nietzs*ean /&po9t1 ! pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! pres5t age are defici5t 9 dignity1 9 pride1 9 fai?1 &1 above all1 9 love4 ,!y are too dep5d5t ^u environm5t1 ^u ,nature1 to give a direction & a mean+ to _! exalt$ call+2 !y are too disunit$ & too lawless to be lead]s2 !y are 9 an age too *aotic & too sceptical to be able to f9d a :]e=e & a :i!r = !mselves2 &1 above all1 !re are too _m pret5d]s 9 _! ranks--too _m :o ought nev] to h pa9t$ or m\ld$ at all--to make x possible = ! greate/ among !m to elevate ! ,cause ( ,art to its prop] level4 ,no /hetic canon is to be se5 or trac$ any:]e2 nobody kn[s "o1 nobody d>es to ass]t "o4 ,! rule t ta/es _c be disput$ is n[ ! only rule t prevails1 &1 beh9d ?is rule1 ! base/1 meane/ & mo/ prepo/]\s individual claims are able to make _! influ5ce felt4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is true1 !re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es2 b1 once a p>ticul> ta/e has reveal$ itself x ought to be possible to classify x & to po9t out :]e x belongs & :i!r x is go+ to lead4 ,und\bt$ly a man's ta/e _c be tak5 f him1 because its roots are 9 8 con/itution2 b1 once he has id5tifi$ himself ) a p>ticul> =m ( ta/e1 x ought to be possible to id5tify him too1--t is to say1 to realize 8 rank & 8 value4 ,if x is impossible to d ?is n[adays1 x is because !re is no crit]ion to guide u4 ,x w !re=e be my endeav\r to e/abli% a crit]ion1 bas$ ^u ,nietzs*e's /hetic1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 to classify a few =ms ( ta/e 9 accordance ) x4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! inquiry into ! pres5t condition ( ! ,f9e ,arts mu/ be cont9u$2 & ?is %all n[ be done by tak+ up ! public's /&po9t4 #de ,h4 ,a4 ,h41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bje1 #bjf4 #b4 ,! ,public4 ,! man :o goes to a mod]n exhibition ( pictures & sculptures1 exp]i5ces visually :at !y exp]i5ce aurally :o /& on a ,sunday ev5+ )9 sight ( ! ,m>ble ,ar*1 j inside ,hyde ,p>k4 ,n only diff]5t voices & diff]5t subjects are 9 ! air2 b fundam5tally diff]5t conceptions ( life1 pr(\ndly & utt]ly antagoni/ic outlooks4 ,! ,academy1 ,! ,int]national ,society ( ,sculptors1 ,pa9t]s & ,grav]s1 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,briti% ,arti/s1 ,! ,new ,engli% ,art ,club1 ,! ,salon des ,arti/es ,franais1 & ! ,salon des ,beaux ,arts1 are all alike 9 ?is2 & ! ,int]national's scorn ( ! ,academy1#df xvi or ! ,academy's scorn ( x1 is z ridicul\s z ! ,beaux ,arts' scorn ( ! ,salon1 or vice v]s4 ,x is q fooli%1 !re=e1 to inveigh aga9/ ! public = _! bad ta/e1 ,phili/9ism & apa?y4 ,h[ c !y be expect$ to "k1 :]e !re are no tea*]s8 ,h[ c !y be o!rwise ?an apa!tic :]e ke5 int]e/ mu/ p]=ce culm9ate 9 confusion8 ,h[ c !y h good ta/e or any ta/e at all1 :]e !re is no ord] ( rank 9 ta/es8 ,we "k ! torm5ts ( ! mod]n lay /ud5t ( ,art1 :5 he asks himself uprightly & e>ne/ly :e!r he %\ld say yes or no be=e a picture or a piece ( sculpture4 ,we "k ! mom5ts ( impot5t hesitancy dur+ :i* he racks 8 bra9s = "s canon or rule on :i* to base 8 judgm5t1 & we sympa?ize ) 8 blu%es :5 f9ally he inquires aft] ! "n ( ! arti/1 be=e volunte]+ to express an op9ion4 ,at lea/ a "n is "s sort ( a /&>d n[adays4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r /&>ds x is some?+ to cl+ to2 & ! mod]n visitor to an ,art exhibition has preci\s little to cl+ to1 poor s\l6 ,/ill1 ev5 names become p]plex+ 9 ! end2 = x soon occurs to ! lay /ud5t 9 "q t1 n only ,millais1 b also ,leighton1 ,:i/l]1 ,rod91 ,fri?1 ,watts1 ,gaugu91 ,john1 & ,vuill>d h names 9 ! ,art _w4 ,n[1 x is g5]ally at ?is /age t su* a /ud5t ( ,art ei!r retires disconc]t$ f 8 fir/ attempts at grappl+ ) ! problem1 & takes refuge 9 indiff]5ce2 or else1 f ! dep? ( 8 despair1 draws a c]ta9 c\rage :i* makes him say t1 aft] all1 he kn[s :at he likes4 ,ev5 if he does utt] a h]esy at times aga9/ fa%ion or aga9/ culture1 he kn[s :at pleases him4 ,& ?us is =m$ t l>ge conc\rse ( p :o set up :at !y l & dislike z ! /&>d ( ta/e4 ,x is 9 va9 t pa9t]s & sculptors deplore ! exi/5ce ( ?is "p ( _! audi5ce4 ,x is !y !mselves :o are responsible = its exi/5ce4 ,x is ! an>*y 9 _! own ranks t has infect$ ! brave/ ( _! foll[]s4 ,! ta/e ( ! masses1 end[$ ) self-confid5ce 9 ?is way1 is n[ a pot5t =ce 9 ,european ,art1 & among ^? s-call$ arti/s :o d n suff] "u ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs1 !re are _m :o actually con=m & submit to ?is mob-rule4 ,9 my next lecture ,i %all %[ h[ ev5 ! art-canons ( ! lay masses h be5 adopt$ by "s pa9t]s & sculptors 9 p]fect good fai?4 ,too long h we ackn[l$g$ !m to be "r1 ^! petty p1 says ,z>a?u/ra4 ,?us we h at la/ giv5 !m p[] z well2--& n[ !y tea* t 'good' is only :at petty p call 'good4' ,x is on ?is acc\nt t _m s9c]e & ref9$ natures turn reluctantly away f ,art altoge!r n[adays1 & beg9 to d\bt :e!r x s]ves any good purpose 9 ! _w at all4 ,!y gr[ we>y ( ! humbug ( ! /udios1 ! affectation ( gu%+ amateurs1 & ! snobb]y ( ! lioniz+ disciple ( "o p>ticul> s*ool1 & d\bt ! hone/y ev5 ( 8 lead]4 ,!y gr[ timid & r5\nce all judgm5t 9 ,art1 wond]+ :e!r any ( x really matt]s4 ,9 a g+]ly fa%ion !y /ill hold on to g5]ally accept$ views1-- views t "t seems to h endors$1--& ?us !y v (t5 give all _! att5tion to ! ,old ,ma/]s4#dh ,& yet1 x is 9 ?us turn+ away ) contempt f mod]n ,art1 t s9c]e p tacitly ackn[l$ge h[ pr(\ndly s]i\s ! "q is on :i* !y h turn$ _! backs4 ,=1 x is ! horror ( its disord] t makes !m disconsolate3 !y c\ld cont9ue fac+ ?is disord] only if ! matt] 7 less important4 ,pass+ ov] t un=tunately l>ge p]c5tage ( up-to-date p1 9 ^: m9ds ,art 9 g5]al is associat$ ) jewell]y1 ,fr5* pa/ry & goldfi%1 z a m or less sup]flu\s1 ?\gh pleas+1 luxury1 ! re/ ( ! civiliz$ _w c]ta9ly feels ) v>y+ degrees ( conviction t ,art has "s ess5tial be>+ ^u life2 &1 ?\gh few w grant x ! importance t ,nietzs*e claims = x1 a goodly numb] w realize t x is q impossible to reckon )\t x4 ,n[1 if by *ance1 "o ( ! la/-m5tion$ p1 hav+ gr[n disgu/$ at ! prevail+ deg5]ation ( ,art1 %\ld />t out 9 que/ ( a canon1 or a /&>d :]eby he might take 8 be>+s 9 ! sea ( confusion ar\nd him1 :at are we to suppose w\ld await him8 ,un=tunately1 we "k only too well :at awaits him6 ,he may turn to ! art-critics--! class ( m5 :i* society su/a9s = 8 special b5efit 9 art matt]s1--or he may turn to ! philosoph]s4 ,he may sp5d ye>s & ye>s ( lab\r 9 /udy+ ! ,art & ?\ght ( ,antiquity1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( ! ,r5aissance2 b1 unless he h suffici5t indep5d5ce ( _s to di/ru/ n only ! ,art1 b e s+le manife/ation ( mod]n life1 & to try to f9d :at ! g5]al corrosive is :i* seems to be active ev]y:]e1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r he w ev] succe$ 9 rea*+ a b\rne or a de/9ation ( any sort :atsoev]4 ,he w /ill be ask+3 ,:at is a good poem8 ,:at is good music8 --&1 above all1 ,:at is a good picture or a good /atue8 ,we "k ! difficulties ( ! layman1 & ev5 ( ! arti/ 9 ?is matt]2 = mo/ ( u :o h ?\ght ab\t ,art at all h exp]i5c$ ^! same difficulties4 ,! g5]al ne$1 !n1 ,i repeat1 is a def9ite canon1#di a def9ite /atem5t z to ! aim & purpose ( ,art1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an ord] ( rank among ta/es4 ,once m1 ,i decl>e t ,i h attempt$ to arrive at ^! ?+s by ! pr9ciples ( ,nietzs*e's /hetic2 b1 9 ord] to =e/all ! amusem5t :i* an ann\ncem5t ( ?is sort is b\nd to provoke n[adays1 let me rem9d y ( two ?+s3 ,fir/1 t any arti/ic canon mu/ necess>ily be relative to a c]ta9 type ( man2 & secondly1 t ! mo/ t an e/abli%m5t ( an ord] ( rank among ta/es c d = y1 is to all[ y ! opportunity ( ex]cis+ "s *oice--a *oice ( type 9 manhood1 !re=e a *oice z to a mode ( life1 & !re=e a *oice ( values1 & ! cu/oms & conditions t spr+ f !m4 ,at pres5t y h no su* *oice4 ,y c]ta9ly h ! option ( foll[+ ei!r ,rod9 & ,r5oir1 or ,:i/l] & ,manet1 or ,s>g5t & ,bold9i1 or ,john & ,gaugu91 or ,h]kom] & ,lav]y2 b n "o ( y c say1 ,if ,i foll[ ! fir/ c\ple ,i %all be go+ 9 su* & su* a direction1 or1 ,if ,i foll[ ! second c\ple ,i %all be travell+ t[>ds ?is or t goal1--?is y w\ld sc>cely be able to say2 nei!r c\ld y\r lead]s help y4 #df ,= "s amus+1 &1 at ! same "t1 %rewd1 rem>ks conc]n+ ! ,int]national ,society1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,wake ,cook's ,an>*ism 9 ,art 7,cassell ,co474 ,i agree on ! :ole ) :at ,mr4 ,wake ,cook says1 b _c appreciate 8 rem>ks on ,:i/l]4 #dg ,z41 ,,iv1 ,,lxvii4 #dh ,9 a ,times lead] ( ! #bj? ,decemb]1 #aiji1 ! writ] puts ! case v well4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! heat$ controv]sy :i* 0 !n rag+ r\nd ! ,b]l9 wax bu/ t ,dr4 ,bode decl>$ to be a ,leon>do1 ! writ] goes on to say3 444 x is amus+ to see h[ ! m]it ( ! "w is =gott5 9 ! dispute ab\t its orig94 ,x seems to be assum$ t if x is by ,leon>do x mu/ be a great "w ( art1 & if by ,lucas no?+ ( ! k9d4444 ,?is fact proves :at ne$s no prov+1 t !re are _m weal?y connoisseurs :o buy works ( art n = _! intr9sic m]it1 b = :at is suppos$ to be _! au!nticity4444 ,?is /ate ( ?+s reveals an extraord9>y timidity 9 buy]s ( works ( art4 ,if !y all tru/$ _! own ta/e t is to say1 if !y _h a ta/e ( _! own bas$ ^u "s reliable canon names w\ld h no value4 ,! intr9sic m]it ( a "w ( art is n affect$ by ! "n x be>s4444 ,yet 9 ! m>ket ! "n ( a great pa9t] is wor? m ?an ! inspiration ( a less] "o4444 ,h5ce _m p believe t x is f> m difficult to und]/& pictures ?an lit]ature4444 ,b !re is no m my/]y ab\t pictures ?an ab\t lit]ature4 ,x is only ! m>ket t makes a my/]y ( !m1 & ! m>ket does ?is because x is timid4 ,9 o!r words3 because x does n "k4 #di ,on ?is po9t see ,que/ion+s on ,criticism & ,beauty1 by ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r4 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press47 ,mr4 ,balf\r entirely agrees t to-day we are driv5 to a k9d ( an>*y ( individual pref]5ces1 & he ackn[l$ges t he is n satisfi$ to rema9 9 ?is position4 ,he does n seem to recognize1 h[ev]1 h[ curi\sly & almo/ p]fectly ?is an>*y 9 ,art co9cides ) a c]ta9 an>*y 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( life1 & ?us1 al?\gh x displeases him1 he sees 9 x no imm95t dang]1 or no h9t t ,art & life react 9 any way ^u ea* o!r4 #c4 ,! ,critics4 ,n[1 to return to our lay-/ud5t ( ,art1 let u suppose t he fir/ approa*es ! art-critics ( ! day = guidance4 ,w !re be "o among ^! m5 :o w satisfy him8 ,is !re a s+le art-critic ei!r ( ! n9ete5? or tw5tie? c5tury :o knew1 or :o kn[s1 8 bus9ess8 ,x is possible to po9t to "o or two1 & ev5 s1 9 do+ ?is1 "o is prompt$ m by a s5se ( k9dness ?an by a s5se ( accuracy4 ,"s ,cont95tal critics1 ,camille ,mauclair & ,mu!r among !m1 & "h & !re an ,engli% critic l ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,/ev5son1 occasionally seem to hit a nail on ! head2 b z a rule1 "o c say ) ,cov5try ,patmore3 ,!re is little t is conclusive or fruitful 9 any ( ! criticism ( ! pres5t day4#ej ,= ! mo/ "p x is writt5 by m5 :o "k absurdly little ( _! subject1 & :o1 if !y d "k x1 are acqua9t$ mu* m ) its *ronological & encyclopdic ?an ) its philosophical side4 ,!re is n mu* consci5ce ei!r1 or mu* acum51 9 ^! m52 & !y are z a rule conc]n$ ) que/ions t are irrelevant to ! po9t at issue4 ,l a c]ta9 k9d ( insect1 z ,nietzs*e v ju/ly rem>ks1 !y live by /++2 b _! /+s s]ve no purpose save t ( provid+ !m ) _! food4#ea ,!y are1 p]haps1 less to blame ?an ! arti/s !mselves = ! /ate ( affairs t exi/s to-day2 b1 :ile ! arti/s h betray$ only !mselves1 ! critics h betray$ ! read+ public4 ,!y h nei!r resi/$ nor condemn$ ! flood ( an>*y t has swept ov] ! art-_w2 !y h r promot$ x 9 e way 9 _! p[]1 abett+ & applaud+ arti/s 9 _! lawlessness4 ,9 fairness to "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be said1 t 9 enc\rag+ ! confusion & disord] ar\nd !m !y v (t5 act$ ) almo/ religi\s s9c]ity4 ,?is res]vation applies to ,rusk91 = in/ance1 & to _m o!r critics writ+ = ! bett]-class pap]s4 ,le/ ?is be consid]$ z an ov]/atem5t ( ! case1 he> :at "o ( ^! m5 himself actually says conc]n+ 8 own pr(ession6 ,mr4 ,frank ,rutt]1 writ+ 9 #aijg1 express$ himself z foll[s3-- ,9 old5 days ! press us$ to lead public op9ion2 n[ x meekly foll[s because its c\rage has be5 sapp$ by s]vile cr++ to ! adv]tis]1 because its antics & s5sational inaccuracy h br\ght x into contempt4 ,no long] comm&+ ! au?ority ( a p>5t or gu>dian1 x seeks to attract att5tion by ! me?ods ( ! *eap-jack4 ,! few exceptions surviv+ only prove ! rule4#eb ,f9d+ !mselves =c$ to speak ( o!r ?+s ?an ,! ,purpose ( ,art1 ,! ,/&>d ( ,beauty1 & ,! ,canons ( ,art--simply because nobody n[ kn[s any?+ ab\t ^! matt]s1 or d>es to ass]t any?+ conc]n+ !m1--! bett]-class art-critics1 feel+ t !y mu/ d some?+ m ?an /ate m]ely _! op9ions conc]n+ ! "w "u notice--9 fact1 t !y mu/ give _! reasons = _! praise or blame--h lately be5 compell$ to h rec\rse to ! only field t is op5 to !m1 & t is te*nique4 ,n[1 :ile ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock seems p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 deprecat+ ^! tactics on ! "p ( "s ( 8 bro!r critics1 & :ile ,mr4 ,rutt] seems q wrong 9 uphold+ !m1 ! "q :i* naturally arises out ( ! controv]sy is3 :at is !re left to ! critic to talk ab\t8 ,if he is no long] able to judge ( ! g5]al t5d5cy & tea*+ ( a play1 & if he is no long] able to reg>d x /hetically1 :at c he d b analyse ! playwright's gramm>1 & seek out ! latt]'s split inf9itives1 8 insuffici5t use ( ! subjunctive mood1 8 ,cockney idioms & ,cockney solecisms8 ,we agree ) ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock t 444 ! public has no conc]n ) ! process ( production b only ) ! product2 & t if ,art 7 9 a heal?y /ate#ec ! public w\ld "k ?is & w\ld n ask = te*nical criticism4 ,we also agree t ! critic's prop] bus9ess is ) ! product1 n ) ! process ( production2 to expla9 _! own und]/&+ & enjoym5t ( ! mean+ & beauty ( works ( art1 & n ! te*nical means by :i* !y h be5 made4#ed ,b1 :ile we agree ) all ?is1 we _c help sympa?iz+ ) ! late ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,/ev5son & 8 admir] ,mr4 ,frank ,rutt]2 = _! dilemma is unique4 ,:5 ,monsieur ,dom]gue ( ! ,fr5* ,academy assur$ 8 fri5d ,beauze confid5tially t he _h discov]$ t ,voltaire didn't "k gramm>1 ,beauze v rightly repli$ ) "s irony3 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = tell+ me2 n[ ,i "k t x is possible to d )\t x4#ee ,& ?is is ! only reply t ought to be made to any criticism :i* analyses ! te*nique ( a real "w ( ,art2 s9ce x is obvi\s1 t if te*nical que/ions are upp]mo/1 ! "w is by implication unwor?y ( consid]ation 9 all o!r respects4#ef #ej ,pr9ciples 9 ,art1 p4 #d4 #ea ,h4 ,a4 ,h41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,aph4 #afd4 #eb ,! ,academy1 ,augu/ #bd?1 #aijg4 ,article1 ,! ,pursuit ( ,ta/e4 #ec ,! italics are m9e4 #ed ,! ,academy1 ,oct4 #bf?1 #aijg4 ,article1 ,! ,hypo*ondria ( ,art4 #ee ,monsieur de ,sa9t ,ange's ,reception ,spee*1 #ahaj4 #ef ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r excuse = ,mr4 ,rutt] & 8 s*ool ( critics1 & t is1 t 9 an age l ?is "o1 9 :i* ,amateurism is rampant1 ! critic v (t5 p]=ms a salut>y (fice 9 condemn+ a "w on purely te*nical gr\nds4 ,i1 = my "p1 am q conv9c$ t ! morbid att5tion :i* is n[ paid to te*nique is simply a result ( ! extraord9>y prepond]ance ( ! art-/ud5t elem5t 9 our mid/4 #d4 ,"s ,art ,criticisms4 ,9 ord] fur!r to e/abli% my cont5tion1 x might p]haps be an advantage to ref] to "s criticisms t h actually be5 made4 ,x w n be necess>y to give m ?an "o or two ( ^!1 because ev]ybody mu/ "k t simil> in/ances c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely2 b :ile ,i %all limit ! selection1 ,i %\ld n l x to be ?\ght t ! cases ,i pres5t are n absolutely typical4 ,q rec5tly ! art-_w has be5 />+ ) some?+ ak9 to amazem5t1 n unm+l$ "h & !re ) indignation1 at ! "w ( "o ,augu/us ,john1 9 ^: pictures !y h f\nd at once a problem & an innovation4 ,n[1 )\t = ! pres5t wi%+ to express any op9ion at all ^u ,mr4 ,john's "w1 ?is at lea/ seem$ q cle> to me :5 ,i fir/ saw x2 namely1 t x *all5g$ pr(\nd analysis4 ,unconsci\sly or consci\sly1 ,mr4 ,john seem$ to re-"q a :ole numb] ( ?+s afre%4 ,! direction ( ,art1 ! purpose ( ,art1 ! ess5ce ( ,art1 ! value ( ,art--^! are "s ( ! subjects into :i* he provok$ me to inquire4 ,"h 0 an opportunity = ! m wise among ! critics to %[ _! wisdom4 ,?is 0 ess5tially a case 9 :i* ! public requir$ exp]t guidance4 ,augu/us ,john comes =w>d ) a new concept ( :at is beautiful4 ,he says pictorially ?is & t is beautiful4 ,are we to foll[ him or to reject him8 ,he> "o or two critics3-- ,comm5t+ ^u "o ( ,mr4 ,max ,be]bohm's c>icatures 9 ! ,spr+ ,exhibition ( ! ,new ,engli% ,art ,club1 #aiji1 ! ,times critic writes z foll[s--,"h an art-critic meets a numb] ( ,mr4 ,john's /range females ) long necks & b5t1 unlovely heads1 l a *ild's copy ( a ,primitive2 & ! puzzl$ critic ejaculates1 ',h[ odd x seems t ?irty ye>s h5ce ,i may be desp]ately 9 love ) ^! ladies6' ,odd1 inde$1 b p]fectly possible1 cont9ues ! ,timesexp]t4 ,"s ( u h le>n$1 9 tw5ty ye>s1 to f9d nature 9 ,claude ,monet1 & ! "t may come :5 ! wom5 9 ,mr4 ,john's ',go+ to ! ,sea1' or 9 ! ',family ,gr\p' at ! ,grafton1 w seem z beautiful z ! ,v5us de ,milo4 ,! 'return ( ,night primeval & ( old *aos' may be ne>] ?an we ?9k4 ,!n aft] pay+ ,mr4 ,john's draw+ a complim5t1 ! writ] cont9ues3 ,b c any "o1 = all t1 ^: m9d is n w>p$ by purely te*nical prepossession 9 fav\r ( a te*nician1 say t ! picture w\ld n h be5 enorm\sly improv$ if ! arti/ _h ?\ght m ( nature & less ( 8 'types' ,if ,mr4 ,john w\ld ?r[ 8 types to ! w9ds1 look = a beautiful model1 & pa9t h] z %e is1 we %\ld n h to wait ! ?irty ye>s ( ,mr4 ,max ,be]bohm's critic1 b might beg9 to fall 9 love ) h] at once4#eg ,& ?is1 let me assure y1 is a comp>atively able criticism6 ,b1 :at guidance does x give8 ,:y is x s timid & non-committ+8 ,&1 :]e x is committ+1 :y is x s vague8 ,! words beautiful model mean absolutely no?+ n[adays4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! critic employ !m )\t def9+ ! p>ticul> s5se 9 :i* he wi%es !m to be und]/ood8 ,i exam9$ ?is picture ( ,mr4 ,john's1 z also ! "o at ! ,grafton4 ,bo? ( !m 7 full ( 8 p]sonal solution ( ! deepe/ problems associat$ ) ! ideas ( ,art & beauty2 b h[ c we "k :e!r to accept ^! solutions unless !y are made q pla9 by our critics8 ,x may be sugge/$ t ,mr4 ,john's solutions ( ^! problems is n suffici5tly important4 ,:y1 !n1 discuss !m at all8 ,! ,daily ,telegraph also conta9$ a s-call$ criticism ( ,mr4 ,john4 ,aft] comm5t+1 z ! previ\s critic did1 ^u ,mr4 ,max ,be]bohm's c>icature & ! words accompany+ x1 ! writ] proce$s3 ,h[ true--to give ! mo/ obvi\s ( all in/ances--) respect to ,wagn]6 ,& yet ,mr4 ,max ,be]bohm1 ! satiri/1 is z reg>ds ! actual mom5t1 n q1 q up to date4 ,to-day1 = fe> ( be+ accus$ ( a ,botian d5s5ess1 we ha/5 to acclaim1 if n necess>ily to enjoy1 ,czanne1 ,maurice ,d5is1 ! neo-,impressioni/s1 etc41 etc4#eh ,= fe> ( be+ accus$ ( ,botian d5s5ess6 ,yes1 t is ! :ole tr\ble6 ,app>5tly1 !n1 if we are to believe ! ,daily ,telegraph critic1 ,mr4 ,john has be5 acclaim$1 simply 9 ord] t 8 critics may escape ! gibe ( be+ classically d5se6 ,possess+ nei!r ! necess>y k1 nor ! necess>y values1 nor yet ! necess>y c]ta9ty1 to take up a def9ite /& = or aga9/1 ^! critics acclaim novelty1 9 :atev] g>b x may come1 le/1 p]*ance1 _! intellig5ce be = "o in/ant d\bt$4 ,v good6--at lea/ ?is is a confession :i* reveals bo? _! humility & _! hone/y1 &1 s9ce x entirely supports my cont5tion1 ,i am entirely grateful = x4 ,b :at ought to be said to ! impli$1 +5u\s & p]fectly unw>rantable assumption1 t t :i* po/]ity endorses mu/ ( necessity h be5 "r all along8 ,:y %\ld ,wagn] be v9dicat$ simply because an age subsequ5t to 8 own happ5s to rave ab\t him8 ,be=e su* po/hum\s success c v9dicate a man1 surely ! age 9 :i* x occurs mu/ be duly valu$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( its be+ m l(ty1 m noble1 & m ta/eful ?an ! age :i* prec$$ x1 !n c]ta9ly po/hum\s fame is a v9dication2 b if ! case be o!rwise1 !n x is a condemnation4 ,9 an asc5d+ culture ! classic ( ye/]day becomes ! primitive ( to-morr[1 & 9 a decl9+ culture ! decad5t ( ye/]day becomes ! classic ( to-morr[4 ,?us 9 valu+1 say1 ,mi*elangelo1 x all dep5ds :5ce y come4 ,if y come f ,egypt & walk d[n t[>ds him1 y\r op9ion w be v diff]5t f t ( ! man :o comes f tw5tie?-c5tury ,europe & :o walks up t[>ds him4 ,b we are n asc5d+ s rapidly or s mat]ially--if we are asc5d+ at all--z to make po/hum\s success a gu>antee ( excell5ce4 ,9 fact1 precisely ! conv]se might be true1 & m5 :o are n[ quickly =gott51 may be all ! great] on t acc\nt alone4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! matt] is n s obvi\s z to all[ u to make ! broad g5]alizations we d conc]n+ x4 ,p]haps1 9 ord] to be q fair1 ,i ought n[ to ref] to o!r critics1 z well z to o!r criticisms conc]n+ ,john writt5 by ! critics already quot$4 ,true1 9 ! ,times = ,octob] #ad?1 #aije1 !re appe>s a m elaborate discussion ( ,mr4 ,john's p[]s4 7,i say m elaborate1 b ,i mean m l5g?y67 ,& ! ,daily ,telegraph has also giv5 u m c>eful views1 z1 = in/ance1 9 _! issues ( ,octob] #ag?1 #aije1 & ,novemb] #bcrd1 #aiji4 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r x c\ld be hone/ly said t "o really und]/&s any bett] h[ to place ,mr4 ,john aft] hav+ read ! articles 9 "q1 ?\gh1 9 mak+ ?is objection1 ,i %\ld l x to be und]/ood1 t ,i reg>d x z apply+ n only to ! art-criticism ( ! two p>ticul> pap]s to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 b to art-criticism 9 g5]al4#ei ,mo/ ( :at we read on ?is matt] 9 ! sph]e ( j\rnalism is pure bad9age1 & little besides--ent]ta9+ly & ably writt5 x is true1 b g5]ally v wide ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples at /ake1 & ( t consci\sness ( deal+ ) a deeply s]i\s "q1 :i* ! subject ,art ought to awak54 ,no "o seems to feel n[adays t a picture1 l a sonnet1 l a sonata1 & l a /atue1 if x claim att5tion at all1 %\ld claim ! att5tion ( all ^? :o are mo/ deeply conc]n$ ) ! problems ( ,life1 ,humanity1 & ! ,future2 & t e brea? ( ,art comes f ! lungs ( ,life h]self1 & is full ( indications z to h] condition4 ,:5 "o says ^! ?+s n[adays1 p are apt to reg>d "o z a little peculi>1 a little morbid1 & p]haps a little too e>ne/ z well4 ,only two or ?ree mon?s ago1 a c]ta9 critic1 comm5t+ ^u a s5t5ce ( m9e 9 my ,introduction to ,nietzs*e's ,case ( ,wagn]1#fj 9 :i* ,i decl>$ t ! pr9ciples ( ,art are inextricably b\nd up ) ! laws ( ,life1 assur$ ! read]s ( ! ,nation t ! pla9e/ facts ( ev]yday life contradict ?is !ory ( non-arti/ic philosoph]s 9 _! arm-*airs4#fa ,& ?us ! fundam5tal que/ions are %elv$1 ye> aft] ye>1 :ile ,art )]s1 & real arti/s become ev] m & m sc>ce4 ,i loa! ?is great city1 cri$ ,z>a?u/ra4 ,woe to ?is great city6--,& ,i w\ld t ,i already saw ! pill> ( fire 9 :i* x w be consum$6 ,= su* pill>s ( fire mu/ prec$e ! great noontide4 ,b ?is ha? its "t & its own fate4#fb #eg ,! ,times1 ,may #bbnd1 #aiji4 #eh ,! ,daily ,telegraph1 ,may #ca/1 #aiji4 #ei ,a fur!r example ( :at ,i mean c be f\nd 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/'s article 7#d? ,april71 on ! ,int]national ,society's #aiaj ,%[4 ,"h ! writ]'s only comm5ts on a ,simon ,bussy 7,no4 #adi71 :i* really requir$ s]i\s treatm5t1 or no treatm5t at all1 are3 ,c\ld any ,engli% t\ri/ at ,m5tone see t resort 9 ! t]ms ( ,m4 ,bussy8 ,& 8 comm5ts on an important ,monet 7,no4 #acc7 are3 ,:at happy ,idl] at ,antibes o!r ?an a ,fr5*man c\ld record ! p>ticul> impression ( ,monet 7,no4 #acc71 ev5 9 enjoy+ ! hospitalities ( ,eil5roe8 #fj ,dr4 ,osc> ,levy's ,au?oriz$ ,engli% ,edition ( ,nietzs*e's ,complete ,works4 #fa ,! ,nation1 ,july #i?1 #aiaj4 #fb ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,li4 ,"p ,,ii ,sugge/$ ,causes ,( ,! ,an>*y ,9 ,mod]n ,art 444 ,to !m gave he p[] to become ! sons ( ,god1 ev5 to !m t d believe 9 8 "n4--,john i4 #ab4 ,& n[1 :at are ! causes ( ?is depression & ?is madness 9 ,art8 ,= ,nietzs*e 0 n alone 9 recogniz+ x4 ,_m voices1 "s :olly tru/wor?y1 h be5 rais$ 9 support ( 8 view4 ,x c\ld only h be5 ! unsatisfactory conditions1 ev5 9 8 "t1 t made ,hegel reg>d ,art z practically dead2 =1 z ,croce & ,monsieur ,bn>d rightly obs]ve1 ,hegel's ,vorlesung5 b] /hetik are ,art's dirge4#a ,s*op5hau]'s extraord9>y misund]/&+ ( ,art1 also1 precisely l ,plato's1#b c be expla9$ only by suppos+ t ! examples ( ,art :i* he saw ab\t him misl$ 8 o!rwise p5etrat+ judgm5t4 ,ev5 ,rusk9's vague & :olly confus$ utt]ances on ! subject are evid5ce ( 8 grop+ ef=ts to f9d 8 way 9 ! disord] ( 8 "t4 ,&1 z to ! voices ( less] m51 _! "n is legion4 ,two em95t ,engli%m5 ( ! la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 7 bo? cle> & emphatic 9 _! d5unciation ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,i ref] to ,mat!w ,arnold & ,william ,morris4 ,! =m] made a mo/ illum9at+ analysis ( "s ( ! influ5ces :i* h conduc$ to br+ ab\t ! regrettable /ate ( mod]n life1 :ile ,william ,morris--less philosophical p]haps1 & m direct1 ?\gh totally wrong 9 ! rem$ies he advocates--bewail$ ,art's unhappy plight z foll[s-- ,i mu/ 9 pla9 words say ( ! ,decorative ,arts1 ( all ! arts1 t x is n m]ely t we are inf]ior 9 !m to all :o h gone be=e u1 b also t !y are 9 a /ate ( an>*y & disorganization1 t makes a sweep+ *ange necess>y & c]ta94#c ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t :at ,nietzs*e saw 0 a pla9 fact to v _m ?9k+ m5 besides2 b1 9 trac+ ! conditions to precise & def9ite causes1 ,nietzs*e by f> excell$ any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to exam9e ! m g5]al causes t he sugge/s1 ,i %\ld l to pause "h a mom5t1 9 ord] to dispose ( "o p>ticul> cause :i*1 al?\gh ( trem5d\s importance = u mod]ns1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 active = a v long p]iod4 ,i ref] to ! mann] 9 :i* ,nietzs*e acc\nts = a good deal t is incompet5t & futile1 9 ! ,art ( ! pres5t day only1 by po9t+ to a psy*ological misappreh5sion :i* is1 alas1 b all too common4 ,i %\ld n h brok5 my g5]al n>rative ) ! consid]ation ( ?is p>ticul> cause1 _h x n be5 t ,i feel sure x w help laym51 & arti/s z well1 to acc\nt = mu* t w /ill rema9 obscure1 ev5 aft] ! m g5]al causes h be5 discuss$4 #a ,b5$etto ,croce1 /hetic 7translat$ by ,d\glas ,a9slie71 p4 #cjh1 & ,monsieur ,bn>d's critical survey ( ,hegel's /hetik 9 ,c\rs d',e/htique1 ,vol4 ,v4 p4 #dic4 #b ,on ?is po9t see ,s*ell+1 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,me?ode des akademis*5 ,/udiums1 pp4 #cdf-dg4 #c ,! ,decorative ,arts1 an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,trades ,guild ( ,le>n+1 p4 #aa4 #a4 ,morbid ,irritability4 ,nietzs*e recogniz$ t ?is age is "o 9 :i* ,w is n m]ely diseas$1 b almo/ p>alyz$4 ,ev]y:]e he saw m5 & wom51 y\?s & girls1 :o are unable to resi/ a /imulus1 h[ev] slight2 :o react ) excessive spe$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an irritant1 & :o b$eck ?is weakness & ?is irritability ) all ! f9e/ gala dresses & disguises t !y c lay _! h&s on4#d ,9 ,det]m9ism he saw ! philosophical ab/ract ( ?is fact2 9 our novels & plays he saw its repres5tation "u ! cloak ( passion & emotion2 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 he saw x logg$ out 9 sci5tific g>b1 & 9 ! mod]n arti/'s dep5d5ce ^u an appeal to ,nature = inspiration--i4 e4 = a spur to react ^u1 he recogniz$ its unheal?ie/ manife/ation4 ,! p[] ( resi/+ /imuli is on ! wane1 he says2 ! /r5g? requir$ 9 ord] to /op action1 & to cease f react+1 is mo/ s]i\sly diseas$4#e ,man unle>ns ! art ( do+1 & all he does is to react to /imuli com+ f 8 environm5t4#f ,speak+ ( ! mod]n arti/1 he ref]s to ! absurd irritability ( 8 sy/em1 :i* makes a crisis out ( e "o ( 8 exp]i5ces1 & deprives him ( all calm reflection1#g &1 :ile describ+ ,europeans 9 g5]al1 he lays /ress ^u _! spontane\s & *angeable natures4#h ,9 call+ our att5tion to ^! ?+s1 ,nietzs*e c]ta9ly laid 8 f+] on ! root ( a good deal = :i* ! o!r m g5]al causes :i* ,i %all adduce fail to acc\nt4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is irritability does exi/1 & t x causes l>ge numb]s ( unref9$ & undesirable m5 & wom5 to ent] ! arts to-day1 :o are absolutely mi/ak5 9 _! diagnosis ( _! condition4 ,we are all only too ready to conceal our defects b5ea? euphemi/ic int]pretations ( !m1 & we mo/ decid$ly pref]1 if we h ! *oice1 to reg>d any morbid symptoms we may reveal1 z ! sign ( /r5g? r ?an ( weakness4 ,!re is "s temptation1 !re=e1 bo? = our fri5ds & ourselves1 to int]pret our natures k9dly & if possible flatt]+ly2 &1 if we suff] f a c]ta9 sickly irritability & s5sitiv5ess 9 ! pres5ce ( :at we ?9k beautiful1 we pref] to ascribe ?is to an arti/ic temp]am5t r ?an to a debilitat$ w4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) ! irascible n]ve pati5t :o p\rs 8 curses on ! head ( a noisy *ild2 & 9 8 case we are only too ready to suspect a morbid condition ( ! body4 ,b :5 we ourselves1 or our "y fri5ds1 or our bro!rs1 si/]1 or c\s9s1 sudd5ly display1 :5 /ill 9 _! te5s1 a sort ( gasp+ en?usiasm be=e a l&scape1 a peasant *ild1 or a sunset2 :5 !y %[ an inability to bide _! "t1 to pause1 & to rema9 inactive 9 ! pres5ce ( :at !y consid] beautiful1 we imm$iately conclude f _! conduct1 n t !y h little comm& ( !mselves1 b t !y mu/ ( necessity h /rong arti/ic natures4 ,our novels are full ( su* p ) weak wills1 s are our plays2 s1 too1 un=tunately1 are our ,art ,s*ools4 ,we "k ! ,art /ud5t :o1 ! mom5t he sees :at he w\ld call a glori\s view1 or a dramatic sunset or sunrise1 hurls 8 mat]ials toge!r helt]-skelt] & da%es (f1 v5tre t]re1 to ! mo/ conv5i5t spot :5ce he c pa9t x4 ,we h se5 him seize ! ?+ he calls an impression1 8 tee? cl5*$ ! :ile1 & 8 no/rils dilat$4 ,b h[ (t5 does x occur to u t su* a creature has got a bad temp]8 ,h[ (t5 d we realize t he is irritable1 self-indulg5t1 sick 9 fact8 ,only 9 an age l our own c\ld ?is ridicul\s trave/y ( an arti/ pass = an arti/4 ,x is only 9 our age t 8 neurotic t\*9ess c\ld possibly be mi/ak5 = /r5g? & vig\r2 & yet !re are hundr$s ( 8 k9d among ! pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! day4 ,_m a /ud5t's call to ,art1 at pres5t1 is m]ely a rem9d]1 on ! "p ( ,nature1 t he %\ld cultivate re/ra9t & =be>ance1 & %\ld g 9 = comm]ce2 = !re is a :ole univ]se betwe5 su* a man & ! arti/ ( value4 ,n t s5sitiv5ess is abs5t 9 ! real arti/2 b x is ( a k9d :i* has /r5g? to wait1 to reflect1 to weigh1 &1 if necess>y1 to refra9 f action altoge!r4 ,sl[ is ! exp]i5ce ( all deep wells1 says ,z>a?u/ra4 ,long mu/ !y wait ere !y "k :at ha? sunk into _! dep?s4#i ,b ! p ,i h j describ$ h only a sk91 & any it* ^u x !y call ,art4 ,no la/+ good1 no p]man5t value c come ( ^! irascible p :o w be av5g$ on all t !y call beauty1 "r away2 :o w1 s to speak1 pay beauty out1 & :o _c conta9 !mselves 9 its pres5ce4 ,!y c b help to swell ! ranks ( ! incompet5t1 & ev5 if !y are successful1 z !y sometimes are n[adays1 all !y d is to wreck ! sacr$ call+ 9 :i* !y are b pa?ological usurp]s4 ,n[1 9 turn+ to ! m g5]al causes1 we f9d t 9 acc\nt+ = ! prevail+ an>*y 9 ,europe & 9 c\ntries l ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl& & 9 c\ntries l ,engl&1 ,nietzs*e po9t$ to ! :ole h]itage ( traditional ?\ght :i* prevail$ & /ill does prevail 9 ! civiliz$ p>ts ( ! ,we/]n _w1 & decl>$ t x 0 9 our mo/ fundam5tal beliefs1 9 our mo/ unque/ion$ dogmas1 & 9 our mo/ vaunt$ bir?rights t ?is an>*y takes its s\rce4 ,if ,art _h lo/ its pre/ige 9 our mid/1 & ev5 its ju/ification2 & if individualism1 incompet5ce1 ecc5tricity1 m$iocrity & d\bt 7 rife1 we mu/ seek ! causes ( all ?is nei!r 9 ,did]ot's some:at disappo9t+ essay on pa9t+1 nor 9 ! slur t ,r\sseau _h once ca/ ^u ! culture ( man1 nor 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's argum5ts 9 fav\r ( individualism1 nor yet 9 ,sp5c]'s decl>ation t ! activities we call play are unit$ ) ! /hetic activities by ! trait t nei!r subs]ves 9 any direct way ! processes conducive to life4#aj ,all ^! ?+s are m]ely symptomatic4 ,did]ot1 ,r\sseau1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & ,sp5c] 7 only symptoms ( /ill deep] influ5ces :i* h be5 at "w = c5turies1 & ^? influ5ces are to be s\ght 9 ! mo/ vital values ^u :i* our civilization is bas$4 #d ,g4 ,e41 p4 #ade4 #e ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cf4 #f ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fc4 #g ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beh4 #h ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cci4 #i ,z41 ,i1 ,,xii4 #aj ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fbg4 #b4 ,mislead+ ,sy/ems ( /hetic4 ,x is p]fectly true t f classic times onw>d ! guidance ( ,european ?\ght1 on matt]s ( ,art1 has be5 almo/ entirely inadequate if n mislead+4 ,b = ! subconsci\s motives ( arti/s & _! spectators !re seems to h be5 v little compreh5sion ( :at ,art actually means & aspires to1 & ev5 ^! subconsci\s motives h be5 well-nigh /ifl$1 ?anks to ! false doctr9es ) :i* !y h be5 p]si/5tly & sy/ematically smo!r$4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! v nature ( ! subject condemns x to false !oretical treatm5t2 = x has almo/ always be5 at ! m]cy ( m5 :o 7 n !mselves p]=m]s 9 ! arts4 ,( ! few arti/s :o h writt5 on ,art1 h[ _m h giv5 u an adequate expression ( :at !y !mselves mu/ h felt & aspir$ to8 ,n "o4 ,ghib]ti1 ,vas>i1 ,leon>do1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,m5gs1 ,hog>? & ,reynolds--to m5tion ! mo/ fam\s1 tea* u sc>cely any?+ at all conc]n+ ! ess5ce ( _! life passion1 & ?is is1 z ,nietzs*e obs]ves1 p]haps a necess>y fault2 =1 he cont9ues1 ! arti/ :o w\ld beg9 to und]/& himself w\ld !re) beg9 to mi/ake himself--he mu/ n look backw>ds1 he mu/ n look at all2 he mu/ give4--,x is an hon\r = an arti/ to h no critical faculty2 if he c criticize he is m$iocre1 he is mod]n4#aa ,/ill1 ! great] "p ( ?is faulty guidance may1 9 itself1 be b ano!r outcome ( ! errone\s & root$ beliefs :i* lie ev5 deep] 9 ! he>t ( life ?an ,art itself1 & = ^! beliefs we mu/ seek deep d[n 9 ! f\ndations ( ,european ?\ght = ! la/ two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ ask ourselves :at our h]itage f by-gone ages has be54 ,s9ce ,art is ! subject ( our inquiry1 & ,art is ! only task ( life1#ab x seems mod]ately cle> t ev]y?+ t has t5d$ to r$uce ! dignity ( ,art mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 h r$uc$ ! dignity ( man4 ,is our h]itage ( ?\ght ( a k9d t exalts man1 or is x ( a k9d t debases him8 ,:at are1 9 fact1 its *ief *>act]i/ics8 #aa ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bef4 #ab ,ibid41 p4 #bib4 #c4 ,our ,h]itage4--,a4 ,*ri/ianity4 ,we %all f9d t ! "o def9ite & unsw]v+ t5d5cy ( ! traditional ?\ght ( ,europe has be51 fir/1 to e/abli% on e>? t equality betwe5 m5 :i* f ! outset ,*ri/ianity _h promis$ !m 9 ,heav52 secondly1 to assail ! pre/ige ( man by prov+ t o!r t5et ( ! ,fai? :i* ma9ta9s ! g5]al depravity ( human nature2 & ?irdly1 to insi/ ^u tru? 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se2 t is1 z an absolute ?+ :i* c be1 & mu/ be1 made common to all4 ,at ! root ( all our sci5ce1 all our philosophy1 & all our lit]ature1 ! ?ree fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity3 ! equality ( all s\ls1 ! insup]able depravity ( human nature1 & ! insi/5ce ^u ,tru?1 are ! rul+ influ5ces4 ,by means ( ! fir/ & ?ird doctr9es equality 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! _s1 & by means ( ! second x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! fle%4#ac ,by means ( ! fir/1 ea* individual1 great or small1 0 grant$ an importance#ad undreamt ( !ret(ore1#ae :ile ! l[e/ 7 rais$ to ! highe/ p[]2 by means ( ! second1 9 :i* ! pride ( mank9d receiv$ a snub at once sev]e & m]ciless1 ! highe/ 7 r$uc$ to ! level ( ! l[1 :ile ! l[ 7 by implication mat]ially rais$2 & by means ( ! ?ird1 no tru? or po9t ( view :i* c\ld n be made g5]al c\ld be consid]$ z a tru? or a po9t ( view at all4 ,practically x am\nt$ to ?is1 t 9 "o brea? mank9d 0 told1 fir/1 ,?y ,"l = !e ! ,cross endur$ ,to save ?y s\l f ,dea? & ,hell2#af secondly1 ,?\ %alt h no o!r ,god be=e ,me2 & ?irdly1 ,f ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9s ,to ,india's coral /r&1 444 e prospect pleases1 ,& only man is vile4#ag ,b 9 ea* case1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 x 0 ! high] m5 :o suff]$4 ,because !y alone _h some?+ to lose4 ,! fir/ notion --t ( equality1 ?reat5$ at once to make !m d\bt _! own privileges & p[]s1 to ?r[ suspicion into ! he>ts ( _! foll[]s1 & to make all special1 exceptional & isolat$ claims utt]ly void4 ,! ?ird--! insi/5ce ^u a tru? :i* c\ld be g5]al & absolute1 d5i$ _! "r to e/abli% _! own tru?s 9 ! he>ts ( m51 & to rise above ! mo/ g5]al tru? :i* 0 reality2 :ile 9 ! second--! ,semitic doctr9e ( g5]al s91 :i* held t man 0 n only an imp]fect1 b also a fall5 be+1 & t all 8 k9d %>$ 9 ?is %ame--!re 0 n alone ! r+ ( an abs5ce ( rank1 b also ( a univ]sal depreciation ( human nature :i* 0 ultimately to lead1 by gradual /ages1 f a disbelief 9 man himself to a disbelief 9 nobles1 9 k+s & f9ally 9 gods4#ah ,at "o /roke1 n "o or two human actions1 b all human p]=mances1 inspirations & happy ?\ghts1 _h be5 /ripp$ ( _! glory & condemn$4 ,man c\ld raise himself only by ,god's grace --t is to say1 by a miracle1 o!rwise he 0 b a fall5 angel1 aimlessly beat+ ! air ) 8 brok5 w+s4 ,^! ?ree bl[s levell$ at ! head ( high] m5 7 fatal to ! arti/2 = x is precisely 9 ! value ( human inspirations1 9 ! effici5cy ( human creativ5ess1 & 9 ! irresi/ible p[] ( human w1 t he1 above all1 mu/ & does believe4 ,x is 8 mission to dem& ob$i5ce & to procure rev]5ce2 =1 z we %all see1 e arti/ wor?y ! "n is at he>t a despot4#ai ,=tunately1 ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* int]v5$1 & by its rigor\s discipl9e & its firm e/abli%m5t ^u a hi]>*ical pr9ciple1 suppress$ = a :ile ! ov]we5+ temp] ( ! ,*ri/ian s\l1 & all claims ( individual ?\ght & judgm5t1 :ile x also recogniz$ an ord] ( rank among m52 b ! ?ree doctr9es above describ$ rema9$ not)/&+ at ! core ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 & await$ only a fav\rable opportunity to bur/ =? & blight all ! good t ! ,*ur* _h done4 ,?is fav\rable opportunity occurr$ 9 ! p]son ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,! ,re=mation1 9 addition to re9/at+1 ) all _! evil consequ5ces1 ! ?ree doctr9es m5tion$ above1 also produc$ a c]ta9 contempt = l(ty ?+s & an importunate individualism :i* has done n\ght b increase & spread f t day to ?is4 ,individualism1 on a l>ge scale1 ( c\rse1 _h be5 bo? tol]at$ & practis$ 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & on ?is acc\nt ! build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages might be said to brea! a m truly ,*ri/ian _s#bj ?an mo/ ( ! sculpture & ! pa9t+ ( ! same p]iod1 :i* are m hi]atic4#ba ,b x 0 n until ! ,re=mation began to spread t ! mo/ tiresome =m ( individualism1 :i* we %all call ,amateurism1#bb receiv$1 z x 71 a ,div9e sanction2 & !re c be no d\bt t x is aga9/ ?is elem5t 9 mod]n life t n only ,art1 b all =ces :i* aim at ord]1 law & discipl9e1 w ev5tually h to wage _! mo/ det]m9$ & mo/ implacable w>f>e4 #ac ,! ,judaic /ory ( ! fall ( man is at bottom an ess5tially democratic "o4 ,?is abs5ce ( rank 9 s9 _h no p>allel 9 ! ari/ocratic ,pagan _w4 ,likewise1 9 ! mann] ( ! fall1 !re is a total abs5ce ( noble qualities4 ,curiosity1 beguilem5t1 s$uctibility & wantonness--9 %ort1 a :ole s]ies ( pre-em95tly fem99e passions--7 reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( evil4 ,see ,b4 ,t41 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #ad ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,empire1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cc4 #ae ,a41 ,aph4 #dc & #fd4 #af ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 ,no4 #dce4 #ag ,ibid41 ,no4 #ebb4 #ah ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cab3 ,:5 x occurs to inf]ior m5 to d\bt t high] m5 exi/1 !n ! dang] is great1 etc4 ,see1 9 fact1 ! :ole ( ,aph4 #hgd4 #ai ,see ,a41 ,aph4 #di3 ,! concept ( guilt & puni%m5t1 inclusive ( ! doctr9e ( 'grace1' ( 'salvation1' & ( '=giv5ess'--lies ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 )\t a %r$ ( psy*ological tru?4 ,s91444 ?is =m ( human self-violation p> excell5ce1 0 inv5t$ solely = ! purpose ( mak+ all sci5ce1 all culture1 & e k9d ( elevation & nobility utt]ly impossible4 #bj ,rusk91 ,on ! ,nature ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 7p4 #g71 contra/+ ! classic & ,go?ic /yle1 says3 444 ,9 ! m$ival1 or especially ,*ri/ian1 sy/em ( ornam5t1 ?is slav]y i4e4 ! slav]y impos$ by ! classic canon is done away ) altoge!r2 ,*ri/ianity hav+ recogniz$1 9 small ?+s z well z great1 ! individual value ( e s\l4 #ba ,9 a good deal ( ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! pre-,r5aissance p]iod1 too1 signs 7 n lack+ :i* %[$ t ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( tru? 0 beg9n+ to "w its effects by lead+ to a realism :i* ,i h classifi$ 9 ,lecture ,,ii z ,police ,art4 ,( c\rse1 a good deal ( ?is realism may also be acc\nt$ = by ! reasons :i* ,i sugge/ at ! end ( ,"p ,i ( ,lecture ,,iii2 be ?is z x may1 h[ev]1 z x is difficult to decide ! actual proportion ( ei!r ( ^! influ5ces1 ! weight ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,tru? mu/ n be altoge!r ov]look$ 9 su* productions z ,donatello's ,crucifixion 7,capella ,b>di1 ,s4 ,croce1 ,flor5ce72 ,masol9o's ,rais+ ( ,tabi?a 7,c>m9e1 ,flor5ce72 ,masaccio's ,fresco 7,s4 ,m>ia del ,c>m9e1 ,flor5ce72 ,ucello's ,r\t ( ,s4 ,romano 7,uffizi72 ,&rea del ,ca/agno's ,crucifixion 79 ! ,mona/]y ( ! ,angeli1 ,flor5ce72 & ! really beautiful /atues ( ! ,f\nd]s 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,naumburg4 #bb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #big3 ,! t]rible consequ5ces ( 'fre$om'--9 ! end ev]ybody ?9ks he has ! "r to e problem4 ,all ord] ( rank is bani%$4 ,b4 ,prote/antism4 ,= ,prote/antism 0 no?+ m nor less ?an a g5]al rebellion aga9/ au?ority4#bc ,by means ( x ! "r ( private judgm5t 0 in/all$ once m1 & to ! individual 0 re/or$ t importance :i* ,*ri/ianity _h ackn[l$g$ f ! fir/1 & :i* only ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 able to modify4 ,! layman1 ) 8 consci5ce ackn[l$g$ to be ! supreme tribunal1 0 decl>$ a free man1 emancipat$ ev5 f ! law1#bd or1 z ,lu!r said1 free ,"l ( all1 subject to none4#be ,n[1 n only ! immortal s\l ( e individual became important2 b also e "o ( 8 proclivities1 desires & aspirations4 ,he 0 told t he c\ld be 8 own prie/ if he *ose1#bf & t ,*ri/ _h obta9$ ?is pr]ogative = him4 ,megalomania1 9 fact1 z ,nietzs*e decl>es1 0 made 8 duty4#bg ,let m5 s acc\nt ( u1 z ( ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/1 & /ew>ds ( ! my/]ies ( ,god4#bh ,) ^! words ,/4 ,paul _h address$ ! ,cor9?ians1 & ,lu!r did n fail to base 8 /ronge/ argum5ts ^u ! text4#bi ,ev5 ! ,re=mation1 says ,nietzs*e1 0 a movem5t = individual lib]ty2 ',e "o 8 own prie/' is really no m ?an a =mula = lib]t9age4,z a matt] ( fact1 ! words1 ',evangelical fre$om' w\ld h suffic$--& all in/9cts :i* _h reasons = rema9+ conceal$ broke out l wild h\nds1 ! mo/ brutal ne$s sudd5ly acquir$ ! c\rage to %[ !mselves1 ev]y?+ seem$ ju/ifi$4#cj ,0 x at all likely t ! =mula1 ,e "o 8 own prie/1 0 go+ to lead to tr\ble only 9 ecclesia/ical matt]s8 ,z a matt] ( fact we "k t ,lu!r himself ext5d$ ! pr9ciple /ill fur!r 9 8 own lifetime4 ,by 8 radical alt]ations 9 ! *ur* s]vice ,lu!r gave ! laity a mu* m prom95t place 9 ,div9e wor%ip ?an !y _h ev] _h be=e2 =1 9 addition to ! fact t ! liturgy z compil$ by him 0 writt5 almo/ entirely 9 ! native tongue1 ! special att5tion he gave to ! s++ ( hymns#ca all[$ ! p an opportunity ( display+ _! individual p[]s to su* an ext5t t x has ev5 be5 said t !y sang !mselves into en?usiasm = ! new fai?4#ca ,b ^! rem>kable *anges 7 only symbolic ( ! *anges t foll[$ else:]e2 =1 once ?is _s ( individual lib]ty & judgm5t _h invad$ t dep>tm5t ( life :i* !ret(ore _h be5 held mo/ sacr$1 :at 0 !re to prev5t x f ent]+ & defil+ less sacr$ sanctu>ies8 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! condition ( ! arts at ! pres5t day1 & tak+ into acc\nt a fact :i* we all v well "k2 namely1 t ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s are n[ practis+ ^! arts :o h absolutely no bus9ess to be associat$ ) !m 9 any way1 we are almo/ incl9$ to =give ,prote/antism & ,puritanism _! sma%+ ( our images1 & _! mat]ial iconoclasm2 s light does ?is damage appe>1 comp>$ ) ! o!r indirect damage !y h done to ! _s ( ,art1 by e/abli%+ ! fatal prec$5t ( all[+ ev]ybody to t\* & speak ( ev]y?+--h[ev] sacr$4 ,we may argue ) ,buckle t ! ,engli% _s is ( a k9d :i* is ess5tially ,prote/ant 9 temp]2 b ?is only seems to make ! matt] worse4 ,:5 ,c>d9al ,newman & ,mat!w ,arnold po9t1 ! "o to ! evils ( ,lib]alism1 & ! o!r to ! evils ( an>*y1 we "k to :at !y are ref]r+4 ,!y are ref]r+ to ! impossibility1 n[adays1 ( awak5+ rev]5ce = any?+ or = anybody4 ,may n e man 9 ,engl& say :at he likes8 ,mat!w ,arnold exclaims4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 ! aspirations ( culture1 :i* is ! /udy ( p]fection1 are n satisfi$1 unless :at m5 say1 :5 !y may say :at !y l1 is wor? say+4444 ,culture indefatigably tries1 n to make :at ea* raw p]son may l1 ! rule by :i* he fa%ions himself2 b to draw ev] ne>] to a s5se ( :at is inde$ beautiful1 graceful1 & becom+1 & to get ! raw p]son to l t4#cb ,b :at is fatal to culture is no less fatal to art1 & ?us we f9d ,nietzs*e say+-- ,once _s 0 ,god1 !n x became man1 & n[ x become? mob4#cc ,if 9 ! ,europe1 & especially 9 ! ,engl& ( to-day1 ev]ybody has a "r to e judgm5t & to e joy2 if a c]ta9 slavi% tru?fulness to nature & reality1 rawness & rugg$ness1 h well-nigh wreck$ high] aspirations1 & if ev]ybody c press 8 paltry modicum ( voice1 ( ?\ght1 ( draughtsman%ip1 ( passion & impud5ce to ! =e1 & ?us spread 8 portion ( m$iocrity l dodd] ov] ! sacr$ field ( ,art2 x is because ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are no long] lat5t or suppress$ 9 our mid/2 b active & pot5t--if n almighty4 ,x might almo/ be said t !y h re>$ a special in/9ct--! in/9ct ( lib]ty & ( tak+ lib]ties1 )\t any p>ticul> aim or purpose2 &1 by s do+1 h ?r[n all virtue1 all m]it1 all ambition1 n on ! side ( culture1 b on ! side ( t free p]sonality#cd & rude naturalness1 or tru? to man's orig9al savag]y1 :i* x seems ! triumph ( e "o1 great or small1 to produce4 ,no "o any long] claims ! k9d ( fre$om t ,pope ,paul ,,iii claim$ = 8 protg ,b5v5uto ,cell9i3#ce ?is w\ld be too dang]\s1 because1 9 a trice1 x w\ld be appli$ to all4 ,!re=e ! insignificant majority get m fre$om ?an is good = !m1 & ! noble m9ority are depriv$ ( _! bir?right4 ,?us d ,i speak unto y 9 p>able1 cries ,z>a?u/ra1 ye :o make ! s\l giddy1 ye prea*]s ( equality6 ,t>antulas are ye unto me1 & secretly rev5geful ones6 ,b ,i w soon br+ y\r hid+-places to ! light1 !re=e d ,i laugh 9 y\r faces my laught] ( ! height4 ,& ',w to ,equality'--t itself %all h5ce=? be ! "n ( virtue2 & aga9/ all t ha? p[] w we raise an outcry6 ,ye prea*]s ( equality1 ! tyrant fr5zy ( impot5ce crie? ?us 9 y = 'equality'3 y\r mo/ secret tyrant long+s disguise !mselves 9 words ( virtue6#cf ,& n[ recapitulat+ a mom5t1 :at h we f\nd our h]itage to consi/ (1 9 ! realm ( ! religi\s _s8 ,9 ! fir/ place3 a c]ta9 univ]sal ackn[l$gm5t & claim ( lib]ty1 :i* has no special purpose or direction1 & :i* is too fair to "s & unfair to _m4 ,secondly1 a devotion to a tru? t c\ld be g5]al1 :i* p]=ce has r$uc$ u to vulg> reality2 ?irdly1 a prevail+ depression 9 ! value & dignity ( man1 result+ f ! suspicion t has be5 ca/ ^u all au?ority & all l(t9ess2 & f\r?ly1 a wanton desecrat+ & bef+]+ ( all sanctu>ies by anybody & ev]ybody1 :i* is ! inevitable outcome ( t amateur prie/hood introduc$ & sanctifi$ by ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 #bc ,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #adj3 ,:atev] ! prejudices ( "s may sugge/1 x w be admitt$1 by all unbiass$ judges1 t ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 nei!r m nor less ?an an op5 rebellion4 ,inde$1 ! m]e m5tion ( private judgm5t1 on :i* x 0 av[$ly bas$1 is en\gh to sub/antiate ?is fact4 ,to e/abli% ! "r ( private judgm5t 0 to appeal f ! ,*ur* to individuals1 etc4 7,see also p4 #ach 9 ! same volume47 ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aff3 ,9 ! ,edict ( ,worms1 ,lu!r _h be5 br&$ z a revolution>y1 !n z a h]etic1 & ! burd5 ( ! compla9ts pref]r$ aga9/ him by ! ,ca?olic humani/s 01 t 8 me?ods ( seek+ a re=mation w\ld be fatal to all ord]1 political or ecclesia/ical4 ,!y pa9t$ him z ! apo/le ( revolution1 a second ,catil9e4 ,& p4 #agd3 ,! mo/ frequ5t & damag+ *>ge levell$ at ,lu!r betwe5 #aebj & #aebe reproa*$ him ) be+ ! apo/le ( revolution & an>*y1 & pr$ict$ t 8 attacks on spiritual au?ority w\ld develop into a campaign aga9/ civil ord] unless he 7 promptly suppress$4 #bd ,a ,treatise ,t\*+ ! ,lib]tie ( a ,*ri/ian1 by ,m>tyne ,lu!r 7translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,james ,bell1 #aegi4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,b5go' ,colly]1 #ahag71 p4 #ag3 ,s t x is manife/ t to a ,*ri/ian man fai? suffice? only = all1 & t he ne$e? no works to be ju/ifi$ by4 ,n[1 if he ne$ no works1 !n also he ne$s n ! law3 if he h no ne$ ( ! law1 surely he is !n free f ! law4 ,s ?is also is true4 ,! law is n made = ! righte\s man1 & ?is is ! same ,*ri/ian lib]tie4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #c4 #bf ,ibid41 p4 #ca4 #bg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #baa4 #bh #a ,cor4 iv4 #a4 #bi ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bja4 #cj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ge4 #ca ,emil ,naumann1 ,hi/ory ( ,music1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dbi3 ,) ! ,ca?olics1 hymns 9 ! "m tongue 7 only us$ at processions & on high fe/ivals1 & 7 !n sung by ! congregation only at ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/]1 & c]ta9 o!r high fea/ days4 ,) ^! exceptions1 ! ,ca?olic congregational song consi/$ ( %ort musical phrases *ant$ by ! prie/s1 to :i* ! p ei!r respond$1 or add$ _! voices to ! refra9 sung by ! *ori/]s f ! alt>4 ,! "p assign$ to ! p !n 0 b a v subord9ate "o4 ,see also ! ,introduction to ,c4 von ,w9t]feld's ,sacr$ ,songs ( ,lu!r 7,leipzig1 #ahdj74 #cb ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,art1 by ,ern/ ,grosse1 pp4 #bii1 #cjj2 & ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bja4 #cc ,culture & ,an>*y 7,smi?1 ,eld]1 #aiji71 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #cd ,z41 ,i1 ,,vii4 #ce ,e4 ,i41 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #cf ,s&ro ,botticelli1 by ,emile ,gebh>t 7#aijg71 p4 #i3 ,paul ,,iii me trs haute1 rpond aux p]sonnes qui lui dnonc5t les vices de son spirituel spadass93 ',les hommes uniques dans leur art1 comme ,cell9i1 ne doiv5t pas tre s\mis aux lois1 et lui mo9s que t\t autre4' ,c4 ,philosophical ,influ5ces4 ,n[1 turn+ to our h]itage 9 philosophy & sci5ce1 d we f9d t x t5ds to resi/1 or to ?w>t 9 any way ! pr9ciples ( our religi\s h]itage8 ,n 9 ! slighte/ degree6 ,at e po9t & at e /age x has confirm$ & re/at$1 ) all ! pomp ( facts & /ati/ics to support x1 :at ! religi\s _s _h laid d[n = our acceptance4 ,x is sup]ficial & ridicul\s to suppose1 z ,dr4 ,drap] once suppos$1 t !re has be5 a conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,i take x t he means ! ,*ri/ian ,religion alone4 ,su* a conflict has nev] tak5 place2 :at has tak5 place1 h[ev]1 is a conflict betwe5 ,sci5ce & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,sci5ce toge!r1 h[ev]1 h nev] _h any su* antagonism1 & lea/ ( all 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 f ! "t ( ,rog] ,bacon1#cg ! fir/ ,engli% ,exp]im5tali/1 to ! pres5t day1 no?+ has be5 left undone1 no /one has be5 left unturn$1 :i* might e/abli% sci5tifically t :i* ,*ri/ianity1 z we h se51 wi%$ to e/abli% emotionally4 ,univ]sal lib]ty1 )\t a purpose or a direction2 ! free & plebeian production ( ?\ghts & !ories divorc$ f all aim or ideal1 aft] ! /yle 9 :i* *ildr5 are born 9 ! slums2 devotion to a tru? t c be common to all2 ! depression ( ! value & dignity ( man1 & a c]ta9 lack ( rev]5ce = all ?+s--^! f\r aspirations ( ,*ri/ianity & ,prote/antism h be5 ! aspirations ( sci5ce1 & at ! pres5t mom5t !y are practically atta9$4 ,un=tunately1 x is 9 ! nature ( human be+s to imitate success1 & ,engl&'s success z a coloniz+ & con/itutional nation has und\bt$ly be5 a pot5t =ce 9 spread+ n only h] comm]cial1 b also h] philosophical views among all ambiti\s & aspir+ ,we/]n nations1 :o guilelessly took ! evil ) ! good4 ,! empirici/s1 ,francis ,bacon1 ,hobbes & ,locke1 7 among ! fir/1 by _! tea*+1 to level a decisive bl[ at g5u9e ?\ght1 at ! man :o kn[s & :o is ! measure ( all ?+s2#ch & ?is !y did by arriv+ at a conception ( k & ?\ght t conv]t$ ! latt] into possessions :i* might be common to ev]ybody--t is to say1 by r$uc+ all k to t :i* c be made imm$iately ! exp]i5ce ( all4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ blasphemy aga9/ ! human _s t has ev] be5 committ$4 ,by means ( x1 e "o1 :atev] he might be1 c\ld aspire to intellectuality & wisdom2 = exp]i5ce belongs to ev]ybody1 :]eas a great _s is ! possession only ( ! fewe/4 ,! ,fr5*m51 ,helvetius1 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,maup]tius1 ,condillac1 ,did]ot1 d',alemb]t1 ,la ,mettrie & ,b>on ,holba*1 7 quick to become infect$1 & 9 ,g]many1 despite ! ess5tially ari/ocratic influ5ce ( ,leibnitz1#ci ,kant 0 ! fir/ to foll[ suit4 ,begun 9 ?is way1 ,engli% philosophical speculation1 z ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl] says1 0 =c$ to gr[ ev] m & m mat]iali/ic#dj 9 "*1 &1 if ,sci5ce has already come v g5]ally to mean1 n t :i* may be kn[n1 b only su* k z e animal ) faculties a little above ^? ( an ant or a beav] c be induc$ to admit1 & if incommunicable k1 or k :i* c be communicat$ at pres5t only to a portion--p]haps a small portion--( mank9d1 is already affirm$ to be no k at all1#da x is ?anks to ! ef=ts ( ! fa!rs ( ,engli% ?\ght4 ,h5ce ,nietzs*e's cry1 t ,european ignobl5ess1 ! plebeian ism ( mod]n ideas--is ,engl&'s "w & inv5tion4#db ,b x is n alone 9 its vulg>ization ( ! concept ( k1 or 9 its mat]iali/ic t5d5cy1 t ,engli% influ5ce has help$ to r$uce ! dignity ( man & to level 8 k9d2 ! utilit>ians f ,b5?am to ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,sidgwick1 by tak+ ! greate/ numb] z ! norm1 z ! /&>d & measurem5t ( all ?+s1 ably reflect$ ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 ( ! equality ( s\ls1 9 _! works1 &1 incid5tally1 by s do+1 treat$ ! greate/ numb] exce$+ly badly4 ,= :at is m$iocre c nei!r be exalt$ nor *>m$ by values drawn f m$iocrity1 & is con/antly 9 ne$ ( values drawn f sup]-m$iocrity1 = its joy1 = its love ( life1 & = its reconciliation ) drabby reality4#dc #cg ,x is important "h to note1 fir/1 t ,rog] ,bacon 0 an ,ari/otelian ?r\gh 8 intimate /udy ( ! ,arabian treatises on ! ,greek philosoph]1 &1 secondly1 t al?\gh ,greek speculation 0 gov]n$ m by insight ?an exp]i5ce1 ,ari/otle =ms a /rik+ exception to ?is rule4 #ch ,g4 ,e41 p4 #baj3 ,:at is lack+ 9 ,engl&1 & has always be5 lack+1 t half-actor & rhetorician knew well en\gh1 ! absurd muddle-head ,c>lyle1 :o s\ght to conceal "u passionate grimaces :at he knew ab\t himself3 namely1 :at 0 lack+ 9 ,c>lyle--real p[] ( intellect1 real dep? ( intellectual p]ception1 9 %ort1 philosophy4 #ci ,9 reply to ^? :o said1 ,no?+ exi/s 9 ! intellect b :at has be=e exi/$ 9 ! s5ses1 ,leibnitz repli$3 ,yes1 no?+ b ! intellect4 #dj ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] /hetik 7#ahgb74 ,speak+ ( ! ,engli% /heticians1 he says 7p4 #bhe71 ,! fact t !re is no decrease1 b r an increase ( ,mat]ialism 9 _! ?\ght1 no purification 9 _! m$itation f ! co>s5ess ( exp]i5ce1 b r a gradual imm]sion 9 ! same1 may also be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! developm5t ( ! ,engli% _s 9 g5]al4 #da ,cov5try ,patmore1 ,pr9ciples 9 ,art1 p4 #bji4 #db ,g4 ,e41 p4 #bac4 #dc ,ev5 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill saw ! flaw 9 8 own tea*+ 9 ?is respect1 & ackn[l$g$ x op5ly4 ,see 8 ,lib]ty1 *apt] ,! ,elem5ts ( ,well-,be+1 p>agraph #ac4 ,d4 ,! ,evolution>y ,hypo!sis4 ,f9ally1 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ^! two t5d5cies at la/ rea*$ _! z5i?1 & culm9at$ 9 a discov]y :i*1 by "s1 is consid]$ z ! pr\de/ product ( ! ,engli% m9d4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* 0 at once a gospel & a solution ( all _w riddles1 & :i* infect$ ! :ole atmosph]e ( ,europe f ,ed9burgh to ,a!ns1 0 ! ,evolution>y ,hypo!sis z exp\nd$ by ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]4 ,a m utt]ly vulg>1 me*ani/ic1 & depress+ conception ( life & man _c be conceiv$ ?an ?is evolution>y hypo!sis z x 0 pres5t$ to u by its two mo/ fam\s expon5ts2 & its imm$iate popul>ity & rapid success1 alone1 %\ld h made x seem suspici\s1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( its mo/ ard5t adh]5ts4 ,& yet x 0 acclaim$ & embrac$ by almo/ ev]ybody1 save ^?1 only1 ^: int]e/s x assail$4 ,h[ mu* m noble 0 ! orig9 ( ! _w z describ$ ev5 9 ,g5esis1 ,disraeli 0 "o ( ! fir/ to see & to decl>e2#dd & yet1 s /rong 0 ! fai? 9 a doctr9e :i*1 by means ( its popul> pro( ?r\gh s-call$ facts1 c\ld become ! common possession ( e t9k]1 tailor & soldi]1 t p pref]r$ to ?9k !y _h desc5d$ f monkeys1 r ?an d\bt su* an ov]:elm+ array ( data1 & reg>d !mselves /ill z fall5 angels4 ,9 its description ( ! prime motor ( life z a /ruggle = exi/5ce2 9 its insi/5ce ^u adaptation to environm5t & me*anical adju/m5t to ext]nal influ5ces2#de 9 its deification ( a bl9d & utt]ly inadequate =ce :i* 0 call$ ,natural ,selection2 & above all 9 its unpr9cipl$ optimism1 ?is new doctr9e bore ! indelible /amp ( %all[ness & vulg>ity4 ,accord+ to x1 man 0 n only a sup]ior monkey1 b he 0 also a creature :o sacrific$ ev]y?+ 9 ord] to live2 he 0 n only a slave ( habit1 b he 0 a yield+ jelly1 fa%ion$ by 8 surr\nd+s2 he 0 n only a c[>d1 b a cabbage2 &1 ) x all1 he 0 invok$ to d no?+ to assi/ ! _w process & 8 own improvem5t2 =1 he 0 told by 8 unscrupul\s tea*]s1 t evil t5d$ p]petually to disappe>1#df & t progress 0 !re=e n an accid5t1 b a necessity4#dg ,?us n only 0 man debas$1 b we c\ld n[ fold our arms apa!tically1 & look on :ile he da%$ headlong to 8 ru94#dh ,no1 said ! evolutioni/s1 we d n believe 9 a moral ord] ( ?+s1 al?\gh our doctr9e does inde$ seem to be a reflection ( su* an ord]2 nei!r d we believe 9 ,god3 b we c]ta9ly p9 our fai? to our little idol ,evolution1 & feel q conv9c$ t x is go+ to make u muddle ?r\gh to p]fection someh[--look at our pro(s6 ,& :at are ^! pro(s8 ,on all sides !y are fall+ to bits1 & we are quickly com+ to ! conclusion t an assembly ( facts c prove no?+--save ! inability ( a sci5ti/ to play ! rle ( a creative poet4 ,nietzs*e 0 "o ( ! fir/ to see1 t if ,becom+ 7 a reliable hypo!sis1 x mu/ be support$ by diff]5t pr9ciples f ^? ( ! ,d>w9ian s*ool1 & he sp>$ no pa9s 9 sket*+ out ^! diff]5t pr9ciples4#di ,^! ,engli% psy*ologi/s--:at d !y really mean8 ,nietzs*e dem&s4 ,we always f9d !m volunt>ily or involunt>ily at ! same task ( pu%+ to ! front ! p>tie honteuse ( our inn] _w1 & look+ = ! effici5t1 gov]n+ & decisive pr9ciple 9 t precise qu>t] :]e ! intellectual self-respect ( ! race w\ld be ! mo/ reluctant to f9d x--t is to say1 9 slo?fulness ( habit1 or 9 =getfulness1 or 9 bl9d & =tuit\s me*anism & association ( ideas1 or 9 "s factor t is purely passive1 reflex1 molecul>1 or fundam5tally /upid1--:at is ! real motive p[] :i* always impels ^! psy*ologi/s 9 precisely ?is direction8#ej ,n "o ( ^! advocates ( me*anism1 h[ev]1 realiz$ h[ pr(\ndly he 0 degrad+ man1 & h[ s]i\sly he _h !re=e sulli$ all human a*ievem5t4 ,9 _! sci5tific r*auff ( ! ,*ri/ian concept ( man's depravity1 !y all _h ! mo/ he>ty fai?1 &1 z !re 0 little 9 _! ov]-populat$ & indu/rial c\ntry to contradict _! conclusions1 !y did n refra9 f pass+ ^! conclusions into law4 ,we c detect no?+ 9 ?is greate/ sci5tific a*ievem5t ( ! la/ c5tury :i* s]i\sly resi/s or opposes our h]itage 9 ! realm ( ! religi\s _s4 ,9 _! fundam5tals1 ! two are "o2 ,& :5 we take !m bo? to task1 & try to discov] _! influ5ce ^u ! _w1 we wond] n s mu* :y ,art is s bad1 b :y ,art has surviv$ at all4 ,=1 ?\gh = ! mom5t we may exclude ! influ5ce ( e>li] ,engli% ?\ght ^u g5]al arti/ic a*ievem5t1 at lea/ ! degrad$ condition ( ,art at ! pres5t day _c be divorc$ 9 ?is mann] f m rec5t ,engli% speculation1 = ev5 ,mr4 ,bosanquet c\nts ,d>w9 & ,lyell among ^? :o h u%]$ 9 ! new r5aissance ( art 9 ,engl&6#ea ,at pres5t1 says ,nietzs*e1 nobody has any long] ! c\rage = sep>ate rights1 = rights ( dom9ation1 = a feel+ ( rev]5ce = himself & 8 equals1--= pa?os ( di/ance1444 & ev5 our politics are morbid f ?is want ( c\rage6#eb ,to-day1 :5 all rev]5ce has vani%$1 ev5 be=e k+s & gods1 :5 to respect oneself ov]mu* is reg>d$ ) undisguis$ res5tm5t1 :at c we hope f a qu>t] 9 :i* self-rev]5ce & rev]5ce 9 g5]al are ! fir/ ne$s ( all8 ,we c only hope to f9d :at we actually see1 & t1 z we all v well "k & _c d5y1 is a condition ( an>*y1 incompet5ce1 purposelessness & *aos4 ,culture 444 has a v important function to fulfil = mank9d1 said ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,& ?is function is p>ticul>ly important 9 our mod]n _w1 ( :i* ! :ole civilization is1 to a mu* great] degree ?an ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome1 me*anical & ext]nal1 & t5ds con/antly to become m s4 ,b1 above all1 9 our own c\ntry has culture a weighty "p to p]=m1 because1 "h1 t me*anical "*1 :i* civilization t5ds to take ev]y:]e1 is %[n 9 ! mo/ em95t degree4444 ,! idea ( p]fection z an inw>d condition ( ! m9d & _s is at v>iance ) ! me*anical & mat]ial civilization 9 e/eem ) u1 & n[h]e1 z ,i h said1 s mu* 9 e/eem z ) u4#ec ,we may tru/ t x is n 9 va9 t m5 l ,mat!w ,arnold & ,nietzs*e rais$ _! voices aga9/ ! _s ( ! age4 ,& we may hope t x is n 9 va9 t less] m5 h tak5 up _! cry4 ,9 any case ,nietzs*e did n write 9 utt] despair4 ,8 words d n fall l fad$ autumn leaves ann\nc+ ! g5]al dea? t is imm95t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he saw himself approa*+ a new c5tury1 ?is c5tury1 & he drew m ?an half 8 ard\r f ! hope t we might n[ r5\nce ?is h]itage ( ! pa/1 ! delet]i\s effects ( :i* he sp5t 8 lifetime 9 expos+4 ,awake & li/51 ye lonely ones6 he says4 ,f ! future w9ds are com+ ) a g5tle beat+ ( w+s1 & !re come? good tid+s = f9e e>s4 ,ye lonely ones ( to-day1 ye :o /& ap>t1 ye %all "o day be a p1 & f y :o h *os5 y\rselves1 a *os5 p %all arise4 ,v]ily a place ( heal+ %all ! e>? become6 ,& already a new od\r lie? ar\nd x1 an od\r :i* br+e? salvation--& a new hope4#ed #dd ,see ,fr\de's ,! ,e>l ( ,beaconsfield 7#i? ,edition71 pp4 #agf1 #agg3 ,! discov]ies ( sci5ce are n1 we are told1 consi/5t ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4444 ,x is ( great importance :5 ?is tattle ab\t sci5ce is m5tion$1 t we %\ld atta* to ! phrase precise ideas4 ,! function ( sci5ce is ! int]pretation ( nature1 & ! int]pretation ( ! highe/ nature is ! highe/ sci5ce4 ,:at is ! highe/ nature8 ,man is ! highe/ nature4 ,b ,i mu/ say t :5 ,i comp>e ! int]pretation ( ! highe/ nature by ! mo/ advanc$1 ! mo/ fa%ionable s*ool ( mod]n sci5ce ) "s o!r tea*+ ) :i* we are famili> ,i am n prep>$ to admit t ! lecture room is m sci5tific ?an ! ,*ur*4 ,:at is ! "q n[ plac$ be=e society1 ) a glib assurance ! mo/ a/\nd+8 ,! "q is ?is3 ,is man an ape or an angel8 ,i1 my ,"l1 ,i am on ! side ( ! angels4 ,i repudiate ) indignation & abhorr5ce ! contr>y view1 :i* ,i believe =eign to ! consci5ce ( humanity4 #de ,see p4 #cg4 #df ,sp5c]1 ,social ,/atics 7,ed4 #ahib71 p4 #bg4 #dg ,ibid41 p4 #ca4 #dh ,two ,*ri/ian pr9ciples are conceal$ "h3 #a4 ,! depravity ( man4 #b4 ,fai? 9 a moral ord] ( ?+s4 #di ,i h discuss$ ?is "q1 ) z mu* detail z ! space w\ld all[1 9 ,nietzs*e1 8 ,life & ,works1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 7,con/able's ,philosophies ,anci5t & ,mod]n74 ,see also my lett]1 ,nietzs*e & ,sci5ce1 9 ! ,spectator ( #h? ,janu>y1 #aiaj4 #ej ,g4 ,m41 p4 #ag4 #ea ,a ,hi/ory ( /hetic1 p4 #dde4 #eb ,a41 ,aph4 #dc4 #ec ,culture & ,an>*y 7,smi?1 ,eld]1 #aiji71 p4 #aj4 #ed ,z41 ,i1 ,,xxii4 ,lecture ,,ii#a ,gov]nm5t 9 ,art4 ,nietzs*e's ,def9ition ( ,art ,"p ,i ,div9e ,art & ! ,man-,god ,& ,god bless$ !m1 & ,god said unto !m1 ,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x3 & h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?4--,g5esis i4 #bh4 ,man has ceas$ f believ+ 9 miracles1 because he is conv9c$ t ! div9e p[] ( ! miracle-work] has dep>t$ f him4 ,at la/ he has proclaim$ ! age ( wond]s to be at an end1 because he no long] kn[s himself capable ( work+ wond]s4 ,he ackn[l$ges t miracles are /ill ne$$4 ,he he>s ! di/ress+ cry = ! sup]-natural ev]y:]e4 ,all ab\t him to-day he feels t wond]s w h to be work$ if ! value ( ,life1 ( 8 fell[s1 & ( himself is to be rais$1 by h[ev] little2 & yet he halts l "o p>alyz$ be=e ! task he c no long] accompli%1 & f9d+ t 8 h& has lo/ its cunn+ & t 8 eye has lo/ its au?ority1 he /amm]s helplessly t ! age ( miracles has gone by4 ,ev]y?+ conv9ces him ( ! fact4 ,ev]ybody1 f 8 prie/ to 8 port]1 f 8 wife to 8 a/rolog]1 f 8 *ild to 8 neighb\r1 tells him pla9ly t he is no long] div9e1 no long] a god1 no long] ev5 a k+6 ,n only has ! age ( miracles gone by2 b ) x1 also1 has vani%$ t age 9 :i* man c\ld conceive ( god 9 8 own image4 ,!re are no gods n[2 because man himself has long s9ce d\bt$ t man is godlike4 ,soon !re w be no k+s1#b f9ally !re w be no greatness at all1 & ?is w mean ! evanesc5ce ( man himself4 ,to speak ( all ?is z ! advance ( k1 z ! m>* ( progress1 z ! triumph ( sci5ce1 & z ! glories ( enlight5m5t1 is m]ely to deck a corpse1 to grease-pa9t a sore1 & to p\r rose-wat] ov] a cesspool4 ,if ! triumph ( sci5ce mean ,! ,desc5t ( ,man2 if ! glories ( enlight5m5t mean1 aga91 ! desc5t ( man2 & if progress imply1 once m1 ! desc5t ( man2 !n ! "q to be ask$ is3 9 ^: h&s h sci5ce1 enlight5m5t & ! c>e ( progress fall58 ,?is _w is "h = u to make ( x :at we w4 ,x is a field ( yield+ clay1 9 :i*1 l s&boys1 we c build our ca/les & revel 9 our creations4 ,b :at are ^! p do+8 ,9 build+ _! ca/les !y gr[ ev] m l beav]s1 & ants1 & beetles4 ,9 lay+ out _! g>d5s !y gr[ ev] m l slugs1 & worms1 & c5tip$es4 ,& _! joy seems to be to feel !mselves small & despis$4 ,once1 = in/ance1 _! sky 0 ! mighty god ,indra2 ! cl\ds 7 8 flock1 & he drove 8 flock across 8 va/ fields--blue & fragrant ) delicate fl[]s4 ,_! fruitful ra9 0 ! milk :i* _! god ,indra obta9$ f 8 h]d ( c[s1 & _! seasons ( dr\ght 7 times :5 ! god ,indra 0 robb$ by brig&s ( 8 flock4 ,n[1 _! sky is inf9ite space4 ,_! cl\ds are masses ( vap\r 9 a /ate ( cond5sation m or less consid]able1 & _! ra9 is ! outcome ( t cond5sation becom+ too consid]able4 ,n s _m ye>s ago _! ,heav5 & _! ,e>? 7 ! fa!r & "m ( all liv+ ?+s1 :o _h become sep>at$ 9 ord] t _! (fspr+ might h room to live & brea! & move4 ,& ?us _! mi/s 7 ! passionate sighs ( ! lov+ wife1 brea?+ h] love heav5w>ds2 & ! dew1 ! te>ful response ( h] affectionate & sorr[ful sp\se4 ,n[1 _! ,heav5 is a ?+ t no "o kn[s any?+ at all ab\t4 ,_! ,e>? is an oblate sph]oid revolv+ aimlessly ?r\gh a hypo!tical m$ium call$ e!r2 _! mi/s are vapor\s emanations2 :ile _! dew is a dis*>ge ( moi/ure f ! air ^u sub/ances t h irradiat$ a suffici5t quantity ( heat4 ,_! ,sun 0 once a god ) long1 %9+ /reams ( gold5 hair1 ( :i* e ye> _! goddess ,night w\ld rob him1 ?us leav+ ,w9t] mi/ress ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 _! sun is ! c5tral orb ( _! ,sol> sy/em4 ,x consi/s ( a nucleus1 x is surr\nd$ by a photosph]e & a *romosph]e1 & has a disease ( ! face call$ spots4 ,! facts rema9 ! same2 ! mi/ /ill rises1 ! dew /ill falls1 & ! canopy ( ,heav5 /ill spans ! two horizons4 ,:atev] ! int]pretation ( ^! ph5om5a may be1 ?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t !y are /ill ) u4 ,b !re is "o ?+ t *anges2 "o ?+ t _c rema9 indiff]5t to int]pretation--ev5 ?\gh ! facts d n alt]1--& t is ! s\l ( man4 ,a million times m s5sitive to *anges 9 int]pretation ?an ! column ( m]cury is to *anges 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! s\l ( man rises or falls accord+ to ! nobility or ! bas5ess ( ! mean+ :i* he himself puts into ?+s2 &1 j z1 9 ?is matt]1 he may be 8 own reg5]ator1 s1 also1 may he be 8 own assass94 #a ,deliv]$ at ,univ]sity ,college on ,dec4 #h?1 #aiaj4 #b ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahg3 ,! "t ( k+s has gone by1 because p are no long] wor?y ( !m4 ,!y d n wi% to see ! symbol ( _! ideal 9 a k+1 b only a means to _! own ends4 ,see also ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,lvi4 #a4 ,! ,_w )\t =m & void4 ,=1 9 ! beg9n+1 ! _w 0 )\t =m & void1 ?+s surr\nd$ man2 b !y _h no mean+4 ,8 s5ses receiv$ probably ! same numb] ( impressions z !y d n[--& p]haps m--b ^! impressions _h no co-ord9ation & no ord]4 ,he c\ld nei!r calculate !m1 reckon ) !m1 nor communicate#c !m to 8 fell[s4 ,be=e he c\ld ?us calculate1 reckon )1 & communicate ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 a va/ process ( simplification1 co-ord9ation1 organization & ord]+ _h to be und]tak51 & ?is process1 h[ev] arbitr>ily x may h be5 begun1 0 "o ( ! fir/ ne$s ( ?9k+ man4 ,ev]y?+ _h to be giv5 "s mean+1 "s int]pretation1 & "s place2 & 9 e case1 ( c\rse1 ?is int]pretation 0 9 ! t]ms ( man1 ?is mean+ 0 a human mean+1 & ?is place 0 a position relative to humanity4 ,p]haps no object is adequately def9$ until ! relation to x ( e creature & ?+ 9 ! univ]se has be5 duly discov]$ & record$4#d ,b no su* transc5d5tal mean+ ( a ?+ preoccupi$ primeval man4 ,all he wi%$ 0 to und]/& ! _w1 9 ord] t he might h p[] ov] x1 reckon ) x1 & communicate 8 impressions conc]n+ x4 ,&1 to ?is end1 ! only relation ( a ?+ t he 0 conc]n$ ) 0 its relation to himself4 ,x mu/ be giv5 a "n1 a place1 an ord]1 a mean+--h[ev] arbitr>y1 h[ev] fanciful1 h[ev] euphemi/ic4 ,facts 7 useless1 *aotic1 bewild]+1 mean+less1 be=e !y _h be5 adju/$1#e organiz$1 classifi$1 & int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ! desires1 hopes1 aims & ne$s ( a p>ticul> k9d ( man4 ,?us int]pretation 0 ! fir/ activity ( all to ?9k+ humanity1 & x 0 human ne$s t int]pret$ ! _w4#f ,! love ( int]pret+ & ( adju/+--?is primeval love & desire1 ?is p[] ( ! s&boy ov] 8 ca/les2 h[ mu* ( ! joy 9 ,life1 ! love ( ,life1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! sorr[ 9 ,life1 does n dep5d ^u x6 ,= we c "k only a _w :i* we ourselves h creat$4#g ,!re 0 ! univ]se--/range & inscrutable2 t]rible 9 its /rang5ess1 insuff]able 9 its inscrutability1 incalculable 9 its multif>i\sness4 ,) 8 consci\sness j awak+1 a cl\d or a %[] might be any?+ to man--a godlike fri5d or a savage foe4 ,! dome ( blue beh9d 0 also prodigi\s 9 its volume & dep?1 & ! />s ^u x at night horrible 9 _! my/]y4 ,:at1 too1 0 ?is giant's brea? t seem$ to come f n[h]e1 & :i*1 :ile x cool$ 8 face1 also b5t ! t\ghe/ trees l /raws8 ,! sun & moon 7 amaz+--! "o m>vell\sly eloqu5t1 communicative1 g5]\s1 hot & passionate3 ! o!r sil5t1 res]v$1 alo(1 cold1 incompreh5sible4#h ,b !re 7 o!r ?+s to d1 besides int]pret+ ! />s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! sea1 & ! sky above4 ,!re 0 ! p]plex+ multiplicity ( *anges & ( tides 9 ,life1 to be ma/]$ & simplifi$4 ,!re 0 ! fateful fl[ ( all ?+s into dea? & into second bir?1 ! appall+ fact ( ,becom+ & nev]-re/+1 ( *ange & in/ability1 ( bloom & ( decay1 ( rise & ( decl9e4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,x 0 impossible to live 9 *aos4 ,& yet1 9 its relation to man ,nature 0 *aotic4 ,!re 0 no ord] any:]e4 ,&1 :]e !re is no ord]1 !re are surprises1#i ambu%es1 lurk+ indignities4 ,! unexpect$ c\ld jump out at any m9ute4 ,& a ma/]ful m9d abhors surprises & loa!s disord]4 ,8 ,w to ,p[] is humiliat$ by !m4 ,to man1--:e!r he be ( ye/]day1 ( to-day or ( to-morr[-- unfamili>ity1 con/ant *ange1 & unc]ta9ty1 are s\rces ( great anxiety1 great sorr[1 great humiliation & sometimes great dang]4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ mu/ be famili>iz$1 nam$ & fix$4 ,values mu/ be def9itely asc]ta9$ & det]m9$4 ,& ?us valu+ becomes a biological ne$4 ,nietzs*e ev5 goes s f> z to ascribe ! doctr9e ( causality to ! inh]5t desire 9 man to trace ! unfamili> to ! famili>4 ,! s-call$ in/9ct ( causality1 he says1 is no?+ m ?an ! fe> ( ! unfamili>1 & ! attempt at f9d+ some?+ 9 x :i* is already kn[n4#aj ,9 ! torr5t & pell-mell ( ,becom+1 "s mile/ones mu/ be fix$ = ! purpose ( human ori5tation4 ,9 ! avalan*e ( evolution>y *anges1 pill>s mu/ be made to /&1 to :i* man c hold tight = a space & collect 8 s5ses4 ,! slipp]y soil ( a _w t is = ev] 9 flux1 mu/ be trans=m$ into a soil on :i* man c ga9 "s foo?old4#aa ,primeval man /ood baffl$ & oppress$ by ! complexity ( 8 task4 ,facts 7 insup]able z facts2 !y c\ld1 h[ev]1 be ov]come spiritually--t is to say1 by concepts4 ,& t !y mu/ be ov]come1 man nev] d\bt$ = an in/ant--he 0 too pr\d = t4 ,= 8 aim 0 n exi/5ce1 b a c]ta9 k9d ( exi/5ce--an exi/5ce 9 :i* he c\ld hold 8 head up1 look d[n ^u ! _w1 & />e defiance ev5 at ! firmam5t4 ,& ?us all humanity began to cry out = a mean+1 = an int]pretation1 = a s*eme1 :i* w\ld make all ^! di/ant & uncontrollable facts _! prop]ty1 _! spiritual possessions4 ,?is 0 n a cry = sci5ce1 or = a sci5tific explanation1 z we und]/& x2 nor 0 x a cry = tru? 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se4#ab ,= ! b>e tru?1 ! b>e fact1 ! bald reality ( ! ?+ 0 obvi\s to ev]ybody4 ,all :o _h eyes to see c\ld see x4 ,all :o _h e>s to he> c\ld he> x4 ,& all :o _h n]ves to feel c\ld feel x4 ,if ev] !re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 a tru? = all1 ?is 0 ! "t2 & x 0 ugly1 b>e & unsatisfy+4 ,:at 0 want$ 0 a s*eme ( life1 a picture ( life1 9 :i* all ^! nak$ facts & tru?s c\ld be giv5 "s place & "s human significance--9 fact1 "s ord] & arrangem5t1 :]eby !y w\ld become ! *attels ( ! human _s1 & no long] subjects ( indep5d5t exi/5ce & awful /rang5ess4#ac ,only ?us c\ld ! dignity & pride ( humanity beg9 to brea! ) fre$om4 ,only ?us c\ld life be made possible1 :]e exi/5ce alone 0 n ! s+le aim & desire4 ,! purpose ( 'k1' says ,nietzs*e1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( 'good1' or 'beautiful1' mu/ be reg>d$ /rictly & n>r[ly f an an?ropoc5tric & biological /&po9t4 ,9 ord] t a p>ticul> species may ma9ta9 & increase its p[]1 its conception ( reality mu/ conta9 en\gh :i* is calculable & con/ant to all[ ( its =mulat+ a s*eme ( conduct4 ,! utility ( pres]vation--& n "s ab/ract or !oretical ne$ to es*ew deception--/&s z ! motive =ce beh9d ! developm5t ( ! organs ( k4444 ,9 o!r words1 ! measure ( ! desire = k dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! ,w to ,p[] gr[s 9 a c]ta9 species3 a species gets a grasp ( a giv5 am\nt ( reality 9 ord] to ma/] x1 9 ord] to enli/ t am\nt into its s]vice4#ad ,& ?us ! object 01 n to "k1 b to s*ematize1 to impose z mu* regul>ity & =m ^u *aos z our practical ne$s requir$4#ae ,! :ole app>atus ( k1 says ,nietzs*e1 is an ab/ract+ & simplify+ app>atus--n direct$ at k1 b at ! appropriation ( ?+s4#af ,no physical ?ir/1 no physical hung]1 has ev] be5 /rong] ?an ?is ?ir/ & hung]1 :i* ye>n$ to make all t is unfamili>1 famili>2 or 9 o!r words1 all t is outside ! _s1 inside ! _s4#ag ,life )\t food & dr9k 0 bad en\gh2 b ,life )\t n\ri%m5t = ?is spiritual appetite1 ?is fami%$ wond]1#ah ?is />v+ amazem5t1 0 utt]ly intol]able6 ,! human sy/em c\ld appropriate1 & c\ld trans=m into man1 9 bone & fle%1 ! vegetation & ! animals ( ! e>?2 b :at 0 requir$ 0 a process1 a ,weltans*auung1 a g5]al concept ( ! e>? :i* w\ld enable man to appropriate also ,life's o!r facts1 & trans=m !m into man ! _s4 ,h5ce ! s-call$ ?ir/ = k may be trac$ to ! lu/ ( appropriation & conque/1#ai & ! w to tru? to a process ( e/abli%+ ?+s1 to a process ( mak+ ?+s true & la/+4444 ,?us tru? is n some?+ :i* is pres5t & :i* has to be f\nd & discov]$2 x is some?+ :i* has to be creat$ & :i* gives its "n to a process1 or bett] /ill1 to ! w to ov]p[]4#bj ,= :at is tru?8 ,x is any int]pretation ( ! _w :i* has succe$$ 9 becom+ ! belief ( a p>ticul> type ( man4#ba ,!re=e !re c be _m tru?s2 !re=e !re mu/ be an ord] ( rank among tru?s4 ,let ?is mean ,w to ,tru? unto y1 says ,z>a?u/ra1 t ev]y?+ be made ?9kable1 visible1 tangible unto man6 ,& :at ye h call$ ! _w1 %all h fir/ to be creat$ by y3#bb y\r reason1 y\r image1 y\r w1 y\r love %all ! _w be6 ,&1 v]ily1 = y\r own bliss1 ye knights ( ,k6#bc ,! purpose 0 to deceive oneself 9 a useful way2 ! means !reto 0 ! inv5tion ( =ms & signs1 ) ! help ( :i*1 ! confus+ multif>i\sness ( ,life c\ld be r$uc$ to a useful & wieldly s*eme4#bd ,?is 0 ! crav+4 ,n only mu/ a mean+1 a human mean+1 be giv5 to all ?+s1 9 ord] to subord9ate !m to man's p[]2 b ,life itself mu/ also be s*ematiz$ & arrang$4 ,&1 :ile all humanity cri$ al\d = ?is to be done1 x 0 humanity's arti/s & high] m5 :o set to & did x4#be #c ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gb3 444 ,communication is necess>y1 & = x to be possible1 some?+ mu/ be /able1 simple & capable ( be+ /at$ precisely4 #d ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fe4 #e ,okakura-,kakuzo1 ,! ,book ( ,tea1 p4 #eh3 ,adju/m5t is ,art4 #f ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ac4 ,see also ,?4 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #be4 ,speak+ ( int]pretation1 he says3 ,& ?is t5d5cy 0 notably /r5g!n$ by ! suspici\s circum/ances ( ext]nal life1 :i* awoke ! desire = cle>ness1 di/9ctness & a logical sequ5ce ( ideas4 #g ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ba4 ,see also ,max ,mll]1 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 pp4 #aih-bjg1 ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #ai4 #h ,hegel1 9 8 ,vorlesung5 b] /hetik 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #djf71 says3 ,if we %\ld wi% to speak ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( symbolic ,art z a subjective /ate1 we %\ld rememb] t arti/ic m$itation 9 g5]al1 l religi\s m$itation--or r ! two 9 "o--& ev5 sci5tific rese>*1 took _! orig9 9 wond]m5t4 #i ,hegel makes "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is po9t4 ,see 8 ,vorlesung5 b] /hetik1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cai4 ,he %[s t ! extreme regul>ity ( g>d5s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 indicative ( _! own]s' ma/]ful natures4 #aj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4 ,see also p4 #aa3 to 'und]/&' means simply ?is3 to be able to express some?+ new 9 ! t]ms ( some?+ old or famili>4 #aa ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hh4 #ab ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bf3 ,! pr]equisite ( all liv+ ?+s & ( _! lives is3 t !re %\ld be a l>ge am\nt ( fai?1 t x %\ld be possible to pass def9ite judgm5ts on ?+s1 & t !re %\ld be no d\bt at all conc]n+ values4 ,?us x is necess>y t some?+ %\ld be assum$ to be true1 n t x is true4 #ac ,felix ,clay1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,s5se ( ,beauty1 p4 #ie3 ,! m9d or ! eye1 br\ght face to face ) a numb] ( disconnect$ & app>5tly diff]5t facts1 ideas1 %apes1 s\nds or objects1 is bo!r$ & uneasy2 ! mom5t t "s c5tral conception is (f]$ or discov]$ by :i* !y all fall into ord]1 s t _! due relation to "o ano!r c be p]ceiv$ & ! :ole grasp$1 !re is a s5se ( relief & pleasure :i* is v int5se4 #ad ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ab4 #ae ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bi4 #af ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bd4 #ag ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 ,hegel 0 also approa*+ ?is tru? :5 he said1 9 8 introduction to ! ,vorlesung5 b] /hetik 7pp4 #eh1 #ei ( ! translation ( t ,introduction by ,b4 ,bosanquet73 ,man is realiz$ = himself by poetical activity1 inasmu* z he has ! impulse1 9 ! m$ium :i* is directly giv5 to him1 & ext]nally pres5t$ be=e him1 to produce himself4 ,?is purpose he a*ieves by ! modification ( ext]nal ?+s ^u :i* he impresses ! seal ( 8 inn] be+4 ,man does ?is 9 ord]1 z a free subject1 to /rip ! out] _w ( its /ubborn =eignness1 & to enjoy1 9 ! %ape & fa%ion ( ?+s1 a m]e ext]nal reality ( himself4 #ah ,hegel aga9 seems to be on ! road to ,nietzs*e's /&po9t1 :5 he says3 ,wond]m5t arises :5 man1 z a _s sep>at$ f 8 imm$iate connection ) ,nature1 & f ! imm$iate relation to 8 m]ely practical desires1 /eps back f ,nature & f 8 own s+ul> exi/5ce1 & !n beg9s to seek & to see g5]alities1 p]man5t qualities1 & absolute attributes 9 ?+s 7,vorlesung5 b] /hetik1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #djf74 #ai ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cci4 ,see also ,hegel 7,vorlesung5 b] /hetik1 p4 #abh73 ,! in/9ct ( curiosity & ! desire = k1 f ! l[e/ /age up to ! highe/ degree ( philosophical insight1 is ! outcome only ( man's ye>n+ to make ! _w 8 own 9 _s & concepts4 #bj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fj4 #ba ,tru? is t k9d ( error )\t :i* a c]ta9 species ( liv+ be+ _c exi/ 7,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bj74 ,see also ,g4 ,e41 pp4 #h1 #i3 ,a belief might be false & yet life-pres]v+4 ,see also ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cf1 #cg3 ,we %\ld n int]pret ?is con/ra9t 9 ourselves to imag9e concepts1 species1 =ms1 purposes1 & laws z if we 7 9 a position to con/ruct a real _w2 b z a con/ra9t to adju/ a _w by means ( :i* our exi/5ce is ensur$3 we !reby create a _w :i* is det]m9able1 simplifi$1 compreh5sible1 etc41 = u4 #bb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 #bc ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxiv4 ,see also ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cc3 ,tru? is ! w to be ma/] ov] ! manifold s5sations t rea* consci\sness2 x is ! w to classify ph5om5a accord+ to def9ite categories4 #bd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 ,m4 ,see also ,s*ell+1 ,sy/em des transc5d5tal5 ,idealismus1 p4 #dfh1 :]e ! au?or says1 ,sci5ce1 9 ! highe/ int]pretation ( ?is t]m1 has "o & ! same mission z ,art4 #be ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bh1 #ij1 #ajc4 #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,arti/s4 ,= x 0 !n t man's /ronge/ in/9ct became creative 9 man's highe/ product--! arti/--& ! discov]y 0 made t ! _w1 al?\gh )\t =m & void1 z a fact1 c\ld be simplifi$ & made calculable & full ( =m & attractions1 z a valuation1 z an int]pretation1 z a spiritual possession4 ,) ! _w at a di/ance f him1 unfamili> & unhuman1 man's exi/5ce 0 a torm5t4 ,) x b5ea? him1 inside him1 be>+ ! impress ( 8 _s1 & proce$+ f him1 he became a "l1 ca/+ c>e to ! w9ds1 & t]ror to ! bea/s ar\nd4 ,man1 ! brave/ animal on e>?1 ?us conceiv$ ! only possible condition ( 8 exi/5ce2 namely1 to become ma/] ( ! _w4 ,&1 :5 we ?9k ( ! miracles he !n began to p]=m1 we cease f wond]+ :y he once believ$ 9 miracles1 :y he ?\ght ( ,god z 9 8 own image1 & :y he made 8 /ronge/ in/9ct ,god1 & !reupon made ,him say3 ,repl5i% ! e>? & subdue x6 ,x 0 !re=e ! p[]ful :o made ! names ( ?+s into law4#bf ,x 0 _! ,w to ,p[] t simplifi$1 organiz$1 ord]$ & s*ematiz$ ! _w1 & x 0 _! w to prevail :i* made !m proclaim _! simplification1 _! organization1 _! ord] & s*eme1 z ! norm1 z ! ?+ to be believ$1 z ! _w ( values :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z creation itself4 ,^! e>ly arti/s conceiv$ ( no o!r way ( subdu+ ! e>? ?an by conv]t+ x into concepts2 &1 z "t soon %[$ t !re actually 0 no o!r way1 int]pretation came to be reg>d$ z ! greate/ task ( all4#bg ,nam+1 adju/+1 classify+1 qualify+1 valu+1 putt+ a mean+ into ?+s1 &1 above all1 simplify+--all ^! functions acquir$ a sacr$ "*1 & he :o p]=m$ !m to ! glory ( 8 fell[s became sacrosanct4 ,s great 7 ! relief & solace t ^! functions be/[$ ^u mank9d1 & s diff]5t did ugly reality appe>1 once x _h be5 int]pret$ by ! arti/ m9d1 t creat+ & nam+ actually began to acquire mu* ! same s5se4 ,= to put a mean+ into ?+s 0 cle>ly to create !m afre%#bh--;9 fact1 to create !m lit]ally4 ,& s x came to pass t1 9 "o ( ! olde/ religions on e>?1 ! religion ( ,egypt1 ,god 0 imag9$ z a ,be+ :o creat$ ?+s by nam+ !m2#bi :ile1 9 ! ,judaic notion ( ! creation ( ! _w1 :i* 0 probably d]iv$ f ! ,egyptians !mselves1 ,jehovah is also said to h br\ght ?+s into exi/5ce m]ely by pron\nc+ _! names4#cj ,! _w ?us became lit]ally man's ,"w ( ,art1#ca man's ,sculpture4#cb ,miracle aft] miracle at la/ r$uc$ ,nature to man's *attel1 & x 0 man's lu/ ( ma/]%ip1 8 w to p[]1 :i* ?us became creative 9 8 highe/ specim5--! arti/--& :i*1 fight+ = ! high] wor?9ess & mean+ ( mank9d1#cctransfigur$ reality by means ( human valuations1 & ov]came ,becom+ by falsify+ x z ,be+4#cd ,we are 9 ne$ ( lies1 says ,nietzs*e1 9 ord] to rise sup]ior to reality1 to tru?--t is to say1 9 ord] to live4444 ,t lies %\ld be necess>y to life1 is "p & p>cel ( ! t]rible & que/ionable "* ( exi/5ce4 ,metaphysics1 morality1 religion1 sci5ce--all ^! ?+s are m]ely diff]5t =ms ( falsehood1 by means ( !m we are l$ to believe 9 life4 ',life mu/ inspire confid5ce2' ! task :i* ?is imposes ^u u is enorm\s4 ,9 ord] to solve ?is problem man mu/ already be a li> 9 8 he>t4 ,b he mu/1 above all1 be an arti/4 ,& he is t4 ,metaphysics1 religion1 morality1 sci5ce--all ^! ?+s are b an (f%oot ( 8 w to ,art1 to falsehood1 to a flight f 'tru?1' to a d5ial ( 'tru?4' ,?is ability1 ?is arti/ic capacity1 p> excell5ce1 ( man--?anks to :i* he ov]comes reality ) lies--is a quality :i* he has 9 common ) all o!r =ms ( exi/5ce4444 ,to be bl9d to _m ?+s1 to see _m ?+s falsely1 to fancy _m ?+s4 ,oh1 h[ clev] man has be5 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* he believ$ t he 0 any?+ b clev]6 ,love1 en?usiasm1 ',god'--are b subtle =ms ( ultimate self-deception2 !y are b s$uctions to life & to ! belief 9 life6 ,9 ^? mom5ts :5 man 0 deceiv$1 :5 he befool$ himself & :5 he believ$ 9 life3 ,oh1 h[ 8 _s swell$ )9 him6 ,oh1 :at ec/asies he _h6 ,:at p[] he felt6 ,& :at arti/ic triumphs 9 ! feel+ ( p[]6444 ,man _h once m become ma/] ( 'matt]'--ma/] ( tru?6444 ,& :5ev] man rejoices1 x is always 9 ! same way3 he rejoices z an arti/1 8 ,p[] is 8 joy1 he enjoys falsehood z 8 p[]4#ce ,subdue x6 said ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 speak+ to man1 & po9t+ to ! e>?3 h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?4 ,?is 0 man's orig9al concept ( 8 task on e>?1 & ) x be=e him he began to brea! at la/1 & to feel no long] a worm1 entangl$ 9 a my/]i\s piece ( clockwork me*anism4 ,:at is x t creat$ e/eem+ & despis+ & value & w8 ,z>a?u/ra asks4 ,! creat+ self creat$ = itself e/eem+ & despis+1 x creat$ = itself joy & woe4 ,! creat+ body creat$ = itself _s1 z a h& to its w4#cf ,to appraise a ?+ 0 to create x = ev] 9 ! m9ds ( a p4 ,b to create a ?+ 9 ! m9ds ( a p 0 to create t p too2 = x is to h values 9 common t con/itutes a p4#cg ,creators 7 !y :o creat$ peoples1 & hung "o belief & "o love ov] !m1 says ,z>a?u/ra2 ?us !y s]v$ life4#ch ,values did man /amp ^u ?+s only t he might pres]ve himself --he alone creat$ ! mean+ ( ?+s--a human mean+6 ,!re=e calle? he himself man--t is1 ! valu+ "o4 ,valu+ is creat+3 li/51 ye creators6 ,valuation itself is ! treasure & jewel ( valu$ ?+s4 ,?r\gh valu+ alone c value arise2 & )\t valu+1 ! nut ( exi/5ce w\ld be holl[4 ,li/51 ye creators6 ,*ange ( values--t is1 *ange ( creators4#ci ,v]ily a prodigy is ?is p[] ( prais+ & blam+4 ,tell me1 ye bre?r51 :o w ma/] x = me8 ,:o w put a yoke on ! ?\s& necks ( ?is animal8#dj ,all ! beauty & sublimity ) :i* we h inve/$ real & imag9$ ?+s1 says ,nietzs*e1 ,i w %[ to be ! prop]ty & product ( man1 & ?is %\ld be 8 mo/ beautiful apology4 ,man z a poet1 z a ?9k]1 z a god1 z love1 z p[]4 ,oh1 ! regal lib]ality ) :i* he has lavi%$ gifts ^u ?+s6444 ,hi!rto ?is has be5 8 greate/ dis9t]e/$ness1 t he admir$ & wor%ipp$1 & knew h[ to conceal f himself t he x 0 :o _h creat$ :at he admir$4#da ,man z a poet1 z a ?9k]1 z a god1 z love1 z p[]--?is man1 foll[+ 8 div9e inspiration to subdue ! e>? & to make x 81 became ! greate/ /imulus to ,life itself1 ! greate/ bond betwe5 e>? & ! human s\l2 &1 9 %$d+ ! glam\r ( 8 p]sonality1 l ! sun1 ^u ! ?+s he int]pret$ & valu$1 he also gild$1 by reflection1 8 fell[ creatures4 ,!re is n a ?+ we call sacr$1 beautiful1 good or preci\s1 t has n be5 valu$ = u by ?is man1 & :5 we1 l *ildr51 call out = ! ,tru? ab\t ! riddles ( ?is _w1 x is n = ! tru? ( reality :i* is ! object ( ,*ri/ianity & ( sci5ce = :i* we crave2 b = ! simplifications#db & values ( ?is man-god1 :o1 by ! art-=m1 into :i* he ca/s reality1 makes u believe t reality is z he says x is4 ,if ?is man is lack+1 !n we succumb to ! blacke/ despair4 ,if he is ) u1 we volunt>ily yield to b\ndless joy & good *e]4 ,8 function is ! div9e pr9ciple on e>?2 8 creation ,art is ! highe/ task & ! prop]ly metaphysical activity ( ?is life4#dc #bf ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bh2 also ,c4,e41 p4 #bhh4 ,see also ,s*ell+1 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,me?ode des akademis*5 ,/udiums1 p4 #bhf3 ,! fir/ orig9 ( religion 9 g5]al1 z ( e o!r k9d ( k & culture1 c be expla9$ only z ! tea*+ ( high] natures4 #bg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hi3 ,! ,w to ,tru? at ?is /age is ess5tially ! art ( int]pretation4 #bh ,?us ,s*ill]1 9 "o ( 8 happy mom5ts1 call$ beauty our second creator 7zweite ,s*pf]974 #bi ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #fg4 #cj ,t ^? :o successfully det]m9$ values ev5 9 comp>atively rec5t times %\ld h be5 reg>d$ almo/ univ]sally z enjoy+ "s clos] intimacy ) ! ,deity ?an ord9>y mortals1 proves h[ v godlike & sacr$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] 0 ?\ght to be4 ,see ,max ,mll]1 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #hh4 #ca ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajb4 #cb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajg4 #cc ,h4 ,a4 ,h41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aed4 #cd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajh3 ,art is ! w to ov]come ,becom+1 x is a process ( et]naliz+4 ,& p4 #ajg3 ,to /amp ,becom+ ) ! "* ( ,be+--?is is ! highe/ ,w to ,p[]4 ,see also ,g4 ,m41 p4 #aii4 #ce ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhi1 #bij4 ,see also ,h4,a4,h41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aed4 #cf ,z41 ,i1 ,,iv4 #cg ,s*ell+ & ,hegel bo? held ?is view2 ! "o express$ x q categorically 9 8 lectures on ,philosophy & ,my?ology1 & ! o!r 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 #ch ,z41 ,i1 ,,xi4 #ci ,z41 ,i1 ,,xv4 #dj ,z41 ,i1 ,,xvi4 #da ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aac4 #db ,see ,?4 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 p4 #df1 :o1 speak+ ( ! old ,ionian ,nature-philosoph]s1 says3 ,! bold flight ( _! imag9ation did n /op at ! assumption ( a plurality ( inde/ructible elem5ts2 x nev] re/$ till x rea*$ ! conception ( a s+le fundam5tal or primordial matt] z ! ess5ce ( natural div]sity4444 ,! impulse to simplification1 :5 x _h once be5 ar\s$1 0 l a /one set 9 motion1 :i* rolls cont9u\sly till x is *eck$ by an ob/acle4 ,see also ,dr4 ,w4 ,worr+]1 ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 p4 #bj4 #dc ,b4 ,t41 p4 #bj4 #c4 ,! ,p & _! ,man-,god4 ,?9k ( ! joy t mu/ h spread ?r\gh a wond]+ p l ! ,greeks1 :5 !y 7 told t ,e>?1 z ! bride ( ,heav51 & f]tiliz$ by 8 life-giv+ ra91 became ! "m n only ( deep eddy+ ,ocean1 b also ( all t lives & dies ^u h] broad bosom6 ,imag9e ! jubilation1 ! feel+ ( p[] & ! s5se ( extreme relief t mu/ h fill$ ! he>ts ( ! anci5t ,new ,zeal&]s1 :5 ! fir/ great ,maori arti/ arose & said to 8 bro!rs & si/]s t x 0 ! god ( ! =e/s1 ,tane ,mahuta1 ) 8 tall trees t _h wr5*$ ! sky by =ce f "m ,e>?1 :]e once ^u a "t he us$ to cru% h] teem+ (fspr+ to dea?4#dd ,) :at sup]ior und]/&+ c\ld !y n[ gaze up into ! sky1 & snap _! f+]s scornfully at its =m] azure my/]y6 ,no wond] t ! arti/ :o c\ld come =w>d ) su* an int]pretation became a god6 ,& no wond] t 9 /rong nations gods & m5 are "o6 ,! fact t ! explanation 0 n a true "o1 accord+ to our notions1 did n matt] 9 ! lea/4 ,hi/ory n only reveals1 b also proves t lies are n necess>ily ho/ile to exi/5ce4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! human race n only liv$1 b also fl\ri%$ ) ! lie ( ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! heav5s on _! tongue4 ,= c5turies m5 ?riv$ & multipli$1 believ+ t ! lightn+ 0 ,jehovah's ang]1 & t ! ra9b[ 0 ,jehovah's rem9d] ( a c]ta9 solemn cov5ant by :i* ,he promis$ nev] aga9 to de/roy all life on e>? by a flood4 ,i d n wi% to imply t ^! two beliefs are false4 ,= my "p1 ,i w\ld pref] to believe !m1 r ?an accept ! explanations ( ^! ph5om5a :i* mod]n sci5ce (f]s me4 ,/ill1 ! fact rema9s t ^! two ,judaic explanations h be5 explod$ by mod]n sci5ce1 ?\gh ! "q :e!r1 z explanations1 !y are sup]ior to mod]n sci5ce1 sc>cely requires a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,at any rate !y 7 ! "w ( an arti/1 & :5 we ?9k ( ! joy !y mu/ h spread among wond]+ mank9d1 we _c wond] t su* an arti/ 0 made a god4 ,x 0 an arti/1 too1 :o creat$ ! un*ang+ ?+2#de :o creat$ e k9d ( p]man5cy1 i4e4 ,/ability out ( ,evolution1 & among o!r un*angeable ?+s1 ! s\l ( man1 :i* 0 p]haps ! greate/ arti/ic a*ievem5t t has ev] be5 accompli%$4 ,& ?is ,man-,god :o creat$ ,be+--t is to say1 a /able _w1 a _w :i* c be reckon$ )1 & 9 :i* ! incessant kaleidoscopic "* ( ?+s is entirely abs5t--?is same ,man-,god :o f\nd ! e>? )\t =m & void1 & ^: magnific5t ,_s mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s2 :5 p grew too weak to look ^u him z _! bro!r & ,god at ! same "t1#df 0 relegat$ to 8 own _w1 & f a great di/ance !y n[ pray to him & wor%ip him & say3 ,= ,?9e is ! ,k+dom1 ! ,p[] & ! ,glory1 ,= ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,= ev] & ev]2 ?is 0 some?+ !y c\ld n say ( ! _w z x is2 & ! ?\ght ( /ability & ( ,be+ 0 a delight to !m4 ,x may be difficult = u to picture h[ great ! rejoic+s mu/ h be5 :i* foll[$ ^u e fre% ord]+ & arrang+ ( ! univ]se1 e fre% int]pretation ( ! _w 9 ! t]ms ( man4 ,p]haps only a few p to-day1 :o are beg9n+ to ca/ dubi\s glances at ,life1 & to "q ev5 ! ju/ification ( man's exi/5ce1 may be able to =m "s conception ( ! ?rill t mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh an anci5t community1 :5 "o ( its high] m5 uprose & ord]$ & adju/$ ,life = !m1 &1 9 s ord]+ x1 transfigur$ x4 ,h[ mu* ri*] !y mu/ h felt6 ,& h[ insep>able ! two notions arti/ & giv] mu/ h appe>$ to !m6 ,if inde$ ?is is ,life1 !y mu/ h said2 if ,life is really z he ord]s x--& 8 voice & eye all[$ !m to prefix no su* if ) g5u9e scepticism--!n ( a tru? x is a well ( delight & a f\nta9 ( bless$ness4 ,?us ,art--?is function :i* is ) u 9 ord] t we may n p]i% ?r\gh tru?1#dg ?is enhancem5t ( ! feel+ ( ,life & ,life's /imulant1#dh :i* acts z a tonic1 increases /r5g? & k9dles desire#di--;became ! great s$uc] to e>? & to ! _w2#ej & we c imag9e ! gratitude t swell$ 9 ! he>ts ( m5 = him ^: function x 04 ,h[ c\ld he help b become a god6 ,ev5 tradition 0 n necess>y = ?is4 ,= at ! v mom5t :5 8 creative _s l5t its glory to ! e>?1 man mu/ h be5 consci\s ( 8 div9ity or ( 8 use z a m\?piece by a ,div9ity4#ej ,o1 ,"l ,v>una1 may ?is song g well to ?y he>t6 sang ! anci5t ,h9dus4 ,?\ :o kn[e/ ! place ( ! birds t fly ?r\gh ! sky1 :o on ! wat]s kn[e/ ! %ips4 ,?\ ! uphold] ( ord]1 :o kn[e/ ! twelve mon?s ) ! (fspr+ ( ea*1 & :o kn[e/ ! mon? t is eng5d]$ aft]w>ds4 ,?\ :o kn[e/ ! track ( ! w9d1 ( ! wide1 ! bright1 ! mighty2 & kn[e/ ^? :o reside on high4 ,?\ ! uphold] ( ord]1 ,v>una1 sit d[n among ?y p1 ?\1 ! wise1 sit !re to gov]n4 ,f !nce p]ceiv+ all wondr\s ?+s1 ?\ see/ :at has be5 & :at w be done4 ,?\ :o give/ to m5 glory1 & n half glory1 :o give/ x ev5 to our own selves4 ,?\1 ,o wise god1 art ,"l ( all1 ( heav5 & e>?6#ea ,we c foll[ e ^w ( ?is he>tfelt wor%ip ) p]fect sympa?y n[4 ,?\1 ! uphold] ( ord]1 :o kn[e/ ! twelve mon?s ) ! (fspr+ ( ea*--?is is no empty praise4 ,x is ! cry ( ^? :o feel inexpressibly grateful to _! great arti/2 to him :o has put "s mean+1 "s ord] into ! _w4 ,& ,?\ :o give/ m5 glory1 & n half glory--"h is ! s9c]e recognition ( a p :o h be5 rais$ & :o n only rejoice 9 _! elevation1 b also recognize t x has be5 a creative act--a gift & a bless+ f "o :o _h some?+ to give4 ,= ! s\l ( man is a million times m s5sitive to *anges 9 int]pretation ?an ! column ( m]cury is to *anges 9 ! atmosph]e1 & no?+ c be m grateful ?an ! s\l ( man :5 x is rais$1 h[ev] little1 & !reby glorifi$4 #dd ,see ,max ,mll]1 ,india4 ,:at c x tea* u8 pp4 #aed4 #aee2 also pp4 #aej & #aea4 #de ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #hh1 #hi3 ,happ9ess c be promis$ only by ,be+3 *ange & happ9ess exclude ea* o!r4 ,! l(tie/ desire is ?us to be "o ) ,be+4 ,t is ! =mula = ! way to happ9ess4 #df ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cac4 #dg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfd4 #dh ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdd4 #di ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beb4 #ej ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bij4 ,see also p4 #bib3 ,art is m div9e ?an tru?4 #ea ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #acc4 ,see also ,s*op5hau]1 ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,,xv1 ,ueb] ,religion1 p>a4 #agf1 :]e ?is view is ably upheld4 #eb ,rig-,v$a1 ,i1 #bc4 #d4 ,! ,dang]4 ,n[1 hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 & hav+ e/abli%$--,fir/3 t x is our arti/s :o value & int]pret ?+s = u1 & :o put a mean+ into reality :i*1 )\t !m1 x w\ld nev] possess2 &1 secondly3 t x is _! w to p[] t urges !m ?us to appropriate ,nature 9 concepts1 & _! w to prevail :i* gives !m ! ard\r to impose _! valuation ) au?ority ^u _! fell[s1 ?us =m+ a p2 ! ?\ght :i* naturally arises is ?is3 ,! p[] t arti/s c ex]cise1 & ! pr]ogative !y possess1 is "o :i* might prove exce$+ly dang]\s2 = :ile x may "w = good1 x may also "w v pot5tly = evil4 ,does x matt] :o int]prets ! _w8 :o gives a mean+ to ?+s8 :o adju/s & sy/ematizes ,nature8 & :o imposes ord] ^u *aos8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly x matt]s4 ,= a ?\s& mean+s are possible1 & m5 may h a ?\s& be5 aim+ = ye>s1 o!r int]pretations are /ill possible4 ,li/5 to y\r arti/ic fri5d's description ( ! mo/ trifl+ excursion he has made1 & !n set y\r in>ti/ic fri5d to relate --say1 8 j\rney r\nd ! _w4 ,:]eupon ask y\rself :e!r x matt]s :o sees ?+s & :o int]prets life = y4 ,! fir/1 ev5 ) 8 trifl+ excursion 9 8 m9d1 w make y ?9k t life is really wor? liv+1 t ! _w is full1 ( hidd5 treasure4 ,! second w make y conclude t ?is e>? is an un9t]e/+ mon/]1 & t bor$om c be kill$ only by ! dang]s ( motor rac+1 a]ial navigation & glaci] climb+4 ,a ?\s& pa?s are !re :i* nev] h be5 trodd51 says ,z>a?u/ra1 a ?\s& salubrities & hidd5 isl&s ( life4 ,/ill unexhau/$ & undiscov]$ is mank9d & man's _w4#ec ,?is int]pret+ ( ,nature & ?is mak+ & m\ld+ ( a p might !re=e h brilliant or s9i/] results4 ,!re are _m :o wi% to prevail2 !re are _m :o wi% to lure _! fell[s on1 & n all are /&+ on a sup]ior plane4 ,= ?\gh arti/s1 z a rule1 are m5 ( /rong prop5sities#ed & surplus en]gy1 !re is an in/9ct ( *a/ity 9 ! be/ ( !m1#ee :i* impels !m to devote all _! p[] to prevail+ 9 concepts r ?an 9 (fspr+1 & :i* makes !m avoid precisely t qu>t] :i!r o!r m5 turn :5 !y wi% to prevail4#ef ,! "q z to :at k9d ( man x is :o walks up to ,life & ord]s & values h] = u1 is !re=e ( ! mo/ extraord9>y importance4 ,no?+ c\ld be m important ?an ?is4 ,because1 z we h se51 ! "q is n "o ( tru? 9 ! ,*ri/ian & mod]n sci5tific s5se4 ,a belief is (t5 life-pres]v+ & /ill false f ! /&po9t ( reality4#eg ,x is a matt]1 r1 ( f9d+ t belief1 :e!r true or false1 :i* mo/ conduces to ! love ( an exalt$ =m ( ,life4 ,& if we ask1 ,:o is ! man :o is int]pret+ life = u8 ,:at is he8 ,:at is 8 rank8 we practically lay our f+] ^u ! v wor? ( our view ( ! _w4 ,!re is no great] delight or passionate love on e>? = ! arti/ ?an ?is3 to feel t he has /amp$ 8 h& on a p & on a mill5nium1 to feel t 8 eyes1 8 e>s1 & 8 t\* h become _! eyes1 & _! e>s1 & _! t\*4 ,!re is no deep] enjoym5t ?an ?is = him3 to feel t z he sees1 he>s & feels1 !y also w be compell$ to see1 he> & feel4 ,only ?us is he able to prevail4 ,a p becomes 8 (fspr+4#eh ,:ile _! elation & bless$ness consi/$ 9 be+ rais$ 9 concepts to 8 level1 & 9 see+ ! _w ?r\gh 8 arti/ic prisms--9 fact1 9 scor+ mat]ially by all[+ him1 _! high] man1 to e/abli% _! type2 x 0 8 solit>y & unfa?omable glory to prevail = ev] ?r\gh _! m9ds1 & to lay ! f\ndation ( 8 haz>1 8 ?\s& ye>s ( life on e>?1 9 ! _s ( 8 fell[s4 ,utilit>ian1 if y w1 are bo? po9ts ( view3 ! "o giv+ f 8 abundance1 simply because he mu/ dis*>ge "s ( 8 pl5itude or p]i%1 f\nd 8 mean+ 9 giv+4 ,! o!rs1 /epp+ up on ! gifts be/[$1 f\nd _! mean+ 9 receiv+4#ei ,! arti/1 !n1 z ! highe/ manife/ation ( any human community1 ju/ifies 8 exi/5ce m]ely by liv+ 8 life1 & by imp>t+ "s ( 8 magnific5ce to ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,to use a metaphor ( ,george ,m]$i?'s1 he gilds 8 reta9]s z ! sun gilds1 ) its liv]y1 ! small cl\ds t ga!r r\nd x4 ,?is is ! arti/'s p[] & x is also 8 bliss4 ,f a l[] & m economical /&po9t1 he ju/ifies 8 life by rais+ ! community to its highe/ p[]2 by b9d+ x to ,life ) ! glories :i* he alone c see1 & by lur+ x up to heights :i* he is ! fir/ to scale & to explore4#fj #ec ,z41 ,i1 ,,xxii4 #ed ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc4 #ee ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bei4 ,also ,g4 ,m41 p4 #ada4 #ef ,9 ?is reg>d x is int]e/+ to note t3 ,! ,teutonic ',kun/' 7,art7 is =m$ f knn51 & knn5 is develop$ f a primitive ,i* kann4 ,i* kann philology recognizes a pret]ite =m ( a lo/ v]b1 ( :i* we f9d ! traces 9 ,k9-d1 a *ild2 & ! =m ,i* kann1 ?us mean+ orig9ally1 ',i begot1' conta9s ! g]m ( ! two developm5ts--knn51 'to be ma/]1' 'to be able1' & 'k5n5' to "k 7,sidney ,colv91 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ,edition4 ,article1 ,art74 #eg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ad4 ,see also ,g4 ,e41 pp4 #h1 #i4 #eh ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfh3 ,! great man is consci\s ( 8 p[] ov] a p1 & ( ! fact t he co9cides tempor>ily ) a p or ) a c5tury--?is magnify+ ( 8 self-consci\sness z causa & voluntas is misund]/ood z 'altruism'3 he feels driv5 to means ( communication3 all great m5 are inv5tive 9 su* means4 ,!y want to =m great communities 9 _! own image2 !y w\ld fa9 give multi=mity & disord] def9ite %ape2 x /imulates !m to behold *aos4 #ei ,w4 ,p41 pp4 #bee1 #bef4 #fj ,ev5 ,fi*te recognizes ?is p[] 9 ,art to /amp values ^u a p4 ,see ! ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol1 ,,iv1 p4 #cec3 ,art conv]ts ! transc5d5tal /&po9t into ! g5]al /&po9t4444 ,! philosoph] c raise himself & o!rs to ?is /&po9t only ) great ef=t4 ,b ! arti/ic _s actually f9ds himself !re1 )\t hav+ ?\ght ab\t x2 he kn[s no o!r /&po9t1 & ^? :o yield to 8 influ5ce are drawn s imp]ceptibly ov] to 8 side1 t !y d n ev5 notice h[ ! *ange takes place4 #e4 ,! ,two ,k9ds ( ,arti/s4 ,up to ! pres5t ,i h spok5 only ( ! desirable arti/1 ( him :o1 f ! v heal? & fulness t is 9 him1 _c look on ,life )\t transfigur+ h]2 ( ! man :o naturally sees ?+s full]1 simpl]1 /rong] & gr&]#fa ?an 8 fell[s4#fb ,:5 ?is man speaks ( ,life1 8 words are ^? ( a lov] extoll+ 8 bride4#fc ,!re is a r+ ( ard5t desire & deep long+ 9 8 spee*1 :i* is infecti\s because x is s s9c]e1 :i* is conv9c+ because x is s au?oritative1 & :i* is beautiful because x is s simple4 ,intoxicat$#fd by 8 love1 giddy ) en?usiasm1 he rhapsodizes ab\t h]1 magnifies h]2 po9ts to va/ unkn[n qualities & beauties 9 h]1 to :i* he is ! fir/ to give "s la/+ names2 & /akes 8 life ^u h] myriad *>ms4 ,?is ,dionysian arti/1 ! prototype ( all gods & demi-gods t h ev] exi/$ on e>?1 exalts ,life :5 he hon\rs h] ) 8 love2 & 9 exalt+ h]1 exalts humanity z well4#fe ,= ! m$iocre1 simply because !y _c transfigure ,life 9 t way1 b5efit extremely f look+ on ! _w ?r\gh ! ,dionysian arti/'s p]sonality4 ,x is 8 g5ius :i*1 by putt+ ugly reality into an art-=m1 makes life desirable4 ,b5ea? all 8 di?yrambs1 h[ev]1 !re is /ill ! w to p[] & ! w to prevail-- j z ^! in/9cts are to be f\nd beh9d ! magnificats ( ! ev]yday lov]2 b1 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 x is ! p[] 9 ! _s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r k9d ( man :o walks t[>ds ,life to value & to ord] h]4 ,! k9d ( man :o1 z we saw 9 my la/ lecture1 decl>es t man is born 9 s91--t depravity is univ]sal1 --t no?+ exi/s 9 ! intellect b :at has be=e exi/$ 9 ! s5ses2 & t e man is 8 own prie/2 ! man :o def9es ,life z ! cont9u\s adju/m5t ( int]nal relations to ext]nal relations2 & :o says3 x is only ! cultivation ( individuality :i* produces1 or c produce1 well-develop$ human be+s2 ! man :o decl>es t we are all equal1 t !re is "o tru? = all1 if only x c be f\nd2 & :o ?us n only kills all high] m51 b also deprives 8 fell[ creatures ( all ! beauty t ^! high] m5 h br\ght1 & might /ill br+1 into ! _w2 f9ally1 ! man :o values humanity ) figures & 9 ! t]ms ( matt]1 :o values progress 9 ! t]ms ( ! eng9e]'s work%op1 & :o d5ies t ,art c h any relation to ,life4 ,?is man is a sort ( inv]t$ ,midas at ^: t\* all gold turns to t9sel1 all pe>ls turn to beads1 & all beauty )]s & fades1 ,8 brea? is t ( ! late autumn1 & 8 words are ho>fro/4 ,hav+ no?+ to give1#ff he m]ely robs ?+s ( ! beauty t 0 once laid 9 !m1 by insi/+ ^u ! tru? ( _! reality2 & he sees ,life small]1 ?9n]1 weak]1 & grey] ?an x is ev5 to ! p !mselves4 ,he is ! anti!sis ( ! ,dionysian arti/4 ,he comes f ! p1 & v (t5 f a sub/ratum l[] ?an !y4 ,h[1 !re=e1 c he give ! p any?+ !y d n already possess8 ,he is a h\sewives h n already se5 or felt8 ,p h no use = him1 !re=e1 & :5ev] !y are drawn to 8 side by 8 s$iti\s songs ab\t equality1 !y f9d1 :5 x is too late1 t he has made ! _w drabbi]1 ugli]1 cold]1 & /rang] = !m ?an x 0 be=e4 ,?is is ! man :o insi/s ^u tru?4 ,=gett+ t tru? is ugly#fg & t humanity has done little else1 s9ce x fir/ became consci\s1 ?an to ma/] & ov]come tru?1 he wi%es to make ?is _w :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 )\t =m & void1 & to empty ?+s ( ! mean+ t has be5 put into !m1 simply because he is unable to create a _w = himself4#fh ,aim+ at a g5]al tru? = all1 he is r$uc$ to nak$ reality1 to ,nature z x 0 be=e ,god's ,_s mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s1 & ?is is 8 _w ( facts1 /ripp$ ( all t high] m5 h put into !m4 ,?is man ( sci5ce )\t ,art1 is gradually r$uc+ u to a /ate ( absolute ignorance2 = :ile he takes f u :at we "k ab\t ?+s1 he gives u no?+ 9 return4 ,h[ (t5 d we n he> p :o are influ5c$ by 8 sci5ce1 exclaim t ! m !y le>n ! less !y feel !y "k4 ,?is exclamation conta9s a v pr(\nd tru?2 = sci5ce is robb+ u in* by in* ( all ! gr\ndfield-lab\r] among field-lab\r]s1 a h\sewife among h\sewives--h[ c\ld he po9t to any beauty or desire :i* field-lab\r]s & t 0 once conqu]$ = u by bygone arti/s4#fi ,su* a man1 if he c be really useful 9 g>n]+ & accumulat+ facts1 & 9 devis+ & develop+ novel me*anical contrivances1 ought 9 any case to be closet$ ap>t1 s t none ( 8 brea? c rea* ! ,art-made _w4 ,& :5 he beg9s valu+1 all w9d[s & doors ought spe$ily to be b>r$ & bolt$ aga9/ him4 ,he is ! reali/4 ,x is he :o sees spots on ! sun's face2 x is he :o d5ies t mi/ is ! passionate sigh ( "m ,e>?1 ye>n+ = h] sp\se ! sky2 x is he :o w n believe t ! god ( ! =e/ ) 8 talle/ trees sep>at$ ! e>? & ! heav5s by =ce1 & ! explanations he gives ( ?+s1 ?\gh !y are d\btless useful to him 9 8 laboratory1 are empty & col\rless4 ,grant+1 z ,i say1 t he does any?+ useful 9 ! dep>tm5t ( facts1 let 8 pr(ession at lea/ be a /rictly esot]ic "o4 ,= 8 int]pretations are s (t5 ignoble1 9 addition to be+ col\rless1 t 8 bus9ess1 l t ( a c]ta9 ,p>is function>y1 ought to be pursu$ 9 ! mo/ sev]e & mo/ zeal\s secrecy4 ,if ! _w gr[s ugly1 & ,life loses h] bloom2 if all w9ds are ill w9ds1 & ! sun%9e seems sickly & pale2 if we turn our eyes dubi\sly ab\t u1 & beg9 to "q ! ju/ification ( our exi/5ce1 we may be q c]ta9 t ?is man1 ?is reali/1 & 8 type1 are 9 ! asc5dancy1 & t he x is :o is /amp+ 8 ugly fi/ ^u our mill5nium4 ,= ! function ( ,art is ! function ( ! rul]4 ,x relieves ! highe/ ( _! burd51 s t m$iocrity may be twice bless$1 & x makes u a p by lur+ u to a c]ta9 k9d ( ,life4 ,its ess5ce is ri*es1 its activity is giv+ & p]fect+1#gj & :ile x is a delight to ! highe/1 x is also a boon to ^? b5ea? !m4 ,! attempt ( ! ,dionysian arti/#ga to prevail1 !re=e1 is sacr$ & holy4 ,9 8 ef=ts to make 8 eyes our eyes1 8 e>s our e>s1 & 8 t\* our t\*1 ?\gh he does n pursue any altrui/ic purpose1 he conf]s consid]able b5efits ^u mank9d4 ,:]eas ! attempt ( t o!r man to prevail--! reali/ & devotee ( s-call$ tru?--is b>b>\s & deprav$4 ,by 8 egoism he depresses1 depreciates & dismantles ,life 9 great ?+s z 9 small4 ,woe to ! age ^: values all[ 8 voice to be he>d ) respect6 ,!re are necess>y grey /udies to be made1 necess>y ugl9esses to be describ$1 p]haps4 ,b let ^! /udies & descriptions be kept )9 ! f\r walls ( a laboratory until ! "t comes :51 by _! collective means1 man c be rais$ & n depress$ by !m4 ,sci5ce is n ) u to promulgate values4 ,x is ) u to be ! mode/ h&maid5 ( ,art1 work+ 9 secrecy until all its ugl9ess c be collect$1 transfigur$1 & us$ = ! purpose ( man's exaltation by ! arti/4 ,x may be useful = our sci5ce-slaves1 work+ beh9d ! sc5es ( ,life1 to "k t ! sky is m]ely our limit$ peep into an inf9ite expanse ( e!r--:atev] t is4 ,b :5 we ask to he> ab\t x1 let u be told z foll[s-- ,o heav5 above me6 ,?\ pure6 ,?\ deep6 ,?\ abyss ( light6 ,gaz+ on ,!e1 ,i quiv] ) godlike desires4 ,to ca/ myself up unto ?y height--t is my pr(undity6 ,to hide myself 9 ?y purity--t is m9e innoc5ce4 ,we h be5 fri5ds f ! beg9n+1 ?\ & ,i4 ,sorr[ & horror & soil we %>e3 ev5 ! sun is common to u4 ,we speak n to ea* o!r1 = we "k too _m ?+s4 ,we />e sil5tly at ea* o!r2 by smiles d we communicate our k4 ,& all my w&]+s & m\nta9-climb+s--^! 7 b a necessity & a make%ift ( ! helpless "o4 ,to fly is ! "o ?+ t my w wille?1 to fly into !e4 ,& :at h ,i hat$ m ?an pass+ cl\ds & all t defile? !e6 ,! pass+ cl\ds ,i loa!--^? /eal?y cats ( prey4 ,!y take f !e & me :at we h 9 common--t imm5se1 t inf9ite say+ ( ,yea & ,am54 ,^! m$iators & mix]s we loa!--! pass+ cl\ds4 ,r w\ld ,i sit 9 a tub1 ) ! sky %ut out2 r w\ld ,i sit 9 ! abyss )\t a sky1 ?an see !e1 sky ( ,light1 d5i$ by w&]+ cl\ds6 ,& (t h ,i long$ to p9 !m fa/ ) ! jagg$ gold wires ( lightn+1 t ,i might1 l ! ?und]1 beat ! drum ^u _! bellies4 ,an angry drumm]1 because !y b]eave me ( ?y ,yea & ,am5 ,i-- ?\ heav5 above me1 ?\ pure1 ?\ bright1 ?\ abyss ( ,light6 ,& because !y b]eave !e ( my ,yea & ,am54 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra4#gb #fa ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc3 ,arti/s %\ld n see ?+s z !y are2 !y %\ld see !m full]1 simpl]1 /rong]4 ,to ?is end1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( y\?fulness1 ( v]nality1 a sort ( p]petual elation1 mu/ be peculi> to _! lives4 ,see also ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #h4 #fb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc4 ,see also ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #i4 #fc ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdh4 #fd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bda3 ,! feel+ ( intoxication 7elation7 is1 z a matt] ( fact1 equival5t to a s5sation ( surplus /r5g?4 ,see also p4 #bed4 #fe ,s*ell+ also recogniz$ ! transfigur+ p[] ( ,art2 b he trac$ x to ! fact t ! arti/ inv>iably pa9ts ,nature at h] z5i?4 ,see p4 ,,ii1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,art 7translation by ,a4 ,johnson73 ,e gr[? ( nature has b "o mom5t ( p]fect beauty1 444 ,art1 9 t x pres5ts ! object 9 ?is mom5t1 )draws x f "t1 & causes x to display its pure be+ 9 ! =m ( et]nal beauty4 ,?is is mak+ ! natural object itself ! adequate s\rce ( its own transfiguration1 & ! !ory ov]looks ! p[] ( ! arti/ himself to see ?+s z !y are n4 #ff ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdd3 ,! sob]-m9d$ man1 ! tir$ man1 ! exhau/$ & dri$-up man1 c h no feel+ = ,art1 because he does n possess ! primitive =ce ( ,art1 :i* is ! tyranny ( inn] ri*es4 #fg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aja4 #fh ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hi3 ,! belief t ! _w :i* ought to be1 is1 really exi/s1 is a belief prop] to ! unfruitful1 :o d n wi% to create a _w4 ,!y take x = grant$1 !y seek = ways & means ( atta9+ x4 ',! w to tru?' 9 ! ,*ri/ian & sci5tific s5se is ! impot5ce ( ! w to create4 #fi ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajd3 ,! developm5t ( sci5ce t5ds ev] m to trans=m ! kn[n into ! unkn[n3 its aim1 h[ev]1 is to d ! rev]se1 & x />ts out ) ! in/9ct ( trac+ ! unkn[n to ! kn[n4 ,9 %ort1 sci5ce is lay+ ! road to sov]eign ignorance1 to a feel+ t k does n exi/ at all1 t x 0 m]ely a =m ( haught9ess to dream ( su* a ?+4 #gj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfc3 ,! ess5tial feature 9 art is its p[] ( p]fect+ exi/5ce1 its production ( p]fection & pl5itude4 ,art is ess5tially ! affirmation1 ! bless+1 & ! deification ( exi/5ce4 #ga ,fi*te comes ne> to ,nietzs*e1 "h1 ) 8 idea ( ! beautiful _s :i* sees all nature full1 l>ge & abundant1 z oppos$ to him :o sees all ?+s ?9n]1 small]1 & empti] ?an !y actually are4 ,see ,fi*te's ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ced4 ,see also ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bgc4 #gb ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,xlviii4 ,"p ,,ii ,d$uctions f ,"p ,i4 ,nietzs*e's ,art ,pr9ciples ,= he taught !m z "o hav+ au?ority1 & n z ! scribes4-- ,mat!w vii4 #bi4 #a4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,age ,incompatible ) ,rul]-,art4 ,) ,nietzs*e's concept ( ,art be=e me ,i feel z if ,i _h left ! arts ( ! pres5t day _m ?\s& leagues beh9d1 & x is almo/ a h>d%ip to be oblig$ to return to !m4 ,= unless mo/ ( t :i* is peculi> to ?is age be left _m ?\s& leagues to ! re>1 all hope ( mak+ any headway mu/ be ab&on$4 ,we live 9 a democratic age4 ,x is only natural1 !re=e1 t all t belongs to ! rul] %\ld h be5 :ittl$ d[n1 dilut$1 & despoil$ ( its dignity2 & we mu/ feel no surprise at f9d+ t no pa9s h be5 sp>$ :i* might r$uce ,art also to a function t w\ld be compatible ) ! _s ( ! times4 ,all t sav\rs ( au?ority has become ! "w ( committees1 assemblies1 h]ds1 cr[ds1 & mobs4 ,h[ c\ld ! ^w ( "o man be consid]$ au?oritative1 n[ t ! rul+ pr9ciple1 to use a phrase ( ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's1 is t twelve m5 are bett] ?an "o8#a ,! conception ( ,art z a manife/ation ( ! arti/'s w to p[] & 8 det]m9ation to prevail1 is a mu* too dang]\s "o = ! pres5t day4 ,x involves all k9ds ( ?+s :i* are antagoni/ic to democratic !ory1 su* z3 ,comm&1 ,rev]5ce1 ,despotism1 ,ob$i5ce1 ,greatness & ,inequality4 ,!re=e1 if arti/s are to be tol]at$ at all1 !y mu/ h a mu* m mode/1 humble1 & pusillanim\s compreh5sion ( :at _! exi/5ce means1 & ( ! purpose & aim ( _! "w2 & _! claims1 if !y make any1 mu/ be meek1 unprivileg$1 h>mless & unassum+4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! arti/1 z ,nietzs*e und]/ood him1 sc>cely exi/s at all to-day1 ano!r bre$ ( man has come to ! =e 9 ! graphic arts1 ^: v weakness is 8 passport1 :o makes no claims at e/abli%+ new values ( beauty1 & :o cont5ts himself mode/ly ) exhibit+ c]ta9 baffl+ dext]ities1 virtuosities & tricks1 :i* at once amaze & delight ord9>y spectators or ,art-/ud5ts1 simply because !y !mselves h n yet ov]come ev5 ! difficulties ( a te*nique4 ,monet's po9tillisme1 ,s>g5t's visible & n]v\s bru% /rokes1 ,rod9's weal? ( anatomical detail1 ! ,impressioni/'s sci5tific r5d]+ ( atmosph]e1 ,pet] ,graham's gauzy mi/s1 ,lav]y's po/-,:i/l]ian portraits ( pale p1 & ! t\*+ devotion ( all mod]n arti/s to ,tru?1 9 ! ,*ri/ian & sci5tific s5se1 are all indications ( ! g5]al funk--! univ]sal p>alysis ( w t has ov]tak5 ! ,art-_w4 ,b ,i am travell+ too fa/4 ,i said t no pa9s h be5 sp>$ :i* might r$uce ,art also to a function t w\ld be compatible ) ! democratic _s ( ! times4 ,n[ 9 :at =m h ^! pa9s be5 tak58 ,_! =m has inv>iably be5 to turn ! tables ^u ,art1 & to make its beauty dep5d5t ^u ,nature1 in/ead ( ,nature's beauty dep5d5t ^u x4#b ,tradition1 ( c\rse1 v l>gely laid ! f\ndation ( ?is mode ( ?9k+1 &1 f ! ,greeks to ,rusk91 few seem to h realiz$ h[ mu* beauty ,art _h already laid 9 ,nature1 be=e ev5 ! imitative arti/ c\ld consid] ,nature z beautiful4 ,z ,croce rightly obs]ves3 ,antiquity seems g5]ally to h be5 entrammell$ 9 ! me%es ( ! belief 9 mimetic1 or ! duplication ( natural objects by ! arti/2#c b :5 we rememb] t1 z ,s*ell+ po9ts out1 9 ,greece speculation ab\t ,art began ) ,art's decl9e1#d we ought to feel no surprise at ?is remote und]e/imation ( ! arti/ic fact4#e ,9 review+ ! "w ( /heticians f ,plato to ,croce1 h[ev]1 :at /rikes me z s significant is ! fact t1 f ! "t ( ,plot9us--:o practically m>ks ! end ( ! decl5sion :i* />t$ 9 ,plato's "t--to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sc>cely a voice ( any magnitude 0 rais$ 9 ,europe on ! subject ( ,art4#f ,t !re 0 no real talk ab\t ,art1 at ! "t :5 x 0 reviv$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & at ! "t :5 x fl\ri%$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & t all ! old ,hell5ic discussions on ! subject %\ld h be5 tak5 up aga9 at a p]iod :5 ! la/ emaciat$ blooms ( ! ,r5aissance & ( ! c\nt]-,r5aissance 7 b[+ _! heads1 only %[s h[ v sorry ! plight ( all great human functions mu/ be :5 man beg9s to hope t he may set !m "r by talk+ ab\t !m4 ,:5 x is rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t1 f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>d1 ,art 0 reg>d$ ei!r z imitation pure & simple or z idealiz$ imitation by no less ?an fifte5 ?9k]s ( note--t is to say1 r\ghly speak+1 by ! ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 ,hut*eson1 ,home1 ,burke & ,hume 9 ,engl&1 by ,batteux & ,did]ot 9 ,france1 by ,pagano & ,spaletti 9 ,italy1 by ,hem/]huis 9 ,holl&1 & by ,leibnitz1 ,baumg>t51 ,kant1 ,s*ill] & ,fi*te 9 ,g]many2 & t if ,w9ckelmann & ,less+ oppos$ ^! ideas1 x 0 r ) ! recomm5dation ( ano!r k9d ( imitation--t ( ! antique-- ?an ) a new valuation ( ,art2 we c feel sc>cely any surprise at all at ! sudd5 & total collapse ( ! dignity ( ,art 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 "u ! deadly influ5ce ( ! works ( m5 l ,semp] & 8 foll[]s4 ,x is all v well to po9t to m5 l ,goe!1 ,heyd5rei*1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 ,hog>? & ,reynolds--all ( :om c]ta9ly did a good deal to brace ! self-respect ( arti/s2 b x is impossible to argue t any "o ( !m took up ei!r su* a def9ite or su* a det]m9$ attitude aga9/ ! fifte5 o!rs :om ,i h m5tion$1 z c\ld mat]ially /em ! tide ( democratic ,art :i* 0 ris+ 9 ,europe4 ,& if 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we h ,rusk9 tell+ u t ! art :i* makes u believe :at we w\ld n o!rwise h believ$1 is misappli$1 & 9 mo/ in/ances v dang]\sly s2#g & if we f9d t 8 fir/ pr9ciple is1 t our graphic art1 :e!r pa9t+ or sculpture1 is to produce some?+ :i* %all look z l ,nature z possible1#h & t1 9 extoll+ ! ,go?ic1 he says x 0 ! love ( natural objects = _! own sake1 & ! ef=t to repres5t !m frankly1 uncon/ra9$ by arti/ic laws2#i we realize h[ v slight ! effect ( ^? exceptional spirits1 head$ by ,goe!1 mu/ h be54 #a ,see 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,jo9t ,committee on ! ,/age ,c5sor%ip4--,daily ,press1 ,septemb] #bd?1 #aiji4 #b ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #ai3 ,man believes ! _w itself to be ov]*>g$ ) beauty1--he =gets t he is ! cause ( x4 ,he alone has end[$ x ) beauty4444 ,9 reality man mirrors himself 9 ?+s2 he c\nts ev]y?+ beautiful :i* reflects 8 lik5ess4444 ,is ! _w really beautiful1 j because man ?9ks x is8 ,man has humaniz$ x1 t is all4 #c /hetic 7,d\glas ,a9slie's translation71 p4 #bei4 ,see also ,b4 ,bosanquet1 ,a ,hi/ory ( /hetic1 pp4 #ae-ah4 #d ,smmtli*e ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,me?ode des akademis*5 ,/udiums1 pp4 #cdf1 #cdg4 #e ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl] 7,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] /hetik1 p4 #gc7 agrees t ! und]/&+ ( ,art 9 classical antiquity seems to be q b>b>ic 9 its /upidity 7von e9] g]adezu b>b>is*5 ,bornir!it72 b he adds t ?is may be an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! antique2 = x may prove ! unconsci\sness ( ! arti/s & ! absolute unity ( ! arti/ic life & ( arti/ic appreciation 9 antiquity4 #f ,ari/otle 01 ( c\rse1 /udi$ & comm5tat$ to a v great ext5t dur+ ^! fifte5 c5turies2 b 9 all ! bran*es ( sci5ce save /hetic4 ,:]e 8 ,poetic 0 exam9$1 ! philological or lit]>y-hi/orical int]e/ 0 p>am\nt4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as d n diff] mat]ially f ,plot9us & ,plato4 #g ,lectures on ,art 7#ahgj71 p4 #ej4 #h ,aratra ,p5telici 7#ahgj71 p4 #aah4 ,x is true t ?is is foll[$ by a re/riction2 b :at does ?is re/riction am\nt to8 ,rusk9 says3 ,we mu/ produce :at %all look l ,nature to p :o "k :at ,nature is4 #i ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,go?ic 7,smi?1 ,eld]1 #ahed71 p4 #ai4 #b4 ,a ,?ru/ p>ri$4 ,police or ,detective ,art def9$4 ,b to return to ! movem5t initiat$ by ,semp]#aj--;"h we c]ta9ly h ! sci5tific & ,*ri/ian c\p de grce levell$ at ! expir+ _s ( n9ete5?-c5tury ,art4 ,= ! actors 9 ?is movem5t n only ma9ta9$ t ,art is imitation1 b t x actually took its orig9 9 imitation--& ( ! base/ sort--t is to say1 ( accid5tal comb9ations ( l9es & col\rs produc$ 9 basket-"w1 weav+ & plait+4 ,?is conclusion1 :i* 0 arriv$ at1 once m1 by means ( a =midable array ( facts1 & :i* call$ itself ,evolution 9 ,art1 01 l its fir/ c\s91 ,evolution 9 ! ,organic ,_w1 absolutely democratic1 ignoble1 & vulg>2 seek+ ! s\rce ( ! highe/ human a*ievem5ts ei!r 9 automatic mimicry1 slavi% & ev5 faulty copy+1 or involunt>y adoption ( natural or purely utilit>ian =ms4 ,tak+ ! beauty ( ,nature = grant$--an assumption :i*1 z ! fir/ "p ( ?is lecture %[s1 is q unw>rantable--^! ,art-,evolutioni/s s\ght to prove t all arti/ic beauty 0 ! outcome ( man's ,simian virtues work+ ei!r 9 ! realm ( ,nature or 9 ! realm ( 8 own utilit>ian h&iwork4 ,& f ! purely imitative productions f\nd 9 ! ,madele9e ,cav]n 9 ,la ,dordogne1 to ! repetitive patt]ns work$ on wood5 b[ls by ! natives 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ! orig9 ( all art lay 9 s*oolboy cribb+4 ,?is 0 a new sci5tific valuation ( ,art--=e%ad[$1 z ,i h %[n1 by philosophical /hetic1 b arriv+ indep5d5tly1 z x 71 at ! conclusion t ,art 0 no long] a giv]1 b a robb]4 ,volumes 7 writt5 to %[ ! orig9 9 te*nical indu/ry ( individual patt]ns & ornam5ts on antique vases4 ,& z ,alois ,riegl rightly obs]ves1 ! au?ors ( ^! works spoke ) su* assurance1 t "o might almo/ h believ$ t !y _h be5 pres5t :5 ! vases 7 made4#aa ,ev5 ,semp]1 h[ev]1 z ,riegl po9ts out1 did n g s f> z 8 disciples1 & ?\gh he believ$ t art-=ms _h be5 evolv$--a fact any "o w\ld be ready to admit--he did n press ! po9t t te*nical indu/ry _h always be5 _! root4 ,:5 we f9d su* delicate & beautifully rhy?mic patt]ns z ^? :i* ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon gives u 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ,evolution 9 ,art1 & are told t !y orig9at$ 9 ! frigate birds1 or 9 woodl>ks1 :i* infe/ ! neighb\rhood f :i* ^! patt]ns hail2#ab :5 we are %[n a ,*9ese ornam5t :i* resembles no?+ s mu* z ! ,egyptian honeysuckle & lotus ornam5t1#ac & we are told t x is d]iv$ f ! ,*9ese bat1 & :5 we are p]suad$ t an ord9>y fi%-hook c lead to a delightful bell-l#ad design2 !n our k ( :at ,art is prote/s aga9/ ?is desecration ( its sanctity--m p>ticul>ly aft] we h be5 in=m$ t any beauty t ! orig9al ,skeuomorph#ae may ultimately possess is mo/ly due to rapid & faulty copy+ by inexp]t draughtsm51 or to a simplify+ process :i* repeat$ draw+s ( ! same ?+ mu/ at l5g? involve4 ,?is is nons5se1 & ( a mo/ p]nici\s sort4 ,no me*anical copy+ or involunt>y simplification w necess>ily lead to designs ( great beauty4 ,"o has only to set a class ( *ildr5 to make doz5s ( copies ( an object--ea* m remov$ ?an ! la/ f ! orig9al --9 ord] to discov] t if any beauty arises at all1 x is actually giv5 or imp>t$ to ! orig9al by "o p>ticul> *ild1 :o happ5s to be an arti/1 & t ! re/ ( ! class w be q innoc5t ( any?+ 9 ! way ( embelli%m5ts1 or beauty ( any k9d4 ,x w\ld be absurd to argue t ! beak ( a frigate bird _h n be5 notic$ by p>ticul> natives 9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! creature ab\nds2 b ! creative act ( mak+ an ornam5tal design bas$ ^u a pot-hook unit1 su* z ! frigate bird's beak is1 be>s no causal relation :atsoev] to ! orig9al fact 9 ! arti/'s environm5t1 & to write books 9 ord] to %[ t x does1 is z futile z to try & %[ t pneumonia or bron*itis or pleurisy 0 ! actual cause ( ,poe's *>m+ poem1 ,annabel ,lee4 ,riegl1 ,lipps1 & ,dr4 ,worr+] v rightly oppose ?is view ( ,semp] & o!rs4 ,9 8 book1 ,/ilfrag51 ,riegl successfully disposes ( ! !ory t repetitive patt]ns h inv>iably be5 ! outcome ( te*nical processes su* z weav+ & plait+1 & po9ts out t1 v (t51 a vegetable or animal =m is giv5 to an orig9al ornam5tal figure1 only aft] x has be5 develop$ to su* an ext5t t x actually sugge/s t vegetable or animal =m4#af ,dr4 ,worr+] goes to great pa9s 9 ord] to %[ t !re is an ,art-w :i* is q di/9ct f mimicry ( any k9d1 & t ?is ,art-w1 beg9n+ 9 ! graphic arts ) rhy?mic & repetitive geometrical designs1 su* z zigzags1 cross-hat*+s & spirals1 has no?+ :atsoev] to d ) natural objects or objects ( utility1 su* z baskets & wov5 "w1 :i* ^! designs happ5 to resemble4#ag ,he po9ts out t !re is n only a diff]5ce ( degree1 b actually a m>k$ diff]5ce ( k9d1 betwe5 ! int5sely reali/ic draw+ ( ! ,madele9e f9ds & ( "s ,au/ralian cave pa9t+ & rock sculptures1#ah :i* are ! "w ( ! rude/ savages1 & ! rhy?mic decoration ( o!r races2 & t :]eas ! =m] are simply ! result ( a truly imitative in/9ct :i* ! savage does well to cultivate = 8 own self-pres]vation--s9ce ! ability to imitate also implies %>p5$ detective s5ses#ai--! latt] is ! result ( a g5u9e desire = ord] & simple & organiz$ arrangem5t1 & an attempt 9 a small way to ov]come confusion4 ,x is man's only possible way ( emancipat+ himself f ! accid5tal & *aotic "* ( reality4#bj ,! au?or also %[s v ably t1 ev5 :]e plant =ms are select$ by ! orig9al geometric arti/1 x is only ow+ to "s peculi>ly ord]ly or sy/ematic arrangem5t ( _! p>ts1 & t ! fir/ impulse 9 ! selective arti/ is n to imitate ,nature1 b to obta9 a symmetrical & sy/ematic arrangem5t ( l9es1#ba to gratify 8 w to be ma/] ( natural disord]4 ,^! objections ( ,riegl & ,worr+] are bo? necess>y & important2 =1 z ! =m] decl>es3 ,x is n[ high "t t we %\ld retreat f ! position 9 :i* x is ma9ta9$ t ! roots ( ,art lie 9 purely te*nical prototypes4#bb ,ev5 9 ! camp ( ! out-&-out evolutioni/s1 h[ev]1 !re seems always to h be5 "s unc]ta9ty z to :e!r !y 7 actually on ! "r sc5t4 ,"o has only to read ,grosse1 :]e he ?r[s d\bt on ! te*nical orig9 ( ornam5t1 & ackn[l$ges t he cl+s to x simply because he c see no o!r1#bc & ! conclud+ ^w ( ,dr4 ,haddon's book1 ,evolution 9 ,art1#bd 9 ord] to und]/& h[ v mu* a prop] concept ( ! ,art-in/9ct w\ld h help$ ^! writ]s to expla9 a l>g] field ( facts ?an !y 7 able to expla91 & to d s ) great] accuracy4 ,nobody1 ( c\rse1 d5ies t ! patt]ns on alligators' backs1 ! beaks ( birds1 & ev5 ! regul> disposition ( features 9 ! human face1 h be5 incorporat$ into designs2 b :at mu/ be e/abli%$1 once & = all1 is ! fact t !re is a :ole ocean ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ory :i* w\ld ascribe su* co9cid5ces to ! imitative faculty1 & t :i* w\ld %[ !m to be m]ely ! outcome ( an orig9al desire = rhy?mic ord]1 simplification1 & organization1 :i* may or may n avail itself ( natural or te*nical =ms sugge/ive ( symmetrical arrangem5t t happ5 to be at h&4 ,x is an important controv]sy1 & "o to :i* ,i %\ld h be5 glad to devote m att5tion4 ,9 summ+ up1 h[ev]1 ,i don't ?9k ,i c\ld d bett] ?an quote ! op5+ l9es ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,r[bo?am's excell5t ,hi/ory ( ,music1 9 :i* ! same que/ions1 al?\gh appli$ to a diff]5t bran* ( ,art1 are admirably /at$ & answ]$4 ,9 ?is book ! au?or says-- ,! twitt]+ ( birds1 ! ru/l+ ( leaves1 ! gurgl+ ( brooks1 h provok$ ! encomiums ( poets4 ,yet none ( ^! has ev] s p[]fully affect$ man's m9d t he has surmis$ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ deep] 9 !m ?an "o he>+ w\ld suffice to disclose1 & has endeav\r$ by imitat+ !m to famili>ize himself ) _! nature1 s t he may repeat ! effect at 8 own w & pleasure 9 all its v>i\s %ades4 ,^! s\nds1 ) t delicate in/9ct :i* has guid$ him s nicely ?r\gh ?is univ]se ( tempt+ possibilities1 he *ose delib]ately to pass ov]4 ,he he>d !m ) pleasure maybe4 ,b pleasure mu/ possess "s /hetic value4 ,!re mu/ be a secret !re to fa?om1 a my/]y to unravel1 be=e we w\ld und]take its s]i\s pursuit4 ,& !re is a k9d ( s\nd :i* exactly possesses ^! qualities--a s\nd fraught ) s$uctive my/]y--a s\nd :i* is ,nature's magic1 = by x c dumb ?+s speak4 ,! savage :o1 = ! fir/ "t 9 our _w's hi/ory1 knock$ two pieces ( wood toge!r1 & took pleasure 9 ! s\nd1 _h o!r aims ?an 8 own delight4 ,he 0 pati5tly exam9+ a my/]y2 he 0 pe]+ ) 8 simple eyes into "o ( ,nature's greate/ secrets4 ,! some?+ he 0 exam9+ 0 rhy?mic s\nd1 on :i* re/s ! :ole art ( music4#be ,?us1 z y see1 !re is a goodly array ( p]fectly s5sible p on ! o!r side4 ,/ill1 ! belief t graphic art took its orig9 9 imitation mu/ und\bt$ly h done a good deal ( damage2 = ! numb]s t hold x & act ^u x at ! pres5t day are1 ,i am sorry to say1 exce$+ly great4 ,by id5tify+ ! w to imitate ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation pure & simple1 h[ev]1 we imm$iately obta9 its ord] ( rank2 = hav+ already e/abli%$ t ! w to ,art is ! w to exi/ 9 a c]ta9 way--t is to say1 ) p[]1 all t :i* m9i/]s to exi/5ce alone mu/ ( necessity fall bel[ ! w to ,art4 ,9 help+ u to make ?is po9t1 ,dr4 ,worr+] & ,mr4 ,felix ,clay h done good s]vice1 :ile ,riegl's contribution to ! side oppos$ to ! ,art-,evolutioni/s _c be e/imat$ too highly4 ,we are n[ able to reg>d ! reali/ic rockdraw+s & cave-pa9t+s ( rude ,bu%m51 z also ! f9ds 9 ! ,madele9e ,cav]n1 ) an und]/&+ :i* has n be5 v\*saf$ u be=e1 & 9 comp>+ ^! examples ( amaz+ tru? to ,nature--:i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we %all call ,detective or ,police ,art#bf--) ! d\ble twi/$ braid1 ! palmette1 & ! simple fret 9 ,assyrian ornam5t1 we %all be able to assign to ea* its prop] ord] ( rank4 ,x seems a pity1 be=e lay+ d[n ! pr9ciples ( an art1 t x %\ld be necess>y to cle> away s _m false doctr9es & prejudices heap$ ^u x 9 p]fect good fai? by sci5tific m54 ,x is only "o pro( ! m1 if su* 7 ne$$1 ( ! vulg>iz+ influ5ce sci5ce has ex]cis$ ov] ev]y?+ x has t\*$1 s9ce x began to become almo/ div9ely asc5dant 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #aj ,d] ,/il 9 d] te*nis*5 und tektonis*5 ,kn/51 od] praktis*e /hetik4 #aa ,see ! excell5t "w1 ,/ilfrag51 p4 #aa4 #ab ,evolution 9 ,art1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon4 ,see especially figures #bf1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 pp4 #di-eb4 ,see also figure #ajf1 p4 #aha4 #ac ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art1 by ,h5ry ,j4 ,balf\r1 p4 #ej4 #ad ,evolution 9 ,art1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 p4 #gf4 #ae ,a ^w ,dr4 ,colley ,m>* introduc$ to express ! idea ( an ornam5t due to /ructure4 #af ,/ilfrag51 p4 #bjh et seq4 ,see also ,dr4 ,w4 ,worr+]'s really valuable contribution to ?is subject3 ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 p4 #eh4 #ag ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 pp4 #d1 #h1 #i1 #aa4 #ah ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 p4 #ea4 ,see also ,grosse1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,art1 pp4 #aff-afi et seq4 #ai ,= confirmation ( ?is po9t see ,felix ,clay1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,s5se ( ,beauty1 p4 #ig4 #bj ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 p4 #dd4 #ba ,ab/raktion und ,e9fhlung1 p4 #eh4 #bb ,/ilfrag51 p4 #ab4 #bc ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,art1 pp4 #ade-adg4 #bd p4 #cji3 ,!re are c]ta9 /yles ( ornam5tation :i*1 at all ev5ts 9 p>ticul> cases1 may v well be orig9al1 tak+ t ^w 9 its ord9>y s5se1 su*1 = example1 z zigzags1 cross-hat*+1 & s =?4 ,! m]e toy+ ) any implem5t :i* c\ld make a m>k on any surface might sugge/ ! simple/ ornam5tation ,n4,b4--,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is s*ool t ev5 orig9al design1 accord+ to !m1 mu/ be ! result ( toy+ ) an in/rum5t1 & ( a sugge/ion f *ance m>k+s x may make to ! mo/ savage m9d4 ,?is may or may n h be5 ! case1 & x is entirely beyond pro( ei!r way1 & !re=e we mu/ n press our analogy too f>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 surpris+ & is c]ta9ly v significant t ! orig9 ( s _m designs c be det]m9$ al?\gh !y are ( unkn[n age4 #be ,! ,hi/ory ( ,music1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,r[bo?am1 #ahic1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,see also ,dr4 ,wallas*ek's ,anfnge d] ,tonkun/ 7,leipzig1 #aijc74 #bf ,! ,b]tillon sy/em ( id5tification & ,madame ,tussaud's1 toge!r ) a l>ge numb] ( mod]n portraits & l&scapes1 are ! highe/ developm5t ( ?is art4 #c4 ,! ,purpose ( ,art ,/ill ! ,same z ,ev]4 ,b 9 spite ( all ! attempts t h be5 made to democratize ,art1 & to fit x to ! ,procru/es b$ ( mod]nity1 two human factors h rema9$ precisely ! same z !y ev] 71 & %[ no signs ( *ang+4 ,i ref] to ! g5]al desire to obey & to foll[1 9 ! mass ( mank9d1 & to ! g5]al desire to prevail 9 concepts1 if n 9 (fspr+1 among high] m54 ,:]ev] "o may turn1 :]ev] "o inquires1 "o w discov] t1 at ! pres5t day1 h[ev] few & weak ! comm&]s may be1 !re is among ! va/ majority ( p an insatiable ?ir/ to obey1 to f9d op9ions ready-made1 & to believe 9 "s "o or 9 "s law4 ,! way ! "n ( sci5ce is invok$ :5 a high au?ority is ne$$--j z ! ,*ur* or ! ,bible us$ to be invok$ 9 ye>s gone by--! love ( /ati/ics & ! meekness ) :i* a company gr[s sil5t :5 !y are quot$2 ! fact t ! mo/ prepo/]\s fa%ions are set 9 clo?+1 9 ta/es1 & 9 mann]s2 ! %eep-l way 9 :i* p w foll[ a lead]1 :e!r 9 politics1 lit]ature1 or 9 sport1 n to dilate ^u ! love ( great names & ! fai? 9 ! daily ,press :i* n[adays1 s ,i he>1 ev5 prescribes s*emes = d9n]-table conv]sation--all ^! ?+s %[ :at a va/ am\nt ( in/9ctive ob$i5ce /ill rema9s ! bir?right ( ! ,greate/ ,numb]4 ,= ev5 adv]tisem5t ho>d+s & ! excessive use ( adv]tisem5ts 9 ?is age1 9 addition to ! fact t !y po9t unmi/akably to ! almo/ omnipot5t p[] ( ! comm]cial classes 7a p[] :i* v\*safes !m ev5 ! privilege ( self-praise1 :i* sc>cely any o!r class ( society c\ld claim )\t incurr+ ! *>ge ( bad-ta/e71 also %[ h[ docilely ! greate/ numb] mu/ ultimately respond to repeat$ /imuli1 & f9ally obey if !y be told (t5 en\gh to buy1 or to g to see1 any p>ticul> ?+4 ,&1 9 ?is respect1 ! ,nietzs*ean attitude t[>ds ! greate/ numb] is "o ( k9dness & consid]ation4 ,?is in/9ct to obey1 says ,nietzs*e1 is ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w1 & x mu/ be gratifi$4 ,by all means x mu/ be gratifi$4 ,:at is fatal is n t x %\ld be f$ ) comm&s1 b t x %\ld be />v$ by ! lack ( comm&]s1 & s be compell$ to g 9 se>* ( food on its own acc\nt4 ,inasmu* z 9 all ages1 says ,nietzs*e1 z long z mank9d has exi/$1 !re h always be5 human h]ds 7family alliances1 communities1 tribes1 peoples1 /ates1 *ur*es71 & always a great numb] :o obey 9 proportion to ! small numb] :o comm&--9 view1 !re=e1 ( ! fact t ob$i5ce has be5 mo/ practis$ & fo/]$ among mank9d hi!rto1 "o may reasonably suppose t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ne$ !re( is n[ innate 9 e "o1 z a k9d ( =mal consci5ce :i* gives ! comm&3 ',?\ %alt unconditionally d some?+1 unconditionally refra9 f some?+4' ,9 %ort1 ',?\ %alt4' ,?is ne$ tries to satisfy itself & to fill its =m ) a cont5t2 accord+ to its /r5g?1 impati5ce & eag]ness1 x !reby seizes1 z an omnivor\s appetite1 ) little selection1 & accepts :atev] is %\t$ into its e> by all sorts ( comm&]s--p>5ts1 tea*]s1 laws1 class prejudices1 or public op9ion4#bg ,ev]y:]e1 !n1 he :o w\ld comm& f9ds ^? :o mu/ obey#bh-- ?is is obvi\s to ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]2 because x is easi] to obey ?an to comm&4 ,:]ev] ,i f\nd liv+ ?+s1 says ,z>a?u/ra1 !re he>d ,i also ! language ( ob$i5ce4 ,all liv+ ?+s are ?+s t obey4 ,& ?is ,i he>d secondly3 :atev] _c obey itself1 is comm&$4 ,su* is ! nature ( liv+ ?+s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! ?ird ?+ ,i he>d3 to comm& is m difficult ?an to obey4 ,& n only because ! comm&] be>e? ! burd5 ( all :o obey1 & because ?is burd5 easily cru%e? him3-- ,an ef=t & a risk seem$ all comm&+ unto me2 & :5ev] x comm&e?1 ! liv+ ?+ riske? itself4 ,yea1 ev5 :5 x comm&e? himself1 !n also mu/ x atone = its comm&+4 ,( its own law mu/ x become ! judge & av5g] & victim4#bi ,= op9ions are a matt] ( w2 !y are always1 or ought to be always1 travell+ tickets imply+ a c]ta9 def9ite aim & de/9ation1 & ! op9ions we hold conc]n+ ,life mu/ po9t to a c]ta9 object we see 9 ,life2--h5ce !re is j z great a m>ket = op9ions1 & j z great a dem& = fix$ values to-day z !re ev] 01 & ! jeal\s love ) :i* m5 w quote well-e/abli%$ views1 or beg9 to believe :5 !y he> t a view is well e/abli%$--a fact :i* is at ! root ( all ! fruits ( mod]n popul>ity--%[s :at a ne$ & :at a crav+ !re is = au?ority1 = au?oritative in=mation1 & = unimpea*able co9]s ( op9ions4 ,n[ all ! arts ei!r det]m9e values or lay /ress ^u c]ta9 values already e/abli%$4#cj ,:at1 !n1 are ! p>ticul> values t ! graphic arts det]m9e or acc5tuate8 ,x mu/ be cle> t !y det]m9e :at is beautiful1 desirable1 9 fact1 imp]ative1 9 =m & col\r4 ,! purpose ( ! graphic arts1 !n1 has rema9$ ! same z x ev] 04 ,x is to det]m9e ! values ugly & beautiful = ^? :o wi% to "k :at is ugly & :at is beautiful4 ,! fact t pa9t]s & sculptors h gr[n s tremul\s & s little self-reliant z to claim only ! "r to imitate1 to please & to amuse1 does n affect ?is /atem5t 9 ! lea/2 x is simply a reflection ^u mod]n arti/s & sculptors4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! values beautiful & ugly are !mselves b ! outcome ( o!r m fundam5tal values :i* h rul$ & m\ld$ a race = c5turies1 x foll[s t ! arti/ :o w\ld acc5tuate or det]m9e ! qualities beautiful or ugly1 mu/ be> "s intimate relation to ! pa/ & possible future ( ! p4 ,place ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles & especially ! canon ( ,polycletus 9 any "p ( a ca!dral ( ! late ,go?ic1 & y w see to :at ext5t ! values :i* gave rise to ,go?ic ,art 7 incompatible )1 & antagoni/ic to1 ^? :i* re>$ ,praxiteles & ,polycletus4 ,n[1 if y want a /ill great] contra/1 place an ,egyptian granite sculpture inside a build+ l le ,petit ,trianon1 & ?is intimate association betwe5 ! ,art & ! values ( a p w beg9 to seem cle> to y4 ,y may ask1 !n1 :y or h[ su* an art z ,rul]-art c please8 ,s9ce x introduces some?+ def9itely associat$ ) a p>ticul> set ( values1 & comm&s an ass5t to ^! values1 h[ is x t "o likes x8 ,! reply is t "o does n necess>ily l x4 ,"o (t5 hates x4 ,"o likes x only :5 "o feels t x reveals values :i* are 9 sympa?y ) "o's own aspirations4 ,! ,rul]-art ( ,egypt1 = in/ance1 c /ir no "o :o1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 is n 9 "s deep secret sympa?y ) ! society :i* produc$ x2 & z an example ( ?is sympa?y--if y wi% to "k :y ! realism :i* comes f pov]ty#ca t5ds to increase & fl\ri% 9 democratic times1 x is only because !re is t abs5ce ( p>ticul> human p[] 9 x :i* is compatible ) a society 9 :i* a p>ticul> human p[] is completely lack+4 ,= x is absolute nons5se to speak ( l'art p\r l'art & ( ! pleasure ( art = art's sake z acceptable pr9ciples4#cb ,i w %[ lat] on h[ ?is notion arose4 ,suffice x to say1 = ! pres5t1 t ?is is ! dea? ( ,art4 ,x is sep>at+ ,art f ,life1 & x is relegat+ x to a sph]e--a ,beyond--:]e o!r ?+s1 /rong] ?an ,art1 h already be5 kn[n to die4 ,! notion ( art = art's sake c only arise 9 an age :5 ! purpose ( ,art is no long] kn[n1 :5 its relation to ,life has ceas$ f be+ recogniz$1 & :5 arti/s h gr[n too weak to f9d ! realization ( _! w 9 _! works4 #bg ,g4 ,e41 p4 #abj4 #bh ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aje4 #bi ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxxiv4 #cj ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #bd3 ,a psy*ologi/ asks :at does all art d8 does x n praise8 does x n glorify8 does x n select8 does x n br+ into prom95ce8 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases x /r5g!ns or weak5s c]ta9 valuations4 444 ,is ?is only a cont+5t matt]8--an accid5t1 some?+ ) :i* ! in/9ct ( ! arti/ w\ld n at all be conc]n$8 ,or r1 is x n ! pre-requisite :i* enables ! arti/ to d some?+8 ,is 8 fundam5tal in/9ct direct$ t[>ds art8--or is x n r direct$ t[>ds ! s5se ( art1 namely1 life8 t[>ds desirabl5ess ( life8 #ca ,see p4 #aai4 #cb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bdf4 ,see also ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #bd1 & ,g4 ,e41 p4 #ade4 #d4 ,! ,arti/'s & ! ,layman's ,view ( ,life4 ,if ! arti/'s view ( ,life c no long] affect ,life1 if 8 ord]+1 simplify+ & adju/+ m9d c no long] make ,life simpl]1 m ord]ly & bett] adju/$1 !n all 8 p[] has vani%$1 & he has ceas$ f c\nt+ 9 our mid/1 save1 p]haps1 z a decorator ( our homes--t is to say1 z an artisan2 or z an ent]ta9]--t is to say1 z a m]e illu/rator ( our lit]>y m5's "w4 ,:at is s important 9 ! arti/ is1 t disord] & confusion are ! load/ones t attract him4#cc ,?\gh1 9 /at+ ?is1 ,i %\ld ask y to rememb] t he sees disord] & confusion :]e1 v (t51 ! ord9>y p]son imag9es ev]y?+ to be admirably arrang$4 ,/ill1 ! fact rema9s t he f9ds 8 greate/ pro( ( p[] only :]e 8 ord]+ & simplify+ m9d meets ) some?+ :]eon x may /amp its two /ronge/ features3 ,ord] & ,simplicity2 & :]e he is /rong1 relative disord] is 8 elem5t1 & ! arrangem5t ( ?is disord] is 8 product4#cd ,/imulat$ by disord]1 :i* he despises1 he is driv5 to 8 "w2 spurr$ by ! sight ( an>*y1 8 inspiration is gov]nm5t2 f]tiliz$ by rud5ess & rugg$ness1 8 w to p[] gives bir? to culture & ref9em5t4 ,he gives ( himself--8 bus9ess is to make ?+s reflect him4 ,?us1 ev5 8 w to et]nalize1 & to /amp ! nature ( /ability on ,becom+1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) t o!r desire = ,be+ :i* is a desire = re/ & repose & opiates1#ce & :i* has f\nd its /ronge/ expression 9 ! idea ( ! ,*ri/ian ,heav54 ,x is1 r1 a feel+ ( gratitude t[>ds ,life1 a desire to %[ ?ankfulness to ,life1 :i* makes him desire to rescue "o beautiful body f ! riv] ( ,becom+1 & fix its image = ev] 9 ?is _w1#cf :]eas ! o!r is bas$ ^u a loa?+ ( ,life & a we>9ess ( x4 ,def9+ ugl9ess provisionally z disord]1 x may h a great attraction = ! arti/1 x may ev5 be ! arti/'s sole attraction1 & 9 conv]t+ x--! ?+ he despises mo/--into beauty1 :i* we %all def9e provisionally z ord]1 he rea*es ! z5i? ( 8 p[]4#cg ,:]e is beauty8 ,z>a?u/ra asks4 ,:]e ,i mu/ w ) my :ole w2 :]e ,i w love & p]i%1 t an image may n rema9 m]ely an image4#ch ,= to create desire? ! lov+ "o1 because he despise?4#ci ,x foll[s f ?is1 !re=e1 t ! reali/ic arti/--! purveyor ( ,police ,art--:o goes direct to beauty or ugl9ess &1 aft] hav+ work$ ^u ei!r1 leaves x j z x 0 be=e1#dj %[s no pro( ( p[] at all1 & ranks ) ! bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia & ! troglodytes ( ,la ,dordogne1 z v mu* bel[ ! hi]ophantic arti/ :o trans=ms & transfigures4 ,all reali/s1 !re=e1 f ,apelles#da 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! mod]n impressioni/s1 portrait pa9t]s & l&scapi/s1 mu/ /ep d[n4 ,l ! sci5ti/s1 !y m]ely asc]ta9 facts1 &1 9 s do+1 leave ?+s precisely z !y are4#db ,photography is rapidly out/ripp+ !m1 & w out/rip !m altoge!r once x has ma/]$ ! problem ( col\r4 ,photography c\ld nev] h vi$ ) ! arti/ ( ,egypt1 or ev5 ( ,*9a & ,japan2 because 9 ! arts ( ea* ( ^! nations !re is an elem5t ( human p[] ov] ,nature or reality1 :i* no me*anical process c emulate4 ,n[1 :at is important 9 ! ideal & purely hypo!tical layman is1 t he has a horror ( disord]1 ( confusion1 & ( *aos1 & flees f x :5ev] possible4 ,he f9ds no solace any:]e1 except :]e ! arti/ has be5 & left ?+s trans=m$ & ri*] = him4 ,bewild]$ by reality1 he ext5ds 8 h&s = t :i* ! arti/ has made ( reality4 ,he is a receiv]4 ,he rea*es 8 z5i? 9 appreh5d+4#dc ,8 attitude is t ( a woman1 z comp>$ ) ! attitude ( ! arti/ :i* is t ( ! man4 ,logical & geometrical simplification is ! result ( an increase ( p[]3 conv]sely1 ! m]e aspect ( su* simplification increases ! s5se ( p[] 9 ! behold]4#dd ,to see :at is ugl9ess to him1 repres5t$ z :at is beauty to him1 also impresses ! spectator ) ! feel+ ( p[]2 ( an ob/acle ov]come1 & !reby /imulates 8 activities4 ,moreov]1 ! spectator may feel a c]ta9 gratitude to ,life & ,mank9d4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 ev5 9 our days1 t ano!r _w is pictur$ z by no means a bett] _w1#de & ! heal?y & optimi/ic layman may feel a c]ta9 ?ankfulness to ,life & to ,humanity4 ,x is !n once m t he turns to ! arti/ :o has felt ! same 9 a great] degree1 :o c give him ?is ?+--be x a corn] ( ,life or ( ,humanity--:o c snat* x f ! et]nal flux & torr5t ( all ?+s into decay or into dea?1 & :o c c>ve or pa9t x 9 a =m un*ang+ = him1 9 spite ( a _w ( ,becom+1 ( ,evolution1 & ( ebb & fl[4 ,j z ! musician cries ,"t6 ,"t6 ,"t6 to ! cacophon\s m$ley ( natural s\nds t p\r into 8 e>s f all sides1 & assembles !m rhy?mically = our e>s ho/ile to disord]2 s ! graphic arti/ cries ,"t6 ,"t6 ,"t6 to ! incessant & kaleidoscopic procession ( ?+s f bir? to dea?1 & places 9 ! layman's arms ! et]naliz$ image ( t portion ( ,life = :i* he happ5s to feel great gratitude4 #cc ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfh4 #cd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bda4 #ce ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhj4 #cf ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bha4 #cg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdd4 #ch ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxxvii4 #ci ,z41 ,i4 ,,xviii4 #dj ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 ,nature1 e/imat$ arti/ically1 is no model4 ,x exagg]ates1 x di/orts1 x leaves gaps4 ,nature is accid5t4 ,/udy+ 'accord+ to nature' seems to me a bad sign2 x betrays subjection1 weakness1 fatalism2 ?is ly+-9-!-du/ be=e petit fails is unwor?y ( a complete arti/4 ,see+ :at is--t belongs to ano!r species ( intellects1 to ! anti-arti/ic1 to ! practical4 #da ,see ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fb4 #db ,b4 ,t41 p4 #ei4 ,see also ,s*op5hau]1 ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddg4 #dc ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bee4 #dd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bda4 #de ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ie3 ,a p t are pr\d ( !mselves1 & :o are on ! asc5d+ pa? ( ,life1 always picture ano!r exi/5ce z l[] & less valuable ?an !irs4 #e4 ,! ,confusion ( ! ,two ,po9ts ( ,view4 ,x is obvi\s t if bo? pleasures are to rema9 pure & undefil$-- if ! arti/ is to atta9 to 8 z5i? 9 happ9ess1 & ! layman to 8 also--_! p>ticul> po9ts ( view mu/ n be m]g$1 dull$1 or blunt$ by excessive spiritual int]c\rse4#df ,= a v l>ge am\nt ( ! disord] 9 ! arts ( ! pres5t c easily be trac$ to a confusion ( ! two po9ts ( view4 ,9 an ideal society1 ! arti/'s /&po9t w\ld be esot]ic1 & ! layman's exot]ic4 ,n[adays1 ( c\rse1 ow+ to ! process ( univ]sal levell+ :i* has be5 c>ri$ s f> t x is invad+ ev5 ! dep>tm5t ( sex1 x is h>d to f9d su* di/9ctions z ! arti/'s & ! layman's /&po9t 9 art %>ply & def9itely juxtapos$4 ,& ?is fact acc\nts = a good deal ( ! decrease 9 /hetic pleasure1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,9 fact1 x acc\nts = ! decrease ( pleasure 9 g5]al1 = only :]e !re are %>p diff]5ces c !re be any great pleasure4 ,pessimism & melan*olia c arise only 9 in>ti/ic ages1 :5 a process ( levell+ has m]g$ all ! joys ( p>ticul> /&po9ts into "o4 ,let me give y a simple example1 drawn f mod]n life & ! pictorial arts1 9 ord] to %[ y to :at ext5t ! /&po9t ( ! p or ( ! layman has become corrupt$ by ! /&po9t ( ! arti/1 & vice-v]s4 ,/rictly speak+1 arti/s 9 se>* ( scope = _! p[]s %\ld pref] ,hamp/ead ,hea? or ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau#dg to ! c>efully laid-out g>d5s ( our p>ks & ( ,v]sailles4 ,conv]sely1 if _! ta/e 7 /ill uncorrupt$1 ! public ought to pref] ! c>efully arrang$ g>d5s ( our p>ks & ( ,v]sailles to ,hamp/ead ,hea? or ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,"s ( ! public1 ( c\rse1 /ill d hold ! prop] views on ^! po9ts1 b _! numb] is rapidly dim9i%+1 & mo/ ( !m assume ! airs ( arti/s n[1 & speak ) s5tim5tal en?usiasm ab\t ! beautiful rugg$ness ( craggy rocks1 ! glori\s beauty ( uncultivat$ ,nature1 & ! spl5d\r ( wild sc5]y4#dh ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m>riage ( ,m>y4 ,by ,raphael4 7,br]a1 ,milan47 ,arti/s1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ become infect$ by ! public's orig9al /&po9t--! desire = ord]--ei!r pa9t pictures l ,raphael's ,m>riage ( ,m>y1#di 8 ,virg9 & ,*ild att5d$ by ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,ni*olas ( ,b>i1#ej & ,p]ug9o's ,vision ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1#ea 9 :i* ! p]fectly symmetrical aspect & position ( ! ar*itecture is bo? annoy+ & in>ti/ic1 ow+ to ! fact t x 0 look$ at by ! arti/ f a po9t at :i* x 0 ord]ly & arrang$ be=e he actually pa9t$ x1 & c\ld n !re=e te/ify to 8 p[] ( simplify+ or ord]+--b simply to 8 ability to avail himself ( ano!r arti/'s p[]1 namely1 ! ar*itect's2 or else1 hav+ become infect$ by ! public's corrupt /&po9t--! desire = disord] & *aos z an end 9 itself-- !y pa9t z ,ruysdael1 ,hobbema & ,con/able pa9t$--t is to say1 )\t imp>t+ any?+ ( !mselves1 or ( _! p[] to ord] & simplify1 to ! cont5t ( ! picture1 le/ ! desire = disord] or *aos %\ld be ?w>t$4#eb ,?is is an exce$+ly important po9t1 & its value = art criticism _c be ov]rat$4 ,if "o c tru/ "o's ta/e1 & x is /ill a purely public ta/e1 x is possible to tell at a glance :y "o _c get oneself to l c]ta9 pictures 9 :i* ei!r initial regul>ity has be5 too great1 ?us leav+ no scope = ! arti/'s p[]1 or 9 :i* f9al irregul>ity is too great1 ?us betray+ no evid5ce ( ! arti/'s p[]4 ,look+ at ,rub5s' ,c]es1#ec 9 :i* ! ar*itecture is view$ also 9 a frontal position1 y may be tempt$ to ask :y su* a picture is n displeas+1 despite ! orig9al symmetry ( ! ar*itecture 9 ! position 9 :i* ! pa9t] *ose to pa9t x4 ,! reply is simple4 ,"h ,rub5s c]ta9ly plac$ ! ar*itecture full-face2 b besides dissimulat+ ! great] "p ( x 9 %ad[-- :i* 9 itself produces unsymmetrical %apes t h subsequ5tly to be arrang$ by tone composition--lie c>efully disord]$ x by means ( g>l&s & fe/oons1 & only !n did he ex]cise 8 arti/ic m9d 9 mak+ a h>moni\s & ord]ly pictorial arrangem5t ( x1 :i* also includ$ "s cupids skilfully plac$4 ,all realism1 or ,police ,art1 !re=e1 9 addition to be+ ! outcome ( ! w to tru? :i* ,*ri/ianity & its (f%oot ,mod]n ,sci5ce h infus$ into ! arts1 may also be ! result ( ! arti/'s becom+ infect$ ei!r ) ! public's pure ta/e1 or ) ! public's corrupt$ or arti/-infect$ ta/e1 & we are ?us 9 possession ( "o m clue z to :at con/itutes a sup]ior "w ( graphic art4 #df ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bee1 #bef4 #dg ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t x is int]e/+ to note t ,kant1 9 8 ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft1 actually call$ l&scape-pa9t+ a process ( g>d5+4 #dh ,i d n mean to imply "h t all ! s5tim5tal gu%+ t is giv5 v5t to n[adays ov] rugg$ & wild sc5]y is ! outcome only ( a confusion ( ! arti/'s & layman's /&po9ts4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian & ,prote/ant wor%ip ( po9tless fre$om1 toge!r ) t ( _! contempt ( ! "w ( man1 is l>gely active "h2 & ! sight ( unh&sel$ & wild %rubs1 & ( tangl$ & matt$ grasses1 *e]s ! he>t ( ! fanatical believ] 9 ! purposeless fre$om & an>*y :i* ,*ri/ianity & ,prote/antism h done s mu* to hon\r & extol4 ,t ! same man :o hon\rs gov]nm5t & an ari/ocratic ideal may (t5 be f\nd to-day dilat+ ^u ! *>ms ( *aotic sc5]y1 only %[s h[ muddle-head$ & confus$ mank9d has become4 #di ,! ,br]a at ,milan4 #ej ,! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,raphael 0 v mu* infect$ ) ! p's po9t ( view1 h5ce ! annoy+ /ilt$ness ( _m ( 8 pictures4 #ea ,p9ako!k1 ,muni*4 #eb ,see p>ticul>ly1 ,ruysdael's ,rocky ,l&scape1 ,l&scape ) a ,f>m 7,wallace collection72 ,hobbema's ,outskirts ( a ,wood & _m o!rs 9 ! ,wallace collection2 & ,con/able's ,flat=d ,mill & ,! ,haywa9 7,national ,gall]y74 #ec ,h]mitage ,gall]y1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #f4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,beauty ( ,=m & ( ,beauty ( ,cont5t 9 ,art4 ,s f>1 !n1 ,i h arriv$ at ?is notion ( beauty 9 ,rul]-,art1 namely3 t x may be reg>d$ almo/ univ]sally z t ord]1 simplicity & transfiguration :i* ! arti/ m9d imp>ts to ! cont5t ( 8 production4 ,?is notion seems to all[ ( almo/ univ]sal application1 because1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is lecture1 x involves "o ( ! prim>y in/9cts ( man--! ov]com+ ( *aos & an>*y by adju/m5t1 simplification & transfiguration4 ,x is only 9 democratic ages1 or ages ( decl9e1 :5 in/9cts become dis9tegrat$1 t beauty 9 ,art is synonym\s ) a lack ( simplicity1 ( ord] & ( transfiguration4 ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! second k9d ( beauty1 or democratic beauty1 is ( an inf]ior k9d to t ( ! fir/ beauty1 or ,rul] beauty1 because1 :ile ! =m] takes its root 9 ! w to live1 ! latt] arises surely & truly out ( ! w to p[]4#ed ,ei!r beauty1 h[ev]1 con/itutes ugl9ess 9 its oppon5t's op9ion4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ,beauty 9 ,art :i* has to be consid]$1 & t is ! intr9sic beauty ( ! cont5t ( an arti/ic production4 ,y may say t1 ex hypo!si1 ,i h d5i$ t !re c\ld be any su* beauty4 ,n at all6 ,s9ce ! rul]-arti/ transfigures by enhancem5t1 by embelli%m5t & by ennoblem5t1 8 m9d c be /imulat$ p]fectly well by an object or a human be+ :i* to ! layman is v]tig9\sly beautiful1 & :i* to himself is exce$+ly pleas+4 ,9 fact1 if 8 m9d is a m9d :i*1 l t ( mo/ ma/]-arti/s1 adores t :i* is difficult1 x w g 9 se>* ( ! greate/ natural beauty x c f9d1 9 ord]1 by a /up5d\s ef=t 9 transfiguration1 to out/rip ev5 t2 = ! embelli%m5t ( ! d[nright ugly & ! d[nright revolt+ pres5ts a task too easy to ! p[]ful arti/--a fact :i* expla9s a good deal ( ! ugly cont5ts ( _m a mod]n picture4 ,:at1 !n1 con/itutes ! beauty ( ! cont5t 9 an arti/ic production1 z di/9ct f ! beauty ( ! treatm5t8 ,9 o!r words1 :at is beauty 9 a subject8 ,= ! notion t ! subject does n matt] 9 a picture is "o :i* %\ld be utt]ly & sev]ely condemn$4 ,x arose at a "t :5 art 0 diseas$1 :5 arti/s !mselves _h ceas$ f hav+ any?+ ( importance to say1 :5 ! subjects *os5 _h no mean+1 & :5 te*nique 0 bad4 ,& x mu/ be reg>d$ m 9 ! light ( a w>-cry com+ f a c\nt]-movem5t1 aim+ at an improv$ te*nique & rebell+ aga9/ an abuse ( lit]ature 9 ! graphic arts1 ?an 9 ! light ( s\nd doctr9e1 tak+ its f\ndation 9 normal & heal?y conditions4 ,! intr9sic beauty ( ! cont5t or sub/ance ( a picture or sculpture may !re=e be ! subject ( legitimate inquiry1 & 9 det]m9+ :at x consi/s (1 we raise ! :ole "q ( cont5t beauty4 ,volumes1 /acks ( volumes1 h be5 writt5 on ?is "q4 ,! mo/ complicat$ & incompreh5sible answ]s h be5 giv5 to x1 & n "o c be call$ satisfactory2 = all ( !m w\ld be absolute4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we f9d a mod]n writ] def9+ ! beautiful z t :i* has *>act]i/ic or individual expressiv5ess = s5se p]ception or imag9ation1 subject to ! conditions ( g5]al or ab/ract expressiv5ess 9 ! same m$ium1#ee we feel1 or at lea/ ,i feel1 t some?+ mu/ be wrong4 ,x is def9itions su* z ^! :i* compel "o to seek = some?+ m def9ite & m lucid 9 ! matt] ( explanation1 & if1 9 f9d+ ! latt]1 "o may seem a little too prosaic & t]re--t]re1 x is only because ! transc5d5tal & metaphysical nature ( ! k9d ( def9ition we h j quot$ makes any?+ :i* is 9 ! slighte/ degree cle>]1 appe> e>?ly & mat]ial beside x4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if we c\ld only arrive at a subject-beauty :i* 0 absolute1 practically all ! difficulties ( our task w\ld vani%4 ,= hav+ e/abli%$ ! fact t ! purpose ( ! graphic arts is to det]m9e ! values beautiful & ugly1 x w\ld only rema9 = u to urge all arti/s to advocate t absolute subject-beauty ) all ! eloqu5ce ( l9e & col\r t our concept ( ,art-=m w\ld all[1 & all ! problems ( ,art w\ld be solv$4 ,b we c po/ulate no su* absolute 9 subject-beauty4 ,absolute beauty exi/s j z little z absolute goodness & tru?4#ef ,! t]m beautiful1 l ! t]m good1 is only a means to an end4 ,x is simply ! arbitr>y self-affirmation ( a c]ta9 type ( man 9 8 /ruggle to prevail4#eg ,he says ,yea to 8 type1 & calls x beautiful4 ,he _c ext5d 8 p[] & ov]come o!r types unless ) complete confid5ce & assurance he says ,yea to 8 own type4 ,y & ,i1 !re=e1 c speak ( ! beautiful ) an und]/&+ ( :at t t]m means1 only on condition t our values1 our traditions1 our desires1 & our outlook are exactly ! same4 ,if y agree ) me on ! "q ( :at is good1 our agreem5t simply means ?is1 t 9 t corn] ( ! _w f :i* y & ,i hail1 ! same creator ( values prevails ov] bo? ( u4 ,likewise1 if y & ,i agree on ! "q ( :at is beautiful1 ?is fact m]ely d5otes t z individuals com+ f ! same p1 we h our values1 our tradition & our outlook 9 common4 ,beautiful1 !n1 is a purely relative t]m :i* may be appli$ to a ho/ ( dissimil> types & :i* e p mu/ apply to its own type alone1 if x wi%es to pres]ve its p[]4 ,biologically1 absolute beauty exi/s only )9 ! conf9es ( a p>ticul> race4 ,t race :i* w\ld beg9 to consid] ano!r type ?an _! own z beautiful1 w\ld !reby cease f be+ a race4 ,we may be k9d1 amiable1 & ev5 hospitable to ! ,*9aman or ! ,negro2 b ! mom5t we beg9 to %>e ! ,*9aman's or ! ,negro's view ( beauty1 we run ! risk ( cutt+ ourselves adrift f our own p4 ,b assum+1 z we mu/1 t all p1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,negroes1 ! ,h9dus1 ! ,r$ ,indians1 & ! ,arabs betwe5 !mselves apply ! ^w beautiful only to p>ticul> individuals among _! own p1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f less beautiful or m$iocre individuals--:at mean+ has ! t]m 9 t case8 ,obvi\sly1 s9ce ! _s ( ! p1 its habits1 prejudices & prepossessions are det]m9$ by _! values1 & values may fix a type1 t creature w be mo/ beautiful among !m :o is ! highe/ embodim5t & outcome ( all _! values1 & :o !re=e corresponds mo/ to ! ideal _! /hetic legislator _h 9 m9d :5 he creat$ _! values4#eh ,?us ev5 morality c be ju/ifi$ /hetically4#ei ,& 9 legislat+ = primeval peoples1 high] m5 & arti/-legislators c]ta9ly work$ l sculptors on a yield+ m$ium :i* 0 _! own k9d4 ,! mo/ beautiful negro or ,*9aman ?us becomes t individual negro or ,*9aman :o is ri* 9 ^? features :i* ! life-_s ( ! ,e?iopian or ,*9ese p is calculat$ to produce1 & :o1 ow+ to a long & regul> obs]vance ( ! laws & traditions ( 8 p1 by 8 ance/ors = g5]ations1 has inh]it$ t regul>ity ( =m 9 8 type1 :i* all long obs]vance ( law & ord] is b\nd to cultivate & to produce4#fj ,& 9 review+ ! peoples ( ,europe alone1 we c ascribe ! _m & diff]5t views :i* !y h held & /ill hold ( beauty1 only to a diff]5ce 9 ! values !y h obs]v$ = g5]ations 9 _! outlook1 _! desires & _! beliefs4 ,x is q c]ta91 !re=e1 t1 9 ! graphic arts1 :i* ei!r det]m9e or acc5tuate ! values ugly & beautiful1 e arti/ :o sets up 8 notion ( :at is subject-beauty1 l e lov] ab\t to m>ry1 ei!r assails or confirms & consolidates ! values ( 8 p4#fa ,examples ( ?is1 if !y 7 ne$$1 are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,see h[ ! ,go?ic s*ool ( pa9t+1 toge!r ) m5 l ,fra ,angelico1 ,filippo ,lippi1 ,botticelli1 ,el ,greco1 & subsequ5tly ,burne-,jones1 set up ! s\lful p]son1 ! p]son ( t5u\s1 n]v\s & heav5-aspir+ sl5d]ness1 z ! type ( beauty1 ?us advocat+ & e/abli%+ ,*ri/ian values 9 a v s$uctive & (t5 arti/ic mann]2 :ile ! ,pagans1 ) ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 & ev5 ,rub5s1 repres5t$ ano!r code ( values--p]haps ev5 sev]al o!r codes-- & s\ght to fix _! type also4 ,note1 too1 h[ hopeless are ! attempts ( arti/s :o /& = ! ,pagan ideal1 :5 !y pa9t ,*ri/ian sa9ts & m>tyrs1 & h[ s+ul>ly un-,pagan ^? figures are :i* appe> 9 ! pictures ( ! advocates ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal :5 !y attempt ,pagan types4 ,*ri/ by ,rub5s is n ! emaciat$1 t5u\s ,p]son suff]+ f a wa/+ disease t ,segna repres5ts him to be2 :ile ! ,m>s & ,v5us ( ,botticelli 9 ! ,national ,gall]y w\ld h be5 repudiat$ ) indignation by any ,greek ( antiquity4 ,:5 values are beg9n+ to get mix$1 !n1 ow+ to an influx ( =eign]s f all p>ts ( ! _w1 we %all f9d ! /rong biological idea ( absolute beauty t5d+ to disappe>1 & 9 its place we %all f9d ! weak & :olly philosophical belief aris+ t beauty is relative4 ,?us1 9 ,attica ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 #cjj1jjj slaves1 *iefly =eign]s1 7 to be c\nt$ among ! inhabitants1 ! idea t beauty 0 a relative t]m fir/ occurr$ to ! talk] ,socrates4 ,/ill1 9 all concepts ( beauty1 h[ev] widely sep>at$ & h[ev] diametrically oppos$1 !re is ?is common factor3 t ! beautiful p]son is ! outcome ( a long obs]vance ?r\gh g5]ations ( ! values peculi> to a p4 ,a c]ta9 regul>ity ( =m & feature1 :e!r ?is =m & feature be ,arab1 ,e?iopian or ,jewi%1 is indicative ( a c]ta9 regul> mode ( life :i* has la/$ = g5]ations2 & 9 call+ ?is indication beautiful1 a p once m affirms itself & its values4 ,if ! creature manife/+ ?is regul>ity be a ,*9aman1 he w be ! mo/ ess5tial ,*9aman t ! ,*9ese values c produce2 8 face w reveal no fight+ & discordant values2 !re w be no viol5t contra/s ( type 9 8 features1 &1 relative to ,*9ese values1 8 face w be ! mo/ regul> & h>moni\s t c be se51 & !re=e ! mo/ beautiful4#fb ,! ,*9ese rul]-arti/1 9 repres5t+ a m$iocre ,*9aman1 w\ld !re=e ex]cise 8 transfigur+ p[]s to ov]come any discordant features 9 ! face be=e him1 & w\ld ?us produce a beautiful type4#fc ,or1 if 8 model happ5$ to be ! highe/ product ( ,*9ese values1 8 object w\ld be to transc5d ev5 t1 & to po9t to some?+ high]4 ,once aga91 !re=e1 ?\gh x is impossible to posit a univ]sal concept ( subject-beauty1 v>i\s concepts may be giv5 an ord] ( rank1 subject to ! values ) :i* !y happ5 to be associat$4 #ed ,if ?is book be read 9 conjunction ) my monograph on ,nietzs*e3 8 ,life & ,works 7,con/able71 or my ,:o is to be ,ma/] ( ! ,_w8 7,f\lis71 !re ought to be no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ?is po9t4 #ee ,b4 ,bosanquet1 ,a ,hi/ory ( /hetic1 p4 #d4 #ef ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdf4 ,see also ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #ai3 ,! 'beautiful 9 itself' is m]ely an expression1 n ev5 a concept4 #eg ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,apr4 #ai3 ,9 ! beautiful1 man posits himself z ! /&>d ( p]fection2 9 select cases he wor%ips himself 9 t /&>d4 ,a species _c possibly d o!rwise ?an ?us say yea to itself4 #eh ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfa3 ,legislative moralities are ! pr9cipal means by :i* "o c =m mank9d1 accord+ to ! fancy ( a creative & pr(\nd w3 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t su* an arti/ic w ( ! fir/ ord] gets ! p[] into its own h&s1 & c make its creative w prevail ov] long p]iods 9 ! =m ( legislation1 religions1 & morals4 ,see p4 #gi 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is lecture4 #ei ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ahe4 #fj ,g4 ,e41 p4 #ajg3 ,! ess5tial ?+ '9 heav5 & e>?' is1 app>5tly1 t !re %\ld be long ob$i5ce 9 ! same direction2 !re !reby results1 & has always result$ 9 ! long run1 some?+ :i* has made life wor? liv+2 = in/ance1 virtue1 art1 music1 danc+1 reason1 spirituality--any?+ :atev] t is transfigur+1 ref9$1 fooli%1 or div9e4 #fa ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #bd4 #fb ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #dg3 ,ev5 ! beauty ( a race or family1 ! pleasantness & k9dness ( _! :ole demean\r1 is acquir$ by ef=t2 l g5ius1 x is ! f9al result ( ! accumulat$ lab\r ( g5]ations4 ,!re mu/ h be5 great sacrifices made to good ta/e2 = ! sake ( x1 mu* mu/ h be5 done1 & mu* refra9$ f--! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,france is wor?y ( admiration 9 bo? ways2 good ta/e mu/ !n h be5 a pr9ciple ( selection1 = society1 place1 dress1 & sexual gratification1 beauty mu/ h be5 pref]r$ to advantage1 habit1 op9ion1 indol5ce4 ,supreme rule3--we mu/ n 'let ourselves g1' ev5 :5 only 9 our own pres5ce4--,good ?+s are co/ly beyond measure1 & ! rule always holds1 t he :o possesses !m is o!r ?an he :o acquires !m4 ,all excell5ce is inh]itance2 :at has n be5 inh]it$ is imp]fect1 x is a beg9n+4 #fc ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde3 ',beauty1' !re=e1 is1 to ! arti/1 some?+ :i* is above ord] ( rank1 because 9 beauty contra/s are ov]come1 ! highe/ sign ( p[] ?us manife/+ itself 9 ! conque/ ( opposites2 & a*iev$ )\t a feel+ ( t5sion4 ,see also ,hegel1 ,vorlesung5 b] /hetik1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #acj1 #add4 #g4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,ugl9ess ( ,=m & ( ,ugl9ess ( ,cont5t 9 ,art4 ,ugl9ess 9 ,art1 !re=e1 is ,art's contradiction4#fg ,x is ! abs5ce ( ,art4 ,x is a sign t ! simplify+1 ord]+ & transfigur+ p[] ( ! arti/ has n be5 successful1 & t *aos1 disord] & complexity h n be5 ov]come4 ,ugl9ess ( =m 9 ,art1 !re=e1 w t5d to become preval5t 9 democratic times2 because x is precisely at su* times t a g5]al tru? = all is believ$ 91 &1 s9ce reality is ! only tru? :i* c be made common to all1 democratic art is inv>iably reali/ic1 & !re=e1 accord+ to my def9ition ( ! beautiful 9 =m1 ugly4 ,9 ?is matt]1 ,i d n ask y to take my views on tru/4 ,a p]son :o w seem to y v mu* m au?oritative ?an myself--a man :o once _h ! hon\r ( influ5c+ ,:i/l]1 & :o1 by ! bye1 is also fam\s = hav+ flung d[n ! ,colonne ,v5dme 9 ,p>is-- once express$ himself q categorically on ?is matt]4 ,at ! ,congress ( ,antw]p 9 #ahfa1 aft] he _h criticiz$ o!r arti/s & o!r concepts ( art1 ?is man conclud$ 8 spee* z foll[s3 ,by d5y+ ! ideal & all t x involves1 ,i atta9 to ! complete emancipation ( ! individual1 & f9ally to democracy4 ,realism is ess5tially democratic4#fh ,z y all mu/ "k1 ?is man 0 ,gu/ave ,c\rbet1 ( :om ,mu!r said t he _h a pr$ilection = ! ugly4#fi ,arti/s infect$ ) ! pure or ! corrupt layman's view ( ,art1 z describ$ 9 ! previ\s section1 & arti/s obsess$ by ! ,*ri/ian or sci5tific notion ( tru?1 w consequ5tly produce ugly "w4 ,!y w be reali/s1 or ,police-arti/s1 & consequ5tly ugly4 ,b h[ c cont5t- or subject-ugl9ess be und]/ood8 ,cont5t- or subject-ugl9ess is ! decad5ce ( a type4#gj ,x is ! sign t c]ta9 features1 belong+ to o!r peoples 7hi!rto call$ ugly accord+ to ! absolute biological /&>d ( beauty ( a race71 are beg9n+ to be introduc$ into _! type4 ,or x may mean t ! subject to be repres5t$ does n reveal t h>mony & lack ( contra/s :i* ! values ( a p are capable ( produc+4 ,9 ea* case x provokes hatr$1 & ?is hatr$ is inspir$ by ! mo/ pr(\nd in/9ct ( ! species2 !re is horror1 =esight1 pr(undity1 & f>-rea*+ vision 9 x--x is ! pr(\nde/ ( all hatr$s4 ,on acc\nt ( x art is pr(\nd4#ga ,! hatr$ am\nts to a condemnation ( usurp+ values1 or ( discordant values2 9 fact1 to a condemnation ( dissolution & an>*y1 & ! judgm5t ugly is ( ! mo/ s]i\s import4 ,?us1 al?\gh few ( u c agree to-day z to :at con/itutes a beautiful man or woman1 !re is /ill a g5]al idea common to u all1 t a c]ta9 regul>ity ( features con/itutes beauty1 & t1 ) ?is beauty1 a c]ta9 reliable1 h>moni\s1 & calculable nature w be pres5t4 ,sp5c] said ! wise/ ?+ 9 all 8 philosophy :5 he decl>$ t ! say+ t beauty is b sk9 deep1 is b a sk9-deep say+4#gb ,= beauty 9 any human creature1 be+ ! result ( a long & sev]e obs]vance by 8 ance/ors ( a p>ticul> set ( values1 always d5otes "s def9ite attitude t[>ds ,life2 x always lures to "s p>ticul> k9d ( life & joy--z ,/5dhal said1 ,beauty is a promise ( happ9ess--& z su* x s$uces to ,life & to ?is e>?4 ,?is expla9s :y beauty is reg>d$ ) suspicion by negative religions1 & :y x t5ds to decl9e 9 places :]e ! sway ( a negative religion is p[]ful4 ,because a negative religion _c tol]ate t :i* lures to life1 to ! body1 to joy & to voluptu\s ec/asy4 ,x is ^u _! notion ( spiritual beauty1 ^u passive virtues1 t ! negative religions lay su* /ress1 & ?us !y all[ ! ugly to f9d p$e/als 9 _! sanctu>ies m easily ?an ! beautiful4 #fg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beb4 #fh ,a4 ,e/ign>d1 ,gu/ave ,c\rbet 7,p>is1 #ahif71 p4 #aah4 #fi ,ges*i*te d] ,mal]ei1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bjd4 #gj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde4 ,see also ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #bj3 ,! ugly is und]/ood z a sign & symptom ( deg5]ation2 t :i* rem9ds u 9 ! remote/ mann] ( deg5]acy prompts u to pron\nce ! v]dict 'ugly4' ,e indication ( exhau/ion1 gravity1 age or lassitude2 e k9d ( con/ra9t1 su* z cramp or p>alysis2 & above all ! od\r1 ! col\r1 & ! lik5ess ( decomposition or putrefaction1 be x utt]ly att5uat$ ev5 to a symbol3--all ^! ?+s call =? a simil> reaction1 ! evaluation 'ugly4' ,a hatr$ is !re excit$3 :om does man hate !re8 ,!re c be no d\bt3 ! decl9e ( 8 type4 #ga ,t4 ,i41 ,"p #aj1 ,aph4 #bj4 #gb ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ii 7#aija ,edition71 p4 #cid4 #h4 ,! ,rul]-,arti/'s ,/yle & ,subject4 ,up to ! pres5t1 y h d\btless obs]v$ t ,i h spok5 only ( man z ! prop] subject-matt] ( ! graphic ,arts4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is1 ,nietzs*e n only has ,goe! & _m less] m5 on 8 side1 b he has also ! hi/ory ( ,art 9 g5]al4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 %[ y yet h[1 or 9 :at mann]1 animal-pa9t+1 l&scape-pa9t+1 &1 9 "s respects1 portrait-pa9t+ are to be plac$ l[] ?an ! art :i* conc]ns itself ) man4 ,let x !re=e suffice1 = ! pres5t1 simply to recognize ! fact t ,nietzs*e did take up ?is attitude1 & leave ! m exhau/ive discussion ( x to ! next "p ( ?is lecture4 ,n[1 elim9at+ = a mom5t all ^? pseudo-arti/s :o h be5 re>$ by ! two /ronge/ public dem&s on ! ,art ( ! pres5t age--,i speak ( portrait-pa9t+ & d9+-room pictures--!re rema9s a class ( arti/s :i* /ill %[s signs ( rais+ its head "h & !re1 ?\gh e ye> ) less frequ5cy1 & ?is is ! class :i*1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 we call ,rul]-arti/s4 ,z ,i say1 !y are becom+ extremely r>e2 _! r>ity1 :i* may be easily acc\nt$ =1#gc is "o ( ! evil om5s ( ! "t4 ,! rul]-arti/ is he :o1 elat$ by 8 own heal? & love ( ,life1 says ,yea to 8 own type & proclaims 8 fai? or confid5ce 9 x1 aga9/ all o!r types2 & :o1 9 s do+1 det]m9es or acc5tuates ! values ( t type4 ,if he prevails 9 concepts 9 s do+1 he also ennobles & embelli%es ! type he is advocat+4 ,he is ei!r ! mak] or ! highe/ product ( an aspir+ & an asc5d+ p4 ,9 him _! highe/ values f9d _! mo/ spl5did bloom4 ,9 him _! highe/ values f9d _! /ronge/ spokesman4 ,& 9 8 "w !y f9d ! symbol ( _! l(tie/ hopes4 ,by ! beauty :i* 8 s\l reflects ^u ! select$ m5 he repres5ts 9 8 works1 he e/abli%es an ord] ( rank among 8 p1 & puts ea* 9 8 place4 ,! spectator :o is v mu* b5ea? ! beauty ( ! rul]-arti/'s ma/]pieces feels 8 ignom9i\s position at a glance4 ,he realizes ! impassable gulf t is = ev] fix$ betwe5 himself & t6 ,& ?is sudd5 revelation tells him 8 level4 ,su* a man1 aft] he has contemplat$ ! rul]-arti/'s "w1 may ru% headlong to ! ne>e/ riv] & dr[n himself4 ,8 despair may be s great :5 he realizes ! impossibility ( ev] rea*+ ! heights he has be5 contemplat+1 t he may immolate himself on ! spot4 ,only ?us c ! _w be purg$ ( ! _m-too-_m4 ,unto _m life is a failure1 says ,z>a?u/ra1 a poison\s worm eat+ ?r\gh into _! he>t4 ,^! ought to see to x t !y succe$ bett] 9 dy+4 ,_m-too-_m live4444 ,w\ld t prea*]s ( swift dea? might arise6 ,!y w\ld be ! prop] /orms to %ake ! trees ( life4#gd ,9 ! pres5ce ( beauty1 alone1 c "o "k "o's true rank1 & ?is expla9s :y ! ,japanese decl>e t until a man has made himself beautiful he has no "r to approa* beauty1#ge = great art is t be=e :i* we long to die4#gf ,b1 to ^? :o see b ! smalle/ *ance ( approa*+ x1 beauty is an exhortation1 a /imulus1 a bugle-call4 ,x may drive !m to means = prun+ !mselves ( ugl9ess2 x may urge !m to inn] h>mony1 to a suppression ( inte/9al discord4 ,beauty alone %\ld prea* p5it5ce1#gg says ,z>a?u/ra4 ,& 9 ?is s5t5ce y h ! only utilit>ian view ( beauty t has any ari/ocratic value1 besides t :i* ma9ta9s t beauty lures to ,life1 & to ! body4 ,h5ce1 beauty ne$ n impel all m5 to ! riv]4 ,!re are "s :o1 aft] contemplat+ x1 w feel j ne> en\gh to x n to despair altoge!r ( atta9+ to its level1 & ?is ?\ght w l5d !m bo? hope & c\rage4 ,! rul]-arti/1 !re=e1 9 ord] t 8 subject-beauty may h "s mean+1 mu/ be ! syn!sis ( ! pa/ & ! future ( a p4 ,up to 8 wai/ 9 _! _s1 he mu/ m\ld or pa9t !m ! apo!osis ( _! type4 ,only ?us c he hope to prevail ) 8 subject--,man4 ,! ,g]man philosoph]1 ,k>l ,he9ri* ,heyd5rei*1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to recognize ?is p[] ( ! rul]-arti/1 & ! necessity ( 8 be+ intimately associat$ ) a p>ticul> p1 al?\gh above !m2 & 9 8 little book1 ,sy/em d] /hetik1 he makes "s v illum9at+ rem>ks on ?is matt]4#gh ,?us ,b5$etto ,croce rightly argues t 9 ord] to appreciate ! arti/ic works ( bygone & ext9ct nations1 x is necess>y to h a k & und]/&+ ( _! life & hi/ory--9 o!r words1 ( _! values4#gi ,:at he does n po9t out1 h[ev]1 & :at seems v important1 is1 t su* hi/orical rese>* w\ld be q unnecess>y to "o :o by nature 0 a priori 9 sympa?y ) ! values ( an ext9ct nation2 & also1 t all ! hi/orical k available c\ld n make any "o ^: "* 0 n a little ,p]iclean or ,egyptian f ! />t1 admire1 or ev5 appreciate1 ei!r ! ,p>!non1 or ! brilliant diorite /atue ( ,k+ ,khephrn 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,all great rul]-art1 !n1 is1 z x 71 a song ( praise1 a magnificat1 appeal+ only to ^?1 & pleas+ only ^?1 :o feel 9 sympa?y ) ! values :i* x advocates4 ,& t is :y all art ( any importance1 & ( any wor?1 mu/ be bas$ ^u a c]ta9 gr\p ( values--9 o!r words1 mu/ h a philosophy or a p>ticul> view ( ! _w z its f\ndation4 ,o!rwise x is po9tless1 mean+less1 & divorc$ f life4 ,o!rwise x is act+1 s5tim5tal nons5se1 or l'art p\r l'art4 ,all great rul]-art also takes ,man z its cont5t2 because human values are ! only values t conc]n x4 ,all great rul]-art also takes beauty )9 a c]ta9 p z its aim2 because ! w-to-p[] is its driv+ in/9ct1 & beauty1 be+ ! mo/ difficulty ?+ to a*ieve1 is ! /ronge/ te/ ( p[]4 ,f9ally1 all great rul]-art is optimi/ic2 because x implies ! w ( ! arti/ to prevail4 ,b :at con/itutes ! =m ( ! rul]-arti/'s "w8 ,9 :at way mu/ he give u 8 cont5t8 ,! rul]-arti/'s =m is ! =m ( ! comm&]4 ,x mu/ scorn to please4#hj ,x mu/ brook no disob$i5ce & no insubord9ation1 save among ^? ( its behold]s ab\t :om x does n c>e1 f :om x w\ld fa9 sep>ate itself1 & among :om x is n ) its pe]s4 ,x mu/ be au?oritative1 extremely simple1 irrefutable1 full ( re/ra9t1 & z repetitive z a ,mohamm$an pray]4 ,x mu/ po9t to ess5tials1 x mu/ select ess5tials1 & x mu/ transfigure ess5tials4 ,! pres5ce ( non-ess5tials 9 a "w ( art is suffici5t to put x at once ^u a v l[ plane4 ,= :at matt]s above all is t ! rul]-arti/ %\ld prevail 9 concepts1 & 9 ord] to d ?is 8 "w mu/ conta9 ! def9ite /atem5t ( ! value he sets ^u all t he mo/ *]i%es4 ,h5ce ! belief all ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( /hetic t high art is a c]ta9 unity 9 v>iety1 a c]ta9 s+le idea exhal$ f a m or less complex :ole1 or1 z ! ,japanese say1 repetition ) a modicum ( v>iation4#ha ,symmetry1 z d5ot+ balance1 & z a help to obta9+ a complete grasp ( an idea2 ,sobriety1 z reveal+ t re/ra9t :i* a position ( comm& presupposes2 ,simplicity1 z prov+ ! p[] ( ! great m9d t has ov]come ! *aos 9 itself1#hb to reflect its ord] & h>mony ^u o!r ?+s1#hc & to select ! mo/ ess5tial features f among a ho/ ( m or less ess5tial features2 ,transfiguration1 z betray+ t ,dionysian elation & elevation f :i* ! arti/ gives ( himself to reality & makes x reflect 8 own glory back ^u him2 ,repetition1 z a means ( obta9+ ob$i5ce2 & ,v>iety1 z ! indisp5sable condition ( all liv+ ,art--all ,art :i* is hortatory & :i* does n aim at repose alone1 at sleep1 & at soo?+ & lull+ jad$ & exasp]at$ n]ves1--^! are ! pr9cipal qualities ( rul]-art1 & any "w :i* w\ld be defici5t 9 "o ( ^! qualities w\ld !reby be utt]ly & des]v$ly condemn$ to take its place on a l[] plane4 ,p]haps ! greate/ te/ ( all1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! wor? ( an arti/ic production is to inquire :5ce x came1 :at 0 its s\rce4 ,has hung] or sup]abundance creat$ x8#hd ,if ! fir/1 ! "w w make nobody ri*]4 ,x w r rob !m ( :at !y h4 ,x is likely to be ei!r 7,a7 true to ,nature1 7,b7 ugli] ?an ,nature1 or 7,c7 absurdly unnatural4 ,a is ! product ( ! ord9>y man1 ,b is ! product ( ! man bel[ m$iocrity1 save 9 a c]ta9 manual dext]ity1 & ,c is ! outcome ( ! tyrannical w ( ! suff]]1#he :o wi%es to wreak 8 rev5ge on all t ?rives1 & is beautiful & happy1 & :i* bids him weave fanta/ic worlds ( 8 own1 away f ?is "o1 :]e p ( 8 calibre c =get _! wret*$ ailm5ts & evil hum\rs1 & wall[ 9 _! own fev]i% nightm>es ( ov]/ra9$1 palpitat+ & neuropa?ic ye>n+s4 ,a is pov]ty-realism or ,police ,art4 ,b is pessimism & incompet5t ,art4 ,c is ,romanticism4 ,:]e sup]abundance is active1 ! "w is ! gift & ! bless+ ( ! w to p[] ( "s high] man4 ,x w seem z mu* above ,nature to m$iocre p z its creator is above !m4 ,b1 s9ce x w brook no contradiction1 x w actually value ,nature afre%1 & /imulate !m to %>e 9 ?is new valuation4 ,:]e pov]ty is active1 ! "w is an act ( robb]y4 ,x is :at psy*ologi/s call a reflex action result+ f a /imulus--! only k9d ( action t we und]/& n[adays3 h5ce our belief 9 ,det]m9ism1 ,d>w9ism1 & su* explanations ( ,art z we f9d 9 books by ,ta9e & o!r writ]s :o %>e 8 views4 ,! ,art :i* mu/ h exp]i5ce & :i* is n ! outcome ( inn] ri*es br\ght to ! surface by m$itation--?is is ! art ( pov]ty4 ,! g5]al mod]n belief 9 exp]i5ce & 9 ! necessity ( furni%+ ! m9d by go+ direct to ,nature & to reality %[s to :at ext5t ! ,art ( to-day has become reactive in/ead ( active4 ,! great] "p ( mod]n realism is ! outcome ( ?is pov]ty4 ,x is reactive art1 result+ f reflex actions2 &1 z su*1 is an exce$+ly unheal?y sign4 ,n only does x %[ t ! p[] ( resi/+ /imuli is wan+ or altoge!r abs5t2 b x also d5otes t t inn] p[] :i* requires no /imulus to dis*>ge itself is ei!r lack+ or exce$+ly weak4 ,) ^! words ^u ! subject ( realism1 ,i %all n[ conclude ?is "p ( ,lecture ,,ii4 ,i %all return to realism 9 my next lecture2 b y w see t x w be ( a diff]5t k9d f t ( :i* ,i h j spok54 ,x w be sup]ior1 & w be ! outcome ( ri*es r ?an ( pov]ty4 ,al?\gh b5ea? g5u9e ,rul]-art1 :i* transfigures reality1 x w nev]!less be sup]ior to ! pov]ty-realism :i* ,i h j discuss$2 = x w be ( a k9d :i* is =c$ ^u ! p[]ful arti/ :o1 9 ! mid/ ( a _w uphold+ o!r values ?an 8 own1 is oblig$ to br+ =w>d 8 ideal ) su* a prepond]ance ( *>act]i/ic features z w\ld seem almo/ to repres5t a transcript ( reality4 ,?is realism ,i call militant realism1 to di/+ui% x f ! =m] k9d4 ,9 discuss+ m$ival4 ,r5aissance & ,greek ,art1 9 my next lecture1 ?is di/9ction w1 ,i hope1 be made q pla9 to y4 #gc ,g4 ,e41 p4 #abj #gd ,z41 ,i1 ,,xxi4 #ge ,! ,book ( ,tea1 p4 #aeb4 #gf ,ibid4 #aii4 #gg ,z41 ,i1 ,,xxvi4 #gh ,sy/em d] /hetik 7#agij71 pp4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 :]e1 9 reply+ to ! "q :y ! arts 7 n only pursu$ ) m p]fection by ! anci5ts1 b also judg$ ) m compet5ce by !m1 he says3 ,_! mat]ial 0 drawn f ! he>t ( _! nation1 & f ! life ( _! citiz5s1 & ! mann] ( repres5t+ x & ( fram+ x 0 9 keep+ ) ! "* & ne$s ( ! p4444 ,if ! ,greek l5t 8 e> to ! poet1 or 8 eye to ! pa9t] & sculptor1 ( 8 age1 he 0 %[n subjects :i* 7 famili> to 8 s\l1 intimately relat$ to 8 imag9ation1 &1 z x 71 b\nd by blood-relation%ip to 8 he>t4 ,on pp4 #ab1 #ac1 he also %[s t if ,art is less ?rill+ n[adays1 x is because peoples are too mix$1 & a s+le purpose no long] *>act]izes _! /riv+4 #gi /hetic 7translat$ by ,d\glas ,a9slie71 p4 #baj et seq4 #hj ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgg3 ,! greatness ( an arti/ is n to be measur$ by ! beautiful feel+s :i* he evokes3 let ?is belief be left to ! girls4 ,x %\ld be measur$ accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* he approa*es ! gr& /yle1 accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* he is capable ( ! gr& /yle4 ,?is /yle & great passion h ?is 9 common--t !y scorn to please2 t !y =get to p]suade2 t !y comm&2 t !y w4444 ,see also p4 #bda4 #ha ,?is 0 fir/ br\ght to my notice by my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,wr5*4 ,see ,! ,gramm> ( ,life1 by ,g4 ,t4 ,wr5* 7,he9emann1 #aijh71 p4 #bah4 ,al?\gh ! developm5t ( ?is idea really belongs to a special treatise on ! laws ( ,/yle 9 pa9t+1 x is int]e/+ to note "h t ?is excell5t pr9ciple is quickly grasp$ if ! p[]fully allit]ative phrases3 ,:]e !re's a w !re's a way1 or ,goodness graci\s6 or ,to-morr[1 to-morr[1 & n to-day1 be spok5 be=e c]ta9 pictures1 or writt5 b5ea? !m4 ,! fir/ phrase1 = in/ance1 writt5 b5ea? ! ,aldobr9d9i ,m>riage1 or ,botticelli's ,bir? ( ,v5us1 is se5 imm$iately to be next ( k9 to ^! pictures z an art-=m2 & ! same holds good ( ! second writt5 b5ea? ,reynolds's ,john ,dunn+ 7,fir/ ,"l ,a%burton7 & 8 ,si/]1 or ,manet's ,olympia4 #hb ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgg4 #hc ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhh4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ arti/s are ^? :o make h>mony r+ out ( e discord1 & :o b5efit all ?+s by ! gift ( _! p[] & _! inn] h>mony3 9 e "w ( art !y m]ely reveal ! symbol ( _! inmo/ exp]i5ces--_! creation is gratitude = _! life4 ,see also p4 #cjg4 #hd ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhj3 ,9 reg>d to all /hetic values ,i n[ avail myself ( ?is fundam5tal di/9ction3 9 e individual case ,i ask myself has hung] or has sup]abundance be5 creative "h8 #he ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bha4 ,"p ,,iii ,,l&scape ,,& ,,portrait ,,pa9t+ ,he cause? ! grass to gr[ = ! cattle1 & h]b = ! s]vice ( man3 t he may br+ =? fruit out ( ! e>?4--,psalms civ4 #ad4 #a4 ,! ,value ,ugly 9 ! ,m\? ( ! ,creator4 ,9 ! la/ section ( ?is lecture1 ,i told y ( ?ree k9ds ( ugl9ess4 ,i said !re 0 ! ugl9ess ( *aos & disord]1 :i* provokes ! hate ( ! layman1 & :i* ! arti/ ov]comes4 ,i spoke ( ! ugl9ess ( =m 9 ,art1 :i* appe>$ :5 ! arti/ _h fail$ 9 8 endeav\r to ma/] disord]1 or :5 he _h select$ a subject already ord]$1 9 :i* he has left himself no scope = manife/+ 8 p[]2 & ,i also po9t$ to t ugl9ess ( subject 9 ,art1 9 :i* ! ord9>y behold]1 z well z ! arti/1 recognizes ! deg5]ation ( 8 type or a l[ example ( x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f\r? aspect ( ugl9ess1 & t is ! esot]ic po/ulation ( ! value ugly by ! creator4 ,i h %[n h[ creat+ also involves giv+1 & !re=e loss--j z procreation does2 b :at is ! precise mean+ ( ! ^w ugly 9 ! m\? ( ! ,dionysian arti/8 ,we mu/ rememb] t 8 eyes are n our eyes1 & t 8 m9d is n our m9d4 ,he _c look at ,life )\t enri*+ h]4 ,b :at is 8 attitude to ! transfigurations ( =m] arti/s8 ,be=e ^! ! ,dionysian arti/ c feel only loa?+1 &1 9 a p>oxysm ( hatr$1 he raises 8 axe & %att]s ! pa/ into fragm5ts4 ,all ar\nd him1 a mom5t be=e1 p said3 ,! _w is beautiful6 ,b he1 ?or\ghly alone1 groans at its unspeakable ugl9ess4 ,he rejoices z he sees ! fragm5ts fly b5ea? 8 mighty weapon1 & ! great] ! beauty ( ! ?+ he de/roys1 ! high] is 8 exultation4 ,=1 to him1 ! joy 9 ! de/ruction ( ! mo/ noble ?+ & at ! sight ( its gradual undo+1 is ! joy ov] :at is com+ & :at lies 9 ! future1 & ?is triumphs ov] actual ?+s1 h[ev] good !y may be4#a ,:at he calls ugly1 !n1 has no?+ :atsoev] 9 common ) any o!r concept ( ugl9ess2 x is simply ! outcome ( 8 creative _s :i* compels him to reg>d :at has exi/$ hi!rto z no long] acceptable1 b z bot*$1 wor?y ( be+ suppress$--ugly6#b ,& ?us x is peculi> to him alone4 ,i h %[n y t ,nietzs*e expla9s pleasure1 /hetically1 z ! appropriation ( ! _w by man's ,w to ,p[]4 ,pa91 or evil1 n[ obta9s its /hetic ju/ification4 ,x is ! outcome ( ! de/ruction t ! creator spreads 9 a _w ( ,becom+2 x is ! p]iodical sma%+ ( ,be+ by ! ,dionysian creator :o c endure ,becom+4 ,no creator c tol]ate ! pa/ save z a ?+ :i* once s]v$ z 8 s*ool+4 ,b a p are usually "o ) _! pa/4 ,to !m x is at once a gr&fa!r1 a fa!r1 & an eld] bro!r4 ,9 a trice ! creator deprives !m ( ^! relatives4 ,?r\gh him !y are made orphans1 bro!rless & alone4 ,h5ce ! pa9 t is inevitably associat$ ) ! joy ( de/ruction & ( creation4 ,n only a creative g5ius1 h[ev]1 b also a creative age1 may use ! ^w ugly 9 ?is ,dionysian s5se4 ,= a robu/ & ri* p scorn to treasure & to ho>d t :i* has gone be=e4 ,& ?us our museums1 alone1 are p]haps ! greate/ betrayal ( our times4 ,:5 ! ,a!nians return$ to _! ru9$ ,acropolis 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 !y did n ev5 scrat* ! gr\nd to recov] ! ma/]pieces t lay brok51 ?\gh n completely de/roy$1 all ar\nd !m4 ,&1 z ,pr(essor ,g>dn] obs]ves1 x is =tunate = u t no mort> 0 requir$ = ! build+s :i* 7 be+ erect$ to take ! place ( ^? t _h be5 de/roy$2 o!rwise ^! fragm5ts ( m>ble sculpture & ar*itecture1 in/ead ( be+ buri$ to help 9 fill+ up ! t]rac$ area ( ! ,acropolis1 w\ld c]ta9ly h gone to ! lime-kiln4#c ,! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 ! same way1 reg>d$ ! build+s ( anci5t ,rome m]ely z s _m qu>ries :5ce !y might be> away ! mat]ials = _! own con/ructions4 ,& :e!r ,paul ,,ii wi%$ to build ! ,palazzo di ,v5ezia1 or ,c>d9al ,ri>io ! ,cancell>ia1 ! same pr9ciple obta9$4 ,at ! same p]iod we also f9d ,raphael de/roy+ ! "w ( e>li] pa9t]s by cov]+ x ) 8 own compositions1#d & ,mi*elangelo n hesitat+ to oblit]ate ev5 ,p]ug9o's alt> frescoes 9 ! ,sixt9e ,*apel 9 ord] to pa9t 8 ,judgm5t4 ,:ile 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 at a mom5t :5 a great future seem$ to be promis$ to mod]n ,egypt1 ,mehemet ,ali s5t 8 ar*itect to ! sacr$ ,pyramids ( ,gizeh1 to rob !m ( ! alaba/] :i* he requir$ = 8 magnific5t mosque on ! citadel ( ,cairo4#e ,f a purely ar*ological & s*ola/ic po9t ( view1 !re=e1 x is possible to ju/ify our museums--! ,briti% ,museum1 = in/ance4 ,b f ! creative or arti/ic /&po9t1 !y are simply a confession ( impot5ce1 ( pov]ty1 & ( fe>2 &1 z su*1 are utt]ly contemptible4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k t1 = ! sake ( public ta/e & sanity1 "s ( ! ugly fragm5ts--su* z two-?irds ( ! maim$ & mutilat$ p>ts ( bodies f ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n p$im5ts ( ! ,p>!non--ought nev] to h be5 all[$ to /& outside a /ud5ts' room 9 a s*ool ( ar*ology or ( art1 & ev5 9 su* in/itutions z ^!1 ,i v mu* "q ! value ( ! pieces to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 #a ,w4 ,p41 ,vol ,i1 p4 #ccc4 ,see also ,b4 ,t41 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #b ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ccc4 #c ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,m4,a41 p4 #bab4 #d ,pi]o della ,francesca's decorations 9 ! ,vatican1 pa9t$ "u ! direction ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v1 7 ultimately de/roy$ by ,raphael4 ,see ,w4 ,s4 ,wat]s1 ,m4,a41 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 pp4 #bc1 #bd1 #ajh4 #e ,see also ,f]gusson1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dh3 444 ,if we _h made ! same progress 9 ! high] t we h 9 ! l[] bran*es ( ! build+ art1 we %\ld see a ,go?ic ,ca!dral pull$ d[n ) ! same indiff]5ce1 cont5t to "k t we c\ld easily replace x by "o f> nobl] & m wor?y ( our age & intellig5ce4 ,no ar*itect dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ev] hesitat$ to pull d[n any "p ( a ca!dral t 0 old & go+ to decay2 & to replace x ) some?+ 9 ! /yle ( ! day1 h[ev] incongru\s t might be2 & if we 7 progress+ z !y 71 we %\ld h z little compunction 9 foll[+ ! same c\rse4 #b4 ,l&scape ,pa9t+4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ,i h spok5 only ( ,man z ! prop] subject ( ,rul]-,art4 ,i h done ?is because ,man is ! highe/ subject ( ,art 9 g5]al1 & because ! mom5t humanity ceases f hold+ ! fir/ place 9 our int]e/1 some?+ mu/ be amiss1 ei!r ) humanity1 or ) ourselves4 ,/ill1 !re are degrees & grades among rul]-arti/s4 ,all ( !m _c aspire to ! exposition ( ! highe/ human values4 ,& j z "s turn to design & to ornam5t1 & ?us1 9 a small way1 arrange & introduce ord] into a small area ( ! _w1 s o!rs --/&+ halfway betwe5 ^! design]s & ! valu]s ( humanity --apply _! p[]s q in/9ctively to ,nature away f ,man4 ,!y h a ?\ght to express--let u say x is3 ,ord] is ! highe/ good1 or ,p[] is ! s\rce ( all pleasure & beauty1 or ,an>*y cont5ds 9 va9 aga9/ ! gov]n+ p[] ( light :i* is g5ius1 & 9 ! case ( ?is la/ ?\ght !y pa9t a rugg$ sc5e :i* !y reveal z arrang$1 simplifi$ & transfigur$ by ! p[] ( ! sun4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases !y use ,nature m]ely z a symbol1 or a vehicle1 by means ( :i* _! ?\ght or valuation is borne 9 ^u _! fell[s2 & !y d n />t out z actual admir]s ( m]e sc5]y1 wi%+ only to repeat x z c>efully z possible4 ,ev5 :5 x uses ,nature m]ely z a symbol or a vehicle1 h[ev]1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is k9d ( ,rul]-,art is a degree l[] 9 rank ?an ! art :i* conc]ns itself ) man2 & :5 ?is k9d ( art becomes reali/ic1 z x did ) ,con/able & all 8 foll[]s1 x is lit]ally sup]flu\s4 ,only :5 ! l&scape is a m9or elem5t1 s]v+ b to receive & convey ! mood or aspiration ( ! arti/1 is x a subject = ,rul]-,art1 & !n ! h& ( man %\ld be visible 9 x ev]y:]e4 ,) ! arti/'s arrang+1 simplify+ & transfigur+ p[] obs]vable 9 ,nature1 l&scape pa9t+1 z ,kant v wisely obs]v$ 9 8 ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft1 becomes a process ( pictorial g>d5+1 & z su* c tea* v great lessons4 ,/ill1 all l&scapes ought to be approa*$ ) caution by ! lov] ( ,rul]-,art2 = unless !y are treat$ ) an extreme rul]-_s1 !y po9t too imp]atively away f man1 to promise a developm5t t c be :olesomely human4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t l&scape pa9t+ only became a really important & s]i\s bran* ( art :5 all ! turmoil & contradiction :i* ?ree successive *anges ( values _h br\ght ab\t 7 at _! height--,i ref] to ! bl[ levell$ at ,m$ival values by ! ,r5aissance1 to '! bl[ levell$ at ! ,r5aissance by ! ,c\nt]-,r5aissance & ,prote/antism 79 its ,g]man =m ( ,evangelism & 9 its ,engli% =m z ,puritanism71 & to ! bl[ levell$ at ! arti/ic _s ( ,europe 9 g5]al by ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies--& :51 !re=e1 d\bt & confusion _h already ent]$ m5's m9ds z to :at 0 to be believ$ ab\t ,man & ,life2 :5 x is rememb]$ also t x 0 precisely 9 ! nor?1 :]e1 z we %all see1 culture 0 less a matt] ( tradition ?an 9 ! s\?1 t l&scape f\nd its mo/ en]getic & mo/ reali/ic expon5ts--f ,joa*im ,pat5i]#f to ,ruysdael2 & t x 0 9 ! nor?1 ev5 aft] ! ,r5aissance1 t ! negative "* ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 reg>d to humanity & to ,life1 f\nd its /ronge/ adh]5ts2 ! importance ( e/abli%+ a v sev]e canon 9 reg>d to all l&scape pa9t+1 & ( insi/+ ^u v high rul] qualities 9 ?is bran* ( ! art1 ought to be cle> to all :o take ?is subject to he>t4 ,=1 difficult z x may seem to realize x1 !re is no?+ :atsoev] arti/ically beautiful 9 l&scape4#g ,only s5tim5tal#h t[nspeople1 compell$ by _! p>ticul> mode ( exi/5ce to gaze daily on _! own hide\s homes & /reets1 ev] manife/ a s5selessly ard5t & det]m9$ affection = gre5 fields & hills1 = _! own sake2 & ) ,engli% psy*ologi/s1 x w\ld be q admissible "h to say t all beauty t p>ticul> p believe to exi/ 9 c\ntry sc5]y1 is ! outcome ( association4 ,! anci5ts lik$ ! sunlit & fruitful valley because ( its promise ( su/5ance & weal?2 b !y %[$ no love ( nature z su*4#i ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]1#aj = in/ance1 po9ts out h[ l&scape pa9t+ only became a s]i\s & indep5d5t bran* ( art among ! ,greeks aft] ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4--t is to say1 long ov] a c5tury aft] ! date :51 accord+ to ,freeman1 ! decl9e ( ,hellas began2 &1 9 speak+ ( ! ,greeks 9 _! be/ p]iod1 he says3 ,!y d n atta* !mselves to nature ) t dep? ( feel+1 ) t g5tle melan*oly1 t *>act]izes ! mod]ns4444 ,_! impati5t imag9ation only trav]ses nature to pass beyond x to ! drama ( human life4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds tells u t ,concis5ess1 simplicity & an almo/ prosaic accuracy are ! nev]-fail+ attributes ( classical descriptive art--moreov]1 humanity 0 always m pres5t to _! m9ds ?an to ours4 ,no?+ evok$ sympa?y f ! ,greek unless x appe>$ be=e him 9 human %ape1 or 9 connection ) "s human s5tim5t4 ,! anci5t poets d n describe inanimate nature z su*1 or attribute a vague spirituality to fields & cl\ds4 ,t feel+ = ! beauty ( ! _w :i* is embodi$ 9 su* poems z ,%elley's ,ode to ! ,we/ ,w9d gave bir? 9 _! imag9ation to def9ite leg5ds1 involv+ "s dramatic int]e/ & conflict ( passions4#aa ,& ,mahaffy & ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,h>die tell ! same /ory4#ab ,b ev5 among s5sible mod]ns1 un9fect$ by s5tim5tal fev]1 ! love ( nature is mo/ly ( a purely utilit>ian k9d1 z witness ! love ( cornfields1 hayfields & or*>ds4 ,! f>m] at c]ta9 times gazes k9dly at ! purple hills beh9d 8 acres ( cultivat$ l&1 because _! col\r indicates ! com+ ra94 ,! cattle-bre$] smiles z he surveys ! ,romney m>%es1 & ?9ks ( ! spl5did pa/urel& !y w\ld make4 ,9 fact1 ! attitude ( s5sible mank9d 9 g5]al t[>ds l&scape1 z l&scape1 seems to h be5 pretty well summ>iz$ by ! writ] ( ! #ajd? ,psalm1 f :om1 accord+ to ,w4 ,h4 ,rhiel1 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & especially ! ,teutonic "p ( x1 seems to h d]iv$ mu* ( _! love ( ! beauties ( ,nature4#ac ,:at con/itutes ! arti/ic beauty 9 a pa9t$ l&scape1 !n1 is ! mood1 ! p>ticul> human quality1 t ! arti/ ?r[s into x4 ,z ! ,fr5* pa9t]s say1 a l&scape is a /ate ( ! s\l2 & unless ! p>ticul> mood or idea ) :i* ! arti/ inve/s a natural sc5e h "s value & int]e/1 & be pa9t$ 9 a comm&+ or rul] mann]1 x is a m]e piece ( sup]flu\s fool]y1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 f9d its prop] place on a great railway po/] or 9 an e/ate ag5t's illu/rat$ catalogue4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 ano!r k9d ( love ( nature1 :i* dates only f ! eighte5? c5tury1 & :i* is ?or\ghly & unque/ionably contemptible4 ,?is also1 l ! above1 is ! result ( association1 & has no?+ arti/ic 9 its con/itution2 b ?is "t x is an association :i* is misan?ropic & negative4 ,i ref] to :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! love ( ! ,romantic 9 ,nature1 ! love ( m\nta9s1 torr5ts1 unh&sel$ copses1 virg9 woods1 & r\gh & uncultivat$ c\ntry4 ,9 ?is love a new elem5t ent]s ! appreciation ( ,nature1 & t is a dislike & mi/ru/ ( ev]y?+ t be>s ! /amp ( man's p[] or 8 lab\r1 & !re=e an exaltation ( ev]y?+ untutor$1 uncultur$1 free1 uncon/ra9$ & wild4 ,?is attitude ( m9d seems to h be5 unkn[n n only to ! ,greeks & to ! ,romans1#ad b1 practically1 to all ,european nations up to ! "t ( ,r\sseau4 ,z ,fri$lnd] says1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d evid5ce ( travell]s go+ to m\nta9 c\ntry 9 que/ ( beauty1 be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1#ae & ! majority ( ^? :o 7 =c$ to visit su* c\ntry1 be=e t "t1 9 _! ,j\rneys to =eign cities1 describe x z horrible1 ugly & depress+4 ,oliv] ,goldsmi? is a case 9 po9t4 ,riehl decl>es t 9 guidebooks1 ev5 z late z #agej1 ,b]l91 ,leipzig1 ,augsburg1 ,d>m/adt1 ,mannheim1 etc41 are spok5 ( z ly+ 9 nice & *e]ful surr\nd+s1 :il/ ! mo/ picturesque p>ts 7accord+ to mod]n notions7 ( ! ,black ,=e/1 ( ! ,h>z1 & ! ,?ur+ian woods are describ$ z v gloomy1 b>r51 & mon/r\s1 or at lea/ z n p>ticul>ly pleasant4 ,& !n he adds3 ,?is is n ! private op9ion ( ! individual topographi/s3 x is ! /&po9t ( ! age4#af ,ev5 9 ! ,bible illu/rations ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we also f9d ! same _s prevail+4 ,p>adise--t is to say1 ! orig9al picture ( virg9 glory 9 natural beauty--is made to look l :at mod]ns w\ld call a monoton\sly flat g>d51 devoid ( any indication ( a hill1 9 :i* ! ,almighty1 or ,adam1 or somebody1 has already clipp$ all ! trees & h$ges1 & c>efully trimm$ ! grass4 ,y may argue ) ,riehl#ag t m$ival pa9t]s mu/ h ?\ght r\gh1 wild & b>r5 c\ntry beautiful2 o!rwise1 :y did !y put x 9 _! pictures8 ,"o l[-,g]man pa9t] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = in/ance1 pa9t$ a picture ( ,cologne1 &1 contr>y to ! g5u9e nature ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 introduc$ a backgr\nd ( jagg$ & rocky m\nta9s4 ,:y did he d ?is1 if he did n ?9k jagg$ & rocky m\nta9s beautiful8 ,9 reply to ?is ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ,fri$lnd] aga91 :o on ?is v "q writes z foll[s-- ,at lea/ ! lack ( a s5se = ! beauty ( m\nta9 sc5]y1 :i* is noticeable 9 ! poetry & travels ( ! ,middle ,ages1 view$ z a :ole1 ought to lead u to suspect t ?is same s5se c\ld h be5 only v slightly app>5t 9 ! realm ( pictorial art4 ,b ought we n to ascribe ! fanta/ic & romantic art ideal ( ! old ma/]s1 9 l&scape1 r to _! endeav\r to transf] ! sc5e & figures ( _! pictures f reality to an imag9>y _w8444 ,ev5 if hi/orical pa9t]s l ,john van ,eyck & ,meml+ eag]ly introduc$ jagg$ rocks & %>p m\nta9 7:i* app>5tly !y _h nev] se57 into _! backgr\nds 444 x is difficult to recognize any real und]/&+ or ev5 k ( ! nature ( m\nta9s 9 all ?is2 b simply an old & !re=e v conv5tional =m ( h]oic l&scape :i* 0 consid]$ z ! only suitable "o = a l>ge numb] ( subjects4#ah ,b !re is o!r evid5ce1 besides t to be f\nd 9 m$ival poetry & travels1 :i* %[s to :at ext5t ! p>ticul> s5se = natural beauty1 :i* ,i am n[ discuss+1 0 lack+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its abs5ce is also illu/rat$ by ! arrangem5t ( ca/les & o!r build+s4 ,mr4 d',auv]gne1 9 8 "w ,! ,engli% ,ca/les1 m ?an once calls att5tion to ?is1 & in/ances a t[] at ,dun/anburgh ,ca/le1#ai :i*1 ?\gh comm&+ a wildly romantic prospect1 0 select$ = ! vile/ dome/ic uses4 ,sudd5ly1 all ?is is contradict$ & rev]s$4 ,precisely :]e man's h& has be51 ev]y?+ is suppos$ to be pollut$1 unclean1 & ugly2 & r\gh1 uncultivat$ nature1 h[ev] rugg$1 h[ev] unkempt1 is exalt$ above all t :i* ! human _s has %ap$ & tra9$4 ,h[ did ?is *ange come ab\t8 ,to beg9 )1 let x be said1 t x 0 n q s sudd5 z ,fri$lnd] w\ld h u suppose4 ,long be=e ! dawn ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! v pr9ciples t 7 at ! base ( ,european life & aspirations--! pr9ciple ( ! depravity ( man1 ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty = lib]ty's sake1 ! pr9ciple ( ! pursuit ( g5]al tru?2 & f9ally1 ! pr9ciple t exp]i5ce --t is to say1 a direct appeal to nature--0 ! be/ me?od ( furni%+ ! m9d--all ^! pr9ciples _h be5 lead+ /eadily to "o conclusion1 & ?is conclusion ,r\sseau 0 ! fir/ to embody 9 8 en]getic & fulm9at+ prote/ aga9/ culture1 tradition1 human p[] & society4 ,& ! fact t 8 doctr9e spread s rapidly1 t )9 fifty ye>s ( its exposition1 ) ! help ( m5 l ,coxe1 ,ramond de ,c>bonnires1 ti5ne de ,snanc\r1 ,tppef]1 ,saussure & ,b\rit1 x _h practically become ! cr$o & ! passion ( ,europe1 %[s h[ ready ! age mu/ h be5 = ! lessons ,r\sseau taught x4 ,all ( y :o h read ! fulsome & bomba/ic praise ( ,nature1 toge!r ) ! bitt] disp>agem5t ( ! "w ( man1 9 su* works z ,la ,n\velle ,hloise1 ! ,confessions1 8 lett]s to ,monsieur de ,male%]bes1 & 8 ,rev]ies ( a lonely ,rambl]1 w n require to be told ! gospel ,r\sseau prea*es4#bj ,suffice x to say1 t he successfully creat$ a love ( ! r\gh1 ( ! rugg$1 ! unh&sel$ & ! uncultivat$ 9 ! m9ds ( almo/ all ,europeans--especially ,nor!rn]s1 & t ?is love 0 rapidly reflect$ 9 l&scape pa9t+4 ,?is new feel+ = ! romantic1 = ! uncon/ra9$ & = ! savage 9 ,nature1 al?\gh x soon dom9at$ art1 01 9 its ess5tials1 q =eign to art & to ! arti/4 ,x _h no?+ 9 common ) ! motives t prompt & impel ! arti/ to 8 creations4 ,its real ess5ce 0 moral & n arti/ic2 its fundam5tal feature 0 its wor%ip ( ! ab/ract pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 an>*y & ! abs5ce ( culture1 :i* rude nature exemplifies on all sides2 & x 0 a moral or sci5tific _s t animat$ x1 :e!r 9 ,r\sseau or 9 8 foll[]s4 ,fri$ri* ,s*ill]1 :o entirely supports ,r\sseau's p>ticul> k9d ( love = ,nature1 frankly admits ?is#ba 9 8 able & pr(\nd analysis ( ! s5tim5t 9 "q2 :atev] self-contempt1 & contempt ( adult manhood1 may h la9 beh9d ,r\sseau's valuations1 ,s*ill] br+s all ( x op5ly into ! light ( day1 & 9 8 ef=ts to support ! ,fr5*man's s*ool ( ?\ght1 lit]ally exposes x to ridicule4 ,"o or two voices1 su* z ,hegel's#bb & ,*ateaubri&'s1 7 rais$ 9 prote/ aga9/ ?is ?or\ghly vulg> & s5tim5tal attitude t[>ds savage & wild ph5om5a2 b !y 7 unable to resi/ a movem5t1 ! /r5g? ( :i* _h be5 accumulat+ = s _m c5turies 9 ! he>ts ( almo/ all ,europeans2 &1 ultimately1 numb]s triumph$4 ,ev5 ! h& ( man--( ! arti/--9 a pa9t$ l&scape1 got to be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,realism--because x mo/ consci5ti\sly repeat$ t uncon/ra9$ & an>*ical _s :i* ! romantic age lov$ to detect 9 matt$ we$s1 9 tangl$ & imp5etrable coppices1 9 ?ick fe/oons ( p>asitic plants1 9 unh&sel$ brambles & 9 babbl+ brooks--became ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,classical influ5ce alone 0 able = a :ile to resi/ too rapid a decl9e2 b soon we f9d ,con/able decl>+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t !re is no?+ ugly1 & address+ aspir+ arti/s 9 ^! words3 ,obs]ve t ?y be/ director1 ?y p]fect guide is ,nature4 ,copy f h]4 ,9 h] pa?s is ?y triumphal ar*4 ,%e is above all o!r tea*]s2 & ev] confide 9 h] ) a bold he>t3#bc & a :ole ho/ ( p foll[+ 9 8 wake & applaud+ 8 pr9ciples4 ,j z ,engl& by h] influ5ce _h creat$ ,r\sseau & 8 peculi> mode ( ?9k+1#bd s1 aga91 ,briti% influ5ce 0 to %[ its p[] 9 ! _w ( ,art4 ,! p>allel is /rik+1 b nev]!less true4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahbd1 #ahbf & #ahbi1 ,con/able1 :om ,mu!r calls ! fa!r ( l&scape pa9t+1#be & :om ,mei] ,graefe calls ! fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+1#bf exhibit$ 9 ,p>is1 & 8 /yle soon became a dom9ant =ce4#bg ,/5dhal1 ?\gh v mu* too mod]ate1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to raise1 8 voice aga9/ ! lack ( idealism 7transfiguration1 simplification7 9 ^! ,engli% pictures2 b 8 ef=ts 7 ( no avail1 & he might j z well h %\t$ 9 ! face ( a hurricane4 #f ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,lbke1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #deb71 ,pat5i] might almo/ be call$ ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n nor!rn s*ool ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,see also p4 #ege 9 ! same volume4 ,on ?is subject see also ,mu!r1 ,ges*i*te d] ,mal]ei1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gb3 ,al?\gh 9 a way x is possible to e/abli% 9 :at respect ! pa9t+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ran p>allel ) t ( ,italy1 x is also necess>y to emphasize ! fact1 on ! o!r h&1 t pa9t+4 ,mu!r m5tions ,h5drik ,met de ,bles1 ,joa*im de ,pat5i] & ,bos* z ! lead]s ( ?is t5d5cy4 #g ,see ,w4 ,h4 ,riehl1 ,cultur/udi5 aus drei ,jahrhund]t51 p4 #fg4 #h ,?is use ( ! ^w s5tim5tal 9 reg>d to ! love ( nature = its own sake1 is n by any means unprec$5t$4 ,s*ill]1 9 8 essay ,ueb] naive und s5tim5tale ,di*tung1 z an advocate 9 fav\r ( ! love 9 "q1 con/antly ref]s to x z s5tim5tal4 7,see #ahch ,edition ( ,works1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #afg-bha47 #i ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,h>die1 ,lectures 9 ,classical ,subjects1 pp4 #af-ag3 ,:at are ! sc5es 9 ,nature :i* _h ! greate/ attraction = ! anci5ts8 ,! l&scape :i* a ,greek w\ld *oose = 8 environm5t 0 a tranquil "o1 a cultivat$ spot or a spot capable ( cultivation2 & p4 #ba3 444 ap>t f ! "w ( "o or two exceptional poets l s*ylus or ,p9d>1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! anci5t view ( ,nature 0 some:at prosaic & practical1 %[+ a decid$ pref]5ce = f]tile1 habitable & accessible c\ntry4 #aj ,"s ,aspects ( ,greek ,g5ius1 p4 #beb4 ,see also 8 rem>ks1 pp4 #bdf-bdh1 conclud+ ?us3 ,! great p]iod1 inde$1 ( ! ,attic drama1 :5 ! dialectic movem5t ( ?\ght 0 9 full op]ation1 c h>dly be call$ 'simple' 9 ,s*ill]'s s5se he is quot+ ,s*ill] on ,simple & ,s5tim5tal ,poetry1 :]e 9 ! op5+ p>agraph ,s*ill] applies ! ^w naiv1 simple1 to a natural object1 z mean+ t /ate 9 :i* nature & art /& contra/$ & ! =m] %ames ! latt]2 yet ev5 !n1 z 9 ,hom]1 nature is b ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 ! sc5e 9 :i* man's activity displays itself4 ,! *ange ( s5tim5t sets 9 only f ! "t ( ,alex&] onw>ds4 ,nature is !n s\ght = h] own sake2 arti/s & poets turn to h] ) dis9t]e/$ love2 h] moods are lov+ly not$1 & %e is br\ght into close relation%ip ) man4 #aa ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beh4 #ab ,see ,social ,life 9 ,greece 7,mahaffy71 p4 #dbf1 & ,:at h ! ,greeks done = ,mod]n ,civilization8 7,mahaffy1 #aiji71 p4 #aa3 ,ext]nal nature 0 ! v ?+ t ! ,greeks1 all ?r\gh _! great hi/ory1 felt less ke5ly ?an we %\ld h expect$4 ,_! want ( a s5se ( ! picturesque has ev] be5 cit$ z a notable defect4 ,see also ,w4 ,r4 ,h>die1 ,lectures on ,classical ,subjects 7#aijc71 p4 #h3 ,to :at ext5t d ! mod]n feel+s & fancies ab\t ,nature appe> 9 ! anci5t poets8444 ,! usual & sub/antially true answ] is t !y appe> to a v slight ext5t4 ,l ,:itehead1 ! ,greek is sl[ to recognize 'a bliss t leans n to mank9d4' #ac ,cultur/udi5 aus drei ,jahrhund]t5 7#bnd ,edition1 #ahei71 p4 #fc4 #ad ,see ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]1 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,greek ,g5ius1 pp4 #bfe1 #bff3 ,m\nta9s & lonely woods & angry seas1 9 all p]iods ( ,greek lit]ature1 s f> f call+ out a sublime s5se ( my/]y & awe1 raise images ( t]ror & repulsion1 ( p[] divorc$ f beauty & ali5 to art4 ,hom]1 :5 = ! mom5t he pauses to describe a place1 *ooses "o 9 :i* ! h& ( man is visible2 :i* he has reclaim$ f ! wild1 made ord]ly1 subdu$ to 8 own use4 ,up to ! la/ days ( ,greek antiquity man has n yet le>nt s to lose himself 9 ! b\ndless life ( ,nature1 z to f9d a contemplative pleasure 9 h] wild] & m maje/ic sc5es4 ,see also ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beg3 ,! ,greeks & ,romans paid less att5tion to inanimate nature ?an we d1 & 7 beyond all "q repell$ by ! savage gr&eur ( m>9e & m\nta9 sc5]y1 pref]r+ l&scapes ( smil+ & cultivat$ beauty to rugg$ sublimity or ! picturesqu5ess ( decay4444 ,see also ,w4 ,r4 ,h>die1 ,lectures on ,classical ,subjects1 pp4 #c1 #i1 #ag1 & ,fri$l&]1 ,roman ,life & ,mann]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #cia1 #cib1 #cic1 #cie4 #ae ,ueb] die ,ent/ehung und ,entwicklung des ,gefhls fr das ,romantis*e 9 d] ,natur1 pp4 #d1 #aj4 #af ,cultur/udi5 aus drei ,jahrhund]t51 p4 #eg4 #ag ,ibid41 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 #ah ,ueb] die ,ent/ehung und ,entwicklung des ,gefhls fr das ,romantis*e 9 d] ,natur1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #ai ,e4 ,b4 d',auv]gne1 ,! ,engli% ,ca/les1 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 #bj ,see ,lettres ,n\velles addresses ,monsieur de ,male%]bes 7,g5eva1 #aghj71 #crd lett]1 p4 #dc4 ,speak+ ( a lonely walk 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 c\ntry h\se1 he says3 ,j'allois alors d'un pas plus tranquille *]*] quelque lieu sauvage dans la =t1 quelque lieu ds]t1 o ri5 ne me montrant la ma9 de l'homme ne m'annont la s]vitude et la dom9ation1 enf9 quelqu' asyle o je pusse croire avoir pntr le premi]1 et o nul ti]s importun ne v9t s'entrepos] entre la nature et moi4 ,c'tait l qu'elle sembloit dploy] mes yeux une magnific5ce t\j\rs n\velle4 ,l'or des g5ts et la p\rpre des bruyres frappoi5t mes yeux d'un luxe qui t\*oit mon cur2 la maje/ des arbres--& s on 9 ! same romantic /ra9 = tw5ty l9es4 ,x is impossible to reproduce e passage ,i %\ld l to quote1 9 ord] to reveal ! full range ( ,r\sseau's passion = nature & 8 bitt] contempt ( man & man's "w2 b ! above is typical1 & o!r equally gu%+ passages may be f\nd 9 ,les ,rv]ies du ,prom5eur ,solitaire 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 pp4 #aai1 #ach1 etc41 etc42 ,la ,n\velle ,hloise1 especially ! #aa? lett]2 ,les ,confessions 7,ed4 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,i71 ,bk4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bde1 & ,bk4 ,,iv1 p4 #afi3 444 on sait dj ce que j'ent5ds p> un beau pays4 ,jamais pays de pla9e1 quelque beau qu'il ft1 ne p>ut tel mes yeux4 ,il me faut des torr5ts1 des ro*]s1 des sap9s1 des bois noirs1 des montagnes1 des *em9s raboteux mont] et desc5dre1 des prcipices mes cots1 qui me fass5t peur4444 ,j'eus ce plaisir 444 en appro*ant de ,*ambri 444 c> ce qu'il y a de plaisir dans mon gt p\r des lieux esc>ps1 e/ qu'ils me font t\rn] la tte3 et j'aime beauc\p ce t\rnoiem5t p\rvu que je sois en suret4 #ba ,smmtli*e ,w]ke 7,/uttg>t & ,tb+51 #ahch71 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,ueb] naive und s5tim5tale ,di*tung1 p4 #afh1 #afi3 ,?is k9d ( pleasure at ! sight ( ,nature is n an /hetic pleasure1 b a moral "o3 = x is arriv$ at by means ( an idea1 & x is n felt imm$iately ! act ( contemplation has tak5 place1 nei!r does x dep5d = its exi/5ce ^u beauty ( =m4 ,&1 p4 #ahi1 aft] po9t+ out t ! ,greeks completely lack$ ?is feel+ = ,nature1 he says3 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5t s5se8 ,h[ is x t we :o1 9 ev]y?+ relat$ to ,nature1 are inf]ior to ! anci5ts1 %\ld pay su* homage to h]1 %\ld cl+ s he>tily to h]1 & be able to embrace ! inanimate _w ) su* w>m? ( feel+8 ,x is n our great] con=mity to ,nature1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! opposition to h]1 :i* is inh]5t 9 our conditions & our cu/oms1 t impels u to f9d "s satisfaction 9 ! physical _w = our awak5+ in/9ct = tru? & primitive rud5ess1 :i*1 l ! moral t5d5cy f :i* t in/9ct arises1 lies incorruptible & inde/ructible 9 all human he>ts & c f9d no satisfaction 9 ! moral _w4 #bb ,see ,hegels ,leb51 by ,k>l ,ros5kranz1 especially pp4 #dge1 #dgf & #dhb1 #dhc4 #bc ,see ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,john ,con/able1 by ,c4 ,r4 ,leslie1 ,r4,a41 pp4 #cdc1 #cdi4 #bd ,see ,j4 ,morley's ,r\sseau1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #he1 #hf3 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 x 0 ,voltaire's ,lett]s on ! ,engli% :i* fir/ drew him s]i\sly to /udy1 & no?+ :i* t illu/ri\s man wrote at ?is "t escap$ him4 ,& p4 #adf3 ,locke 0 ,r\sseau's mo/ imm$iate inspir]1 & ! latt] affirm$ himself to h treat$ ! same matt]s exactly on ,locke's pr9ciples4 ,r\sseau1 h[ev]1 exagg]at$ ,locke's politics z greatly z ,condillac exagg]at$ 8 metaphysics4 ,& p4 #adg3 ,we ne$ n quote passages f ,locke to demon/rate ! sub/antial correspond5ce ( assumption betwe5 him & ! au?or ( ! ,social ,contract4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 e *apt]4 #be ,ges*i*te d] ,mal]ei1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #age4 #bf ,mod]n ,art1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #adj4 #bg ,ibid41 p4 #ach3 ,:at 8 fa!rl& neglect$ 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,cont95t4 ,/range z ?is neglect may seem1 ! rapidity ) :i* ,europe assimilat$ ,con/able is ev5 m rem>kable4 ,! movem5t began 9 ,p>is4444 ,france ne$$ :at ,con/able _h to give4444 ,! "y ,fr5*m5 saw ! traditional ,engli% fre$om ) eyes %>p5$ by en?usiasm4 #c4 ,portrait ,pa9t+4 ,:5 "o n[ adds to ^! influ5ces1 ! /eady rise ( ! p[] ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 ,europe1 f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>d1 &1 z a result ( ?is increas+ p[]1 an un9t]rupt$ gr[? 9 ! art ( portrait pa9t+--a gr[? t atta9$ su* va/ proportions t x ca/ all atta9m5ts ( a l nature 9 any o!r age or cont95t into ! %ade--"o c easily und]/& :at factors h be5 ! mo/ =midable oppon5ts ( ,rul]-,art 9 ! ,occid5t1 s9ce ! ev5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,aft] all t ,i h said conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( ,rul]-,art1 x w sc>cely be necess>y = me to expatiate ^u ^? elem5ts 9 portrait pa9t+ :i* are antagoni/ic to ^! pr9ciples2 = :5 y ?9k ( portrait pa9t+ z x has be5 develop$ by ! claims ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 ,europe1 y mu/ n h ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,mona ,lisa 9 m9d4 ,nei!r mu/ y consid] t portrait "w 9 :i*1 by *ance1 ! arti/ has _h be=e him a model :o1 9 e feature ( face or ( figure1 correspond$ to 8 ideal2 nor t 9 :i* ! arti/ has be5 able to all[ himself to ex]cise 8 simplify+ & transfigur+ p[]4 ,o!rwise "s ( ! be/ ( ,rub5s' & ,rembr&t's "w w\ld ( necessity come "u ! ban :i* we mu/ set ^u by f> ! great] numb] ( portraits4 ,illu/ration3 ,saskia ,by ,rembr&t4 ,:5 ,rembr&t pa9t$ 8 bride ,saskia1#bh = in/ance1 ! ext5t to :i* he ex]cis$ 8 simplify+ & transfigur+ p[] is amaz+1 & precludes all possibility ( our class+ ?is "w among ! portraits :i* %\ld be condemn$4 ,he knew p]fectly well t poor ,saskia 0 n beautiful--:at beautiful girl w\ld h condesc5d$ to look at ,rembr&t8--s :at did he d8 ,he ca/ all ! upp] & "r side ( h] face 9 %ad[1 & delib]ately conc5trat$ all 8 att5tion1 & consequ5tly ! att5tion ( ! behold] z well1 ^u ?ree or f\r squ>e in*es ( nice r\nd muscle 9 ! l[] "p ( ,saskia's "y *eek & neck4 ,b h[ _m pla9 daught]s ( ri* b\rgeois w\ld all[ ?ree or f\r squ>e in*es ( _! *eek & neck to be exalt$ 9 ?is way1 at ! co/ ( _! eyes & _! nose & _! br[8 ,! same rem>ks also apply to ,rembr&t's ,jewi% ,rabbi 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,!re he _h to deal ) an emaciat$1 c>eworn old ,jew4 ,h[ did he ov]come ! difficulty8 ,all ( y :o "k ?is picture w be able to answ] ?is "q = y\rselves1 & ,i ne$ n1 !re=e1 g into ! matt]4 ,?is1 !n1 is n ! class ( portrait "w :i* ne$ necess>ily det]iorate ! p[] ( art4 ,:at does det]iorate ?is p[]1 is t o!r & m common class ( portrait pa9t+ :i* began 9 ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 :i* ea* sitt] insi/$ ^u discov]+ all 8 little *>act]i/ics & individual peculi>ities2 9 :i*1 z ,mu!r says1 ea* sitt] wi%$ to f9d a c\nt]feit ( 8 p]sonality1 & 9 :i* no arti/ic effect1 b resemblance alone 0 ! object desir$4#bi ,x 0 ! insi/5ce ^u ?is k9d ( portrait "w by ! weal?y b\rgeoisie ( ,engl&1 :i* well-nigh drove ,:i/l]1 ) 8 rul] _s1 out ( 8 m9d1 & x is precisely ?is portrait "w :i* is dom9ant to-day4 ,9 ord] to be pleas+ & satisfactory to ! p :o dem& x1 ?is class ( pa9t+ presupposes ! suppression ( all ^? fir/ pr9ciples ^u :i* ,rul]-,art relies 9 ord] to fl\ri% & to so>2 & :]e x is s]i\sly & e>ne/ly pursu$1 art is b\nd to suff]4 ,?is 0 recogniz$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago by ! ,spani% !oretician ,v9c5ti ,c>du*o1 & 8 judgm5t /ill rema9s ! wise/ t has ev] be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,9 =mulat+ ! cr$o ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 he wrote z foll[s-- ,no great & extraord9>y pa9t] 0 ev] a portraiti/1 = su* an arti/ is enabl$ by judgm5t & acquir$ habit to improve ^u nature4 ,9 portraiture1 h[ev]1 he mu/ conf9e himself to ! model1 :e!r x be good or bad1 ) sacrifice ( 8 obs]vation & selection2 :i* no "o w\ld l to d :o has accu/om$ 8 m9d & 8 eye to good =ms & proportions4#cj ,our art at ! pres5t day is1 un=tunately1 v l>gely ! developm5t & natural outcome ( ! two influ5ces ,i h j describ$1 & t acc\nts = a good deal = :i* ,i h fail$ to acc\nt hi!rto4 ,art no long] gives3 x takes4 ,x no long] reflects beauty on reality3 x seeks its beauty 9 reality4 ,& t is :y x falls to pieces judg$ by ! /&>d ( ,rul]-,art4 ,x _c be> ! fi]ce light ( an art t is intimate ) ,life & insep>able f ,life4 ,9 its dea?-?roes x has deck$ itself ) all k9ds ( metaphysical plumes1 9 ord] t x may ?us1 p]haps1 live aft] dea?4 ,b ^! plumes h be5 us$ be=e by dy+ gods & h prov$ ( no avail4 ,virtue = virtue's sake1 0 ! cry ( a dy+ religion4 ,art = art's sake1 is n[ ! cry ( an expir+ godlike human function4 ,b unless ?is cry be alt]$ v quickly into a cry ( art = ! sake ( ,life1 !re w be no *ance ( sav+ x4 ,be=e ?is art = ,life's sake c be discov]$1 h[ev]2 be=e ! purpose aft] :i* x w /rive c be det]m9$ & e/abli%$1 ! fir/ ?+ to :i* we %all h to l5d our att5tion is n art1 b mank9d4 ,! purpose ( man is a ?\s& times m important ?an ! purpose ( art4 ,! "o det]m9es ! o!r4 ,& z a pro( ( h[ intimately ! two are connect$1 see h[ mu* d\bt !re is z to ! purpose ( art1 precisely at a mom5t :5 m5 also1 ow+ to ! t]rible civil w> :i* is rag+ among _! values1 are beg9n+ to d\bt ! real purpose ( human exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld be useless to indulge 9 a detail$ criticism ( individual arti/s4 ,to all ^? :o h foll[$ my argum5ts closely1 no su* clumsy hold+ up ( p>ticul> mod]n arti/s to ridicule w seem necess>y4 ,9 "s ( y\r m9ds ^! m5 are idols /ill1 & x pleases only ! envi\s & ! unsuccessful to see ni*e-/atues /on$4 ,! great arti/1 z ,i h %[n y1 is ! syn!tic & sup]human _s t apo!osizes ! type ( a p & !reby /imulates !m to a high] mode ( life4 ,b :]e %\ld we g to-day1 if we wi%$ to look = a type or = a desirable code ( values :i* t type w\ld exemplify8 ,we "k t we c g n[h]e2 = su* ?+s d n exi/4 ,!y are utt]ly & hopelessly ext9ct4 ,our fir/ duty1 !n1 is n to m5d ! arts--y _c m5d a cripple4 ,b x is r to m5d ! p>5ts :o br+ =? ?is cripple--to m5d ,life itself1 & above all ,man4 ,away f ,god & ,gods did my w allure me1 says ,z>a?u/ra2 :at w\ld !re be to create if !re 7 ,gods6 ,b to man do? x ev] drive me anew1 my burn+ w2 ?us do? x drive ! hamm] unto ! /one4 ,alas1 ye fell[-m51 )9 ! /one slumb]e? an image = me1 ! image ( all my visions6 ,alas t x %\ld p]=ce slumb] 9 uglie/ /one6 ,n[ rage? my hamm]1 ru?lessly aga9/ its prison4 ,f ! /one fly ! fragm5ts3 :at's t to me8 ,i %all end ! "w3 = a %ad[ came unto me--! /ille/ & lighte/ ( all ?+s once came unto me4 ,! beauty ( ! ,sup]man came unto me z a %ad[4 ,alas my bre?r51 :at are ! gods to me n[6#ca #bh ,dresd5 ,royal ,picture ,gall]y4 #bi ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 7,eng4 ,trans471 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #egb1 #egf4 #cj ,mu!r1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 7,engli% ,translation71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dha4 #ca ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxiv4 ,lecture ,,iii#a ,nietzs*e's ,art ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,art ,"p ,i ,*ri/ianity & ! ,r5aissance ,= if ye live aft] ! fle% ye %all die3 b if ye ?r\gh ! ,_s d mortify ! de$s ( ! body1 ye %all live4--,romans viii4 #ac4 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to %[ y :5 & :]e ,nietzs*e's ,art doctr9e1 or "p ( x1 has rais$ its head 9 ! pa/1 & to t\* lightly ^u ! conditions :i* l$ to its obs]vance4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i %all travel backw>ds1 zigzag fa%ion1 f ,rome1 vi ,greece to ,egypt1 & beg9n+ ) ,*ri/ianity1 ,i %all %[ h[ ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ "o ( ! conditions necess>y to all great ,art1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is unity & solid>ity la/+ ov] a long p]iod ( "t1 & =m+ m5 accord+ to a def9ite & sev]e s*eme ( values4 #a ,deliv]$ at ,univ]sity ,college on ,dec4 #ae?1 #aiaj4 #a4 ,rome & ! ,*ri/ian ,ideal4 ,! compass ( ^! lectures does n all[ me to say any?+ conc]n+ ! ,art ( ,rome4 ,!re are _m aspects ( ?is ,art :i* are bo? int]e/+ & important f ! hi/orical /&po9t2 b1 f ! p>ticul> po9t ( view :i* ,i am n[ repres5t+1 temporal ,rome does n conc]n me ne>ly z mu* z sacr$ ,rome & its prov9cial ,gov]nm5t4 ,= ! fir/ act ( ! ,*ri/ian p[] 0 n to volatilize ! /one bulw>ks ( ! monum5ts ( antiquity1 nei!r 0 x to spiritualize ! citiz5 ( ! ,roman ,empire2 b x 0 to conv]t ,rome ! secul> adm9i/ration into ,rome ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,long be=e ! ext]ior ( ! ,grco-,roman column 0 divid$ up & sub-divid$1 until1 despite its volume1 x seem$ to h no solidity :atev]2 & long be=e m5's eyes & bodies 7 trans=m$ f broad1 spaci\s wells ( life into n>r[1 t5u\s cyl9d]s ( fire1 a tea*+ 0 spread broadca/ ov] ! ,roman ,empire1 ! dev\r+ p[] ( :i* 0 a/\nd+1 & ! l ( ^: dige/ion has n be5 p>allel$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,romans 9 _! latt] days _h deg5]at$ ?r\gh ! decl9e among !m ( t v pr9ciple :i* is ! basis ( all great art--re/ra9t4 ,always utilit>ians1 9 ! end !y _h become mat]iali/s1 & f9ally _! w p[] _h dis9tegrat$4 ,!n1 sudd5ly--p]haps ?r\gh ! v fact t _! w p[] _h decl9$1 & ?r\gh a prepond]ance among !m ( a class ( p :o 7 unfit to all[ !mselves any mat]ial enjoym5t1 & :o 7 consci\s ( ?is %ortcom+--! p5dulum ( ,life swung back ) a =ce s great to ! opposite extreme1 t ! ,pagan _w 0 %ak5 to its f\ndations1 & 9 its dea?-agony /ret*$ out its arms & embrac$ ! =eign cre$ :i* said-- ,fle% is dea?2 ,_s is life & peace4 ,! body is dead because ( s92 b ! ,_s is life because ( righte\sness4 ,if ye live aft] ! fle% ye %all die2 b if ye ?r\gh ! ,_s d mortify ! de$s ( ! body1 ye %all live4#b ,"h 0 a fundam5tally new valuation1 a totally novel outlook ^u ! _w ( man4 ,"s extraord9>ily magnetic creator ( values _h spread 8 w ov] an empire1 & /amp$ 8 h& ^u a corn] ( ! globe1 & ! bless$ness to write ^u ! w ( mill5niums z ^u brass1#c promis$ to be 84 ,"h 0 a pr9ciple :i* obvi\sly mu/ h f\nd its orig9 9 a class ( m9d :i*1 9 ord] to ov]come ! fle% at all1 knew ( no bett] means !reto ?an to cut x "r away & = ev]4 ,x 0 n a matt] ( contriv+ "s sort ( desirable inn] h>mony2 ! w ( ! p 9 :om ?is cre$ took its roots 0 incapable ( su* an a*ievem5t4 ,! ord] w5t3 ,if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e 444 if ?y "r h& (f5d !e1 cut x (f6 ,:5ev] ! ,_s 0 m5tion$ x 0 spelt 9 capital lett]s & utt]$ 9 exalt$ tones2 :ile ! body1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! great ob/acle to salvation1 0 writt5 small4 ,/ates ( ! s\l became sur] indices to ! qualities good1 beautiful1 & virtu\s1 ?an /ates ( ! body1 & ! p>adox t ,life 0 ! d5ial ( ,life1 0 hone/ly believ$ to be an atta9able ideal4 ,9 ,lbke's words3 ,*ri/ianity di/urb$ ! h>mony betwe5 man & nature1 & introduc$ a s5se ( discordance by proclaim+ to man a high] spiritual law1 9 ! light ( :i* 8 inborn nature became a s9ful ?+ :i* he 0 to ov]come4#d ,! p :o acclaim$ ?is tea*+ by in/9ct ultimately organiz$ !mselves1 conqu]$ ! ,pagan _w1 enli/$ ,pagan elem5ts into _! organization--,pagan _s & ,pagan ord]--& gradually accompli%$ a task :i* no o!r ,european values seem to h be5 able to d4 ,!y e/abli%$ "o idea1 "o ?\ght1 "o hope1 9 ! brea/s ( almo/ all great ,we/]n peoples1 f ,irel& to ,con/ant9ople1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,baltic4 ,! p[] ( _! creation--! ,*ur*--0 su* t x co-ord9at$ ! mo/ het]og5e\s elem5ts1 ! mo/ conflict+ factors1 & ! mo/ absurd contra/s4 ,&1 h[ev] mu* "o may deprecate ! nature ( ! type !y advocat$1 & ! ignoble valuation ( humanity ^u :i* _! religion 0 bas$1 z a ,nietzs*ean1 "o c b ackn[l$ge ! p[] !y wield$1 ! might ) :i* !y made "o ideal prevail1 & ! art ) :i* = a :ile !y unit$ & h>moniz$ su* discordant voices z ^? ( ! p ( ,europe4 ,"o c admire all ?is1 ,i say1 ev5 ?\gh x is b a spiritual reflection ( ,rome's =m] p[]1 h] =m] victories1 & h] =m] law & ord]4#e ,=1 soon1 h[ev] un-,pagan ! ideal may h be5 :i* ! ,*ur* made to prevail1 ! me?ods x employ$ 7 purely ,pagan me?ods4 ,fe>+ no?+1 respect+ no?+ t 0 oppos$ to x1 & n los+ he>t be=e ! difficulty ( vanqui%+ ev5 ! mo/ =midable enemies ( ! expir+ ,empire--! ,teutons away 9 ! ,nor?--spiritual ,rome ?us set ab\t its task ( appropriat+ humanity2 & all ! art ( ! organiz]1 ( ! orator1 ( ! pa9t]1 sculptor & ar*itect1 0 spe$ily ord]$ into its s]vice4 ,if ! type to :i* its ideal aspir$ 7 n already a g5]al fact1 !n x mu/ be made a g5]al fact4 ,x mu/ be re>$1 cultivat$ & ma9ta9$4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! feat ( vanqui%+ ! ,g]man nation prov$ a ?\s& times easi] to ,rome ! ,et]nal ,city1 ?an x _h done to ,rome ! ,metropolis ( ! ,greate/ ,empire ( antiquity4 ,! anci5t ,g]mans1 ) _! /rong t5d5cy to subjectivity1 to fanta/ic brood+ & to cobweb sp9n+1 & ) _! co>se1 brutal natures unus$ ei!r to re/ra9t or to ! culture t arises f x1 fell easy victims to ?is burn+ tea*+ ( ! _s1 ( fai?1 & ( s5tim5t2#f & x 0 9 _! susceptible & untutor$ brea/s t ,*ri/ianity laid its firme/ f\ndation4 ,9 its "w ( appropriation & consumption1 z ,i say1 ! ,*ur* halt$ at no?+4 #b ,romans viii4 #f1 #aj1 #ac4 #c ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,lvi4 #d ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dde4 #e ,see ,h4 ,h4 ,milman1 ,d4,d41 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 7,ed4 #ahfd71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj4 ,speak+ ( ,ca?olicism1 he says3 ,x 0 ! ,roman ,empire1 aga9 ext5d$ ov] ,europe by a univ]sal code1 & a prov9cial gov]nm5t2 by a hi]>*y ( religi\s prtors or proconsuls1 & a ho/ ( inf]ior (fic]s1 ea* 9 /rict subord9ation to ^? imm$iately above !m1 & gradually desc5d+ to ! v l[e/ ranks ( society1 ! :ole ) a c]ta9 degree ( fre$om ( action1 b a re/ra9$ & limit$ fre$om1 & ) an appeal to ! spiritual ,cs> 9 ! la/ resort4 #f ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ag3 ,x has be5 said t ! function ( ! ,g]man nations 0 to be ! be>]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! gr[? ( ! new religion 0 inde$ contempor>y ) ! spread ( ! new races 9 ! ,empire1 b at ?is "t 9 ! ext]nal ev5ts ( hi/ory1 s f> f be+ closely atta*$ to ! ,g]mans1 ,*ri/ianity is id5tifi$ ) ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x is long aft]w>ds t we see ! mission fulfill$4 ,! connection lies on a psy*ological basis3 ! ,g]man "* 0 ess5tially subjective4 ,! ,teutons 7 gift$ ) t susceptibility :i* we call he>t1 & x 0 to ! ne$s ( ! he>t t ,*ri/ianity possess$ endless pot5tialities ( adaptation4444 ,*ri/ianity & ,teutonism 7 bo? solv5ts ( ! anci5t _w1 & z ! ,g]man nations became aft]w>ds entirely ,*ri/ian1 we see t !y 7 hi/orically adapt$ to "o ano!r4 #b4 ,! ,pagan ,type appropriat$ & trans=m$ by ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,j z ,/4 ,paul _h n refra9$ f tak+ possession ( ! ,unkn[n ,god :om ! ,a!nians ignorantly wor%ipp$1 by decl>+ ,him to be precisely ! ,god :om he _h come among !m to proclaim1 s ,*ri/ianity did n refra9 f incorporat+ all ! suitable features ( ! ,pagan fai? into its own cre$4 ,! ,pagan type 0 ?us ! fir/ ?+ to be assimilat$ & absorb$1 & 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian pa9t+s ( ! catacombs y mu/ n be surpris$ to f9d ! ,savi\r depict$ ) all ! beauties & *>ms ( ! classical god or h]o4 ,"h he appe>s z a ,h]mes1 !re z an ,apollo1 & yond] z an ,orpheus4#g ,be>dless1 "y1 & /rong1 ,*ri/ /alks t[>ds y4 ,8 gait is free 8 c>riage maje/ic4 ,across 8 %\ld]s y w sometimes see1 z 9 ! catacombs ( ! ,via ,appia 9 ,rome1 t he be>s a %eep1 & he looks = all ! _w l a "y ,h]mes1 :o1 z y "k1 0 ! ,greek god ( flocks4 ,else:]e he looks l a ,roman s5ator1 z 9 ! catacomb ( ,/4 ,callixtus1 = in/ance2 8 "m ,m>y looks l a ,roman matron1 pray+ ) uplift$ h&s1 & ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul1 toge!r ) ! prophets1 appe> z p]ipatetic philosoph]s1 grasp+ le>n$-look+ scrolls ( manuscript1 :ile ,daniel is pres5t$ z a ,h]cules4#h ,ev5 ! fam\s bronze /atue ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 8 great *ur* at ,rome is 9 fact an antique /atue ( a consul :i* has be5 trans=m$ into a ,pet]1 & ! orig9al ( ?is monum5t 0 probably q innoc5t ( ! sanctity :i* has caus$ ! foot ( 8 effigy to be worn away by ! kisses ( ! fai?ful4#i ,?is bold mann] ( appropriat+ ! ,pagan ideal 9 ,art 0 b ! symbol ( :at 0 actually occurr+ 9 ! outside _w2 = ! object 0 n to glorify ! ,pagan type1 b to ov]?r[ x1 to trans=m x by degrees into ! type :i* 0 compatible ) ,*ri/ian values1 & ?us to oblit]ate x4 ,we c wat* ?is process4 ,we c see ! classic features & =m ( body surely & p]man5tly vani%+ f ! wall decorations ( ! f\r?1 fif? & six? c5turies ,a4,d41 & ! ,*ri/ian type ass]t+ itself ) ev] great] assurance4 ,already 9 ,san ,paolo fuori-le-mura 9 ,rome1 :i* _h be5 decorat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1#aj ,*ri/ appe>s be>d$1#aa ugly & gloomy1 & 8 apo/les reflect 8 appe>ance & mood4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,vitale 9 ,rav5na1 ( ! six? c5tury1 ! _s ( ! antique _h almo/ pass$ away2#ab 9 ! basilica ( ,san ,lor5zo fuori-le-mura ! be>d$ ,*ri/ is no long] sublime & dignifi$1 b wan & emaciat$2#ac :ile 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,,ss4 ,naz>us & ,celsus at ,rav5na1 !re is a mosaic ( ! fif? c5tury 9 :i* ev5 ! %eep are beg9n+ to look ) gloomy & dissatisfi$ eyes ^u ! _w ab\t !m4 ,examples c\ld be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely to prove h[ sl[ b sure 0 ?is gradual self-ass]tion ( ! type t 0 compatible ) ,*ri/ian values1 & ! e>ly p]iod ( m$ival art is well describ$ by ,woltmann & ,wo]mann z "o 9 :i* ! classical ca/ ( figure & features gets swall[$ up 9 ugl9ess4#ad ,f9ally1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! mo/ d>+ & mo/ extraord9>y arti/ic feat ( all 0 accompli%$4 ,! greate/ p>adox ! _w _h ev] se5--a god on a cross--0 portray$ = m5's eyes to behold4 ,! ,crucifixion became "o ( ! l(tie/ subjects ( ,*ri/ian art1 & ! god ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 pa9t$ 9 8 dea? agony4 ,i w n dwell ^u ! manifold influ5ces ex]cis$ by ?is class ( picture2 ,i simply record ! fact1 9 ord] to %[ ) :at /eadily increas+ audacity ! ,*ur* ultimately realiz$ & exhibit$ its type4 ,=1 ! fact t ,*ri/ian ,art 0 didactic1 z all art is :i* is associat$ ) ! w & idea ( a fight+ cause1 & :i* is born on a soil ( cla%+ values1 nobody seems to d5y4#ae ,paul9us ( ,nola1 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,bi%op ,g]manus1 ,gregory ! ,second1#af ,john ( ,damascus & ,basil ! ,great 7 all agre$ z to ! incalculable wor? ( images 9 ! propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & _! attitude1 subsequ5tly adopt$ by ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans1 la/$1 accord+ to ,milman1 until v late 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:5 x is rememb]$1 moreov]1 t illum9at$ manuscripts1 :i* 7 de/9$ to rema9 9 ! h&s ( s+le individuals1 reta9$ ! classical m\ld ( body & features mu* lat] ?an did ! "w = *ur* decoration1 x is n difficult to discov] ! /rong motive :i* lay beh9d ! production ( public art4#ag ,) ,roman culture & art1 ! we/]n & nor!rn prov9ces ( ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,g]many & ,brita9 ?us receiv$ _! religion & _! ideal type2 & if to-day1 9 our ball-rooms & draw+-rooms we are (t5 confront$ ) t5u\s1 flamelike1 swan-neck$ creatures1 t recall ,burne-,jones1 ,botticelli1 ,duccio & ,segna to our m9ds1 we "k to :i* values ^! p owe _! sl5d]1 heav5-aspir+ /ature1 & _! long1 s5sitive f+]s4 ,= ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal to ,life1 to ! body1 & to ! _w 0 an entirely negative "o4 ,! comm& f on high 01 t ! de$s ( ! body %\ld be mortifi$ ?r\gh ! ,_s4 ,all beauty1 all voluptu\sness1 smoo?ness & *>m 7 v naturally reg>d$ ) suspicion by ! promot]s ( su* an ideal2 = beauty1 voluptu\sness & %apel9ess lure back to ,life1 lure back to ! fle%1 & ultimately back to ! body4 ,:at else1 !n1 c\ld possibly h be5 expect$ f su* an ideal ?an ! ultimate decl9e & uglification ( ! body8 ,to :at else did su* an ideal actually aspire8 ,= 0 n ugl9ess ! /ronge/ ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! lov+ "o1 9 ! way ( him :o wi%$ only to affirm & to promote life8 ,:5 ! /ud5t ( m$ival m9iatures1 wall-pa9t+s & /a9$-glass w9d[s f9ds bodily *>m almo/ completely elim9at$1 :5 he sees ugl9ess prevail+1 & ev5 made s$uctive by a ho/ ( ! mo/ subtle art-=ms1 by a gorge\s weal? ( ornam5t & repetitive design2 & :5 he p]ceives a c]ta9 guilty self-consci\sness 9 reg>d to ! attributes ( sex reveal+ itself 9 su* pa9t+s z t on ! ceil+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael at ,hilde%eim1 :]e ,adam & ,eve are repres5t$ z nak$ human mon/rosities1 exactly alike 9 frame & limbs1 & ) all indications z to sex1 save ,eve's long tresses & ,adam's be>d1 c>efully suppress$1#ah :at c be conclud$ f all ?is irrefutable & unimpea*able evid5ce8 ,:5 he f9ds ! ,go?ic type ( figure gr[+ ev] m t5u\s1 ev] m emaciat$ & m sickly z ! c5turies roll on2 :5 he he>s ( a ,byzant9e canon ( ! elev5? c5tury 9 :i* ! human body is actually decl>$ to be a mon/rosity measur+ n9e heads2 :5 he f9ds /r5g? & manhood gradually dep>t+ f ! faces & ! limbs ( ! m51 & an expression ( t5d] s5tim5t1 culm9at+ 9 pul+ s5tim5tality becom+ ! rule2 f9ally1 :5 he /&s opposite ,segna's appall+ picture ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross at ! ,national ,gall]y2 :at1 "u ^! circum/ances1 is he to say1 save t he is "h conc]n$ ) an art :i* is antagoni/ic & ho/ile to beauty1 to ,life & ! _w8 ,= ! qualities ( ?is art1 qua art1 al?\gh !y nev] once atta9 to ! excell5ce ( ,rul]-,art1 are sometimes exce$+ly great4 ,) ,mei] ,graefe ,i %\ld be will+ to agree t !re has be5 no real /yle s9ce ! ,go?ic1#ai or c]ta9ly n "o t c claim any?+ l su* g5]al di/ribution4 ,&1 if x _h n be5 = ! fact t ! m ! p>adox at ! root ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e 0 realiz$1 ! m p>adoxical x appe>$--a fact :i* call$ =? ! en]gies ( scores ( apologi/s1 comm5tators1 & dialecticians1 & :i* made pictures reta9 to ! v end a rhetorical1 p]suasive1 & !re=e m or less reali/ic mann]1 sometimes assi/$ 7m especially t[>ds ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages7 by almo/ lyrical ornam5t & *>m2 !re is no say+ to :at simple p[] ,*ri/ian art might n h atta9$4 ,= beh9d x 7 all ! conditions :i* g to produce ! greate/ arti/ic a*ievem5ts4 ,z a /yle1 ap>t f its subject--or cont5t beauty2 z ! manife/ation ( a mighty w--:o c help admir+ ?is art ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,if only its ideal _h be5 a possible "o1 & "o :i* w\ld h requir$ no rhetoric1 s$uction1 or emotional oratory1 accompani$ by ! r++ ( all ! preci\s metals1 to support x until ! end2 x might h asc5d$ to ! highe/ p9nacle ( art 9 simplicity1 re/ra9t & ord]4 ,into simplicity1 h[ev]1 x 0 nev] able to develop1 :ile its con/ant ne$ ( expla9+ made x to ! v la/ reta9 m or less realism 9 ! pres5tation ( its ideal type4 #g ,on ?is po9t see ,kraus1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kun/1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #da1 #df et seq4 ,mu!r1 ,ges*i*te d] ,mal]ei1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ac4 ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #aea-aef4 ,paul ,lacroix1 ,les ,arts au ,moy5 ,age et l',epoque de la ,r5aissance 7,ed4 #ahgg1 ,p>is71 p4 #bed4 #h ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,cr[e & ,g4 ,b4 ,cavalcaselle1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy 7,ed4 #aijc71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #d4 ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef4 #i ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef4 #aj ,j4 ,a4 ,cr[e & ,g4 ,b4 ,cavalcaselle1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 #aa ,= a discussion ( ! mat]ial causes ( ! *ange ( type1 see ,milman1 op4 cit44 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cbd4 #ab ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 #ac ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahe4 #ad ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bcj4 #ae ,see an int]e/+ discussion on ! e>ly ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds art 9 ,kraus1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kun/1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eh et seq4 ,see also ,milman's conclusions on ! subject1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cde1 #cdf4 #af ,see 8 lett] to ,leo ! ,isaurian1 quot$ by ,milman1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ceh-cfa4 ,see also ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,black's article on ,images 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? ,edition74 #ag ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,black says1 9 8 article on ,images1 above ref]r$ to1 t ev5 z e>ly z ! f\r? or fif? c5turies !re is evid5ce ( ! t5d5cy to enli/ art 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile ,woltmann & ,wo]mann 7op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afg7 quote ! foll[+ in/ance3 ,:5 ,/4 ,nilus 7,a4,d4 #dej7 0 consult$ ab\t ! decoration ( a *ur*1 he reject$ z *ildi% & unwor?y ! int5d$ design ( plants1 birds1 animals1 & a numb] ( crosses1 & desir$ ! int]ior to be adorn$ ) pictures f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ) ! same motive t ,gregory ,,ii express$ aft]w>ds4444 #ah ,kraus seems to be ( ! op9ion t ?is suppression ( prim>y sexual *>act]i/ics 9 pa9t+s 0 n at all uncommon 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,see ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kun/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhj4 #ai ,mod]n ,art1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bd4 #c4 ,! ,go?ic ,build+ & ,s5tim5t4 ,b ! hi]>*y ( ! ,*ur*1 al?\gh x left no d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( its foll[]s z to ! g5u9e type :i* 0 ! apo!osis ( ,*ri/ian values1 0 nev]!less unable completely to impose its culture ^u ! b>b>ians "u its sway4 ,& soon1 some:]e t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !re began to appe> 9 ,europe1 9 ?+s t did n seem to matt] f ! moral or didactic /&po9t1 a c]ta9 unc\? & uncultur$ _s1 :i* %[$ to :at ext5t ! despotic rule ( ,rome 0 beg9n+ to be fl\t$4 ,9 ar*itecture1 :i*1 l music1 has = "s reason or o!r always seem$ to ,europeans to be less intimately connect$ ) ! ?\ght & w ( man ?an ! graphic arts1 an un-,ca?olic _s 0 prep>+ its road to triumph4 ,:5 ,i say un-,ca?olic1 ,i mean emancipat$ f ! law & ord] ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*4#bj ,& 9 ! ,go?ic edifice1 f its e>ly /ages to its developm5t into ! flamboyant /yle1 all ! impossibilities1 all ! t]rible self-immolations impos$ by ! ,*ri/ian ideal ^u man1 beg9 to make !mselves op5ly felt4 ,n[ *ur*es beg9 to t[] al(t into heights undreamt ( h]et(ore4 ,huge columns spr+ heav5w>ds1 be>+ up a ro( t seems almo/ e!real because x is s high4 ,spires are ?ru/ "r into ! v brea/s ( cl\ds1 & acres are cov]$ by con/ructions :i*1 me*anically speak+1 are alive4 ,kicks f ! vault$ ar*es aga9/ ! holl[$-out walls bel[1 necessitate c\nt]-kicks2 buttresses & fly+ buttresses /rive & /ruggle aga9/ ! cru%+ pressure ( ! /one or brick skies ( ^! fanta/ic ar*itectural feats4 ,all ! p>ts ( ?is mass ( /one on bak$ clay are at logg]heads & at v>iance ) ea* o!r1 & _! /rife nev] ceases4 ,typical ( ! conte/ go+ on )9 ! body ( ! m$ival ,*ri/ian1 & ! va9 aspirations ( 8 s\l1 ! l(ty build+s are also symbolic ( ! discord & lack ( equilibrium :i*1 z ,lbke says1 ,*ri/ianity introduc$ into man's relations to ,nature & to himself4 ,& :5 we f9d ! columns ( ^! build+s c>v$ & m\ld$ to look l gr\ps ( pill>s embrac+ ea* o!r to ga9 /r5g?1 ! sali5t p>ts ( ! con/ruction groov$ & /rip$1 & ! extremities ( ! clu/]$ pill>s spread+ aft] ! mann] ( a fan1 ov] our heads2 we are amaz$ at ! mann] 9 :i* mass & volume h be5 volatiliz$1 spiritualiz$1 & app>5tly dissipat$4 ,else:]e1 too1 !re is v>iegat$ glass1 gigantic filigree "w1 fe/ive decoration1 z elaborat$ z t ( a que5 or a bride2 inf9ite gr&eur & inf9ite littl5ess4#ba ,! ornam5t is n]v\s & excit$1 fe/oons1 trefoils1 gables1 g>goyles & ni*es1 all ?ru/ !mselves at y2 all /rive = individual effect1 individual att5tion1 & individual value1 ) a re/lessness & an importunacy :i* kn[s no limits2 until y\r eyes1 bewild]$ & dazzl$ by ! jutt+1 project+ & budd+ details1 & out-/>tl$ by surprise1 in/9ctively drop at la/1 & p]haps close 9 a p>oxysm ( despair1 be=e ! ,high ,alt>4#bb ,?is 0 ! g]m ( ,prote/antism 9 /one4 ,long be=e ,m>t9 ,lu!r burn$ ! ,papal ,bull 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,witt5b]g1 ! elem5ts ( ,prote/antism _h already f\nd expression 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,true ! ,pagan & ,ca?olic _s 0 /ill suffici5tly ma/] to dom9ate !m1 j z x did ! h]etics1 by a trem5d\s =ce ( /yle2 b !y are nev]!less pres5t1 & x is 9 ?is ar*itecture1 if we *oose to seek x1 t we %all f9d1 at once1 all ! beauty1 all ! ugl9ess1 & all ! incompatible elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,its beauty & ! fact = :i* we ought to be grateful to x1 is1 t by its "o-sid$ & e>ne/ advocacy ( ! spiritual 9 man1 x ext5d$ ! doma9 ( 8 _s ov] an area s mu* great] ?an t :i* _h be5 cov]$ !ret(ore1 t only n[ c x be said t he kn[s exactly :]e he /&s & :o he is4 ,its ugl9ess lies 9 its contempt ( ! body & ( ,life2 & its incompatible elem5ts are its negation ( ,life & ! necess>y attitude ( affirmation t[>ds ,life :i* all liv+ creatures are b\nd to assume4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! above description ( ! ,go?ic may seem unfair1 he> :at "o ( ! greate/ fri5ds ( ! ,go?ic has said on ! subject6 ,john ,rusk91 9 ! e>ly days ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wrote z foll[s-- ,i believe t ! *>act]i/ic or moral elem5ts ( ! ,go?ic are ! foll[+1 plac$ 9 ord] ( _! importance3 7#a7 ,savag5ess1 7#b7 ,*angefulness1 7#c7 ,naturalism1 7#d7 ,grotesqu5ess1 7#e7 ,rigidity1 7#f7 ,r$undance4#bc ,he speaks ( x z be+ in/9ct ) "w ( an imag9ation z wild & wayw>d z ! ,nor!rn ,sea2#bd lays /ress ^u its rud5ess1#be & decl>es t x is t /range disquietude ( ! ,go?ic _s--t is its greatness1 t re/lessness ( ! dream+ m9d1 t w&]s hi!r & ?i!r among ! ni*es1 & flick]s fev]i%ly ar\nd1 & yet is n satisfi$1 nor %all be satisfi$4#bf ,9 fact1 9 no in/ance c\ld ! say+1 pres]ve me f my own fri5ds1 be m aptly appli$ ?an 9 ,rusk9's def5ce ( ! ,go?ic4 ,= ,rusk9 0 a consci5ti\s /ud5t1 & ?+s :i* ev5 enemies ( 8 subject w\ld be likely to ov]look1 he br+s =w>d pr\dly & +5u\sly1 l a trucul5t "m pres5t+ an ugly *ild to a fri5d1 & ) a broad smile 9 8 =cible prose :i* sometimes ?r[s ev5 ! exp]i5c$ read] q (f 8 gu>d4 ,hippolyte ,ta9e speaks ( ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages z be+ possess$ ( delicate & ov]-excit$ imag9ations1 ( morbid fancy unto :om vivid s5sation--manifold1 *ang+1 biz>re & extreme --are necess>y4 ,9 ref]r+ to _! ta/e 9 ornam5t1 he says1 ,x is ! adornm5t ( a n]v\s1 ov]-excit$ woman1 simil> to ! extravagant co/umes ( ! day1 ^: delicate & morbid poesy d5otes by its excess ! s+ul> s5tim5ts1 ! fev]i%1 viol5t1 & impot5t aspiration peculi> to an age ( knights & monks4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,! ,canon ( ,polycleitus 7,rome7 ,& if y ?9k ( ! physical & spiritual op]ations !y _h be5 made to und]go1 y w n feel v mu* incl9$ to "q ^! conclusions4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! canon ( ,polycletus1 measur+ sev5 heads1 0 trans=m$ into ! ,byzant9e canon1 measur+ n9e heads1 )\t "s "o's suff]+--ev5 ?\gh x took c5turies to effect ! *ange4 ,x mu/ n be believ$ t ! calm ,pagan idea ( dea? 0 conv]t$ into ! ,*ri/ian t]ror ( dea? )\t ! sacrifice ( some?+2 nor mu/ ^! emaciat$1 c>eworn1 & neurotic faces 9 ,m$ival pa9t+s be conceiv$ z m]e inv5tions ( morbid phantasy4 ,! de$s ( ! body are n mortifi$ ?r\gh ! ,_s ) impunity4 ,su* brilliant a*ievem5ts h _! acc\nts to pay1 & ! ,*ur* nev] once deceiv$ itself or its foll[]s z to :at 0 pay+1 :at 0 suff]+1 or :]e ! amputations & vivisections 7 tak+ place4 ,look at ! type ( :i* ! monks approv$6 ,exam9e x 9 ,cimabue's1 ,duccio's1 ,segna's & ! ,cologne pa9t]s' pictures4 ,exam9e x 9 ! tape/ry ( ,b]ne1 kn[n z ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s2 look at x 9 c\ntless /a9$ glass w9d[s1 & see its repetition 9 hundr$s ( illum9at$ manuscripts1 "s ( :i*1 l ! ,lat9 missal ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,bavon at ,gh5t1 & ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts by ,simeon ,metaphrasi1 h f\nd _! way into ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!n ask y\rself :e!r or n humanity 0 suff]+ 9 con=m+ itself to ?is holy cre$4 ,l ^? mo!rs1 says ,lecky1 :o gov]n _! *ildr5 by p]suad+ !m t ! d>k is cr[d$ ) spectres t' w seize ! disob$i5t1 & :o (t5 succe$ 9 creat+ an association ( ideas :i* ! adult man is unable altoge!r to dissolve1 ! ,ca?olic prie/s1 by mak+ ! t]rors ( dea? = c5turies ! nightm>e ( ! imag9ation1 resolv$ to base _! p[] ^u ! n]ves4#bh ,&1 n[ t all ?is is kn[n & realiz$1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 :at is its explanation8 #bj ,speak+ ( ,go?ic build+s 9 g5]al1 ,f]gusson1 9 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #da1 says3 ,x is 9 ,nature's highe/ works t we f9d ! symmetry ( proportion mo/ prom95t4 ,:5 we desc5d to ! l[] types ( animals we f9d we lose x to a great ext5t1 & among trees & vegetables g5]ally f9d x only 9 a f> less degree1 & sometimes miss x altoge!r4 ,9 ! m9]al k+dom among rocks & /ones x is altoge!r abs5t4 ,s univ]sal is ?is pr9ciple 9 ,nature t we may safely apply x to our criticism on art1 & say t a build+ is p]fect z a :ole 9 proportion to its motiv$ regul>ity1 & dep>ts f ! highe/ type 9 ! ratio 9 :i* symmetrical arrangem5t is neglect$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be incorrect to say t an oak-tree is a less p]fect "w ( creation ?an a human body1 b x is c]ta9 t a picturesque gr\p ( ,go?ic build+s may be z p]fect z ! /ately regul>ity ( an ,egyptian or classic temple2 b if x is s1 x is equally c]ta9 t x belongs to a l[] & inf]ior class ( design4 ,page #cd3 ,! revival ( ! rites & c]emonies ( ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 our rev]5t love ( our own national antiquities1 & our admiration ( ! rude b vigor\s manhood ( ! ,middle ,ages1 all h comb9$ to repress ! classical elem5t1 bo? 9 our lit]ature & 9 our art1 & to exalt 9 _! place ,go?ic feel+s & ,go?ic art to an ext5t :i* _c be ju/ifi$ on any gr\nds ( reasonable criticism4 #ba ,see ,hippolyte ,ta9e1 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,"w ( ,art 7translat$ by ,john ,dur&71 pp4 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd4 #bb ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,lbke1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ad1 #ae1 says1 speak+ ( ! ,go?ic3 ,:at a contra/ to ! quiet1 sob] masses ( ! ,romanesque /yle 4446 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ ?ru/s itself into prom95ce1 ev]y?+ /rives = outw>d effect1 ev]y?+ endeav\rs to "w out its individuality ) _s & en]gy4 444 ,at ! *oir 444 a positive s5se ( disquiet & confusion is produc$1 :i* may inde$ excite ! fancy1 b _c satisfy ! s5se ( beauty4 #bc ,on ! ,nature ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 7#ahed71 p4 #d4 #bd ,on ! ,nature ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 p4 #f4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 #bf ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 #bg ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,"w ( ,art1 pp4 #aca-cc1 #acd4 #bh ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #baa4 #d4 ,! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,r5aissance1 9 its e>ly /ages1 at lea/1 0 a p]iod nei!r ( pure realism nor ( classicalism2 x 0 nei!r a revival ( le>n+ nor a revival ( antiquity4 ,^! words are m]e euphemisms1 m]e draw+-room phrases4 ,=1 at its inception1 ! ,r5aissance 0 no?+ m nor less ?an man's convalesc5ce1 aft] an illness t _h la/$ c5turies4 ,x 0 8 fir/ walk into ! op51 aft] leav+ 8 b$ & 8 sick-room4 ,accord+ to ! ,nietzs*ean doctr9e ( art1 ?is realism ( ,van ,eyck1 ( ,van d] ,weyd51 ,qu9t9 ,massys1 ,donatello1 ,pisanello1 ,masol9o1 ,ucello & o!rs ought to disgu/ y4 ,x is n art1 or if x is1 its rank is inf]ior4 ,:y1 !n1 does x claim att5tion8 ,:y is x f> sup]ior to ! realism ( ! pres5t day1 despite "s appall+ly ugly features8#bi ,x is sup]ior only 9 ?is s5se1 t x is ! "w ( convalesc5ts4 ,aft] !y _h be5 laid on ! rack 9 ! attempt to /ret* _! limbs & bodies to inf9ity1 y mu/ n be surpris$ t ^! m5 c\ld only limp along4 ,h[ c\ld !y be expect$ to walk maje/ically & ) grace8 ,t !y c\ld /& at all 0 a m]cy4 ,t !y 7 able to hobble along z !y did 0 a triumph4 ,to expect ^! recov]+ invalids to imp>t some?+ ( !mselves to ,life1 to enri* h] & to transfigure h]1 w\ld be to expect ! impossible4 ,b if y applaud !m at all1 applaud !m = _! recov]y1 = ! fact t x is well t !y c give u ev5 drabby reality z x is4 ,d n congratulate !m yet on _! heal?4 ,= _! realism1 z realism1 is z hopeless1 z un9t]e/+ & z unelevat+ z any realism ev] 0 & ev] w be4 ,x is deceptive1 too1 = :at seem to be beauties 9 _! pictures are borr[$ f su* ( _! pr$ecessors ( ! late ,go?ic p]iod z 7 already ov]load+ _! pictures ) ornam5tal art =ms1 9 ord] to disguise ! ugl9ess ( ! type !y pres5t$4 ,:]e !y beguile y1 x is (t5 ) a weal? ( sweet ornam5t4#cj ,9 ,ucello's ,battle ( ,sant' ,eglidio1 at ! ,national ,gall]y1 x is impossible n to recognize ! pa9s ! arti/ has tak5 to make y\r eye dwell on ! da9ty trapp+s & acc\trem5ts ( ! knights & _! /e$s1 on ! di/ract+ balls ( gold 9 ! %rubb]y1 artfully repeat$ 9 ! bridles ( ! horses1 & on ! complex maze ( pikes1 spe>s & lances1 :i* makes ! glimpse ( hills 9 ! di/ance all ! m re/ful & pleas+4 ,also 9 ,pisanello's ,/4 ,an?ony & ,/4 ,george 7,national ,gall]y71 :atev] *>m !re is to be se5 is /ill a ,go?ic *>m1 & ! same holds good ( ?is pa9t]'s rem>kable picture ( ! ,vision ( ,/4 ,eu/ace1 9 :i* ! delib]ately ornam5tal purpose ( ! animals 9 ! backgr\nd *>ms y m ?an _! />tl+ realism4 ,if y leave ^! pictures1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & walk ov] to ,orcagna's ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 y w see :]e ! ornam5tal *>m ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance reali/s probably f\nd its orig94 ,= ^! convalesc5t m5 made no sudd5 & unanticipat$ appe>ance4 ,!y 7 prec$$ by pa9t]s l ,orcagna1 :o 7 beg9n+ to feel ! impossibility ( mak+ a beautiful image out ( ! ,*ri/ian type1 & :o !re=e cramm$ _! pictures ) ornam5t 9 a mann] s prodigal t ! human portion ( !m assum$ q a subord9ate place4 ,look at ?is picture ( ,orcagna's4 ,x seems positively to r+ ) gold4 ,mass$ halos ( ! preci\s metal conv]t ! faces ( ! p into m]e decorative discs ( col\r4 ,! gold5 embroid]y on ! dresses & on ! hang+s 9 ! backgr\nd give y a feel+ ( sun%9e1 ( weal? & ( luxury1 :i* makes y =get ! ideal = :i* all ?is lavi% display is act+ b z a subtle impres>io4 ,& ! utilization ( e squ>e in* ( room by filigrees1 fe/oons1 frills & fretwork ( gorge\sness1 almo/ conv9ces y at la/ t y are 9 front ( an art :i* says ,yea to ! glory ( sun%9e1 beauty & life4 ,9 ?is v ne$ ( extravagant ornam5t1 h[ev]1 ,orcagna confesses q op5ly to y t1 z f> z humanity is conc]n$1 he1 z an arti/1 is bankrupt & de/itute4 ,8 picture1 l mo/ ?+s connect$ ) ! art ( ,*ri/ianity1 is a pictorial p>adox2 & :5 y leave x1 to w&] ?r\gh ! o!r rooms1 y\r m9d mu/ be ( a s+ul>ly +5u\s /amp if x feels no suspicion ) reg>d to ,orcagna's use ( su* a deaf5+ brass b& 9 ! exaltation ( 8 ideal4 ,if y d\bt all ?is1 h[ c y expla9 ! fact t ^? pa9t]s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,*ri/ian type--su* m51 ,i mean1 z ,fra ,angelico1 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 ,alesso ,baldov9etti1 ,botticelli & ,ghirl&aio--all rema9$ m or less fai?ful1 too1 to ,orcagna's belief 9 ornam5t & pretty accessories2 :ile all ^? pa9t]s :o ei!r c>ri$ on or develop$ ! new _s 9 ,pisanello's1 ,ucello's1 ,masol9o's & ,masaccio's "w-- su* m5 z ,pollajuolo1 ,v]ro*io1 ,p]ug9i1 ,bell9i1 & ultimately ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian & ,raphael--all disc>d$ pretty & s$uctive accessories1 or1 :5 !y did use !m1 made !m completely subord9ate to ! human elem5t 9 _! "w8 ,! gradual gr[? 9 ! importance ( ! human body & ( ! ,pagan type1 9 ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s1 f ,masaccio to ,mi*elangelo1 ) :om !re c no long] be any "q ( convalesc5ce1 ! rapid return to a heal?y life-affirm+ type1 & ! ultimate triumph ( ?is type 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,vatican--! headqu>t]s ( ! greate/ negative religion on e>?1--^! are ! facts :i* make ! art ( ?is age s admirable & s ?rill+4 ,x repres5ts ! greate/ /& :i* ,europe has ev] made aga9/ ! d5ial ( life1 humanity & beauty2 & if "s ( ! arti/s1 l ,pisanello1 ,pi]o della ,francesca1 & ultimately ,titian1 9 _! great zeal1 return$ to nature ) almo/ z mu* int]e/ z to man1 ?is is easily acc\nt$ = :5 x is rememb]$ h[ long nature & man _h be5 sep>at$4#ca ,b ! fact t makes ! f9al glory ( ! ,r5aissance type all ! m glori\s is ! extraord9>y circum/ance t almo/ e "o ( ! arti/s :o f\ght = x1 & = ! pr9ciples x involv$1 f ,pi]o della ,francesca to ,titian1 7 "o aft] ! o!r captur$ & en*a9$ by ! ,*ur* itself4 ,(t5 x 0 9 ! v atmosph]e ( ! high alt>1 ) ! fumes ( ! inc5se ab\t !m1 t !y ass]t$ _! positive fai? 9 ,life & ,man4 ,! greate/ dang]s1 ! greate/ temptations surr\nd$ !m ,b !y plant$ _! bann]1 not)/&+1 9 ! c5tre ( _! true enemy's camp1 &1 = a :ile1 _! true enemy acquiesc$1 because ! comm& 0 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o 7 arti/s & pagans !mselves1 & :o consequ5tly did n believe 9 "o s+le t5et ( ! negative cre$ :i* !y pr(ess$4 ,j z ! realism ( "s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance arti/s1 h[ev]1 0 ! inevitable outcome ( _! convalesc5t /ate1 s ! /rong realism ( _m ( ! pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! late ,r5aissance 0 ! natural result ( _! combative attitude4 ,fight+ = a p>ticul> k9d ( man1 aga9/ c5turies ( false & unheal?y tradition1 x 0 necess>y to br+ =w>d ! new ideal ) e *>act]i/ic pla9ly1 emphatically & p[]fully express$2 = e *>act]i/ic ( a new ideal is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,^! new values ( ! ,r5aissance _s 7 sc>cely "o hundr$ ye>s old1 :5 ,mi*elangelo set himself ! task ( embody+ !m 9 8 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,w\ld x be fair to criticize him f ! /&po9t ( ,egypt or ev5 ( ,greece8 ,f ! /&po9t ( ,egypt he is disappo9t+4 ,! prepond]ance ( *>act]i/ic traits ov] simplicity 9 8 "w spoils ! p[] ( 8 conceptions4 ,8 prevail+ lack ( simplicity makes y guess at ! y\? ( ! values on :i* he /ood1 & 8 tortu\s bodies (t5 make y "q :e!r 8 types h entirely left ! n]ves ( ! ,go?ic p]iod beh9d !m4 ,b are n all ^! defects precisely ( a k9d :i* are un=tunately insep>able f ! position :i* ,mi*elangelo assum$8 ,he 0 ! greate/ ( ! ,r5aissance arti/s4 ,9 criticiz+ him1 ,i h said all t c be said1 f ?is p>ticul> /&po9t1 ( 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,8 p[] lies 9 ! =cibl5ess1 ! exhil>ation1 ! exub]ance & ! weal? ) :i* he br+s =w>d 8 type4 ,x lies 9 8 absolute contempt ( s$uctive prett9ess1 8 sometimes t]rible /r5g?1 8 vehem5ce & 8 en]gy1 & above all 9 8 magnific5t conceptions & ! types ) :i* he illu/rates !m4 ,comp>$ ) ! art f :i* x _h sprung1 8 art 0 /up5d\s4 ,& :]e he is weak1 comp>$ ) a high]--& by no means a mod]n --concept ( art1 he suff]s f ! virtues ( 8 position z a fight] & z an innovator4 ,9 valu+ him1 z ,i said 9 my fir/ lecture1 x all dep5ds :5ce y come4 ,if y hail f ,europe ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5tury1 y c b g on y\r knees be=e him4 ,if y hail f ,memphis ( ! ye> #djjj ,b4,c41 y c b criticize & feel ill at ease be=e 8 "w4 ,i h n yet said any?+ conc]n+ ! relation ( ! ,r5aissance arti/s to ,greece1 simply because1 tak+ 9 view ! circum/ances ( _! developm5t1 ! relation seems fairly obvi\s4 ,9 discuss+ ! art ( ,greece itself1 h[ev]1 ! matt] w probably appe> q cle> to y4 ,h[ mu* ( ! transfiguration 9 late ,r5aissance art is actually due to ,greek influ5ce1 or to ! ,dionysian _s ( ! age1 x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! latt] influ5ce 0 m pot5t1 & to ! ,greek influ5ce ,i %\ld be m prep>$ to ascribe ! spur :i* orig9ally l$ to ! adoption ( a ?or\ghly ,pagan type4 #bi ,kraus1 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,kun/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 d5ies t ! revival ( ! antique 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! ,r5aissance1 & argues t individualism & nature /udy 7 ! prom95t notes4 ,v5turi1 ! ,italian art-hi/orian1 decl>es t ! antique began to be p>am\nt only 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t ) x ! decad5ce began4 ,:ile ,eugne ,mntz1 9 8 monum5tal "w1 ,l',hi/oire de l',art p5dant la ,r5aissance1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #db1 speak+ ( ! two movem5ts ( ! p]iod1 says3 ,deux voies s'ouvrai5t aux novateurs1 ou le naturalisme outrance1 un naturalisme qui1 n'tant plus s\t5u p> les hautes aspirations du moy5 ge1 risquait =t de sombr] dans la vulg>it 7l'exemple de ,paolo ,ucello1 d',&rea del ,ca/agna1 de ,pollajuolo l'a bi5 pr\v7 ou bi5 la nature contrle1 purifie1 ennoblie p> l'tude des modles anci5s4 ,! latt] 0 ! lat] movem5t4 ,see also ,woltmann & ,wo]mann1 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,introduction4 #cj ,mu!r1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hg1 actually decl>es t ,jan van ,eyck & ,pisanello 9 _! da9ty mann] rema9$ ,go?ic4 #ca ,( ,pi]o della ,francesca1 ,mu!r says1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ig3 ,he creat$ ! gramm> ( mod]n pa9t+4444 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s ago he propos$ ! problem ( realism1 & endeav\r$1 z ! =]unn] ( ! mo/ mod]n arti/s1 to e/abli% 9 :at mann] atmosph]e *anges col\r impressions4 ,"p ,,ii ,greece & ,egypt ,! l& ( ,egypt is be=e !e2 9 ! be/ ( ! l& make ?y fa!r & bre?r5 to dwell4--,g5esis xlvii4 #f4 #a4 ,greek ,art4 ,i h n[ spok5 to y ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 & y h n be5 tak5 altoge!r by surprise2 because1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 p are n unacqua9t$ ) ! fight ,art has _h ) ,puritanism4 ,& y 71 !re=e1 p>tly prep>$ = :at ,i _h to say4 ,! views ,i h express$ conc]n+ ! ,r5aissance 7 n entirely new to y ei!r1 &1 if !y 71 ,i c only hope t !y w assi/ y 9 giv+ to ! ,art ( t p]iod its prop] valuation4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,i fe> ,i am go+ to level a bl[ at :at mu/ seem to y ev5 m sacr$1 ev5 m invuln]able & ev5 m ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ?an ei!r ,*ri/ian or ,r5aissance ,art4 ,i ref] to ! ,art ( ,greece4 ,albeit1 be=e ,i proce$ ) my task1 d n be surpris$ if1 l ,*>les ! ,fir/'s execution]1 ,br&on1 ,i kneel to kiss ! h& ( my victim1 if only by s do+ ,i may seem to y to und]/& ! grave nature ( my bus9ess1 & satisfy y t ! bl[ ,i am ab\t to deliv] is prompt$ m by conviction ?an by t *eap irrev]5ce = great ?+s :i* is1 alas1 only too preval5t to-day4 ,goe! says some:]e t1 if we f9d fault ) ,euripides at all we %\ld d s on b5d$ knees4 ,x seems to me t ?is ought also to be ! attitude ( p & critics 9 ?is age :o attempt to value :at ! ,greeks a*iev$ 9 ! graphic arts4 ,= ! e>ne/ness & vig\r :]e)1 collectively1 !y set up _! triumphs & ideals 9 /one & m>ble1 ! mom5t any opportunity arose = !m to affirm & exalt _! type1 is des]v+ ( ! utmo/ praise & admiration4 ,too _m great writ]s h exalt$ ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 to make x necess>y = me to edify y ) any long & en?usia/ic praise ( ^? qualities :i* ,nietzs*e admir$ 9 !m4 ,fairness alone1 !re=e1 compels me to ackn[l$ge ! gr&eur ( ! type _! art advocates4 ,) ,nietzs*e ,i c b extol ! yea-say+ ( ?is type to ! passions1 to beauty1 to heal?1 9 fact to life4 ,! fe>lessness ( ! ,greeks be=e beauty 0 _! ackn[l$gm5t t life 0 a bless+ to :i* x 0 wor? :ile to be lur$ & s$uc$4 ,& _! innoc5t acceptance ( ! /ronge/ passions is suffici5t to %[ to :at ext5t !y _h n only ma/]$ !m1 b _h also enli/$ !m into _! s]vice4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh x is only dec5t to ex]cise "s res]ve 9 ?is matt]1 x c]ta9ly is necess>y to po9t to a curi\s fact 9 reg>d to ,greek ,art 9 g5]al1 & t is1 t1 ) ! exception ( "s ( its ar*aic examples1 x has be5 rev]$ ) ev]-increas+ f]v\r by /rang]s1 f ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ to ! pres5t day1--:5 ,i say /rang]s1 ,i mean p ^: ?\ght & aspirations 7 n necess>ily ! outcome ( ,hell5ic values1--& t ?is g5]al appreciation ( ,greek ,art by =eign]s implies t !re is "s quality 9 x :i* is only too common to ev]ybody & to anybody1 irrespective ( nationality & education4 ,if x 7 ask$ :at ?is common factor 01 ,i %\ld reply1 x is ,nature h]self1 to :i* ,greek ,art1 9 its s-call$ be/ p]iod1 is und5iably 9 close & intimate relation%ip4 ,9 exam9+ ! works ( ! sev5?1 six? & fif? c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 x is well to be> 9 m9d ! peculi> /ate ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y appe>$1 its division into /ates1 & its mix$ population4 ,x is well to ?9k ( ! _m ideals t dom9at$ ^! p1 & ( ! fact t ! citiz5 ( "o city 0 (t5 reg>d$ z an ali51 )\t any political rights :atev]1 if he v5tur$ to transf] 8 abode to ano!r city b a few miles di/ant f 8 own2 & all[ances %\ld be made = ! rivalry & competition ?is /ate ( affairs conduc$ to br+ ab\t4 ,x is also well to rememb] ! individual lives ! coloni/s liv$1 & ! alt]$ outlook on life to :i* _! indep5d5t positions 7 b\nd to lead1 & :i*1 :5 !y return$ to _! "m city1 z _m ( !m us$ to d1 mu/ h %$ a new & /range light ^u :at !y saw4 ,al?\gh a c]ta9 uni=mity c be trac$ 9 ! political hi/ory ( mo/ ,greek /ates1 no "o w\ld d>e to ma9ta9 t ! ,greeks1 at any "t 9 _! hi/ory1 7 a p]fectly unit$ p obs]v+ ! same values2 :il/ ev5 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* sep>ate /ate1 *anges occurr$ s con/antly t a /able political type is a r>e & practically negligible fact4 ,9 spite ( ! _m h]oes & g5iuses :i* arose f "t to "t1 !re nev] seems to h be5 t p[]1 ei!r human or sup]human1 :i* might h weld$ ^! peoples indissolubly toge!r1 or :i*1 tak+ its root 9 "o ( ! cont5d+ races1 c\ld h made t race completely absorb & dige/ ! o!rs4 ,ev5 ! games ( ,greece1 :i*1 x might be argu$1 t5d$ to unite ! v>i\s peoples1 _c be said to h gone v f> 9 ?is respect1 s9ce ! v fact t ! ,hell5ic nation en=c$ a sacr$ armi/ice dur+ ! mon? ( ! games1 betwe5 /ates t 7 at w>1 %[s t ! mo/ ?is in/itution c\ld a*ieve 0 a susp5sion ( arms4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ! fact t "o c talk ( diff]5t types z *>act]i/ic ( p>ticul> s*ools or ideals is amply acc\nt$ =1 & :5 ! g5]al _s ( rivalry t animat$ ! :ole nation = c5turies is duly tak5 into consid]ation x is n difficult to expla9 a c]ta9 prepond]ance ( manifold *>act]i/ics ov] simplicity1 :i* is obs]vable 9 ! great] "p ( ,greek sculpture--a prepond]ance :i* sometimes l$ v rapidly to ! crude/ realism1 & :i* at o!r times approa*$ realism only aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,su* ph5om5a are ! inevitable result ( t lack ( ! p[]ful ma/] or rul] _s :o unifies & co-ord9ates het]og5eity1 & :o !reby makes simplification & p[]ful art possible1 z ! outcome ( relative p]man5cy4#cb ,=1 :5 te*nique is l>gely ma/]$1 realism1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! case ( ,m$ival & ,r5aissance ,art1 may 9 a great measure be ! outcome ( a desire to make "o's own p>ticul> ideal unmi/akably pla91 & al?\gh ?is k9d ( tru? to nature always reveals a cla%+ ( values or types1 x is ( a k9d :i* may be reg>d$ z inf9itely sup]ior to ! realism :i* has no?+ to say at all1 & :i* m]ely copies out ( pov]ty ( inv5tion4 ,:5 talk+ to /rang]s ab\t an ideal !y d n %>e ) y1 x is necess>y to br+ all y\r p[]s to be> ^u an adequate & p]fectly vivid repres5tation ( :at y h 9 y\r m9d4 ,i1 on ?is plat=m1 assum+ t ,nietzs*e z an art valu] 0 /range to y1 _h to pres5t him to y ) all ! realism & detail ,i c\ld dispose (4 ,if ,i _h be5 talk+ to p :o knew ! ,nietzs*ean views ( art p]fectly well1 ,i might h indulg$ 9 c]ta9 arti/ic simplifications & poetical transfigurations :i* ,i consid]$ unsuit$ to ! pres5t circum/ances4 ,?is same feel+1 ,i believe1 p>tly expla9s ! t5d5cy to realism 9 ,greek art4 ,& x is precisely to ?is t5d5cy to realism t ,i ?9k x is n[ high "t to call att5tion1 aft] all ! fulsome praise :i* has = ages be5 lavi%$ ^u ! products ( ! ,hell5ic _s4 ,:5 y turn to ! granite /atue ( ! ,egyptian goddess ,sekhet 9 ! ,l\vre1 or to ! lions ( ,gebel ,b>kal 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 y are consci\s ( a s5sation ( great /rang5ess1 ( humiliat+ unfamili>ity1 ( almo/ incalculable di/ance4 ,y may look at ^! ?+s = a mom5t & wond] :at !y mean2 y may ev5 pass on ) a feel+ ( indiff]5ce am\nt+ to scorn2#cc b :atev] y\r s5sations are1 y w be q unable to d5y t :at y h se5 does n belong to y\r _w1 t x is utt]ly & completely sep>at$ f y1 & t y felt 9 ne$ ( a guide & ( an initiator 9 its pres5ce4 ,y may laugh at ! lions ( ,gebel ,b>kal1 y may d5y t !y are beautiful2 b1 :oev] y are1 s*ol>1 poet1 pa9t] or layman1 y w admit t !y are cruelly di/ant & /range1 t]ribly remote & uncommunicative4 ,a4 ,! ,p>!non4 ,n[1 if y turn r\nd & be> to ! "r 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y at ! ,briti% ,museum1 y w f9d a broad passage l9$ ) /atues t seem v mu* m famili> to y ?an ^? :i* y are j leav+ beh9d2 &1 9 ! di/ance1 y w espy ! maim$ figures ( ! ,ea/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non4 ,9 a mom5t y w be 9 ! ,elg9 ,room1 & ev]y:]e ab\t y y w see all t rema9s ( ! anci5t temple ( ,a!ns :i* is wor? see+4 ,if y h n be5 to ,a!ns1 y mu/ n suppose t y h miss$ mu*1 z f> z ! ,p>!non is conc]n$4 ,unless y are v mod]n & v romantic1 & c take pleasure 9 visit+ a gruesome ru9 by moonlight1 y w\ld be only depress$ & disappo9t$ by ! decay$ & ugly mass ( /ones t n[ /&s l a batt]$ skeleton on ! ,acropolis4 ,y may take x1 !re=e1 t1 z y /& 9 ! ,elg9 ,room1 y h ar\nd y ! be/ t ! ,p>!non c\ld yield aft] its p>tial de/ruction & dismantlem5t 9 #afhg by ! victori\s ,v5eto-,g]man army4 ,& :at is x t y see8 ,rememb] t y are a man ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,a4,d41 & t y h j be5 bor$ to ext9ction by a walk 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y4 ,rememb]1 too1 t y h v few fix$ op9ions ab\t ,art1 & t ! arti/ic condition ( y\r cont95t is "o ( *aos & an>*y4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 y w walk up to ! horse's head at ! extreme "r ( ! ,ea/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non1 & ! two ?\s& & f\r hundr$ ye>s t sep>ate y f x w vani% z by magic4 ,= ye>s ,i h tak5 m51 wom5 & *ildr5 up to ?is horse's head4 ,9 "s cases ^! p h be5 te*nical connoisseurs ( a horse's po9ts2 9 o!rs !y h be5 m]e b\rgeois p1 indiff]5t bo? to ! art ( ,greece & to equ9e anatomy2 & ) ! *ildr5 ,i 0 conc]n$ ) raw manhood t c>$ n a jot = ,art1 & ^: "o sole1 savage in/9ct 0 to recognize & classify :at 0 be=e !m4 ,if y suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! v]dict ( ^! diff]5t p 0 any?+ b unanim\s1 y w\ld be va/ly mi/ak54 ,! *ildr5 cri$ ) delight4 ,_! p[]s ( recogniz+ ?+s 0 /imulat$ to ! utmo/4 ,"o ( !m told me x 0 l a real bus-horse4 ,! connoisseurs ( a horse's po9ts began to draw plausible conclusions f ! exi/+ head z to ! probable con=mation ( ! body :i* ! arti/ _h delib]ately omitt$1 & ! b\rgeois p decl>$ t !y lov$ ! fasc9at+ s(tness & conv9c+ loos5ess ( ! m\?4--,all ( !m 7 *>m$4 ,all ( !m und]/ood4 ,n "o ( !m felt t ?is horse held itself alo( f !m & kept its di/ance1 z ! au/]e ,egyptian lions _h done4 ,& all ( !m 7 *ildr5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,a4,d41 & ov] two ?\s& ye>s sep>at$ !m f ! objects !y 7 inspect+4 ,_! comm5ts on ! ,p>!non ,frieze 7 mu* ! same4 ,once or twice "o ( !m w\ld say t !re 0 a monoton\s simil>ity ( feature 9 ! m5 & 9 ! horses--a comm5t :i* imm$iately reveal$ to me t #b1djj ye>s _h inde$ wr\ght "s *ange4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! attitude ( ^? ,i escort$ amaz$ me2 =1 ) b few exceptions1 x 0 "o ( sympa?y & und]/&+4 ,i w n say t ,i did n /imulate _! int]e/ a good deal1 by mak+ !m feel t _! criticism 0 valuable to me2 ,i w n pret5d t if !y _h be5 alone !y w\ld h tr\bl$ to conc5trate _! m9ds to any great ext5t ^u ! exhibits ar\nd !m2 b ?is ,i w affirm1 ) absolute confid5ce3 t if all ! m51 wom5 & *ildr5 :o /ream ?r\gh ! ,elg9 ,room daily 7 giv5 ! same /imulus to ex]cise _! critical faculty1 & 7 simil>ly induc$ to give p>ticul> att5tion to all !y saw1 ! sympa?y & und]/&+ :i* ,i obs]v$ among ! gr\ps ( visitors ,i escort$ w\ld be f\nd to be a fairly g5]al1 if n a common occurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 ,glypto!k1 ,muni*4 ,b4 ,! ,apollo ( ,t5ea4 ,take ! same p d[n to ! ,ca/ ,room & %[ !m ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 & :at w !y say8 ,:5 ,i fir/ halt$ be=e ?is bewild]+ly beautiful /atue 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 ,i felt ,i 0 9 ! pres5ce ( some?+ v mu* m ma/]ful1 v mu* m impressive1 & inf9itely m comm&+ ?an any?+ ,greek ,i _h ev] se5 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 or ,a!ns4 ,"h 0 a /yle :i* 0 /range4 ,b x 0 evid5tly a /yle :i* 0 ! product ( a w1 & ( a long obs]vance ( p>ticul> values t _h at la/ culm9at$ 9 a type2 = ?is ,apollo resembl$ no?+ mod]n1 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,m$ival1 or ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,?is /atue scorns to make a g5]al appeal4 ,x is ! apo!osis ( a type4 ,( ?is !re c be no "q4 ,x is ! "w ( a lov+ & p[]ful arti/1 :o c\ld simplify ! human frame1 & express /5ographically1 s to speak1 ! ess5tial features ( ! p he repres5t$1 because he knew ! ess5tial features to :i* _! values aspir$4 ,! arms1 alone1 transc5d ev]y?+ t ,i h ev] se5 9 ,hell5ic ,art = consummate skill 9 transfigur+ & reta9+ b>e ess5tials alone2 & al?\gh1 "h & !re1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! brea/1 !re is a broadness & a sweep+ ease1 :i* ,i admit ought to be attribut$ m to incomplete control ( ess5tials ?an to _! actual simplification1 ! :ole figure brea!s a _s s pure1 s c]ta9 & s s\nd1 t x is ! ne>e/ approa* ,i c f9d 9 ,greek ,art to t ideal arti/ic fact 9 :i* ! p>ticul> values ( a p f9d _! apo!osis 9 ! transfigur$ & simplifi$ example ( _! type4 ,i w\ld d5y t ! qualities ( ?is /atue are n ultimate qualities4 ,i w\ld d5y t !re is any?+ transitional or ar*aic 9 !m4 ,:at is ar*aic1 :at is transitional1 is ! weak treatm5t ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,comp>$ ) ! simplifi$ *e/ & abdom5 ( an ,egyptian /atue ( ! f\r? or fif? dyna/y1 x %[s a m9imum r ?an a maximum ( comm& (1 & sup]iority ov]1 reality4 ,any heal?y developm5t ( su* an art1 h[ev]1 ought only to h l$ to great] p]fection 9 ! treatm5t ( ! p>ts m5tion$1 & ,i s]i\sly "q ! g5]al belief t x m>ks a progress 9 sculpture :i* mu/ ultimately lead to ! r5d]+ ( ! a?letic types = :i* ! sculptors ( ,argos & ,sicyon became fam\s4 ,!re is some?+ /range & =eign 9 ?is /atue :i* does n reappe> 9 ! ,hell5ic ,art ( ! ,p]iclean age4#cd ,l ! vases ( ! six? c5tury & "s ( ! ante-,p]iclean ,acropolis /atues1 !re is a ,rul] =m 9 its execution t makes q a limit$ appeal-- a fact :i* w\ld be consi/5t ) its hav+ be5 ! apo!osis ( a type4 ,its exhortation is n direct$ at mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,x communicates little to ! mod]n ,european1 & ! cr[ds t /ream ?r\gh ! ,elg9 ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum w\ld probably pass x by )\t ei!r sympa?y or und]/&+4 ,& yet1 z ,i h %[n1 x _c be reg>d$ z a p]fect specim5 ( ,rul]-art2 !re are too _m unc]ta9ties & too _m d\bts 9 x4 ,z m>k+ an advanc$ /age 9 a v high class ( ,rul]-art1 h[ev]1 x is magnific5t1 & any trans=mation ( its =m to great] realism w\ld be a desc5t1 r ?an an asc5t1 9 ta/e4 ,if y turn f x to ! sculptures ( ! temple ( ,sel9us1 :i*1 z f> z "o c say1 mu/ h be5 c>v$ n m ?an ab\t half a c5tury e>li]1 y w see t ^! are inde$ ar*aic4 ,!y are b5ea? realism 9 _! co>s5ess & crudity4 ,b x is 9 ! sculptures ( ,sel9us1 & n 9 ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 or 9 ! be/ vases ( ! six? c5tury1 t y mu/ seek ! motive _s ( ! ,art :i* has made ! ,p]iclean age s glori\s2 ,?is /riv+ aft] realism1 al?\gh unsuccessful 9 ! metopes ( ,sel9us1 reveals a diff]5t aspiration1 a totally diff]5t w1 f t :i* creat$ ! ,muni* ,apollo1 & x 0 precisely ?is aspiration t 0 fully realiz$1 ) b a slight admixture ( ! o!r w1 9 ,a!ns ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,"s w say t ,egyptian influ5ce is app>5t 9 ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 & !y w add t ! ,greek coloni/s 9 ,sel9us1 f9d+ !mselves 9 v close contact ) _! comm]cial rivals ! ,phnicians1 v naturally scorn$ all ,ea/]n canons & ideas :5 erect+ _! temples4 ,bo? ( ^! sugge/ions are p]fectly legitimate4 ,! ,apollo ( ,t5ea ei!r betrays ,egyptian influ5ce or1 ow+ to its ,rul] =m1 x takes "o's m9d back involunt>ily to ! ,rul]-art ( ! ,nile4 ,! sculptures ( ,sel9us may also be ! outcome ( ! consci\s r5unciation ( ,ea/]n influ5ce1 or !y may be ! manife/ation ( a p>ticul> ,art-,w1 z ,worr+] has x1 :i* aim$ at realism & 0 q guiltless ( any o!r ult]ior motive4 ,9 bo? cases ,i fav\r ! latt] alt]native1 & ,i %\ld l to believe t 9 addition to ! influ5ces ,i h already m5tion$ 9 respect ( realism !re 7 two ,art-,wills active 9 anci5t ,greece--ea* /riv+ = supremacy & p[]4 ,c4 ,! two ,art-,wills ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,i _c see h[ any "o ris+ f a /udy ( ,hell5ic ,art c arrive at any o!r conclusion4 ,a sup]ior w aim+ at a ,rul]-art =m is ! "o1 an inf]ior w aim+ at realism is ! o!r4 ,& x is a significant fact1 t :ile ! fir/ w s5t =? its la/ blooms 9 ! six? c5tury--a p]iod :51 accord+ to ,freeman1 ,hell5ic life readi$ its z5i?1#ce ! ultimate triumphs ( ! o!r & inf]ior w1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 m>ks ! fir/ /age 9 a decl9e t 0 nev] to be arre/$4#cf ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m$usa ,metope ( ,sell9us1 ,pal]mo4 ,?is is n ! usual view1 ,i "k4 ,z a rule1 ! art ( ! age ( ,p]icles is consid]$ to be ! highe/ t ,greece ev] produc$4 ,b 9 ?is art ,i see a prepond]ance ( realism :i* reveals to :at ext5t ! o!r & inf]ior w 0 beg9n+ to prevail4 ,& :5 ,i /udy ,hell5i/ic art1 & see ?is evil assum+ su* proportions z to make ev5 mod]n hi/orians & ,art-s*ol>s delib]ately d5\nce x1 ,i _c help b recognize ! g]ms ( ?is decay 9 ! art :i* hi!rto has be5 mo/ prais$ & admir$4 ,z ,i say1 ,i am judg+ purely f ! arti/ic records4 ,b ,i h no d\bt t1 if ,i possess$ ! necess>y s*ol>%ip1 ,i c\ld trace ! two ,art-wills to two di/9ct races ( m5 :o1 f ! days ( ! fall ( ,myc5an culture1 /rove = ma/]%ip 9 ,greece4 ,i also ent]ta9 no d\bts t ! fall ( ,greece might be attribut$ to ! gradual triumph ( t race :i* possess$ ! inf]ior ,art-w1 & no?+ ,i h read1 ei!r 9 ,grote1 ,bury1 ,oman1 ,curtius1 ,s*naase1 ,miss ,h>rison & o!rs1 has l$ me s]i\sly to hesitate be=e sugge/+ ?is hypo!sis4 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece leads me to suppose t ! problem might be solv$ 9 ! way ,i sugge/4 ,b1 9 any case1 :e!r ?is is s or n1 ! /yle ( ! art ( ,pheidias %[s a desc5t f ! /yle ( ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 :i* only an age ) a mi/ak5 conception ( :at art really is c\ld possibly h ov]look$4 ,! art ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies1 ,i w n & _c d5y1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ,rul] =m1 or :at mod]n & anci5t art-hi/orians call ! ideal4#cg ,no p1 any portion ( :i* _h be5 capable ( produc+ ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 c\ld h avoid$ x2 b t x prepond]ates 9 realism1 ! evid5ce ( hi/ory1 alone1 ap>t f t ( our own s5ses1 proves beyond a d\bt4 ,! appreciation :i* x has met ) at ! h&s ( almo/ all ,europeans ( all ages1 & p>ticul>ly at ! h&s ( ! ,r5aissance reali/s1 %[s h[ g5]al its appeal has be52 & no art :i* has be5 s v mu* above ,nature z to apo!osize ! p>ticul> values ( a p>ticul> p at its z5i?1 has ev] made su* a g5]al appeal4 ,d4 ,greek ,pa9t+4 ,9 reg>d to ! pa9t+ ( ,greece1 ,i w n deta9 y long4 ,practically all ,i h said 9 reg>d to ,greek sculpture may be appli$ ) equal =ce to ,greek pa9t+1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an sum up ?is side ( ! "q ) ! words ( t pr(\nd ,japanese arti/ ,okakura-,kakuzo4 ,9 speak+ ( ! great /yle ( ! ,greeks1 9 pa9t+--a /yle :i* vani%$ ) ! six? c5tury1--he says-- ,! great /yle ( ! ,greeks 9 pa9t+--t /yle :i* 0 !irs be=e a /age *i>oscuro & imitation ( ,nature 7 br\ght 9 by ! ,appellesian s*ool1--rises up be=e u ) ineffaceable regret 444 & we _c refra9 f say+ t ,european "w1 by foll[+ ! lat] s*ool1 has lo/ greatly 9 p[] ( /ructural composition & l9e expression1 ?\gh x has add$ to ! facility ( reali/ic repres5tation4#ch ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! dem&s ( !atrical sc5]y are g5]ally admitt$ to h ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ov] ,greek pa9t+1 we ne$ feel no surprise at ! necess>ily vulg> nature ( its ultimate developm5t2 :ile 9 rais+ ?is po9t ab\t *i>oscuro1 ,okakura-,kakuzo really op5s a v s]i\s & ne$ful inquiry4 ,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r ! *i>oscuro :i* ,apollodorus is said to h introduc$ 9 ! fif? c5tury 0 n ! wor/ possible bl[ t has ev] be5 levell$ at ,rul]-,art1 & x is difficult to sep>ate ?is discov]y f ! p :o made x4 ,once x is recogniz$ t *i>oscuro implies a bl5d+ ( col\rs toge!r1 an elim9ation ( all ^? %>p contra/s :i* ! compromis+ _s ( a democratic age _c abide1 & a g5]al hugg+ & embrac+ ( all col\rs by ea* o!r1 at ! co/ ( ! life ( all def9ite l9es2 once x is ackn[l$g$1 moreov]1 t all gradations & blurr$ zones ( contact lead inevitably to ! v wor/ =ms ( ,police ,art1 su* z ,zeuxis1 ,p>rhasius & ,timan?us practis$1 & t escape f realism is n only difficult1 b almo/ impossible "u su* conditions1 ! "q :e!r ,apollodorus is to be prais$ or curs$ becomes a v weighty & vital "o2 & 9 say+ t he ought to be curs$1 ,i make a v important /atem5t1 h[ev] unreasonable x may seem to y at pres5t4 ,y h notic$ t until n[ ,i h n comp>$ ! ,p]iclean art ( ,greece ) ! art ( any o!r c\ntry1 b simply ) :at is g5]ally call$ ! ar*aic art ( ,greece itself4 ,i h spok5 ,only ( ! ,apollo ( ,t5ea1 & ( c]ta9 promis+ features 9 ! six?-c5tury sculptures :i* 7 discov]$ on ! ,acropolis )9 rec5t ye>s4 #cb ,see ,edw>d ,a4 ,freeman1 ,! ,*ief ,p]iods ( ,european ,hi/ory1 p4 #f3 ,! mission ( ! ,greek race 0 to be ! tea*]s1 ! beacons1 ( mank9d1 b n _! rul]s4 ,page #i3 ,! tale ( ,hellas %[s u a glorifi$ ideal ( human p[]s1 held up to ! _w = a mom5t to %[ :at man c be1 b to %[ u also t su* he _c be = long4 #cc ,! attitude ( su* m5 z ,lbke & ,w9ckelmann to ,egyptian art is typical ( ! lack ( und]/&+ ) :i* mod]n ,europeans h approa*$ ! monum5ts ( ! ,nile4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ,sculpture1 by ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,lbke1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bb-be1 & ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art1 by ,john ,w9ckelmann1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afi1 #aga1 #age4 #cd ,?is view seems q oppos$ to t ( a great au?ority on ! subject1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray2 b h[ ?is au?or comes to ! conclusion t 444 9 describ+ ! progress ( sculpture f its e>ly days to its highe/ developm5t1 x is conv5i5t to speak ( x z a gradual elim9ation ( realism1 ,i am q at a loss to und]/&4 ,see ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,sculpture1 p4 #bci4 #ce ,see ,! ,*ief ,p]iods ( ,european ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ba-bc4 ,see also ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,*aps4 ,,iv & ,v4 #cf ,9 /udy+ ! actual decl9e ( ,greek art x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be v necess>y to lay "s /ress ^u ! "p tak5 by ! p 9 g5]al1 9 judg+ & criticiz+ arti/ic productions "u ! democracies4 ,see ,rev4 ,j4 ,mahaffy 7,social ,life 9 ,greece71 :o is talk+ entirely f ! ,hell5ic /&po9t1 p4 #ddj3 ,! really vital po9t 0 ! public nature ( ! "w !y 7! ,a!nian ,demos7 dem&$2 x 0 n done to please private & peculi> ta/e1 x 0 n int5d$ = ! criticism ( a small clique ( p>tial admir]s1 b x 0 set up1 or p]=m$ = all ! city toge!r1 = ! fa/idi\s1 = ! vulg>1 = ! le>n$1 & = ! ignorant4 ,x seems to me t ?is necessity1 & ! consequ5t broad int5tion ( ! ,greek arti/1 is ! ma9 reason :y its effects ^u ! _w has nev] be5 dim9i%$1 & :y its lessons are et]nal 7! italics are m9e74 #cg ,t4 ,g4 ,tuck]1 9 8 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 does 8 be/ to reconcile ! realism ( ,greek art ) ! ideal1 & helps himself out ( ! difficulty by reass]t+ ,s*ell+'s claim 9 ,! ,philosophy ( ,art 7see note to p4 #ia 9 ?is book74 ,mr4 ,tuck] says1 p4 #ahf3 ,_m p imag9e t ,greek sculpture--to take t sali5t prov9ce aga9--delib]ately avoid$ tru? to ,nature1 & aim$ at "s utt]ly conv5tional ?+ call$ ! ideal4 ,no?+ c\ld be m mi/ak54 ,! :ole aim ( ,greek sculpture 0 to reproduce ! liv+ man or woman1 & ! sublime ( its execution 0 atta9$ only :5 ! c>v+ seem$ in/9ct ) life--a life n m]ely ( ! limbs1 b a life ( ! s\l1 :i* in=m$ ! c\nt5ance1 & 0 felt to be controll+ e limb4 ,a ,greek sculptor l ,praxiteles /udi$ long & lov+ly4444 ,to anatomy he is z true z an arti/ ne$ wi% to be4 ,b are n 8 figures ideal8 ,d\btless1 b :at does 'ideal' mean8 ,t !y are ab/ract1 conv5tional1 or frankly sup]human8 ,any?+ b t4 ,x means simply t he c>ves figures :i*1 :ile entirely true to /rict anatomy1 entirely lifelike 9 all _! delicate modell+ 444 are examples ( nature 9 happie/ circum/ances4444 #ch ,ideals ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #ec4 #b4 ,egyptian ,art4--,a4 ,k+ ,khephrn4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i n[ *oose to comp>e ! art ( ! ,temple ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 & ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns#ci ) t ( ,egypt1 ! fir/ falls absolutely to pieces4 ,if ,i walk f ! lions ( ,gebel ,b>kal1 :i* ,reg9ald ,/u>t ,poole consid]s z ! f9e/ example ( ! idealization ( animal =ms t any age has produc$1#dj ov] to ! horses ( ! ,p>!non1 ! latt] seem poor1 feeble1 & slavi% beside ! p[]fully simplifi$ & comm&+ "w ( ,egypt4 ,& if1 ) vivid recollections ( ! diorite /atue ( ,k+ ,khephrn at ,cairo1 ,i walk up to ! be/ ,greek "w ( ! ,p]iclean age1 or aft]1 ei!r 9 ,london or ,p>is1 ,i m>vel at ! d5s5ess ( an age :i* c put ! ,egyptian ,ph>aoh second 9 ! ord] ( rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,k+ ,khephrn1 ,cairo ,museum ,we n[ "k too mu* to believe t ! noble simplicity ( ,k+ ,khephrn--! build] ( ! second pyramid ( ,gizeh--is ! result ( incompet5ce or ( limit$ means 9 deal+ ) ! /one out ( :i* he 0 c>v$4 ,no arti/ :o foll[s ! c>eful l9es & pr(iles ( ?is /atue1 & :o und]/&s ! broad grasp ) :i* ea* undulation1 h[ev] sweep+1 compreh5ds & comprises all t is ess5tial & indisp5sable1 c d\bt = an in/ant t ! sculptor :o c>v$ x 0 n only capable ( realism1 b inf9itely sup]ior to x4 ,& he :o does n admire ! consummate ,rul] =m ( ?is /atue1 & see 9 x ! expression ( ! greate/ arti/ic p[] t has ev] exi/$ on e>?1 & probably ! portrait ( ! greate/ human p[] t has ev] exi/$ on e>?1 confesses himself1 imm$iately1 unfamili> ) ! fundam5tal _s ( great art4#da ,! type ( ,k+ ,khephrn x is q impossible to admire & to l1 unless "o is to "s ext5t 9 sympa?y ) 8 ideals & 8 aspirations4 ,8 features w rema9 /range & q inscrutable z long z "o does n feel "o's self lean+1 h[ev] slightly1 to 8 side1 9 ?\ght & emotion2 b ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( 8 apo!osiz$ portrait by a man :o 0 probably 8 greate/ arti/1 ought to be app>5t to all :o h ?\ght & m$itat$ ^u ! "q ( :at con/itutes ! greate/ art4 ,"h is to be se5 t autocratic mode ( expression :i* brooks nei!r contradiction nor disob$i5ce2 ! ,symmetry :i* makes ! spectator obta9 a complete grasp ( an idea2 ! ,sobriety :i* reveals ! re/ra9t t a position ( comm& presupposes2 ! ,simplicity prov+ ! p[] ( a great m9d t has ov]come ! *aos 9 itself & has reflect$ its ord] & h>mony ^u an object1 ! mo/ ess5tial features ( :i* x has select$ ) unfail+ accuracy2 ! ,transfiguration t betrays ! ,dionysian ec/asy & pa?os f :i* ! arti/ gives ( himself to reality & makes x reflect 8 own glory back ^u him2 ! ,repetition :i* ensures ob$i5ce1 & f9ally ! ,v>iety :i* is ! indisp5sable condition ( all liv+ ,art4#db ,= ! arti/ :o c>v$ ?is monum5t 0 no c[>d4 ,8 duty 0 to surpass ! beauty ( ! mo/ beautiful subject on e>? 9 8 "t4 ,?is man :om he has bequea!d to u 9 /one 0 n only a k+1 b a god1 & none b ! mo/ ma/]ful m9d1 none b ! mo/ ultimate product ( ages sp5t 9 ! obs]vance ( a def9ite & p>ticul> set ( values1 c\ld h be5 capable ( giv+ ?is simplifi$ r5d]+1 ?is selection ( ess5tials1 ( a man-god :o 0 ! highe/ outcome ( ^! same values4 ,h[ 0 ?is possible8 ,h[ 7 ^! values ma9ta9$ s long8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x c n[ be affirm$ ) confid5ce t ! ,egyptians1 9 ! days ( ,khephrn1 7 a v pure & unit$ race1 hav+ rema9$1 ?anks to _! isolat$ position on ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 alo( & free f ! e?ical & blood influ5ce ( ! =eign] = probably ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,secondly1 ev]ybody seems to agree t1 :atev] its ultimate purity may h be51 ! ,egyptian p1 ?anks to ! inord9ate p[] ( _! values1 c]ta9ly _h a capacity = absorb+ & dige/+ =eign elem5ts :i* 0 simply extraord9>y2#dc &1 ?irdly1 we h x on ! au?ority ( ,wilk9son t ! sup]iority ( _! legislation has always be5 ackn[l$g$ z ! cause ( ! duration ( an empire :i* la/$ ) a v uni=m succession ( h]$it>y sov]eigns1 & ) ! same =m ( gov]nm5t = a mu* long] p]iod ?an ! g5]ality ( anci5t /ates4#dd ,we c und]/& ,k+ ,khephrn1 !n1 only z ! apo!osis ( a type :i* 0 ! product ( ! values ( 8 p4 ,= t !y lov$ him & wor%ipp$ him q will+ly & q he>tily1 no hone/ /ud5t ( _! hi/ory c any long] d\bt4 ,x 0 ) great rejoic+s1 & n1 z ,buckle & ,sp5c] ?\ght1 ) ! woeful & hagg>d faces ( ill-us$ slaves1 t 8 p assembl$ annually to cont9ue & to complete ! build+ ( 8 pyramid4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,brugs*-,bey1 ,wilk9son1 ,dr4 ,petrie1#de & _m o!rs h cle>$ up all our d\bts on ?is po9t1 & only an ,engli%man l ,buckle1#df :o c\ld n divorce lab\r f ! mod]n idea ( sweat+1 & absolute mon>*y f ! mod]n idea ( cruelty1 & slav]y f ! mod]n idea ( brutality1#dg 0 able to ?9k o!rwise4 ,= x 0 highly probable t ,k+ ,khephrn _h no /&+ army4 ,x is c]ta9 t 8 pr$ecessor _h n4#dh ,x is ev5 probable t he _h no arm$ bodygu>d4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! p[] :i*1 e ye>1 c\ld mu/] ?\s&s ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 ab\t him1 & :i* induc$ !m *e]fully to und]take ?is mo/ /r5u\s1 ?is mo/ skilful1 & ?is mo/ highly arti/ic lab\r = him8 ,?is p[]1 !re c no long] be any d\bt1 0 ! p[] ( affection & pr(\nd & s9c]e rev]5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ! pyramids ( ,gizeh1 alone1 ap>t f all hi/orical evid5ce1 is suffici5t to conv9ce any "o :o has any k ( :at =c$ lab\r produces1 t love 0 v l>gely active 9 ! "w ( ^! ,egyptians ( ! ?ird & f\r? dyna/ies2#di &1 if we turn f ! actual monum5ts !mselves to ! sculpture t adorn$ !m1 we become conv9c$ t ! p :o built !m 7 a unit$1 law-abid+ race1 :o recogniz$ 9 ,khephrn ! highe/ product ( _! values4 ,& yet1 t enorm\s p[] 0 wield$ by ?is "o man-god1 is prov$ by e detail t hi/ory & ! ar*ological records h h&$ d[n to u4 ,he 0 ! remote pr$ecessor ( a k+ :o "o day w\ld be able to decl>e-- ,i tea* ! prie/s :at is _! duty3 ,i turn away ! ignorant man f 8 ignorance4444 ,! gods are full ( delight 9 my "t1 & _! temples celebrate fea/s ( joy4 ,i h plac$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! l& ( ,egypt at ! horizon4 ,i gave protection to ^? :o 7 9 tr\ble1 & smote ^? :o did evil aga9/ !m4 ,i plac$ ,egypt at ! head ( all ! nations1 because its inhabitants are at "o ) me 9 ! wor%ip ( ,amon6#ej ,he 0 a man ! moral /&>ds ( ^: p 7 9 _m respects high] ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks2#ea he & 8 subjects felt v /rongly ! value ( /r5g? ( "* & ( self-control2#eb ?\gh p]haps !y laid great] /ress ^u discretion & quietness ?an on any qualities ( "*4 ,9 ! repudiation ( s9s an ,egyptian w\ld say3 ',my m\? ha? n run on2' ',my m\? ha? n be5 hot2' ',my voice ha? n be5 voluble 9 my spee*2' ',my voice is n l\d4'#ec ,ptahotep urg$ simil> discreetness2 he said3 ',let ?y he>t be ov]fl[+1 b let ?y m\? be re/ra9$4'#ed ,:ile ano!r ,egyptian morali/ said3 ,d n be a talk]6#ee ,?us we f9d all ! evid5ces ( precisely t pr9ciple :i* goes to re> a great p--! belief t re/ra9t is necess>y1 & "p ( ! art ( life1 & t 9 ord] to h "o gr\p ( advantages1 ano!r gr\p mu/ be sacrific$4 ,= ?is is ! pr9ciple ( all great legislation2 x is ! pr9ciple ( all great art1--& x is ! pr9ciple ( all great life4 ,a great legislator has to discov] :at sacrifices 8 p c af=d to make1 :at ?+s !y w be able = ev] to disc>d 9 ord] to reap ! advantages ( a c]ta9 mode ( life4 ,8 tea*+ mu/ include re/ra9t4 ,x is ! r5unciation ( "s ?+s & ! c>eful cultivation ( o!rs t builds up a noble type4 ,z ,mr4 ,*e/]ton once obs]v$1 ) really uncu/om>y wisdom1 y _c be ,k+ ( ,engl& & ! ,beadle ( ,balham at ! same "t4 ,to be ! "o y mu/ sacrifice ! advantages :i* are associat$ ) ! o!r4 ,all values1 all art1#ef & all life is bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple--t if y grasp all1 y lose all2 or1 z ,nietzs*e has x3 ,! belief 9 ! pleasure :i* comes ( re/ra9t--?is pleasure ( a rid] on a fi]y /e$4#eg ,y may argue t ! enjoym5t ( "o set ( joys is bett] 9 y\r op9ion ?an ! enjoym5t ( ano!r set2 b y _c claim ! enjoym5t ( all2 t is impossible4 ,x is only among an uncultur$ or democratic p t e "o aspires to all pleasures1 & x is precisely among su* a p t "s =m ( ,puritanism becomes an urg5t ne$--t is to say1 z a sub/itute = ! art ( life4#eh ,because ! indiscrim9ate pursuit ( all joys p]=ce ends 9 failure1 & !re=e 9 unhapp9ess4 ,b measure is ! delight only ( /hetic natures2#ei h5ce1 :]e ! art ( liv+ has n yet be5 le>n$1 "s k9d ( sev]e puritanical morality w be a condition ( exi/5ce1 & if t is dropp$ excesses w soon beg9 to make _! pres5ce felt4 ,i d n wi% y to imag9e1 !re=e1 t ! ,egyptians 7 an au/]e1 ascetic & self-ca/igat+ race2 on ! contr>y1 z all au?orities decl>e1 !y 7 full ( ! joy ( life & ( ! love ( life2#fj & x 0 precisely because !y recogniz$ well-def9$ limits 9 p>ticul> ?+s t !y c\ld all[ !mselves a c]ta9 m>g9 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! art ( ,egypt ,i recogniz$ ?is pr9ciple ( re/ra9t1 long be=e ,i discov]$ t x exi/$ 9 _! life & sy/em ( society1 & ,i 0 n surpris$ to f9d x obs]v$ ) great] sev]ity by _! rul]s ?an by ! mass ( ! p !mselves4#fa ,no "o c comm& :o has n fir/ le>nt to obey 8 own w4 ,nobody c\ld comm& z t ,man-,god ,khephrn comm&$1#fb be=e he _h become complete ma/] ( himself4 ,he :o _c comm& himself %all obey1 says ,z>a?u/ra4#fc ,& ab\t five ?\s& ye>s ago ,ptahotep--! great morali/ ( ! fif? dyna/y ( ,egypt--said3 ,he t obeye? 8 he>t1 %all comm&6#fd ,?is atmosph]e is /range to u4 ,we1 :o are us$ to see+ lib]ty & au?ority grant$ indiscrim9ately z ends 9 !mselves1 to ev]ybody & anybody1 f9d x difficult to realize ?is mann] ( ?\ght4 ,if we "k ( x at all1 we misund]/& x & conf\nd ! mod]ation ( weak natures ) ! re/ra9t ( ! /rong4#fe ,?is art ( life :i* takes z a fundam5tal pr9ciple t e joy is b\ght by "s sacrifice1 is /range & ar*aic n[4 ,! p x re>$ communicate little to our age1 z _! /atues w prove if y look at !m2 ! art x creat$ leaves mod]n spectators cold2 & yet1 z e great legislator & arti/ %\ld "k1 x is precisely ^u ! pr9ciple ) :i* ! ,egyptian p ( ! f\r? dyna/y 7 re>$1 & ) :i* ! spl5did /atue ( ,k+ ,khephrn 0 c>v$1 t all great life & art repose4 ,x _c be said too (t51 !re=e1 t ! ,egyptians 7 a happy & cont5t$ p1 & ?is !y 7 because !re 0 "s p[] abroad 9 _! _w1 & because he :o wield$ t p[] c\ld make !m believe t ! human race 0 z high z a pyramid1 al?\gh b "o man p]haps c\ld ev] repres5t ! apex4 ,b4 ,! ,lady ,nophret4 ,b y may object t 9 "s ( ! works ( ?is p]iod ! ,egyptian arti/s %[$ a lack ( re/ra9t1 a lack ( ! in/9ct t kn[s h[ mu* to sacrifice1 :i* f> surpass$ ?is same vice 9 ! art ( ! ,greeks4 ,y may po9t to ! p]fectly /up5d\s realism ( ! ,lady ,nophret & h] husb& or bro!r1 & decl>e ) ,f]gusson t no?+ m wond]fully tru?ful & reali/ic has be5 done s9ce t "t1 till ! inv5tion ( photography4#ff ,illu/ration3 ,! ,lady ,nophret 7,cairo ,museum7 ,i confess t :5 ,i drew ne> to ^! /atues 9 ! ,museum at ,cairo1 x is no exagg]ation to say t ,i 0 lit]ally />tl$ by _! lifelike appe>ance4 ,l ,miss ,jane ,h>rison1 ,i felt t ! ,lady ,nophret1 at lea/1 mu/ be able to rise & come =w>d1#fg s ridicul\sly fre% & w>m did %e appe> 9 h] spotless :ite dress & h] maje/ic wig4 ,i soon realiz$ t ,i 0 9 ! pres5ce ( a k9d ( realism :i* transc5d$ any?+ ,i _h ev] se5 9 anci5t or mod]n art1 = its conv9c+ness & tru?2 & x 0 difficult to believe t ?is piece ( :olesale deception--c]ta9ly m p]fect ?an any waxwork figure ,i _h ev] kn[n1--l ! /atue ( ! ,man-,god ,khephrn1 0 a product ( ! pyramid p]iod4 ,y mu/ n ga!r1 f :at ,i h j said1 t ! ,lady ,nophret is 9 ! slighte/ degree z vulg> or z commonplace z an ord9>y waxwork figure or mod]n portrait4 ,?\gh its vitality _c be d5i$1#fh !re are arti/ic qualities 9 ! simple m\ld+ ( ! figure :i* place x v mu* high] ?an ! reali/ic "w ei!r ( anci5t ,greece or ( mod]n ,europe4 ,x is only beside ! /atue ( ,k+ ,khephrn t x appe>s s weak2 &1 z x is almo/ a contempor>y ( ?is magnific5t p]son1 ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 pres5t$ to u by ! arti/ seems to be a problem4 ,! fir/ lesson x tea*es y is ?is--t :atev] y may ?9k ab\t ! conv5tionalism ( ,k+ ,khephrn1 su* conv5tionalism has no?+ :atev] to d ) ar*aic clums9ess1 inability to see ,nature1 or incompet5ce4 ,x is cle> t ! ,egyptians 7 great] ma/]s 9 r5d]+ nature reali/ically ?an any p be=e or aft] !m4#fi ,if !y _h n be51 !y c\ld nev] h produc$ ! portrait-/atues ( ! ar*itect ,ti2 ! two portrait-/atues ( ,ran(ir1 prie/ ( ,ptah ( ,memphis1 & t ( ! ,scribe & ( ! ,*eikh-el-,bel$#gj--;all 9 ! museum at ,cairo4 ,:5 !y are n reali/ic1 !n1 x is because !y d n wi% to be2 x is because !y delib]ately desire to rise above nature1 to transfigure x1 simplify x1 & arrange x--9 fact1 to be arti/s4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! object ( ^! reali/ic portrait-/atues ab\t :i* ,i h *os5 to speak collectively 9 my ref]5ces to ! ,lady ,nophret8 ,!y 7 nev] int5d$ by ! arti/ :o made !m to be se5 by ! eye ( man4 ,!y 7 nev] int5d$ to be works ( ,rul]-art1 set up to emphasize & und]l9e ! values ( a p4 ,!y _h a def9ite purpose1 ( c\rse1 b ?is purpose 0 q =eign to t ( ,art z ,i def9$ x 9 my la/ lecture4 ,:at 0 ?is purpose8 ,x 0 relat$ to ,dea?4#ga ,no reali/ic sculptural "w 0 associat$ ) ,life by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,z m5 :o 7 /ill able to believe 9 a ,man-,god1 & 7 /ill conv9c$ ( ! p[] ( man-wr\ght miracles1 h[ c\ld !y associate realism or t pr9ciple ( manufacture :]eby a man delib]ately suppresses 8 w to art & makes himself subs]vi5t to nature--h[ c\ld !y associate ?is ) ,life1--,life :i* to ^! dwell]s on ! ,nile 0 inextricably b\nd up ) ! h&1 ! ?\ght1 ! w1 & ! p[] ( man8 ,no--^! reali/ic sculptures :i* ?r[ all our pu]ile ,police ,art into ! %ade 7 associat$ n ) ,life1 b ) ! opposite ( ,life--) ,dea?1 ) und]gr\nd tombs & s>cophagi1 ) mummies & mu/y ma/abas1 & ) ! hope ( conqu]+ ,et]nal ,sleep4 ,! ,egyptians believ$ t a liv+ man consi/$ ( a body1 a ,ka or gho/1 & a ,ba or s\l4 ,at dea?1 ! ,ka & ,ba 7 suppos$ to be lib]at$2 b x 0 hop$ t a day w\ld nev]!less come :5 ! ,ka1 :i* 0 ! elem5t 9 :i* ! life ( ! deceas$ p]son 0 specially believ$ to reside1 w\ld come back to ! body & effect its resurrection4 ,h5ce ! c>e ) :i* a body 0 embalm$ & pres]v$ f putrefaction4 ,accid5ts1 h[ev]1 might happ51 ?\ght ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! embalm$ mummy might p]i%1 x might be de/roy$4 ,:at w\ld ! un=tunate ,ka d1 if x return$ & f\nd ! mummy ( its =m] body annihilat$8 ,a way out ( ?is difficulty quickly occurr$ to ! nimble m9ds ( ^! imag9ative p4 ,if ! mummy _h p]i%$1 !y ?\ght1 ! ,ka might possibly ent] an effigy ( its =m] body1 provid$ t effigy 7 suffici5tly lifelike4 ,9 ?is way ! reali/ic ,ka-/atues 7 introduc$1 & = fe> le/ ev5 ^! might p]i%1 weal?y p w\ld sometimes multiply _! numb] to :at w\ld seem a ridicul\s ext5t4 ,once !y 7 manufactur$1 ^! ,ka-/atues w\ld be plac$ f> away f ! sight ( liv+ man1 9 ! tomb ( ! dep>t$ p]son1 & 9 ?is way 8 resurrection 0 suppos$ to be ensur$4#gb ,= ! ,egyptians c\ld imag9e no _w bett] ?an _! own4 ,& ev5 a resurrection c\ld b occur amid surr\nd+s :i* 7 z l z possible to ^? ( ev]yday life on e>?4 ,! realism ( ! ,ka-/atue ( ! ,lady ,nophret1 !re=e1 ne$ n fright5 u4 ,on ! contr>y1 x only helps to ?r[ ! transfiguration & p[] ( ,k+ ,khephrn's diorite /atue into great] relief4 ,! ,egyptians knew p]fectly well t a ,ka-/atue 0 only a duplication1 a copy1 & a repetition ( reality1 & !y knew also t its prop] place 0 und]gr\nd & out ( sight4#gc ,if ,lady ,nophret & h] companion ,ka-/atues _h nev] be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 we might h believ$1 z _m h believ$1 t ! conv5tionalism ( ,egyptian sculpture 0 b5ea? in/ead ( v mu* above ,nature4 ,b ev5 :5 we "k :at we d "k1 x is only ) ! utmo/ difficulty t an arti/ :o is a *ild ( ?is weak & impot5t age c feel any love = ^! /range1 transc5d5tally p[]ful1 & almo/ sup]human figures 9 granite & diorite :i* ! sculptors ( ,egypt h left u4 ,! arti/ may p]haps get ne>] to !m ?an any "o else 9 8 age1 because he1 by virtue ( ! modicum ( creative p[] t is 9 him1 initiates himself almo/ automatically into ! my/]ies ( ?is great ,egyptian simplicity1 ord]1 & transfiguration4 ,b o!rs :o are n arti/s c only pass !m by4 ,= ^! figures are ! apo!osis ( a p>ticul> type4 ,!y are :at all art %\ld be1 a /imulus1 & a spur to a life bas$ ^u a def9ite set ( values4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld p /op & admire !m :o are liv+ "u values :i* are possibly ! v rev]se ( ^? :i* ?is art advocates1 or "u no def9ite values at all8 ,! /yle ( ! /atue ( ,k+ ,khephrn1 ) b a few modifications1 0 ! /yle ( all ,egyptian /atu>y until ! days ( ,psammeti*us1 ov] two ?\s& ye>s lat]3 h[ c we1 ! *angeable & re/less *ildr5 ( ,europe1 und]/& ^! ?+s8 ,c4 ,! ,pyramid4 ,h[ c we admire & und]/& ev5 ! symbol ( ,k+ ,khephrn's social organization--! ,pyramid1 :5 we "k & love only ! level pla98 ,! ,pyramid1 :i* 9 its =m embodies all ! highe/ qualities ( great art1 & all ! highe/ pr9ciples ( a heal?y society1 is ! greate/ arti/ic a*ievem5t t has be5 discov]$ hi!rto4 ,?is symbolic w$lock ( ,art & ,sociology /ill /&s1 ) all its six ?\s& ye>s ( age1 on ! ?re%old ( ! des]t--t is to say1 on ! ?re%old ( *aos & disord]1 :]e none b ! w9d attempts to %ape & to =m2 & rem9ds u ( a ma/] w t once exi/$ & set its et]nal /amp ^u ! face ( ! _w 9 ,egypt1 s t po/]ity might le>n :e!r mank9d _h ris5 or decl9$4 ,9 its syn!sis ( ! ?ree ma9 canons1 simplicity1 repetition & v>iety1#gd no?+ has ev] excell$ x2 9 its my/ic utt]ance ( ! conditions ( ! ideal /ate1 9 :i* e memb] takes 8 place & ultimately succe$s 9 hold+ highe/ man upp]mo/ & ne>e/ ! sun1 x is unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory2 & 9 its sacr$ revelation t ,man c atta9 to "s height if he *ooses1 t he c believe 9 ,man ! ,god1 & ,man ! ,hi]ophant1 & ,man ! ,prophet1 if he *ooses1 & t he c be noble1 happy1 la/+ & p[]ful 9 s do+--9 ?is treble advocacy ( ^! sublime ideals1 ! pyramid & ! ,egyptians :o creat$ x /& absolutely alone 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! be/ 9 ,greece 0 borr[$ f !m2 ! be/ we /ill possess is p]haps b a fa9t aft]-gl[ ( _! sett+ sun1 & ! cold & unfamili> tone 9 :i* _! art seems to appeal to mod]n m5 ought to prove to u h[ remote1 h[ incalculably f> (f1 !y are f our insignificant age ( progress & advancem5t1 ( feebl5ess & m$iocrity1 & ( hopeless errors1 9 :i* ! pr9ce proposes1 b ! %opkeep] disposes6#ge ,i _c g into ! details ( _! society ) y n[4 ,i c b assure y t ! m y read ab\t x 9 ! works ( m5 l ,wilk9son1 ,petrie & ,brugs*-,bey1 ! m conv9c$ y w become ( its transc5d5tal sup]iority4 ,& if1 9 prais+ _! art above t ( any o!r nation1 ,i h be5 =c$ to deal all too ha/ily ) _! morals & _! ,/ate1 x is simply because ,i c conceive ( no su* p]fect art be+ possible1 save z ! fl[] ( ! noble & man-exalt+ values :i* ,i f9d at ! base ( ! ,egyptian ,pyramid4 ,9 id5tify+ ,nietzs*e's art canon ) t admir$ & respect$ by ,egypt at its be/1 ,i h done no?+ at all surpris+ to ^? :o "k ,nietzs*e's philosophy4 ,ev]y?+ he says on ,art 9 8 mature/ "w1 ,! ,w to ,p[]1 drove me inevitably1 n to ,italy1 n to ,greece1 n to ,holl&1 & n to ,india--b to ! ,valley ( ! ,nile2 :ile 9 two books already publi%$ ,i =e/all$ ^! lectures1 9 "o respect1 by decl>+ ,nietzs*e's ideal ari/ocratic /ate to h be5 bas$ symbolically ^u ! idea ( ! ,egyptian ,pyramid4 ,only a romantic ideali/ w\ld h ! s5tim5tal fanaticism to /& up be=e y n[ to prea* an ,egyptian ,r5aissance4 ,i wi% to d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,i "k too well to :at ext5t ! ,art ( ,egypt 0 ! product ( a p re>$ by a def9ite set ( inviolable values1 to hope to transplant x ) any *ance ( success on to our democratic & an>*ical soil4 ,:at ,i d wi% to advocate1 h[ev]1 is1 t :5 y ?9k ( ! be/ 9 ,art1 y\r m9d %\ld g back to ! sev]e & vigor\s culture ( ,egypt & n to t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is w at lea/ give y a /&>d ( measurem5t1 accord+ to :i* mo/ ( ! culture ( ! pres5t day w /rike y z tawdry & putresc5t4 ,9 ?is way a salut>y *ange may be br\ght ab\t1 & ! words ( ,disraeli conc]n+ ! ,egyptians may also come true1 9 :i* he said3 ,! day may yet come :5 we %all d ju/ice to ! high p[]s ( t my/]i\s & imag9ative p4#gf ,no?+ c be done1 h[ev]1 until our type is purifi$1#gg until we h at lea/ become a p4 ,= until t "t x w be impossible to discov] a type :i* may become ! subject-matt] ( ! graphic arts4 ,upw>ds life /rive? to build itself ) columns & /airs3 into remote di/ances x longe? to gaze3 & outw>ds aft] blissful beauties--!re=e x ne$e? height6 ,& because x ne$e? height1 x ne$e? /airs & contradiction betwe5 /airs1 & ^? :o c climb6 to rise /rive? life1 & 9 ris+ to surpass itself6 ,v]ily1 he :o "h t[]$ al(t 8 ?\ght 9 /one knew z well z ! wise/ ones ab\t ! secret ( life6 ,t !re is /ruggle & inequality ev5 9 beauty & w> = p[] & supremacy3 t do? he "h tea* u 9 ! pla9e/ p>able4 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra4#gh #ci ,i am q will+ ) ,mr4 ,g>dn] to ackn[l$ge ! sup]iority ( ! latt] ov] ! =m]4 ,see ,h&book to ,greek ,sculpture1 p4 #baf et seq4 #dj ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? ,edition71 ,article1 ,egypt4 #da ,see ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,on page #ed ( ?is book1 ! au?or says1 speak+ ( ,k+ ,khephrn3 ,x is a m>vel ( art2 ! precision ( ! expression comb9+ :at a man %\ld be to w9 our feel+s1 & :at a ,k+ %\ld be to comm& our reg>d4 ,! subtlety %[n 9 ?is comb9ation ( expression--! +5uity 9 ! ov]-%ad[+ hawk1 :i* does n int]f]e ) ! front view2 ! te*nical ability 9 execut+ ?is 9 s resi/+ a mat]ial--all unite 9 fix+ our reg>d on ?is z "o ( ! lead+ examples ( anci5t art4 #db ,georges ,p]rot & ,*>les ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bci3 ,! true orig9ality ( ! ,egyptian /yle consi/s 9 its delib]ately epitomiz+ t ^u :i* ! arti/s ( o!r c\ntries h elaborately dwelt--9 its lavi%+ all its executive p[]s ^u *ief masses & lead+ l9es1 & 9 ! m>vell\s judgm5t ) :i* x seizes _! real mean+1 _! proportion1 & ! s\rces ( _! arti/ic effect4 #dc ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,brugs*-,bey1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #g3 ,al?\gh 9 s long a space ( "t z sixty c5turies1 ev5ts & revolutions ( great hi/orical importance mu/ ( necessity h alt]$ ! political /ate ( ,egypt1 yet1 not)/&+ all1 ! old ,egyptian race has und]gone b little *ange2 = x /ill pres]ves to ?is day ^? di/9ctive features ( physiognomy1 & ^? peculi>ities ( mann]s & cu/oms1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u by ! unit$ te/imony ( ! monum5ts & ! acc\nts ( ! anci5t classical writ]s1 z ! h]$it>y *>act]i/ics ( ?is p4 #dd ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bic4 #de ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 p4 #dj3 ,x is said t a hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 levi$ = ?ree mon?s at a "t 7i4e4 dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( ! inundation1 :5 ord9>y lab\r w\ld be at a /&/ill72 & on ?is scale ! pyramid build+ occupi$ tw5ty ye>s4 ,he is speak+ ( ! ,great ,pyramid built by ,kheops1 ,khephrn's pr$ecessor2 b ?is does n affect my cont5tion4 ,on reckon+ numb] & weight ( ! /ones1 ?is lab\r w\ld fully suffice = ! "w4 ,! skill$ masons _h l>ge b>racks1 n[ beh9d ! second pyramid1 :i* might hold ev5 f\r ?\s& m52 b p]haps a ?\s& w\ld q suffice to d all ! f9e "w 9 ! "t4 ,h5ce !re 0 no impossibility 9 ! task1 & no detrim5t to ! c\ntry 9 employ+ a small proportion ( ! population at a season :5 !y 7 all idle by ! compulsion ( natural causes4 ,! tra9+ & skill :i* !y w\ld acquire by su* "w w\ld be a great b5efit to ! national "*4 ,& ! same writ] says 9 ,! ,pyramids & ,temples ( ,gizeh1 p4 #baa3 ,?us we see t ! traditional acc\nts t we h ( ! means employ$ 9 build+ ! great ,pyramid1 require conditions ( lab\r supply :i* are q practicable 9 su* a l&1 :i* w\ld n be ru9\s to ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry1 or oppressive to ! p1 & :i* w\ld amply & easily suffice = ! execution ( _! "w4 #df ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& 7,ed4 #ahga71 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic4 ,& ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,autobiography1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cda-cdc4 #dg ,q typical ( ,we/]n inability to und]/& ! basis ( a patri>*al gov]nm5t1 & ( ! mis9t]pretation ( su* a =m1 :i* writ]s l ,buckle did _! be/ to increase & spread1 0 ! fir/ ,act ( ! play ,fall5 ,idols1 rec5tly pres5t$ at ,8 ,maje/y's ,!atre1 ,london1 9 :i* ,egyptian slaves 7 se5 cr++ & crawl+ be=e an inhuman taskma/]1 :o cont9ually la%$ out at !m ) a big :ip4 #dh ,f]gusson1 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ie3 ,nor is our wond] less :5 we ask ourselves h[ x happ5$ t su* a p became s /rongly organiz$ at t e>ly age z to be will+ to und]take ! greate/ ar*itectural works ! _w has s9ce se5 9 hon\r ( "o man f among !mselves4 ,a k+ )\t an army1 & ) no claim1 s f> z we c see1 to su* an hon\r1 beyond ! common cons5t ( all1 :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 atta9$ except by ! title ( long-inh]it$ s]vices ackn[l$g$ by ! community at l>ge4 ,& on p4 #id1 speak+ ( ! pictures 9 ! ,great ,pyramid1 ! au?or says3 ,on ^! walls ! own] ( ! tomb is usually repres5t$ seat$1 (f]+ fir/-fruits on a simple table-alt> to an unse5 god4 ,he is g5]ally accompani$ by 8 wife1 & surr\nd$ by 8 /ew>ds1 :o enum]ate 8 weal? 9 horn$ cattle1 9 ox51 9 %eep & goats1 9 geese & ducks4 ,9 o!r pictures "s are pl\gh+ & s[+1 "s reap+ or ?ra%+ out corn1 :ile o!rs are t5d+ 8 tame monkeys or cranes1 & o!r dome/icat$ pets4 ,music & danc+ add to ! circle ( dome/ic enjoym5ts1 & f[l+ & fi%+ occupy 8 days ( leisure4 ,no sign ( soldi]s or ( w>like /rife appe>s 9 any ( ^! pictures1 no arms1 no *>iots or horses4 ,no camels sugge/ =eign travel4 #di ,i %\ld l to reproduce "h ,f]gusson's en?usia/ic acc\nt ( ! "w 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,i h n space1 h[ev]1 & e>ne/ly recomm5d read]s to ref] to x on pp4 #ic1 #id ( ,vol4 ,i 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 #ej ,dr4 ,h5ry ,brugs*-,bey1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ddd-dde4 #ea ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #hf4 #eb ,ibid41 p4 #aab4 #ec ,ibid41 p4 #aaf4 #ed ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #aaf4 #ee ,ibid41 p4 #aag4 ,?is morali/ 0 ,any4 #ef ,g4 ,e41 p4 #ajg3 ,e arti/ kn[s h[ diff]5t f ! /ate ( lett+ himself g1 is 8 'mo/ natural' condition1 ! free arrang+1 locat+1 dispos+ & con/ruct+ 9 ! mom5ts ( 'inspiration'--& h[ /rictly & delicately he !n obeys a ?\s& laws1 :i*1 by _! v rigidness & precision1 defy all =mulation by means ( ideas4 #eg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cji4 #eh ,see ,nietzs*e's rem>ks on ! great ne$ ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 ,g4 ,e41 p4 #baa4 #ei ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cji4 #fj ,see ,brugs*-,bey1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #be2 ,wilk9son1 ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef2 ,georges ,p]rot & ,*>les ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #ch2 ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #afb4 #fa ,see ,wilk9son1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agi4 #fb ,see ,ibid41 p4 #afg4 ,:]e he is speak+ ( ! ,ph>aohs he says3 ,by ! practice ( ju/ice t[>ds _! subjects1 !y secur$ to !mselves t good-w :i* 0 due f *ildr5 to a p>5t 444 & ?is1 ,diodorus obs]ves1 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! duration ( ! ,egyptian /ate4 #fc ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,lvi4 #fd ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,religion & ,consci5ce 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #abj4 #fe ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cji4 #ff ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ie4 #fg ,miss ,jane ,h>rison1 ,introductory ,/udies 9 ,greek ,art1 p4 #f4 #fh ,dr4 ,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 p4 #ce4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,lady ,nophret & h] husb&1 ! au?or says 7speak+ q 9 ! /yle ( a mod]n art-critic73 ,^! /atues are mo/ expressive1 & /& 9 _! vitality sup]ior to ! works ( any lat] age 9 ,egypt4 #fi ,on ! walls ( "s ( ! tombs ,i inspect$ at ,sak>ah1 ! consummate ma/]y ) :i* "s ( ! m9ute/ *>act]i/ics ( dome/ic animals 7 repres5t$ 9 bold outl9e gave me a /&>d by ! side ( :i* ev5 ,m4 ,b\tet de ,monvel's beautiful /udies ( animals seem$ to fall into ! %ade4 7,see 8 illu/rations to ,la ,fonta9e's fables47 #gj ,models ( ! ,scribe & ( ! ,*eikh-el-,bel$ are to be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum2 b !y give "o b a poor idea ( ! orig9als4 #ga ,georges ,p]rot & ,*>les ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aha4 ,speak+ ( ^! portrait /atues1 !y say3 ,!y 7 n ideal figures to :i* ! desire = beauty ( l9e & expression _h mu* to say2 !y 7 /one bodies1 bodies :i* _h to reproduce all ! individual cont\rs ( _! fle%-&-blood orig9als2 :5 ! latt] 0 ugly1 its reproduction _h to be ugly also1 & ugly 9 ! same way4 #gb ,see ,georges ,p]rot & ,*>les ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aha4 ,speak+ ( ! arrangem5ts :i* 7 necess>y to enable ! inhabitants ( ! tomb to resi/ annihilation1 ! au?ors say3 ,^? arrangem5ts 7 ( two k9ds1 a provision ( food & dr9k1 :i* _h to be con/antly r5ew$1 ei!r 9 fact or by ! magic multiplication :i* foll[$ pray]1 & a p]man5t support = ! ,ka or d\ble1 a support t %\ld fill ! place ( ! liv+ body ( :i* x _h be5 depriv$ by dissolution4 #gc ,okakura-,kakuzo passes a funny rem>k 9 reg>d to our mod]n reali/ic portraits2 he says3 ,9 ,we/]n h\ses we are (t5 confront$ ) :at appe>s to u useless reit]ation4 ,we f9d x try+ to talk to a man :ile 8 full-l5g? portrait />es at u f beh9d 8 back4 ,we wond] :i* is real1 he ( ! picture1 or he :o talks1 & feel a curi\s conviction t "o ( !m mu/ be a fraud4--,! ,book ( ,tea1 p4 #ig4 #gd ,see ,hog>?1 ,! ,analysis ( ,beauty 7,ed4 #agec71 p4 #ba3 ,!re is no object compos$ ( /raight l9es t has s mu* v>iety1 ) s few p>ts1 z ! pyramid3 & x is its con/antly v>y+ f its base gradually upw>ds 9 e situation ( ! eye 7)\t giv+ ! idea ( sam5ess z ! eye moves r\nd x7 t has made x e/eem$ 9 all ages1 9 pref]5ce to ! cone1 :i* 9 all views appe>s ne>ly ! same1 be+ v>i$ only by light & %ade4 #ge ,z41 ,,iii1 ,,li4 #gf ,cont>9i ,flem+4 #gg ,w4 ,p41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cah3 ,purification ( ta/e c only be ! result ( /r5g!n+ ( ! type2 & p4 #djc3 ,progress is ! /r5g!n+ ( ! type1 ! ability to ex]cise great w p[]2 ev]y?+ else is a misund]/&+ & a dang]4 #gh ,z41 ,,ii1 ,,xxix4