,,glue1 ,,gelat9e1 ,,animal ,,*>coal1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,& ,,mucilages1 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sk9 ,,& ,,bone ,,glue1 ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,glue1 ,,animal ,,*>coal1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,gelat9e ,,& ,,products ,,prep>$ ,,f ,,x2 ,,is+lass ,,& ,,fi%-,,glue1 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,te/+ ,,glue ,,& ,,gelat9e1 ,,& ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es ,,& ,,mucilages ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,work%op1 ,,laboratory1 ,,& ,,(fice4 ,,by ,f4 ,,dawid[sky1 ,,te*nical ,,*emi/4 ,,edit$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man1 ,,) ,,ext5sive ,,additions1 ,,includ+ ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rec5t ,,processes4 ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,,editor ,,( 8,,! ,,te*no-,,*emical ,,receipt ,,book40 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,engrav+s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,l>gely ,,re-,,writt54 ,,philadelphia3 ,,h5ry ,,c>ey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,indu/rial ,,publi%]s1 ,,booksell]s ,,& ,,import]s1 #haj ,,walnut ,,/reet4 #aije4 ,,copyright1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,c>ey ,,baird ,,co41 #aije4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,wick]%am ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 #ec & #ee ,nor? ,que5 ,/reet1 ,,lanca/]1 ,,pa41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w has be5 out ( pr9t = "s ye>s1 b nev]!less !re is a con/ant dem& = x1 & ?is toge!r ) ! fact t frequ5t inquiries are receiv$ = in=mation 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 are ! inducem5ts :i* h l$ to ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,! book is arrang$ 9 two p>ts1 ,"p ,i4 compris+ ,glue1 ,gelat9e & ,alli$ ,products1 & ,"p ,,ii4 ,cem5ts1 ,pa/es & ,mucilages1 & x is fully illu/rat$ ) engrav+s ( v>i\s types ( app>atus4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition mu* progress has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( glue & alli$ products4 ,old & wa/eful me?ods ( work+ h be5 replac$ by m approv$ processes1 & 9 ! pres5t volume x has be5 endeavor$ to place be=e ^? int]e/$ 9 ^! indu/ries1 a practical & compreh5sive acc\nt ( mod]n me?ods ( op]ation4 ,9 ord] adequately to repres5t ?is advancem5t & developm5t1 ! be/ au?orities h be5 freely consult$ & drawn ^u1 special ackn[l$gm5ts be+ due to ! foll[+ works3 8,bone ,products & ,manures10 by ,?omas ,lamb]t1 & 8,glue & ,glue ,te/+10 by ,samuel ,rideal4 ,z ! dem& = phosphorus is /eadily increas+1 & ! manufacture ( ?is product f bones & bone-a% =ms an important bran* ( ! utilization ( bones1 x has be5 deem$ advisable to devote a *apt] to ?is subject4 ,! receipts = cem5ts1 pa/es1 & mucilages giv5 9 ,"p ,,ii4 h be5 ga!r$ f num]\s s\rces4 ,!y h be5 critically exam9$1 & are (f]$1 ) ! full conviction1 t !y w n be f\nd want+ 9 efficacy4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ,index h bo? be5 c>efully prep>$1 & be+ v full1 w make ref]5ce to any subject 9 ! volume easy & satisfactory4 ,w4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa41 ,,augu/ #aj1 #aije4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,glue ,,& ,,gelat9e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ( ,,glue4 ,,page ,s\rces ( glue2 ,*ange 9 ! animal tissues by cont9u$ boil+2 ,def9ition ( :at is kn[n z glue2 ,mo/ important glue-yield+ sub/ances #a ,trans=mations ( :i* glue & gelat9e are ! products2 ,transition /ages ( glue2 ,production ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance ( ! animal body #b ,crude glue & jelly2 ,con/itution ( glue2 ,comb9ations ( :i* glue consi/s #c ,prep>ation ( pure glut92 ,prop]ties ( glut9 #d ,prep>ation & prop]ties ( *ondr9 #e ,adhesive p[] ( glut9 & ( *ondr92 ,prop]ties ( glue & its behavior t[>ds o!r sub/ances2 ,quantity ( glut9 9 glue #f ,prop]ties ( jelly be=e dry+ to glue2 ,absorption ( ozone by ! jelly2 ,behavior ( glue solution t[>ds diff]5t salts2 ,effect ( acids ^u glue2 ,meta-gelat9 #g ,comb9ations ( tann9 ) ! jelly2 ,effects ( dry heat ^u glue2 ,*emical composition ( glue & glue-yield+ sub/ance #h ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,uses ( ,,glue4 ,glue z a jo9+ m$ium1 & requirem5ts = ?is purpose #aj ,glue z a b9d+ ag5t2 ,consumption ( glue 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es #aa ,quality ( glue requir$ by bookb9d]s2 ,glue 9 siz+2 ,glue = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes #ab ,glue = cl>ify+ & f9+ be]1 w9e & o!r liquids2 ,b\illon tablets2 ,glue z a heal+ ag5t #ac ,glue = ela/ic masses & a p>tial sub/itute = rubb]2 ,use ( glue 9 photoli?ography2 ,hectograph mass2 ,glue = fancy articles #ad ,gelat9e v5e]s & _! uses #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,_! ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,glue4 ,pr9cipal sub/ances employ$ = ! manufacture ( glue2 ,division ( raw mat]ials into gr\ps #af ,animal sk9 & its con/itution #ag ,portion ( ! sk9 ( value = ! manufacture ( lea!r & glue2 ,yield ( glue f tann]y wa/e2 ,influ5ce ( ! age ( ! animals f :i* ! sk9s h be5 d]iv$ ^u ! quality ( ! glue #ah ,notes 9 ref]5ce to judg+ glue-/ock #ai ,lim+ ( wa/e #bj ,precaution & c>e requir$ :5 buy+ glue lea!r2 ,arrangem5ts requir$ = ! prep>ation ( glue /ock2 ,location ( ! glue factory2 ,lime pits2 ,contrivances = wa%+ ! lim$ /ock #ba ,wa%+ drums2 ,pits or vats ) prop] arrangem5ts = /irr+1 dra9+ & inspection2 ,glue /ock wa%] inv5t$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,hoevell]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #bb ,%$s = /or+ & sort+2 ,mode ( c>ry+ on ! "w 9 ! factory2 ,lim+2 ,prep>ation ( milk ( lime #bf ,importance ( ! quality ( ! lime us$2 ,te/+ ! value ( a lime by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( real calcium hydroxide conta9$ 9 x2 ,mode ( conduct+ ! op]ation #bg ,wa%+ ! mat]ial aft] removal f ! lime pit2 ,wa%+ & dry+ #bh ,pres]vation ( ! glue-/ock by means ( c>bolic acid2 ,prep>ation ( c>bolic acid solution = ?is purpose #bi ,use ( o!r antiseptics = ! purpose ( prev5t+ putrefaction2 ,=maldehyde & boric acid2 ,classification ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( hides & lea!r = glue-/ock #cj ,bones & c>tilages #ca ,con/itution ( bones2 ,composition ( bone c>tilage2 ,value ( bones = ! manufacture ( glue2 ,necessity ( ex]cis+ c>e 9 buy+ bones #cb ,sort+ ! bones2 ,cru%+ or gr9d+ ! bones #cc ,/amp+ mill = cru%+ bones1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #cd ,bone cru%]1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,crosskill bone mill1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,sieve = sort+ ! cru%$ bones1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #cf ,lime ba? = bones2 ,treatm5t ( ! bones ) hydro*loric acid #cg ,wa%+ ! /ock2 ,use ( dilute sulphur\s acid 9 place ( hydro*loric acid z sugge/$ by ,g]l&2 ,jullion & ,pirie's process = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e f bones #ch ,lea!r wa/e2 ,me*anical manipulation ( ! wa/e2 ,comm9ution ( ! wa/e & use ( a rag-eng9e or holl&] = ?is purpose #ci ,v>i\s me?ods ( extract+ tann9 f lea!r wa/e #dj ,raw mat]ials = fi% glue2 ,diff]5ce betwe5 is+lass & glue manufactur$ f entire fi%es2 ,pr9cipal po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture ( fi% glue #da ,utilization ( scales ( l>ge fi%es #db ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sk9 ,,glue4 ,classification ( op]ations2 ,def9ition ( crude glue2 ,d]ivation ( ! bulk ( ?is /ock #dc ,cook+ or boil+ glue-/ock2 ,boil] = ?is purpose1 & mann] ( us+ x #dd ,duration ( boil+ #de ,mode ( asc]ta9+ ! progress ( ! op]ation2 ,conv5i5t app>atus = glue-boil+ ) wat]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #df ,extract+ ! glue /ock by ! use ( /eam #dg ,boil] = ?is purpose1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,use ( op5-jacket$ pans heat$ by /eam1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #di ,process ( cook+ z describ$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,lamb]t2 ,t]ne's glue boil]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ea ,cl>ify+ ! glue-liquor #eb ,di/9ction betwe5 cle>ness & color2 ,cl>ify+ vats2 ,prev5tion ( putrefaction ( ! liquor #ec ,use ( alum & o!r *emicals = cl>ify+2 ,free+ ! liquor f color+ sub/ances #ed ,use ( animal *>coal = ?is purpose2 ,blea*+ ! raw mat]ials previ\s to boil+ !m to glue2 ,use ( *loride ( lime or ( sulphur\s acid = ?is purpose #ee ,=m+ or m\ld+ ! glue2 ,m\lds = ?is purpose #ef ,deta*+ ! glue f ! sides ( ! m\ld+ boxes2 ,cutt+ ! cubes ( glue into comm]cial cakes or %eets2 ,on :at ! %ape ( ! cakes dep5ds #eg ,use ( /one-slabs 9 place ( cool+ boxes2 ,use ( glass or z9c plates = liquors :i* 9 gelat9iz+ d n become v solid #eh ,tools = cutt+ ! jelly into cakes1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ei ,ma*9e = slic+ & spread+ glue-jelly prep>atory to dry+ inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s*neible1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #fj ,cutt+ app>atus pat5t$ by ,m4 ,dev\lx1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #fb ,dry+ ! cakes ( glue2 ,dry+ 9 ! op5 air2 ,mode ( conduct+ ! op]ation 9 a dry+ room #fd ,size ( ! dry+ room2 ,circulation & *ange ( air 9 ! dry+ room #fe ,nets & frames = dry+ ! glue2 ,objections to tw9e nett+ #ff ,metallic nett+ & its advantages2 ,regulation ( ! temp]ature ( ! dry+ room2 ,means ( promot+ ! dryness ( ! air #fg ,use ( long dry+ gall]ies2 ,app>atus = dry+ glue1 inv5t$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,hoevell]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #fh ,mod]n dry+ h\se1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ga ,me?od to accel]ate ! dry+ ( glue1 propos$ by ,fleck #gb ,mode ( giv+ ! dry cakes a good lu/r\s appe>ance #gc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,bone ,,glue4 ,comm9ution ( ! bones2 ,v>i\s me?ods ( extract+ ! fat2 ,boil+ bones #gd ,/eam+ bones & app>atus = ?is purpose #ge ,extraction ( bones ) b5z9e or c>bon disulphide2 ,app>atus = ! use ( b5z9e inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,adamson & ,*>les ,f4 ,a4 ,simonis ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 describ$ & illu/rat$ #gf ,adamson's me?od = treat+ sub/ances ) hydroc>bon vapor = ! purpose ( extract+ oils1 fats1 etc41 describ$ & illu/rat$ #gi ,adamson's me?od = treat+ sub/ances ) liquid hydroc>bon = ! purpose ( extract+ oils1 fats1 etc41 describ$ & illu/rat$ #hb ,adamson's process = remov+ hydroc>bons f sub/ances :i* h be5 treat$ !re)1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #hd ,f4 ,seltsam's app>atus1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #hf ,f4 ,seltsam's app>atus z improv$ by ,?4 ,ri*t]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #hh ,alfr$ ,leun]'s app>atus1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ij ,extraction ) hydro*loric acid #ia ,sulphur\s acid process #ib ,g5]ation ( sulphur\s acid #ic ,app>atus = ! g5]ation ( sulphur\s acid con/ruct$ by ,dr4 ,bruno ,t]ne1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,conv]sion ( c>tilage into glue2 ,wm4 ,fri$b]g's app>atus = ?is purpose1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #id ,mode ( op]ation ) ?is app>atus #ie ,con/ruction ( ! filt] us$ 9 connection ) ! app>atus #if ,settl+ tank1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,arrangem5t ( an op5 evaporat+ pan1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ih ,cool+ ! glue liquor2 ,use ( refrig]at+ ma*9es = t purpose2 ,spiral evaporators #ajj ,vacuum pan = evaporat+ glue & gelat9e liquors1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #aja ,in/rum5t :i* indicates ! am\nt ( dry glue 9 ! solution1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #ajc ,process = ! simultane\s utilization ( bones = fat1 bone-meal & glue #ajd ,cru%+ ! bones2 ,app>atus = subject+ ! cru%$ bones to ! action ( high-pressure /eam1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #aje ,mode ( op]ation ) ?is app>atus #ajf ,duration ( /eam+ ! bones = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal #ajg ,sort+ ! bones = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal2 ,=m] me?od ( c>bonization #ajh ,arrangem5t ( a ,belgian retort-furnace1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #aji ,products evolv$ 9 ! de/ructive di/illation ( bones2 ,mode ( op]ation ) ,belgian retort-furnaces #aab ,products obta9$ 9 mak+ animal *>coal on a l>ge scale2 ,process = ! simultane\s utilization ( ! bones = fat1 glue & calcium phosphate2 ,degreas+ ! bones #aac ,treatm5t ( ! bones ) hydro*loric acid2 ,pres]vation ( ! result+ c>tilage2 ,boil+ ! c>tilage 9 op5 vessels #aad ,mode ( extract+ ! phosphates f bones2 ,yield ( glue obta9$ f c>tilage aft] extraction ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts2 ,con/itu5ts ( ! liquor obta9$ by treat+ ! bones #aae ,utilization ( ! liquor 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s #aaf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,phosphorus4 ,op]ations includ$ 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( prep>+ phosphorus2 ,burn+ ! bones to a%2 ,kiln us$ = ?is purpose #aag ,improv$ =m ( kiln propos$ by ,fleck2 ,mode ( op]ation ) a kiln ( ?is con/ruction #aah ,quantity ( sub/ance :i* rema9s aft] burn+ ! bones2 ,composition ( bone a%2 ,conv]sion ( ! bone a% into a co>se p[d]2 ,decomposition ( ! bone a% by sulphuric acid #aai ,sep>ate processes :i* h to be di/+ui%$2 ,embodim5t ( ^! processes 9 equations #abj ,actual yield ( phosphorus2 ,me?ods by :i* ! =mation ( calcium phosphate may be effect$2 ,process )\t ! assi/ance ( heat #aba ,decomposition ( ! bone a% 9 ! w>m way #abb ,app>atus = hot lixiviation #abc ,evaporation ( ! liquor2 ,mix+ ! fluid ) *>coal #abd ,yield ( s-call$ di/ill+ mass2 ,utilization ( ! liquor obta9$ 9 treat+ bones = ! manufacture ( glue ) hydro*loric acid2 ,conc5tration ( ! liquor = cry/allization #abe ,mode ( obta9+ ! calcium phosphate conta9$ 9 ! "m-liquor2 ,dry+ ! cry/als #abf ,mix+ ! cry/als ) *>coal2 ,evaporat+ pans2 ,treatm5t ( ! residue ( basic calcium phosphate left 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus2 ,di/illation ( ! phosphorus2 ,conv]sion ( ! acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate & r$uction ( ! latt]2 ,retorts & furnace = di/ill+ ! mixture ( acid calcium phosphate & *>coal2 ,! galley-furnace #abg ,modification ( ! galley-furnace1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #abh ,furnaces = ! use ( coke z fuel2 ,receiv]s = collect+ ! phosphorus di/ill+ ov] #abi ,process ( di/illation2 ,indication ( ! comm5cem5t ( di/illation #acj ,remov+ ! phosphorus f ! receiv]s2 ,rega9+ ! phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! wat] f ! receiv]s2 ,con/itution ( crude phosphorus #aca ,ref9+ & purify+ ! phosphorus2 ,v>i\s me?ods ( purification2 ,p]c5tage ( loss ( phosphorus #acb ,di/illation ( ! crude product 9 ord] to obta9 pure phosphorus2 ,retorts & di/ill+ app>atus = ?is purpose1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #acc ,process ( di/illation2 ,diff]5t qualities ( ! phosphorus pass+ ov] 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( di/illation2 ,sep>ation ( ! phosphorus pass+ ov] accord+ to quality #acd ,m\ld+ ! ref9$ phosphorus2 ,seub]t's app>atus = ?is purpose #ace ,disadvantages ( ,seub]t's app>atus2 ,improv$ app>atus by :i* ! op]ation is r5d]$ p]fectly free f dang]1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #acf ,m\ld+ ! phosphorus 9 w$ge-%ap$ %eet-metal boxes #acg ,mode ( /or+ & %ipp+ phosphorus2 ,manufacture ( phosphorus ) ! assi/ance ( electricity2 ,mixture us$ = ! op]ation #ach ,furnace employ$ = ! electrolytic manufacture ( phosphorus1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #aci ,mode ( op]at+ ! furnace #adj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,blea*+ ,,glue4 ,blea*+ 9 ! air2 ,blea*+ ) *lor9e #ada ,blea*+ ) animal *>coal #adb ,blea*+ ) sulphur\s acid2 ,app>atus = ! production ( ! acid solution1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #adc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,glue ,,& ,,_! ,,prep>ation4 ,jo9]'s glue2 ,mat]ial = ! be/ v>iety ( jo9]'s glue #adf ,h[ to make & use glue2 ,hold+ p[] ( glue #adg ,cologne glue #adh ,russian glue2 ,additions by means ( :i* ! color & opaqu5ess are imp>t$ to ?is v>iety ( glue #adi ,pat5t glue2 ,gild]'s glue2 ,sup]ior article ( gild]'s glue2 ,size glue & p>*m5t glue2 ,p>is glue #aej ,liquid glues2 ,receipts = liquid glues #aea ,prep>ation ( sac*>ate ( lime2 ,/eam-glue2 ,russian /eam-glue2 ,pale /eam-glue2 ,d>k /eam-glue #aeb ,*rome glue2 ,glue = atta*+ lea!r to metal2 ,glue = lea!r1 pap]1 etc4 #aec ,glue = p>*m5t pap] 9 mak+ sausage sk9s #aed ,tung/ic glue2 ,inde/ructible mass = ! manufacture ( ornam5ts1 toys1 etc42 ,comp\nd = billi>d balls #aee ,color+ glue2 ,process = ?is purpose inv5t$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,less] #aef ,composition = pr9t+ roll]s2 ,size #aeg ,process us$ 9 an ,engli% factory = mak+ tub-size #aeh ,prep>ation ( bone-size2 ,composition ( ! diff]5t grades ( size #aei ,conc5trat$ size2 ,bookb9d]'s size2 ,wat]-pro( glue2 ,glue solution = r5d]+ wrapp+ pap] wat]-pro( #afj ,wat]-pro(+ fabrics ) glue & tann9 #afa ,muratori & ,l&ry's process ( wat]-pro(+ fabrics #afb ,muzmann & ,krak[itz]'s process ( wat]-pro(+ fabrics2 ,glue = jo9ts 9 lea!r driv+ belts2 ,hectograph mass #afc ,=mulas = hectograph masses #afd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gelat9e1 ,,& ,,products ,,prep>$ ,,f ,,x4 ,prop]ties ( gelat9e2 ,*ange 9 ! *emical con/itution ( gelat9e produc$ by conc5trat$ sulphuric or nitric acid2 ,tann9 z a te/ = ! pres5ce ( gelat9e2 ,use ( gelat9e = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes #afe ,sk9 gelat9e2 ,me?od ( manufacture introduc$ & pat5t$1 9 #ahci1 by ,george ,nelson2 ,process pat5t$1 9 #ahdd1 by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cox ( ,ed9burgh #aff ,g4 ,p4 ,sw9born's improv$ pat5t$ process = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e f hides1 sk9s & glue pieces2 ,mod]n process ( prep>+ sk9 gelat9e2 8,/eep+0 ! sk9s #afg ,wa%+ & blea*+ ! sk9s #afh ,dige/+ ! sk9s2 ,cl>ify+ ! liquors #afi ,evaporation ( ! liquors 9 vacuo2 ,dry+ ! cut cakes2 ,bone gelat9e2 ,mat]ials = ?is purpose2 ,cru%+ ! bones2 ,solution ( ! glue c>tilage #agj ,app>atus & improv$ mann] ( manufacture employ$ 9 ! factory ( ,d4 ,j4 ,bri]s1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #aga ,mod]n process ( prep>+ bone gelat9e #agi ,color$ gelat9e2 ,uses ( color$ gelat9e2 ,h>mless color+ matt]s2 ,colors = color+ leaves ( gelat9e ) anil9e colors = te*nical purposes #aha ,gelat9e = f9+ purposes2 ,gelat9e ,la9e2 ,f9+ p[d] = w9e & be]2 ,liquid f9+ gelat9e2 ,prep>ation ( gelat9e f ord9>y glue #ahb ,prep>ation ( gelat9e = photographic pr9t+ & = photographic purposes 9 g5]al2 ,removal ( ! salts f ! gelat9e #ahc ,gelat9e capsules = m$ic9al purposes2 ,c\rt pla/] #ahd ,gelat9e foils2 ,mode ( color+ ! foils #ahe ,gelat9e v5e]s2 ,pr9cipal op]ations 9 ! manufacture ( gelat9e v5e]s #ahf ,prep>ation ( ! plates2 ,prep>ation ( ! glue solutions2 ,proportions by weight ( ! mixtures = t5 diff]5t v>ieties ( imitations ( m>ble & enamel #ahg ,imitation ( "m-(-pe>l v5e]s #ahh ,p\r+ ! color$ solutions ( glue ^u ! plates #ahi ,prep>ation ( imitations ( mala*ite #aij ,transf]r+ ! lay] ( glue to a lay] ( gelat9e #aia ,dry+ & deta*+ ! v5e]s #aib ,wat]-pro(+ gelat9e v5e]s2 ,uses ( gelat9e v5e]s2 ,=mo-gelat9e & its uses #aic ,use ( gelat9e 9 bact]iology #aid ,artificial silk f gelat9e #aie ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,is+lass ,,& ,,its ,,sub/itutes4 ,s\rces ( is+lass2 ,prop]ties ( a good quality ( is+lass2 ,imitations ( is+lass & _! detection2 ,adult]ation ( is+lass & its detection #aif ,russian is+lass2 ,sib]ian purse is+lass2 ,prep>ation ( is+lass 9 ,russia #aig ,nor? ,am]ican or ,new ,york is+lass #aih ,ea/ ,india is+lass2 ,hudson ,bay is+lass2 ,brazilian is+lass #aii ,g]man is+lass2 ,is+lass f ! scales ( %ad & h]r+2 ,blea*+ inf]ior qualities ( is+lass2 ,i*?ycolle ,franaise #bjj ,is+lass9e2 ,*9ese is+lass #bja ,iri% moss2 ,fi% glue2 ,j5n+s' process = ! prep>ation ( fi% glue #bjc ,treatm5t ( fi% scales2 ,production ( fi% glue on ! ,norwegian coa/2 ,sub/itute = is+lass accord+ to ,c4 ,a4 ,sahl/rm's process #bjc ,:ale glue #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,te/+ ,,glue ,,& ,,gelat9e4 ,det]m9ation ( moi/ure2 ,det]m9ation ( a%2 ,det]m9ation ( acidity #bje ,det]m9ation ( glut92 ,bisl]-,beumat's me?od #bjf ,analysis ( samples ( ,am]ican glue by ,s4 ,dana ,hayes2 ,d$uction ( ! quality ( glue f indirect prop]ties #bjg ,lip[itz's me?od ( te/+ ! /r5g? ( a glue1 describ$ & illu/rat$ #bjh ,results obta9$ by comp>ative exp]im5ts #bji ,facts %[n by ! results #baj ,weid5bus*'s me?od ( te/+ glue #baa ,prep>ation ( ! pla/] ( ,p>is /ick & ( ! glue solution us$ 9 ?is te/ #bab ,app>atus = te/+ ! /r5g? ( ! pla/] ( ,p>is /icks1 describ$ & illu/rat$2 ,te/ adopt$ by ! 8,artill]ie ,w]k/tte0 at ,sp&au #bac ,det]m9ation ( adult]ations #bad ,kissl+'s results 9 te/+ a l>ge numb] ( samples ( glue #bae ,practical te/s ( glue #baf ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,mucilages4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,cem5ts4 ,/ohmann's division ( cem5ts & pa/es2 ,gr\ps ( cem5ts #bah ,*emical nature ( cem5ts2 ,oil cem5ts #bai ,res9\s cem5ts2 ,def9ition ( res9s #bbj ,prop]ties ( res9\s cem5ts #bba ,rubb] & gutta-p]*a cem5ts2 ,glue & />* cem5ts #bbb ,lime cem5ts #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,& ,,mucilages4 ,oil cem5ts2 ,putty & its prep>ation #bbd ,fr5* putty2 ,s(t putty2 ,li?>ge cem5t2 ,r$ lead cem5t2 ,cem5t = wa% bas9s #bbe ,z9c-:ite cem5t2 ,ma/ic cem5t1 ma/ic or pi]res de ma/ic #bbf ,fr5* ma/ic2 ,paget's ma/ic2 ,wat]-pro( cem5t2 ,s]bat's ma/ic #bbg ,/eph5's oil cem5t2 ,oil cem5t = glass2 ,oil cem5t free f lead = /eam pipes2 ,oil cem5ts = /eam pipes2 ,oil cem5t = m>ble #bbh ,oil cem5t = porcela92 ,diamond cem5t2 ,hag]'s diamond cem5t2 ,res9\s cem5ts2 ,res9\s cem5t = amb]2 ,cem5t = turn]s #bbi ,cem5t = ivory & bone2 ,cem5t = :ite enamel$ clock faces2 ,cem5ts = glass2 ,cem5t = glass ^u glass2 ,cem5t = glass ^u metal2 ,cem5t = metal lett]s ^u glass2 ,cem5t = wood #bcj ,cem5t = knife h&les2 ,cem5t = petroleum lamps2 ,cem5t = porcela92 ,cem5t = porcela9 :i* is to be heat$2 ,cem5t to )/& ! action ( petroleum2 ,cem5t = mica #bca ,cem5t = horn1 :alebone & tortoise %ell2 ,cem5t = t]ra cotta articles2 ,ma/ic cem5t = glass2 ,/ick ma/ic cem5t2 ,sulphur cem5t = porcela9 #bcb ,insoluble cem5t = wood5 vessels2 ,rubb] cem5ts2 ,cem5ts = glass2 ,s(t rubb] cem5t #bcc ,h>d rubb] cem5t2 ,ela/ic cem5t2 ,m>9e glue #bcd ,jeffrey's m>9e glue2 ,m>9e glue = damp walls2 ,gutta-p]*a cem5ts2 ,cem5t = lea!r #bce ,cem5t = h>d rubb] combs2 ,ela/ic gutta-p]*a cem5t2 ,cem5t = horses' ho(s2 ,cem5t = crock]y #bcf ,cem5t = lea!r2 ,case9e cem5ts2 ,prep>ation ( pure case9e #bcg ,prep>ation ( ord9>y te*nical case9e2 ,john ,a4 ,j's me?od = obta9+ a pur] te*nical case9e #bch ,case9e cem5t :i* c be kept = a long "t2 ,cem5t = glass2 ,cem5t = metals2 ,cem5t = porcela92 ,cem5t = me]s*aum2 ,cem5t = wood1 etc4 #bci ,cem5t = porcela92 ,wat]-glass & wat]-glass cem5ts2 ,wat]-glass & its prop]ties2 ,cem5t = crack$ bottles #bdj ,cem5t = glass & porcela92 ,cem5t = hydraulic works2 ,cem5t = unit+ metals2 ,cem5t = tight5+ jo9ts ( pipes expos$ to a r$ heat #bda ,cem5t = m>ble & alaba/]2 ,glyc]9e & glyc]9e cem5ts2 ,prop]ties ( comm]cial glyc]9e2 ,glyc]9e & li?>ge cem5t #bdb ,lime cem5ts2 ,prop]ties ( lime & *alk2 ,cem5t = glass2 ,cem5t = jo9]s2 ,cem5t = crack$ clay crucibles & porcela9 #bdc ,lime & glue cem5t2 ,gypsum cem5ts2 ,prep>ation ( pla/] ( ,p>is2 ,cem5t = pla/] ( ,p>is /atues #bdd ,cem5t = glass & porcela92 ,cem5t = iron & /one2 ,cem5ts = porcela92 ,univ]sal pla/] ( ,p>is cem5t2 ,iron cem5ts2 ,heat-resi/+ cem5t2 ,wat] & /eam-pro( cem5t2 ,cem5t = iron #bde ,fire-pro( cem5t = iron pipes2 ,cem5ts resi/+ high temp]atures2 ,cem5t = fill+ 9 defects 9 ca/+s2 ,cem5t = crack$ /ove-plates1 etc42 ,cem5t = iron wat]-tanks2 ,cem5t = crack$ iron pots #bdf ,black cem5t = /oves2 ,cem5ts = *emical app>atus2 ,requirem5ts ( su* cem5ts2 ,cem5t = small app>atus to be us$ = ! developm5t ( fluoric acid #bdg ,l9se$ oil & clay cem5t2 ,l9se$ oil & manganese cem5t2 ,cem5ts resi/+ v high temp]atures2 ,cem5t resi/+ acids2 ,rubb] cem5t = *emical app>atus #bdh ,s*eibl]'s cem5t = *emical app>atus2 ,cem5ts = special purposes2 ,cem5t = atta*+ metal lett]s to glass1 m>ble1 wood1 etc42 ,cem5t = jo9ts ( iron pipes #bdi ,/eam boil] cem5t2 ,cem5t = rubb]2 ,cem5t = tires2 ,cem5t = /eam pipes1 etc4 #bej ,cem5t = m>ble2 ,cem5t = atta*+ wood1 glass1 etc41 to metal2 ,bru%mak]'s cem5t2 ,cem5t = electrical app>atus #bea ,jewel]'s cem5t2 ,am]ican cem5t = jewel]s2 ,cem5t = celluloid2 ,/rat5a2 ,cem5t = clo?2 ,h[ to use cem5ts #beb ,importance ( br++ ! cem5t into intimate contact ) ! surface to be unit$ #bec ,ob/acles to ! junction ( any two surfaces2 ,importance ( us+ z little cem5t z possible #bed ,cleans+ surfaces to be jo9$ f grease & dirt2 ,pa/e & mucilages2 ,/>* pa/e #bee ,rules = prep>+ pa/e2 ,fl\r pa/e #bef ,means to prev5t ! spoil+ ( pa/e #beg ,%oemak]s' pa/e #beh ,gum arabic & its prop]ties2 ,dextr9e & its use 9 place ( gum arabic2 ,prop]ties ( comm]cial dextr9e #bei ,prep>ation ( dextr9e2 ,blum5?al's me?od #bfj ,heuz's me?od2 ,tragacan?1 or gum tragacan?2 ,pa/es & mucilages = special purposes2 ,/>* pa/e2 ,fl\r pa/e #bfa ,/rong adhesive pa/e2 ,pa/e t w n s\r2 ,v5etian pa/e #bfb ,label pa/e2 ,ela/ic or pliable pa/e2 ,mucilage = labels2 ,mucilage #bfc ,mucilage = po/age /amps2 ,case9e mucilage2 ,tragacan? mucilage2 ,adhesive pa/e2 ,fluid pa/es #bfd ,sug> & lime pa/e2 ,liquid sug> & lime pa/e2 ,pa/es = pap] & f9e fancy articles2 ,album5 pa/e #bfe ,glyc]9e pa/e2 ,pa/e = fix+ labels on ma*9es2 ,pa/e = m\nt+ maps2 ,pa/e = fa/5+ pap] on t9-foil2 ,pa/e = pap] bags2 ,case9e mucilage = photograph]'s use2 ,pa/e = scrap books #bff ,pa/e = sk9s2 ,/rong mucilage capable ( fa/5+ wood on *9a & glass2 ,dextr9e mucilage2 ,pa/e = jo9+ lea!r to pa/ebo>d #bfg ,pa/e = atta*+ labels to poli%$ nickel2 ,mucilage = atta*+ labels to t92 ,mucilage = (fice use2 ,glyc]9e pa/e = (fice use2 ,clean & durable pa/e #bfh ,banknote or m\? glue2 ,pa/e = c>dbo>d2 ,pa/e = atta*+ clo? or lea!r to table tops2 ,case9e mucilage2 ,v adhesive pa/e :i* may be us$ = wood & p>*m5t #bfi ,pa/e = pads2 ,pa/e = fa/5+ pap] on t9-foil2 ,pa/e = atta*+ labels to glass1 porcela9 & metal2 ,prep>ation ( arabol-gum2 ,prep>ation ( an adhesive sub/ance f desac*>iz$ beet-root slices #bgj ,index #bgc ,,glue1 ,,gelat9e1 ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,glue ,,& ,,gelat9e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,( ,,glue4 #a4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,glue4 ,! organisms ( all animals1 b m especially ( ! high] classes1 conta9 tissues :i* are insoluble 9 cold1 z well z 9 hot1 wat]4 ,h[ev]1 by cont9u$ boil+ !y become dissolv$1 & yield on evaporation ( ! solution a glut9\s1 gelat9iz+ mass4 ,by fur!r dry+ ?is mass exhibits1 accord+ to ! degree ( purity ( ! mat]ial1 a m or less transp>5t & brittle sub/ance1 :i* 9 its pure /ate is devoid ( color z well z ( smell2 x swells up 9 cold wat] & dissolves by boil+ 9 t liquid4 ,?is sub/ance1 i4 e41 ! product ( ! conv]sion ( ! s-call$ glue or gelat9e-yield+ tissue1 is :at is kn[n 9 ! trade z glue4 ,among ! glue-yield+ tissues1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,cellul> tissue1 ! corium1 t5dons or s9ews1 ! middle membrane ( ! vasa lymphatica & ve9s1 ! osse9 or organic matt] ( bones1 h>t%orn1 c>tilage1 ! air bladd]s ( _m k9ds ( fi%es1 etc4 ,nei!r glue nor gelat9e exi/s ready =m$ 9 ! animal organism1 except "u abnormal conditions z a ph5om5on ( disease1 b !y are ! products ( v>i\s trans=mations4 ,! fir/ ( ^! trans=mations evid5tly takes place 9 dry+ ! hide1 s9ce ! result ( boil+ to glue a gre5 hide prep>$ 9 ! usual mann] by lim+1 etc41 b n previ\sly dri$1 w be an entirely diff]5t product ( less consi/5cy ?an t obta9$ by dry+ ! hide aft] lim+ & !n boil+4 ,a second trans=mation seems to take place 9 boil+ ! mat]ial1 & a ?ird 9 dry+ ! jelly obta9$1 & ?is may expla9 ! fact t ! latt]1 :i* is n conv]t$ into actual glue1 diff]s 9 its behavior f glue solution4 ,! s]ies ( trans=mation does n end ev5 ) ! actual glue1 = x is a well-kn[n fact t glue dissolv$ 9 wat] & boil$ = "s "t does n gelat9ize on cool+1 b rema9s liquid4 ,we h "h to deal ) organic comb9ations :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! m solid organic comp\nds by pass+ m readily into decomposition4 ,h[ev]1 x is an e/abli%$ fact t glue is an organic comb9ation pres5t+ itself 9 diff]5t modifications4 ,9 ! animal organism x occurs ready =m$ only "u abnormal conditions z a ph5om5on ( disease1 & h5ce x is only produc$ by fir/ dry+ & !n by cont9u$ boil+ ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance1 & f9ally by evaporat+ & fur!r dry+ ! gelat9\s mass obta9$ by boil+4 #b4 ,,transition ,,/ages ,,( ,,glue4 ,we !re=e di/+ui%3 a4 ,glue-yield+ sub/ance4 b4 ,crude glue4 c4 ,jelly4 d4 ,glue4 a4 ,! glue-yield+ sub/ance ( ! animal body is produc$ f protene sub/ances1 album51 fibr9e & casene1 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i* new sub/ances are =m$ 9 ! rip5+ fruit by ! trans=mation & dis9tegration into con/itu5t p>ts ( o!rs previ\sly pres5t4 b4 ,by crude glue are und]/ood glue-yield+ mat]ials free f all =eign matt] & physically prep>$ by dry+4 ,x =ms an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 glue-yield+ sub/ance & jelly4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 glue-yield+ sub/ance & crude glue is ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,if1 = in/ance1 fre% calves' heads1 su* z ! tann] cuts (f aft] swell+ ! sk9s1 be c>efully lim$ & !n boil$ )\t previ\s dry+1 ! result w be a turbid liquor conta9+1 ?\gh ev]y?+ be dissolv$1 no jelly :atev]1 or at lea/1 v little4 c4 ,jelly is obta9$ by boil+ ! crude glue4 ,its adhesive p[] is f> less ?an t ( solution ( f9i%$ glue1 & x w become m quickly putrid ?an ! latt]4 d4 ,! f9i%$ product glue is1 9 mo/ cases1 n a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 b a mixture ( sub/ances1 ) two ( :i* sci5tific rese>* has made u ?or\ghly acqua9t$4 #c4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,glue4 ,indep5d5t ( impurities & accid5tal con/itu5ts1 glue consi/s ( two di/9ctly di/+ui%able comb9ations1 namely1 glut9 or gelat9 & *ondr91 ! =m] be+ =m$ f ! hide & osse\s p>ts1 & ! latt] f "y bones :ile /ill 9 a s(t /ate1 & ! 8p]man5t0 c>tilages1 su* z ^? ( ! ribs & jo9ts4 ,! manufactur] has x1 ( c\rse1 9 8 p[] to all[ ei!r ( ^! sub/ances to pr$om9ate 9 8 product1 b s9ce exp]im5ts h %[n glut9 or gelat9 to possess mu* great] adhesive p[] ?an *ondr91 x is advisable to sep>ate z mu* z possible ! c>tilag9\s matt] f o!r glue-yield+ mat]ial4 ,z an accurate k ( ^! con/itu5ts ( glue is ( great importance to ! manufactur]1 brief ref]5ce w "h be made to :at sci5tific rese>* has made kn[n to u 9 reg>d to !m4 ,pure glut9 or gelat9 is obta9$ by treat+ buck%orn1 etc41 ) wat] conta9+ hydro*loric acid1 until ! phosphate ( lime :i* s]ves1 s to say1 z a frame = ! glue-yield+ sub/ance1 is dissolv$1 & ! organic tissue call$ collag5 or osse91 rema9s beh9d4 ,aft] free+ ! latt] f fat by /eep+ 9 milk ( lime & c>eful wa%+1 x is boil$1 & ! result+ jelly1 :5 cold1 me*anically di/ribut$ 9 cold wat]1 9 :i* x s(t5s b does n dissolve4 ,by ?or\ghly /irr+ ! mass ! glut9 yields its color+ matt] to ! wat]1 ! latt] be+ replac$ by fre% wat] until all ! color+ matt] is extract$4 ,!n p\r (f ! wat] & aft] dissolv+ ! jelly 9 hot wat]1 filt] ! solution ?r\gh a clo?4 ,by mix+ ! filt]$ solution ) an equal volume ( alcohol1 a precipitate ( pure glut9 is obta9$4 ,by ! precipitation ) alcohol1 ! sep>at+ glut9 c>ries d[n inorganic salts1 especially phosphates1 :i* may be pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,to free x f !m1 dissolve x 9 a small quantity ( lukew>m wat]1 acidulate ! solution ) hydro*loric acid & br+ x into a dialys]4 ,! salts & ! acids diffuse 9 ! wat] :i* has f "t to "t to be r5ew$1 & f9ally a jelly ( pure glut9 rema9s beh9d2 ?is is evaporat$ to dryness 9 %all[ vessels4 ,pure glut91 9 a dry /ate =ms a glassy sub/ance1 almo/ colorless1 transp>5t to transluc5t1 brittle or slightly ela/ic1 free f odor & ta/e1 & rema9s un*ang$ 9 ! air4 ,its specific gravity is great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,x is neutral1 ex]ts no influ5ce :atev] ^u vegetable colors & is insoluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 hydroc>bons or oils4 ,9 cold wat] x swells up1 absorb+ z mu* z #dj p] c5t41 & becomes opaque1 b does n dissolve4 ,x dissolves 9 hot wat] & on cool+ =ms a jelly ev5 if ! solution conta9s only #a p] c5t4 ( glut94 ,x gelat9izes at a l[] temp]ature ?an *ondr94 ,an aque\s solution ( glut9 is precipitat$ by *lor9e1 plat9ic *loride1 tann9 & alcohol1 b n by hydro*loric acid1 acetic acid1 lead acetate1 alum & f]ric sulphate4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid decomposes glut91 =m+1 besides o!r products ( decomposition1 *iefly glycocoll & leuc9e4 ,:5 heat$1 glut9 s(t5s1 swells & diffuses an odor ( burnt h>t%orn4 ,9 ! air1 x takes fire ) difficulty1 smokes1 flames only = a few m9utes1 & leaves a bulky *>coal difficult to inc9]ate1 ! a%es ( :i* consi/ pr9cipally ( calcium phosphate4 ,glut91 :5 9 ! jelli$ /ate1 & treat$ ) alcohol1 und]goes dehydration1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* x contracts greatly4 ,x 0 by ?is means t ,gonnor succe$$ 9 r$uc+ 9 a rem>kable degree ! size ( a pr9t obta9$ 9 a v hydrat$ film ( glut91 & transf]r+ x1 s r$uc$1 to /one1 f :i* he obta9$ a new impression1 q simil> to ! fir/1 b m or less dim9i%$4 ,by tak+ ^! pr9ts1 on ! contr>y1 ) glut9 v little hydrat$1 & aft]w>ds /eep+ !m 9 wat]1 a dilatation ( ! plate is obta9$1 :i* enl>ges ! figures ) ! same regul>ity4 ,pure *ondr9 is prep>$ by boil+ = f #bd to #dh h\rs ! c>tilages ( ! ribs1 ( ! l>ynx ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! epiglot1 or ( ! w9dpipe & ! bron*i4 ,*ondr9 is precipitat$ f its solution by alcohol4 ,! precipitate is r$issolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 evaporat$1 & dri$4 ,x =ms a semi-transluc5t mass ( a slightly yell[ color & resembles glut9 z reg>ds fracture & all ext]nal prop]ties1 b diff]s f x 9 be+ precipitat$ f its aque\s solution by m9]al acids1 acetate ( lead1 alum & f]ric sulphate1 & also by organic acids su* z v9eg>1 citric & oxalic acids1 none ( :i* precipitate glut94 ,z reg>ds its *emical composition1 *ondr9 is poor] 9 nitrog5 ?an glut91 & conta9s m sulphur4 ,its =mula approa*es m closely t ( album51 :i* corresponds also ) ! orig9 ( *ondr91 = c>tilages may be consid]$ z transition-l9ks betwe5 ! protene & glue-yield+ sub/ances4 ,by ! action ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ^u *ondr91 leuc9e is only produc$ b no glycocoll4 ,by potassium hydrate *ondr9 is conv]t$ into glut9 & yields !n1 l ! latt]1 leuc9e & glycocoll4 ,by boil+ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid *ondr9 is decompos$2 a peculi> v>iety ( f]m5table sug>1 to :i* ! t]m *ondroglucose has be5 appli$1 be+ =m$4 ,x may f9ally be rem>k$ t *ondr9 possesses less adhesive p[] ?an glut9 & its pres5ce 9 glue may be consid]$ detrim5tal4 ,to avoid its =mation1 ! glue manufactur] %\ld sep>ate z mu* z possible c>tilages f bones4 ,*ondr91 h[ev]1 is useful = size4 #d4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,glue ,,& ,,its ,,behavior ,,t[>ds ,,o!r ,,sub/ances4 ,! product designat$ by ! g5]al t]m glue1 is always a mixture ( glut91 *ondr9 & o!r sub/ances n yet accurately det]m9$4 ,glue is =m$ by evaporat+ & fur!r dry+ ! jelly1 & its prop]ties dep5d on ! crude glue & glue-yield+ mat]ial us$ = ! production ( ! jelly4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t ev5 if ! quantity ( glut9 conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t products c\ld n be det]m9$ by sci5tific means1 ! glue obta9$ f v>i\s mat]ials c be readily di/+ui%$ by ext]nal *>act]i/ics4 ,e manufactur] kn[s t hides & bones yield a di/9ct quality ( glue z reg>ds adhesive p[]1 ela/icity & fracture1 & t ! jelly f glue-yield+ sub/ances ( old] animals is m solid & gives a l>g] yield ?an t obta9$ f ! tissues ( y\ng] & weak] animals4 ,glue f ! bladd]s & scales ( fi%es1 ?\gh consi/+ ma9ly ( glut91 diff]s mat]ially f hide or bone glue4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! jelly1 no matt] :e!r consi/+ ( glut9 or *ondr91 possesses1 be=e dry+ to glue1 diff]5t prop]ties f glue solution4 ,x has less adhesive p[] & spoils m quickly4 ,at a temp]ature ( #fh to #gb4e ,f41 jelly putrefies inside ( #bd h\rs1 smells ( ammonia1 & decomposes1 :ile glue solution c be kept mu* long] )\t suff]+ det]ioration4 ,! jelly absorbs ozone ) avidity & is decompos$ by x1 ?is be+ ! reason :y an approa*+ ?und]/orm may cause great damage by de/roy+ ! coagulat+ p[] ( ! glue liquors1 or caus+ ! glue to turn on ! nets1 i4 e41 to lose its consi/5cy & become liquid & f\l4 ,! behavior ( glue solution t[>ds diff]5t salts also des]ves att5tion4 ,by add+ potassium or sodium c>bonate1 neutral potassium t>trate1 ,ro*elle or ,epsom salts to a lukew>m fluid conta9+ #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( glue1 ! latt] coagulates by ! salt )draw+ ! wat] f x4 ,a lukew>m solution saturat$ ) common salt1 sal ammoniac1 saltpetre1 or b>ium *loride does n gelat9ize4 ,by add+ to glue solution a l>ge quantity ( alum1 ! glue is precipitat$ z a transp>5t mass4 ,glue comp\nd$ at a high temp]ature ) dilute acids1 does n gelat9ize by itself1 b w d s on add+ common salt4 ,boil+ ) slak$ lime deprives glue solution ( its p[] ( gelat9iz+1 &1 on evaporation1 *anges x into a colorless gummy mass :i* is soluble 9 cold wat] & 9 saturat$ solution ( common salt4 ,f a glut9 solution comp\nd$ ) oxalic acid1 ! latt] c aft] "s "t be aga9 sep>at$ by ! addition ( lime1 ! result be+ a non-gelat9iz+ fluid :i*1 h[ev]1 possesses great adhesive p[]4 ,?is is ! s-call$ meta-gelat94 ,glue solution also loses its prop]ty ( gelat9iz+ by repeat$ boil+ & cool+ 7= ab\t six days74 ,tann9 ent]s ) ! jelly1 z well z ) glue solution1 into *>act]i/ic comb9ations :i* are =m$ ev5 9 solutions conta9+ only #j4jje p] c5t4 ( jelly or glue4 ,glue is1 !re=e1 an excell5t ag5t = ! detection ( tann94 ,:5 q conc5trat$ glue solution is treat$ ) tann91 a heavy1 floccul5t precipitate ( a dirty-yell[1 case\s "* is =m$1 :i* turns br[n on exposure to ! air &1 aft] dry+1 con/itutes a h>d brittle mass1 easily r$uc$ to p[d] & soluble 9 hot pota% lye1 b insoluble 9 wat]1 e!r & alcohol4 ,?is precipitate1 if n id5tical )1 is closely alli$ to ! comb9ation ( tann9 ) sk91 call$ lea!r4 ,glue expos$ to a dry heat melts1 diffuses a /rong disagreeable odor ( burn$ horn & leaves beh9d a *>coal :i* has a p[]ful discolor+ effect l animal *>coal4 ,:5 subject$ to de/ructive di/illation1 glue yields an aque\s solution ( ammonium c>bonate & a ?ick br[n oil consi/+ ( a mixture ( ammonium c>bonate1 sulphur1 ammonium cyanide1 etc4 ,! *emical composition ( glue is su* z to br+ to m9d t ( />* & cellulose d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x conta9s3 ,c>bon #di4a p] c5t4 ,hydrog5 #f4e p] c5t4 ,nitrog5 #ah4c p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 & sulphur #bf4a p] c5t4 :i* may be repres5t$ by ! =mula3 ,c#ab;,h#aj,n#b,o#d4 ,! composition ( glue diff]s b little f t ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance4 ,is+lass is compos$ (3 ,c>bon #di4e p] c5t4 ,hydrog5 #f4i p] c5t4 ,nitrog5 #ah4h p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #bd4h p] c5t4 ,?is ju/ifies ! assumption t glue 9 its v>i\s transition /ages does n repres5t diff]5t *emical comb9ations1 b only modifications ( "o & ! same comb9ation di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by physical *>act]i/ics1 z is ! case ) />*1 :i* )\t suff]+ an alt]ation 9 its composition1 appe>s z dextr9e & grape-sug>1 or z ) cellulose1 :i*1 )\t alt]+ its composition1 c be trans=m$ into amyloid & grape-sug>4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,uses ,,( ,,glue4 ,an inquiry into ! v>i\s te*nical uses ( glue mu/ be ( int]e/ to ! manufactur] s z to enable him1 :5 act+1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 z salesman1 to "k to :om to (f] 8 product2 & also to le>n :at special dem&s he has to satisfy1 z n e glue is adapt$ to e purpose1 diff]5t qualities be+ requir$ = special uses4 ,glue z a jo9+ m$ium4 ,9 ,*apt] ,i1 treat+ ( ! nature ( glue1 special att5tion has be5 drawn to ! fact1 t ! adhesive p[] ( glut9 is great] ?an t ( *ondr92 & t glut9 obta9$ f sk9 & t5dons possesses /ill great] adhesive p[] ?an ! product f bones4 ,?is is ! reason :y good s\nd glue made f scraps ( sk9 is pref]r$ by ^? artisans :o may be consid]$ ! pr9cipal consum]s1 su* z cab9et-mak]s1 c>p5t]s1 turn]s1 in/rum5t-mak]s1 wood-c>v]s1 c>riage-build]s1 bru%-manufactur]s1 bookb9d]s1 pap]-manufactur]s1 etc41 all ( !m requir+ glue ( ! greate/ possible adhesive p[]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 by no means be und]/ood t a good quality ( bone glue _c be us$ = ! same purposes2 because mu* bone glue ( excell5t quality & at a l[ price is br\ght into ! m>ket by manufactur]s ( animal *>coal & bone meal1 & is us$ 9 glue+ wood1 etc4 ,glue suitable z a jo9+ m$ium = ! above purposes %\ld be ( an amb] or br[n-yell[ color1 transp>5t or transluc5t1 cle>1 dry & h>d1 & %[ a glassy fracture :i* %\ld n be brittle1 b some:at ela/ic4 ,plac$ 9 cold wat] x %\ld swell up & absorb z mu* ( x z possible )\t actually dissolv+1 ev5 if x rema9s !re = #dh h\rs4 ,! sup]natant wat] %\ld be free f a putrid odor & conta9 b a small quantity ( =eign sub/ances 9 solution4 ,su* glue passes into solution at #abb ,f41 & dissolves entirely on heat+ to #add4e ,f4 ,heat+ to a high] temp]ature %\ld be avoid$4 ,glue z a b9d+ ag5t4 ,glue solution is us$ = b9d-toge!r pulv]ul5t sub/ances1 su* z m9]al colors 9 ! manufacture ( color$ pap] & pap]-hang+s1 9 pa9t+ 9 di/emp]1 9 ! size ( ! gild]2 or x is mix$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is or *alk = ! manufacture ( pla/ic masses :i* become h>d on dry+1 su* z /ucco-"w1 papi]-ma*1 etc4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is be/ to use only good s\nd glue = ^! purposes1 ?\gh x may sometimes be possible to utilize defective & *eap qualities )\t injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,= color mixtures1 ! glue %\ld at all ev5ts be free f acids & alkalies1 z !y ex]t a decompos+ & alt]+ effect ^u ! colors4 ,! gild] %\ld always use ! be/ quality ( glue1 z o!rwise ! "w he applies lat] on to ! size w spoil4 ,a v l>ge quantity ( glue is consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es1 & mu* dep5ds on its quality & dry+ prop]ties4 ,! dipp+ composition = mat*es conta9+ phosphorus is a ba? ( glue ( #be to #ej p] c5t4 /r5g? to :i* ! requisite am\nt ( an oxidiz+ ag5t1 l potassium nitrate or *lorate has be5 add$1 kept at a temp]ature ( #ajj4d ,f4 ,! phosphorus is cauti\sly put 92 x melts1 & is /irr$ to an emulsion1 :5 ! s&1 glass or o!r friction-ag5t is incorporat$4 ,! object ( ! glue is to protect f oxidation1 )\t dim9i%+ ! s5sitiv5ess4 ,glue is also us$ z ! b9d+ mat]ial 9 ! heads & rubb]s ( safety mat*es4 ,book b9d]s require = ! bett] classes ( "w a glue :i* %\ld naturally be pale & /rong1 & )\t m>k$ odor4 ,"s inf]ior glues :i* h be5 *emically blea*$ turn almo/ black 9 ! pot1 ow+ to ! blea*+ ag5t n hav+ be5 prop]ly remov$ or neutraliz$4 ,s&1 glass & em]y pap]s & clo?s are made by coat+ ! surface ) a ?9 uni=m lay] ( /rong glue1 & sift+ ! p[d] ev5ly on4 ,glue 9 siz+4 ,! pr9cipal object ( siz+ goods is to imp>t to !m a c]ta9 degree ( /iffness1 to give !m a nice appe>ance & a good feel4 ,z glue w\ld injure ! color ( :ite goods1 x _c be us$ = siz+ !m1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 mu* is employ$ = prep>+ size = ! use ( hat & clo? manufactur]s1 weav]s1 etc4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! pap] ma*9e & inv5tion ( ros9 glue1 animal glue 0 exclusively us$ = siz+ pap]1 b at ! pres5t x is only us$ = siz+ pap] manufactur$ f rags1 & = pa/ebo>d1 & also by manufactur]s produc+ draw+ pap] siz$ ) animal sub/ances4 ,! pap]1 aft] leav+ ! ma*9e1 is pass$ ?r\gh a glue solution & !n dri$ 9 ! air4 ,= actual siz+ purposes good & f9e v>ieties ( glue are only us$1 or sometimes ! manufactur]s prep>e _! own size by boil+ to glue dri$ calves' heads1 or rabbit sk9s depriv$ ( _! fur1 scraps ( p>*m5t1 etc4 ,= *eap wooll5 hats1 glue is us$ 9 place ( %ellac4 ,! clo? manufactur] procures 8 glue mo/ly 9 ! =m ( a jelly4 ,?is v>iety ( glue des]ves special att5tion & ! mode ( prep>+ x w be ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,glue = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes4 ,! use ( glue = ^! purposes is bas$ ^u ?ree prop]ties3 #a3 ,^u its p[] ( coagulat+ & inclos+ :ile 9 ?is /ate1 sub/ances me*anically dissolv$ & f9ely divid$ 9 a fluid1 :i*1 be+ specifically z heavy z ! fluid itself1 r5d] ! latt] turbid & _c be got rid (f by settl+4 ,! glue 9 ?is case acts z a cl>ifi]4 ,l>ge quantities ( is+lass & gelat9e1 specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 are us$ = cl>ify+ & f9+ be]1 w9e & o!r liquids1 z well z = prep>+ jellies4 ,! mat]ial to be us$ = jellies & o!r cul9>y purposes mu/1 ( c\rse1 be colorless & entirely free f odor4 ,jellies are made palatable by flavor+ ) spices1 sug>1 ess5ces1 etc41 be=e congeal+1 ,a vegetable gelat9e1 ,ag>-,ag>1 :i* w be ref]r$ to lat] on is n[ br\ght f ,*9a1 & be+ *eap] & p]fectly free f odor1 has become q a competitor ) is+lass & gelat9e4 ,prior to ! introduction ( ,liebig's & o!r beef extracts1 b\illon tablets1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( bone-jelly1 meat bro?1 extract ( pot h]bs & fl\r1 7 l>gely us$4 ,"o hundr$ & t5 p\nds ( meat repeat$ly boil$ yield five p\nds ( b\illon tablets4 ,a good meat bro?1 ?\gh n equal to t f ,liebig's or o!r meat extracts1 is obta9$ f ^! tablets by ! addition ( ?irty times _! weight ( wat]4 ,if glue be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 x gelat9izes at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & if ! solution be mix$ ) o!r fluids1 = in/ance1 meat bro?1 fruit juices & ess5ces1 :i* 9 ! =m ( jelly are to s]ve z food1 x effects _! solidification4 ,glue acts z a heal+ ag5t by prev5t+ ! access ( air to w\nds4 ,c\rt pla/] is prep>$ f gelat9e4 ,:5 cab9et-mak]s cut !mselves1 !y apply glue to ! w\nd ) ! be/ success4 ,9 hospitals a comp\nd ( gelat9e & glyc]9e is us$ z ! be/ means ( clos+ w\nds1 ! same comp\nd hav+ also be5 successfully us$ = pres]v+ articles ( food su* z eggs1 fruit1 & ev5 meat4 ,e good quality ( glue c be us$ = ! above purposes4 ,m$ic9es ( a disagreeable ta/e are frequ5tly inclos$ 9 gelat9e capsules1 s t !y c be tak5 )\t caus+ inconv5i5ce to ! pati5t4 ,! use ( ^! capsules has gr[n to su* an ext5t z to =m a special bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! mode ( manufactur+ !m w be describ$ lat] on4 ,glue = ela/ic masses & z a p>tial sub/itute = rubb]4 ,glue mix$ ) glyc]9e =ms an ela/ic mass resembl+ rubb]4 ,! same effect c be produc$ by an addition ( molasses4 ,?is ela/ic mass1 ! prep>ation ( :i* w be describ$ lat] on1 is ( great importance = ! manufacture ( pr9t]s' roll]s1 = m\lds1 etc4 ,"s manufactur]s prep>e ! mass ready = use1 s t ! pr9t] or li?ograph] ne$ only remelt x1 & ca/ x 9 a m\ld4 ,glue is ( great importance 9 photoli?ography z1 mix$ ) *romium salts1 x is ! only kn[n means ( transf]r+ a photographic negative to ! /one4 ,9 photography1 gelat9e is us$ = negative pictures ^u glass4 ,= ! manufactur] ( ca/s ( pla/] ( ,p>is or cem5t1 ?is glue mass1 :i* is g5]ally us$ )\t an addition ( glyc]9e1 is indisp5sable = mak+ m\lds :i* are mu* und]cut4 ,glue mix$ ) glyc]9e may be us$ z a sub/itute = rubb] 9 manufactur+ ela/ic toys1 su* z dolls' heads1 animals1 etc4 ,= ^! purposes x is advisable to select glue :i* =ms a v solid jelly1 ev5 if x possesses b little adhesive p[]1 pure bone-glue be+ ! be/4 ,glue mix$ ) glyc]9e 7#a "p glue1 #a "p glyc]9e7 is us$ z hectograph mass = ! transf] ( matt] writt5 ) conc5trat$ solution ( anil9e color4 ,glue = fancy articles4 ,great progress has be5 made 9 ! use ( glue & gelat9e 9 ! manufacture ( fancy articles4 ,! be/ kn[n ( all ^! products are p]haps ! gelat9e foils4 ,!y =m ?91 transp>5t %eets1 brilliantly color$1 & are us$ = pr9t+ sacr$ images1 visit+ c>ds1 labels1 etc4 ,gelat9e v5e]s 7 fir/ %[n at "o ( ! ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibitions4 ,!y consi/ ( %eets v>y+ 9 ?ickness1 :i* h be5 depriv$ ( _! transluc5cy by an admixture ( colors 9 imitation ( v>i\s cry/allization ( salts1 & su* /ones z lazulite1 mala*ite & avantur9e4 ,glue imitations ( "m ( pe>l1 tortoise %ell1 & ivory 7 %[n :i* closely resembl$ ! g5u9e articles4 ,^! v5e]s h be5 l>gely introduc$ 9 ! manufacture ( fancy articles1 cab9et w>e1 buttons1 etc4 ,! mo/ brilliant use to :i* !y h be5 put is 9 ! manufacture ( fans1 = :i* ivory & tortoise %ell 7 =m]ly us$1 & !re are p]haps few ladies t are aw>e t ^! glitt]+ toys are manufactur$ f horse bones f ! knack]'s y>d4 ,! successful introduction ( gelat9e v5e]s 0 soon foll[$ by a sub/itute = horn 9 g5]al1 & combs1 buttons1 snuff-boxes1 & hundr$s ( o!r fancy articles h be5 manufactur$ f ^! imitations4 ,9 ! =ego+ /atem5t only "s ( ! pr9cipal uses ( glue h be5 enum]at$1 & !re c be no d\bt t ) an increase 9 ! k ( its nature & prop]ties1 a wide field is /ill op5 = progress 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,_! ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,glue4 ,! raw mat]ials us$ = ! manufacture ( glue consi/ ( a v>iety ( animal (fal4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ances employ$ are refuse f tany>ds1 su* z scraps ( ox & o!r ?ick hides1 ! wa/e ( ! work%ops ( lea!r dress]s1 morocco lea!r manufactur]s1 etc4 ,! t5dons & inte/9es ( _m animals1 rabbit & h>e sk9s depriv$ ( _! fur1 cat & dog sk9s1 scraps ( p>*m5t1 wa/e ( turn]s & button mak]s1 & (fal f but*] %ops & h\seholds1 help to swell ! s]ies ( mat]ials us$ = ! manufacture ( glue4 ,! mat]ials are collect$ & sold ei!r directly to ! glue boil]1 or to deal]s mak+ a specialty ( glue /ock4 ,z a ?or\gh k ( ^! wa/e products is ( importance to ! manufactur]1 ?is *apt] w be devot$ to _! detail$ description1 ! success ( ! ent]prise dep5d+ l>gely on ! selection ( ! raw mat]ials & _! c>eful sort+ & prep>ation4 ,by be>+ 9 m9d ! v>i$ products--f ! mo/ ord9>y black glue to ! colorless glassy gelat9e = photographic & cul9>y purposes--x w be und]/ood t entirely diff]5t raw mat]ials h to be employ$ = ! f9] products ?an = ! ord9>y qualities ( glue4 ,accord+ to _! d]ivation ! raw mat]ials may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 namely3 #a4 ,sk9-l raw mat]ials3 ,sk91 lea!r1 tissues4 #b4 ,bone raw mat]ials4 #c4 ,mat]ials obta9$ f fi%es3 ,air bladd]s1 scales1 etc4 #a4 ,,animal ,,sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,?is consi/s ( ?ree lay]s1 namely3 #a4 ,! ?9 upp]-sk9--! epid]mis--:i* consi/s only ( cellul> tissue1 & is ( no special importance = ! manufacture ( glue4 #b4 ,! actual lea!r-sk91 or corium1 :i* consi/s ( fibres ( connective tissue & =ms ! actual object ( ! tann] z well z ( ! glue boil]4 ,und]nea? ! corium lies ! "u-sk91 :i* consi/s only ( cellul> tissue contam9at$ ) p>ticles ( fle% & fat1 :i* are detrim5tal to ! manufacture ( glue4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a section ( ! animal sk94 ,o1 is ! epid]mis1 ,l1 ! corium1 ,u1 ! "u-sk94 ,! epid]mis consi/s ( two lay]s4 ,! fir/1 sup]ficial "o1 ,h1 is kn[n z ! cuticle or lamell> lay]1 & ! o!r deep] lay]1 ,s1 z ! muc\s or malpighian lay]4 ,! corium also consi/s ( two lay]s1 ! upp] "o ,c1 & ! l[] "o ,c#a1 :i* is ! actual lea!r-sk94 ,! "u-sk91 ,u1 is an ela/ic tissue conta9+ _m deposits ( fat1 ,f1 & p]spiratory gl&s1 ,d1 :i* are connect$ ) ducts1 ,d#a1 ) ! surface ( ! sk94 ,= ! manufactur] ( lea!r & glue1 ! corium is ! only mat]ial ( value4 ,! tann] trims ! sk9s be=e /eep+ !m 9 ! ooze4 ,f %eep & calf sk9s he removes ! head portions1 x be+ m advantage\s to use !m = glue /ock4 ,he also cuts (f ! sk9 cov]+ ! l[] "p ( ! ?ighs1 &1 to give ! sk9 a neat f9i%1 ! ragg$ edges ( ! belly "p4 ,( bullock hides1 ! e>s1 tails & foot pieces are utiliz$ = glue /ock1 :ile ! head p>ts are tann$4 ,su* tann]y wa/e may yield #dd to #df p] c5t4 ( glue4 ,sc>f sk9 ( bullocks' hides & wa/e 9 fle%+ ! hide1 t5dons & h9d] p>ts ( cattle yield f #cj to #ce p] c5t42 horse s9ews f #ae to #ah p] c5t4 ,scraps ( p>*m5t & bullocks' feet are highly valu$ z glue /ock1 s9ce !y are 9 fit condition = boil+ )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,!y may yield up to #fb p] c5t4 ( _! weight 9 glue4 ,calf & %eep sk9s yield a sup]ior glue2 t f horse hides is usually d>k & poor 9 quality1 al?\gh ) c>eful work+ a /rong product c be obta9$ f ! latt]4 ,( great value to ! glue boil] are ! s-call$ calves' heads1 :i*1 aft] lim+ & dry+1 =m a special article ( comm]ce4 ,sk9s ( hogs1 h>es & rabbits yield a light-color$ glue ( little consi/5cy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 be/ to use ^! la/-nam$ raw mat]ials = ! prep>ation ( jelly1 su* z is us$ 9 siz+1 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 etc4 ,! old] ! animals f :i* ! sk9s h be5 d]iv$1 ! m solid ! glue w be4 ,9 _m cases1 especially :]e a c]ta9 quality ( glue is to be produc$1 x may be recomm5d$ to sep>ate ! diff]5t k9ds ( sk9 refuse into lots1 provid$ !re is en\gh ( ea* k9d to boil x sep>ately4 ,a consid]able numb] ( sk9s us$ = pack+ v>i\s articles1 su* z indigo f ,s\? ,africa1 h be5 s mu* damag$ 9 transit z to r5d] !m useless = tann+1 b !y =m good mat]ial = glue1 frequ5tly yield+ #ej to #ee p] c5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to judg+ glue /ock "s valuable notes are giv5 9 an article on glue1 publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,provision ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ills43 8,dry1 uncur$ or salt$ /ock1 su* z raw hide or ,s\? ,am]ican1 if soak$ = twelve h\rs 9 cold wat]1 ga9s ab\t #ej p] c5t4 9 weight1 & /ill rema9s t\gh1 & ! wat] sweet4 ,! moi/ure1 dirt1 & salt %\ld n be ov] #aj p] c5t4 8,gre5 salt$ /ock1 su* z hide pieces1 s9ews1 calf heads & pates1 %\ld h no excess ( salt1 nor be f\l1 discolor$ or heat$2 %\ld be t\gh1 ) ! hair n loose1 & h a mild animal odor4 ,moi/ure & salt n ov] #dj p] c5t4 8,dry lim$ /ock soak$ twelve h\rs develops a *>act]i/ic odor1 & %\ld be firm1 fibr\s1 & h no slimy pieces4 ,! wat] %\ld n be d>k4 ,lime1 s& & dirt1 n ov] #e p] c5t4 8,gre5 lim$ /ock %\ld be smoo? & s(t1 any rema9+ hair be+ easily deta*able1 :ile ! liquor %\ld be fairly clean1 sweet1 & n too alkal9e4 8,a l>ge quantity ( wa/e bones accumulates 9 ! prep>ation ( t9n$ provisions4 ,if ^! h n be5 ov]heat$ & are 9 good condition1 a consid]able am\nt ( glue c be obta9$ f !m1 ! bones ( ! head1 ribs1 & feet giv+ a bett] yield ?an ^? ( ! ?ighs & legs4 8,horn pi?s %\ld n conta9 ov] #ab p] c5t4 moi/ure1 & %\ld n h be5 ov]heat$ 9 dry+2 !y %\ld h be5 cleans$ f sk9 & hair1 :i* are ( little value to ! glue-mak]4 8,! age ( ! animals yield+ glue /ock has an important influ5ce on ! product4 ,:ile f y\ng] animals ! product1 z a rule1 is ( light] color1 m abundant & m easily obta9$1 x conta9s m *ondr91 s t f solutions ( equal /r5g?s1 ^? f mature animals w be f\nd to be ( great] consi/5ce & ! glue m solid4 8,abroad1 dry hides are (t51 = weigh+1 soak$ 9 *lorb>ium1 a solution ( b>ium *loride1 & !n 9 a ba? ( dilute sulphuric acid1 #a p] c5t41 :i* readily soaks 91 comb9es ) ! b>ium to =m ! :ite insoluble p[d] ( b>ium sulphate1 leav+ weak hydro*loric acid 9 ! fibre1 to be aft]w>ds neutraliz$ 9 lim+1 ! *loride ( calcium dissolv+ out4 ,?is treatm5t affects consid]ably ! subsequ5t mak+ ( glue1 z1 beside ! effects ( ! acids1 ! sulphate ( b>ium w r5d] ! liquors cl\dy & difficult to cl>ify4 ,( c\rse if color$ glues are to be made ?is w be no detrim5t40 ,to prev5t putrefaction1 :i* is always accompani$ by decomposition ( glue-yield+ sub/ance & consequ5t loss1 ! scraps mu/ be c>efully pres]v$1 especially 9 summ]4 ,! tann] prep>es ! wa/e by lim+1 i4 e41 /eep+ x dur+ fifte5 to tw5ty days 9 milk ( lime :i* is frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,by ! action ( ! lime1 adh]+ p>ticles ( blood & fle% are dissolv$ & ! fatty matt] is saponifi$4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! glue-/ock is dri$4 ,9 case ?is "w is n done c>efully 9 ! tany>d1 z is only too frequ5tly ! case1 ! /ock is ( b little value to ! glue-boil]4 ,by all[+ ! refuse to lie too long 9 a heap1 z is sometimes done1 putrid f]m5tation sets 91 ! injuri\s effects ( :i* _c be rem$i$ by subsequ5t lim+1 or ! lime ba? has n yet be5 /rong en\gh1 or has n act$ suffici5tly long ^u ! scraps to de/roy ! adh]+ p>ticles ( blood & fle%4 ,! lime ba?1 on ! o!r h&1 may h be5 too /rong1 s z to attack ! glue-yield+ sub/ance4 ,frequ5tly x is also ! case t ! scraps hav+ be5 dri$ "u unfavorable circum/ances1 m\ld has comm5c$ to =m1 & f9ally !y may be spoil$ 9 w9t] by all[+ !m to freeze4 ,froz5 glue lea!r yields glue ( v little consi/5cy4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t great precaution & c>e are requir$ :5 buy+ glue lea!r4 ,! manufactur] %\ld especially see t x is dry & t\gh1 free f m\ld & all organic & inorganic sub/ances1 & n too /rongly lim$4 ,! glue-boil] %\ld1 9 all cases1 be prep>$ to und]take ! prep>ation ( ! glue /ock himself4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5ts are requir$ = ! purpose3 ,let u assume t ! glue factory is locat$ on a /ream ( wat]4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! /ream a suffici5t numb] ( pits to prep>e all ! glue /ock us$1 ea* ab\t #f feet deep & #f to #aj feet 9 diamet]1 & l9$ ) cem5t1 are s arrang$ t _! bottoms are ab\t #c to #c feet above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,!y are suppli$ ) wat] by means ( a pipe l9e connect+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,ea* pit is provid$ ) a dis*>ge pipe to draw (f ! dirty wat]4 ,z ! glue-/ock1 be=e und]go+ o!r op]ations1 has to be fre$ f ! lime by wa%+ ) wat]1 ! simple/ plan is to place ! lim$ /ock 9 nets or wick] baskets susp5d$ 9 runn+ wat] by means ( a travel+ crane or o!r contrivance erect$ on ! bank ( ! /ream4 ,?is elem5t>y me?od1 h[ev]1 is op5 to sev]al disadvantages1 z x f\ls a l>ge volume ( wat] & may lead to legal int]f]5ce1 & its v simplicity is apt to lead to neglect ( precautions1 su* z bru%+ away solid p>ticles ( lime or s(t5$ animal matt]s4 ,fur!r1 ! great quantities ( wat] c>ry (f small pieces ( glue-/ock & fat1 if cat*-bas9s are n provid$ suffici5tly l>ge to all[ fat1 glue-/ock1 hair & lime to sep>ate f ! wat]4 ,! object is bett] accompli%$ & 9 a %ort] "t by ! use ( a wa%+ drum4 ,?is consi/s ( a p]=at$ iron cyl9d] ab\t #f feet 9 diamet] & #d feet 9 l5g?1 & op5 on bo? ends4 ,ar\nd ! inside ( ! cyl9d] are fix$ a numb] ( wood5 %elves #f in*es broad1 :i*1 z ! cyl9d] revolves1 c>ry ! glue-/ock p>tly r\nd1 ultimately fall+ to ! bottom aga91 ! movem5t da%+ x ab\t "u a spray ( wat]4 ,9 ! cyl9d] is also arrang$ an iron plate support$ by /ays f ! outside4 ,:ile ! wa%+ is 9 op]ation ! plate is turn$ p]p5dicul>2 on completion x is br\ght to a horizontal position1 =m+ a table1 on :i* ! glue-/ock falls1 & ! latt] is !n remov$ to a h&-press to squeeze out ! wat]4 ,! wa%$ /ock is !n remov$ to ! dry+ gr\nd1 :i* %\ld be 9 a sunny & airy location1 & provid$ ) an incl9$ floor ( planks or cem5t s arrang$ z to all[ ( ! admittance ( air f b5ea?4 ,z x is well kn[n t small quantities ( liquid1 frequ5tly r5ew$ & ?or\ghly dra9$ (f ea* "t1 effect ! mo/ complete & economical wa%+1 & 9 ! %orte/ "t1 ,s4 ,rideal recomm5ds ! use ( pits or vats ) prop] arrangem5ts = /irr+1 dra9+ & inspection4 ,! lime scum f ! pits c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s4 ,! glue-/ock wa%] %[n 9 ,figs4 #b to #e1 is ! inv5tion ( ,w4 ,a4 ,hoevel] 7,am]ican pat5t71 & x relates to ! con/ruction ( app>atus = wa%+ glue-/ock4 ,9 app>atus = ?is purpose ! /ock is v commonly damag$ by be+ brok5 up too mu*1 & consid]able loss results1 besides1 f ! fact t ! small p>ticles are all[$ to escape ) ! wa%-wat]4 ,by ! pres5t con/ruction & arrangem5t ^! defects are rem$i$ & o!r advantages d]iv$4 ,fig4 #b is a transv]se v]tical section on l9e x-x ( ,fig4 #c ( ?is app>atus2 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c is a longitud9al v]tical section ( ! same2 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d is an enl>g$ plan illu/rat+ ! scre5 & h+$ cov]s1 "o be+ op5$ & "o clos$2 & ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e is a detail ( ! hub1 /ems & "p ( "o paddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! app>atus is con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a rectangul> tr\gh-l /ructure1 ) its sides & ends1 ,a1 sub/antially wat]-tight by means ( ! d\ble walls1 a a4 ,! upp] portion ( ! int]ior is occupi$ by ! sw++ wa%-box1 ,b1 semicircul> 9 %ape1 ) flat sides & r\nd$ bottom ?r\gh\t1 ! bottom be+ p]=at$4 ,^u a transv]se %aft1 c1 j\rnal$ at ! axis ( box1 ,b1 is set a paddle-:eel compos$ ( a suitable hub1 d1 & adju/able paddles1 ea* compos$ ( ! radial /em1 e1 & ! blade1 f1 or spoon4 ,! spoons1 f are set on ! /ems1 e1 s z to be capable ( be+ rev]s$ or turn$ half-way r\nd1 m or less4 ,"o side ( ! spoon1 f1 is r\nd$ (f1 s t :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! /ock ! latt] w n cl+ to or rema9 ^u x4 ,! o!r side ( ! spoon is flat1 b slightly skew$ or bevell$1 s t :5 turn$ to face ) ! direction ( motion ( ! :eel x n only ga!rs up ! /ock & holds x till out ( ! box1 ,b1 b ^u fur!r elevation causes x to roll or slide along ! paddle to a pr$et]m9$ po9t1 :]e x falls (f g5tly into a dis*>ge-sp\t1 g1 :i* c>ries x (f = fur!r treatm5t practically undamag$4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! box1 ,b1 & ! body1 ,a1 are kept suppli$ by a /ream ( clean or *emically-prep>$ wat]1 & ! :eel1 e f1 revolves sl[ly 9 ! box1 ! edges ( ! paddles sweep+ ar\nd1 :ile ! box1 ,b1 or its bottom1 is kept oscillat+1 ?us prev5t+ an injuri\s clogg+ ( ! p]=ations 9 ! box-bottom4 ,aft] ! /ock is plac$ 9 ! box1 ,b1 & ! latt] fill$ ) suffici5t wat]1 ! :eel1 e f1 is caus$ to sl[ly revolve 7by motive or h& p[]71 ) ! r\nd$ sides ( ! spoons1 f1 pres5t$ =w>d4 ,?is op]ation ?or\ghly agitates & cleanses ! /ock1 :ile ! r\nd$ =m ( ! spoons prev5ts ! break+ up ( ! natural condition ( ! /ock4 ,! inv5tor ga!rs ! f9] p>ticles z foll[s1 aft] !y h escap$ ?r\gh ! p]=at$ bottom ( ! wa%-box1 ,b4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! tr\gh1 ,a1 elevat$ on crossb>s or blocks1 h1 he places two p>allel /rips1 i1 & betwe5 ^!1 :i* are groov$ to =m ways1 k1 inside1 is set a long scre51 l1 plac$ on roll]s1 m1 & movable !reby on ! rails or ways1 k4 ,to give movem5t to ! scre51 l1 ! inv5tor atta*es to its end a rod1 n1 :i* projects outw>dly ?r\gh ! walls1 a a1 by means ( ! pack+-box1 p1 & cap or door1 q1 :i*1 :5 op5$1 all[s ! )drawal ( ! scre51 l1 & its burd54 ,! %ak+ ( ! scre5 is accompli%$ by a suitable motor appli$ to rod1 n1 & is kept go+ dur+ ! op]ation z requir$4 ,to ! /rips1 i1 :i* are plac$ at a little di/ance f ! side walls1 a 7to leave a passage = ! wat] & refuse to g ?r\gh71 are h+$ ! two doors1 r1 :i* %ut d[n ^u ! rod1 s1 z a support1 9 :i* case no?+ c fall ^u ! scre51 or :i* op5 up & re/ aga9/ ! sides1 a a1 9 :i* case ! scre5 is expos$ & ! side passages clos$ by ! doors1 r4 ,dur+ ! initial or r\gh-wa%+ /age ! doors1 r1 are kept clos$1 & ! dirty wat] & refuse pass freely d[n ! side passages & out at a suitable op5+ at ! bottom4 ,aft] ?is /age x becomes desirable to cat* ! p>ticles :i* get deta*$ f ! /ock 9 box1 ,b1 & come ?r\gh ! p]=ations !re94 ,!n op5 up ! doors1 r1 ?us clos+ ! side passages & compell+ all ! wat] & small /ock to g to ! scre51 l1 :i* cat*es ! rema9+ /ock4 ,:5 suffici5tly accumulat$ ! scre5 may be drawn out & ! /ock !reon remov$4 ,:5 ! ma9 body ( /ock 9 box1 ,b1 has be5 cleans$1 ! paddles or spoons1 f1 are rev]s$1 s z to pres5t _! flat1 skew$ faces to ! /ock1 & 9 revolv+ ! paddles n[ g5tly lift ! /ock & dis*>ge x into ! sp\t or hopp]1 g4 ,! wa%+ & removal ( ! /ock :5 wa%$ are ?us accompli%$ )\t fur!r manipulation ?an to rev]se ! paddles1 :i* obvi\sly c\ld be done by a rev]s+-ge> on ! motor1 !reby rev]s+ ! direction ( movem5t ( ! paddle-:eel4 ,in/ead ( ! :ole box ,b be+ oscillat$ back & =?1 its bottom may be set on slides or roll]s & oscillat$1 :ile ! sides rema9 /ation>y4 ,9 ! draw+s ! box ,b is %[n z hung ^u ! %aft c z a c5tre2 b z ! provision ( means ( reciprocat+ or oscillat+ ! box or its bottom is )9 ! skill ( any ma*9i/1 x is n necess>y to describe any specific =m4 ,z ! box ) its cont5ts w be v heavy1 ! inv5tor pref]s a special motor = x1 :i* may also be ge>$ up to reciprocate ! scre5 l4 ,in/ead ( ! door q1 z locat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 x c be locat$ z at q'1 same figure4 ,! entire plant mu/ ( c\rse be arrang$ accord+ to sanit>y regulations1 especially z reg>ds riv] pollution1 etc4 ,! %$s = sort+ & /or+ ! glue-/ock %\ld1 if possible1 be 9 close proximity to ! pits & wa%+ drums1 & be dry & airy4 ,9 arrang+ 8 plant1 ! glue manufactur] mu/1 9 %ort1 ex]cise 8 +5uity ) a view to c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ) z little loss ( mat]ial1 & z mu* sav+ ( "t & labor z possible4 ,! "w 9 a factory arrang$ 9 ! above mann]1 is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,! raw mat]ials br\ght by ! deal] are weigh$1 & if 9 gre5 /ate1 ! cu/om>y p]c5tage--g5]ally #ej p] c5t4--tak5 (f4 ,to facilitate future op]ations1 & to enable ! manufactur] to produce diff]5t v>ieties ( glue1 ! dry mat]ials are sort$ & /or$ 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts ( ! /ore-%$4 ,gre5 wa/e1 i4 e41 su* z has n be5 lim$ mu/ be tak5 9 h& at once1 z o!rwise x w\ld ta9t ! air1 be attack$ by rats & o!r animals1 & suff] injuri\s alt]ations by decomposition4 ,! mann] ( op]ation is z foll[s3 ,lim+4 ,prep>e 8milk ( lime0 by fill+ ! pits1 :i* are to s]ve = ! reception ( ! sk9 wa/e1 ) ! requir$ quantity ( wat] & dissolve 9 x #b p] c5t4 ( calcium hydrate obta9$ by slak+ a good quality ( quick lime4 ,/ir ?or\ghly1 & 9 ord] t ! wat] may become ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! lime1 let ! liquor /& = #h or #aj days be=e plac+ ! wa/e 9 x4 ,! liquor %\ld /& ab\t #i in*es deep ov] ! wa/e 9 ! pits4 ,! l5g? ( "t ! wa/e has to rema9 9 ! milk ( lime v>ies accord+ to ! mat]ial2 calf sk9s requir+ #ae to #bj days1 %eep sk9s #bj to #cj days1 & heavy ox hides #cj to #dj days4 ,! milk ( lime %\ld be r5ew$ once or twice a week1 & ?or\ghly /irr$4 ,= ! purpose ( lim+1 ! quality ( ! lime us$ is ( ! utmo/ importance1 ! milk ( lime be+ frequ5tly q valueless by reason ( hav+ become c>bonat$ or a bad quality ( quick lime hav+ be5 orig9ally employ$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t only ! hydrate ( lime :i* is pres5t 9 solution 9 lime wat] is ( use1 :]eas 9 milk ( lime s mu* c>bonate & o!r impurities may be pres5t t ! liquid1 ?\gh ?ick1 may be q useless4 ,! value ( a lime %\ld always be te/$ by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( real calcium hydroxide1 ,ca7,,oh7#b1 conta9$ 9 x4 ,! op]ation accord+ to ,s4 ,rideal1 is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,wat] free f c>bonic acid is fir/ prep>$ by boil+ di/ill$ wat] = half an h\r 9 a /rong1 r\nd-bottom$ ,bohemian or ,j5a flask4 ,:ile /eam is /ill issu+1 ! flask is remov$ = an in/ant1 clos$ by a well-fitt+ greas$ cork or a rubb] /opp]1 & all[$ to cool4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has some:at fall51 ! cool+ may be cauti\sly accel]at$ by dipp+ into a pail ( w>m wat]1 !n transf]r+ to ! cold /ream f a tap4 ,! wat] may be pres]v$ 9 ! flask or1 pref]ably1 a numb] ( bottles ) vase-l9$ /opp]s %\ld be fill$ q full & reta9$ = use4 ,f ! sample ( lime1 well mix$1 a small portion 7ab\t #j4be gramme7 %\ld be accurately & rapidly weigh$1 plac$ 9 a wide-m\!d1 /opp]$ bottle hold+ ab\t #cjj cubic c5timet]s1 #bej ,cc4 ( ! boil$ wat] add$1 & !n all[$ to settle4 ,! :ole ( ! calcium hydrate w n[ h dissolv$4 ,fifty cubic c5timet]s ( ! cle> liquid %\ld n[ be )drawn by a pipette1 transf]r$ to a flask1 color$ ) an indicator--ei!r ph5ol-ph?ale91 me?yl-orange1 or litmus may be us$--& its alkal9ity det]m9$ by runn+ 9 dec9ormal hydro*loric or sulphuric acid f a burette till ! *ange ( color occurs4 ,ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! acid corresponds to #j4jjbh gramme ( calcium oxide1 or #j4jjcg gramme ( ! hydrate1 ,ca7,,oh7#b4 ,! am\nt by calculation w give ! p]c5tage ( real lime pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,x is well to notice t any soda or pota% pres5t w equally neutralize ! acid1 & be return$ z lime1 b z ^! are ( almo/ equal effici5cy _! pres5ce 9 small quantity has no disadvantage4 ,= special "w x w be necess>y to h a full analysis4 ,z a rule ! product made f lime/one1 or 8/one lime10 is ! be/ article 9 comm]ce1 & is mu* m free f /ones & clay ?an 8gray lime0 or 8%ell lime40 ,! be/ /one lime conta9s sometimes only p] c5t4 ( impurities1 & seldom m ?an #e p] c5t41 :ile inf]ior k9ds ( gray lime may conta9 z mu* z #ej p] c5t41 & w\ld be ( little use 9 glue-mak+4 ,aft] removal f ! lime pit1 ! mat]ial is plac$ 9 will[ baskets or nets1 & imm]s$ 9 ! /ream to remove ! great] portion ( ! lime1 :i* is g5]ally effect$ 9 a few days4 ,x is /ill m effectively accompli%$ by plac+ ! wa/e1 aft] soak+ 9 ! will[ baskets1 9 ! wa% drums4 ,aft] tak+ x f ! baskets or wa% drums x is spread 9 ! dry+ y>d to dra9 & dry1 ! desiccation be+ accel]at$ by turn+ x ov] ) a =k sev]al times a day4 ,:ile dry+1 ! quick-lime is conv]t$ into c>bonate1 ! latt] ex]t+ no di/urb+ effect 9 ! manufacture ( glue4 ,:5 suffici5tly dri$1 ! mat]ial is ready = boil+1 & ! crude glue ?us obta9$ c be /or$ = any l5g? ( "t1 until want$ = fur!r manipulation4 ,9 summ] x is sc>cely possible to cleanse ! raw mat]ial z rapidly z x is br\ght to ! factory1 & to "w x imm$iately )\t putrefaction sett+ 91 & = ?is reason x w\ld frequ5tly be risky to pur*ase l>g] quantities ( x1 ev5 if (f]$ at v favorable t]ms4 ,dur+ ! cold] season ( ! ye>1 dry+ ( ! cleans$ raw mat]ial is su* a sl[ op]ation1 t 9 ord] to prev5t putrefaction1 rec\rse w\ld h to be _h to artificial heat4 ,^! drawbacks c1 h[ev]1 be ov]come by ! use ( c>bolic acid1 :i* possesses 9 a high degree ! prop]ty ( prev5t+ putrefaction4 ,x is q *eap1 & z b a comp>atively small quantity ( x is requir$1 ! additional co/ ne$ sc>cely be tak5 into consid]ation1 s9ce ! value ( glue-/ock annually de/roy$ by putrefaction is consid]ably great] ?an ! exp5se = c>bolic acid4 ,! raw mat]ial is ?or\ghly cleans$1 & :ile 9 a moi/ /ate is gradually br\ght into a brick ci/]n or l>ge vat1 c>bolic acid solution be+ p\r$ ov] ea* lay]1 s t1 :5 ! ci/]n or vat is fill$1 x /&s ab\t an in* or two deep ov] ! mat]ial4 ,! latt] may be left 9 ?is /ate until want$4 ,! c>bolic acid solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ #b lbs4 ( c>bolic acid 9 #ajjj qu>ts ( wat]2 ! fluid ?us obta9$ possess+ a slight odor ( smoke4 ,! wa%$ glue-/ock treat$ z above describ$ ) c>bolic acid rema9s absolutely un*ang$1 & :5 want$ ne$s only be tak5 f ! ci/]n & work$ l fre% mat]ial4 ,9 plants hav+ no runn+ wat] at _! disposal & dep5d+ entirely on well wat]1 & :]e ! wa/e wat] has to be dis*>g$ into riv]s or creeks1 wat] conta9+ c>bolic acid %\ld be us$ = all ! wa%+ op]ations1 a fluid conta9+ #a to #b p>ts ( c>bolic acid 9 #aj1jjj p>ts ( wat] be+ suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,su* an addition ( c>bolic acid prev5ts ! wa%-wat] f becom+ f\l4 ,c>bolic acid has ! t5d5cy ( h>d5+ ! glue-/ock & imp>t+ its odor to ! glue1 & among o!r antiseptics1 =maldehyde & boric acid h be5 recomm5d$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ putrefaction = a reasonable "t4 ,=maldehyde 9 weak solution 7#a "p 9 #aj1jjj to #ajj1jjj p>ts wat]7 has be5 f\nd b5eficial4 ,9 ?is small quantity x does n h>d5 ! /ock nor affect ! subsequ5t boil+1 z x is dissipat$ by ! heat4 ,boric acid & its prep>ations1 not)/&+ _! l[ antiseptic p[]1 are mu* 9 favor4 ,a fluid conta9+ #a "p boric acid 9 #bjj p>ts wat] w h to be us$4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( hides & lea!r = glue-/ock may be class$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,bullock lea!r f old animals1 highly lim$1 mix$ ) rump pieces1 also ) horse lea!r1 ! latt] be+ ?91 ( a d>k color & s(t1 & is ( less value ?an bullock lea!r1 because x yields a d>k glue4 ,fat lea!r is bullock's lea!r f fat1 /all-f$ cattle1 & be=e use has to be fre$ f fat 7by means ( b5z9e74 #b4 ,pieces ( hide f ! l[] p>ts ( ! limbs ( cattle1 n lim$ & ) ! hair2 !y =m excell5t glue-/ock1 yield+ a v adhesive glue4 #c4 ,worn-out h+es f weav]s' looms1 consi/+ ( /ronge/ untann$ bullock's hide4 ,:5 treat$ ) lime !y yield a v /rong glue1 b are work$ ) difficulty4 #d4 ,:ip lea!r4 ,?is is wa/e 9 ! manufacture ( :ips1 & is d]iv$ f ?ick taw$ bullock hide4 ,x yields an excell5t1 light-color$ glue4 #e4 ,calf lea!r4 ,broad1 ?91 transluc5t /rips1 slightly lim$1 yields glue ( a v light color4 #f4 ,calves' heads4 ,! sk9 ( calves' heads1 lim$1 )\t hair4 ,!y con/itute ! be/ mat]ial = gelat9e1 & =m a special article ( comm]ce4 #g4 ,calves' feet4 ,! sk9 f ! la/ b "o leg-jo9t :i* is cut (f f dry1 unlim$1 hair$ sk9s4 ,x is ! be/ mat]ial next to calves' heads4 #h4 ,knapsack lea!r4 ,old knapsacks ( calf sk9 & wa/e 9 ! manufacture ( new ones1 taw$ ) ! hair on ) alum & common salt4 ,:5 suitably wa%$ ?is yields good glue-/ock4 ,! alum & common salt h to be completely remov$ by wa%+4 ,! hair is no detrim5t to ! process ( boil+1 x s]v+ z a filt] = ! glue runn+ (f4 ,to ?is class belong also all k9ds ( fur wa/e1 especially remnants ( old fur coats 7%eep sk9 coats71 f :i* ! wool is remov$ & ! sk9 us$ z glue-/ock4 ,all ^! mat]ials hav+ be5 treat$ ) alum & common salt h to be fre$ f !m by suitable manipulation4 #i4 ,h>e & rabbit sk9s fre$ f _! fur4 ,!y yield a light-color$ glue ( little consi/5cy4 #aj4 ,cut rabbit sk9s4 ,9 depriv+ ^! sk9s ( _! fur1 !y are cut by a ma*9e into f9e ?reads ( ev5 size4 ,9 ,france !y are work$ into size = gild]s' use :i* is highly valu$4 #aa4 ,%eep & lamb lea!r 7goat lea!r7 lim$1 ?9 & v light1 yields b a small quantity ( glue ( little consi/5cy4 ,to ?is class belongs ! wa/e 9 ! manufacture ( kid gloves4 ,wa/e ( morocco & o!r v>ieties ( simil> lea!r1 press$ into bales & secur$ ) wire1 comes into comm]ce "u ! "n ( ,levant lea!r4 #ab4 ,wa/e obta9$ 9 p>+ kid lea!r & 9 ! manufacture ( gloves4 ,x con/itutes a floccul5t p[d] & yields v ?9 glue liquor ) slight adhesive p[]4 ,be=e boil+1 ! sub/ances us$ 9 tann+ mu/ be completely remov$ by wa%+4 #ac4 ,surrons4 ,^! are untann$1 unlim$ sk9s ( v>i\s wild animals 7antelopes1 gazelles7 :i* h be5 us$ = pack+ leaf tobacco & v>i\s drugs4 ,!y =m good glue /ock4 #b4 ,,bones ,,& ,,c>tilages4 ,9 addition to hides1 bones are a mat]ial highly valu$ by ! glue boil]4 ,*emically speak+1 ! framework support+ ! fle%y tissues ( ! animal ord]1 & :i* we call bones1 is a comb9ation ( phosphates ( lime & magnesia1 c>bonate ( lime1 & alkal9e salts1 unit$ ) fatty & c>tilag9\s matt]4 ,to ! latt] we look = our yield ( glue2 to ! fatty matt] = ! fat1 & to ! phosphates = ! basis ( f]tiliz]s4 ,bone c>tilage is compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 ! p]c5tage composition be+ practically con/ant1 :e!r ! c>tilage be f an old or a "y animal4 ,! bones ( ! "y are1 h[ev]1 mu* ri*] 9 c>tilage ?an ^? ( ! old4 ,?is is rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ! inorganic or m9]al matt]1 ! old hav+ ! greate/ yield ( phosphates4 ,!n aga91 ! fatty matt]s are m 9 evid5ce 9 full-gr[n animals ?an 9 y\? or age2 also 9 ! ?igh & leg bones ! yield is high] ?an 9 ! heads1 ribs or %\ld] blades1 ! latt] av]ag+ #ab to #ac p] c5t41 :il/ ! =m] runs #ah to #ai p] c5t4#a #a ,bone ,products & ,manures4 ,by ,?omas ,lamb]t4 ,london1 #aija4 ,bones be+ less subject to putrefaction ?an sk9-/ock1 !y are n br\ght into comm]ce 9 a prep>$ /ate4 ,!y are ma9ly b\ght by contract f v>i\s deal]s )9 easy access to ! works4 ,! rates are g5]ally fix$ = a c]ta9 p]iod1 & cov] all classes ( common bones1 :e!r fre% but*]s' or a mixture ) p>tly boil$ bones4 ,bones diff] consid]ably 9 _! value4 ,a fre% bone w yield ! highe/ p]c5tage ( fat & glue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p>tly boil$ bones may conta9 only #f p] c5t4 fat ) #cj p] c5t4 wat]4 ,9 buy+ bones ! manufactur] %\ld ex]cise great c>e1 z ! deal] sometimes f9ds ways & means ( includ+ ho(s1 horns1 iron1 beefy matt]1 & ev5 pieces ( brick4 ,naturally !y =m weight1 b1 except+ ! horns1 h no value4 ,to sep>ate ! diff]5t classes ( bone com+ into ! works1 & arrange !m accord+ to ! am\nts !y w\ld produce ( fat & glue1 is no d\bt a desirable object1 b 9 practice x is seldom c>ri$ out4 ,h[ev]1 if ! manufactur] wi%es to und]take ?is t$i\s "w1 x is recomm5d$ to make ! foll[+ di/9ctions3 #a4 ,bones ( "y animals1 %eep1 calves1 dogs1 cats1 etc41 be+ readily dis9tegrat$1 are ?r[n into "o pile1 & also ! light bones ( ox51 su* z skull bones1 %\ld] bones1 ! v]tebra ( ! tail1 etc4 #b4 ,a second pile is made ( ! foot bones ( goats1 %eep & cattle1 provid$ !y c be _h1 z is ! case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities4 #c4 ,scraps & %av+s f bucks'-horn f turn]s & button-mak]s4 #d4 ,?ick bones ( ox51 horses1 etc41 :i* mu/ rema9 long] 9 ! lime-ba?1 toge!r ) wa/e ( h>d bones f turn]s4 #e4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( bones are h&l$ x is advisable to sort out ! bones ( ! upp] ?igh1 z !y c be m advantage\sly us$ = ! manufacture ( piano-keys1 h&les = too?-bru%es1 etc4 ,ho(s1 :i* are frequ5tly f\nd1 %\ld be ?r[n out1 z !y yield no glue & c be utiliz$ = o!r purposes4 ,! fur!r manipulation ( ! bones = ! manufacture ( glue requires fir/ ( all _! cru%+ or gr9d+ 9 a /amp] or mill4 ,by ?is cru%+ or gr9d+ ( ! bones two objects are atta9$1 namely1 !y are m readily depriv$ ( _! fat & pres5t m po9ts ( attack to ! corrosive ag5ts to be us$ lat] on4 ,! cru%$ bones are put 9 a l>ge boil]1 & = a few h\rs subject$ to ! action ( /eam4 ,leg bones1 z well z horns1 %\ld n be boil$1 z !y conta9 no fat1 & w\ld lose too mu* glue-yield+ sub/ance4 ,aft] boil+1 ! bones are plac$ 9 a lime vat = #h to #ad days4 ,! wat] us$ = boil+ ! fir/ portion ( bones may be us$ = a second "o4 ,! extract$ fat am\nt+ to #d or #e p] c5t4 ( ! quantity ( bones us$1 is tak5 (f ! surface ( ! cold liquor & ! latt] may be utiliz$ z a f]tiliz]1 or f$ to cattle4 ,= cru%+ ! bones1 a /amp+ mill is g5]ally us$1 x yield+1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 mat]ial = ! manufacture ( glue1 z well z granulat$ bones :i* =m an excell5t product = ! prep>ation ( animal *>coal4 ,s9ce animal *>coal 9 pieces ( q ev5 size is n[ 9 g5]al dem&1 x is recomm5d$ to manipulate ! bones 9 ! above-describ$ mann]1 to sell ! granules to ! manufactur] ( animal *>coal1 & use = boil+ glue only ! completely-cru%$ portions & ! por\s bones :i* are n at all suitable = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f %[s a /amp+ mill v suitable = ! cru%+ ( bones1 ! illu/ration %[+ ! mill op5 on ! left side & clos$ on ! "r4 ,x is furni%$ ) #af /amps1 ,d1 ea* /amp be+ provid$ ) a ca/-iron %oe4 ,! /amps are lift$ by means ( a cam %aft 9 su* a mann]1 t ! height ( fall ( ! out]mo/ pairs ( /amps is lea/ & t ( ^? 9 ! c5tre greate/4 ,betwe5 ! inn] /amps is a sieve ,h ) me%es ( suffici5t size to all[ ! l>ge/ pieces1 :i* c be produc$ by granulation1 to fall ?r\gh4 ,und]nea? ! sieve is an ,ar*im$ean screw ,k = c>ry+ (f ! pieces ( bone pass+ ?r\gh ! sieve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! base ( ! /amp+ mill consi/s ( iron plates s arrang$ z to =m /eps1 ! plates ly+ t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! mill con/itut+ ! l[e/ /eps4 ,e two /amps /&+ alongside "o ano!r re/ ^u su* a /ep4 ,:5 ! mill is set 9 motion1 ! bones rea*+ ! /amp+ tr\gh f ! "r & left fall ^u ! /eps1 & are cru%$ by ! desc5d+ /amps4 ,z a rule1 ! bones to be /amp$ are n br\ght directly into ! /amp+ tr\gh1 b are fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a cru%+ mill & ! co>s] pieces ?us obta9$ are subject$ to ! action ( ! /amp+ mill4 ,figs4 #g & #h %[ a well-con/ruct$ bone cru%]4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( two ca/-iron roll]s ,a & ,b1 furni%$ ) case-h>d5$ cutt]s4 ,! bones are introduc$ ?r\gh ! hopp] ,b1 & ! rolls set 9 motion by means ( cog-:eels a & b4 ,! be>+s ( ! roll ,b run 9 a c>riage :i* c be %ift$ by ! lev]-con/ruction f i4 ,! object ( ?is contrivance is to all[ ( ! roll ,b giv+ way 9 case a h>d] mat]ial ?an bones1 = in/ance1 a /one1 passes betwe5 ! rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! ,crosskill bone mill1 ,fig4 #i1 z describ$ by ,s4 ,rideal1 is int5d$ to be driv5 by a /rap f ! fly :eel ( a common portable eng9e4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( /rong roll]s made ( wr\ght-iron ) case-h>d5$ cutt]s1 & a revolv+ or oscillat+ riddle = sep>ation ( ! gr\nd bones z !y fall f ! cutt]s2 ! :ole c>ri$ by a sub/antial ca/-iron frame4 ,! mill w gr9d f #f to #af hundr$-weight p] h\r ) a ?ree to eight horse-p[] eng9e4 ,= sort+ ! cru%$ bones into pieces ( equal size1 a sieve1 ,fig4 #aj1 is us$ consi/+ ( a drum con/ruct$ ( n>r[ bo>ds cov]$ ) wire-nett+ ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,! upp] portion ,a ( ! drum consi/s ( n>r[-me%$ net & ?r\gh ?is falls ! f9e meal :i* is convey$ by ! ,ar*im$ean screw ,f ov] ! frame ,f ,g ,h into vessels s]v+ = its reception4 ,! l[] section1 ,b1 ( ! drum is furni%$ ) nett+1 ! me%es ( :i* become gradually wid] t[>ds ! l[] end1 &1 h5ce1 ! smalle/ p>ticles ( bone fall ?r\gh ! funnel1 ,d1 ! m$ium-siz$ ones ?r\gh ,e1 & ! l>ge/ ones ?r\gh ,f4 ,pieces :i* _c pass ?r\gh ,f1 leave ! drum at ,g4 ,9 factories manufactur+ glue z well z animal *>coal1 ! l>g] pieces are /eam$ by !mselves to obta9 _! fat1 & !n *>r$1 :ile ! small pieces & ! meal are utiliz$ = glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! lime-ba? us$ = bones %\ld be ( ! same /r5g? z t = sk9-/ock4 ,aft] removal f ! lime vat & wa%+1 ! bones are put 9 a tank ( /one or wood 7brick pits %\ld n be us$7 conta9+ cold hydro*loric acid ( #gj ,b4 or #a4je specific gravity 7 #aj4f p] c5t4 ,h,cl7 = ?ick bones1 or half t /r5g? = ?9 bones1 & are ?us left to dige/ = #h to #ad days1 be+ frequ5tly /irr$ & fre% acid add$4 ,by ! action ( ! acid ! calcium phosphate is dissolv$ & ! bones become c>tilag9\s1 flexible & transp>5t4 ,! phosphates c be precipitat$ by ammonia1 or ! :ole evaporat$ ) *>coal or silica1 & di/ill$ to make phosphorus4 ,:5 suffici5tly s(t5$1 ! /ock is wa%$ 9 wick] baskets or a wa%+ drum to remove adh]+ acid4 ,!y are !n plac$ = "o day 9 ! lime liquor1 aga9 wa%$1 & !n ei!r dri$ or /or$ away = future use1 or boil$ at once to glue1 :ile 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,leg bones1 horns1 & o!r s(t bones :i* conta9 sc>cely any fatty matt] are n /eam$ = ! reason previ\sly /at$1 b 9 all o!r respects are treat$ l /eam$ bones4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! bones %\ld be ?or\ghly fre$ f acid1 s9ce ev5 ! smalle/ quantity rema9+ beh9d ex]ts an injuri\s effect ^u ! f9i%$ glue4 ,x is !re=e recomm5d$ to te/ ! wat] dra9+ (f1 or ! bones !mselves1 ) litmus4 ,if ! t9cture turns r$1 x is a sure indication ( ! pres5ce ( free acid1 & ! wa%+ mu/ be cont9u$ until ! blue color ( ! t9cture rema9s con/ant4 ,g]l&'s sugge/ion1 to use dilute sulphur\s acid 9 place ( hydro*loric acid = dissolv+ ! phosphates ( ! bones1 & to evaporate ! sulphur\s acid by heat+1 :]eby ! phosphates are precipitat$ 9 an insoluble /ate1 has n[ be5 q g5]ally introduc$4 ,= ! prep>ation ( gelat9e f bones1 ,jullion & ,pirie's process may be recomm5d$4 ,x requires a some:at exp5sive plant1 b saves hydro*loric acid & "t4 ,! process consi/s ess5tially 9 dissolv+ ! phosphates ( ! bones 9 vacuum4 ,a box ( wood1 or bett] ( granite1 :i* c be clos$ air-tight1 is requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,! box is fill$ ) bones1 & acid ( ! previ\sly-m5tion$ /r5g? p\r$ ov] !m4 ,! box is !n clos$ & ! air pump$ out by wat] or /eam p[]4 ,! smalle/ cracks & pores ( ! bones are ?us fre$ f air1 & ! latt] is replac$ by hydro*loric acid1 :i* 9 ?is mann] acts rapidly & is completely exhau/$4 ,! rema9+ crude glue is !n fur!r work$ 9 ! usual way4 ,bones honey-comb$ by putrefaction1 exposure to ! wea!r1 or burial 9 ! gr\nd are ( little or no value to ! glue-boil]1 z ne>ly all ! glue-yield+ sub/ance has be5 de/roy$2 !y %\ld !re=e be ?r[n out 9 buy+ /ock4 ,! ammonia :i* is =m$ :5 putrefaction sets 91 colors ! glue d>k4 #c4 ,,lea!r ,,wa/e4 ,lea!r tann$ ) a sub/ance insoluble 9 wat] is n directly suitable = manufactur+ glue1 b c be made s by a special process1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at t$i\s1 nev]!less pays = ! tr\ble4 ,9 us+ su* /ock ! manufactur] %\ld make a di/9ction betwe5 old & new lea!r4 ,! pr9cipal mat]ials ( ?is k9d1 l>ge quantities ( :i* contribute _! quota to ! glue-boil]'s /ock1 are old %oes1 /raps1 h>ness1 etc41 & fur!r1 wa/e f %oemak]s1 trunk-mak]s1 & 9 fact f ! %ops ( all work]s 9 lea!r except ^? us+ alum$ lea!r4 ,be=e boil+ ! lea!r wa/e to glue1 ! removal ( all traces ( tann9 becomes absolutely necess>y1 s9ce ! ret5tion ( ! smalle/ quantity prev5ts ! animal tissue f dissolv+ 9 wat]4 ,! v>i\s me?ods propos$ = ! prep>ation ( ! lea!r wa/e diff] ei!r 9 ! *emical solv5t us$1 or 9 ! me*anical manipulation ( ! wa/e4 ,! pr9cipal po9t 9 all me?ods is to comm9ute ! wa/e z uni=mly z possible to facilitate ! complete removal ( ! tann94 ,v>i\s ma*9es1 "s v complicat$1 h be5 propos$ = ! comm9ution ( ! wa/e1 b a rag eng9e or 8holl&]0 su* z is us$ by pap]-mak]s des]ves pref]5ce = ! purpose1 z x n only comm9utes1 wa%es & prep>es ! wa/e 9 a suitable mann] = ! manufacture ( glue1 b ! lea!r pulp :5 mix$ ) rags or woody fibre gives a sub/itute = lea!r :i* is v t\gh & ( good appe>ance1 & c be work$ into _m articles4 ,aft] ! prep>ation 9 ! holl&] & c>eful wa%+ ! wa/e is treat$1 accord+ to ,/5h\se1 "u a pressure ( two atmosph]es 9 a boil] ) wat] to :i* is add$ #ae p] c5t4 ( ! quantity ( wa/e to be treat$ at "o "t ( slak$ lime4 ,by ano!r me?od ! extraction ( ! tann9 is effect$ by boil+ ! lea!r pulp ) cau/ic soda ( #a4jbe specific gravity = f six to twelve h\rs4 ,aft] draw+ (f ! wat] & press+ out1 ! pulp is aga9 boil$ ) cau/ic soda ( ! same conc5tration4 ,! next process is to c>efully wa% out ! soda1 :i* is be/ effect$ 9 ! holl&]4 ,by neutraliz+ ! soda lye 9 ! fluid drawn (f aft] ! fir/ boil+1 x c be re-us$ = tann+ or purposes = :i* tann9 is requir$4 ,accord+ to ano!r me?od1 ! modus op]&i is z foll[s3 ,dissolve #a lbs4 ( oxalic acid 9 #c gallons ( wat]1 p\r ! boil+ solution ov] #aaj lbs4 ( wa/e1 & keep ! mixture 9 a wat]-ba? at a temp]ature ( #agf to #bab ,f4 ,?is effects ! solution ( ! pulp4 ,!n dilute ! solution by add+ gradually #d gallons ( wat] until a uni=m mass is =m$4 ,n[ add #e lbs4 ( lime slak$ to a ?9 pa/e1 & mix ! :ole ?or\ghly4 ,! mass becomes friable & pulv]ul5t4 ,x is pass$ ?r\gh a wire sieve & !n expos$ to ! air4 ,9 ?ree to f\r weeks ! tann9 is entirely de/roy$1 :i* is recogniz$ by ! mass assum+ a light] color4 ,! lime is !n remov$ by wa%+ ) wat] & hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! tann9 has n be5 entirely de/roy$ by exposure to ! air1 add #a lb4 ( liquid ammonia & a l quantity ( pyrolusite to e #aaj lbs4 ( lea!r sub/ance :5 boil+ x to glue4 ,! oxyg5 yield$ up by ! pyrolusite1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonia1 ex]ts no injuri\s effect ^u ! glue1 de/roys ! la/ traces ( tann94 ,frequ5t /irr+ ) a %ovel :ile ! mat]ial is expos$ to ! air & mod]ate heat+1 facilitates ! de/ruction ( ! tann94 #d4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,fi% ,,glue4 ,! air-bladd]s or s\nds ( v>i\s fi%es conta9 mu* glue-yield+ sub/ance & on acc\nt ( its purity1 ! product kn[n z is+lass obta9$ f !m is pref]ably us$ = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes4 ,! high price ( ! raw mat]ial excludes x f be+ us$ by ! glue-boil]1 b z he manufactures sub/itutes = is+lass1 & %\ld !re=e h a ?or\gh k ( ! article ) :i* he has to compete1 its manufacture w be includ$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( ! manufactur] is f9i%$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! raw mat]ial1 i4 e41 ( ! air-bladd]s into crude glue1 is+lass & its sub/itutes w be ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,!re is a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 is+lass & glue manufactur$ f entire fi%es4 ,! raw mat]ial is1 ( c\rse1 limit$ to c]ta9 localities4 ,! pr9cipal po9t to be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture ( fi%-glue is ! removal ( ! sk91 :i* is effect$ by means ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,aft] removal ( ! la/ traces ( acid1 ! fatty matt] ( ! fi%es is saponifi$ by a treatm5t ) milk ( lime frequ5tly r5ew$4 ,aft] wa%+ out ! lime1 ! pulpy mass is plac$ 9 a solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 alum1 & common salt1 :]e x rema9s = a few days4 ,! liquor is !n drawn (f & replac$ by a mixture ( solution ( alum1 dilute sulphuric acid & nitric acid4 ,aft] mac]at+ 9 ?is mixture = a few days1 ! mass is ?or\ghly wa%$ & boil$ to glue1 & ! result+ product cl>ifi$ ) sulphur\s acid or alum solution4 ,z w be se51 ! entire process is t$i\s1 requires _m *emicals1 & besides ! yield ( glue1 :i* has no specially good qualities1 is small4 ,x is us$ z a sub/itute = is+lass = cl>ify+ liquids4 ,! be/ pro( t ! bus9ess is ( b little importance is f\nd 9 ! fact t no fi%-glue has be5 exhibit$ at any ( ! late int]national exhibitions4 ,! scales ( l>ge fi%es1 su* z c>p1 give m favorable results4 ,!y are treat$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 a simil> mann] to bones4 ,! scales d n dissolve entirely1 a horny insoluble mass1 giv+ no glue1 rema9+ beh9d aft] ! solution ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sk9 ,,glue4 ,! ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! raw mat]ials w mat]ially facilitate all succe$+ op]ations1 :i* may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,boil+ ! glue4 #b4 ,cl>ify+ ! glue-liquor4 #c4 ,=m+ or m\ld+ ! glue4 #d4 ,dry+ ! glue4 ,h[ev]1 be=e ent]+ into ! description ( ^! op]ations1 x w be necess>y to ref] to an int]m$iate product1 :i* has be5 previ\sly m5tion$ "u ! "n ( crude glue1 & is prep>$1 = in/ance1 by tann]s & manufactur]s ( p>*m5t1 b also =ms 9 "s localities a special bran* ( indu/ry4 ,?is crude glue is actually n glue1 b a glue-yield+ sub/ance 9 su* a /ate ( prep>ation t x c be directly us$ = ! fir/ op]ation1 namely1 boil+4 ,x consi/s ( wa/e ( sk9s & lea!r ( all k9ds1 completely cleans$1 dri$ & lim$1 & 9 ! case ( lea!r treat$ ) ag5ts = ! extraction ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 ! tann+4 ,z w be readily und]/ood1 ! op]ations requir$ = ! prep>ation ( ?is /ock are virtually ! same z ^? describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] = raw mat]ials & ne$ n fur!r be "h ref]r$ to4 ,! bulk ( su* /ock is prep>$ by taw]s & manufactur]s ( p>*m5t1 ?\gh a consid]able quantity ( x is also d]iv$ f wa/e 9 ! manufacture ( gloves4 ,! product f ! latt] s\rce is also f\nd 9 comm]ce "u ! ,fr5* names ,colle fran*e or ,bro*ette4 ,h[ev]1 if su* /ock is us$1 x is be/ to aga9 imm]se x 9 lime wat]1 aft] :i* x %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! manufacture ( glue f hide & lea!r wa/e diff]s mat]ially 9 _m respects f t ( bone glue1 x be+ ! m simple process1 z no o!r prelim9>y op]ations ?an ! prep>ation ( ! glue-/ock are requir$4 ,! fir/ op]ation is #a4 ,,cook+ ,,or ,,boil+4 ,= ?is op]ation any k9d ( boil] may be us$1 b ! mat]ials %\ld be support$ on a p]=at$ grid a little di/ance above ! bottom1 s z to save !m f risk ( scor*+4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! grid /&s a conical pipe #b to #c feet long1 p]=at$ l ! grid & communicat+ ) ! space betwe5 ! grid & ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,! height ( ! boil] c be increas$ #a to #a feet by plac+ an annul> piece ^u ! rim :i* is b5t upw>ds = its reception4 ,! size ( ! boil] dep5ds on ! quantity ( raw mat]ial to be work$ at "o "t4 ,x is be/ to *oose boil]s hold+ f #aaj to #ddj lbs4 ( glue-/ock1 & to place two1 f\r or m ( su* boil]s 9 "o he>?4 ,! mann] ( us+ su* a boil] is v simple4 ,/raw is plac$ ^u ! false bottom 9 su* a mann] z to cov] its entire surface1 & ext5d up ! sides ( ! boil] at lea/ z f> z x is t\*$ by ! flame4 ,! object ( ! /raw is to s]ve z a filt]1 & protect ! mat]ials f injury by ! flame4 ,b = ! production ( entirely pure gelat9e or glue1 /raw _c be us$1 z1 by boil+1 x yields a yell[ color+ matt]1 :i* passes into ! glue4 ,b>ley /raw gives a less int5se color+ matt] ?an rye /raw4 ,9 case /raw _c be us$1 ! mat]ial is plac$ 9 a l>ge bag1 previ\sly ?or\ghly boil$1 & susp5d$ 9 ! boil] s z n to t\* ! sides4 ,by ?is means scor*+ is prev5t$ ev5 if ! fire t\*es ! bottom z well z ! sides ( ! boil]4 ,! boil] hav+ be5 heap$ ) mat]ial s high z to ov]fl[ ! brim & fill ! annul> piece plac$ ^u x1 is fill$ ) wat] z f> z t\*$ by ! fire4 ,! fire may n[ be />t$4 ,! he>? 9 :i* ! boil] is plac$ %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be s con/ruct$ t ! gases are uni=mly di/ribut$ & ! wat] quickly br\ght to ! boil+-po9t4 ,:5 ! wat] comm5ces to boil1 bubbles ( /eam asc5d f ! space b5ea? ! grid &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! conical pipe1 p5etrate ! glue-/ock4 ,?us ! fir/ =mation ( glue takes place1 & ! /ock beg9s to settle d[n gradually z x goes into solution4 ,! /ock heap$ up 9 ! annul> piece also s9ks d[n gradually1 & be+ p>tly heat$ by ! hot vapors & ?us prep>$ = solution1 is f9ally subm]g$ 9 ! boil+ solution & becomes soon entirely dissolv$4 ,wa/e ( hide & horn pi?s are completely dissolv$ 9 five to sev5 h\rs4 ,no m wat] %\ld be us$ ?an is absolutely requir$ = cook+ ! entire quantity ( /ock1 because too mu* wat] r5d]s ! solution too ?9 & gives a jelly ( little consi/5cy & difficult to dry4 ,conc5trat+ ! glue solution by cont9u$ boil+ is bad practice1 z x is detrim5tal to ! result+ product by reason ( ! glut9 und]go+ a gradual trans=mation4 ,x is be/ to />t ) a sl[ fire to give ! /ock "t to s(t5 & ?us prep>e x = solution4 ,:5 some:at s(t5$1 ! mass is br\ght to boil+ & ! latt] kept up1 g5tly & uni=mly1 until solution is complete4 ,solution is promot$ by c>eful /irr+1 b c>e %\ld be _h n to dis>range ! /raw ^u ! grid & on ! sides ( ! boil] z ?is w\ld int]f]e ) prop] filtration ( ! glue solution4 ,! duration ( cook+ dep5ds on ! nature ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,scraps ( sk9 f "y animals1 antl]s1 %eep trott]s1 etc41 dissolve 9 ?ree to f\r h\rs1 :ile wa/e f ox & horse hides1 or bones f old animals1 require six to eight h\rs4 ,! progress ( ! op]ation is readily asc]ta9$ by p\r+ a small sample ( ! gelat9\s fluid 9 half an egg%ell1 & sett+ x aside = a few m9utes to cool4 ,if a cle> & consi/5t jelly be obta9$1 boil+ has be5 c>ri$ on to a suffici5t ext5t1 & ! liquid is drawn (f4 ,any undissolv$ glue-/ock rema9+ ^u ! /raw filt] c be boil$ by itself1 & ! result+ gelat9\s liquor utiliz$ 9 ! next boil+4 ,x is evid5t t quick & uni=m solution ( ! mat]ials1 :i* enhances ! quality ( ! glue1 is promot$ by comm9ut+ ! glue-/ock ei!r by gr9d+1 /amp+1 or me*anical means4 ,! succe$+ cl>ification ( ! glue is mu* facilitat$ by remov+ :ile boil+ ! scum1 consi/+ ( fat1 coagulat$ album51 lime-soap1 accid5tal admixtures1 & o!r impurities4 ,be=e draw+ (f ! gelat9\s liquor x is advisable to )draw ! fire & all[ ! cont5ts ( ! boil] to re/ = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! residue rema9+ ^u ! /raw filt] consi/s ( hair1 lime-soap1 undissolv$ p>ticles ( hide & bones1 lime1 etc41 & is utiliz$1 aft] repeat$ boil+1 z f]tiliz] or = ! manufacture ( gas4 ,! mode ( glue boil+ above describ$ is ! olde/ & at pres5t is only 9 use 9 small e/abli%m5ts4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts a conv5i5t app>atus = ! purpose4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree boil]s ^u z _m diff]5t levels4 ,! l[] boil]1 b1 s]ves = ! settl+ & cl>ification ( ! glue4 ,x communicates ) ! second boil]1 a1 :i* conta9s ! mat]ial to be act$ on1 by means ( a pipe provid$ ) a /opcock1 & is suffici5tly heat$ by a small fire to keep ! glue liquid )\t all[+ x to rea* ebullition4 ,! upp] boil]1 c1 :i* is heat$ by ! wa/e heat ( ! *imney1 s]ves z an economical res]voir = hot wat]4 ,! end ( ! dis*>ge-pipe ( ! settl+ boil] is provid$ ) a filt] ( wov5 wire4 ,z ! sides & bottom ( ! second boil] are l9$ ) /raw1 :i* acts z a prelim9>y filt]1 ! glue runs (f q cle> f ! settl+ boil]4 ,:5 ?is mode ( manufacture is adopt$1 two boil+s c be made p] day1 "u favorable circum/ances1 s t1 if ! boil] has a capacity ( #bbj lbs4 ( /ock1 :i* w yield f #aaj to #acb lbs4 ( dry glue1 ! daily fabrication w be ab\t #bbj lbs4 ( f9i%$ product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,9 l>g] plants1 ! above describ$ mode ( extract+ ! glue-/ock ) wat] has be5 sup]s$$ by ! use ( /eam 9 a cyl9drical wr\ght-iron boil]1 twice z high z wide1 & capable ( )/&+ a pressure ( ?ree atmosph]es4 ,! boil] is furni%$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom und]nea? :i* t]m9ates a /eam pipe4 ,x is fill$ f above ) previ\sly s(t5$ glue-/ock & ! *>g+ hole h]metically clos$4 ,/eam is !n gradually admitt$ & ex]ts at once a dissolv+ influ5ce ^u ! /ock4 ,a portion ( ! /eam cond5ses & =ms ) ! dissolv$ glue-/ock a conc5trat$ jelly :i* collects betwe5 ! true & false bottoms4 ,= ! escape ( air a cock is provid$ :i* is clos$ z soon z /eam comm5ces to escape f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! advantages ( ?is process are obvi\s4 ,a l>g] quantity ( glue-/ock c be extract$ ?an 9 ! boil] previ\sly describ$1 & !re is no dang] ( injury by scor*+ & consequ5t damage to ! color ( ! glue4 ,m highly conc5trat$ solutions are obta9$ 9 a %ort] "t1 & ! spoil+ ( ! glue solution by too long cont9u$ cook+ is prev5t$ by draw+ (f ! solution z quickly z =m$4 ,! escap+ hot vapors may be utiliz$ = dry+ ! glue1 s(t5+ ! raw mat]ial1 etc41 ! entire quantity ( heat be+ ?us utiliz$4 ,a fur!r great advantage ( ?is me?od is t !re is less annoyance f badly-smell+ vapors ?an :5 boil+ is done ov] an op5 fire4 ,a numb] ( su* boil]s c be arrang$ 9 "o room & suppli$ f a common /eam boil]4 ,fig4 #ab repres5ts a boil] = extract+ glue-/ock ) ! use ( /eam4 ,x is provid$ ) a lid1 ,d1 :i* is remov$ = *>g+ ! boil]4 ,! ap]ture1 ,e1 9 front1 s]ves = ! removal ( ! residue4 ,above ! true bottom !re is ano!r false bottom1 p]=at$ & movable1 :i* c be cov]$ ) /raw = prelim9>y filtration4 ,! /eam rea*es ! glue-/ock ?r\gh a pipe :i* passes ?r\gh ! actual & false bottoms1 & is p]=at$ above ! latt]4 ,! result+ jelly collects betwe5 ! true & false bottoms1 :]e x is less expos$ to ! action ( hot /eam4 ,! escap+ /eam passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,f1 :i* is provid$ ) a /ock-cock4 ,! pressure 9 ! boil] is indicat$ by ! manomet]1 ,k4 ,aft] ?r[+ ! mat]ials into ! boil] !y c be cov]$ ) w>m wat]1 or1 aft] ! lid is clos$1 w>m wat] is introduc$ f a res]voir ?r\gh a special pipe & di/ribut$ ov] ! mat]ial ?r\gh a rose4 ,! boil] /&s ^u a frame suffici5tly high to all[ ( conv5i5tly plac+ a vessel "u ! pipe ,g1 ?r\gh :i* ! jelly is dis*>g$4 ,! vessel1 :5 full1 is convey$ to ! settl+ vat1 or ! arrangem5t may be su* t ! jelly is directly run into ! settl+ vat4 ,9 _m l>ge plants op5 jacket$ pans heat$ by /eam are /ill us$ = treat+ ! mat]ial4 ,fig4 #ac %[s an arrangem5t ) two ( su* pans2 ( c\rse "o1 or a l>g] numb] may be us$1 accord+ to requirem5t4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! pan ,i on ! left is %[n 9 front view1 & ! pan ,,ii on ! "r1 9 section4 ,k#a is ! actual pan enclos$ by ! jacket ,k4 ,/eam circulates 9 ! space betwe5 pan & jacket1 :]eby ! /ock 9 ! pan is heat$4 ,k#a1 9 addition1 is furni%$ ) a /eam coil ,s1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be omitt$4 ,! /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! pipe ,d1 ! space betwe5 pan & jacket1 passes into ! coil ,s1 & escapes at b4 ,! wat] =m$ by ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! space betwe5 pan & jacket1 z well z t :i* runs (f at b f ! coil ,s1 is c>ri$ away by ! pipe ,a4 ,! pipe ,l s]ves = convey+ hot wat] to ! pans1 & ! pipe ,f = ! dis*>ge ( ! f9i%$ glue liquor4 ,! /irr] ,r1 is furni%$ ) two paddles1 & is set 9 motion by a transmission on ! ceil+ ( ! room4 ,x s]ves = keep+ ! /ock 9 ! pans con/antly agitat$1 solution be+ ?us v mu* promot$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! mode ( work+ ) ?is app>atus is v simple4 ,wat] be+ admitt$ into ! pan ?r\gh ,l1 ! glue-/ock is introduc$ & ! mass br\ght to boil+ by admitt+ /eam4 ,! f9i%$ glue-liquor is f "t to "t drawn (f ?r\gh ! pipe ,f into ! settl+ vessel4 ,x is g5]ally pref]r$ n to conc5trate ! glue-liquor 9 ! pans to su* a degree z requir$ to obta9 a jelly1 :i* aft] cool+1 c be imm$iately m\ld$1 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t less conc5trat$ liquors c be m readily & bett] cl>ifi$1 & yield a light] & m transp>5t glue4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,lamb]t gives ! foll[+ process ( cook+3 ,! sk9s are tak5 to ! glue-boil]1 :i* is an op5 vessel1 #h feet 9 diamet] at ! top & #g feet deep1 & provid$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* passes a two-in* pipe1 "o end dipp+ bel[ a lay] ( wat] at ! bottom1 ! o!r project+ ab\t half ! height ( ! boil]1 ?is "p be+ cov]$ ) a p]=at$ hood to spray ! liquor ?r\gh ! mass4 ,! sk9s are plac$ on ! false bottom & ! add$ wat] at ! bottom ( ! boil] is br\ght to ! boil by means ( a /eam pipe4 ,! /eam n be+ able to escape quickly ?r\gh ! d5se mass ( glue-/ock above1 ex]ts a pressure on ! wat]1 =ces x ?r\gh ! pipe1 to be spray$ ?r\gh ! mass1 & ultimately works its way to ! bottom ( ! boil] to be =c$ up aga94 ,?is cont9ual circulation ( ! hot liquor rapidly dissolves ! gelat9\s matt]1 & :5 a /r5g? ( #ah p] c5t4 dry glue is rea*$1 ! fir/ run is made to ! evaporat+ pan1 ! liquor pass+ ?r\gh a filt] ( f9e %av+s1 to remove any susp5d$ matt]4 ,fre% wat] is add$ to ! boil]1 & ! boil+ r5ew$4 ,?ree extractions are usually made1 ! la/ be+ us$ = size4 ,9 ord] to avoid annoyance to ! neighborhood f f\l odors1 ,t]ne's glue-boil] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad may be recomm5d$4 ,! lead-l9$ iron boil] ,a1 ) manholes ,b & ,c1 on top & side1 is furni%$ ) a false p]=at$ bottom ^u :i* ! glue-/ock is plac$4 ,und]nea? ! false bottom lies ! coil ,e ) valve-box e4 ,! boil] is fill$ ?r\gh ! upp] manhole ) glue-/ock & wat] admitt$1 /eam be+ at ! same "t introduc$ 9 ! coil & 9 ord] to quickly heat ! wat]1 direct /eam is also admitt$ to ! boil] ?r\gh ! pipe ,f & cock ,g4 ,:5 ! wat] is boil+ ! cocks ,g & ,f are clos$1 ! coil furni%+ n[ suffici5t heat4 ,dur+ boil+ "s /eam is all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! p>tly-op5$ cock ,l1 all badly-smell+ gases be+ !reby c>ri$ to ! fire-box ( a boil] :]e !y are burn$4 ,:5 boil+ is f9i%$1 ! glue liquor rema9s = a %ort "t 9 ! boil] to all[ ! melt$ fat to sep>ate on ! surface1 ! cocks ,k#a & ,k#e & s]v+ = draw+ (f ! fat4 ,! insoluble residues ( ! glue-/ock rema9 ^u ! false bottom & are tak5 out ?r\gh ! manhole ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 #b4 ,,cl>ify+ ,,! ,,glue-,,liquor4 ,! cle>ness ( glue1 i4 e41 its fre$om f undissolv$ sub/ances1 is by no means a crit]ion ( its value z an agglut9ant1 s9ce pulv]ul5t inorganic sub/ances 7:ite lead7 are frequ5tly int5tionally introduc$ into "s v>ieties1 = in/ance into ,russian glue1 )\t injury to _! adhesive p[]4 ,b z a turbid appe>ance may also be an indication ( uns\ndness & decomposition1 ! manufactur] endeavors by all means to obta9 a cle> product4 ,a /rict di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 cle>ness & color4 ,v d>k-color$ glue may be v cle>1 & a v pale v>iety ! rev]se1 yet bo? possess excell5t qualities4 ,bo? prop]ties1 cle>ness & light color1 _c be obta9$ by ! same process4 ,cle>ness w be fir/ ref]r$ to4 ,if ! glue-/ock has be5 prop]ly prep>$ by r5d]+ adh]+ p>ticles ( blood & fat innoxi\s by lim+ & subsequ5t c>eful wa%+1 ! sep>ation ( ! few rema9+ impurities1 :i* may h pass$ ?r\gh ! /raw filt]1 is readily effect$ by all[+ ! liquor to /&1 c>e be+ _h to keep x liquid z long z possible to give ! grease "t to rise & ! floccul5t & fibr\s impurities to settle4 ,?is is be/ effect$ 9 a wood5 vat surr\nd$ by a wood5 or %eet-iron jacket1 ! int]m$iate space betwe5 jacket & vat be+ fill$ ) a non-conductor ( heat1 or1 if requir$1 x may be heat$ by ! introduction ( /eam4 ,! grease is skimm$ (f z x rises1 & :5 ! solid p>ticles h settl$ ! liquor is drawn (f ?r\gh a pipe plac$ a %ort di/ance above ! bottom ( ! vat4 ,! size ( ! cl>ify+ vat dep5ds on ! size ( ! boil]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 be/ to h two vats = ea* boil]1 9 ord] to keep ! fir/ liquor1 :i* is always cle>] & m conc5trat$1 sep>ate f ! la/ run4 ,to be able to draw ! upp] lay]s ( pur] liquor into cool+ boxes by !mselves1 ! vats are provid$ ) faucets at diff]5t heights4 ,to prev5t putrefaction ( ! liquor :i* readily sets 9 dur+ settl+ at a high] temp]ature1 ! vats %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean1 & f "t to "t r9s$ ) clean1 hot wat]4 ,x is also advisable to l9e !m ) %eet-iron4 ,%\ld ! above-describ$ me*anical sep>ation n prove suffici5t1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r means4 ,alum & sulphate ( alum9a h long be5 us$ = cl>ify+1 #a lb4 ( ei!r ( !m1 pulv]iz$1 add$ to e #cjj gallons ( liquor1 be+ z a rule suffici5t4 ,ei!r ( ^! *emicals removes ! album9\s & extractive con/itu5ts ( ! solution1 & conv]ts ! dissolv$ free lime into sulphate ( lime1 :i* settles readily1 & prev5ts putrefaction ( ! glue solution :ile dry+ "u unfavorable circum/ances4 ,! quantity ( alum m5tion$ above does n impair ! quality ( ! glue4 ,album5 is sometimes us$ = ! bett] qualities ( glue1 & g5]ally = gelat9e1 b a *eap] sub/itute is fre% blood1 :i* conta9s album5 & fibr94 ,dry album5 is dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 or :ite ( egg is us$ direct1 if procurable4 ,be=e add+ ei!r ( ^! sub/ances1 ! liquor is cool$ to #acj ,f41 & ! cl>ifi] well /irr$ 92 !n ! temp]ature is rais$ to ab\t #bjj ,f41 :5 coagulation occurs1 & ! precipitate entangles ! impurities & falls to ! bottom1 requir+1 h[ev]1 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs to cle>4 ,x is said t glues cl>ifi$ ) album5 h a *>act]i/ic soapy smell & %[ a t5d5cy to foam4 ,! precipitation ( ! lime might be bett] effect$ by oxalic acid1 & ! organic sub/ances remov$ z scum by add+ to ! boil+ mass "s a/r+5t matt]1 su* z a decoction ( oak b>k or hops2 b ! purification has1 9 ei!r case1 to be done at ! exp5se ( glut94 ,a glue liquor1 :i* does n cl>ify by ^! means1 is n s\nd1 & is d]iv$ ei!r f spoil$ raw mat]ials1 or su* z h n be5 ?or\ghly prep>$1 or has be5 injur$ 9 boil+4 ,a f> m difficult matt] ?an ! removal ( me*anical admixtures is to free ! liquor f ! color+ sub/ances f :i* x d]ives its color1 & to discolor x )\t injury to ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! glue4 ,! use ( animal *>coal = su* l>ge quantities ( some:at ?ickly-fluid solutions1 :i* are liable to spoil at ! high temp]ature at :i* !y w\ld h to be filt]$1 is v difficult1 & ! result n favorable1 except ! solutions c\ld be successfully depriv$ ( _! t5d5cy to putrefy4 ,! use ( c>bolic acid is also 9 ?is case ! only means ( remov+ ! great t5d5cy ( ! liquor to putrefy1 & h5ce1 if ! liquor is to be discolor$ by treatm5t ) animal *>coal1 x c only be done )\t dang] to ! glue1 by mix+ x ) c>bolic acid4 ,! object is m easily effect$ by blea*+ ! raw mat]ials previ\s to boil+ !m to glue4 ,?is is accompli%$ by plac+ ! glue-/ock1 ?or\ghly lim$ & :ile /ill moi/1 9 a ba? ( *loride ( lime1 n too /rong1 z o!rwise ! solution ( ! mat]ials becomes difficult4 ,a ba? ( ! prop] conc5tration is made by dissolv+ ab\t #i ozs4 ( *loride ( lime 9 suffici5t wat] to cov] #aaj lbs4 ( glue-/ock4 ,aft] "o h\r add suffici5t hydro*loric acid to obta9 an acid reaction1 :i* is recogniz$ by litmus-pap] dipp$ 9 ! ba? turn+ r$4 ,al?\gh ! glue-/ock is n blea*$ entirely ?r\gh by ?is process1 ! ?9 portions & outsides ( ! ?ick mat]ial acquire a light] color1 & ! fir/ run ( glue solution w h a light color & c !n be treat$ fur!r )\t mu* difficulty4 ,sulphur\s acid has be5 successfully us$ = ! production ( colorless glue )\t ! necessity ( boil+4 ,wa/e ( hides & sk9s is ! only available mat]ial = ?is process4 ,place ! wa/e 9 wat] until putrefaction sets 94 ,:5 ?is is ! case wa% ! mat]ial 9 a bag or wick] basket 9 runn+ wat]4 ,!n p\r #b p>ts ( sulphur\s acid ov] #ab p>ts ( wet mat]ial1 mix ! :ole ?or\ghly & let x /& 9 a h]metically clos$ vessel = #bd h\rs4 ,n[ draw (f ! acid1 & aft] wa%+ ! mat]ial ?or\ghly repeat ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! vessel conta9+ ! mixture ( mat]ial & sulphur\s acid is op5$ = ! second "t ! f\l odor %\ld be entirely sup]s$$ by t ( sulphur\s acid1 ?is be+ a sure indication ( ! correct execution ( ! process4 ,wa% ! mat]ial1 &1 aft] squeez+1 ?r[ x into a vat l>ge en\gh n to be fill$ by x m ?an two-?irds full4 ,aft] fill+ ! vat ) wat] all[ ! mass to dige/ at a temp]ature ( #aji4d ,f4 = #bd h\rs4 ,! result w be a gelat9\s solution1 :i* is drawn (f & conv]t$ into glue4 ,! undissolv$ residue is trans=m$ into gelat9\s solution by p\r+ wat] ov] x & all[+ x to /& at a some:at high] temp]ature4 ,= c>ry+ out ?is process & t ( blea*+ ) *loride ( lime x is be/ to use a vat provid$ ) a /irr+ app>atus1 some:at l a holl&] us$ by pape-rmak]s1 z be+ mo/ suitable = wa%+1 dis9tegrat+ & mix+ ! mat]ial4 ,glue-liquor may also be successfully blea*$ ) sulphur\s acid1 & 9 speak+ lat] on ( ! manufacture ( bone glue1 a v practical app>atus = ?is purpose w be describ$4 ,glue-liquor blea*$ by sulphur\s acid cl>ifies v readily & is protect$ f spoil+4 ,! result+ glue rema9s1 h[ev]1 q acid1 & _c be us$ = all purposes1 especially n 9 comb9ation ) colors1 *emicals1 etc41 ^u :i* ! acid has a de/ructive effect4 #c4 ,,=m+ ,,or ,,m\ld+ ,,! ,,glue4 ,aft] cl>ify+1 ! liquor is run into m\lds ( deal wood or %eet iron1 lightly jo9$ & ( a rectangul> =m1 slightly conv]g+ t[>ds ! bottom s z to all[ ! m ready deta*m5t ( _! cont5ts4 ,!y are ab\t #c4be feet long1 #aj in*es wide at ! top1 & #g in*es at ! bottom1 & #e in*es deep4 ,:5 v regul> cakes ( glue are desir$1 cross grooves ( ! requir$ %ape are cut 9 ! bottoms4 ,aft] be+ well cleans$ & rang$ ^u a level ! boxes are fill$ to ! brim ?r\gh l>ge funnels ) /ra9] clo?s affix$ to _! b>rels4 ,x is be/ to place !m ^u p]fectly clean /one flagg+ slightly incl9$ t[>ds a res]voir = ! reception ( su* portions ( _! cont5ts z may run ov]4 ,! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! "w is p]=m$ %\ld be clean & airy1 a dry cell> be+ ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,9 place ( a l>ge numb] ( boxes1 a %all[ vessel l9$ ) %eet-iron & capable ( hold+ ! entire quantity ( liquor is sometimes us$1 f :i* ! solid jelly is cut out 9 cubic masses1 :i* are fur!r divid$4 ,?is arrangem5t c only be recomm5d$ = e/abli%m5ts :]e b "o v>iety ( glue is produc$1 & ! diff]5t lay]s 9 ! cl>ify+ vat are n sep>at$ accord+ to _! cle>ness4 ,be=e runn+ ! liquor into ! boxes ! latt] %\ld be moi/5$ ) wat]1 or1 if made ( wood1 coat$ ) oil1 /e>9e1 or p>aff9 to prev5t ! liquor f p5etrat+ ! wood & ! solidify+ glue f adh]+ to ! sides4 ,aft] ! solidification ( ! glue1 :i* g5]ally takes place 9 twelve to eighte5 h\rs1 ! boxes are inv]t$ ^u a table ) a smoo? top ( wood or /one previ\sly wett$1 s z to prev5t ! adh]5ce ( ! gelat9\s cake to its surface4 ,to deta* x f ! sides ( ! boxes ! moi/5$ blade ( a l>ge knife is g5]ally us$4 ,cutt+ ! cubes ( glue into comm]cial cakes or %eets is readily accompli%$ by obs]v+ ! foll[+ in/ructions3-- ,! %ape ( ! cakes dep5ds pr9cipally on cu/om4 ,! consum] is us$ to a c]ta9 v>iety ( glue1 & if x is n (f]$ to him 9 ! cu/om>y %ape1 he might refuse x & take 8 cu/om else:]e4 ,! quality ( ! glue is ! next po9t to be consid]$4 ,if v d>k1 x is advisable to cut ! glue into ?9 cakes1 & if turbid1 into ?ick ones1 9 ord] to make ?is defect ! less app>5t4 ,?ick] cakes c also be cut if ! conditions = dry+ !m are favorable1 & ?9n] ones if ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! mass is fir/ divid$ by a /eel or brass wire /ret*$ ov] a frame1 l a b[ saw1 into horizontal lay]s4 ,! size ( ^! lay]s is regulat$ by guides :i* are plac$ at di/ances correspond+ ) ! desir$ ?ickness ( ! cake ( glue4 ,in/ead ( "o wire1 z _m z ! cakes ( glue to be cut1 c be /ret*$ ov] ! frame1 :i* is be/ made ( iron & provid$ ) conical p9s by means ( :i* ! wires c be tight5$1 9 ! same mann] z piano /r+s1 :5 !y h become slack by use4 ,! wid? & ?ickness ( ! cakes ( glue are regulat$ by ! di/ance ( ! wires f ea* o!r1 & ! l5g? by ! wid? ( ! box4 ,! cakes ?us =m$ are dext]\sly lift$ f ! block ) ! moi/ blade ( a l>ge knife & plac$ ^u nets4 ,in/ead ( us+ wood5 or %eet-iron cool+-boxes1 x is recomm5d$ to p\r a lay] ( liquor ( ! desir$ ?ickness ( ! glue cakes ^u l>ge poli%$ /one slabs1 & :5 congeal$1 cut x into %eets1 :i* are plac$ ^u ! nets to dry4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are obvi\s4 ,! liquor cools m quickly by be+ expos$ 9 a ?9 lay] ^u a l>ge surface1 :i* r$uces ! dang] ( spoil+1 & a /rong evaporation ( wat] & consequ5t conc5tration take place4 ,besides1 ! cakes %[ ! smoo? surface ( ! poli%$ /one1 & become 9 a %ort "t s h>d1 t :5 plac$ ^u ! nets1 ! tw9e w make no impression ^u !m4 ,liquors :i* 9 gelat9iz+ d n become v solid1 are n run into =m+ boxes1 b ^u glass or z9c plates1 & ?us spread out 9 a ?9 lay]1 acquire suffici5t solidity to be remov$ cake by cake aft] be+ cut4 ,! plates ^u :i* ! glue is run are plac$ 9 frames & laid ^u a table furni%$ ) a rim ab\t #a in* deep4 ,to accel]ate gelat9ization ( ! liquor1 ! table is flood$ ) wat] be=e plac+ ! plates ^u x4 ,:]e cool+-boxes are us$1 ! jelly :5 completely congeal$ is plac$ ^u a table ) a /one plate1 by inv]t+ ! boxes1 & !n cut into cakes4 ,figs4 #ae & #af repres5t ! tools = cutt+ ! jelly into cakes4 ,! block ( glue is laid ^u ! surface ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 & ! frame1 ,b1 is g5tly drawn along 9 ! grooves1 a4 ,9 ! upright portion ( ! frame are fix$ wires at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r z requir$ = ! ?ickness ( ! cakes to be cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,:5 ! block ( glue has be5 cut 9 ?is direction1 x is divid$ by cuts p]p5dicul> to ! =m]1 into cakes ( a size 9 :i* ! f9i%$ product is to be br\ght into comm]ce4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #af s]ves = ?is purpose4 ,! v]tical b>s1 a1 furni%$ ) ! wire1 b b1 s]ve z guides4 ,! %eets ?us =m$ are lift$ f ! block ) ! moi/ blade ( a l>ge knife1 & laid ^u nets4 ,! ma*9e %[n 9 ,figs4 #ag & #ah is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,s*neible1 & x is = slic+ & spread+ glue-jelly prep>atory to dry+1 & x consi/s 9 ! comb9ation ( a reciprocat+ cutt] ) ! jelly-box & a travel+ belt-c>ry+ frame = receiv+ ! slices z cut by ! knife4 ,fig4 #ag is a p>tly sectional side view ( ! ma*9e1 & ,fig4 #ah is a cross-section ( ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,a are side b>s ( ! support+ frame1 fitt$ at ! ends ) cross-%afts1 a1 c>ry+ pulleys1 a a1 ar\nd :i* are endless belts1 b b4 c c are slide-ways ^u ! b>s1 ,a1 & d d are slides c>ry+ a cross-plate1 e1 & also a plate1 f1 to :i* plate e is atta*$ a knife or cutt]1 g1 ! cutt+ edge ( :i* is at ! edge ( ! plate1 f1 & ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! slices to be cut4 ,! cross-%aft1 h1 is fitt$ 9 boxes on b>s1 ,a1 & ne> "o end !re( x is provid$ ) cranks at its ends1 :i* connect by rods1 i1 to ! slides1 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,f ! opposite ends ( ! slides1 rods1 k1 pass to loose arms1 l1 on ! %aft at ! opposite end ( ! ma*9e1 & ! arms1 l1 c>ry pawls1 l1 t engage rat*et-:eels1 m1 fix$ on ! %aft1 s t ! %aft1 h1 be+ revolv$1 ! slides1 ) plates1 e f1 are reciprocat$1 & at ! backw>d movem5t ( ! cutt] ! pawls engage ! rat*et-:eels1 & belts1 b1 are mov$ a di/ance equal to ! movem5t ( ! knife4 ,! jelly-box1 n1 is fix$ to side b>s1 ,a1 by brackets at its ends1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & is plac$ above ! cutt] & ! plate1 e1 s t :5 ! plate1 f1 is drawn out f b5ea? ! box ! plate1 e1 takes its place = hold+ up ! block ( jelly4 ,9 op]ation ! block ( jelly is plac$ 9 box n1 re/+ on plate e4 ,a frame provid$ ) nett+--su* z is us$ = dry+ glue--is plac$ on belts1 b1 b5ea? ! box1 & ! %aft1 h1 be+ rotat$ by p[]1 ! cutt] moves =w>d & cuts a slice f ! jelly4 ,! plate1 f1 at ! same "t mov+ away1 ! slice passes ^u ! frame1 & ! return movem5t tak+ place1 plate f is c>ri$ b5ea? ! jelly-block1 & ! belts be+ at ! same "t mov$1 ! frame is c>ri$ =w>d 9 position = receiv+ ! next slice ap>t f ! fir/ "o4 ,9 ?is mann]1 z slice aft] slice is cut1 !y are spread on ! frame1 & ! frames1 :5 fill$1 are c>ri$ to ! end ( ! ma*9e = removal4 ,! plate1 f1 is adju/able1 s z to v>y ! ?ickness ( ! slices cut4 ,! box may be divid$ into cells ( any size desir$1 s t ea* movem5t ( ! knife w cut a slice f ! bottom ( ea* cell1 & ! box ext5d+ ! full wid? ( ! dry+ frames1 all ! slices cut at once w be prop]ly spread4 ,9 ord] to keep ! plates1 e f1 moi/1 s z to prev5t ! glue-jelly f /ick+ !reto1 !re are fitt$ at ! sides ( ! jelly-box1 n1 op5-bottom$ boxes1 o1 conta9+ fibr\s mat]ial soak$ ) wat]1 :i*1 re/+ on plates1 e f1 keeps _! surfaces moi/4 ,! ma*9e saves ! tr\blesome & exp5sive "w ( spread+ ! jelly by h&1 z has be5 h]et(ore practic$4 ,! knife is to be atta*$ to plate1 e1 9 any suitable mann]1 & ! surface ( plate1 f1 may be corrugat$1 s z to slide on ! jelly m readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! cutt+ app>atus pat5t$ by ,m4 ,dev\lx1 ( ,m>seilles1 is mu* us$ 9 ,france4 ,! ma*9e /&s ^u a bo>d or table1 ^u :i* are fa/5$ two uprights1 f> en\gh ap>t to all[ ( ! passage ( a truck c>ry+ ! glue1 :i* is cut into cakes by blades or wires /ret*$ betwe5 ! uprights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ai %[s ! p]spective elevation ( ! ma*9e ) its truck4 ,! upp] "p is fill$ up = ! reception ( ! glue to be cut up into cakes4 ,! sides are omitt$ 9 ?is figure 9 ord] to admit ( a bett] explanation ( ! sep>ate p>ts4 ,fig4 #bj gives ! same view1 except t ! truck1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is clos$1 is betwe5 ! uprights1 & conta9s ! glue to be cut4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts ! mom5t ! wires h pass$ ?r\gh ! glue & cut x into cakes4 ,9 all ! figures1 a is ! wood5 frame ^u :i* ! ma*9e re/s1 b ! table-plate fa/5$ to ! frame1 c & d are ! uprights1 betwe5 :i* ! cutt+ wires are /ret*$1 & f ! truck c>ry+ ! glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,figs4 #bb & #bc %[ ! truck by itself1 g repres5t+ ! bottom1 & h ! back1 :i* is provid$ ) slight grooves1 into :i* ! wires cat* to assure ! entire cutt+ ?r\gh ( ! block ( jelly2 i is ! upp] "p ( ! truck1 :i* op5s by means ( a h+e1 & :5 clos$ is fa/5$ ) ! p91 k4 ,?is upp] "p ( ! truck is fa/5$ to ! back "p ( ! truck by means ( a screw1 :i* all[s x to be set high] or l[]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! block ( jelly to be cut2 m is ! b> ( a rack fa/5$ to ! truck1 & s]ves = mov+ ! latt]4 ,! driv+ ge>1 n1 ! %aft ( :i* c>ries a crank1 o1 cat*es into ! rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,two bo>ds1 "o on ea* side ( ! truck1 s]ve to keep ! block ( jelly 9 position1 & guide ! truck4 ,) ?is ma*9e #abj1jjj to #acj1jjj cakes c be cut 9 five or six h\rs4 #c4 ,,dry+ ,,! ,,cakes ,,( ,,glue4 ,dry+ ! cakes is )\t d\bt ! mo/ prec>i\s "p ( ! manufacture4 ,! jelly conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wat] :i*1 to prev5t decomposition ( ! jelly be=e x is conv]t$ into glue1 mu/ be evaporat$ z quickly z possible4 ,9 favorable wea!r1 dry+ may be accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! op5 air or 9 cov]$ %$s4 ,dry+ 9 ! op5 air is connect$ ) _m inconv5i5ces1 = if ! sun /rikes ! cakes ( jelly :5 !y /ill conta9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 !y may become s(t s z to run ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! net1 or !y may dry s quickly z to prev5t !m f contract+ to _! prop] size )\t num]\s cracks & fissures4 ,if fro/ sup]v5es1 num]\s cracks may be =m$ 9 ! cakes f ! congelation ( _! wat]1 or a %[] ( ra9 may cause mu* "w & damage4 ,9 consid]ation ( all ^! inconv5i5ces1 x is be/ to conduct ! op]ation 9 a dry+-room4 ,to insure a con/ant circulation ( air1 :i* is absolutely necess>y = ! expulsion ( ! aque\s vapor caus$ by ! evaporation ( su* a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ! dry+-room %\ld be at lea/ #aj feet high1 ev5 if int5d$ = summ] use only1 & ! w9d[s be provid$ ) ,v5etian bl9ds s z to %ut out ! sun1 if necess>y1 )\t di/urb+ ! circulation ( air4 ,to dry ! cakes 9 heat$ rooms 9 w9t] is a m difficult matt]1 z provision has to be made = ! removal ( ! aque\s vapor1 & a curr5t ( w>m dry air has to be kept up at ! same "t4 ,b su* a room is an absolute necessity = ! manufactur] on a l>ge scale1 :o1 9 ord] to c>ry on 8 bus9ess )\t int]ruption ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 mu/ be indep5d5t ( ! *anges ( w9d & wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,! size ( ! dry+-room %\ld be proportional to ! daily production4 ,con/ructions are fitt$ up ) ! requisite frames = ! reception ( ! glue cakes1 & are heat$ by /eam pipes arrang$ along ! walls4 ,9 ! floor 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! /eam pipes are op5+s1 :i* c be op5$ & %ut at pleasure1 = ! admission ( fre% dry air4 ,! latt] on ent]+ ! room is heat$1 & aft] pass+ ov] ! frames & absorb+ wat] f ! glue cakes1 escapes ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! ceil+ to a space above x f :i* x is )drawn by means ( v5tilators 9 ! ro(4 ,a con/ant *ange ( air mu/ be kept up4 ,! quick dry+ ( ! glue is ( ! utmo/ importance1 z o!rwise ! jelly putrefies ei!r entirely or p>tially1 & ! glue acquires a turbid & mean appe>ance4 ,too mu* heat causes ! cakes to b5d & crack4 ,! cakes are laid ^u wideme%$ nets ( tw9e /ret*$ 9 frames #f to #h feet long & #c feet wide4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts ! =m ( nets commonly us$4 ,! nets are plac$ ^u frames1 su* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 arrang$ ar\nd ! dry+-room 9 ! neighborhood ( ! /eam pipes & air flues4 ,z ! cakes h to be occasionally turn$ upside d[n ^u ! nets1 ! latt] mu/ be plac$ at conv5i5t di/ances1 "o above ! o!r 9 ! frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! use ( tw9e nett+ has be5 f\nd to be att5d$ ) _m disadvantages1 ! pr9cipal ones ( :i* are giv5 by ,s4 ,rideal z foll[s3 #a4 8,be+ freely h&l$ 9 ! mak+1 ! nett+ is almo/ always impregnat$ ) dang]\s organisms :i* p5etrate ! moi/ glue cakes1 & cause m\ld+ or putrefaction4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 x is usually attribut$ to a /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 b if ! cakes are exam9$1 ! alt]ation w g5]ally be f\nd to orig9ate along ! l9es made by ! nett+4 ,! fault c\ld be cur$ by /]iliz+ ! net = an h\r at #bab to #bdh ,f4 9 a hot ov51 b besides ! exp5se1 ! fibre is !reby weak5$4 ,moreov]1 ! spores ( a few bact]ia1 su* z ,bacillus subtilis1 :i* is widely di/ribut$ & has ! p[] ( liquefy+ gelat9e1 w be> a heat ( #bdh ,f4 = ov] an h\r1 & /ill be capable ( gr[+4 #b4 8,h[ev] smoo? ! fibre1 ! glue w /ick 9 places1 leav+ small rema9s1 :i* be+ hygroscopic1 become 's\r1' & set up ! objectionable bact]ial *anges 9 ! subsequ5t bat*es4 #c4 8,ow+ to sagg+1 rott+1 sc\r+1 or we>+ into holes1 ! life ( cotton or hemp nett+ is s %ort t ! con/ant r5ewal is a consid]able item4 ,a :ole bat* is frequ5tly spoilt by ! fault ( a net4 ,9 "s works1 heaps ( old nett+ are f\nd1 :i* become v putrid 9 ! ra9 & sun1 & give rise to my/]i\s bact]ial inroads 9 ! factory4 ,9 o!rs !y are regul>ly burnt "u ! boil]s4 #d4 8,! consid]able ov]lap or selv$ge requir$ = secur+ ! edges ( ! net involves a wa/e ( ! area1 & also "s difficulty 9 refix+40 ,= ?is reason metallic nett+ has be5 l>gely adopt$4 ,! be/ mat]ial has prov$ to be a heavily galvaniz$ iron-wire nett+ hav+ no less ?an #ae to #be p] c5t4 ( its weight ( z9c4 ,x c be /r5g!n$ by longitud9al & transv]se wires or ribs4 ,x mu/ be exam9$ by ! microscope to see t x is p]fectly free f holes or cracks1 & %\ld la/ at lea/ two ye>s 9 con/ant use4 ,! temp]ature ( ! dry+-room requires c>eful regulation1 & %\ld nev] be all[$ to rise above #fh to #gg ,f41 z o!rwise ! glue w\ld s(t5 & run ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! net1 or adh]e s firmly to ! tw9e z to require ! nets to be put 9 hot wat] = its sep>ation4 ,dryness ( air is ( f> great] importance 9 ! dry+ process ?an a high temp]ature4 ,to promote ?is dryness ( air & prev5t ! aque\s vapor f cond5s+1 evaporat+1 & aga9 cond5s+ ^u ! cold walls ( ! room1 !y are wa9scot$4 ,?us protect$ by a bad conductor1 !y acquire a high] temp]ature1 & ! aque\s vapor1 in/ead ( be+ precipitat$ ^u !m1 is c>ri$ (f by ! air-curr5ts4 ,z ! cakes plac$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! /eam pipes & ne> ! floor :]e ! dry air ent]s1 dry quicke/1 ! nets conta9+ !m are %ift$ aft] "s "t to a high] "p ( ! dry+-room & _! =m] places fill$ ) cakes /ill wet4 ,:5 ! cakes are dry1 !y are f9ally desiccat$ 9 a room at a high] temp]ature1 :i* s]ves to h>d5 & improve !m4 ,9 mod]n times dry+-rooms h be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$ & 9 ?is c\ntry long dry+ gall]ies are us$1 sometimes #bej feet 9 l5g? & #f to #h feet squ>e1 ) travel+ plat=ms on rails c>ry+ ! %eets ( glue on /\t galvaniz$ nett+4 ,wood is f\nd to be a bett] mat]ial = ! gall]ies ?an /one or brick4 ,figs4 #bf to #bh %[ an app>atus = dry+ glue :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,w4 ,a4 ,hoevell]4 ,fig4 #bf is a plan section1 & ,fig4 #bg a side elevation 9 section1 ( ?is improv$ dry+-alley4 ,fig4 #bh is an end view 9 section4 ,! =m & arrangem5t are z foll[s3-- ,a ,b repres5t ! two p>ts ( ! alley1 sep>at$ by ! p>tition ,c1 :i* is %ort] ?an ! alley1 s z to leave a communicat+ space at bo? ends4 ,at ! front ( section ,a1 is locat$ a bl[]1 ,d1 actuat$ by a /eam-eng9e or o!r motor1 ,e1 also locat$ )9 ! walls ( ! alley4 ,! :ole curr5t f bl[] ,d1 is direct$ ?r\gh section ,a ( ! alley1 :5ce x turns into section ,b1 & comes back ?r\gh x1 to be aga9 drawn into & =c$ out ( ! bl[] into section ,a4 ,by ?is means ! conta9$ air ( ! alley is set 9 cont9u\s motion ?r\gh ! two sections successively1 & z ! /ructure is made z air-tight z practicable 9 su* cases1 ! air rema9s un*ang$ until ! doors ,f1 or ei!r ( !m1 are op5$ to dis*>ge ! vitiat$ air & let 9 ! fre%4 ,9 sections ,a & ,b1 is plac$ ! railway a a1 to admit ( ! conv5i5t movem5t ( ! cont5ts 9 process ( dry+1 :i* are g5]ally set on c>s or buggies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,9 section ,a1 9 front ( bl[] ,d1 is plac$ a /eam or o!r heat+ device1 ,g1 :i* may be ( any =m or design adapt$ to all[ ! air f bl[] ,d to pass ?r\gh x & to heat su* air :ile pass+ !re?r\gh4 ,! inv5tor pref]s ! radiat+ coil = su* purpose1 ! /eam ent]+ at b1 & em]g+ at c4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! alley1 :i* by ! d\ble con/ruction is 9 section ,b1 j back ( ! bl[] & heat+-coil1 !re is plac$ a cond5s+-coil1 ,h1 ( a con/ruction simil> to coil ,g1 & hav+ inlet d1 & outlet e4 ,?r\gh ?is cond5s] !re is kept fl[+ a refrig]at+ liquid or br9e1 :i* r5d]s ! cond5s] v cold4 ,! cont9u\s curr5t ( air f ! bl[] passes ov] ! cont5ts ( ! c>s or trays 9 ! alley & takes up moi/ure 9 its passage4 ,aft] su* passage ! air is *>g$ ) moi/ure & comes 9 contact ) ! coils ( ! cond5s] ,h1 ^u :i* ! *>ge ( moi/ure is cond5s$1 & ! air em]ges dry aga91 ent]s ! bl[]1 & is aga9 made ! vehicle by :i* ! moi/ure ( ! glue or o!r cont5ts is transport$ to & deposit$ on ! cond5s]4 ,9 dry+ glue by ?is me?od d n use ! /eam-coil at ! fir/ /age ( dry+ a *>ge1 z ! dry+ %\ld n be effect$ too rapidly2 b z soon z ! product beg9s to /iff5 prop]ly1 admit ! /eam to ! coil ,g1 & !reaft] ! op]ation is cont9u\s1 z above describ$4 ,by d\bl+ up ! alley into two sections1 z %[n1 ! inv5tor is enabl$ to erect ! alley 9 a m contract$ space4 ,9 a l5g? ( n9ety feet he obta9s ! b5efit ( a s+le alley "o hundr$ & eighty feet long4 ,section ,b may1 if desir$1 be locat$ on top ( section ,a4 ,doors may be locat$ :]ev] desir$1 to facilitate ! movem5t ( ! trays or c>s & ! plac+ ( !m 9 & _! removal f ! alley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,by ! above app>atus ! dry+ c be p]fect$ 9 a v mu* %ort] "t ?an c be done by ! old alleys1 & op]ations c be conduct$ 9 hot wea!r )\t h9drance f ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 cases :]e ! atmosph]e is dry en\gh to disp5se ) ! heat] & ! cond5s]1 ! inv5tor c ?r[ ! doors ,f wide op51 ext5d ! p>tition ,c out to t end ( ! alley1 & !n pres]ve a cont9u\s =c$ draft ( suffici5tly dry air 9 bo? alleys = ! purpose4 ,z !re are _m days dur+ ! ye> f9e en\gh to give reasonably dry air1 op]ations c be conduct$ ) ! bl[] alone 9 ?is way1 & ?us economize ! /eam & ! refrig]at+-br9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,figs4 #bi & #cj %[ a longitud9al section1 ) upp] & gr\nd floor plans ( a mod]n dry+-h\se1 z giv5 by ,?omas ,lamb]t4 ,9 ! gr\nd floor ! :ole ( ! liquors are jelli$ 9 cool]s1 & !n cut into cakes by ! two cutt+ ma*9es 9 ! c5tre4 ,"h a hoi/1 ,e1 ,fig4 #cj1 is plac$ :i* c>ries ! cut cakes on 8glasses0 to ! floor above4 ,?is =ms ! dry+-floor1 & is p>tition$ (f 9 ?ree divisions1 runn+ ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! build+4 ,! two out] divisions =m ! tunnels prop]1 & at ! ends are fix$ two p[]ful revolv+ fans1 driv5 at high spe$ & draw+ ! air ?r\gh ! tunnels at a high rate4 ,at ! opposite ends ( ! fans are fix$ a s]ies ( #f-;in* pipes1 heat$ up by wa/e /eam1 & ! air pass+ betwe5 is w>m$ up to any desir$ temp]ature1 ( necessity bel[ #gh ,f4 ,9 ! c5t] passage a numb] ( girls are employ$ 9 transf]r+ ! cut cakes to ! nets1 :i* are built ^u a c>riage runn+ on a small railway4 ,! c>riage ) ! complem5t ( fill$ nets is run to ! end ( ! division1 transf]r$ to ! l[] railway1 ,c1 by :i* x is c>ri$ ei!r to ! "r or left h& tunnels z desir$2 ! glue :5 dri$ on ! nets is run to ! o!r end & by ano!r l[] railway br\ght to ! middle division1 & ultimately by ! hoi/ rais$ to a l>ge /ore-room1 se5 9 section1 :]e ! glue is sort$ & bagg$4 ,at ! end ( ! /ore-room is plac$ a gr9d+ ma*9e1 & all ! (f-color & twi/$ cakes are gr\nd to a p[d] & sold z p[d]$ glue4 ,! manufactur] by v>y+ ! size ( ! cake1 its ?ickness1 & its color1 may make any numb] ( grades f ! same boil+4 ,fleck proposes to accel]ate ! dry+ ( glue by utiliz+ ! wat]-absorb+ p[] ( "s salts1 su* z ,epsom & ,glaub]'s salts1 ammonium sulphate1 cry/alliz$ acid sodium sulphate1 etc41 = ! purpose ( )draw+ wat] f ! glue cakes4 ,= ! practical application ( ?is pr9cipal a %all[1 wat]-tight1 wood5 box is requir$4 ,! bottom ( ! box is spr9kl$ ) a lay] ( ! wat]-absorb+ salt ab\t half an in* deep1 & cov]$ ) a moi/ l95 clo?4 ,^u ?is is plac$ ! jelly cut into %eets & also cov]$ ) a moi/ clo?1 a lay] ( salt be+ f9ally scatt]$ ov] x4 ,aft] /&+ = a few h\rs1 ! box is slightly incl9$ & ! salt solution all[$ to dra9 (f ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom1 ! dropp+ ceas+ 9 f #ab to #ah h\rs4 ,if n[ ! upp] clo? is tak5 (f ) its lay] ( salt1 ! glue b5ea? x w be f\nd s f> depriv$ ( its moi/ure t :5 plac$ 9 ! sun or expos$ to o!r heat1 x w become completely dry 9 a %ort "t )\t ei!r melt+ or spoil+1 & 9 w9t] may be laid ^u dry+-floors ) ! same result4 ,! salt-solution =m$ may be evaporat$ to cry/allization & ! salt ?us obta9$ be aga9 us$4 ,aft] ! treatm5t ) ! salt1 ! jelly conta9s #gj to #ge p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s glue1 :ile ! cont5t 9 jelly n ?us treat$ v>ies betwe5 #g & #bh p] c5t4 accord+ to ! conc5tration ( ! liquor f :i* x has be5 d]iv$4 ,x is claim$ t ! adhesive p[] ( ! glue is n injur$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,comm]cial glue mu/ n only be ?or\ghly dry1 b %\ld also pres5t a good appe>ance1 %[+ especially lu/re4 ,h[ev]1 aft] dry+1 ! glue is dull1 spott$1 du/y & sometimes ev5 m\ldy4 ,to give a good lu/r\s appe>ance ! dry cakes are dipp$ 9 w>m wat] & replac$ ^u ! nets to dry4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,bone-,,glue4 ,! manufacture ( bone-glue diff]s *iefly f t ( sk9-glue 9 ! processes employ$ = ! conv]sion ( ! glue-yield+ tissues4 ,?is conv]sion may be effect$ by boil+ ! bones ) wat]1 or subject+ !m to ! action ( /eam1 or by fir/ extract+ _! m9]al con/itu5ts ) acid1 & boil+ ! rema9+ c>tilag9\s mass ) wat] until dissolv$4 ,:5 ! f9e/ quality ( all v>ieties ( glue1 namely1 colorless gelat9e1 is to be manufactur$1 ! bones %\ld n be comm9ut$ 9 a /amp+ mill1 because 9 consequ5ce ( ! unavoidable developm5t ( heat1 !y acquire a slightly empyreumatic odor :i* adh]es to ! gelat9e prep>$ f !m1 & _c be remov$4 ,9 factories work+ on a small scale1 ! bones are comm9ut$ by h&1 be+ plac$ ^u a grate-l support ( heavy iron rods & cru%$ ) a wood5 hamm]1 ! face ( :i* is /udd$ ) big-head$ nails4 ,9 l>g] e/abli%m5ts ! cru%+ rolls previ\sly describ$ are us$1 & 9 ord] to less5 ! effect ( heat+ z mu* z possible1 ! cru%$ bones are all[$ to fall directly into a vessel fill$ ) wat]4 ,fat be+ a v valuable con/itu5t ( bones1 x %\ld be ga9$ z completely z possible1 by boil+ or /eam+ ! bones1 or by extract+ !m by means ( a solv5t1 su* z b5z9e or c>bon disulphide4 #a4 ,,boil+ ,,bones4 ,?is is ! old] & m incomplete process ( extract+ ! fat4 ,! bones are plac$ 9 a boil]1 cov]$ ) wat] s t x /&s a few in*es deep ov] !m1 & ! :ole is boil$ ov] an op5 fire4 ,! melt$ fat collect+ on ! surface ( ! wat] is skimm$ (f4 ,by boil+1 a portion ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance is1 ( c\rse1 conv]t$ into glue1 & passes into ! wat]4 ,9 ord] n to lose ?is glue1 ! same wat] is repeat$ly us$ = boil+ fre% quantities ( bones1 & is f9ally us$ = fe$+ pigs4 ,by ?is me?od #d to #e p] c5t4 ( fat is at ! utmo/ obta9$4 ,! bone fat obta9$ by direct boil+ ( ! bones1 is1 if entirely fre% mat]ial has n be5 us$1 ( v inf]ior quality4 ,x is d>k yell[ to deep br[n & ( a disagreeable odor4 ,x is only fit = c]ta9 purposes1 & to be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap has to und]go a special process ( purification1 :]eby x is r5d]$ :ite & odorless4 #b4 ,,/eam+ ,,bones4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a l>g] quantity ( fat ?an is possible by boil+1 ! bones are pref]ably /eam$1 i4 e41 subject$ to ! action ( high-pressure /eam4 ,?is is effect$ 9 a clos$ cyl9d] ( ?ick boil]-plate1 into :i* /eam ( to #a atmosph]e pressure is admitt$4 ,! cyl9d] is provid$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom ^u :i* ! bones are plac$4 ,by /eam+ = two or ?ree h\rs1 all ! fat is extract$ f ! bones & collects1 toge!r ) ! cond5s$ wat] =m$ by ! /eam com+ 9 contact ) ! cold bones1 und]nea? ! false bottom4 ,h[ev]1 by ! cont9u$ action ( high-pressure /eam ^u ! bones1 a consid]able portion ( ! glue-yield+ tissue is conv]t$ into glue1 :i* passes into ! result+ liquor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no drawback if only fat & glue are to be obta9$ f ! bones1 s9ce by cont9u$ /eam+1 a liquor /ill ri*] 9 glue results1 & ne$ only be evaporat$4 ,b1 z a rule1 ! great] portion ( ! bones1 especially ! granulat$ p>ts1 are to be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( animal *>coal1 &1 h5ce1 great c>e has to be obs]v$ 9 /eam+4 ,animal *>coal is produc$ by calc9+ bones 9 vessels f :i* ! air is exclud$1 :]eby ! glue-yield+ tissue is conv]t$ into c>bon1 :i* is di/ribut$ ^u ! bone-e>?4 ,s9ce ! value ( animal *>coal dep5ds on ! quantity ( c>bon x conta9s1 a product prep>$ f bones highly /eam$1 w evid5tly be ( little value1 z a consid]able portion ( ! glue-yield+ sub/ance has be5 conv]t$ into glue4 ,if ! bones are to be us$ = ! production ( animal *>coal !y %\ld be subject$ to ! action ( high-pressure /eam only long en\gh to extract ! fat1 b ! result+ glue-liquor is v ?9 & difficult to "w4 ,! wat]y glue-liquor is fir/ drawn (f1 & ! fat :i* comes la/ is caught by itself4 ,! ?9 glue-liquor is evaporat$ 9 vacuum4 #c4 ,,extraction ,,( ,,bones4 ,to avoid ! loss ( glue-yield+ sub/ance :i* is unavoidable 9 /eam+ bones1 ev5 if only = a %ort "t1 9 _m plants ! fat is n[ extract$ by treat+ ! bones ) b5z9e or c>bon disulphide4 ,no loss ( glue-yield+ sub/ance be+ involv$ by ?is process1 bones ?us treat$ yield ! be/ quality ( animal *>coal4 ,! fat obta9$ by extraction ) c>bon disulphide has su* a disagreeable odor z to r5d] x almo/ wor?less4 ,9 addition ?is solv5t is v volatile1 consequ5tly v inflammable1 & is also v poison\s4 ,= ^! reasons its use = ! extraction ( fat has be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$4 ,figs4 #ca & #cb %[ an app>atus = ! use ( b5z9e :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,adamson & ,*>les ,f4 ,a4 ,simonis1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,x is = ! purpose ( treat+ animal & vegetable sub/ances ) hydroc>bons = extract+ !refrom oily1 fatty & res9\s matt]2 & ! object ( ?is inv5tion is to cause hydroc>bons to trickle ?r\gh su* sub/ances in/ead ( flood+ ! same1 s t x w take up ! oily1 fatty & res9\s matt] )\t any ( ! album9\s or gelat9\s +r$i5ts4 ,fig4 #ca is a v]tical section ( app>atus :]e) ?is inv5tion may be c>ri$ into effect2 ,fig4 #cb1 an inv]t$ plan view ( "p ( ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,a is a vessel1 pref]ably ( cyl9drical =m1 & conta9+ an upp] p]=at$ diaphragm1 a1 & l[] p]=at$ diaphragm1 b1 ! =m] hav+ a c5tral op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial to be treat$ may be introduc$ betwe5 ! two diaphragms1 & ?is op5+ hav+ a deta*able p]=at$ cov]1 d4 ,on ! top ( ! vessel !re is an op5+1 e1 furni%$ ) a deta*able cov]1 f1 & at ! bottom ( ! vessel !re is an outlet-pipe1 h1 furni%$ ) a suitable cock or valve1 i4 ,liquid hydroc>bon1 pref]able su* z is ( a volatile "*--b5z9e1 b5zole1 or gasol9e1 = in/ance--is introduc$ into ! vessel above ! diaphragm a ?r\gh a pipe1 ,h1 & p]=at$ r+1 ,i1 or o!rwise1 ! hydroc>bon pass+ ?r\gh ! diaphragm & falls 9 a %[] on ! sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! vessel4 ,! hydroc>bon w trickle ?r\gh ! mass1 tak+ up :atev] oily1 res9\s1 or fatty matt] x comes 9 contact ) until x falls ?r\gh ! l[] diaphragm into ! space ,d1 :5ce x may be drawn (f f "t to "t ?r\gh ! outlet-pipe1 h4 ,9 extract+ oily1 fatty1 or res9\s matt] f vegetable or animal sub/ances by hydroc>bons1 x has be5 ! practice ei!r to subject !m to hydroc>bon vapors1 or to imm]se or /eep ! sub/ances 9 hydroc>bon until ! latt] takes up ! oily1 fatty1 or res9\s matt]4 ,! vapor plan is pref]able 9 treat+ wet animal sub/ances1 su* z (fal2 b = dry vegetable or animal matt]--se$s1 = in/ance1 or ! residuum result+ f ! r5d]+ ( tall[--we pref] ! plan be=e describ$4 ,! flood+ or /eep+ ( animal or vegetable matt] 9 liquid hydroc>bon results 9 a mixture or emulsion ( gelat9\s1 album9\s1 & fatty or oily matt]1 comb9$ ) animal or vegetable tissues1 ! :ole =m+ an amalgamat$ mass2 h5ce1 :atev] fatty or oily matt] is extract$ is accompani$ by m or less ( ! susp5d$ gelat9e or album51 ei!r ( :i* is m difficult to remove f ! oil or fat1 & has a t5d5cy to discolor ! same4 ,?is difficulty1 x has be5 f\nd1 c be obviat$ by prev5t+ ! hydroc>bon f rema9+ 9 a quiesc5t /ate 9 contact ) ! mat]ial2 9 o!r words1 by caus+ x to trickle ?r\gh ! mass1 :i*1 by ?is plan1 reta9s its granul> condition1 & gives out its oil or fat to ! hydroc>bon )\t ! album9\s or gelat9\s matt]4 ,9 ! app>atus be=e describ$1 = in/ance1 an occurr5ce ( ! objectionable flood+ ( ! mat]ial1 t5d+ to br+ ab\t ! results previ\sly m5tion$1 is obviat$ by nev] p]mitt+ ! extract 9 ! l[] portion ( ! vessel ,a to rea* ! l[] diaphragm b4 ,by draw+ (f ! extract f "t to "t1 any imp$im5t to ! free dis*>ge ( ! hydroc>bon ) su* oily & res9\s matt] z x has tak5 up1 ?r\gh ! l[] diaphragm1 is prev5t$1 & a cont9u\s dripp+ ( ! hydroc>bon ?r\gh ! mass secur$4 ,! extract obta9$ by ! trickl+ or filt]+ process is mu* m conc5trat$ ?an t obta9$ by ! /eep+ & flood+ process4 ,adamson's ,me?od = ,treat+ ,sub/ances ) ,hydroc>bon ,vapor = ! ,purpose ( ,extract+ ,oils1 ,fats1 etc4 ,?is improvem5t is int5d$ to prev5t ! fetid or o!r odors imp>t$ to ! vapor f ! sub/ances treat$ f be+ recommunicat$ to ! said sub/ances1 & to ! extracts obta9$ !refrom ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! vapor f ! re-us$ hydroc>bon4 ,! vapor is obta9$ f b5z9e1 b5zole1 etc4 ,fig4 #cc repres5ts1 p>tly 9 section1 ! app>atus :]eby ! inv5tion may be c>ri$ into effect4 ,a is a vessel 9 :i* ! sub/ances h to be treat$ by hydroc>bon vapor1 ! said sub/ances be+ introduc$ into ! vessel ?r\gh a manhole1 x1 & deposit$ on a p]=at$ diaphragm1 ,b1 ! manhole be+ provid$ ) a suitable cov]4 ,a /eam-coil1 ,d1 is plac$ 9 ! vessel 9 a space b5ea? ! diaphragm1 & liquid hydroc>bon is introduc$ into ! said space1 & is !re vaporiz$ by ! /eam-coil4 ,! vapor ris+ ?r\gh ! p]=at$ diaphragm p]meates ! sub/ance ^u ! same1 s z to extract !refrom ! oily1 fatty1 or res9\s matt]1 :i* passes d[nw>d ?r\gh ! diaphragm into ! space bel[ ! same1 :5ce x may be drawn (f f "t to "t ?r\gh ! dis*>ge-pipe j4 ,liquid hydroc>bon may be introduc$ f a tank1 or f a s\rce expla9$ h]eaft]1 into ! top ( ! vessel ,a1 s t x w pass ?r\gh ! mat]ial & be vaporiz$ :5 x rea*es ! coil2 ! said mat]ial be+ 9 ?is case subject$ to a d[nw>d curr5t ( liquid hydroc>bon & an upw>d curr5t ( vapor4 ,previ\s to ?is inv5tion x 0 ,mr4 ,adamson's practice to cause ! vapor1 aft] act+ ^u ! sub/ances 9 ! vessel1 to pass ?r\gh a worm 9 a cond5s]1 ! l[] end ( ! worm communicat+ ) ! vessel1 ,a1 b5ea? ! diaphragm1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 p4 #he1 s t ! hydroc>bon 0 us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,b 9 practice ?is has be5 f\nd objectionable 9 _m cases = ! foll[+ reason3-- ,9 treat+ animal (fal1 = in/ance1 = ! extraction ( fats1 fetid odors are imp>t$ to ! hydroc>bon vapor1 & rema91 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 ! cond5s$ vapor :5 ! latt] is re/or$ to ! vessel ,a2 h5ce1 ! fetid odors 7 recommunicat$ bo? to ! fatty extracts & to ! mat]ial4 ,! same objections h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 treat+ meat = pres]vation & vegetable matt] = ! extraction ( oil by hydroc>bon vapor4 ,?is difficulty is obviat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! vapor-pipe ,d communicates ) a vessel ,h at ! top ( ! same1 & ! vapor is met by num]\s small jets ( cold wat]--9 ! pres5t in/ance1 f a p]=at$ tubul> r+1 m1 into :i* ! wat] is =c$ ?r\gh a pipe n4 ,_m diff]5t appliances may be us$1 su* z roses1 revolv+ jets1 etc41 = caus+ a spray ?r\gh :i* ! vapor mu/ pass1 & by :i* x mu/ be cond5s$4 ,! result ( ?is w be a supply1 ,i1 ( ta9t$ wat] on ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ,h1 & a quantity1 ,j1 ( wa%$ & purifi$ hydroc>bon above ! wat]1 ! latt] hav+ tak5 up ! fetid odors4 ,! wa%$ hydroc>bon may be drawn (f ?r\gh a pipe1 g1 into any suitable vessel1 & !nce introduc$ ?r\gh ! pipe h into ! vessel ,a1 or may pass directly into ! latt] to be aga9 vaporiz$ !re91 ! vapor aft] p]meat+ ! mat]ial & pass+ ?r\gh ! pipe ,d be+ simultane\sly cond5s$ & wa%$ 9 ! vessel ,h1 prep>atory to be+ return$ 9 ! condition ( purifi$ liquid hydroc>bon to ! vessel ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,by ! practice ( ?is process1 ! inv5tor is enabl$ to obta9 a pur] extract ?an h]et(ore1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! sub/ances act$ ^u are m free f noxi\s odors4 ,*anges may be made 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 z1 = in/ance1 ! vessel ,a may consi/ ( a horizontal holl[ cyl9d]1 & ! vaporiz+ ( ! hydroc>bon may be accompli%$ o!rwise ?an by a /eam-coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,adamson's ,me?od = ,treat+ ,sub/ances ) ,liquid ,hydroc>bon = ! ,purpose ( ,extract+ ,oils1 ,fats1 etc4 ,?is inv5tion relates to a me?od ( treat+ animal & vegetable sub/ances ) liquid hydroc>bons1 su* z b5z5e1 b5zole1 etc41 = ! purpose ( extract+ f su* sub/ances oils1 fats1 etc4 ,! object ( ?is improvem5t is to prev5t ! fetid & o!r odors imp>t$ to ! liquid hydroc>bon by ! sub/ances treat$ f be+ recommunicat$ to ! sub/ances & to ! extracts !refrom by ! liquid hydroc>bon :5 re-us$4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd1 !re is %[n a sectional view ( app>atus :]eby ?is inv5tion may be c>ri$ into effect4 ,a is a vessel into :i* ! sub/ances to be treat$ are introduc$ ?r\gh a manhole1 x1 provid$ ) a suitable deta*able cov]1 & ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! upp] p]=at$ diaphragm1 ,b1 a deta*able p]=at$ plate1 b1 be+ plac$ ov] ! op5+ aft] ! sub/ances h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! same1 ! sub/ances be+ support$ by ! l[] p]=at$ diaphragm1 ,b1 b5ea? :i* is a space = receiv+ ! extract & liquid hydroc>bon aft] ! latt] has p]colat$ ?r\gh ! mass 9 ! vessel4 ,! extract1 :i* occupies ! l[e/ position 9 ! vessel1 may be remov$ !refrom f "t to "t prior to be+ purifi$ by di/illation or o!rwise4 ,! liquid hydroc>bon is p]mitt$ to pass f "t to "t ?r\gh a pipe1 d1 into a vessel1 ,d1 :]e x is met by jets ( wat] f a pipe1 f1 ! hydroc>bon & wat] be+ ?or\ghly agitat$ 9 ! vessel by a revolv+ paddle-:eel1 ,e4 ,?is wa%+ ( ! liquid hydroc>bon may be accompli%$ by diff]5t appliances4 ,= in/ance1 ! paddle-:eel may be disp5s$ )1 & wat] =c$ upw>d into ! vessel f bel[ 9 ! =m ( num]\s small jets4 ,! wat] & hydroc>bon aft] ?is wa%+ op]ation are p]mitt$ to pass into ! subsid+-vessel1 ,h1 ! hydroc>bon be+ above & ! wat] bel[1 ! fetid & o!r odors divid$ by ! hydroc>bon f ! sub/ances 9 ! vessel1 ,a1 hav+1 dur+ ! wa%+ op]ation1 be5 transf]r$ to ! wat]1 :i* may be drawn (f f "t to "t4 ,! wa%$ & purifi$ hydroc>bon may be pump$ directly ?r\gh a pipe1 m1 into ! vessel1 ,a1 to be re-us$ = treat+ ! sub/ances !re92 or x may be pump$1 fir/1 into a res]voir1 & p]mitt$ to fl[ f ! same into ! said vessel1 ,a4 ,m or less hydroc>bon is wa/$ by be+ drawn (f ) ! extract1 & to make up = ?is loss a supply may be introduc$ at int]vals f a tank ?r\gh ! pipe1 h4 ,by ! practice ( ! process describ$ above1 ! inv5tor is enabl$ to obta9 a pur] extract ?an by ! ord9>y process ( treat+ sub/ances ) liquid hydroc>bon4 ,at ! same "t ! sub/ances treat$ w be mu* m free f noxi\s odors ?an :5 ! hydroc>bon is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 )\t wa%+4 ,x is n ess5tial /rictly to adh]e to ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 z ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus w1 9 fact1 dep5d 9 a great measure on ! locality 9 :i* x is to be situat$4 ,adamson's ,process = ,remov+ ,hydroc>bons f ,sub/ances :i* h be5 treat$ !re)4 ,?is process consi/s ( wa%+ f animal & vegetable sub/ances ! hydroc>bon :i* !y reta9 aft] be+ treat$ !re) = ! extraction ( oils1 fats1 etc41 & = o!r purposes4 ,diff]5t app>atus may be employ$ = c>ry+ out ?is process1 & x may be conduct$ 9 ! same vessel 9 :i* ! mat]ial is treat$ ) hydroc>bon4 ,! vessel1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 has be5 f\nd to answ] well = ?is purpose4 ,?is vessel is furni%$ ) a suitable deta*able cov]1 a1 & ) two p]=at$ or wire-gauze diaphragms1 b & d1 bo? ext5d+ across ! int]ior ( ! vessel1 "o ne> ! top & ! o!r ne> ! bottom ( ! same4 ,a /eam-coil1 ,b1 communicat+ ) any adjac5t /eam-g5]ator1 is conta9$ 9 ! vessel bel[ ! l[] diaphragm1 to vaporize ! hydroc>bon1 ! vapor pass+ ?r\gh ! sub/ance betwe5 ! two diaphragms & out ?r\gh a pipe1 ,d1 :i* passes ?r\gh a cond5s]1 ,e1 ! latt] re/or+ ! hydroc>bon to a liquid =m1 9 :i* x is reconvey$ to ! vessel ?r\gh a pipe1 ,d4 ,9 practic+ ! wa%+ process a pipe1 m1 to introduce wat] into ! vessel1 & "o or m outlet-pipes1 n n1 two 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 are necess>y4 ,!re may also be a pipe1 p1 ?r\gh :i* air c be introduc$ into ! vessel1 "u ! circum/ances expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,:5 ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial 9 ! vessel ) hydroc>bon vapor or liquid hydroc>bon has be5 complet$1 /eam is cut (f f ! coil ,b1 ! pipes ,d & ,d are clos$1 & ! cov] a may be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,wat] is n[ admitt$ ?r\gh ! pipe m to ! space 9 ! vessel bel[ ! diaphragm d1 & ! cocks ( ! outlet-pipes n n are op5$4 ,! wat] p]meates ! mat]ial1 passes upw>d ?r\gh ! same1 & c>ries ) x ! hydroc>bon1 ! latt] hav+ a t5d5cy to rise ) ! wat]4 ,z ! wat]1 & :atev] hydroc>bon accompanies x1 pass ?r\gh ! upp] diaphragm1 b1 ! hydroc>bon w at once rise to ! surface1 & w pass ?r\gh ! upp] outlet-pipe1 n1 into any suitable receptacle1 ! wat] pass+ (f ?r\gh ! l[] outlet-pipe4 ,if ?is mode ( sep>at+ ! hydroc>bon f ! wat] is practic$1 ! admission ( wat] to ! vessel %\ld be su* 9 respect to ! outfl[ t ! liquid w rema9 at or ne> a uni=m level1 t is1 ! surface ( ! liquid %\ld be> ! relation %[n 9 ! draw+ to ! upp] outlet4 ,! wat] & hydroc>bon1 h[ev]1 may be drawn (f indiscrim9ately into a suitable receptacle1 & !n sep>at$ by decantation2 b x is advisable 9 all cases t ! wat] %\ld ext5d above ! mass ( mat]ial 9 ! vessel1 s t ! hydroc>bon c at once rise to ! surface z x escapes f ! sub/ance4 ,:5 ! mat]ial is ( su* a "* z to be closely pack$ & n easily displac$ by ! upw>dly-fl[+ wat] 7& ?is is especially ! case ) se$s :i* h be5 treat$ ) hydroc>bons71 x is necess>y to agitate ! mass1 s t ! wat] c ga9 access to e "p !re(4 ,?is agitation ! inv5tor pref]s to effect by air "u pressure introduc$ ?r\gh a pipe1 p1 al?\gh me*anical appliances may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! process may be conduct$ 9 a vessel sep>ate f :i* ! sub/ances h be5 treat$ ) hydroc>bon4 ,a vessel simil> to t %[n1 = in/ance1 b )\t ! coil & pipes1 ,d ,d1 may be us$1 & may be furni%$ ) trunnions 7%[n by dott$ l9es7 & adapt$ to be>+s1 s z to be easily tilt$ :5 its cont5ts h to be remov$2 or ! vessel may h an op5+ ne> ! l[] diaphragm = ! )drawal ( its cont5ts1 a suitable deta*able door be+ adapt$ to ! op5+4 ,f4 ,seltsam's app>atus4 ,9 ?is process ! solv5t is boil$ ) ! bones1 previ\sly co>sely cru%$ & ! du/ sift$ out1 9 a /rong clos$ vessel1 s z to obta9 a high] temp]ature1 great] p5etration & avoidance ( loss4 ,! vapor asc5d+ cond5ses 9 ! pores1 extracts ! fat & collects "u ! false bottom z a lay] ( solution :i* is subsequ5tly di/ill$4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! cyl9d]1 ,a1 is capable ( )/&+ a pressure ( #aj atmosph]es1 & s]ves = ! g5]ation ( /eam & z an extract+ vessel4 ,x is fill$ ) bones & h]metically clos$4 ,! requir$ quantity ( solv5t is !n br\ght by means ( ! pump1 ,b1 f ! res]voir1 ,c1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,d1 into ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 & ! latt] is heat$4 ,! vapors =m$ =ce ! air ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,e1 into ! cond5s]1 ,f1 :]e any vapor :i* may be c>ri$ along is cond5s$ & passes ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,g1 back into ! res]voir1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,:5 all ! air has be5 expell$ f ! app>atus & ! pores ( ! bones1 ! cock on ! pipe1 ,e1 is clos$4 ,! cyl9d]1 ,a1 is !n heat$ s t a pressure ( a few atmosph]es prevails 9 x4 ,! vapors n[ act en]getically ^u ! bones1 ! dissolv$ fat collect+ ^u ! cyl9d]2 ! cock on ! pipe1 ,h1 is !n op5$1 & ! sup]heat$ fluid dis*>g$ "u high pressure into ! di/ill+ app>atus1 ,j1 & ! solv5t is di/ill$ (f f ! fat by means ( /eam4 ,! vapors ( ! solv5t pass ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,k1 into ! cond5s]1 ,f1 & f !re back into ! res]voir1 ,c4 ,:5 ! manomet] on ,a indicates no pressure1 ! cock on ! pipe1 ,h1 is clos$ & ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 aga9 heat$1 ! pipe1 ,e1 be+ op51 s t any solv5t /ill adh]+ to ! bones may escape to ! cond5s]1 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,figs4 #cg & #ch illu/rate ,seltsam's app>atus z improv$ by ,?4 ,ri*t]1 :]eby ! op]ation becomes entirely free f dang]1 ! vaporization ( ! solv5t be+ effect$ by /eam only1 & ! "w is c>ri$ on cont9u\sly4 ,!re are two extract+ vessels1 ,a & ,b1 ( ?ick boil]-plate1 & provid$ ) false bottoms1 ,g1 ^u :i* ! bones are plac$1 /eam be+ admitt$ into ! space betwe5 ! true & false bottoms4 ,! extract+ vessels are surr\nd$ by ! jackets1 ,c1 & are fur!r provid$ ) ! vacuum gauges1 ,e1 & ! air-cocks1 ,f4 ,!re are1 9 addition1 two o!r vessels1 ,h & ,j1 :i* conta9 wat]1 a vessel1 ,k1 = ! solv5t1 & an air-pump1 ,l4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ on z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,! extract+ vessels1 ,a & ,b1 are *>g$ ) bones1 all ! cocks1 ) ! exception ( ,m & ,n clos$1 & ! air-pump1 ,l1 is set 9 motion1 :]eby a vacuum is =m$ 9 ,a4 ,:5 ?is is suffici5tly l>ge1 wat] is admitt$ f ,h ?r\gh ! cock ,o into ! space ,p4 ,! wat]-cock is !n clos$ & ! /eam-cock1 ,q1 op5$4 ,! /eam ent]+ ! space1 ,r1 br+s ! wat] 9 ,p to ! boil+-po9t1 & ! air-pump sucks (f ! /eam =m$ aft] ! cock1 ,n1 is op5$4 ,! air-pump is !n /opp$ & all ! cocks clos$1 except ,s4 ,! solv5t n[ passes f ! vessel1 ,k1 into ! space ,p1 & aft] clos+ ! cock ,s1 is evaporat$ by ! admission ( /eam into ,r4 ,! wat]-cock is !n op5$ & cold wat] admitt$ into ! jacket ,c1 ! solv5t saturat$ ) fat be+ !reby cond5s$ 9 ,p4 ,! wat] is !n dis*>g$ f ,c & /eam introduc$ into ,r#a1 :]eby ! solv5t is evaporat$ & =c$ into ! extract+ vessel ,b by means ( ! air-pump1 ,l1 aft] clos+ ! cocks ,m & ,v4 ,! process is !n repeat$ 9 ,b1 aft] a vacuum has be5 creat$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,a4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! vacuum 9 ,a is int]rupt$ by op5+ ! air-cock ,f & ! fat drawn (f ?r\gh ,p by op5+ ! cock ,u4 ,! bones fre$ f fat are remov$ ?r\gh ! manhole ,d1 & ,a is *>g$ ) fre% mat]ial :ile ! op]ation is c>ri$ on 9 ,b4 ,?us ! op]ation is cont9u\s1 ! solv5t pass+ )\t any loss :atev] f "o extract+ vessel to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,alfr$ ,leun]'s app>atus4 ,fig4 #ci1 works on ! ,soxhlet pr9ciple1 )\t pressure1 us+ solv5t & /eam simultane\sly4 ,! bones are plac$ 9 ,a above ! p]=at$ false bottom ,b4 ,d is a /eampipe by means ( :i* ! bones are /eam$ z a prelim9>y1 ! surplus /eam escap+ ?r\gh ! outlet pipe ,e4 ,aft] /eam+1 wat] & b5z9e are run 9 f ! res]voir ,f1 into ! space "u ! false bottom1 & heat$ by ! /eam coil ,p4 ,! vapors evolv$ are cond5s$ 9 ! worm ,k1 & at fir/ run back ov] ! bones ?r\gh ! cock ,l1 ! vapor pass+ upw>ds to ! worm ?r\gh ,r1 & ! cond5s$ liquid be+ divid$ into sep>ate /reams by ! spread+ plate ,o4 ,aft] "s "t ! cock ,g is op5$ s t ! cond5s$ liquid runs into ! res]voir ,f1 in/ead ( fl[+ back into ,a4 ,:5 all ! solv5t has volatiliz$ no?+ b wat] cond5ses 9 ! worm1 :i* is kn[n by means ( a sampl+ cock atta*$ to ,a1 ! draw-(f cock ,e is !n op5$ & ! wat]y gelat9\s solution & oily matt] run (f into a suitable sep>at+ receptacle4 ,! bones 9 ,a are !n dis*>g$ ?r\gh a manhole1 & ,a be+ refill$1 ! :ole op]ation is repeat$4 ,extraction ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! bones are to be *iefly work$ = glue1 extraction ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 "u 8,bones & ,c>tilages0 may be highly recomm5d$1 ! bones be+ !reby fre$ f _! m9]al con/itu5ts & ! glue-yield+ sub/ance rema9+ beh9d 9 a pure /ate4 ,! bones are all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! acid till !y are flexible & transluc5t4 ,?is may be readily recogniz$ by lay+ ^u ! mat]ial 9 ! vat a bone split 9 two4 ,:5 ! latt] by ! treatm5t ) acid %[s ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( swoll5 c>tilage1 i4 e41 has become transluc5t1 extraction may be consid]$ complete4 ,! solution is !n drawn (f ?r\gh a tap imm$iately above ! bottom ( ! vat into /onew>e vessels1 & convey$ to ! evaporat+ pans4 ,! tap is !n clos$ & en\gh wat] to cov] ! c>tilage is admitt$ into ! vat1 & ! :ole all[$ to /& = a few h\rs 9 ord] to extract z mu* z possible ! solution ( bone-salts rema9+ 9 ! c>tilage4 ,! fluid is !n drawn (f4 ,x is a q conc5trat$ solution ( bone-salts &1 mix$ ) an equal volume ( hydro*loric acid1 may be us$ = ! extraction ( fre% quantities ( bones1 or be mix$ ) ! fluid fir/ drawn (f & evaporat$4 ,! fur!r wa%+ ( ! c>tilage is effect$ by repeat$ly p\r+ wat] ov] x1 ! op]ation be+ cont9u$ until ! wat] runn+ (f %[s no acid reaction4 ,wa%+ has to be done v c>efully1 s9ce glue-solution obta9$ f c>tilage conta9+ b a v small quantity ( acid w n congeal4 ,x is1 !re=e1 advisable to add to ! la/ wa%-wat] #a p] c5t4 ( soda1 ?is quantity be+ q suffici5t = ! neutralization ( ! la/ traces ( acid4 ,sulphur\s acid process4 ,9 ?is c\ntry sulphur\s acid is l>gely employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( glue d]iv$ f bones4 ,:5 ord9>y bones are treat$ ) a curr5t ( moi/ sulphur\s acid gas1 !y absorb f #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( ! gas 9 ! c\rse ( #ab h\rs4 ,! am\nt may increase to #ae or #bj p] c5t4 on long] treatm5t1 b ! excess w !n disappe> on exposure to air4 ,messrs4 ,grillo & ,s*ro$] ( ,dsseldorf1 :o pat5t$ ?is process 9 #ahid1 believe t ?is is simply due to ! calcium phosphate pres5t 9 ! bones1 & rem>k t an absorption ( #aa to #ab p] c5t4 on ! gross weight am\nts to #af or #ag p] c5t4 ( ! inorganic con/itu5ts1 & corresponds to ! equation3 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,,s#b ,h#b,o #b;,ca,h,p,o#d ,ca,s,o#c1 ! sulphur\s acid simply act+ 9 ! same way z sulphuric acid does 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 b be+ a mild] acid ?an sulphuric1 ! alt]ation ( ! organic con/itu5ts :i* are available = glue-/ock c be almo/ entirely avoid$4 ,! acid phosphate is soluble 9 wat]1 !re=e ! bones aft] treatm5t are easily dis9tegrat$ by boil+ wat] :5 a l>ge portion ( ! lime rema9s 9 ! s$im5t1 :ile ! gelat9e is dissolv$4 ,! process z comm]cially conduct$ is v simil> to ! well-kn[n sulphite me?od ( treat+ pap] pulp1 & is c>ri$ on 9 iron cyl9d]s or bett] 9 close wood5 vats l9$ ) lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,! gas is usually g5]at$ 9 an impure =m1 ) a l>ge admixture ( air & c>bonic acid1 by combu/ion ( pyrites & coal1 ( crude sulphur1 or ev5 ( only highly pyrit\s fuel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce x is well e/abli%$ t ! absorption ( a dilut$ gas is less ready1 & is m wa/eful ?an t ( a gas 9 a pure /ate1 ! employm5t ( a def9ite quantity ( sulphur dioxide 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 ei!r prep>$ by ! regulat$ burn+ ( sulphur1 or ! decomposition ( sulphuric acid1 yields m regul> results1 & a product ( bett] quality4 ,liquid sulphur dioxide1 :i* is n[ obta9able at a mod]ate price & 9 quantity1 has ! advantage t x yields a cont9u\s curr5t ( pure gas ( any requir$ rapidity by simply op5+ a valve1 & t ! exact am\nt us$ c be asc]ta9$ by t>+ ! conta9+ vessel be=e & aft] ! op]ation 7,s4 ,rideall74 ,! wa%$ bones are br\ght into ! above-m5tion$ cyl9d] or vat & treat$ ) a saturat$ solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,! duration ( ! action ( ! acid v>ies accord+ to ! condition ( ! mat]ial & c only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! result ( ! process is a liquor almo/ z cle> z wat]1 :i*1 aft] evaporation 9 ! vacuum pan1 is equal z reg>ds cle>ness & lu/re1 to ! be/ quality ( glue prep>$ f wa/e ( hide & sk94 ,! fat extract$ f ! blea*$ bones is light] 9 color & has n ! disagreeable odor ( ord9>y bone fat1 & consequ5tly br+s a bett] price4 ,= ! g5]ation ( sulphur\s acid ,dr4 ,bruno ,t]ne1 ( ,mass41 has con/ruct$ a v simple app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! sulphur is burn$ 9 ,s2 ,a is ! escape pipe ( /one2 ,t1 ! collect+ res]voir2 ,p1 ! /eam-pump = acid2 ,r1 *imney = ! sulphur burn]4 #d4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,c>tilage ,,into ,,glue4 ,! conv]sion into glue ( ! swoll5 c>tilage obta9$ by treatm5t ) hydro*loric or sulphur\s acid may be effect$ by cont9u$ boil+ 9 op5 pans or 9 an app>atus recomm5d$ by ,wm4 ,fri$b]g1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! boil] ,k ( ?ick boil]-plate has a diamet] equal to its height4 ,und]nea? ! p]=at$ false bottom ,s1 :i* s]ves = ! support ( ! bones1 lies a p]=at$ /eam coil ,r--,d = ! introduction ( /eam4 ,to ?is /eam coil is fitt$ a bran*-pipe d1 :i* rea*es into ! upp] portion ( ! boil] into :i* also ent]s ! wat]-pipe ,w4 ,! app>atus is fur!r fitt$ ) a wat]-gauge1 an air cock1 sampl+ cock & manhole = ! introduction ( ! c>tilage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,! mode ( op]ation ) ?is app>atus is z foll[s3 ,! boil] is fill$ ?ree-qu>t]s full ) c>tilage4 ,en\gh wat] to fill ! boil] "o-qu>t] full is !n admitt$ ?r\gh ! pipe ,w1 & ! /eam-cock ,d op5$4 ,! /eam pass+ out ?r\gh ! num]\s p]=ations 9 ! coil ,r1 is at fir/ cond5s$ 9 ! wat]1 b soon br+s ! latt] to ! boil+-po9t1 & f ?is /age on beg9s ! =mation ( glue4 ,! glue dissolves 9 ! wat]1 & a sample ( ! solution is f "t to "t drawn (f ?r\gh ! sampl+ cock & te/$ z to its conc5tration4 ,:5 ! solution possesses ! requir$ conc5tration1 ! admission ( /eam ?r\gh ,r is int]rupt$1 & ! cock d ( ! bran*-pipe op5$1 z well z ! cock ( ! dis*>ge pipe ,h1 ! latt] be+ op5$ gradually4 ,! dis*>ge pipe ,h is connect$ ) ! p]=at$ plate ,f1 :i* is cov]$ ) a closely-wov5 clo? & ?us acts z a filt]1 reta9+ all ! solid p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! glue solution4 ,by op5+ ! cock d ( ! bran*-pipe1 ! /eam-pressure acts only ^u ! surface ( ! fluid1 ! latt] be+ consequ5tly press$ ) great =ce ?r\gh ! filt]-clo?4 ,:5 ! hiss+ noise caus$ by escap+ /eam indicates t all ! fluid has be5 remov$ f ! boil]1 ! cock d ( ! bran*-pipe is clos$1 & ?r\gh a rose fitt$ above ! boil]1 wat] is all[$ to fl[ ^u ! latt]4 ,by ?is cool+ ! great] portion ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] is cond5s$ & wat] may be admitt$ ?r\gh ,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,! op]ation ( glue-boil+ is !n comm5c$ anew by admitt+ /eam into ! /eam coil1 & cont9u$ until ! c>tilag9\s mass has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t "o-?ird ( its orig9al bulk1 :5 ! app>atus is op5$1 fre% mat]ial introduc$1 & ! :ole op]ation repeat$4 ,9 ord] to be able to replace ! filt] )\t hav+ to empty ! entire app>atus1 x has be5 giv5 ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! upp] portion ( ! dis*>ge-pipe ,a is connect$ ) ! l[] portion by ! box-screw ,h4 ,9 ! latt] is ins]t$ a %ort cyl9d]1 ,c1 ) a p]=at$ bottom ^u :i* is plac$ ! filt]-clo?2 ! latt] is kept 9 position by ! r+ ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,= e app>atus two ( ! above-describ$ filt]s w be requir$4 ,if1 not)/&+ a full /eam pressure1 ! glue solution runs (f sluggi%ly1 x is indicative ( ! pores ( ! filt] be+ *ok$ up4 ,! screw-box ,h is !n remov$1 ! filt] tak5 out & replac$ by ano!r "o4 ,! glue solution dis*>g$ f ! app>atus is 9 mo/ cases suffici5tly cle> to all[ ( its be+ imm$iately evaporat$4 ,h[ev]1 = ! production ( a p>ticul>ly f9e quality ( glue1 x is advisable to cl>ify ! solution by settl+4 ,z ! liquor has to be kept w>m to all[ ( ! solid p>ticles to settle1 ,w4 ,fri$b]g recomm5ds ! use ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x consi/s ( an iron cyl9d] ) a diamet] equal to "o-?ird ( its height4 ,! front ( ! cyl9d] is furni%$ ) a numb] ( cocks plac$ at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 & also ) a pipe 9 ! slightly conical bottom4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a wood5 jacket1 ! int]m$iate space be+ fill$ ) a bad conductor ( heat4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! liquor is kept w>m & 9 a liquid /ate = sev]al h\rs1 giv+ ample "t = ! solid bodies held 9 susp5sion to settle on ! bottom4 ,! condition ( ! liquor is f "t to "t te/$ by all[+ a small quantity ( x to run into a glass f ! l[e/ cock 9 front4 ,if ! sample is p]fectly cle>1 ! liquor may be drawn (f4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] sev]al h\rs' /&+ only ! upp] portions ( ! liquor are cle>1 :ile ! l[] ones are /ill turbid1 fur!r cl>ification by ?is means is impossible4 ,! upp] portions ( ! liquor are !n us$ = f9] qualities ( glue & ! l[] ones = inf]ior grades4 ,by treat+ ! c>tilage ) high-pressure /eam1 a liquor is obta9$ :i* on cool+ congeals to q a solid jelly1 & x might be imm$iately br\ght into ! =m+-boxes1 cut into cakes1 & dri$4 ,h[ev]1 z ! dry+ ( ! glue is "o ( ! mo/ difficult op]ations = ! glue-mak]1 x is ( great advantage to obta9 ! liquor 9 z high a /ate ( conc5tration z possible 9 ord] to obta9 a solid jelly1 :i* causes ! lea/ difficulty 9 dry+4 ,= ?is purpose ! liquors leav+ ! cl>ify+ vat ) a /r5g? ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 dry glue are evaporat$ d[n to a /r5g? ( ab\t #cb p] c5t4 9 w9t]1 & #ce p] c5t4 9 summ]4 ,evaporation may be effect$ 9 op5 pans or 9 vacuum4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! arrangem5t ( an op5 evaporat+ pan4 ,! copp] pan ,p has ! =m ( a %all[ cyl9d] ) a slightly conical bottom1 9 ! l[e/ po9t ( :i* is ! dis*>ge pipe = ! conc5trat$ liquor4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! dis*>ge pipe is clos$ by ! ball-valve ,v1 :i* c be rais$ by ! lev] contrivance ,m4 ,! pan is surr\nd$ by an iron /eam-jacket2 ! /eam passes 9 at ,d1 & ! cond5s$ wat] runs (f at ,a4 ,h is a sampl+ cock = tak+ samples to te/ ! conc5tration ( ! liquor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,to prev5t ! workroom f be+ fill$ ) /eam aris+ f ! pan1 ! latt] is cov]$ ) a hood ( wood :i* t]m9ates 9 ! pipe ,s project+ above ! ro(1 & a n>r[ pipe ,r bran*+ (f f ! /eam pipe ,d passes into ,s4 ,:5 vapors comm5ce to arise f ! liquor1 ! cock on ! pipe ,r is slightly op5$ :]eby a jet ( /eam is bl[n into ! pipe ,s1 ! latt] !n act+ z an exhau/]1 & ! vapors 9 ! hood ,c are c>ri$ along by ! jet ( /eam4 ,by ?is arrangem5t no vapor passes into ! workroom & /eam is also v rapidly evolv$ f ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,suffici5t /eam %\ld be admitt$ to ! pan = ! liquor to give out an abundance ( vapor )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ br\ght to ! boil+-po9t1 z 9 t case foam w\ld be =m$ & ! liquor 9 cool+ yield a product full ( bli/]s4 ,:5 ! liquor has acquir$ ! prop] degree ( conc5tration1 ! admission ( /eam to ,d & ,r is int]rupt$ & ! valve ,v hav+ be5 rais$ ! liquor is run into ! cool+-boxes4 ,! latt] are ( wood l9$ ) z9c1 or bett] ( /\t z9c or heavily galvaniz$ iron4 ,!y hold ab\t cwt4 & are ( two %apes3 "o deep & ne>ly squ>e1 ano!r long & %all[1 = quick cool+ ( cle> liquors4 ,iron %\ld n be us$1 z x readily ru/s & causes discoloration ( ! glue4 ,cool+ is effect$ by cold wat] :]e x is available1 b (t5 m]ely by cold air1 aid$ by fans or bl[]s1 9 a room protect$ f heat or fro/4 ,accord+ to ,s4 ,rideal1 refrig]at+ ma*9es are n[ also employ$1 :i*1 by ! evaporation ( liquid gases1 su* z ammonia1 sulphur\s or c>bonic acid1 r$uce a tank ( br9e to ne> freez+-po9t4 ,! temp]ature %\ld n be all[$ bel[ #cc or #cd ,f41 = if froz5 ! jelly is h>d & difficult to cut4 ,! br9e circulates 9 iron pipes plac$ ne> ! ceil+ ( ! room2 !y mu/ be kept z cle> z possible ( ice & dirt1 & ! cool+ h\se %\ld be scrupul\sly clean & sweet4 ,spiral evaporators are recomm5d$ by ,?omas ,lamb]t z =m+ a ready & economical means ( evaporation4 ,! evaporator consi/s ( a spiral /eam coil1 made ( copp]1 & #b in*es 9 diamet]1 revolv+ on a c5tre %aft2 ! l[] half ( ! coil is cov]$ ) ! glue-liquor 9 ! tr\gh4 ,! %aft re/s on two plumm]-blocks1 "o receiv+ ! /eam1 & ! o!r dis*>g+ ! sp5t /eam & cond5s$ wat]4 ,! %aft is holl[ to ! fir/ coil1 & ! /eam is ?us convey$ to ! spiral4 ,f ! la/ coil to ! end ( ! plumm]-block ! %aft is also holl[1 & 9 t portion re/+ on ! block two op5+s are made4 ,9 ! inside ( ! plumm]-block1 two op5+s are bor$ to ! outside1 ea* =m+ a cov]$ *annel2 z ! %aft revolves1 all ! holes directly face ea* o!r at int]vals1 & ?us all[ any cond5s$ wat] 9 ! coils to be bl[n ?r\gh4 ,f #be to #bh coils are g5]ally us$ 9 ea* spiral4 ,! glue-liquors are f$ into ! tr\gh at "o end1 & h a temp]ature ( #ge ,f42 ! temp]ature ( ! evaporat$ liquor is #he ,f4 ,9 ! r sl[ passage ?r\gh ! tr\gh1 ! liquors receiv+ ! heat ( ! revolv+ coils are rais$ 9 /r5g? f #bj p] c5t4 to #cb p] c5t4 dry glue1 at :i* po9t !y are ready = jelly+4 ,vacuum pans are mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = evaporat+ glue-liquors1 ?\gh !re are "s compla9ts made ( ! great wa/e ow+ to spray & fro? be+ c>ri$ (f 9 ! /eam4 ,z is well kn[n ! boil+-po9t is l[]$ by increas+ ! pressure on ! surface ( a fluid4 ,by enclos+ wat] 9 a vessel connect$ ) a con/antly work+ air-pump1 x is br\ght to ! boil+-po9t by heat+ to betwe5 #ie & #ajd ,f4 ,! con/ruction ( vacuum pans is bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 & su* app>atus is l>gely us$ 9 _m manufactur+ processes = evaporat+ to a c]ta9 degree fluids1 = in/ance1 sug> solutions1 :i* readily become decompos$ at a high] temp]ature4 ,vacuum pans are also v suitable = ! evaporation ( glue-solution1 especially 9 plants work+ on a l>ge scale4 ,fig4 #de repres5ts an elevation ( a vacuum pan = evaporat+ glue & gelat9e liquors z describ$ by ,?omas ,lamb]t4 ,! pan is built ( /eel plates1 & l9$ outside ) wood "w1 & re/s on a floor con/ruct$ ( roll$ /eel plates1 support$ on f\r columns1 ) a /airway lead+ to ! work+ plat=m4 ,"o half ( ! l[] "p is %[n 9 section1 giv+ a view ( ! coils by :i* ! pan is heat$4 ,! v>i\s p>ts are z foll[s3 ,a1 ! body ( ! pan2 ,b1 ! dome2 ,c1 exhau/ pipe lead+ f ! dome to ! cond5s]2 ,d1 cond5s]2 ,e1 air or vacuum pump2 ,f1 /orage tank = glue or gelat9e liquors1 w>m$ ) /eam coil2 ,g1 supply pipe lead+ f /orage tank to vacuum pan2 ,h1 dis*>ge valve2 ,i1 b>omet] gauge = indicat+ vacuum2 ,j1 inlet /eam pipe = supply+ ! coils2 ,k1 exhau/ end ( vacuum coils2 ,l1 iron /aircase2 ,m1 /eel floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,! accessories to ! pan are plac$ 9 a conv5i5t position above ! work+ floor & include a /eam gauge = not+ ! pressure 9 ! coils1 a gauge = indicat+ ! height ( ! liquor 9 ! pan1 vacuum gauge ,i1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 air-cocks & a !rmomet]4 ,! pan is also fitt$ ) a small app>atus1 by :i* portions ( ! boil+ liquor c f "t to "t be drawn1 )\t dis>rang+ ! vacuum1 s t ! progress ( evaporation c be asc]ta9$4 ,9 work+ ! pan1 ! /orage tank ,f is fir/ fill$ ) ! weak glue liquors to be evaporat$2 ! valve on ! supply pipe ,g is !n clos$1 & ! vacuum pump set 9 motion2 a few /rokes are suffici5t to r$uce ! int]nal pressure1 & ! valve ( ! supply pipe is !n op5$1 & ! liquor all[$ to fill up ! pan to ! desir$ m>k on ! gauge4 ,! valve is !n clos$1 ! /eam-inlet valve ,j1 supply+ ! coils1 op5$4 ,z ! heat f ! coils spreads ?r\gh ! liquor1 ! vacuum pump is kept /eadily at "w r$uc+ ! inside pressure to )9 #b to #b in*es ( a p]fect vacuum1 z se5 on ! b>ometrical scale4 ,9 ?is vacuum ! liquor w boil at #abj to #acj ,f41 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ until ! )drawn samples1 z te/$ by ! glue-met]1 %[ ! desir$ /r5g?4 ,! pump is !n /opp$1 ! vacuum brok5 by op5+ ! air-cocks1 & ! conc5trat$ liquor is run ?r\gh ! valve ,h into suitably arrang$ receiv+ tanks1 = supply+ ! trays or glasses = jelly+4 ,= economical work+ ) l>ge quantities ( weak liquors1 a comb9ation ( two1 ?ree & ev5 f\r vacuum pans1 =m+ ! d\ble1 triple & quadruple effect evaporators1 h be5 design$ = conc5tration purposes4 ,! triple effect is1 h[ev]1 ! sy/em mo/ly 9 use1 & consi/s ( a gr\p+ ( ?ree cyl9drical pans1 ea* connect$ by suitably arrang$ pip+1 by :i* ! vapors ( ! fir/ pan are convey$ to & made to heat ! coils ( a second pan1 ! result+ vapors f ! second1 pass+ on to ! ?ird pan1 = a simil> purpose4 ,all ! pans are connect$ ) p[]ful pumps1 produc+ a ne>ly absolute vacuum 9 ea*4 ,! liquor is evaporat$ to a giv5 d5sity 9 ! fir/ pan1 & !n pass$ on to ! second1 & ultimately to ! ?ird1 at :i* /age #hj p] c5t4 ( its wat] w h be5 driv5 (f4 ,to obta9 9 all cases a product ( equal conc5tration1 x is advisable to h an in/rum5t :i* w indicate ! am\nt ( dry glue 9 ! solution4 7,fig4 #df47 ,by imm]s+ a glass a]omet] 9 ! glue-liquor1 ! p]c5tage ( glue is indicat$ by a scale regi/]+ f #j to #gj p] c5t4 ) ! jelly or glue solution at a temp]ature ( #afg ,f4 ,to measure ! temp]ature quickly1 a !rmomet] is add$1 & = ! execution ( ! entire te/1 a %eet-iron vessel consi/+ ( a l>ge & two small tubes1 a1 :i* :5 n 9 use1 s]ve = ! reception ( ! glass in/rum5ts conta9$ 9 a special case4 ,= te/+1 ! small cyl9d] is plac$ 9 ! l>ge tube1 a1 & fill$ ) jelly by means ( ! cap :i* s]ves z a cov]4 ,! l>ge tube is fill$ ) hot wat] to br+ ! jelly to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,! two in/rum5ts are !n imm]s$ 9 ! tubes fill$ ) glue-liquors to be te/$1 & temp]ature z well z p]c5tage c be readily read (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,! evaporat$ & cool$ glue-liquor is cut into cakes & dri$ 9 ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$4 #e4 ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,simultane\s ,,utilization ,,( ,,bones ,,= ,,fat1 ,,bone-,,meal ,,& ,,glue4 ,manufactur]s frequ5tly sort ! bones 9 su* a way t mat]ials ( diff]5t quality are obta9$4 ,?ick1 compact bones are utiliz$ = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal1 a comp>atively small p]c5tage ( bone-meal result+ 9 cru%+ su* bones4 ,incompact1 por\s bones1 on ! o!r h&1 yield n only crummy animal *>coal ( less value1 b 9 /amp+ also a l>g] p]c5tage ( bone-meal ?an compact bones4 ,h5ce !y are z a rule directly work$ = fat1 glue & /eam$ bone-meal1 no attempt be+ made to conv]t !m into su* granul> pieces z are suitable = ! production ( *>coal4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! bones are fir/ brok5 by a cru%] or mill into co>se pieces1 & ! fat extract$ by a special process or toge!r ) ! glue 9 "o op]ation4 ,! latt] me?od w\ld seem to be ! mo/ suitable1 "t & labor be+ !reby sav$1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t fat extract$ by itself br+s a mu* bett] price ?an t obta9$ by /eam+1 & besides ! yield ( glue is l>g] f /eam$ bones :i* h be5 previ\sly degreas$4 ,! cru%$ bones--:e!r degreas$ or n--are subject$ to ! action ( high-pressure /eam4 ,! app>atus1 ,fig4 #dg1 us$ = ?is purpose consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( ?ick boil]-plate1 #aj to #ac feet high & #c to #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,e & ,a are manholes1 :i* c be clos$ /eam-tight4 ,! pipe ,d leads to ! /eam-boil] & opposite to ,d is a %ort pipe1 ,h4 ,! cyl9d] is fur!r fitt$ ) ! p]=at$ false bottom1 ,s1 & ! b5t pipe1 ,l4 ,z a rule1 f\r to six1 & 9 l>g] plants ev5 m1 ( su* cyl9d]s are comb9$ to a batt]y4 ,9 ?is case ! dis*>ge pipe1 ,l1 t]m9ates 9 a common collect+ vessel1 & ! /eam-pipes1 ,d1 bran* (f f a ma9 /eampipe4 ,! batt]y may be enclos$ by brickwork1 b is pref]ably plac$ ^u a suitable f\ndation & surr\nd$ by woodwork1 ! int]m$iate space betwe5 woodwork & cyl9d]s be+ fill$ ) sawdu/4 ,?is plan (f]s ! be/ means ( keep+ ! heat toge!r1 & ! fur!r advantage t1 9 case "o ( ! cyl9d]s becomes defective1 x c be readily tak5 out & replac$ by a new "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,9 ord] to be able to fill ! cyl9d]s rapidly & ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( p[]1 x is advisable to place ! bone-cru%] at su* a height t ! cru%$ bones fall directly into c>riages :i* are run ^u a small railway ov] ! *>g+ holes ( ! cyl9d]s1 & empti$4 ,9 front ( ! manholes1 ,a1 = dis*>g+ ! bones is also a railway1 s t ! cru%$ bones c be directly empti$ into c>riages & convey$ to ! /amp+ mill4 ,! cyl9d] hav+ be5 fill$ ) bones1 is clos$ /eam-tight4 ,! cock1 ,h1 is !n op5$ & /eam admitt$ by op5+ ! cock ,d4 ,! /eam pass+ 9 at fir/1 is cool$ (f by com+ 9 contact ) ! bones & cond5s$ to wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! temp]ature 9 ! cyl9d] soon becomes s high t ! /eam is no long] cond5s$ &1 hav+ fir/ expell$ ! air 9 ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! pipe ,h1 x escapes ?r\gh ! latt] 9 ! =m ( a p[]ful jet4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ,h is clos$ & high-pressure /eam all[$ to act ^u ! bones4 ,! fat conta9$ 9 ! bones melts & trickles d[n4 ,on ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] collects a fluid :i* conta9s glue1 is ( a milky turbidity due to admix$ drops ( fat1 & ) a q ?ick lay] ( fat ^u its surface4 ,f "t to "t--ab\t e h\r--! cock ,l is slightly op5$4 ,by ! pressure ( ! /eam ! glue-liquor is expell$ ) great =ce ?r\gh ! pipe ,l1 ! latt] be+ clos$ :5 by ! peculi> noise x is notic$ t only /eam escapes4 ,/eam+ & ! occasional dis*>ge ( melt$ fat are cont9u$ until on te/+ a sample ( ! liquor runn+ (f1 x is notic$ to be free f fat4 ,! liquor 9 ! cyl9d] is !n expell$ by ! pressure ( /eam1 ! /eam-cock ,d clos$1 ! manhole ,a op5$1 & /eam aga9 admitt$ ?r\gh ,d4 ,by ! /eam-pressure ! great] portion ( ! bones 9 ! cyl9d] is expell$ ?r\gh ! manhole ,a4 ,! bones com+ f ! cyl9d] are pliable & s(t1 &1 aft] dry+1 are readily conv]t$ by gr9d+ into bone-meal4 ,= ! manufacture ( animal *>coal x is ( ! utmo/ importance t /eam+ %\ld be int]rupt$ at ! "t :5 ! bones are completely degreas$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 only fat1 glue & bone-meal are to be produc$1 /eam+ may advantage\sly be cont9u$ = a long] "t4 ,! long] ! bones are subject$ to ! action ( high-pressure /eam1 ! m complete ! conv]sion ( glue-yield+ sub/ance into glue w be4 ,to be sure1 ! bone-meal obta9$ f su* bones w conta9 some:at less nitrog5 ?an ! product f bones n /eam$ q s long4 ,h[ev]1 ! cont5t ( phosphates w 9 bo? cases be ! same1 & on ?is dep5ds1 9 ! ma91 ! f]tiliz+ value ( bone-meal4 ,! fluid dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d] consi/s ( a mixture ( glue-liquor & drops ( fat4 ,x is run into a l>ge vat1 9 :i* x is kept w>m = a few h\rs1 :5 ! fat rises & collects 9 a coh]5t mass on ! surface4 ,! fat is !n drawn (f ?r\gh cocks 9 ! upp] portion ( ! vat1 :ile ! glue-liquor is dis*>g$ f ! bottom ( ! vat1 runn+ fir/ ^u a v f9e me%$ sieve1 :i* reta9s ! co>s] bodies held 9 susp5sion1 & !n directly into ! evaporator4 ,9 ! latt] ! liquor is evaporat$ to ! desir$ /r5g?1 :5 x is run into ! cl>ify+ vats1 & f9ally into ! cool+ vessels4 ,) ! above-describ$ process1 ! simultane\s utilization ( ! bones = animal *>coal is only possible if ! cru%$ /eam$ bones are pass$ ?r\gh a sieve = ! purpose ( sort+ out ! granul> pieces ( suitable size4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! process above describ$1 incompact bones are1 z a rule1 us$ :i* give b a small p]c5tage ( granulat$ pieces1 & ! latt] yield an inf]ior quality ( animal *>coal4 ,x is !re=e be/ to use ! /eam$ bones f :i* ! fat & glue h be5 extract$ = ! production ( bone-meal4 ,= ! manufacture ( animal *>coal1 ! bones h to be c>efully sort$1 fre% bones ri* 9 organic sub/ance be+ be/ = ! purpose1 & ! h>de/ & ?icke/ pieces %\ld be select$4 ,previ\s to c>bonization1 ! bones are degreas$ by extraction ) b5z9e or c>bon disulphide1 & !n cru%$4 ,c>bonization 0 =m]ly effect$ 9 iron pots hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #be qu>ts ea*4 ,h[ev]1 by ?is process a uni=m product ( good quality _c be obta9$1 &1 besides1 ! total quantity ( organic sub/ance ( ! bones is lo/4 ,at pres5t c>bonization is effect$ 9 retorts1 :]eby l>ge quantities ( animal *>coal are 9 a comp>atively %ort "t obta9$1 &1 besides1 ! products ( de/ructive di/illation c be completely utiliz$4 ,an ess5tial product ( di/illation is a l>ge quantity ( inflammable gases1 :i* c be us$ = heat+ ! retort-furnace or = illum9at+ ! entire plant1 x be+1 h[ev]1 be/ to arrange ! conduits s t ! gases c be us$ = ei!r purpose4 ,a detail$ discussion ( ! me?ods = ga9+ & fur!r work+ ( ! products ( di/illation is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w1 & only a brief description ( a plant = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal w "h be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,figs4 #dh & #di %[ ! arrangem5t ( a ,belgian retort-furnace1 ,fig4 #dh repres5t+ a v]tical section l5g?ways1 & ,fig4 #di a horizontal section4 ,! illu/rations1 h[ev]1 are giv5 at diff]5t heights 9 ord] to %[ pla9ly ! arrangem5t ( ! fire-place & ! passage ( ! fire-gases4 ,! ca/-iron retorts--sixte5 9 ! app>atus %[n--are plac$ 9 r[s alongside & "o aft] ano!r1 s z to be swept z uni=mly z possible by ! fire4 ,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #di ! fir+ is s arrang$ t only ! upp] portions ( ! retorts are t\*$ by ! flames4 ,b is ! actual fire-place1 & ,a ! a%-pit1 bo? be+ furni%$ ) closely fitt+ doors s t ! fire may be prop]ly regulat$1 & ! retorts ev5tually be exclusively heat$ ) gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,! retorts are cyl9drical 9 =m1 ) "o end clos$4 ,at ! op5 end is fix$ ! frame or m\?-piece1 :i* c>ries ! door swung on a h+e4 ,! door has a slight project+ rim1 "s two in*es wide1 :i*1 ) ! surface ( ! frame1 is gr\nd p]fectly true2 on clos+1 ! jo9t is made gas-tight by a lev] arrangem5t4 ,! fire-gases escap+ f ,b are di/ribut$ z uni=mly z possible by ! flues1 a1 c>ri$ und]nea? ! pans1 ,e1 & f9ally pass out 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s ?r\gh a *imney4 ,at ! "t :5 ! extraction ( fat 0 exclusively effect$ by boil+ ! bones1 ! pans ,e s]v$ = ?is purpose1 & ! spaces ,d1 ,d#a1 ,d#b1 etc41 alongside ! pans1 :i* 7 also heat$ by ! fire-gases1 7 us$ = dry+ ! bones4 ,h[ev]1 at pres5t1 ! extraction ( fat is1 z a rule1 effect$ by means ( b5z9e or c>bon disulphide1 & x is advisable to replace ! pans1 ,e1 by a bonekiln1 & ev5tually to utilize any wa/e heat = heat+ ! evaporators = glue-liquor4 ,fix$ to ! upp] portion ( ea* retort is a pipe1 & ^! pipes lead into a v wide iron-pipe1 ,t4 ,! products ( de/ructive di/illation escap+ f ! retorts comb9e 9 ,t1 & besides hav+ a v l>ge diamet]1 ?is pipe mu/ be consid]ably incl9$ to avoid ! accumulation ( products ( di/illation 9 x4 ,to prev5t ! products ( di/illation f deposit+ 9 a cry/all9e =m 9 ,t1 ! latt] is cov]$ ) a bad conductor ( heat4 ,! pipe ,t is connect$ ) a s]ies ( cond5s+ vessels1 ,d1 ano!r s]ies ( vessels be+ plac$ alongside ! fir/ "o1 s t ! vapors may be conduct$1 z desir$1 into ei!r "o ( !m4 ,two batt]ies ( su* cond5s+ vessels are requir$1 z "o ( !m has f "t to "t to be dis5gag$ 9 ord] to be cleans$4 ,if ! products ( di/illation w\ld h to ov]come ! entire pressure ( ! column ( fluid 9 ! cond5s+ vessels1 _! escape f ! retorts w\ld be v mu* ret>d$4 ,to avoid ?is1 plates are arrang$ horizontally a few in*es bel[ ! level ( ! fluid1 & ! pipes dip into ! cond5s+ vessels only f> en\gh to p]mit ! escap+ vapors to pass "u ^! plates4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! vapors sweep "u ! plates & are absorb$ by ! fluids1 a /rong pressure 9 ! app>atus be+ ?us avoid$4 ,! cond5s+ batt]ies may ( c\rse consi/ ( any numb] ( vessels1 b z a rule only a suffici5t numb] to reta9 all ! ammonia is employ$1 five be+ 9 mo/ cases suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,! la/ cond5s] is connect$ ) an exhau/-pump1 p p1 :i* is kept 9 motion by a motor1 ,p4 ,! pump removes all ! bodies rema9+ 9 ! la/ cond5s] & =ces !m1 accord+ to ! position ( ! cock back ( ! pump1 ei!r into a glass-bell or ?r\gh ! pipe ,h & ! nozzles a into ! fire-place :]e !y are burn$4 ,to obta9 ! v>i\s products ( di/illation1 ! cond5s+ vessels h to be fill$ ) acid1 & %\ld !re=e be con/ruct$ ( lead or at lea/ ( %eet-iron l9$ ) lead4 ,! products to be obta9$ dep5d on ! fluid us$ = fill+ ! vessels2 if fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 ammonium sulphate is obta9$1 :i* may be utiliz$ 9 ! prep>ation ( f]tiliz]s4 ,if hydro*loric acid is employ$ = ! absorption ( ammonia1 solution ( ammonium *loride is obta9$1 :i* may be cry/alliz$ by evaporation4 ,! products evolv$ 9 ! de/ructive di/illation ( bones consi/ ( v>i\s hydroc>bons & appe> ei!r z badly-smell+ br[n liquors--bone-t>--or z illum9at+ gas4 ,! vapors conta9 fur!r consid]able quantities ( ammonium c>bonate & cyanide ( ammonium4 ,to obta9 ! latt]1 ! la/ cond5s+ vessel is fill$ ) gre5 vitriol solution1 ! cyanog5 comp\nds rema9+ beh9d 9 ! solution4 ,if ! gas escap+ f ! la/ cond5s] is to be us$ = illum9at+ purposes1 x is fre$ f ! great] portion ( c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 x by purification ) lime4 ,! mode ( op]ation ) ,belgian retort furnaces is z foll[s3 ,! retorts hav+ be5 fill$ ) comm9ut$ degreas$ bones1 ! doors are clos$ p]fectly gas-tight & fir+ is comm5c$4 ,! pump is set 9 motion until a jet ( gas bl[s ?r\gh ! nozzles4 ,:5 ?is gas-jet burns ) a lum9\s flame1 de/ructive di/illation ( ! bones is 9 full bla/4 ,! pump is !n run ) su* velocity t ! pressure 9 ! int]ior ( ! retorts1 z indicat$ by ! manomet]1 is slightly great] ?an ! ext]nal air-pressure1 & ! op]ation is ?us cont9u$ s long z inflammable gases escape f ! pipe ,h4 ,! pump is !n /opp$1 & "o-half ( ! *>coal conta9$ 9 ! retorts is )drawn to ! cani/]s plac$ ready to receive x4 ,! lids ( ! cani/]s are !n lut$ d[n ) a pa/e ( *>-du/ & wat]1 mak+ an air-tight jo9t1 & ! *>coal is all[$ to cool4 ,! retorts hav+ be5 p>tially empti$1 are at once refill$ to ! brim ) cru%$ bones & clos$ gas-tight4 ,!re is b little or no loss ( heat betwe5 )draw+ & *>g+1 & di/illation ( ! fre%ly-introduc$ bones comm5ces imm$iately aft] *>g+1 & is f9i%$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,9 mak+ animal *>coal on a l>ge scale !re are obta9$ f #bjjj lbs4 ( raw mat]ial3 ,animal *>coal1 #aahj to #abbj lbs4 ,ammoniacal liquor1 #agh to #ahj lbs4 ,gas1 #bbb to #bdh cubic y>ds4 ,h[ev]1 ^! figures ref] only to bones degreas$ by /eam+1 :]eby a consid]able portion ( ! c>tilag9\s sub/ance passes into solution 9 ! =m ( glue4 ,9 work+ bones degreas$ ) b5z9e1 l>g] yields ?an ^? indicat$ above are z a rule obta9$4 ,! ammoniacal liquor conta9s on an av]age #aj p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,! gas fre$ f c>bonic acid yields #b4g times m light ?an good coal-gas4 #f4 ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,simultane\s ,,utilization ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,= ,,fat1 ,,glue ,,& ,,calcium ,,phosphate4 ,?is process diff]s f ! "o previ\sly describ$ 9 t1 9 addition to ! total quantity ( fat & glue-yield+ sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! bones1 ! m9]al salts are also obta9$ 9 a pure /ate1 & c be fur!r utiliz$4 ,! bones are degreas$ ei!r by extraction ) b5z9e or c>bon disulphide or /eam+1 ! op]ation 9 ! latt] case be+ cont9u$ s long z fat is yield$ by ! bones4 ,! result+ glue-liquor is us$ 9 place ( wat] = boil+ ! c>tilage4 ,! bones are plac$ 9 l>ge wood5 vats furni%$ ) well-fitt+ lids1 & hydro*loric acid ( #ab p] c5t4 p\r$ ov] !m s t !y are cov]$ a few in*es deep4 ,) ! use ( acid ( #a4jd specific gravity ! great] portion ( ! salts conta9$ 9 ! bones w pass into solution 9 #dh to #gb h\rs1 :5 ! solution is drawn (f z completely z possible f ! vats4 ,! residue 9 ! vats is treat$ ) less conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & left 9 contact ) x until ! bones are s(t & flexible & ! ?9n] pieces h become transluc5t1 ?is be+ a pro( t all ! m9]al salts h be5 extract$1 & no?+ b pure c>tilag9\s sub/ance rema9s beh9d4 ,! solution is !n drawn (f1 & aft] p\r+ repeat$ly small quantities ( pure wat] ov] ! c>tilage to expel ! la/ remnants ( acid liquor1 x is subject$ to ?or\gh wa%+ until ! la/ traces ( acid h be5 remov$4 ,! result+ c>tilage is :ite1 transluc5t1 & wat]-soak$4 ,if left 9 ?is /ate x w\ld ( c\rse soon putrefy1 & x is be/ to "w x at once1 or if ?is _c be done x w h to be treat$ ) c>bolic acid 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$1 or dri$4 ,dry+ ! c>tilage is "t-consum+ "w1 & c prop]ly be done only by artificial heat 9 kilns4 ,if c>efully protect$ f moi/ure1 ?or\ghly dri$ c>tilage may be kept )\t injury = any l5g? ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 be=e be+ work$ to glue1 su* mat]ial has to be aga9 soak$ 9 wat] previ\s to ! actual boil+ op]ation1 & ?is process requires consid]able "t4 ,x is !re=e be/ to pres]ve x 9 c>bolic acid solution1 :i* only ne$s to be drawn (f :5 ! c>tilage is to be work$1 & may be fur!r utiliz$4 ,if boil$ 9 op5 vessels ) wat]1 #f to #h h\rs are requir$ = ! complete dis9tegration ( ! c>tilage4 ,9 a clos$ app>atus "u high pressure solution is effect$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t & ! op]ation progresses v smoo?ly4 ,) prop] att5tion ! glue obta9$ f bones degreas$ ) b5z9e & fre$ f bone-e>? by extraction ) hydro*loric acid is1 z a rule1 v cle>1 & may be blea*$ ) sulphur\s acid4 ,! extraction ( ! phosphates f bones may be effect$ 9 a v suitable mann] z foll[s3 ,a numb] ( vats fill$ ) bones are plac$ 9 t]races "o above ! o!r1 & ! acid is all[$ to run fir/ into ! upp]mo/ vat4 ,aft] hav+ be5 = sev]al h\rs 9 contact ) ! bones x is dis*>g$ into ! next vat1 fre% acid be+ run into ! fir/ "o1 & s on4 ,by ?is process a highly conc5trat$ solution ( phosphates is 9 a few h\rs obta9$ 9 ! l[e/ vat1 solution /ill adh]+ to ! bones 9 ! o!r vats be+ f9ally expell$ by wat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! process ( extraction "u decreas$ pressure is ! mo/ advantage\s1 x requir+ lea/ "t4 ,= ?is purpose ! bones are br\ght into a vessel :i* c be clos$ air-tight & ! air is expell$4 ,:5 b a slight air-pressure prevails 9 ! vessel1 ! cock ( a res]voir fill$ ) hydro*loric acid is op5$1 ! ext]nal air-pressure n[ =c+ hydro*loric acid into ! extract+ vessel4 ,bones1 z view$ "u ! microscope1 consi/ ( a mass p]meat$ ) num]\s m9ute tubes or pores4 ,:5 ! air is expell$ f ! vessel conta9+ ! bones1 ! air 9 ! pores ( ! latt] is r>efi$ & ! holl[ spaces are fill$ ) hydro*loric acid :]eby solution ( ! phosphates is effect$4 ,! yield ( glue obta9$ f c>tilage aft] extraction ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts v>ies accord+ to ! compactness ( ! bones us$4 ,solid & compact bones yield1 on an av]age1 #ae p] c5t4 ( dry glue1 b a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( calcium phosphate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 por\s bones ri* 9 c>tilage yield f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( dry glue4 ,! liquor obta9$ by treat+ ! bones conta9s1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 calcium phosphate1 magnesium phosphate & calcium *loride 9 solution1 & may be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s or ( phosphorus4 ,= ! fir/ purpose :i* is n v remun]ative1 b is n v tr\blesome1 ! liquor is treat$ ) milk ( lime until x is slightly alkal9e1 :]eby a f9ely divid$ precipitate ( basic calcium phosphate is obta9$1 :il/ calcium *loride rema9s 9 solution4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle1 sep>at$ f ! sup]natant fluid & dri$4 ,! result+ product conta9s1 on an av]age1 #fe p] c5t4 calcium phosphate1 up to #bj p] c5t4 wat] & #aj to #ae p] c5t4 calcium c>bonate1 quick lime & accid5tal impurities4 ,x =ms an excell5t f]tiliz]4 ,if ! liquor is to be utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus1 x is evaporat$ 9 %all[ pans ( glaz$ /onew>e4 ,9 cool+ cry/als ( acid calcium phosphate are =m$1 :i* are sep>at$ f ! "m-liquor4 ,?is subject w be m fully ref]r$ to 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,phosphorus4 ,9 "s in/ances ! prep>ation ( phosphorus is c>ri$ on 9 conjunction ) o!r indu/ries1 = in/ance1 glue-boil+1 ! prep>ation ( sal ammoniac1 yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 etc4 ,bone-a% is ! *ief mat]ial us$ by phosphorus mak]s4 ,_m manufactur]s d n burn ! bones to a%es1 b pur*ase bone-a%1 l>ge quantities ( :i* are br\ght f ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially f ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( prep>+ phosphorus includes ! foll[+ op]ations3 #a4 ,burn+ ! bones & gr9d+ ! bone-a% to p[d]4 #b4 ,decomposition ( ! bone-a% by sulphuric acid1 & evaporation ( ! acid phosphate previ\sly mix$ ) *>coal4 #c4 ,! di/illation ( ! phosphorus4 #d4 ,! ref9+ & purify+ ! phosphorus4 ,burn+ ! bones to a%4 ,! object ( ! ignition ( ! bones is ! complete de/ruction ( ! organic matt]4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ 9 a kiln v simil> to ^? 9 use = burn+ lime4 ,a lay] ( bru%-wood hav+ be5 put on ! bottom ( ! kiln1 bones =m ! next /ratum1 & s on alt]nately4 ,! wood hav+ be5 light$1 ! combu/ion ( ! bones ensues4 ,9 ord] to c>ry (f ! fumes1 ! smell ( :i* is v (f5sive1 a hood made ( boil]-plate is plac$ on ! kiln1 & ei!r connect$ ) a tall *imney1 or ! smoke & gases are conduct$ into ! fire ( ! kiln & burnt4 ,! :ite burnt bones are )drawn ?r\gh an op5+ res]v$ 9 ! wall on purpose1 ! kiln be+ kept cont9u\sly 9 op]ation1 z 9 ! case ) "s lime kilns4 ,?is k9d ( kiln1 h[ev]1 possesses _m disadvantages1 & an improv$ =m1 z propos$ by ,fleck1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,! actual combu/ion *amb] consi/s ( a %aft1 ,a1 compos$ ( two inv]t$ cones4 ,9 ! l[e/ portion ( ! l[] cone are f\r or six ap]tures1 b1 :i* t]m9ate 9 incl9$ *annels & s]ve z air-flues1 z well z = )draw+ ! burnt bones4 ,?r\gh ! ap]ture a 9 ! upp] portion ( ! %aft additional bones may be introduc$4 ,?is ap]ture is cov]$ ) a heavy iron lid4 ,z w be se5 f ! illu/ration1 ! %aft contracts t[>ds ! top 9 ! =m ( a retort & passes into a horizontal *annel ,b :i* is provid$1 ne> its beg9n+1 ) an ord9>y fire-place d4 ,! gases & fumes escap+ f ! burn+ bones mu/ pass ov] ! flame ( ! fire-place d1 & are !reby s completely consum$ to wat]1 c>bonic acid & free nitrog5 t no odor is p]ceptible ev5 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! kiln4 ,9 ord] n to lose ! heat yield$ by ! fire-place d & ! burn+ vapors1 ! *annel ,b is cov]$ ) %all[ pans ,p1 = ! evaporation ( su* fluids z h to be subject$ to ?is treatm5t 9 ! factory4 ,! mode ( op]ation ) a kiln ( ?is con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,! %aft is fill$ two-?irds full ) bones & dry wood split 9 small pieces is plac$ 9 ! *annels b & simultane\sly ignit$4 ,f\r or six long hot flames ?us /rike ! bones1 ! latt] becom+ 9 a %ort "t s highly heat$ t !y comm5ce to burn briskly & ignite fre% portions ( bones introduc$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture a4 ,! :ite burnt bones 9 ! l[] portion ( ! kiln are )drawn1 :ile 9 a gl[+ /ate1 by means ( iron hooks2 ! next lay] ( bones s9ks d[n & fre% mat]ial is introduc$ ?r\gh a1 ! kiln be+ ?us kept cont9u\sly 9 op]ation4 ,! quantity ( sub/ance :i* rema9s aft] burn+ ! bones dep5ds ( c\rse on ! quality ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,tubul> bones ( old animals conta9 ! l>ge/ quantity ( m9]al sub/ance1 & give a mu* m abundant yield ( bone-a% ?an ! spongy bones ( y\ng] animals4 ,on an av]age #ajj p>ts by weight ( fre% bones yield #ee p>ts by weight ( bone-a%4 ,! composition ( ! latt] is z foll[s3 ,basic calcium phosphate1 #hj to #hd p] c5t4 ,basic magnesium phosphate1 #b to #c p] c5t4 ,calcium c>bonate1 #aj to #ad p] c5t4 ,calcium fluoride1 ,! bone-a% ?us obta9$ is conv]t$ into a co>se p[d] by means ( ma*9]y1 a bone-mill be+ be/ suit$ = ! purpose4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! granules obta9$ by gr9d+ %\ld be ! size ( l5tils4 ,) ! use ( l>g] pieces ! acid1 ) :i* ! a% is treat$ lat] on1 does n p5etrate ! entire ?ickness ( ! bone mass & a portion ( ! latt] rema9s undecompos$4 ,if ! granules are too small1 lumps are =m$ :5 ! a% is br\ght toge!r ) ! acid1 & ! mass w\ld h to be con/antly /irr$ 9 ord] to1 make ! action ( ! acid effective4 ,decomposition ( ! bone-a% by sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! basic calcium phosphate--! con/itu5t ( ! bone-a% :i* comes "h into consid]ation--is br\ght 9 contact ) an acid ( suffici5t /r5g? to effect its decomposition1 calcium sulphate 7gypsum7 is =m$1 & a solution ( acid calcium phosphate4 ,if ! latt] be mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! mixture expos$1 ) ! exclusion ( air1 to a /rong r$ heat1 ! acid calcium phosphate is fir/ conv]t$ into calcium metaphosphate1 wat] be+ yield$4 ,at ?is high temp]ature ! calcium metaphosphate is by ! action ( ! c>bon decompos$ to basic calcium phosphate & phosphorus2 ! latt] escapes 9 ! =m ( vapor & may be caught 9 suitable cond5s+ vessels4 ,h5ce ?ree sep>ate processes h to be di/+ui%$3 #a4 ,! =mation ( acid calcium phosphate f ! basic calcium phosphate conta9$ 9 ! bone-a%4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate4 #c4 ,decomposition ( ! calcium metaphosphate1 phosphorus be+ lib]at$1 :ile basic calcium phosphate rema9s beh9d4 ,express$ 9 *emical symbols ^! processes may be embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ equations3 ,i4 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #b;,h#b,,s#d #b;,ca,s,o#d ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b ,basic calcium ,sulphuric ,calcium ,acid ,calcium phosphate4 acid4 sulphate phosphate4 7gypsum74 ,,ii4 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b #b;,h#b,o ,ca7,,po#c7b ,acid calcium ,wat]4 ,calcium phosphate4 metaphosphate4 ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#d ,calcium ,c>bon4 ,c>bon ,basic calcium metaphosphate4 monoxide4 phosphate4 ,if ! processes m5tion$ "u ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 w\ld pass (f 9 ! practice exactly z !re /at$1 two-?irds1 or #ac4c p] c5t41 ( ! total quantity ( phosphorus conta9$ 9 ! basic calcium phosphate orig9ally pres5t w\ld be obta9$4 ,h[ev]1 besides ^! processes1 o!rs take place :i* cause a loss ( phosphorus4 ,by ! action ( ! r$ heat ^u ! acid calcium phosphate1 reciprocal action takes place betwe5 ! latt]1 ! wat] & c>bon1 s t a portion ( ! wat] is decompos$1 & 9 addition to c>bon monoxide1 phosphorett$ hydrog5 is =m$2 ! phosphorus conta9$ 9 ! latt] mu/ be consid]$ z lo/4 ,fur!rmore1 a portion ( ! phosphorus is lo/ 9 ! =m ( vapor1 ev5 ) ! use ( ! be/ cond5s+ contrivances4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! losses ! actual yield ( phosphorus is betwe5 #h & #aa p] c5t4 ,! =mation ( acid calcium phosphate may be effect$ ei!r cold or ) ! assi/ance ( heat1 less "t be+ requir$ 9 ! latt] case4 ,! process )\t ! assi/ance ( heat is z foll[s3 ,! bone-a% is br\ght into a lead-l9$ wood5 tank1 & en\gh boil+ wat] to cov] x p\r$ 94 ,x is !n ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! wat] by vigor\s /irr+ ) wood5 rakes1 & ! necess>y quantity ( sulphuric acid is !n run 9 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,:5 an intimate mixture has be5 effect$1 ! tank is cov]$ ) a well-fitt+ lid & all[$ to /& = a few h\rs4 ,z heat has be5 lib]at$ by ! introduction ( ! sulphuric acid into ! mixture prep>$ ) hot wat]1 ! entire mass acquires a high temp]ature4 ,decomposition is accel]at$ by /irr+ ! cont5ts ( ! tank e six h\rs1 & ! process may be suppos$ to be f9i%$ 9 #dh h\rs4 ,) ! use ( fre% burnt a% no special ph5om5a are obs]v$1 b if ! a% has be5 prep>$ = "s "t ! cau/ic lime =m$ 9 burn+ ! bones has be5 completely conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime1 & ! c>bonic acid escapes1 caus+ a slight foam+ ( ! mass4 ,9 addition to c>bonic acid1 !re also escapes a c]ta9 quantity ( hydrog5 fluoride gas1 :i* is lib]at$ by ! decomposition ( ! calcium fluoride pres5t 9 ! a%4 ,?is gas be+1 ev5 9 v small quantities1 v injuri\s to heal?1 ! tanks %\ld be plac$ 9 a ?or\ghly v5tilat$ room4 ,:5 decomposition is complete1 en\gh wat] is admitt$ = ! mass to acquire by /irr+ a ?ick milky appe>ance1 :5 x is all[$ to re/ until x cl>ifies & a p]fectly cle> solution ( acid calcium phosphate /&s ov] ! precipitate ( gypsum4 ,! cle> solution is drawn (f1 & ! s$im5t wa%$ ) wat] to obta9 ! solution reta9$ by x4 ,= ?is purpose ! gypsum is /irr$ up ) wat]1 & ! ?ick fluid dis*>g$ into a filt]+ tank4 ,^u ! bottom ( ! latt] is a f\r-in*-deep lay] ( co>se qu>tz s&2 ^u ?is is plac$ a false bottom1 & ^u ! latt] is spread a l95 clo?4 ,! liquor fir/ runn+ (f be+ milky is p\r$ back into ! tank4 ,h[ev]1 x runs (f cle> s soon z ! pores ( ! filt]+ clo? h become some:at contract$ by ! gypsum4 ,z a rule1 ! cont5ts ( sev]al filt]+ vats are run into a common filt]1 & ! mass is repeat$ly all[$ to dra9 (f4 ,! dilute solutions ?us obta9$ are evaporat$ ) ! fir/ liquor4 ,a ?ird lixiviation ( ! s$im5t yields a fluid :i* is us$ in/ead ( wat] 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,! residue ( gypsum is tak5 f ! filt]+ tanks1 & may be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,9 ! w>m way ! decomposition ( ! bone-a% is effect$ by provid+ ! decompos+ tanks ) lead pipes ?r\gh :i* /eam is introduc$1 decomposition be+ complete 9 #bd h\rs1 & ! fir/ run ( solution ( acid calcium phosphate rea*es ! evaporat+ pan 9 a v hot /ate4 ,! lixiviation ( ! gypsum residue is also effect$ ) wat] heat$ by /eam1 ! object ( sep>at+ ! acid calcium phosphate z mu* z possible f ! gypsum be+ ?us obta9$ m completely ) a comp>atively small quantity ( wat] ?an is possible by wa%+ ) cold wat]4 ,a suitable app>atus = hot lixiviation is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ea & #eb 9 cross section & pr(ile4 ,a lead-l9$ tank1 #ac to #af feet 9 diamet] & #c feet deep1 is fitt$ ) a /irr] furni%$ ) two or f\r paddles1 & clos$ by a well-fitt+ lid4 ,! /irr] is kept 9 motion dur+ ! entire op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,a lead /eam pipe ,d furni%$ ) sev]al n>r[ flat outlet pipes plac$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! /irr] revolves1 lies ab\t #d in*es above ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,w is ! pipe = ! admission ( wat]1 ,s ! lead pipe connect$ ) ! sulphuric acid res]voir1 & ,a an outlet ( bo>ds = c>ry+ (f ! vapor evolv$ f ! mass 9 admitt+ ! sulphuric acid4 ,r is a wood5 hopp]1 :i* s]ves = ! introduction ( ! bone-a%1 & is remov$ :5 ! tank has be5 fill$1 ! ap]ture be+ clos$ ) a well-fitt+ wood5 lid4 ,! bottom ( ! tank is furni%$ ) a lead dis*>ge-cock4 ,wat] is run into ! tank1 ! bone-a% be+ simultane\sly introduc$ ?r\gh ! hopp] ,r1 & ! /irr] all[$ to revolve sl[ly to effect an intimate mixture4 ,sulphuric acid & /eam are !n at ! same "t admitt$4 ,! /eam heats ! fluid v quickly to ! boil+-po9t1 & assi/s ! action ( ! /irr]1 x pass+ out f ! outlet pipes 9 ! same direction 9 :i* ! /irr] revolves4 ,:5 ! requir$ quantity ( sulphuric acid has be5 introduc$1 ! admission ( /eam is int]rupt$1 ! /irr]1 h[ev]1 be+ con/antly kept 9 motion4 ,to keep ! mass hot1 /eam is = a few m9utes admitt$ e h\r4 ,:5 ! sulphuric acid has act$ = #bd h\rs1 decomposition is complete1 & ! liquor is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! cock on ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,= ! evaporation ( ! liquor lead5 pans are us$1 & ?is op]ation is cont9u$ until ! fluid has atta9$ a specific gravity ( #a4de4 ,! pans re/ ^u ca/-iron plates cov]$ ) a lay] ( clay or s&1 to prev5t !m f be+ injur$ by ! fire gases4 ,= heat+ ! pans1 ! fire gases escap+ f ! di/ill+ furnace or ! bone kiln are utiliz$4 ,! fluid hav+ be5 evaporat$ to ! above-m5tion$ specific gravity is n[ mix$ ) *>coal p[d]1 or r granulat$ *>coal ( ! size ( small peas1 9 ! proportion ( #bj to #be p>ts ( *>coal to #ajj ( liquor4 ,! mixture is !n quickly dri$ 9 %all[ ca/-iron pans heat$ by a direct fire4 ,mu* sulphur\s acid is evolv$ dur+ ?is op]ation1 & provision mu/ be made = c>ry+ (f ! vapors aris+ f ! pans4 ,:5 ! mass has be5 dehydrat$ s f> t x balls toge!r1 x is tak5 f ! pan by means ( %ovels & br\ght into a copp] cyl9d] :i* is furni%$ ) a %eet-iron sieve-l bottom ?r\gh :i* x is =c$ into ano!r pan4 ,9 ?is second pan ! mass is mod]ately heat$ until a sample ( x /ill evolves slight vapors & :5 press$ ) ! h&1 aft] cool+ some:at1 appe>s /ill moi/ )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ /icky4 ,! mat]ial is n[ ready = di/ill+ & #ajj p>ts ( conc5trat$ solution ( #a4de specific gravity & #bj to #be p>ts ( *>coal yield ab\t #gg p>ts by weight ( s-call$ di/ill+ mass4 ,x is be/ to br+ ! hot mass z tak5 f ! pan at once into ! retorts1 z x is v hygroscopic &1 if all[$ to lie expos$ to ! air1 w\ld absorb moi/ure & require to be aga9 dri$4 ,if x _c be imm$iately subject$ to di/illation1 x is advisable to keep x 9 %eet-metal boxes tightly clos$4 ,! liquor obta9$ 9 treat+ bones = ! manufacture ( glue ) hydro*loric acid may1 z m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 be advantage\sly utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus4 ,9 ord] to obta9 9 cry/alliz$ =m ! acid calcium phosphate conta9$ 9 x1 ! liquor has to be conc5trat$ by evaporation & z dur+ ?is op]ation hydro*loric acid vapors con/antly escape1 provision mu/ be made = _! removal f ! workroom4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3 ,! flue ( ! furnace = di/ill+ ! phosphorus1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire gases usually escape to ! *imney1 is made to communicate ) a long l[ *amb]1 :i* c be tightly clos$ & connects at ! o!r end ) a high *imney4 ,! flue is fitt$ ) a slide & by op5+ ! latt]1 ! fire gases are =c$ to pass ?r\gh ! *amb] be=e rea*+ ! *imney4 ,9 ! *amb] are plac$ l>ge1 well-glaz$1 e>!nw>e vessels :i* conta9 ! liquor to be evaporat$1 ! vapors evolv$ be+ c>ri$ (f by ! fire-gases ?r\gh ! *imney4 ,evaporation proce$s q rapidly1 & fre% liquor is f "t to "t introduc$ ?r\gh an e>!nw>e pipe1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ until a sample tak5 f ! full vessels %[s on cool+ ! pres5ce ( an abundance ( cry/als ( acid calcium phosphate4 ,! admission ( ! fire-gases into ! *amb] is !n int]rupt$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! vessels are br\ght into a wood5 tank furni%$ ) a /irr]1 :i* is kept 9 con/ant motion s t :5 ! liquor cools1 only small cry/als w be =m$4 ,:5 cry/allization is complete1 ! "m-liquor is drawn (f & aga9 evaporat$4 ,by ?is op]ation m cry/als ( acid calcium phosphate are obta9$1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 less pure ?an ^? f ! fir/ liquor4 ,! "m-liquor drawn (f f ?is second yield ( cry/als might1 on be+ aga9 evaporat$1 give m cry/als :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be too impure to be us$ to advantage4 ,to obta9 ! calcium phosphate conta9$ 9 ! la/ "m-liquor1 ! latt] is exactly neutraliz$ ) burnt lime1 a :ite precipitate ( basic calcium phosphate be+ !reby obta9$4 ,! precipitate is repeat$ly wa%$ 9 wat] & all[$ to settle1 & add$ 9 small portions to ! acid liquors obta9$ by extract+ ! bones4 ,z ^! liquors always conta9 a consid]able quantity ( hydro*loric acid 9 excess1 ! basic calcium phosphate1 be+ 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 is readily & completely dissolv$4 ,! cry/als ( acid calcium phosphate are remov$ f ! cry/alliz+ tanks by means ( wood5 %ovels & br\ght into baskets cov]$ inside ) /\t sack-clo?4 ,!y are left 9 ! baskets until no m "m-liquor dra9s (f1 :5 ! clo?s are fold$ toge!r & ! cry/als fur!r fre$ f liquor by pressure4 ,!y are !n heat$1 ) con/ant /irr+1 9 %all[ /onew>e pans until !y are s dry z to crumble ( _! own accord4 ,9 ?is mann] small cry/als ( a "m-(-pe>l lu/re are obta9$1 :i* feel l %>p qu>tz s& & consi/ ( pure acid calcium phosphate4 ,?is mass is mix$ ) #be p] c5t4 ( its weight ( granulat$ *>coal4 ,! mixture is heat$ until x is pulv]ul5t1 & !n treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! di/ill+ mass f bone-a%4 ,9 place ( /onew>e vessels1 %all[ lead pans may be us$ = evaporat+ ! liquor conta9+ calcium phosphate4 ,to prev5t ! melt+ ( ! lead ! pans are brick$ 9 "u a v flat ar*1 s t ! fire gases are =c$ to pass close ov] ! liquor1 ! pans be+ kept con/antly full4 ,:5 cry/allization is complete ! liquor is drawn (f & ! pans are refill$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus !re is left aft] e di/illation a residue ( basic calcium phosphate1 & x is advisable to decompose x ) hydro*loric acid1 ?is be+ effect$ 9 a vat l9$ ) lead or coat$ ) p>aff9e4 ,! mass is completely dissolv$1 & ! black sludge rema9+ on ! bottom ( ! vat consi/s ( *>coal1 :i* _h be5 add$ to ! di/ill+ mass4 ,di/illation ( ! ,phosphorus4--,! di/ill+ mass consi/s ( acid calcium phosphate1 *>coal & ab\t #d to #f p] c5t4 wat]4 ,by heat+ 9 ! retorts1 ! acid calcium phosphate is fir/ conv]t$ into calcium metaphosphate1 wat] be+ elim9at$1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3 ,ca,h#d7,,po#d7b ,ca7,,po#c7b #b;,h#b,o4 ,by fur!r heat+ to a :ite heat ! calcium metaphosphate is s f> r$uc$ z to yield two-?irds ( its cont5t ( phosphorus1 :ile "o-?ird rema9s beh9d z calcium phosphate1 correspond+ to ! foll[+ equation3 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4 ,! mixture ( acid calcium phosphate & *>coal is di/ill$ 9 glaz$ fire-clay retorts1 #ab to #ah ( !m be+ plac$ on ea* side ( a s-call$ galley-furnace4 ,! bodies ( ! retorts are plac$ on ! side ( ! fire1 :ile ! necks pass ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! walls ( ! furnace1 ^? portions ( ! wall be+ only lightly brick$ up1 z ! retorts1 aft] di/illation is f9i%$ & ! furnace cool$1 h to be remov$ 9 ord] to cle> out ! residue & introduce fre% mixture4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( retorts is left a space ( #e to #f in*es = ! passage ( ! flames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has prov$ ! advisability ( modify+ ! galley-furnace by r$uc+ its l5g? & increas+ its height1 & plac+ ! retorts 9 two or ?ree r[s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,two su* furnaces are plac$ toge!r ) _! n>r[ sides1 s t ! fire-gases ( bo? meet 9 a common *amb]1 & are conduct$ f ! latt] "u ! evaporat+ pans4 ,f\r su* furnaces may also be arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & _! fire-gases conduct$ into a common *amb]4 ,by arrang+ ! furnace1 z is mo/ frequ5tly done1 = ?ree d\ble r[s ( sev5 retorts ea*1 x w hold #db retorts1 a d\ble furnace #hd1 & "o 9 ! =m ( a cross #afh4 ,! arrangem5t ( a d\ble furnace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! wall ,c1 :i* sep>ates ! two fire-places1 s]ves = support+ ! l[e/ r[ ( retorts1 :ile ! second & ?ird r[s re/ ^u int]m$iate pieces4 ,! fire gases pass ?r\gh flues into ! space ov] ! furnace1 ! top ( :i* may be directly =m$ by ! evaporat+ pans4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m suitable to place ! evaporat+ pans on "o side & n run ! collect+ *amb] = ! fire gases directly into ! *imney4 ,= ! introduction ( ! retorts into1 & _! removal f1 ! furnace1 a n>r[ door is provid$ betwe5 ea* two v]tical r[s ( retorts4 ,aft] plac+ ! retorts 9 ! furnace1 ?is door is clos$ ) /ones & ! jo9ts lut$ ) clay4 ,e ?ree retorts ly+ "o above ! o!r h a common receiv]1 p1 = ! collection ( ! phosphorus di/ill$ (f4 ,! necks1 r1 ( ! retorts t]m9ate 9 ! collect+ pipe1 o4 ,! galley-furnaces1 previ\sly describ$1 require ! use ( a fuel :i* yields a v long flame1 & c1 !re=e1 be heat$ only ) wood or v fat coal4 ,9 ord] to r5d] possible ! use z fuel ( coal yield+ a %ort flame1 & especially ( coke1 furnaces h be5 con/ruct$ :i* hold only a small numb] ( retorts1 g5]ally five1 plac$ 9 two r[s1 by twos & ?rees1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! retorts are cyl9drical 9 =m1 & h a capacity equal to t ( sev]al small] retorts4 ,! receiv]s = collect+ ! phosphorus di/ill+ ov] f ! retorts are made ( clay1 & %\ld be well glaz$ & smoo? inside4 ,ea* receiv] consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* is a cyl9drical vessel op5 at ! top1 into :i* ! o!r "p fits1 & is fix$ by means ( a rim1 :i* is prolong$ s z to =m a neck1 betwe5 :i* & ! fir/ "p is ins]t$ a tube fitt$ on ! neck ( ! retort1 :ile ! o!r end ( ?is tube dips = ab\t #d in*es into ! receiv]1 ! latt] be+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions enamel$ ca/-iron may be us$ z a mat]ial = receiv]s1 b ! enamel mu/ be ( su* a nature z n to be attack$ by ! phosphorus vapors1 o!rwise ! receiv]s w\ld 9 a %ort "t be de/roy$4 ,! retorts hav+ be5 fill$ ) ! requir$ quantity ( mixture are plac$ 9 ! furnace & ! brickwork is re/or$4 ,! fire is !n k9dl$ & kept up v g5tly = "s "t 9 ord] to dry ! fire clay us$ 9 jo9+ ! bricks4 ,! receiv]s are fill$ ) wat] & fitt$ to ! retorts4 ,9 ea* receiv] a small iron spoon is plac$ fa/5$ to iron wire :i* s]ves z a /em4 ,aft] six to eight h\rs ( fir+ ! heat has be5 s mu* increas$ z to cause ! expulsion ( any moi/ure left 9 ! mat]ial plac$ 9 ! retorts1 :ile quantities ( hydroc>bon gases & oxide ( c>bon are =m$ & expell$ ) ! sulphur\s acid4 ,subsequ5tly o!r gases are giv5 (f1 & because !y conta9 "s hydrog5 phosphide are spontane\sly inflammable4 ,z soon z ?is ph5om5on is obs]v$ ! jo9ts ( ! receiv]s & app>atus connect+ x ) ! retorts are lut$ ) clay1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave1 by ! ins]tion ( an iron wire1 a small op5+ = ! escape ( ! gases1 :i* are z spe$ily z possible remov$ by well arrang$ v5tilators f ! build+ 9 :i* ! furnace is plac$4 ,! appe>ance ( amorph\s phosphorus at ! small op5+ indicates ! comm5cem5t ( ! di/illation4 ,! spoon is !n plac$ 9 ! receiv] 9 su* a direction t any phosphorus com+ ov] may collect 9 x4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! op]ation1 & z long z any phosphorus di/ils ov]1 ! evolution ( combu/ible gases cont9ues1 & consequ5tly a small blue-color$ flame is obs]v$ at ! op5+ 9 ! lute4 ,! wat] 9 ! receiv] is kept cool dur+ ! op]ation4 ,aft] =ty-six h\rs1 ) greatly-increas$ fir+1 a full :ite heat is rea*$1 & ! quantity ( phosphorus com+ ov] has decreas$ s mu* z to make a cont9uation ( ! ignition process wa/eful4 ,! receiv]s are !re=e disconnect$ f ! retorts4 ,! receiv]s are tak5 to a special room & entirely subm]g$ 9 l>ge wood5 tr\ghs fill$ ) wat] 9 ord] to drive (f inflammable gases /ill conta9$ 9 !m & to cov] ! phosphorus ) wat]4 ,!y %\ld be op5$ only aft] ?is has be5 done1 & e manufactur] %\ld rigidly en=ce ! rule ( c>ry+ on ! op]ation 9 ! above-describ$ mann]4 ,crude phosphorus is v inflammable1 & :5 c>elessly h&l$ by ! workm5 may inflict horrible burns &1 z ! phosphorus z a rule causes blood-poison+1 su* injuries g5]ally cause dea?4 ,! phosphorus is !n remov$ f ! receiv]s 7always "u wat]74 ,! tr\gh 9 :i* ?is op]ation is effect$ %\ld be provid$1 a few in*es above ! actual bottom1 ) a p]=at$ false bottom ^u :i* ! receiv]s are plac$4 ,! l>g] pieces ( phosphorus tak5 f ! receiv]s are collect$1 "u wat]1 9 special vessels1 :ile ! small] pieces fall ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! false bottom to ! actual bottom4 ,:5 all ! receiv]s h be5 empti$1 ! wat] 9 ! tr\gh is dis*>g$ into a l>ge b>rel 9 :i* x rema9s until ! p>ticles ( phosphorus h subsid$4 ,! wat] is !n drawn (f1 ) ! exception ( a suffici5t quantity to cov] ! phosphorus 9 ! b>rel4 ,! wat] f ! receiv]s z well z f ! tr\ghs %[s a q /rong acid reaction due to phosphoric acid1 :i* has be5 =m$ by ! combu/ion ( phosphorus & pass$ into solution4 ,9 ord] n to lose ?is phosphoric acid1 ! wat] is p>tly us$ = fill+ ! receiv]s & p>tly = mix+ ! bone-a% be=e add+ ! sulphuric acid4 ,crude phosphorus is a mixture ( cry/all9e 7ord9>y7 phosphorus ) amorph\s phosphorus1 ! r$di% color ( ! mass be+ due to ! latt]4 ,x fur!r conta9s phosphorus 9 v>i\s /ages ( oxidation1 free c>bon1 & if impure sulphuric acid has be5 us$1 ars5ic 9 comb9ation ) phosphorus4 ,ref9+ & purify+ ! phosphorus4 ,! crude phosphorus 0 =m]ly purifi$ by =c+ x ?r\gh ! pores ( /\t wa% lea!r by means ( a ma*9e4 ,! crude phosphorus conta9$ 9 a tightly ti$ piece ( wa% lea!r is plac$ on a p]=at$ copp] support situat$ 9 a vessel fill$ ) wat] at #abb to #adj ,f4 ,z soon z ! phosphorus is molt51 !re is plac$ on ! wa% lea!r a wood5 plate :i* by ! aid ( a me*anical arrangem5t & a lev] c be =c$ d[nw>ds s z to cause ! fluid phosphorus to pass ?r\gh ! pores ( ! lea!r1 ! impurities be+ reta9$4 ,! phosphorus 9 ! =m ( a slightly yell[i% fluid collects on ! bottom ( ! vessel & is imm$iately m\ld$ into ! %ape 9 :i* x is br\ght into comm]ce4 ,! residue 9 ! wa% lea!r consi/s *iefly ( *>coal du/ & amorph\s phosphorus4 ,! wa% lea!r c1 z a rule1 be only us$ once1 & only small quantities ( phosphorus c be work$ at "o "t4 ,a m suitable process ( purification is z foll[s3 ,por\s1 unglaz$ porcela9 or e>!nw>e plates are fix$ 9 an iron cyl9d] connect$ ) a /eam boil]4 ,! cyl9d] hav+ be5 h]metically clos$ is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ wat] at #adj ,f4 ,:5 ! phosphorus is molt51 /eam ( a few atmosph]es' pressure is admitt$ into ! cyl9d]1 ! phosphorus be+ ?us =c$ ?r\gh ! e>!nw>e plates4 ,! phosphorus obta9$ by ei!r ( ^! me?ods is free f me*anically admix$ p>ticles ( *>coal & amorph\s phosphorus1 b x is by no means pure1 z all ! sub/ances dissolv$ 9 x 7oxides ( phosphorus7 pass ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,! loss ( phosphorus am\nts to f #e to #f p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! crude product4 ,! masses tak5 f ! filt] plates are !re=e collect$ & subject$ by !mselves to di/illation 9 ord] to obta9 ! phosphorus conta9$ 9 !m4 ,to obta9 pure phosphorus1 ! crude product has to be subject$ to di/illation1 ?is op]ation be+ c>ri$ on 9 iron retorts ( a peculi> make1 & %ap$ l ! glass retorts us$ 9 *emical laboratories4 ,! necks ( ^! retorts dip to a dep? ( to in* 9 wat] conta9$ 9 a bas9 fill$ to ! rim s t any phosphorus :i* is dis*>g$ into ?is wat] causes x to ov]fl[4 ,! crude phosphorus hav+ be5 fus$ "u wat] is next mix$ ) #ab to #ae p] c5t4 ( its weight ( moi/ s&1 & ?is mixture plac$ 9 ! retorts1 ! object ( ! mix+ ) s& be+ to prev5t ! phosphorus becom+ ignit$ dur+ ! fill+ ( ! retorts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,fig4 #ed %[s a di/ill+ app>atus4 ,9 consi/s ( a ca/-iron retort1 ,k1 fitt$ ) a ca/-iron dome1 ,h1 ! jo9t be+ made tight by means ( clay & screws4 ,! dome1 ,a1 tap]s to a cone & t]m9ates 9 a wide glass tube1 ,r1 b5t at a "r angle1 & hav+ at ! m\? a diamet] ( ab\t #b in*es4 ,?is dome1 ,a1 dips in* deep 9 wat] conta9$ 9 ! copp] gutt] ( ! receiv] fill$ to ! brim4 ,! copp] receiv]1 ,p1 /&s 9 wat]4 ,x contracts bel[ 9 ! =m ( a funnel1 & t]m9ates 9 a pipe clos$ by a cock1 ,g1 to :i* is fitt$ a glass tube b5t at a "r angle4 ,! retort hav+ be5 fill$ ) ! mixture ( crude phosphorus & s&1 ! dome1 ,h1 is plac$ 9 position & ! app>atus br\ght into ! furnace4 ,! dome is !n connect$ ) ! cond5s+ app>atus4 ,! fire is s regulat$ t ! retort is uni=mly heat$ f all sides 9 ord] to evaporate z quickly z possible ! wat] /ill adh]+ to ! phosphorus mixture1 s9ce at a high] temp]ature ! wat] acts ^u ! phosphorus1 & phosphorett$ hydrog5 is =m$4 ,x be+ sc>cely possible to entirely avoid ! =mation ( ! latt]1 ! receiv] has be5 giv5 ! above-describ$ =m1 s t ! disagreeable vapors =m$ by ! ignition ( ! phosphorett$ hydrog5 _c escape into ! workroom4 ,! gas escapes ?r\gh ! conical dome4 ,a1 & ! glass pipe1 ,r1 into ! op5 air1 :]e x burns )\t mole/+ ! workm54 ,at fir/ /eam only escapes f ! retort1 :ile lat] on phosphorett$ hydrog5 passes (f4 ,! evolution ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 soon ceases almo/ entirely1 & ! phosphorus di/ils uni=mly ov]4 ,heat+ is cont9u$ until ! retort %[s a slight r$ heat1 all ! phosphorus hav+ by t "t pass$ ov]4 ,! residue 9 ! retort consi/s only ( s& & *>coal4 ,! phosphorus pass+ ov] 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( di/illation %[s diff]5t qualities4 ,! portion :i* passes ov] fir/ is p]fectly pure1 & :5 cold pres5ts ! appe>ance ( blea*$ wax2 ! portions pass+ ov] lat] on are ( a yell[i%-r$ color1 :ile ! la/ portions are color$ brick-r$ by amorph\s phosphorus1 & h to be collect$ by !mselves4 ,!y are aga9 br\ght into ! retort 9 ! subsequ5t op]ation4 ,9 ord] to be able to sep>ate ! phosphorus pass+ ov] accord+ to quality1 ! receiv] = ! melt$ mass is fitt$ ) a conical bottom furni%$ ) a glass tube :i* c be clos$ by ! cock ,g4 ,?is glass pipe leads to a tank fill$ ) w>m wat]1 9 :i* ! collect+ vessel is imm]s$4 ,! phosphorus collect+ 9 ?is vessel is f "t to "t all[$ to run into a vessel fill$ ) wat]1 ano!r vessel be+ sub/itut$ :5 ! phosphorus comm5ces to %[ a yell[i% color4 ,m\ld+ ! ref9$ phosphorus4 ,x has long be5 ! cu/om to m\ld phosphorus into ! %ape ( /icks =m$ by ! aid ( a glass tube op5 at bo? ends1 "o ( ^! be+ plac$ 9 molt5 phosphorus cov]$ by a /ratum ( w>m wat]4 ,! liquid phosphorus is suck$ by ! op]ator into ! tube until x is q fill$4 ,! l[] op5+ ( ! tube be+ kept "u wat] is clos$ by ! f+] ( ! op]ator2 ! tube is in/antly transf]r$ to a vessel fill$ ) v cold wat] by :i* ! phosphorus is solidifi$4 ,x is remov$ f ! glass tube by pu%+ x out ) a glass rod or iron wire :ile be+ held "u wat]4 ,indep5d5t ( its dang]1 ! me?od ( m\ld+ above describ$ is n suitable = ! manufacture on a l>ge scale1 & v>i\s contrivances h be5 introduc$ = ?is purpose2 ! app>atus con/ruct$ by ,seub]t be+ mu* us$4 ,x consi/s ( a copp] boil] fitt$ on a furnace4 ,to ! flat bottom ( ?is boil] is fitt$ by h>d sold] an op5 copp] tr\gh communicat+ ) a wat]-tank4 ,9 ! boil] is fitt$ a copp] funnel provid$ ) a horizontal tube4 ,?is portion ( ! app>atus is int5d$ = ! reception ( ! phosphorus4 ,at ! end ( ! horizontal tube is plac$ a /opcock1 :ile ! portion ( ! project+ m\? ( ! tube beyond ! cock is wid5$ out & fitt$ by means ( bolts & nuts1 ) a flange-l copp] plate1 into :i* are ins]t$ two glass tubes4 ,into ! copp] tr\gh is let a wood5 p>tition1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( support+ ! glass tubes z well z ( prev5t+ ! communication ( ! hot wat] 9 ! boil] & a portion ( ! tr\gh ) ! cold wat] ( ! tank & ! portion ( ! tr\gh ne>e/ to x4 ,! phosphorus hav+ be5 introduc$ 9 ! boil]1 ! wat] is g5tly w>m$ s z to cause ! fusion ( ! phosphorus4 ,z ! w>m wat] rea*es to ! wood5 p>tition1 x is evid5t t on op5+ & clos+ ! cock at ! end ( ! horizontal tube1 "s phosphorus w pass ?r\gh & fl[ out ( ! glass tubes1 b t rema9+ 9 ^! tubes w solidify1 & on op5+ aga9 ! cock at ! end ( ! horizontal tube1 ! solid /icks ( phosphorus may be remov$ f ! glass tubes by tak+ hold ( ! piece ( project+ phosphorus1 ! phosphorus be+ imm$iately imm]s$ "u wat] 9 ! tank1 & kept !re protect$ f ! action ( ! light4 ,not)/&+ its app>5tly v practical arrangem5t1 ,seub]t's app>atus possesses _m disadvantages1 ! pr9cipal drawback to its use be+ t ! phosphorus-/icks frequ5tly /ick s firmly 9 ! glass tubes t ! op]ation ( m\ld+ has to be int]rupt$1 ! tubes remov$1 & ! phosphorus /ick pu%$ out ) a /\t wire4 ,fur!rmore1 ! melt$ phosphorus 9 fl[+ 9 frequ5tly causes ! glass tubes to crack4 ,h5ce _m factories h return$ to ! old me?od ( m\ld+ by suck+ ! fus$ phosphorus into glass tubes4 ,to r5d] ?is op]ation p]fectly free f dang]1 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee has be5 devis$1 by means ( :i* a l>g] quantity ( phosphorus c 9 a %ort "t be m\ld$ into /icks4 ,a holl[ prism1 ,p1 ( /\t %eet-iron is fitt$ at its l[] end ) #h to #ab %ort tubes4 ,9 ! latt] are ins]t$ air-tight1 by means ( rubb]1 #ab glass tubes1 ,g1 ea* ab\t #c feet long & some:at contract$ at ! l[] end4 ,two iron rods1 ,e1 are fitt$ to ! prism &1 by means ( suitably-%ap$ pieces ( cork1 s]ve to hold ! glass tubes 9 _! prop] position4 ,to ! back ( ! prism is secur$ a rubb] tube1 ,l1 :i* communicates ) a small air-pump1 & to ! upp] surface ( ! prism is fix$ a h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,! phosphorus to be m\ld$ is fus$ 9 a %all[ vessel ( su* a %ape t a portion ( x is cov]$ only ab\t #b in*es deep ) wat]4 ,! glass tubes are plac$ 9 ! fus$ phosphorus & ! air is suck$ f !m by means ( ! air-pump2 ! ext]nal air-pressure =c+ ! fus$ phosphorus into ! glass tube4 ,! tubes are n[ suffici5tly rais$ to all[ ( a rubb] plate be+ pu%$ "u _! m\?s 9 ! %all[] portion ( ! vessel4 ,! rubb] plate is press$ aga9/ ! tubes & ! entire app>atus plac$ 9 a vessel fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,! phosphorus solidifies v rapidly 9 ! l[] n>r[] portions ( ! tubes1 & ! latt] are imm$iately deta*$ f ! prism & replac$ by o!rs4 ,! phosphorus :5 entirely cold is pu%$ f ! glass tubes by means ( a wire or wood5 /ick4 ,9 "s factories ! phosphorus is m\ld$ 9 w$ge-%ap$ %eet-metal boxes4 ,9 pack+ two su* w$ges are laid toge!r ) _! longitud9al sides s z to =m a prism4 ,phosphorus is /or$ ei!r 9 /rong %eet-iron tanks or 9 wood5 boxes l9$ ) t9n$ %eet-iron & cov]$ ) a /ratum ( wat] fully #a in*es deep4 ,= %ipp+ small] quantities ( phosphorus1 ! /icks are pack$ 9 t9n$ %eet-iron boxes & ! latt] hav+ be5 fill$ up ) wat]1 ! lid is sold]$ on4 ,to prev5t ! wat] f freez+ 9 w9t]1 x is advisable to mix x ) spirits ( w9e4 ,manufacture ( phosphorus ) ! assi/ance ( electricity4 ,readman & ,p>k] h rec5tly devis$ a process = ! manufacture ( phosphorus on a l>ge scale 9 a cont9u\sly work+ app>atus by means ( a p[]ful electric curr5t1 su* z is yield$ by a l>g] dynamo4 ,! mixture us$ = ! op]ation diff]s f ! ord9>y "o ( calcium phosphate & *>coal1 9 t x conta9s 9 addition a slag-=m+ body--a flux--silicic acid 7qu>tz s&7 be+ at fir/ us$ = ! purpose4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h %[n kaol9 or pipe clay1 i4 e41 alum9ium silicate1 to be m suitable4 ,:5 a mixture ( calcium phosphate1 *>coal & alum9ium silicate is expos$ to ! action ( ! voltaic arc ! foll[+ process takes place3 ,by ! extraord9>ily high temp]ature prevail+ 9 ! proximity ( ! arc1 ! r$uction to phosphorus ( ! phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! calcium phosphate is v rapidly effect$4 ,! lib]at$ calcium comb9es imm$iately ) ! alum9ium silicate to a calcium-alum9ium-silicate1 i4 e41 to a glass fusible ) ! greate/ difficulty :i*1 h[ev]1 at ! high temp]ature possess$ by ! voltaic arc becomes fluid l wat]4 ,! app>atus employ$ is1 g5]ally speak+1 simil> to ! electric furnaces n[ 9 use4 ,! mass to be treat$ is conta9$ 9 a c>bon crucible 9 :i* ! two electrodes are plac$ opposite to "o ano!r1 s t ! electric curr5t mu/ pass ?r\gh ! mass4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! phosphorus at ! mom5t ( lib]ation w\ld1 on com+ 9 contact ) oxyg51 imm$iately burn aga9 to phosphorus p5toxide1 ! app>atus has to be s arrang$ t ! entire process passes (f 9 an entirely indiff]5t gas1 & ! cond5sation ( ! phosphorus vapors takes place "u ! same conditions4 ,fig4 #ef %[s ! app>atus employ$ = ! electrolytic manufacture ( phosphorus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,! c>bon crucible1 a1 is enclos$ by a clay jacket1 :i* s]ves z an insulator ( heat1 & is clos$ by a graphite cov]1 c4 ,?r\gh ! bottom & ! cov] ( ! crucible pass ! two electrodes1 k k1 :i* conduct ! curr5t1 & betwe5 :i* ! voltaic arc is =m$4 ,to prev5t ! upp] electrode f becom+ too highly heat$ dur+ ! op]ation1 x is con/antly cool$ by wat] admitt$ at g1 & runn+ (f at f4 ,?r\gh ! pipes h & l an indiff]5t gas--z a rule1 illum9at+ gas--is conduct$ into ! app>atus & escapes toge!r ) ! phosphorus vapors ?r\gh ! pipe d4 ,9 op]at+ ) ! app>atus1 ! r$uction soon takes place1 & ! phosphorus vapors escape ?r\gh d1 :ile a ?9ly-fluid slag rema9s beh9d 9 ! crucible4 ,! slag is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe n %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & a fre% *>ge ( ! mixture br\ght into ! crucible a1 ! process ( r$uction be+ ?us c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption4 ,! phosphorus vapors escap+ f d are conduct$ ?r\gh a cool$ pipe & cond5se to a liquid 9 wat] heat$ to betwe5 #abb & #adj ,f4 conta9$ 9 a receiv]4 ,al?\gh ! electrolytic me?od ( manufactur+ phosphorus is ( q rec5t orig91 a consid]able portion ( ! phosphorus br\ght into comm]ce is n[ prep>$ 9 t mann]1 x be+ *eap] ?an ! old] processes :i* involve a v l>ge consumption ( fuel4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,blea*+ ,,glue4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made to blea* glue1 i4 e41 to obta9 masses z colorless z possible1 or at lea/ slightly color$1 ! result+ product be+ m valuable ?an ! d>k-color$ "o4 a4 ,blea*+ 9 ! ,air4 ,! pr9cipal requisite = obta9+ a beautiful blea*$ glue is t ! unblea*$ product is cle>1 i4 e41 transp>5t1 ev5 if ( a d>k color1 ?is be+ ! be/ crit]ion ( well-made glue4 ,glue may be blea*$ :il/ be+ prep>$1 or ! f9i%$ cakes may be subject$ to ! blea*+ process4 ,= ! purpose ( obta9+ pale-color$ glue f sk9 or c>tilage x is advisable to expose ! mat]ials 9 ?9 lay]s to ! direct action ( ! sun4 ,moi/ oxyg5 :5 act$ ^u by ! sun is conv]t$ into ozone1 :i* ex]ts an extraord9>y blea*+ effect ^u organic sub/ances4 b4 ,blea*+ ) ,*lor9e4 ,! p[]ful blea*+ effect ( a solution ( *lor9e 9 wat] ^u organic matt] is well kn[n2 ! wat] is decompos$1 & blea*+ is effect$ by ! oxyg5 :i* is lib]at$4 ,h5ce sk9 & c>tilage may also be blea*$ by plac+ !m 9 a vessel fill$ ) weak solution ( *lor9e 9 wat] & leav+ !m 9 contact ) x until ! fluid %[s no long] an odor ( *lor9e4 ,:5 blea*+ is f9i%$ ! mat]ials are susp5d$ 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* has f9ally to be remov$ by repeat$ treatm5t ) wat]4 c4 ,blea*+ ) ,animal ,*>coal4 ,animal *>coal is di/+ui%$ by its great p[] ( absorb+ color+ z well z odorif]\s matt]1 & may also be us$ = discolor+ glue-liquors4 ,?is may be done by all[+ ! ?9 liquor1 z x comes f ! glue-boil]1 to run ?r\gh a filt] fill$ ) animal *>coal1 or ) ! use ( *>coal du/4 ,9 ! latt] case ! glue-liquor is collect$ 9 a cl>ify+ vessel & a quantity ( *>coal du/ am\nt+ to ab\t #c to #d p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! glue 9 ! liquor /irr$ 94 ,! f9ely divid$ *>coal s9ks sl[ly d[n1 c>ry+ ) x ! solid p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! liquor1 & collects on ! bottom ( ! cl>ify+ vessel 9 ! =m ( a black slime4 ,9 ord] to discolor ! glue-liquor z mu* z possible1 :5 work+ on a l>ge scale1 x is recomm5d$ to use a numb] ( cyl9d]s fill$ ) animal *>coal4 ,^! cyl9d]s are connect$ "o ) ! o!r 9 su* a mann] t ! glue-liquor runs into ! fir/ cyl9d] f ! top1 passes out f ! l[] end ( ?is cyl9d] ?r\gh a pipe into ! second cyl9d]1 trav]ses ?is f bottom to top1 passes into ! ?ird cyl9d] f ! top1 & s on4 ,! animal *>coal 9 ! fir/ cyl9d] loses its discolor+ p[] fir/4 ,! cyl9d] is !n dis5gag$1 fre%ly *>g$ & plac$ la/ 9 ! s]ies ( filt]s1 ! process be+ ! same ) ! second cyl9d]1 & s on1 s t aft] a c]ta9 "t all ! cyl9d]s h alt]nately occupi$ ! fir/ & la/ places 9 ! s]ies ( filt]s4 ,by ! use ( animal *>coal x is ev5 possible to r5d] v d>k & badly-smell+ glue1 entirely colorless & free f odor4 ,! d>k] ! glue is1 ! long] x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be subject$ to ! action ( ! animal *>coal4 d4 ,blea*+ ) ,sulphur\s ,acid4 ,blea*+ ( ! glue-liquor itself by means ( sulphur\s acid is be/ effect$ 9 ! cl>ify+ vat4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! latt] is fitt$ ) a lead pipe rea*+ to ! bottom & t]m9at+ 9 a p]=at$ coil4 ,?r\gh ?is pipe gase\s sulphur\s acid1 g5]at$ 9 a suitable sulphur-burn] is =c$ ?r\gh ! liquor by means ( a =ce-pump4 ,! sulphur\s acid is dissolv$ 9 ! glue-liquor1 ! latt] be+ !reby blea*$4 ,:5 ! liquor has acquir$ a mu* pal] color & a /rong odor ( sulphur\s acid is p]ceptible 9 ! air ov] ! vat1 ! introduction ( gase\s sulphur\s acid is int]rupt$ & ! liquor all[$ quietly to cl>ify1 ! acid dissolv$ 9 x ex]t+ dur+ ?is "t a fur!r blea*+ effect4 ,by ?is means ord9>y br[n jo9]s' glue ( good quality may be conv]t$ into a pale-yell[ product simil> to ! v>iety kn[n z gild]'s glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,= blea*+ f9i%$ glue1 solution ( sulphur\s acid 9 wat] may be us$1 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,figs4 #eg & #eh be+ suitable = ! purpose4 ,! app>atus = ! production ( ! acid solution consi/s ( ! sulphur-burn] ,o1 ! wa%-vessel = ! gas ,w1 & ! vessel ,t = dissolv+ ! gas 9 wat]4 ,! sulphur-burn] ,o is a small brick vault ( suffici5t size to hold a vessel ,s hav+ a capacity ( a few qu>ts4 ,9 front ! sulphur-burn] is provid$ ) a well-fitt+ door ,j1 :i* is furni%$ ) a small ap]ture = ! introduction ( an iron pipe into ! burn]4 ,! lead-pipe ,r leads f ,o to ! bottom ( ! wa%-vessel ,w1 & f ! lid ( ! latt] rises a pipe ,r#a1 & runs along ! bottom ( ! tr\gh fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is tr\gh is provid$ ) a wood5 lid & ! cock ,h1 & by means ( ! latt] ! fluid c be dis*>g$ into ! vessel ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,! tr\gh ,t is fill$ ) wat] & ,w is also fill$ ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,9 ! burn] ,o is plac$ a di% ,s fill$ ) sulphur1 & ! latt] ignit$4 ,! door is !n clos$ & air bl[n 9 ?r\gh ,a by means ( a bell[s1 ! jo9ts ( ! door ,j be+ at ! same "t lut$ ) clay4 ,9 contact ) air1 ! sulphur burns to sulphur dioxide4 ,! latt] is fre$ 9 ! wa%-vessel f sulphur vapor :i* has be5 c>ri$ along1 & passes f ,r#a ?r\gh ! num]\s p]=ations into ! wat] 9 ,t :]e x is dissolv$ to sulphur\s acid4 ,saturation ) sulphur\s acid ( ! fluid 9 ! tr\gh is complete :5 ! suffocat+ odor ( ! acid is p]ceptible 9 ! proximity ( ,t4 ,! fluid is !n dis*>g$1 replac$ by wat]1 :i* is aga9 saturat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & s on4 ,! cakes ( glue to be blea*$ are plac$ 9 a tr\gh 7,fig4 #eh71 9 :i* are arrang$ sev]al frames1 ,b1 cov]$ ) l954 ,! cakes ( glue are plac$ ^u ^! frames & ! tr\gh is fill$ ) sulphur\s acid s t x /&s a few in*es deep ov] ! upp]mo/ frame4 ,! cakes ( glue swell up rapidly 9 ! solution ( sulphur\s acid1 & yield+ up _! salts become blea*$4 ,aft] twelve h\rs ! fluid is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! cock1 ,h1 & if glue ( a p>ticul>ly f9e appe>ance is to be produc$ ! cakes are treat$ twice m ) solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,:5 blea*+ is f9i%$ ! tr\gh is fill$ ) clean wat]1 9 :i* ! glue is all[$ to rema9 = a few h\rs1 :5 ! frames are lift$ out & ! cakes dri$4 ,by ?is me?od glue may be blea*$ to su* an ext5t z to r5d] x fit z a sub/itute = gelat9e = _m purposes1 = in/ance1 = ! imitation ( ?9 plates ( ivory4 ,dr4 ,bruno ,t]ne's app>atus 7,fig4 #dj71 previ\sly describ$1 may also be us$ = ! g5]ation ( sulphur\s acid = blea*+ purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,glue ,,& ,,_! ,,prep>ation4 ,besides ! broadly-di/+ui%$ =ms ( sk9-& bone-glue1 ! trade recognizes a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1 di/+ui%$ ei!r by _! value or _! fitness = special purposes4 ,jo9]'s ,glue4--,?is v>iety is )\t d\bt ! olde/ 9 use & mo/ 9 dem&1 & its pr9cipal requisite is its great adhesive p[]4 ,x is us$ = jo9+ wood1 lea!r1 pap]1 etc41 & v>ies v mu* 9 quality & price4 ,! be/ v>iety is prep>$ f scraps ( hide & sk94 ,a light color n be+ especially dem&$1 !re exi/+ r a prejudice 9 favor ( a d>k-color$ article1 wa/e ( cattle & horse sk9s & t5dons c be us$ = its manufacture4 ,jo9]'s glue1 :i* is g5]ally pref]r$ 9 ?9 cakes1 is *iefly manufactur$ 9 regul> glue factories1 ?\gh to be able to compete ) ! bone-glue turn$ out by ! l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 ! glue-boil] g5]ally mixes sk9 & bone-glue1 & is ?us enabl$ to turn out a tol]ably good quality4 ,! price paid = ! diff]5t v>ieties ( jo9]'s glue v>ies v mu*1 be+ g5]ally high] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & is frequ5tly m regulat$ by ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! article ?an by its actual value4 ,glue )\t gloss1 v mu* w>p$ & ( a v d>k color1 may1 not)/&+ its faulty appe>ance1 possess excell5t qualities4 ,no?+ ne$ be said ab\t ! manufacture ( jo9]'s glue1 s9ce :at has be5 said ab\t ! manufacture ( glue 9 g5]al suffices = ! purpose4 ,h[ to make & use glue4 ,break ! glue into small pieces1 put x into an iron kettle1 cov] x ) wat]1 & all[ x to soak twelve h\rs2 aft] soak+ boil until done4 ,!n p\r into a box :i* c be cov]$ air-tight2 leave ! cov] (f until cold1 !n cov] up tight4 ,z glue is requir$1 cut out a portion & melt 9 ! usual way4 ,expose no m ( ! made glue to ! atmosph]e = any l5g? ( "t ?an is necess>y1 z ! atmosph]e is v de/ructive to made glue4 ,all glue1 z receiv$ f ! factory1 requires ! addition ( wat] be=e x w melt prop]ly1 & e addition ( wat] 7:ile ! glue is fre% made7 w1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 increase its adhesiv5ess & ela/icity4 ,"s glues w be> m wat] ?an o!rs1 b all w be> m wat] ?an usually falls to _! %>e1 & t1 too1 ) a great] improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! "w4 ,= glue to be prop]ly effective1 x requires to p5etrate ! pores ( ! wood1 & ! m a body ( glue p5etrates ! wood ! m sub/antial ! jo9t w rema94 ,glues t take ! longe/ to dry are to be pref]r$ to ^? t dry quickly1 ! sl[-dry+ glues be+ always ! /ronge/1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,nev] heat made glue 9 a pot t is subject$ to ! direct heat ( ! fire or a lamp4 ,all su* me?ods ( heat+ glue _c be condemn$ 9 t]ms too /rong4 ,d n use ?ick glue = jo9ts or v5e]+4 ,9 all cases "w x well into ! wood 9 a mann] simil> to :at pa9t]s d ) pa9t4 ,glue bo? surfaces ( y\r "w except+ 9 ! case ( v5e]+4 ,nev] glue ^u hot wood1 z x w absorb all ! wat] 9 ! glue too sudd5ly1 & leave only a v little residue1 ) no adhesiv5ess 9 x :atev]4 ,hold+ p[] ( glue4 #a4 ,glue ex]ts a f> great] hold on surfaces ( wood cut across ! gra9 ?an on ^? t h be5 split1 or cut ) ! gra94 #b4 ,:5 two surfaces ( split wood are laid toge!r1 ! hold ( ! glue is ! same :e!r ! fibres are laid p>allel or crosswise to ea* o!r4 #c4 ,! hold+ p[] ( glue on diff]5t woods e/imat$ 9 kilogrammes p] squ>e c5timet] 7#j4aee squ>e in*7 is z foll[s3 ,cut across ! gra94 ,split4 ,bee*1 #aee4ee 7#cdb4ba lbs47 #gh4hc 7#agc4db lbs47 ,hornbeam1 #abf4ej 7#bgh4cj lbs47 #gi4af 7#agd4ae lbs47 ,maple1 #hg4ff 7#aib4he lbs47 #fc4jj 7#ach4f lbs47 ,oak1 #abh4cd 7#bhb4cd lbs47 #ee4af 7#aba4ce lbs47 ,fir1 #aaj4ej 7#bdc4aj lbs47 #bd4af 7#ec4ae lbs47 ,cologne glue4 ,! v>iety ( glue kn[n "u ?is "n is prep>$ f select$ scraps ( hide & sk91 & is consequ5tly v pure1 & possesses great adhesive p[]4 ,x is ( a light-br[n color1 & comes into comm]ce 9 %ort ?ick cakes ( great h>dness4 ,x is an excell5t quality ( glue1 & is pref]r$ to all o!rs by bookb9d]s1 work]s 9 lea!r1 etc4 ,!re are _m imitations ( ?is v>iety1 bone-glue be+ frequ5tly sold z ,cologne glue4 ,! g5u9e article is manufactur$ f refuse ( hide1 :i*1 aft] lim+1 is c>efully blea*$ 9 a ba? ( *loride ( lime1 ! conc5tration ( :i* dep5ds on ! d>k] or light] color ( ! glue-/ock4 ,= #bbj lbs4 ( glue-/ock1 x is g5]ally cu/om>y to use #a lb4 ( *loride ( lime mix$ ) suffici5t wat] to cov] ! /ock4 ,aft] ?or\gh impregnation ( ! glue-/ock1 :i* g5]ally requires ab\t half an h\r1 add suffici5t hydro*loric acid to imp>t an acid ta/e to ! ba? ( *loride ( lime4 ,to be able to mix ! mass ?or\ghly1 x is be/ to use a vat provid$ ) a /irr+ app>atus4 ,aft] all[+ ! acid to act = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 remove e trace ( x by c>eful wa%+4 ,to obta9 a jelly z cle> z possible1 ! gelat9\s liquor is drawn (f z soon z ! ?9 portions ( ! glue-/ock & ! outside ( ! ?ick] ones are dissolv$1 !y be+ m ?or\ghly blea*$ ?an ! re/4 ,! residue is work$ into d>k] glue4 ,russian glue4 ,?is v>iety is ( a dirty :ite color1 &1 l ,cologne glue1 is br\ght into comm]ce 9 %ort1 ?ick cakes4 ,its color & opaqu5ess are imp>t$ to x by an addition ( #d to #h p] c5t4 ( :ite lead1 *alk1 z9c :ite1 or p]man5t :ite 7sulphate ( b>yta74 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! sup]ior adhesive p[] ( ,russian glue is due to ?is addition ( m9]al sub/ances1 b ! results ( _m exp]im5ts fail to sub/antiate ?is claim4 ,9 case ! glue turns out turbid1 x may be ( advantage to make x opaque by an addition ( color+ matt]1 b ! quality ( ! glue rema9s un*ang$4 ,! be/ "t to add ! color+ matt] is %ortly be=e draw+ ! glue-liquor f ! cl>ify+ vats into ! cool+ boxes1 z ! jelly is !n ( suffici5t consi/5cy to prev5t ! sub/ances f settl+ on ! bottom4 ,sk9-glue1 z well z bone-glue1 is sold "u ! "n ( ,russian glue4 ,q a consid]able quantity ( ,russian glue br\ght into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( br[ni%-:ite %eets is prep>$ f bones1 ! latt] be+ degreas$ by boil+1 /eam+ or extraction1 & ! solution ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts effect$ by means ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! treatm5t ) acid is1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ only till ! bones comm5ce to become s(t & flexible4 ,! solution ( phosphates is !n drawn (f1 & ! s(t5$ bones are wa%$ & 9 ! usual mann] work$ to glue4 ,by ?is incomplete treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! phosphates rema9s 9 ! c>tilage & is inclos$ 9 ! glue prep>$ f x1 ! f9i%$ product acquir+ !reby a dirty :iti% color1 :i* is by _m consid]$ an evid5ce ( its quality4 ,?is me*anical admixture ( phosphates1 h[ev]1 does n affect ! adhesive p[] ( ! glue1 nei!r increas+ or decreas+ x4 ,su* :ite & opaque glue is manufactur$ to answ] ! dem& 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s ( ! trade1 &1 z above m5tion$1 heavy :ite sub/ances are (t5 int5tionally incorporat$ ) sk9 glue1 z well z bone glue1 to give x ! appe>ance ( ,russian glue4 ,^! heavy p[d]s add to ! weight ( ! product1 ?\gh :5 incorporat$ ) x 9 small quantities d n injure its adhesive p[]1 b l>ge quantities r5d] ! product weak]4 ,pat5t glue4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to an indef9ite numb] ( prep>ations1 b p>ticul>ly ref]s to a v pure v>iety ( bone glue ( a deep d>k-br[n color n %[+ net m>ks4 ,x is v glossy1 & swells up mu* 9 wat]4 ,to satisfy ! dem& = ?ick cakes1 !y mu/ be cut f v conc5trat$ jelly to insure _! dry+4 ,gild]'s glue is f\nd 9 comm]ce 9 v ?91 pale yell[ cakes ti$ up 9 packages weigh+ ab\t #b lbs4 ea*4 ,x is a v>iety ( sk9 glue blea*$ ) *loride ( lime1 & dissolves ) difficulty 9 wat]4 ,! fir/ runn+s f ! boil] are us$ = its manufacture4 ,a v sup]ior article ( gild]'s glue is obta9$ by cutt+ rabbit sk9s into f9e %r$s & boil+ 9 wat]1 !n turn+ ! mixture into a basket ?r\gh :i* ! liquid passes1 leav+ ! refuse beh9d4 ,ab\t #ajj grammes 7#c4eb ozs47 ( sulphate ( z9c & #bj grammes 7#j4gje oz47 ( alum are !n sep>ately dissolv$ 9 pure boil+ wat] & p\r$ into ! fir/-m5tion$ liquid1 & ! :ole well /irr$ toge!r :ile hot4 ,! mixture is !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve into a rectangul> box1 9 :i* ! jelly rema9s tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 w9t]1 or =ty-eight 9 summ]4 ,! solid mass is tak5 f ! box1 cut into slices ( prop] ?ickness1 & dri$ ^u nets4 ,size glue & p>*m5t glue are manufactur$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,bo? are sk9-glues1 & c be readily produc$ by foll[+ ! directions giv5 = ! manufacture ( sk9-glue4 ,p>is glue is us$ = siz+4 ,x is br[n1 opaque1 & almo/ always s(t4 ,be+ v hygroscopic1 & imp>t+ a suitable flexibility to ! felt1 x is bett] adapt$ = hatt]'s use ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,= its manufacture only ! g5]ative organs1 or ! ?ick t5dons ( ! legs ( cattle & horses1 are us$1 or o!r wa/e & fle%y p>ts1 & sub/ances mix$ ) small bones1 :i*1 if ?or\ghly cleans$1 might yield a good quality ( glue1 b are int5tionally trans=m$ by too long-cont9u$ boil+1 :]eby ! gelat9\s solution is l>gely depriv$ ( its adhesive p[]1 & yields a hygroscopic product4 ,liquid ,glues4 ,^! are *iefly comb9ations ( glue ) "s +r$i5ts add$ to de/roy ! gelat9iz+ prop]ty & yet n impair its adhesiv5ess4 ,!y rema9 = a long "t cle> & syrupy1 & are us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,bel[ are giv5 a few receipts = su* glues4 #a4 ,dissolve #ch p>ts ( glue 9 small pieces 9 #ajj p>ts ( acetic acid4 ,solution is promot$ by expos+ ! vessel to ! sun or plac+ x 9 hot wat]4 #b4 ,dissolve #ej p>ts ( light-color$ glue 9 #ej p>ts by weight ( hot wat]1 9 :i* #ad p>ts ( fus$ magnesium *loride h be5 dissolv$4 ,! solution on cool+ does n gelat9ize1 b rema9s syrupy1 ! d5sity v>y+ accord+ to ! quantity ( wat] us$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( pr9t+ inks x c be us$ z a sub/itute = gum4 #c4 ,dilute #aj p>ts ( /rong phosphoric acid ) an equal weight ( wat]1 & !n gradually add #d p>ts ( ammonium c>bonate 9 ! dry /ate4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce has subsid$1 add a fur!r #e p>ts ( wat] & w>m on ! wat]-ba? or /eam-*e/ to #aeh ,f4 ,n[ add #bj to #dj p>ts ( glue1 accord+ to ! consi/5cy requir$1 & /ir until all is dissolv$4 ,cool4 #d4 ,dissolve #bj p>ts ( glue 9 an equal weight ( hot wat]1 !n cauti\sly p\r 91 /irr+ con/antly1 #d p>ts ( /rong nitric acid1 w>m until ! nitr\s fumes h be5 driv5 (f1 filt]1 if necess>y1 ?r\gh f9e %av+s1 & all[ to cool4 #e4 ,dissolve #c p>ts ( glue 9 small pieces 9 #ab to #ae p>ts ( sac*>ate ( lime4 ,by heat+1 ! glue dissolves rapidly & rema9s liquid1 :5 cold1 )\t loss ( adhesive p[]4 ,any desirable consi/5cy c be secur$ by v>y+ ! am\nt ( sac*>ate ( lime4 ,?ick glue reta9s its muddy color1 :ile a ?9 solution becomes cle> on /&+4 ,! sac*>ate ( lime is prep>$ by dissolv+ #a "p ( loaf sug> 9 #c p>ts ( wat]1 & aft] add+ "o-f\r? "p ( ! weight ( sug> ( slak$ lime1 heat+ ! :ole to betwe5 #adi & #ahe ,f41 & all[+ x to mac]ate = sev]al days1 %ak+ x frequ5tly4 ,! solution1 :i* has ! prop]ties ( mucilage1 is !n decant$ f ! s$im5t4 ,! solution ( ! glue 9 sac*>ate ( lime is readily accompli%$1 ev5 old gelat9e1 :i* has become insoluble 9 wat]1 dissolv+ )\t difficulty4 ,?is v>iety ( liquid glue possesses great adhesive p[]1 & admits ( _m uses4 #f4 ,dissolve #h p>ts ( glue 9 #af p>ts ( hot wat]1 !n add to #a "p ( hydro*loric acid1 & #a p>ts ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,keep ! mixture = #h h\rs at #aeh ,f41 !n filt] ?r\gh f9e %av+s1 & all[ to cool4 ,/eam glue4 ,"u ?is "n sev]al v>ieties ( liquid glue are br\ght into comm]ce4 ,!y are prep>$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,russian /eam-glue4 #ajj p>ts ( a good quality ( glue1 #ajj to #aaj p>ts ( w>m wat]1 & #e4e to #f p>ts ( comm]cial nitric acid ( #cf ,b4 #b4 ,pale /eam-glue4 #ajj p>ts ( glue1 #bjj ( wat]1 & #ab ( nitric acid ( #cf ,b4 #c4 ,d>k /eam-glue4 #ajj p>ts ( glue1 #adj ( wat]1 & #af ( nitric acid ( #cf ,b4 ,soak ! glue 9 cold wat]1 !n p\r ! necess>y quantity ( w>m wat] ov] x1 & heat g5tly on a wat]-ba? until all ! glue is dissolv$4 ,next add gradually ! nitric acid ) con/ant /irr+1 & to ! ,russian /eam-glue #f p>ts ( f9ely pulv]iz$ sulphate ( lead1 :i* w imp>t to x ! :ite color4 ,*rome glue4 ,?is prep>ation is v p]man5t & durable4 ,to prep>e x add to a mod]ately conc5trat$ solution ( #e p>ts ( glue #a ( dissolv$ acid *romate ( lime1 ?is salt be+ consid]$ bett] = ! purpose ?an ! bi*romate ( pota% usually us$4 ,! glue ?us prep>$ becomes1 aft] exposure to ! light1 insoluble 9 wat] 9 consequ5ce ( a p>tial r$uction ( ! *romic acid4 ,?is prep>ation c be us$ = cem5t+ glass articles1 liable to be expos$ to boil+ wat]1 ! treatm5t be+ ! ord9>y "o ( apply+ ! glue to bo? surfaces ( ! fractur$ object1 & !n b9d+ !m toge!r until dry1 & expos+ !m = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to ! light1 aft] :i* boil+ wat] w h no effect ^u !m4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is prep>ation is bett] adapt$ to cem5t+ ! cov]s on glass slides ?an any n[ 9 use4 ,! same prep>ation c be appli$ = mak+ fabrics wat]-pro(1 especially sails1 awn+s1 etc41 :]e no great flexibility is requir$4 ,two or ?ree applications ( ! glue1 ei!r by imm]sion ( ! object 9 x1 or by ! use ( ! bru%1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,ro(+ pap] is also r5d]$ imp]vi\s1 ev5 :5 expos$ to long-cont9u$ ra9s4 ,glue = atta*+ lea!r to metal4 ,a me?od ( affix+ lea!r to metal1 s t x w split be=e x c be torn (f1 consi/s 9 dige/+ a quantity ( nutgalls1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 9 eight p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] = six h\rs1 & filt]+ x ?r\gh a clo?2 !n dissolv+ "o "p by weight ( glue 9 ! same quantity ( wat]1 & all[+ x to rema9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! lea!r is moi/5$ ) ! decoction ( nutgalls & ! solution ( glue appli$ to ! metal1 previ\sly r\gh5$ & heat$4 ,! lea!r is !n laid ^u x1 & dri$ "u pressure4 ,glue = lea!r1 pap]1 etc4 ,! foll[+ process af=ds an unusually adhesive pa/e1 adapt$ to fa/5+ lea!r1 pap]1 etc41 )\t ! defects ( glue1 & if pres]v$ f evaporation 9 clos$ bottles w keep = ye>s4 ,cov] #d p>ts1 by weight1 ( glue ) #ae p>ts ( cold wat]1 & all[ x to soak = sev]al h\rs2 !n w>m mod]ately till ! solution is p]fectly cle>1 & dilute x ) #fe p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 intimately /irr$ 94 ,next prep>e a solution ( #cj p>ts ( />* 9 #bjj ( cold wat]1 s z to =m a ?9 homog5e\s liquid free f lumps1 & p\r ! boil+ glue solution into x ) ?or\gh /irr+1 & at ! same "t keep+ ! mass boil+4 ,glue = p>*m5t pap] 9 mak+ sausage sk9s4 ,! supply ( inte/9es soon be+ exhau/$ by ! enorm\s quantity ( pease-sausages manufactur$ = ! ,g]man army dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 ! necessity arose = a sub/itute4 ,?is consi/$ ( a tube ( p>*m5t glu$ toge!r4 ,millions ( ^! tubes f ,dr4 ,jacobs5's factory 7 te/$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & f\nd to answ] ! purpose admirably4 ,!y 7 ev5 boil$ = h\rs )\t ei!r ! glu$ seam or ! pap] itself be+ injur$ by ! op]ation4 ,! secret ( ! composition ( ! glue employ$ = fa/5+ ! p>*m5t pap] seems to be well kept1 b ! "o giv5 9 ! foll[+ is equal to x 9 all respects1 if n inde$ id5tical3 ,add to "o qu>t ( a good adhesive solution ( glue to #a oz4 ( f9ely p[d]$ bi*romate ( pota%4 ,w>m ! mixture slightly on a wat]-ba? :5 ab\t to use x1 & be=e apply+ x moi/5 ! p>*m5t pap]4 ,! latt]1 :5 glu$ ) ?is prep>ation1 z 9 ! =mation ( ! small cyl9d]s = sausages1 mu/ be rapidly dri$ on a hurdle1 & !n expos$ to ! light until ! yell[ glue becomes br[ni%4 ,! cyl9d]s are !n sl[ly boil$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to :i* two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( alum has be5 add$1 until all ! *romate is dissolv$ out1 & !y are !n wa%$ 9 cold wat] & dri$1 & w look v invit+1 especially if :ite glue has be5 us$4 ,a simil> result may be rea*$ by us+ a conc5trat$ solution ( cellulose 9 ammoniacal oxide ( copp]4 ,?us if cyl9d]s ( unsiz$ pap] are =m$ ) ?is pa/e1 & :5 ?or\ghly dry drawn ?r\gh a p>*m5tiz+ solution 7a cool$ mixture ( #b volumes ( fum+ sulphuric acid & #a volume ( wat]71 !y w be beautifully p>*m5tiz$1 & aft] ! neutralization ( ! acid1 wa%+1 etc41 x w pres5t a /rik+ resemblance to natural inte/9es4 ,tung/ic glue4 ,?is prep>ation (f]s an acceptable sub/itute = h>d ,india rubb]4 ,x is made by mix+ a ?ick solution ( glue ) tung/ate ( soda & hydro*loric acid1 by means ( :i* a comp\nd ( tung/ic acid & glue is precipitat$1 :i*1 at a temp]ature ( #hf to #ajd ,f41 is suffici5tly ela/ic to admit ( be+ drawn out into v ?9 %eets4 ,on cool+1 ?is mass becomes solid & brittle1 & on be+ heat$ is aga9 s(t & pla/ic4 ,x c be us$ = all purposes to :i* h>d rubb] is adapt$4 ,inde/ructible mass = ! manufacture ( ornam5ts1 toys1 etc4 ,a mass1 :i* is to h ! h>dness ( horn1 consi/s ( #ej p>ts ( glue1 #ce ( wax or ros91 #ae ( glyc]9e & ! requir$ quantity ( a metallic oxide1 or m9]al color4 ,a s(t mass consi/s ( ab\t #ej p>ts ( glue1 #be ( wax or ros91 & #be ( glyc]9e4 ,! glue is melt$ 9 ! glyc]9e ) ! assi/ance ( /eam1 & ! wax or ros9 add$4 ,! latt] 9 melt+ mixes ) ! glue & glyc]9e1 & f9ally ! m9]al color is add$4 ,! mass is p\r$ 9 a liquid /ate into m\lds ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 wood1 or metal4 ,! degree ( h>dness ( ! mass is increas$ by an addition ( #cj to #ce p] c5t4 ( z9c :ite1 or o!r m9]al color1 accord+ to ! color ! article is to h4 ,comp\nd = billi>d balls4 ,all[ #hj p>ts ( ,russian glue & #aj p>ts ( ,cologne glue to swell up 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]2 !n heat ov] a wat]-ba?1 & :5 dissolv$1 add #e p>ts ( heavy sp>1 #d p>ts ( *alk & #a "p ( boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,( a portion ( ! mass =m small /icks1 dip !m 9 ! rema9d]1 & all[ ! adh]5t portion to dry1 & repeat ?is process until a crude ball has be5 =m$4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a dry room = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 & :5 ?or\ghly dry1 x is turn$4 ,! f9i%$ ball is plac$ 9 a ba? ( sulphate ( alum9a = "o h\r1 dri$1 & poli%$ l an ivory ball4 ,color+ glue4 ,common black or d>k glue1 :ile possess+ all ! adhesive & o!r ess5tial qualities ( f9e color$ glue1 has h]et(ore1 ow+ to its color1 be5 conf9$ 9 its use to su* purposes 9 ! arts :]e color 0 n ess5tial4 ,! object ( ! foll[+ process1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,g4 ,j4 ,less]1 ( ,frank=t1 ,g]many1 is to color su* glue s t x is bo? ref9$ & t9t$1 & may be us$ = v>i\s purposes 9 ! arts4 ,x is especially applicable 9 ! manufacture ( siz+ & f9i%+ comp\nds = pap] hang+s1 comp\nds = ! manufacture ( ela/ic rolls1 = glue & size comp\nds = f9i%+ y>ns1 textile fabrics ( silk1 cotton1 etc41 = ! manufacture ( calcim9es & wall-cov]+s1 = glue to be us$ ) color$ woods1 & = all o!r purposes :]e a f9e1 /rong-color$ glue is requir$4 ,= color+ common black or d>k glue take a p\nd & a half ( liquid extract ( lead & mix x into ! wat] 9 :i* ! glue has be5 soak$1 z foll[s3 ,?irte5 p\nds ( glue1 sixty-?ree & a qu>t] p\nds ( wat]4 ,all[ ! glue to soak = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n dilute x by a sl[ fire1 & :5 heat$ gradually p\r 9 "o & a half p\nds ( ! extract ( lead & mix x well toge!r4 ,! extract ( lead is a well-kn[n comm]cial article1 & x is well suit$ = ?is purpose2 b ! inv5tor does n limit himself to ?is p>ticul> prep>ation1 z !re are a l>g] numb] ( neutral & basic comp\nds ( lead t may be s modifi$ z to produce results simil>1 if n id5tical1 ) ! results obta9$ by ! =mula above giv54 ,gelat9e may be treat$ in/ead ( glue4 ,compositions = pr9t+ roll]s4 ,all su* compositions conta9 gelat9e or glue4 ,! foll[+ receipts are us$3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,glue #h #aj #d #b #cb #b #a #c ,molasses #ab -- #h #a #ab #f #b #h ,p>is :ite #a -- -- -- -- -- -- #a ,sug> -- #aj -- -- -- -- -- -- ,glyc]9 -- #ab -- -- #ef -- -- -- ,is+lass -- #a ozs4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,india rubb] -- -- -- -- #aj -- -- -- 9 naph?a ,a pat5t roll] composition is ?us made3 ,gelat9e #cb lbs4 & glue #d lbs4 are s(t5$ 9 cold wat] & melt$ 9 a glue boil]4 ,to ?is are add$ #d lbs4 ( glucose1 #gb lbs4 ( glyc]9e1 & #a oz4 ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,! :ole is !n dige/$ = f\r to six h\rs & ca/ into roll]s4 ,?is composition is claim$ to be unaffect$ by temp]ature1 to reta9 its ela/icity1 & n to %r9k4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t all ^! compositions f ! cleans+ & remelt+ become gradually /icky & useless4 ,to p>tially ov]come ?is difficulty1 =maldehyde is add$ to ! roll] composition1 :i* r5d]s ! glue insoluble 9 wat]1 & ?us prolongs ! life ( ! roll]4 ,size4 ,?is product is simply an undri$ glue & is us$1 n = adhesiv5ess1 b z a body = fill+ por\s surfaces1 su* z wood or pla/]1 /iff5+ & weight+ textile fabrics1 9 pap] manufacture1 & z a f\ndation = oil pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,accord+ to ,?omas ,lamb]t1 _m firms :o h a good sell+ connection = size1 d n g to ! exp5se ( erect+ cl>ify+ plant & dry+ h\se = treat+ ! glue-liquors1 b pref] to /op ! process half way1 z x 71 & m>ket+ ! result+ product z size4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ) a complete glue plant at h&1 conv]t only a portion ( _! liquors into size1 to meet trade dem&s1 ! bulk go+ = ! manufacture ( glue4 ,size v>ies 9 quality to suit ! requirem5ts ( diff]5t trades4 ,c>dbo>d box-mak]s pref] a /rong sk9 size1 :i* is manufactur$ r$ or yell[ z pref]r$4 ,a /rong yell[ size made f bone is us$ by calico-pr9t]s1 pap]-/a9]s1 wall-pap] manufactur]s1 & 9 ! /raw-hat & c>pet trades4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( sk9-glue1 ! fir/ & second liquors are us$ = t purpose2 ! residual mass is !n treat$ ) wat] & /eam1 :i* practically exhau/s ! gelat9\s matt]4 ,?is1 ! ?ird liquor1 is us$ solely = size4 ,dur+ ! boil+1 samples are tak5 at int]vals1 cool$1 & ! condition ( ! jelly not$4 ,! /r5g? is also tak5 by ! glue met]1 :i* regi/]s ! p]c5tage4 ,at a /r5g? ( #h to #aj p] c5t4 ! liquor is run (f1 pass+ ?r\gh a filt] ( f9e %av+s or clo?1 to remove any susp5d$ matt]1 into a wood5 vat fitt$ ) a /eam coil1 !n heat$ ) a mod]ate *>ge ( sulphur\s acid to br+ up ! color1 & evaporat$ to a /r5g? ( #cf to #ch p] c5t41 z may be desir$1 & !n run into casks to jelly4 ,if sk9-glue is n made1 ! ?ree runn+s are us$ entirely = size4 ,an outl9e ( a simple process us$ 9 an ,engli% factory devot$ to mak+ tub-size1 z giv5 by ,samuel ,rideal1 may be int]e/+4 ,! mat]ial is obta9$ f ! tany>d ready lim$ & fre$ f hair1 & consi/s ma9ly ( 8faces0 ( bullocks or c[s1 ! noses be+ cut (f z food = dogs4 ,x is soak$ aga9 9 weak lime wat] & re-wa%$1 !n plac$ 9 copp]s made ( wr\ght-iron wield$ 9 "o piece1 & hold+ ab\t #aj to #bj gallons1 enclos$ 9 out] jackets ( ! same mat]ial conta9+ wat] :i* is kept well boil+4 ,!re are six copp]s1 ab\t five feet high by ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,! *>ge ( ea* is ab\t cwt4 ,! mat]ial is cov]$ ) wat] & well /irr$ ) /icks = two h\rs1 ! scum & dross be+ occasionally skimm$ (f & ?r[n away z useless4 ,at ! end ! size is ladl$ on to sieves1 f :i* x runs into cool+ vats1 & is fill$ :ile mod]ately hot into clean tubs4 ,! liquor is cle> & ( a light br[n color = ! be/ ,,xx quality1 & d>k] = ! common4 ,! cool]s or sett+-backs are ( wood or z9c1 & ! liquid is n kept hot long] ?an x c be help$1 z x is liable to turn s\r4 ,bone-size is1 accord+ to ,?omas ,lamb]t1 prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! bones are fir/ degreas$ by ! naph?a process1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh ! cleans] direct into ! glue-boil]s & /eam$1 z 9 ! manufacture ( glue4 ,! result+ liquors are =c$ up to ! cl>ify+ vats & p>tially blea*$ ) a curr5t ( sulphur\s acid1 pass+ ?r\gh bag-filt]s to ! evaporat+ tr\ghs1 & conc5trat$ f #cj to #ch p] c5t41 z requir$1 & !n jelli$ 9 casks4 ,! manufactur] ) no b5z9e or glue plant at 8 disposal wa%es ! bones 9 a revolv+ drum1 &1 aft] cru%+1 !y are f$ into a boil] & subject$ to an alt]nate curr5t ( /eam & wat]1 ! latt] com+ f a spray pipe fix$ at ! top ( ! boil]4 ,! liquors are g5]ally drawn 9 two portions1 hav+ a /r5g? ( #ad to #af p] c5t4 ( glue4 ,aft] sep>at+ ! fat1 :i* is ref9$ & sold to ! soap-mak]1 ! liquors are run into a l>ge wood5 vat ab\t #h #f #d feet1 fitt$ ) a /eam coil1 p>tly blea*$ ) liquid sulphur\s acid1 & !n boil$ d[n to ! requir$ /r5g?4 ,= a common size ! bones are cru%$ b unwa%$1 & are f$ direct into ! boil] & treat$ z above4 ,! liquors are n blea*$1 & boil$ to a /r5g? ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 glue4 ,! composition ( ! diff]5t grades may be giv5 z foll[s3 ,common size4 #be p] c5t4 glue1 #ge p] c5t4 wat]1 etc4 ,m$ium size4 #cj p] c5t4 glue1 #gj p] c5t4 wat]4 ,be/ size4 #ch p] c5t4 glue1 #fb p] c5t4 wat]4 ,a conc5trat$ size is n[ prep>$ by _m manufactur]s4 ,x is a bone-size1 & is sold at a ,baum /r5g? at #abb ,c4 ,no4 #a4 #ae ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #dj4e p] c5t4 glue4 ,no4 #b4 #bj ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #dd4e p] c5t4 glue4 ,no4 #c4 #be ,b4 at #abb ,c41 #di p] c5t4 glue4 ,"u ! "n ( conc5trat$ size also are sold a s]ies ( p[d]$ glues ( diff]5t qualities4 ,!y are ! (f-color & twi/$ cakes1 sort$ out 9 ! w>eh\se1 & gr\nd to a f9e condition by pass+ ?r\gh a mill1 & _! value is bas$ on ! quality ( ! cake gr\nd4 ,size rapidly f]m5ts & becomes s\r & m\ldy unless "s pres]vative is add$4 ,sulphate ( z9c is ma9ly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,bookb9d]s' ,size4--,i4 ,wat]1 #b qu>ts2 p[d]$ alum1 #a oz42 ,russian is+lass1 #b ozs42 curd soap1 #dj gra9s4 ,simm] "o h\r1 /ra9 ?r\gh l95 or a f9e sieve1 & use :ile w>m4 ,,ii4 ,wat]1 #b gallons2 be/ glue1 #a lb42 alum1 #d ozs4 ,prep>e & use z above4 ,,iii4 ,wat]1 #b qu>ts2 is+lass1 #e ozs42 alum1 #bdj gra9s4 ,wat]-pro( ,glue4--,solution ( glue by itself or mix$ ) pigm5ts is us$ 9 pa9t+ walls 9 di/emp]4 ,a wat]-pro( coat is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,boil #a "p ( p[d]$ gall-nuts & #ab p>ts ( wat] until ! mass is r$uc$ to two-?irds ( its bulk4 ,!n /ra9 ?r\gh a clo? & apply ! solution to ! dry coat ( di/emp] pa9t1 ! latt] becom+ !reby z solid & insoluble z oil-pa9t4 ,! tann9 ( ! gall-nuts act+ only ^u s(t glue1 ! solution has to be appli$ s ! l[] lay] ( glue becomes ?or\ghly soak$ ?r\gh4 ,to r5d] wrapp+ pap] wat]-pro( ! foll[+ glue-solution may be us$3 ,dissolve #bd p>ts ( alum & #d p>ts ( :ite soap 9 #cb p>ts ( wat] 9 "o pot1 & 9 ano!r #b p>ts ( gum arabic & #f p>ts ( glue 9 #cb p>ts ( wat]1 & mix ! two solutions4 ,heat ! mixture1 imm]se ! wrapp+ pap] 9 x1 & pass x ?r\gh hot rolls1 or dry ^u tw9e /ret*$ 9 frames4 ,fabrics may be r5d]$ wat]-pro( ) glue & tann94 ,! process is bas$ on ! fact t by ! action ( tann9 or bi*romates1 comp\nds insoluble 9 wat] are =m$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( fir/ importance t bo? solutions--tann9 & glue--%\ld fully p5etrate ! fabric4 ,if ! latt] is dipp$ directly into /rong solution ( glue & !n ( tann91 ! glue w only become insoluble on ! outside1 & t :i* has p5etrat$ deep] into ! fibre w be un*ang$1 hav+ be5 protect$ by ! sup]ficial insoluble lay]4 ,h5ce1 ! treatm5t is comm5c$ ) a v weak solution ( glue1 prep>$ by leav+ glue brok5 small 9 hundr$ times its weight ( wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,by t "t ! glue w h swell$ up1 & ! :ole is boil$1 :il/ be+ con/antly /irr$1 s z to get a p]fectly cle> solution 9 :i* ! fabric is boil$ = #aj to #ae m9utes4 ,?is "t is no m ?an necess>y = complete p5etration4 ,! fabric is !n well wrung betwe5 two roll]s plac$ ov] ! glue-ba? s t excess ( solution runs back into x4 ,! fabric is !n hung up1 & :5 ne>ly dry is pass$ ?r\gh a tann9 solution4 ,! latt] may be made f tann9 itself1 or f a tann9 extract1 or by boil+ galls or oak b>k 9 wat]4 ,! tann9 solution c be us$ fairly /rong1 z only s mu* ( x is tak5 up z corresponds to ! glue pres5t1 & x c be us$ ov] aga9 z long z x c supply ! tann9 requir$1 & c !n be re9=c$ ) m tann9 z requir$4 ,x is n necess>y = ! fabric to /ay long 9 ! tann91 z x reacts quickly ) ! glue4 ,! tann$ mat]ial is aga9 hung up to dry1 & :5 q dry is wa%$ 9 pla9 wat] to remove any excess ( tann94 ,! :ole process f ! beg9n+ is !n twice repeat$4 ,aft] ?is second repetition !re is s ?ick a lay] ( tannate ( gelat9e on ! fabric t ! dry clo? has acquir$ consid]able solidity & a smoo?ness :i* recalls t ( lea!r4 ,! fabric is n[ pass$ ?r\gh a /rong] glue solution1 us+ ?ree or ev5 f\r p>ts ( glue p] hundr$ ( wat]1 b nev] exce$+ ! latt] limit4 ,aft] ! glue-ba? ! fabric goes ?r\gh ! tann9 ba?1 :]eby x becomes q ?ickly coat$ ) tannate ( gelat9e4 ,by repeat$ly treat+ ) glue & tann9 alt]nately1 ?is coat+ c be made z ?ick z desir$1 & f9ally masses are obta9$ 9 :i* ! texture ( ! fabric is entirely hidd51 & especially aft] ! fabric has be5 cal5d]$ "u heavy pressure aft] wat]-pro(+4 ,! color acquir$ by goods ?us wat]-pro($ is a m or less d>k lea!r-br[n4 ,muratori & ,l&ry treat ! fabric ) a solution made 9 ?ree sep>ate op]ations3 #a4 ,pota% alum #ajj lbs4 dissolv$ 9 #aj gallons ( boil+ wat]4 #b4 ,9 ano!r vessel #ajj lbs4 ( glue are soak$ 9 cold wat] till ! glue has trebl$ 9 weight4 ,! rema9+ wat] is p\r$ (f1 & ! glue liquefi$ by ! application ( heat4 ,:5 ! glue is boil+1 #e lbs4 ( tann9 & #b lbs4 ( soda wat] glass are put 9 x4 #c4 ,! two solutions are boil$ toge!r1 be+ /irr$ con/antly4 ,:5 ! mixture is complete1 x is all[$ to cool to a jelly4 ,to wat]-pro( ! goods "s ( ! jelly is boil$ ) wat] 7#a gallon to #a lb41 or a little ov]7 = ?ree h\rs1 add+ wat] to comp5sate = evaporation1 s z to keep ! volume ( ! solution con/ant1 z %[n by te/s ( its specific gravity ) a hydromet]4 ,! ba? is !n all[$ to cool to #agf ,f41 & ! fabric is soak$ 9 x = half an h\r & !n /ret*$ out horizontally = six h\rs to dra94 ,! fabric mu/ be kept horizontal1 s t ! solution rema9s uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh x4 ,! dra9+s are collect$ to be us$ ov] aga94 ,! fabric is !n dri$ 9 ! op5 air or 9 a dry+ room1 /ill 9 ! horizontal position4 ,if a dry+ room is us$ ! temp]ature ( x %\ld n exce$ #abb ,f4 ,muzmann & ,krak[itz] dissolve #aj lbs4 ( gelat9e & #aj lbs4 ( tall[ soap 9 #cj gallons ( boil+ wat]1 & mix ! solution 9 #d gallons ( wat] 9 :i* #ae lbs4 ( alum h be5 dissolv$4 ,! :ole is boil$ = half an h\r1 & !n all[$ to cool to #ajd ,f4 ,at t temp]ature ! fabric is ?or\ghly soak$ 9 x1 dri$1 r9s$1 aga9 dri$1 & f9ally cal5d]$4 ,9 ?is process ! alum p>tially decomposes ! soap1 =m+ ei!r free fatty acid or an acid alum9a soap4 ,! gelat9e =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! alum4 ,! free fatty acid or acid soap is mo/ly c>ri$ d[n on ! fibre by ! precipitate =m$ by ! alum & ! gelat9e4 ,glue = ,jo9ts 9 ,lea!r ,driv+ ,belts4--,soak equal p>ts ( good hide glue & is+lass 9 wat] = #aj h\rs1 & !n boil ) pure tann9 till ! product becomes /icky4 ,! surfaces to be cem5t$ toge!r %\ld be r\gh5$ & ! glue appli$ hot4 ,accord+ to ano!r me?od #b lbs4 ( be/ glue are dissolv$ at a mod]ate heat 9 #c lbs4 ( wat] & ab\t #c dra*ms ( c>bolic acid /irr$ into ! hot solution4 ,! mixture is p\r$ into %all[ iron pans to congeal1 :5 x is cut 9 pieces & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,= use ! glue is liquefi$ by add+ a small quantity ( v9eg> & appli$ ) a bru% to ! lea!r4 ,! jo9t is f9ally press$ betwe5 iron plates at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gg ,f4 ,hectograph ,mass4--,soak a good quality ( glue = #bd h\rs 9 suffici5t cold wat] to cov] x4 ,!n take ! swell$ glue f ! wat] & melt x 9 an enamel$ pot ov] a mod]ate fire4 ,:5 p]fectly liquid add ! requir$ quantity ( glyc]9e 7see =mulas bel[7 & intimately mix bo? by cont9u$ /irr+4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! mixture %\ld = "s "t be kept hot1 s t ! mass rema9s ?9ly fluid4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to all[ ! air-bubbles =m$ by /irr+ to rise to ! surface4 ,if any scum is =m$ on ! surface1 remove x c>efully ) a %all[ spoon4 ,! composition is !n ready to be p\r$ into ! vessel int5d$ = its reception1 :i* may be made especially = ! purpose1 or a %all[ bak+ pan ( t9 may be us$4 ,:5 ! pan is fill$ ) ! composition place x p]fectly level 9 a cool place free f du/ & all[ to rema9 at lea/ = sev]al h\rs4 ,=mulas = ,hectograph ,masses4--,i4 ,gild]'s glue1 #ajj p>ts2 glyc]9e ( #bh ,b41 #ejj4 ,! glue is all[$ to swell 9 wat]1 z describ$ above1 !n melt$1 mix$ ) ! glyc]9e1 & evaporat$ to ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,,ii4 ,gild]'s glue1 #ajj p>ts2 glyc]9e ( #bh ,b41 #djj2 wat]1 #bjj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gelat9e1 ,,& ,,products ,,prep>$ ,,f ,,x4 ,gelat9e1 l glue1 is produc$ f hides & sk9s1 & bones4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by its purity1 has a slight yell[i% t9t1 & is v h>d & ela/ic4 ,9 cold wat] x s(t5s1 swells up1 becomes opaque1 b does n dissolve4 ,9 hot wat] x dissolves completely1 & on cool+ = sev]al h\rs1 an almo/ colorless1 transp>5t & v firm jelly results4 ,?is prop]ty ( becom+ jelli$ is 9 "p lo/ if ! solution is = "s "t expos$ to a temp]ature high] ?an #bab ,f4 ,! *emical con/itution ( gelat9e is entirely *ang$ by conc5trat$ sulphuric or nitric acid4 ,conc5trat$ acetic acid1 on ! o!r h&1 r5d]s s(t5$ gelat9e transp>5t1 & !n dissolves x2 ! solution does n become viscid1 b pres]ves its adhesive prop]ty4 ,dilute acids h no appreciable effect ei!r on ! coagulat+ or ! adhesive p[]4 ,tann9 is a valuable & delicate te/ ( ! pres5ce ( gelat9e4 ,:5 add$ to a solution conta9+ only #a_/ejjj? "p ( gelat9e1 nebulosity is imm$iately app>5t4 ,:5 m conc5trat$ gelat9\s liquors are treat$ ) t9cture or infusion ( nut gall1 a d5se1 :ite1 case\s subsid5ce occurs :i*1 on desiccation1 becomes br[ni%-yell[1 agglut9ates1 & =ms a h>d1 brittle mass easily r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,gelat9e is mu* us$ = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes1 & = f9+ be]1 w9e & o!r liquids4 ,consid]$ m$ic9ally1 x is emolli5t & demulc5t1 & = ?is end is dissolv$ 9 wat] or milk1 & r5d]$ palatable by ! addition ( acid & sug>4 ,9 ph>macy1 x is us$ = ! =mation ( capsules int5d$ to conceal ! nause\s odor & ta/e ( m$ic9al prep>ations inclos$ 9 !m4 ,x is likewise employ$ = coat+ pills4 ,,sk9 ,,gelat9e4 ,b few *anges h be5 made 9 ! process ( manufactur+ sk9 gelat9e s9ce ! me?od introduc$ & pat5t$1 9 #ahci1 by ,george ,nelson4 ,?is pat5t relates to ! prep>ation ( a transp>5t gelat9e f wa/e ( calf sk9s1 & ( an inf]ior v>iety f o!r sk9s fre$ f hair1 wool1 & fle%y & fatty matt]s4 ,! mode ( proc$ure is ! same 9 bo? cases1 & is z foll[s3 ,! cutt+s be+ wa%$ are mac]at$ 9 solution ( cau/ic soda or cau/ic pota% at a temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 until !y are p>tially s(t5$4 ,t5 days is ! av]age p]iod requir$ to effect ?is4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 clos$ vessels & p]mitt$ to rema9 until a ?or\gh s(t5+ is effect$4 ,!y are n[ wa%$ 9 a revolv+ cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( wat] passes to free !m f adh]+ alkali2 expos$ 9 a well-clos$ *amb] to ! action ( sulphur\s acid1 & f9ally submitt$ to pressure to remove ! adh]+ wat]4 ,! s(t5$ mass blea*$ by sulphur\s acid is !n plac$ 9 a suitable vessel & subject$ to ! action ( /eam until x is1 z f> z possible1 dissolv$4 ,! liquor is !n /ra9$ & set aside at a temp]ature ( #ajj to #abj ,f4 = ! impurities :i* may h rema9$ to subside4 ,! cl>ifi$ solution is p\r$ ^u slabs ( slate or m>ble to ! dep? ( ab\t half an in* & all[$ to rema9 !re till suffici5tly solidifi$1 :5 x is cut1 & wa%$ to remove all traces ( acid4 ,x is subsequ5tly r$issolv$ by means ( a /eam ba? at a temp]ature ( #ie ,f41 f9ally aga9 solidifi$1 & dri$ by exposure to dry air ^u nets4 ,messrs4 ,j4 & ,g4 ,cox1 ( ,ed9burgh1 pat5t$ 9 #ahdd1 a process by :i* a p]fectly pure sub/ance1 sup]ior to t prep>$ f is+lass is obta9$4 ,%\ld]s & *eeks ( ox-hides are pref]r$ by ! pat5tees4 ,!y are ?or\ghly cleans$ 9 wat]1 aft] :i* !y are cut into pieces by a ma*9e simil> to t us$ = cutt+ /raw1 & !n subject$ to ! action ( a pap]-mak]'s pulp-mill4 ,by ?is process ! gelat9\s fibre is well wa%$ & cleans$1 z a /ream ( wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! mill dur+ ! :ole op]ation1 c>ry+ (f all ! impurities4 ,! comm9ut$ mat]ial is next press$ betwe5 rolls1 mix$ ) fre% wat]1 suffici5t to effect its solution1 & heat$ to a temp]ature v>y+ f #aej to #bab ,f4 ,! result+ gelat9e-solution is !n all[$ to cool to #aej ,f41 & mix$ ) fre% bullock's blood--#a "p ( ! latt] to #gjj p>ts ( solution4 ,at a some:at increas$ temp]ature ! album5 ( ! blood coagulates & rises 9 ! =m ( foam to ! surface1 or subsides 9 ! %ape ( flakes1 c>ry+ ) x ! impurities1 & ?us cl>ify+ ! liquor4 ,! latt] is all[$ to /& = "s "t1 :5 x is p\r$ ^u /one slabs & all[$ to solidify4 ,g4 ,p4 ,sw9borne's improv$ pat5t$ process = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e f hides1 sk9s & glue pieces1 relates ma9ly to ! cleans+ ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,! latt] is r$uc$ by means ( suitable in/rum5ts to %av+s or slices1 & soak$ 9 cold wat]1 :i* is dra9$ (f & replac$ by fre% wat] ?ree times a day1 until no odor or ta/e is p]ceptible4 ,! %av+s are !n heat$ ) wat]1 n above boil+1 /ra9$ ?r\gh filt] clo?s1 & ! liquor is !n run on to slate or o!r mat]ial to dry4 ,! mod]n process ( prep>+ sk9 gelat9e is1 accord+ to ,?omas ,lamb]t1 c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! fir/ treatm5t ! cleans$ sk9s und]go is ! 8/eep+0 process ) cau/ic soda or milk ( lime4 ,9 "s factories a mixture ( cau/ic 7slak$7 lime & soda a% is us$1 9 ! proportion ( #f lbs4 soda a% & #f lbs4 slak$ lime to e hundr$-weight ( sk9s treat$1 ! *emical *ange be+ t ! :ole ( ! c>bonate ( soda 7soda a%7 is conv]t$ into cau/ic soda by its equival5t ( cau/ic lime1 ! excess ( ! latt] rema9+ z su*4 ,! equation repres5t+ ?is is-- ,na#b;,,co#c ,ca,h#b,o#b #b,na,h,o ,ca,c,o#c ,soda a%4 ,cau/ic lime4 ,cau/ic soda4 ,c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is /eep+ is conduct$ 9 l>ge wood5 vats1 ea* hav+ a l5g? ( #ab feet1 wid? #h feet1 & dep? #c feet1 & fix$ ) a slight gradi5t to ! ov]fl[1 :i* is plac$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t corn] ( ! vat & protect$ by p]=at$ bo>ds4 ,! sk9s 9 ! vat are ne>ly cov]$ ) wat]1 & !n ! solution ( cau/ic soda1 or ! slak$ lime mix$ 9 wat] to a cream1 is spray$ equally ov] ! mass1 ! :ole be+ intimately mix$ ) long /irr+ poles4 ,! wat] is r5ew$ twice dur+ a p]iod ( #ab days1 ! "t all[$ = ! sk9s to soak4 ,!y are n[ remov$ to a *amb]1 9 :i* a mod]ate increase ( heat facilitates ! saponification ( ! fat & ! dissolv+ ( ! fle%y matt]4 ,! *amb] is a brick build+1 ) a cem5t$ floor1 on :i* ! sk9s are spread to a uni=m dep? ( ab\t six in*es & is heat$ by /eam pipes runn+ r\nd ! build+4 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,f4 ! sk9s are expos$ two or ?ree days1 ) frequ5t turn+4 ,!y are n[ transf]r$ to ! wa%+ ma*9e & wa%$ until ! efflu5t is practically free ( soda or lime4 ,! sk9s !n und]go a blea*+ process to :it51 & ?us de/roy any injuri\s color+ matt]4 ,= ?is purpose ! wa%$ sk9s are remov$ to a numb] ( vats fitt$ ) fold+ cov]s1 & treat$ to a solution ( sulphur\s acid ( ,twaddell /r5g? = #bd h\rs1 ea* vat be+ well /irr$ at int]vals to all[ ! 8blea*0 to p]meate equally ! mass4 ,9 "s factories ?is process is c>ri$ out ) dry sulphur\s acid1 ! gas be+ g5]at$ 9 a sulphur burn] &1 aft] wa%+1 pass$ into a *amb] conta9+ ! sk9s4 ,! vats are n[ dra9$1 !n fill$ up ) wat]1 well /irr$1 & ! wat] run (f4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! efflu5t is practically free ( any sulphur\s smell1 & ! "w ( dissolv+ ! gelat9e is proce$$ )4 ,! dige/+ ( ! sk9s is c>ri$ on 9 /\tly built1 circul> wood5 vats1 ea* hav+ a size1 g5]ally ( #d feet #f in*es diamet] & #f feet deep1 & fitt$ ) #b in* copp] /eam coil4 ,! vats are provid$ ) a d\ble wood5 bottom to divide ! heat4 ,!y are arrang$ on ! fir/ floor ( ! build+1 ! liquors runn+ ?r\gh a %all[ filt] ( f9e copp] gauze to ! cl>ify+ vats b5ea?4 ,! sk9s are rais$ by an elevator & f$ direct into ! vats by suitably-arrang$ tr\ghs1 !n cov]$ ) wat]1 & /eam is s5t ?r\gh ! coils4 ,! temp]ature is frequ5tly tak5 by ! !rmomet] & %\ld nev] exce$ #agg ,f4 ,dur+ ! dige/ion1 any unsaponifi$ fat & dirt comes to ! surface z a scum1 & is c>efully skimm$ (f f "t to "t4 ,samples are also drawn ( ! liquors1 cool$1 & ! appe>ance & /r5g? ( ! jelly not$4 ,aft] five to six h\rs' heat+1 ! fir/ liquors are run (f to ! cl>ify+ vats1 at a /r5g? ( ab\t #ag p] c5t4 gelat9e4 ,! vats are refill$ ) wat]1 & a second dige/ion made1 ! liquor runn+ to ! cl>ify+ vats at a /r5g? ( #ab p] c5t4 ,9 ! ?ird dige/ion ! temp]ature is rais$ a few degrees to practically exhau/ ! gelat9\s matt]1 & c ei!r be cl>ifi$ to =m an inf]ior gelat9e1 or conc5trat$ = size4 ,! exhau/$ matt] is tak5 to ! manure-%$ = mix+ purposes4 ,! cl>ify+ ( ! fir/ & second liquors--& if us$ = gelat9e ! ?ird liquor--is done sep>ately 9 ! cl>ify+ vats4 ,! cle>+ ag5t us$ is alum1 to ! ext5t ( p] c5t41 or a little blood dilut$ ) wat]2 bo? are mix$ ) a small portion ( ! hot liquors 9 a bucket1 & !n well /irr$ 9 ! vats4 ,! liquors are rais$ to #agg ,f4 to coagulate ! impurities1 & !n l[]$ to #adi ,f4 & all[$ to /& = two h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! coagulat$ matt] rises to ! surface1 & is skimm$ (f4 ,on leav+ ! vats1 ! liquors are filt]$ ?r\gh f9e copp] gauze into a receiv] f :i* is f$ ! vacuum pan4 ,gelat9\s liquors be+ peculi>ly s5sitive1 especially z reg>ds color1 to high temp]atures1 x is f\nd advisable to evaporate !m 9 vacuo2 & ?is me?od is adopt$ by all cont95tal mak]s4 ,! ?ree grades ( ! liquors1 conc5trat$ to ! requir$ /r5g?1 are run on to squ>es ( glass1 #d #d1 fix$ 9 a wood fram+1 to a dep? ( in* = cake & in* = leaf gelat9e1 !n plac$ p]fectly level on racks = jelly+4 ,9 #bd h\rs ! jelly is firm1 & c be easily cut to ! desir$ size ( cake or leaf want$4 ,a v f9e gelat9e is produc$ by cutt+ ! jelly into small pieces1 wa%+ well ) cold wat]1 & remelt+ at a temp]ature ( #agf ,f41 & p\r$ aga9 on ! glasses = jelly+4 ,! dry+ is c>ri$ on by expos+ ! cut cakes1 on nets fix$ to a framework ( wood1 to a rapid curr5t ( dry air 9 ! tunnels1 z describ$ 9 ! dry+ ( glue4 ,,bone ,,gelat9e4 ,! mat]ials us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be ( ! be/ description1 ! mo/ suitable bones be+ calves' feet1 wa/e ( turn]s & button mak]s1 ! bony cores ( ! horns ( ! ox & c[4 ,su* bones d n require comm9ution1 b if l>ge bones ( ox51 horses1 etc41 are to be us$1 x is recomm5d$ to break !m z small z possible by means ( a wood5 mallet1 & to avoid ! use ( iron /amp]s1 z ! bones become heat$ by ! heavy bl[s & friction to :i* !y are subject$ dur+ ! process1 & acquire an empyreumatic odor :i* is reta9$ by ! gelat9e4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process is ! solution ( ! glue c>tilage4 ,?is 0 =m]ly effect$ by ! use ( /eam & wat]4 ,! cru%$ bones 7 plac$ 9 a wire basket or cage & ?is ins]t$ 9 a small ca/-iron cyl9d] & /eam introduc$4 ,! app>atus is connect$ ) a /eam boil]1 & provid$ ) an air-tight lid1 & a pipe & a rose connect$ ) a wat] res]voir = p\r+ wat] ov] ! bones 9 ord] to promote ! solution ( ! glue c>tilage4 ,b ?is process is v sl[1 #bj h\rs be+ requir$ )\t completely exhau/+ ! bones4 ,! result+ gelat9\s liquor is drawn (f e h\r1 ! fir/ run1 :i* conta9s ! dirt & grease1 be+1 ( c\rse1 kept sep>ate f ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,z w be readily und]/ood ?is process consumes mu* fuel1 & leaves a residue :i*1 ?\gh n completely exhau/$1 _c be fur!r utiliz$ = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e4 ,9 fact ! entire process is obsolete1 b z x is /ill 9 use 9 "s localities1 a description is "h giv51 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 ( ! app>atus & improv$ mann] ( manufacture employ$ 9 ! factory ( ,d4 ,j4 ,bri]s1 :i* is well kn[n = ! beautiful product turn$ out4 ,fig4 #ei %[s a longitud9al section ( ! entire app>atus4 ,fig4 #fj is ! horizontal section ( ! boil]4 a1 is ! cyl9drical boil] #f met]s 7#ai4fh feet7 long1 & #b met]s 7#f4ef feet7 9 diamet]4 ,x is made ( /rong boil] plate d\bly rivet$1 & capable ( resi/+ a pressure ( six or sev5 atmosph]es4 b1 is ! manhole4 ,x is clos$ by an oval lid secur$ by two iron rods & two bolts1 s t aft] plac+ ! lid 9 position1 ! boil] is h]metically clos$ by tight5+ ! nuts ^u ! bolts4 c1 is a ca/-iron =k ) two safety valves ) lev]s graduat$ f #a to #ajj atmosph]ic degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 d1 is a float ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 & provid$ ) a :eel graduat$ f ,nos4 #a to #f4 ,its object is to indicate dur+ ! op]ation h[ mu* wat] is lo/ & h[ mu* rema9s 9 ! boil]4 ,c>e mu/ be _h n to all[ ! indicator ( ! :eel to get bel[ ,no4 #a4 ,?is figure indicates t ! wat] has rea*$ ! highe/ po9t 9 ! boil] expos$ to ! fire1 :i* is consequ5tly ! l[e/ po9t :i* ! wat] c be all[$ to rea*4 ,on ! o!r h& ! indicator mu/ n move above ,no4 #f1 z ! wat] :5 /&+ too high 9 ! boil] & too close to ! pipes conduct+ ! /eam into ! v>i\s app>atuses might mix ) ! /eam & spoil ! op]ation c>ri$ on 9 ! drum1 e1 ,fig4 #fj4 f1 ,fig #fj1 is a manomet]1 :i* indicates ! degrees ( pressure ex]t$ by ! /eam 9 ! int]ior ( ! boil]4 ,x consi/s ( a wr\ght-iron pipe b5t d\ble1 & is fill$ ) m]cury #a4bb met] 7#d4jjb feet7 high c\nt$ f its base4 ,"o end ( ! pipe communicates ) ! boil]1 :ile ! o!r end is provid$ ) a small brass :eel4 ,^u ! latt] is a ?read ( twi/$ silk1 to ! end ( :i* is susp5d$ an iron cyl9d] ( some:at small] circumf]5ce ?an ! bore ( ! pipe1 s t x c move up & d[n 9 x )\t friction4 ,?is cyl9d] re/s always ^u ! m]cury4 ,to ! o!r end ( ! ?read is fa/5$ an indicator ( some:at less weight ?an ! cyl9d]1 :i*1 by slid+ 9 a groove 9 a graduat$ bo>d plac$ alongside ! pipe1 indicates ! degrees ( /eam pressure4 g is a ca/-iron pipe = heat+ ! dry+ room1 & h ano!r ca/-iron pipe = heat+ ! /ore-room = ! bones4 i is ! =c+ pump = fe$+ ! boil] ) wat]4 k is a %eet-iron res]voir plac$ close to ! end ( ! boil]4 ,x is fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is heat$ by ! heat lo/ 9 ! fire-place 9 consequ5ce ( ! draught1 & by all[+ ! smoke to circulate "u ! res]voir be=e pass+ into ! *imney4 ,! res]voir communicates ) ! =c+-pump by means ( a pipe & /opcock1 s z to avoid fe$+ ! boil] ) cold wat]4 l is ! fire-place1 consi/+ ( ! grate1 door & ca/-iron frame4 ,! drum1 e1 is a sph]ical vessel ( /rong %eet-iron d\bly rivet$4 ,x is #c met]s 7#i4hd feet7 9 diamet]1 & capable ( resi/+ a pressure ( six to sev5 atmosph]es4 ,x s]ves = s(t5+ ! bones ) ! assi/ance ( /eam pass$ into x f ! boil]1 a4 ,x is provid$ ) a manhole simil> to t ( ! boil]4 n is a wr\ght-iron %aft pass+ horizontally ?r\gh ! drum & revolv+ 9 ! brasses1 o4 g1 ,fig4 #fa1 is a ge>+ ) a crank1 by means ( :i* ! drum e is revolv$4 ,! p[] ( ! ge>+ mu/ be s calculat$ t "o man c turn ! :eels :5 ! drum is fill$ ) wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 r is a false bottom p]=at$ 9 its entire l5g? ) holes #ab millimet]s 7#j4dg in*7 9 diamet]1 & is plac$ ab\t #ae c5timet]s 7#e4i in*es7 above ! true bottom ( ! drum4 ,x consi/s ( two pieces1 & is secur$ by two nuts1 s t x c be easily remov$ & replac$4 ,its object is to prev5t ! bones f clogg+ up ! pipe s1 & ! cocks t1 u4 a1 a1 ,fig4 #fa1 are angul> iron po9ts inside ( ! drum e4 ,_! object is to facilitate ! %ift+ ( ! bones :5 ! drum is revolv+4 x1 ,fig4 #ei1 is a cock ne> ! manhole4 ,x is op5$ ab\t #b millimet]s 7#j4jgi in*7 dur+ ! op]ation 9 ! drum4 ,x s]ves also = ! escape ( ! /eam f ! drum :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! cocks t1 u1 plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! drum1 s]ve = ! escape ( /eam cond5s$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! /eam pipe p1 ,fig4 #ei1 conducts ! /eam f ! vessel a into ! drum e4 y1 ,fig4 #ei1 is a cock graduat$ into eight equal p>ts & plac$ on ! /eam pipe p1 to conduct ! /eam f ! box z1 into ! /uff+ box a1 & f !re into ! pipe s1 !n "u ! false bottom r1 into ! drum e4 ,! lid ( ! ca/-iron box z1 is provid$ ) a safety valve load$ ) a weight correspond+ to ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e4 ,! wood5 vessel or box d1 ! gr\nd-plan ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb1 s]ves = boil+ ! comm9ut$ bones 9 ord] to extract ! jelly4 ,?is box consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 n1 are ca/-iron /eam pipes occupy+ ! entire surface ( ! box1 be+ plac$ at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 & connect$ on _! ends by semicircul> pieces4 ,! /eam1 :i* is all[$ to circulate 9 ! pipes 9 ord] to boil ! liquid1 ent]s ?r\gh "o ( ! ends :i* rises up v]tically & is connect$ ) ! cock h1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! o!r end is secur$ to ! inn] side ( ! box1 :i* is p]=at$ = ! admittance ( ! cock o4 ,^u ! /eam pipes lies a wood5 framework ) l95 nail$ ^u x1 ! object ( :i* is to prev5t ! comm9ut$ bone sub/ance f fall+ "u ! pipes4 ,! frame mu/1 ( c\rse1 fit closely into ! box4 ,! cock h graduat$ 9 eight equal p>ts s]ves to admit /eam into ! pipes n1 & is op5$ ei!r entirely or half1 or "o-qu>t]1 or "o-eigh?1 accord+ to ! /rong] or g5tl] ebullition to be produc$4 ,to prev5t ! /eam f becom+ /agnant 9 ! /eam pipes n1 a small jet is all[$ con/antly to escape ?r\gh ! cock o4 ,! latt] s]ves also to run (f ! cond5s$ /eam :5 x no long] possesses ! heat requir$ to keep up ebullition4 p1 ,fig4 #fb1 is a cock 9 ! bottom ( ! box d = draw+ (f ! gelat9\s solution f ! residue4 ,! box e1 ,fig4 #fb1 a gr\nd-plan ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 s]ves = evaporat+ ! gelat9\s solution1 :i* is effect$ by circulat+ /eam ?r\gh sev]al tubul> pieces ( ca/-iron :i* =m ! bottom ( ! box & are connect$ 9 a simil> mann] z ! pipes 9 ! box d4 ,! cock i is graduat$ & simil> to h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,! cock r1 ,fig4 #fc1 is simil> to o1 ,figs4 #ei & #fb4 s1 ,fig4 #fc1 is a cock = draw+ (f ! evaporat$ gelat9\s solution4 ,! wood5 box f1 ,fig4 #ei1 a gr\nd-plan ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd1 s]ves = ! reception & settl+ ( ! evaporat$ gelat9\s solution4 ,its bottom is con/ruct$ 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! box e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,! cock n1 :i* is plac$ #ad millimet]s 7#j4ee in*7 above ! bottom ( ! box1 s]ves = runn+ ! gelat9\s solution into ! wood5 cool+-boxes4 ,! bones z receiv$ 9 ! factory are sort$ by ?r[+ out ! spongy mat]ial1 etc4 ,!y are !n /eep$ 9 lime-wat] = a few days to free !m f adh]+ p>ticles ( fle%1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ & /or$ away = future use4 ,! boil] a1 is fill$ two-?irds ) wat]1 & heat$ until ! manomet] indicates a pressure ( #cj4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! drum e1 is fill$ sev5-eigh?s ) p]fectly dry bones1 & /eam is !n admitt$ f ! boil] a1 ?r\gh ! graduat$ cock y4 ,! fact t ! bones 9 ! drum are expos$ to ! prop] temp]ature ( #bej ,f4 is recogniz$ by ! !rmomet] b1 plac$ betwe5 ! cock & ! drum4 ,to prev5t ! /agnation ( ! /eam 9 ! drum1 a small jet ( x is all[$ con/antly dur+ ! op]ation to escape ?r\gh ! cock x4 ,! cock mu/ n be op5$ wid] ?an is necess>y to keep ! temp]ature at #bej ,f4 ,by op5+ x wid]1 ?is degree w\ld be exce$$1 & ! gelat9e-yield+ sub/ance w\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 und]go alt]ation4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] admitt+ ! /eam into ! drum1 ! cock t1 is op5$1 & aga9 clos$ aft] all[+ a small portion ( ! cond5s$ /eam to escape to ! cock u1 &1 ?r\gh ?is1 into a box4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ e qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,to *ange ! position ( ! bones1 ! drum is revolv$ twice e half h\r1 by means ( ! ge>+ q1 ( c\rse clos+ ! cock x dur+ ! op]ation4 ,by c>efully foll[+ ! above rules1 ! bones w be ?or\ghly r$uc$ 9 f\r h\rs4 ,if1 = in/ance1 /eam has be5 introduc$ into ! drum at #e o'clock a4 m4 ! op]ation w be f9i%$ at #i a4 m4 ,! cock y1 is !n clos$1 & ! /eam all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! cock x4 ,aft] ! escape ( ! /eam1 ! drum is empti$1 by remov+ ! lid & turn+ x upside d[n4 ,x is !n refill$ ) entirely dry bones1 & ! op]ation cont9u$ 9 a l mann]1 day & night1 if necess>y4 ,aft] ! bones h be5 tak5 f ! drum1 !y are spread out "u a %$1 &1 :5 dry1 gr\nd 9 a suitable mill4 ,! result+ fl\r1 :i* conta9s ! jelly-yield+ sub/ance1 is br\ght into ! vessel d1 :i*1 9 ! mean:ile1 has be5 furni%$ ) suffici5t wat] to cov] ! fl\r #fe c5timet]s 7#be4ei in*es7 deep4 ,! mixture is boil$ = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 be+ con/antly /irr$ to prev5t ! fl\r f =m+ a heavy & d5se mass :i* w\ld h9d] ! quick extraction ( ! jelly4 ,ebullition is !n int]rupt$ by clos+ ! cock h1 & ! fat float+ on ! surface skimm$ (f4 ,aft] all[+ ! gelat9\s solution to settle1 x is drawn (f by means ( a faucet plac$ above ! level ( ! fl\r4 ,?irty bucketfuls ( ! gelat9\s solution are !n at once p\r$ into a vat & mix$ ) ! cond5s$ /eam drawn (f by means ( ! cocks t u1 dur+ ! r$uction ( ! bones 9 ! drum4 ,aft] all[+ ! mixture to cool to #afj to #aee ,f41 #bj kilogr4 7#dd lbs47 ( pulv]iz$ alum are add$ at once & z quickly z possible4 ,:5 ! gelat9\s solution has become transp>5t1 x is drawn (f into ! box e1 & a few bucketfuls ( hot wat] are p\r$ ^u ! s$im5t 9 ! vat 9 ord] to extract ! rema9+ jelly1 :i* is effect$ by ?or\gh /irr+ & all[+ to settle until ! wat] is entirely cle>4 ,aft] dispos+ ( ! #cj bucketfuls 9 ! mann] m5tion$1 ! rema9d] ( ! gelat9\s solution is evaporat$4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ! box e1 :i* is fill$ #h c5timet]s 7#c4ae in*es7 deep ) gelat9\s solution1 & /eam is !n admitt$ into ! tubul> bottom pieces4 ,to promote evaporation & keep ! fluid con/antly 9 motion1 ! cock i is only op5$ f> en\gh to keep up g5tle ebullition4 ,dur+ evaporation ! solution %\ld be frequ5tly /irr$ ) an implem5t resembl+ a rake4 ,! ne>] ! requir$ degree ( conc5tration is approa*$1 ! great] c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! solution f boil+ too /rongly4 ,! prop] degree ( consi/5cy is obta9$ :5 half a sauc] full ( ! solution plac$ 9 a %ady place 9 ! air acquires 9 a %ort "t su* a consi/5cy t :5 t\*$ ) ! f+] no impression rema9s4 ,! cock i is !n clos$1 & ! jelly is drawn (f into ! box d1 :i* conta9s ! #cj bucketfuls ( cl>ifi$ jelly1 c>e be+ _h to mix ! two solutions z quickly z possible4 ,aft] evaporat+ all ! gelat9\s solution & mix+ x 9 ! box d1 ! :ole is heat$ to #aeh ,f41 by admitt+ /eam ?r\gh ! cock k1 c>e be+ _h n to =get clos+ x z soon z ! above temp]ature has be5 rea*$4 ,! solution is !n ?or\ghly /irr$ & p]mitt$ to settle = ?ree h\rs to all[ ( ! precipitation ( ! lime salts decompos$ by ! alum4 ,! fluid1 :i* is n[ p]fectly transp>5t & ( a beautiful d>k-yell[ color1 is !n drawn (f into wood5 cool+ boxes #b to #b4e met]s 7#f4ef to #h4b feet7 long1 #bj c5timet]s 7#g4hg in*es7 wide1 & #af c5timet]s 7#f4cj in*es7 deep4 ,! foll[+ day ! gelat9e is cut into leaves #be c5timet]s 7#i4hd in*es7 long & #ab c5timet]s 7#d4gb in*es7 wide1 :i* are dri$ ^u nets4 ,:5 q dry1 ! dry+ process is f9i%$ by br++ ! leaves into ! dry+-room :i* is heat$ by ! pipe g4 7,fig4 #ei47 ,! bone fl\r rema9+ 9 ! box d /ill conta9s mu* jelly1 :i* is extract$ by pressure4 ,?is is accompli%$ imm$iately aft] runn+ (f ! gelat9\s solution into ! evaporat+ vessel4 ,! liquid :i* has dra9$ ?r\gh ! clo? frame previ\sly m5tion$1 is drawn (f by op5+ ! cock p1 ,fig4 #fb1 :ile ! residue 9 ! box d is plac$ 9 co>se bags & ! jelly extract$ by subject+ ! bags to /rong pressure "u an iron screw-press4 ,be=e mix+ ! extract$ fluid ) ! solution 9 ! evaporat+ vessel1 x is recomm5d$ to all[ x to settle1 z x is always m or less turbid4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! bags is an excell5t manure4 ,! mod]n process ( prep>+ bone gelat9e1 :i* is n[ almo/ 9 g5]al use is z foll[s3 ,clean bones are select$ = ! purpose1 & ! op]ation comm5ces ) ! extraction ( ! fat by means ( b5z9e1 ?\gh "s manufactur]s pref] c>bon disulphide z a solv5t1 because x is claim$ t by reason ( its l[ boil+-po9t x does n injure ! gelat9e 9 ! same mann] z b5z9e1 & besides x leaves no smell 9 ! degreas$ bones4 ,x is advisable to blea* ! degreas$ bones1 spread out 9 ?9 lay]s & kept con/antly moi/1 by exposure to ! action ( air & light4 ,! blea*$ bones are convey$ to l>ge vats = ! purpose ( extract+ _! m9]al con/itu5ts by dige/ion ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! gelat9e is to be us$ z an article ( food1 or = m$ic9al purposes1 only ! pure/ hydro*loric acid obta9able %\ld be us$1 :ile ! ord9>y article suffices = t = te*nical purposes4 ,! vats are fill$ ?ree p>ts full ) bones & ! latt] cov]$ ) a solution ( hydro*loric acid ( #aj p] c5t4 /r5g?4 ,dige/ion is c>ri$ on until ! bones become s(t1 flexible & semi-transp>5t4 ,! acid wat] is n[ dra9$ (f1 & a supply ( fre% wat] add$1 & !n dis*>g$4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! la/ wat] is entirely free ( acid1 :i* is kn[n by add+ a few drops ( silv] nitrate1 ! abs5ce ( any :ite precipitate indicat+ t ! wat] is entirely free ( acid4 ,! bones are n[ blea*$ 9 ! mann] z describ$ "u sk9-gelat9e1 pref]ably ) solution ( sulphur\s acid1 ! process ) gase\s sulphur\s acid be+ difficult to c>ry out & consid]able "t is requir$ = ! gas to completely p]meate ! c>tilag9\s mass4 ,! blea*$ bones are !n convey$ to ! boil+ vats & ! result+ liquors treat$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ "u sk9-gelat9e4 ,z bone-gelat9e solidifies ) a l>g] cont5t ( wat] ?an ! product f sk9s1 evaporation ( ! liquors may be e>ly int]rupt$ & ! result+ jelly cut into ?9 leaves :i* are f9ally dri$4 ,,color$ ,,gelat9e4 ,cakes or leaves n entirely colorless may be utiliz$ = color$ gelat9e :i* is employ$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,color+ is effect$ by simply dissolv+ & di/ribut+ uni=mly a suitable quantity ( color+ matt] 9 ! cl>ifi$ gelat9e liquor previ\s to solidify+2 ( c\rse only wat]-soluble color+ matt] %\ld be us$4 ,color$ gelat9es are frequ5tly us$ by confection]s & 9 ! h\sehold 9 ! prep>ation ( jellies1 & ! use ( poison\s colors %\ld "u all conditions be avoid$4 ,suffici5t att5tion is n paid to ?is1 because _m ( ! anil9e colors :i* are n[ s mu* us$ = ! purpose are at lea/ op5 to suspicion1 :ile o!rs1 especially picric acid1 :i* yields a beautiful yell[ color1 are decid$ly poison\s4 ,! foll[+ color+ matt]s are p]fectly h>mless & yield good results 9 color+ gelat9e3 ,yell[3 ,c>amel or sug> color4 ,a /ill m beautiful yell[ is obta9$ by ! use ( an aque\s extract ( saffron4 ,r$3 ,extract ( co*9eal4 ,blue3 ,indigo-c>m9e solution4 ,gre53 ,mixture ( indigo-c>m9e & c>amel4 ,violet3 ,mixture ( extract ( co*9eal & indigo-c>m9e4 ,:ile gelat9e color$ ) ! above-m5tion$ color+ matt] does n pres5t su* a beautiful appe>ance z ! product color$ ) anil9e colors1 x is entirely h>mless & suitable = cul9>y purposes4 ,leaves ( gelat9e color$ ) anil9e colors exhibit beautiful colors & are us$ = _m te*nical purposes4 ,! foll[+ colors may be employ$3 ,yell[3 ,picric acid soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,r$3 ,fu*s9e or eos9e4 ,blue3 ,wat]-soluble blue4 ,gre53 ,iod9e gre54 ,violet3 ,me?yl violet4 ,gelat9e = ,f9+ ,purposes4 ,= f9+ be]1 w9e1 etc41 gelat9e 9 leaves or 9 p[d] is br\ght into comm]ce4 ,= ! prep>ation ( leaves1 gelat9e p>ticul>ly well dri$ is c>efully melt$ ov] a wat]-ba? & !n ladl$ into %eet-metal m\lds1 & all[$ sl[ly to solidify4 ,! product br\ght into comm]ce "u ! "n ( ,gelat9e ,la9e :i* comm&s a high price is 9 _m cases no?+ b ?or\ghly purifi$ bone-glue ( a d>k honey-yell[ to br[n color4 ,f9+ p[d] = w9e & be] is made by gr9d+ (f-color gelat9e cakes & free+ ! result+ p[d] f co>s] pieces by sift+4 ,! p[d] is :ite4 ,liquid f9+ gelat9e4 ,?is prep>ation consi/s ( gelat9e-solution suitably prep>$1 & repres5ts a colorless1 or at ! utmo/ slightly opalesc5t1 product j suffici5tly conc5trat$ to rema9 liquid4 ,sk9-liquors c only be us$ = ! prep>ation ( liquid gelat9e1 z bone-liquors already gelat9ize :5 !y conta9 sc>cely m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( glue4 ,! sk9 liquors are conc5trat$ s f> z to rema9 liquid at a temp]ature ( f #fj to #fh ,f4 ,a product answ]+ all dem&s is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,a good quality ( gelat9e ( a pale color is dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 ! solution1 9 case x %[s a slight odor1 filt]$ ?r\gh animal *>coal1 & !n br\ght into bottles4 ,to prev5t putrefaction ! liquid gelat9e is /]iliz$ z foll[s3 ,! fill$ bottles be+ plac$ 9 a boil] fill$ to a prop] dep? ) wat]1 ! latt] is sl[ly br\ght to boil+ :i* is kept up = #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,! bottles are !n clos$ ) corks previ\sly boil$ 9 ! wat]4 ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e f ,ord9>y ,glue4 ,= ?is purpose ord9>y pale-color$ glue is all[$ to swell up = two days 9 cold /rong v9eg>4 ,! v9eg> is !n dra9$ (f & ! glue :i* is n[ almo/ colorless1 is plac$ ^u a sieve & all[$ to float 9 a vessel fill$ ) wat] = #aj to #ab h\rs4 ,x is !n plac$ ^u a l95 clo?1 /ret*$ 9 a room heat$ to at ! utmo/ #fh ,f41 all[$ to dra9 & dry to su* an ext5t t on heat+ x to betwe5 #aeh & #afg ,f41 a ?ick cle> liquid is obta9$4 ,?is liquid is c>efully p\r$ ^u plates ( glass or m>ble1 s z to avoid ! =mation ( air bubbles & :5 solidifi$ ! leaves are remov$ & completely dri$ 9 ! air4 ,! product ?us obta9$ be+ entirely ta/eless & almo/ colorless may be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( jellies1 z well z = foils = pictures1 etc4 ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e = ,photographic ,pr9t+ & = ,photographic ,purposes 9 ,g5]al4 ,gelat9e suitable = ?is purpose %\ld be colorless & free f all salts1 s9ce ! latt] w\ld ex]t a di/urb+ effect ^u ! *emical processes :i* take place dur+ ! photographic op]ation4 ,= ! removal ( ! salts ! gelat9e is treat$ z foll[s3 ,colorless gelat9e ( ! be/ quality is brok5 into small pieces & cov]$ ) #aj to #ab times ! quantity ( wat]1 ! latt] be+ *ang$ e #ae to #bj m9utes until ! la/ wat] %[s no trace ( lime1 :i* is kn[n by add+ to ! wat] solution ( oxalate2 ! abs5ce ( turbidity indicates t ! wat] is free f lime4 ,! :ite ( an egg is n[ mix$ ) five drops ( ammonia & twice ! volume ( di/ill$ wat] & %ak5 to fro? 9 a bottle4 ,?is quantity suffices = #f to #h ozs4 ( gelat9e4 ,! wa%$ gelat9e is next melt$ 9 a di% & mix$ ) ! :ite ( egg4 ,"o "p ( glacial acetic acid mix$ ) #bej p>ts ( wat] is !n add$ drop by drop1 /irr+ con/antly until s5sitive litmus pap] %[s an acid reaction4 ,! liquid is n[ rapidly br\ght to ! boil+-po9t1 :il/ /irr+ con/antly1 & !n filt]$ 9 a w>m place to avoid gelat9ization4 ,! gelat9e n[ conta9s only ! salts ( ! :ite ( egg1 "s ammonium acetate & free acetic acid4 ,= _! removal ! solidifi$ gelat9e is cut into pieces1 :i* are plac$ 9 wat]4 ,gelat9e ,capsules = ,m$ic9al ,purposes4 ,consid]able use is made ( gelat9e 9 m$ic9e4 ,to disguise ! disagreeable ta/e ( "s m$ic9es !y are ei!r mix$ ) gelat9e solution or inclos$ 9 gelat9e capsules4 ,to prep>e ! latt]1 dissolve #h p>ts ( gelat9e1 #b ( sug>1 & #a ( gum-arabic 9 #h ( wat] 9 a wat]-ba?1 & dip ! pe>-%ap$ ends ( iron rods into ! lukew>m solution4 ,to facilitate ! deta*+ ( ! gelat9e film f ! rods1 grease ! pe>-%ap$ ends ) oil4 ,! capsules are dri$ by plac+ !m 9 holes ( a correspond+ size 9 bo>ds4 ,:5 dry !y are fill$ ) ! respective m$ic9e1 & clos$ ) a drop ( ! same solution4 ,c\rt ,pla/]4 ,gelat9e or is+lass #aee gra9s1 alcohol #ac fluid dra*ms1 glyc]9e #ae gra9s4 ,wat]1 t9cture ( b5zo91 ea* a suffici5t quantity4 ,dissolve ! gelat9e 9 a suffici5t quantity ( hot wat] to make ! solution weigh #d ozs4 ,spread "o-half ( ?is 9 successive lay]s by means ( a bru% ^u taffeta /ret*$ ^u a frame s z to pres5t a level surface1 wait+ aft] ea* application until ! lay] is dry4 ,= ! fir/ two applications ! gelat9e solution %\ld be w>m$ m]ely to above its congeal+ po9t1 s t :5 spread out x may rapidly solidify & at ! same "t adh]e to1 b n pass ?r\gh ! fabric4 ,mix ! second half ( ! gelat9e solution ) ! alcohol & glyc]9e1 & apply x 9 ! same mann]4 ,!n rev]se ! taffeta1 coat x on ! back ) ! t9cture ( b5zo9 & all[ x to become p]fectly dry4 ,! t9cture ( b5zo9 appli$ to ! rev]se side leaves a ?9 lay] ( res9 :i* 9 a measure r5d]s ! pla/] wat]-pro(2 x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to repeat ?is application once or twice4 ,! addition ( glyc]9e to ! la/ portion ( ! gelat9e solution prev5ts ! pla/] f break+1 & pres]ves its flexibility = a long "t4 ,:5 ! pla/] is dry x is cut 9 pieces ( suitable l5g? & pres]v$ 9 well-clos$ vessels4 ,gelat9e ,foils4 ,l>ge quantities ( gelat9e foils1 :i* are leaves ( gelat9e ab\t z ?ick z a %eet ( pap]1 are produc$ 9 ,engl& & ,france :]e _! manufacture =ms a special bran* ( indu/ry4 ,!y are ei!r simply color$ or pr9t$ ) neat designs 9 gold or silv]4 ,! fabrication is q simple4 ,cov] pure gelat9e ) wat]1 & aft] swell+ up1 p\r (f ! wat] & dissolve ! jelly ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,aft] all[+ ! solution to cool some:at1 add ! color+ matt] previ\sly dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,9 place ( pure gelat9e1 a solution ( ord9>y bone-glue may be us$4 ,9 ord] to cl>ify x add ,o4#ad oz4 ( oxalic acid dissolv$ 9 wat] to e #e4e lbs4 ( glue4 ,to make ! foils m flexible add also "o-half p9t ( _s ( w9e & ,o4#bh oz4 ( rock c&y or a small quantity ( glyc]9e4 ,anil9e colors soluble 9 wat] are be/ adapt$ = color+ ! foils2 = r$1 fu*s9e1 eos9e or ponceau1 = blue1 blue de ,p>me1 = gre51 aldehyde gre51 = yell[1 picric acid1 & = ! v>i\s %ades1 mixtures ( ! above colors4 ,a durable blue is also produc$ by indigo solution1 yell[1 by decoction ( saffron1 gre51 by mix+ blue & yell[1 r$1 by a solution ( c>m9e 9 _s ( sal ammoniac1 & violet1 by mix+ blue & c>m9e4 ,! gelat9e solutions are p\r$ ^u gr\nd-glass plates1 previ\sly poli%$ ) elutriat$ r\ge1 & rubb$ ) ,spani% *alk4 ,! foils are s smoo? ^u ! glass side t :5 dry !y c be deta*$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,if bo? sides are requir$ to be smoo?1 ! foils are dri$ betwe5 two glass plates4 ,9 _m respects _! manufacture resembles t ( 8,gelat9e ,v5e]s40 ,gelat9e foils are us$ = pr9t+ sacr$ images1 visit+ c>ds1 labels1 9 ! manufacture ( fancy articles1 artificial fl[]s1 etc4 ,= ! manufacture ( artificial fl[]s v s(t & flexible %eets are made by add+ "p ( glyc]9e to #a "p ( gelat9e & mix+ intimately 9 dissolv+ ! gelat9e4 ,su* gelat9e %eets bru%$ ov] 9 addition ) ,p]uvian balsam c also be advantage\sly us$ = ty+ up w\nds in/ead ( gutta-p]*a clo? :i* te>s easily & rots soon4 ,!y =m an air-tight b&age :i* cl+s closely to ! p>ts ( ! body1 & beside ! glyc]9e conta9$ 9 !m ex]ts a b5eficial cool+ effect & acts z an antiseptic4 ,gelat9e ,v5e]s4 ,fran*i1 z f> back z #ahad1 prep>$ artificial ivory by mix+ gelat9e solution ) e>?y sub/ances4 ,?is idea has be5 aga9 tak5 up 9 mod]n times = ! manufacture ( v5e]s imitat+ n only ivory1 b also avantur91 lapis lazuli1 mala*ite1 "m-(-pe>l1 & tortoise %ell4 ,^! imitations are mu* lik$ by manufactur]s ( fancy articles1 work]s 9 lea!r1 cab9et-mak]s1 etc4 ,!y are prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,! process may be divid$ into five pr9cipal op]ations3 #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! glass & m>ble plates2 #b4 ,prep>ation ( ! glue solutions2 #c4 ,p\r+ ! color$ solutions ^u ! plates2 #d4 ,transf]r+ ! lay] ( glue to ! lay] ( gelat9e2 & #e4 ,dry+ ! v5e]s & deta*+ !m f ! plates4 #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! plates4 ,bo? m>ble & glass plates are us$ = imitations ( m>ble1 b glass plates only = imitations ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,! glass plates mu/ be gr\nd1 b ne$ n exce$ ,o4#aa to ,o4#ae 94 9 ?ickness1 & only require c>eful wa%+ & dry+ = imitations ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,= imitations ( m>ble !y %\ld be rubb$ ) an oil$ l95 rag4 ,o!r glass plates1 aft] be+ wa%$ & poli%$ ) elutriat$ r\ge & wat]1 are wip$ ) a s(t rag to remove any p>ticle ( ! poli%+ p[d]4 ,! poli%$ surface is !n g5tly rubb$ ) a rag dipp$ 9 pure ,spani% *alk1 & ! excess ( *alk c>efully du/$ (f4 #b4 ,prep>ation ( ! glue solutions4 ,= "o doz5 plates1 ea* #aj squ>e feet1 soak #b lbs4 ( good1 colorless glue 9 wat] = #bd h\rs1 p\r (f ! wat] & melt ! glue 9 a wat]-ba? & /ir 9 #c ozs4 ( glyc]9e4 ,= imitat+ m>bles ( two colors1 comp\nd #bj to #bd fluid\nces ( ?is glue solution ) ! quantities ( ?or\ghly gr\nd m9]al colors giv5 bel[2 ! re/ ( ! glue solution is mix$ ) #f4cd ozs4 ( z9c :ite gr\nd v f9e4 ,= imitat+ m>ble ( ?ree colors mix #ad fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) "o ( ! color+ matt]s & #ad fluid\nces ) ! o!r color+ matt]1 & ! rema9d] ) z9c :ite4 ,= imitat+ m>ble ) f\r colors1 take #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution to ea* ( ! ?ree color+ matt]s1 & mix ! re/ ) #d ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 ,! proportions by weight ( ! mixtures = #aj diff]5t v>ieties ( imitations ( m>ble & enamel are z foll[s3-- a4 ,mix #bj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a ozs4 ( r\ge & #b ozs4 ( z9c :ite1 & ! re/ ( ! glue solution ) #f ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 b4 ,mix #bj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a ozs4 ( r\ge1 & ! re/ ( ! glue solution ) #e ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 c4 ,mix #ad fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a ozs4 ( z9c :ite & #a oz4 ( r\ge1 #ad fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a oz4 ( yell[ o*re1 & ! re/ ) #e ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 d4 ,mix #ad fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a oz4 ( r\ge1 #ad fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) oz4 ( sepia1 & ! re/ ) #e ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 e4 ,comp\nd #bj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a oz4 ( q conc5trat$ & filt]$ solution ( anil9e black1 & ! re/ ) #f ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 f4 ,mix #aj ozs4 ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( r\ge1 #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( yell[ o*re1 #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( sepia1 & ! re/ ) #d ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 g4 ,mix #bj4c fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a4da ozs4 ( lampblack4 ,= gray add suffici5t z9c :ite to produce ! desir$ %ade4 ,! re/ ( ! glue solution is mix$ ) #f ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 h4 ,mix #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( umb]1 #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( bole1 #aj fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #j4h oz4 ( o*re1 & ! re/ ) #d ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 i4 ,= enamels mix #bj4c fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a oz4 ( ultram>9e1 & ! re/ ) #f ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 k4 ,mix #bj4c fluid\nces ( ! glue solution ) #a4da ozs4 ( *rome gre51 & ! re/ ) #f ozs4 ( z9c :ite4 ,= imitat+ "m-(-pe>l v5e]s1 #j4db oz4 ( silv] bronze1 :i* ne$ n be g5u9e1 is gr\nd ) a little glue solution or wat] & intimately mix$ ) ! above solution ( glue4 ,! bronze p[d] mu/ n be 9 a dry /ate :5 /irr$ into ! glue1 z lumps w\ld be =m$ & ! v5e]s become spott$4 ,9 place ( bronze1 ess5ce ( fi% scales1 :i* is ( c\rse f> m co/ly1 c be us$4#b ,! glue solution ?us prep>$ is !n comp\nd$ ) diff]5t anil9e colors accord+ to ! t9t desir$4 #b ,?is prep>ation is also kn[n by ! "n ,ess5ce d',ori5t4 ,! mat]ial = its production is furni%$ by a small :ite fi% v common 9 ! riv]s ( cont95tal ,europe4 ,x accompanies ! scales ( ?is fi%1 & is deta*$ :5 ! scales are triturat$ = a consid]able "t & ?r[n into a vessel ( wat]4 ,to collect ! ess5ce ! wat] is p\r$ (f ^u a f9e hair sieve1 :i* reta9s ! scales & all[s ! wat] & ! product s\ght to pass ?r\gh4 ,! latt] s9ks to ! bottom1 & is obta9$ pure by decant+ ! wat]4 ,a little ammonia is add$ to prev5t decomposition4 a4 ,= yell[i% v5e]s no color+ matt] is requir$1 or ! desir$ %ade is obta9$ by an addition ( "s solution ( picric acid4 b4 ,= colorless v5e]s or ^? ( slightly r$di% t9ts a small] or great] numb] ( drops ( a conc5trat$ solution ( fu*s9e are add$ 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! yell[i% color ( ! glue solution4 ,= ^! imitations ( "m-(-pe>l v5e]s1 conc5trat$ solution ( gelat9e comp\nd ) #ae p] c5t4 ( glyc]9e c be employ$1 especially :5 ess5ce ( fi% scales is us$4 c4 ,= blue1 ! glue solution is comp\nd$ ) bleu de ,lyons1 c>e be+ _h n to use too mu*1 z o!rwise ! imitation becomes indi/9ct4 ,! prop] degree ( color+ is te/$ by all[+ a few drops ( ! color$ glue solution to fall ^u a glass plate4 d4 ,= r$1 solution ( fu*s9e or c>m9e is us$1 ! latt] be+ obta9$ by dissolv+ comm]cial c>m9e p[d] 9 alcohol4 e4 ,orange colors are produc$ by an addition ( solution ( *rysanil9e g5]ally sold "u ! "n ( ,victoria orange1 & violet by add+ anil9e violet4 ,= ^!1 z well z = ! solution color$ ) fu*s9e1 ! plates mu/ n be rubb$ ) oil1 z ev5 ! smalle/ trace ( ! latt] discolors ^! colors 9 dry+1 or at lea/ ! v5e]s w %[ spots )\t color4 #c4 ,p\r+ ! color$ solutions ( glue ^u ! plates4 ,= imitations ( m>ble & enamel1 ! glass plates1 aft] rubb+ ) oil1 are plac$1 rubb$ surface up1 9 a p]fectly level position4 ,! prop] portion ( ! :ite gr\nd-mass1 aft] becom+ some:at ?icki%1 is !n p\r$ ^u ! plates1 & ! gaps left free 9 p\r+ fill$ 9 & smoo!d ) a knife-%ap$ tool ( horn or bone4 ,^u ?is :ite gr\nd ! respective color$ glue solutions are !n p\r$ 9 a zigzag =m1 & 9 con=mity ) ! desir$ design1 drawn ?r\gh ! gr\nd-mass ) a glass rod4 ,if sev]al diff]5tly color$ glue solutions are to be appli$1 z giv51 = in/ance1 "u #b;f1 !y %\ld be p\r$ 9 quick succession1 s t ! succe$+ color runs into ! prec$+1 & a :ite /rip or spot rema9s betwe5 ea* color4 ,! :ole is !n int]m+l$ by ! glass rod1 accord+ to ! design4 ,if ! latt] is to h %>ply def9$ l9es & spots1 ! respective color$ solution ( glue is us$ some:at ?ick]1 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! design is to be some:at bl5d$1 ! glue solutions are us$ some:at w>m]1 & consequ5tly m ?9ly fluid4 ,aft] solidification ( ! glue solutions ! plates are plac$ 9 a cool room = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,imitations ( mala*ite are prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,f\r glue solutions ( diff]5t %ades ( gre5 f ! d>ke/ to ! lighte/ t9t are prep>$ & p\r$ ^u a slightly gre5i% gr\nd1 s z to imitate ! *>act]i/ic curves & ve9s ( mala*ite1 :i* are !n fur!r trac$ ) a comb ) tee? /&+ at unequal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! glass plates set aside to be us$ = imitation ( "m-(-pe>l are n[ tak5 9 h&4 ,! solutions ( glue are kept w>m ov] a wat] ba? & ?or\ghly /irr$ e "t be=e p\r+ !m ^u ! plates4 ,! =mation ( a film on ! surface ( ! glue solution mu/ be /rictly avoid$4 ,= p\r+ out ! solutions x is be/ to use a porcela9 vessel provid$ ) a sp\t & h&le1 & hav+ a capacity ( ab\t #f fluid\nces4 ,! portion ( glue solution requir$ = ea* plate 7#a flu4 oz47 is !n measur$ into "o ( ! porcela9 vessels1 &1 aft] /&+ a %ort "t1 p\r$ ^u ! plate & uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,! production ( a "m-(-pe>l design requires "s skill & practice4 ,a comb ) tee? set in* ap>t is us$4 ,x is held 9 a some:at oblique position1 ! tee? are g5tly press$ ^u ! glass plate1 &1 ) frequ5t turn+s ( ! comb at a "r angle1 cycloidal motions execut$4 ,! op]ation is c>ri$ on f ! front to ! back edge ( ! glass plate1 & :5 ! glue beg9s to ?ick5 on ! edges1 cont9u$ at ! s(t] places until ! desir$ design is produc$1 c>e be+ _h n to t\* places :i* h already acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( solidity1 z ?is w\ld m> ! patt]n4 ,aft] treat+ all ! plates 9 ?is mann]1 !y are set aside 9 a cool room = two or ?ree h\rs4 #d4 ,transf]r+ ! lay] ( glue to a lay] ( gelat9e4 ,= ea* doz5 ( v5e]s soak #b ozs4 ( gelat9e1 & !n melt !m 9 a wat]-ba?1 & aft] add+ glyc]9e equal to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! dry gelat9e1 let ! mixture settle4 ,! glass plates treat$ ) r\ge & ,spani% *alk are n[ plac$ 9 a p]fectly level position1 & aft] p\r+ #e fl4 ozs4 ( gelat9e solution ^u ea* ( !m1 ! gaps left 9 p\r+ are fill$ 9 & smoo!d ) ! glass rod4 ,! front edge ( a plate cov]$ ) a color$ lay] ( glue is n[1 glue side d[n1 plac$ ^u ! front edge ( a gelat9e plate1 :ile ! back edge ( ! =m] is gradually l[]$ until ! glue plate lies firmly ^u ! gelat9e plate4 ,x may "h be rem>k$ t ! gelat9e solution mu/ only be all[$ to cool (f suffici5tly to prev5t ! melt+ ( ! glue plate on t\*+ x4 ,if x is cool] ! v5e]s w h bli/]s4 ,x mu/ fur!r be look$ to t1 be=e plac+ ! fir/ plate ^u ! gelat9e plate1 no gelat9e escapes1 & t any excess only runs (f aft] ! back edge ( ! glue plate t\*es t ( ! gelat9e plate4 ,! plates are n[ all[$ to re/ quietly until ! gelat9e is congeal$1 :5 !y are remov$ to a cool place :]e !y rema9 five or six h\rs4 ,imitations ( "m-(-pe>l are treat$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! exception t ! gelat9e solution is color$ ) ! same color+ matt] z ! glue solution4 ,= colorless or yell[i% v5e]s ! gelat9e solution is n color$4 ,aft] six h\rs ! fir/ glass plate is deta*$ f ! lay] ( glue by loos5+ ! latt] ar\nd ! edges ) a knife blade1 & ! plate gradually lift$ (f comm5c+ at "o corn]4 ,) "s c>e & skill1 ?is op]ation is readily accompli%$ )\t deta*+ ! gelat9e mass4 #e4 ,dry+ & deta*+ ! v5e]s4 ,! v5e]s ) ! gelat9e lay] /ill adh]+ to ! glass plate are n[ dri$4 ,?is is done 9 a heat$ room 9 :i* ! v5e]s are arrang$ ^u frames s t !y /& almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,! hot air = heat+ ! room ent]s ne> ! ceil+ :ile ! moi/ air is drawn away ne> ! floor4 ,! temp]ature ( ! l[] zone :]e ! fre% plates are plac$ %\ld n exce$ #fh ,f4 ,! plates are mov$ up high] e day until1 on ! ?ird or f\r? day1 !y h become entirely dry4 ,be=e remov+ ! v5e]s f ! dry+-room !y %\ld be te/$ 9 reg>d to _! dryness4 ,!y are suffici5tly dry1 :51 on press+ ! f+] nail ^u ! glue1 no impression is made4 ,aft] removal f ! dry+-room ! plates are all[$ to cool (f = at lea/ two h\rs be=e deta*+ ! v5e]s4 ,! op]ation beg9s by deta*+ ! gelat9e lay] on ! edges ) a v ?9 knife blade4 ,! op]ator !n takes hold ( "o corn] ( ! v5e] & draws x gradually & c>efully f ! glass plate4 ,aft] trimm+ ! edges ! v5e]s are ready = use4 ,if ! v5e]s are requir$ to resi/ ! action ( wat]1 mix ) ! solution ( gelat9e comp\nd$ ) glyc]9e fl4 oz4 ( a solution ( #e p>ts ( *rome-alum 9 #ajj ( wat] to e plate1 & imm]se ! v5e]s = a %ort "t aft] !y h be5 deta*$ f ! fir/ plate1 9 a simil> solution ( *rome-alum4 ,v5e]s prep>$ by ^! me?ods c be us$ = v>i\s purposes 9 ar*itecture & 9 ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,t5nessee & o!r m>bles h be5 s closely imitat$1 t :5 us$ = table plates1 etc41 ! fact ( _! be+ imitations c\ld only be detect$ by ! close/ scrut9y4 ,! v5e]s are also mu* us$ = fancy & inlaid "w1 = coat+ columns1 etc4 ,to prev5t _! bli/]+ & com+ (f1 x is recomm5d$ to add "o-qu>t] ( its weight ( glyc]9e to ! glue ) :i* !y are to be atta*$ to ! articles4 ,=mo-,gelat9e4 ,?is product is us$ z a dress+ 9 surg]y1 &1 accord+ to ,samuel ,rideal1 is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,gelat9e 9 aque\s solution is precipitat$ by =maldehyde ,h4,,coh1 or ,,*#b,o1 z a sub/ance :i* on dry+ is a :ite p[d]1 neutral1 inodor\s1 & insoluble 9 wat] & dilute *emical ag5ts4 ,9 comm]ce =maldehyde is met ) 9 aque\s solution z 8=mal90 conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( =maldehyde4 ,if #a ,cc4 ( =mal9 be add$ to #bjj ,cc4 ( a #e p] c5t4 gelat9e solution1 ! latt] is *ang$ into a gelat9\s mass1 n melt$ by heat nor r$uc$ by wat]4 ,if a small] quantity ( ! =mal9 is add$ 7#a 9 #ajjj2 ! jelly is said to be meltable1 b ) a high] t5acity7 :5 dri$ x becomes insoluble 9 w>m wat]4 ,=mal9 9 less proportion1 ?\gh x does n prev5t ! dri$ gelat9e f dissolv+ 9 w>m wat]1 is said to improve ! 8body0 ( ! jelly & its keep+ qualities1 & also ! t5acity ( ! glue4 ,! results ( inve/igation %[ t ) up to #a p] c5t4 ( =mal9 ! solidity ( ! jelly increases2 above t x decl9es4 ,up to #j4jb p] c5t4 7#a 9 #e1jjj7 x r$issolves 9 wat] aft] dry+4 ,ev5 ) ?is small proportion ! firmness ( ! jelly is s5sibly increas$4 ,! ,engli% pat5t1 #d1fif1 #ahid1 claims ! addition ( =mal9 dur+ ! manufacture ( size & glue 9 su* proportion t ! product %all liquefy 9 w>m wat]4 ,9 exam9+ comm]cial %eet gelat9es = pr9t]s' & photographic use1 !y 7 (t5 f\nd to conta9 small quantities ( =mal94 ,x seems to improve ! quality1 a v small p]c5tage increas+ ! t5acity1 flexibility & keep+ qualities1 :ile n affect+ ! transp>5cy or r5d]+ ! mat]ial acid4 ,:5 appli$ to articles t may be us$ z food1 a /r5g? ( #a 9 #ej1jjj 9 ! f9al prep>$ product is n injuri\s to heal?1 b %\ld n be exce$$4 7,rideal & ,f\l]ton1 ,public ,heal?1 ,may1 #ahii1 p4 #efh47 ,zimm]mann applies dilute =maldehyde mix$ ) glyc]9e1 vasel9e1 oil or yolks ( eggs1 ) or )\t fl\r1 to ! surface ( photographic films :i* are claim$ to be !reby r5d]$ m pliable & n s h>d z :5 ! =mal9 is appli$ by itself4 ,x w be se5 t =maldehyde 9 m ?an traces r5d]s gelat9e insoluble2 ! product1 moreov]1 is almo/ unaffect$ by wat]1 is m or less h>d & ela/ic &1 ow+ to ! antiseptic prop]ties ( ! =maldehyde is ne>ly imp]i%able4 ,use ( ,gelat9e 9 ,bact]iology4 ,gelat9e fit = ?is purpose mu/ be cle> & bright1 fairly neutral & ( high gelat9iz+ p[]4 ,= bact]iological purposes a #aj to #bj p] c5t4 solution ( gelat9e 9 %eets or /rips is made ) meat bro?1 & ?is nutri5t jelly1 :i* is obta9$ by cl>ification ) album5 p]fectly cle> & bright1 =ms a mo/ useful m$ium = ! cultivation ( micro-organisms4 ,artificial ,silk f ,gelat9e4 ,= ! production ( textile ?reads1 ,mill> utilizes ! prop]ty ( gelat9e solution mix$ ) potassium di*romate1 becom+ insoluble on exposure to light4 ,= ?is purpose a cle> solution ( gelat9e is mix$ ) solution ( potassium di*romate 9 ! proportion ( #ajj p>ts ( gelat9e to #b or #b p>ts ( potassium di*romate4 ,! fluid %\ld be ( su* a consi/5cy z to all[ ( its be+ drawn out into f9e ?reads :i* on exposure to light become insoluble4 ,silk wov5 f su* ?reads is equal 9 appe>ance to ! g5u9e article b ( c\rse is n s /rong4 ,x is affect$ by moi/ure1 becom+ limp1 b rega9s its normal /r5g? :5 dry4#c #c ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is int]e/+ subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8,cellulose & ,cellulose ,products40 ,by ,dr4 ,joseph ,b]s*4 ,h5ry ,c>ey ,baird ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,is+lass ,,& ,,its ,,sub/itutes4 ,is+lass is obta9$ f ! air-bladd] or s\nd1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 ( diff]5t k9ds ( fi%es1 especially ( ! /urgeon1 species ,acip5s]4 ,x is us$ = cul9>y purposes1 f9+ be] & o!r liquids1 = mak+ c\rt-pla/] & /iff5+ silk1 ?\gh a good quality ( gelat9e is practically equal to x = ^! purposes4 ,a good quality ( is+lass %\ld be pure :ite1 semi-transp>5t1 dry & horny 9 texture1 & free f odor4 ,x %\ld dissolve 9 wat] ( #ie to #abb ,f41 )\t leav+ any residue1 &1 on cool+1 %\ld yield an almo/ colorless jelly4 ,f gelat9e imitations x is di/+ui%$ by soak+ x 9 w>m wat] & exam9+ "u ! microscope1 :5 true is+lass w %[ a net-"w ( long1 curl+ fibres1 :ile gelat9e w be simply hyal9e4 ,is+lass is (t5 imitat$ ) ! inte/9al membranes ( ! calf & ( ! %eep4 ,?is spuri\s article may be readily recogniz$ because x does n exhibit1 l is+lass1 a sort ( %9+ appe>ance :5 held be=e ! eye & daylight1 & because1 al?\gh inodor\s1 x has a salti% flavor4 ,if x be torn asund] x w be obs]v$ t x may be r5t 9 all directions1 :ile true is+lass _c be divid$ o!rwise ?an 9 ! direction ( its fibres4 ,if a piece ( artificial is+lass be mac]at$ 9 wat] x swells1 b in/ead ( reta9+ its %ape z is ! case ) ! g5u9e article1 x becomes divid$ into sev]al pieces1 =m+ a sort ( curdy precipitate2 & if treat$ ) boil+ wat]1 ab\t "o-?ird ( its weight is left 9 an insoluble /ate1 & ! liquor does n =m a good jelly4 ,is+lass is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) gelat9e1 :i* is ins]t$ betwe5 ! leaves & roll$ up ) x4 ,! be/ indication ( ?is adult]ation is ! am\nt ( a%2 is+lass yields only #j4i p] c5t41 :ile gelat9e yields #d p] c5t41 & adult]at$ is+lass #a4e p] c5t4 or m4 #a4 ,russian is+lass4 ,russia produces ! be/ & mo/ is+lass4 ,x is *iefly obta9$ f sev]al v>ieties ( /urgeon1 species ,acip5s]1 :i* inhabit ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 & _! tribut>y riv]s4 ,! ,acip5s] ,gueld5/a$tii1 ,br4 yields ! f9e/1 be/ & :ite/ is+lass4 ,x is kn[n by ! "n ( ,patri>*1 & consi/s ( small horse%oe-%ap$ pieces roll$ tightly toge!r4 ,x is q sc>ce & exp5sive4 ,:5 ! bladd] is m]ely dri$ 9 %eets1 x con/itutes leaf is+lass4 ,:5 sev]al bladd]s are put toge!r & fold$ be=e !y are completely dry1 !y =m book is+lass4 ,ea* bladd] may also be roll$ up & fold$ ar\nd a few pegs 9 ! =m ( a horse%oe1 he>t1 or lyre1 9 :i* %ape x is dri$4 ,! latt] is ! /aple is+lass1 :i*1 accord+ to its dim5sions1 is aga9 divid$ into long & %ort /aple4 ,long /aple is+lass ( f9e quality is produc$ 9 ! ,oural4 ,x is import$ 9 loose leaves1 & at times x is twi/$ l ropes1 ?is k9d be+ pref]r$1 z x is inf]ior 9 quality only to ,patri>*4 ,sib]ian purse is+lass is ( mod]ately good quality & is 9 g5]al dem&4 ,a small k9d ( /r+s 9 a necklace =m is sometimes import$4 ,a v good sort ( ,russian is+lass comes into comm]ce 9 leaves & books1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,samovey leaf4 ,x is obta9$1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ,russian m]*ants1 f ! common %ea?-fi% 7,siluris ,glanis74 ,! pieces are z l>ge z a h&1 ( ! ?ickness ( pa/ebo>d1 v solid1 n v flexible & ( a :ite-yell[i% color4 ,x is inf]ior 9 quality to ,a/rakhan is+lass1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ k9ds4 ,9 ,russia ! is+lass is g5]ally prep>$ by boys "u ! sup]vision ( eld] exp]ts4 ,! swimm+ bladd] is fir/ plac$ 9 wat] & left !re = "s days ) frequ5t *anges ( ! wat] & removal ( all fatty & bloody p>ticles4 ,! w>m] ! wat] ! m rapidly ! op]ation is complet$4 ,! bladd]s are f9ally remov$ & cut longitud9ally into %eets :i* are expos$ to ! sun & air1 be+ laid out to dry1 ) ! out] face turn$ d[n1 ^u bo>ds ( l9d5 or bass wood4 ,! inn] face is pure is+lass1 :i*1 :5 well dri$1 c ) c>e be remov$ f ! ext]nal lamell4 ,! f9] %eets ?us obta9$ are plac$ betwe5 clo?s to protect !m f ! flies1 & are !n subject$ to a heavy pressure s z to flatt5 !m out & r5d] !m uni=m4 ,aft] ?is !y are assort$ & ti$ up 9 packages4 ,! packages compos$ ( ! is+lass ( ! l>ge /urgeon usually conta9 f t5 to fifte5 %eets & weigh a p\nd & a qu>t]2 ^? ( ! o!r conta9 tw5ty-five %eets weigh+ a p\nd4 ,eighty ( ^! packages are usually sew$ up 9 a clo? bag1 or sometimes inclos$ 9 %eet lead4 ,! out] lamell ( ! air-bladd]1 aft] ! is+lass has be5 remov$1 also conta9 a consid]able quantity ( glue :i*1 :5 s(t5$ 9 wat]1 is scrap$ (f ) a knife & m\ld$ into little tablets ( ab\t ! size ( a silv] doll>1 & !n dri$4 #b4 ,nor? ,am]ican or ,new ,york ,is+lass4 ,x is 9 ?9 /rips sev]al feet long b to #a in* wide4 ,x is less soluble ?an ,russian is+lass1 & yields frequ5tly a d>k-color$ solution4 ,x is prep>$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,c4 ,smi?'s /atem5ts1 f ! air-bladd] ( ! common hake 7,gadus m]luccius71 :i* is mac]at$ 9 wat] = a %ort "t1 cut op5 & subject$ to pressure betwe5 iron roll]s1 by :i* x is elongat$ to ! ext5t ( half a y>d or m4 ,x is !n c>efully dri$1 pack$ & s5t to m>ket4 ,! air-bladd] ( ! common cod 7,gadus morrhua7 is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b yields a poor] k9d ( is+lass4 #c4 ,ea/ ,india ,is+lass4 ,x w\ld seem t = a long "t ?is has be5 export$ f ,calcutta to ,*9a1 b has only lately attract$ ! att5tion ( ,european deal]s4 ,x is prep>$ f ! air-bladd] ( ! ,polynemus plebejus1 & comes into comm]ce ei!r 9 ! =m ( leaves or purses :i* seem to consi/ ( ! unop5$ air-bladd]4 ,ea/ ,indian is+lass has a disagreeable fi% odor1 due v likely to c>eless prep>ation1 :i* makes its use impossible = _m purposes1 &1 ( c\rse1 depreciates its comm]cial value4 ,! oval-oblong purses are ab\t n9e in*es long1 ?ree & a half in*es wide1 weigh ab\t #g ozs4 & h a d>k-yell[ color4 ,ea/ ,india leaf is+lass1 i4 e41 ! op5$ & dri$ air-bladd]1 consi/s ( yell[i%-color$ leaves eight to n9e in*es long1 six to sev5 in*es wide1 & ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! leaves are sometimes roll$ out into long ribbons ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* ?ick1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ 9 places ) a ?9 film ( lime4 ,:at is kn[n z pick$ ,ea/ ,india is+lass is br\ght into comm]ce 9 small %r$s ab\t two to ?ree in*es long1 & tap]+ at ! extremities4 ,a v>iety ( is+lass v :ite & pure & sc>cely inf]ior to ,samovey leaf is br\ght f ,manila4 ,! fi% :i* yields x is caught on ! coa/ ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 especially at ,luzon4 #d4 ,hudson ,bay ,is+lass4 ,x is br\ght into comm]ce 9 ! purse =m4 ,"s specim5s measure twelve in*es 9 l5g? & ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & weigh "o & a half ounces4 ,x is ( light-yell[ color1 ne>ly transp>5t1 )\t odor or ta/e4 ,! inn] l9+ ( ! sac1 :i* c be readily /ripp$ (f1 is insoluble 9 wat]1 :ile ! rema9+ portion dissolves to a slightly color$ jelly4 ,we h be5 unable to asc]ta9 f :at species ( fi% ?is is+lass is procur$4 #e4 ,brazilian ,is+lass4 ,?is is import$ f ,p>a & ,m>anham1 & is also call$ ,cay5ne is+lass4 ,= a long "t !re exi/$ a d\bt f :at species ( fi% ?is is+lass 0 procur$1 b x is n[ settl$ t x is prep>$ f ! air-bladd] ( ,silurus ,p>k]ii1 a fi% :i* is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! muddy wat]s ( ! riv]s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,grao ,p>a1 :]e ^! wat]s m+le ) ! sea4 ,brazilian is+lass comes 9 ! =m ( pipe1 lump & honeycomb4 ,on acc\nt ( its d>k color x is n 9 mu* dem& = ord9>y use1 b is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ,engl& = cl>ify+ glue4 ,:5 dige/$ 9 wat] x leaves mu* insoluble sub/ance beh9d1 be+ 9 ?is respect also inf]ior to ,russian is+lass4 #f4 ,g]man ,is+lass4 ,"u ?is "n we may m5tion ! muc\s membrane ( ! /urgeon 7,acip5s] /urio71 prep>$ 9 ,hamburg4 ,:5 boil$ ) wat] x leaves #af p] c5t4 ( insoluble sub/ance4 ,x is said t an excell5t is+lass c be made f ! scales ( %ad & h]r+1 :i* are fir/ fre$ f _! silv]y coat+4 ,?is may furni% a useful h9t to p]sons :o are ne> "s ( ! great fi%]y e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry1 at ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j41 & ,alex&ria1 ,va41 = in/ance1 :]e ?\s&s ( %ad are scal$ & salt$ e ye>4 ,to give inf]ior qualities ( is+lass a bett] appe>ance & make !m m salable1 !y are frequ5tly blea*$ ) sulphur\s acid4 ,i*?yocolle ,franaise4 ,"u ?is "n1 ,rohan has introduc$ a sub/itute = is+lass4 ,! mat]ial us$ = its manufacture is blood fibr91 :i*1 aft] wa%+ 9 runn+ wat]1 is ?or\ghly knead$ &1 aft] dra9+1 dige/$ at #ei ,f4 ) dilute sulphuric acid ( #h to #aj ,b4 = eight days1 aft] :i* ! mass is fre$ f acid by wa%+ 9 runn+ wat]4 ,! fibr9 fre$ f acid becomes transp>5t & gelat9\s by treat+ ) weak soda lye ( #c to #d ,b4 at #ei ,f41 :]eby x swells up & increases h\rly 9 volume4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is tak5 f ! soda lye1 & aft] remov+ ! free soda by wa%+1 heat$ to #bab ,f1 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,! fibr9 dissolves & becomes s ?9ly fluid t x c be filt]$4 #ge to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! wat] is !n evaporat$1 & ! fibr9 ?us prep>$ c be us$ z a sub/itute = is+lass = f9+ purposes4 ,i*?yocolla swells m quickly 9 cold wat] ?an is+lass2 #ae to #bj p] c5t4 divid$ 9 wat] =ms a ?ickly fluid sub/ance1 :i* on heat+ dissolves to a p]fectly cle> fluid4 ,= f9+ be] ) i*?yocolla add #b to #aj p] c5t4 ( pure tann91 :i* does n injure its p[] ( dissolv+4 ,is+lass9e4 ,"u ?is "n is kn[n an is+lass sub/itute prep>$ f ! gelat9\s mat]ial f calves' feet & o!r s\rces4 ,! mat]ial is r$uc$ by ma*9]y to a pliable homog5e\s mass1 roll$ out into %eets1 dri$1 press$ & %r$d$4 ,*9ese is+lass is id5tical ) ! ,japanese ,ag>-,ag>1 & is obta9$ by cleans+ & boil+ c]ta9 species ( algae f\nd 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese wat]s4 ,?is is+lass1 or gelat9e1 possesses ! foll[+ prop]ties3 ,plac$ 9 cold wat] x s(t5s )\t dissolv+ l gelat9e1 & =ms a /ructureless tubul> mass :i* is n /icky4 ,by boil+1 x dissolves m readily ?an is+lass1 b ) great] difficulty ?an gelat9e4 ,a #a to #b p] c5t4 solution is easily filt]$ ?r\gh pap] or l951 & :5 cold =ms a solid jelly cle> z wat] & )\t ta/e or odor4 ,jelly prep>$ ) "o-half p] c5t4 ( ,*9ese gelat9e is m solid ?an "o prep>$ ) #d p] c5t4 ( ,fr5* :ite gelat9e1 reta9s its consi/5cy long]1 & w /& a temp]ature ( #hf to #abb ,f4 be=e becom+ liquid4 ,us$ = jellies1 or mix$ ) o!r foods1 x does n imp>t to !m a glue ta/e nev] want+ 9 bone gelat9e4 ,:5 decompos$ by long /&+1 x does n acquire a disagreeable odor1 :ile decompos$ is+lass or gelat9e exhales a putrid smell4 ,ag>-,ag> conta9s1 accord+ to analyses3 ,cellulose1 />*1 gum1 dextr9e1 vegetable mucus1 vegetable wax1 res91 *lorophyll1 album51 a peculi> acid1 & sev]al m9]al sub/ances4 ,iri% moss 7,*ondrus crispus7 :i* gr[s on rocks ( ! ,am]ican & ,european %ores ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 yields a jelly :i* has be5 employ$ z a sub/itute = is+lass1 z a size1 = ?ick5+ colors 9 calico pr9t+1 & 9 /iff5+ silk4 ,9 a fre% or s(t5$ /ate ! plant is c>tilag9\s1 ( a br[ni% or purple1 or frequ5tly yell[ or gre5 color4 ,aft] wa%+ 9 wat] & dry+ 9 ! sun x turns :iti% or yell[i%1 & becomes some:at transluc5t & ( a horny appe>ance4 ,x has a slight seawe$-l odor & a mucilag9\s1 some:at sal9e ta/e4 ,"o "p ( x boil$ ) #bj p>ts ( wat] gelat9izes on cool+4 ,fi% ,glue4 ,?is product1 :i* is prep>$ 9 _m localities f fi%es1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) is+lass1 ?\gh ! pur] v>ieties may s]ve z sub/itutes = ! latt] or = gelat9e4 ,j5n+s gives ! foll[+ process = ! prep>ation ( fi% glue4 ,! fi%es are treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid until ! sk9 c be deta*$4 ,! acid wat] is !n dra9$ (f & replac$ by milk ( lime to neutralize adh]+ sulphuric acid z well z to saponify ! fat4 ,! milk ( lime is sev]al times dra9$ (f & r5ew$1 ! mass ?or\ghly wa%$1 cut up 9 a holl&] & treat$ cold ) solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 common salt & alum4 ,aft] a few days ! liquor is drawn (f & replac$ by a mixture ( alum solution1 dilute sulphuric acid & nitric acid 9 :i* ! mass is all[$ to rema9 = a few days4 ,fi%es ) d>k sk9s are treat$ ) a mixture ( hydro*loric & sulphuric acids4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! sk9 is remov$ & ! fibres :i* h become deta*$ f ! bones are sep>at$ by dige/ion 9 dilute solution ( m]curic *loride & alum4 ,adh]+ fatty p>ts are remov$ ) w>m milk ( lime1 ! lime is neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! mass boil$ ) wat] = ! =mation ( glue4 ,! result+ glue-liquor is cl>ifi$ ) sulphur\s acid & alum1 & :5 all ! impurities h subsid$1 comp\nd$ ) acid sodium c>bonate till all ! acid is neutraliz$4 ,! f9i%$ solution is conc5trat$ s t x gelat9izes on cool+ & c be cut 9 cakes :i* are dri$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,fi% scales1 especially ^? ( c>ps1 are treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! bone-e>? is extract$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! extract$ mat]ial ?or\ghly wa%$1 & !n boil$ 9 s(t wat] till x c be readily /irr$4 ,! liquor is drawn (f f ! horny s$im5t1 cl>ifi$ ) alum1 evaporat$1 & aft] all ! impurities h subsid$1 p\r$ into m\lds & treat$ l ord9>y glue4 ,consid]able quantities ( fi% glue are produc$ on ! ,norwegian coa/ f wa/e obta9$ 9 ! prep>ation ( codfi%4 ,! fi% :5 caught are cut op5 & ! air-bladd]s remov$1 :i* are dri$ & br\ght into comm]ce z is+lass4 ,! head is !n cut (f & ! bones deta*$ 9 "o piece4 ,! fle% is dri$ 9 ! air1 & =ms ! codfi% ( comm]ce4 ,! heads & bones are fir/ treat$ ) hydro*loric acid or directly boil$ "u slight pressure 9 wat]1 & ! result+ liquor conc5trat$ s t x w gelat9ize4 ,a sub/itute = is+lass1 also = gelat9e & glue1 is prep>$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,sahl/rhm1 ( ,/ockholm1 accord+ to 8 pat5t1 f fi% & fi% wa/e by treatm5t ) blea*+ p[d]1 potassium p]manganate1 & nitr\s & sulphur\s gases4 ,= ?is purpose ! fi%es1 or portions ( fi%es1 are fir/ well wa%$ 9 fre% wat] & !n left = f ?ree to f\r h\rs 9 a solution ( blea*+ p[d] 79 ! proportion ( #b lbs4 ( blea*+ p[d] to #cjj qu>ts ( wat]74 ,aft] wa%+ !y are treat$ = ab\t #cj m9utes ) a solution ( potassium p]manganate 79 ! proportion ( #a ozs4 ( potassium p]manganate to #bej or #cjj qu>ts ( wat]71 & !n expos$ to ! action ( ! nitr\s gas1 produc$ by heat+ #aj to #ae ozs4 ( nitric acid = e #hh lbs4 ( raw mat]ial4 ,?is gas may be fir/ absorb$ by wat]1 z 9 ! manufacture ( sug>1 or sulphur dioxide may be us$ in/ead ( nitr\s gas4 ,! =m] w\ld be obta9$ by burn+ ab\t #g ozs4 ( sulphur = e #hh lbs4 ( raw mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial1 aft] ?is treatm5t1 is wa%$4 ,^? portions int5d$ = ! production ( is+lass sub/itute are fre$ f _! out] sk9s & dri$ & press$ at a g5tle heat4 ,! portions de/9$ to produce gelat9e or glue are1 on ! contr>y1 expos$ to a temp]ature ( f #ajd to #abb ,f4 = f t5 to twelve h\rs1 by :i* ! mat]ial is ma9ly dissolv$4 ,! mass is !n =c$ ?r\gh a /ra9] or sieve1 & ! liquor all[$ to gelat9ize by /&+ = "s h\rs4 ,! jelly is f9ally dri$1 z is usual 9 ! manufacture ( glue or gelat9e4 ,:ale glue is1 accord+ to ,culmann1 obta9$ 9 ! ,russian isl& ,j]etike f ! liquor rema9+ 9 ! boil]s aft] ! extraction ( ! oil by means ( sup]heat$ /eam4 ,by reason ( ! raw & moi/ atmosph]e :i* prevails 9 t locality1 ev5 9 summ]1 dry+ ! glue is n practicable1 & = ?is reason x is br\ght into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( a compact jelly mix$ ) a pres]vative & pack$ 9 t9 boxes4 ,! comm]cial article conta9s #da4fe p] c5t4 wat]4 ,x is liquefi$ by plac+ ! c 9 boil+ wat]1 & melts at #agf ,f4 ,z %[n by me*anical te/s1 x possesses great t5acity1 & two pieces ( wood glu$ toge!r l5g?wise _c be sep>at$ at ! jo9t b break alongside ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,te/+ ,,glue ,,& ,,gelat9e4 ,x is ( importance t ! manufactur] z well z ! deal] %\ld "k h[ to te/ ! quality ( a glue4 ,?is may be done by *emical means & 9 a me*anical way4 ,det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 ,= ?is purpose a weigh$ quantity ( ! sample1 f9ely p[d]$1 is = f\rte5 h\rs expos$ to a temp]ature ( #bag to #bcj ,f4 ,x is !n cool$ "u ! dessicator & reweigh$4 ,! cont5t ( moi/ure is !n calculat$ f ! loss 9 weight4 ,det]m9ation ( a%4 ,! orig9 ( a sample ( glue may be trac$ by exam9+ ! a% = phosphates ( lime & magnesia1 bone-glue conta9+ bo?1 :ile sk9-glue is free f phosphates4 ,r$uce a portion ( ! sample to a f9e p[d]1 & weigh x 9 a t>$ con/ant crucible4 ,heat sl[ly ov] a ,buns5 flame until c>boniz$1 !n remove ! crucible to ! muffle1 & heat to bright r$ness = #aj h\rs4 ,cool "u ! dessicator & weigh4 ,! increase 9 weight ( ! crucible is ! a% ( ! sample4 ,?is w v>y f #a to #b p] c5t4 9 a gelat9e1 #b to #c p] c5t4 9 a good glue1 #f to #h p] c5t4 9 a common quality4 ,det]m9ation ( ,acidity4 ,kissl+ else:]e det]m9es ! acidity by susp5d+ #cj grammes ( ! sample 9 #hj ,cc4 ( cold wat] = #aj to #ab h\rs 9 a flask connect$ ) a cond5s]4 ,! volatile acids are !n driv5 ov] by a curr5t ( /eam into a graduat$ cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! di/illate am\nts to #bjj ,cc41 di/illation is int]rupt$1 & ! di/illate treat$ ) /&>d dec9ormal alkali4 ,:5 ! di/illate conta9s sulphur\s acid1 a kn[n quantity ( ! /&>d alkali is previ\sly add$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,an undue quantity ( acid may be detect$ by ! ta/e4 ,glues may be alkal9e f ! addition ( excess ( lime 9 ! manufacture to correct ! s\rness ( ! jelly4 ,= uses :]e colors are conc]n$ ! glue mu/ be neutral to litmus2 = adhesive uses ?is does n matt] unless ! alkal9ity or acidity is due to defective prep>ation 7,samuel ,rideal74 ,det]m9ation ( ,glut94 ,! p]c5tage ( glut9 9 a glue solution is det]m9$ by precipitat+ x ) tann94 ,! d5se :ite precipitate =m$ is ?r[n on to a t>$ filt]1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! calculation is made on ! basis t ! tannate ( glut9 has a p]c5tage composition ( #db4gd p] c5t4 ( glut9 & #eg4bf p] c5t4 ( tann94 ,bisl]-,beumat :ile employ+ ! same pr9ciple prep>es two solutions3 a4 #aj grammes ( pure tann9 to ! lit]4 b4 #aj grammes ( pure is+lass & #bj grammes ( alum to ! lit]4 ,! ratio 9 :i* ! tann9 is precipitat$ by ! is+lass solution1 :i* ,risl] consid]s z pure glut91 is !n det]m9$ by titration4 ,! tann9 solution is !n dilut$ s t exactly an equal volume ( glue solution is precipitat$ by x4 ,9 ord] to te/ a sample ( glue1 dissolve #aj grammes ( x toge!r ) #bj grammes ( alum 9 a lit] ( wat]1 heat be+ appli$ if necess>y4 ,next #aj cubic c5timet]s ( ! tann9 solution are tak5 to :i* an equal bulk ( glue solution is at once add$1 z "o may be sure t ?is quantity is n suffici5t = ! precipitation ( ! measur$ quantity ( tann91 because no glue f\nd 9 comm]ce is z pure z is+lass4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! mix$ liquids be+ well %ak5 & ! precipitate hav+ subsid$1 ano!r cubic c5timet] ( glue solution is add$ to ! tann9 solution :i* is next filt]$ ?r\gh a moi/ cotton filt]4 ,if "o drop ( ! glue solution /ill produces a precipitate 9 ! cle> filtrate1 ano!r cubic c5timet] is add$ to ! tann9 solution1 & !n aga9 filt]$1 ^! op]ations be+ repeat$ until ! filtrate is no long] r5d]$ turbid by ! glue solution4 ,) ! kn[n relation ( ! tann9 solution to pure glue 7is+lass71 a conclusion may be =m$ f ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( glue solution us$ z to ! cont5t ( glut9 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,! p]c5tage ( glut9 v>ies1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! quality & orig9 ( ! glue4 ,bone glue ( good quality conta9s f #ej to #eb p] c5t4 & sk9 glue f #fe to #ge p] c5t4 ,s4 ,dana ,hayes analyz$ two samples ( ,am]ican glue ( be/ quality & obta9$ ! foll[+ results3 a4 b4 ,wat] 7escap+ at #bab ,f47 #af4gj #af4bh ,glue sub/ance #gi4he #hj4db ,calcium c>bonate #a4db #a4cc ,calcium sulphate #j4da #j4cd ,magnesium phosphate #j4ce #j4ca ,alkal9e salts #j4ag #j4ab ,silica1 f]ric oxide1 etc4 #j4ji #j4jh ,z9c oxide #a4ja #a4ab ,! *emical modes ( te/+ glue give only ! quantity ( glut9 conta9$ 9 x1 b d n prove t ! sub/ance comb9$ ) tann9 corresponds to ! actual adhesive p[] ( ! glue1 = x is possible t a glue conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( glut9 may possess b little adhesive p[]1 & a jelly f :i* ! glue is =m$ may conta9 an equal am\nt ( glut9 ) ! latt]1 b n possess an equal p[] ( adhesion4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! det]m9ation ( ! glut9 alone is n a crit]ion ( ! quality ( glue4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a reliable me?od ( direct analysis1 attempts h be5 made to d$uce ! quality ( glue f indirect prop]ties4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods consi/s 9 imm]s+ ! sample ( glue 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] at #ei ,f4 = a consid]able "t4 ,! glue swells up1 absorb+ #e to #af times its own weight ( wat]4 ,! m consi/5t & ela/ic ! glue 9 ?is /ate is f\nd to be1 ! great] its adhesive p[]1 & ! l>g] ! quantity ( wat] absorb$ ! m economical ! glue w be 9 use4 ,?is me?od does n give ?or\ghly reliable results1 & %\ld only be employ$ ) bone-glue1 z sk9-glue does n behave 9 a simil> mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,a m reliable me?od is to te/ ! /r5g? ( a glue by ! me?od fir/ propos$ by ,lip[itz1 :i* is bas$ on ! weight-su/a9+ p[] ( a jelly ( kn[n /r5g? & temp]ature4 ,! te/ is execut$ z foll[s3 ,soak #e p>ts ( ! sample 9 wat]1 !n dissolve x 9 suffici5t hot wat] to make ! weight ( ! solution equal to #ej p>ts1 & all[ to /& = #ab h\rs at #fd4d ,f4 9 a glass cyl9d] ( uni=m wid? to gelat9ize4 ,cov] ! glass cyl9d] ) a t9 cap p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,?r\gh ! p]=ation is pass$ freely a /\t iron wire1 at ! l[] end ( :i* is sold]$ a piece ( t9 %ap$ l a sauc]1 ! convex side ( x re/+ on ! surface ( ! jelly4 ,to ! upp] end ( ! wire1 :i* toge!r ) ! t9 sauc] %\ld weigh #e grammes1 is sold]$ a funnel weigh+ #e grammes1 & capable ( hold+ up to #ej grammes ( f9e %ot4 ,! app>atus is gradually load$ ) %ot until ! sauc]-%ap$ piece ( t9 is =c$ into ! jelly4 ,! great] ! /r5g? ( ! jelly1 ! heavi] w be ! weight requir$4 ,f ! det]m9$ weight ( ! %ot us$1 ! relative value ( ! glue z to its adhesive p[] is det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$ by comp>ative exp]im5ts ) ?is app>atus3 ,v>iety ( ,glue4 ,weight requir$ to =ce ! sauc] d[n4 ,breslau #agjd grammes #c4gd lbs4 ,russian #addf grammes #c4ah lbs4 ,cologne #abae grammes #b4fg lbs4 ,muhlhaus5 ,i4 #gbg grammes #a4eii lbs4 ,nrdl+5 #gbd grammes #a4eib lbs4 ,muhlhaus5 ,,ii4 #chg4e grammes #j4he lbs4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts agree to a rem>kable degree ) ! m>ket prices ( ! v>ieties ( glue1 :i* is n ! case ) glues te/$ by ! me?ods previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! results ( ^! te/s are giv5 9 ! table bel[3 ,table ,key3 ,v>iety ( ,glue4 #a4 ,be/ ,:ite is+lass 9 ?ree qualities #b4 ,transluc5t yell[i% bone glue 9 tablets & easily soluble #c4 ,pale yell[ glue simil> to ,no4 #b #d4 ,br[n-r$di%1 brittle 9 fracture & soluble #e4 ,cle> transluc5t glue ( m$ium br[n color #f4 ,br[n-yel[ glue 9 ?ick tablets & possess+ b little transluc5cy #g4 ,pale br[n-yell[ glue1 readily soluble & ela/ic be=e break+ #h4 ,pale amb]-color$ glue ) b little transluc5cy #i4 ,br[n glue1 solution turbid #aj4 ,amb]-color$ glue1 opaliz+ & readily soluble #aa4 ,?i* tablets or d>k-br[n glue1 solution v turbid #ab4 ,d>k horn-l glue ) little transluc5cy #ac4 ,v transluc5t glue ( a light br[n color & v clean solution #ad4 ,transluc5t d>k-br[n glue1 giv+ a v cle> solution ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,loss ( wat] #ajj p>ts ,glut9 ,wat] ,a #ajj p] c5t4 9 dry+ = ( glue are p] absorb$ 9 solution ( sev]al h\rs at precipitat$ c5t4 #bd h\rs by #e;glue w be> #bci to #bdh ,f4 by tannic acid p>ts ( gluea weight ( ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 #bj to #ba #gd4fb #ee4fi -- #b4 #ac4b #gf4b #ef4h #dj #fd grammes 7#b4be ozs47 #c4 #ac4j #gj4j #eb4b #ce #fj grammes 7#b4aa ozs47 #d4 #aj4j #ga4j #eb4i #ab ,does n gelat9ize4 #e4 #aa4j #ga4e #ec4c #bj #bj grammes 7#j4gje oz47 #f4 #ab4e #fh4j #ej4g #bg #ae grammes 7#j4eb oz47 #g4 #ac4j #ff4f #di4g #cj #cf grammes 7#a4bf oz47 #h4 #i4e #fh4e #ea4a #cc #fj grammes 7#b4aa oz47 #i4 #aj4j #hb4j #ec4g #cj #ej grammes 7#a4gf oz47 #aj4 #i4e #gc4j #ed4d #ce #ef grammes 7#a4ig oz47 #aa4 #ac4e #fd4j #dg4g #ah #bc grammes 7#j4ha oz47 #ab4 #i4j #gb4f #ed4b #bi #ab grammes 7#j4db oz47 #ac4 #ac4e #gj4j #eb4b #cj #dj grammes 7#a4da oz47 #ad4 #ae4j #ff4j #di4d #be #db grammes 7#a4dh oz47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,?is table %[s ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! #ad dry v>ieties ( glue exam9$ v>ies betwe5 #i4j & #ba4 ,! loss ( wat] f is+lass is surpris+ly l>ge1 especially z x _c be expla9$ by an artificial admixture ( wat]1 s9ce ! six v>ieties exam9$ reabsorb$ ! same p]c5tage ( wat] f ! air4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! o!r v>ieties ( glue diff]s b little4 #b4 ,! v>i\s v>ieties ( glue requir$ diff]5t quantities ( tannic acid = _! precipitation1 ! am\nt = #ajj p>ts ( glue v>y+ betwe5 #ff p>ts & #gf4b1 or calculat$ to p] c5t41 betwe5 #di4d & #ef4h4 #c4 ,plac$ 9 cold wat]1 glue swells up & absorbs f #ab to #dj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! behavior ( ! v>i\s v>ieties diff]s v mu* 9 ?is respect1 & 9 mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts1 ) ! exception ( v>iety ,no4 #d1 ! p]c5tage ( glut9 is 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( wat] absorb$4 #d4 ,! /r5g? ( ! gelat9iz$ glue v>ies betwe5 #ab grammes 7#ahe4ah gra9s7 & #fd grammes 7#ihg4fg gra9s7 = a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,?is prop]ty corresponds nei!r ) ! absorption ( wat] nor ! p]c5tage ( glut94 ,v>iety ,no4 #d1 9 ! table1 conta9s #eb p] c5t4 ( glut91 b does n gelat9ize1 its /r5g? be+ !re=e equal to #j1 :ile v>iety ,no4 #ad1 ) #di4d p] c5t4 ( glut91 !re=e less ?an ,no4 #d1 %[s a /r5g? ( #db4 ,z no close connection betwe5 ! prop]ties m5tion$ 9 ! table c be recogniz$1 x is be/ n to be guid$ by ^! prop]ties alone1 b to te/ also ! behavior ( ! glue 9 practical use4 ,su* te/ consi/s 9 e/imat+ ! adhesive p[] ( ! glue f ! weight requir$ to te> asund] two pieces ( wood glu$ toge!r & dri$4 ,b z ! results obta9$ by ?is purely practical te/ mu/ necess>ily v>y on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( hav+ two surfaces ( wood always exactly alike1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( apply+ e "t ! same quantity ( glue1 ,weid5bus*'s me?od may "h be giv54 ,x is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t /icks ( pla/] ( ,p>is ca/ ( exactly ! same mat]ial & ( uni=m size break "u ! same weight :5 plac$ ^u two supports & load$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,if n[ su* pla/] /icks be saturat$ ) glue solutions prep>$ accord+ to ! same me?od1 b f diff]5t qualities ( glue1 a great] =ce w be requir$ = break+ !m1 & ?is =ce w be ! great] ! bett] ! quality ( glue is4 ,! pla/] /icks are prep>$ z foll[s3 ,r$uce pure cry/alliz$ gypsum to a f9e p[d]1 pass ! latt] ?r\gh a sieve hav+ #cbd me%es p] squ>e c5timet] & heat x to betwe5 #bhd & #cjb ,f4 ,= ca/+ ! /icks m\lds ( soap-/one are us$4 ,! m\lds are made by bor+ 9 a piece ( soap-/one1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #a c5timet] f ea* o!r1 holes ) a diamet] ( #f millimet]s on top & #g millimet]s on ! bottom4 ,! gypsum is weigh$ (f 9 portions ( #a gramme ea*1 mix$ ) #a gramme wat] & ca/ 9 ! m\lds4 ,! solidifi$ /icks are fir/ dri$ at a mod]ate heat & !n ov] calcium *loride1 & kept = use 9 an air-tight vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,! glue solution is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! glue dri$ at #bab ,f4 is weigh$1 soak$ ov] night 9 wat]1 !n melt$ 9 a small glass 9 ! wat]-ba?1 & f9ally en\gh wat] is add$ s t ! solution conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( dry glue4 ,! pla/] /icks are = "o or two m9utes imm]s$ 9 ! glue solution heat$ to #bab ,f41 & !n plac$ v]tically ^u a glass plate until sup]ficially dry1 :5 !y are completely dri$ at #bab ,f4 ,x is recomm5d$ to color ! glue solution ) indigo1 ! uni=m saturation ( ! /icks be+ !reby m easily recogniz$4 ,! app>atus = te/+ ! /r5g? ( ! /icks consi/s ( a brass r+ a1 ,fig4 #ff1 hav+ two not*es to receive ! /ick1 & its diamet] is divid$ into two equal p>ts by an indicator4 ,! r+ is support$ by a p91 by means ( :i* x is secur$ 9 a /&4 ,! app>atus is complet$ by an iron or glass cup :i* is susp5d$ by ?ree cords1 i1 & ! hook f to ! pla/] /ick b4 ,! hook f is plac$ 9 ! position indicat$ by ! indicator4 ,m]cury is n[ p\r$ into ! cup until ! pla/] /ick comm5ces to break4 ,! weight requir$ is record$ & comp>$ ) a /&>d glue4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t ! cup is susp5d$ by ! ?ree cords h to ! r+ a1 & is ?us caught :5 ! pla/] /ick breaks4 ,on ! l[] end ( ! cup is a clip = empty+ ! m]cury into a vessel s t none ( x is lo/4 ,! 8,artill]y ,w]k/tte0 at ,sp&au has adopt$ ! sev]+ /ra9 ( two blocks ( wood glu$ toge!r4 ,! te/ is execut$ z foll[s3 ,?ree p>ts ( glue 7b n less ?an #bej grammes7 are mix$ ) #f p>ts ( wat] & boil$ 9 a /eam ba? until ! weight ( ! boil$ glue am\nts to only #e_/i ( ! orig9al mixture4 ,! reason = ?is cont9u$ boil+ is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! glue to be te/$ reta9s ! requir$ adhesive p[] ev5 aft] six h\rs cont9u$ heat+ 9 a /eam ba? z frequ5tly happ5s 9 ! work%op4 ,) ! glue ?us prep>$ ! foll[+ break+ te/ is made3 ,blocks ( h>d or s(t wood #dbj millimet]s long & #dj #dj millimet]s cross section are cut 9 two1 s t ea* piece ?us obta9$ is #baj millimet]s 9 l5g?4 ,^! two pieces are !n aga9 glu$ toge!r across ! gra9 ) ! glue to be te/$4 ,! block is !n plac$ 9 a dry room at a temp]ature ( #fb to #fh ,f4 = #gb h\rs1 :5 ! jo9t is te/$ z to its resi/+ p[]4 ,at a di/ance ( #ahj millimet]s f ! jo9t a hole is bor$ 9 ! block4 ,?r\gh ?is hole is pu%$ a bolt furni%$ on ! l[] end ) a hook to :i* a scale is susp5d$4 ,! block ( wood is clamp$ to a table s t ! jo9t projects #a c5timet] beyond ! edge4 ,! scale is at ! />t load$ ) #be kilograms1 ! load be+ e five m9utes increas$ #e kilograms till fracture takes place4 ,two su* blocks1 "o ( h>d & "o ( s(t wood1 are subject$ to ! te/1 & a s]viceable glue mu/ /& at lea/ an av]age load ( #gj kilograms4 ,det]m9ation ( adult]ations4 ,:ite lead1 sulphate ( lead1 z9c :ite1 or *alk 9 quantities v>y+ f #d to #h p] c5t4 are frequ5tly mix$ ) ! melt$ glue to improve ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,?us1 accord+ to analyses by ,a4 ,fais/1 ,russian glues conta9$ 9 #ajj p>ts =eign admixtures z foll[s3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,z9c :ite #a4ff ,*alk #b4dj #b4ie #c4gi #b4aj ,sulphate ( lead -- #d4af #b4ce #c4ah ---- ---- ---- ---- #d4jf #g4jh #f4ad #e4bh ,! s-call$ pat5t glue :i* is opaque & ( a :ite color is produc$ by add+ consid]able quantities ( :ite lead to ord9>y glue4 ,accord+ to ,b>reswil1 glue is frequ5tly mix$ ) lead acetate solution to protect x f putrefaction4 ,su* an addition1 z well z ! pres5ce ( :ite lead or sulphate ( lead1 is detect$ by ! introduction ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 into v dilute glue solution4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( lead acetate a black precipitate ( lead sulphide appe>s 9 ! cle> solution2 if :ite lead or lead sulphate is pres5t1 ! :ite p[d] settl+ on ! bottom is black5$ by ! =mation ( lead sulphide4 ,= ! detection ( o!r e>?y additions1 prep>e a v dilute solution ( ! glue 9 "q & all[ x to /& quietly = a few h\rs4 ,! heavy additions subside1 & aft] decant+ ! sup]natant fluid is collect$ ^u a small filt] & exam9$ by ! cu/om>y analytical me?ods4 ,x is difficult to say :at quantities ( e>?y con/itu5ts actually con/itute an adult]ation1 s9ce x is claim$ by _m practical m5 t a consid]able cont5t ( e>?y p>ts is ( advantage z reg>ds ! cem5t+ p[] ( glue4 ,g5]ally speak+ x may1 h[ev]1 be said t a glue conta9+ m ?an #f to #h p] c5t4 ( e>?y con/itu5ts mu/ be consid]$ adult]at$4 ,= _m purposes1 especially if ! glue comes 9 contact ) color$ mat]ials z1 = in/ance1 9 book-b9d+1 a cont5t ( free acid w\ld ex]t an injuri\s effect ^u ! colors1 de/roy+ or *ang+ !m4 ,x is !re=e advisable to te/ ! glue ) blue litmus pap] :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( free acid1 is r$d5$4 ,9 te/+ a l>ge numb] ( samples ( glue1 ,kissl+ obta9$ ! foll[+ results3 ,numb] ,smalle/ ,l>ge/ ,av]age ,,sk9 ,,glue4 ( samples4 p]c5tage4 p]c5tage4 p]c5tage4 ,wat] #ae #ac4d #ah4a #ae4g ,a% #af #a4j #d4ac #b4ae ,fat #ba #j4ja #j4jij #j4jcg ,volatile acids1 free #h #j4jhd #j4bch #j4agh ,volatile acids1 fix$ #j4jhd #j4ccd #j4aia ,,bone ,,glue4 ,wat] #be #aa4e #ag4g #ac4d ,a% #bf #a4af #e4jg #b4df ,fat #e #j4jdg #j4bag #j4aac ,volatile acids1 free #g #j4jhh #a4dea #j4fee ,volatile acids1 fix$ #j4jig #j4gba #j4dfj ,h[ev]1 ^? :o f _! practical k are mo/ compet5t to judge ! comm]cial value ( a glue1 sc>cely require su* complicat$ te/s1 z by tak+ ! sample 9 _! h& & look+ at x1 !y c 9 mo/ cases tell its quality4 ,great h>dness1 a cle>1 rattl+ s\nd :5 /ruck1 & resi/ance to break+ are signs ( good quality1 & if ! cake is cut ?ick1 x %[s t ! jelly possess$ great consi/5cy4 ,_m k9ds ( glues are int5tionally cut ?9 s t !y w dry be=e spoil+4 ,! d]ivation ( a glue f a s\nd jelly is recogniz$ by ! f9e cutt+ l9es4 ,:5 ! jelly possesses b little gelat9iz+ p[] & is 9 ! fir/ /ages ( decomposition or putrefaction1 or =mation ( sug> has already set 91 x _c be p\r$ into m\ld+ boxes1 z x w\ld putrefy be=e x has a *ance to gelat9ize4 ,su* sick jelly is p\r$ 9 ?9 lay]s ^u glass or metal plates s t x may acquire suffici5t solidity to all[ ( its be+ cut up into leaves & dri$ ^u nets4 ,if ! edges ( ! glue are deeply ind5t$ & rais$1 ! jelly1 be=e dry+1 possess$ b little conc5tration 7#be to #cj p] c5t471 & if not)/&+ ?is1 x acquir$ suffici5t consi/5cy to all[ ( its be+ cut1 x mu/ h be5 v s\nd4 ,glues cut ?ick & %[+ no ind5tations & rais$ edges1 are d]iv$ f excessively conc5trat$ jellies 7#cj-ce-dj p] c5t474 ,su* jellies lose 9 quality 9 evaporat+4 ,a high degree ( transp>5cy is a favorable sign z reg>ds ! purity ( a glue1 sub/ances induc+ putrefaction hav+ be5 elim9at$4 ,h5ce ?is prop]ty %\ld be wor?y ( recomm5dation1 b ! consum] hav+ be5 disappo9t$ 9 ! use ( ?9 glass-cle> glues1 di/ru/s also ! ?ick-cut transp>5t product1 pref]r+ a turbid1 transluc5t or opaque article4 ,= ?is reason ! manufactur] is =c$ to r5d] glass-cle> glue turbid ) color+ matt]4 ,! color ( ! glue is also a means ( judg+ x4 ,to be sure1 *emically pure glut9 is a colorless sub/ance1 b glue is always color$ m or less d>k br[n4 ,al?\gh ?is coloration does n 9 ! lea/ impair ! adhesive p[]1 ! manufactur] endeavors to produce a product ( z light a color z possible1 & ?is is be/ effect$ by blea*+ ) sulphur\s acid4 ,by ?is means ! glue n only acquires a light] color1 b also becomes m /able1 sub/ances induc+ putrefaction be+ de/roy$ by ! acid4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,mucilages4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,cem5ts4 ,! great v>iety ( sub/ances ent]+ into ! manufacture ( cem5ts & pa/es makes a division ( !m extremely difficult4 ,/ohmann divides !m into ! foll[+ gr\ps3 #a4 ,oil cem5ts4 #b4 ,res9\s cem5ts4 #c4 ,cem5ts conta9+ rubb] or gutta p]*a4 #d4 ,cem5ts conta9+ glue1 or />* pa/e4 #e4 ,lime cem5ts4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?is division is correct2 ! only *ange we w\ld sugge/ is to apply ! t]m agglut9ant or pa/e to bodies conta9+ glue & />* pa/e4 ,:5 we attempt a division ( ! cem5ts accord+ to ! bodies to be cem5t$1 we f9d t ! result w be a l>g] numb] ( gr\ps2 z we mu/ take into consid]ation :e!r ! articles to be cem5t$ h to be heat$ or n1 :e!r !y are to come 9 contact ) wat] or o!r liquids1 & o!r circum/ances :i* w\ld necessitate modifications 9 ! composition ( ! cem5ts !mselves4 ,accord+ to ?is1 we might gr\p ! cem5ts z foll[s3 #a4 ,cem5ts = glass & porcela91 = repair+ brok5 articles1 = fa/5+ glass lett]s ^u %[-w9d[s1 etc4 #b4 ,cem5ts = metals n expos$ to an increase ( temp]ature1 = in/ance1 = tight5+ ! jo9ts ( gas & wat] pipes4 #c4 ,cem5ts = /oves & o!r articles1 :i* h to /& an increas$ temp]ature4 #d4 ,cem5ts = *emical app>atus1 i4 e41 su* z w h to resi/ ! action ( *emical ag5ts4 #e4 ,cem5ts to protect vessels ( glass1 porcela91 or metal aga9/ ! action ( fire4 #f4 ,cem5ts = fill+ holl[ tee?1 = microscopical prep>ations1 & o!r delicate articles4 #g4 ,cem5ts = special purposes1 = in/ance1 = cem5t+ me]s*aum1 tortoise %ell1 etc4 ,*emical nature ( cem5ts4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( cem5t frequ5tly conta9 sub/ances :i* act *emically ^u ea* o!r1 or ^u ! bodies to be unit$ ) !m4 ,to det]m9e ! practical availability ( a v>iety ( cem5t = a det]m9$ purpose1 x is ( importance to "k ! reciprocal behavior ( ^! sub/ances t[>ds ea* o!r1 z f ?is we are able to judge at once :e!r a cem5t is suitable = a c]ta9 purpose or n4 ,oil cem5ts4 ,! fluid fats1 commonly call$ oils--?\gh !re are oils :i* rema9 solid at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 z1 = in/ance1 palm oil & cocoanut oil--may1 z reg>ds _! behavior on exposure to ! air1 be divid$ into two l>ge gr\ps1 namely1 dry+ & nondry+ oils4 ,z samples ( ^! gr\ps may be m5tion$ olive oil & l9se$ oil4 ,if a ?9 lay] ( olive oil protect$ f du/ is expos$ to ! air1 x w rema9 fluid = ye>s & reta9 its *>act]i/ic oily consi/5cy4 ,! only *ange x und]goes is t x becomes some:at m viscid & rancid1 & acquires a d>k] color1 b x nev] dries up4 ,l9se$ oil treat$ 9 ! same mann] solidifies 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks to a h>d1 t\gh & ela/ic mass1 resembl+1 z reg>ds its physical qualities1 res9 or rubb]4 ,by comp\nd+ a dry+ oil ) a small quantity ( li?>ge1 pyrolusite1 mangan\s borate1 etc41 & heat+ ! admixture to ! boil+-po9t1 x acquires ! prop]ty ( dry+ 9 a few h\rs :5 expos$ to ! air 9 a ?9 lay]4 ,oil s treat$ has be5 *ang$ to a v>ni%4 ,by br++ a dry+ oil 9 contact ) a body possess+ /rong basic prop]ties a peculi> process takes place2 ! sebacic acids conta9$ 9 ! oil comb9e ) ! basic bodies to solid comb9ations :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 &1 on exposure to ! air1 *ange gradually into masses z h>d z /one4 ,su* comb9ations1 z reg>ds _! *emical composition1 resemble ord9>y soap1 & = ?is reason are call$ insoluble soaps to di/+ui% !m f ord9>y soap :i* is soluble 9 wat]4 ,burn$ lime1 calc9$ magnesia1 :it+1 f]ric oxide1 li?>ge1 & m9ium possess ! capacity = =m+ insoluble soaps on com+ 9 contact ) dry+ oils &1 /ill m quickly1 ) v>ni%es prep>$ f !m4 ,! h>dness ( ^! soaps 9 "t increases consid]ably by ! oil n saponifi$ dry+ 94 ,! oil cem5ts are pr9cipally us$ = tight5+ wat] & gas pipes1 z !y resi/ ! action ( wat]1 /eam & gas4 ,! only drawback connect$ ) ^! cem5ts is t !y mu/ rea* a c]ta9 age be=e becom+ entirely h>d1 & t1 on acc\nt ( ! high price ( dry+ oil or v>ni% :i* is absolutely requir$ = _! prep>ation1 !y are r exp5sive4 ,! ord9>y glazi]'s putty & ! r$ lead & l9se$-oil cem5t us$ 9 con/ruct+ wat] & gas conduits belong to ?is gr\p4 ,res9\s cem5ts4 ,by res9s are und]/ood a numb] ( con/itu5ts ( plants :i* exude 9 ?ick visc\s masses ?r\gh incisions made 9 ! trees1 & on exposure to air are gradually conv]t$ into less transp>5t1 brittle masses4 ,:5 heat$ !y melt m or less readily1 =m+ a ?ick1 ropy liquid1 & br\ght 9 contact ) an ignit$ body !y burn ) a bright flame & mu* sooty smoke4 ,by mak+ incisions 9 ! b>k ( any ( ! :ole g5us ( ,p9us belong+ to ! ,conif] family1 a visc\s mass ( a /rong odor1 call$ turp5t9e1 is obta9$4 ,x consi/s ( a solution ( common ros9 9 ! ess5tial oil ( turp5t9e1 & :5 di/ill$ yields f #ge to #ij p] c5t4 ( colophony or ros91 :i* rema9s 9 ! retort1 & f #be to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! ess5tial oil1 commonly call$ spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,pure ros9 is a brittle1 ta/eless1 & almo/ inodor\s mass ( a light yell[ color & a smoo?1 %9+ fracture4 ,! v>i\s res9s f\nd 9 comm]ce1 su* z %ellac1 ma/ic1 elemi1 copal1 etc41 are =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( importance = our purpose are ! diff]5t degrees ( h>dness & brittl5ess & ! melt+-po9ts ( ! v>i\s res9s4 ,:ile "s possess b slight h>dness1 = in/ance elemi1 o!rs1 su* z copal & amb]1 excel 9 ?is respect & _! brittl5ess & high melt+-po9t4 ,to decrease ! brittl5ess ( res9s1 ess5tial oils are sometimes add$1 or res9\s cem5ts are mix$ ) oil cem5ts or a fat dry+ oil1 or comp\nd$ ) rubb] cem5t4 ,res9\s cem5ts are ei!r s(t5$ by heat+ or entirely melt$1 or solutions ( res9s 9 volatile solv5ts are us$1 :i*1 9 evaporat+1 leave ! res9 beh9d4 ,! res9\s cem5ts possess great p[] ( resi/ance1 & are !re=e well adapt$ = tight5+ wat] & gas pipes1 b !y h ! disadvantage ( n /&+ a high temp]ature & possess+ a c]ta9 degree ( brittl5ess :i* r5d]s !m unfit = ! cem5t+ ( articles expos$ to frequ5t %ocks4 ,_m ( ^! cem5ts1 especially ^? prep>$ ) pit* or asphaltum1 c be produc$ at a v l[ co/1 & d excell5t s]vice = wat]-pro(+ vessels1 wat]-res]voirs1 brickwork1 etc4 ,rubb] & gutta-p]*a cem5ts4 ,ca\t*\c1 commonly call$ ,india rubb]1 or briefly rubb]1 is d]iv$ f ! milky juices ( c]ta9 tropical plants4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by great ela/icity & indiff]5ce to *emical ag5ts4 ,bo? ^! prop]ties make x a valuable mat]ial = cem5t1 & x is mu* us$ = ?is purpose ei!r 9 ! =m ( solution or z a con/itu5t ( o!r compositions4 ,= cem5ts :i* are to h a c]ta9 degree ( ela/icity comb9$ ) indiff]5ce t[>d *emical ag5ts1 x is absolutely indisp5sable1 z no o!r kn[n body possesses ^! prop]ties 9 su* a high degree4 ,! d]ivation ( gutta p]*a is simil> to t ( rubb]4 ,at an ord9>y temp]ature x =ms solid & v t5aci\s masses1 ( a lea!r-l consi/5cy1 b at a some:at high] temp]ature 7bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( wat]7 x is conv]t$ into a v pla/ic1 s(t mass1 :i* c be drawn into v f9e ?reads1 & roll$ to v ?9 plates4 ,by itself or mix$ ) o!r sub/ances x furni%es an excell5t cem5t1 possess+ ! valuable prop]ties ( t5acity & pliancy :5 expos$ to %ocks4 ,z reg>ds resi/ance to ! action ( wat] & *emical ag5ts x is almo/ equal to rubb]1 &1 = c]ta9 purposes1 is frequ5tly pref]r$ to ! latt]4 ,glue & />* cem5ts4 ,by itself1 i4 e41 conv]t$ by boil+ ) wat] into a visc\s mass :i* solidifies on cool+1 glue _c be class$ ) ! cem5ts2 ! same applies to pa/e1 i4 e41 />* or fl\r swell$ & boil$ 9 wat]4 ,b comp\nd$ ) o!r sub/ances bo? yield excell5t cem5ts1 9 :i* a "p ( ! prop]ties di/+ui%+ glue solution & pa/e is pres]v$4 ,!y bo? possess ! prop]ty ( decreas+ ! brittl5ess ( _m cem5ts1 b un=tunately ! latt] !reby lose _! p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( wat]2 = />* z well z glue swells 9 wat]1 & ! latt]1 :5 moi/1 passes quickly into putrefaction & de/roys ! cem5t4 ,9 a wid] s5se is+lass1 comp\nds ( glue & v9eg>1 ( lime & glue1 etc41 mu/ be class$ ) ! glue cem5ts1 & ord9>y fl\r & %oemak]s' pa/e ) />* cem5ts4 ,lime ,cem5ts4 ,lime possesses ! prop]ty ( =m+ insoluble comb9ations ) egg album5 or case9e1 ?is be+ ! reason :y lime cem5ts1 ( :i* !re are a great numb]1 are g5]ally compos$ ( burn$ lime & "o or ! o!r ( ! above sub/ances4 ,lime comp\nd$ ) a solution ( wat]-glass =ms also v solid & durable cem5ts4 ,al?\gh ! cem5ts & agglut9ants m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ are mo/ frequ5tly us$1 a comp\nd ( diff]5t cem5ts is (t5 employ$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! composition ( _m cem5ts is v complicat$4 ,9 ! foll[+ we give a description ( ! prep>ation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( cem5t1 accord+ to ! mann] ( _! employm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,& ,,mucilages4 ,,oil ,,cem5ts4 ,oil cem5ts1 z already expla9$1 mu/ be consid]$ z a v>iety ( soaps insoluble 9 wat]1 =m$ by ! action ( dry+ oils or v>ni% ^u v>i\s basic comb9ations4 ,! mo/ important ( ?is class is ! cem5t us$ = secur+ w9d[-panes4 ,good glazi]s' putty is a product ( extraord9>y durability1 &1 besides = putty+ glass & wood1 c also be us$ = jo9+ _m o!r bodies4 ,putty4 ,?is is prep>$ by mix+ f9e :it+ ) l9se$ oil or l9se$-oil v>ni%4 ,! :it+ %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( #db me%es to ! in*4 ,x %\ld be p]fectly dry be=e sift+1 & be ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! oil4 ,z ! "w ( knead+ l>ge masses ) ! h&s or feet mu/ be cont9u$ = a long "t 9 ord] to obta9 an entirely uni=m product1 & is consequ5tly v labori\s1 x is recomm5d$ to use ! foll[+ contrivance3 ,two wood5 roll]s re/ 9 a suitable frame1 & c be br\ght toge!r or remov$ f ea* o!r by means ( two screws4 ,:5 ! mixture ( :it+ & l9se$ oil is ( suffici5t consi/5cy to all[ knead+1 x is fa%ion$ into a cyl9d] & roll$ out betwe5 ! above roll]s to a long1 ?9 b&1 :i* is caught 9 a vessel4 ,! b& is ball$ toge!r1 ! ball re=m$ into a cyl9d]1 & ! latt] aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s1 ! op]ation ( ball+ & roll+ be+ cont9u$ until a uni=m mass is obta9$4 ,! f9i%$ product %\ld be kept 9 oil$ pap] or "u wat]4 ,:ite lead is sometimes mix$ ) ! putty1 & o!r pigm5ts to give color z desir$4 ,h>d putty may be s(t5$ by roll+ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,fr5* putty4 ,boil #g lbs4 ( l9se$ oil ) #d lbs4 ( burnt umb] = #b h\rs4 ,!n add #aj lbs4 ( :ite lead & #e lbs4 ( *alk4 ,s(t putty4 ,:it+ #bj lbs41 :ite lead #b lbs41 l9se$ oil & olive oil #a gill ea*4 ,mix ! :it+ & ! :ite lead ) ! necess>y quantity ( l9se$ oil1 to r5d] ! putty ( ! prop] consi/5ce1 ! olive oil be+ add$ to ! l9se$ oil be=e knead+4 ,! object ( us+ olive oil is to prev5t ! :ite lead f h>d5+1 & x pres]ves ! putty 9 a /ate suffici5tly s(t to adh]e at all times1 & n1 by gett+ h>d & crack+ (f1 suff]+ ! wet to ent]1 z is (t5 ! case ) ord9>y h>d putty4 ,li?>ge cem5t4 ,by mix+ li?>ge r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] ) l9se$ oil1 a yell[ cem5t is obta9$ :i* gradually solidifies to a mass z h>d z /one4 ,r$ lead cem5t is made by mix+ r$ lead ) l9se$ oil to a pa/e4 ,x is us$ = cem5t+ ! jo9ts ( metal pipes4 ,lead prep>ations furni% excell5t cem5ts1 b h ! disadvantage ( great weight & a high price4 ,= _m purposes a "p ( ! lead comb9ation c be suitably replac$ by a sub/ance ( less weight1 su* z :it+1 or1 /ill bett]1 burn$ lime slack$ ) suffici5t wat] to conv]t x into a p[d]4 ,! quantity ( ! sub/itute add$ v>ies v mu*1 !re be+1 = in/ance1 _m v>ieties ( s-call$ r$ lead oil cem5t1 :i* conta9 only ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( r$ lead4 ,cem5t = wa% bas9s4 ,f9ely p[d]$ glass 7sift$7 #b p>ts1 li?>ge #b p>ts1 l9se$-oil v>ni% #a "p4 ,wet ! p[d]s slightly ) ! oil1 heat & gradually add ! re/4 ,d n use ! bas9 = sev]al days4 ,f9ely p[d]$ glass or glass meal may be made by heat+ glass1 ?r[+ x 9 cold wat]1 gr9d+ ! fractur$ pieces1 & wa%+ by /irr+ up 9 wat]1 & all[+ ! f9] p>ticles to float (f into a second vessel4 ,collect ?is f9e p[d] :5 suffici5t has settl$ 9 ! vessel & sift x ?r\gh a v f9e sieve4 ,z9c-:ite cem5t is prep>$ simil> to putty or r$-lead cem5t4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be made z foll[s3 ,ma/ic #b p>ts1 damm> #d p>ts1 s&>ac #f p>ts1 ,v5etian turp5t9e #h p>ts1 turp5t9e #aj p>ts1 b5zole #ab p>ts1 z9c :ite #ad p>ts4 ,! res9s are p[d]$1 :ile ! ,v5etian turp5t9e1 ord9>y turp5t9e1 & b5zole1 are put 9 a bottle1 & !n ! p[d]$ res9s put 94 ,! :ole is %ak5 & all[$ to /& = ! res9s to dissolve4 ,! solution is filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool & rubb$ up ) suffici5t z9c-:ite to =m a cem5t4 ,dilute ) b5z9e if necess>y4 ,ma/ic cem5t1 ma/ic or pi]res de ma/ic4 ,"u ?is "n masses are br\ght into comm]ce :i* are well adapt$ = m\ld+ ornam5ts1 su* z figures1 columns1 etc41 to be expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,!y are comp>atively *eap1 & x is r rem>kable t !y are n m g5]ally kn[n & us$ = te*nical purposes4 ,to prep>e l>ge quantities ( ?is cem5t suitable mills & mix+ vessels are requir$1 z ! conv]sion ( ! mat]ials into a du/-l fl\r is an indisp5sable condition ( ! success ( ! "w4 ,! mat]ials mo/ g5]ally us$ are f9e qu>tz s&1 f9ely gr\nd calc>e\s s&1 & v>y+ quantities ( li?>ge or z9c oxides1 besides z small a quantity ( l9se$ oil z possible4 ,! l9se$ oil comb9es ) ! li?>ge or z9c oxide to an insoluble soap1 :i* incloses ! o!r mat]ial & =ms a mass acquir+ ! h>dness ( s&/one 9 ?irty to fifty h\rs4 ,aft] conv]t+ ! mat]ials into a f9e p[d]1 ! mix+ is accompli%$ 9 b>rels fill$ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full & revolv$ by wat]-p[]4 ,:5 a ?or\gh mixture has be5 effect$ ! pulv]ul5t mass is plac$ 9 %eet-iron vessels & saturat$ ) l9se$ oil1 & !n m\ld$ at once1 z x solidifies 9 "o or two days4 ,fr5* ma/ic4 ,qu>tz s& #cjj p>ts1 pulv]iz$ lime/one #ajj1 li?>ge #ej1 l9se$ oil #ce4 ,paget's ma/ic4 ,s& #cae p>ts1 :it+ #aje1 :ite lead #be1 calc9$ r$ lead #aj1 lead acetate solution #de1 l9se$ oil #ce4 ,! ma/ic may be color$ by add+ pigm5ts4 ,wat]-pro( cem5t4 ,a4 ,rubb] #g p>ts1 oil ( turp5t9e #adj1 l9se$ oil #dj4 ,b4 ,turp5t9e #ajj p>ts1 sulphuric acid #c1 z9c-:ite #aj4 ,to prep>e solution ,a1 place ! rubb] 9 ! oil ( turp5t9e 9 a bottle4 ,x swells v mu* )\t actually dissolv+4 ,aft] add+ ! l9se$ oil1 r$uce ! entire mass by boil+ to "o-half ! volume orig9ally occupi$ by x4 ,solution ,b is prep>$ by /irr+ ! sulphuric acid into ! turp5t9e & all[+ x to /& = twelve h\rs4 ,to remove ! sulphuric acid1 ! ?ick mass :i* has be5 =m$ is !n knead$ 9 wat] 9 :i* ! z9c oxide has be5 di/ribut$4 ,aft] dry+1 ! result+ mass is dissolv$ 9 ! w>m fluid ,a4 ,ano!r =mula is z foll[s3 ,l9se$ oil #h p>ts1 li?>ge #ab1 burnt lime #hh4 ,boil ! l9se$ oil & li?>ge half an h\r1 !n /ir ! lime into ! hot mass1 & use ! mixture hot4 ,?is cem5t is excell5t = fill+ 9 jo9ts betwe5 /ones1 = flat ro(s1 wat] res]voirs1 etc4 ,= a bett] adhesion ( ! cem5t1 apply a coat ( l9se$ oil v>ni% to ! surfaces to be cem5t$4 ,por\s /ones are made wat]-pro( by heat+ ! cem5t 9 a boil] & add+ suffici5t l9se$ oil to =m a mass :i* c be readily work$ ) a smoo?+ bo>d4 ,apply z hot z possible4 ,s]bat's ma/ic4 ,pyrolusite #fj p>ts1 sulphate ( lead #fj1 l9se$ oil #aj4 ,aft] ?or\ghly dry+ ! mat]ials1 mix ! sulphate ( lead ) ! l9se$ oil1 !n add #bj p>ts ( ! pyrolusite &1 aft] mix+ & work+ x ?or\ghly1 add gradually ! re/ ( ! pyrolusite 9 small portions & knead+ con/antly4 ,/eph5son's oil cem5t4 ,li?>ge #bj p>ts1 unslak$ lime #aj p>ts1 s& #aj p>ts1 hot l9se$ oil #c p>ts4 ,alum cem5t4 ,dissolve good h>d soap1 by heat+ 9 ra9 wat]1 dilute ! ?ickly fluid mass & add saturat$ alum solution z long z a precipitate is =m$4 ,collect ! gelat9\s precipitate ( alum9a soap ?us =m$ ^u a clo?1 &1 aft] dra9+1 p\r ra9 wat] ov] x t5 to twelve times to remove ! salts z mu* z possible4 ,aft] wa%+1 dry ! alum9a soap1 & rub x to a f9e p[d]4 ,to prep>e cem5t rub a portion ( ! p[d] ) suffici5t l9se$-oil v>ni% to =m a pla/ic d\gh1 :i* is us$ = fill+ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,?is cem5t is wat]-pro(1 resi/s high temp]atures )\t be+ absolutely fire-pro(1 &1 on acc\nt ( its light color1 is well adapt$ = jo9+ m>ble plates1 etc4 ,oil cem5t = glass4 ,li?>ge #cj p>ts1 burnt lime #bj1 pipe-clay #aj1 l9se$-oil v>ni% #f4 ,oil cem5t free f lead = /eam pipes4 ,graphite #ab p>ts1 heavy sp> #af1 slak$ lime #f1 boil$ l9se$ oil #f4 ,oil cem5ts = /eam pipes4 ,i4 ,li?>ge #be p>ts1 air-slak$ lime #aj1 qu>tz s& #aj4 ,mix ! +r$i5ts quickly ) ! l9se$ oil & "w ! mass ?or\ghly 9 a hot mort>4 ,coat ! defective places 9 ! pipes ) l9se$-oil v>ni%1 apply ! cem5t hot & :5 p>tially solid1 make x /ill tight] by heat+4 ,,ii4 ,boil #fj p>ts ( graphite1 #ej ( air-slak$ lime1 #fj ( elutriat$ heavy sp> 9 #ce ( l9se$ oil1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,apply ! mixture hot4 ,oil cem5t = m>ble4 ,elutriat$ li?>ge #aj p>ts1 brick du/ #ajj1 l9se$ oil #bj4 ,prep>e 9 ! same mann] z glazi]s' putty4 ,= v>i\s colors add z9c :ite = :ite1 r$ lead = r$1 pyrolusite = br[n1 etc4 ,previ\s to apply+ ! cem5t saturate ! surfaces ( ! /ones to be cem5t$ ) l9se$-oil v>ni%4 ,oil cem5t = porcela94 ,/ir #bj p>ts ( :ite lead & #ab ( :ite pipe-clay into #aj ( boil+ l9se$ oil previ\sly boil$ & knead ! mass ?or\ghly4 ,aft] cem5t+ let ! articles /& quietly = sev]al weeks4 ,diamond cem5t4 ,li?>ge #cj p>ts1 air-slak$ lime #aj1 :it+ #bj1 graphite #ajj1 l9se$ oil #dj4 ,apply hot4 ,?is is an excell5t cem5t = metal4 ,hag]'s diamond cem5t4 ,:it+ #af p>ts1 elutriat$ graphite #ej1 li?>ge #af4 ,mix ! pulv]iz$ +r$i5ts ) suffici5t old1 ?ick l9se$ oil to =m a pla/ic d\gh4 ,,res9\s ,,cem5ts4 ,res9\s cem5t = amb] is obta9$ by melt+ ma/ic 9 l9se$ oil4 ,volatile copal lacqu] c also be advantage\sly us$ = ! purpose4 ,cem5t = turn]s4 ,melt #a lb4 ( ros9 9 a t9 c ov] ! fire1 & :5 melt$ add #d ozs4 ( pit*2 :ile ^! are boil+ add brick du/ until1 by dropp+ a little on a cold /one1 y ?9k x is h>d en\gh4 ,9 w9t] x may be f\nd necess>y to add a little tall[4 ,by means ( ?is cem5t a piece ( wood may be fa/5$ to ! *uck1 :i* w hold :5 cool1 & :5 ! "w is f9i%$1 x may be remov$ by a sm>t bl[ ) ! tool4 ,all traces ( ! cem5t may be remov$ f ! "w by repeat$ applications ( b5z9e4 ,to use ?is cem5t1 *ip (f z mu* z w cov] ! *uck to ! #a_/af? ( an in*1 spread x ov] ! surface 9 small pieces1 mix+ x ) ( its bulk ( gutta-p]*a1 !n heat an iron to a dull r$ heat1 & hold x ov] ! *uck till ! mixture & gutta-p]*a are melt$ & liquid4 ,/ir ! cem5t until x is homog5e\s1 *uck ! "w1 lay on a weight to en=ce contact1 leave x at re/ #bj m9utes4 ,! foll[+ cem5t is mu* employ$ & s]viceable = ! use ( turn]s & artisans 9 g5]al4 ,r$uce #a lb4 ( :it+ to a f9e p[d]1 & heat to r$ness s z to expel all ! wat]4 ,:5 cold ?is is mix$ ) #a lb4 ( black ros9 & #a oz4 ( beeswax previ\sly melt$ toge!r1 & ! :ole /irr$ till ( uni=m consi/5ce4 ,cem5t = ivory & bone4 ,melt at a mod]ate heat equal p>ts ( :ite wax1 ros91 & oil ( turp5t9e to =m a ?ickly-fluid mass4 ,= color+ ! cem5t add elutriat$ r$ lead1 ultram>9e1 etc4 ,cem5t = :ite enamel$ clock-faces4 ,damm> res9 #ajj p>ts1 copal #ajj1 ,v5ice turp5t9e #aaj1 z9c :ite #fj1 ultram>9e #c4 ,apply hot & poli% :5 cold & h>d4 ,cem5ts = glass4 #a4 ,melt c>efully #fj p>ts ( blea*$ %ellac & #aj ( turp5t9e4 ,if too ?ick1 dilute ) turp5t9e4 #b4 ,%ellac #bj p>ts1 elemi #e1 turp5t9e #aj4 ,prep>e z above4 ,cem5t = glass ^u glass4 ,%ellac #aj p>ts1 turp5t9e #b1 pulv]iz$ pumice /one #aj4 ,cem5t = glass ^u metal4 ,melt toge!r #dj p>ts ( ros91 #bj ( r\ge1 #aj ( wax1 & #aj ( turp5t9e4 ,apply hot to ! surfaces to be cem5t$4 ,cem5t = metal lett]s ^u glass4 ,ros9 #db p>ts1 turp5t9e #d1 pla/] ( ,p>is #e4 ,cem5t = wood4 #ajj p>ts ( %ellac & #de ( /rong _s ( w9e4 ,?is cem5t s]ves = jo9+ wood1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( exposure to wat]1 _c be glu$4 ,apply ! cem5t to ! surface ( "o ( ! pieces1 & aft] plac+ ^u x a piece ( tissue pap] press ^u x ! o!r piece ( wood previ\sly coat$ ) ! cem5t4 ,cem5t = knife h&les4 ,melt toge!r #bj p>ts ( ros91 #e ( sulphur1 & #h ( iron fil+s4 ,p\r "s ( ! hot mixture into ! h&le1 & !n pu% 9 ! knife previ\sly heat$4 ,cem5t = petroleum lamps4 ,boil #ab p>ts ( ros9 9 #af ( /rong lye until x is entirely dissolv$ & on cool+ =ms a t5aci\s solid mass4 ,dilute ?is ) #bj p>ts ( wat]1 & c>efully "w into x #bj p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,?is cem5t is insoluble 9 petroleum1 & is especially adapt$ = cem5t+ ! glass p>ts ( lamps to ! metal4 ,x is also a good mat]ial = /opp]s = petroleum bottles4 ,cem5t = porcela94 ,ros91 #ad p>ts2 elemi1 #g2 %ellac1 #g2 ma/ic1 #g2 sulphur1 #db2 brick du/1 #bj4 ,cem5t = porcela9 :i* is to be heat$4 ,heat c>efully #aj p>ts ( amb] 9 a l>ge spoon1 /irr+ con/antly1 until x evolves heavy vapors ( a /rong odor4 ,rub ! melt$ mass z f9ely z possible1 & aft] plac+ ! p[d] 9 a bottle p\r ov] x a mixture ( bisulphide ( c>bon & b5z9e4 ,close ! bottle air-tight to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! v volatile solv5t4 ,:5 ! p[d] is dissolv$ remove ! cork & replace x by "o provid$ ) a small bru%4 ,! application ( ! cem5t & press+ toge!r ( ! p>ts to be cem5t$ mu/ be effect$ z quickly z possible4 ,9 articles prop]ly cem5t$ ! jo9t c only be detect$ by ! close/ exam9ation4 ,?is cem5t holds s well t cups & sauc]s1 s\p-ture5s1 etc41 m5d$ ) x c be us$ = ye>s4 ,cem5t to )/& ! action ( petroleum4 ,dissolve #e p>ts ( %ellac1 #a ( turp5t9e 9 #ae ( petroleum4 ,?is cem5t is q ela/ic4 ,cem5t = mica4 ,a color$ cem5t = jo9+ %eets ( mica is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,soak clean gelat9e 9 wat]1 & :5 swell$ squeeze out ! excess ( wat] by pressure betwe5 a clo?1 !n melt ! gelat9e by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?1 & /ir 9 j en\gh pro( _s to make x fluid4 ,to ea* "p ( ?is solution add1 :ile /irr+1 oz4 ( gum ammoniac & #a ozs4 ( gum ma/ic dissolv$ 9 #d ozs4 ( rectifi$ alcohol4 ,put ! mixture into bottles1 & :5 requir$ = use /& ! bottle 9 hot wat]4 ,?is cem5t resi/s cold wat]4 ,cem5t = horn1 :alebone & tortoise %ell4 ,dissolve gum ma/ic #aj p>ts & turp5t9e #d1 9 #ab ( l9se$ oil4 ,apply hot4 ,cem5t = t]ra-cotta articles4 ,melt toge!r #gj p>ts ( ros91 #gj ( wax & #af ( sulphur1 & /ir into ! mass #h p>ts ( hamm] slag & #h ( qu>tz s&4 ,coat ! fractur$ surfaces ) oil ( turp5t9e1 apply ! cem5t z quickly z possible1 & press ! surfaces toge!r4 ,x is advisable to heat ! t]ra cotta previ\sly to #aeh or #agf ,f4 ,aft] cem5t+ ! article1 smoo? ! jo9t ) a heat$ knife & du/ v f9e t]ra-cotta p[d] ?r\gh a l95 bag ^u ! s(t cem5t 9 ord] to give x exactly ! same color z ! article itself4 ,ma/ic cem5t = glass4 ,gum ma/ic #ae p>ts1 blea*$ %ellac #aj1 turp5t9e #e4 ,?is mass suffici5tly dilut$ ) hot oil ( turp5t9e furni%es an excell5t cem5t = fractur$ glass & gems4 ,be+ colorless1 ! jo9t c sc>cely be detect$1 provid$ ! cem5t+ has be5 skilfully done4 ,to atta* gems to glass ( ! same color1 ! cem5t is color$ ) anil9e colors dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e1 c>e be+ _h to give x ! same %ade z ! gem & ! glass4 ,/ick ma/ic cem5t4 ,melt toge!r1 at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 #aj p>ts ( ma/ic & "o ( turp5t9e1 & p\r ! mass into suitable m\lds4 ,= use1 heat ! fractur$ surfaces ( ! article /rongly1 s t ! cem5t on be+ rubb$ ov] !m melts1 !n press ! surfaces toge!r & cont9ue ! pressure until ! cem5t solidifies4 ,sulphur cem5t = porcela94 ,:ite pit* #ah p>ts1 sulphur #bh1 blea*$ %ellac #d1 gum ma/ic #h1 elemi #h1 glass meal #bh4 ,melt all toge!r1 except ! glass meal & /ir ! latt] into ! melt$ mass4 ,insoluble cem5t = wood5 vessels4 ,melt toge!r #fj p>ts ( ros91 #bj ( asphalt1 & #dj ( brick du/4 ,p\r ! hot mixture into ! jo9ts4 ,?is cem5t resi/s ! action ( lye1 quick lime1 sulphuric & hydro*loric acids4 ,,rubb] ,,cem5ts4 ,^! cem5ts are v useful1 b ow+ to ! inflammable nature ( ! compon5ts1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ fire :ile prep>+ !m4 ,!y %\ld nev] be made ne> a nak$ fire1 z ! b5z9e1 c>bon disulphide or *lor(orm us$ to dissolve ! rubb] is v volatile1 & ! vapor giv5 (f p]meates ! air until1 com+ ne> a s\rce ( light1 ! :ole air becomes "o vivid %eet ( flame4 ,vessels :i* are us$ %\ld be clos$1 & if possible put out ( doors4 ,if heat is requir$ to assi/ ! solv5t action1 use a s& or hot-wat] ba?1 b on no acc\nt br+ ne> a fire4 ,cem5ts = glass4 ,i4 ,rubb] #a "p1 gum ma/ic #ab1 damm> #d1 *lor(orm #ej1 b5z9e #aj4 ,,ii4 ,rubb] #ab p>ts1 *lor(orm #ejj1 gum ma/ic #abj4 ,?is cem5t adh]es imm$iately1 & possesses a high degree ( ela/icity4 ,x may be us$ to advantage = jo9+ toge!r ! glass panes ( hot-h\ses4 ,,iii4 ,dissolve1 )\t application ( heat1 rubb] #b p>ts & gum ma/ic #f1 9 #ajj ( *lor(orm4 ,?is cem5t is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,x %\ld be appli$ z quickly z possible1 z x sets 9 a v %ort "t4 ,s(t rubb] cem5t4 ,melt #aj p>ts ( tall[ 9 a brass pan & gradually add #aej p>ts ( rubb] 9 small pieces1 & /ir con/antly until all ! rubb] is dissolv$4 ,keep 9 read9ess a well-fitt+ lid to be able to ext+ui% ! flame imm$iately 9 case ! rubb] cat*es fire4 ,:5 all is melt$ /ir 9 #aj p>ts ( slak$ lime4 ,?is cem5t is especially adapt$ = seal+ bottles conta9+ cau/ic sub/ances1 su* z nitric acid1 etc4 ,x rema9s always t5aci\s1 be+ !re=e suitable = cem5t+ bodies expos$ to repeat$ %ocks4 ,h>d rubb] cem5t4 ,rubb]1 #aej p>ts2 tall[1 #aj2 r$ lead1 #aj4 ,?is cem5t is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! above4 ,! addition ( r$ lead gives x a r$ color1 & solidifies x 9 a %ort "t to a mass z h>d z /one4 ,ela/ic cem5t4 ,c>bon disulphide1 #h ozs42 f9e rubb]1 #a oz42 is+lass1 #d dra*ms2 gutta-p]*a1 #a oz4 ,dissolve ! solids 9 ! fluid4 ,?is cem5t is us$ = cem5t+ lea!r & rubb]4 ,= use ! lea!r is r\gh5$ & a ?9 coat ( ! cem5t appli$ & all[$ to dry completely2 !n ! two surfaces to be jo9$ are w>m$ & plac$ toge!r & all[$ to dry4 ,m>9e glue4 ,?is cem5t1 :i* is only a glue 9 "n1 is wat]-pro(1 & c be us$ to cem5t metal1 wood1 glass1 /one1 pa/ebo>d1 etc41 & is especially adapt$ = caulk+ vessels4 ,susp5d #aj p>ts ( rubb] inclos$ 9 a bag 9 a vessel conta9+ #abj p>ts ( ref9$ petroleum1 s t only half ( ! bag is imm]s$1 & all[ x to rema9 t5 to f\rte5 days 9 a w>m place4 ,!n melt #bj p>ts ( asphalt 9 an iron boil] & add ! rubb] solution 9 a ?9 jet1 & heat ! mixture1 :ile con/antly /irr+1 until x is p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,p\r x into greas$ metallic m\lds1 :]e x =ms into d>k-br[n or black plates difficult to break4 ,9 us+ x1 x %\ld be melt$ 9 a kettle plac$ 9 boil+ wat] to prev5t its burn+1 :i* x is v apt to d1 z x is a bad conductor ( heat4 ,aft] x has be5 liquefi$ remove ! kettle f ! wat] & place x ov] a fire1 :]e x c be heat$1 if necess>y1 to make x m fluid1 to #cjb ,f41 c>efully /irr+ x to prev5t burn+4 ,if possible1 ! surfaces to be glu$ toge!r %\ld be heat$ to #bab ,f41 z ! glue c !n be sl[ly appli$4 ,! ?9n] ! lay] ( glue 9 cem5t+ toge!r smoo? surfaces1 ! bett] w x adh]e4 ,b a some:at ?ick] lay] is requir$ = r\gh surfaces1 = in/ance1 bo>ds n plan$1 ! excess ( glue be+ =c$ out by /rong pressure4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is be/ to subject all articles cem5t$ toge!r ) m>9e glue to z /rong a pressure z possible until ! glue is congeal$4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts h %[n t ) ! aid ( ?is cem5t squ>e vats p]fectly wat]-tight c be con/ruct$ ( bo>ds4 ,wood5 pegs dipp$ 9 ! comp\nd %\ld be us$ = putt+ ! vats toge!r4 ,jeffrey's m>9e glue4 ,dissolve #a "p ( rubb] 9 b5z9e1 & mix ! solution ) #b p>ts ( %ellac by ! assi/ance ( heat4 ,ano!r =mula is z foll[s3 ,coal naph?a #a qu>t1 rubb] cut 9 %r$s #b ozs4 ,mac]ate = #aj or #ab days & !n rub smoo? ) a spatula on a slab2 add #b p>ts by weight ( %ellac to #a "p ( ?is solution4 ,to use ! comp\nd melt x at ab\t #bdj ,f4 ,m>9e glue = damp walls4 ,rubb] #aj p>ts1 :it+ #aj1 oil ( turp5t9e #bj1 c>bon disulphide #aj1 ros9 #e & asphalt #e4 ,dissolve ! +r$i5ts 9 a suitable vessel & /& 9 a w>m place1 %ak+ x frequ5tly4 ,scrape ! wall smoo? & clean1 & apply ! glue ) a broad bru% on ! damp place & ab\t #h in*es high] ?an ! l9e ( dampness4 ,be=e ! glue is dry lay on pla9 pap] :i* w adh]e tightly4 ,on ?is pla9 pap] ! wall pap] c be pa/$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,if c>efully done1 ! wall pap] w always rema9 dry4 ,,gutta-,,p]*a ,,cem5ts4 ,cem5t = lea!r4 ,gutta-p]*a #ajj p>ts1 pit* or asphalt #ajj1 oil ( turp5t9e #ae4 ,?is cem5t %\ld be us$ hot4 ,x is suitable = cem5t+ all k9ds ( sub/ances1 b adh]es p>ticul>ly well to lea!r4 ,cem5t = h>d rubb] combs4 ,a4 ,prep>e a v ?ick solution ( blea*$ gutta-p]*a 9 bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,b4 ,dissolve sulphur 9 bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! cem5t+ is effect$ by apply+ solution ,a to ! fractur$ surfaces & press+ !m toge!r4 ,:5 dry bru% solution ,b ov] ! cem5t$ place4 ,ela/ic gutta-p]*a cem5t4 ,dissolve #aj p>ts ( gutta-p]*a 9 #ajj ( b5z9e1 !n p\r ! cle> solution into a bottle conta9+ #ajj p>ts ( l9se$-oil v>ni% & unite bo? by %ak+4 ,?is cem5t excels 9 ela/icity1 & is especially suitable = atta*+ ! soles ( %oes1 z x is s ela/ic t x w n break1 no matt] h[ mu* x is b5t4 ,to make x adh]e tightly r\gh5 ! lea!r on ! side to be cem5t$4 ,cem5t = horses' ho(s4 ,= fill+ cracks & fissures 9 horses' ho(s a cem5t is requir$ :i* possesses great resi/ance to ! action ( wat] comb9$ ) ela/icity & solidity4 ,a mass answ]+ all dem&s consi/s ( #aj p>ts by weight ( gum ammoniac & #bj to #be ( purifi$ gutta-p]*a4 ,heat ! gutta-p]*a to betwe5 #aid & #bab ,f41 & !n "w x ) ! f9ely p[d]$ gum ammoniac to a homog5e\s mass4 ,9 us+ x1 s(t5 ! cem5t by heat+1 & aft] c>efully cleans+ ! crack 9 ! ho(1 apply x ) a heat$ knife4 ,! cem5t solidifies imm$iately aft] cool+ to ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & becomes soon s h>d z to all[ ( nails be+ driv5 into x4 ,cem5t = crock]y4 ,gutta-p]*a #a "p1 %ellac #a4 ,place ! two +r$i5ts 9 an e>!nw>e j>1 & melt ! two toge!r by /&+ ?is j> on a vessel ( boil+ wat]1 or else "o fill$ ) hot s&1 ! vessel hold+ ! wat] or s& be+ heat$ ov] a fire or gas furnace4 ,/ir ! melt$ +r$i5ts well toge!r4 ,! result+ cem5t is "o possess+ great h>dness & t\ghness1 :i* suits x admirably = m5d+ crock]y4 ,w>m ! edges to be jo9$ toge!r1 sme> ! cem5t on1 jo9 toge!r1 & hold ! article ?us jo9$ until cool4 ,cem5t = lea!r4 ,mix #aj p>ts ( c>bon disulphide ) #a "p ( turp5t9e1 & !n add suffici5t gutta p]*a to make a t\gh1 ?ickly-fluid mass4 ,be=e us+ ?is cem5t1 free ! surface to be jo9$ f grease4 ,to effect ?is1 spr9kle a little bic>bonate ( soda1 c>bonate ( ammonia or borax on ! surfaces to be jo9$1 lay a clo? ov] !m1 & !n place a hot iron on top1 & keep x !re a %ort "t s z to cause ! alkali to cut ! grease1 !n put ! cem5t on bo? surfaces to be jo9$1 put !m toge!r & subject to pressure until !y are cem5t$4 ,gutta p]*a dissolv$ 9 c>bon disulphide to ! consi/5cy ( syrup is also a good cem5t = jo9+ lea!r4 ,! p>ts to be jo9$ %\ld be well cov]$ ) cem5t s z to fill ! pores ( ! lea!r1 !n ! cem5t is heat$ & ! p>ts hamm]$ until ! cem5t is cold4 ,,case9e ,,cem5ts4 ,prep>ation ( pure case9e4 ,al?\gh ! case9e conta9$ 9 old *eese c be us$1 ! o!r con/itu5ts1 su* z fat1 salt1 & free acid1 ex]t an injuri\s influ5ce ^u ! solidity ( ! cem5t prep>$ ) x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 be/ to prep>e pure case9e1 :i* is easily accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,put milk 9 a cool place1 & aft] tak+ (f ! cream z long z any is =m$1 remove ! skimm$ milk to a w>m place to coagulate4 ,aft] heat+ ! curd1 place x ^u a filt] & wa% ! case9e rema9+ ^u ! filt] ) ra9wat] until ! wat] runn+ (f %[s no trace ( acid4 ,to remove ! la/ traces ( fat tie ! wa%$ case9e 9 a clo? & aft] boil+ x 9 wat]1 spread x ^u blott+ pap] 9 a w>m place to dry4 ,x w %rivel up to a horny mass4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dri$ pure case9e w keep = a long "t )\t suff]+ alt]ation4 ,to obta9 ! case9e 9 a =m suitable = prep>+ cem5ts x is only necess>y to p\r wat] ov] a correspond+ quantity & all[ x to /& = "s "t4 ,case9e comb9es ) lime to a h>d insoluble mass4 ,ord9>y te*nical case9e may be readily & *eaply prep>$ z foll[s3 ,skim milk is heat$ 9 a copp] boil]1 if necess>y by ! introduction ( /eam1 to #abb ,f4 ,!n add = e #ajjj qu>ts ( milk1 #c qu>ts ( crude hydro*loric acid dilut$ ) #e to #f times ! quantity ( wat]4 ,aft] coagulation1 ! :ey is dra9$ (f1 ! curd spread out ^u an incl9$ table & all[$ to cool4 ,! curd is !n wa%$ by p\r+ cold wat] ov] x ?r\gh a rose1 or /irr+ x up ) wat] 9 a b>rel1 all[+ to settle1 & p\r+ (f ! sup]natant wat]4 ,! residue is subject$ to mod]ate pressure4 ,! case9e :ile /ill moi/ is comm9ut$ 9 a curd-mill & pack$ 9 bags4 ,9 ?is /ate x mu/ be work$ at once1 z o!rwise x spoils readily & is attack$ by worms4 ,if x is to be kept = a long] "t1 x has to be dri$4 ,?is is effect$ by spread+ x out ^u l95 clo?s & plac+ x 9 a dry+ *amb]4 ,9 ?is mann] #h4e p] c5t4 ( moi/1 or #c4e p] c5t4 ( dry1 case9e is obta9$ :i* is br\ght into comm]ce z te*nical case9e or lact>9e4 ,x be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 #aj p] c5t4 ( an alkali--soda1 borax1 or ammonia--has to be add$ to effect solution4 ,wat]-soluble case9e is seldom f\nd 9 comm]ce1 ! consum] prep>+ x1 z a rule1 himself4 ,a pur] te*nical case9e is obta9$ accord+ to ,john ,a4 ,j's me?od z foll[s3 ,dissolve1 /irr+ con/antly1 9 #aae qu>ts ( wat] heat$ to betwe5 #ajd & #aca ,f41 #ag to #bf ozs4 ( bic>bonate ( soda & #agf lbs4 ( moi/1 or #aah lbs4 ( dry1 case9e1 & dry ! solution ^u a heat$ revolv+ metal cyl9d]4 ,aft] ea* revolution ( ! cyl9d]1 ! dry mat]ial is scrap$ (f ) bru%es & by be+ =c$ ?r\gh a f9e-me%$ sieve yields soluble case9e p[d]4 ,case9e cem5t :i* c be kept = a long "t4 ,conv]t into p[d]1 ea* by itself1 #bjj p>ts ( case9e1 #dj ( burn$ lime1 & #a ( camphor4 ,mix ! p[d]s intimately & keep ! mixture 9 an air-tight bottle4 ,= use1 mix "s ( ! p[d] ) ! requisite quantity ( wat] & use ! cem5t at once4 ,cem5t = glass4 ,old dry *eese #ajj p>ts1 wat] #ej1 slak$ lime #bj4 ,free ! *eese f r9d1 & rub x ) ! wat] until a homog5e\s mass draw+ ?reads is =m$4 ,!n /ir 9 quickly ! lime p[d]1 & use ! cem5t at once4 ,x unites n only glass to glass1 b c also be us$ = cem5t+ metal to glass4 ,cem5t = metals4 ,elutriat$ qu>tz s&1 #aj p>ts2 case9e1 #h2 slak$ lime1 #aj1 & suffici5t wat] to =m a cream-l mass4 ,cem5t = porcela94 ,case9e dissolves readily 9 solution ( wat]-glass1 & =ms !n "o ( ! be/ cem5ts = porcela9 kn[n4 ,to prep>e x1 fill a bottle "o-qu>t] full ) fre% case9e1 & aft] fill+ ! bottle ) solution ( wat]-glass1 effect ! solution ( ! case9e by frequ5t %ak+4 ,cem5t = me]s*aum4 ,dissolve case9e 9 wat]-glass1 & aft] /irr+ quickly f9ely-pulv]iz$ calc9$ magnesia into ! mass1 use x at once1 z x solidifies v soon4 ,by add+1 besides magnesia1 g5u9e me]s*aum f9ely pulv]iz$1 a mass closely resembl+ me]s*aum is obta9$1 :i* c be us$ = manufactur+ imitation me]s*aum4 ,cem5t = wood1 etc4 ,rub #aj p>ts ( case9e & #e ( borax to a ?ick1 milky mass1 & use x l glue4 ,?is cem5t c be advantage\sly us$ = pa/+ labels ^u w9e bottles1 z x nei!r m\lds nor becomes deta*$ 9 ! cell>4 ,ano!r =mula is z foll[s3 ,dissolve borax by boil+ 9 wat]1 & p\r ! solution ov] fre% case9e4 ,! result w be a cle>1 ?ick mass ( extraord9>y p[] ( adhesion1 :i* c be kept = any l5g? ( "t )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,appli$ to lea!r1 pap]1 l95 or cotton goods1 x =ms a coat ( beautiful lu/re1 & = ?is reason is mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( fancy articles ( pap] & lea!r4 ,cem5t = porcela94 ,dissolve #aj p>ts ( case9e 9 #fj ( wat]-glass solution4 ,apply ! cem5t quickly & dry ! cem5t$ articles 9 ! air4 ,,wat]-,,glass ,,& ,,wat]-,,glass ,,cem5ts4 ,wat]-glass4 ,wat]-glass 7silicate ( soda or soluble glass7 is f\nd 9 comm]ce z a ?ickly-fluid1 t5aci\s mass4 ,x is g5]ally prep>$ by fus+ #ae p>ts ( qu>tz s& ) #h ( c>bonate ( soda & #a ( *>coal4 ,! silicic acid comb9+ ) ! soda dis5gages ! c>bonic acid1 ! expulsion ( :i* is facilitat$ by ! pres5ce ( *>coal1 :i* conv]ts x into c>bonic oxide4 ,x dissolves readily 9 wat]4 ,! solution has a /rongly alkal9e ta/e1 & possesses ! prop]ty ( be+ gradually conv]t$1 on exposure to ! air1 to a gelat9\s mass :i* f9ally solidifies4 ,= ?is reason wat]-glass %\ld be kept 9 bottles h]metically clos$ ) corks4 ,glass /opp]s are ( no use1 z !y are s firmly cem5t$ to ! bottle t on attempt+ to op5 ! latt] ! neck breaks (f4 ,by comb9+ wat]-glass ) cem5t or burn$ lime ! result+ mass solidifies q rapidly to a mass z h>d z /one1 & g5]ally capable ( resi/+ *emical action4 ,wat]-glass by itself is only fit = cem5t+ glass to glass1 b comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances x furni%es v durable & solid cem5ts4 ,cem5t = crack$ bottles4 ,select a cork :i* w fit ! bottle air-tight & place x loosely ^u ! bottle1 & heat ! latt] gradually to at lea/ #bab ,f4 ,!n press ! cork d[n & apply a ?ick solution ( wat]-glass to ! cracks4 ,9 cool+1 ! air 9 ! bottle contracts /rongly1 & ! pressure ( ! ext]ior air drives ! wat]-glass ) great =ce into ! cracks clos+ !m entirely s t !y _c be detect$4 ,cem5t = glass & porcela94 ,/ir quickly toge!r #aj p>ts ( elutriat$ glass meal1 #bj ( p[d]$ fluor sp>1 & #fj ( wat]-glass solution1 & apply ! homog5e\s pa/e at once4 ,9 a few days ! cem5t w be s h>d t ! cem5t$ vessels c be heat$ )\t dang]4 ,cem5t = hydraulic works4 ,f9ely p[d]$ cem5t1 & solution ( wat]-glass4 ,mix ! two bodies quickly toge!r4 ,z ?is cem5t h>d5s v quickly1 x %\ld be us$ fre%4 ,x h>d5s "u wat]1 & is !re=e excell5t = hydraulic works4 ,! /ones %\ld be coat$ ) a solution ( wat]-glass be=e apply+ ! cem5t4 ,cem5t = unit+ metals4 ,a /rong cem5t1 :i* h>d5s rapidly1 is made by /irr+ ! f9e/ :it+ 9 a solution ( soda-glass ( #cc ,b41 made s z to =m a pla/ic mass4 ,?is c be readily color$ to any desir$ %ade4 ,! addition ( sift$ sulphide ( antimony gives a black cem5t1 :i* by poli%+ acquires a metallic lu/re2 iron fil+s r5d] x grayi%-black2 z9c du/ turns x gre51 b aft] poli%+1 x appe>s l metallic z9c1 & may be employ$ = ! p]man5t repair ( z9c ornam5ts1 etc4 ,c>bonate ( copp] imp>ts a light gre5 %ade4 ,o!r additions may be made1 z oxide ( *rome = d>k gre51 cobalt blue = blue1 r$ lead = orange1 v]milion = sc>let1 c>m9e = violet1 etc4 ,cem5t = tight5+ jo9ts ( pipes expos$ to a r$ heat4 ,mix #hj p>ts ( pyrolusite1 #ajj ( z9c :ite1 & #bj ( wat]-glass4 ,?is cem5t fuses at a temp]ature n too high1 & !n =ms a glass-l mass :i* adh]es v firmly & closely4 ,cem5t = m>ble & alaba/]4 ,! po9t ( fracture ( articles cem5t$ ) ! foll[+ mixture is difficult to f9d1 & ! cem5t$ place is mu* /rong] ?an ! mat]ial itself4 ,mix #ab p>ts ( ,portl& cem5t1 #f ( slak$ lime1 #f ( f9e s&1 & #a ( infusorial e>? ) suffici5t wat]-glass to =m a ?ick pa/e4 ,! article to be cem5t$ ne$ n be heat$4 ,x h>d5s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,glyc]9e ,,& ,,glyc]9e ,,cem5ts4 ,comm]cial glyc]9e is a yell[i% or ne>ly colorless & m or less viscid liquid hav+ an int5sely sweet ta/e4 ,9 comb9ation ) lead oxide & intimately work$ into x1 by heat+ & /amp+1 x furni%es v /rong & durable cem5ts des]v+ g5]al introduction1 ?\gh ?us f> !y h be5 b little us$4 ,= ! manufacture ( cem5ts ! use ( pure odorless glyc]9e is n requir$1 ! yell[ crude article1 :i* is mu* *eap]1 answ]+ all purposes4 ,! pr9cipal po9t is to use v highly conc5trat$ glyc]9e1 z o!rwise ! cem5ts prep>$ ) x solidify v sl[ly & besides d n possess a prop] degree ( h>dness & solidity4 ,x is ( especial importance to h ! lead oxide free f wat]4 ,to accompli% ?is1 heat x ?or\ghly & mix x ) ! glyc]9e :ile /ill hot4 ,cem5t ?us prep>$ solidifies v quickly1 & c be us$ = _m purposes4 ,x is an excell5t mat]ial = quickly jo9+ ! /ones ( subm>9e works4 ,glyc]9e & li?>ge cem5t4 ,moi/5 elutriat$ li?>ge ) glyc]9e s t a ?9 homog5e\s pa/e is =m$4 ,?is cem5t is adapt$ = unit+ ! jo9ts ( /eam pipes1 cem5t+ wood1 glass1 porcela91 & also glass ^u metal1 etc4 ,x solidifies to a v h>d mass 9 a qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,be=e apply+ ! cem5t coat ! surfaces to be jo9$ ) pure glyc]9e4 ,,lime ,,cem5ts4 ,quick lime1 slak$ lime & *alk are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,quick lime1 :i* is obta9$ by burn+ lime/one1 comb9es gradually ) ! fats to insoluble lime soaps4 ,slak$ lime1 :i* consi/s ( a comb9ation ( lime ) wat]1 acts 9 ! same mann]4 ,= ! prep>ation ( cem5ts ! lime is slak$ by plac+ x 9 a di% & p\r+ z mu* wat] ov] x z x w absorb4 ,good lime1 te*nically call$ fat lime1 %\ld eag]ly comb9e ) wat]1 evolv+ mu* heat1 swell+ greatly1 & crumbl+ to a light :ite p[d]4 ,quick lime expos$ to ! air until1 by ! absorption ( moi/ure & c>bonic acid1 x is conv]t$ into a p[d] is call$ air-slak$4 ,cem5ts prep>$ ) quick lime w1 z a rule1 solidify m quickly ?an ^? prep>$ ) air-slak$ lime4 ,*alk is a c>bonate ( lime consi/+ ( ! %ells ( microscopic animals1 & c be readily pulv]iz$ & elutriat$4 ,9 ! latt] /ate x is kn[n z :it+4 ,= ! prep>ation ( entirely :ite cem5ts ! use ( pure :ite lime or *alk is absolutely necess>y4 ,yell[ or r$di% lime conta9s oxide ( iron1 & furni%es cem5ts ( ! same t+e4 ,cem5t = glass4 ,li?>ge #cj p>ts1 quick lime #bj1 l9se$-oil v>ni% #e4 ,cem5t = jo9]s4 ,a cem5t = fill+ up cracks & holes is obta9$ by mix+ slak$ lime #ej p>ts1 fl\r #ajj1 l9se$-oil v>ni% #ae4 ,cem5t = crack$ clay crucibles & porcela94 ,by apply+ to ! cracks a mixture ( #aj p>ts ( slak$ lime1 #aj ( borax1 & #e ( li?>ge 9 suffici5t wat] to =m a /iff pa/e1 & dry+ aft] heat+ ! crucible1 ! crack$ places w be unit$ s firmly t ! crucible1 :5 ?r[n to ! gr\nd1 w g5]ally break 9 any o!r place ?an ! cem5t$ "o4 ,?is cem5t c also be us$ = porcela9 capable ( /&+ a /rong heat4 ,lime & glue cem5t4 ,/ir air-slak$ lime into hot glue4 ,?is cem5t is especially suitable = atta*+ metal to glass4 ,x =ms a v h>d yell[i%-br[n mass4 ,,gypsum ,,cem5ts4 ,sulphate ( lime 9 comb9ation ) wat] is met ) 9 nature1 bo? 9 ! =m ( transp>5t prisms ( sel5ite1 & 9 opaque & semi-opaque masses1 kn[n z alaba/] & gypsum4 ,by pulv]iz+ ! latt] & heat+ to ab\t #cjb ,f4 x loses its wat]1 & is conv]t$ into anhydr\s gypsum or pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* on mix+ ) wat] recomb9es ) x to =m a mass ( hydrat$ sulphate ( lime1 ! h>dness ( :i* ne>ly equals t ( ! orig9al gypsum4 ,:5 ! p[d] is mix$ ) wat] to a cream & p\r$ into a m\ld1 ! m9ute p>ticles ( anhydr\s sulphate ( lime comb9e ) ! wat] to reproduce ! orig9al gypsum1 & ?is act ( comb9ation is att5d$ ) a slight expansion :i* =ces ! pla/] into ! f9e/ l9es ( ! m\ld4 ,by us+ a solution ( alum in/ead ( ord9>y wat]1 a pla/] is obta9$ :i*1 al?\gh x takes mu* long] to set ?an ! ord9>y k9d1 is mu* h>d]1 & !re=e takes a good poli%4 ,= prep>+ cem5ts only p]fectly :ite pla/] ( ,p>is %\ld be us$1 z ! gray article possesses b little adhesive p[]4 ,cem5t = pla/] ( ,p>is /atues4 ,to repair pla/] ( ,p>is /atues s t ! po9t ( fracture _c be detect$1 proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,moi/5 ! fractur$ surfaces ) wat] by means ( a bru% until !y absorb no m & rema9 moi/4 ,mix pla/] ( ,p>is ) wat] to a ?9 cream & /ir until ! heat appe>+ at fir/ has ceas$1 :i* w prev5t ! conv]sion ( ! pla/] into a solid coh]5t mass4 ,apply quickly a ?9 lay] ( ! pla/] to "o ( ! fractur$ surfaces1 press ! o!r aga9/ x until ! pla/] has set1 &1 :5 dry1 c>efully remove ! excess by scrap+4 ,cem5t = glass & porcela94 ,mix quickly #ej p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aj ( quick lime1 & #bj ( :ite ( egg4 ,use at once1 z ! cem5t solidifies v rapidly4 ,cem5t = iron & /one4 ,a v useful cem5t = secur+ iron rail+ 9 /one is obta9$ by mix+ #cj p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aj ( iron fil+s & #bj ( v9eg>4 ,cem5ts = porcela94 ,i4 ,mix pla/] ( ,p>is ) saturat$ solution ( alum to a cream4 ,aft] moi/5+ ! fractur$ surfaces apply a ?9 lay] ( ! cem5t1 press ! surfaces toge!r1 wrap a wire or cord tightly ar\nd !m1 & let ! article /& quietly = a few weeks4 ,! cem5t is conv]t$ into a mass z h>d z /one4 ,,ii4 ,mix pla/] ( ,p>is ) a ?ick1 cle> solution ( gum arabic & cem5t ! articles z soon z possible4 ,al?\gh ?is cem5t adh]es v tightly1 porcela9 vessels cem5t$ ) x _c be us$ = liquids4 ,univ]sal pla/] ( ,p>is cem5t4 ,mix #ba p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 #c ( iron fil+s1 #aj ( wat]1 & #d ( :ite ( egg4 ,?is cem5t is suitable = atta*+ metal to glass1 metal to /one1 etc4 ,,iron ,,cem5ts4 ,heat-resi/+ cem5t4 ,clay #aj p>ts1 iron fil+s #e1 v9eg> #b1 wat] #c4 ,wat] & /eam-pro( cem5t4 ,iron fil+s #ajj p>ts1 sal-ammoniac #b1 wat] #aj4 ,?is cem5t ru/s v mu* 9 a few days1 & is conv]t$ into an extremely solid mass :i* is p]fectly /eam- & wat]-pro(4 ,cem5t = iron4 ,mix #fe p>ts ( wr\ght-iron fil+s1 #b4e ( sal ammoniac1 & #a4e ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 & !n add #a "p ( sulphuric acid dilut$ ) suffici5t wat] to =m a /iff pa/e4 ,?is cem5t solidifies 9 two to ?ree days1 & ru/s1 ) ! p>ts ( iron to be cem5t$1 to an extraord9>ily durable mass4 ,fire-pro( cem5t = iron pipes4 ,wr\ght-iron fil+s #de p>ts1 clay #bj1 fire-clay #ae1 common salt solution #h4 ,cem5ts resi/+ high temp]atures4 #a4 ,iron fil+s #bj p>ts1 clay p[d] #de1 borax #e1 common salt #e1 pyrolusite #aj4 ,dissolve ! borax & common salt 9 ! wat]1 add & mix quickly ! clay p[d]1 pyrolusite1 & iron fil+s4 ,apply ! cem5t at once4 ,expos$ to a :ite heat1 x h>d5s to a tightly adh]+1 glassy mass4 #b4 ,mix #eb p>ts ( pyrolusite1 #be ( z9c :ite1 & #e ( borax ) solution ( wat]-glass to a pa/e1 & use at once4 ,?is cem5t requires to be gradually dri$4 ,x w /& ! highe/ temp]atures4 ,cem5t = fill+ 9 defects 9 ca/+s4 ,/ir #ajj p>ts ( iron fil+s free f ru/ ) suffici5t wat] to =m a ?ick pa/e1 & press ! mixture into ! fissures1 cracks1 etc4 ,! cem5t becomes solid only aft] ! iron fil+s become /rongly ru/$4 ,to free ! +r$i5ts f adh]+ fat1 wa% !m1 be=e mix+1 9 liquid ammonia4 ,cem5t = crack$ /ove plates1 etc4 ,knead #bj p>ts ( iron fil+s1 #ab ( iron scale1 #cj ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 & #aj ( common salt ) blood to a /iff pa/e1 & use at once4 ,in/ead ( blood1 wat]-glass c be us$1 x hav+ ! advantage ( be+ odorless on /rong heat+1 :ile blood cem5t evolves a disagreeable odor4 ,cem5t = iron wat] tanks4 ,knead iron fil+s ) v9eg> to pa/e4 ,all[ ! mixture to /& until x turns br[n1 & !n =ce x into ! jo9ts by means ( a *isel4 ,cem5t = crack$ iron pots4 ,knead #aj p>ts ( iron fil+s & #fj ( clay ) l9se$ oil to a ?ick pa/e4 ,be=e apply+ x add a little l9se$ oil1 & all[ x to dry sl[ly4 ,9 a few weeks ! cem5t w be s h>d t ! vessels c be us$ )\t dang]4 ,black cem5t = /oves4 ,iron fil+s #aj p>ts1 s& #ab1 bone black #aj1 slak$ lime #ab1 glue wat] #e4 ,cem5ts = iron /oves4 #a4 ,pulv]ize z f9ely z possible & mix intimately #d to #e p>ts ( clay1 #b ( iron fil+s free f ru/1 #a ( pyrolusite1 ( common salt1 & ( borax ) wat] to a pa/e1 & apply ! cem5t quickly to ! places to be cem5t$ & all[ x to dry sl[ly4 ,?is cem5t w /& a :ite heat1 & resi/ ! action ( boil+ wat]4 #b4 ,mix intimately & z quickly z possible #a "p ( pulv]iz$ pyrolusite1 & #a ( z9c :ite ) solution ( wat]-glass to a pla/ic mass1 :i* solidifies quickly4 ,! p[] ( resi/ance ( ?is cem5t1 x is claim$1 is n inf]ior to ,no4 #a1 ?\gh exp]im5ts h prov$ ,no4 #a to be pref]able4 ,,cem5ts ,,= ,,*emical ,,app>atus4 ,cem5ts to be us$ = ! above purpose mu/ possess v>i\s prop]ties difficult to comb9e 9 "o prep>ation4 ,!y mu/ be gas-pro(1 & capable ( resi/+ ! action ( diff]5t vapors & acid fluids4 ,z reg>ds resi/ance to ! action ( *emical ag5ts1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an ca\t*\c1 b un=tunately x c only be us$ = tight5+ *emical app>atus n expos$ to a high temp]ature4 ,9 *emical laboratories bran ( almonds1 ei!r by itself or knead$ ) wat] to a ?ick pa/e1 is frequ5tly us$1 or rye or :eat bran mix$ ) a little fl\r & wat]4 ,^! cem5ts1 ?\gh v suitable = cem5t+ glass di/ill+ app>atus1 are /rongly act$ ^u by *lor9e & ! vapors ( nitric acid4 ,= small app>atus to be us$ = ! developm5t ( fluoric acid1 pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) a little wat] c be us$ z a cem5t4 ,to make ! jo9t entirely gas-tight1 pa/e a /rip ( pap] ov] x4 ,al?\gh ?is cem5t does n resi/ ! action ( fluoric acid = any l5g? ( "t1 x suffices g5]ally = ! protection ( ! ,workm5 dur+ ! "t ! developm5t ( ! acid is 9 progress1 z1 = in/ance1 9 *emical analyses1 etc4 ,to cem5t *emical app>atus expos$ to a temp]ature n exce$+ #hf to #ajd ,f4 p>aff9e does excell5t s]vice2 z x possesses ! p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( ! /ronge/ acids & alkalies4 ,bel[ w be f\nd a few receipts = cem5ts :i* h prov$ reliable4 ,l9se$ oil & clay cem5t4 ,knead #aj p>ts ( dry clay ) #a ( l9se$ oil to a homog5e\s mass4 ,?is cem5t w /& heat+ to ! boil+-po9t ( m]cury4 ,l9se$ oil1 z9c & manganese cem5t4 ,knead #aj p>ts ( pyrolusite1 #bj ( z9c :ite1 & #dj ( clay ) suffici5t boil$ l9se$ oil 7n exce$+ #g p>ts7 to a pla/ic mass4 ,?is cem5t w /& a some:at high] temp]ature ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,cem5ts resi/+ v high temp]atures4 ,i4 ,clay #ajj p>ts1 p[d]$ glass #b4 ,! glass melts on exposure to great heat & slags ! clay to a h>d mass4 ,! same effect is produc$ by add+ small quantities ( soda & borax to ! clay4 ,an admixture ( *alk & boric acid1 z 9 ! foll[+ receipt1 also gives excell5t results4 ,,ii4 ,clay #ajj p>ts1 *alk #b1 boric acid #c4 ,cem5t resi/+ acids4 ,melt rubb] ) d\ble ! quantity ( l9se$ oil1 & !n knead 9 suffici5t bole to =m a pa/e4 ,?is cem5t resi/s ! action ( nitric & hydro*loric acids1 & c be advantage\sly us$ = clos+ bottles conta9+ !m4 ,z x solidifies v sl[ly1 x c readily be deta*$ f ! bottles1 & us$ aga94 ,= cem5t :i* is to solidify quickly on exposure to ! air1 add a few p] c5t4 by weight ( r$ lead or li?>ge4 ,rubb] cem5t = *emical app>atus4 ,cut #h p>ts ( rubb] 9 small pieces & ?r[ !m gradually into a mixture ( #b p>ts ( tall[ & #af ( l9se$ oil previ\sly /rongly heat$4 ,aft] effect+ an intimate mixture ( ! con/itu5ts by vigor\s & con/ant /irr+1 add #c p>ts ( :ite bole4 ,al?\gh ?is cem5t does n /& a high temp]ature1 x possesses an extraord9>y p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( acid vapors4 ,s*eibl]'s cem5t = *emical app>atus4 ,melt toge!r #a "p ( wax & #c ( %ellac1 & "w into ! mixture #b p>ts ( gutta-p]*a cut up 9 v small pieces4 ,?is cem5t w be> consid]able heat )\t actually melt+4 ,,cem5ts ,,= ,,special ,,purposes4 ,cem5t = atta*+ metal lett]s to glass1 m>ble1 wood1 etc4 ,dissolve ov] a wat]-ba? #e p>ts ( glue 9 a mixture ( #ae p>ts ( copal v>ni%1 #e p>ts ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 #c p>ts ( crude oil ( turp5t9e1 & #b p>ts ( rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 & add #aj p>ts ( slak$ lime to ! mixture4 ,cem5t = jo9ts ( iron pipes4 ,mix #e lbs4 ( co>sely p[d]$ iron bor+s1 #b ozs4 ( p[d]$ sal ammoniac1 & #a oz4 ( sulphur ) suffici5t wat] to =m a pa/e4 ,?is composition h>d5s rapidly1 b if "t c be all[$ x sets m firmly )\t ! sulphur4 ,x mu/ be us$ z soon z mix$1 & ramm$ tightly into ! jo9t4 ,ano!r receipt is z foll[s3 ,mix #b ozs4 ( sal ammoniac1 #a oz4 ( sublimat$ sulphur & #a lb4 ( ca/-iron fil+s or f9e turn+s 9 a mort>1 & keep ! p[d] dry4 ,:5 x is to be us$1 mix x ) #bj times its weight ( clean iron turn+s or fil+s & gr9d ! :ole 9 a mort>2 !n wet x ) wat] until x becomes ( conv5i5t consi/5cy1 :5 x is to be appli$ to ! jo9t4 ,aft] a "t x becomes z h>d & /rong z ! metal4 ,/eam boil] cem5t4 ,mix #aj p>ts ( f9ely-p[d]$ li?>ge ) #a "p ( f9e s& & #a "p ( air-slak$ lime4 ,! mixture may be kept = any l5g? ( "t )\t det]ioration4 ,= use a portion ( x is made into a pa/e ) l9se$ oil or1 bett]1 boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,9 ?is /ate x mu/ be appli$ quickly1 z x soon becomes h>d4 ,cem5t = rubb]4 ,p[d]$ %ellac is s(t5$ 9 #aj times its weight ( /rong wat] ( ammonia1 :]eby a transp>5t mass is obta9$1 :i* becomes fluid aft] keep+ "s little "t )\t ! use ( hot wat]4 ,9 ?ree to f\r weeks ! mixture is p]fectly liquid1 & :5 appli$ x w be f\nd to s(t5 ! rubb]4 ,z soon z ! ammonia evaporates x h>d5s aga91 & ?us becomes imp]vi\s bo? to gases & to liquids4 ,= cem5t+ %eet rubb]1 or rubb] mat]ial 9 any %ape1 to metal1 glass1 & o!r smoo? surfaces1 ?is cem5t is highly recomm5d$4 ,cem5t = tires4 #a4 ,is+lass #a oz41 gutta-p]*a #a oz41 rubb] #b ozs41 c>bon disulphide #h fluid ozs4 ,mix & dissolve4 #b4 ,%ellac #d ozs41 gutta-p]*a #d ozs41 r$ lead & sulphur1 ea* oz4 ,melt ! %ellac & gutta-p]*a1 & add ) con/ant /irr+ ! r$ lead & sulphur1 melt$4 ,use :ile hot4 #c4 ,crude rubb] #a oz41 c>bon disulphide #h ozs4 ,mac]ate #bd h\rs1 & !n add a solution (3 ,ros9 #b ozs41 beeswax oz41 c>bon disulphide #h ozs4 #d4 ,rubb] #bj p>ts1 ros9 #aj1 ,v5etian r$ #aj1 tall[ #e4 ,melt ! rubb] ov] a fire1 !n add ! ros9 & ! tall[ & f9ally ! ,v5etian r$4 ,cem5t = /eam pipes1 etc4 ,a cem5t ( specially valuable prop]ties = /eam pipes1 9 fill+ up small leaks1 su* z a bl[-hole 9 a ca/+1 )\t ! necessity ( remov+ ! injur$ piece1 is compos$ ( #e lbs4 ,p>is :ite & #e lbs4 yell[ o*re1 #aj lbs4 li?>ge1 #e lbs4 r$ lead & #d lbs4 black oxide ( manganese4 ,mix ! mat]ials ?or\ghly & make into a pa/e ) a small quantity ( asbe/os & boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,! composition1 z ?us prep>$1 w h>d5 9 f #b to #e h\rs1 & has ! advantage ( n be+ subject to expansion & contraction to su* an ext5t z to cause a leakage aft]w>ds1 & its effici5cy 9 places difficult ( access is ( special importance4 ,cem5t = m>ble4 ,/ir to a ?ick batt] ) silicate ( soda #ab p>ts ( ,portl& cem5t1 #f ( slak$ lime1 #f ( f9e :ite lead & #a ( infusorial e>?4 ,?is is excell5t = m>ble & alaba/]4 ,! cem5t$ objects ne$ to be heat$4 ,aft] #bd h\rs ! fracture is firm1 & ! place c sc>cely be f\nd4 ,cem5t = atta*+ wood1 glass1 etc41 to metal4 ,acetate ( lead #bc p>ts by weight1 alum #bc1 gum arabic #ch1 :eat fl\r #bej4 ,dissolve ! acetate ( lead & ! alum 9 a little wat] & sep>ately dissolve ! gum arabic 9 a fair quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,?us if ! #bej p>ts ( :eat fl\r repres5t half a p\nd1 ! quantity ( wat] ne$$ w be ab\t a p9t4 ,! gum hav+ dissolv$1 add ! fl\r1 put ! :ole on ! fire1 /ir well ) a wood5 /ick1 !n add ! solution ( lead acetate & alum4 ,cont9ue ! /irr+ 9 ord] to avoid ! =mation ( lumps1 !n take x (f ! fire )\t all[+ x to boil4 ,?is cem5t is us$ cold1 & w n scale4 ,x is v useful 9 mak+ wood1 glass1 c>dbo>d1 etc41 adh]e to metal1 & is extremely /rong4 ,bru%mak]s' cem5t4 ,ros9 #e lbs41 ros9 oil or _s #a qu>t4 ,r$uce ! ros9 to small pieces1 run d[n 9 a pot1 add ! o!r +r$i5t1 & /ir until mix$ & syrupy1 !n run out into t9s4 ,x is us$ = cem5t+ ! bri/les 9 ! /ocks1 also = /r+ b9d+ on sa% tools1 etc4 ,cem5t = electrical app>atus4 ,mix toge!r #a lb4 ( beeswax add$ to #e lbs4 ( ros91 #a lb4 ( r$ o*re1 & #b tablespoonfuls ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,x w make an excell5t composition = electrical app>atus4 ,a *eap] composition = cem5t+ voltaic plates into wood5 tr\ghs is made ) #f lbs4 ( pla/] ( ,p>is & p9t ( l9se$ oil4 ,! o*re & ! pla/] ( ,p>is %\ld be well dri$ & add$ to ! o!r +r$i5ts :5 ^! are 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,jewel]s' cem5t4 ,dissolve ov] ! wat]-ba? #be p>ts ( fi% glue 9 a small quantity ( /rong spirits ( w9e1 add #b p>ts ( gum ammoniac2 sep>ately dissolve #a "p ( ma/ic 9 #e ( spirits ( w9e4 ,mix ! two solutions & keep !m 9 well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,am]ican cem5t = jewel]s4 ,soak #d ozs4 ( is+lass 9 #b lbs4 ( wat] = #bd h\rs1 !n evaporate 9 ! wat]-ba?2 to #a lb4 add #a lb4 ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 & /ra94 ,!n mix 9 a solution ( #b ozs4 ( ma/ic & #a oz4 ( gum ammoniac 9 #af ozs4 ( rectifi$ _s4 ,cem5t = celluloid4 ,%ellac #b ozs41 spirits ( camphor #b1 #ij p] c5t4 alcohol #f to #h4 ,/rat5a4 ,?is well-kn[n h\sehold cem5t is said to be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,dissolve #ab p>ts ( :ite glue 9 #af ( acetic acid1 & !n add ?is solution to "o ( #b p>ts gelat9e 9 #af ( wat]4 ,aft] mix+ add #b p>ts %ellac v>ni%4 ,cem5t = clo?4 ,gutta-p]*a #af p>ts1 rubb] #d1 pit* #b1 %ellac #a1 l9se$ oil #b p9ts4 ,dissolve ! :ole by heat1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,cem5ts4 ,x is unque/ionably true t q z mu* dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* a cem5t is appli$1 z ^u ! cem5t itself4 ,! be/ cem5t t 0 ev] comp\nd$ w\ld prove entirely wor?less improp]ly appli$4 ,9 ! =ego+ a numb] ( cem5ts h be5 giv5 :i* answ] e reasonable dem& :5 prop]ly prep>$ & prop]ly us$4 ,good common glue w unite two pieces ( wood s firmly t ! fibres w "p f ea* o!r r ?an f ! cem5t+ mat]ial2 two pieces ( glass c be s jo9$ t !y w "p any:]e r ?an on ! l9e ( union2 glass c be unit$ to metal1 metal to metal1 /one to /one1 & all s /rongly t ! jo9t w c]ta9ly n be ! weake/ "p ( ! result+ mass4 ,:at are ! rules to be obs]v$ 9 effect+ ^! results8 ,! fir/ po9t t dem&s att5tion is to br+ ! cem5t itself into intimate contact ) ! surface to be unit$4 ,if glue is employ$1 ! surface %\ld be made s w>m t ! melt$ glue w n be *ill$ be=e x has "t to effect a ?or\gh adhesion4 ,! same is m em95tly true 9 reg>d to cem5ts t are us$ 9 a fus$ /ate1 su* z mixtures ( res9s1 %ellac1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,^! matt]s w n adh]e to any sub/ance unless ! latt] has be5 heat$ to ne>ly or q ! fus+ po9t ( ! cem5t us$4 ,?is fact 0 q famili> to ^? :o us$ seal+-wax 9 ! old5 days ( seals4 ,:5 ! seal 0 us$1 9 succession1 rapidly s z to become heat$1 ! seal+-wax /uck to x ) a firmness t 0 annoy+1 s mu* s t ! impression 0 g5]ally de/roy$1 f ! simple fact t ! seal+-wax w\ld r "p 9 its own sub/ance ?an at ! po9t ( adhesion to ! seal4 ,seal+-wax or ord9>y s-call$ electric cem5t is a v good ag5t = unit+ metal to glass or /one1 provid$ ! masses to be unit$ are made s hot z to fuse ! cem5t2 b if ! cem5t is appli$ to !m :ile !y are cold1 x w n /ick at all4 ,?is fact is well kn[n to ^? it9]ant v5d]s ( cem5t = unit+ e>!nw>e4 ,by heat+ two pieces ( delf s t !y w fuse %ellac1 !y are able to sme> !m ) a little ( ?is gum & jo9 !m s t !y w r break at any o!r "p ?an along ! l9e ( union4 ,b al?\gh p see ! op]ation con/antly p]=m$ & buy lib]ally ( ! cem5t1 x w be f\nd t 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! cem5t proves wor?less 9 ! h&s ( ! pur*as]s1 simply because !y d n "k h[ to use x4 ,!y are afraid to heat a delicate glass or porcela9 vessel to a suffici5t degree1 & !y are apt to use too mu* ( ! mat]ial1 & ! result is a failure4 ,! great ob/acles to ! junction ( any two surfaces are air & dirt4 ,! =m] is univ]sally pres5t1 :ile ! latt] is due to accid5t or c>elessness4 ,all surfaces are cov]$ ) a ?9 adh]+ lay] ( air1 :i* x is difficult to remove1 & :i*1 al?\gh x may at fir/ sight seem improbable1 be>s a relation to ! out] surface ( mo/ bodies diff]5t f t ma9ta9$ by ! air a few l9es away4 ,! reality ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is adh]+ lay] ( air is well kn[n to all :o are famili> ) electrotype manipulation4 ,x is also se5 9 ! case ( highly poli%$ metals :i* may be imm]s$ 9 wat] )\t becom+ wet4 ,unless ?is adh]+ lay] ( air is displac$1 ! cem5t _c adh]e to ! surface to :i* x is appli$ because x _c come 9 contact ) x4 ,! mo/ effici5t ag5t 9 displac+ ?is air is heat4 ,metals w>m$ to a po9t a little above #bjc ,f4 become in/antly & completely wet :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,h5ce1 = cem5ts t are us$ 9 a fus$ condition1 heat is ! mo/ effici5t means ( br++ !m 9 contact ) ! surfaces to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,ano!r v important po9t is to use z little cem5t z possible4 ,:5 ! surfaces are sep>at$ by a l>ge mass ( cem5t we h to dep5d ^u ! /r5g? ( ! cem5t itself & n ^u its adhesion to ! surfaces :i* x is us$ to jo92 &1 9 g5]al1 cem5ts are comp>atively brittle4 ,! cem5t =c$ out ( ! jo9t by press+ ! surfaces toge!r %\ld be remov$ :ile ! cem5t is 9 a fus$ /ate or liquid4 ,?is c g5]ally be effect$ by wip+ ! surplus (f1 :ile aft] solidification a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce has to be us$ :i* may frequ5tly break ! jo9t4 ,oil cem5ts1 :i* g5]ally solidify sl[ly1 h ! advantage ( be+ wat]-pro(4 ,9 cem5t+ ) oil cem5ts1 coat ! surfaces to be jo9$ ) l9se$ oil1 or1 /ill bett]1 boil$ l9se$ oil1 b 9 work+ ) res9\s cem5ts apply oil ( turp5t9e1 _s ( w9e1 or a fluid :i* w readily dissolve ! cem5t+ con/itu5t ( ! cem5t4 ,= cleans+ ! surfaces f grease & dirt place ! articles 9 /rong lye & r9se (f 9 clean wat] )\t t\*+ ! surfaces ) ! h&s4 ,= pa9t$ porcela9 articles :i* _c be plac$ 9 lye1 x is recomm5d$ to bru% ! surfaces sev]al times ) c>bon disulphide4 ,,pa/es ,,& ,,mucilages4 ,prep>ation ( pa/e4 ,ord9>y pa/e is prep>$ ei!r f fl\r or />*1 & accord+ to ! raw mat]ial us$ 9 its prep>ation1 may1 !re=e1 be divid$ into />* & fl\r pa/e4 ,/>* is an indisp5sable con/itu5t ( c]ta9 p>ts ( plants1 & plays an important "p 9 ! nutrition ( ! plant4 ,x is *iefly manufactur$ f potatoes1 ,indian corn & gra94 ,exam9$ "u ! microscope1 x is se5 to be compos$ ( small granules consi/+ ( lay]s plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,/>* pa/e4 ,9 /irr+ />* ) wat] to a ?9 pa/e & gradually heat+ x1 x w be obs]v$ t at a temp]ature betwe5 #adj & #aeh ,f4 a peculi> *ange takes place2 ! ?9 milk-:ite liquid becomes transp>5t1 opalizes1 & at ! same "t becomes ?ickly fluid1 9 %ort1 ! />* is conv]t$ into pa/e4 ,dur+ ?is process ! sep>ate lay]s ( ! />* granules become deta*$ some:at 9 ! same mann] z an op5+ bud1 :]eby !y absorb wat]1 & ! peculi> mass1 call$ pa/e1 is =m$4 ,t pa/e is n a solution is easily prov$ by ! fact t on attempt+ to filt] />*-pa/e only wat] dra9s (f1 :ile ! />* rema9s ^u ! filt] & gradually dries to a horny mass4 ,pa/e left to itself soon decomposes1 especially dur+ ! hot season ( ! ye>2 x becomes s\r ?r\gh ! =mation ( lactic acid1 butyric acid1 acetic acid1 & o!r sub/ances1 & loses its adhesive p[]4 ,9 prep>+ pa/e1 ! foll[+ rules mu/ be especially obs]v$3 ,divide ! />* 9 wat] by con/ant /irr+ s z to =m a homog5e\s1 r ?9ly liquid fluid1 & !n add boil+ wat] 9 small portions1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,! conv]sion ( ! />* into pa/e is recogniz$ by ! ?ick5+ ( ! entire mass & ! appe>ance ( opalesc5ce1 :5 x is only necess>y to add ! requir$ quantity ( wat] to give ! pa/e ! desir$ consi/5cy4 ,if :ite lumps are obs]v$1 x is an indication t ! />* has n be5 ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! wat]1 & t c]ta9 portions ( x h rema9$ dry4 ,pa/e conta9+ su* lumps _c be appli$ ) any degree ( uni=mity1 & besides x possesses less adhesive p[]4 ,no?+ c be done to rem$y ! evil except dilut+ ! pa/e ) a consid]able quantity ( wat] & boil+1 ) con/ant /irr+1 until ! mass is p]fectly homog5\s4 ,/>* pa/e prep>$ 9 a prop] mann] possesses great adhesive p[]1 &1 :5 appli$ 9 a ?9 lay]1 dries to an almo/ colorless coat+4 ,pure />* pa/e is us$ = _m purposes4 ,x s]ves n only = pa/+ pap]1 wall pap]1 etc41 b also = siz+ tissues1 su* z pap]-musl91 l951 etc41 9 ord] to give !m lu/re1 body1 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 great] weight4 ,to increase ! weight ( l951 :ite lead or heavy sp> is frequ5tly mix$ ) ! />*4 ,fl\r pa/e4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( fl\r1 besides />*1 is glut54 ,x is obta9$ 9 a pure /ate by ty+ fl\r 9 a l95 bag & knead+ x "u wat] s long z ! latt] is r5d]$ turbid by p>ticles ( />*4 ,! glut5 rema9+ 9 ! bag is a light-br[n1 v t5aci\s mass1 draw+ ?reads betwe5 ! f+]s1 &1 z reg>ds its *emical prop]ties1 is closely alli$ to album5 & case9e4 ,glut51 l ! la/-m5tion$ sub/ances1 %[s a t5d5cy to =m comb9ations ) lime :i* gradually solidify1 & x c !re=e be us$ = prep>+ cem5ts4 ,l album5 & case9e1 x spe$ily putrefies if expos$ to ! air 9 a moi/ /ate1 & 9 decompos+ =ms products :i* h a v unpleasant odor4 ,fl\r pa/e is prep>$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z />* pa/e1 b :ile ! latt] is :ite1 fl\r pa/e1 ev5 if prep>$ f ! be/ :eat fl\r1 has always a yell[-br[n color4 ,z reg>ds adhesive p[] x is sup]ior to />* pa/e1 b is less durable4 ,!re are _m means to prev5t ! spoil+ ( pa/e4 ,) pa/e once dry & kept s1 !re is no dang] ( spoil+1 b if x is alt]nately expos$ to dampness & dryness1 z = in/ance ) wall-pap] hung on walls n entirely dry1 decomposition w unavoidably take place1 & ! wall pap] w become spott$ & fall (f ! wall4 ,provid$ ei!r />* or fl\r pa/e is protect$ aga9/ dry+ 91 x c be kept un*ang$ = a long "t by ! addition ( a small quantity ( c>bolic acid4 ,= hang+ wall-pap] an addition ( alum is1 g5]ally speak+1 m suitable ?an c>bolic acid4 ,9 hang+ wall-pap] ! wall is g5]ally fir/ siz$ ) glue wat]4 ,by ! alum com+ 9 contact ) glue an insoluble lea!r-l comb9ation is =m$1 :i* n only resi/s decomposition1 b by f> surpasses ord9>y pa/e z reg>ds adhesive p[]1 s t :5 ! pap] is to be remov$ f ! wall x has to be scrap$ & torn (f 9 small pieces1 :ile t hung )\t previ\s siz+ ( ! wall is readily remov$ 9 l>ge pieces4 ,b alum _c be us$ = pres]v+ a glue solution1 z x w\ld cause x to coagulate to a flaky mass4 ,c>bolic acid is1 on ! o!r h&1 an excell5t means = ! purpose1 b to prev5t its *>act]i/ic empyreumatic odor f mak+ itself too s5sibly felt1 no m ?an ab\t "o two-?\s&? ( ! weight ( ! glue solution %\ld be add$4 ,%oemak]s' pa/e4 ,9 addition to be+ *eap1 no o!r pa/e adh]es z well to lea!r z ! s-call$ %oemak]s' pa/e4 ,) x lea!r c be secur$ n only to lea!r1 b also to wov5 mat]ials1 pap]1 etc4 ,?\gh its prep>ation is v simple1 x is connect$ ) "s disagreeable features consi/+ *iefly 9 ! developm5t ( a truly t]rible /5*4 ,! pa/e is prep>$ by /irr+ cru%$ b>ley ) hot wat] to a ?ick pa/e & add+ small portions ( hot wat]1 s t ! temp]ature ( ! mass is kept at betwe5 #hf to #ajd ,f4 ,9 a few days ! mass comm5ces to develop gas1 :i* %[s at fir/ no odor1 b soon ! developm5t ( gas becomes /rong] & an acid odor is p]ceptible1 :i* 9 a %ort "t is replac$ by a t]rific /5* :i*1 z be=e m5tion$1 affects ! olfactory organs 9 a mo/ unpleasant mann]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! acid & putrid f]m5tation ! pa/y mass gradually loses its granul> condition1 & is f9ally conv]t$ into a homog5e\s1 ?ickly fluid mass ( a br[n color1 :i* draws ?reads betwe5 ! f+]s1 & possesses great adhesive p[]4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 decomposition1 :i* o!rwise w\ld g on until no?+ rema9$ b a wat]y & acid fluid1 is int]rupt$ by l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! pa/e by ladl+ x f ! vat or by add+ a small quantity ( c>bolic acid4 ,to r5d] ! /5* develop$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! pa/e innoxi\s1 ! vat 9 :i* x is prep>$ %\ld be provid$ ) a well-fitt+ cov]1 9 :i* is fitt$ a /ovepipe pass+ into a *imney connect$ ) a kit*5 range or furnace1 9 :i* a fire is frequ5tly burnt4 ,by knead+ %oemak]'s pa/e toge!r ) indiff]5t sub/ances x c be us$ z a cem5t = v>i\s purposes4 ,! sub/ances be/ adapt$ = ! purpose are burnt lime slak$ to a p[d]1 :it+1 z9c :ite1 pipe clay1 o*re1 etc4 ,gum arabic4 ,?is gum is an exudation f c]ta9 tropical species ( acacia1 & consi/s ess5tially ( arab9e1 :i* has ! composition ,c#ab;,h#aa,o#aa4 ,! be/ gum arabic is t 9 ! =m ( v pale-yell[1 brittle pieces2 gold5-yell[ to br[ni% pieces are n valu$ z highly1 ?\gh !y give a solution ( consid]able adhesive p[]4 ,gum arabic dissolves 9 wat]1 b n 9 alcohol1 & !re=e c n be employ$ = cem5ts 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* solutions ( res9s 9 _s ( w9e are to be us$4 ,!re are o!r products ( vegetable life1 :i* are also 9 comm]ce1 call$ gums1 b dissolve p>tly 9 _s ( w9e4 ,to ?is class belongs ! gum ammoniac m5tion$ 9 "s receipts = cem5ts4 ,z x is r exp5sive1 x is seldom us$ by itself z a cem5t4 ,dextr9e is ext5sively us$ 9 place ( gum arabic 9 pr9t+ wall-pap]s1 = /iff5+ & glaz+ c>ds & pap]1 = ?ick5+ ! colors ( calico pr9t]s1 9 mak+ mucilages1 etc4 ,x is prep>$ by heat+ />* previ\sly moi/5$ ) nitric acid 9 an ov51 & c also be produc$ by heat+ pa/e ) malt extract or v dilute sulphuric acid4 ,!re is a curr5t anecdote :i* attributes ! discov]y ( dextr9e to a conflagration at a />* factory :]e "o ( ! workm5 :o assi/$ 9 qu5*+ ! fire obs]v$ ! gummy prop]ties ( ! wat] :i* _h be5 ?r[n ov] ! torrefi$ />*4 ,comm]cial dextr9e =ms pale-yell[ to d>k-br[n masses4 ,^! masses dissolve readily 9 wat]1 & =m solutions :i*1 z reg>ds adhesive p[]1 comp>e favorably ) ^? prep>$ f gum arabic4 ,! mucilage is prep>$ by simply /irr+ ! pulv]iz$ dextr9e ) wat] to a ?ickly-fluid liquid4 ,to pres]ve mucilage un*ang$ = any l5g? ( "t1 & to prev5t ! disagreeable =mation ( m\ld ^u its surface1 x is recomm5d$ to dissolve "s salicylic acid 9 ! wat] to be us$ = prep>+ ! mucilage4 ,dextr9e is usually prep>$ on a l>ge scale by moi/5+ #aj p>ts ( />* ) #c p>ts ( wat] acidulat$ ) #a_/ajj "p ( nitric acid4 ,! mixture is all[$ to dry1 & is !n spread ^u trays 9 lay]s ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep 9 an ov51 :]e x is heat$ = ab\t "o h\r to #bci ,f4 ,sometimes l>ge drums revolv+ ov] a fire are us$1 or1 9 ord] to keep up a uni=m temp]ature1 ! />* is plac$ 9 a copp] cyl9d] susp5d$ 9 a vessel ) oil :i* is heat$ to #cef ,f4 ,! object ( ! addition ( nitric acid is to all[ ! />* to be conv]t$ into dextr9e at a temp]ature :i* w\ld be inadequate to effect ! trans=mation ( />* alone4 ,dextr9e is also frequ5tly prep>$ by all[+ g]m9at$ b>ley or malt to act ^u />*4 ,heat #cej to #djj p>ts ( wat] to ab\t #gg ,f41 & aft] add+ #e to #aj p>ts ( dry malt1 raise ! temp]ature to #adj ,f4 ,!n add #ajj p>ts ( />*1 & aft] mix+ ! :ole ?or\ghly toge!r1 raise ! temp]ature to ab\t #aeh ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,! mass1 :i* appe>s at fir/ milky & /icky1 w gradually become z liquid z wat] by ! conv]sion ( ! />* into gum ?r\gh ! action ( ! malt4 ,to prev5t ! conv]sion ( ! gum into sug> by ! dia/ase ( ! malt1 ! fluid mu/ be quickly br\ght to ! boil+-po9t1 &1 aft] cool+1 filt]$ & evaporat$ to ! consi/5cy ( syrup4 ,9 cool+1 ! mass gelat9izes to a jelly1 :i* aft] dry+ is h>d & brittle4 ,accord+ to ,blum5?al's me?od1 a drum :i* c be h]metically clos$1 is fill$ two-?irds full ) dry />* fl\r by means ( a funnel4 ,a /irr+ app>atus is !n set 9 motion1 & ! acid :i* is conta9$ 9 a graduat$ cyl9d] is spray$ into ! drum by means ( a special contrivance4 ,9 a drum #e feet long & #c feet 9 diamet]1 #bbj lbs4 ( potato />* c be uni=mly mix$ 9 #e m9utes ) ab\t #i ozs4 ( nitric acid ( #dj ,b41 & ! drum empti$ by op5+ ! slide4 ,/>* ?us treat$ may be br\ght into ! ov5 )\t previ\s dry+4 ,heuz gives ! foll[+ me?od3 ,f\r & a half p\nds ( nitric acid ( #a4d specific gravity toge!r ) #cjj qu>ts ( wat] are mix$ ) #b1bjj lbs4 ( />*1 & boil$ to =m a mass :i*1 :5 expos$ to ! air becomes dry4 ,x is sometimes effect$ at #agg ,f41 b x becomes a pa/e at #bab to #bcj ,f4 ,! />* *anges into dextr9e 9 an h\r or an h\r & a half at ! mo/2 x is :ite & soluble 9 wat]4 ,tragacan?1 or gum tragacan?1 exudes f ,a/ragalus v]us1 a tree indig5\s to ,asia4 ,! t]m gum is a misnom]1 z tragacan? does n actually dissolve 9 wat] nor 9 _s ( w9e1 b m]ely swells up 9 wat] to a s(t gelat9\s mass4 ,tragacan? consi/s ( irregul> pieces ( a pure :ite to yell[i% color4 ,x is *iefly us$ = confection]'s purposes1 ?\gh sometimes z a pa/e = fancy articles4 ,?is v>iety ( gum is f\nd1 toge!r ) arab9e1 9 ! gum :i* exudes f *]ry1 plum1 almond1 & apricot trees1 & gives ! mucilag9\s "* to ! wat]y decoctions prep>$ f c]ta9 se$s1 su* z l9se$ & qu9ce-se$1 & f ! root ( m>%mall[4 ,,pa/es ,,& ,,mucilages ,,= ,,special ,,purposes4 ,/>* pa/e4 ,corn />* #h ozs41 cold wat] p9t1 boil+ wat] #a gallon4 ,beat up ! />* 9 ! cold wat] until r$uc$ to a creamy consi/5ce1 !n p\r ! mixture into ! boil+ wat] & /ir briskly until ! :ite1 semi-opaque mass1 becomes transp>5t4 ,%\ld x fail to d s1 place x ov] ! fire1 & boil until ! desir$ result is obta9$1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,fl\r pa/e4 ,:eat fl\r #d lbs41 cold wat] #b qu>ts1 alum #b ozs41 hot wat] p9t1 boil+ wat] #b gallons4 ,"w ! :eat fl\r into a batt] free f lumps ) ! cold wat]4 ,dissolve ! alum 9 ! hot wat]4 ,!n /ir ! batt] into ! boil+ wat]1 & if necess>y1 cont9ue boil+ until ! pa/e ?ick5s into a semi-transp>5t mucilage1 aft] :i* /ir 9 ! alum solution4 ,?is makes a v f9e pa/e = wall-pap]4 ,/rong adhesive pa/e4 ,rye fl\r #b lbs41 cold wat] #a qu>t1 boil+ wat] #c qu>ts1 pulv]iz$ ros9 #a oz4 ,make ! fl\r into a batt] ) ! cold wat]1 free f lumps1 & p\r into ! boil+ wat]4 ,boil1 if necess>y1 & :ile hot /ir 9 ! pulv]iz$ ros91 a little at a "t4 ,?is pa/e is v /rong1 & w fa/5 heavy wall-pap] or ?9 lea!r4 ,if too ?ick1 ?9 ) hot wat]4 ,nev] ?9 pa/e ) cold wat]4 ,pa/e t w n s\r4 ,all[ #d p>ts by weight ( glue to s(t5 9 #ae p>ts ( cold wat] = "s h\rs1 & !n heat mod]ately till ! solution becomes q cle>2 !n add1 :ile /irr+1 #fe p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,9 ano!r vessel /ir up #cj p>ts ( />* pa/e ) #bj p>ts ( cold wat]1 s t a ?91 milky fluid )\t lumps is obta9$4 ,into ?is p\r ! boil+ glue solution1 /irr+ con/antly1 & keep ! :ole at ! boil+ temp]ature4 ,aft] cool+1 add #e to #aj drops ( c>bolic acid to ! pa/e4 ,pres]ve ! pa/e 9 clos$ bottles to prev5t evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,x w ?us keep good = ye>s4 ,v5etian pa/e4 ,:ite or fi% glue #d ozs41 cold wat] p9t1 ,v5ice turp5t9e #b fluid ozs41 rye fl\r #a lb41 cold wat] #a p9t1 boil+ wat] #b qu>ts4 ,soak ! #d ozs4 ( glue 9 ! cold wat] = #d h\rs4 ,dissolve ov] a wat]-ba?1 & :ile hot /ir 9 ! ,v5ice turp5t9e4 ,make up ! rye fl\r into a batt] free f lumps ) ! p9t ( wat]1 & p\r ! latt] into ! boil+ wat]4 ,/ir briskly1 & f9ally add ! glue solution4 ,?is makes a v /rong pa/e1 & x w adh]e to a pa9t$ surface1 ow+ to ! ,v5ice turp5t9e 9 its composition4 ,label pa/e4 ,a good pa/e = atta*+ labels to bottles may be made by soak+ glue 9 /rong v9eg>1 !n heat to boil+ & add fl\r4 ,?is is v adhesive1 & w n decompose :5 kept 9 wide-m\!d bottles4 ,ela/ic or pliable pa/e4 ,/>* #d ozs41 :ite dextr9e #b ozs41 cold wat] #aj fluid ozs41 borax #a oz41 glyc]9e #c fluid ozs41 boil+ wat] #b qu>ts4 ,beat ! />* & dextr9e into pa/e ) ! cold wat]4 ,dissolve ! borax 9 ! boil+ wat]1 !n add ! glyc]9e1 & p\r ! />* & dextr9e mixture into ! borax solution4 ,/ir until x becomes transluc5t4 ,?is pa/e w n crack1 &1 be+ v pliable1 is suitable = pap]1 clo?1 lea!r & o!r mat]ial :]e flexibility is requir$4 ,mucilage = labels4 ,mac]ate #e p>ts ( good glue 9 #bj p>ts ( wat] = #bd h\rs1 & to ! liquid add #i p>ts ( rock c&y1 & #c p>ts ( gum arabic4 ,! mixture may be bru%$ ^u pap] :ile lukew>m4 ,x keeps well1 does n /ick toge!r & adh]es firmly to bottles4 ,mucilage4 ,a /rong aque\s solution ( dextr9e =ms a mo/ adhesive & *eap mucilage4 ,dilute alcohol is usually employ$ z ! solv5t :]e ! mucilage is to be us$ = gumm+ envelopes1 po/age /amps1 etc41 & 9 ord] to facilitate ! dry+1 acetic acid is add$ to increase ! mobility ( ! fluid4 ,! /rong aque\s solution is m adhesive ?an t prep>$ ) alcohol1 = ! reason t x conta9s a great] proportion ( dextr9e4 ,to prep>e ?is add an excess ( dextr9e to boil+ wat]1 /ir = a m9ute or two1 all[ to cool & settle1 & /ra9 ! liquid ?r\gh a clo?4 ,! addition ( a little p[d]$ sug> increases ! gloss9ess ( ! dri$ gum4 ,! sug> %\ld be dissolv$ 9 ! wat] be=e ! dextr9e is add$4 ,accord+ to ano!r =mula1 dextr9e is mix$ ) hot wat] until a syrupy liquid is obta9$4 ,!n add a few drops ( oil ( cloves1 & cool = use4 ,ano!r =mula is z foll[s3 ,dextr9e #abj p>ts1 p[d]$ alum #f1 sug> #cj1 c>bolic acid #a1 wat] #cjj4 ,mix gradually ! dextr9e1 alum & sug> ) ! wat]1 boil to effect solution1 & :5 cold1 add ! c>bolic acid4 ,! solubility ( dextr9e may be enhanc$ by ! addition ( a calcium salt readily soluble 9 wat]1 ! result+ mixture dissolv+ ) ease 9 cold wat]4 ,calcium nitrate has prov$ especially suitable = ! purpose4 ,by p\r+ #a qu>t ( wat] ov] a mixture ( #ah ozs4 ( dextr9e & #g ozs4 ( calcium nitrate1 a mass ( great adhesive p[] is imm$iately obta9$4 ,mucilage = po/age /amps4 ,dextr9e #b p>ts1 acetic acid #a1 wat] #e1 alcohol #a4 ,mix all toge!r4 ,case9e mucilage4 ,take ! curd ( skim milk1 wa% x ?or\ghly1 & dissolve x to saturation 9 a cold conc5trat$ solution ( borax4 ,tragacan? mucilage4 ,p[d]$ tragacan? #b dra*ms1 glyc]9e #ab dra*ms1 wat] en\gh to make #bj ozs4 ,put ! tragacan? 9 a mort> ) ! glyc]9e1 & !n add ! wat]4 ,?is w produce at once a mucilage ( excell5t quality4 ,adhesive pa/e4 ,/eep #d ozs4 ( ord9>y gelat9e 9 #af ozs4 ( wat] until x becomes s(t1 !n dissolve x by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & :ile /ill hot p\r into a mixture ( #b lbs4 ( good fl\r pa/e & #a "p ( wat]4 ,heat ! :ole to boil+ & :5 ?ick5$ remove f ! fire4 ,:ile cool+ add #f dra*ms ( silicate ( soda & /ir ! mixture ) a wood5 spatula4 ,?is prep>ation w keep good = an indef9ite p]iod1 & is v adhesive4 ,! addition ( #b dra*ms ( oil ( cloves is an improvem5t4 ,fluid pa/es4 ,i4 ,gum arabic #aj lbs41 sug> #b lbs41 nitric acid #a ozs41 wat] z requir$4 ,dissolve ! gum & sug> 9 ! wat]1 !n add ! acid & heat to ! boil+-po9t4 ,! result+ pa/e is liquid1 does n m\ld1 & dries to a transp>5t lay] ^u pap]4 ,x is especially suitable = flaps ( envelopes1 f9e bookb9d]s' "w1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,potato />* #aj lbs41 wat] #e qu>ts1 nitric acid #h ozs4 ,mix ! acid & wat] & p\r x on ! />* 9 an e>!nw>e bas91 put ! latt] 9 a w>m place1 & all[ x to rema9 #bd h\rs1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,!n boil x until x becomes ?ickly-fluid & v transp>5t4 ,if necess>y x %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] & filt]$ ?r\gh a clo?4 ,sug> & lime pa/e4 ,dissolve #ab p>ts ( :ite sug> 9 #cf ( wat]4 ,heat ! solution to ! boil+-po9t & add #c p>ts ( slak$ lime4 ,all[ ! liquid to /& 9 a cov]$ vessel = sev]al days1 /irr+ frequ5tly &1 :5 settl$1 p\r (f ! sup]natant ?ick fluid f ! excess ( lime4 ,! pa/e ?us obta9$ has all ! prop]ties ( gum arabic solution & dries to a lu/r\s mass4 ,liquid sug> & lime pa/e4 ,all[ #c p>ts ( glue to swell 9 #aj to #ae p>ts ( ! =ego+ pa/e4 ,heat ! mixture to ! boil+-po9t4 ,! pa/e ?us obta9$ does n congeal on cool+ & possesses consid]able adhesive p[]4 ,by reason ( its cau/ic prop]ties1 due to ! cont5t ( lime1 ?is pa/e %\ld n be us$ = pa/+ color$ mat]ials4 ,pa/es = pap] & f9e fancy articles4 ,i4 ,dissolve1 ) ! assi/ance ( heat1 #ajj p>ts ( gild]'s glue 9 #bjj ( wat]1 & add a solution ( #b p>ts ( blea*$ %ellac 9 #aj ( alcohol4 ,,ii4 ,dissolve1 ) ! assi/ance ( heat1 #ej p>ts ( dextr9e 9 #ej ( wat]1 /ir solutions #a & #b toge!r1 /ra9 ?r\gh a clo? into a flat prismatic m\ld1 & all[ x to congeal4 ,= use1 melt a piece ( correspond+ size1 & dilute ! liquid1 if necess>y1 ) wat]4 ,album5 pa/e4 ,?is is a misnom]1 z x conta9s no album54 ,x is p>tly decay$ glut5 f fl\r1 wa%$ ) wat] & !n heat$ to #fj or #fh ,f41 :5 x f]m5ts & becomes p>tly fluid4 ,x is !n dri$ at #gg to #hf ,f41 & is claim$ to keep any l5g? ( "t 9 a dry place4 ,dissolv$ 9 twice its weight ( wat] x c be us$ z a pa/e = all purposes4 ,glyc]9e pa/e4 ,dissolve #b ozs4 ( gum arabic & #d dra*ms ( glyc]9e 9 #f ozs4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is is a good pa/e = (fice use4 ,pa/e = fix+ labels on ma*9es4 ,make a pa/e ( rye fl\r & glue & add to e p\nd !re( oz4 ea* ( boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e4 ,?is pa/e resi/s damp & ?us prev5ts pr9t$ labels f fall+ (f metallic surfaces4 ,pa/e = m\nt+ maps4 ,/iff rye fl\r pa/e is be/ = ?is purpose4 ,pa/e = fa/5+ pap] on t9-foil4 ,make a pa/e by dissolv+ rye fl\r 9 solution ( cau/ic soda2 dilute ) wat]1 /irr+ all ! "t4 ,add to ?is pa/e a few drops ( ,v5ice turp5t9e = ea* lb4 ( fl\r4 ,pa/e = pap] bags4 ,add to #c p>ts ( />* #bd to #cj p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,/ir toge!r to a homog5e\s mass ( ab\t ! ?ickness ( syrup4 ,p\r ov] ?is1 /irr+ con/antly1 boil+ wat] until ! pa/e is ( ! requir$ consi/5cy4 ,/ir until ne>ly cold4 ,take a portion ( ! pa/e & add to x #f to #ae p] c5t4 liquefi$ ,v5ice turp5t9e2 rub toge!r until a k9d ( emulsion is =m$1 !n mix ! :ole toge!r & "w ?or\ghly4 ,case9e mucilage = photograph]'s use4 ,sep>ate ! case9e f milk by means ( a little t>t>ic acid1 & treat ! case9e :ile /ill w>m ) a solution ( #f p>ts ( borax to #ajj p>ts wat]1 & w>m g5tly :ile /irr+ :i* w cause ! case9e to be dissolv$4 ,( ! borax solution en\gh %\ld be us$ to leave only a little undissolv$ case9e beh9d4 ,pa/e = scrap-books4 ,rice />* #a oz41 gelat9e #c dra*ms1 wat] p9t4 ,heat1 /irr+ con/antly1 until ! milky fluid becomes ?ick & gluey4 ,:5 ! pa/e is ne>ly ?ick put 9 a bottle closely cork$4 ,x is well to add a few drops ( oil ( cloves to ea* bottle4 ,pa/e = sk9s4 ,p\r en\gh boil+ wat] ov] #a lb4 ( rye fl\r 9 a bas9 to make a /iff pa/e1 almo/ z /iff z ord9>y d\gh = pudd+s4 ,/ir & beat up well ) a /ick = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 !n cov] up & let x /& = two days be=e us+1 :5 x w be mu* s(t] & /ick bett]4 ,spread ?9ly & ev5ly on ! back ( ! sk9 ) a /iff bru% or pad4 ,x w /ick firmly & n crack4 ,/rong mucilage capable ( fa/5+ wood or *9a & glass toge!r is made ( #c ozs4 ( /rong gum arabic solution1 to :i* a solution ( #cj gra9s ( sulphate ( alum9ium dissolv$ 9 oz4 ( wat] is add$4 ,dextr9e mucilage4 ,i4 ,dissolve ) ! assi/ance ( heat #fj p>ts ( borax 9 #dbj p>ts ( wat]1 add #dhj p>ts ( pale yell[ dextr9e & #ej p>ts ( glucose1 & heat c>efully1 /irr+ con/antly until solution is complete1 replac+ ! wat] lo/ by evaporation4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh flannel4 ,! result+ mucilage is q cle>1 has great adhesive p[]1 & dries v quickly4 ,9 heat+ ! mixture1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to exce$ a temp]ature ( #aid ,f4 & n to heat too long1 o!rwise ! product readily becomes br[n & brittle4 ,,ii4 ,dextr9e #abj p>ts1 p[d]$ alum #f1 sug> #cj1 c>bolic acid #a1 di/ill$ wat] #cjj4 ,gradually mix ! dextr9e1 alum & sug> ) ! wat]1 effect solution by boil+ & :5 ! solution is cold1 add ! c>bolic acid4 ,pa/e = jo9+ lea!r to pa/ebo>d4 ,dissolve #ej p>ts ( /rong glue ) a little wat] at a g5tle heat1 !n add a small quantity ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 & next a ?ick pa/e made ) #ajj p>ts ( />* 9 wat]4 ,apply quickly :5 cold4 ,ano!r =mula = a simil> pa/e is z foll[s3 ,rye :isky #b p9ts1 wat] #a p9t1 p[d]$ />* #d ozs41 good glue #a ozs41 ,v5ice turp5t9e #a ozs4 ,mix ! :isky & wat] toge!r1 !n /ir 9 ! />* & make a ?ick pa/e4 ,sep>ately dissolve ! glue 9 an equal weight ( wat]1 & mix ! ,v5ice turp5t9e !re91 mix ?or\ghly1 & !n comp\nd ?is mixture ) ! ?ick pa/e by con/antly /irr+ until all is well incorporat$4 ,pa/e = atta*+ labels to poli%$ nickel4 ,dissolve #djj p>ts by weight ( dextr9e 9 #fjj p>ts ( wat]1 & add #bj p>ts ( glyc]9e & #aj p>ts ( glucose4 ,heat ! mixture to #aid ,f4 ,ano!r =mula is z foll[s3 ,mix #djj p>ts by weight ( dextr9e ) wat]1 & add #bjj p>ts ( wat] toge!r ) #bj p>ts ( glucose & #aj p>ts ( alum9ium sulphate4 ,mucilage = atta*+ labels to t94 ,i4 ,%ellac #h p>ts1 borax #d p>ts1 wat] #fj p>ts4 ,boil until ! %ellac is dissolv$4 ,,ii4 ,to #b p>ts ( damm> v>ni% add #h p>ts ( tragacan? mucilage4 ,,iii4 ,an excell5t mucilage = ! purpose consi/s ( />* pa/e to :i* a small quantity ( ,v5ice turp5t9e has be5 add$4 ,,iv4 ,make a pa/e ( corrosive sublimate #b p>ts1 :eat fl\r #bjj1 abs9! #ajj1 tansy #ej1 wat] #cjjj4 ,?is mucilage is useful = vessels kept 9 a damp place4 ,mucilage = (fice use4 ,gum arabic #ajj p>ts1 alum9ium sulphate #f p>ts1 glyc]9e #aj1 dilute acetic acid #bj1 di/ill$ wat] #adj4 ,dissolve1 9 a wide-m\!d glass bottle1 ! gum arabic 9 cold di/ill$ wat]1 /irr+ frequ5tly4 ,let ! solution /& #b or #c days1 !n add ! glyc]9e1 lat] on ! dilute acetic acid & f9ally ! alum9ium sulphate4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve1 all[ to cl>ify1 & decant f ! s$im5t4 ,glyc]9e pa/e = (fice use4 ,dissolve #d ozs4 ( gum arabic & #h dra*ms ( glyc]9e 9 #ab ozs4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,clean & durable pa/e4 ,dissolve #e ozs4 ( gum arabic 9 #d qu>ts ( w>m wat]1 & ?ick5 to a pa/e ) :eat fl\r4 ,!n add a solution ( alum & sug> ( lead1 #c ozs4 ( ea* 9 wat]4 ,heat ! mixture & /ir x until x is ab\t to boil1 & !n cool x4 ,if too ?ick1 add gum solution4 ,banknote or m\? glue4 ,dissolve by ! aid ( heat a f9e quality ( glue or gelat9e ) ab\t a qu>t] or "o-?ird ( its weight ( br[n sug>1 9 z small a quantity ( wat] z possible4 ,!n :5 p]fectly liquid ca/ ! mixture into ?9 cakes on a flat surface v slightly oil$1 & :5 cold cut up into pieces ( conv5i5t size4 ,:5 requir$ = use moi/5 "o end4 ,a piece ( ?is glue kept 9 ! desk w be f\nd v conv5i5t = _m purposes4 ,pa/e = c>dbo>d4 ,dissolve #c ozs4 ( be/ ,fr5* glue 9 #f ozs4 ( wat] by soak+ & heat+4 ,!n add a solution ( dra*m ( %ellac 9 #c dra*ms ( alcohol & /ir z long z ! solution is w>m4 ,next dissolve #b dra*ms ( dextr9e 9 #a ozs4 ( alcohol & #ad dra*ms ( wat]1 /ir1 & place ! vessel 9 w>m wat] until solution is complete4 ,mix ?is solution ) t ( ! glue1 & p\r ! :ole into a suitable vessel1 9 :i* x may solidify4 ,:5 want$ = use cut (f a small piece & liquefy x by w>m+4 ,pa/e = atta*+ clo? or lea!r to table tops4 ,:eat fl\r #a lb41 p[d]$ ros9 #b tablespoonfuls1 p[d]$ alum #a tablespoonful4 ,heat & /ir to a /iff consi/5cy4 ,case9e mucilage4 ,sep>ate ! case9e f milk ) a little t>t>ic acid1 & treat ! case9e :ile /ill w>m ) a solution ( #f p>ts borax to #ajj p>ts wat] & w>m g5tly :ile /irr+1 :i* w cause ! case9e to be dissolv$4 ,( ! borax solution en\gh %\ld be us$ to leave only a little undissolv$ case9e beh9d4 ,v adhesive pa/e :i* may be us$ = wood & p>*m5t4 ,gum arabic #fj p>ts1 f9e :eat />* #de1 sug> #ae4 ,dissolve ! gum 9 z mu* wat] z is requir$ = boil+ ! quantity ( pa/e to be made4 ,!n add ! />* & sug> & boil x 9 a vessel susp5d$ 9 boil+ wat] until ! mixture is cle> & has ! consi/5cy ( liquid t>4 ,keep 9 a well-clos$ vessel protect$ f m\ld by ! addition ( a few drops ( oil ( cloves4 ,pa/e = pads4 ,glue #d p>ts by weight1 glyc]9e #b1 l9se$ oil 1 sug> #d1 anil9e dye suffici5t to color4 ,s(t5 ! glue by soak+ 9 cold wat]1 !n dissolve toge!r ) ! sug> 9 ! glyc]9e by ! aid ( heat ov] ! wat]-ba?1 !n add ! dye & /ir 9 ! oil4 ,use ! pa/e hot4 ,pa/e = fa/5+ pap] on t9-foil4 ,make a pa/e by dissolv+ rye fl\r 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda2 dilute ) wat]1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,add to ?is pa/e a few drops ( ,v5ice turp5t9e = ea* lb4 fl\r us$4 ,?is pa/e adh]es to all k9ds ( metal1 t9-foil1 glass1 etc4 ,pa/e = atta*+ labels to glass1 porcela91 & metal4 ,gum arabic #ae p>ts1 pulv]iz$ tragacan? #g1 glyc]9 #de1 ?ymol #j4c1 alcohol #c1 wat] #abj4 ,dissolve ! gum arabic 9 #ae p>ts ( wat] & triturate ! tragacan? ) #cj p>ts ( wat]4 ,mix ! two fluids & /ra94 ,!n add ! glyc]9e & f9ally ! ?ymol dissolv$ 9 ! alcohol4 ,prep>ation ( arabol-gum4 ,mix intimately #dd lbs4 ( :eat />* ) #agf lbs4 ( wat]4 ,br+ ! mass into a wat]-ba?1 mix x ) a solution ( #d4d lbs4 ( oxalic acid 9 #dd lbs4 ( wat] & heat = f\r h\rs at #aid ,f41 /irr+ frequ5tly4 ,! conv]sion ( ! />* is z a rule effect$ dur+ ?is "t1 b %\ld su* n be ! case1 cont9ue heat+1 con/antly replac+ ! evaporat$ wat]1 until ! mass is cle> & liquid4 ,:ile /ill hot1 neutralize ! mass ) m>ble du/1 all[ to settle1 filt]1 & evaporate ! cle> solution 9 a wat]-ba? to a solid gum conta9+ ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,prep>ation ( an adhesive sub/ance f desac*>iz$ beet-root slices 7,g]man pat5t #ifcaf f4 ,g4 ,ei*elbaum74 ,! insoluble met>ab9 conta9$ 9 ! slices is conv]t$ into soluble arab9 by treat+ ! slices "u pressure ) hot aque\s sulphur\s acid or ) aque\s solutions ( ! bisulphites ( ! alkalies or alkal9e e>?s4 ,accord+ to a lat] pat5t 7,g]man pat5t #abadbb f4 ,fabrik ,bett5haus5 ,m>qu>t & ,s*ulz71 ! insoluble met>ab9 is conv]t$ into soluble arab9 by heat+ ! desac*>iz$ beet-root slices ) phosphoric acid & wat]4 ,accord+ to a supplem5t to ?is pat5t 7#abbjdh71 conv]sion is effect$ by heat+ ! slices ) aque\s solutions ( organic acids & ph5ols1 or ! acid salts ( oxalic1 t>t>ic or phosphoric acids4 ,,index4 ,acid calcium phosphate1 #abj ---- ---- ---- cry/allization (1 #abe1 #abf ---- ---- ---- =mation (1 #aba-abd ---- sodium sulphate1 use (1 9 dry+ glue1 #gb1 #gc ,acidity1 det]m9ation (1 9 glue1 #bje1 #bjf ,acids1 dilute1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ,adamson1 ,wm41 me?od (1 = remov+ hydroc>bons f sub/ances :i* h be5 treat$ !re)1 #hd-hf ---- ---- me?od (1 = treat+ sub/ances ) hydro c>bon vapor = ! purpose ( extract+ oils1 fats1 etc41 #gi-hb ---- ---- me?od (1 = treat+ sub/ances ) liquid hydroc>bons = ! purpose ( extract+ oils1 fats1 etc41 #hb-hd ---- ---- & ,simonis1 ,*as4 ,f4 ,a41 app>atus (1 = extract+ bones ) b5z9e1 #gf-gi ,adhesive pa/e1 #bfd ,adult]ations ( glue1 det]m9ation (1 #bad1 #bae ,ag>-,ag>1 #ab1 #bja1 #bjb ,air-bladd]s1 #af1 #da ---- blea*+ glue 9 !1 #ada ---- dry+ ! cakes ( glue 9 !1 #fd ,alaba/]1 #bdd ---- cem5t =1 #bdb ,album5 pa/e1 #bfe1 #bff ---- ---- use (1 = cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #ed ,alum cem5t1 #bbh ---- ---- effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ---- ---- use (1 = cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #ed ---- ---- ---- ---- pres]v+ pa/e1 #beg ,amb]1 res9\s cem5t =1 #bbi ,am]ican cem5t = jewel]s1 #beb ,am]ican glue1 analysis (1 #bjg ,ammonium sulphate1 use (1 9 dry+ glue1 #gb1 #gc ,animal *>coal1 blea*+ glue )1 #adb ---- ---- bones = ! manufacture (1 #ajg ---- ---- c>bonization ( bones =1 #ajh-aab ---- ---- decoloriz+ glue liquor )1 #ee ---- ---- manufacture (1 #aab1 #aac ---- ---- yield (1 #aac ---- sk91 con/itution (1 #ag1 #ah ,antiseptics = ! pres]vation ( glue-/ock1 #cj ,arab91 conv]sion ( met>ab9 into1 #bga ,arabol-gum1 prep>ation (1 #bgj ,a%1 burn+ bones to1 #aag-aai ,bact]iology1 use ( gelat9e 91 #aid ,banknote glue1 #bfi ,b>ium *loride1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ,basic calcium phosphate1 #abj ,beet-root slices1 desac*>iz$1 prep>ation ( an adhesive sub/ance f1 #bgj1 #bga ,belgian retort-furnace = ! c>bonization ( bones1 #aji-aab ,b5z9e1 extract+ fat f bones )1 #gf-ib ,billi>d balls1 comp\nd =1 #aee1 #aef ,blea*+ glue1 me?ods (1 #ada-ade ---- ---- /ock1 #ee1 #ef ,blood1 fre%1 use (1 = cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #ed ,blum5?al's me?od ( prep>+ dextr9e1 #bfj1 #bfa ,boil] = glue boil+1 #dd ,boil+ bones1 #gd1 #ge ---- ---- duration (1 #de ---- ---- or cook+ glue1 #dd-eb ,bone a%1 composition (1 #aai ---- ---- conv]sion (1 into a co>se p[d]1 #aai ---- ---- decomposition (1 by sulphuric acid1 #aai-abe ---- ---- kiln =1 #aag-aai ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #aag-aai ---- ---- yield (1 #aai ---- c>tilage1 composition (1 #cb ---- cem5t =1 #bcj ---- cru%]1 #cf ---- gelat9e1 #agj-ahj ---- ---- mod]n process ( prep>+1 #agi1 #ahj ---- -glue1 manufacture (1 #gd-aaf ---- meal1 glue & fat1 simultane\s utilization ( bones =1 #ajd-aac ---- -mill1 ,crosskill1 #cf ---- raw mat]ials1 #af ---- size1 #aei1 #afj ,bones1 absorption ( sulphur\s acid by1 #ib ---- ,adamson & ,simonis' app>atus = extract+1 #gf-gi ---- & c>tilages1 #ca-ci ---- app>atus = extract+ ! fat f1 ) b5z9e1 #gf-id ---- ,belgian retort-furnace = ! c>bonization (1 #aji-aab ---- boil+ (1 #gd1 #ge ---- burn+ (1 to a%1 #aag-aai ---- buy+ (1 #cb ---- c>bonization (1 #ajh-aab ---- con/itution (1 #cb ---- cru%$1 sort+ (1 #cf1 #cg ---- cru%+ or gr9d+ (1 #cc-cf ---- extraction (1 #gf-id ---- ---- ---- phosphates f1 #aae ---- fatty matt]s 91 #cb ---- = ! manufacture ( animal *>coal1 #ajg ---- honey-comb$1 #ci ---- ,leun]'s app>atus = extract+1 #ij-ib ---- lime ba? =1 #cg ---- products obta9$ 9 ! di/illation (1 #aab ---- ,seltsam's app>atus = extract+1 #hd-hf ---- ---- app>atus = extract+1 improv$ by ,?4 ,ri*t]1 #hh-ij ---- simultane\s utilization (1 = fat1 bone-meal & glue1 #ajd-aac ---- ---- utilization (1 = fat1 glue & calcium phosphate1 #aac-aaf ---- sort+ (1 #cb1 #cc1 #ajd1 #aje ---- sulphur\s acid = extract+1 #ib-id ---- treatm5t (1 ) high pressure /eam1 #aje-ajg ---- utilization ( ! liquor obta9$ 9 ! treatm5t (1 ) hydro*loric acid1 #abe-abg ---- value (1 #cb ---- wa/e (1 f ! prep>ation ( t9n$ provisions1 #ai ,bookb9d]'s glue1 #ab ---- size1 #afj ,book is+lass1 #aig ,boric acid1 pres]vation ( glue-/ock )1 #cj ,bottles1 crack$1 cem5t =1 #bdj1 #bda ,b\illon tablets1 #ab ,brazilian is+lass1 #aii1 #bjj ,bri]s1 ,d4 ,j41 process = ! prep>ation ( bone gelat9e employ$ by1 #aga-agi ,bro*ette1 #dc ,bru%mak]'s cem5t1 #bea ,bullock's feet1 #ah ---- hide1 wa/e (1 #ah ---- lea!r1 #cj ,burn+ bones to a%1 #aag-aai ,cakes1 cutt+ glue into1 #eg-fd ---- dry+ !1 #fd-gc ---- ma*9es = cutt+ ! jelly into1 #fj-fd ---- %ape (1 #eg1 #eh ---- tools = cutt+ ! jelly into1 #ei ,calcium *loride1 #aaf ---- metaphosphate1 #abj1 #abg ---- phosphate1 #aae ---- ---- fat & glue1 simultane\s utilization ( bones =1 #aac-aaf ,calf lea!r1 #cj ---- sk9 wa/e1 #ah ,calves' feet1 #cj ---- heads1 #ah1 #cj ,c>bolic acid1 pres]vation ( glue-/ock )1 #bi ---- ---- use (1 = pres]v+ pa/e1 #beg1 #beh ,c>bon disulphide1 use (1 = extract+ bones1 #gf ,c>dbo>d1 pa/e =1 #bfi ,c>tilage1 #a ---- conv]sion (1 into glue1 #id-ajd ---- dry+ (1 #aad ---- pres]vation (1 #aad ---- treatm5t (1 ) high-pressure /eam1 #ih ---- yield ( glue f1 #aae ,c>tilages & bones1 #ca-ci ,case9e cem5t :i* c be kept = a long "t1 #bci ---- cem5ts1 #bcg-bdj ---- mucilage1 #bfd ---- ---- = photograph]'s use1 #bff ---- ord9>y te*nical1 prep>ation (1 #bch1 #bci ---- pure1 prep>ation (1 #bcg1 #bch ,ca/+s1 cem5t = fill+ 9 defects 91 #bdf ,cattle1 pieces ( hide f ! l[] p>ts ( ! limbs (1 #cj ,cay5ne is+lass1 #aii1 #bjj ,cellul> tissue1 #a ,celluloid1 cem5t =1 #beb ,cem5t resi/+ acids1 #bdh ---- ---- ---- v high temp]atures1 #bdh ,cem5ts1 case9e1 #bcg-bdj ---- *emical nature (1 #bai ---- classification (1 #bah-bbc ---- = *emical app>atus1 #bdg-bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- special purposes1 #bdi-beb ---- glue & />*1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- glyc]9e1 #bdb ---- gypsum1 #bdd1 #bde ---- h[ to use1 #beb-bee ---- iron1 #bde-bdg ---- lime1 #bbc1 #bdc1 #bdd ---- oil1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd-bbi ---- pa/es & mucilages1 prep>ation (1 #bbd-bga ---- res9\s1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbi-bcc ---- resi/+ high temp]atures1 #bdf ---- rubb] & gutta-p]*a1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ---- wat] glass1 #bdj-bdb ,*alk1 #bdc ,*>coal1 animal1 blea*+ glue )1 #adb ---- ---- bones = ! manufacture (1 #ajg ---- ---- c>bonization ( bones =1 #ajh-aab ---- ---- manufacture (1 #aab1 #aac ---- ---- yield (1 #aac ---- mix+ calcium phosphate )1 #abd ,*emical app>atus1 cem5ts =1 #bdg-bdi ,*9ese is+lass1 #bja1 #bjb ,*lorb>ium1 soak+ hides 91 #bj ,*loride ( lime1 blea*+ glue-/ock )1 #ee ,*lor9e1 blea*+ glue )1 #ada ,*ondr91 *emical composition (1 #e1 #f ---- conv]sion (1 into glut91 #f ---- =mation (1 #c ---- prop]ties (1 #e ---- pure1 prep>ation (1 #e ,*rome glue1 #aec ,cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #eb-ef ---- ---- ---- app>atus =1 #ih ---- ---- ---- vats1 #ec ,clay crucibles1 crack$1 cem5t =1 #bdc ,cle>ness ( glue1 def9ition (1 #ec ,clock faces1 :ite enamel$1 cem5t =1 #bcj ,clo?1 cem5t =1 #beb ---- pa/e = atta*+1 to table tops1 #bfi ,colle fran*e1 #dc ,cologne glue1 #adh ,color mixtures1 glue =1 #aa ---- ( glue1 def9ition (1 #ec ,color$ gelat9e1 #aha1 #ahb ,color+ glue1 #aef ---- matt]s = gelat9e1 #aha1 #ahb ---- sub/ances1 removal (1 f glue liquor1 #ed-ef ,combs1 h>d rubb]1 cem5t =1 #bcf ,common salt1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ,con/itution ( glue1 #c-f ,conv]sion ( c>tilage into glue1 #id-ajd ,cook+1 duration (1 #dd ---- or boil+ glue1 #dd-eb ,cool+ boxes1 #ajj ---- glue liquor1 #ajj ,corium1 #a1 #ag ,c\rt-pla/]1 #ab1 #ahd1 #ahe ,cox1 ,j4 & ,g41 process = ! manufacture ( gelat9e pat5t$ by1 #aff1 #afg ,crock]y1 cem5t =1 #bcf1 #bcg ,crosskill bone mill1 #cf ,crucibles1 cem5t =1 #bdc ,crude glue1 def9ition (1 #c ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #dc ,cul9>y purposes1 glue =1 #ab-ad ,d>k /eam glue1 #aeb ,dev\lx1 cutt+ app>atus inv5t$ by1 #fb-fd ,dextr9e mucilage1 #bfg ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #bei-bfa ,diamond cem5t1 #bbi ,di/illation ( crude phosphorus1 #acc-ace ---- ---- phosphorus1 #abg-acb ,dry+1 accel]ation (1 #gb1 #gc ---- cakes ( glue1 #fd-gc ---- gall]ies1 #fh-ga ---- h\se1 mod]n1 #ga1 #gb ,dry+ room1 #fe ---- ---- regulat+ ! temp]ature ( !1 #fg1 #fh ,ea/ ,india is+lass1 #aii ,ela/ic cem5t1 #bcd ---- gutta-p]*a cem5t1 #bcf ---- masses1 glue =1 #ad ---- pa/e1 #bfc ,electric furnace = ! manufacture ( phosphorus1 #ach-adj ,electrical app>atus1 cem5t =1 #bea1 #beb ,em]y pap]1 use ( glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #ab ,epid]mis1 #ag ,epsom salt1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g ---- ---- use (1 9 dry+ glue1 #gb1 #gc ,evaporat+ pan1 op51 #ih-ajj ---- pans1 #abd ,evaporators1 spiral1 #ajj1 #aja ,extraction ( bones1 #gf-id ,fabrics1 wat]-pro(+ (1 #afa-afc ,fancy articles1 f9e1 pa/e =1 #bfe ,fans1 gelat9e v5e]s =1 #ae ,fat1 bone meal & glue1 simultane\s utilization ( bones =1 #ajd-aac ---- extraction (1 ) b5z9e1 #gf-ib ---- ---- ---- hydroc>bon vapors1 #gi-hb ---- ---- ---- liquid hydroc>bons1 #hb-hd ---- glue & calcium phosphate1 simultane\s utilization ( bones =1 #aac-aaf ,f]tiliz]s1 utilization ( liquors =1 #aaf ,f9+1 gelat9e =1 #ahb ,fi% bladd]s1 #a ---- ---- glue1 #bjb-bjd ---- ---- ---- po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture (1 #da1 #db ---- ---- ---- raw mat]ials =1 #da1 #db ---- scales1 #af1 #db ---- ---- prep>ation ( glue f1 #bjc ,fleck's kiln = burn+ bones1 #aah1 #aai ---- process ( accel]at+ ! dry+ ( glue1 #gb1 #gc ,fl\r pa/e1 #bef-beh1 #bfa1 #bfb ,fluid pa/es1 #bfd1 #bfe ,foils1 gelat9e1 #ae1 #ahe1 #ahf ,=maldehyde1 pres]vation ( glue-/ock )1 #bi1 #cj ,=m+ or m\ld+ ! glue1 #ef-fd ,=mo-gelat9e1 #aic1 #aid ,fr5* ma/ic1 #bbg ---- putty1 #bbe ,fri$b]g's app>atus = cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #ih --- ---- ---- conv]sion ( c>tilage into glue1 #id-ig ,furnace1 electric1 = ! manufacture ( phosphorus1 #ach-adj ,galley furnace1 #abh1 #abi ,galvaniz$ iron-wire nett+1 #ff ,gelat91 pure1 prep>ation (1 #d ,gelat9e & glyc]9e1 comp\nd (1 #ab ---- & products prep>$ f x1 manufacture (1 #afe-aie ---- artificial silk f1 #aie ---- capsules1 #ad1 #ahd ---- color$1 #aha1 #ahb ---- con/itution (1 #afe ---- ,cox's process = ! manufacture (1 #aff1 #afg ---- foils1 #ae1 #ahe1 #ahf ---- = f9+ purposes1 #ahb ---- = photographic pr9t+ & photographic purposes 9 g5]al1 #ahc1 #ahd ---- ,jullion & ,pirie's process = ! prep>ation (1 #ch ---- ,nelson's process = ! manufacture (1 #aff ---- prep>ation (1 f ord9>y glue1 #ahb1 #ahc ---- sub/itute =1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- ,sw9borne's improv$ pat5t$ process = ! prep>ation (1 #afg ---- te/+ (1 #bje-bag ---- v5e]s1 #ae1 #ahf-aic ---- yield+ tissues1 #a ,g]man is+lass1 #bjj ,gild]'s glue1 #aej ,glass1 cem5t =1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde ---- ---- = atta*+ metal lett]s to1 #bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- to metal1 #bea ---- ma/ic cem5t =1 #bcb ---- oil cem5t =1 #bbh ---- pap]1 use ( glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #ab ---- pa/e = atta*+ labels to1 #bgj ---- plates1 gelat9iz+ liquors ^u1 #eh1 #ei ---- ^u glass1 cem5t =1 #bcj ---- ---- metal1 cem5t =1 #bcj ,glaub]'s salt1 use (1 9 dry+ glue1 #gb1 #gc ,gloves1 wa/e f ! manufacture (1 #dc ,glue1 accel]ation ( ! dry+ (1 #gb1 #gc ---- addition ( m9]al sub/ances to1 #adi ---- ,am]ican1 analysis (1 #bjg ---- & />* cem5ts1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- z a b9d+ ag5t1 #aa ---- ---- ---- jo9+ m$ium1 #aj1 #aa ---- banknote or m\?1 #bfi ---- boil]1 ,t]ne's1 #ea1 #eb ---- boil+1 boil] =1 #dd ---- ---- conv5i5t app>atus =1 #df1 #dg ---- ---- 9 op5 jacket$ pans1 #di1 #ej ---- ---- or cook+1 #dd-eb ---- ---- ) /eam1 boil] =1 #dg-di ---- *emical composition (1 #h ---- *rome1 #aec ---- cle>ness (1 #ec ---- ,cologne1 #adh ---- color (1 #ec ---- color+ (1 #aef ---- con/itution (1 #c-f ---- conv]sion ( c>tilage into1 #id-ajd ---- cook+1 process (1 #ea ---- crude1 def9ition (1 #c ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #dc ---- cutt+ !1 into cakes1 #eg-fd ---- d$uction ( ! quality (1 f indirect prop]ties1 #bjg1 #bjh ---- det]m9ation ( acidity 91 #bje1 #bjf ---- ---- ( adult]ations (1 #bad1 #bae ---- ---- ( glut9 91 #bjf1 #bjg ---- ---- ( moi/ure 91 #bje ---- diff]5t v>ieties (1 & _! prep>ation1 #adf-afd ---- dry+ cakes (1 #fd-gc ---- ---- room =1 #fe ---- factory1 location ( a1 #ba ---- ---- mann] ( c>ry+ on ! "w 9 a1 #bf-cj ---- fat & bone-meal1 simultane\s utilization ( bones =1 #ajd-aac ---- = atta*+ lea!r to metal1 #aec ---- ---- cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes1 #ab-ad ---- ---- ela/ic masses & z a p>tial sub/itute = rubb]1 #ad ---- ---- fancy articles1 #ad1 #ae ,glue jo9ts 9 lea!r driv+ belts1 #afc ---- ---- ---- lea!r1 pap]1 etc41 #aec1 #aed ---- ---- ---- p>*m5t pap] 9 mak+ sausage sk9s1 #aed1 #aee ---- =mation (1 #f ---- f v>i\s mat]ials1 ext]nal *>act]i/ics (1 #f1 #g ---- gild]'s1 #aej ---- hold+ p[] (1 #adg1 #adh ---- h[ to make & use1 #adg ---- 9 animal organism1 #b ---- ---- siz+1 #ab ---- inf]ior qualities (1 #ab ---- jo9]'s1 #adf ---- ,kissl+'s results 9 te/+1 #bae ---- liquid1 #aea1 #aeb ---- liquor1 app>atus = cl>ify+1 #ih ---- ---- cl>ify+ !1 #eb-ef ---- ---- conc5tration (1 #ej ---- ---- cool+ (1 #ajj ---- ---- decoloriz+ (1 ) animal *>coal1 #ee ---- ---- in/rum5t = measur+ ! p]c5tage ( glue 91 #ajc ---- measur+ ! p]c5tage (1 9 glue liquor1 #ajc1 #ajd ---- me?ods ( blea*+1 #ada-ade ---- m\ld+ or =m+ (1 #ef-fd ---- nature (1 #a-i ---- nets = dry+1 #ff1 #fg ---- ord9>y1 prep>ation ( gelat9e f1 #ahb1 #ahc ---- p>*m5t1 #aej ---- ,p>is1 #aej1 #aea ---- pat5t1 #aej ---- practical te/+ (1 #bae-bag ---- pr9cipal sub/ances employ$ z raw mat]ial =1 #af ---- prop]ties (1 & its behavior t[>ds o!r sub/ances1 #f-i ---- raw mat]ials & _! prep>ation = ! manufacture (1 #af-ch ---- results obta9$ by comp>ative exp]im5ts 9 te/+1 #bji1 #baj ---- ,russian1 #adi1 #aej ---- size1 #aej ---- solution1 behavior (1 t[>ds salts1 #g1 #h ---- /eam1 #aeb ---- /ock1 blea*+ (1 #ee1 #ef ---- ---- dry-lim$1 #ai ---- ---- dry1 uncur$1 or salt$1 #ai ---- ---- gre5-lim$1 #ai ---- ---- gre5-salt$1 #ai ---- ---- influ5ce ( ! age ( animals on ! product f1 #bj ---- ---- lim$1 wa%+ (1 #ba-bf ---- ---- notes 9 ref]5ce to judg+1 #ai1 #bj ---- ---- prep>ation (1 #ba-ch ---- ---- pres]vation (1 #bi ---- ---- %$s =1 #bf ---- ---- trans=mation 9 boil+ !1 #b ---- ---- wa%]1 #bb-bf ---- sub/itute =1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- transition /ages (1 #b ---- uses (1 #aj-ae ---- te/+ (1 #bje-bag ---- tung/ic1 #aee ---- wat]-pro(1 #afj ---- yield (1 f c>tilage1 #aae ---- ---- ---- f tann]y wa/e1 #ah ---- -yield+ sub/ance1 production (1 #b ---- ---- tissues1 #a ,glut91 conv]sion ( *ondr9 into1 #f ---- det]m9ation (1 9 glue1 #bjf1 #bjg ---- =mation (1 #c ---- prop]ties (1 #d1 #e ---- pure1 prep>ation (1 #d ,glyc]9e & glyc]9e cem5ts1 #bdb ---- ---- li?>ge cem5t1 #bdb ---- pa/e1 #bff ---- ---- = (fice use1 #bfh ---- prop]ties (1 #bdb ,glycocoll1 #f ,goat lea!r1 #ca ,gray lime1 #bh ,gre5 wa/e1 lim+ (1 #bf1 #bg ,gum tragacan?1 #bfa ,gutta-p]*a & rubb] cem5ts1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ,gypsum1 #bdd ,gypsum cem5ts1 #bdd1 #bde ,hag]'s diamond cem5t1 #bbi ,h>d rubb] cem5t1 #bcd ---- combs1 cem5t =1 #bcf ,h>e sk9s1 #ah1 #ca ,h>t%orn1 #a ,hayes1 ,s4 ,dana1 analysis ( ,am]ican glue by1 #bjg ,heat-resi/+ cem5t1 #bde ,hectograph mass1 #ad1 #afc1 #afd ,heuz's me?od ( prep>+ dextr9e1 #bfa ,hide1 trans=mation 9 dry+ !1 #b ,hides = glue-/ock1 classification (1 #cj1 #ca ---- soak+ (1 9 *lorb>ium1 #bj ,hoevell]1 ,w4 ,a41 app>atus = dry+ glue inv5t$ by1 #fh-ga ---- glue-/ock wa%] (1 #bb-bf ,hog sk9s1 #ah ,holl&]1 #ci ,horn1 cem5t =1 #bcb ---- pi?s1 #ai ,horses' ho(s1 cem5t =1 #bcf ,hudson ,bay is+lass1 #aii ,hydraulic works1 cem5t =1 #bda ,hydroc>bon vapors1 extraction ( fats1 oils1 etc41 )1 #gi-hb ,hydroc>bons1 liquid1 extraction ( fats1 oils1 etc41 )1 #hb-hd ---- removal (1 f sub/ances1 #hd-hf ,hydro*loric acid1 treatm5t ( bones )1 #cg ---- ---- utilization ( ! liquor obta9$ 9 treat+ bones )1 #abe-abg ,i*?yocolle ,franaise1 #bjj1 #bja ,iri% moss1 #bjb ,iron & /one1 cem5t =1 #bde ---- cem5t =1 #bde1 #bdf ---- cem5ts1 #bde-bdg ---- pipes1 fire-pro( cem5t =1 #bdf ---- pots1 crack$1 cem5t =1 #bdf ---- wat] tanks1 cem5t =1 #bdf ,is+lass1 adult]ation (1 #aif1 #aig ---- & its sub/itutes1 #aif-bjd ---- *emical composition (1 #h ---- prep>ation (1 9 ,russia1 #aig1 #aih ---- s\rces (1 #aif ---- spuri\s1 #aif ---- sub/itute =1 #bjc1 #bjd ,is+lass9e1 #bja ,ivory1 cem5t =1 #bcj ,jeffrey's m>9e glue1 #bce ,jelly1 def9ition (1 #c ---- effect ( tann9 on1 #h ---- ma*9es = cutt+ !1 into cakes1 #fj-fd ---- prop]ties (1 #g ---- tools = cutt+ !1 into cakes1 #ei ---- trans=mation 9 boil+ !1 #b ,j5n+s' me?od = ! prep>ation ( fi% glue1 #bjb1 #bjc ,jewel]s1 ,am]ican cem5t =1 #beb ---- cem5t1 #beb ,jo9]s1 cem5t =1 #bdc ---- glue1 #adf ,jullion & ,pirie's process = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e1 #ch ,kid lea!r1 wa/e f p>+1 #ca ,kiln = burn+ bones1 #aag-aai ,kissl+'s results 9 te/+ glue1 #bae ,knapsack lea!r1 #ca ,knife h&les1 cem5t =1 #bca ,label pa/e1 #bfc ,labels1 mucilage =1 #bfc ---- pa/e = atta*+1 to glass1 porcela9 & metal1 #bgj ---- ---- = atta*+1 to poli%$ nickel1 #bfh ---- ---- = atta*+1 to t91 #bfh ,lamb lea!r1 #ca ,leaf is+lass1 #aig ,lea!r1 cem5t =1 #bce1 #bcg ---- driv+ belts1 glue = jo9ts 91 #afc ---- = glue-/ock1 classification (1 #cj1 #ca ---- glue =1 #aec1 #aed ---- ---- ---- atta*+1 to metal1 #aec ---- pa/e = atta*+1 to table tops1 #bfi ---- ---- ---- jo9+1 to pa/ebo>d1 #bfg1 #bfh ---- sk9s1 actual1 #ag ---- wa/e1 #ci-db ---- ---- comm9ution (1 #ci1 #dj ,leuc9e1 #f ,leun]'s app>atus = extract+ bones1 #ij-ib ,lime & glue cem5t1 #bdd ---- ---- sug> pa/e1 #bfe ---- ba? = bones1 #cg ---- cem5ts1 #bbc1 #bdc1 #bdd ---- milk (1 prep>ation (1 #bf1 #bg ---- precipitation (1 by oxalic acid1 #ed ---- slak$1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ---- te/+ (1 #bg1 #bh ,lim$ glue-/ock1 wa%+ (1 #ba-bf ,lim+ gre5 wa/e1 #bf1 #bg ---- wa/e1 #bj ,l9se$ oil & clay cem5t1 #bdh ---- ---- ---- manganese cem5t1 #bdh ,lip[itz's me?od ( te/+ glue1 #bjh1 #bji ,liquid f9+ gelat9e1 #ahb ---- glue1 #aea1 #aeb ---- sug> & lime pa/e1 #bfe ,li?>ge cem5t1 #bbe ,magnesium sulphate1 #aaf ,manufacture ( bone-glue1 #gd-aaf ---- ---- gelat9e1 & products prep>$ f x1 #afe-aie ---- ---- phosphorus1 #aag-adj ---- ---- sk9 glue1 #dc-gc ,maps1 pa/e = m\nt+1 #bff ,m>ble1 cem5t =1 #bdb1 #bea ---- ---- = atta*+ metal lett]s to1 #bdi ---- oil cem5t =1 #bbh1 #bbi ,m>9e glue1 #bcd1 #bce ,mat*es1 use ( glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #aa ,ma/ic1 #bbf1 #bbg ---- cem5t1 #bbf1 #bbg ,m$ic9al purposes1 glue =1 #ab-ad ,me]s*aum1 cem5t =1 #bci ,meta-gelat91 #g ,metal1 cem5t = atta*+ wood1 glass1 etc41 to1 #bea ---- glue = atta*+ lea!r to1 #aec ---- lett]s ^u glass1 cem5t =1 #bcj1 #bdi ---- pa/e = atta*+ labels to1 #bgj ,metals1 cem5t =1 #bci ---- ---- = unit+1 #bda ,met>ab91 conv]sion (1 into arab91 #bga ,mica1 cem5t =1 #bca1 #bcb ,milk ( lime1 prep>ation (1 #bf1 #bg ,moi/ure1 det]m9ation (1 9 glue1 #bje ,"m-(-pe>l1 glue imitations (1 #ae ,m\ld+ boxes1 #ef ---- or =m+ ! glue1 #ef-fd ---- ref9$ phosphorus1 #ace-acg ,m\? glue1 #bfi ,mucilage1 #bfc1 #bfd ---- case9e1 #bfd ---- ---- = photograph]s' use1 #bff ---- dextr9e1 #bfg ---- = atta*+ labels to t91 #bfh ---- ---- labels1 #bfc ---- ---- (fice use1 #bfh ---- ---- po/age /amps1 #bfd ---- pres]vation (1 #bei1 #bfj ---- /rong1 #bfg ---- tragacan?1 #bfd ,mucilages & pa/es1 #bee-bga ---- ---- ---- = special purposes1 #bfa-bga ---- ---- pa/es & cem5ts1 prep>ation (1 #bbd-bga ,muratori & ,l&ry's me?od ( wat]-pro(+ fabrics1 #afb1 #afc ,muzmann & ,krak[itz]'s me?od ( wat]-pro(+ fabrics1 #afb1 #afc ,nature ( glue1 #a-i ,nelson1 ,g41 process (1 = ! manufacture ( gelat9e1 #aff ,nets = dry+ glue1 #ff1 #fg ,nett+1 metallic1 #ff ---- tw9e1 #ff1 #fg ,neutral potassium t>trate1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g ,new ,york is+lass1 #aih ,nickel1 poli%$1 pa/e = atta*+ labels to1 #bfh ,nor? ,am]ican is+lass1 #aih ,(fice use1 glyc]9e pa/e =1 #bfh ---- ---- mucilage =1 #bfh ,oil cem5ts1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd-bbi ,oils1 extraction (1 ) hydroc>bon vapors1 #gi-hb ---- ---- ---- ) liquid hydroc>bons1 #hb-hd ,ornam5ts1 inde/ructible mass =1 #aee ,osse9e1 #a ,oxalic acid1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ---- ---- precipitation ( lime by1 #ed ,pads1 pa/e =1 #bgj ,paget's ma/ic1 #bbg ,pale /eam glue1 #aeb ,pan1 op5 evaporat+1 #ih-ajj ,pans1 evaporat+1 #abd ---- op5 jacket$1 #di1 #ej ---- vacuum1 #aja-ajc ,pap] bags1 pa/e =1 #bff ---- color$1 use ( glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #aa ---- glue =1 #aec1 #aed ---- hang+s1 glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #aa ---- pa/e =1 #bfe ---- ---- ---- fa/5+1 on t9-foil1 #bff1 #bgj ,p>*m5t glue1 #aej ---- pap]1 glue =1 9 mak+ sausage sk9s1 #aed1 #aee ---- scraps1 #ah ,p>is glue1 #aej1 #aea ,pa/e1 adhesive1 #bfd ---- album51 #bfe1 #bff ---- clean & durable1 #bfh1 #bfi ---- ela/ic or pliable1 #bfc ---- fluid1 #bfd1 #bfe ---- = atta*+ clo? or lea!r to table tops1 #bfi ---- ---- ---- labels to glass1 porcela9 & metal1 #bgj ---- ---- ---- ---- to poli%$ nickel1 #bfh ---- ---- c>dbo>d1 #bfi ---- ---- fa/5+ pap] on t9 foil1 #bff1 #bgj ---- ---- jo9+ lea!r to pa/ebo>d1 #bfg1 #bfh ---- ---- m\nt+ maps1 #bff ---- ---- pads1 #bgj ---- ---- pap] & f9e fancy articles1 #bfe ---- ---- ---- bags1 #bff --- ---- scrap-books1 #bff1 #bfg ---- ---- sk9s1 #bfg ---- glyc]9e1 #bff ---- ---- = (fice use1 #bfh ---- label1 #bfc ---- prep>ation (1 #bee ---- pres]vatives =1 #beg ---- rules to be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation (1 #bef ---- /rong adhesive1 #bfb ---- sug> & lime1 #bfe ---- t w n s\r1 #bfb ---- ,v5etian1 #bfb ,pa/e-bo>d1 pa/e = jo9+ lea!r to1 #bfg1 #bfh ,pa/es & mucilages1 #bee-bga ---- ---- ---- = special purposes1 #bfa-bga ---- mucilages & cem5ts1 prep>ation (1 #bbd-bga ,pat5t glue1 #aej ,patri>* is+lass1 #aig ,p]man5t :ite1 addition (1 to glue1 #adi ,petroleum1 cem5t to )/& ! action (1 #bca ---- lamps1 cem5t =1 #bca ,phosphates1 extraction (1 f bones1 #aae ,phosphorus1 crude1 composition (1 #aca1 #acb ---- ---- di/illation (1 #acc-ace ---- ---- purification (1 #acb ---- di/illation (1 #abg-acb ---- galley furnace = di/ill+1 #abh1 #abi ---- loss (1 #acb ---- manufacture (1 #aag-adj ---- ---- (1 ) ! assi/ance ( electricity1 #ach-adj ---- op]ations 9 ! prep>ation (1 #aag ---- ref9$1 m\ld+ (1 #ace-acg ---- ref9+ & purify+ (1 #acb-ace ---- receiv]s =1 #abi ---- removal (1 f ! receiv]s1 #aca ---- residue 9 ! manufacture (1 #abg ---- /icks1 mode ( =m+1 #ace-acg ---- /or+ (1 #ach ,photograph]s1 case9e mucilage = #bff ,photographic pr9t+1 gelat9e = #ahc1 #ahd ,photo-li?ography1 use ( glue 91 #ad ,pi]res de ma/ic1 #bbf1 #bbg ,pipes expos$ to a r$ heat1 cem5t = tight5+ jo9ts (1 #bda ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #bdd ---- ---- ---- cem5t1 univ]sal1 #bde ---- ---- ---- /atues1 cem5t =1 #bdd1 #bde ,pliable pa/e1 #bfc ,porcela91 cem5t =1 #bca1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde ---- oil cem5t =1 #bbi ---- pa/e = atta*+ labels to1 #bgj ---- sulphur cem5t =1 #bcb1 #bcc ,po/age /amps1 mucilage =1 #bfd ,potassium c>bonate1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g ,pr9t+ roll]s1 compositions =1 #aeg ,putty1 #bbd1 #bbe ,quick lime1 #bdc ,rabbit sk9s1 #ah1 #ca ,rag-eng9e1 #ci ,raw mat]ials & _! prep>ation = ! manufacture ( glue1 #af-ch ---- ---- collection & buy+ (1 #af ---- ---- division (1 #af ,receiv]s = collect+ phosphorus1 #abi ---- ---- removal ( phosphorus f !1 #aca ,r$ lead cem5t1 #bbe ,res9\s cem5ts1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbi-bcc ,retort-furnace1 ,belgian1 = ! c>bonization ( bones1 #aji-aab ,retorts1 #abg1 #abh ,ro*elle salts1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g ,rubb] & gutta-p]*a cem5ts1 #bbb1 #bcc-bcg ---- cem5t =1 #bej ---- ---- ---- *emical app>atus1 #bdh1 #bdi ---- glue z a p>tial sub/itute =1 #ad ,russia1 prep>ation ( is+lass 91 #aig1 #aih ,russian glue1 #adi1 #aej ---- is+lass1 #aig1 #aih ---- /eam glue1 #aeb ,sahl/rom's process = prep>+ a sub/itute = is+lass1 gelat9e & glue1 #bjc1 #bjd ,sal ammoniac1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ,saltpetre1 effect (1 on glue solution1 #g ,salts1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g1 #h ,samovey leaf is+lass1 #aig ,s&pap]1 use ( glue 9 ! manufacture (1 #ab ,sausage sk9s1 glue = p>*m5t pap] 9 mak+1 #aed1 #aee ,s*eibl]'s cem5t = *emical app>atus1 #bdi ,s*neible1 ,j41 ma*9e = cutt+ ! jelly into cakes inv5t$ by1 #fj-fb ,scrap-books1 pa/e =1 #bff1 #bfg ,sel5ite1 #bdd ,seltsam's app>atus = extract+ bones1 #hd-hf ---- ---- = extract+ bones improv$ by ,?4 ,ri*t]1 #hh-ij ,s]bat's ma/ic1 #bbg1 #bbh ,seub]t's app>atus = m\ld+ phosphorus1 #ace1 #acf ,%$s = glue-/ock1 #bf ,%eep lea!r1 #ca ---- sk9 wa/e1 #ah ,%ell lime1 #bh ,%oemak]s' pa/e1 #beh1 #bei ,sib]ian purse is+lass1 #aig ,sieve = sort+ cru%$ bones1 #cf1 #cg ,silicate ( soda1 #bdj ,silk1 artificial1 f gelat9e1 #aie ,s9ews1 #a ,size1 #aeg-afj ---- glue1 #aej ,siz+1 glue 91 #ab ,sk9 gelat9e1 #aff-agj ---- ---- mod]n process ( prep>+1 #afg-agj ---- glue1 classification ( op]ations 9 ! manufacture (1 #dc ---- ---- manufacture (1 #dc-gc ---- -l raw mat]ials1 #af ,sk9s1 pa/e =1 #bfg ---- /eep+ (1 #ah ---- us$ = pack+1 use (1 = glue1 #ai ,sodium c>bonate1 behavior ( glue solution t[>ds1 #g ,s(t putty1 #bbe ---- rubb] cem5t1 #bcc1 #bcd ,s\nds1 #da ,spiral evaporators1 #ajj1 #aja ,/amp+ mill = cru%+ bones1 #cd1 #ce ,/aple is+lass1 #aig ,/>* & glue cem5ts1 #bbb1 #bbc ---- pa/e1 #bee1 #bef1 #bfa ,/eam1 app>atus = boil+ glue )1 #dg-di ,/eam boil] cem5t1 #bej ---- glue1 #aeb ---- high-pressure1 treatm5t ( bones )1 #aje-ajg ---- pipes1 cem5t =1 #bej1 #bea ---- ---- oil cem5t free f lead =1 #bbh ---- ---- ---- cem5ts =1 #bbh ,/eam+ bones1 #ge1 #gf ,/eph5son's oil cem5t1 #bbh ,/ick ma/ic cem5t1 #bcb ,/one lime1 #bh ,/ove plates1 crack$1 cem5t =1 #bdf ,/oves1 black cem5t =1 #bdf ,/rat5a1 #beb ,/raw1 use (1 z a filt]1 #dd ,sug> & lime pa/e1 #bfe ,sulphate ( alum9a1 use (1 = cl>ify+ glue liquor1 #ed ---- ---- b>yta1 addition (1 to glue1 #adi ,sulphuric acid1 decomposition ( bone a% by1 #aai-abe ,sulphur\s acid1 absorption (1 by bones1 #ib ---- ---- blea*+ glue )1 #adc-ade ---- ---- glue-/ock )1 #ee1 #ef ---- ---- dilute1 treatm5t ( bones )1 #ch ---- ---- g5]ation (1 #ic1 #id ---- ---- process = extract+ bones1 #ib-id ---- ---- solution1 app>atus = ! production (1 #adc1 #add ,surrons1 #ca ,sw9borne's improv$ pat5t$ process = ! prep>ation ( gelat9e1 #afg ,table tops1 pa/e = atta*+ clo? or lea!r to1 #bfi ,tann]y wa/e1 yield ( glue f1 #ah ,tann9 z a te/ = ! pres5ce ( gelat9e1 #afe ---- effect (1 on glue solution1 #h ---- removal (1 f lea!r wa/e1 #ci-da ,t5dons1 #a ,t]ne's app>atus = ! g5]ation ( sulphur\s acid1 #id ---- glue boil]1 #ea1 #eb ,t]ra-cotta articles1 cem5t =1 #bcb ,te/+ glue & gelat9e1 #bje-bag ,t9 foil1 pa/e = fa/5+ pap] on1 #bff1 #bgj ,t9 pa/e = atta*+ labels to1 #bfh ,tires1 cem5t =1 #bej ,tools = cutt+ ! jelly into cakes1 #ei ,tortoise %ell1 cem5t =1 #bcb ---- ---- glue imitations (1 #ae ,toys inde/ructible mass =1 #aee ,tragacan?1 #bfa ---- mucilage1 #bfd ,transition /ages ( glue1 #b1 #c ,tub-size1 manufacture (1 #aeh1 #aei ,tung/ic glue1 #aee ,turn]s1 cem5t =1 #bbi1 #bcj ,tw9e nett+1 objections to1 #ff1 #fg ,"u sk91 #ag ,uses ( glue1 #aj-ae ,vacuum pans1 #aja-ajc ,vasa lymphatica1 #a ,vats1 cl>ify+1 #ec ,v5e]s1 gelat9e1 #ae1 #ahf-aic ,v5etian pa/e1 #bfb ,walls1 damp1 m>9e glue =1 #bce ,wa% bas9s1 cem5t =1 #bbe1 #bbf ,wa%+ drum1 #bb ,wa/e1 gre51 lim+ (1 #bf1 #bg ---- lim+ (1 #bj ---- putrefaction (1 #bj1 #ba ,wat]-glass & wat]-glass cem5ts1 #bdj-bdb ---- ---- con/itution (1 #bdj ,wat]-pro( cem5t1 #bbg ---- ---- glue1 #afj ---- pro(+ fabrics1 #afa-afc ---- ---- wrapp+ pap]1 #afj1 #afa ---- tanks1 iron1 cem5t =1 #bdf ,weav]s' looms1 worn-out h+es f1 #cj ,weid5bus*'s me?od ( te/+ glue1 #baa-bac ,:alebone1 cem5t =1 #bcb ,:ale glue1 #bjd ,:ip lea!r1 #cj ,:ite-lead1 addition (1 to glue1 #adi ,wood1 cem5t =1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bdj ---- ---- ---- atta*+ metal lett]s to1 #bdi ---- ---- ---- ---- to metal1 #bea ,wood5 vessels1 insoluble cem5t =1 #bcc ,wrapp+ pap]1 wat]-pro(1 #afj1 #afa ,z9c plates1 gelat9iz+ liquors ^u1 #eh1 #ei ---- :ite cem5t1 #bbf ---- addition (1 to glue1 #adi 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,)9 ! *emical =mulae subscript$ num]als are %[n ?us #b4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made3 ,l9e #deaf ,f ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#b to ,,iii4 #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c #aj;,,co ,ca#c7,,po#d7b ,p#d ,l9e #dgdb ,f #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #e;,ca#b ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4 to #c;,ca7,,po#c7b #aj;,c ,ca#c7,,po#d7b #aj;,,co #d,p4